| Qt Quarterly Touma -Q15 of Cov ( “0 lod 4 MOLL I en eee et Ta) FNL eet gM Pr AT eh AUGUST, 1878. al ie a THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE, Annotated Catalogue of Polynesian Cones.—A. Garrett ... te 353 . Colonising Land Shells.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B, ee be ati 367 . Bullia rhodostoma.—J. S. Gibbons, Me Bien une ASP es 368 Pholas crispata.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. oat a aor Pr 369 Helix cantiana.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B.... 369 Shell collecting in Curacao.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. 370 Description of a new Planorbis.—W. Nelson... ‘ as hie 379 Note on Cylindrella Raveni.—J. T. Marshall... we ot fcr 380 Note on the Shells of Guernsey.—J. T. Marshall... eit tee 380 List of West African Shells.—F. P. Marrat ... re oe & 381 List of Shells of lowa.—Prof. F. M. Witter ... on Ae ne 382 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES; Planorbis Gibbonsi, JVe/soz. a es aig te ae 379 Nassa interstincta, AZarrat _, es oF Bae gs a 381 Crassatella Africana, M/arrat ... ee aii Ree ps Se 382 Actinobolus Africanus, JZarrat ue a ae oe a 312 BIBLIOGRAPHY : 4 LONDON : HARDWICKE & BOGUE, 192, PICCADILLY, W. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN’S STREET, PRICE* ONE SHILLING. ci, Oe aes Full price will be paid for clean, perfect copies of Nos. 1, 2,.and 3 | of this Journal at the office, St Ann Street, Leeds. i) oe EL AC IN AG Ee A collection of 50 species of Land Shells, in. exchange for a similar number from other countries.—Address M., Office of this Journal, St. Ann Street, Leeds. oe Collections of 20 species of British Limnzeidze, in exchange for — Limnzeide of any other country.—W. Ne.son, Duke Street, Leeds. BOOKS: RECEIVED: The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde.—By A. Brown, 1878, 8vo., pp. 130. [The Author. The American Naturalist.—Edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., May— July, 1878. [The Editor. The Naturalist.—Edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., and G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., 8vo., May—July. [The Editors. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1878, vol. ii, No. 4, pp. 306. [The Academy. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1878, vol. xix, part ill, pp. 221 and 6 plates. {The Society. Bullettino della Societ’ Malacologica Italiano, 1878, 8vo., vol. ii, Fogli, 4, 5, 6, pp. 48. [The Society. Monthly Notices.of papers and proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 8vo. pp. 273. [The Society. Report and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 8vo., pp. 228. é; [The Society. Census; with brief description of the Shells of Tasmania and adjacent islands.—By J. E. Tenison Woods, F.G.S., &c., 8vo., pp. 34. [Mr. W. Legrand. Journal de Conchyliologie.—Edited by Crosse and Fischer, April, 1878, 8vo.; pp. 92 and 5 plates. | The Editors. Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. — Edited by Dr. Kobelt, April, 1878, 8vo., pp. 92 & 5 pl. [The Editor. Descriptions of nine new species of Land and Marine Shells from various localities.—By G. F. Angas, C.M.Z.S., &c., pp. 3 and plate. [The Author. Description of a new genus of Land Shells belonging to the family - (=) Cyclophoride.—-By G. F. Angas, C.M.Z.S., &c., 8vo., pp. 1. {The Author. — Liverpool Museum Report, No. 1; Mollusca of the Argo Expedition to the West Indies, 1876.—-By Rev. H. H. Higgins, M.A., 8vo., . pp. 20 and plate. : [ Mr. F.. P. -Marrat. ° : 5 —_. ey eee 5 oe all Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 353 ANNOTATED CATALOGUE oF THE SPECIES or CONUS, COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. By ANDREW GARRETT. On looking over my notes and Journals made during many years devoted to Conchological researches in the various South Sea Islands, I have selected and tabulated the following list of Cones collected in all parts of Polynesia, hoping it will not be devoid of interest to those engaged in elucidating the difficult problem of the geographical distribution of the mollusca. It is worthy of remark that every species mentioned in the present list has been collected by the writer, so that the locations and range of each can be relied on as correct. Of course further research will increase the number of species, and prove that others have a more extended range than given in this Catalogue. I have not attempted to elucidate the cause of variation, which, in many cases, is as great in the same group of Islands as in those species common to remote localities. Shells inhabiting Western Polynesia are most generally larger and firmer than Eastern Polynesian examples, but in some instances the contrary takes place. In order to acquire a true knowledge of geographical distribu- tion, local lists carefully tabulated will be of material aid in solving the problem. In future papers I purpose to catalogue other genera in the same manner, Aug., 1878. 354 ox Dor & N oH . ” Quarterly Journal of Conchology. . Conus abbas, Brug. Adansoniu, Zaw. ammiralis, £772. arenatus, Brig. aulicus, Zz7.... auratus, Brig. aureus, Brig. bullatus, Zz. balteatus, Soz. coelebs, Has. consul, Bozz. ? capitaneus, £77. catus, B7ug.... elavus. 227. 2 cylindraceus, Brod. distans, Brug. abbreviatus, MWztz. eee canonicus, Arig... coccineus, Gel, ... emaciatus, /eeeve ... encaustus, A7zez. eburneus, Brig. episcopus, Brig. .. ermineus, Loz. exiguus, Zam. fabula, Soze.... figulinus, £77. flavidus, Zam. generalis, £27. geographus, Lzv. .. glans, Lrug.... Hebraeus, Zev. imperialis, Zzv. mappa, Cvosse. literatus, Zzz. lividus, Brig. eee he ig KE CK | Viti Islands. een Cae a ON x xX Pay Poke WS PAK SRR Ke IK x X | Tonga Islands. x x | X x x Samoa Islands. KA | i x Kingsmill Isl’s. x x * xX X Caroline Islands. Cook’s Islands. X96 KO x x Loa Pace! S\a SoH = | ass SIO 32 ROMS: O;}8 yt) |Py x | x x] x] x|x x Ne} Se x x|x x | x|x x|x x x x| x SS lise x |x x| x | x x x |x Marquesas Isl’s. | Sandwich Islands. x Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 36. Conus luteus, Bred. Be 2? 