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Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 289

There are certain characters common to the whole region, and
even certain species very widely distributed ; these we will there-
fore consider first.

Leucochroa is almost exclusively Mediterranean, a few species
only being found in the Atlantic Islands. Gonostoma is also
almost a purely Mediterranean group. Campylea is very abun-
dant, especially in the mountains. Of the group Pentatenia a few
species only are found north of the Alps, and even those are
almost all Mediterranean also, and the great bulk of the group are
exclusivelyso. For instancethe common British shell, Ye/¢x asfersa,
attains a much larger size in Italy than in England. It is very difficult
to believe that so abundant a Bntish species has been introduced,
but judging from the reduced size of English specimens, England
would, to say the least, not appear to possess the most favorable
climate for this mollusc. The Xevopfile are exclusively Mediter-
ranean, except a few species, such as AZ. fisana and variabilis,
which also extend along the coasts of the Northern Region, and
a few from the Atlantic Islands.

The Sulimint, though extensively distributed in other parts
of the Old World, yet in Europe are found almost exclusively
south of the Alps. The only European Stexogyra—decollata—is
Mediterranean, and in the genus Ppa the subgenera Zorguilla
and SpAyradium are almost peculiar to our region. Of the genus
Clausilia we will speak more at length under the Divisions A and
B. In the operculate shells, Zeonza is exclusively Mediterranean,
and the only species of Cyclostomus that extends to the north of
the Alps is C. elegans.

A. The Austro-Turkish Division. We consider this Division,
the richest of all in species, to be clearly marked by the immense
abundance of Buliminus and Clausilia. With regard to the
former genus, it may be well to mention for the information of
those who have not access to foreign conchological literature, that

290 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

the genus Bulimus, in the modern acceptation of the term, is not
found in Europe. The majority of the species (including the
British B. obscurus and montanus) are referred to Buliminus,
whilst a few (such as the British B. acutus mentioned above) are
included in Helix, subgenus Xerophila, section Cochlicella, and B.
decollatus is a Stenogyra. The subgenus Zebrina (19 species) is
aluogether Austro-Turkish, except &. detritus, which is also found
over a great part of the rest of Europe. Of Wapeus (24 species)
15 are found here only, Petr@us (16 species) is special to this
Division, and 37 out of 43 species of Chondrula occur here. The
Baleo-Clausilie, which form a connecting link between Galea and -
Clausilia, are all Transylvanian, and the curious genus Zospeum
has 9 species from the caves of Carniola, a tenth species being
from the Spanish Pyrenees.

The distribution of C/aws¢/ia is very interesting, and as we are
now treating of its metropolis, the opportunity seems a good one to
consider it generally. From the Balkan Peninsula and its neigh-
bourhood, where it occurs in a profusion of subgeneric forms, the
genus appears to have sent out a comparatively large colony to the
Italian Peninsula and Sicily, between 40 and s0 species, chiefly
of the subgenera AZedora, Marpessa, Agathy/la and Delima. More
to the west and north the numbers are very small; most of the
northern species belong to the s.g. /phigenta, e.g. C. ventricosa,
Rolphit, parvula, nigricans, cruciata and the remarkable Pyrenean
C. Pauli. ‘Three species are found in Madeira, and going further
west and crossing the Atlantic, we find the peculiar s.g. Venza,
represented by*one species in Porto Rico—C. ¢videns, and by
several, C. Blandana, exarata, etc., among the Andes of South
America. ‘Throughout the rest of the New World there are none
except the one species from Alaska already mentioned. To the
south of its metropolis, C/awszlza is very poorly represented ; two
or three species have been found in Algeria, and two in the
Abyssinian region—C. sexaaarensis and dyscherata; but to the

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 291

east it is quite different. Asia Minor, Syria, and the Caucasus are
all rich in Clausilie@, second only to the Balkan Peninsula, and
indeed it is doubtful whether they be not equally rich, allowing
for the smaller amount of exploration. The prevalent subgenera
are somewhat different. In the Balkan Peninsula and Austria the
most largely represented subgenera are A/opia, Marpessa, Fusulus
(chiefly Austrian), Agathylla, Medora (chiefly from the archipelago),
Delima and Herilla (Austrian), and /Papillifera. In Asia the
prevalent subgenera appear to be Lacinzaria and Ldyla. Alinda
is pretty evenly distributed, and Jentissa is equally Asiatic and
Crimean. Passing to the East, we find that several species have
been discovered in Persia, by the Italian Expedition, and we may
conclude that thence the genus has spread through Affghanistan
to the Himalayas, where there are several species belonging
to the exclusively Eastern subgenus Piwdusa. In the plains of
India proper and the detached mountains of the Indian Peninsula
the genus seems to disappear, but strange to say one species has
been found in Ceylon. To the eastward it spreads through the
Khasia and Cachar Hills to the Indo-Malayan Peninsula, where
many species remarkable fcr their size, beauty, and peculiar
form have been discovered, as C. ovata, bulbus and Philippiana,
near Moulmein, and the wonderful C. A/ouwhoti in Cambodia.
China and Japan, though comparatively unexplored, have already
yielded several species ; the latter especially is remarkable for fine
forms, including C. Yokohamensis and C. Reiniana, which perhaps
surpass even the magnificent C. AZowhot?. To the East the genus
appears to die out, though there are several species in Sumatia and
Java. In Borneo there are two, in the Philippines and the Moluc-
cas there are one each. Finally, the one Alaskan species must be
mentioned,

We have been induced to make this digression in order to
explain at one view the distribution of this interesting genus, and

292 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

will now return to the Austro-Turkish Division. In the genus
ffelix the section Carthusiana is principally found here, and
Campylea, though also tolerably abundant in Italy, has more
representatives here than elsewhere. Levantina is exclusively
found in Asia Minor and Cyprus, and Pomatia may be considered
as chiefly Austro-Turkish. The only Palearctic species of
To:natellina occur near Jerusalem. Xerophila, though well repre-
sented here, is perhaps more of a western subgenus, and /derus
and Macularia are almost absent. On the other hand, of the true
Zonites all but one (Z. a/girus) are peculiar to this Division, and
Mesomphix (subgenus of Ayalina) has some fine forms in the
Caucasus.

Central Asia is as yet imperfectly known, and it is doubtful
where the boundary between the Northern and Mediterranean
Regions should be fixed. Our knowledge of it is principally
derived from V. Martens’ “ Fedtschenko’s Reise in Turkestan,”
which, notwithstanding its German title, is unfortunately printed
in the Russian language, so that only the Latin diagnoses, list of
species, and the plates are available for the vast majority of
European naturalists. The presence of the Palzotropical and
Australasian genus JZacrochlamys is remarkable, as is also that of a
species of Cyclotus. There are 5 species of Buliminus. Along
with these are many northern forms, Hyalina nitida and fulva,
flelix costata, Cionella lubrica, etc.

B. The Italian Division (including the South of France). This
may be considered as occupying an intermediate position between
the others. The genus Clausilia, so abundant in the Austro-
Turkish Division, is, as we have seen, well, but not commonly,
represented. uwdiminus has but few species. Thes.g. Campylea
is abundant, and we now come upon many of the forms character-
istic of the western portion of the Mediterranean, A/acularia for
instance. Jberus belongs almost exclusively to this Division.

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 293

Stenogyra decollata is very abundant. The curious 4 xautiliformis
(section Drepanostoma) is found in the Italian Lake District.
Sicily has many forms peculiar to itself, especially a group of very
strongly costate Clausilie, C. syracusana, Grohmanniana, now
made into a subgenus under the name of Svec/¢aria. Corsica and
Sardinia have already yielded some distinct forms, and will
probably produce more when better explored. Even the small
islands, like Malta, Lampedusa, etc., have distinct species. Malta
has, amongst others, Helix (lberus) melitensis, H. (Xerophila)
meda, Clausilia oscitans, delicate and namotica, and Cyclostomus
melitensis. In Lampedusa is found Clausclia Lampeduse.

