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No. II.] MAY, 1874. [Vou. I

THE

QUARTERLY JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

CONDUCTED BY
WM. NELSON AND JOHN W. TAYLOR.

PAGE

PonTents.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
On the Difficulties of Recognising ‘‘ Named Varieties” according to the

Accepted Authorities—T. ROGERS 5 17
A List of Land and Freshwater Shells found in the Neahbouttisod a

Ackworth, Yorkshire—CHARLES ASHFORD . : : <ie19
Helix rotundata var alba at Conisbro’ Castle—GrEo. TAYLOR . ree
Zonites glaber near Leeds—W. NELSON : 21
A Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Nocthumberian

and Durham—W. D. SurTon d : v22
Cochlicopa tridens var crystallina near Leeds—J. W. Tied or : 29
A White Variety of Limnza palustris near Leeds—J. W. TAYLOR eo)
Cochlicopa tridens var crystallina at Petersfield—C. ASHFORD . see 20
Zonites excavatus var vitrina near Huddersfield—J. WHITWHAM “29
Helix lamellata at Huddersfield—f. WHITWHAM é : 29
Occurrence of Zonites glaber at Folkestone—J. FITZGERALD. 29
List of Shells taken at Tenby, Pei og: heals at the end of September

1872—G. S. TYE. 30

REPRINTS (or SELECTIONS) :
A Partial Comparison of the Conchology of Portions of the Atlantic and
Pacific Coasts of North America—ROBERT E, C. STEARNS. Sinde

London :
ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY, W.
LEEDS: T. BARMBY, BOOKSELLER, BRIGGATE.

PRICE SIXPENCE.
Free by post, 64d. Annual Subscription, payable in advance, 2s., Post Free.

En

THE

Quarterly Journal of Conchologn.

THE Introduction, published in the First Number, sufficiently explains the
objects the Editors have in view; but it will, perhaps, not be superfluous to
hope that every Conchologist who may be in possession of information, will
freely communicate it, and thereby contribute his or her share to rendering the
Journal a full and accurate record of the progress of the science which it is
founded to promote.

Any profits arising from the Journal will be devoted to its improvement :
and illustrations will be given when the interests of the Journal, and its pecuniary
success, will admit.

It is requested that scientific and proper names be written distinctly and
without abbreviation.

No notice will be taken of anonymous contributions ; and authors alone will
be held responsible for the opinions expressed in their articles.

LOCAL CATALOGUES.—The Editors will be happy to receive com-
munications of this nature, and still more so if carefully annotated, with full
records of locality, relative abundance or scarcity, and such other information
as will tend to give a correct idea of the fauna of the district. Prior to compiling
a list of this kind, the Editors would feel much obliged by the author communi-
cating with them with regard to the area and boundaries of the proposed district.
This is requested with a view to ultimate tabulation of the records ; and attention
to this point would prevent much future uncertainty.

REPRINTS.—Authors of Papers who may wish to possess additional
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EXCHANGE.—Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length,
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LAUSILIA DUBIA, Helix obvoluta, Helix Pisana, Helix sericea, Pisidiwm
cinereum, Balea jragilis, Succinea putris var intermedia, offered in Exchange
for Clausilia biplicata, Heliv fusca, Pisidium nitidum, Valwata cristata, Zonites
nitidus, Planorbis carinatus, Planorbis lacustris, and other desiderata.
W. D. Surron, Gosforth Grove, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.

aye Heliz obvoluta, Helix revelata, and Clausilia biplicata. Offered—
Pupa secale, Heliv rupestris, Helix pulchella, Cochlicopa lubrica, and others.
Miss F'. M. Hrtn, Ellerslea, Redlands Grove, Bristol.

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<

1 Ss dpeeetlas

THE

QUARTERLY JOURNAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY.

ON THE DIFFICULTIES OF RECOGNISING “NAMED
VARIETIES” ACCORDING TO THE ACCEPTED

AUTHORITIES.
By T. ROGERS.

A knowledge of the species of Land and Freshwater Shells
which are naturalised or indigenous to the British Isles is readily
acquired by the student of Conchology, and they are readily arranged
in the cabinets of collectors under their proper names and typical
characters, a few species excepted.

The most difficult and most unsatisfactory part of the subject,
however, is that which relates to a proper knowledge of what are
known by Conchological authorities as ‘‘named varieties.” This is
especially the case with such varieties as depend upon form or shape
for their chief varietal distinction.

In studying the shells alone, as distinct from any variation which
may exist in the animals, the aberrant forms may be divided into
three or four divisions. First, and perhaps the least important, are
those variations which arise from colour or want of colour. This
would include the white varieties. The next would be those varicties
in which the texture, structure, thickness, and maximum and
minimum size of the shells are noticed. This section would contain
the crystalline, iridescent, incrassate, and major and minor varieties.

The next division, and that which I venture to think the most .
important, is the one in which we recognise difference in form or
shape, this being the chief character under which specific differences
are arranged under generic characters, notwithstanding a great many
anomalies, such as the elevated and depressed spires, swollen and
compressed whorls of the helices, &c., abnormal contortions of the
planorbes or ventricose shells of the bivalves. It is in this division of
variation in which Conchological students find the most difficulty,
owing chiefly to the fact of not having some standard of variation
which would be understood by such terms used, as sub-maritima, sub-
globosa, gigaxit, conoidea, oblonga, sub-scalaris, &¢e., &e.

Most students, I think, find that the brief technical language given
in books is inadequate to convey to the mind that which is intended.
Tf it should be within the means of the Editors of the Conchological

18 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

Journal to give from time to time outline sketches of abnormal forms
under recognised varietal names—given by such eminent authorities
as Jeffreys, for instance—it would be very valuable and interesting,
especially to the student subscribers of this interesting Journal.