3) legatus, Lam. lictor, Bozv. ? magnificus, /ezve. .. . marchionatus, //ds. marmoreus, £77. ... miles, £272. miliaris, £77. millepunctatus, Zam. minimus, £77. ... mitratus, Brug. ... mustelinus, L7wg. nanus, 570d. ‘ nussataila, £77. omaria, Lug. panniculus, Zam... pertusus, Brug. .. nocturnus, 477... praefectus, Brug... pulicarius, Avug. .. pusillus, Chem. planorbis, Born. PATVUS P56. ceh cast praetextus, Ave. .. quercinus, Brug. ... rhododendron, Cotthe... scaber, A7zez. Eg solidus, Soz. Ae sponsalis, Chem. ... Simlatis: Lge: 3. Tahitensis, Brug... terebra, Lorn. vee tessellatus, FBorn.... Temilese Limi nel jes palipay Lem vee, 60h eee 355 wn . See gesle val|S|S|)4\S18\e\aia|2 21S S| Ayala |e Sa ee ile ee eg) ch | aS fae) Osi al 2S | Hers | Bere Sol Ste lalole| sits s Sm ea ae x x x x x x x |x x SCIESel lise lia lescatloe x X|x|xX|xX|xPx) x] x x HS HS I Seat Rel Salle x |x| x |x fx bx |x |x x PEN SESS Ee allie x x x Sala pe lise S25) Bele | |S INS |e lisse x x x|x|xlx]xPx} x] x x oF x) x} x | x x x1x}Ixilx|xPx|xilxlx x | x aI) Se liee|| Se S| [Sx Se alee x me x |x x |x x x x|x x ise | x x|x x1 xl xl xl xbxl x lo] x Ne | se | ove || Bee hse | | Galle. ike x x|x}]x| x] x Px hx|xIlxix SES) [Sil ee Hide lsat line x Sal Seal ba Seales x x|ix}1x1x|xixlxix | BS BS Mee) [ec Sel] Bea lise le 356 72. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. a | va Wall oe lees Bus" | |. 5 [heat ae OIG lee | Sho lS I fe ee . alnleta| aia wn wn} Ss Sle hole l ale ig O|S |S BIS ISI] 1H |H le Zu es aid [4 |r te gy fo S 3 Oo 4lala/F.Sle| By Ol sles O91O | anlGl¥ 1%! a| Sia EIS |SslselOrolsiaia “=i | O aap oe ee O|S)a\a > 15 | MO JO [a2 [Aa | | Conus tendineus, Brug. ... x Pores sp WANtlerl, wher.) bia. x » vexillum, AZazz. oa >a esa ib al ra) fever |e, ap |< sp) GAR GO, ar oe ees piu x|x1x| x} x Px] xix x 3) vulppinus, -B7uwe.* is | nol. WARIUSS E777 nef xcs x x 3 | | | » vermiculatus, Zaw. S|) Xloe | sol selec |e feat a 4 sp. am: x Fs Sp. : a ae? | i: sp. at x OOO pee ject eea heats O/OlOJO}JOFO}]O arate O/O0|/O/DIoJoO/o9/O/ d/o Sq. a) aes) a) ees O}olH| +) +1t) ajo] 4) 4 89 | 69] SF] st] 69] 09] S| ea] | at Western Po- Eastern Po- lynesia 64 sp. | lynesia 57 sp. 21sp.not found | 15 sp.not found in Eastern Po- | in Western Po- lynesia. lynesia. SS SS 1. Conus ABBAS, Brug. We found two beautifully marked examples of this species washed up during a heavy gale at Rarotonga 2. CONUS ABBREVIATUS, Nut. 3. Conus ApANsonu, Lam. Island, Cook’s group. Not uncommon in the lower region of the littoral zone, and seems to be peculiar to the Sandwich Islands. Somewhat rare, and only occurred to our notice at the Viti Islands, where we found them lurking in sand at or near low water mark, Quarterly Journal of Concholegy. 357 4. CoNUS AMMIRALIS, Lin. During two years collecting in the Viti group we found only a single very perfect live example of this beautiful species, in sandy-mud in the upper region of the laminarian zone, Several small beach worn speci- mens were found in various parts of the group. 5. CONUS ARENATUS, Brug. Common at the Viti Islands, less so at the other groups, and very rare at the Cook’s Islands; the limits of its range in Eastern Polynesia. Most generally found buried in coarse sand. 6. Conus AuLicus, Lin. Very rare; no living examples found. Conus AuRATUS, Brug. This is also a very rare species; found ~J lurking under stones at low water mark. 8. CoNUS AUREUS, Brug. Very rare; only found in the condi- tion of dead shells, g. CoNuS BULLATUS, Lin. Only several dead but very perfect examples found on reefs. 10. CONUS BALTEATUS, Sow. Not common; found among sea- weed near low water mark. 11. Conus COELEBS, Hds. We obtained a number of examples of this species in the upper region of the laminarian zone, on sandy-mud bottom at the Island of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. 12. CONUS CANONICUS, Brug. A rare species ; found hiding under stones on reefs. The animal is flesh-white with a buff- yellow creeping disk, which, together with the upper surface of the foot is delicately marbled with rich reddish-brown, and the ends of the same organ edged or tinged with rose-red. The siphon and tentacles are white, the former tipped with rose-red and ornamented with an anterior transverse black spot 358 Quarierly Journal of Conchology. 13. Conus CONSUL, Boiv.? Several dead but perfect examples found on an extensive sand flat on the south coast of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. We are uncertain about the determination of this species. Boivin’s description and figure agrees very closely with this shell. It is also very much like Conus raphanus, Brug., and may possibly be that species. 14. Conus capiTaneus, Lin. This is not by any means a common species. We obtained a few examples.on reefs in Western Polynesia. 15. Conus caTus, Brug. Found at all the South Sea Islands, except the Marquesas, and more plentiful at the Panmotus than elsewhere. Station, under stones on reefs. The animal is pale cinereous, varied with delicate brown mottlings, which are most conspicuous in the muzzle. 16. Conus cLavus, Lin. A rare species; found under clumps of coral on reefs, 17. Conus coccinEus, Gmel. Rare, and only found washed up on beaches. We received a few examples from Swain’s Island, all beach worn. 18. Conus CYLINDRACEUS, Brod. A very rare species ; only oc- curred to us in the condition of beach shells. Besides the locations mentioned, we have ascertained that it is occasion- ally found in Flint’s Island, which is also in Eastern Po- lynesia. 19. Conus bDIsTANs, Brug. A common species at most of the South Sea Islands. The animal is very timid and sluggish, of a purple brown color, with paler mottlings and darker veins. ‘The siphon is white, varied with purple brown spots. Mouth white, margined with brown; on reefs. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 359 20. CoNUS ENCAUSTUS, Rve. We obtained about a dozen examples of this species at the Marquesas Islands, where they occurred on a small shore flat. 21. CONUS EBURNEUS, Brug. Not uncommon on sandy bottoms in the upper region of the laminarian zone. We have found it more abundant at the Society Islands than elsewhere. 22. Conus EPiscopus, Brug. ‘Though having an extensive range through the South Seas, this is not by any means a common shell. Living examples where found under clumps of coral inside reefs. The animal is creamy-white or creamy-yellow, mottled with reddish-brown, the mottlings disposed in transverse dashes on the upper surface of the foot, which is also marked with three anterior black spots; the end of the siphon and the tips of the tentacles rose-red, the former with a tranvsverse black zone. 23. CONUS ERMINEUS, Born. Though having a wide range is not by any means common ; on reefs. 24. Conus Ex1Guus, Lam. We found two shells, dead, but in good condition, in the Viti group, which accord well with the description and figure of Lamark’s species. 25. CONUS FABULA, Sow. A rare species, found under clumps of coral on reefs. Society Island examples are much finer and larger than those obtained in the western groups. The animal is purple-red, minutely dotted with whitish, the dots more crowded on the tentacles. 26. Conus FIGULINUS, Lin. Very rare. Two dead but perfect specimens found inside reefs. 27. Conus FLAvIDUS, Lam. A common, somewhat variable species; found on reefs and stony bottoms. 360 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Animal brownish-yellow ; siphon diluted white, dotted with yellowish and zoned with black; upper surface of the foot reddish-brown, mottled and minutely speckled with brown. 28. CONUS GENERALIS, Lin. Only three dead examples found at Lauthala Island in the Viti group. 29. CoNUS GEOGRAPHUS, Lin. Not common; only one living specimen obtained of a native at Samoa. 20, Conus GLANS, Brug. Not common; under clumps of coral on reefs. 31. Conus Hepraeus, Lin. A common species; found on reefs and weedy grounds. Animal blackish, the head tinged with red, and the foot, which is tinged with pinky-red anteriorly, is margined both above and beneath with tawny-yellow, and the creeping disk is marked with a middle longitudinal stripe of the latter hue; siphon grayish, tinged with pink and variegated with blackish. 32, CONUS IMPERIALIS, Lin. Not uncommon and found in the same station as the preceding species. The animal is of a purple-red color, dotted with white and delicately mottled with black, 33. CONUS MAPPA, Crosse. This is C. ¢nxtermedius, Rve., re- baptised by M. Crosse as Reeve’s name is preoccupied for a fossil cone. This species seems to be rare; we only obtained several beach examples at the Panmotus, and received a specimen from Starbuck Island, which is also in Eastern Polynesia. 34. CoNUS LITERATUS, Lin. On sandy bottoms in the upper region of the laminarian zone. 35. Conus Livipus, Brug. A common variable species ; found on reefs and weedy and sandy bottoms. 36. 43. 44. 45. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 361 The animal is deep purple-brown, delicately flecked with black and minutely dotted with white. Conus LuTeus, Brod. We found one beach specimen of a cone at Kankora, Panmotu Islands, which we presume to be Broderip’s species, which came from the same location. . Conus LEGATUs, Lam. Very rare; only three dead examples found. Conus Licror, Boiy.2 We found two beach-worn shells at Samoa, which we doubtfully refer to Boivin’s species. Conus MAGNIFICUS, Rve. A rare species ; found under stones. Conus MAGUs, Lin. Somewhat rare. . CoNUS MARCHIONATUS, Hds. One dead and very much worn specimen picked up on the beach. It is said to be very rare at the Marquesas where it is peculiar. Conus MARMOREUS, Lin. Common in Western Polynesia, rare at the Cook’s Group, and during seven month’s research at the Panmotu Islands only found one very large living example. They are found living on sandy bottom, though sometimes on reefs. Conus MILEs, Lin. Not uncommon on reefs. Conus MILIARIS, Brug. A common species; inhabiting reefs and sandy bottoms in shallow water. The animal is of a whitish buff color, with a few light reddish brown mottlings and dotted with flake-white ; siphon white, tipped with pink, and varied with light brown. CoNUS MILLEPUNCTATUS, Lam. A common species ; living on sandy bottom in the upper region of the laminarian zone. The animal has a tawny-yellow foot which is mottled beneath with purple-brown and varied with black and ia) ~~ bo 47. 50. Bil: G2. 54. oi 56. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. brown above; the siphon is creamy-yellow varied with fawn-yellow, and marked at the anterior end with a wide: transverse black band. Conus minimus, Lin. Not uncommon at most of the South Sea Islands, and delight in sandy-mud bottom in shallow water. Animal of a light-buff hue, more or less varied with reddish-brown, the siphon and either end of the foot tinged with rose-red. CONUS MITRATUS, Brug. A rare species ; found under clumps of coral on reefs. CoNUS MUSTELINUS, Brug. Also a rare species ; found in the same station as the preceding. Conus NANUs, Brod. A common species ; found on reefs. Animal diluted white, closely dotted and pencilled with opaque white, and the tip of the siphon and ends of foot rose-red. Conus NOCTURNUS, Brug. Several examples found in shallow water on sand flats. CoNUS NUSSATELLA, Lin. Somewhat rare, and generally found hiding under clumps of coral on reefs. Conus omaria, Brug. Not common. Under stones on sand flats. Conus PANNICULUS, Lam. A rare species ; only found ina dead condition on reefs. Conus PERTUSUS, Brug. Only two dead examples found on the reef at Anaa, Panmotu Islands. CoNUS PRAEFECTUS, Brug. Only several dead specimens found on a sandy-mud flat at Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. Conus puLicarius, Brug. An abundant species inhabiting sandy bottoms in shallow water, and more common in the Society Islands than elsewhere. 