C. The Hispano-Algerian Division. Possibly the Spanish Penin-
sula and Africa would be better separated, but there are so many
species, especially amongst the AZacu/arta common to both, that
we are unwilling to multiply divisions for the present. In this
we have the direct opposite of the Austro-Turkish Division.
Claustlia and Buliminus are almost absent, whilst J/acularia
is in immense numbers, 24 species out of 31. Leuwcochroa is
represented by several curious forms, especially in Morocco
(L. turcica, Mogadorensts, degenerans, &c.) Fruticicola, so abundant
in the rest of Europe, is comparatively scarce here, doubtless on
account of the dry climate and scarcity of deciduous trees. Cam-
pylea and Pomatia also are almost absent. Xerophila, on the
contrary, is fairly represented. Alarge number of species of Cronel/a
(especially of the subgenera Azeca, Ferussacta, and Acicula, have
been described from Algeria, but it is doubtful how many are good
species. With regard to the Cyclostomide, this Division is
remarkable for possessing the only two species of Leonia, mamil-
arts, common to Spain and Algeria, and scrobiculata, lately dis-
covered in Morocco, and the only kuropean Zudora, T: ferruginea,
found in the Balearic Islands and at Gibraltar. A speciality of
this fauna, caused doubtless by the dry climate, is the prevalence
of white calcareous shells,

204 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.
3. THE ATLANTIC REGION.—The faunz of the Archi-

pelagoes forming this region are so diverse that they might almost
be considered distinct, but they have certain features in common.
Geological research has shown these Islands to have been the
result of separate volcanic upheavals, and that they are not frag-
ments of a former Atlantis, as was atone time supposed. ‘The
subgenus of Helix, Leptaxis, and the operculate genus Craspedo-
poma are specially characteristic.

A. The Azores. These islands are known chiefly from the
researches of Morelet and Drouet, of which the results were pub-
lished in 1860 by Morelet (Notice sur l’Histoire naturelle des
Acores). 69 species were described, 28 being European shells of
wide distribution. and several others common to the other Atlantic
Islands, as Helix paupercula to Madeira and the Canaries, 7.
armillata to Madeira and the Cape de Verdes, 4. evubescens to
Madeira. 33 species only are pecuilar. The most striking features
of the fauna are no less than 7 species of Vitrina, of moderate
size, 6 species of Leptaxis, 3 peculiar Hyaline, several Bulimini of
the s.g. WVapeus, 5 species of Pupa, of a peculiar group, allied to
those of Madeira, and one Cvasfedopoma (C. hespericum ).

B. The Madeira Archipelago, comprising Madeira, Porto Santo,
the Desertas, and a few islets; perhaps the most thoroughly
worked ground out of Europe. Lowe, Albers, Wollaston, and
Castello de Paiva are the most distinguished names in Madeiran
conchology. Albers published a monograph many years ago,
giving figures of all the species, but the more recent work of
Castello de Paiva is naturally the most complete enumeration, and
all the species and varieties are fully described, though only the
novelties are figured.

The fauna of Madeira is far more special than that of the
Azores. ‘There are 1 sp. of Arion, 4 of Limax, 2 of Testacella,
3 of Vitrina, 93 of Helix, 1 of Stenogyra, 11 of Cronella, 25 of

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 295

Pupa, 3 of Clausilia, and 4 of Cvaspedopoma. The extra
Madeiran distribution of some of these has formed the subject of
a paper by the Rev. R. B. Watson in the 1876 volume of “The
Journal de Conchyliologie.” Mr. Watson enumerates 28 species
as common to Madeira and other localities, of which 25 are found
in Europe, and also for the most part in some of the other
Atlantic Islands, whilst A. pawpercula occurs in the Azores and
Canaries, “/. armillata in the Azores, and Vitrina Tenerif@ in the
Canaries.

It may be remarked how this proportion of indigenous species,
of species common to two or more archipelagoes, and of European
shells (the latter chiefly introduced) bears out the theory of the
separate origin of the different groups of islands. Had they ever
formed part of an Atlantis, we might have expected to find a large
proportion of shells common to all the groups, some few peculiar
species in each, and a few common to the Atlantis and Europe.
Instead, we find in all the groups, except the Azores, a vastly pre-
ponderant number of purely local forms, very few common to two
or more groups, and a certain number of European shells of wide
distribution, many probably introduced by human agency; and,
with regard to the Azores, the preponderance of European forms
is due rather to the poverty of the local fauna than to an absolutely
greater number of introduced species. The most characteristic
Madeiran groups are Helix s.g. Leptaxis (9 species), Janulus (3),
Actinella (17), Octephila (22), Craspedaria (2), Plebecula (5),
Tectula (11), Lampadia (1), Crenea (2), Cionella (x1), Pupa s.g.
Charadrobia (14), Exyma (5), Craspedopoma (4).

We may state here, once for all, that it is impossible for us
to enter upon the subject of the detailed distribution of species
in the separate islands of a division without extending this paper
to an inordinate length.

C. The Canaries. Until a few years ago these islands were
comparatively unknown, but recently the principal islands have

296 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

been explored by Fritsch and Wollaston, and Professor Mousson
(Révision de la Faune des Iles Canaries) gives a good account of
the land mollusca. The following are the numbers: Zzmax (3),
Plectophorus (1), Parmacella (3), Testacella (2), Vitrina (6?),
HHyalina (8), Helix (109), Buliminus (24), Stenogyra (1), Czonella
(10), Pupa (11), Cyclostomus (4), Craspedopoma (1), Pomatias (1).
15 species are cited by Mousson as European. We have already
mentioned the few species common to the Canaries and Madeira
or the Azores. It, therefore, follows that almost all the Canarian
species are peculiar, thus confirming what we have just stated in
considering the Madeiran shells. The most prevalent characteristic
groups are Vitrina (6 species), Helix s.g. Monilearia (9), Discula
(6), Gonostoma (7), Lberus (8), Hemicycla (26), Buliminus s.g.
Napaeus (20), Pupa s.g. Charadrobia (3). The s.g. Leptaxis is
comparatively poorly represented by 2 species, and this is the
extreme limit of the s.g. Zewcochroa, represented by 3 species.
Clausilia has not been found. The Pomatias (P. Barthelemianum
Shuttl.) is considered as doubtful, the only authority for assigning
it to the Canaries being one specimen so marked in the Marseilles
Museum. M. Mousson shows, by an examination of the various
groups, that not only are there scarcely any species common to
Madeira and the Canaries, but that many of the subgenera are
different, or represented in very different proportions in the two
Archipelagos. (It may be well to state that the “ Love” of the
text of Professor Mousson’s work is a misprint for “ Lowe,” the
name is right enough in the plates, but strange to say almost always
mis-spelt in the text).

D. The Cape de Verdes are miserably poor in mollusca. Most
of the few that exist were discovered by Dr. Dohrn, who published
the fauna of the islands in the ‘‘ Malakozoologische Blaetter ” for
1869. There are 3 species of the s.g. Patula, 6 of Leptaxis (the
characteristic group), 1 of Cvzonella, 2 of Buliminus, 4 of Pupa,
and 2 of Succinea. This wretched fauna is due to the arid climate
of the Islands.

— Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 297

III. The Ethiopian Province.—We include in this
Province all Africa to the south of the Sahara, and the southern
part of Arabia. At two points only are its boundaries ill defined,
along the course of the Nile (Abyssinia even has certain shells of a
Palearctic facies, and we do not know where the purely Mediter-
ranean fauna begins in Nubia), and similarly on the narrow zone
of comparatively fertile land on the Atlantic side, though the fauna
of Senegambia is purely Ethiopian and that of Morocco Mediter-
ranean, the point of contact between the two is undetermined.
Elsewhere the Sahara furms an impassable barrier. We come
here upon a perfectly distinct fauna from those we have hitherto
met with ; its principal features are the abundance of Achatine
and allied genera—feriuerts, Limicolaria, etc., and of ELnnee,
together with, on the whole, a comparative scarcity of Hedces,
those that are found being of different subgenera from the He/sces

of the Paleearctic Province. fa is rather poorly represented.
Clausilia exists only in Abyssinia. Czonel/a has completely dis-
appeared. On the other hand, Vanina and Streptaxis appear for
the first time.

The division of this Province must as yet be imperfect, the
interior being insufficiently explored. We may, however, recog-
nise the following regions :—

THE WEST AFRICAN.
. THE SOUTH AFRICAN.
. THE EAST AFRICAN.
. MADAGASCAR.
. THE MASCARENES AND SEYCHELLES.
6. ABYSSINIA.