In the foregoing remarks I have but alluded casually to the varia-
tion of the animal which inhabits the shell, which doubtless varies
more or less in conformity to the variations in the shell, either in some
particular organ which regulates colour or texture or general form
combined ; but as these particulars are not mentioned by authors
generally, except such variation as relates to colour in the animal, we
may infer that difference in the shell is chiefly recognised in the
naming of varieties of such that are shell-bearing. The fact that
when any difference in form is made apparent in any particular organ
or combination of organs in the animal which inhabits the shell, it is
then placed upon debatable ground as to its rank as species or variety;
this shows how important variation in form is to be considered in
relation to other varietal differences.

I wish to repeat again that if it was well understood by Concho-
logical students what a “named variety’? was according to some
recognised standard, what additional value and importance it would
give to the combined observances of Conchologists and collectors in
noting that such a variety of some particular species had been found
on the sea-coast or inland situation, on the mountain or in the valley,
in the woods or in the open field, on rocks or in the marsh, in the
water, fresh or brackish ; in the running stream or standing pool ;
water charged with inorganic compounds, as iron and lime ; or organic
compounds, as vegetable or dead animal matter; or geologically, on
chalk, limestone, sandstone, slate, or coal, &c.

Observations made under these circumstances and noted from time
to time in this Journal, I venture to think would help to elucidate the
causes of variation and the geographical distribution of species.

P.8.—Since writing the preceding remarks in reference to the
desirability of student subscribers to the Journal of Conchology exactly
understanding what amount of difference from the typical form might
be considered sufficient to mark a named variety, it has occurred to me
that several small boxes or set of boxes, suitable for posting, might be
kept at the office of the Journal, which would contain single specimens
of each of the several varieties of single species or group of species,
which had been identified as such—say by Mr. Jeffreys—and that
these boxes should be lent for a stated period—say a week—to such of
your subscribers as might desire to see the same, and would be willing
to send—say twelve stamps; these to be returned on the return of the
box, after deducting postage, or kept as security for other boxes which
he might desire to see, or kept in hand on subscription account.
Boxes also might be pr epared containing type shells of critical species,
which, I think, are not always found correctly named even in good
collections.

27, OLDHAM Roapd, MANCHESTER,

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 19

A LIST OF LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS
FOUND IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ACK.
WORTH, YORKSHIRE.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

Ackworth is eight miles from Wakefield and three from Pontefract.
The circle in which the following shells were collected is therefore
contiguous to the Wakefield district, and as it lies partly upon the
magnesian limestone and partly upon sandstone, a number of shells
occur in it which appear to be absent from the Wakefield district, as a
comparison with the list published in the first number of this Journal
will show.

Spherium corneum Linne.—Common throughout the district.

Spherium lacustre JZuller.—Sparingly in a stagnant pond near
the Wakefield road.

Pisidium amnicum J/uller.—Common in running streams.

Pisidium fontinale Draparnaud.—Common in ponds.

Pisidium fontinale var Henslowana.—Common in an artificial
stream at Ackworth. This variety has the usual umbonal appendage
but slightly developed, and the late Mr. Jenyns considered it inter-
mediate between the well-marked variety and the normal form.

Pisidium fontinale var cinerea.—Common in several ponds.

Pisidium fontinale var pulchellan—Common in Hemsworth reser-
voir and other places. This is the variety 6 of Jenyns.

Pisidium pusillum Gmelin.— Pond near Hasel Green and else-
where.

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Rare. Large series of shells of this
difficult genus were submitted to Messrs. Alder and Jenyns, who
kindly determined the species as here recorded.

Unio tumidus Phillipson—Common in the River Went at Went
Vale.

Unio tumidus var radiata.—Not uncommon in the Went.

Unio pictorum Linne.—River Went, less common than tumidus,

Anodonta cygnea Linne.—Plentiful in Hemsworth reservoir and
the lake at Nostell.

Dreissena polymorpha Pallas.—Abundant in Winterset reservoir.

Bythinia tentaculata Zinne.—Common throughout.

Valvata piscinalis Mu//er—Common in the mill pond, Ackworth,
and in Winterset reservoir.

Valvata cristata MullerA few specimens found in the Went,
attached to the tenement of a caddis worm.

Planorbis nitidus Muller.—Once common among duckweed in a
roadside pond, but scarce a year or two afterwards.

Planorbis nautileus Linne, — Extremely abundant in yarious

ponds,

20 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

Planorbis nautileus var cristata.—Common with the type.

Planorbis albus Muller—Common throughout. Fine in Hems-
worth reservoir.

Planorbis glaber Jefireys.—Abundant in a fishpond in Ackworth
park, and there only.

Planorbis spirorbis Ju/ler.—Common throughout.

Planorbis vortex Linne.—Common throughout.

Planorbis carinatus Muller—Mill pond, Ackworth; not common.

Planorbis complanatus Linne-—Common in several parts.

Physa hypnorum Linne.—Moderately common in ditches, but not
everywhere.

Physa fontinalis Linne.—Generally distributed.

Limnexa peregra Muller—Common throughout.

Limnza auricularia Linne—Common in Winterset and Hems-
worth reservoirs.

Limneza palustris Muller.—In small field pools near Hasel Green.

Limnza truncatula MZuller.— Common throughout.

Limnea glabra Muller—Very local. Abundant in one pond near
Hasel Green.

Ancylus fluviatilis I/uller—River Went and smaller streams.

Ancylus lacustris Linne——Common on the stems of the water
flag in one or two ponds,

Arion ater Linne.—Common throughout.

