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Author:

Morrison, Robert

Title:

A view of Cliina, for pliilological purposes

Place:

London

Date:

1817

BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD TARGET

Author : Title:

Published: Description:

Subjects (Library of Congress) :

China .

Morrison, Robert, 1782-1834.

A view of China, for philological purposes : containing a sketch of Chinese chronology, geography, government, religion & customs. Designed for the use of persons who study the Chinese language / by R. Morrison.

London : Black, Parbury, and Allen, 1817.

vi, 141 p. ; 29 cm.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IRREGULARITIES

MAIN ENTRY: Morrison, Robert

A view of China, for philological purposes

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VIEW OF CHINA,

FOR

PHILOLOGICAL PURPOSES;

CONTAINING

A S K E T C H

OF

CHINESE CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, GOVERNMENT, RELIGION Sg CUSTOMS.

DESIGNED

FOR THE USE OF PERSONS WHO STUDY THE

CHINESE LANGUAGE.

BY THE REV. R. MORRISON^.

MACAO : PRINTED

AT THE HONORABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY S PRESS,

B Y P. P. T H O M S.

rVBLISHEO AND SOLD BY BLACK, PARBURY, AND ALLEN, BOOKSELLCBS TO THE"

HONORABLE E4ST INDi COMPANY, LONDOM.

1817.

^.r--—

To I

:;3

n

83

RPfV-'- '."

PREFACE.

THE Materials contained in this Small Volume, were at Jirst intended to be attached to the Chinese Dictionary, Printing hy Order of the Honorable the East India Company; and to be hound up with it. However, as subjects of frequent refer- ence, they will probably be more convenient, Printed in the prescntform, and bound up by themselves.

To avoid, in some deg^'ee, the excessive dryness of merely Foreign Names, Distances, and Dates, and to assist the mind (f the Student in taking a comparative survey of the progress of human Society, during the same period of time indifferent parts of the world, a few of the most remarkable Persons, In- ventions, and other Occurences, in the various regions oj the Globe, as well as in China, are annexed to the Chronology, They occupy so little space, that no fair objection can be made to their insertion on the ground of swelling a new Book with things already very well known. .

*Ji;-i5^i_ <_.. . \.-. .'-'■■<r^£Ki=^.^:r-J^:£._^

lY.

Tke Court of Directors, and their Select Committee, at Canton, in China, continue their liberal encouragement of the Author's attempts to facilitate to Englishmen the acquisition of the Chinese Language. To the existing Committee, — the Pre- sident Sir Theophilvs J. Metcalfe, Bart; and the other Members, Joseph Cotton; J. B. Urmston ; and J. Molony, Esqres., many thanks are due for their steady perseverance in supporting the Honorable Company's Chinese and English Press. A more general acquaintance with the Language, will, it may be hoped, by degrees, tend to promote a fuller, and an increasingly cordial understanding between two great Nations, whose amicable intercourse is much calculated to benefit both.

To his friends, the President and Members of the Select Committee, with the other Gentlemen of the British Factory ; to the Honorable the Court of Directors ; and through them to his Country, the present small Work, is respectfully of- fered, by

THE AUTHOR,

July 26, 1817.

CONTENTS.

CHRONOLOGY, PAKI

Introductory Remarks, - - - - , - . i

C}'cle of Sixty Years, - - - - . .-3

Emperors of the Ta-ts'hing Dynasty, ... . .4

Remarkable Occurrences, - - - . . . .5

The Ming Dynasty, - - - . . . -12

The Yuen Dynasty, - - - - - - - 16

The Sung Dynasty, - - - - - - 16

The Woo-tae, or Five Dynasties, viz. Chow, Han, T»in, Tang, and Leang, - 26

The Tang Dynasty, - - ; . . - 32

The Liih-chaou, or Six Dynasties, viz. Suy, Chin, leang, Tse, Sung, Tsin, - 36 The Han Dynasty, ----.. 40

The Period of the San-kwS, or Three Kingdoms, - . • - 44

The Tsin Dynasty, - - - - - • - . 43

The Chow Dynasty, - - - - - - --ib

The Shang Dynasty, - - - -- - -52

The Hea Dynasty, - -. - - -- - -56

The Woo-tae, or Five Emperors, - - - - - - ib.

The Sau-hwang, or Three Sovereigns, - - - - - 58

Fabulous Period, - - - - -- - -ib.

Extract from Chinese History, - - - - , - - 59

GEOGRAPHY,

Outline of the Empire of Ta-ts'hing. - - - - - 61

Situation and Population of the several Provinces, r - - .64

The Mung-koo Tribes, long dependant, - - - - - "2

!»J03J»pj«i^g^»f^--.

VI.

CONTENTS.

Recently attached Mun^-koos, - - .

New Boundaries on the West, - - .

Latitude of Places on the Imperial Map, New dependant Territories, - . .

Nations reputed Tributary to China,

r.OTERKMEXT,

Names and Functions of the Officers of GoTcrnment, Of the Supreme Government, - - .

Of Provincial Government, Civil Officers,

Military Officers, Of the Nine Ranks, - - . . .

Literary Examinations, - . . .

TIME,

The Twenty -eight Constellations, ... Terms, twenty-four in the year, - - .

Hours; Night Watches, - . - .

iESTIVALS,

The h'ew Year, &c. ....

JlELlGION,

Ofthe Three Sects, - . . .

Of the Priests, --..-.

Marriage, . . _ _ .

Funerals, ----.. The Pa-kwa, or Eight Diigrams, . - .

Concluding Remarks, , - . .

PAGE

- 73

- 75 . 77

- 78

- SO

- 87

- ib.

- 92

- 95

- 97

- 101

- 102

- 103

- 104

- 105

- no

- 113

- ib.

- 114

- 117

- 120

SKETCH

cv

CHINESE CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, &c

iN proportion as a Person is ignorant of the History, Geography, Political and Reli- gious Institutions, Local Customs and Opinions of a Country, is the Language of that Country difficult to him; and his liability to mistake the words and idiom of the Language, is in the same proportion. Hence, what is perfectly clear and explicit to a Native, is often dark and ambiguous to a Foreigner. To the latter, words and sentences do not call up the same associations as to the former ; which circumstance causes either obscurity or error. There is a difficulty also in defining words by alluding to Insti< tutions and Customs, respecting which the Reader is as yet uninformed.

A Dictionary therefore of a Foreign Language, ought to have annexed to it an outlincof the History, Geography, Religion, Philosophy, Government and Customs of the Country. To do this fully, would swell an Introduction to an unusual length;; and individual customs and opinions may be explained when words referring to them occur in the body of the work. But the Chronology, Geographical Divisions and Offices of Government, form each a connected series vt system, which cannot without much tautology be explained in broken parts. Another reason for presenting to the Learner an outline of the Names of Places, Offices, &c is, that Persons beginning Chinese are liable to suppose that every character must be defined singly, whereas the fact is, that there is scarcely a sentence in which there are not two or more characters understood as united, and which are not intelligible when taken apart. The several

characters which compose a name, either of a person, place, or thing, are not usually to be defined.

The following Chronological Table of the Reigns of the Chinese Emperors, is from a Comparison of the following Historical Works. 1st. iffl '^j ^BB H T'hung-- keen-kang-rauh, in 100 Volumes, hy ^t ^^ -3^- Choo-foo-tsze, the celebrated Com- ment itor on the Four-books; — 2d. JUl -{-* — * ^ Urh-shih-yih-sbe, ' The Twentv-one Historians, in 282 Volumes ; — and 3d. iSM «£ W ^ Kang-keen-hwuy-tseuen, in 34 Volumes, by 6l yMj Fung-chow. Also, from a Table of the Cycles, published by Imperial authority, entitled ^ TT ^^ "T* San-yuen-kea-tsze ; — A Chronological Table called ^ /^ ^P ^ ^ W LiiS-tae-ke-ntJen-peen-Ian, is that which is here followed ; in these there are slight discrepancies, which it is not the object of this Table to endeavour to adjust.

The Emperors of China, beside their proper Names, take a Title when they ascend the throne. This title is called their ^ if? KwO-haou, or afe ^# Neeu-haou ; in assuming which, they fjf\ ^ |p^ ^ f^^. Yuug tsze tseu keih tseang) employ characters which denote something felicitous. When the Emperors die, another title is written on a tablet dedicated to them in the temples where they are interred. This title is called their ^a 0Gf Meaou-haou. By the [^ &B Kwo-haou, they are

generally mentioned when quoting them for merely Chronological purposes; however, as previous to the [Jtj Ming Dynasty, many of the Emperors changed their : Kw6-haou several times during the period of one reign, it is in this case more sim- ple to use their Meaou-haou. The KwS-haou does not appear to have been introduced till the lime of yja Hau. . .

The Meaou-haou is used when speaking of the Emperors personally, and is inserted in the Imperial Almanac, pointing out the day of their demise; which day is kept as a ■ day of mourning, and of performing the rites of sacrifice to their manes,' This is observed for five generations. When the sixth generation succeeds to these sepulchral honors, the first of the series is removed.

The name of the Dynasty is often used before the name of the Prince, as 00 Tn^ ^ Ming-ching-tsung, i. e. 'Ching-tsung of the Dynasty Ming.'

In making out this Table, though contrary to general practice, 1 begin at the present moment and ascend to antiquity. It is immaterial which mode is adopted.

That which I follow, appears to nie the preferable one, because we are too apt to consider giren periods of high antiquity as fixed with absolute certainty, when they are only probable. To come at the dates of past events, we must begin with the present moment, turn round and pass upthe stream of time. < . . _ , - .

The Cycle of Sixty years, which the Chinese employ in their Chronology, is called ;;^ ffl J31 Hwa-kea-tsze. A. D. 1816, is the I3th year of the LXXV Cycle, from the 61 St year of the Emperor ^ iSl Hwang-te. Ten of the Characters employed, are called -4^ ^ Shih-kan, 'The tenstems;' or '^ ^ T'heen-kan, 'The celestial stems.'

They are these, ^ ^ p^ "F J-^C G ^ ^ i^ ^^' ^'^' P'"=' *'•>?' ""'"O' ke,kang,sin,jin, kwei. The twelve, called j;-(^ '^ Te-che, 'Terrestial branches,'

are these, ^ ^ ^ ^P M^Gt^ 7^ ^ '1 J^ ^ Tsze, chow, yin, maou, shin, -sze, woo, we, shin, 'yew, -seiih, bae. These are arranged in the following order.

ft¥^'

g^41

^ fp 31

^ ^ 21

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tiL^^

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a ^58

^^48

3.^38

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?^49

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i^i 9

^^60

ill 50

^[1^40

E^^30 ^^20

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These Characters are applied not only to the Years, but also to the Months, Days, and Hours; as also to the points of the Compass. |75 -+- Ping tsze ^E Neen, i. e. the I3th. year of the Cycle, corresponds to A. D. 1816, and commenced on the 27th of January of that year.

b2

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mmmmmmmmm

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

or THE;

REIGNS OF THE EMPERORS OF CHINA.

The A ?fl9 Ta-ts'hing Dynasty.

HEAOC-HAOU.

KWU-HAOU.

Reign

ed years.

closed

A. D.

First

year of

CTcle.

TB£ REGNUfG BltPEItOR,A. D. ISI&.

.^ ^ Kea-king. -

SI

Lxxr. 1804

iw ^^ ^"u ^£ ijfr Kaou-tsang-slM»n-hwang-te

^ ^ Keen-liMg.

60

1794

JF yrr "^ ^ ^f^ She-tsung-heen-hwang-te.

^ j£ Yung.ching.j

13

1735

LXXIV

1744

S£ JHB r"* S. *tfr Shin-tsoo-jin-hwang-te.

j^gEKang-be.

61

1728

ife ffltt-^2i W She-tsoo-chang-hwang-te.

||gji^Shun.che,

18

1661

•

LXZIII

1684

I

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES.

.«». ^ ^ 5> H M^ il ^^^Zm 0K-"-»-S. after redo- ciug the Chin-kJJ-urii (a Tartar tribe), and fixing the seat of the local Gotctii- ment at E-i.*, raised there a Stone tablet, on which he wrote,

•The tree which Heaven plants, though man should throw it down, he cannot

eradicate it: • The tree which Heaven casts down, though man should replant it, it will not grow.'*-

The Emperor then upbraids the conquered people with the violence and murder which they had committed, at the same time that they -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ W Said, they promotedthe Yellow (or Lama's) Religion, andworshipFd the • His Majesty, after mentioning his own good intentions, and the necessity under which he had been of subduing them, said, that their rebellion would issue ia final good; f^ jjj^ [^ M |S "t^ ' ^^""^ would be educed from evil.' He adds, ^ ^^^'^^^p A ^J ^ ' ^^^ *"*' been effected was by the aid which Heaven granted to the Dynasty Ts'hing, and not by human effort (Vide, Ta-ts'hing-y!h-t'hung-che.)

In the S5th year of the reign of Keen-lung, the jl ^ j^ ^ ff Too-urh- hbo-tth^han, (or Han of Tourgouths) passed from their original settlement, and submitted to the Manchow Dynasty. They are said to have amounted to^ -p ^£ ^^ Several : hundreds of thousands.

God Ffih

* The sentiment contained ia these lines, corresponds nearly with that dictated by the Almighty to the Prophet. Jeremiah, " I have set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, ,to build, and to plant." Jer. i. lOtb*

w

tmmmsmimims

CHRONOLOGY.]] 6

1776, Keen-lung subdued /^^ J{[ Kin-chuen, otherwise called CO -3- Meaou-tsZC 1688, Subjected Formosa, called by the Chinese ^> f^ Tae-wan.

S M M '^" ^ ^ ' ^" ""^ ^'^^^ ^^^'" "^ Keen-lung, the

English, from the north west extremity of the world, and who from ancient limes to the present, had never reached the middle land (China), passed over an immense ocean and came to the Court' of the Universal Sovereign. (Vide, Map of the World, published by authority, in the 59th year of Keen-lung.) 1735, During the 3d year of Yung-ching, in the Province of jiB ^I(^ Hob-pih, a salt water spring burst forth suddenly. The people obtained from it about 200 catties of salt daily.

. Yung-ching the fourth son of Kang-he, was, in the beginning of his reign, greatly perplexed by the conduct of his brothers. He long threatened them with severe punishment, and argued, that, he would be justified by posterity, in putting them to death. He proceeded to take from them all rank, and to shut them up in solitary confinement, surrounded by high walls. He took away their proper names, and gave them others, either unmeaning or ludicrous. One he called ^S. ^ Oh. f'lb-sze-hih, ' Shut up to study darkness.' Ministers made out upwards of fifty charges against them, and requested that death might be inflicted. The Em- peror made long speeches, saying, bow much these unprincipled worthless brothers . of his had vexed and distressed his father, and how richly they deserved death, at the same time he could not bring his mind to execute them ; ' I must,' said he, 'think of it longer.' In the mean time STh^sze-hih died in confinement. The Em- peror was grieved, and softened towards another brother. He said, he felt an in- clination to release him, but did not know how to act, and requested that his minis- 'lers would take the opinions of all the Viceroies, and leading Generals of the Empire. However, before an answer came, the brother died !

Yung-ching, 11th year. Importation of Ivory prohibited at Canton, to repress luxuriotM elegance.

A Viceroy, -^^ ^M.^S. took an oathof secrecy inrorder to obtain a confession, which he immediately divulged, and caused the death of the person who confessed. 1722, Kang-he bad VK' ^T raoveable types, of copper, cut in -considerable numbers.

[chronology.

During a scarcity of coin, Keen-lung permitted them to be melted down, which he afterwards regretted much, and had 250,000 wooden types cut. The page of moveable types is commonly called y^ jjj^ Hwa-pan^ or V^ ^ hM^ Hwo-tsze- pan. The expression was, by the Emperor Kcen^lung, deemed inelegant, and he changed the term to, ^^ ^^ Tseu-chin, ' Congregated Pearls.'- Under the Dynasty ■p^ Sung, moveable characters made of clay, baked hard, were used. The Writer of this, possesses an Imperial Work in 24 vols, entitled ^*^^ Zji n5 tE ^•^^^'^^ ^*' printed with moveable types; but it is by no means equal to good printing with wooden blocks, which are still, almost universally adhered to by the Chinese. ' ; - .

Kang-he, in his forty-ninth year, said, ' Since 1 ascended the throne, 1 have directed military operations to a great extent. 1 have crushed rebels, I have taken pos- session of Formosa ; 1 have K^-^ji .^ Hfr humbled the Russians.'

In the 22nd year of Kang-he, the population of the Empire is put down at 19,432,753 familes. — In his SOth year, the population was 20,111,380 families. ■ 1738, The famous Pirate, who submitted to Kang-he, in his 23rd year, was called ' So -ST J^ Ching-chung-shwang. The multitude were called together by Govern- - ment to witness the ifc M^ tonsure of the Pirate Chief and bis party. "fefe TH She-lang, was opposed to him, and obtained the title of i^M ^S ji^- J^ Tsing- • hae Tseang-keuu, ' Pacificator of the Seas.'

,>R. — jii Woo-san-kwei, The famous Chinese General, who opposed the Tartars, during the closing years of the last Emperor of the Ming Dynatsy ; and who, on the Capital being taken by the rebel ^ j^ ^ Le-lsze-ching, and the Emperor and his Empress having destroyed themselves, invited his late enemies the - Tartars, to assist in expelling the rebel.

Woo-san-kwei fought for the Tartar Dynasty, during the whole ofShun-che's ■ reign, and till the 10th year ofKaiig-he, when he rebelled. He was previous to this, denominated ^ ^ti ^ Ping-se wang, ' The king, subjugator of the West.' In the 17th year of Kang-he, he died unsubdued. ■.

Woo-san-kwei's son during his- father's life, was taken by the Government and : destroj'cd ; his grandson succeeded to the head of his party, but was soon over- - come, taken, put to death, and had his lifeless head exposed to the multitude by

CHRONOLOGY.]]

the Emperor's order. His grand-father's bodj was taken from its grave, cat to pieces, and parts sent to several Provinces of the Empire. His Majesty was over- joyed on the occasion; gave a banquet to ninety-three of his principal military officers, desired them to be at their ease ; to talk and laugh in his presence ; and urged them to drink, till from the quantity of wine which they had taken, it was necessary for the.servants in waiting to carry them out. (Vide, Tung-hwa-luh.) 1666, Tea first used in England.

1736, — 146 Englishmen confined in the blackhole at Calcutta, IS3 died 643-4, Shua-che, ascended the throne of China. The Meaou-haou of Shun-che's pre- decessor, is -y^ -^ ^ ^ '^ Tae-tsung-wan Hwang-te. His Kwo-haou, A. D, 1636, was^ 1^^ Tsung-tlh. A.D. 1627, it was ^ ^^, T'heen-tsung. He changed the Kwo-haou during his reign. The family of y^ Jr^ Ta-ts'hing, in the Chronological Table, carry their Imperial genealogy one generation farther back. It commences in 1616, then the KwS-haou was ^ ^ T'hiien-ming, 'By the decree of heaven.' The Meaou-haou is T^ jffl A ^ JSS Tae-lsoo-kaou hwang-te. Their Court was then held in Manchow Tartary, at the place now called

1643, The i8lh year of the reign of Charles I.

Shun-che required of the Chinese, the 4^ ^^T'hefS, 'Eradication of the hair,' or Tartar mode of shaving the head, on pain of death- The obstinate omission of it, he declared to be an unpardonable crime. There was much op- position made to it, and some men of rank suffered in consequence.

1652, Shun-che reigned over 14,883,858 families, which at an average of six persons to a family, makes 89,000,000. (Vide Tung-hwa-luh.)

1635, Tae-tsung-wan Hwang-te, addressing his Courtiers, said, " I have read the Histo- rical Works of the Chinese, and they abound with false glosses ; there is no ad- vantage can arise from an entire perusal of them. Do you study the Histories of ^S /T* ^2 7t i'^^ou. Sung, Kin, and Yuen, and select from them examples of men who diligently sought to improve in the art of Government, then our country will increase in felicity and glory." (Vide, Ta-tshing Shing Heun, vol. 2.)

1618, lu the 3d. year of^ -^ T'hiien-ming, corresponding to the 46th year of ^ ^ Wan-le;h, the Manchow Prince,^ M ^ ;^ about to enter on the sub-

WH'f^^S^^^^-

>|!j«J5s4i-J»ys,i

^'>"^K7aa?^x^-'ST^ '

9 {^CHRONOLOGY.

jugation-of the Chinese, -nrote down -j^ "^ 'jft * Seven great grievances,' of ■which he had to complain: on account of which, he felt high indignation, and ■which he was about to revenge. These he laid before Heaven, and ^ ?r an- nounced Ihenn to the Deity in a solemn manner. His words are,

'Ere my Grandfather iiad injured a blade of grass, or usurped an inch of ground that belonged to Ming, Ming causelessly commenced hostilities, and injured

him. This is the first thing to be revenged.

'Although Ming commenced hostilities, we, still desirous of peace, agreed to .engrave it on a stone, and take a solemn oath in confirmation of it, that neither Mancbow nor Chinese should pass the respective limits ; whoever dared to do so, should, the moment he was seen, be destroyed.; and that the party which connived at any violation of this treaty, should be exposed to the judgments of Heaven. Not- . withstanding this oath, Ming again passed the frontier with troops in order to

assist a People called the Y^-hih. .This is the second thing to be revenged.

' When a subject of Ming passed over the frtnticr and committed depredations in my territory, I, agreeably to the oath above stated, destroyed him. But Ming turned his back on the former treaty confirmed with an oath, complained of what I had done; put to death an Envoy of mine; and having seized ten men on the

twrders, caused them to be slain. This is the third thing to be revenged.

' Ming with troops, passed the frontier to assist the Ye-hlh, and caused my Daughter, already betrothed, to have her destination changed, and be given to

another person of the Mung-koo nation. This is the fourth thing to be revenged.

' For many generations, I held as my frontier, the Cfaae-ho hill, and places adjacent: my people cultivated it; but Ming has refused to allow them to reap, and

expelled them from thence. This is the fifth thing to be revenged.

' The Y8-hlh committed crimes against Heaven^; but Ming acted with partiality and gave entire credit to their statements, whilst he sent a special envoy to me

bearing a letter, in which he vilified and insulted me. This is the sixth thing to

be revenged.

' Formerly the Ha-tKh, assisting the Ye-hih, twice came and invaded me. I announced it to Heaven, and reduced the Ha-tah. Ming formed a conspiracy

CHRONOLOGY.]

10

Tfiih him and others, to attack rae and restore him his kingdom ; and in conse- quence, the Ye-hih several times invaded the Ha-tah territory.

' In the contentions of neighbourin;^ states, those who obey the frill of HeaTCH conquer ; those who oppose the intentions of Heaven are defeated and destroyed. How can those who have died by the sword be restored to life ! or those who have obtained the people, return them again ! Heaven establishes the Prince of a great nation ! Why does Ming feel resentment against my country alone ?

' The Gih-Iun, and other nations, united their forces agaisst me, to invade me.

Heaven rejected Gih-lun for commencing bloodshed; but my nation flourished as

the Spring. Ming is now assisting the Ye-hih, who are under severe reprehension

and wrath ; and is thereby opposing the will of Heaven, reversing right and wrong,

and acting in the most irregular manner. — This is the seventh thing to be revenged.

' J^ jjj/ -[^ 'H ^ 1^/ ^ ^ ' To revenge these Seven Injuries, I now

go to reduce to order (or, to subjugate) the Dynasty Ming.' j^ ^ ^^ i^

"i !^ ' And he forthwith headed 20,000 horse and foot' ' (Vide, Tung-hwa-liih,

1 vol. 15 page.)

The Ta-ts'hing family carry their traditional genealogy several generations farther back than what is here inserted. They say. The first supernatural intimation of the subsequent glory of the family, was given at ^ Q |lj Chang-pih-shan, ' The Lou'' White Mountain,' which was upwards of 250 le, or 60 miles high. On the top of it, was a lake, 80 le in circumference, from which sprung three rivers. It was there declared by a supernatural voice, ' This land ^ ^ ^ /^ ^ — ' 1^ 1^1 will produce a Holy Man who shall unite in one all nations.'

At the foot of the mountain was a pool of water, at which, tradition says, three ^ j^ Celestial females came to bathe. After bathing, a divine bird, (j^ ^B A divine magpie) holding in its bill a certain fruit, flew and placed it in the garments of ^ ^ one of the females named Ke. She swallowed it, and imme- diately brought forth a son, who could speak as soon as he was born, and whose person and figure were extraordinary. To him it was said, ^ ^ y^ ^ ^^ ^L ii^ ' Heaven has born you to tranquillize disordered nations.' The name given him was ^ ^ '^ ^ Guc-siu-ke6-lo. After his birth, his mother dis-

Si 1

11

[chronology.

appeared, and the boy having placed himself in a bark, floated down the stream of a river to a certain shore, where having ascended the be:ich, he broke off willowt and framed a seat on which be sat down, in the wilderness. There were in that land contending Chieftains, who fought and killed many. One who went forth to draw water, saw the boy, and was astonished at his extraordinary appearance. Having returned, and toM the people of the Clan, they came out and questioned him respecting his name and surname. He said, ' I was born of the Celestial Fe- male Foo-koo-lun, and am ordained by Heaven to settle your disordered state.' AM astonished said, ' Heaven has brouglit forth a Holy One,' and forthwith con- stituted him their Sovereign. They fixed their abode at the city Go-to-le, in th« ■wilderness of Go-han-hwuy, on the east of the Long White Mountain. They de- nominated their country '^ JJ|j Man-chow.

It happened after this, that the people of the state rebelled and killed all the family except one boy, whose name was jg ^ -jg^ Fan-cha-kin, who ran into the wilderness, and escaped from a rook or magpie alighting on his head, and which, being seen by his pursuers at a distance, was mistaken for a rotten trunk of an old tree. From this, the family was preserved from lecoming extinct* The next per- ' son of eminence, who is now termed the »>^ ijB Sixth Ancestor,+ having revenged the murder of his family, and fixed himself in their former place of abode, he inhe- rited the name of Gae-siu-keo-lo ; and his descendants still retain the two last syl- lables of the name, and wear a red girdle to distinguish them. (Vide, Tung-hwa-Iiih.)

* From the preservation of Fan-chS-kin, the Tartars venerate the magpie, and prohibit its being shot. They have an annual ceremony at the spot where thi» deliverance took place in commemoration of it.

+ The 6th Ancestor is denominated in the Meaou-haou, ^^ jm^ Shaou-tsoo; the 5th, ]^ |j§. Hing-tsoo; the 4lh, -B; j]j^ King-lsoo ; the 3d, ^ mg[ Heen-tsoo; the 2d, -^ jffl Tae-tsoo; and the 1st, or Shun-che, -|^ i^ She-tsoo. Tae-tsoo waged his first war about A. D. 1600, with 100 soldiers, and 30 suits of armour.

c 2

CHE0N0L0GY.3

12

The B3 13 Ming Dynasty.

First J year of Cycle

heaov-baou

KWO-HAOD.

^ 5'| Chwang-leg, - - - & Tit He-tsung, . - - - ■^ ^ Kwang-tsung, - - - jp ;^ Shin-tsung, - - - - j^- yfjr Miih-tsung, - - - - "ftt* ;^ She-tsung, - - - - ■^ ;;^ Woo-tsung, - - - - ,^. ^ap^ Heaou-tsung, - - - ^ ^ Heen-tsung, - . - ^ :^ Ying-tsung, * - - - ■^^ ^ Tae-tsung, . - - - ;^ :^ Ying-tsung, (restored) *^ ^ Seuen-tsung, - - - ^ /^— ^ Ming-jin-tsung, -

^Jc p. *^'''"»-*'°°' ■ - ■ ■

^i|:H^uy-te,

yX Mi. Tae-tsoo, of low birth

TJn

Tsung-ching, -

^ ^ Theen-k'he, ^^ S, Tae-chang, - Si DB^ Wan-leih, -

^ iK Lung-king, - ^ ;jg Kea-lsing, - IE I* Ching-tih, - ^L 7^ Hung-che, - ^ /ft, Ching-hwa. - IE l?|i^ Ching-fhung,

-S- ^ King-tae, - ^ jjjS T'heen-shun, 'g' ;}^ Seiien-tih, - ^ lEEHung-he, - r^ ^ Yung-Io, - ^sfr "^ Keen-w5n, - ^ ^Hung-woo, -

Reign ed

Reign closed

16 7 1

6

45

16 18 23

8

7

14

10

5 22

4

31

1643 1627

1620

48 1619

1571

1565 1520 1504

1486

}463 1455 1448

1434 1424 !423 1401 1397

LXXII

1624

LXXl

1564

LXX

1504

i.xix 1444

Taken by the Tartars.

L

13

[chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY MING.

1635, Regular Posts established from London to Scotland and Ireland.

1597, Watches first brought into England.

1589, Coaches first used in England.

1573, H J^ ZH ^ ^ f^ >jr^ ^ yfS ^ ' In the 2nd year of Wan-leih, was=-

built the Macao barrier, on the isthmus called 'The stalk of the water-lily.' 1579, English East India Company incorporated.

t ft #i/XTffB-0#A^*BPm* + ;i" the begin-

ningotthe Dynasty Ming, the Government, in employing men, paid no regard to their rank. In commencing the Dynasty, there was an urgent demand for talents ; and the Empire being roused by the hope of rank and nobility, the human intellect at once rose above mediocrity.' ^^^^f:^$;^llH)f¥§^'At the com- mencement of the Dynasty Ming, they had fire-chariots, fire-umbrcUas and guns, ■which they called The Great General, the Second, and the Third General,' &c.

m^ H 'K ufj ' ^* '^^ beginning of the Dynasty, they had only a kind of musket called Shin-ke-ho-tseang. The guns and muskets of the Franks (or Euro- peans), all appeared afterwards.' ^ ^^ j^ /Kg ' The Neaou tseang, or fowling pieces of the present day.' The soldier's match-lock, is now called a Neaou-tseang. 1535,^^ ^ ■i^)^§Si^nH+^^ '^^='^^° Foreigners, a tribe from the Western Ocean (Europe), began to come from the 30th year of Kea-tsing.' (Vide, Gaou-mun-ke-leu.) 1522, 1^ ^gg ^t] ^ iJfl (TCI -|-* _^ :^ ^^ 'Lead bullets were first introduced in the forty-third year of Keatsiiig,' ( Vide ^ ■^ Tsung-kaou, 8 vol.) pj i^

?/\^^ ^ 'W^ ^ i^ 'f' [i^ A, ' Muskets were introduced during the reign

IP

CHRONOLOGY. 3 , 14-

of Kea-tsiii"-. Japanese entered the country, and with their muskets were taken.

The Japanese thus taken were ordered to teach the Chinese.' 1563, Knives first made in England. 1561, Fins first used in En;;land, before which ladies used skewers. — Silk stocking

first used in England. 1534, Reformation in England.

1 539, Cannon began to be used in ships. '

1499, North America discovered for Henry VII. by Cabot. 1497, Portuguese pass the Cape of Good Hope. 1494, Algebra first known in Europe.

1492, America discovered by Columbus, a Genoese, in the serrice of Spain, 1446, Vatican Library founded at Rome.

1240, Gunpowderand Guns first invented by Swarts, a Monk of Cologne. 1423, In the reign of -flk ^ Yung-Io, dp ^" Pih-king (or Pekin), first became

the capital.

iX jch -hh ' In the 32nd year of Kea-tsiug, (People in) foreign vessels came to Macao, and affirmed, that having encountered a gale of wind, the ships were leaky, and the articles of tribute had become wet and damp; — it was desired, that Macao, on the sea-coast, might he allowed them to dry their goods. Wang-plh, the (Chinese; officer on the coast permitted it. At that time, they erected merely a few mat sheds, but afterwards, trading people desirous of gain, caused to be brought thither bricks, tiles, wood and stone, of wlilch they made houses. The Franks (a general term for Europeans) thus obtained a clandestine entrance. European fcireigiiers obtaining a residence in Macao, originated with Wang-pTh.' (Yide, Hemiij-shan-hc'en-che.) 1588, The Jaiiarie:^ repeatedly pillaged the coast, which gave much uneasiness of mind

15 [chronology

to the Emperor. He requested the advice of ^ P^ =^ Fang-ming-kcen, who, he said, had been long acquainted with oaral affairs. Ming-keen, gave it as his opinion, in reply to His Majesty, that as the Japanese came by sea, they must be repelled at sea. ' Let there be built,' said he, ' a long shore at certain distances, places of defence, occupied by land troops; and between them let ▼essels of war be stationed. Thus in all probabity the Japanese will be unable to land, or if they do, it will be impossible for them to spread themselves. Further, instead of oppressing the coast with troops brought from a distance, let every fourth man of the inhabitants be required to bear arms.' To this proposal His Majesty assented. Fifty nine towns were built along the coast, and fifty-nine thousand men chosen to defend them.

1394, Population is stated at 16,052,860 families; 60,545,812 persons. (Vide, Kang- ki:en-e-che.)

1370, ■^ ify |J_j ^3 ' The Japanese pillaged Shan-tung. In the same year, the new Emperor summoned to his presence the ministers of the late Dynasty, and ques- tioned them respecting JPC^'^^ -^ Those parts of the administration of the Dynasty Yuen, which were successful, and those which failed. Fung-yih

one of the ministers, replied, TC^^T* )cl ^^^ ^^ff YX'W,*

■y^ ~jr ' Yuen obtained possession of the Empire by clemency ; and by clemency lost it.' The Emperor said in answer, 'I have heard only of clemency being the means of obtaining possession of a people ; 1 have not heard of clemency being the cause of losing them,' ^^^^ ffl ^ S^ fi M'J |I i^ i^ ^'i ^1 ^n _t JE m ffl ^' ' ^^ ^^'^ walks hastily will stumble j the bow-string drawn violently will break; and the people pressed hard will re'iel. Those who occupy high stations ought, in an especial manner, to exercise clemency.' The Sovereign Ke, of the late Dynasty, was given up to indulgence and pleasure, he lost his Empire by remissness, but by no means from clemency.' (Vide, Kang- ,keen-e-che, 38 vol.)

* S^ K'hwan, that is literally, ' Broad ; breadth;' liberality; lenity; clemency.

^

■■

CHRONOLOGY.3

16

MEAOU HAOU.

The 7C fj Yuen Dynasty,

)|||s^Shun.te, or lljS ^S^Shun-tsung:

KWO-HAOU.

7C M Y"en-tung, ^ -^ Che-yuen, 1 and ^? Jp Che-chxng, -J

tleign

ed years.

Reign closed

A. D.

35

A^ ^ Wan-tsung, ^ Jg T'heen-lee, and^ K Che-shun,

B^ ^ Ming-tsung, ^ ^ J^Tae-ting-te ^ ^ Ying-tsung, - y^ ^ Jin-tsung, - ^^Woo-tsung, - ^ ^ Chi,.g-tsung, -jti: ^ She-tsoo,

^^T'heen-leg,

^ ^ Tae,ting, ^ ^ Che-ho,

*/ff Che-che,

^ ^ Hwang-king,*^ J^ Yen-yew, ^ 4r Che-U, --------

■Tp H Yuen-ching, -J\^ y^. Ta-tth, - ^ TC Che-yuen.* - -

jbiisi year of Cycle,

1 5

3 U

4 13 15

1366

1338

1333

1332

1327

1324

1313

1309

1296

LXVIII

1384

.XVII. I

1324

* ^ TT Che-yuen, is the Hoo-pi-li, or Coblai of European Writers, The Ckinese write his proper name^^ jjjjj ^1 Hwi)h-peih-le«,

17

fcHRONOLOGy.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY YUEX

7C {^ '1^ '^^'^ '''"** Emperor of the Yuen Dynasty, ^ -j'^ ^'5 JS^" -IS ' Sent persons to discover tlie source of the Yellow River. The narrator observes, that the river was co-eval with the creation, and that although the sliiftings: of its course were various, they were heyond the coiilroul of iiuraaii strength ; and to search for its s(iurce was in vain. With this Dynasty, however, the Grand Canal originated, which has been an incalculable benefit to the Empire ever since.