GQ KR MSD WH BS

1. THE WEST AFRICAN REGION. ‘This region, extending from
Senegambia to about the southem tropic, can hardly be sub-
divided. Our knowledge of it is chiefly derived from Morelet’s
works, especially as to the southern part, and we would recom-

2098 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

mend all who wish to study this fauna to consult that author’s
“Voyage du Dr. Welwitsch dans les royaumes d’ Angola et de
Benguela,” and “Séries Conchyliologiques 1¢ livraison.” Vanina
is pretty abundant, especially the subgenus Zhapsia. Streptaxis
has several species, including the fine S. zodidis from Liberia.
Helix proper is almost absent. Lue are numerous. Of Buliminus
there are 15 species of the s.g. AAachis. A peculiar group of shells is
found, referred by some to Glandina, but more probably belonging
to Stenogyra, S. Frasert, etc. Limicolaria, Perideris and Achatina
are very fine and abundant, indeed this may be considered the
metropolis of that group. The fine genus Psewdachatina is peculiar.
Operculate shells are .excessively rare. Only two species of
Cyclophorus have been recorded. One species of Carychium has

occurred.

PRINCE’S ISLAND, in the Gulf of Guinea, has an interesting fauna.
Besides a few species of the Continental genera, there are four of
the curious genus S/veptostele and two of Columna, Nanina Folint
and Adansonie belong to a peculiar conical group and Achatina
stnistrorsa is remarkable, not only for the reason implied in its name,
but from its large size for a species of so small an island. St.
Thomas and Fernando Po are less rich, or perhaps less explored,
each has a species of Psewdachatina and in the former is found the
curious Achatina? barbigera.

2, SOUTH AFRICAN REGION. In this region, of which the
northern boundary may be taken to be the Tropic of Capricorn,
we have a fauna which, while it has some features in common
with the Western Region, has also many striking peculiarities.
Achatine of large size still occur, and 1 species of L/micolaria has
been found. £vzea is pretty abundant, especially in Natal. On
the other hand, the true /Ze/zces re-appear, the principal subgenus
being Pe’/a (27 species), a group almost peculiar to the Cape.
There are 6 species of Dorcasia (Hf. giodulus, etc:), 1 LZ7o0pe,

~ Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 299

1 Phasis, and 1 Ampelita. Buliminus is represented by 8 species
and Stexogyra by 4. There are 3 Pupé of the remarkable sinistral
s.g. Haula, and 5 of more normal form; and there is a species of
Celiaxis. The operculate shells are not quite so scarce as in
Western Africa; they number Cyclotus 1, Cyclophorus 2, Tropi-
dophora 1, Cyclostomus 3, Tudora 1, Realta i.

Tue IsLAND OF ST. HELENA can scarcely be referred to any
African Region, the reference of the subfossil Budimus auris-
vulpina to Pseudachatina being doubtful. 3 Swccince are found,
f belonging to s.g. Helisiga. 1 Helix has been referred to Charopa,
and 2 to Lndodonta, both these being Australasian genera, whilst
another has been considered to be a Cochlostyla.

TRISTAN D’ AcuNnA has yielded nothing more than the 2 Bake
mentioned by Woodward.

8, EAST AFRICAN REGION. Dr. Sclater considers Madagascar
as a sub-province, under the name of the Lemurian. If such a
division is to be adopted for the Mollusca, we think it would be
advisable to include in it our regions 3, 4 and 5, and characterize
it by the abundance of Cyclostomide, especially Tropidophora,
Cyclostomt of similar form, and Ofogoma. In the region we are
now considering we may define three divisions, rather, however,
geographical than zoological—the mainland of East Africa with
Zanzibar, the Comores, and Arabia with Socotra.

A. East Africa. ‘Two species of Zrochomorpha, 1 of Streptaxis,
2 of Ennea, 10 of Buliminus, t of Cylindrius, 5 of Achatina, 2 of
Otopoma,.2 of Tropidophora, and 1 of Cyclostomus have been re-
corded. One species has been referred to Glandina (G. Botzint)
and 1 to Lvectra, but the former being an American and the latter
an Indian genus, we consider these identifications as doubtful.

B. The Comores. ‘These islands have 1 Vit;ina, 1 Thapsia, and
2 Dorcasia, besides a few species of the genera also found on the
mainland.

300 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

C. Arabia and Socotra. This arid region has a peculiar fauna
of the same cretaceous aspect that we noticed in North Africa,
though the genera are different. 11 species of Buliminus, 4 of
Otopoma, 2 of Tropidophora, and 3 of the peculiar genus Lithidton
are its principal features.

4. MADAGASCAR. ‘This island is much better known now than
in Woodward’s time, and if it has not fully come up to the rather
extravagant expectations formed, has at least furnished many fine
species. Its fauna is principally distinguished by the abundance
of magnificent species of Cyclostomide of typical form (7Z7opr-
dophora 24 species, Cyclostomus 30, Otopoma 3, Lithidion 1), and
by Helices of the s.g. Ampelita (including sepulchralis, omphalodes,
etc.) 26, and the splendid s.g. Helicophanta (7. magnifica, Souver-
biana, etc.), 9 species. The genus Zuftychia, recently described
by Crosse and Fischer, is very curious, possessing transverse
lamellz, the only other instance of this in the Cyclostomide being
Cyclophorus foliaceus from the Andamans. The presence of a
species of Cochlostyla (C. viridis) is curious. There are also 2
species of /Vanzna that have been referred to Xes¢a. 3, very large
species of Achatina and 6 of Lxnea exist, a proof of the affinity
of the fauna to that of the mainland of Tropical Africa.

5. THE MASCARENES AND SEYCHELLES. ‘The fauna of these
islands is not, as might have been thought likely, a mere offshoot
of that of Madagascar, but on the contrary, almost as distinct
from the Malagasian fauna as the latter is from that of the main-
land. ‘Though all the islands have peculiar species, some features
are common to them all; the abundance of Gonosfira, a genus
formerly confounded with Ppa, but now found to be carnivorous,
and placed near, or even joined to Evnea, the existence of Vanina
in tolerable numbers, and the rarity of true /e/éces. All have
been well explored. An excellent account of the mollusca, both
terrestrial and marine, of Réunicn has been published by

Quarterly Journal of Concholog). 301

Deshayes, and the fauna of the little island of Rodriguez has
been monographed by Crosse. Weare not aware of any mono-
graph of the fauna of Mauritius, out, though it has to be sought
for in various publications, the malacology of Mauritius is about
the best worked out of any. The Seychelles are perhaps not so
fully explored as the rest of the Region, but still are very fairly
known.

A. Mauritius. The genus Vanina is abundant, and contains
some peculiar forms (ZL epta and Stylodon). Hf. inversicola, formerly
referred to Caracolus, has also been shown by Messrs. Binney and
Bland to be a Wanina. The species of Gonospira are very numer-
ous (27), and there are 3 of the peculiar genus Gzddus. There is
1 Hainesia. Realia, a genus we shall often meet with again, is
represented by 10 species. The typical Cyclostomide@ are not so
very numerous as in Madagascar, nevertheless there are 2 species
of Otopoma, « Cyclotopsts, 2 Tropidophora, and 2 Cyclostomus. 1
species has been referred to Szmpulopsis, which must be considered
rather doubtful, and 1 to Zornatéellina.

B. Reunion. There is one species of Vitrina, a genus absent
elsewhere, in the East of Africa. There are several MVanine (in-
cluding 1 Xes¢a), 6 species of Gonospira, 1 Tornatellina, and 4
species of Realza.

C. Rodriguez. Except a species of S¢repfaxis, all the shells of
this island are of the same genera as those of Mauritius and Ré-
union.

D. Seychelles. The shell formerly called He/ix unidentata, now
Nanina (Stylodon) unidentata is characteristic of these islands,
which have also the following genera, not found in Mauritius, etc.,
ffyalina 1, Streptaxis 1, Streptostele 1 (a genus only occurring else-
where in Prince’s Island, on the West Coast), Cyathopoma 1 (an
Indian genus), Zestopoma 1 (a genus of the East Indian Archi-
pelago), /edéccna x (the first apperance of this genus).

302 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

6. ABYSSINIA is comparatively badly explored, but Blanford,
Issel, and Jickeli have made us acquainted with some portions.
Issel’s discoveries have been published by Morelet. Jickeli has
given us a work on the fauna of N. E. Africa. As already

stated, the fauna has evidently received some additions from the .