Arion hortensis Férussac.—Not uncommon in various parts.

Limax marginatus Muller.—Several found on one occasion upon a
stone wall at Ackworth after rain.

Limax agrestis Zénne.—Too common everywhere.

Limax maximus Linne.—Common in most parts.

Succinea putris Linne—Tolerably common, but small.

Succinea elegans ?isso.—In profusion on the banks of Hemsworth
reservoir.

Vitrina pellucida MZuller.—Common throughout.

Zonites cellarius MM/uller—Common throughout.

Zonites alliarius Miller.—Occasional throughout.

Zonites glaber Studer.—Not yet found within the district. Nearest
recorded locality is a wood near Conisbro’ Castle, Doncaster.

Zonites nitidulus Draparnaud.—Common throughout.

Zonites nitidulus var nitens.— More common than the typical form.

Zonites purus Alder.—Common throughout.

Zonites radiatulus.—Found sparingly with Z. purus.

Zonites nitidus Muller.tAbundant by Hemsworth reservoir.

Zonites excavatus Bean.—In a wood near Winterset reservoir ;
rare.

Zonites crystallinus J/ul/er.—Common throughout.

Zonites fulvus Muller—Found occasionally in woods.

Helix aculeata Muller—Common in Went Vale; less common
elsewhere.

Helix aspersa Muller—Common throughout.

Helix nemoralis Zinne-—Common throughout,

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 21

Helix nemoralis var hortensis.—Not so common.

Helix nemoralis var hybrida.—Rare in the district.

Helix Cantiana MJontagu—Road to Pontefract; common, but
local.

Helix rufescens Pennant.—Common throughout.

Helix rufescens var albida.—Rare.

Helix concinna Jejireys.—(?) Common by repute. I have not
found satisfactory specimens myself.

Helix hispida Znne.— Common throughout.

Helix hispida var albida.—Rare.

Helix sericea Muller.—Rare.

Helix fusca Montagu.—Not yet found in the district, but occurring
in woods near Doncaster.

Helix virgata Da Costa.—Abundant on the limestone part of the
district.

Helix caperata Montagu.—Not uncommon on the limestone.

Helix ericetorum MM/uller—On the limestone, Went Vale.

Helix rotundata Muller—Common throughout.

Helix pygmea Draparnaud.—Common in Went Vale ; occasional
elsewhere.

Helix pulchella Muller.—Common in Went Vale; . found occa-
sionally elsewhere.

Helix pulchella var costata—Common in Went Vale.

Helix lapicida Linne.— On the limestone rocks of Went Vale only.

Bulimus obscurus Muller—Found occasionally throughout.

Pupa umbilicata Draparnaud.—Common throughout.

Pupa marginata Draparnaud.—In the limestone part of the dis-
trict ; not common.

Vertigo antivertigo Draparnaud.—Common on the banks of
Hemsworth reservoir,

Vertigo pygmza Draparnaud.—Common in Went Vale.

Vertigo substriata Jejreys—Went Vale; local and rare.

Vertigo pusilla Muller.—Very common in Went Vale.

Vertigo edentula Draparnaud.—Rather common in Went Vale.

Vertigo minutissima Hartmann—Went Vale; rare. The last
five species were found associated.

Clausilia rugosa Draparnaud.—Common throughout.

Cochlicopa lubrica M/uller.—Common in most parts.

Achatina acicula Muller—LEmpty shelis found in Went Vale.

Carychium minimum Muller—Common in most parts.

Grove Hovusst, ToTrenHaM.

Helix rotundata var alba (Moquin-Tandon) at Conisbro’ Castle.—
On the 2nd of June, 1873, I found at Conisbro’ Castle a specimen of
this rare but widely-distributed variety —Gurorcr Taytor, Wakefield,

Occurrence of Zonites glaber (Studer) near Leeds.— During Sep-
tember, last year, whilst shell collecting in the neighbourhood of
Collingham, accompanied by my friends, Messrs. Taylor and Whitwham,
we found large specimens of this fine Zonites—W. Newson, Leeds,

22 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

A CATALOGUE OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER
MOLLUSCA or NORTHUMBERLAND anp DURHAM.

By W. D. SULDON-

In compiling this catalogue, which comprises to a considerable
extent the records of locality, the relative abundance or scarcity, and
other remarks respecting the fauna of this district, I have been very
materially assisted by reference to a ‘“‘ Catalogue of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of the Vicinity of Newcastle,” by the late
Joshua Alder, Esq., which was published in the “ Natural History
Society’s Transactions” in 1830, to which a supplement was added in
1838. More recently the contributions of Mr. William King, late
curator of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Museum, and of Mr. Richard
Howse to the “ Annals of Natural History,” have illustrated several
of our rarer species. Since, however, these contributions were written,
now upwards of a quarter of a century has elapsed, and great transfor-
mations have taken place in the district, and localities which then
existed and were favourite resorts for Conchologists, botanists, and
others, have had their rural character entirely changed, and from
various causes either have entirely disappeared or have given place to
large manufactories, collieries, or similar other industries, such as
railway requirements; or as in the case of the extensive series of small
lakes, situated at Prestwick Carr, some seven or eight miles distant
from Newcastle, and which comprised several hundred acres of
swampy, boggy land, these were all doomed to disappear about fifteen
years ago by the Commissioners for Reclaiming Waste Lands. Con-
sequently about the only locality in the district in which were found
Anodonta cygnea and its varieties, likewise Limnea stagnalis, Limnea
palustris, Planorbis corneus, and several other species, can no longer
be regarded as available, the district now producing good crops
of wheat, oats, and turnips, where formerly peat moss and boggy
swamps prevailed. In the inland portion of the two counties, and on
the east coast, the surface of the country is a good deal diversified, but
upon the whole it is rather too hilly, particularly in the western parts,
to be very productive of the land and freshwater mollusca, which are
generally thinly scattered in upland and exposed situations. The
valleys, however, produce a very considerable number of the land
species. These abound most on a limestone formation, and a few
species are nearly confined to that description of rock, such, for instance,
as Clausilia dubia and Clausilia rugosa. ‘The limestone appears to