57: 58. 59. 60. 61. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 363 The animal has a tawny-yellow creeping disk, veined with darker; the siphon is yellow tipped with rose-red, and ornamented with a subterminal black zone and numer- ous abbreviated brown lines and opaque white dots. The muzzle is yellowish and transversely lineated with light brown ; upper surface of the foot tawny-yellow with darker mottlings, veined and slightly clouded with black along the margins. Conus PUSILLUS, Chem. A common Sandwich Island species found on reefs and rocky coasts. A few examples occurred to our notice in the Viti Group. Animal pinky-flesh color dotted and pencilled with opaque white, and the ends of the foot and siphon tipped with rose- red. CoNUS PLANORBIS, Born. A common species at the Society Islands, found on reefs, but much less abundant at the other groups. The animal is rich buff-yellow, with darker veins on the foot, and slightly mottled with reddish-brown ; siphon with a terminal zone of the latter color. Conus PARVuUS, Pse. A rare species living under stones on reefs. CONUS PRAETEXTUS, Roe. 3+ eS A NORTHERN LOCALITY FOR & CANTIANA, Mont, By J. S, GIBBONS, M.B. Newcastle is, I believe, the northern-most point for this species, there however it is supposed to have been introduced with ballast. Some years ago I collected it on the chalk cliffs of Bempton, near Flambro’ Head, a locality so retired that it is impossible to suppose it otherwise than indigenous, SOO Aug., 1878, 370 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. AN HOUR'S SHELE HUNTING IN "CURMCAGQ Hae By J. S. GIBBONS, M.B. The West Indies are known to all Conchologists as a region in which land-shells are specially abundant. I have pleasing re- miniscences of several of the islands and ports in the shape of numerous species collected during the few hours usually at my disposal, but no place equals St. Ann’s, Curacao, in my estimation, from a Conchological point of view. The town itself is old and quaint-—even abroad the Dutch endeavour to continue their home-habits and do their best to reproduce the canals and dykes of their native country, conse- quently, in St. Ann’s water takes the place of pavement, and one employs a boat where in other places one would use a cab, or walk. I spent but little time, however, in investigating the peculiarities of the town, but hailing one of the things they call boats (for all the world like a square washing tub), I was sculled to the end of one of the few dry-land streets and struck out for the country. I had to pass along what a week or two before had been a street, parallel with, and close to the sea, but the greater part of which was in ruins from the tidal-wave of September 23rd. In some places the road was buried to a depth of six or seven feet under a mass of shingle thrown up on the beach; houses by the dozen were levelled to the ground and all bore more or less evidence of the terrific power of the wave. I thought to have found some marine shells washed up, but my time being very limited and noting that the soldiers (stationed at intervals of a few yards, with naked swords, to prevent plundering) were looking at me with suspicious eyes, I decided to push on for the country. After all I never fairly reached the country. Near the outskirts of the town there is a hill on which are a few houses; here a waste piece of ground of very limited extent supplied me with occupation for all the time I had to spare. Covered with Quarterly Journal of Conchology. ya" masses of coral, neither grass nor water to be seen, the only vegetation consisting of a few stunted cacti and still fewer acacia bushes, this was so rich in shells that of several species enough specimens could have been collected in a few yards to supply, I should suppose, all the shell cabinets in the world. I have frequently collected a larger number of species during a single excursion, but never before seen so many individuals living in so Jimited a space of ground. The stones, plants and ground were covered with Strophia uva, L. Tudora megacheila, P. & M., was in equal abundance, suspended by its silk-lke thread from Acacia boughs, or strewed thickly along the ground underneath. A Sulimulus (B. multt- lineatus vy. Sisalensts ) abounded on the smaller boughs, while under masses of coral Alacroceramus tnermts, Gundl., Pupa Parraiana, D’Orb., and P. pellucida, Pfr., were abundant. In the loose soil Cylindrella Ravent, Bland, Crstula Raveni, Bland, and a curious Cionella were so numerous that a spade would have been the best instrument with which to collect them. I wasted a good deal of valuable time in separating them from the soil, when by simply taking away a few handfuls of mould, I might have obtained a larger number of specimens. A species of Stexogyra and a Swccinea complete a list, all of which might have been gathered from almost any square yard of ground on the hill-side. I cannot conclude this account without bearing evidence to the invariable kindly interest taken in the proceedings of a shell collector by the W. Indian negro—it is the solitary good trait I noticed in the race. In the above, as in many other shell-hunting expeditions, they were very useful. I shall not readily forget a scene in Georgetown, Demerara, where about half-a-hundred volunteers, of both sexes, assisted me in collecting Ampullarias from a ditch in one of the principal streets. Dec., 184'7. Bye Quarterly Journal of Conchology. BI BLD OG AGP. Notes on the Helix sepulchralis and its allies, with descriptions of two new species.