^ -j]l; jjig. ^ ^ jjj^ The first Emperor of the Dynasty Yuen, called for T'heen- tseang, one of the ministers of the late fallen family, and said to htm, ^tb i^^

^ n » % If. # lie. t n ]^ % m ^t ' ^f.V- wil. transfer-;^ me that service which you performed to Sung, 1 will forthwith make you a mini- ster of state.' The other replied, speaking of himself, ^1^ JJ^T '^ ';^1? ^ ^.|^. ^ ^ Z: ^t Ifj 1§ ;^ — ^ Jg. ^ ' T heen-tseaTg, was the minister of Sung ; how can he serve masters of difFereiit names ! He desires that death may be conferred upon him, that will satisfy all his wishes." The Em- Dcror hesitated. The attending officers advised compliance with his arrogant request: and an order was immediately given to carry him »-ut to the market place, and there put him to death, j^,'^ ^jij ^jL Aj^ ^^ when about to siiffer, he displayed the greatest ease and composure, saying to the Excutioncrs, -^ ^! "5t jfe ' -^ly work is finished:' He died at the age of 47. In his girdle were found written, sentences taken from the Sages Confucius and Mang-tsze, with reflections upon them. When his corpse was received by his wife, its coun- lenance, exhibited the same appearance that it possessed when animated by the soul (if her departed husband. Thi-en-lseang is greaty admired and praised by the Chinese Historians. (Vide, Kan-kiien-e-che.) te JSi -j^ — . 4rl In the 11th year of Shu;i-te,(a most dissipated and worthless Em- peror), extensive surveys iiere made to find the ieve! of various parts of the

"W

wmm

umi

CHRONOLOGY.]]

IS

Country ; and great efforts were employed in reference to the Grand Canal. nO.OCO men, soldiers and people, were employed ^ ^ »|pj ^ ^^ to open the former bed of the Yellow River, in which they succeeded, and caused the Waters to alter their course and resume their wonted channel.

1S66, Foreign Commerce at Canton, stopped one year and opened the next.

TG U^ 2§ ^tl W^ ^ /^ ' '" ^^'^ beginning of Yuen, the North-west boun- dary (of the Empire) was most extensive.' Since the conquests of Keen-lung, those boundaries are probably much exceeded.

1^ ^ ii ^ Z M- * ^ i(P 7C 1^ # ' T^« ^^^'f " '^ ^''^ "ti" p'^-

vailed somuch as in the time of Yuen.' f\ 4Af ^ g^ U\ "1 Til J\.

' The story of the Pa-seen (or eight genii), arose in the time of Yuen.' 4^ gfj- ^ ^X W |lj i fl! Ji ^^ 4 'The use of red paper visiting

cards, commenced with Lew-kin,' who lived during the reign of Ying-tsung.

Before that time, white paper was used; and at an earlier period, pieces of wood

with the name engraven on them. Til j^ 01] ffQ /^ ^ 'In the time of Yuen, the schools of (the Philosophers)

Laou-tsze, and Chwang-tsze, were chiefly attended to.'

' The first Prince of the Dynasty employed stooe-throwing engine makers from

the west. (Two [SI [pi Mohammedans,) 0-laou-wa-leaou, and his pupil Yih-

sze-ma-yin.' 1324. Foreign Trade regularly restored. 1320, Gold first coined in England. 1309, Tallow candles so great a luxury in Europe, that splinters of wood were used in

England for lights. 1302, Mariner's Compass, by Gioia, of Naples. 1298, Wine, in England, sjld in Apothecaries' shops. 1296, Foreign Commerce at Canton interrupted for a time.

1231, .An Imperial order ^was given A^ ^ j^ ^ 'To burn the books of the sect Taou.' 'if jp ^ j'.'J ^[] y/j; p^ 'The Emperor believed the Sang-mun,' i.e. the Sha-mun, or Priests of Buddah. One slated to His Majesty, that the S^' ^j^i iSJ Taou-tlh king alone was published by p^ ^ Laou-tsze, the founder uf

19

[chronology.

the sect ; all other books possessed by them were spurious productions of persons who lived subsequently. His Majesty directed ^: -^J^ '~/ to burn them all without exception. " Alas ! siys tlie Historian, that the Emperor seeing the fallacy of the Books of Taou, should yet esteem those of Buddah as true. He ran to the fame extreme on the one hand that some of the Emperors of the preceding Dynasty did on the other. They were misled by the pretensions of the sect Taou, and persecuted that of Buddah. They were equally partial and equally

under the influence of erroneous principles." \o other than the principle of

toleration will prevent mutual persecution ; it alone is fitted for univers.il use. 1280,' -j^ -§§ Jal ^g n ^35^ ' A large army was sent to attack Japan.'

The Historian of the Dynasty tt^ Yuen, inserts some notices of the ancestors of \ ilh' ^'^ Hwiih-peih-lee. His grandfather was ^y" ^" HI Pj ^=. Ching-keih- sze-k'ho-han, Zenghisk'han, or Ginghisk'han. His elder brother by the same mother, was ^ SpMung-ko (the Mogul ?),who succeeded to his grandfather's throne, and held his Court at eW *j^ >/j^ Kwan-nan-ho. About 1252, he directed his brother ^» Jji^\ ^,'J to rule the ^ "^ Mung-koo's and y^ j^^ |^ Chinese. In 1624, he ordered the :^ ^ ^ Ta-ta-urh, ' Tartars,' to ^ $£ /jj^ ^JJ g^ .j-;^ -^ ^^ W S° ^° reduce the Hin-too-sze, ' Hindoos,' and KeS-shih-me-iirh, ' Cashmere.' They found there, it is said, an immense quantity of gems and treasure.

At this time, and previous to it, the people of the North-east" and North-west, held alternately aconsidcralile part of the Chinese Empire. The 3^ i^ Tung-leaou, and Wfi .^^ Se-leaou, (the Western and Eastern Tartars), the people called by the Chinese^ 1^ Kin-kwo, and jj^ Yuen, (the Empire of Zcnghiskhan) contended with each other, and against the Chinese. Chinese Historians devote a considerable portion of their works to these foreign Sovereignties, but do not admit them amorg the legitimate Empproi s «.f China. Yuen, finally prevailed over all competitors, as well as the Chinese Dynasty yjr Sung.

CHRONOLOGY. J

20

The ^ fj Sung Dynasty.

Also distinguished by j^ ^ Nan-sung, or ^ ^ Ta-sung.

MEAOU-HAOU.

KWO-HAOU.

Reig'

ed years

% §i Te-ping, - - 3% ^ Twan-tsung, tjS ^ Kung-tsung, ^ ^f^- Too-tsung, ■ -^ Le-tsung, -

^ ^ Ning-isung,

-^ ^ Kwang-tsung, ^ ^ Heaou-lsung,

^A ^ Kin-tsung, - '& ^ Hwuy-tsung,

11^:^

Reign I First closed |vear of Cvcl-.

A. D.

■i^' -71— Che-lsung,

Tseang-hing, ------

M. ^ King-yen, - "

ii § Tih-yew, - - -

ra7 'l*f. Han-shun, ---.--- # Rt:Kea-he,^|j; Shun-7ew,g||| ^ Paou-yew, j|^ ^ Kae-king, ^- > ^King-tiiig, ^>'^;^Shaou-ting,&c. j !^, '^King-yuea,^^Kea-tae, &c- "| §|gKae-hc,^'^Kae-ting,&c. J

i/p ISshaou-he, ■

R§ iitl Luii<r-hing'lfl^" ^tS" Kan-taou, ~^,

■^ Eh; J-hun-lie, J

^ ^ Shaou-hing,

^^K.

■en-yen, ZT^

i^ ^ Tsing-kang,

iH^- 't' Pf^ IM Kiien-chung-tsing-kwo, 1^ SS Tsung-ning, j^ ^|| Ta-kwan i^ f-P ChlnK-ho, ^ ^p Chung-Iic, '^ f.ri E-ho, - ---... 711 |ifi "^"cn-yew,^^ ^ Siuiou-shing, Tf yJ- Yuen-fco, J

2

2

2

10

40

30

5

16-17

36 1 or 2

13

1281 1279 1277 1275

1265

1225

1195 1190

1163 1127

1125 1100

LXVI

1264

I.XV

1204

LXIV

1146

I.XIII

1034

[Coniinued on page 22.]

21

(^CHRONOLOGY.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENfCES DURIXG THE DYNASTY SUNG.

The first Emperor of the Dynasty TJ^Sung, -vras raised to the throne by the Generals of the army, oti account of the minority of ^i,^;. ^5P Kung-fe, who succeeded his father at seven years of age. The Generals about to attack the Xorlhern hordesi disliked the idea of fighting under the rule of a child, who could not know or reward their services. They therefore determined among themselves to raise ll Jul Kwang-ying, a servant of tiio deceased Monarch to the Sove- rei"-nty, and immediately dispatched a messenger, who found hira lying under the influence of wine, and in that state, communicated to him the decision of

the army. ^ ]^ g". ^ ^^ tL j}\i ^ ^ ' ^'^ ^^ ^^'^ f'™'' *« ^e- ply, the yellow robe (the badge of sovereignty) was already applied to his per- son.' How like the bestowment of the Purple in the days of Rome's decline !

1281, The custom of colouring the nails with the red jBl 'f|I| 7^ Fung-seen flower, commenced during this Dynasty. The [dJ mj ferf Mohammedan women are said to be fond of it. . '

-TV T^ fli Cotton cloth first made under this Dynasty.

Some writers place here ^ :^ Hwiih-tsze, or Moveable Characters, made of burnt clay and placed in a frame.

1275, Marco Paulo, the Venetian Traveller.

tC f^ ^ £ ^^y ;^ ^^ >/( ?^ ^ -tfi ' Fire machines in war were used in ancient times, but not with powder.' What were called ^^ Paou, or BQ Paou,wc.'-e machines for throwing stones. They could throw them from 1 to 200 paces. ^\^ ^p^ Ho-paou, ' Fire engines,' commenced during this Dynasty,

amongst the Tartars. Lime and sul|>hur (they say), were enclosed in paper, which when thrown into ditches that surrounded the walls of towns, exploded when coming in contact with water, and annoyed the beseigers. ^ B^ Wei-shing, made engines for throwing stones, in which he used powder. His powder was made of /pj| '^ ^j^ |f^{| ^jj j^ ' Saltpetre, sulphur, and willow charcoal.' Those, it is said, were the commencement of the powder and guns used in later

CHRONOLOGY.]

22

The Dynasty Sung. (Concluded.)

Reign

Reign

First J

MEAOU-IIAOO.

Kwo-HAou. ed

clused

J ear of

yeiirs

A. n

Cvcl ..

W ^ ^h'n-tsung, -

Efi ^ He-ning, "^ ^ Yuen-fung, -

18

10S3

^ ^ Ying-tsuno:, -

^ ^ Che-p!ng,

4

1067

4^ ^ Jin-tsung, - -

jj)> ^ Kang-ting,^ ^ King-leg, T

^ p^ Hwang-jew, ^ ^^ Che-ho, 1^

41-49

1063

^IfeKea-yew, J

"^

^ ^ Ching-tsung,

J^ ^ Han-ping, g f Z^, King-Uh. -> ^ 4* IT -ff Ta-chung-tseang-foo, )► A |# Theen-he, |^ ^ Kan-hing, .

25

1014

1024

ifi B> 'r^^-'*""g' - -

^ Jp. ^. g .Tae-piiighing-kwo ; "j

l^gt Yung-he; il^Twan-knng, [

22

9S9

^ ^jl^ Shun-hwa, ^ ^ Che-tacu. J

;^jp@.Tae-tsoo, - -

^ ,^f Kccn-lung;^^|gKan-tih; '^

LSI.

I^J 1^ Kae-paou J

17

967

964

23

[CHU )NOLOGY.

Ei 'Vc y^ ^£ ' la the 8th yeir of Rin;;-ting, pearls and orname;-t5of golJ for head dresses, were prohibited bj? law at Canton.

* ^ f^ ifl ^ - ¥ ¥ E * -h 1 1 B * * »

dT yp ' In the s'C(nid year of Kae-he, oflhe Dynasty Sung, all the ministers of state, accosted the (Tartar) Lord, by the honorable title of Ching-keTh-sze-k'ho- han, (Genghisk'han). The birth of one of hisai\cestors, is represented as extra- ordinary. The niother dreamt that she saw ^ -^ ^ ^ [M 1^ 1^ '^ '^ i)!^ A j[^ S)l ^ ' ^ ^''■'^ ''b^' descend from iiea-ven, which was transformed into a j;olden coloured divine person, who approached the bed. She awoke in a fright, and found that she had conceived a son, who on his birth, was called ^ j)^- 'V ^£3 Po-twan-che-urh. The boy was remark- able in his appearance; was thoughtful and silent, and by the people of the family, thought silly." His mother, however, affirmed nhat he was not silly; that his sons and his grandsons would become great and glorious. Zenghisk'han, a ^^ "nf J\ ^lung-koo man, was the fifth in descent from the wonderful boy. His> name was ^tey ^^ JS^^ Tec-miih-chin, which denotes Trt- Jrl -HJ, Military glory, which name was given him by his father, from his it jS /tap JJ0L' Hand grasping when he was born, a ball of clotted blood.'

1233, Houses in London still thatched with stravr.

1200, Chimnies not known in England.

1180, Glass windows first used in England.

H72, Ireland taken possession of by Henry II.

■^t^ ^r- — P- Choo-foo-lsze, the famous Commentator on the Four-books,

UOO, The first Crusade.

1085, Justices of the Peace first appointed in England.

1030, Tower of London built.

^C Wi Tung-too, Chinese Capital in Honan.

1066, William the Conqueror.

1005, Turks take Jerusalem.

989, Paper made of Cotton rags, was in use in Europe, A. D. 1000; that of linen rags, 1170. Manufactory introduced in England, at Dartford, loSS.

"^r jljln ^T Shin-tsung, of this Dynasty, was a person exceedingly desirous of

■m

CIIRONbLOGY.]

24

ruling well. He was diligent, and he was economical. Yet, notwithstanding the possession of these good qualities, from an erroneous choice of a minister, ^- ■4r^ y^ AVang-gan-shlh, he is said to liave pursued measures, which commenced the ruin of the house oft-ung.

Waiiggan-shih, wasa learned man, not well acquainted with tlie state of llie eastern world; ^pj ^« ^ ^ yj|^ Y^' ' Hast) , narrow minded, and bigotcdiy allacUcd to every thing contained in the ancient bociks of the Chinese.' When the Emperor asked him wlia'i h thought of the rule of ^ >!r '4- Tan'r Tae-tsung, he exclaimed, " What did Tae-t,UMg ever perform ! 1)^ "K ''^''' ^^ a| ^ Your Majesty must imitate (the two first kings of our race) Yaou and Shun.- The Emperor in opposition t, the advice «f all his other statesmen, gave the-chiefdirect.onof atiairs toGan-shih; and he forthwith set about changing every part of the government to his views of the ancient Classics. The oU.cr ministers vehemently opposed him for a time. One of them in the Emperor s presence, after a long and unsuccessful debate, fell down, and died from vexation. When they .found their opposition ineffectual, many of them retired from office. One of them said, to the Emperor, ^ ^_g- /|,^ J\^ i[# _g:. ij[| ffe /t ^ fJJ S I^ ^ ^f^^\ !£'"'''' general rule, that bad men are fond of stirring up and creating a piece of work, because in the midst of the commotion they have something to hope for ; ^- |j' ^ ^ || %^-^^ y^ /JN yC jmJ ^ ■^" ''"' i'' Your Majesty will adhere to a steady quiet system, then things will acquire and go^n in a constant regular mode of government; and what will bad men have to !;ope for !' — Th>t no alteration or improvement should be made in governments, is of course absurd ; at the same time it will be found true, that speculative universal innovators, who, either like Wang-gan- sWh, think that the ancioiits were infallibly right in every thing, or like some modern Euroj-eans, think tiiey were right in nothing, are /K A either bad or weak men, and enemies to the peace of mankind

Oiieof Gan-shih"s measures was, to fcrm a kind of Militia,/^ El! ^fj afe"

ffi \X ^tQ 'o wiiicli the people had so great an aversion, that ! r*. 4^. -i->^ f/ H-^ >n-v — ' -I- '^ ^' '

W\ W'i ^X Jtr J Ai ''""'^ "f tlit'iii cut offtiieir finders and hands to avoid

beins enrolled. (Vide, Kang-Kiien-e-clie.)

25

{[chronology.

-^

/T; E9 '^ ' '" ^^^ f"'""'h year of Ying-tsung, Canton was first walled in, at theexpense of 50,000 Tales, surrounding a space of seven le, about two English miles; previous to that, ^ ^ |f ^ (^ the people all lived in the fields. It was done as a defence against the people of Cochinchina, who frequently invaded and plundered Canton. Cochinchina was at that time called ^ ^ Keaon-che, whi^h was during the same Dynasty, changed to ^^ Si Gan-nan, its present name.

^ TlC ^ ^ j8 fij /^ ^ f[) Hf ' '" ^^^ ^"* ■^°" °^ Jin-tsung, the arts of witches and wizards, fwomcn and rrcn who pretended they could see spirits) were prohibited at Canton,' which was then cilled Kwaug-nan.

.^ ~j^ In the 7th year, 12th moon, of the reign of Ching-tsung, ^ >g- ^F^ Jj^ An Eclipse of the sun, which the Astronomers predicti.'d, did not take pi ice. On this occasion the Ministers congratulated His Majesty, as if the Heavens for his sake had dispensed with so unlucky an omen. The Historian who relates this circumstance, cannot help nolicirg the ignorant and ridiculous flattery exhi- bited by this congratulation. It was more prob.ible that the course of nature was altered, than that the Imperial AstronomtTS were mistaken .'^

The last Emperors cf the Dynasty ^ Sung, were pursued by the corquering Tartar barbarians of the subsequent Dynasty -^ Yuen, to ^ tjU Hwuy-chow, in the Province of Canton. On taking some of the towns, they W :^ tore to pieces, by fastening to carts Itie Generals who withstood tliiin, and j^ ^Sl ^ jfc. tfij ^ ^^ butchered the people in such numbers, that the blood flowed

~H ■ i * t

in sounding tor.-ents. From Hwuy-chow, the Em.peror /i\ -j^ Kurg-tsun<^. and great numbers of the Court and Army betook themselves to sea, where finally in despair, |ro ^ ^ LO-sew-foo, having first thrown over-board his own wife, addressing the Emperor said, " Since the affairs of the country have come to this state, you ought now to die ; your Majesty now suffers the lowest de<^ree of degradation; you ooght not to suffer it longer.'' So sayinj, he bore the Emperor with himself to iramediats death, by drowning in the sea. An immense number of the Court and Army followed their example. History says, that some <d3}s afterwards, the sea cast up 100. OOO dead bodies.

■an

mmmmm

CHRONOLOGY.] 26

The JL f^ Woo-taCj or Five Dynasties,

pi HOW-CHOW.

MEAOU-HAOU.

^ ^ Kung-te, - "ffr ^ She-tsHng, ;fe jpS. Tae-tsoo, -

g ^ Yin-te, -

KWO-HAOU.

rp]

Kaou-tsoo,

^^ T Tse-wang, - j^ |g, Kaou-tsoo,

S5 ;fefe Heen-tih -------

Ih IllM Kwang-shun. ------

■i^ /^- HOW-HAN. 1^ If Kaa-jew. .. -

^ H Theen-fuh.

1^ H HOW-TSIN.

^ Is T'heen fuh ; |^ || Kae-yun, -^ II Theen-fuh

^ Hg» Fei-te, - ^ *^ Min-te, - - P^ ^ Ming-tsung, - a-f ^ Chwang-tsung,

^ 'jf Muh-te, -

;;^ jj,-g_ Tae-tsoo, -

HOW-TANG.

Ts"hing-tae, burnt himself to deati K^ IIIb Ying-shun, (reigned 3 months.) ^K. ^ Theen-ching, -& ffl, Chang hing Ip] "TL T'hung-kwang.

W. ^ HOW-LEANG. fk it Kan-hwa, ^_ fj]^ Ching-mlng. 3g Zp Kae-ping, ^ /((^ Kan-h^a.

Heig

Reign

First

cd

closed

year of

\'"-ir<

A. D

f'v'.p.

I, X I .

i

950

904

6

950

3

944

941 938

937 935

2

926 924

8

924

3

916

10

913

LX.

6

903

904

i^er^t^lipWi.!. I r^f!^^^=:^j:^-^>:^-Jvr.-9^ -v; ..;-i. s;F v v

97

[chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES SURING THE FIVE DYNASTIES.

/^ )^ "7^ iSB ^&. ^P ^"' ^^'^ ^"' Emperor of the short Dynasty How-chow, was of mean parentage. In his childhood, he had a bird marked with ink on his neck, from whence he was nick-named ^,p ^ ^^ ' Sparrow KO.' He served the last Emperors of the preceding Dynasty, and fought against the northern barbarians. He gained the affections of the army, usurped the name of Em- peror ; returned, and attacked his Master, who attempted resistance, but was defeated ; fled ; overtaken and murdered in a peasant's house.

950, 300 Priests sent from China to India.

f:4 "/H ^ IB ^ Ml ^^"^' ^^^ ^"* Emperor of the How-han, was a foreigner of the i>b Kj^ ^J Sha-to tribe. He held a military command when the ^ ■pt Ke-tan Tartars overcame ^ Tsin. The Chinese Imperial throne thus be- coming vacant, he usurped it, and having occupied it two years, died.

938, pn |hi Mun-tee, or ^|5 :^ Taoufoo, A kind of spell to drive away, or keep out evil spirits, introduced. It consists of the four words jjm ./♦>. Shin-too, and ^^ ^ Yiih-luy, which are the names of two deities; one of which is pasted against each side of the door.

^ i^i f\K ^ ^ Shih, the founder of the Dynasty Tsin, was a foreigner from the West. He held his chief military command under Tang. He gave sixteen dis- tricts to the Tartars on condition that they should acknowledge him as Em- peror. They conferred the title upon him, and he usurped the throne; which he filled seven years, and died in his 51 year.

937, Chinese Priest travelled 12 years in the west; he was 6 years in India.

935, Printing introduced to the notice of the Emperor, by a Minister of State, ?M 4g" Fung-taou, and some of the Classics printed by his recommendation. Fung-taou is worshipped by the Type-cutters, but execrated by tke Historians as a iupple time-serving man, who paid his court to five different and contending Sovereigns.

mm^

mm.

CHRONOLOGY.}

28

f^ j^ ^ ^ ^4 ^ ^^' *''^ ^"'- Sovereign of the How-tang Dynasty, was a foreigner from one of the small states on the west of China. He made himself useful against the enemies of^ Tsin, obtained a high situation in the army, succeeded to the throne of the kingdom; destroyed the Leang Dynasty, and styled himself Emperor. He enjoyed this dignity three years, and was mur- dered by a kind of court buffoon, in the 35th year of his age. (Vide, Kang-keen- e-che.)

924, Printing invented according to Du Kalde.

' ^ ^ ^_ Le-how-choo, who ordered his concubine to bind up her feet.

^ *- i? £ T. W je i* IpT BS.t li ^ M 5. -ft*

^ 7^ /V "q "wl t^ ' It is not known when the bow-foot (small foot) of /emales was introduced. It is said, that it arose in the time of the Woo-tae, or Five Dynasties; that Le-how-choo ordered his concubine, Yaou, to bind her foot with silk, and cause it to appear small, and in the shape of the new-moon. From this sprung the imitation of every other female.' zh\ ~/K jiS jSi yf, Choo, the first Eiipcror of the Dynasty Leang, was the son of a country school-master. He joined himself to a gang of robbers, who after- wards submitted to the GoTernment. The existing Emperor conferred a name, ■^ ^^ Tsuen-chung, denoting ' Perfectly faithful 'on Choo, and with the name, the highest situation in the army, at that time cal'ed ^ ^|j ^ Keuen-tsee- th'oo. \\. first, his wife, then a rigidly correct and intelligent woman, for whom he felt respect and awe, kept him in order ; but after her death, he became abandoned as befi)re, and having debauched his own son's wife, was murdered by him. ■tM .qS ^ Choo-tsuen-chung, after surrendering himself to the Government, on see- ing the decline of the party, commenced his atrocities by becoming the tool of the Minister ^ )^ Tsuy-yiiig. This minister thought, that the Eunuchs, who were numerous, and some of them clever, shared his influence over the So- vereigr.s mind, and he therefore determined to exterminate thtm. He endea- voured first to persuade the Monarch that it was necessary to do so. Thj Mo- Earch, however, argued that there were many good amongst them, and it would

29

[CHRONOLO&Y,

be quite sufficient in the present instance to select a' few of the worst, and punish them as examples to the re'it. This however, w.is not enough to sat sfy the malice and ambition of the Minister. His hostile vi.ws came to the knowledge of the Eunuchs, and they began to intrigue ngainst him. The Minister, by feasting, flattery and tears, made friends with the General, and called him to Court with his army under pretence of opposing his force to another military Commander, who wished to dictate to the Emperor. Having despatched sixteen persons of the op- posite party; he caused atone imperial residence, seventy Eunuchs to be murdered, and ninety at another [Jace. WJien the Emperor appeared, he put on mourning,and affected to weep; bowed to the ground, and submitted himself to the punishment which he professed to deserve. Tlie Emperor shed tears ; took off his girdle and conferred it upon hira. The Minister's malice was stil! but partially gratified. He therefore represented to the Emperor that the remaining Runuchs amounting to several hundreds, were preparing to usurp the Government, it was absolutely necessary to destroy thi'in. The Emperor submitted, and Tsuen-chung sent in his soldiers, who drove out the miserable Eunuchs and murdered them in cold blood. Their doleful cry of murder and injustice extended, through every part, and far beyond the pretincts of the pnlace.

By the Minister's influence, Tsuen-chung was ennobled, and had the title of King conferred on him. He then began to discover the final object of his ambition. The Minister perceived it; was alarmed for the consequences; and though he still kept up appearances of friendship with the General, (or as he now was called the Kiig) he cherished very different views. Tsuen-chung observed it, and fearing that the Minister would oppose him, he caused him and several of his friends to be murdered. He now determined on the removiil of the Emperor, and sent a written request to that effect, accompanied by a military force. The message was communicated whilst J^ •ffljj jfih -S- i^ His Majesty was at an enter- tainment in the Gallery of Joy. Before he had time to descend, the Court and people were hurried off by force, and, amidst lamentations for their own fate, with curses on the head of the Minister, for calling in Tsuen-chung -jfe ^ JSV ^S to overtura the throne and the altar, crowded the roads. As the Emperor

CHRONOLOGY.] 30

passed, the people p3i E ^« called out, Wan siiy, ' Ten thousand years,' live tor ever]! He replied with tears, say not Wan suy, for I shall never again be your Sovereign. For a time, he and hisQucen, like many persons bereaved of hope, foolishly gave themselves up to grief and to drinking. At last, Tsuen-chung sent two of his creatures, with a hundred men, who after having killed the attendants forced their way into the chamber of the Emperor, where having just risen from a fit of intoxication, with a single garment upon him, he ran round a pillar, to escape his murders in vain. They pursued and killed him. When information of this was brought to Tsuen-chung, he threw himself upon the ground, and burst out in a tone of the most bitter lamentation, weeping most violently, and say-

ins, %%^ %^^ ^% ^Wx^1h%^' ^""^ ^'^'^' '^"'''^■'^- obeyed me, and will cause my name to be infamous to ten thousand ages !' He

forthwith directed that his two agents in the murder of the Emperor should be put to death. One of them, "^ ^ Yew-kung, in going to execution P^ Fl ^

a victim to stifle the reproaches of the world, but how will it appear to the Gods !' After this, Tsuen-chung invited the nine kings, sons of the late Erapero'' R^ yf^ Chaou-tsung, to an entertainment at -jl Fffl iJfl the Lake Kew-keu, where he caused them to be all strangled, and thrown into the lake. At this time, a Comet appeared, which has always been regarded by the Chinese as ominous of some change in the governments of the world; in consequence of this, Tsuen-chung put to death thirty men of influence at court, who were ob- noxious to one of his favourites. Another of theni havino- a dislike to a few of the Literati, whose province it was to examine candidates, and to confer de- grees, because they would not pass him, said to Tsuen-chung, " These fellows always call themselves the ^ ^^' Pure flow,' (a Chinese phrase for persons of justice and equity; uncorrupted by bribes or undue influence) "They deserve to be thrown into the Yellow River, and made the i§ y)fr ' Muddy flow.' Tsuen-chung laughed, and gave an order that the suggestion should be carried into effect. He afterwards murdered the Empress /(fit -jh ^ Ho-tae-how, to

secure to himself the Imperial throne, which be had usurped How cruel and

aaischievous a passion is the love of dominion !

f^^fTr'^M^^aiy ^f> ■

■^•p^^-rc-'-."^' ;■:'■-•

31

([chronology.

^r ^g^ Muh-te, or Jjg^ Teen, the second of the Leang Dynasty, after slabbing, through the body, his abandoned father, amidst a load of abuse, in the chamber where he lay extremely ill, before he left the bed-room, despatched a person to kill his brother, and immediately forged a decree in his father's name, affirming that his brother ^^ ^T Yew-wan, was a rebellious and disobedient son, but that "^[^ :^ Yew-kwei (as Teen was then called) was faithful and dutiful ; the army was also thereby commanded to destroy Yew-wan, and to deliver the con- troul of their actions, and of the nation to Yew-kwei. On the strength of this forged decree, drawn up by the advice of one of the principal Generals, and of liberal donations to the Military, Yew-kwei ascended the throne. After reigning ten years, and leading a most profligate life, he killed himself on the approach of an enemy, in his 26lh year ; so that he must have been only sixteen when he murdered his father! 903, Gold and silver first weighed by the j^ Leang or Tael. Before this.weiglied by the Jfr* Kin or catty

.*

wm

"•iii*'«"P"P"l|*MP^

m^mmmimmmmmmilKmimi^^

CHR0N0LCGY.3

32

The }§ :|^ Tang Dynasty. *

UEAOCJ-HAOV.

KWO-HAOU.

p3 g Chaou-seueo, R0 /gS Chaou-tsung,

^ He-tsung,

/It

S. ^ 7IS E-tsze-tsuno- e ^ Seuen-tsung, - Tff" ;^ Woo-tsuno^, - X :^ Wan-tsung, -

^ ^ Miih-tsung, -

iSr •Tjr* Heen-tsung, .

M ^ ^''"n-tsung, -

^^TTh-tsung,- -

ft ^ Tae-tsung,-

iS^^^"''"*""""''

ed

^ -^ T heen-ytw, - . - -

|||i£Lu„g-ke=;A:)||Ta.shun,f IS King-fiih, ^ ^ Kan-ning ; ^ /f|^Kwang-hwa,;^;g I'hceQ fuh ; 7F 'ffi T"heen-yew. - - -

s!f M- Kan-foo ; I^ 00 Kwang-ming ^ JlJChung-ho; )^ I^Kwani k'he ; ^T /^ Wan-tih. - -

J^ ^ Han-fhung,

'J^ Ip Ta-chung,

-& ^i Hwuy-chang, - - -

;^^pTae-ho,^;iJ^K'hae-ching, K^ Paou-leih,

7k

M. /It

■^ M Cbang-king, 7Q ^ Yung ho, • /K -^ Yung-cliing, ^p: rp Keen-chiug,

7[^ Hing-yuen J^ JC Ching-yuen, g H Kwang-Uh, yjC ^ Yung-tae ; ;^gTa-Ierh. - - -

T^ Shang-yuen, ^ Fffi Paou- j

10

J

•Jii'g.

15

14

13 6

U 2 4

lo 1

26

17

Hei-;ii

closed

A.D

897

895

First vear of Cv<le.

LX.

904

879

864

850 837

831 817 815 811 796

795 769

752

LIX.

886

LVIII

804

L\ II

7^4

.

* Also styled iji- fU^ ^ Taug-miiig-lnvang

[Continued on page 34.]

-. ^r'ry*'^' ^v vv^-

■.-«^iS^-V-. '--'rf^

■■^m^

33

[CHRONOLOCY.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY TANG.

jt * ff ^^ .t S 'f t ^ IS ^ ^ ij- ' Yay, wa. originallj a term applied to a father. It became a term of respect during the Dynasty Tang.

896, Alfred the Great, after subduing the Danish invaders, composes his body of laws, divides England into counties, hundreds, and tythings, erects country courts, and founds the University of Oxford.

i^ J^ Sun-k'hwei, a distinguished officer of the Emperor [E yrc Chaou-tsung, was taken prisoner by S* EH K'hih-yung, who asked Sun-k"h\vei to accept a com- mand under him. He refused on the ground of its being dishonorable to him, saying, " that as his troops were defeated, to die was his duty, but to accept an office under one opposed to the Emperor was impossible. K'hih-yung, in a rage, gave orders £ji- y^ To saw him asunder. The executioners of this barbarous odate, could not make the saw enter. ^^ ■^ R ^ ^ "hs^ ^B A

mand

^ffl;^^^/^^4p^ ' K'hwei railing said, You dead dogs and slaves, if you would saw a man asunder, you should compress him between two planks; but how were you to know it !' They accordingly did so with bim, and he kept railing at them till he expired. (Vide, Kang-keen-e-che.)

Throughout the Chinese and Tartar history, even up to the latest period, great cruelty appears to have been exercised towards prisoners. It seems to have been a constant practice, to put to-, death the principal officers after being taken. If they were able meu and would serve their captors, they were spared; if not, they were destroyed with a liberal portion of abuse. Those who chose to die rather than change sides, are in history, mentioned with honor, under the appellation of^P gn ?ze-ts<;g, which denotes, dying with an undeviating adherence to the line of duty. 579, The literary title Jj-j^ tt" Chwang-yuen introduced. The term PH ^ Mun- sang, denoting a Pupil, came into use after this.

mmn^mn.

mmm

■■■■■■■■■I

CHEOSOLOGy/]

3*

The Dj/nasti/ Tang. (Concluded.)

ME.4 0U-HA0U.

7t ^ Yuen-tsung,! ^ ;gSJ Kaou-lsung,

* ^ T*^ ^^

tsung.

gjj jm Kaou-tsoo,

KWO-HAOU.

j^ ;;jt,K-hae.yuen, ^ ^T'hSen-paou, ^ g«ing-yuii, ;ii^ J^ TaeJteih, - ^ ^ Sze-shing, |l^ .^ Shin-lung, ^

^M'^'"S"^""s- - -

J

%^ ^YuDg-hwuy,^^Heen-king, U ^1 Lung-sO, ^ :f^, Lin-tib, ^

^'Keen-fung, &c. to the nuni her of thirteen. - .... -J SB Ching-kwan. - . . .

^=g.Woo.tih. - - . .

Reigi!

ed years.

Reign closed

A.D,

First year of Cycle

744

43

745

3

702

2<1

699

24

^67 8

LVI.

684

23

634

9

631

35

fcHRONOt'^GY.

3^ ^MWin^-^eu, a Chinese G^ueral durinj^ the roi^n of {« -^ [lo-fsun^, finding provisions failing; him on a march, gave orders th.il all the old and feeble should remain behind ; if any presumed to disobey lliis order, th-.;v should be put to in- rtuntdtMth. The General's brothers, without his perruisiion, ventured to take with them their aged' mother. Wang-seu, harshly reprimanded them, saying, " Every army poss:?sses laws : no army c n exist without them ; n<'l to destroy you for your disobedience to my order, is to render my army without laws." The brothers urged the peculiar case of their mother. T-he General became en- raged, and issued an order to cut her head off. The brothers begged to be put to death first. The army interfered In their behilf, and procured a pardon. This i.« on record as an instance on the oive band, of great filial duty, asd on the the other, of a total want of it.

During the same reign, ^ ^^ "J^ ii\i j^ ;^ i\i ^^\ ^ ' Two falling stars or meteors, shot across the heavens with amotion repeatedly intersecting each other's track, the appearance of which was similar to threads iulerwoven. They appeared of the size of a large bowl.' The pheuomenon was regarded as J^ ^ 4|j very extraord'nary.