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 23

predominate more in the north-east corner of the county of Durham,
say between Shields and Hartlepool, having Sunderland for its centre,
and some of the romantic valleys which lie between the two extremes,
such as Castle Eden Dene, Hawthorn Dene, Hetton Dean, and Ryhope
Dean, are very favourite resorts for Conchologists and botanists, and
abound with many of the rarer species. Owing to the small extent of
marshes and ditches, as also to the absence of canals or sluggish rivers,
in addition to the lower temperature, the freshwater species are much
less abundant than in the south of England. Nearly all the rivers,
with but slight exceptions, are rapid in their course, over either stony
or rocky beds, partaking more of the character of the Scotch rivers.
Such may be said to be the character of the river Reed, in the north-
west of Northumberland, where very fine specimens of the Unio
Margaritifera are to be met with above Otterburn, in the earlier and
more precipitous part of its course.

Spherium corneum JLinne.—In ponds and ditches; common
throughout the country.

Spherium lacustre Muller—tIn ponds; by no means common
throughout the district. It occurs in a pond at Kenton, near New-
castle, likewise a pond on the Town Moor, the Keel Quarry pond, near
Benton, and a pond near Marsden, county of Durham. This may
possibly be the Zellina lacustris of Muller, but as Continental authors
consider it distinct, Draparnaud’s name has been adopted.

Pisidium amnicum Muller.— Rather rare; in slow streams.
Occurs near Stockton-on-Tees and the Mill Race in Jesmond
Dean.

Pisidium fontinale var pulchella Jenyns.—In ponds and ditches ;
tolerably plentiful throughout the district. Occurs at Keel Quarry
pond, near Benton.

Pisidium fontinale var cinerea A/der.—Plentiful in a pond near
Castle Eden Dean, near Hartlepool; also at Whitley reservoir, near
Cullercoats. A more ventricose variety is found in ditches near to
Brandling village.

Pisidium pusillum Gimelin.— In ponds and ditches; frequent
throughout the district.

Pisidium pusillum var obtusalis P/ecjer.— Occurs in some ponds
near Darlington.

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns——This likewise occurs in some ponds
near to Darlington.

Unio margaritifer Zinne—In mountain streams and rivers in the
early and more precipitous part of their course, Very fine specimens
occur in the river Reed, above Otterburn, in Northumberland.

Anodonta cygnea Linne—In ponds, only occasionally. Occurs
in the Black Pool, near Dinnington, Northumberland.

Neritina fluviatilis Linne—This has been frequently met with on
our coast, but as it is a common ballast shell, must be attributed to

24, Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

this source. Found also in the neighbourhood of Stockton-on-Tees,
in the county of Durbam. Rather doubtful in a live state,

Paludina vivipara Linne.—Though dead, specimens of these occur
on our coasts. There is little doubt but that they have been brought
in ballast from the south of England, and to that source are attributed.

Bythinia tentaculata Linne.—In ponds and ditches; not common
near Newcastle and its district, but abundant near Stockton-on-Tees
and that locality.

Valvata piscinalis JM/ul/er. — Rather rare, in ponds and slow
streams. The Mill Race, Jesmond Dean. More plentiful in streams
near Stockton-on-Tees.

Valvata cristata M/uller.—Rare, in ditches near Ponteland, in
Northumberland.

Planorbis nitidus J/Zuller.—Rather rare; occurs in ponds at Red-
heugh and Benwell, near Newcastle, also near Middleton One Row,
and Stockton-on-Tees, county of Durham,

Planorbis nautileus Linne——In ponds in the neighbourhood of
Newcastle frequently, and generally in abundance where it occurs. In
a pond near Whitburn, in the county of Durham.

Planorbis nautileus var cristata Draparnaud.—Occurs with the
type, but only sparingly.

Planorbis albus A/uller—Not common, but is to be met with
occasionally in ponds and slow streams throughout the district.

Planorbis glaber Jejireys—Not common; is found in a pond near
Benwell, at Ryton Haughs, and in a pond near the sea banks, near
Whitburn, county of Durham, and also more plentifully, and fine
specimens, on the Haughs of the River Coquet, near Rothbury,
Northumberland.

Planorbis spirorbis JJ/uller—Frequently throughout the district.
Occurs in a pond near Marsden, county of Durham.

Planorbis carinatus Mu/ier.—Rare; is found in the neighbourhood
of Stockton-on-Tees, county of Durham.

Planorbis complanatus Linne.—Moderately plentiful throughout
the district. Occurs at Ryton Haughs and near Stockton-on-Tees,
county of Durham, and at Rothbury, in Northumberland.

Planorbis corneus Linne.—Rare ; is to be met with in the vicinity
of Darlington.

Planorbis contortus Zinne—Not common. Occurs at Ryton
Haughs, and near Stockton, county of Durham, and at Gosforth Lake,
Rothbury, and near Wooler, in Northumberland.

Physa hypnorum Linne—lIn ditches and ponds occasionally, but
like P. fontinalis, generally plentiful when it does occur. Found in
ponds near Kenton, Northumberland.

Physa fontinalis Linne—In ponds and ditches; generally toler-
ably plentiful when it does occur. Is found at Ryton Haughs, Mars-
den, and near Stockton-on-Tees, in Durham, and at Gosforth Lake and
Rothbury, on the haughs of the river Coquet.