Palearctic Province; this will be seen by the following list, where
the Palearctic genera, etc., are in italics : Vitrina 20, Succinea 2,
Acanthinula 1, Hemiplecta 2, Hyalina 2, Pella 1, Euparypha 3,
Patula 4, Monacha 1, Buliminus 5, Cylindrus 1, Stenogyra 8?
Limicolaria 9, Achatina 1, Homorus 2, Pupa 14, Clausilia 2. The
presence of a species of Pella, of which all the others are from
the Cape, is remarkable, as is also the total absence of the oper-
culate shells.

IV. The Palzeotropical Province. We include in this
Province, India, Ceylon, the Transgangetic Peninsula, the Anda-
mans and Nicobars, China with Formosa, Japan and the Loochoo
Islands, the Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the other
East Indian Islands, to and inclusive of Bali. To the west, the
boundary between it and the eastern portion -of the Mediter-
ranean Region is undetermined, and to the north there is probably

no certain limit. Amooria is almost completely Palzearctic, whilst -

South China is as clearly Palzotropical. In Japan, even, there is
a certain mixture of northern forms. This Province is one of the
richest, or perhaps the richest of all, both in genera and species.
The faunz of the separate regions differ a good deal, but the
following may be taken as general characteristics: Vitrine are
abundant, especially those now referred to Hedécarion. Nanina is
most richly represented, and by many magnificent species.
Trochomorpha is found almost everywhere. The Amphidromt
occur almost throughout the region. The operculate shells attain

a development unparalleled elsewhere in the Old World, though

strange to say true Cyclostomi scarcely exist, but Cyclophorus and
Cyclotus, with their allies are most abundant, and we now come

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 303

oO

upon the Dislommatinacea, the Pupinaceq, and the various genera
with sutural tubes, such as Alyceus, Opisthoporus, etc. Lelicina
also first occurs in any numbers in this Province, though it is not
so rich as in the Australasian and Palzeotropical Provinces.

t. India. Very much has been done in this -Region since
Woodward’s time. Blanford, Beddome and Godwin Austen de-
serve special mention, and Hanley and Theobald have published
the “ Conchologia Indica,” which, though it contains no descrip-
tions, and sometimes leaves something to be desired in the
execution of the plates, has at least the merit of giving, for the
first time, an illustrated catalogue of all the Indian mollusca,
Vitrina has 12, Succinea 10 species. ‘There are 2 species of the
curious genus Li¢fotis, separated from Swccznea. Janina includes
26 species of ALacrochlamys, 11 of Xesta, 13 of Ariophanta, besides
many others not yet referred to subgenera. ‘There are 6 species
of the curious subgenus /%ecfopylis. Arionta has 1 species,
Fruticicola %, Plectotropis 2, Eurystoma 1, Trachia 5, Plantspira i,
Coidla 5, Oxytes 1. The peculiar genus Soysza occur here.
Streptaxis has 4 species, and “xmea, though more African than
Indian, 6. We come for the first time on Amphidromus (2 sp.),
and Geotrochus 1. ‘There are 46 species of Buliminus and 5 of
Cylirdrus, the latter from the N.W. portion of the region, in the
vici ity of the Palearctic Province. The genus L/ectra (or
Gie:sula) is highly characteristic of the Indian Provinces and
Ceylon. Here there are no fewer than 53 species. 1 species has
been referred to Sfzraazs. As already mentioned, there are several
species of C/ausilia in the Himalayas. The following are the
operculate genera: Cyclotus 2 species, AZychopoma 2, Cyathopoma
21, Spiraculum 3, Pterocyclos 6, Alyceus 53, Ofpisthostoma 5,
Diplommatina 29, Nicida 6, Scabrina 1, Cyclophorus 29, Lagochetlus
1, Ditropis 3, Tropidophora 1, Otopoma 1, Cyclotopsis 1, Pupina t,
Megalomostoma 2, Cataulus 1, Streptaulus 1, Pomatias 2, Realia 1,
Georissa 2. The existence of 2 species of Pomatias so far away

304 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

from Europe is very remarkable. The genus Campfonyx must
almost be included amongst the terrestrial shells, though belonging
to the Limnetde and Cremnoconchus, one of the genera of Lztto-
vinide, is purely terrestrial. This is after all only the extreme of
what we see in Zittorina rudis, which is often found where only

the spray can reach.

2. Ceylon. This island has special features. Besides a num-
ber of genera also found in India, the following occur: Acavus
(Helix hemastoma, etc.) 8, Aulopoma 4, Leptopoma 3. Cataulus
is almost exclusively Cingalese, 14 species occurring here and only
one on the mainland. On the other hand, Dif/ommatina has
but few representatives, 2 only. The species are almost all differ-
ent from those of the mainland.

3. The Transgangetic Peninsula. The fauna of this Region,
though on the whole very similar to that of India, yet is marked
by a still greater variety of the operculate genera, especially by the
strange form Aydccistis. Amphidromus also appears in numbers,
and Clausilie are more numerous and of finer forms. We divide

this region into
A. Burmah with the Tenasserim Provinces.
B. Siam with the remainder of the Peninsula of Maiacca.
C. Cochinchina and Cambodia.

A. Burmah. Vanina is very well represented, including the
peculiar subgenera Sophiva 4 species and Sesava 7. ‘There are
some fine Vitrine (Helicarton) as V. prestans. In the genus
Helix the s.g. Plectopylis is chiefly remarkable. Stveptaxis has 9
species. The curious genus P/ecto¢ropis occurs here (3). There are
no less than 14 species of C’awstlia. L£lectra still occurs, but not
so numerous as in India and Ceylon (5 species). The operculate —
fauna is particularly rich, comprising Ofzsthoporus 1, Rhotstoma 1,
Spiraculum 2, Pterocyclos 4, Alyceus 17, Hybocistes 1, Di lom-
- matina 7, Palaina 1, Clostophis (rather a problematical genus,

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 305

founded on a single specimen, since lost) 1, Scadrvina 2,
Cyclophorus 20, Lagocheilus 2, Leptopoma 1, Megalomastoma 1,
Rhaphaulus 2, Pupina 2, Helicina 2, Georissa 9.

B. Siam is not so well known as Burmah. The genera are very
much the same, except that Sesava, Sophina and Plectopylis do not
occur, or at least have not yet been found. Amphidromus is much
more abundant (13 species) C/awsilia less so (4). No Helicina or
Georissa has been found, and, on the other hand, there are 5
species of Realia.

C. Cochinchina and Cambodia were until lately almost unknown,
and even now have only been very partially explored. The 4th
part of Morelet’s “Séries Conchyliologiques ” gives a résumé of
all that is known of the fauna. The Janine known are less
numerous than those of Burmah and Siam, but include the magni-
ficent LV. Cambojensis. ‘Two species have been referred to Zonites. In
the true He/ices there is 1 Planispira, showing the affinity with the
East Indian Archipelago. One has been referred to Ophiogyra,
probably Plectopylis, as Ophtogyra is an American group. ‘There
is also said to be a Hadra, rather doubtful, this being rather an
Australian group. S¢veffaxzs is numerously represented (8 species) ;
also Amphidromus (11). Of Claustlia only 3 species are as yet
known, but 1 is the magnificent C. AZouhot:. In the operculate
shells the most remarkable are JZyxostoma breve, from Poulo
Condor Island, and Helicina or Trochatella Mouhote.

4. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These islands are very
similar in their fauna, and both archipelagoes are related to the
Indo-Malayan Province. Vanine are numerous, including, in the
Nicobars, the peculiar subgenus Sagdznella. Streptaxis and
Amphidromus are represented, but by few species. In the Anda-
mans there are 2 fine species of Spzvaxis ? One Clausilia has been
described from the Nicobars. ‘The operculate shells are numer-
ous, comprising the genera Cyathopoma (Andamans), Cyclotus

306 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

(Nicobars), AZyceus (A. & N.), Cyclophorus (A. & N.), Leptopoma
(N.), Catawlus (N.), Pupina (N.), Realia (A.), Helicina (A.& N.)
The Cyclophori include the curious lamellated C. folzaceus. ‘The
Helicine (H, Andamanica, Nicobarica, etc.), are elegant shells.