—By G, FRencu AnGas, C.M:Z.S., F.L.S., &c. (P.Z.S., Nov.; 1877, pp. 3 and plate) Mr. Angas has rendered in these notes good service to conchology by examining the fine series of Madagascar shells in the collection of Sir David Barclay, Bart., and differentiating the 4 distinct species that have hitherto been grouped under the name of sepulchralis of Ferussec. M. Crosse had previously indicated one as distinct, under the name of swdsepulchralis, differing from the true sepulchralis in its smaller size, more contracted umbilicus and banded periphery, the dark coloring showing also on the interior of the lip, while the concentric depression and coarse plication are absent. The two remaining forms proposed for specific rank are :— Helix hova. This is the sepulchralis var. ¢ of Reeve, and bears some resemblance to the preceding species, and has three broad chesnut zones on a pale ground, Helix sakalava. This species is known to some collectors as the var. oliva-maculosa of sepulchralis and is distinguished from that species by the absence of the oblique plications, the lower edge of the concentric depression being bounded by a prominent keel, the umbilicus being pinched and contracted and the epider- mis freckled and diaphanous. Three varieties of this species are described :— Var. a. Shell white, with an olive-yellow epidermis. Var. 6. Shell pale green, with three brown bands and freckled with diaphanous markings. Var. c. Shell pale yellowish-olive, irregularly painted with longitudinal brown flames. 4 : jaeWa-k ee OS Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 373 Die geographische Verbreitung der Mollusken.— By W. Kose t. The admirable papers compiled by Dr. Kobelt on the terres- trial and fluviatile molluscan fauna of different regions are founded on the researches of the latest authorities. The prefatory remarks give the authorities for the different regions and the author’s views on the peculiarities of distribution, &c. In the first part, which is devoted mainly to the Atlantic Islands, the faunze of the Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verde, Prince’s Island, St. Thomas, Fernando Po, St. Helena, and South Morocco, the chief feature of which is their large number of - endemic species, the total number of species being for the Azores 69 of which 33 are special forms, the most interesting feature being the Vitrine and Craspedopoma. Madeira, which has a fauna far more specialized than the Azores, contains 161 species, of which 133 are peculiar or found nowhere else, the characteristic groups are Leptaxis, Ochtephila, Tectula, Cionella, Craspedopoma, &c. The Canaries partake in common with the Madeiras of a marked special development of species; in a total list of 193 species, 167 are found only on those Islands, the predominant groups being Hemicycla, Plectophorus, and Buliminus. The Cape Verdes produce a very meagre list having but 39 species, 27 being peculiar; Zefzax7s is the prevaling genus. Prince’s Island contains 27 species of which 21 are peculiar. Here we find indications of more eastern affinities in the two species of Manna, the Achatina, Ennea, &c. St. Thomas Island has ro species, 8 of which are peculiar, Nanina being the prevailing genus, Fernando Po has only 4 species of which two are Achatine. re 374 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. St. Helena has 18 species, 2 of the Helices have been referred to the Polynesian genus Eudodonta by some authors, while there are 5 Achatine. We trust that the able and learned doctor will continue from time to time the good work he has begun and of which this is the first part. We may refer to the fact that the author of this valuable paper has recently been elected the first of ten honorary members of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland on account of his eminent services to the Science. J: Wake WW SS On the variation in sculpture of the genus Nassa.— By F. P. Marrart, May, 1876, 8vo., pp. 8. In this paper the author points out the improbability of the fixity and distinctness of species, as held almost universally by Conchologists and others some years ago. The great accessions made during the last few years to our knowledge of the variation and distribution of species have completely revolutionized our ideas on many questions relating to the Mollusca. The variations as exhibited by the Masse are here fully discussed, the authors views favoring Vassa semicostata, LV. distorta, LV. lachrymosa, and LV. Jacksoniana being regarded as mere varieties of Vassa monile, Kiener. LV. tegula, and LV. coronula are simply different forms of one species. JV. canaliculata and JV. lens are identical, only differing in having open or closed sutures. NV. plicata, N. pulla, and N. sulcifera are varieties of WV. arcularia. NV. lentiginosa, NV. punctata, N. velicata, N. compia and JN. Zuctuosa also are in all probability merely varietal forms. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 375 NV. gemmulata is an exceedingly variable species, hardly any two specimens being exactly alike. LV. variabilis is also shown to be very variable and to include several species at one time considered to be quite distinct. The linking of Massa with other genera is next discussed, examples being named of an approach to Arssoa in LV. rissordes, to Phos in NV. pallida; N. plicosa is allied to Strongyloceras, N. obligua to Neritula, NV. tritoniformis to Ranella, &c. This contribution by Mr. Marrat to our knowledge of the range of variation in the /Vasse, of which genus he has made a speciality, is important to all Conchologists who are interested in this & fascinating branch of study. je We >——_—~ The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde.—By ALrrep Brown.