Limnza peregra Muller.— Common throughout the district, in
ponds, ditches, and slow streams. The numerous varieties of this

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 25

common species, in size, form, and consistency, are very perplexing to
the Conchologist. Specimens found at Redheugh and on Holy Island
have rather a strong shell and the spire much produced, whilst some
from the locality of Darlington possess the opposite extreme, and have
a very thin, delicate shell, and scarcely any spire. The latter comes
very near to the form got by Mr. Thompson in Lough Neagh, Ireland,
which is the Gulnaria lacustris of Leach.

Limnea auricularia Zinne.—Rather rare in the district; is to be
‘met with at Gosforth Lake, in Northumberland, and in ponds near
Darlington, county of Durham.

Limnea palustris Mu//er.—Not common. Those found in marshes
and still water in the district grow to a large size, but at the margins
of rivers they are much stunted in growth, and have the aspect of a
distinct species. On the shores of the Tyne, where they are more
abundant, they are not larger than the common-sized Z. truncatula,
and might be taken for that species but for the less ventricose whorls,
and that the latter species is also found in the same situations in an
equally dwarfed condition.

Limnea trunculata Muller.— Common in ponds and ditches
throughout the district. Occurs in a pond near Kenton, and at
Whitley reservoir, near Cullercoats, where the specimens are good
and well defined.

Limnea glabra dMuller—In ponds and ditches; not uncommon
near Newcastle.

Ancylus fluviatilis M/uller.—Of frequent occurrence throughout
the district. Is met with in the rivulet in Scotswood Dean, stream
near Brockley Whins, the river Coquet at Rothbury, and sundry
other places.

Ancylus lacustris Zinne.—Rather rare, on aquatic plants in ponds
and ditches. Occurs in ponds near Benwell and Crag Lake, North-
umberland ; at near Middleton One Row, in the county of Durham.

Arion ater Linne (common black slug).—In fields, woods, and
hedges very common. J érussac considers the black head and ten-
tacles, and the transverse black lines round the margin of the foot, to
be the only permanent distinctive characters in this very variable
species. The varieties occurring in this neighbourhood are the
following :—

1. Entirely black.

2. Black, with the sides of the foot yellow or orange.

3. Blackish above, with a black band on each side of the body, and
the sides yellowish white.

4, Yellowish or greenish white, with black tentacles. The young
are always much paler than the adults, and are sometimes of
a transparent white. The Rufous variety is not met with in
this district.

Arion flavus I’érussac.—Occasionally found on the moors near
Haltwhistle, in Northumberland. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux considers
this species distinct from A. ater, and it has not the characters of the

26 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

latter pointed out by Férussac. It is too difficult a genus, however, to
give a decided opinion upon.

Arion hortensis F¢érussac.—In gardens, &c., common. A variety,
or possibly a species, nearly allied to this is found in woods. It is
about twice the size of the garden slug, and its colour invariably
yellowish fawn, inclined to amber, with a brown band on each side.
The two kinds are not found mixed, the one inhabiting the woods and
the other cultivated grounds.

Limax marginatus Muller.—Occasionally at Benwell, near New-
castle.

Limax flavus /inne.—In cellars, &c.; not very common.

Limax agrestis ZLinne.—In fields and gardens; very common
throughout the district.

Limax brunneus Draparnaud.—In damp woods, frequent.

Limax tenellus Mu/l/er.—Occasionally occurs in a wood at Allans-
ford, county of Durham. The specimen referred to was of a pale, dull
yellow colour, very transparent and lubricous, with an obscure band on
each side of the shield and back; the posterior part of the shield
rounded; the tentacles black, length rather more than an inch; the
mucus orange-coloured. In all these particulars it agrees with the
description of Limax tenellus given by Nilsson in his excellent little
work, called “ Historia Molluscorum Suecie.” Nilsson’s description
is as follows :—“ Animal parvum, vix. 1} une. longum. Clypeus
lineis subtilibus concentrisis striatus, apertura lateribus postica. Collum
supra linea longitudinali elevata, lateribus subreticulatis. Dorsum
postice compressum. Color clypei et dorsi postici luteus: dorso supra
luteovirescente levissime cinerascente, subtus albo. Tentacula, caput,
et linea colli utrinque, humida, rarius.”

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Occurs occasionally, and
is to be met with in woods at Wolsingham and Shotley Bridge, in the
county of Durham.

Limax maximus Linne.—In woods and fields; common through-
out the district.

Succinea putris Linne.—Common on aquatic plants in marshy
places, and at the borders of rivulets.

Succinea elegans Fisso.— Of frequent occurrence; rather local.
To be met with in the neighbourhood of Wark, North Tyne,

Vitrina pellucida Juller—Common amongst decayed leaves and
under stones in woods; more plentiful on the sea banks. Very
abundant near St. Mary’s Island, near Hartley, where, in some states
of the weather, it is difficult to walk without crushing numbers of
them.

Zonites cellarius Muller—Common throughout the district; found
generally in yards and cellars and under stones.

Zonites alliarius JM/iller—Common throughout the district, in
woods or amongst moss.

Zonites nitidulus Draparnaud.—Common through the district.

Zonites purus Alder.—Occurs occasionally in woods in the dis-
trict, at Rothbury and Gibside Woods.

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 27

Zonites radiatulus Alder.—In wet moss; not very plentiful. The
variety occurs in Gibside Woods, Durham.

Zonites nitidus Mu/ler.—Occurs occasionally ; not common.

Zonites excavatus Bean.—Rather rare. Occurs at Stella Dean,
also in Gibside Woods, where there is a white variety occasionally
found, but sparingly.