*^^' t~ TC ■^ ^fi Shang-yuen Kea tsiie, or the feast of lanterns, commenced during this dynasty, and prevaikd most during ^ Sung.

815, )^ 3|^ I^ 1^ 0 Hi ^ ^ i^t M,"^'^'^ *^"'"'^'' of avoiding malevolent spirits, which return with the manes of the deceased, at certain periods ; and also ■ of avoiding the baleful influence of stars, existed during this Dynasty.'

'«5. H ft ffi] T '!# il #! # ' '^^^'' ^^^ ^^'^^ Dynasties (^ |g j^ flea, Shang, Chow) Han alone excelled in learning.' ^6 ■&■ CLl '/^ te, /^

'Those of Wei, Tsin, Sung, Leang, rather i: jured learning.' -T- tfeH ^ ^^

:A.\ .^. t,t* » = » j y^ ::5C yp

^ ^ m ' Inuring Tang and Sung, was education's most splendid period.' 745, Books first bound up in leaves about this time. Some place it later. Before this tin e t'ley were in rolls.

^^' ^v iS! rfif flip f^ ' Began to appoint an officer over foreign trading Ships." ^'' ^ 'WpJ iH The public examinations of literary candidates were instituted i in the beginuiug of the Dynasty Tang.'

^M

CHRONOLOGY.]

36

The /\ ^)\ Six Dynasties.

The Period called ^ ^M Liih Chaou, or Six Dynasties, viz. ^ ^^ |W^ P§ Wei, Leang, Tse, Ciiiii, Chow, Suy. Of these ;|[^ ^ Plh We', or^ ^ Yuca Wei ; i\^ ^ Pih Tse, and J^U jj^fj Plh Chow, are not admitted into the Chronolo- gical series.

P^ *fl SUY DYNASTY.

1 irsl I year of C\cle.

MEAOU HAOU.

^/^^Kung-te, - -

if^ ^ Yang-te, -^

^^Wa„.te,or^

jfi^ Kaou-tsoo,

xfe ^^ How-wang, . ^ '^ Seuen-te, .

PC ^ Wan-te, . . .

;^^Woo-te. . .

^.,^King-te, . . Til ^ Yaen-te, . 'Pn ^ 'S Keen-wan-te ^^/J^VVoo-te, - -

KWO-UAOU.

Hciun ed"

Roi;;i. closed

years, a. d.

^ ^ E-niiig,

1

622

y^^Ta-nce, . .

- . -

13

621

■^ ^ K'hae-hwang, ^ s^

Jin-show,

24

608

mn

CHIN DYNASTY.

^ ^ Che-tih, m^ BJ\ Ching-ming,

A ^ Ta-ktien,

yr" TT Kwang-ta, . - -

J^ !^T'hiien-kea, ,^ ^ Thcen-kang /K ^ Yung-tiiig,

3^^ ^ LEANG DYNASTY. |g ^^ Shaoii-tae, y^ ^ Tae-ping, ;AfC ^ Ching-shing . . /K. Wi Ta-paou,

7^ M'T''"'*'''^"-'^*^'^"; # M'T*'"- 1

f hung. ^\^ j£ Tae-fhung, &c. j

47

552 3^, 1^549

5J6

543

LV.

624

6

584

14

578

2

564

LIV

7

562

564

3

555

57

^CHRONOLOGY.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE SIX DYNASTIES.

622, Mahomet flies from Mecca to Medina. From the Hegira, or flight of Mahomet,

the Arabic Era begins. ■

^^ '^ 7h\ i ' -^^ Embassador sent from China to Chih-too, (Cambodjia.) f

'In the

irac of llie Liih Chaou, Ihtre were persons to assist to weep at funerals ; fiaally

they came to the disgraceful practice of hiring some to weep for them.'

"j^ ^f\ VI 5^ ^ ^^ ^ Q ' ^''"™ *'''' t'™^ "f ^^'^ ^"^ Chaou, the observing a day of mournin"- on the anniversary of the deith of friends, was more practised.'

Also #a A^ti#M-t:0 u:^.'^'t±m-\-A

f j FjlJ ^&. 3fc ' The custom of observing every seventh day, for seven weeks, or forty-nine days after the death of senior relations, as days of mourning and deprecatory rights ; wei'piiig closes witli the forty-nine days.'

^^' it t # !E # ^ IfiJ ^ 1^ >ii ^^ 1^ ^ il ' ^''^ '""'^ ':' "'^^"^

mentidu particulariv, as an extraordinary custom which excited great notice, that people sat with their legs hanging down," i. e. they began to sit on chairs or stools.

^ !?^ j£ M M'l ^^ ^ f^fc .R^ ' ^'^"'''» OP^"*^** ^*^ schools, but paid most respect to the doctrines of Fiih.

.# ^ 5^ f"J IP j ^ 5\ JiMf f" S f- ^ |15 ' T'^*^ <="'*<>•« «f <■-'->' -"d military officers going on the first and fifteenth of every moon to the civil and

military temples to burn incense, began in the time of the Liih Chaou.

516, Computing time by the Christian aera introduced by Dionysius, a Monk.

508, Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.

461, Saxons establish tliemselves in Kent, under Hengist.

M ;^ tj :^ it 4i ;2. |# ' "^'^^ ^'"■™ of respectful direct address, Laouseen- sang, was not used till the Dynasty Sung.' Many of the names of this period are followed by the woid p^ Laou, as d4j J^^ Hoo-tang-laou,&c.

CHRONOtOGY.]

38

t*;e dynasty.

MEAOl-llAOi;.

KWO-IIAOU.

J JM Cliufiir-liins:.

p 'flV Ho-te, - - -

EH -Bi ifz ruii-j-hwaii-liow ^jV -tt" Yuii<;-\ ueii, -

H)J ^, Ming te, - - . ^^^ Kteii-woo - ,

^ ;^ Woo-t:-, . - - ^ -^ ^^ Yung-ming, -

Reign ed

Reign closed

First, year of

vn'ici

A. n.

rv.ie.

Jill.

1

496

504

o

195

5

493

!1

488

4

477

«

SUNG DYXASTY^ Or

^f^."

ORTH SUNG.

T^ Sl;un-te, - - .

Tn' f - Tsatig-woo-wani. Pfl ^ ^li-g 'e, - - - 0;=^ Fei-t,s- - - - ^ 7^ ^' Heacu- woo-fe. ^ S^ Wan-te, - - - ''■P '^ shaou-te, - - - ^% Woo-te, - - -

^ B^ Shing-miiig, - ... - 7|j ji^ Yueii-hwiiy, - - - . 'k XP T"^>^-<^he,;fe; ^. Tae-yu, - ^ ^^i' Ki;ig-h(;, --.--. y^ ^L Heaou-iiecn) ~ic RbjTae-niinc

7CM Yuoi-kea,

^ ^' King.ping, ----- yKlS^^ Yung-chhoo. - - - -

2

473

S

471

t

466

4

461

i J

461

30

1

450 420

m.

3

419

TSIN DYNASTY

Kur^-te, Gaii-te. - . -

IS.* Heaou-Tvoo-te *jS Ktien-wim-te Tc-ylh, - - - Gae-te, - - - Miih-tc, - - - Kang-tr, - - - Ching-te, - - - Miiig-te, - - . Yueu-te, - - -

,or|!

EL! Yiien-he, -

=f "zzr

<-B

EASTERN T3IN.

j)^ -^Lung-gar : ^ ^ Yuen-hi ^ IliV E-he, - - - - -

Ning-kang; -jfr Trr Tae-vucn

M: '^ Han-gan,

:^ f,|l Tae-ho, ------

|^:^p Luig-ho; ^.^ Hing-ning ^K ^]' Yung-ho; ■^- -^ Shiiig-pii.c

'/ij. TL Ki-'cn-yuen,

}i^'^ Haii-ho; ^ ^ Hankang

J\ i|. Tae-nii)g,

^ ^Keen-woo, -^v; ^^Ta-liing, ;;Ji;^ ^ Yuiig-chang, - - - -

1

416

LI.

22

415

384

24

393

2

369

5

367

4

362

' I7

358

2

341

17

339

L.

3

322

324

f

319

."< as»«!*«^!^S.'y''' .''^rir^^sp'^r'' 'S

39 I^CHBONOXOtJT.

^ A ^T^ 'The people of Sung were fond of praise or fame.' ^ ■ — ■ ^ ^

^ ^^^ IX PI T i !!^^ f G K tt ¥ '^*"y s""^^* "*'' ^** •*'*

actions recorded by his relatives and dependants.' 426, Romans withdraw their troops from Britain. A\0, Eome taken and plundered by Alaric, king «f the Visi-goflis. 367, ;|^ J^ Shwuy ke, or stamp-dutj, on the sale of lands and houses introduced. 362, Constantinople made the capital. ^ i ^i ^ ^ ^ 1^ ^'"S Ciiaou allowed his people to worship Buddah, in

the time of fi^ J^ Ching-te. The general introduction of Buddism is, by some

dated from this act of toleration. I^ i^> ^ ^ J£ H ^ ^ ' 111 the first moon of the second year of Ching-te,

a comet was seen ; and another was seen in the first year of wl jd Heaou-woo. nlj^ ^ ^ d^ ^ ^ Q 43 :# M -^ ' In the 3d moon of the fourth year

of Yuen-le, there was a dark sjjot in the sun.' (Vide, Kang keen-e-che.)

Through«!ut Chinese History, the phenomena of Nature, sucli as an Eclipse, the appearance of a Comet, a vivid Meteor, an Earthquake, as well as Pestilence, excessive Rains, Drought, Locusts, and Famine, have been regarded as signifying the displeasure of Heaven; and have induced a real or a feigned desire to repent, and to reform. General pardons have been granted ; measures taken to alleviate the distresses of the poor; and g2 -<JlC la. 3 Imperial proclamations issued, inviting persons to sfieak pointedly and freely their opinions of what they deemed amiss in the Sovereign's conduct. Chinese History mentions IjOI j^ ^J Earthquakes; 26 Ml Sh falling, or rushing down of mountains ; and 63 yC 7J^ floods, occasioned by excessive rains, or irrup- tions of water from the beneath the surface of the earth. They mention a few time* a phenomenon which appeared to them "pjl Jl[j_ a raining down of blood; and once ^ ;^0 JM. '" '^^'^f-^ the wind appeared as blood. pR ^ Storms of rain and hail are mentioned 24 times, and ^ ^A ^ Great «torras of rain and hail four times. The hail stones areonce compared to cocks and hens for size, and are said to have measured in diameter 2 cubits 5 tentlw. On this occasion it is laid that they killed the people on whom they fell.

wmmmimmmmiimimiimi

CHRONOLOGY.J

40

The ^ W 1^ Western Tsin Dynasty.

MEAOU-HAOU.

^ ^ Mia-te, iM l^ Hwae-te, M *^ Hwuy-te,

^-^

Woo-te,

/^ ^t How-choo, -

Cbaou lee-te

KWO-HAOU.

Kiien-hing, - - . . ^'K^Yung-kea, . . - . ^gYuug-he, ;7f;|>Yuen-kang,|

:^C ^Yung-kang, &c. - - J ^ ^A Tae Che, ^ ^ Han-ning,

;;^ ^ Tae-kang, ;;^ gE Tae-he.

^ jM Sn Ilow-han Dynasty.

Keen-hing, %t£, gg Yen-he, &c. -^ ^ Chang-woo

ed

v'-rs.

liei-^.. closed

A. D.

i'lrsi year of Cycle.

4

313

I,.

324

6

S09

17

30a

26

286

XllX.

41

260

264

3

2S9

■w

41

[chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE TSIN DYNASTY, &c.

2S ^F^ Min-te, i. e. 'The much-to-be-commiserated Emperor,' of the Western Tsin. Min, is the Meaou-haou, which is formed on what is called the =jg She, or descriptive epitaph, conveying a general idea of the character and fortunes of the person referred to. The epitaph of Min, was ^ JH if # 'Presiding over the nation, grief and sorrow were his lot.' Hence the Meaou-haou, or temple designation ' Min-te.' He was, in the four!h year of his reign murdered by -M ^ 1^ Tsung, the sovereign of Han, answering to the first year of ^ 7C ^ '^^^ Emperor Yuen, of the Eastern Tsin. In the same year "H^^ Tsungs sons to the number of 21 persons were destroyed by fire. B? 5'J H^ ^^ ^^^ 2nd year of Chaou-liie, the state |^ Wei, passed a Salique "Law,in these words, ^ ^ )^ ^ ^\ ^% "^ j^ ' From this time. Queens shall not assist in the government.' The Historian adds a note, ^ ^ RJ ^t|] 'A good law, worthy of being a Master,' i. e. an example for the imitation of others. In the last days of 'M Han, the states ^ Wei and ^ Woo arose, and with- drew a part of the Empire, hence Historians removed the title /^ Te, and inserted ^ Choo. The General of Wei, ^ ^ Tiing-yae, pursued the last of the Han race to Ij^ ^ Ching-too, now the capital of Sze-chuen Province. The Emperor summoned a council of state, in which amidst a variety of opinions, it was at last determined to send the Imperial seal to Tang-yae, and to surrender. When the Emperor's son'^H. Shin, heard this, he said, witi agitated feelings, ' If reasoning fail us, and our strength be exhausted ; if calamity and ruin are about to fall upon us, it is incumbent on us all. Father and Son, the Emperor and his Ministers, to turn our backs on the city, and with the fall of our altars to die fighting the enemy ; then we shall not be ashamed to see our Imperial Ancestors. Why would you surrender ! The Emperor, however, would not listen to hin>

G

Mmi

■■

■■■■■I

■HI

shron6logy.]]

42-

Shin therefore hastened to the temple of ^^ ^)], and there having wept bitterly for the disgrace of his family, he first killed his wife, and then himself. The Emperor and his ministers were led out to the north side of the city, with their hands bound behind their backs, and their coffins following them, in mournful procession, to the General Tang-yae's camp. Yae received them, loosened their bonds, burnt their coffins, and seated them at a banquet. Thus \^ -^ Pe- rished Han, once so illustrious !

There was given to the conquering General, ^ >^ ' A list of the popula- tion' and of the army, with the Civil list. The numbers were these, p ' Doors,' i. e. families, 280,000 ; p ' Mouths,' i. e. persons, 940,000. ^ ^f; ' Men in armour,' )02,000 ; ^' Civil officers,' 40,000.

313, The term;^£j p^ Ya-mun, denoting a public court, introduced by mistake ^*"'^ f^ Ya-mun, which term had an allusion to the figure of the standards placed before the gates of public ofiBces.

309, Capital in JX \^] Xeang-nan.

306, Constantine begins his reign.

286. The literary title ^ ^ Sew-tsae, introduced about this time.

^®^' ffi S ^ iti ^^ ft S. ^ ^ ' I'='P« ™°"ey (not for commercial purposes, but to scatter at funerals), began in the time of Wei and Tsin. Of this there is no doubt.

273, Longinus, a Greek Orator and Critics.

260, Capital at ^ ^ Xan-king, in the Province «? ^ "j^ Keang-nan.

254, Origen, a Christain father of Alexandria.

The Northern ^^j j^ Erratic Tribe., on Wandering nations, against whom, Tsit, Che-hwang^e built the great wall ; who shared the Empire with ^ Sung = conquered' .t under -^ Yuen ;. and who repossessed themselves of it, during the last two cen- turies, were exceedingly troublesome in the time of Han. The ^ ^Heung-noo, ■ Clamorous slaves,' as they were then called, appear in almost every pa^e o"f the

;:7;rr:;, ■■; """ '"-' "^"^";^vpTae-tsoo, ^ £^ ^

TP tM M m *^'""^ '"^2="' I" form alliances with the Tartar kings, by giving

43

j^CHUONOLOGr.

Princesses of the Imperial family to them in marriage. The Historian says, IM.

JpCfl g^S^t^'t' H"jfe^-^^ 'The disgrace brought upon 'China, was never greater ; from this time she lost her honor and her respectability.'

The minister who proposed and carried this measure, hoped to raise up a Chinese interest amongst the Tartars. He said they were such barbarians that it was impossible to reason with them ; moreover they had no permanent habitation, it was extremely dif- ficult to carry on war with them. They were here to day, and a month hence hundred? ''of miles distant. The mother of the first Princess would not consent that her daughter should be thus disposed of, and another female took her place, and was called the Princess. Afterwards, the Tartars came every few years and demanded such alliances. The character of the Heung-noo of that day, may be surmised from the way in which they treated J^ Ji^) ^ King Yug-te, after killing him; J^ ^ || ;^ |^ || they 'made a drinking vessel of his head.' The ministers of Han, do not appear to have been much better, )^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ §;. ^ ^ ^Jj ^^^ ^J "wL A^ll ^r- 'tE ' '^''^y assembled together to drink and to wrangle about their respective merits; when drunk, some roared out improper language, whilst others drew their swords and struck the pillars.' It is but just to say, that they afterwards adopted cerlain court ceremonies, to prevent the recurrence of such barbarous conduct in His Majesty's presence.

119m

wmmmm

CHRONOLOGY.] 41

The H PI Three Kingdoms, viz. |

Wei, Shuh, Woo,

M]l

TCJNG-HAN.

Reign

Rei^n

First J

MEAOU-HAOU.

KWtJ-HAOU.

ed

closed

year of

venrs

A. D.

Cvci:'.

|i^Heen-te,„r^g|^

1^ ^ Chhoo.phing,_^. Zji- Hing-1

XLVIII

t^ Heaou-hcen-te,

P'hi'ig, ^ ^ Keen-gan, ^ |^ ^3- Yen-kang, - - - J ^^Kiien-ning, ^^ ^ He-p'hing\

31

226

204

M ^ Ling-te, - - -

22

195

^ ^ Hwan-te, - - -

fh :!p: Chuiig-p'hing, - - -J .^ ^H Keen-ho, ^p 2|i Ho-p'liing-1

Yung-liing, ^jl;;^ :^ Yung-show }■

21

US

^^Yen.he,;i;^Yung-

kang, - - - - - J

g >^ Chth^e, - - -

^ ;^ Pun-chhoo, - . . . -

1

152

^t+J T^ Chung-te, - -

^"C ^i- Yung-kea,

1

151

1 ll 7^ Shuu-te,

^/;^Yung-kang,|§^Yang..

kea, /jOfiH Yung-ho, ')^^ I

19

150

LXVII.

144

Han-gan, ^T ffi^ Keen-kang, J

^ i^ Gan-te, - - -

7K '^ Yung-chhoo, -^ ;j^Yuen "^ ch'hoo, ^^ ipYuiig-ning, ^ ■^^Keen-k-wang, ^^ y^ Yen

19

131

kwang, --,.-.

^^ ^ ^•'^"s-*^' - - -

;^ ^ Yen-p'hiiig, - - - - -

1

112

^^/^f^Ho-te,

yK 7C Yung-yaen, j|- ^a Yuen-hins

17

111

^/^Chang-te, . -

^ ^j Kc-i.-chhoo,^^j Yuen-^

ho, ^:^{] Chaiig,ho, - j

13

94

B^ ^ Ming-te,

/X "^ Yung-phin-, - - . . .

18

SI

XLv:,

84

JK lishe-tsoo, or f(;j^

1

M: ^ Keen-woo, {:|3 ^Chung-yuen

33

63

.,

i

45

£cHUOXOLOGY.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE THREE KINGDOMS.

_ — ■ ^H tK San-kwO-che, a kind of Historical Novel formed on the events of this period, is much esteemed for its style and the ability with which it is written. It is thought a model of the Narrative kind.

time of Han, the rule of SL-lecting the oflScers of Government from amongst the Literati, after certain public examinations, did not exist. They were all recom- mended, hence the phrase Keu-jin,' i. e. a recommended person, ^g. y^ Keu-jin, is now a literary title. 220, In the close of this Dynasty, they began J^ ^j]" ^ ^ ^ M^ ' To make seats of wood ciit for the purpose ; they were still called -Jj^ Chwang, and ^a Ta. In all nrobability the were all ^ fe ^ ^ )M for ' Siting on cross- legged, and not with the feet hanging down.'

■^k. ~jjf^ 4& t^ E. ' In the time of Hwan-te, India, Ta-tsin, (Egypt or Arabia,) and other nations, came by the southern or Chinese sea with tribute, and from, this, trade with Foreigners was carried on at Canton.'

i 18, Juvenal.

Ill, Plutarch of Greece.

81, During the reign of 90 TS* Ming-te, the religion of Jffi Fuh introduced.

99, Tacitus. — 93, Josephus. — 74, Pliny, the elder. — 64, Boadicea.

53, Capital at VQ- lis LO-yang, in WpJ ^ Ho-nan.

54, Caractacus. 52, Julius Cssar's first expedition to Britain.

'^inpni

mmsm

mm

tHRONDLOGY.]

46

The Pi il 19 VVestern Han Dynasty. *

Reign

Reign

First 1

MEAOCJ-HAOU.

K WO-HAOU.

ed

closed

year of

vesrs

A. D.

30

Cycle.

■jtt I^^Hwae-yang-wang

^^Kaug-che,

2

^^^ Joo-tsze-jing,

^ m *^'="-'=''«'

18

28

24

^ ^ P'hing-te, - -

JC ^ Yuen-chc, --..-.

5

10

^^Gae-te, - - -

^^ -^P- Keen-ping-, -n-* ag Yuen-show ^ ^^ Ktien-che.-jpJ' iji^Ho-p'hingl

6

5

jj ^ Ching-te, - -

B. C.

^ t)j^ Yang-si5, jj| ^ Hung- ^

S6

1

k^^'fCi?^Yung.che,^g.J

Yuen-yen, ,^ ^ Hwan-ho,

^7^Yuen-te, - - -

^ 7C;Chhoo-juen, ^1^ ^ Yung.^

kwang, ^ |]^ Keen-chaou,-^ ^

16

27

'to King-ning, - . - J

13 ftij» Seuen-te, - - -

;^ j(g Pun-Che, -;||; l^' Te-tsee, &c.

25

43

XLIV

36

Jt)^ ^ Chaou-te, - - -

^ TC^he-juen, ^j;; j|[ Yuen-fung.

13

68

^1^W„o-te,

^ TX; Keen-yuen, ^ ^ Yuen-^ kwang, &c. ---... j

54

81

-^-; >f^ K.ng^te,

jr 4E Yueu-ncen, ftl TT" Chung- [ yiien, &c. - J

16

135

XLIII 66

^^^'Wan.tc, - - -

J[^ dl^ Yuen-niien, |^ -^ How-yuen

28

151

iS f^ @ Jt^Kaou-how-

A Queen who governed in the name ^

xi-ri

leu-she,

of Children, . - . J

8

174

156

p ig? Hwuy-to,

Prior to this time the Kwo-haou, was

7

182

i^J 1^ Ka<.u-te. - - -

not used.

12

189

* Before the i.;;iiies of this and the last Dynasty, the word -^ Ilei

used.

eaou IS sometimes

47

[cHRONOLOey.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURIN'G THE WESTERN HAN DYNASTY.

^ ^ Moo-penou, or ife ^ Pei-peaou, ' Tomb-stones' introduced about this time. ^^'. i& jMi imf dll ' Records engraved, were hurried in. the tomb.' irrt- ^t jJj ;?i5i ■ They narrated or extolled the virtues of the deceased.'

17, Livy,— 19, Ovid.— 20, Celsus.

JESUS CHRIST, the Divine Saviour, appeared in judea, during the reigns of ^ ^ Heaou-ching-te, and ^ J^ *^ Heaou-gae-te.

— ' n -I- ^ jj^ b^ jj^ -M' The division of the day (from midnight to mid- night) into 12 parts of two hours each, commenced in the time of Han.'

In the time of the Two Han, ^ ^ ^ '/ji ^ "^ ^ ^^l 'To consider the - rio'ht the place of honor, and the left the meaner place, was long the fixed rule." Since the time of Han, ^* /n- m 7^ ' Unas altered, and honor conferred on the left.' When this change commenced, is not known.

V^ ■^JC W^ 'j^ 1=1 6 M "ill ' ^" ^^^ *'™^ °^ ^''"' '"""^ "^ ^^^ district Magis- trates themselves sold wine.' Perhaps this opinion arose from the very great

attention which was paid by Government in collecting the duty on liquors. For

the people to distill clandestinely three measures of grain, was a capital crime.

In the habit of sending persons abroad to invite Foreigners. ^|\ ^ X^ ^ >/i" yl m 1^ Ag J(K ' The pearls and Merchandise of Foreigners began to enter China.' Some vesifels arrived which were four or five months on their passage.

29 Virgil. — 34, Saliist. — 96, Horace. — S6, Jerusalem taken by Pompey.

V^ ^1^ Jlj^ ' Ching, tlie king of Tsin, overcame the other six nations; and formed the Empire into thirty.six ^ Keun ; or Principalities

Books burnt, and four hundred ana sixty of the Literati thrown into a pit to perish,

or buried alive. This was done at the suggestion of a worthless minister. Hair pencils invented by ^ '^^ Mung-tiien, who was sent with 300,000 men to re- duce the ^ A Hoo-jin, or jxjj ijVf Heung-noo, certain Tartar [tribes. To keep out this Nortliern people, the ^^ 93 .^ J,ffly Wan-le-chang-ching, great wall was built by him ; it extends from ^i "Uk Lin-taou, on the west, to i^ "9^ Leaou-lung, on the east; upwords of 10,000 Le.

■..■;il

h:

^^"■■WSSipi

CHRONOLOGY. 1

^4)\ Tsin Dynasty.

MEA.OU-HAOU.

h gii

eil years.

closijd

B C.

[ list jcar of C V cle.

.11 ffi ^ ^* U'-l'-she-

hwan-te, - - - - "J ^ ^' 75' Che-hwang-le-

3 11

28

201 204

515

XLI.

'J 16

--^ ^Seven nations who contended for the Supremacy, Tsin prevailed over the other six. - - -

K] ^ Tung-chow-wang

^ J Nan-wang, - - ;|# ii T^ Shin-tsing-wang: §S ^- Hiieii-waag, - - ^ij -p Lee-wang, ^^^ ^p Gan-wang, M/ ^'1 -^- Wei-liie-wang, ^^ ^2 Kaou-wang, - - ^ ^^ Chiiig-ting-wang TC 31 Yuen-wang, - - ^^King-wang, - . ^Sr -I- Kinjr-wari"-, - - WdT=' -1- Liiig-wang, - - jyil i Keen-wang, - .

CHOW- DYNASTY.

Period denominated S^ |^ Chen- kwo, 'Fighting, or contending nations.

t[_ ^M Mine itates about this time.

The principle* maintained in the tunes of tht'se kings ;ire considered more pure and just than those of any oth^^^r period ; and are often proudly referred to by the phrase _j- |^ Wang-taou, rhe Royal doctrines; the principles of the ancient Kings.'

y'J L^ Lee-kwo, is a term by which this period is spoken of generally.

7

243

59

250

6

309

LX

276

48

315

7

368

XXXIX

336

26

375

24

401

XXXVIII

396

16

425

2S

441

6

469

XXXVII

456

44

475

25

519

XXXVI.

516

27

544

14

571

21

585

XXXV.

57 0

49

[chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY CHOW.

277, Euclid. — 332, Aristotle. — 332, Alexander the Great at Jerusalem. 284, Alexandrian Library. 284, Septuagint Translation.

ifr i^ 2L ^ ^. H ^. ^ t T^i¥ i f^ a « S 1 1«1 -i.

' The idea of the age, that to bear a child on the 5th day of the 5th moon,

was unlucky, existed in the time of the Chen-kwO.' 320, Ptolemy Soter takes Jerusalem.— 348, Plato.— 313, Demosthenes poisoned himself. 350, Xenophou. — 413, Herodotus. — 400, Socrates. ■^ -i- Mang-tsze, or Mencius, disciple of Confucius, and writer of one of the DQ ^j

Four-books, refers much to the Chen-kwo, or contending states of that period.

A native of the state ]^K Chow. "5* ?^ "Si ^r' ' ^^ ancient times there were no sacrifices oflFered at tombs." It is

not known exactly when the practice commenced. Some say about this time,

some place it later. 536, Cyrus the Persian Emperor. — 497, Pythagoras — 558, Solon of Athens. 5S8, Zedekiah and the Jews carried to Babylon.

606, Nebuchadnezzar over Babylon and Assyria, in conjunction with his father. No Chinese Books extant, which were written before the compiiationsof Confucius. Confucius, ( ^L ;^ -?" Kung-fuo-tsze,) Native of ^ ^ Loo kwo, (the state

Loo,) now the Province jj_j ^ Shan-tung. Born in the Uth moon, of the 21st

year of 456 Ling. ■^ -^ Laou-tsze, or ^ ^ Laou-keun, the founder of the ^ J; Taou-sze

Sect, lived also about this time. Chinese wrote on Bamboos with the point of a style; hence engraving the Character

is expressed by ^ij ^ Tsze-tsze, ' Pricking the character.' They also wrote with a kind of red lead, called ^j^ JIL Hung-tan.

■«m

wmmmmm

CHRONOLOGY.]

50

The BynastTj Chow. (Continued. )

ME40U-HA0U.

Y^ ^ Kwang-wang, f^ J-. King-wang, - - ^^ ~F Seang ■vrang, - <^' -P Hwuv-waiiff . . ^H ~F Le-wang, - . .

ft S S lE Tung- 1 chow-chwang-wang, j )te ^^^ Hwan-waiiff, - -

J — • — L> D'

-^ 3: Ping-wang, - - pM -p Yew-wang, .

^ ^- Seuen-waiig, - -

ihP.c f^Le-wang, - . -

^ 3E E-wang, - . - ^1 ;^ Heaou-wang,

SSiE-wang,

it ^p Kung-wang, - -

^ ih ^^"-^ang, - - - Bj}- ^^ Chaou-wang,

[■ ^ Kang-wang, - -

fl^ Jl Ching-wang, ^gr ^- Woc-wang,

This is the Period of the History p: ^j( Chuii-tsew; which includes 242 years. It may be called Confucius' History of his own times. The name Chun-lsew, Spring and Autumn, is from its haviiig been commenced in Spring and finished in Autumn There were at ihut time 125 diflfer- eut Q^ States or Datioiis.

'm fei Eastern Chow, pn "p — Ka Forty-one S

States.

15 ^i Western Chow, capital at Shen-se |^ ^^ 23 States.

Reigi.

ed v<»ars.

Rci.;,,

closed

B. C.

first

year of

Tvcle.

6

606

6

612

32-33

918

26

610

XXXIV

636

^

666

15

671

S3 51

686 709

xyiii 6y6

U

7 60

46

J71 *17

XXXll.

75->

16 15 25

^68

884

XXXI.

816

899

X>XX.

876

12-11

928

5.1-51 51

936 991

XXIX.

936

XXMII.

996

26

1042

37

1068

XXVII.

1056

7

1105

51

[chronology.

650, Probable time when Buddah lived.

''^°' M. ^ ^ ^' -M ^ ^ ' Intercourse with the eight barbarous tribes,

called Theen-chiih, (India.) ^ A Ij^ i^fc fllj ^ ' ^^^ ancients sat on the ground.' ^$ =^ r^ ^ ^1 ' Concealing or avoiding the Wei (name), began in the time of

Chow. II was that name of himself which a person used in worshipping the Deity;

after which it was held sacred. Still observed by tlie Chinese. At present, only women :^ 7^ decorate their heads with flowers; but in ancient

times both men and women did so. It is much discussed, whether women ever knelt in paying their obeisance ; some in- stances occur , but they are casts in which persons voluntarily degraded themselves.

Some say they knelt, and their hands touched the ground, but not their heads.

Now they bend the knee slightly, and join their hands, the arms hanging down

on the left side. Sedan chairs made of bamboo, existed in ancient times. Originated in the South, 720, Salmaneser, king of Assjria, takes the Ten Tribes.

First Eclipse of the moon recorded.

734, Romulus founds Rome.

818, Kingdom of Macedon begins.

S69, Queen Dido founds Carthage.

907, Homer.

1012, King Solomon lays the foundation of the temple.

1042, 4^ A ;£ 'Chow, the great Historian," and framer of the Seal Character.

a2

V

I

i'HRONOLOGY.I

52

The S IB Slmng Dynasty.

JIEAOU-HAOU.

j&r -p Chow-wang, - .

W L '^^-y'''' * - - - :;jc T '^^'^■^'"s. - - - ^ 2- ^^'""-y'*'' - - -

Jl -p Kiing-ting, - - .

/^t= -rV I -

/(SJ ^; Liu-sin, - - . ^ t^ Ts(,o-kea, - - - jjig ^Tsoo-kang, - - ^ -y Woo-ling, - - . /J> ^ Seaou-ylh,- - . A^ jt Seaou-sin, - - - ^ ^ Pwan-kang, - - ^ ftj Ya.ig-kea,- - - ^Nan-kang, . . . jjii ^ Tsoo-ting, - . V^ ^3 Yiih-kea, . . |g. J^ Tsoo-sii), - - .

P ^ Tsoo-y)h,

vpj lEj Ep Ho tan.kea, - A^Y rr. Wae-jin,- - . .

Ijp ~p Chung-ting, - - ■^ ^ Tae-woo, * . .

/K ffl Seaou-kea, . . ^ ^ Tae-kang, . .

"^ y Yiih-ting,

TT ffl Tae-kea, . . - ■^ M Chi'ig-fhang, .

Capital at this time in Honan. dj

Chinese were small and feeble; the Eastern foreigners numerous and strong." The Chinese 'M /g t±J jt. ' gradually obtained a residence in the middle of the country," and hence called themselves Chung- kwo, the Middle Nation. It is observable that there was a people to the East of them stronger than they were.

* Moses" Sabbath instituted in the wilderness. Those from whom the Chinese descended, separated . before its institution, and hence a sabbath is not observed amongst the Chiqese .' This idea is submitted as a probable solution of the difficulty which exists in accounting for the Chinese having no Sabbath, if the c bservance of that day was commanded at the Creation of our first parents. For the argu- ment in favour of the opinion, that the Sabbath was first appointed in the Wilderness, at Mount Sinai, see Pale)s .Moral Philosophy. 1745, Joseph born.

Ueig

ed

years

■ Kei<rn| First closed lye.ir o{ j^ B r. 1 ("vde

32

1112

XXVI.

1116

37 3

1144

1181,

XXV.

1176

4

1184

6

1188 1209

XXIV.

1216

33

1215

7

1248

59

1255

28 21

1314 1342

XXII

1356

28

1363

7 25

1391 1398

XXI.

1396

32

1423

25

14£5

XX.

1456

16 19

1480 1496

9

1515

15

1524

XIX.

1516

13

1539

75

1552

i-2

16S7

XVIII.

15/6

17 25

1639 1656

XVII

1636

29

1681

33

1710

XVI.

1696

13

1743

* These do not seem proper names; this part of Chinese History is evideiitly under 5reat obligations to the Historians of subsequent times.

53

[chronology.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURING THE DYNASTY SHANG.

^ 3E ^^ "Y^ Chow, or Chow-slii, the last king of the Dynasty Yin, which is coraraonly spoken of as the closing period of J/fcl Shang Dynasty, was one of those persons who ohtiia an infimous celebrity by their crimes and follies. He was the youngest of three sons. His mother in the character of the King"s ^^ Concubine, bore his two elder brothers; after which she became the King's ~^ ■wife and Qoen, and had Chow, who, according to the rule of succession in those

times, ;g ^ ^ -?• ^ pT ir ^ ^ '¥' ' ^^ ^''^'"^ ^^ ^ ^'^^'* ***"' ^ concubine's son cannot inherit.'.asceuded the throne.