* The molluscan fauna of the estuary of the Clyde has for a long time past received a considerable share of attention from many eminent conchologists, partly on account of its intermedi- ate position between the northern and southern provinces, and therefore harbouring many species which reach their most southern or northern limit in its waters, and partly on account of the nu- merous bays and lochs in which collecting may be carried on in almost all weathers, the great facilities for travelling and the beauty of the scenery have also no doubt tended to render this estuary a favorite hunting ground. As might be expected several lists of the molluscan fauna have been published at various times by different investigators, but no reliable one has been published in recent years having the same scope as the very excellent catalogue now before us (the one * Glasgow, 1878, royal 8vo., 130 pp-, price 5/-. Hugh Hopkins, 85, Renfield Street. 376 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. recently published by Mr. Robertson embracing the whole area of the west of Scotland), which is intended as a guide to the mollusca of the Firth, as limited by a line drawn from the south end of Kintyre to the heads of Ayr. No less than 353 species are mentioned in this work as having been recorded from the locality; of this number Mr. Brown excludes 63 as not sufficiently and satisfactorily proved to be inhabitants of the firth. Of the 290 admitted species 2 belong to the Lrachiopoda, 95 to the Conchifera, 2 to the Solenoconchia, 138 to the Gastropoda, and 3 to the Cephalopoda, the whole of which with the exception of Rissoa abyssicola, Lsocardia cor, Arca lactea, Litorina neritotdes, Scalaria communis, and some of the Mudibranchs have passed through the author’s hands; the list may therefore be relied upon as thoroughly accurate and trustworthy. The greatest care has been taken to exclude alien species, the difficulties in the way being considerably lessened by the stringent regulations: preventing ballast being thrown into the channel by vessels entering the ports. Two well known species (Pecten islandicus and Saxicava Norvegica) are occasionally found in a more or less perfect state, doubtless washed out of the glacial clays. The nomenclature adopted is that of Dr. Jeffreys’, the most important synonyms being given under the head of each species; those also are indicated that are known to have been found in the Scottish Post-tertiary deposits. The habitats are given with a carefulness and accuracy that cannot be commended too highly, adding also considerably to the value of the work. The British and foreign distribution is given fully, the foreign stations being authenticated by the names of the authorities being appended. Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 377 For the guidance of conchologists the best dredging stations and the most favorable times are precisely pointed out, full and lucid instructions as to the making of the dredge, the most ap- proved methods of using it, with full particulars as to the outfit and accessory apparatus shown by experience to be necessary. The work is concluded by a full and complete index to every generic and specific name mentioned in the volume. We can cordially recommend Mr. Brown’s very excellent and accurate work to all conchologists interested in the Scottish marine fauna or in the progress of science. Ta Wi-k Address delivered to the Biologcal Section of the British Association, Plymouth, I6th August, I877. —By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, L.L.D., F.R.S., Treas.G. & L.SS., President of the Section. This excellent and elaborate address which deals mainly with the results of those deep-sea dredgings that have marked an era in Conchology, and in which the learned author has taken an active and leading part, gives a list of 75 species, all of which have been dredged in depths exceeding 1ooo fathoms, during the cruise of the Valorous, in 1875. Of the 75 species 3 are Brachi- opoda, 39 Conchifera, 11 Solenoconchia and 22 Gastropoda ; and of this number no less than 46 have been described by Dr. Jeffreys as new, and many of the remainder were previously known only by their fossil remains in the pliocene formation of Sicily and elsewhere, thus showing the marvellous distinctness of the fauna of the great depths that the recent researches have discovered. In consequence of the greater depths that the past few years have shown life to abound, Dr. Jeffreys distinguishes two new 378 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. zones of depth—the ‘“abyssal” for depths between 100-1000 fathoms, and ‘‘benthal” for depths of tooo fathoms and more. The author is of opinion that the distribution of the deep- sea mollusca is caused by submarine currents, and that the Arctic and Antarctic currents do not extend beyond the equator. The theory of the continuity of the chalk which has had many able advocates, is discussed by Dr. Jeffreys in the two aspects of mineral composition, and the organisms belonging to each. The Chalk consists almost entirely of Carbonate of Lime, while according to an analysis of the late Prof. D. Forbes of a sample of Atlantic ooze, procured from a depth of 1443 fathoms, it contained scarcely 50 per cent. of that substance; and one of its most able advocates, Sir Wyville Thomson, admits that more careful examination shows important differences. The organisms considered by Dr. Jeffreys are naturally the Mollusca regarded by Lyell as the “highest or most specialized organisms” on which geological reasonings are founded. The apparent resemblance of the abyssal and benthal ooze to the ancient chalk has led geologists to the conclusion that the chalk fauna had lived in deep water. From a list prepared by Mr. Etheridge for Dr. Jeffreys and reproduced in the address, it is apparent that all the genera enumerated in the list were comparatively shallow water forms, not a single Leda, Pecchiolia, Neera, Bulla or any of the Solenoconchia occur in the upper or white chalk although they inhabit the deep sea ooze and especially characterize the modern deposit, Mr. Woodward also remarks that the crustacea of the chalk are shallow water forms. The white chalk is in many places composed of G/lodigerina, &c., all of which inhabit at present the surface of the sea. According to Dr. Wallich, Glodzgerine are found in all latitudes and at all depths