Zonites crystallinus JM/uller.—Common throughout the district.
Zonites fulvus Muller.—Occurs occasionally, but only sparingly.
The variety is found in a marshy spot in Heaton Dean, near Newcastle.

Helix lamellata Jejreys.—Rather rare. It is met with occasion-
ally in Gibside Woods, Durham, Walbottle Dean, Northumberland,
and Tanfield Woods, Durham, but sparingly.

Helix aculeata MMuller.— Rather rare throughout the district.
Occurs at Ryhope Dean and Castle Eden Dean, Durham.

Helix aspersa Muller.—In gardens and on hedge sides, common.
Very abundant on the sea banks on a limestone soil.

Helix nemoralis Znne—Common throughout the district.

Helix nemoralis var hortensis MMJuller.—In woods and hedge
banks, occasionally.

Helix nemoralis var hybrida Pocret.—This species occurs at Stella
Dean, but is not generally met with throughout the district.

Helix arbustorum Zinne—Frequent in woods and on hedge sides
amongst nettles.

Helix Cantiana Montagu.—Not very common. More plentiful
nearer Sunderland and on the sea banks adjacent.

Helix rufescens Pennant.—Does not occur in the district round
about Newcastle, but is found occasionally near Sunderland and other
parts of the magnesian limestone district.

Helix concinna Jejreys.——Common on nettles and other plants by
hedge sides about Newcastle, where it takes the place of H. rufescens.

Helix hispida Zinne—Common throughout the district.

Helix sericea Muller.—In woods, rare. Occurs in woods at Tan-
field, and in Bath Wood, Dinsdale, county of Durham. In the
vicinity of Rothbury, Northumberland, it occurs somewhat more
abundantly.

Helix virgata Da Costa.—Occurs occasionally; more frequently
on the sea banks near Sunderland.

Helix caperata Montagu.—Common throughout the district, more
especially on a limestone soil. Very abundant on the hills near Roth-
bury, Northumberland.

Helix ericetorum Muller.—Not very common. Occurs at West
Boldon, Durham, on a limestone soil, and at various parts of the sea
coast between Shields and Sunderland.

Helix rotundata Muller.—Common throughout the district. The
beautiful greenish white variety has occasionally been found in Ben-
well Lane and Tanfield, in the county of Durham,

Helix rupestris Stwder.—In old limestone quarries and old walls.
Local, and apparently confined to limestone. Tolerably abundant at
Byer’s Quarries, near Marsden, in the county of Durham.

28 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

Helix pygmza Draparnaud.—Rather rare; under decayed leaves
and in woods, but sparingly.

Helix pulchella Muller—In tolerable abundance throughout the
district. Plentiful at West Boldon, in the county of Durham, occa-
sionally met with on St. Mary’s Island, near Hartley, and also on the
sea banks between Tynemouth and the previously-named place. More
plentiful, however, on a limestone soil.

Bulimus obscurus Jfuller—Only occasionally; occurring more
plentifully on a limestone soil.

Pupa ringens Jejreys—Rare; found occasionally at Walbottle
Dean and Castle Eden Dean, and on the sea banks near Ryhope, also
sea banks near to Cullercoats.

Pupa umbilicata Draparnaud.—On the sea banks, frequent. Very
plentiful at Byer’s Quarry, near Marsden, and also at West Boldon,
county of Durham.

Pupa marginata Draparnaud.—Rare; occurs occasionally in the
vicinity of Sunderland and Ryhope, and other districts on the limestone
formation. The animal is pale, transparent grey, with two black lines
along the back; in other respects agreeing with the character of the
genus. :

Vertigo pygmea Draparnaud.—Under stones and on old walls,
generally in dry situations. Not particularly rare.

Vertigo substriata Je jreys.—Rare; in wet moss and in woods.
Occurs at Heaton Dean, Tanfield, Gibside, and Stella.

Vertigo pusilla Muller—Rather rare; occurs at Tanfield and near
to Crowhall Mill; generally found in damp moss in woods.

Vertigo edentula Draparnaud.—Rather rare; occurs at Castle
Eden Dean and Ryhope Dean, county of Durham.

Balia perversa Linne.—Frequently met with in moss and on old
walls. Occurs in Castle Eden Dean and Ryhope Dean, both in the
county of Durham.

Clausilia rugosa Draparnavd.—Not uncommon throughout the
district, in woods and rocky places, The variety occurs in Tanfield
and Castle Eden Dean.

Clausilia rugosa var dubia Draparnaud.—Frequently occurs in the
district; more plentiful, however, on a limestone formation. Found at
Marsden and West Boldon, both in the county of Durham.

Clausilia laminata Montagu.—In woods throughout both counties,
but not very plentiful.

Cochlicopa tridens Pulteney.—Rather rare; on mossy banks and
in woods. Rather local, but generally plentiful where it does occur.
At Scotswood and Meldon, Northumberland, and at Stella, Castle
Eden, and Tanfield, county of Durham.

Cochlicopa lubrica Muller—Common throughout the district.

Achatina acicula d/ul/er—Rare. One specimen was found alive
in the gardens at Whitley House, also at the roots of an Ornithogalum
in a garden at Darlington. The shell occurs sometimes on the sands
at Tynemouth, probably washed from the banks.

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 29

Carychium mmimum Muller.—Occurs frequently throughout the
district, amongst moss and decayed leaves in woods, &c.

Cyclostoma elegans Muller. — Found sparingly on sea banks
between Cullercoats and Whitley, Northumberland.

Acme lineata Draparnaud.—Rare; occurs occasionally in wet
moss in Castle Eden Dean, county of Durham.