Chow is represented as possessing good natural abilities, and great personal strength, but his abilities were employed to fortify himself against the advice of h'ls friends, and to gloss over his crimes. He was proud, extravagant, drunken, debauched and cruel. One instance of his extravagance is more amusing than serious. He introduced '^ ^ Ivory Chop-sticks, used in eating. One of his relations, '^ -^ Ke-tsze, sighing said, " Ivory chop-sticks are now made; these must be followed by valuable dishes ; and valuable dishes must be filled with rare viands; the king thus gratifying his desires, endangers the safety of the Empire"

Chow in his wars, took a female captive •yH M^ Ta-ke, whose name is as infamous as his own. They both gave themselves up to the greatest excess of un- restrained sensuality, and to the wildest extravagance. They had immoral songs composed, and introduced a species of posture-making or dancmg, in which those who engaged, sought the pleasure of mutual compliance or indulgence They erected ^" j^ a kind of stage, or terrace, a thousand cubits high, and three le (about one English mile) broad. It required ten years to complete it. They laid out extensive gardens; formed manageries filled with horses, dogs, rare animals, and curious birds; to feed these, and the crowd of idle people around them, large granaries were built. Al^/k j-p Sha-kew, now the province of Chih-le, they collecled a vast concoursi of people devoted to pleasure and dissi-

niapp*

CHRONOLOGY.J

54

p;ition. They there made a lake of wine, and surrounded it with meat suspended on the trees ; to this paradise naked men and women resorted, and passed the long nights in drunkenness and dehauchery. Profligacy to this extent is more than the common sense of mankind, in the worst of times, can approve. The king and court fell into contempt ; which Ta-ke, instead of attributing to the right cause, ascrihcd to the lightness of the ordinary punishments, and to the easy deaths to which criminals were su'<jected. She therefore introduced a pimishment called ^ M^ Wei-tow, which was an iron vessel, like the Chinese measure called Tow, and which when heated red-hot. the criminal was obliged to hold in his hands till they were roasted. She also invented a brass pillar, called 'rpl 'Kq- Paou-lo, which being greased, or daubed with unctuous matter, and so made slippery, was laid over a fire of coals. Across this fire, the criminal ■was forced to walk upon the slippery burning rounded hrnss. The consequence was, that he fell into the fire. It is said, that the inefFoctual efiForts . f the cri- minals to walk across the burning roller, afforded this cruel Lady much amusement and delight.

Chow in a passion, murdered a nobleman's daughter, because she disliked the debaucheries of the palace. He ripped up the body of a pregnant female, that he might see the foetus in the womb. On seeing some persons fording a brook, in a cold winter's morning, he said they endured the cold in a remarkable man- ner, and forthwith ordered their legs to be cutoff, that he might view the marrow. His relation ^g^ —p Ke-tsze, having reproved him, escaped death by affecting madness. |;P -pPe-kan acquired immortal fame, by being one of the first martyrs in the generally hopeless cause of reproving bad kings.

j^ ^ Woo-wang, the martial king, thought it right to rid the world of Chow. He made a solemn appeal to heaven ; imposed an oath on his nobles, and proceeded to what he conceived was fighting Heaven's battles. Chow sent 700,000 men to oppose him. But they had no will to fight. They were routed. Chow fled to the stage he had erected, clothed himself sumptuously, adorned with pearls and gems, and in that state burnt himself to death. Woo- wang cut down with the sword, the wicked and unhappy Ta-ke.— How often, even in this life, does Divine Providence punish the atrociously profligate '

^'^:>"

55

fcHRONOLOGY.

^ -^ Wo-yth, was ^ |g a bad man. He "^ /(g A. fl :^ ^ # ' ^ade idols, and called Ihem Celestial Gods.' He placed servants by them to move them al9ng. This gave offence to real Celestial Beings, and Woo-yTh, when hunting was struck dead by the force of thunder. (Vide, Kang-raiih.)

i f*j^ 1 11 {%% ^ "T a M# t ^ g 1 1^^

*||r ^ ^ fl^ A ^^» ^ ^ T|!|3' From the introduction of the Sect Fuh, idols prevailed throughout the whole empire, but they did not originate with that Sect. iS* / Te-yih n^ade an image of a man to represent the God oi Gods of heaven.' It is added, that those of Fiih were at first gold, but that

they afterw.irds imitated the Chinese, and made them of wood or clay,

1570, Moses born, — 1451, died.

1552, Joshua born. 1556, Cecrops first king of the Athenians.

ving conquered Hea, made the 12th moon the first month of the year; and of colours he gave the preference to white.' He chose domestic animals that were white; was clothed in white ; and made white the colour of his banners.

1703, Comraencement of the seven years of famine in Egypt.

1729, Commencement of seven years of TT -^ ' Great drought ' and famine in China. At the close of seven years, the King \IX '^ Wk^> ^'W 'Z,^ himself went forth to the mulberry groves and to the desert places to pray — Confucius has been thou'^ht to discountenance prayer ; but the duty of prayer has always been acknowled"'ed by the practice of Chinese Kings and Emperors in seasons of calamity. Tang made confession, and considered his own vicesas occasioning the

famine. It is said, ^T^ti /^P^vS^'^'I^M ^''^^ ^^^"^^ *"* "^^^ fully enunciated the words which expressed the contrition of his heart, a heavy

rain fell over a space of several hundred miles.

^^ fe B^" ^fej Q is The king Pwan-kang changed the denomination of the dynasty Shang to Yin.

The People on the north of China, ha% e by the Chinese, been called by various names under different dynasties. At this early period, they used the language of con- tempt and abuse, and instead of saying they subdued the people of the north, if is written TV J^ ji they 'conquered the land of demons or devils.'

■CHRONOLOGY.]]

56

The 5 1^ Hea Dynasty.

MEAOU-HAOU.

yff T Kee-wing, - - g£ If VVang-ra, - -

"^ ^Wang-kaou, - - Zp Ji ffi Wang-kung-kea ZC te^ Wang-kin, - ■

~J- "^ j»*iWang-puh-keang pp sj^Wang-ste, - - 3- "tt Wang- mang, - - 5 jj;^ Wang-hwae, - - ZI. TJSiWang-choo, - . ^ 1^ Shaou-kang, - - ZJ- ^-^ Wang-seang, - - j^ ^ Chung.kang, - - -^ ^ Tae-kang, - ^J^Te-khe, - - ;^^Ta-yu. -

^" f^Tang and Yu, called the year ^ Ts e ; £. Hea, called it j^ ?uy ; j^ ?h:»i,g, called it jn^ ^ze, and IS €how, called it ^ Niien.

ffij Y u was 9 cubits 2 tenths high. Wine was made by ^fe i>k E-tcth . Yu drank of it, and deliglited in it; but apprehensive of its consequences in succeeding ages, procured its pro- hibition. ^p|^jij|^£ fj 'At that time heaven rained down gold three days ! ' The grave state- ment of this circumstance, certainly lessens the credit of the History of this period.

Heign

ed vefirs

Reign

closed

B. c

Firsl year of Cycle

59

1756

XV.

1756

13-19 11

1803 1821

XIV.

1816

32 21

1832 1868

XIII

1876

21

18&5

59 16

1906 1965

XII.

1936

IS 26

1981 1999

XI.

1996

17

2025

22

2042

27

2064

X.

2056

13

2091

29

9

8-27

2104 2133 2142

IX.

2116

-.

The 5. ^ Five Emperors. *

J^y^ ^ Yu-te-shun; aged 110,-

}p ^ffi ^fe Tang-te-yaou ; aged 118, (^ JJ^ or Chinese deluge, Tjt* ^^ ji=!| ^^ '^ Te-kw ii h-kaou-siu-she, ,

^ Jg j^ ^ ^Chuen-kiih-kaou-yaiig-she,. ''I/' y. /4^ -jv JV Shaou-haou-kin-thecn-she,.

VIII.

50-61

2169

il76

100-7i

2230

VII.

70

2530

'^236 VI.

2296

V.

78

2400

2356

IV.

84

2538

2416

* A period of much obscurity.

57

£cimojjOLoay.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES DURIXG THE DYNASTY TANG.

1996, Abraham.— 1P56, Inachus, first king of the Argivi.

2089, jEgialeus, first kingof Sicyon, the most ancient kingdom of Greece.

2126, Terah, Abraham's father born.

2142, Ta-ju, aged 100 years. The repairer of the effects of the Deluge, and he who di- vided the land into^ ^j Nine regions, referred to in the^ t^ VVoo-kino- and nn '^' She-shoo.

* ^ 1^ » i ^ 1^ ^ If fi ^ li ^ H 'Of the Shang-shoo, ■which treats of this period, there is a copy called Koo-wan ; since the Dynasty Sung, (A. D. 1100); all the literati have much suspected that it was spurious.' The other copy is not douhted. That Confucms had — — p '=dp 3,000 Odes from which he compiled the She-king, is disputed. The Sj ?;<<< Yih-king, also is mutilated ; some quotations from it are not now found in it. *

2)42, The Bg — jp- existed at this time, and have, as a distinct people, continued to the present day. Where they not the aborigines, and the Chinese a Colony ?

2188, Kingdom of Egypt founded by Mizraira, the son of Ham.

2348, The Deluge recorded by Moses.

2366, Death of Methuselah— 2582, Death of Jared, 6th from Adam.

A Prince is here jilaced by some, who was called >S* ^* Te-che, and of whom it is said, that ^ V^ ^ j^' He proceeded to unlimited dissipation. Choo-foo-tsze says, thatpriov to this, it is impossible to fix the year of the Cycle. Mff ^ ^5 ■Ht" JCT \Mt ^ that, ' It is impossible to give entire credit to the traditions of those remote ages.'

2330, Cycle said to be formed by "^ fe Ta-yaou, in the 61 year of "^ 'jft* Hwang-te.

^ M^ W' ^ lilTC^fifO^P ^' The culture of the Mulberry, the Silk, worm, and Weaving, (is said to have) commenced with Tl" Vp Yuen-fe,' the wife "■pff^ Hwang-te.

* Many of tlie above circumstances are taken from a work entitled jy^ '^ ^X '^ Hae-yu-tsung-kaou.)

SHRONOLOGY ] 58

The — ^ Three Sovereigns. *

ReigQ-

Reign

First

MEAOD-HAOD.

ed

closed

vear of

jear«.

R. C.

t ycle.

^ A' ^ ffk J^ Hwang-te-yew-heung-she,

100-110

2622

I.

2596

^ ft^ ^ Te-ju..a„g, ....

50-55

2732

61 year

SS:^-'^'

43

2787

^ ^ Te-lae, -.-.--

48

2835

.1^ i^ '''"' ------

45

2880

^ ^ Te-roing, -----

49

2925

>jg: ^ Te-ching,

60

2974

^ B^p M: '^'^-""-'^""y' - - - -

80

3034

f< l^^m^ Yea.te-shm-nung-she, - - - -

140

3114

:^ S S; Neu-.^■o-she.

:;^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^='<^-^^'°"-'''-'"^'''' - - ■ -

115

3254

Reij;u commenced, B. C. 3369.

Here -^ 4^ ^ Choo-foo-tsze begins his History,

FABULOUS PERIOD. A ^ PT Jin-hwang-she, 9 Brothers. - . - -

i-ik ^ i^ Te-hwang-she, 11 Brothers. - - - -

^ ^ Rf- Theen-hwang-she, 12 Brothers reigned.

^ 7^ Pwan-koo. First appe;ired alter the Heavens and earth were separated. He is represented as clothed ■with a kind of apron of leaves; and holds in one hand ihe sun, and in the other, the moon.

1S,000 1 8,000 45,000

* Here all is obscure.

59

fcHROSOI^OGIf,

REMARKABLE OCCURRSVCES DURING THE THREE SOVEREIGNS.

27S9, Mide caps and gnrments.

Several things affirmed of this period -^ -m p^ -^ 'lifi^ ^/ \&- were all pushed up by p'opli who lived in siibseqieiit ages.' (.Choo-foo-tsze.)

3251, Eiih-hs, who ta!ij;ht agricii'ture ; fishing ; the care of Cittlc; marriage; music, &c.

Difference amongst Historians in th:; lanner and arrangement of this period.

Neu-wo-she, who melted stones and ri'piired the heavens. Though the character Women forms part of tlie name, it is not known whether the person was a wo- man or not, as Ihere were no characters at that time. The characters were sup- plied in snhsequcnt ages to express the sound of the name. Some Chinese Writers snppose, the story has a reference to an Inventor of the proper appli- cation of fire.

EXTRACT FROM CHINESE HISTORY.

"^^M.^ Fang-kwan-shan says, that ^ ;|j^ Tae-keih, ' The First Principle,' MOVING, produced jfe, Yang; at rest or still, produced [f^ Yin. From the pre-ex- istence of-;^ ;|;^ Tae-keih, Yang and Yi i were produced; these existing produced ^ q^^ Wan-wiih, i. e. ' All things,' exclusive of Heaven, Earth and Man. Wan-wuh existing, ^ J\^ Shing-jin ' Perfect men,' were born. But (he adds), how is it credible that more than 10,000 years elapsed, as is asserted, (after the existance of "^ '1^ Tae- keih) before Yang was produced, and the heavens spread ; and that 10,000 years more

elapsed before Yin was produced, and the earth formed. That 10,000 more passed

before Yin and Yang united, to produce the various material existences (expressed by ^ 1w ^'*"-^"'') ' *"*! further, that 40 or 50,000 years more passed away, before the process of Yin and Yang was finished, and the Shing-jin ffl A appeared.

1?

•^fmmmm

CHRONOLOGY.]

60

Jgi 4ffl- ;j3- Jffi -ffi^ Such a tale is contrary to all sense and reason. From S Yaou and ^ Shun, to the present time is not more than ^ ^ ^- 4^ Three thousand and odd years. The ^ ^r Three Dynasties M- j^ SI Hea,

Shang, and Chow were not equal in duration to ffi- Tang and Ife Yu, which preceded them; and the latter Dynasties of ^^ S' ^P Han, Tang, and Sunj;, were not equal to the ^ /^ San-lae. How can it he helieved that 49 or 50,000 years elapsed after the formation of the Heavens and tiie E^rth, before man appeared, or the earth and the water were adjusted, and food supplied to human beings ? or, that (if the world had existed so long) these things should not have been arranged before /-jv ^^ Fiih he, and his successors? It is evident that -B^ "]jt Pwan-koo, who acted at the separation of the heavens and earth, could not have been long before Fuh-he, perhaps, a thousand years, certainly not 10,000: and the time of Fiih-he, must have been very near '^- Yaou and ^£ Shun, perhaps a hundred years, certainly not a thousand. —No scholar should decline a thorough enquiry."

(Vide, M }fH Ij^ ^ A view of History by Fung-chow.)

61

[geography.

OUTLINE OF THE EMPIRE

mm M A N - C H O W FAMILY,

WHICH NOW FILLS TUB THRONE OF CHIN4.

THE whole Empire is frequently called bj the Tartars -/r V^- |^ Ta-ts'hing-kwo, 'The E.ppire of Ta-ts"hing. The regions of Man-chow (Man-choo) Tartary, are called ^^ ^ Shinoj-king. China proper may be distinguished by its ancient name Cu ^\ Chung-kwO. The countries on the north of the S ffl ^ 'h^ Great wall, are called -^T "pj Mung-koo ; and the countries o\\ the W(s' and northwest, are called p£) >|^ Se-yth. All beyond China proper, is sometimes ( euominatcd H 4'1» Beyond the frontier.

The Chinese have undergone, perhaps, as many revolutions as any people on the earth. They have beeii partially and completely conquered ; have delivered themselves, and have been conquered again ; — and the divisions of their country have undergone a thousand different changes. Is it not the inflexible nature of their Language which has contributed much to give them at all times an apparent sameness ?

In Statistical Accounts of the Empire, the relative distance of places is mentioned in M Le, 250 of which make a Geographical degree ; but in Maps published under the Astronomical Board, the distance is put down in degrees of Latitude and Longitude: The latter reckoned from the meridian of Peking.

In the close of the Reign of ^^ |^ Keen-lung, a new edition of y^ '^ — ■ ^ # ' A complete Statistical Account of the Empire of Ta-ts'hing,' or the Manchow Dynasty, was published. Amongst other things, it gives the Population and Antiqui- ties of every part of China ; and some notices respecting the other parts of the Eni-

. !-^

■P

■m

If. I

GEOGRAPHY. J

6?

pire. The connfries seem divided into such as are properly under the complete -oyern^ mot of the reigning family; those that are ^J ^^ ,ttached, and to swell tL list, those that have j^ g honored th^m with occasional or regular tribute. *

The new territories acquired in the time of Keen-Inng, are represented as extcnd- ins; from jg -^ Hin-hae, or the desert -'/l; V^' Sha-mC on the east, to 3^ W, M ^ >a-ma-urh-han (Samarcand), on the west. On the south to ifl ^ La-tsan-, „r Thibet; and on the north to -g || ^ Go-lo-sze (Russia) = caid to include a space upwards of 'iOOOO Le in circumference. Of these |^ ^ E-le is the seat of govern- ment. It is di.'jtaMt from Peking fo the northwest, 10,820 le, about 2,600 miles. In Chinese Maps, said to he 44= 50" \. and 34" W. of the meridian of Peking.

The Edition of the above Work, now referred to, gives the names of Tartar places according to a new fixed Othography. It is directed, however, that the old Orthogra- phy of the Chinese shonld also be stated, to prevent mistake. It may be presumed that the new Orthography, made by Tartars themselves, is sufficiently near to the true sound, to enable the ear to recognise the name when pronounced. For the r following a, vowel, they use ^ Urh ; and for the r before o and u, they use M Lo and ^ Loo. Sometimes these characters have a p by the side, as P!^ Loo, or roo. The th, as occuring in the European Orthography of Tartar names, is expressed by 4^3: Tih.

In the Chinese Government, there appears great regularity and system. Every dis- trict has its appropriate officer; every street its constable, and every ten houses a tything-mau. They have all the requisite means of ascertaining the population with considerable accuracy.

Every family is required to have a board, always hanging up in the house, and

* The Ta-ts'hing-yih-t'hung-che, does not profess to be An Account of all the Nations of the World, but of the Empire of the Ta-ts*hing Dynasty; it includes only nations over whom they have a right to hold dominion. And that right, (whether they choose to exercise it or not) they found on the circumsf-nce of ^^ gf ' Present- ing Tribute.' When they include as forming pnrt of ther Em|iire, the Nations who jj^ g Tsin kung, it cnn no loni'er he a matter of doubt what the meaning of that phrase is. Whether it be advisable for European Sovereigns, in their intercourse with China, to profess to reign under the sanction of His Imperial Majesty, as their Liege Lord, is another question. The Ceremony, as it is loosely called, is the act ff homag^e or fealty.

63

Lgeography.

sjeady for the inspection of authorised officers, on which the name of all persons, men, ■fforatn, and children, in the house are ii'scribcd. This board is called a PM (J^ Miin- pae, ' Doiir-tablet,' because, where there are women and children wilhin, the officers are expected to take the account from the board, at the door. Were all the inmates of a family faithfully inserted, the amount of the population would of course be ascer- tained with great accuracy. But it is said, this is not the case. Names are often omitted, and the officers pass it over, either from neglect, or from some consideration given them by the hoad of the family, who, accordin<j to his situation in the cum- munity, has various reasons to represent his family fewer than it is. One reason said to operate sometimes is, that in urgent cases a conscription of every third male, able to bear arms, has been made by the government. That, however, was an ancient regula- tion, and is not applicable to the present Dynasty, which keeps up a constant standing army. Every Tartar is a soldier. Others say, that amongst the poor, who constitute the mass of the population in every country, the Mun-pae, or account of persons given in, is generally correct. To be the reverse, exposes them to informations and to much trouble. This seems the more probable statement.

However, amongst Chinese, as amongst every other People, there is, either more or less, a difference between what their institutions, opmions, and professions would lead one to su|)pose was their character and practice; and what is really their character and practice. Those who do not attend to this distinction, err egregiously in their, conceptions respecting whatever concerns the Chinese.

The IS Sg * Original amount of 13 H Population, i.e. the Amount of the Census taken at the beginning of the present Dynasty, is first given, and then the ■jl^ ^ increase of Population since that time. The first was, probably about .4. D 5 644; and the last, about 1790.

* The Work itiself does not state what the time of the original Census was, tliat it was- at the begiuuing of this Dynasty, rests on the verbal authority of natives.

GEOGRAPHY.J

64

NAMES OF PLACES.

f M. Hing-king.

-^ ^ jSf Fung-t heen-foo, includes, IS- Ci and .^K ca The present population is given at

, ^ Shing-king,

The ^ 'rM Yew-chow of yffi Han Dynasty, and the region of ^^ Leaoii and ^f^ Kin, who held the northern part of China in the close of

^ Sung.

^^^^ ^;""-""' ^^ S^CMh-le, or :ft^ ,P"ih-chth-Ie. TheProvince of Pe-che-le

L J * I Eiig. fioin miles l^ekin!al)(>iit

Lat.\

Loii. from

Population about

Pekiiicr A. o. 1644

1710 420

1470

360

The^ j^ Yen-kwo of the Dynasty 1^ Chow.

Yr w* ^^ Keang-soo Province,

Thej^ S Nan-king, of HH Ming Dynasty.

i^>^Gan-hwuy Province - . . .

These two Provinces are included under the

name

K'M

Keang-nan

*Jj jjR '^ Shan-se Province,

J

lll^d ^ Shan-tung, Province . . .

In the tirnc of the Dynasty 1^ Chow, was ^ j^ Tse-kwo, ^ jp^l Loo-kwo. The native place of Confucius, also '^(^ (^ Wei-kw8, . and various others.

2400

2700

1020

800

600

610

41 "40' 8 30'e

42°

40°

4194

255

200

30' 50

3r

38"

36° 45'

4°E

S-E

3,269,075

5°50 w

ri5E

3,917,707

1,350,131

1,792,329

* The Capital Town or islrict is intended.

f

65

[geography.

Increase of Population 1790.

95,929

248,963

87,892

68,487

Population

390,714

3,504,038

28,967,235

1,438,023

1,860,816 25,447,633

REMARKS.

The seat of Government, when the present familj' first assumed the regal or Imperial title, in 1615. The y^ frff Eight Standards are put down at tlie very low number of persons which appears in the column opposite. It is near to the native place of the reigning family ; and distant about 60 miles to the east and southward of ^ CI Shing-king, which is at once the name of the whole Man-chovv' Territory, and nf the present seat of Government, in that region.

"cT ^iR King-sze, is sometimes apj)licd to the town of Peking ; sometimes to the whole Province of Pih-chih-le ; and Jfj^ ^Ip ^ Kjng-sze-too, denotes ' A Map of the Whole Empire,' Capita! district is I||§ ^ ^ Shun-t'heen-foo, which includes Peking, and is the seat of the Provincial Government. Capital district YH ^ /fif Keang-ning-foo.

Capital District ^ ^ J^ Gan-king-foo.

Capital District -^ j© 1^ Tae-yuen-foo. Capital District 'W ^ )^ Tse-naa-foo.

"^^^•mmmmmm

■HI

Ni

aEOGRAPHY.]

66

NAMES OF PLACES.

'^r-^ -zf-± -^1^

J'd^ ^ ^) Honan Province. During j^j Chow Dynasty, it was called ^i ijU Yu-chow. In the time of ^c^ ^^ Chun-tsew, it included the territory of seven different stales.

i^ ^ ^ Shen-se P

rovmce.

n the time of mk fjiH Chen-kwo, seat of the

court of ^ Tsin,

M ^^ % Che-keang ProTince,

yX ^ ^ Keang-se Province,

i^ 4^ % Hoo-pih Province,

fp)\ ff] ^ Iloo-iian Province -

These two Provinces united, composed Tiil! /m Hoo-kwang,

iiVj

Le froTn ^ekin

Eng. about miles.

1540

2650

4040

3300

3S5

662

1010

825

4850 1212

3155

4550

788

1137

Lat. N.

Lon.

from

Peking

2^50'

Original Population about 1 644

SS"

2,005,088

35°

S^SO' w

240,809

36°20

12-40W

311,972

30°

S-'SO' 1

2,710,649

28°40

l°50'w

5,528,499

30-

3« V

469,927

''B-SO'

.'»''j0' w

375,782

67

[geograpiit.

Increase of Popiilitioii 1700

617,881

16,895

28,114

16,264, i40

393,661

24,134,442

S,722,£58

TOTAL.

PoDiilation

2,t)62,969

257,704

340,086

18,975,099

5,922160

24,604,369

9,098,010

ni:«AiiKf.

C;!})itnl District l,M ^J^,\' H^ Kac-i'iiiig-foo. At diiFcroul prrioi'- of Chinese history, called "^ ^ Tung-king', nf£j "iTT Sc-kin;;,

Capital district atf^^f^ 5e--an.foo. Of ~i1 "[" Soldiers placed on the laud, there are 1 OP, 52 K

Capital district T^M ilm Wr Lan-chow-foo. Besides the popula- tion niven in the column, there are dj "J" Soldiers who culti- vate the land 217,415; of those who ^ ^ havechanged their names (the cause and circumstances of which do not appear) 15,868, and of ^j^ ^ ^ ^ F? Foreign families who have submitted to the government, or emigrated thither, 57,331.

^ Soo-chow-foo, ill yX ^ ^ Keang-soo Province, are slid to be the best districts in the Empire.

Capital district j^ ^ l# Nan-chang'-foo. There are of people denominated l^j] "y, '^ ~p, and J^ ~J' 8,041.

Capital district ^r q IS- Woo-chang-foo. Capital district -fe y/K ^Sh Chang-sha-foo.

Capital district Xrr ij>j>J lj'+ Hang-chow-foo. This and

■H^RSS

GEOGRAPHY.]

68

NAMES OF PLACES.

I Le from

En mill's a!)oi!t

Lat.N.

|7d III ^ Sze-chucn Province, - - - ;5T10 1487 Before the time of^^Tsin, it was a barbarous nation called H"' Si Pa-shuh.

■^^ ,-fq Fiih-keen Province. - -

In the time of j^ Chow, called -j^ ?P

Ts'hih-min, or the Seven barbarous states.

W -^ Kwang-tun°; Province. - - . In the time of j^ Chow, a f<^reig^ dependant state. During thecal fflchen-kwo period, was ""^•1 ff i^ PIh-y«o. ^ ^ Che-hwang, the Burnerof the books, seized it, and made it ^ i% ^ Nan-hiie-keuii, 'The Principality of the southern ocean." In the tim? of '^ Han it became "^ -^ f^ Nan-jue state or na- tion. In Tj^ Yuen, it was connected vith the kingdom of ^ Kjj- Keaou-che, or Tim-kin. In the period of the ££ gj San-kwd, (the .Ird century) it was called J^ M Kwang-chow. In 1366, it was called J^ ^ Kwang-tung (Canton), by the first Emperor of the last Dynasty.

j^ th\ J& Kwang-se Province, - . - In the ^^ /j^'i^Chuiig-lsew period, was called 0 -^ Jtk ''ih JuC-tc. Ij^l Yue, is now

6130

7570

7460

1532

1S92

1865

29''40"

Lo.i.

from

Pekip.

Oriiii.i I

Popul itiOl)

'■out Ifii

1 2' 50w

144,154

26»3'

23*10'

-25°20'

1'30e

1,468,145

4° w

l,148,91fc

."50 -p

205,995

69

[geographv.

Increase of Population 1790

TOTAL. I

I'oiiiilatioa

REMARKS.

216,383

342,333

7,789,782 These 7,789,782 are .said to compose 1,765,890 families. Capita! district )^ ^ J^ Ching-too-foo.

1,684,528 Capital district jj|g j]] ^ Fuh-chow-fo

1,491,271

2,363,523

2,569,518

Capital district ^ W J^ Kwang-chow-foo. The "^ 6 Tan-hoo, or people who live in boats in this Province, arc considi-red a district race, IeL ^m ^-^ rT ^ wh.ise orlgia caniiot be traced ; fishing was originally their profession. ^5 [jiln the fourth century, Ihey amounted to upwards of 50,006 boats, after J^ Tatg they were uumberedand taxed. BH Hfc ■^ In 1370, they were united along the sides of the rivers and put under the charge of an oflBcer called Vpil jP Wj" Ho- pij-so, 'The anclioring place officer,' and paid a tax in fish. In marriage they made no previous betrothinent. The man who wanted a wif-, placed a platter of straw on the end of his oar, and the female who accepted his offer, did the same with a basket of flowers, after which they united in singing barbarous songs. "M ]£ Yung-ching, about 1730, allowed them to live on shore and cultivate the land. Poor people on shore still consider it degrading to marry with them.

Capital district jj^ ^^C }^ Kwei-lin foo. Of jg 7^ Soldierc who cultivate the land, there are 250.

CEOORAPIIY.]

70

K A sirs OF rf.A'TS.

U

from

Km. Ill i l( :il)(»it

oftfii applied lo tliis rrovijicc and the preceding one- They arc also tailed 1^ Ey Lcang-

kwaiijr, as ^^ rW and jj^ "^ are ca 1^ )L Lcang-kcang

:^*- ]ra -iH Yiin-nan Province. -

lied

J^

^ tN -« Kwei-chow Province,

8200

7640

2050

Lori. Lal.N. from

I'cU II"

22'23' I6"30w

1910 ■2^40'

9°50'

I'opiilatioii

al>i)iil A. I). IG4t

2,255,666

51,089

The above are all the Provinces of China Proper. These Provinces are divided into ^ Foo^and jj>| Chow, which are larger cantons, including under them, smaller districts called H Keen, which have subordinate Departments called ^ ;^ ^ Seun-keen-sze, and which include a few j^ Tsun, or villages.

iatmmmm

■HOMHMI

71

fGEOCRAPHT.

Tnrreasp ofi Population; total.

17P0. i

RTMARKS.

827,723

2,890,303

3,083,459 Capital district ^ ^ fe Yun-nan-foo. Bordered on the south by ^ [Uh Ke:.ou-che, (Ton kin), on the we<t by if ^ Miien-teen, (or Pegu; and on the north b_v fj|- ^ Too-fan. There is said to be no increase of population, the 827,793 are what are called M^ ~T' Foo-ting.

2,941,391 1 Capital district -^ [1^ ^ Kwei-jang-foo.

The whole Population as thus given l>v the best authority is below One Hundred and Forty-three Millions, which differs widely from the account given to the English Embassy, at Peking, in i:93. and also from the accounts contained in Grosier. From what source he obtained his ^ ^ ^ Chung-min-shoo, ' Number of the people,' I do sot know. I have enquired in vain for a document sj desio-nated. AUv'^v 2 Millions for the army and civil list, and 2 Millious for people who live in boats, still the whole amount will be under 150 Millions.

Nations, Tribes, or hordes of Shepherds, who ^ ^ W K^ 7}C S W M being destitute of fixed habitations, move about to whatever place a plentiful supply of water and pasture invites them, leave no monuments to perpetuate the memory of past events. The KJ] T^Hecng-noo, and 42 r\ Kelh-tan, and others who for- merly inhabited the countries now occupied by the Mung-Loos, have left nothing but there names on the pige of Chinese History.

The present ^ ^ Mung-koo Tribes, extend on the East to ^^ ^^ ^ Hih- ung-keans, the river Amour; on the west to ^'^ ^ E-le : on the south to ^ j^ Chang-chiug, The Great Wall; and on the north pass beyond the desart )y ^j^ Sha-mO.

i'l'-_.-A-WfM!Hi

SEOGRAPHY.]

73

»»**5:+-^^fc

The old dependant Muug-koo"s, consisting of Fifty-one Standards, are situated in

the following places:

NAMES OF PLACrS.

1

w, 1

1

G Standards.

2

1 ■

1

2

2

2

2

2

Ji ^ 'i'l^ Ko-urh-chin, .

g!|I ^ ^ ^ Ko-urh-to-szc, .

^± "^ fl^ # '^""-"'^■P'''-"''' •

ft M # C^'"^'"-*''^' ■ • • i M ^i Too-hih-tlh, .

tL @ # Cha-loo-tTh, . . .

]5p[ ^ ^ij- ^ 'jC' 0-roo-ko-urli-chin,

ifr y^ Gaou-han, ....

;fe © Nae-man,X. E. of-&. ^ fl He-fung-ko -?J> ^><- C-I — H r-*

P^ W P^ !^ SS Kih-urh-kih, left wing,

^ S'l t'C^ Kih-la-chin, .

^ -t[^ ^ Ung-new-t>h, . . .

Hi^^o-p-*^-, ....

¥i^^ Kaou-tse-tth, . . .

^f 4Jr T^$- ^ Woo-choo-niiih-tsin, . i"'} /jN ^^ ^K"

■£#Pa-rm, . . . . . ^ S jE K K-.h-s.--k>h-lang, ^/^/^S„„-ne-t.h, . . .

P^ Pit P^ ^ S: K'h-urh-kih, right wi IH "F pP V^ Szctsze-poo-luh, ^ H^ ^ Maou-niing-gan,

*% S '^ ^^'°"-'-''-"''' • • •

-||> fjl ^ -^ Go-urh-to-sze, (Ortous)

Distanie

from Peking

in Le.

English miles

■If ftl '^yj i ^ ^ (Kwei-hwa-ching), Too-mih-tih,

>orth1280

N. 1297

K. E. 2500

2010

1000

1510

1340

1010

1110

N. 1210

760

N. E. 760

1500

1000

1185

1163

960

SIO

960

K. w. 1130

960

1240

1520

1!00

1160

308 326 625 502 250 377 335 252 277 302 190 190 375 250 296 290 240 88 240 282 240 310 3S0 275 290

,^>

i-sm^i.

13

[geograp.'iy.

RECENTLY ATTACHED MUNG-KOOS.

'• Ti^ ^ Miih-ching, for thebreed of horsss. Distant from Pekino;, \. E. 1250 le.

2. '^ |J^ M Chii-hi-urh, 8 Standards, N. W. IQOO le. ^ ^t^ Wandering Shepherds.

3. P^ ^ P^ Kih-urh kill, Gerghis, JJQ ^ Four tribes, 74 standards; extend- ing on the East to the river Amour ; on the West to Rnf |& ;^ ijj 0-iirh-tae Moun- tain and E-Ie. On the South to the desert Sha-mS, and on the North to Russia. From E. to W. 5000 h; from N. to S. 3000 le. Divided into three V^ Khan. Fought with the /p ^ /j4 Gih-!oo-fih, Eleuths, wbea the Emperor of China interfered. He allowed them to retain the title of '/f- K'han, and conferred the hereditary regal title, together with various titles of nobility, 1^ £. S ^ M. "jF" <^ □ ^ ^ @ IMr ^ which they call Wang, Pei-Uh, Pei-tsze, Kung, Tae-keih. Some

say, they correspond to King, Duke, Count,. Mirquis, &c. ; apparently similar to what is called the Feudal System in Europe.

4. -a: \ffe Tsing-hae, anciently called^ 'j^ Se-hae. Foreign name isj^ J^ i^ ^ Jg" i^ ^ Koo-koo-chur Eleuths, lies S. W. 5070 le, between -^ Wi Kan- siih, on the West of China and Thibet. i M ife ^'f (^^ ^ P^ ^ ft ^ ^ II is the land where the To.irgouths and Gerghis feed their flocks.

6. 0| l^^e-tsang, Thibet, extends E. and W. 6t00 le; \ and S. 6500. Lies on the west of ^^ ^A Yun-nan and Htl 111 Sze-chuen. Countries on the west of it, they denominate Q J^ ISl pP ^ l!^ TS" ^'^^*l«''" Mohamedan tribes, and great sandy desart. On the north are rn *tm JnT^ [p] ^K Tsing-hae and Moha- medan tribes.

The Chinese observe the same divisions as are mentioned by Europeans, viz. rfj K Chun-tsang, ' The Centre or Middle Thibet;" ^ i^ How-tsang, 'Upper Thibet.' and gq Miffl Tsiien-tsang, ' Lower Thibet.' In the Middle Thibet, is the capital ijjf; ff^ Pil 15^ Lasa, Lassa; which is distant from PUj IJI Sze-chun,

La-sa, sometimes written | 34S0 le.

The Chinese say, that the natives call their country ^ ^tt ^& Too-plh-tih^

GEOGRAPHY.]

74

Thibet, and also ^ ■jij* ^ Tang-koo-tlh. Same as what the Chinese formerly called p^t :^ Too-fan. Fan, probably denoting Foreigner, and Too, the first syllable of thepropernarae; for the Chinese like to abbreviate long Foreign names. In fact their own names of places are often abbreviated, one syllable of a well known name is used, insteiid of three or four. Recently, A. D. 1815, His Imperial Majesty found fault with the writers about court for taking this liberty with various Tartar names.