5, China with Formosa, The interior of China is very im-
perfectly known, and it would be premature to attempt to fix the
exact boundaries between this and other regions. ‘To the north
there is evidently an intermixture of Palzearctic forms, and the
same thing would appear to be the case on the south-east, the
enormous altitude of that part of Central Asia having caused the
northern fauna to spread and excluded tropical forms, ‘The most
striking peculiarity of the Chinese fauna is the abundance of
sinistral Hedices, H. cicatricosa, Christine, etc. Vanine are com-
paratively few, whilst true Helices are numerous, especially of the
subgenera Camena, Plectotropis and Fruticicola. . Corida has 1
species, Obba 1, Acusta 2, Hadra 3. Streptaxis is represented by
2 species. Stenogyra and C/lausiiia are both numerous. On the
other hand, the operculate shells begin to diminish in numbers, as
is always the case as we go towards the north. The following
genera exist: Cyclotus 2, Fterocyclos 2, Alyceus 2, Paxillus 1,
Cyclophorus 3, Otopoma 1, Realia 1, Cecina 1, Helicina 1;
but almost all these are from the South of China, except the genus
Cecina.

THE IsLAND oF Formosa has been tolerably well explored,
chiefly by Mr. Swinhoe. It is principally remarkable for a Budi-
minus of very peculiar form, B. spheroconus, and for some fine
species of Clausilia—Swinhoet, exilts, etc.

A good account of the Chinese land shells (then known) will
be found in Martens’ “ Preussische Expedition nach Ostasien.”

The Thibetan shells seem to be largely of Palearctic forms,
the /e/ices are mostly of the s.g. /vuticicola, and there are no less

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 307

than 7 sp. of Budiminus. We owe our knowledge of these shells
almost entirely to the Abbé David and the late Prof. Deshayes,
the former having collected, and the latter described them.

6. Japan. The Japanese Islands were, till a few years ago,
almost ccn pletely ¢ev7a tncegnita, but since the opening of the
ports to Europeans, and especially since travelling in the interior
has been possible to some extent, our knowledge of the Japanese
fauna has rapidly increased, and we find that it is equally remark-
able for the number and for the beauty of the forms. A. Adams
and V. Martens have both collected and described Japanese land
shells. The descriptions of the former naturalist are unfortunately
scattered through the Zoological Proceedings, a work which, while
it may be described as a mine o1 wealth for conchologists, unfor-
tunately justifies the analogy to a mine still further by the concho-
logical papers, the ore, so to speak, being imbedded in a vastly
preponderating mass of articles not bearing on the mollusca, which
may properly be compared with the quartz or other matrix. V.
Martens’ “‘ Preussische Expedition, etc.,” on the other hand, gives
a complete account of the Japanese land shells up to the date of
publication, but, unfortunately that is several years back, and since
then Dr. Kobelt has described many new species collected by
Rein. There are several species of Hyalina and Fruticicola, a
trace that northern influences are beginning to appear, though the
general character of the fauna is clearly Paleotropical. Nanina
is represented by few species. The characteristic subgenera of
Fflelix are Camena17z and Plectotrofis 8 species. There are 2
species of Hadra, 2 of 4 gista, and 1 of Dorcasia. The Bulimini
are very few (2 only). Salea has 1 species and Clausilia, as
already stated, is represented by numerous and handsome forms
(20 species). It is especially the operculate fauna that proves the
Palzotropical character of this province. ‘The following are
catalogued by Pfeiffer: Cyclotus 3, Celopoma 1, Alyceus 2, Cyclo-
phorus 2, Pupina 1, Pupinella i, Helicina 2, Realia 3.

7

7. Philippines. These islands contain the finest assemblage of

308 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

land shells to be found anywhere, whether regard be had to
the number of species or to the beauty of the shells. In
consequence of Cuming’s explorations, they have been known for
a longer period than most other extra-European localities, but
still Semper and others have been able to make considerable ad-
ditions to the list. It is a pity that no good general work on the
Philippine land shells exists ; Semper’s is chiefly anatomical. The
most striking characteristic of this fauna is the genus Coch/osty/a,
which is here represented by 172 species. ‘These shells were
formerly included in Helix and Bulimus, but the fact that several
were sometimes placed in the one and sometimes the other genus,
seemed to indicate that a new grouping was required, and now the
genus Cochlostyla, chiefly distinguished by the hydrophanous
epidermis, is pretty generally recognized. 21 species of Vitrina
are attributed to these Islands; they almost all probably belong
to Helicarion. Naning are numerous, including some very large
species of the subgenera Rhysota and Hemiplecta, especially
JV. ovum and maxima. The genus Zrochomorfha now becomes
abundant (14 species). The e/ices are tolerably, numerous, and
include some subgenera that we have not before met with, and
that are characteristic of the Eastern Islands, e.g., Chlorea 8,
Obba 15, Chloritis 2, Planispira 1, Axina 9. The subgenus
Corasia (21 species), including many beautiful species, as vegzna,
virgo, puella, etc., is by some included in fe/zx and by some in
Cochlostyla. 14 species are referred to Hadra. Amphidromus
exists, but there are only 2 species. One shell has been referred
to Endodonia, an Australasian, and 1 to Sty/odon, a Mauritian
genus. The shell formerly called Cylndrella Cumingiana is now
considered by Dr. Dohrn to be an Zmea.

We may mention that we had not seen his paper in the
Malak. Blaetter when we wrote a short article on Cy/ndredla for
the “ Quarterly Journal of Conchology.” In that article, how-

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 309

ever, we expressed doubts as to the, generic position of C. Cum-
ingiana. Not possessing the species in our collection, we could
not pretend to decide on its true genus.

Stenogyra is numerous (10 species). The operculate shells
chiefly belong to the genera Cyclophorus, of which there are 16
handsome species, though scarcely so fine as those of Burmah,
and Leptopoma 22, Cyclotus has 7 species, Alyceus 1, Arinia 1,
Megalomastoma 1, Pupinella 2, Pupina 7, and Helicina g species.
We may remark the greater numbers of Pugina and felicina,
together with the reduction of the tubiferous genera to a single
Alyceus, as indicating the passage to the Australasian fauna.

8. Borneo is still very imperfectly explored. The largest
collections have been made in the Island of Labuan, and in
Sarawak. The Waning are numerous and fine, especially the
splendid reversed shell VV. Brookez, Amongst the fel ces, nasuta
may be mentioned as a most remarkable form; there are, however,
few true /elices known as yet from Borneo, and Cochlostyla
is only represented by 1, and Amphidromus by 2 species.
There is 1 Zvectra, and 2 Clausilie are found. ‘The operculate
fauna is interesting. There is 1 species of the curious genus
Optsthostoma, in which the last whorl turns up in the form of a
tube in a most extraordinary fashion (O. Crespignyi). There are
said to be 3 species of Paxdl/us but their specific distinction is
rather doubtful. ‘The other operculate genera are Cyclotus 2,
Opisthoporus 3, L teocyclos 5, Alycuus 3, Diplommatina 1,
Cyclophorus 5, Lepiosoma 6, Megalomastoma 3, Rhaphaulus 2,
Pupinella 1, Realta 5, Helicina 2. ‘The most complete account
of the Bornean land shells is Prof. Issel’s ‘‘ Molluschi Borneensi”;
Borneo, however, together with all the Dutch Islands is also
treated of at length in V. Martens’ “ Psische Expedition.”

9. Sumatra to Bali. The chain including Sumatra, Java, Bali,
and the neighbouring small islands may be considered as a distinct

310 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

region, though it must be confessed that there does not seem to be —
in the mollusca that sharp distinction between the Philippines,
Borneo, and Sumatra-Bali on the one side, and Celebes and the
Moluccas, and Lombock-Timor on the other, that has been
observed in other departments of Zoology. ‘The leading Molluscan
features of the Australasian Province do not appear, as we shall see,
till much further to the East, whilst Xesta, Hemiplecta, Amphi-
dromus, and other Indo-Malayan groups are found in Lombock,
Timor, Celebes and the Moluccas. This chain of islands is nut
so rich as might be expected. The land shells of the comparatively
small island of N. Caledonia are far more numerous than those of
all this group. The fauna of Java was described many years ago
by Mousson, the most recent account of the land shells of these
islands is in Martens’ work above referred to. Large Vanin@ are
numerous, generally of obscure colors. Of /Yedices there are few,
5 are referred to /ruticicola, 6 to Plectotropis, and only 1 to
Geotrochus. Amphidromus has 8 species, Coch/ostyla 1. There is
also 1 Buldiminus. Stenogyra is represented by 6 and Clausilia by
no less than g species. The operculate genera are Cyclotus 1,
Prerocyclos 1. Alyceus 3, Cyclophorus 8, Opisthopoma 3, Leptopoma
5, Pupina 2, Heltcina 2.