GosFoRTH GROVE, NEAR NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE,
March 10, 1874.

Cochlicopa tridens var crystallina (Dupuy) near Leeds——A short
time ago a young collector brought me for identification a specimen of
this variety, taken in Bolton Woods.—Joun W. Taytor, 9, Freehold
Street, Leeds, ;

A White Variety of Limnza palustris (Muller) near Leeds.—
Amongst a quantity of freshwater shells collected at Swillington, near
Leeds, and brought to me, was an albino of Limnea palustris. This
form must be very rare, as it is the only white shell of this species I
have seen.—J. W. Tayuor, 9, Freehold Street, Leeds.

Cochlicopa tridens var crystallina (Dupuy) at Petersfield, Hants.—
T have taken this variety near Petersfield, Hants. The specimen, which
was a good one, was found in moss on a bank in a wood, a spot which
will long be remembered by me, as I took Clausilia Rolphii and Helix
obvoluta alive for the first time in the same place.—C. Asurorp,
Grove House, Tottenham.

Zonites excavatus var vitrina (férussac) near Huddersfield. —
In November, 1872, I found specimens of this variety at Golcar, near
Huddersfield, inhabiting exclusively heaps of stones, cinders, and other
refuse. All specimens taken since that time have evinced an invariable
partiality for a similar habitat.—J. Waitwuam, Cross Lane, Marsh,
Huddersfield.

Helix lamellata (Jeffreys) at Huddersfield—I first met with this
species in March, 1870, in Roydas Wood, near Farnley Tyas, about
two and a half miles from Huddersfield, and have taken it regularly
since that time. It is invariably found among dead beech leaves, and
is very local in its distribution, having only been found in two places of
limited area within the precincts of the wood up to the present time. —
J. Wurrwuam, Cross Lane, Marsh, Huddersfield, March, 1874.

Occurrence of Zonites glaber (Studer) at Folkestone.—Having
been fortunate enough to find Zonites glaber within the last month in
an old hedge in the immediate neighbourhood of Folkestone, I thought
it might be interesting to your readers to be informed of the fact, as I
do not think it has been mentioned as having been found in Kent
before. The specimens have been kindly identified for me by T.
Rogers, Esq., of Manchester, the original discoverer of the species.
The neighbourhood of Folkestone is very rich in Conchological
treasures, and during the past year I have constantly been adding to
the supposed list of local species by fresh discoveries. Besides Zonites
glaber, [have found Acme lineata and the variety alba within the last few
days.—[ Mrs. | J. FirzGurarp, 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, April 14,

30 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

LIST OF SHELLS TAKEN AT TENBY, PEMBROKE-

SHIRE, AT THE END OF SEPTEMBER, 1872.
By G..8. TYE.

Heuix prsana, Muller—Common. Varied in markings and shade
of colour; very fine.

Hewix prsaNna var ALBA, Shuttleworth—Common. More plentiful
in some places than others, and finer.

HELIx virGaTa var suB-@LoBosa, Jefreys.—Black Rock only.
Plentiful, but not a very good type of this variety.

HELIX VIRGATA var suB-MARITIMA, Des Moulins—Common. Of
every style of marking and shade of its usual colours, the pale brown
predominating here, as in other localities.

Hewix carerata, JZontagu——Common. Of good size, a dark
variety ; occurring very distinct and peculiar,

HELIx CAPERATA var oRNATA, Picard.—Not very common, but
large and decided in marking.

HELIX CAPERATA Var SUB-SCALARIS, Jefreys.—Occasionally. Not
common ; of good size.

HeLIx CAPERATA var MAJOR, Jefreys——Occasionally. Five only,
but inferior type.

Heuix sericea, Muller—Narberth road. Plentiful on ivy in a
hedge-row after a shower,

HELIx sERICEA var CORNEA, Jefreys.—Castle cliff. Moderately
plentiful under herbage.

HELIx sERICEA var ALBIDA.—Narberth road; not very common.
This variety, so far as I know, is not noticed by Jeffreys: it may be
new. I found one specimen among some shells sent from Cornwall a
year ago.

Heuix rericetorum, Muller—Gumfrieston road, The Burrows,
and The Ridgeway. Plentiful.

Hetrx rurescens, Pennant.—Here and there. Small, and for the
most part unfinished.

HEeLix ASPERSA var CONOIDEA, Picard.—Castle Hill, &ce. Plentiful,
but not all of good form.

Heix NEmMoRALIS, Linne.—Hedge rows; not common.

HELIX NEMORALIS yar HORTENSIS, JZuller—Hedge rows; not
common.

HELIx concinna, Jefreys.—Giltar, near the shore. Only about
twelve shells occurred to me (some dead), but of good character.

Hewix rupestris, Studer.—Old walls, &e.; moderately common.

Buximus acutus, Muller.—Most places, Varied in marking, form,
and size.

Bunimvs acutus var B1zona, Jeffreys.—Fields between Tenby and
Penally. Moderately common,

BuLimvs ACUTUS Var INFLATA, tea between Tenby and
Penally. Not so common as bizona,

r

Quarterly Journal of Conchology. 31

Pura umpBinicata, Draparnaud.—Castle Hill and Black Rock.
Fairly plentiful.

Pura marainata, Draparnaud.—Castle Hill and Black Rock, Not
very plentiful.

Cyctostoma ELEGANS, JZuller.—Giltar ; somewhat plentiful.

MARINE.

ANomIA EPHIPPIUM, Linne.—Deep water; dredged.

ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM var ACULEATA, Linne.—Deep water; dredged.

Prcorrn opERCULARIS, Linne.—Deep water; from the dredgers.