TK. ^ Yung-la, of the Dynasty, Ming, (about 1430), bestowed the regal title ^ Wang, on eight of the Priests of Thibet. Each is accompanied with a sentence in praise of the person receiving the title, and all referring to the excellence of the religion they professed, or of their zeal for it, and being ornaments of it ; one of them is literally ^P ^C I '^^'"h' defender of the Faith,' or the religion taught,

IIM i^^ Shung-che, of the present Dynasty conferred ^ flj} ^ ,^[1 Golden books and a golden seal no the P^lj p& La-ma, with the title |^ ^ -Jr J^ ^ yfe Yffli ' The greatly good and self-existing Fiih of the Western Heaven."

^&^ ^ i^ ^P ^M P^ ' According to their tradition, they had an ancestor wliose name was Kih pa, and who lived at Lassa. He first introduced the religion of the Yellow-cap, (as that of Lama is called). In succeeding ages, Kan-tun- kea-miih-tso, established the Te-pa to govern the country. So-no-rauh-kea-miih-tso, was the first who was called Ta-lae Lama, (Delai Lama.)

The period of this may perhaps be ascertained by the following remark, Afi i^ >\/. MR <"■ |iy^ the temple of Poo-ta-la, which is the residence of the grand Lama, was first built by the PJ: ^ Too-fan, in the t^me of ^ ^ ^ A. D. 060, and ^ jfr ;^ after the Five Dynasties (about 740j, Ta-lae L:;ma and the Te-pa rebuilt them.

In the 32th year of Kang-he, the Lama died, orasthey sometimes express it yr^ J^j; ■Manifested silent rest,' and the Te-pa concealed it sixteen years from the Chinese. After this, the_)t& [IH "^ Chin-ko-urh from the north, invaded Thibet, overcame, burnt and destroyed the temples, and drove away the priests. The Delai Lama took refuge in a temple of -H' Si Kan-siih Province. Kang-he, 53rd year, an army was seat and reduced Thiijet agaiu under subjection to the Chinese.

75

[[geography.

In the SSnd year of Karg-he, the Te-pn was stjled jj^ 4^ ^^ [^ ^ King of Thihet.' In the 4th year of Keen-lung, he appointed a person in Thibet with the title ^ King. In his 12th jear appointed the Kii.g's son, and in the 15th year put him to death, and appointed ffim fe^ A\ Htj ft Four uobles to assist in the government of the country.

In his 44th year, ^ JTg^ J^ tt Pan-slien Lama, who is the second indigi;ity, came to Peking, and went to rest, t. e. died. It is said, that liis Majesty sent him back to Thibet in a '^ J^ Golden pagoda, or Mausoleum.

The Poo-lo-la temple, it is said (in the Ta-ts'hing-che), is 367 cubits, 4 tenths high. The ti'ps of the numerous buildings are covered with gold. There are in the temple many gold and silver Pagodas; aiid images ofFuhoutof number, made of gold, or silver, or valuable stones.

The people of Thibet's' Tfif ^ E jll Trade at Sze-chucn. The road frora Peking to Lassa lies through &6 'tnS the District Se-ning, in the Province Kan-siih- Tribute is brought every two years.

6. ^I ^ fg[ -^ d^ Se-taou Gih-'oo-fih, the western Eleuths. 3 Standards. Distant from Peking 5000 le, and situatedon the south of Sharao desertdownto the frontier of "y ^L Kan-siih Province.

They are the descendants of the Dynasty Yuen, and immediately from jVP[ {© p^ O-Ioo-tae, which isfrt/ ^ fg '^. fe Erroneously wrlttea Gih-loo-tih, or Eleutht

SEW BOUNDAniES ON THE WEST.

The whole of this extensive country, (see Page 61), is under the government of a g^ Tseang-keun, which term commonly denotes a military commarder, but in this case, the authority both Civil and Military is vested in him. He was first appointed in the 27th year of Kilen-lung. The records of any intercourse with VM JjL the Western inland Countries, commences in the time of '>^ ■rdr JSh Han-WOO-te, 6. C. 100, when they became acquainted with thirty-six dififereat nations.

'it '

1 it

1 ■■

t

fWffmmgi'miimmmg^

GEOGRAPHY.] 73

1- 1^ ^j E-le is the seat of Government, and is distant from Pekiri5;,!N, W. 1890 le. There is a U^. ^ Tseanf;-keun (with authority similar to the Tseang-keun of E-le), at ,^^ W^ YT HTh-luns-keaujj, or the river Amour. Distant from Pekiii"; on the N. E. 830 le; and 2000 ic distant from the -^ ^ Jlj^ ^ Russian frontier.

At the town of E-le, in 1790, there were soldiers of different tribes, 10,640

People connected with the ^ '^ ^ Elenths, . . 3,155

Turgouth shepherds, 25,595

Of Mohamedans 6,000 families, (they are put down at 20,356.) perhaps'^

> 30,000 equal to, J

Chinese 71 families, 290

Criminals transported, 244

Total Population, 69,924

2. j^ ^ p^ P^l ^^ ^ Koo-urh-kih-la-woo-soo, A military station on the East side of E-le. 348 soldiers who cultivate the land, and a few criminals.

^' ^^ ^ C ^ P Ta-urh-pa-ku-tae, on the north east of E-Ie, extending to the borders of Russia. Elenths, 3516 families, making 11,737 persons. Tourgouths 944 families, making 4200, all removed from E-le in the 42nd year of Keen-lung.

4. VA. /^ Ho-meih, Hami, Lat. N. 43, W. Lon. 22° 40'. Distant from Peking 7180 le. Country destitute of water, long cold and vast quantities of snow. Water is daily procured fiom melted snow. Mohamedan subjects, 1950 families, 12,163 persons.

5. ^ ^Peih-chen, to the W. of the preceding place. N. 43°. W. 23°. 30". On the South side of the IF ill T'heen-shan, ' Heaven mountains.' In this range of moun- tains there are Tljir ^ iLl Ke-liien-shan ; ^^ |1| Seiih shan, 'Snow-mountains," &c. They extend from E. to W. 6000 le. On the south are the [p] ^H Mohamedan tribes. On the north are the i^ P§ fl ^P Chin-kO-urh tribes. ^ M ^) |S| p|^ P^ p Pciih-chen, is The door to the Mohamedan tribes. Of Mohamedans, there are 2937 families, 1373 persons.

6. pA. pjjlij vrt? ^ Ha-la-sha-urh. is 1600 le west of the preceding. Distant from Peking 9100 le. Mohamedans, 1330 families, 5390 persons.

7. ^ P^ll ';^ Sae-la-muh, to the S. W, of the following. Mohamedans, 500 fa^

1

^iT>*fw~T;wi^p--» ^ ' ' KfUHfirt^^^-rTi^-^V!^'-

-*«( »"-< itt^

77- [[chronology.

milies, 1627 persons. A people called f? Pae, 503 families, 1735 persons. Produces Ted copper and salt petre.

8. 10 ]d£ Koo-chay, N. 41° 50' W. 34°. To Peking ISOO le. Mohamedans, 1112 families; 4660 persons. ^V ^fffi ^S Sha-ya-urh, families 673, 1898 persons.

9. Kpt "& ^.O-kih-soo, N. 41'. W. 35. Mohamedan, 756 families; 24,607 persons.

10. ^ Y+ Woo-shTh, N. 42°. W. 36°. Mohamedans, 822 families; 3258 persons.

"• P§ 'fi' pM ^ Kih-shlh-kfi-urh, Casligur, N. 41° W. 43°. To Peking 1 1,925 le. Mohamedans, 14,056 families ; 66,413 persons.

On the west is the ^^'^ Tsung-ling Mountain, which is a continuation of the ^ l^lj ThiJen-shau. This mountain produces large ^ Tsung, or Onions, and hence its name. It is the ^ ji^ Screen that limits the fflS ;tt Western Regions. The river 'Pj^ ^H -^^ VpT YS-urh-keang, takes it rise from this mountain; the 36 nations of the ancients were bounded bj it ; produces gold , red copper, silk with gold interweaved ; and cotton.

12. ^^^ 3E Y6-urh-keang 500 le south of Cashgar. Mohamedans, 15,574 fa- milies, 65,495 persons.

13. ^ Wi Ho-teen,N.35°3G'.W. 34'. Mohamedans,! 3,642 families, 44,630 persons

The families do not seem to average more than 5 or 6 Persons. *

THE lATf/nDE AND LONGITUDE OF THE FOtLOWING PLACES, ARE GIVEN IN THE CHINESE IMPERIAL MAP OF THE WORLD.

14. iS ^ IB Pih-too-nSh, N. 46° 20.' E. 3° 40'.

15. ^P it IP G5.urh-shen, N. 36». W. 47»

16. 1^ /jjj ^ Ne-poo-tsoo, N. 53» 50.' W. 11°

1, A /fe 4& ^ Woo-loo-miih-tse, N. 44*30' W. 28'

18. P H ^ Pa-Ie-kwan, N. 44°. W. 23.

19. pg A ^ Pa-pa-tah, N. 35°. W. 45°. • 7^1 ^ ^ Poo-loo-tih, N. 38*. W. 50^ There is 'P^ and ^ of this name The famous Zhehol is in Chinese,^ y^ Je-ho. Ho-tun, is y^ ^ Ho-tun.

20

* That a Population of about four thousand persons should, in a few years ac- quire a dominion the eiost extensive of any in the world, is a remarkable case. How Tariable the condition of nations and of men!

CEOGRAPH:.]

78

M m *5 /^

NEW DEPENDANT TERRITORIES.

1. i^ \i^W^ "W I-ef' Hhtt-sa-k.li, Hissacks or Cossacks. From south to north, lie between E-L and Russia. Oa the N. W. of the )^ ^ || ^ Chin-ko-urh tribe. Their tribute pusses by the way of E-le to Peking.

^' ^ ''a' i^ ^ ^'S'^^t Hassicks, 2000 le lo the west of the preceding.

3. ^ /Jfc ;^ iti East Poo-ioo-tih, lie 1400 ie to the S. W. of E-ls. Their tribute passes through [pj ^j^ the Mohamedan cantons to Peking. Tliey are a people fond of gain and of quarreling. They do plough ; but prefer flocks. Lie on the N. ofy^ jjl Thiien-shan mountains.

^ ^ ^. ^ West Poo-Ioo-tih. Situated on the \. W.ofCashgur.and of the

^l 'pi Tsu':g-ling Mountains. Entirely wandering shepherds. On the West, they extend to -^^ p^

Poo-hho-iirh.

^ ^ Ho-han,N.W. of Cashgnr, 880 le; joins the preceding; on the West,

bounded by 7^ 'ft' ^^ Ta-sMh-han •■ Occurs in Chinese History under different names.

6. ^ :^ 5^ Gan-tseih-yen, N. 37°. W. 40'.

7. ;^ Y h ^ Ta-shiii-kan, 1 300 le north of Cashgur. Send their Tribute through the Mohamcdan Cantons. Woody and fertile region.

8- ^ -^ /^ U-l P-ita-kih Mountain, to the S. W. of Cashgur, amongst the ^^ yS^ Tsun^-lin^ Mountains, (the mountains of leeks.)

9. i^ '/^ ^H Po-io-urh, on the eastside of the preceding.

10. ^ 1% ^ Gae-oo kan, on the S. W. of;^ ^ "P^ Pa-ta-klh mountain.

11. ig. ;^i3 5Fr J|0 H.in-too-sze-tan, Hiiidostan, on the S. E. of the preceding. In the time of Han, thel^ =Q Ke-pin nation occupied the territory. The people of this country are skilful artisans, and excel in working gems, which they polish with water and not with sand. They are neighbours lo the -fl pi j JS^ [^ Five Yin-too, Indo, or Gei.too nations. 1 hey are a people f(jnd of trade, and formerly carried on com- merce with ti-e Moliamedaiis of Ye-urh-keang. In the 25th vear of KtJen-iung, when the Webtcrn territories were settled, His Majesty published a Proclamation to those

peopl!.-, and conferred gifts upon them. Commercial intercourse goes on now as formerly.

T

79

[geography.

it was anciently called 'Iff', ^K Jfr <3 \^'a >'oo-szs-t:in, ^iiicli, aficran examination of

/l^ ^Cthe laiigiiage of Fan, ischang-tl to what is correct, \\z. Xl\ ^K ilfr i>J In the time of ]^ ^^j", about 100 ye;rs B.C. the Chi lese jntcrcourse with India comraenceil ; and in books of that period, there are accoi nis of the civilization and riches of the country. It is said, that several of the Ambassadors from Cliina were put to death by the Princes of India, and -j\^ T^ Yuen-te discontinued the in- tercourse. In the time of Cb' *S« Ching-te, at the commencement of the Christaiii Era, the people of India sent an Ambassador to China, |HJ- 5B („ make an Apology. (India is here spelled WA jffi Heen-too).

In this part of the Work, there are several notices of -^- jE W^ -j^ ?ae-ma-urh- kan, Samarcand,and of the great wealth and splendour of a city called ■jj^ fiW Scw-stien (Shu-shan !) The king was crowned with gold, and sat on a throne of "^old. In the tirre

"^ M^ ^ ^""^ M M "'*""' ^" ^' ^^^ "' ^° -Embassador came from thence to China.

12. [l^ ^ [^ Ha-Ii, seems (Delhi), upwards of 1100 le from the Western frontier of China, and 2400 le south of Samarcand. The title of the Prince is noticed, A lo^ /^ T^ ^S ^/3 ^ffl. Persons honor him by the name Soo-lTh-tan (Sultan). Some surrounding states are mentioned, and all of them said ]^ -^ R ^a — ' j^ to observe a weekly division of time, and a Sabbath, which in the language of the place, is called jjpj tl^ ^\ 0-te-na. This day is considered _£2 '^ most blessed, and

ff- ^^ "¥r BX '@* all who worship Heaven assemble to do so.

13. The reign of iS "^ 1^ TTh-mo-urh, Tamerlane is noticed, and his being the husband of a Princess of ~nr Yuen.

14. ^ ~h' ^M T'heeu-fang kwo, ' The Celestial Country,' or otherwise ^ ^ Lii.kwo, Arabia Felix is mentioned, 'rt :^. Seuen-tih, about 1430, sent an Ambassa- dor thither. The voyage is represented as lasting three months. The pretentions of 3^ P^ ^ ife: Ma-ha-mo-tih, (Mohamed) are mentioned. There is no raiu in the country, and vegetation is promoted by the dew which falls at night.

15. £! ^ i,^ Pa-lih-te, is a small state on the East of Hindostan, consisting only of a few thousand persons. Unknown till they submitted to the armies of Kiien-lung in his 25lh year, when pursuing his conquests in that quarter.

The dependence on China, of some of the above states, seems merely nomina!, as all who send Ambassadors with presents to China, are said to offer tribute.

" " " " V "^.'f** ■*'^^ -

JEOGRAPHV.J

80

±0 rm -u. i^Ft

m M. m m

IHE NATIONS WHICH HAVE BROUGHT TRIBUTE TO CHINA, AS THEY STAND ON THB RECORDS OF THE j|S -^R BOARD OF RITES Afi D CEREMONIES.

L ^B S| Chaou-s'een, Corea, otherwise called j^ ^ Kaou-le, whence the name Corea. In the period of the fflb ^ Chen-kw8, B. C 300 jears, it belonged to the kingdom ^ Yen. Also called jS /pj S Kaou-keu-le; the two lalte syllables denote a colt. A person of the name i^ Kaou fled thither on a colt, and founded the kingdom in the close of *(M Han, A. D. 100.

II. ^^ ra Gan-nan, Cochinchina. Anciently called ^ ^ Nan-keaou. In the time of ^^ '^ How-han, A. D. 250, a Prince rebelled, and affairs being again arranged, the boundaries were marked by a ^|y ;j^ brass pillar. In the northern part were ^ 5jJ^ ^ -f^ 'W^ Keaou-che, and other small states, seven in number; the region now called Tonking. i# J^ Ying-chiiig, A. D. 1730, made a settlement of the limits, and gave to the reigning Prince the title R ^ tfe H^ Jih-nan-she-lsoo, It denotes ' The Sun of the .South, through a"-es happy,' which he still u«es on ofiScial documents.

III. ^ ^ Lew-kew, the Lekyo Islands. Little or no intercourse with China till the Dynasty yr* Yuen. More intercourse during the present Dynasty. Their features appear remarkable to the Chinese, on the same account as the Europeans do, viz. v35 H -M- jS. 'deep eyes and long nosjs.'

IV. :^ ^ Ho-kn, the Hollanders or Fulch. j^ i" ^ SB ^ tt -T^ S ttl tM ' In ancient times a wild territory whicli had no intercourse with China.' The ^rst persons who appeared, were very remarkable for their deep eyes, long noses, and the hair of their heads, eyebrows, and beards, being all red ; hence they were denominated JjIJ^ ^L ^ Hung-raaou, ' The Red-h;iired nation,* a term which has since been transferred to the English ; and which is again giving way to the name ^ ^ ^|j Ying-kelh-le, English.

W^Z^^^^JT^T't^uW'^^W^-^--"'^^'^^

¥\

«1

[GEOGRAnrr,

"V. iM ^^ Tseen-Io, Siam, situated on the South west of fy ™/ Chen-ching, which isthe,^ J2 H Chih-too nation of ^ Tang.

VI. ro V^ Se-yang, Western Ocean, the name assumed by ^|J ^ffi ^ Matthew Ricci, when he came to China in the time of By ^ Wan leih, (1580), he seems to have intended by it the whole of Europe; in which sense it is often used. But in later times, it has come to denote the Portuguese alone. It is said, that "His Majesty was gratified with the distance which he had come; treated him graciously, and retained him. Afterwards many of his as«ociates came who all boasted great things of their ancestors. T^ g ^ S ^ -^^ fsj Matthew had a Map of the World, by which he endeavoured to gi^e the Chinese an idea of it. An outline of the great divisions of ths world is inserted, with some mistakes. J/^ ^_j ^£ /g g^ E-sze-pa-ne-a, (Hispauia) ; |^ ^jj ^FO-lang- cha, (France) ; EJ TT ^ffi ^^ Ei-ta 1 :-a, (Italy), &c. are inserted, with accounts of thi'ir Manners; perhaps as accurate as our accounts of foreign countries sometimes are. They are a littlj inflated, and appear something modified by passing through the hands of the Chinese. It has not yet become the fashioa in China to study Universal Geography.

VII. ffi| jifw Soo-15, the Soo-loo of the Philipine Isles. In the time of t^ S^ Yung-

lo, A. D. 1420, three or four of ■'their Princes came, accompanied by their wires to China, on an Embassy. Brought pearls, tortoise shells, &c.

VIII. ]^ ^ Nan-chang, or ^ ^ Laoii-chwa, (D'Anviile, kingdom of Tonking) came with tribute iu the time of -rt^ ^ Yung-lii, A.D. 1420. Brought Elephants.

IX. ^K ^ ^JT «"■ "f^ ^ ftjT Go-lo-sze, (Russia). This name began in the time of ■T||^ Yuen, 14th Century. In the ^""^ "* )1|§ ;|(a Shuu-che, A.D. 1650, they were, on the river Amour, cailfid ^ -^Ij Lo-cha. About that lime, they built the town ^ ^ ]^ Ya-kih-sa, (Ya-kutsk). In the ISlhyear of Keen-lun?, an Ambassador came from Russia. His Majesty H^ IXl S& M» ^ j^jl

"W ft ^ fM ^'■^^•■•=<* fj^ Ambassador t j restrain the people of Lo-cha, and not allow them to disturb the frontier. They however continued to do

a"

6.

■.--f-i

ft

I

■li

^i"

^mt

GEOGRAPHY. 3

8?

50, and His Majesty sent troops against thom, who compelled them to submit s. after which affairs went on as before. This suspension of arms lasted, however, but for a short time ; and in the 24th year they were again attacked and sur- rounded (or besieged) by the Chinese, or rather Tartars. Next season,^ '^ ¥^ Cha-han-kan (Catherine), sent an Ambassador who made an acknowledge-

?i ® ^ El S. IS ^ /£ jf ^ |p P^ ;2 ' She acknowledged the crime which had been committed, and said. Should the people on the

frontiers of (our) the inferior nation quarrel and fight, it is proper for us to punish

tl>em severely ourselves. We beg you to raise the siege of Yakutsk, and request

you will decide the limits. ' His Majesty issued a proclamation permitting it.'

In the 28lh year, persons were sent lo J^ /ffi ^ (""■ /^ ^ ■^) ^ iljtt

Xe-poo-chaou, or ne-poo-tsoo, (Tobolskoi ?) to settle the limits. Yakutsk and the

neighbouring places reverted to the Chinese. On the north the fver J;^. '^^

M^^llB- Kih-urh-peih-tse was made a boundary, and a monument erected by the

side of the river.

' The city at which the king of the country resides, is called Mo-szc-k6-wa, (Mos- cow or Muscovy), near the great north-west sea ;'' very remote from Peking- It is said, that the nation was at first small and weak, but rose by force of arms, and is now /^ ^ f^ ^ ^ ^ — M M ^" extensive country, stretching upwards of 20,000 le. In the time of Kang-he, they sent persons to study at Peking, ^ ^ (^^ jj^ f 4# fl ^ H ffl € H t^ ffl

Btl ^Y • A 'j^i ptj fih ' /\^ ' A school was established on purpose

for them, and a Manchow teacher with a Chinese teacher appointed, (about 1700).

'X. p 7I\ J'h-pun, (Jjpan), the ancient ^fe ■y^T [^ Wei-noo nation. Called Jih- pun, " Day source,' from being situated in the region of the rising sun. ^f» ^ja. >p /K. S First came with tri'jute in the lime of How-han, (third Century), They "S" ^- 3t /^ /WH J^r Valine the books of the learned, and believe the doctrines of Fuh.

;il- S ^^^Leu-sung, Luzon or Manilla-, and hence the name has passed to Spain. The

,

(l!l!>J^^,-i..i.'-'WS^'(i5Siiip.«iW"J,,"uW5

83

[geography.

first is noTT ealled /]^ ^ ^ Little Leu-sung, and Spain is called ;^ g ;^ Great Leu-sung. In the time of "j^ g Wan-leTh, about A. D. 1600, the Pirate

taou-keen, fled thither when pursued by the government forces, and the people of the place assisted in attacking the pirates, which act was meritorious.

XIV

XII. /^

B HO-meaou-le, some islanders near to Manilla, in the 83^ ^1^ Eastern sea, accompanied the Ambassadors from Ava.

XIII. ^ J^ 6^ Mei-lo-keu, (Moluccas), first heard of in the beginning of Q^ Ming Dynasty, about 1420.

K^^ « gp « * ^i t: t :§: f- Km^ M

J^ JaL About A. D. IGOO, the Franks and Dutch contended about those countries, and every year had battles, which alarmed the natives.' Many Chinese •were there for the purchase of spices, and used their influence to reconcile con- tending parties. The Franks and Dutch then divided the Islands. They made ^^ 1^ \1\ Laou-kaou-shan their boundary, on the north of which were the Franks, and on the south the Dutch.

It is curious to observe the light in which these things were represented at the court of Peking. It is added, that though the two Foreign nations divided the country, the native Prince remained. Hfi ^ im iMl ^ ^^ TS y^ VM/ -ftt ' He was made dependant, but his kingdom was not destroyed.'

'JlK .ijfr Po-lo, a people on Borneo, otherwise called -yr 3^ Wan-tsae. First sent tribute in the time of J^ jSj ^ Bi Tang, about 670.

XV'I. i^- ^ ^|| Pang-ko-la, Bengal. J^ TO" '^ On the Western (Indian) ocean,

"^^^ *M- fl^' ^ ^ PI ^'""■t"'' "^*'"" °f Han. In the time of i^ ^M Ilow-han, (3rd century) called ^ ^ Theen-chiih. Also called '^ ^ HH "Ml Po-l"™""' Brahmin land. ^^ ~ ^P 5. J^ ^ T'heen-chiih is

the same as Woo Yin-too. The first syllable denotes 'five,' the other two seem to make 'India, or Gentoo,' i. e. 'the Five Gentoo Nations.' In the ^J? Ifm ^^^■" ^^^' -^ Chinese Priest travelled into the nations of the west.

XV

j/mmmMmummrngj^^

iiiiiiiii

■9

SP

GEOGRAPHY.]

84

He travelled twelve years, six of which he spent among the ^^ Ptt t^ Five Hindoo rations. ^* -j^r ZE. ^ J^ In the time of Sung, (AD. 980)

another priest travelled to -jr ^^ India, and brought back a letter from the King ^ ^^ J^ Miih-se-nang. On being translated, it read ^ ^ ^ BjJ

m * * ^ ^ ^ ^P iie ^' M ^^ ^" IS '^ »>-« -"""y

heard that there is in ^ ^K Che-na (China) an illustrious King, most excellent ; most august and powerful ! 1 blush to think of my ill fortune, by which I am left without the means of obtaining an intervew with your Majesty. At a distance, I look towards "^ BR Che-na, and wish Your Sacred Person, rising or at rest, ten thousand blessings.'

A Priest from India accompanied the Chinese Priest to Peking with a document similar to the preceding. The Itinerary of the Priest is then inserted, contain- ing a dry list of the names of places, and the days" journey between each.

In the next reign, a Ih

n

Brahmin Priest came to Peking. And

It li *^^""-«''' '" "'^ y<=^'-«50' # i^^ P^ :=! FT A A ^ M ;^

^ ^ij ^ @^ ^ ^ ' Ordered Three hundred Sha-mun Priests to go to India and procure relicks of Fiih, and the books of Buddhah iPei-to-y6.) The itinerary (or quotations from it) of these three hundred persons is given, in which they tell of the i^ j^ f^ ^' i^ ^ Pa-odas, temples, traces, ves- tiges, or miracles of Fiih, which they saw in immense liunilers. k\^A ylft^ ^ ; ^M ^ /*^ A i^ ^ Hiving passed the nver Hang, they saw a large ififjure of; f ow-too (Buddhuh) on the suuthside of it. "V^ p\ Hang river, appears to be the name used for the Ganges by the Chines;; Pr.es's. They often recite /g^ *^ )v^ ^ f^ ' O Fiih who exists (in forms or persons) numerous as the sands of the river Ganges.'

An Ambassador came from Bengal in the sixth year of W ^. Yn'ig-l8, A. D. I4I7, and also durirg the 10th year. After this Ihey ceased to come. 1^^ f^ .^ y^ PJ 3M^^ ^ Thej cultivate the doctrines of Buddhah and do not destroy animal life.

XVII. Jl -^ Koo-Ie, A place in the Bay of Bengal, three days sail from ipj" }^

85

(^GEOGRAPHY.

0-che, which in Chinese Maps, is placed in the site of Arracan ; ten days journey from ^^ ^ Selh-Ian. From Koo-le, (Calicut or Calcutta?) the person who went from China to Arabia in the fifteei.th century, set sail. First Embassy to China in the reign oi y\ ^ Yung-IO, A. D. 1410.

XVIII. *pj' ^wt 0-che. Intercourse with China commenced during ^1^ Sung Dynasty. / They are of the Buddhah religion.

XIX.

: ^ ^j Selh-lan (Ceylon?) nation. By the side of the sea, there is on a rock, the print of a foot three cubits long. At the foot of a hill is a temple /& ^p p|lg M; ^ IPl) 6/^ ))f. _tl '° which is the real body of Fuh lying on it's side on

a couch. ^ W f^ ^ ^ '^^ij ^y ^^^ *'^^ ^""^ *''^*^ ^^ ^"^' ""•* relics which are called Shay-Ie.

XX. "^ ']¥'^ M Se yang-sc-k, appears to be a place in the Bay of Bengal. Ambassadors came to China in the 14th century, and brought with thera Pepper which they sold. The use of gg yM, Sc-yang, by this petty stale, puzzled the Boards at Peking, when Matthew Ricci went there and called himsill "TO -j^ y^ A man from Se-yang; ihey thought he hid bee.i fr.-m ihe sam ■ pUce a* the ^^ ^ So-le. It is said, that there is a degree of obscurity with respect to this people, as those from j-b -^i, Chen-ching, iS ^E Tseen-lo, 9^ ^ Seih Idn, and .^ ;h^ 0-che, ail called themselves So-le people.

XXI. ^ p^ ;^ ^ij Soo-mun-lS-lj,(Soom:ilra). to the S W. of i |^ Chen-ching. Afterward changed the name to ^& ^5 A-ts.e, (Aclecr.)

XXII. iS \S^ ^|| \an-pi3-le, Mohamedans, three days sail from Soo-ma-ta4a.

XXIII. j^ -jt^ Chen-ching, (Perhaps Carabodgia.) Theii; © Lin-yih of ;^ Tsin. A violent warlike people. Country produces gold, eKphauts, &c.

XXIV. iMl tjs Chln-la, or »^ ^ Chen la, originally called it j^ Foo-nan. During the Dynasty T^ Yuen, subdued Chen-chiug. Elephants, gems, &c.

XXV. IJj^ j^ Kwa-wa, Ata, (In the Imperial Map of the World put for Java.) The ancient j^ ^p (^ Too-po nation. In Tr Yuen Dynasty first called Ava, U

^mm

GEOGRAPHY.]

86

•s |?j jfi ^* W* ^ ® ^ ^^^ thoroughfare of all the Foreigners on the south west. Began its intercourss with China during -^ AT SI Sung Dynasty. XXVI. */^ yi2 P"-"^> formerly connected with the preceding.

XXVII.

K

■ Ma-ye-ung; ten days sail from Chen-ching.

XXVIII. ^2 f^ ^ San-fuh-tse, adjoins Chen-ching. Was subdued by Ava.

XXIX fffi SJ /^ Fiih-lang-ke, the Franks or French', first denoted Europeans generally. The court heard of their ravages on the sea, and that they attacked V^ "^|1 jfQ Malacca. Appears to have conceived of them as one of the nations of the Bay of Bengal.

■XXX. ■(J ^ Fiih-lin, 5^ ;^ ^ |gj the Ta-tsin of Han ; also called W ^f Le-keen, situated on the west of the Bay of Bengal, Very remote. "^ ft :g A -^ JE ^^ tf* g f^ 11 21 A # The people we'^e" tall and well formed, of the same race as the Chinese, and therefore called Ta-tsin. * fe *f|!r 1^ :^ ^ ^''°"* ^- ^- '50, they began to come to China. In the time of ^ Tang, they changed their name to Fuh-liiig. There is a most splendid account of the country, and it is added, when Matthew Ricci came to Peking, he affirmed that ^'^.±J- j(P fl 55 ^ ||J f^ A ^ g ^-^ was born in Judea, which was the Ancient Ta-tsin.'

In the original, the Bay of Bengal is denoted by jt^^^Se-hae, 'The Western Sea.' ^ ^^ Tung-hae, denotes ' The Eastern ocean ;' ^ )^ Nan-hae, ' The South Sea,' denotes what is commonly called the Chinese Sea. The two latter terms are sometimes confounded. What lies on the southeast is also called 7'^ Tung-hae.

* Does this not favour the late De Guignes' supposition, that the Chinese T^-ere originclly a Colony from Egypt.

8T

[government.

NAMES AND FUNXTIOXS OF THE OFFICERS OF GOVERNMENT.

THE following sketch, as well as the preceding, is intended n-)t for Political, but for Philological purposes. Perhaps every Student of Chinese has felt the difficulty arising from not having some brief Analysis at hand, to enable him when reading, to conceive nearly of the period of an event referred to; of the relative situation of a place; or of the rank and duties of a particular Office. A person who has a Native Assistant at hand, can generally from bim obtain enough of information on such subjects to enable him to proceed; but to a Student in Europe, without a Native A ssistant, the difficulty arising from being unaquainted with what these sheets are intended to supply, (though but partially) has always been insurmountable. Hence, no person in Europe fcas succeed in acquiring the Language to any extent.

OF THE SUPREME GOVERNMENT.

-^ ^ l^ Ta-hwang-te, ' The Great Emperor, is the source of all authority, he is otherwise designated ^ 'i£r Hwang-te; ^ Jq Hwang-shang, ^^ ^{^ Shing- choo, and when speakingof him, BB ^^ Chaou-fhing, as we say ' His Majesty.'

By following the order of the '^^- Kwan-shoo, or Pu'jlic Offices in the Capital, we shall best conceive what the functions of the officers in them are.

The Capital, Peking, is called "S ^ King-ching, to which there are ^ P^ Nine gates. In the centre of that, is -^ j^ Hwan'r-ching, ' the Imperial city,' eighteen lein circumference; and within that, 's ^ ^ ;g Tsze-kin-ching, 'The sacred city,' six le in circumference. The south gate is called ^ fj Woo-mun, within the Woo- mun, is :

I. \MWi Nuy-k«, The Imperial Council Chamber. In this Chamber assemble the ■^C. M jr Ta-heo-sze, i^ 'M ^ ZZ. Two Tartars and two Chinese ; also

GOVERNMENT.]

S3

II.

III.

i^W'&MM^ Shang-shoo-heg-pan-k8-woo, or as they are commonly called ^^i^0:J: HeS-pan-ta-heS-tsze, one Tartar and one Chinese. The Tartars always take precedence. These six persons are called ^ iB Pae- seang. Seang, denotes to Assist ; and Pae, to Bow and make obeisance. The persons who have been appointed assistants of the Sovereign and made their bow. The first is called -^ :;|^Show.seanjj, Head-assistant, or Prime Minister. The first four have the liU.- rf? '^ Chung-tang attached to their names, and by inferiors they are died ^ ^ Ko-laou, (Colao). There are in this office also yij ^ ^ it ^^uykO-heC-sze, six Tartars and four Chinese. Further,!^ Wl # 9 ^ t ^"y-k3 she-tiih-heO-sze, and |^ ^ |^ =| jgl ^ ^ ^ 3^1 ^ Jtfun-kij-she tiih-tiien-tseih-seuen-wan-pan-sze, also ft* fl^ -^ A Chung-shoo-shay-jin, 'Who perform the duties of Secretaries aiid Clerks.' The t^r,m Ta-heo-sze, was first employed during the Dynasty Tang. Placed next in -order is the : —

^ 4VC IvC Han-lin-jKen, A College instituted in the time of Tang. It is partly literary and partly political. All national works are conducted by its members, and they are frequently appointed to high offices in the slate. It is not a school open for the education of youth, but a kind of Royal Society, or National Institute, the members of which rank ^ ^ ^ in the second of the Nine Orders.

There are two ^ P)c ^ Jr Chang-juen-heH-sze, or Presidents, one Tartar and one Chioese. There are six persons styled i^=f]^± She-tiih-heo-sze; also six j^ 1^ ,^ j;; She-keang-he<3-sze, others called ^ |^ she-tiih and >^p|she.keang. Further -|^ ^ H gew-seuen-peen, ff ^ f if j^ ± -±: Sew-keen-taou-shoo-kSih-sze. Also -ffl- ^§ 'f^ =0 jj^l ^ Teen-tseih she-chaou-keun<;-muh, all of which titles express different literary departments,

M 1 t ttf: ® IZ: ^ m ± Jff K't M ^ # m 'The descen- dants of Confucius and Mencius are hereditary members, aud eminent classical

scholars are attached to the Han-lin College.'

f^ S^ fm^ Chen-sze-foo, the officers of which have the controul of Her Majesty and the Princes' household.

89

[government.

'IV' j|G ^ yi |g K'he-keu-choo-kwaD, a Recorder's office, filled by a member of the Han-Iin College.

V. f^ ^ jjt ^'uy-woo-foo, for the aflFairs of the Palace ; ^ W |#, # ^^ ^ has the general controul of the higher officers of state: Is drvided into seven departments.

VI. 'y^ ^j- Luh-ko, Six Offices attached to the Six Boards, and have ^ 6j the controul of the seals of those boards. There are two w^ ^a Cb Keih-sze-chuno-, and two^^ ^Keih-sze.