_ V. Australasian Province. It is rather in accordance

with the views of Lyell and Wallace than with our own convictions
‘to make this Province begin here; we would have preferred to
include the islands from Lombock to Timor, Celebes, the
Moluccas, and New Guinea in the Palzotropical Province as the
leading peculiarities of the Province are not found to any extent
till we get to the eastward of those islands. We also consider it
doubtful how far Australia, New Zealand, and the Polynesian
Islands can be considered to belong to the same Province. We
divide the Province into 5 great Regions, viz. :—

1, The Moluccan.

2. The West Polynesian.

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 31

3. The East Polynesian.
4. The Sandwich Islands.
5. The Australian,

1, The Moluccan Region includes those groups of which we
have already spoken as more Paleotropical than Australasian.
Large JVanine, generally of brighter colors than those of Java
and Sumatra, abound, whilst the small species so characteristic of
Polynesia are comparatively few. The Malayan subgenera of
felix, Planispira Chloritis, Corasia, etc., are numerously repre-
sented. Amphicromus has been found everywhere except in New
Guinea. artula has only 1 species, and that in New Guinea.
Several genera of operculates continue that are altogether lost in
Polynesia. Lepfopoma and Pupina are abundant. VLlacostylus,
that distinctive genus of West Polynesia, has not a single species.
The examination of the separate groups will show this more
distinctly.

A. Lombock to Timor. The following are the land shells :—
Nanina s.g. Hemiplecta 3, Xesta 2; Trochomorpha 1; Helix s.g.
Plectotropis 1, Dorca:ta 1, Fruticicola 1,*Rhagada 1, Plantspira 1 ;
Amphidromus 5, Buliminus 3, Cyclotus 1, Leptopoma 1, Felicina
2. It will thus be seen that except by the deficiency of some
genera, naturally to be expected in small islands, this is almost
identical in genera with the fauna of Sumatra-Bali.

B. Celebes. This island has not been fully explored, the
northern and southern extremities are better known than the
intermediate portions. Pfeiffer records Manina (Xesta 6, Hemt-
plecta 3, Maciochlamys 1, Medyla 1, doubtful 1), Zrechomorpha 1,
Helix (Obba 4, Chloritis 3, Planispira 1, Fruticicola 1),
Amphidromus 1, Buliminus 1, Cyclotus 3, Alyaeus 1, Cyclophorus
1, Leptopoma 3, Pupinella 1, Pupina 1, Realia 1, Helicina 1. We
see the the nearer relation to the Philippine and Bornean fauna in
the greater number and variety of the operculate shells.

312 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

C. Moluccas. We have here a somewhat different fauna. Its
great peculiarity is the abundance of the s.g. Planispira (no less
than 29 species). C//oritis is also numerous (13 species), and
Phania (3 species) is peculiar. There are two species of the
Philippine genus Coch/osty/a, and we find here the last species of .
Clausilia that we shall meet with in the Old World, one proof the
more of the Palzeotropical affinities of the fauna. The other groups
are much the same as in Celebes.

D. New Guinea, including the Aroo Islands, Louisiade, &c. We
here, for the first time, meet with an indication of Polynesian
affinities in the presence of a single species of Partu/a and in the
abundance of Geotrochus (19 species). A edinogyra indicates
the proximity to Australia. A J~eropfe is peculiar. The only
operculates are Cyclotus 2, Leptopoma 5, Pupinella 4, Helicina 7.
It must however be added that our knowledge of the zoology of
New Guinea is very scanty, and that of the eastern part almost
nil; and, judging from the ill success of recent attempts at settle-
ment, we shall probably have to wait some time for a complete
investigation of the island. Whether the result will be as dis-
appointing as in Java and Sumatra, or whether New Guinea will
be found to share in the conchological riches of the Solomon
Islands remains to be seen.

2. The West Polynesian Region. We mike this Region con-
terminous with the distribution of P/acosty/us. It consists of the
Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, the Fijis, and the New Hebrides;
the last named islands forming a transition to the East Polynesian
Region.

A. the Solomon Islands. These are exceedingly, rich; especially
in the s.g. Geotrochus, of which there are 55 species of great beauty.
The Flacosty/a are of more aberrant sections, 13 species. artula,
a genus special to the Polynesian Islands has 11 species. Z?ocho-
morpha also is now richly represented (15). Some of the Malaisian

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 313

subgenera of /7e/ix and Manina are still represented but in reduced
numbers, ¢g., Xes/a 1, Hemiplecta 3, Chilorit’s 3. On the other
hand, Cvrasia, a Philippine s.g., has 8 species. The operculate
shells are not very numerous, and all the genera of Indian affinities
have now disappeared, and Leftopoma 5, Pupina 4, and Helicina
"7 species, are fully characteristic of an Australasian fauna. The
presence of an Ofofoma and of 2 species of Cyclostomus 1s curious.
The former of these genera is distinctly African, and the latter,
though more widely distributed, is very rare in Polynesia.

B. New Caledonia. The New Caledonian Archipelago has been
very fully explored by the French officials and missionaries, and
their discoveries have been described by M.M. Crosse, Gassies,
and Souverbie. M. Gassies has published a monograph of the
land and freshwater shells of New Caledonia. The types mostly
exist in the Museum of Bordeaux, which is probably richer than
any other in New Caledonian shells. The leading characteristics
of the fauna are (1) The abundance of large, heavy species of
Placostylus of the typical section, such as P. fibratus, Souvillet, &c.
Of these 25 species are given by Pfeiffer; some of them may
possibly turn out to be varieties, but in any case they are numer-
ous ; (2) Small /e/ices, generally strongly sculptured, and Patu/e,
55 species. The uniformly small size of the He’zces is a remark-
able feature of the fauna. 7. Suisse? is perhaps the largest—a
giant compared with most of the others, and elsewhere it would
not be considered a conspicuous shell; (3) The curious genus
Diplomphalus, of a planorbiform shape. ‘These shells, D. AZariez,
Meget, etc., were formerly included in fe/ix, but M. Crosse has
shown that the animals are carnivorous, and that the mollusks
consequently belong to the Zestacellide ; (4) The abundance ot
Rhytida (10 species). This genus, of ordinary heliciform shape,
is also carnivorous. The ade, with internal teeth or lameile
(Endodonta, Pitys) so abundant in Eastern Polynesia, have only 3
species here. There are 7 species of Ppa, including one or twa

314 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

reversed ones. TZornatellina appears with 2 species. Helicina
becomes abundant, a true Polynesian feature (14 species). The
other operculates are few. Difplommatina 3, Cyclophorus 6, Pupina
1, Aealiag. ‘There is not a single species of Partuda.

C. Fiji Islands. Though these Islands have been explored by
Dr. Graeffe, it is probable that much more will be found there.
Mousson has published the fauna in “The Journal de Conchy-
liologie.” The small zonitiform shells, doubtfully referred to
Nanina, now begin to appear. The /lacostyli are of the section
Charis, suchas P. Strangei, and of another type, including £ovo-
ensis, Seemannt, etc., of a narrower, heavier form, more like the
New Caledonian shells. There are 14 /lacostyii altogether.
Amphidromus has 2 species, and Partula likewise 2. That these
genera, one distinctly Hindo-Malayan and the other as distinctly
Polynesian, should both be equally represented is strange. Prob-
ably further research will prove oneor the other to be predominant.
Tornatellina, a genus widely distributed in Polynesia, has 2 species.
Diplommatina, which after a temporary disappearance in the Malay
Islands reappears in Polynesia, has 7, and the allied AZoussonia
1 species. tea/za is more abundant in Polynesia than elsewhere ;
in Fiji there are ro species.

D. New Hebrides. These islands seem to partake of various
characteristics. Whilst 2 species of P/acostylus and 4 of Geotrochus
indicate a West Polynesian fauna, and 2 of Amphidromus even a
Malayan, 6 species of Partu/a point more to East Polynesian
affinities. These islands have evidently been very imperfectly ex-
plored, as besides the genera named, only the following have as
yet been found : Helix 1, Zrochomorpha 1, Patula 1, Buliminus 1,
Cyclotus 2, Diplommatina 2, Cyclophorus 3, Pupina 2, Realia 2,
ffelicina 6.