Prcren varius, Linne.—Deep water; from the dredgers.

Myribus EpuLIS var incurvA, Pennant.—Along the shore. In
holes in the rocks.

Cyprina IsLANDICcA, Linne.—Deep water; from the dredgers.

CALYPTR&A CHINENSIS, Linne.—Deep water; from the dredgers,

Tapes vincineus, Linne—Deep water; from the dredgers.

Tapes PuLLAsTRA, Montagu.—Deep water; dredged.

Curton (? species).—Deep water ; dredged.

PATELLA. VULGATA var INTERMEDIA, Jeffreys. — North Shore ;
common.

PATELLA VULGATA Var CHRULEA, Linne.—Giltar; common,

LitrorinaA NERITOIDES, Linne.—On rocks near Merlin’s Cave.
Plentiful here.

Lirrorina Rupis, var—North Shore. On rocks ; common.

Lirrorina Litorea, Linne.—Giltar and North Shore. On rocks;
common.

Purpura LaPitius, Linne.—North Shore and Giltar; very plentiful.

A PARTIAL COMPARISON OF THE CONCHOLOGY OF
PORTIONS OF THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC
COASTS OF NORTH AMERICA.

By ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
[From the ProceEDINGs OF THE CaLirorNiA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Oct. 7, 1872. ]

A striking feature in the Conchological fauna of that part of the
Pacific coast included in the Californian and Vancouver zoological
province, when compared with the molluscan fauna of the Atlantic
coast from the Arctic seas to Georgia, is the preponderance in the
former of those forms of molluscan life which are embraced in the
order of Scutibranchiata.*

The Scutibranchiate Gasteropods, or shield-gilled crawlers, com-
prise a great number of mollusks, all of which are marine, and which
inhabit the sea shore, principally the littoral and laminarian zones,
subsisting on marine vegetation.. Thus we find the beautiful group of
Calliostoma upon the larger alge, as well as the unique Z’ochiscus

* Vide Adams’ ‘‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ vol. i., p. 376.

32 Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

(T. Sowerbyi), and Chlorostoma crawling over the sedimentary rocks,
upon which grows the green Cladophora, or some allied vegetable form
upon which it feeds, and which also is the favourite food of several
species of limpets.

The order of Scutibranchiata, according to the Adams’s, includes
the families of Neritid@ (none of which are found in the Californian
and Oregonian province, though they begin to appear on the coast of
Lower California) ; and the Z7vochide, which is largely represented by
the following genera: Hutropia, one species; Lepothyra, three species ;
Pachypoma and Pomaulax, one species each; Liotia, one (perhaps two)
species; Zhalotia and Trochiscus, one species each; Calliostoma,
Chlorostoma, Omphalius, Margarita, and Gibbula, each by several
species.

The family of Haliotide, which is represented by several species all
of large size, widely distributed, and exceedingly numerous in indivi-
duals; Fssurella including Lucapina, Glyphis, and Clypidella, also
Puncturella and Emarginula.

Dentaliade by two or more species; Tecturide by several species
of Acmea, also by Scurra; Gadinia by one, and Nacella by six or
more species.

Chitonide by numerous species and great numbers of individuals.

It may be that some of the groups included by the Messrs. Adams
in the order referred to, as our knowledge increases will require to be
separated or removed, but so far as the purposes of comparison as
made herein are considered, the result will not be materially impaired.

The total number of marine molluscan species and well-marked
varieties within the Californian and Oregonian province, so far as
known and determined, is not far from 630, of which 200 are bivalves;
and of the remaining 430, 123 are included within the Scutibranchs,
Of this latter number, about 40 belong to the Chitonide, and the same
number to the Trochide.

Of the 247 gasteropods enumerated by the late Dr. Stimpson in
the Smithsonian Institution Check-list, as found from the Arctic Seas
to Georgia, 32 only, or less than one-eighth, come within the order
mentioned. Of this comparatively small number, seven (7) are Chitons,
and fourteen (14) belong to the Trochide, while Haliotis * is without
a representative. The Zrochide within this province are not repre-
sented by such marked or unique characters as distinguish their
relatives on the west coast.

Some revision may be required hereafter in the number of Scuti-
branchiate species credited to the west coast province, as forms now
catalogued as distinct may in some instances be united; but, on the
other hand, it is not unlikely that new forms undoubtedly distinet will
be detected when the coast is more thoroughly explored.

* A solitary specimen of Haliotis, of small size, was obtained through dredging
in the Gulf Stream, four or five years ago, by Count L. F. Pourtales, of the U.S.
Coast Survey, but south of Georgia,

| CONCHOLOGY, GEOLOGY, & MINERALOGY.

——

MR. DA MEO.

(Of WEYMOUTH.)

Will send an abridged Catalogue of his Collections in recent
SHELLS, British, European, and Foreign, collected in nearly all
parts of the world.

Elementary and other Geological Collections, all carefully named.

Labels for Species and Genera of recent Shells, and all materials
for naming and arranging Collections.

NUMEROUS OBJECTS IN OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

G. B. SOWERBY,
45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET;
LONDON,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, Public and
Private MUSEUMS; supplies desiderata, and entire Collections,
from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished
by novelties from various parts of the world.

PRICED: LISTS "ON APPLICATION
SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION.

ee 45, GT. RUSSELL STREET, LONDON,

AND AT NO OTHER ADDRESS.

ROBT. F. GHALE
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT.

(Many years with the late HUGH CUMING,)

SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRD SKINS, EGGS, REPTILES,

&e. &e.

_

COLLECTIONS BOUGHT OR SOLD ON COMMISSION.

No. 55, GREAT RUSSELL STREET,

CPPOSITE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.