VU. X^ ^ 1^' Chung-shoo-ko, at present, ^ ^ i^ fp ^ in this office, they have the charge of, and write certain documents issued by His Majesty-

VIII. '^ A fS^ Tsung-jin foo. An Office for the oversight of all the branches of the Imperial family. The presiding officers are, ^ _^ ^ ^^ ^ ^J^

IX. ^ §K Le-poo, the Board which presides over all appointments to official rank in the state. There are two Presidents called jj^ '^ Shang-shoo, one Tartar and one -Chinese. Other members are called /^ ^ She-lang ; ^j( ffa Lang- chung; a ;^|> ^Yuen-waeJang; ||j5 ^^Lang-choo-sze. In this and the following offices are =^ ||l|5 ^ Peih-teih-she, Clerks or Writers, and ^ 2^, Fun-chang-fan-yth, Translators.

X. ^ ^ Hoo-poo, the Board of Reveitiie. The Presidents and Members are de- nominated by the same names as the preceding, -only distinguishing to what

. Board they belong. Also fourteen persons from various Provinces called ^^ ^ ^p[ Tshing-le-sze.

XI. jljffi ^K Le-poo, the Board of National Usages. Officers similar to the above. XI ff|j ^'Hing^poo, the Penal Board.

XHI. 3^ §U Kung-poo, the Board of Public Works.

XIV. jW ^ ^ te-fan-yucn. Established by the reigning family for all the aifairs

GOVERNMENT. 2

90

of the dependant stales; Thibet, the Tartars, the Moharaedan Cantons &c. Officers similar to those of the Six Boards. They are '^ ^l>M ^ ~t A Manchow Tartars and Mungkoos.

^^' ^y ^ )^ Too-cha yuan, the office of Examiners. Persons appointed to over, look the affairs of the Prince ; :the Magistracy ; and the People ; and to give their opinions or infonnationtothe Sovereign, whenever they please, in writing. The rule is that their persons should be sacred: at least that they should not lose their lives for w4iat they say. That rule, however, was violated by the late Emperor, when be was advised to name his successor. They are at all times liable to v*ry severe censure from His Majesty, when he happens to differ from them. He does not scruple to tell them that they J^ |^ talk nonsense, and to direct that their papers be ^ j^ thrown back again to them. He does not like them to interfere wiih his family arrangements. One of them, not long ago, objected to the number of expensive gardens which his Majesty kept; atad had for a reply, that it was none of his business; his province was National Affairs, and not the concerns of the palace. They act the part of spies occasion- ally, and are also sent to distant parts of the Empire as Commissioners of in- spection. A few years ago, two were sent to ^ g Tae-wan, Formo.sa.

The genera! epithet for them is, ^ ^Yu-she. There are two Presidents, one Tartar and one Chinese as usual, called ^ j^,^ ^ f )5 ^^ ^ Chang- yuen-tso-too-yu-she, and have four Assistants. Yiceroysand Fooyuens all take this as an honorary title, when they go to their several governments. Of these called #. j^ ^{I ^ Chang-taou-yu-she, there are thirty; one Tartarand one Chinese for almost every Province; and of the ^ ^ ® ^ Keeh-cha-yu-she, there are twenty-six. They have sometimes been called Censors.

-^VI. jg, i|^ {^ 5J T'hung-ching Sze-sze, Officers through whom official docu- mentspass to and from His Majesty. The three first characters express the na- ture of the office. There are other two, a Tartar and a Chinese. Also a Secretary called ^P ^ ^/^ j^ Che-sze-king-leg.

A Vll. 7^ J| ^ Ta-le-sze. In which are two officers called Mf King, witb;^ 'ii^: ^ ^ ff f" ^" '^

■ Pb M "*^'*'s'anls m. the discussion of business.

91 {[government.

XVIII. HJr ^ ^ Tae-chang.sze, in whichare two officers called ^ |pp Shaou-kmg, ■j^ J^ Po-sze, Learned men. ' In what way these assist in the goverameot does not appear.

XIX. ^ ijj^ :i: Kwang-lo-she, officers similar to the preceding.

XX. -^ /^ -^ Tae-po-she, with similar officers.

XXI. ^ji ^ ^ Hung-loo-she. «

XXII. ffl -T ^ Kwo-tsze-keen, ^ ^ "^ ^ ^ for the Education of the sons and brothers of the Mung-koos. It is more properly a collie than the Han-lin-yuen. The first officers are called ^ |Q Tse-tsew. There are two of them. The Tartars are called j^ "i: Mf |^ P5-sze-tsoo-keaou, ^ j£ HeS- ching, and ^ ^^ Hei5-lr>. The reigning family has paid great attention to this college. Keen-lung often went in person topour out libations before the tablet of Confucius, who is called ^r ^jfi a\ -f" and whose name is placed as high as His Imperial Majesty's. He wrote inscriptions for the various halls, and erected stone tablets commemorating iiis several victories. Every time that he went in person he compofed an Ode.

"XXIII. ^ ^ ^ Kin-fheen-keen, the Imperial Astronomical Board. ^ j£

'ra ')n S HP -^ ~~* P''"icipal Astronomers, one Tartar and one European, Assistants one Tartar and one Chinese. Secondary Assistants, one Tartar and one European. There are also inferior officers attached to it.

XXIV. ^^ gg j^ Tae-e-yuen, ImperialMedical£oard. President is called Ks 1^ Yuen-sze. Assistant |^ :xi\ Yuen-pawn. And a certain number of i^Xi ^^s Imperial Physicians.

XXV. ^ ^^ -^ Sze^ylh-kwan, Translator's office. Eight rooms. There were originally appointed ninty-six^^ S! «p Translators. There are now only eight

XXVI. ^ • SXVII. J\^

■ Lwan-e-wei, o£Sce of the Imperial Guards.

J£ >^JP^ Pake-too-tung-ya.mun, Court of the eight Standards.

« 2

GOVERNMENT.] 02-

XXVIII. ^/l P^ ^ML'U^f^ Kew-raun-te-tvih Ya-mun, the Court of the- General of the city, or of the N^^e Gates, a high military command.

XXIX. ^ pt P^ ^ W ^ Tsung-wan-mun-keen-tuh-shoo, the Court of the Commissioners of Customs.

XXX. ^I^^l^ "^Woo-ching-pino-ma-sze, office of the Cavalry.

XXXI.^^Tsung-hei3, J[>^-|^^ ^ ^ ^School for the Imperial Fa- mily. There are Masters to teach the Manchow Tartar language, Chinese horsemanship, archery, &c.

XXXII. J^ ^^ Ee8-lo>he8, a School for the chihdren of,[tbe Keolo, a branch of the Imperial family. Some other Schools are mentioned.

XXXIII. The ^ ^ A! £ Keun-ke-ta-chin, appears to be a Special Council, the memhers of which vary. The words might be rendered a Council of War.

OF THE PROVINCAL GOVERNMENT.

CANTON WILL SERVE AS A SPECIMEN OP THE OTHER PROVINCES.

^ ^ '^ CIVIL OFFICERS.

f^M.^^ Leang-kwang Tsuug-tiih, . Governor-General of the two Kwang. or Viceroy of Canton and Kwang-se. He is otherwise denominated ^j V^ Che- lae.

^ ^ JiM Hft Kwang-tung Seun-foo, the Seun-foo, or ^ |^ Foo-yuen of Canton. The Viceroy cakes precedence of him, but cannot controul him. They are collegues in office. It is a maxim in the present dynasty to divide the power as much as possible, both in the Civil Service and in the Army ; a priucipia

which has its defects as well as advantages. What they cannof agree in mast he referred to Court.

''"'• ^ m ^ l^ Te-tiih-hcu-chiDg, is the first literary officer in the Province, . and has a certain controul in the army on special occasions.

!l.

.L

93

[government.

ly. /frl ^ib i^ Po-ching-szc, over the Revenue of the Province, and has a certain controul in inferior appointments. In his office there is. ^IJ? f# Kins-lee, a kind of Secretary.

BS J^ Chaou-mo, keeper of the Seal.

fe -^ 4^ Koo-ta-sze, keeper of the Treasury.

v. j^ ■^^ flS Gan-cha-tsze, a Criminal Judge. . A' Secretary like the preceding. . ^ |||[Sze.ye, a Gaoler.

VI.

1^ ^M ^ Yen-yun-sze, an Officer who superintends the Salt Trade.

The inferior officers are a ^ Fgj Yun-t'hung, whoattends to the transport- ing Salt from place to place. A Secretary as above; a ^ ^ Che-sze, Assistant ; ^ ^i^ j^ Koo-ta-tsze, a Treasurer, &c.

VII. ^^ j^ Leang-taou, Superintendant of the Public Granaries. ^3^1^^ Tsang-ta-sze, a Granary Keeper,

Each ^ Foo has a Magistrate called a. ^^ ^ Che-foo, as ^ Ij^ 1^ ^P )i^ Kwang-chow-foo Che-foo, the Che-foo of Kwang-chow-foo. Several Assistant Officers situated in different parts of the district, who are called [pj ^H T'hung- che, or ^ ^ Fun-foo. There are also attached to him, ^ *|j Thung-pwan, Iff (^ ^jr i^ Foo-heo-keaou-show, a Teacher in the district school, other- wise called Wl 7p Heo-ching,

gl|nM,Heun-taou, Instructor. i.^ ^^ King-lee, Secretary.

"^^Sze-yo, Gaoler.

Each Y>]J Chow has a Magistrate called 4jj MA Che-chow, with inferior officers simi- lar to the Foo.

■^'^'^ M ^'^'^'" ^'^^ its ^ ^ Che-h(jen. In common language, the name of the

n

1^^

Hill

mm

GOVERNMENT.]

94

Been answers for the name of the officer who presides over it, as ^ ^^ Nan-hae Been, is used todesignate the ^ ^g Che-heen, and the district itsd^

The Assistant to a Been is called ^ ^ Hi^en-ching, or ^ ^ Tso-tang; also M* II; Fun-hSen, and ^ j^ Jung-ting, in contradistinction from whom the Been is called jj-] ^ Ghing-tang. The Tso-tang holds a separate court.

INFERIOR OFFICERS IN A BEEN.

Mf, jpeg ^J —A

TTO ^ ^ pfl' Heen-heS-keaou-yu, Tutor.

B\\ is Heun-taou, Instructor.

T '^sl. Choo-poo, an Assistant officer in a Been.

M # Se^n-I^een, or ^J g Poo-ting, over villages.

^ 5^ Teen-she, a kind of clerk.

Mmm Ho-po-so, controuls the boats on the river.

^ g Le-miih, Attendants in Courts.

In Canton there is a Commissioner of Customs arising from Foreign Trade, ^ho is appointed immediately by His Majesty. He ranks with the first officers of the Province^ and is callled J^ ^ Bae-kwan, and ^ ^ Keen-tuh, also sometimes || ^ Kwan-poo. By Europeans called Hoppo, from a misapplication of the name of the Board of Revenue, to him, viz, p ^f Hoo-poo. The Secretary to the Boppo is called^ '[^King-ching.

All these officers have personal friends wliom they employ to assist in drawing up official paper*, and whom they call ^^j ^ Sze-yay. Their household servants are called ^ j^^ Yay-mun. These ar« generally appointed to be Tide-waiters, and attendants at the gj p Kwan-k'how, or Custom-houses. Attendants in the outer apartments, and at the gate, are called f^ J^ Mun-sbang. Official Messengers are called ^ ^ Wei-yuen. The Petty Police Runners are called ^ ^ Yuen-chae. ">' ^ f:£ Chae-yuh. A constable of a single street is called^-j^ j^ Te-paou.

93

[government.

la cases of flagrant Mal-adiniiiistratlon ia the distant Provinces; or charges brought against the higher oflScers, it is the custom to send some persons of rank from the Capital to try the parties on the spot. These Imperial Commissioners are called ^^ -^ Kin-chae.

'A*

0 MILITARY OFFICER?.

II.

1t«

j..^ M^ Chin-show Kwang-tung Tseang-keuii. The Tseang keun, or General for the defence of Canton. He is always a Tartar, rail ^1^ Me Foo-too-tung, two Adjutant Generals. ■^ ^H ^ ^ f^ ^ Mwan-chow-han-keun-heS-ling, commonly called Eff '^h Keun-heS, asortof Major-Generals. There are eight of them- 1& ^M ^*<'-l'''S! sixteen. jTt ^ Fang-yu, thirty-two. ^S j^S M^ Heaou-ke-keaou, thirty-two.

I^g 3g- ^^ H| 4>k- ^S. (jIn J\ Suy-tseang-keun-yin-woo-peih-tee-shlh,

two Secretaries who accompany the Tseang-keun. :;^ ^]ll )^ ^ j^ II Shwiiy-sze-ke-ying-hee-ling, a kind of Admiral

appointed in the tenth year of Keen-lung, since that there kas been

appointed a ;7fC |ip |§ "§^ Shwiiy-sze Te-tub, who is an Admiral

possessing higher powers than the preceding.

^f-^^tj^ ^i'^PaTIT Tseang-keun-peaou-chung-keun-lso-ying, foo-tseang. The Foo-tseang or Adjutant-General of the left of the Tseang-keun's centre division. Subordinate officers are.

ajj ^ Too-sze, perhaps about the rank of a Major.

"-r* sSH Tseen-tsung, rank of a Captain.

i^ ^^ Pa-tsung, rank of a Lieutenant.

'V^^'^ iMt Yew-ying, right encampment, has a ^^ ^g Yew-keih, other.. wise called 4^ jjy* Yew-foo. Under him are,

wmmm

GOVERNMENT.]

III.

IV.

96

cf. zip Tseen-tsung.

^ ^^ Pa-tsung. There is a still inferior officer called a ^K ^ Wae-vei. He may probably rank with a Sergeant.

^ T^ ^ ^ glj jj^ Tuh-peaou-chung-keun-foo-tseang, the Adjutant- General of the Viceroy's troops. Officers same as above. The ^ -^ HO t^ Left, right, front, and rear J^ Camps, call the principal officers -^ ^ Tsan- tsijang ; under whom are /^ Pa-tsung.

Show-pei, -^ ^ T'sheen-tsung, and iW ,

^ T' S» "^i Tur Foo-peaou-chung-keun Tsan-tseang, the Tsan-tseang or Major-General of the Fooyuens troops. With inferior Officers, as above.

"^ W SSe :£5 ^ Te-tiih-tsung-ping-kwan, the Te-tiih-General officer. In- ferior officers as above. This is considered of high rank. He and the preced- ing in some cases have their own departments, and each can act for himself;

in other cases it is necessary for them to act in concert. Of the Chin-lsung-ping-kwan, there are se Who answer to European Generals

Chm-lsung-ping-kwan, there are seven or eight in different parts of the Province.

i

97

[[banks.

it ^

pp

OF THE NINE RANKS.

In these Nine they distinguish between Principal and Secondary, expressed by j£ Ching and ;jj^ Tsung.

7C — -• Ji FIRST RAWK PRINClPil,.

Distinguished by a ji,X, ^^ ^ Hung paou shth, Red Precious Stone on the top of the cap. On common occasions wear Coral. These Globes or Buttons are called ig Jg Maou-ting.

/\ BJn Tae-sze, "^ Guardians of Jhe Sovereign. In cases of minority

"^ "jl^ Tae-foo, }■ they act as Regents. None at present enjoy

^ /ffi Tae-paou, J this dignity.

yr ^ -f^ Ta-he8-s2e, Ministers of State. .

^52^ — — Art FIRST ORDER — SECONDARY.

0^ llfH Shaou-sze,

/)/ '(^ Shaou-foo, !► Of these there are not any now.

'^ /^ Shaou-paou. J

;^ -^ ^ ^jjl Tae-tsze-tae-sze, "> ^

T^ ^ "J5^ ^g Tae-tsze-tae-foo, y Guardians of the Prince

~Av "J^ 7!C "^ Tae-tsze-tae-paou. J

Of this rank are all the jj^ ^. Shang-shoo, and |Sl ^ Yu-she. These persons write on their cards the title "t^ «p> m^ y^ y^ Kwang-yung-luh-ta-foo. Their Ladies are styled >—» Hj ^ ^Yih-pin-foo-j in.

wmmgggggn/iK!^

RANKS. 3

98

"it — ' S. SECOND RANK— PRINCIPAI/.

PP

Distinguished by /J\ Xj ^J ^ an inferior Red Gem; commonly wear^ Flonerd Coral.

^ -3^ /J/ ^jfi Tae-tsze-shaou-sze,

HJr ^ A/ "M. Tae-tsze-shaou-foo, y^ -I^ /|^ '^ Tae-Uze-shaou-paou, _ ^ ^ 58^ "^ KB sang Tsung-tub, the Viceroys of all the FroTinces. P? P^'^^ Poo.yuen-she.lang. Write on their cards ^^ ;^ ^ Tsze-ching-ta.foo. Ladies are styled j^y\^Foojin.

Secondary Guardians of the Prince.

, . pM SECOND SANK SECONDARY.

Bd ^ ^ i Nuy-kS-heB-sze.

^ ^ 1^ ^ 1^^ jt Hai-lin.yuen, and Tang-yuen-heS-sze. ^ ^ 5^ ^ KO sang Seun-foo, all the Foo-yuens of the Provinces. 5^ j^ -^ Poo-ching-sze.

Write on theircards^ :^ ;A^;^Tung-fung-ta.foo. Ladies are atyled^^Foo-jin.

J^ . ; hp THIRD RANK PRINCIPAI>i

Distinguished by ^ ^ 'f: a Blue Stone Globe. xm. Si=i. 'M

m^M^ ^°° *°° ^"■'''^- 'T*'^ Assistant Yu-she Officers of th6 Courts above mentioned. ^ /\^ J^ Tsung-jin-foo i^]^^

Thung^:hing-sze. The Officers called ^ King. M ■^ *( ^

Gan-cha-sze. Write on their cards jg ^ ^ ^ T'hung-e-ta.foo. Ladies styled ^17 y^Shuh-jin,

/jjy^ ^;^ pp THIRD RANK SECONDARY.

Some of the 1^ King. ^ ^ j^ Yen-yun-sze. Write on their cards |^ ^ ^ E-ta-foo. Ladies are styled i|j/ A Shiih-jin.

99

£ranks.

Tf^ IJCf tt?% FOURTH RANK PRINCIPAL.

Distinguished by a Light Blue Stone, or Glass Globe. lS J^ b'1 ^ Tung-chin-foo-sze. /^ 6^ Shaou-king.

/^ ^ ^ W ^^ The Seun-taou of all the Provinces. Write on their cards )^ ^ -^ ^ Chung-heen-ta-foo. Ladies styled^ ^Kung-jin,

J/^ nn pi FOURTH RANK SECONDARY.

113 ^ ^ ^ lM The Tse-tsew of Kwo-tsze-keen.

i-sze.

1^ H3 ^fe -W *^ ~f" Nuy-ko-ghe-tuh-heo-: /4d: ^1 ^^ -|- She-keang-heo-sze. ;g^ ^ An l|+ All the Che-foo of districts called Foo. Write on their cards SH g^ "yl^ ;^ Chaou-e-ta-foo. Ladies styled ^ A Kung-jia.

lES

pp

FIFTH RANK PRIHCfPAI..

Distinguished by Crystal or a White Glass Globe. 4;^ "^ ttl Keih-sze-chung. U^^jJ t^ Yuen-lang-chung, ^C ^V nn Kin-t'heen-keen, the Astronomers. -jr ^^ Ta-e, Members of the Medical Board. ;^ ^ j^ ^ All the Thung-che of the Foo DistricU. *n jm Che-chow, and the Magistrates of Chow, in Peking Province.

Write on their cards ^ jW y^ y^ Fting-ching-ta-foo. Ladies styled 'gf A E-jiE..

TIFTH RANK — SECOHDART.

it S pp

^ -iT^ ItC "mP 1^ '^ ^ The She-tiih and She-keang of Han.lin College. ^ ^f gjj Yuen.wae-lang, ^g- g ^ ^ ^ $ The Keen-cha Yu-she of all the Taou. Write on their cards ^^j^^ Fung-chih-U-foo. Ladies styled J[ ^ E-jia.

i

mmmm

mmmtmmmmmmmii^mmi^^

BANKS.]

lOO

IE

-i- .*=»

SIXTH RANK PRINCIPAL.

y^ PP

Distinguished by a White Stone or Glass Globe.

The Art S& Ween Magistrates of Peking ; the officers called higher courts, &c.

A;

King-leS of the

>-^ PP SIXTH RANK SECONDART,

jj»| 1^ Chow-fhung, &c.

Write on their cards S^ -Jffi ^B Ching-lih-lang, a difference between the Principal and , Secondary. Wives styled ^ A Gan-jin.

JE IJ bd SEVENTH RANK PRINCIPAL.

-%' ^ ^P ^ '^^ *^^ Magistrates of Heen.

'UE ^t PP SEVENTH RANK — SECONDARY.

"T" .M 'ff i "^^^ Pu-sze of Kwo-tsze-keen. Write on their cards ^/fH j^K Ching-sze-lang. Wives stjled

5AYu-jin

JE /v PP EIGHTH RANK PRINCIPAl,.

Distinguished by a flowered Gold Globe. ^ ^ ^ -^ Allthe Assistant Magistrates of Heen, otherwise called j/^ ^ Tso-tang.

^y9t / V PP EIGHTH RANK SECONDARY.

The inferior Secretaries and Writers of various courts..

ft

NINTH ORDER.

iaolers; inferior Treasurers; Village Magistrates, &c. They also wear a gold button

OQ their caps.

101

(^RANKS.

* A JS

PERSONS WHO HAVE NOT ENTERED THE SERIES.

Denotes those inferior Attendants on Public Courts, who are not of any of the Nine Orders, but who are understood to be attached to the Government. Any of the above distinctions of Rank may be purchased from the Government, and give to the pos- sessors a certain kind of respectability among their fellow subjects. Though in cases where the rank is purchased, it is always attended with a large deduction of influence on that very account. None affect to distinguish more than the Chinese between mere wealth and real merit.

Those who possess any of the above distinctions, arc said to possess Xjj ^5 Kung raing, or ^| ^^ Chib fun. And in cases of a breach of the law, the first step is to ^& ^SKih chth, take away their nominal rank. The possession of the rank gives a certain privilege and dignity to their character, which must be removed ere they can be beaten or fettered. With the higher ranks this degradation must take place before the parties can be tried. ^

After all, there are but three Classes in China, those in Power; the Wealthy ; and the Poor ; and according to a homely adage of their own, " the great fish eat the smaller ; the smaller eat the shrimps, and the shrimps are compelled to eat mud." There are exceptions to this censure, and when an exception does occur, the indivi- dual is almost adored by the people.

^5 pJ

PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS.

The Examinations of persons who devote themselves to letters, for the purpose of having degrees conferred on them. According to a theory introduced iu the lime ^Tang, it was intended to choose from this well educated Class the ODScers of the Government. The idea is still partially, and but partially acted on. Places are conferred for other than literary merit, and many are sold.

At these Examinations, all who choose, excepting Menial Servants, their Children or Grand-children; inferior Police OflScers called Mr ^ Ya-yilh; and Play Actors, •nay attend. These persons arc also excluded from obtaining any of the above raxiks .

illiillppl

T.Mi:;.]-''

102

T.\3 pr.)!iibitian including Menial Servants excludes a large number of persons. If suc'j a parson however bfco mis wealthy, the liiw is often evaded. To superintend the Examinations, two persons called -I- yF" Choo-kaou, are deputed from Peking.

The lowest rank obtained at these Examinations is yB ^/JT Sew-tsae ; the second, ^y^Keu-jin; the third is ^j^ j^Tsin-sze; the fourth ^ it Han-lin. The first of the Keu-jin, is called ^ -^ Kae-juen ; the first of the Tsin-sze, is called '^ jj_ Hwuy-yuen; and the first of the Han-Iia, jj^ -^ Ch'hwang-yuen ; next to which are the titles ^ /^ Tan-hwa, and )^ Hfl Pang-yen.

The present Dynasty, which takes great pains in training a standing army, has in= trodaced a similar examination, and similar titles amongst the Military.

- t A «

TWENTY EIGHT CONSTELLATIONS.

THEIK NAMES AR£ THESE, AND ORDER AS FOLLOWS.

Keo; ]^Kang; ^ Te;

8 9 10

3J- Tow ; 4^ New ; -^ Nen ;

4S * 5

6 7

.Wei; ^Kej

13 14

Shih; IgPeib;

^Fang; ;Q\ Sin;

11 S 12

' Heu ; Jq^ Wei ;

18 S 19

Kwei; ^ Loo; a Wei; ^ Maou; S. Peih; ■^Tsan; ^ Tsze

22 23 24 25 S 26 27 28

15

16

n

20

21

^ Tsing;^ Kwei ; ;^ji Lew; ^ Sing; g^ Chang; g. Yu ;

^ Chin.

Besides being the names of the Constellations, one of these is applied to exery day in regular succession; from which circumstance, four of them, viz. -^ }j^ ^ S regularly occur in rotation, on the first day of every succeeding seven days, and cor- respond to our weekly Sabbath. No such day, however, is observed by the Chinese

♦ The Sunday Characters.

I ^

103

Ptime.

n + K ® ^

TWENTY-FOUR TERMS OR PERIODS OF FIFTEEX DAYS EACH.

These mark the Seasons more regularly than the number of their Moons; and some of them are referred to as Holidays. They correspond to our Months nearly as follow^:

f/U Seaou, ■;^ Ta, ^

July sJ ^ '' 1 21

V-M^ Shoo, ^ Shoo, j

January 6,

j/Jx Seaou, ;^Ta ^^^

l^ Han,

Han, J

Yu,

February 5,<| .'"" Ul

t^Chun, 7j(Shwuyj

March 6.

April 6,

May 7,

June 7,

King,

, Chun,

; Chih, ^ Fun

i

f^Ts-bing, ^Kuh. -^ tg^Ming, ^Yu, J

"Yf Le»h, . /I\ Seaou

22

{

Hea,

Seaou "\

V22 Mwan,J

«

"C ^^''S' ;& Hea,

|£ Chung, ^ Che

August 9,

fin I-eih, jg Choo, ~| \^ Tsew, ^ Shoo, J

Sept.

'•(

24

loo, ^Fun, J

r^^Han, ^ShwangT October 9,<2.^_ ^^ 21

Loo,

Keang

^ , filLeih, /JASeaou,^

Novembers,;' * 1 23

li^Tung, ^Seuh, j

December S

(i

Ta

Seuh,

::^Tuni ^Che,

>22 • J +

The Months or Moons are numbered. The first is called "ip H Chin"--yug ; the others, ^^ H Urh-yug, j^ H San-yue, &c. in succession. They have besides what may be called Poetical names, from an allusion to the Season, and which are used occasionally in the introduction of letters, &c. An intercalary moon is expressed by PM Jnn, before the number of the moon.

The day, or twenty.four hours of Europeans, is divided into twelve parts, and the characters of the jj^ ^ Te-che, are applied to them, (See Cycle, page 3.)

* Summer Solstice. + Winter Solstice,

p

mmfmmmmm

TIME.]

101 .

Midnight is expressed by -3^ Tsze, which extends backwards to eleven at night, and forwards to one in the morning. J£ -^ Ching-tsze in twelye at night ; ^ ^ Keaou-tsze, is eleven. The words Ching and Keaou, are applicable to all the other characters in a similar way.

II tQ \ (3d '^ ^^ Watch, morning) J2. Tsze,

1 — 3 in the morning (4th H^ ^ Watch) is expressed by JL Chow,

3— 5 (5th^^Watch) I^Yin,

5- 7 -^pMaou,

1 9 j^ Shin,

9 11 Forenoon J* ££. | . Sze,

11— 1 The point of noon is j£ ^ Ching-woo, ^ , . . ip Woo,

1_ 3 Afternoon "JN "^ ^^'^'

^ Shin, M Yew, j:J^Seo,

Hae.

3— 5

3— 7 -

7_ 9 (1st ^ ^ Watch,)

9 — 11 (2d ^ ^Watch,)

One of these two-hour-periods is called _- ^g 0| ^ Yth-ko-she-shin. The eighth of which is flj Klh. 3E ^P — M Ching-maou.ylh-kth is a quarter

pal six in the morning, ^ ^ H |lj Keaou-maou-orh-kth, is half past 5 o'clock. r/Li ^ Sze-ke expresses the four quarters of the year, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^""' Hea, Tsew, Tung, Spring, Summer, Autumn,Winter. The three months of each quarter are distinguished by the characters ^ jl|l $ M5ng, Chung, Ke. g flf Hea-chung is the second month of the Summer quarter.

The month is divided into three decades called ^ Seun. Jl tf» 7* ^^^°^' Chung, Hea, express the first, second, and third, fj] ^ Chung-scun is from the tentk to the twentieth of the month.

105

£festivai*.

POPULAR HOIYDAYS.

FIRST MOON, FIRST DAY.

SE ^ ^ ~~* ^ TC 0 '^^^ ^"* ^^^ °^ ^^^ ^"* "*'®° '* «al!ed Yuen-jih; sometimes Sfr ^E. Sin-neen, ' The New Year,' new Year's day. For two three, or more days, all work is put a stop to. Early in the morning crowds of people repair to the temples to worship. During the day, there is much ■visiting, feasting and congratulating each other, which is called ^¥ dfe Pae-neen.

yy^ 4^ Leih-chan, when the sun is in the 15° of BqHarrus, is aholyday time. Whole families go to the temples to worship ; and ramble about the country for amuse- ment, the season of festivity continues ten days. The first day is called ^|^ Q

'Fowl-day;' the 2nd, -^ Q 'Dog-day;' 3d, ^ H Pig-day; 4th, ^ Q

' Sheep-day ;' 5th, it- Q ' Cow-day ; 6th, S Q ' Horse-day ;' 7th, J\^ Q

'Man-day;' 8th, ^ ^ 'Grain-day; 9th, ^ Q ' Hemp-day ;' 10th, ^ Q 'Pea-day.' The 7lh, is the greatest day.

15th.-

^^£ Shae-tang, ' A striving to excel in an exhibition of Lanterns.' Com- monly called the Feast of Lanterns. It is also called i^ ^ Hwa-tSng.

2nd moon, 2nd day. ^a i[j{p iffi Fuh-shin-tan, or otherwise called X. ^ ^ Too-te-tan, includes the Lares urbani familiares; rustic! and coinpitales. The Second is the general birth-day of these, when at all the public offices, and in various of the streets, plays are performed, and ^ ijm^ Chuen^paou, Crackers, areletoffin great numbers; also^ ■jj(]Q Hwa-paou, decorated rockets. The spectators struggle to obtain the fragments of the last, under the idea that he who obtains it will be fortunate, j^ 0 Paou-tow, the common rocket, and j^^^ Ye»-ho, various fire works.

mr

m

mmmmmim

FESTIVALS.]

106

3rd moon. In April, at the ya 0H I^H Tshing-ming-tseg, every one repairs to the tombs of their fathers, mothers, or uncles, to ^^ is? Tse-saou, 'Sacrifice and sweep;'! e. to offer sacrifices of fish, fowls, swine, or sheep, with oblations of wine to the manes of their deceased relatives, and to repair the tombs. After the ceremony is performed, they jg |[^ Ya-che, fix a piece of paper beneath a sod on the top of the hillock to show that the usual ceremonies have been, performed. This period is called y3 y^ K'hae-lshing.

Uh moon, 8th day. ^s ^^^ 'jSj ||| ^ the birth-day of Shih-kea-fuh, (Buddah), many people go and gather the fragrant herb Wff^ ^B Yuen-se, and make it up into cakes. It is a charm qr preservative against every disease.

5th moon, 5th day. 'fp ^^ ^ \^ The day is called T'heen-chung, otherwise called iiffi ^" W Twan-woo-tsed, or f^^ jl§: Twan-yang. People make a long narrow boat which they call- 'bW ^ft tung-chuen, 'Dragon boat,' wifth which they run races ; a person beating at the same time a large drum in the centre of the boat. This is called ^ || ^ Tow-iung-chuen. ^ '^ /{^ ^ Men and

vonien go to see them. At this term ^ A }j^ ^^ H people clear oflF their tradesmen's accounts.

6th moon, 6th day. Is called ^r ffl? T'heen kwang- Every one on this day airs their clothes, from a tradition that clothes aired on this day are not liable to be injured by iusects.

7th moon, 1st to 15th day. Is called . ^1 ^

Y'u-lan-shing-hwuy. There is

a tale of.a certain young man whose name was ^ ^H Miih-leen, to which "ct -^ Tsuii chay, ' the honorable,' is now attached. His mother was a very wicked woman, and after death was consigned to punishment in Tnrtarns. Miih- !eeu was a very virtuous person, and knowing that his mother was in torment, he went on the 15th of the 7lh mooR to jjii ^gfi the place of future misery, and rescued liis mother. When the infernal gales were opened, many of the spirits in darkness escaped from thence. Founded on this story are the observances of this period, which is called |^ ^ ep^Shaou-e-tsee, from people making] garments of parti-coloured paper, and burning them iu order that they may pass

^C

107

[festivals.

to the invisible world. Benevolent and rich men invite the'priests ofFiihand Taou to j^ Wm Tso-tseaou, which expresses their spreading carpets on the floor, and reciting various praters ; laying- out tables covered with fruit, pastry, &c. All which is intended ^p^ ^ Chaou-too) to elevate and make pass over from abodes of darkness and wo, the (M J§ Koo-hwan) disconsolate and orphan spirits, who have no relatives to pay honors to their manes, or intercede for them. All is done ^ S. "^ ^ ^ "^ with an intention of raising them to more elevated and purer regions of existence. They also go on the water in boats to TW g|e M «ffi ^^ disperse or scatter prayers, and burn clothes in behalf of the spirits of those who have been drowned. Numerous lanterns are lighted up at nights, and hence the period is also called mf /K '|S< Fang-shwuy-tang, or ™f -^j^ Iffi Pang-shwiij-luh, from being performed both on the land and water. They continue these observances night and day, from the first to the fifteenth. At this period, people settle their accounts.

5th moon, 15lh. Is called ^ ^)( |p Chung-tsew-lsee. It is said, that the Emperor 08 0- Ming-hwang, of the dynasty jS- Tang, was one night led to the palace of the moon, where he saw a large assembly ofj^ W^ '^ -ph Chang go siJen neu, Female divinities playing on instruments of music. On his return, he ordered persons to dress themselves, and sing in imitation of what he had seen. ( ^ J\^

^iHif^^^^ ^^•^ ^'^y *'^''"''' ''"^''^'^ '° V"^^""^^ language ^| jgjZp. ^ Le.yueii.tsze-te, 'The sons and brothers of the Pear Orchard,' the place where they first acted, originated in this Uofenai excursion. Persons now, from the first to the fifteenth, make cakes like the moon of various sizes, and paint figures upon them, these are called ^ -^jliyue-ping, ' Moon cakes.' Friends and Relations pay visits, purchase and present the cakes to each other; and give entertainments. At full moon they spread out oblations and make prostrations to the moon .

•9th moon, 9th day. Is called

//Vfi'

||3 Chung-yang-tsee, also called /^ 0^

T5ns-

kaou, ' Ascending high.' Many people go in parties to the hills to drink and amuse themselves. It arose from a person mentioned in ancient story, whose

iiiillliP"V

FESTIVALS. 3

108

name was ;j;g^ -^ Hwan-king, having ascended a hill on that day to avoid some impending calamity ( ^ j/^)- Others make variegated fancy kites, which after amusing themselves with, they let fly, wherever the wind may. carry them, and give their kites and cares at once to the wind, this is called "W fiS ^. Fang-fung-tsang.

3 Ith moon. The shortest day, or ^^ ^? Tung-che, is called -& ^5 'nn Chang-che- tseg. All officers of government, both civil and military,, repair to !S ^^ gf Wan-show-king, the Imperial hall ; one of which is in every Provincial city, and make their prostrations to the Winter Solstice- Many make cakes, &c. with which they ^ -^ congratulate the Solstice on the returning sun. In the streets and markets there is a great concourse of people. The Term is othewise called .iX» j&n Tung-tsee. People settle their accounts.

13th moon, ^£ ^^ j Neentsin-leaou, the close of the year. Great preparations, are made ^ ^j^ S^ ^ for the approaching new year. New clothes are purchased, provisions bought in for feasting, and for ofiFerings to the gods. Public offices are shut twenty days before, and opened twenty days after the New year.