3. East Polynesian Region. We include in this the remainder
of the Polynesian Islands, except the Sandwich Islands, which

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The British

HELIX
arrosa v. California

Dupetithouarsi, Cal. ...
fraelis, Gali ..4. gle
Columbiana, Cal. .- ...
3 v. unidentata
Townsendiana, v. tenuis
Durantii, Cal.

Newberryana, Cal. ...

thyroides, N. America

albolabris ys rie
multilineata _,, =
Pennsylvanica ,, on
clausa «i ar
fallax KS

palliata ms ae

minuscula, Cal.
tudiculata, Cal. at
Trasku, Cal. eran at
Vancouverensis, Cal. ...
voyana, Cal. ee
asteriscusy' Cali i... ‘'ses
Kellettin Cal WA e= a
Fe Calc
conspecta, Oregon
Calitorniensis, Cal... ..:
alternata, N. America...

Val.”

Stearnsiana, Cal... ° oa

acerra, N. America .«..
personata, Germany ...
internus, N. America

laevigata " oes
solitaria a ave
perspectiva _,, nas
ligeia cf 4c

scabriuscula, Sicily ...
carthusiana, Eng. os

Naturalist’ Agency Advertiser.

Sooo ws! (OOO 30 20. 1 OF mt ete G1 Ww Or mies

es + SS S&S

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OKO>*0: 409020 (O80 inet OF it

Cr .O1 SG OF Gh 6- GS corse

AON Te Cae 2 ON Oy ONO Gy) Go Ga OG 6) OF OF Oh OGIO OAD wd is Go

HELIx
Cantianay Bags, soc ae

rotundata, Hinge, seb! .
sericea, Eng. 72
aspersa, Eng.
arbustorum, Eng. ...
pomatia, Eng. ...
limbata; France v0...
lenticula,, Tialye 3. 3s.
terrestris, France...

99
cariosulay Syr 4).
erythrostoma, Moroc....
nemoralis, Eng.
hortensis, Ege? 0. ye

i»... Vo hy brida,, ..%
obvoluta, Eng.
fulva, Eng.
aculeata, Engy swe). ss.
faustina, Europe... ...
fruticum, Germany ...
Nyellii, Bal. Is. was.

NERITINA.
fluviatilis, Eng. ... ...
viridis, W. Indies ae
pupa, W. Indies... .«..
Strangulata ... +6 ave
PUPA.
avena, Germany... ..-
fallax, N. America...
Scedie, WiNes.-4 . up)
umbilicata, Eng.... e+
muscorum, Eng.... ...
mumia, W. Indies...

uva. > a
armifera, N. America...

contracta

”? sles

v. elegans, France

ORO 40. © 0720050 =o 60

et Op Cm OrsumO 1. © 0 0 © O O-O.0-0o © ©o.°0 6 @ 2

OF20).10>- CO

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OF DAWA HO BR DY NKR KO AAT A aw w ew

Ww FP & GD Ww

QR HAON & vd

The British Naturalists Agency Aduertiser.

BuLIMus. s. @.| LiMn@a.
montanus, "ng. ... o 4 | truncatula, eng.
obscurus, Eng. o 2| glutinosa, Eng. ...
(Mba Wee ihes 2 bes e o 6 | involuta, Ireland.
tridens...- e. o 6| desidiosa, N. Am.
niso eins elodes, N. Am. ay
Para. glalee, Eee nae toads
: bulimoides, Cal. aa Aet ae

Otaheitana Se. 6.s..5 «eee ek i

Rowelh, Cals.) as.) ¥.wuaee
Balea perversa, Eng. ... ... © 2

PHysa.
CURSED Gabbii, Oregon.
laminata, Hing. i027 eee ee Carltoni, Cal.
Schlechtii, Eng. ... 1 ©] hypnorum, Utah.
dubia, Hing... 0.0. Diss o 4 , Eng...
parvula, Germ. oc Jesh ou. POO costata, Cal. ... ee
solida, France. cee Lovee: diaphana. Cal. ...
Streptaxis deformis, Barbadaes 1 4 Traskii, Oregon.
Melampus Coffea sss see © 6 |) Pawnii, Nevada.
Testaceilla Maugei, Eng. ... o 6

PLANORBIS.
ADAMSIELLA, parvus, Oregon.
poitabilis pam: “sis. oe. plans 6 | opercularis, Cal. “=
Pomatias maculatum ... ... 6 | corpulentus, Oregon...
Trochatella pulchella.... .... o -6 | ammon, Cal.
Se Aeikin. lineatus, Norwich.

: deflectus, Maine.
putris, Engl. Spas as o 4 armigerus, N. Am.
rusticana, Oregon. ° 9
Silimanni, Cal. ... ... ... 0 6 | ANCYLUS.
Oregonensis, Oregon... o 6 | capuloides, Eng.
ovalis, N. Am. ° 4 lacustris, Eng. ...
strigata, Australia. o 4 v. compressa, Eng.
elegans, Eng. ... ... ... 0 4 | fragilis, Oregon... ...

MELANIA.

Limnza. Bairdiana, Oregon

Draytoni, Cal. ...
plicifera, Oregon

palustris; Eng. ... ..6 ... oO 8
Staghalis; Ping, "Ae ee 3

Oe On OO” GF un aOUee
Oo Rob Ge. O.6. Ss

ORIOm On O' "On Ole COLO
CR CA OND) © Gos fe ote

S10: -cOl_ OC Owes) a0)
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Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 45

o

form a region apart. We here finda comparatively extensive fauna
considering the small size of most of the islands, but an absence
of any conspicuous shells.

The Aelicide, like those of New Caledonia, are very small,
the sections with internal lamellz being however numerous here.
Placostylus and Amphidromus have both disappeared. The large
Nanine are no longer met with, and we have finally taken leave
of the fine Indo-Malayan genera of Cyclostomide. On the other
hand, Partiula becomes very numerous, and with Trochomorpha
furnishes the only shells even approaching to a moderate size.
Lornatellina has a good many species, and amongst the opercul-
ates there are various forms of Diglommatinide (Palaina, Mous-
sonia, etc.), of Cyclophoride ( Ostodes) and many species of Realia,
all small shells.

A. Samoa Islands. These and the Tonga Islands have, like
the Fijis, been explored by Dr. Graeffe, and the results, as far as
the land and freshwater shells are concerned, have been published
by Prof. Mousson in the “ Journal de Conchyliologie.” From the
smaller size and lesser number of the Islands, it is probable that
Dr. Graeffe has been able to approach much nearer to discovering
the complete fauna than in the case of the Fijis. One species has
been referred to Amphibulima, rather doubtful. There is also
Microcystis, etc., 8, Putula 2, Pitys 3, Trechomorpha 6, Stenogyra
1, Partula 13, Tornatellina 2, Cyclotus 1, Moussonia 1, Ostodes 6,
Realia 7, Helicina 25

B. Tonga Islands. The genera and many of the species are the
same as those of Samoa. It is remarkable that only one species
of Partula has been found.

C. Gook’s Islands. Here 3 species of Déadema, one each of
Chondrella, Palaina and Cyclomorpha are remarkable. ‘There are
16 species of Pitys. ‘The other genera are but poorly represented.
Microcystis 1, Trochomorpha 3, Partula 1, Tornatellina 1, Pupa 1,
Helicina 1, Cyclophorus 1, Realia 4.

316 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

D. Society Islands. These have been very well explored by
Pease and others, and probably we are now acquainted with the
greater part of their land shells. The genus Partw/a here attains
its maximum, no fewer than 42 species being recorded. It is,
however, probable that some of these will not stand. Swccinea
abounds (11 species). Of Patula there are § and of Exdodonia 6
species. There are several small Zonztide. The operculate shells
almost all belong to Realia (14) and Aelicina (12). The only
other operculates are one species each of Cyclophorus and
Chondrella.

E. Austral Islands, including Opara. The most striking peculi-
arity of these islands is the occurrence of a species of Sfoastoma,
a genus otherwise exclusively West Indian. The other land shells
belong to groups common in the neighbouring islands, and include
6 species of Zndodonta and 5 of Tornatellina.