ranging from 50-3000 fathoms, Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 379 In conclusion, Dr. Jeffreys expresses his inability to refer a single species of cretaceous mollusk to recent forms, and depre- cates the modern theory of evolution as unsupported by facts, which appear rather to favor devolution or succession. To all conchologists and geologists we would recommend a careful perusal of this deeply interesting and important address, containing, as it does, the carefully digested and tabulated results of some of the most important scientific expeditions of modern times. Te Ws F; ——_—_S 2225 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PZANORBIS. By W. NELSON, Planorbis (Gyraulus) Gibbonsi (Pl. IV., f. 3). SHELL depressed and somewhat concave in the middle, above and below; rather thin, of a light horn color, closely and finely striate in the line of growth, efzdermis rather thin, perzphery rounded, zw/orls 314, somewhat rapidly enlarging, the last flattened below, as broad or broader than the rest of the shell and deflected near the aperture, swfwre deep and distinct, mouth broadly ellip- tical, the two ends equally rounded, er7s¢ome thin and continuous, umbilicus very shallow. Diam. 0.175; alt. 0.045. flab. “On decaying vegetation in a stagnant pool, Zanzi- bar.” (Gibbons.) This very distinct species is nearly allied to Planorbis glaber, Jeff., but may be easily distinguished from it by the flattened whorls, It has also some affinity, judging by the description and figure, with Planorbis Natalensis, Krauss. Mature specimens are thickly incrusted. This P/anorbis was discovered by Mr. J. S. Gibbons, to whom I have much pleasure in dedicating it. July, 1878. 380 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. NOTE ON ABNORMAL FORM OF CYLINDRELLA. By J. T. MARSHALL. I think the abnormal form of C. Ravenz noticed in the Quarterly Journal of Conchology for May, by Mr. J. S. Gibbons, is to be accounted for by a piece of grit or a small pebble filling up the natural aperture and thereby necessitating the structure of another mouth. I have observed it in species of Claustlia, and also in the marine Lz¢/orina, though more rarely. In the latter case I account for it by the periwinkle falling and getting wedged in the crevice of a rock, when it would have to exercise its ingenuity in constructing another mouth or submit to starvation. July, 1877. SSF FEF NOTE ON A LIST OF SHELLS TAKEN AT GUERNSEY, &c. TAY |b Bo LUNSISUILIE, Will you allow me to point out an error in the otherwise excellent paper contributed by Messrs. Cooke and Gwatkin in the Quarterly Journal of Conchology for May last? They give Coch- lodesma pretenue as occurring at Herm ; but this species has never been met with in the Channel Islands, and what they probably did find was Zhracia papyracea var. villostuscula, Macgill. ( T. villosiuscula, F, & H.) The latter differs from Z! pretenue in being much less depressed, not smooth or glossy, and in the absence of the peculiar spoon-like ossicle or hinge which is characteristic of T. pretenue. It inhabits the coralline zone, and after a storm is frequently cast up at Herm and other sandy beaches, as its fragility and buoyany enable it to be easily transported. July, 1878. ~~ a Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 381 LIST OF WEST AFRICAN SHELLS. (Continued. ) Diva his Pe MPA ERS AN iy: J Other localities, 145 Venus affinis, Soz, 146 » lyra, Hanley. Corisco Bay. 147 V. (Circomphalus) plicatus, Gel. 148 V. do. irregularis, Leez'e. 149 V. (Tapes) dura, Gel. Corisco Bay. 150 Donax mS Cape Palmas. This small and very abundant shell was sent to the British Museum and stated by Mr. E. Smith to be new. 151 D. acutangulus, Desh. 152 Mactra (Trigonella) opposita, Desh. . 153 Pecten gibbus, Z. Corisco Bay. 154 Avicula chanon, Adanson. Corisco Pay. 155 Terebra (Myurella) variegata, Gray. 156 Defrancia sinuosa, AZonif. 157 Murex (Rhinocanthus) tumulosus, Ss. Cor. Bay. 158 Do. moqueanus, Duval. Corisco Bay. China? Duval. 159 M. (Phyllonotus) varius, Soz. 160 Fusus (Hemifusus) morio, Z. 161 Nassa (Niotha) totombo, Adanson. Aust., Mosambique. 162 Nassa (Telasco) interstincta, n.s. Corisco Bay. NV. testa oblongo-turrita, nitidisstma, levigata, flavescente, macults subguadratts fulvts sertatim et transversim ordinatts, zonata ; anfr. convexts, ultimo ad basin sulcata, infra suturas sulcatis ; columella leviter callosa, alba; labro incrassato, _tntus lirato. This elongated shell is certainly one of the most beautiful in this genus, it is allied to the ™ /abiosa of Sow., WV. variabilis, Phil., WV. sesarma, Marrat, from Whydah, and JV. vincta, Marrat. 382 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. Its resemblance to the genus Aw//a is rather remarkable. Purpura ( Stramonita) gigantea, Reeve. A very variable shell and probably a variety of P. hemastoma, L., of the same coast. 163 Fasianella Reevi, /ovas. Locality not recorded before. Corisco Bay. 164 Turritella (Torcula) carinifera, Sam. Cor. Bay. Crassatella Africana, n.s. Crass. testa trigona, subdepressa, epidermide fibrosa, molluscula, induta, transversim sulcata, sulcis profundts, trregularibus, umbonibus depressiuscults,; latere antico rotundato, postice subangulato. 4, Lines. Long. 12; Lat. 124 fab. W. Africa. Actinobolus Africanus, ns. Act. testa oblique ovata, turgida, tnequilateralts, ventricosa, radiatim costata, costis viginti, rotundatis, nodulosis; umbonibus prominentibus, obliquis; alba vel pallide rufofusca, epider- mide fusca. Long. 9; Lat. 8 Lines. Flab. W. Africa. July., 1878. . Quarterly Journal of Conchology.. 