24th. On the evening of the 24th, every family pays its adorations to ^ j|^ Tsaou- shin, the god of the furnace employed in the dressing of provisions. It is called. ^M ^t ^«^y-tsaou, ' Thanking the furnace divinity."

•iOth, On the evening of the 30th, every person ^^ »]^ j/^ lets off crackers, this is called ^ :^ ^ Sung-ni5en-keung, ' Seeing out the old year.' Wine, victims, &c. are spread out, and the deities worshipped ; and the whole family, men women and children partake of a repast, which is called [|J ^E. Twan-neen ' Rounding offthe year.' Many persons do not sleep, but wait for the New year, which is called ^ ^ Show suy, ' Watching for the year.' There is a common

saying, |(^ Tf M f§ 'fe ii: ' He who can watch for the year will obtain long life.'

2d moon. In February, at ^ ^ Leih-chun Terra. There is made at the

expense

of Government, a clay image of a man called^^> Tae-suy, (iu allusion to

109.

[festivals. •

the year of the Cycle,) and a buffalo of the same materials, which is called ^ •£p Chun new. On the day preceding the term, the*n J^Che-foo of every provincial city, goes out in state to ^Ui -^^ Meet Spring, when he offers sacrifice, and makes prostrations to these two figures. There are, dressed out by all the inhabitants of the different streets, a number of children, who are placed on tables, or represented sitting on trees. These tables are carried on men's shoulders, who parade the streets. These living figures are called y^ f^ Chun-sih, and every one vies with another to dress them more haudsomely and fancifully. On the following day the same oflScer comes out as the Priest of Spring, in which capa- city he is the greatest man in the Province, and would receive obeisance from th» Viceroy in case of meeting him. He takes a whip in his hand, and strikes the buffalo two or three times in token of commeacing the labours of Agriculture. The populace then stone the buffalo till they break it in pieces, from which, they expect ^g S^ an abundant year. The ^^ •^ Decorated tables, upwards of seventy in number, with living figures upon them, go to the various public offices to return thanks for t^^^^^ {jM Silver Medals which have been givea them.

■'^^"^I^^f^

RELIGION.]

no

RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY.

^||joo, ^Shih, ^Taou,

ARfi THE NAMES OF THE THREE ACKNOWLEDGED SECTS OR RELIGIONS. THE FOL- LOWERS OBCOSFUCIUS, OFBUDDAH; AKDOF ^^ -jp* LAOU-TSZE.

OF THE SECT CALLED JOO-KEAOU.

The divinities acknowledged by the Government in its official capacity, are chiefly these, ■9? T'heen, and Jijj Te, ' the Heavens and the Earth,' which they worship on the first and fifteenth of each moon.

j|j£ ^^ Shay Tseih, the Gods of the Land and of the Grain, worshipped by all the officers of Government in Provincial towns, at '\f ^ iS; and \/ *(^ Spring and Autumn.

i^ )]\ Mk ^^^^^^^ ^P'"''** "^ ""^ ^^'"''' ^'^"*' Winds, and Fire.

hR "^ Lung Wang, the Dragon king, or the jra j|ffl god of the Sea ; the Nep- tune of China. Of this divinity the officers of Government supplicate rain. Temples dedicated to him are numerous on the banks of the Great Canal.

During the second and eighth moons, they ^» ^?f ^A -p sacrifice to Confucius, The word sacrifice is used by the Writer of this, in preference to offering or oblation, because the worshippers use victims which they have previously deprived of life. ^J^ fc- T'heen-how, the Queen of Heaven.

EM *r^ Kwan-te, a deified Warrior of the dynasty Han. Worshipped by the m- ilitary chiefly. Highly honored by the reigning family for various alledged inter- positions in the Imperial cause.

^ B Wan-chang, the god of Letters, honored by tlie literati. In the temple of this god, is the idol M. ^ Kwei-sing, worshipped by the literati.

iw^^.>--~-(p--«>^ I 1

HI

f^RELIGION.

OF THE SECT CALLED SHIH OR FUH-KEAOU.

THE MOST NOTED DITINITIES ARE,

1'. — ' ^S' 'jffi San-paou-fiih, the Three Precious Fuh, — Past,. Present, and to Come»

2. *i^ *§: Chin-te, a goddess with numerous acms^ indicating her power to save.

3. 4|H -^^ Kwan-yin, a merciftil goddess, much spokien of, and frequently represented*

4- ^ ^^ 5S ^ T'heen hwa Shin-moo, the Sacred Mother who superintends chil- dren ill of the small pox.

5. ^^ njS 7? J\ Hwiiy-fuh Foo-jin, the patroness of barren women. Worshipped by those who desire children. Always represented with a child in her arms.

^* ^i jpW Tsae shin, the god of wealth, &c. &c. to the number of many thousands

OF THE SECT CALLED TAOU-KEAOU.

THE BIVISITIES ARE

1 . rr^ i^ San ts'hing, the Three Pure Ones, are first in dignity^

2. ^1^ ^ Yiih-hwang, or J^ ^ Shang-te, the Most Honorable in Heaven.

3. i[|^ ^ Pth-te, the Northern Emperor.

4. ^ 4jp Hwa-kwang, a god of fire.

5. ^T^ /t 'pi ^ Sang sang sze ma, Who- preside' over the birth of children;

The Penates are expressed by -j^. W Too-te. There are P*! K^ j^ ^^ Mun low too te, the gods of the door and of the upper story. ^L "^ i. ^ °° fang too te, the gods of the four corners of the house, and of the centre, &c. &c. At the dedication of the idols, certain riles are performed, and the eye is painted with animal blood, " the life is in the blood." This is called MM /f^ Kae kwang. The iatention is, ^ ^ ^ Sze ke ling, ' To give to it spirituality.'

Hilliiiii

VilHlil

RELIGION.]

113

Though the Chinese have imported many of their divinities from India, they seem to have left behind entirely the gross i.,docent parts of thj Indian siipersUtioiis. Their Mythology is perh.ps quite as ridiculous as those of the Greeks and Romans, though certainly not so offensive to good morals as some parts of those " elegant- systems.

Those who have acquired Classical taste enough to admire enthusiastically the Tery-delicate and divine stories told of Jupiter, Venus, &c, have said that genuine Polytheism was highly toKrant. Without saying any thing of genuine Poly- theism, as it is difficult to conceive of a corrupt or spurious one, the justness of the remark may be much questioned. They were tolerant to the principle of a mul- tiplicity of gods, and on this principle, had no objection, when fancy struck them, to adopt divinities who would submit to a share of the worship and honors they had to offer; — they were tolerant to the principle of a multiplicity of gods ; i.e. they were tolerant to their own principle. A very great stretch of teleration certainly.

But suppose their principle opposed; suppose Monotheism partially introduced amongst them, and then let their actions bear witness to their very great toleration. They also will be found to have failed in the true principle of toleration, and to have pleaded their cause by physical strength, instead of by strength of aro-ument.

The same remark applies to those persons who cannot see distinctly the line whi h distinguishes truth from error, and are disposed to ihink that there really is no line of separation, particularly in matters of Religion and Morals; and hence give up to scepti- cal indifference. Towards those whose opinions differ from theirs, but who yet hold their sceptical principle, they are exceedingly good-tempered and complaisant, but towards those who oppose their principle, and think that considerable certainty may be obtained in Religion and Morals; i. e. towards the bigots and zealots, (as they are pleased occasionally to denominate such persons), thej lose all patience.

113

[priests.

OF THE PRIESTS.

In a^ Meaou, or Temple of Fuh. The apartment of the Superior is called i] ^t

Fang-chang. The same terra Is applied to the Superior himself. The inferiors are

""ed ^ (^ Ho-shang.

/^ ^ jpfl laou ho shang, denotes a Superior who is out of office, the Superior

holds his situation three years. "m "^ ^1^ f^ ^*"S '^'" ^" ^hdng, expresses

those who at preseut act. Of the inferiors every oue has his department particularly

specified. The j|m ^jjj Shen-sze, are those who engage in the religious rites. The persons who receive visitors at the temple, are called ^ ^^ yr gjfi Che-kih-ta-sze. Of the others, some are appointed to superintend the incense matches, and some to perform the menial offices of the institution. These temples are also called ife Sze.

THE SECT TAOU. Denominates its temples ^ Kwan, and its Superior ^ ^]jj Laou-sze, or ^^ -^ Taou-chang. The Inferiors are called ^ -^ Taou-sze; the ^ ^ |^ tb Taou-sze, marry and have families, or as they express it, Dwell amongst the fires-

THE NUNNERIES

Are called Eg *^ Gan-tang. The Superior is called ^jff ^ Tsze-tae, and the Nuns f]^ Tlfi Ne-koo. Persons wearied of a life of prostitution, who can pay for their own support, are sometimes received into these houses.

The above may be called the Established Religions of China, in as much as, they are not ordinarily molested by the Government in the performance of their usual rites. The [g| fpj ^j^ Mohamodans also are suffered to have temples, but are not allowed to make proselytes. Besides these, there are various fraternities, whose sentiments never appear, but the bond of whose union seems to be some religious observance, or an obscure Shibboleth, as the word^v' To instruct ; the things taught' is applied to them, in common with all the others. These as>ociations, are by the Government, called ^ ^ ' Religious Banditti f and their S3stems ¥K t^JT ' Depraved Ethics.' When discovered, the ring-leaders are punished, sometimes capitally, and their followers - compelled to recant.

jSl

marriage]

lU

i§m

MARRIAGE

Is preceded by an espousal which is expressed I>y |ffi| Ping. This is ratified "bj prese: ts SL;nt from the intended Bridegroom. On the d.iy of marriage, the jffr f^fj Sin-lan<^. or Bridcfrroom, undergoes the ceremony of jtn ^_ Kea-kwan, i. e. putting ou his head a cap, and pronouncing a benediction over him. The ^ i^ Sin-foo or Brule, IS expected to weep for ten evenings previous to the marriage, m "which she w often joi .ed by her sisters, from whom she is about to be sepir.ited.

The chair, presents, music, &c. which go from the Bridegroom to receive the Bride, is expressed by -^ f^ Ying tsin. At the Bridegroom's is a large assembly of friends waiting to congratulite the parties, and partake of an entertainment.

A table is prepared f..r the Bride and Bridegoom, which is called '^ ]^ fj^ Wan-faug-fan. They sit down at this and make a shew of eating together, and also ^^ ^yj\ "f exchanging cups, which seems to seal the marriage, as it is considered the must iinp.jrtiiit, and aa indispensable pirt. After the Gentlemen have dined, they are permitted ^ ^ ^^ ' To see the Bride.' When a month has elapsed, the pa- rents of the Lady visit her at Ihe house or her husband. This is called Ar ^Hwuy-tsin. For a person who has a wife and children to marry a ^ Tseg, or Concubine, is es- teemed less virtuous than to refrain from doing so. If for many years a njan has no children by his wife, it is -considered perfectly correct to take a concubine. For every additional concubine a man takes, he sinks in the scale of virtue. And Chinese Moralists have drawn out a fanciful scale of the exact degrees of virtue and vice, varying from one to tea thousand. To give a daughter to be a concubine is considered derogatory to the female, and to the dignity of the family ; hence they are generally obtained from p(rsons in an inferior condition. Men of high spirit will not give their daughters to be co:irubines to the Sovereign himself. Of course, there are always time-serving men of high rank who are not so scrupulous.

5^ ^ FUNERALS.

When a Parent dies, a messenger is sent i^U W- to announce it to all the rela- tions. On each side of the door are fjx p J jQ pasted up pieces of vfhite paper ;

115

[^FUNERALS.

white being the colour of mourning in China. Wjalt'iy fiim'.lies place a boarJ at the door, on which is written ■=lv '^' a statement of the deceiscd jjcrson's nam?, ag\ &c.

The children and grand-children of the deceased, sit on the ground arouii the corpse, weeping, clothed in white, and a white ba.id ige roui.d their heads. Tiiis is called M^ ^j& Show sang. The friends of the deceased come with pieces of white cloth or silk, the s.ze of a coverlid, ^ ;A J^ ^ ^ which they lay over the corpse, and which is denominated ^g ijt Poo pe.

The -^ -^ eldest son takes an earthen bowl in his hands, and puts into it two ^m ^§ small copper coins. His friends then support him by the arms, a:id he proceeds weeping with the bowl in his hands, to the ditch which surrounds the city, or to tlie well at the gate of avillige, and takes from thence a little water in his bowl. The coin he throws into the stream or wi'll, and returns with the water. This is called ^¥ }nC buying water. On reaching home, the face and body of the corpse is washed with ttie water brought by the son, and then ^ isi put into the co£Sn, and 7^ placed in state ; and a tablet erected with the name uf the deceased inscril>ed on it, thus

ESS

'fe

A FATHER S TABLET. EMPEROR

ts'hing (dynasty)

THE ILI/USTRIOCS DEAD

FINISHED HIS STATE OF TRIAL.

NAME

K°HE-

CHAKG- (surname)

C B A o n

mr's, spirit's

TABLET.

!^

a mothers,

ts'hing (dynasty) deceased,

^^ COMPANION OF HER HUSBANIfe «^ CHAOU'S

I \ GATE i.HOUSE),

I.B

maiden nams. lady's,,

S P I R 1 T 'S TABLET. .

A/

* /'.'»

^ ^ Foo moo. Father and Mother, when applied to the dead, is expressed bj.

2 b

■■»■

FUNERALS.])

116

T! e tomb-stone has fjenerally the same characters written on it. The Father's wou d read thus in English: — The Tomb-stone of Mr. Chaou-k'he-chang ; the deceased who shone illustrious in his day, finished bis state of probation durinc the Dynasty Ts'hing.

The Mother's thus, *— The Tomb-stone of Mrs. Chaou, whose maiden name was Le. The companion of her husband, and pattern of his virtues. Died during the Dynasty Ts'liin<^.

When placed in rnoms, the word Tomb-stone must be rendered Tiiblet It is first written on paper, which is burnt, and its place supplied with wood. Before the tablet incense isli;ihted up, and the children 00 -j^ ^ ,^v during the first seven days, prostrate tbtnis^lves every morning before it.

— -. Xl iT) M-l After three times seven days, the funeral procession takes place, attended by the children, wife, concubines and friends. The relations weep aloud. The tablet is carried in a sedan-chair, placed at the head of the grave, oblations offered and prostrations again performed.

After interment, [p] ^- they bring back the tablet, and place before it whole roasted

pigs, zl 44. *"" JO^ i4 three or five kinds of dressed animal food, f nils, and pastry, they agam prostrate themselves; a, d for-|^ -^ seven times seven days, at morning and evening, present oblations and m-tke prostrations.

The first seven days of mourning, are by some extended to seven weeks. And with the rich, the period of interment is sometimes deferred many years. ^ ^ ' Send a treasury," expresses erecting rooms ofpaper ; burning them ; and so passing them to the invisible stjie for the use of the deceased.

/t^ Kr.ou, Father, rnd ^J:} Pe, Mother. These are the Tomb-stones of Canton Province. In the interior they vary in their form ai d inscription.

* Tablets are not erected for unmiirried children. ^ y^ Mae-shwiiy cannot be performed but by the eldest son living; or ihe eldest sons son in preference to the second son. Whoever brings the water, is entitlidto a double share of the property. When neither children nor grand-children are in life, cousins, or those next in kin '^ 71^ buy the water and ipherit the property.

I{

117

[diagrams.

A 1^

THE PA-QUA OF THE ^

H

IB

YIH-KING.

H a-

c

t4

o

o

O 3

fS 3.

o

0

V^

OS

^

D

ST

a* p

3

sr a o

B

^

fi'

^nr

tp

s

J L

gjim

p^

^

III

II

II

I

,H|I

gf

III-

DIAGRAMS.]

118

The Eight Diagrams were drawn, !t is said, hy the far-famed /jr ^ Fiih-hp. They were analysed by a person named )^j Ch..w, of the dynasty '-J^^ ?ung. He intro. duccd the Circle, to which he aiplied the words Tae-keih, the extreme limit ; ciiaos, or primitive existence; unity. On the division of unjly, a line — — — — . became two , and thus existed an odd and an even number. The One was i^^ Yang, and

the Two 1^ Yin, the same as is represented by the -M ^ Ho-too, and ^ ^ luj,. shoo, or the odd and even digits placed so as to ra; ke Ten every way. Which fi.'ure was^ obtained by Fiih-he, from the back of a tortoise. It is thus represented. *

With the lines, one vKote and the othf-r divided, or an odd and an even nnniber, by placing on each, first a whole ard then a divided line, ihe pi ^Szs-se . gare pro- duced. Thus, on the whole lii;e place a lii.t then on the whole hue place a

a divided line . Keit on the divided line place a .. line ; and finallv

on the divided li..e place a divided line ZZTZT, they arc the Sze-sean<^.

By proceeding according to the s. me rule, i.e. by placing on each of these, firsts whole line, and then a divided In.e, the /\ ^. Pa-kwa are produced. In the Yih-

* This is the most approved method of represefctii,g the ^ §■ luh^hoo,

m

^li

119

(^DllGRAMS,

kin? they are carried to six lines on each other, which makes Sixty-four Kwa, to each of which a name is given.

The whole of this seems to consist in REPRESENTurc; by lines a geohetricai. SERIES, WHOSE CONSTANT MtfLTif L-iER IS TWO. Carried to twenty-four lines, they are said to make 16,777,216 changes.

In the Liih-shoo, the five F.l -men's and the points of the Compass are inserted. The fifth Element i« ^ Too, which is commonly made to occupy the centre of circular ■diagrams. *

What gives these trifles such importance with the Chinese is, the helief that they represent the manifold changes which lake place in nature, and in the affairs of the world ; and wlien referred to by lot in divination, that they give previous intiraatiott of those impending changes. Thus they become a source of profit to the impostor, who knows better ; and an object of superstitious dread to the credulous mind, that is itself deceived.

♦For an account of the Five Elements, and the Theories of the Fortune-teller, Physiognomist, and others, consult Morrisons Chinese Dictionary, under the character ^L ^<>°' P^ge 48, compared with ^ K'hih, page 238.

Esg

m

H

CONCLUSION.]

im

CONCLUSION.

From the above dry detail of Names and Terms, the Reader must not expect to. find, what the Writer did not mean to gi^e. It is intended for the assistance of the Chinese Student, and not for the amusement of the general Scholar. *

It has often been remarked, that to teach Language, whether viva voce, or by Grammars and Dictionaries, is the humblest of all literary undertakings, and perhaps

mi)st irksome. The labour is useful and necessary, and must therefore be sub-

ed to. To teach the a, b, c, to spell, and to define single words, cannot, from the nature of things, be entertaining.

It IS scarcely possible for a person in Europe, without a Chinese Assistant, to study the Language with success. Perhaps the following course may be the best for any one about to acquire the Language.

Begin with one of the works of Fiction, called /J\ g-ft Seaou shwo, 'Small talk.' They are not all colloquial. The ^^ ^ ^ ' Happy Courtship,' translated into English under the title of ' The Pleasing History,' is colloquial. The,.^jl :M ^ ' Dreams ot the Red Chamber,' in the Dialect of Peking, is 'also so. In attemptiiig to read these, the lines of Poetry at the commencement of each section will be found too dilScult for a beginner. All descriptions of person's dress; of houses; the words of inscriptions above doors, and in rooms, which inscriptions are called S j^ Peen-g'ih,

difficult. Also sentences contained on rolls of paper, called ^ij" — £- Tuy-tsze, or I Tuy-lijen, are generally unintelligible, without a large share of what may be

* The Author is informed, that the Rev. W. Milne, of Malacca, designs to publish an . Account of Chinese Customs and Opinions, more calculated for the general Reader than , \h'is work.

are

aaM

121

[conclusion.

called the Classical Literature of the Chinese. Thej hare often an allusion to persons, places or events, which cannot be perceived, but by those who are acquainted with the tales of other times. What the persons, mentioned in the oarratiwe, did and said, will generally be found easy.

In connexion with these books, the Student will find considerable assistance from the ^ |M ^ gjlj -^ Shing-yu-kwang-heun-choo. The Q ^ Pih-wan, or text of this book, is an Imperial production, and is in the style of a(' Ef fine writing. To each section there is a colloquial paraphrase by an officer of rank.

The Student may next advance to the works of Confucius ; J^ Ml ^ Sxe- shoo^hoo, or PQ ^ /A»- |^ Sze shoo-ho-keang, where, in the Commentary, he will find much concise and perspicuons definition.

The best copy of the older Classics called J[ &'^ Woo-king, is that by Imperial authority, entitled ^ ^ 5. ^ '@ ^ The Commentary in this work, is in a lucid and good style. Having gone through these latter books, the Chinese give themselves up to general reading.

An European can have little motive to e«ter on the study of Chinese ; or at least, cm scarcely have motive sufficiently strong to carry him successfully through. Abstract Science, or the Fine Arts can learn nothing from China ; and perhaps as much is already known, as can be known, to aid the general Philosopher in his reasonings. Her His- tory will not bear out the fond expectations of the opposers of Christianity, in dis- proving the Jewish and Christian Scriptures; nor can the friend of Christianity obtain any useful addition to his Religion or Code of Morals from her Sages.

la China there is fliuch to blame, and perhaps something from which to learn. A •good Writer » has remarked that the Christian Spirit is very dilFerentfrom what oaay be called the heroic spirit ; it is of a more tame, gentle, and submissive cast. It is matter of regret how little, in this particular, it has moulded the public feeling of Europe, and how much we yet overvalue a high proud spirit, with a bold disregard ofcon- ■cequences, and prefer it to a rational, meek, unaspiring and Isimble spirit. N'othing cai> l)e-more unchristian than the stern resentment of insults cherished by Europeans.

■* Archdeacon Paler

conclusion]

123

The Chinese teach contempt of the rude, instead of fighting with them. And tte man T^ho unreasonably insults another, has public opinion against him, whilst he who bears and despises the affront, is esteemed.

The Chinese are fond of appealing to reason. Thej have their ^ M. '^ A. Men of a high spirited sense of right, and who manifest a bold adherence to it, but still such characters are at' great pains to shew that reason is on their side. They have no con- ception of th.:,t sullen notion of honor, that would lead a man to prefer being shot, or shooting somebody dse, rather than explain and prove the truth and reasonable- ness of his words and actions-

Even the Government is at the utmost pain* to maie it appear to the people, that its conduct is reasonable and benevolent on ail occasions. They have found by the experience of many ages that it is necessary. To make out the argument, they are not ni«e about a strict adherence to truth.; nor are their reasons or premises such that Europeans would generally admit : but granting liem their own premisesand statement oH facts, they never fail to prove that those whom they oppose are completely in the ■wrong. A Chinese would stand and reason with a man, when an Englishman would knock him dovin, or an Italian stab him. It is needless to gay which is the more rational mode of proceeding.

Were the religious and noorai writings of Europeans considered by a person livin"- in China, as a faithful delineation of their character, how much would he be mistaken. And on the other hand, if he formed his xjpinion fr(*i the follies and vices recorded in the daily Papers, whilst he would form a .quite «.pposite opinion, it would he equally unfair. We should guard against ji]df];ing of the whde by a part only. The European Student must not consider what the Chinese teach, and what they do, as always the same. Their moral maxims arc its inefiecfual in regulating their hearts and conduct, as the moral masims of Christendom are with res'pect to Europeans. This, knowing what is right, and doing what is wrong, can be accounted for only on the principle that human nature is dejH-aved, or fallen from its original purity and j-ectitude.

The Millions of China, whom', on principle, we must recognise as children of

L

123

[[CONCLOSION.

•the same Almighty Father, (for God hath made of one blood all nations of men) are rendered by the strong arm of power, exerted by the Magistrate, the Parent or Guardian, more afraid of telling truth than Europeans. They are vastly prone to prevaricate, to deceive, to lie. Superstition and Idolatry usurp the place of true Religion; and, Chinese, like the rest of mankind, are inclined to be satisfied with external observances, instead of Religious and Moral Rectitude.

The aflEairs of Europe are of comparatively no importance whatever to China ; and on the other hand, the afiairs of China do not much concern Europeans. There exists mutual indiflFerence.

The Greeks and Romans were the ancestors of Europeans. The scenes of their battles; the situation and antiquities of their cities; the birthplace of their Poets, Historians, Legislators, and Orators, all possess an acquired interest in the minds of those whose education has led them to an early acquaintance with tbem. But it would be difficult for a Chinese of the best talents and education, to acquire in the years of manhood, a similar interest.

The Chinese also can point out the scenes of battles where thousands fought and died; the situation of splendid courts; the tombs of Monarchs ; the abodes of Histo- rians, Moralists and Poets, whose memory is dear to them, and which interest their hearts in the antiquities of their fathers. But what they look on with interest and pleasure, can certainly have few charms for a foreigner, who is excluded from their families, and passed from Peking to Canton in a boat, under military escort. Still from this to deny that the country does not possess any of the charms of Europe, does not seem a fair conclusion. If the reality of things is to be judged of by the feelings of the inhabitants of a country, every region of the world, and every state of society, would in its turn assume the place of high superiority. Europe, which is the most scientific portion of the gtobe, is not yet free from selfish and narrow prejudices ; and to a person placed on the Eastern verge of the Asiatic Continent, who hears little of the nations of Europe, but the distant rumour of their perpetual wars, with all tjieir advantages, they appear still as rancorous against each other, as if they possessed no great principles of equity and justice to appeal to, or were too selfish and barbarous to

do so.

s2

CONCLUSION.]]

124

There are certainly not many things in which the Chinese are worthy of iraitatio« ;- there is, however, one benevolent cause, whichaChine.se would never think of oppos- ing, but which has yet to struggle with much unreasonable opposiiio^ in modern Europe, viz. that of making education as general as possible, and giving to Moral Science a decided preference to Physicjil Science, in the education of youth. Tq honor virtue more than talent. It is paiiifut to hear a smattering of astronomy and •Geo- graphy, together with a Kttle music, drawing, and dancing, which can be of very little use in the regulation of the heart and Kfe, considered of great value, whilst instructioo. in Relative and Religious Duties, on which depend the peace and happiness of families-, and of nations, is lightly esteemed. To utter a moraf or religious sentiment any where but in the pu^)it is, esteemed perfectly insuflFctable. Every, benevolent Engtisbmao must wishv to see the reasoning faculty more called into exercise, than it generally, is amongst the poor of his own country, and to hear Duty to Parents, with a Rational, and Religious Self-controul, quite as much honored in general conversation as tbos* attainments and accomplishments, which may co,nfer, elegance on a dwellintf, and "-iv* grace to a person, but which have no influence on the Springs of Human Action, morally considered, nor feed the Sources of real heart-felt Human Bliss.

The Writer, however, means not to insinuate, that in morals we are inferior to the Chinese; he believes the fact to be very far the reverse. Their advantages indeed have not been equal to ours; and our public morals are still greatly below what our acknowledged standards require. As, 'Fas est ab hoste doceri,' so probably in •ome things, nations denominated Christian, may yet learn from Heathens. As Confuciuf taught, our dislike of a man's vices should never be carried to such a height, as to make us blind to what is really good about hira.

The good traits in the Chinese character, amongst themselves, are Mildness and Urbanity;, a wish to shew that there conduct is reasonable, and generally a wilUngnes. to yield to what appears so; Docility ^ Industry ; Subordination of Juniors; Respect for the Aged, and for Parents; acknowledging the claims of poor kindred : these ar« the virtues of public opinion, which, of course, are, in particular cases, often mor« shew than reality. For on the other hand, the Chinese are Specious, but Insincere,

1

125

CONCLUSION.

Jealous. Envious, and Distrustful to a hii;h degree. There (s arnor.cjst tL.-in a C(j:;sidcr- able prevaleuce of scei;ticisir. ; of a .^adUiceau, and raihor Alheibticm sp'iiljaiid tiioir conduct is very generally such as one would natur.iliy expi'ct from a- [jco[>la vtbose minds feel, not that sense of Divine Authority, nor that reverence fw the Diviiic Majesty and Goodness, vrhich in Sacred Scripture is dononilnated the ' Fear of God.' Conscience has few checks but the laws of the laud ; and a little frigid ratiocination, on the fitness and propriety of things, which is not generally found eflectual to restrain, when the selfish and vicious propensities of our nature, may be indulged with present impunity. The Chinese are generally selfish, cold-blooded, and inhumane.

Perhaps the behaviourof no people amongst themselves, and towards Foreigners . is exactly the same. With the Chinese it is exceedingly difil;rent. When interest or fear do not dictate a different course, they are to Strangers, haughty, insolent, fraudulent and inhospitable. A. Merchant will ILitter a foreign devil (as they express it), when he has something to gain from him; then be can be servile enough; par- ticularly if he is not seen by his own countrymen; for the presence of. a menial servant of his own nation, will make him more on his guard in yielding his fancied superiority. Europeans are secluded from general . intercourse with natives of difierent ranks; which aSbrds great, facilities. to Merchants and native domestics, to combine and impose upon them, which they usually do. Few instances of gratitude •r attachment have ever occurred on the part of servants to their European Masteri... The Chinese study to get the better of those with whom they have to contend, by bringing the other party. into a dilemma, like the king in. Chess^ who is reduced to check- mate;.and they , become apprehensive, when their opponents maintain calmness and . an apparent indifference ; they remember their own maxim, ' He that has reason oa his side, nerd not talk loudly.'

Love to. one's own country is perfectly compatible with benevolent feelings to all mankind; and. the prosperity of this nation, with the prosperity of that. It seems quite a mistake to think that attachment to one's own People is manifested by a vio- lent dislike of others. Will the day ever come when the various Tribes of men

shall live together as Brothers? When they shall not hurl, nor destroy each other any.

IPPVPii

CONCLUSION 3

126

more ? When Truth and Kno\rledge shall universally prevail ? let us still cherish the pleasing hope, that so desirable a state of societ; will finally exist, and whilst cherishing this hope, every serious mind will readily join in the King of Israel's Prayer to the Almighty, O God, " let thy ways be known upon the Earth, and thy saving health amongst ali. nations."

\

THE END

^

I N D E X

ABORIGINES, Chinese not the, pageS2.

Meaou-lsze, probably theAboriginef ,

page 5T. Abraham, page 59. ,

Alexander the Great, page 46 Alexandrian Library, 49. Alfred the Great, 33. Ambassador to Arabia, 79. From Shu-

shan to China, p. 70. Frpm India tc

China, 84. Amour river, 71. Anecdotes of the origin of the ManchoTv

race, 10, 11. Antiquities (very high) not credible, 59,

160. Arabia or Egypt (diips from), 45. Arabia

Felix, 79, 86. Aristotle, 49.

Asia (dentral), called Se-yih, 6i: Atrocities of Tsuen-chung, 28, 29,30. Astronomical Board, 9.1 . '

Ava, 85.

B

Bay of Bengal, how expressed, p. 86. Bengal, p. 83-

Blood, wind appeared like showers of, 39 Boards of Controul (six) at Peking, 89. Books, ancient, imperfect ; spurious, 5T.

None extant, written previously

to the compilations of Confucius, 57

Books burnt, 47. First bound np in

leaves, 35. Boj«eo, a peopleon, 8S. Biiddism introduced to China, 39, 84. Buddah, birth-day of, a festival, 106. Buttons or globes, worn to distinguish

rank, 97 — 100.

C hard in Chinese names, see K. Canibodgia, 85. Canal, Chinese great, i?, 18. Canton Province, see Kwang-tung, 68

Canton city first walled in, 25. Capital of the Empire, see Metropolis. Caps and garments first made, 59. Caractacus, 45. Cards, visiting, its origin, 52. Red paper

wen first used, 18. Carthage founded, 51. Cashgur, 77. Censors, 91. Ceres of China, 110. Ceylon, 85.

Cha-ha-urh, name of a place, 73. Cha-lae-tih, name of a place, 72. Cha-loo-tih, name of a place, 72. Chairs to sit on, 37. Chang-ho, Imperial title, 44. Chang-king, Imperial title, 32. Chang-sha-foo, capital of Honan, 67.

'^^T^^^smiff^

INDEX.]

Chang-tc, an Emperor, 44. Chang-woo, an Imperial title, 44 Chang-yuen-heo-sze, President of the

Haii-lin College, 88. Chaou-lee-le, an Emperor, 40. Ch;iou-seen, or Corea, 80. Chaou-seuen, an Emperor, 32. Chaou-le, an Emperor, 46. Chaou-tsnng, an Emperor, 32. Chaou-wang, a king, 50.

128

proceedings are reasonable, p 122- China and Europe mutually indif- ferent to each other, 123.

Ching-shing, Imperial title, 36.

Ching-te, Emperor, 38, 46.

Chin Dynasty, 36.

Chih-te, an Emperor, 44.

Ching-wang, a king, 50.

Chi ig-hwa. Imperial title, 19.

Ching-tsung, an Emperor, 16.

Character of Tartars and Chinese, in th«5 Ching-t'hung, an Emperor, 12.

close of the Han Dynasty, 43 Che-ta, Imperial title, 16. Che-hwang-te, who burnt the bookt, 48 Che-ho, Imperial title, 16, 22. Che-krang Province, .. Chen-kwo, the Belligerent states, 48. Chen-sze-foo, (91, called Kw8-tsze-keen)

Controllers of the Princes' household

S8. Che-ping, Imperial title, 22. Che-taou, Imperial title, 32. Che-tsang, Iraperal title, 20. Ch'hoo-p'hing, Imperial title, 44. Chih-le, or Province of Peking, 84. China sea how called, 86. Ching-hing, Imperial title, 26. Ching-ho, Imperial title, 20. Ching-kwang, Imperial title, 34. Ching ming, Imperial title, 26, 36.

Ching-tsung, an Emperor, 22. Ching-tih, Imperial title, 12. Ching-tsoo, an Emperor, 12. Ching-yuen, Imperial title, 32. Chin kiS-urh, 5, 76, 78. Ching-ling-wang, a king, 48. Ching-too-foo, capital district of S«e- chuen ProTince, 69.

Choo-foo-tsze, commentator on the Four Books, 23. Begins his history, 58. Choo-yuen, an Imperial title, 56. Chop sticks (irory), 53. Chow-wang, or Chow-sin, 53. Chow-wang, or Fung-cbow-wang, 41. Chow Dynasty, 48. Chung-ho, Imperial title, 32, 20 Chung-hing, Imperial tide, 38. Chong-kang, a king, 56. Chung-p'hing, Imperial title, 44. Chung-tsang, 73.

Chinese haTe undergone great changes,6l

\ot opposed to. general education Chun-te, an Emperor, 44.

124. Chung-tsing, an Emperor, 34.

China, called Che-na in India, perhaps Chung-yuen, Imperial title, 44, 64.

the name fiom Ihence derived to Chuen-kiih-kaou-yang-she, 56.

Europe, 84. Division of Territory Chwang-le6, an Emperor, 12,

• 1. Not much to be Jearned from. Chwang-tsung, an Emperor, 26

Her history will not disprove the Coblai, grandson of Zenghisk'han 16.

Sacred Scriptures, pRge 121. The Cochinchina, 60.

»^overnn.cnt triss to shew that it<i College of the Hau-lin, 83.

I

129

^INDEX.

Colao, 88.

Gomel, 39.

ConinicTce, foreign, at Canton stopped, 18.

Confucius born, 49. '

Constantinoyle made the Capital, 39.

Concubine's son, cannot inherit to the prejudice of the wife's son, 53. Concubinage not compatible with strict virfue, 114..

Constantine, 42..

Constellations, 102..

Corea, 80.

Cossacks, 78.

Cotton Cloth when first made,. 21.

Countenances of Europeans remarkable to the Chinese, 80.

Cruelties of Tsuen-ching, a Chinese Ge- neral, 29. 30. Of Chow-wang,. 53.

Customs, Commissioner of, 94.

Cycle of Sixty-years, 3.

when formed, 57,58.

Cyrus, 49.

Day and night divided into twelre por- tions, 47. Debaucheries of Chow-wang, 53, 54. Dedication of Idols, 1 1 1, 1 17. Decades, 104. Degrees of Rank, 97, 101.

Delhi, 79.

Deluge, Chinese time of, 56.

Demosthenes, 49.

Desert of Sha-mO, 7.

Diagrams called Pa-kwa, 117.

Districts, how divided, 70.