F. Low Islands. We now come to the extreme eastern part of
the Polynesian Archipelago, where the fauna is the poorest. Only
20 species have been recorded from these islands, of which five
belong to A/zcrocystis and five to Helicina. Endodonta and Realia
have each 2, and Pitys, Partula, Pupa, Cyclophorus, Cyclomorpha
and Chondrella 1 species.

G. Marquesas. We now begin to work our way back by the
north. Inthe Marquesas we have the usual Polynesian fauna, of
about 24 species, Pitys, Partula, Tornatellina, Realia, Helicina,
etc. The only peculiarity is the existence of 2 species of Vitrina.

H. Pheenix, Ellice, Kingsmil!, and Marshall Islands. These are
chiefly coral islets and have yielded very little. The genera are
Nanina 2, Patula 1, Pitys 1, Stenogyra 1, Tornatellina 1, Pupat,
Realia 3, Helicina 2.

I. Caroline Islands. Returning to the westward we find a
somewhat richer fauna. One species each of AAysota and Pupina

—s

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 317

indicate the proximity of the Malayan Islands. Zvochomorpha is
well represented (7 species). The-other shells are Partula 3,
Tornatellina 2, Pupa 1, Cyclophorus 1, Cyclostomus 1, Realia 2,
flelicina 2.

J. Pelew Islands. These are very remarkable for the existence
of a peculiar genus of Dip/ommatinacea, of which only one or two
species occur elsewhere, whilst there are 15 in the Pelew Islands,
and hence it has been named /a/aina by Semper. There are 2

_ species of Pupina and even 1 of Chlorea. Partula has 3 species.

Laprones. From these small islands the following only are
known: Succinea 1, Microcystis 2, Helix 1, Partula 6, Realia 2.

4. Sandwich Island Region. We consider the Sandwich
Islands, from their peculiar fauna, as entitled to rank as a distinct
region from the rest of Polynesia, from which they are also geo-
graphically remote. They have, it is true, certain Polynesian
features. L£ndodonta and /itys have many species (14),
and fartula exists, but only represented by two species.
There are aiso several of the zonitiform JVaning, but the
following peculiarities are, we think, sufficient to constitute
a distinct region: (1) The genus Achatinella. Of this genus 291
species have been described, all from the Sandwich Islands,
Probably many so called species will turn out to be synonyms or
varieties, but even a reduction of a third or a half would leave a
very largenumber. From the anatomical investigations of Messrs.
Binney and Bland, it is probable that Achatznella will have to be
split up into two or three genera, and we are therefore disposed to

admit the subfamily Achatinellina proposed by Messrs. Gulick and

Smith, and this subfamily is exclusively from the Sandwich Islands,
(2) The genus Awriculella, of which 1g species have been proposed,
all from these islands. Included in Achatnella till lately, this
genus is now admitted by Pfeiffer as distinct. (3) The genus
Carelia, These are long turreted shells with a peculiarly twisted

318 « Quarterly Journal of, Conchology.

columella, their true position is somewhat doubtful. Nine species
have been described, all from the Sandwich Islands. (4) The
genus or subgenus Catinella of Pease. ‘These are Swcinee of
aberrant form. Pfeiffer only mentions 2 species.

The cn’y other genera that are abundant in these Islands are
Suc nea 12, Pufa 9, and Helicina 8 species. One species has
been referred to Ferussacia, avery doubtful identification, the shell
is probably an Achatinella.

5. Australian Region. We include in this Region, Australia,
Tasmania, New Zealand, and the following small islands: Norfolk
Island, Kermandec, and the Auckland Islands.

True /Ye/ices exist in this region in large numbers, and of fine
forms. Operculates are chiefly represented by Pupina, Realia
and fHelicina. Fartula is altogether wanting. Taken on the
whole the fauna has a much nearer resemblance to that of the
Malay Archipelago than to the Polynesian.

A. Australia. The north-east coast is the richest part. Peyond
the tropic land-shells are comparitively few, though some have
been described even from the interior. Cox’s Monograph of
Australian Land Shells, published about ten years ago, gives a
complete account of all those then known; others have since been
described. Vitrina, or more probably /e/icarton, is abundant (18
‘ species). One species has been referred to Szmpulopsis, though
this isa very doubtful identification, S¢mpz/opsis beg an American
genus. /Vanine are comparitively few, 20 species. Z7vochomorpha,
on the other hand, has 19 species. One species has been referred
to the Madagascan s.g. Amfelita. The characteristic subgenera
of Helix are Xanthomelon 8, Galaxias 13, Pedinogyra 2, Hadra 52,
Charopa 6. There are 8 species of Ahytida, a genus of which we
have spoken under New Caledonia. Dovcasia has 4 species, Camena
5, and Planispira 4; all showing a Malayan affinity. /Vectotrepis,
an Asiatic genus, is represented by one species. Six species have

ae

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 319

been referred to Cochlostylz, which may be correct, but we rather
doubt the three so-called Vaé/onie. Buliminus is very rich, 26
species, The operculates are Blanfordia 1, Diplommatina 2,
Cyclophorus 3, Pupinella 4, Pupina 11, Realia 1, Helicina to, and,
strange to say, if the identification be correct, one species of the
Indian genus Geovvssa.

B. Tasmania. Numerous species of Zyochomorpha (about 20)
and the peculiar subgenus of Helix, Anaglypta, of which, how-
ever, only one species is known, /7. Launcestonensis, form the
most striking features. There are 3 species of Rhytida, 8 of
Charopa, and, curiously enough, 5 of Pidys.

C. Norfolk.Island has only Manna 2, Trochomorpha i, Patula
3, Palaina 1, Realia 2, Helicina 1.

D. Kermandee only possesses Vitrina 1, Macrochlamys 1,
Thalassia 1, Patula 1. We may remark with reference to the
Vitrina that Mr. Edgar Smith’s name Kermandecensis has priority
over Prof. Mousson’s witima. They were published in the
“ Annals and Magazine of N.H.” and “ The Journal de Conchy-
liologie” of the same nominal date, but whereas the “ Journal”
rarely appears till from six weeks to two months after date, the
English Magazines are always published a few days before date.
Both Mr. Smith and Prof. Mousson could very well afford to dis-
pense with whatever honor may be considered to arise from
having their names attached to this shell, we have, therefore, no
hesitation in pointing out what we believe to be the correct state
of the case.

E. New Zealand has hardly answered to the expectations
formed of it. Woodward says that it is “rich in land shells.” If
so, it is strange that scarcely half as many species have been
found as in New Caledonia. Manne are tolerably numerous,
Paryphanta 16, Thalassia 7. There are 20 species of Charopa,
which may be considered as the characteristic group. Two species

320 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

have been referred to Rhytida, 1 to Laoma, and 1 to Dorcasia,
The most interesting feature in the fauna is perhaps the presence
of 2 species of Placostylus, of the typical New Caledonian section,
There is also 1 Balee. ‘The operculates are very few, Diplomma-
‘tina 1, Realia 6, and Cyclophorus 2.

F, Auckland Islands possess only Vitvina 1 and Thalassia 2.

We have now concluded our survey of the geographical
distribution of the Mollusca of the Old World, and pause for the
moment. Should this effort be favorably received, it is our
intention, after a short delay, to complete our task by a similar
sketch of the general features of American Molluscan life. We
are aware that there must be many deficiences and errors in any
such attempt, and shall always feel grateful for any information
that may enable us to issue supplementary notes making good such
deficiencies or correcting such errors. We will only add, in
concluding this first part, that we have intentionally limited it to
that portion of the extra-marine mollusca to which we have more
specially attended ; and we are quite conscious. that, to complete
the subject, the naked molluscs and the fresh-water species should
likewise be included. The latter we may undertake some time; as
to the slugs we confess we share in Dr. Jeffreys’ aversion for them.

Note.—It may be proper to add, that the portion of this
paper referring to the Palearctic Province was written before the
publication of Dr. Kobelt’s second supplement to his catalogue.
Fully recognizing the importance of the views he has therein
expressed, we have thought that it would be more satisfactory to
both for our paper to be published as it was originally written, and
we have consequently made no alteration in it.

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The October Number of the AMERICAN NATURALIST opens with an interesting
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** Pseudis, the Paradoxical Frog,” by S. W. Garman follows, with an illustration,
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touches closely upon the Darwinian Philosophy in his ‘* Laws otf Digital Reduction,”
and David S. Jordan closes the long list of papers, with a very complete article ‘‘On
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