383 LIST OF MOLLUSCA COLLECTED AT MUSCATINE, IOWA, U.S.A. By ROM E Ma Wi TER, Helicidee, HELIx (HyALINA) ARBOREA, Say. Abundant in all localities where any protection is afforded. It seems to be some- what gregarious. I have found 20-30 specimens crowded together in hibernation. H. minuscua, Binn. Common with arborea. H. rutva, Draparnaud. Somewhat rare; wide spread, in damp woods; shell fragile. H. treat, Say. Rare, but widely distributed; under old logs in damp woods or deep ravines. H. (Macrocyciis) concava, Say. Rare. It appears to prefer dry or nearly dry woods; Wyoming Hills, and also R.R. embankment, one mile N. of Muscatine. H. ALTERNATA, Say. Common in many localities; seems fond of loam rather than leaves or decaying wood. H. STRIATELLA, Anthony. Very rare; R.R. one mile N. of Mus- -catine. It is abundant ina deposit of Loess in this city. I found it 20-25 feet below the surface, well preserved along with Helix pulchella, Mill. (not found here now), Swccinea avara, Say, and Pupa (armifera?), Say. I find it under vines and large rose bushes in one small spot on R.R. embankment. It seems to be about extinct here. H. LABYRINTHICA, Say. Very rare; in this city in a grove on bank of Mississippi river. I found it somewhat more abundantly near DesMoines, Iowa. 384 Quarterly Journal of Conchology. H. urrsuta, Say. Common along R.R., N. of Muscatine, on Cedar river, 10 m. N.W. of Muscatine and on DesMoines river near DesMoines. It appears to thrive in damp grass where there is very little timber, as well as by old logs in woods. H. monopon, Rackett. Rare here, common near DesMoines. Var. LEAU. Common here with stvzazel/a and hirsuta. H, ALBOLABRIS, Say. Rare here; found in deep ravines 8-10 miles S.W. of Muscatine; on Cedar river in damp forests and very abundant in one locality near DesMoines. Our a/bolabris is a well marked variety. It is white, sometimes with a slight tint of rose; shell thin, rather smaller and striz more delicate than the specimens from .Ohio and further east. H. MULTILINEATA, Say. This is our characteristic species of the genus. On most islands in the Mississippi river not subject to overflow, this shell abounds. In some places it is very abundant. It inhabits damp forests where there is abund- ance of decaying leaves. Our specimens are very robust, and extremely variable in markings and color. A var. which might be called a/va is found here about one in fifty. I found one small region where this var. constituted about one in four. Another var. apparently arising from the crowding of the red or brown lines so closely as to blend, giving the shell a dark red or brown color, might be called 7wdra. In 1875, Oct. 31st, I found this species hibernating on Geneva Island 4 miles E. of Muscatine. ‘They were under logs, thick leaves and in the sand with little else over them. In one spot in this city I found two or three speci- mens of this species small and lighter colored, a sort of dwarf. I have some shells that measure as follows:—-height 17, greatest diam. 30, least 25 mm. ra aust Published; price ds., boards. Woltusca of the Fieth tf tude: BEING A CATALOGUE OF THE RECENT MARINE SPECIES FOUND IN THAT ESTUARY. E By A be Re D. BROWN: . <0: Glasgow -—HUGH HOPKINS, 85, Renfield Street, Publisher. THE AMERIGAN NATURALIST: A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel. Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology. , Anthropology, Paleontology, Geography and Pe eereuen, and Microscopy, and gives each month the proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of. the Contents of Foreign Scientific Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum (By Subscription). THO BNER & CO., ot & 09, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. “The S cattish Natnvalist,” A ate Magazine of oF H hs Edited by F. BUCHANAN Ware, M.D., F.L.S. Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Niue Tsi 2d: BLACKWOOD & SONS: Edinburgh and London, THE NATURALIST: Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and General Field Club Record. Edited by C. P. Hopxink, F.L.S., & G.T. Porrirt, F.LS. Monthly price 4d. or 4s. per annum (in advance). Vol, IV. commenced August, 1878. Post Free of B. BROWN, Publisher, Huddersfield. earn ROBERT F. GEALE, FRAL HISTORY AGENT, (Many years with the late HuGH CuMING), SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, ETC. Collections Bought or Sold on Commission. No. 55, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, Opposite the British Museum, LONDON. Comptoir de Conchyliologie. Madame Veuve MICHEL VIMONT vient de transporter RUE DE MonreE- has Removed the Conchological NOTTE, 14 (TERNES), L’ETABLISSE- Establishment carried on by her and MENT CONCHYLIOLOGIQUE, que son her late husband at Toulouse, to 14, mari et elle dirigeaient. Elle continue RUE DE MONTENOTTE, ParIs- comme par le passe, a s’occuper de la TERNEs. She continues to sell and vente et de Jachat des CoQuiLiEs purchase Recent Shells, of which VIVANTES, dont elle possede un assorti- she possesses a large and varied ment considerable, et a faire des envois stock, and to send parcels into the dans les departements et a l’etranger. departments, or to foreign countries. Addresse: Rue de Montenotte, 14, Paris-TERNES. NATURAL HISTORY OF TEXAS. Texan Insects, Phy!lopod Crustacea and Land & Fresh- waiter Shells for Sale by G. Wi BELFRAGE. Clifton, Bosque County, . TEXAS, U.S.A, G. B. SOWERBY, 45, GREAT RUSSELL S8T., LONDON, Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies desiderata, and entire Collections, from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts. of the World. PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. Specimens sent for Selection. ‘0: 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, And at No Other Address. List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Madeira. Price 3d. each, or Qs. per dozen, post free. List of the Limnzide of North America. Compiled by Wittiam Nexson, Pres.C.S$.G.B. & I. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per doz., post free. List of the Land Shells of North America. Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free. List of British Land and Freshwater Shells. Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free. 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