•^^-^—— called Foo, ofiBcers in ; called

Chow, officers in; called Been,

officers in, 93, 94.

Dragon-boat, a kind of holyday time

106. Dress of the head, men and women both

used flowers^ 51, Dutch, 80.

Earthquakes, how many noticed in

Chinese history, 39. Eastern Ocean, 16. Eclipse predicted, did not occur, 25. E-he, an Imperial title, 38. E-ho, an Imperial title, 20. E-le, seal of Chiaese Government in

Central Asia, 62; mentioned, 71.

Population, 76. Eleuths, 73,75.

Embassador from China to Cambodjia, 37. £-ming, an Imperial title, 36. Emperor, how denominated, 87. Empire first united under one Monarch,

47. How divided at present, 61. English, 6, 80:

Epitaph of Chinese Sovereigns, 41. Era, Christian, introduced, 37. Espousal, 115- E-teih first made wine, 56. E-tsze-tsing, an Emperor, 32, Euclid, 49.

Eulogies, posthumous in fashion, 39. Eunuchs murdered, 29. Europe, a term for, 81 ; now denotes the -

Portuguese. £-wang, a king, 50, two names so pro- nounced. Examination, Public, for literarj honors,

101.

Fabulous period, entirely so in Chinese history, 58.

^•^

■qn

ISHI

m

mf^^^ I

INDEX.]

ISO

Faith, defender of, 74.

Famine, seven vears of, in China, 55.

Families averaj^e five or six persons, 77.

Feast of lanterns commenced, 33.

Fei-te, an emperor, 26.

Fifth day of the filth moon an unlucky birth-d -y, 49.

Fingers, people rut them off to avoid being enrollfd in the Militia, 24.

Fire arms taken from the Japanese inva- ders, 1 4.

Fire chariots, fire umbrellas, warlike en- gines so denominated, 13.

Fo, see Fiih,

Foe, Fo, Fiih, or Biiddah, applied to the Lama, 74. Religion ii troduced, 45.

Foot (.small) of Chinese women intro- diictd, 28.

Foreigners, those esteemed such by the Chinese, occupied the sea coast in ancient times, 52. A foreigner was the firsl Emperor of the jblow-han Dynasty, 27.

Founder of the Dynasty Tsin, a foreigner. Foreigners invittd to come, 47.

Fuh-chow-foo, capital of, 69.

Fiih, an abbreviation of Fiih-too, i. e. Boodoo, or Buddah, 74.

Fiih-he, (Fo-hi), the firs civilizer of the Chinese, 38, 59.

Fiih-kiJen (Fo-kien) Province, Situation and Population, 68.

Funeral rites, observances of the 7th day for seven weeks, 37.

Gae-oo-kan, 78. Gae-te, an Emperor, 38, 46. Gan-hwuy Province, 64. Gan-king-foo, capital of Gan-hwuy, 56. Gan-nan, or Cochmchina, 80.

Gan-te, an Emperor, 38, 44.

Gaii-hang, a kin^, 48.

G.m-tseih-yen, 78.

Gaon-han, a place in Tartary, 72.

Ganges, river how called, 84.

General (famous) who invited the pre- sent Manchow-Tartars to assist a- gainst a Cliinese rebel; from which circumstance arose their conquest of China, 7. Wang-seu orders his mother to be decapitated to pre- serve discipline, 35.

Genghisk'hau, 19, i3.

Genloo, 78.

Gerghis, or Kih-urh-kih, 72, 73.

Gih-loo-iili, 75.

God of the furnace, 108. Most noted of those worshiped by the several Sects, 110.111.

Gold, rained down, 57.

Gold and silver first weighed by the Tael, 31.

Gfl-urh-shen, 15,77.

Go urhto sze, or Ortus, 72.

Government, Chinese, very regular and systematic, 62.

;; seat of, Central Asia, 62.

in Manchow Tartary, 65

H •

Hae-yu-tsung-kaou, a work on Chinese

Antiquities, 57. Hail stoi.es, 39, Ha-la-sha-urh, 76. Ba-Ii, probably Delhi, 79. Hang-chow- foo, capital of ChS-keang, 67. Ha-raeih, name of a place, 76. Hami, 76. Han Dynasty, 44, 45 ; miserable end of,

41, 42. Spirited conduct of the

Emperor's sou, 41, 42.

^uutmia

ISl

^INDEX.

Han-gan, Imperial title, 44. Uan-lin-yueD, a kind of uationa.1 institute,

58. Han-iiing, Imperial title, 40. Han-ho, Imperial title, 38, Ean-kang, Imperial title, 38. Han-gan, Imperial title, 38. Han-p'hing, Imperial title, 22, Han-shun, Imperial title, 20. Han-fhung, Imperial title, 32. Hassacks, 78. Hea Dynasty, 56.

He-fung-kow, 72.

Bciiou-gae-te, an Emperor, Tfho reigned ■when Jesus died, 46.

Heaou-wang, a king, 50.

He-p'hing, Imperial title, 44,

He-tsung, Imperial title, 12.

Hiien-waiig, a king, 48.

Ii<'en-kii!g, Imperial title, 34,

Heen-tsur,g, an Emperor, 32

H.-tsung, an Emperor, 32.

He-miug, Imperial title, 22.

Hecn-tsung, an Emperor, 12.

Heaou-kiJen, Imperial title, 38.

Heaou-woo-te, Emperor, 38, occurs twice.

He;;ou-isung,an Emperor, 12, i;0. Hiicn-tili, Imperial title, 26,

HiJen-te, or Heaou-heeii-te, an Emperor, 44.

Hih-lung-kewg, the Blick Dragon River on the river Amour, 71

Hindoo Nations, 84.

Hindostan, 78, 79.

Hing-niiig, Imperial title, 38.

History added to in subsequent ages, 59, cot credible for more than 3000 odd years, 60.

Hing-p hing, Imperial title, 44. Hing-yuen, Imj-erial title, 32. c2

26.

Ho-han, 78.

Ho-nan Province, Situation and Popa

lation, 59. Hoo-nan Province, 66. Hoo-kwang Province, 66. Hoo-p.h Province, 66, Ho-ping, an Imperial title, 46. Ho-Ian, Hollanders, 80. Ho-teen, 13, 77. Ho-tun, 77. Hoo-pi-li, 16.

Hoppo, a Commissioner of Customs, 94. Ho-te, an Emperor, 44. How-yuen, Imperial title, 46. How Chow, j

Han, j ^jjg g^g j^^jg^ Dynasties,

Tsin, >■

Tang,

Leang,

How-choo, an Emp Tor, 40.

Horses licd at Wuh-chai.g, 73.

Hours, day ai.d nij^ht first divided intc- twelve portions, 47, IC4

Hang-che, Imperial title, 12.

Hung-he, Iinp-;rial title, 12.

Huug-woo, Imperial iille, 12.

Hung-kea, Imperial title, 46.

Hwan-le, au Emperor, 40.

Hwan-te, an Emperor, 44,

Hwan-wang, a kiug, 50.

Hwae-yang-wang, an Eroperor, 46.

Hwang-te, or Hwang-te-yew-heung-shCj

58. Hwan-ho, Imperial title, 46. Hwang-king, Imperial title, 16. Hwang-yew, Imperial title, 22. Hwuy-chang, Imperial title, 32, Hwuy-te, an Emperor, 12. Hwuy-tsung, an Emperor, SO. Hwuy-te, an Emperor, 40, 46.

'^m

■P

i«iB«H

mmmmmmmm

1NDEX.3

132

Idols whea introduced, 55. Increased by

the Buddists. India called T'heen,chuh, 51. Called

Yin-too, 78. Imperial city, 87. Jmperial Council- Chamber, 87. Inherit, ceremony performed to the de-

ceased by the person who inherits,

115, 116. Ink, a kind of redJead used instead .o£ Innovation, general, bad; whether from

recent to very ancient; or from

existing usages to entirely new ones,

24. Institutions of the Chinese, cannot judge

certainly of their character from

them, 63. Italy, 81.

J Japan, 82. Japanese repeatedly pillage the Chinese

coast, 14. Pillage Shan-tung, 15.

Were taken by the Chinese, and also

their (ire arms, 14. Jin-hwang-she, 58. Jin-show, Imperial title, S6. Jin-tsung, an Emperor, 16, 22. Joo-tsze-ying, an Emperor, 46. Josephus, 45.

Judea, according to Pere Ricci, 86. Julius Cssar, 45. Juvenal, 45. Juy-tsung, an Emperor, 34.

Kae-hwang, Imperial title, 86. Kae-yuen, Imperial title, 34. K'hae-ching, Imperial title, 32. Kae-paou, Imperial title, 22.

Kae-fung-foo, capital of Ho-aan Pro- vince, 67.

Kang-he, Imperial title, 4.

Kang-te, an Emperor, 38. [Should be read Tang-te.]

Kang-ting, Imperial title, 22.

Kang-che, Imperial title, 46.

Kang-tih, Imperial title, 22.

Kang-wang, a king, 50.

Kang-ning, Imperial title, 32.

Kan-hing, Imperial title, 22.

Kan-foo, Imperial title, 32.

Kan-hwa, Imperial title, 26, occurs twice.

Kan-siih Province, 66.

Kan-taou, Imperial title, 22.

Kaou-tse-tih, 72.

Kan-yew, Imperial title, 26.

Kaou-wang, a king, 48.

KaoH-te, or Tae-tsoo, an Emperor, 38.

Kaou-tsoo, an Emperor, 18, 34, 36.

Kaou-tsung, an Emperor, 34.

Kaou-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Kaou-how-leu-she, a Queen, 46.

Kaou-te, an Emperor, 46.

Kaou-tsung-shun-hwang-te, Emperor, 4.

Keang-se Province, 66.

Kea-king, Imperial title, 4.

Keen-lung, Imperial title, 4,22.

Ke-leen-shan, 76.

Ke-pin, ancient name of Hindostan, 78.

Keang-soo, or Keang-nan Province, 65.

Kea-ting. Imperial title, 20.

Keaou-che, or Tonking, 80.

Kea-tae, Imperial title, 20.

Kea-yew, Imperial title, 22.

Kea-he, Imperial title, 20.

Kea-tsing, Imperial title, 12.

Kee-wang, a king, 56.

Keen-wang, a king, 48.

KeS-wang, 56, so called, 48.

Keen-wan, Imperial title, 13.

133

[[index.

Keen-yeti, Imperial title, 20. Keen-chnng-tsing-kwB, Imperial title, 20. Keen-ching, Imperial title, 32. Keen-fung, Imperial title, 34. KeeQ-wan-te, an Emperor, 36. Keen-gan , Imperial title, 44. Keen-ning, Imperial title, 44. Kfjen-ho, Imperial title, 44. KiJen-kang, Imperial title, 44. Keen-kwaiig, Imperial title, 44. Keen-woo, Imperial title, 38, 44. (twice). Keen-yuen, Imperial title, 3S, 46. Keen-chaou, Imperial title, 46. Keen-ch'hoo, Imperial title, 44. Keen-hing, Imperial title, 40. Keen-ping, Imperial title, 44. Keu-che, Imperial title, 46. "^

Keu-jin, a literary title, how introduced,

45. K'hae-he, Imperial title, 20. K'hae-king, Ihiperial title, 20- K'hae-yun, Imperial title, 26. K'bae-ping, Imperial title, 26. Kih-urh-kih, or Gerghis, 72, 73. Kih-la-chin, 72. Kih-se-kih-tang, 72. Kth-shih-ko-urh, Cashgur, 77. Kings, ancient, 48. Kite, Paper flying of, a festival, 107. King-waiig, a king. Two persons so

called, 48. King-sze, same as Peking, or Chth-le, 64. King-wang, a king, 50. King-ning, Imperial title, 46. King-te, an Emperor, 46. King-tae, Imperial title, 12. King-ho, Imperial title, 38. King-p'hing, Imperial title, 38. King-te, an Emperor, 36. King-lung, Imperial title, 34. Xing-fiili, Imperial title, 32.

King-tsung, Imperial title, 32.

King-tih, Imperial title, 22.

King-te, an Emperor, 36

King-1(;6, Imperial title, 22.

King-ting, Imperial title, 20.

King-yen, Imperial title, 20.

Kin-tsung, an Eonperor, 20.

Kneel, doubted whether women eve: knelt as an act of obeisance, 51.

Koo-urh-klh-la-woo-soo, 76.

Koo-chay, 77.

Koo-koo-cho-urh, Elenths, 7S.

Ko-urh-chin, 72.

Ko-urh-lo-sze, 72.

Kung-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Kung-te, an Emperor, 36.

Kung-te, an Emperor, 26.

Kung-wang, a kipg, 50.

Kwang-wang, a. king, 60.

Kwang-tung Province, 68.

Kwang-chow-foo, Capital district, 69.

Kwang-se Province, Situation and Population of, 68.

Kwang-ta, Imperial title, 36.

Kwang-tih, Imperial title, 32.

Kwang-k'he, Imperial title, 32.

Kwang-ming, Imperial title, .32.

Kwang-hwa, Imperial title, 32.

Kwang-shuu, Imperial title, 26.

Kwang-tsung, an Emperor, 20, 1 2.

Kwei-lin-foo, Capital of Kwang-se, 69.

Kwei-chow Province, Situation and Po- pulation of, 70.

Kwei-yang-foo, the Capital of Kwei-chow Province, 71.

Kwei-hwa-ching, 72.

Kw3-haou, What, 2 ; when begun, 46.

Ladies, appellations of, according to their different Ranks, 97,100.

>..^,..j..uu»,mip

INDEX.]

134

Lama, presents and titles given to, "li.

died at Peking, 75.

Dclai, 74, deceased how expressed,

74.

Lanterns, the feast of commenced, 35,

time of, 105. Lan-cliow-foo, Capital ofKan-siih Pro- Luzon, 82

vince, 67. Language difficult without a knowledge of the cusloms, 1. Mode of com- mencing tiie Chinese Language, 120. Laou-seen sang, a term of respect when

introduced, 37. Laou-tsze, founder of a Chinese Sect, 49. L issa, 73,74.

L ;res, birth day of, a Festival, 105. Le, Chinese luud measure, 61. L.-aou-tung, Tartars, 19. LiJe-wang, a king, 48. Le-wang, two kings so named, 50, Learning, flourished under the Dynasties

Tang and Sung, 35. LiJe-kwo, ' Constituted States,' a phrase

Lung-ho, Imperial title, 38. Lui g-gan. Imperial title, 33. Luiig-ke, Imperial title, 32. Lung-so, Imperial title, 34. Lung-king, Imperial title, 12. Lung-kiug, Imperial title, 20.

M

Macao, time of building the barrier, 13. Isthmus at the Barrier, name of, 13. Foreign European -vessels first come to, 14.

Magpie, -venerated by the Tartars, 1 1 .

Maou-ming-gan, 72.

Mahomet, see Mohamed.

Malacca, name of a place, 86-

Manilla, name of a place, 83.

Marco Paulo, 21.

Mars of China, 1 10.

Meaou-haou, or titles of Emperors con- ferred after death, 2.

applied to the various states which Mer.cius, 49.

constituted the Empire of Chovr, 48. Leang Dynasty, 36. First Emperor, 28. Lekyo, or Lew-kew, Islands, 80. Le-tsung, an Emperor, 20. Ling-wang, a king, 48. Ling-te, an Etnperor, 44. Ling-hae-wang, an Emperor, 36. Lin-tih, Imperial title, 34. Literary examinations when instituted 35. Titles Chwang-yuen and Mun-sang, when introduced, 33. Object of, 101. Litt-r.iry degrees otrank, 102, perso s excluded from, 101. Lii-kwo, 'The happy nation,' Arabia

Felix, 79. Longinus, 42. Lo yang, the Capital at Hu-nan, 45.

MLtropolis of the Empire in Ho-nan Pro- vince, 23, 52, in Keaiig-nan, 42.

Meteors, extraordinary, 35.

Medical Board, 91.

Militia, a kind of, 24.

Ming Dynasty, 12.

Min-te, an Emperor, 26.

Ming-tsurg, an Emperor, 16, 26.

Ming-jin-tsung, an Emperor, 12.

Military ofBcrs n a Province, 95.

Ming-le, an Emperor, 38, occurs twice-

Mohamed, Chinese Ma-hii-mo-tib, 79.

Moon, observance of the new and full, introduced, 37. Harvest festival, 107.

Moluccas, 83.

Months how naraid, 103.

Moral writings, the actual characters of a

I

135

{^INDEX.

people cannot be known from Ihera,

192. Mother, the sicred, a goddess, 111. Mo-vanp:, a kins, 50. Mountains, f'llinf;, 3'> ; mountains of

Cciitral A-ia, call8d Tsunj;-iing, 77. Muh chanij, 73. Miihte, an Emperor, 26, 38. Miing-koo Tribes, who h-ive Ion» been

dependant on the Tshing Dynasty,

72. Mun-p--»e, list of persons in a family.

Hung up at the duor, Population

easily taken from it, 63. Miih-tsung, an Emperor, 32,12. Mythology, Chinese, not indecent, 112.

■ N

Nae-man, 72.

Nails of the fingers coloured red by Mohamedan women, 21.

Names abbreviated by the Chinese, 74.

Name sacred, 51.

Nan-chang-foo, Capital of Keang-se Pro- vince.

Nan-wang, a king, 48.

Nebuchadnezzar, 49.

Ne-poo-tsoo, 16, 77.

Neptune of China, 20.

Neu-wo-she, a fabulous personage, said to have melted stones and repaired the heavens.

New-year's day, 103.

Ning-kang, Imperial title, 38.

Ning-tsung, an Emperor, 20.

Nobility, Tartar titles of, 7.

Nuns, 113.

Nunneries, 1 13.

Officers of Government, how Chosen, 45,

of a Province, Civil, 92. Military,

95 At the Capital, 87,92. 0 k'h-soo, 9,77. O-pa-ha-na-urh, 72. 0-loo-t!ie, 0-pa-kae, 72. Opprobrious language early used by the

Chinese, 55. Origen, a father of the Church, 45. 0-roo-ko-urh-chin, name of a place in

Tartary, 72. Ortous, or Go-urh-to-sze, 72.

Pae, 77.

Pa-llh-te, 79.

Pa-lin, 72.

Pa-le-kwang, 42,77.

Paper money burnt at funerals, 42.

Pa pa-ta, 77.

Parriside, instance of, 31.

Pa-seen, or eight Genii, story of, when

originated, 18. Pa-ta-kih Mountain, 78. Paou-leih, Imperial title, 32. Paou-yew, Imperial title, 20. Paou-y ing, Imperial title, 32. Pearls prohibited at Canton, 23. First

entered China, 47. Peth-chen, 76. Penates, 111. Peking, first made the residence of the

Court, 14. Situation of, 64. Pencils, hair, invented, 47. Pe-kan, a famous censor who lost his life

for remonstrating with the king

Chow, 54. P'hing-te, an Emperor, 46. Pih-too-nah, 14, 77. .,

Ping-wang, a king, 50.

PIPBP

mm

INDEX. J

136

Pirate, famous ia the time of Kang-he, 7.

Pliny, 45.

Plutarch, 45.

Poo-ha-urh, 79.

Po-lo-urh, 78.

Poo-loo lib, a place in Western Tartary,

77, 78. Poo-ta-la Temple, 74. Population in the time of the Emperor

Kang-he, 7. A. D. 1394, 15. Whole popu- lation about A. D. 1790,71.

■ In the middle of the 3d century.

Of western dominions, 76.

Powder, gun, invention of, 21.

Portugueze, 81.

Prayer always practiced by the Chineso

55. Presents to the Emperor of China from

Foreign nations, how to be under- stood, 62. Presidents of the Han-lin College, 88. Priest, Chinese, travelled in India, 27. Priests of Fiih, and of Taou, what called.

113. Principalities, 36, 47. Printing first introduced to the notice of

Government, 27. Princesses first given in Marriage by the

Chinese to the Tartars, 42, 43. Profligacy, atrocious, punished in this

life, 54, Prime Minister, 88, Prisoners, principal, take* in vwr put to

death, S3, Privileges of Rank, 101, Ptolemy Soter, 49,

Punishments, cruel, invented by a Queen, 54,

Purgatory, festival of, deliverance from, 106,

Pwan-koo, who separated the heaveis.

from the earth, 58. Pythagoras, 49,

ft

Q,uang-tung, Quei-chow, &c. for the initial Qu, in the names of Chinese places see, Kw.

Queeu of heaven, a Goddess, 110.

R

Rank, not regarded in the commence, ment of the Ming Dynasty, 13. The Nine Ranks, 97, 100, are really but three, 101. Privileges of may be purchased, 101. Persons excluded from Literary degrees of Rank, 102.

Religions, the three established, 110, 113.

Ricci, Matthew, SO, 85, 86.

Rome founded, 51, taken byAlaric, 39.

Romans withdraw their troops from Britain, 39.

Russia, Chinese dominions extend to, 62, 76. Included amongst the Tributary nations, 81. Had a school or Col- lege at Peking, 82.

Sabbath, conjecture respecting, 52, No- ticed, 79.

Sacrifices at tombs, not offered in ancient times.

Salique law passed, 41.

Sae-la-miih, 76.

Samarcaiid, mention made of, 62, 79.

San-kwO, the three Kingdoms, 44, 45.

Saxons establish themselves in Kent, 37.

Sawing asunder, punishment inflicted, 33.

Screen or limit on the west, 77-

iiiiii

137

INDEX.

Seal Character framed by Chow, 51. Sedan chairs, 51.

Seats (none) People sat on the ground, 51. Schools opened, 37. Seuen-tib, Imperial title, 12. Seasons, four, 104.

Se-gan-foo, capital of Shen-se Province,67, Septaagint translation, 49. Seun-te, an Emperor, 36, 46. Seuen-wang, a king, 50. Se-tsang, Thibet, 73. Se-yang, Europe, 80. Seuen-tsung, Imperial title, 38, 12. Seuh-shan, Snow-hill, 76. Sew-tsae, a Literary title 1st introduced 48 Sha-mu Desert mentioned, ^62. Sha-ya-urh, 77. Shan-se Province, 64. Shang-te, an Emperor, 44. Shang-tuug Province, 64. Shaou-hao«-kin-t'heen-she, 56. Shaiig-yuen, Imperial title, 32. Shaou-kang, a king, 56. Shaou-tae, Imperial title, 36. Sbaou-te, an Emperor, 38. Shaou-shing, Imperial title, 20. Shaou-hing, Imperial title, 20. Shaou-he, Imperial title, 20. Sha-mun Priests go to India, 84. Shaou-ting, Imperial title, 20. Shaving the head required by the Tar- tars on pain of death, 6. She-tsoo, an Emperor, 16. Shen-se Province, 66. She-tsung, an Emperor, 12. She-tsuug-keen-h-waiig-te, an Emperor, 4. She-tsung, an Emptror, 26. She-tsoo-chang-hwang, an Emperor, 4, She-tsoo, 16.

She-tsoo, or Kwang-woo, an Emperor, 44. Shen-tsoo-jin-hwang-te, 4.

V

Shepherds, wandering, leave no mouu.

ments, 71. Shin.nung, an ancient Emperor, 58. Shin-tsing-wang, a king, 48. Shin-tsoo-jin-hwang-te, an Emperor, 4. Shin-tsung, aa Emperor, 12. Shin-lung, Imperial title, 34. Shin-tsung, Imperial title, 22. Shing-kiug, Capital of Man-chow, Hi. Shing-p'hing, Imperial title, 3S. Sliiug-niiig, Imperial title, 38. Sbushan, 79. Shun-tsung, 16. Shun-yew, Imperial title, 20. Shuu-tsung, an Emperor, 16. SJiuu-clie, Imperial title, 12, Shun-te, 16,

Shun-hwa, Imperial title, 22, Shun-te, an Emperor, 16,38,41, Shun-he, Imperial title, 20. Shuu-tsung, an Emperor, 32, Shiih, one of the Three Kingdoms, 44, Siam, 80. Silk, 57,

Small pox, guardian goddess. 111. Snow mountains. Snow, water procured

from, 76 Soolo, of the Philipiue Isles, 81. Soo-ne-tih, 72. Socrates, 49. ^olon, 49. Solomon, lays the foundation of the

Temple, 5. Soomatra, 85.

Solstice, winter, a holy day, 108. Sparrow-kii, nickname ol an Emperor. Spelling of Tartar words, by Chinese

characters, 62, Spam, 81, S2, Spirits, malevolent, stories respectmg

them, 35.

W^W-

IN

DE\.]

1J8

Spiritsof the Hills, Rivers, &c 110,

Spring:, ceremony at the ialroJuctiua of, 103, 108, 109.

Spring, s lit water, 6.

Spurious, Chinese Classics, 56,

Stamp duty in China, 39.

Standards of the Tartars, 65,

Stars fiilliiig, 35, Baleful influence avoid- ed, 35,

^talistical work, name of, 61,

Stools first invented, 45.

Storms of rain and hail, destructive, 39.

Saltan, 79,

Sun, spot in, 39,

Siih-tsung, an Emperor, 32.

Sung Dynasty, 20, 21,22. Miserable end of, 25,

Superstition, dread of the phcHomena of nature, 39,

Sauday, Character in the Chinese Alman- ack which corresponds to. Chinese observe none, 103,

Supreme Government, 8T,

Sung-chaou, or Pih-sung-chaou, 48,

Suy Dynasty, 36,

Sze-chuen Province, 6s. ■=

Sze-shing, Imperial title, 34.

Sze-tsze-poo-ioh, 72,

Ta-chung-tseang-foo, Imperial title, 22. Ta-chung, Imperial title, 32, Tae-kang, a king, 36, Tae-haou-fuh-he-she, 50, Tae-yucn-foo, Capital district of Shan-se,

65, Tae-che, Imperial title, 40, Taekang, Imperial title, 40, Tae-she, Imperial title, 40, Tae-tsung-wan-hwang-te, an Emperor, 8. Tae-ning, Imperial title, 3S,

Tae-yuen, Imperial titlj, 3S, Tae-ho, linpcri 1 lille, 3i, 33, Tai-ning, Imprial title, 33, Tae-ihe, Inipnral tUI-, 33 Tae-yu, Imperial t'tle, 38, Tae-fhun<;, Imperial title, 36, Tae-p'hing, Imperial title, 36, Ta^-p'hing-hing-kwo, Imperial title, 22, Tae-kijih, Imperial title, 24. Tae-tsung, an Emperor, 12,22,32,34. Tae-chang, Imperial title, 12. Tae-tsoo-kaou-hwang-te, an Emperor, 8. Tae-tiug, Imperial title, 16 . . Tae-tiug-te, an Emperor, 16. Tang Dynasty, 32. •

Tang-ming-hwang, Imperial title, 32. Tang-koo-tih, name given to Thibet, 74. Ta-shih-Iai, orkan,:79. Tii-ur-pa-ko-tae, 74. Ta-k'he, an Emperor, or king, 56. Ta-vu, the remover of the waters of the

Deluge, 56. Ta-ts'hing yih-thung-che, a Statistical

account of the Chinese dominions, 61 Ta-ke, a famous and profligate Queen, 53. Ta-lelh, Imperial title, 32. Ta-ts'hing-chaou, the Dynasty that now

(A. D. 1S17), fills the throne of

China, 12. Ta-lTh, Imperial title, 16. Ta-shun, Imperial title, 32. Ta-nee, Imperial title, 36. Ta-hing, Imperial title, 38. Ta-keeu, Imperial title, 38. Ta-kwan, Imperial title. 20. Ta-paou, Imperial title, 36. Te-e, 58. Te-chiug, 58. Te-le, a Sovereign, 58. Te-che, 57. Te-lin-hwuy, 58.

4

139

[index.

Ti-Iae, 53.

Te-niiig, 58.

Te-piii^, au Emperor, 20.

Te-yu-wang, 53.

Te-yih, an Emperor, 38.

Te-pa, officer in Thibet, 74,75.

Te-hwiih-kaou-sin-she, 56,

Te-hwang-she, 58.

Terras, the year divided into, 24, 103-

Temples of Buddah, of Taou-keaou, and of Priestesses or Nuns, 113.

Temple of Solomon built, 51.

Teeii-shan, 78.

Teen-hwang-she, 58.

T'heen-f.ing, 79.

T'heen-lee, Imperial title, 16.

T'heen-shun, Imperial title, 12.

T'heen-k'he, Imperial title, 13.

T'heen-kang, Imperial title, 36.

T'heeu-keen, Imperial title, 36.

T'heen-kea, Imperial title, 36.

T'lieen-paou, Imperial title, 34.

T'heen-yew, Imperial title, 2.

Theen-ching, Imperial title, 26.

T'ht-en-fiih, Imperial title, 26, 32.

T'heen-he, Imperial title, 22.

T'heen-tsung, Imperial title, 8.

T'heen-ning, Imperial title, 8.

Thibet, name, &c. — Invaded by the Chin-ko-urh Tartars, 74.

Tih-yew, Imperial title, 20.

Time, divided into periods of 15 days each, 103.

Ting-wang, a king, 48.

Toleration of the Religion of Buddah 39.

Toleration, Polytheists and Sceptics also

intolerant, 112, 113. Tombs repaired annually, and cere- monies performed at, 106. Tombr stones, inscription on, 115. Tombstones, introduced, 47.

u 2

Tonkin, 81.

Ton-kin, or Ton-king, 71,

Tourgouths, 5, 73.

Too-urh-pih-tih, 72.

Too-hih-tih, 72.

Too-pih-tih, Thibet, 73.

Too fan, 71.

Too-urh-hoo-tih Han, the Han of Tour- gouths, 5.

Too fan, 74.

Traditions, ancient not to be implicitlv believed.

Translators Office, 91.

Tribute, note respecting, 62.

Tribes, the ten carried avray, 51 .

Tsang-woo-wang, an Emperor, 3S

Tsung-ching, Imperial title, 12.

Tsung-ling Mountains, 79.

Tsin-chaou, or Dynasty, 48.

Tsing-hae, 73.

Tseang-keun, a Military commander, 75.

Tseen-tsang, 73.

Tseen-lo, or Siara, 80.

Tse-wang, an Emperor, 26.

Tsang, Thibet, 73.

Tsung-tih, Imperial title, S.

Tsung-ning, Imperial title, 20.

Ts"hing-tae, Imperial title, 26.

Tsing-kang, Imperial title, 20.

Tseang-hing, Imperial title, 20.

Tsze-nan-foo, Capital district of Shan- tung, 65.

Tung-kwang, Imperial title, 26.

Tung-han Dynasty, 44. Tvpan-kung, Imperial title, 22, Twan-tsung, an Emperor, 20, Types, moveable, 21. Type cutter's Patron, demigod. 2';.

i

V

Ung-neu-tih, 7 2

-r^=

■^trngnNm^HVPilVipip

INDEV.]

140

Urh-sh<.-liwangU', an Emperor, 48. W

W;ill, irreat, built, 47.

Waii-tsiiiijj, an Emperor, 16.

Waii-te, an Emperor, 46, ,18, 36.

Waii-wan^, VVoo-Wangs Fatlier, neyer was kin<;,53.

Wan-tsing, an Emperor, 32.

Wan-te, an Emperor, 46, 3S, 36.

Wan-tsung, an Emperor, 16.

Wap-lelh, Imperial title, 2.

Wan^-choo, a kitij;, 56.

Wangclioo, a kiiijj, 56.

Waiig-shang, a king, 56.

Wang-fa, a kin^-, 56.

VVang-kaou, a king, 56.

Wang-kin, a king, 36.

Wang-king-kea, a king, 56

Wang-seang,a king, 56.

Wang-hwae, a king, 56.

Wang.jiiih-kcang, a king, 56.

Wang-mang, a king, 56.

W ang-see, a king, 56.

Wang-till, Imperial title, 32.

V\ar, declaraiion of, made by the Tartars against the Chinese, S, 9.

Watches of the uight, 104,

Wealth, the god of. 111.

VVeeks, three, intervene between demise and interment. After a week of weeks, or seven weeks, other ob- servances take place, when the spirit of the deceased is sn|)posed to return and V isit an apartment of the house, 116.

Wei lee-wang, a king, 48.

Wei, one of the Three Kingdoms, 44.

Western Regions, 61, T7. Wine, a lake tilled v^ith, 54 Sold by the magistrates, 4T.

While, the favorite colour at court, 55. Witches and wizards j)rohibited,-25. Woo, one of the Three Kingdoms, 44. Woo-ehnig-foo, capital of Hoo-pih. 67 Wo(>-choo-miih-tsin, 7 2. Woo-la-tih, 72.

Woo-san-kwei, a famous Chinese Gene- r.d, 7.

Woo shili, 10, 77. Woo-loo-ninh-tw, 7 7,17. Woo-tae, The Five Dynasties, 26. Woo-te, an Emperor, 36, 38, 4o, 46- "VVoo tih, an Imperial title, 34. Woo-tsing, an Emperor, 12, 16, 32. Woo-tsung, an Emperor, 16. Woo-inang, a king, 50, 54. Writing performed on Bamboos with the Jionit of a style, 49.

X

Xenophon, 49.

Ya-kih-sii, or Yakutsk, S2.

Ya-niUM, denoting a public court or of- fice ; when introduced, 42.

Yang-kea, Imperial title, 44.

Yaiig-so, Imperial title, 46.

Yang-te, Imperial title, 36.

Yaou, or Tang-te-yaou, 56.

Yay,a title of respect, when introduced^S

Year expressed by a different word in different periods of history, 56. \evv year, ceremonies at, 108.

Commenced with the 12th moon,

lOS.

Yellow religion, 5.

Yen-kwang, Imperial title, 5.

Yen-p"hing, Imperial tijle, 44.

Yen-he, Imperial title, 40.

Yen-kaug, Imperial title, 40, 44.

1

m

141

f INDEX.

Yen-lie, Imperial title, 4i. Yeii-fe, 57.

Yen-t;'-shin-nung-she, 53. Yen-yew, Imperial title, 16. Ye-urh-keang River, 77. Yew-wang, a ki.ig, 50. Ying-shuii, Imperial title, 26. Ying-tsun, an Emperor, 12, 16, 22. Yin-te, Imperial title, 26. Yuen-che, Imperial title, 46. Yuen-chino:. Imperial title, IC. Yuen-chhoo, Imperial title, 44. Yuen-fuiig, Imperial title, 46. Yuen-he, Imperial title, 38. Yuen-hing, Imperial title, 38, 44. Yuen-ho, Imperial title, 44. Yuen-foo, Imperial title, 20. Yuen-fung, Imperial title, 22. Yuen-hwuy, Imperial title, 38. Yuen-kea, Imperial title, .9S. Yuen-kang, Imperial title. 40. Yuen-kwang, Imperial title, 46. Yuen-neen, Imperial title, 46. Yuen Dynasty, 16. Yueu-te, 36, 3S, 46. Yiien-wang, a king, 4S. Yueu-kea, Imperial title, 44. Yuen-show, Imperial title, 46. Yuen-tung, Imperial title, 16. Yueii-tsung, an Emperor, 34.

Yuen-vew, Iinperi:il title, 20.

Yiien-yei!, li)i|)eri:.l tille, 46.

■y uiig-clriioi). Imperial tille, 38.

Yiirig-chin;:, Imperial till:', 4, 32.

Yung-he, Imperial tille, 22.

Yung-hwuj, Imperial title, 34.

Yuug-ho, Imperial title, ;JS.

Yung-lo, Imperial title. 12.

Yuiig-chhoo, Imperial title. SS, 44.-

Yuug-chang, Imperial tilks 38.

YiHigho, Imperial title, 3^,44.

Yung-kang, Imperial title, 44.

Yuug-niu^, IniptriLil title, 3^,44

Yung-phing, Imperial title, 44.

Yung-kea, Imp rial title, 40.

Yung-liiiig, Imperial tille, .j8.

Yung-show, Imperial title, 44.

Yuiig-tiiig, Imperial tille, 36.

Yuiig-tae, lm,iiri i title, 32.

Yun-iuiiig, Imperial title, 38.

Yun-nan Province, situation and popu- lation of, 70.

Yun-nan-foo, the capital district of Yun- nan Province, 72.

Zedekiak, 49. Zenghisk'kan, 19, ihehol, 77.

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