ONTANA and Game Commission QUARTERLY REPORT STATE APBIL - JUNE 1953 PITTMAN-ROBERTSON FEDERAL AID PROJECT Helena, Montana July 15, 1953 Regional Director Fish and Wildlife Service Swan Island Portland 18, Oregon Dear Sir: We are herewith submitting a Quarterly Progress Report in connection with the projects carried out through the use of Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration funds. The coverage is for the period April, May and June, 1953* Submitted by: Robert F. Cooney, Director -^V Wildlife Restoration Division Approved by: QUAETERLT PROGRESS REPORT For The WILDLIFE RESTORATION DIVISION STATE OF MONTANA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION Chairtnan - Walter Banka, Conrad Manson H. Baile7, Jr., Glasgow R. D. Shipley, Miles Citj J. Black, Poison William T. Sweet, Butte Acting State Fish and Game Warden - W. J. Ererin Director, Wildlife Restoration Division - R. F. Cooney Volume IV Number 2 April, May and June 1953 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page W-l-R-12 (Eastern) Wildlife Surreys and Management Don L. Brown 1 Eastern Montana Antelope Surrej Joe L. Egan 5 Relationship of Antelope to Seed and Feed Alfalfa. . .Ca.en F. Cole 10 Relationship of Antelope to Range Land. den F. Cole 14 Investigations of Deer Mortality in the Blacktail Hills Winter Range George B. Chaffee 16 An Inrestigation of the Billy Creek Bi^om Herd George B. Chaffee 20 W-l-R-13 (Western) Wildlife Siirveys and Management. . .Phillip B. Marshall 24 ¥-35-8-4 Southwestern Montana Iftiit ..........J. E. Gaab 30 Visual Tagging of Calf Elk on the Gallatin- Yellowstone Ranges... J. E. Gaab 35 Observation of Elk Migration in the Big Hole-Wise River Area.... Philip R. South 36 Forage Utilisation on Key Areas Philip R. South 3? W-36-Rr-3 Lincoln County Deer Management Study Robert M. Blair and Owen A. Wilson 38 Thorough Investigation of Wildlife Resources Within and Adjacent to the Proposed Floodage Basin of the Libby Dam (Arny Engi- neers Corps) on the Kootenai: Biver in Lincoln County D. P. Couvillion 41 W-37-Br-4 Game Range Predevelopment Survey Richard L. Hodder 43 Range (Forage Inventory) Survey ....Richard L, Hodder 47 Affects of Fertilizer Trials on the Gallatin Elk Winter Range... Richard L. Hodder 49 W-38-R-4 Upland Game Bird Surveys and Investigations Wm. R. Bergeson 55 Pheasant Breeding Populations and PivDduction Wm. R. Bergeson 57 Survival Value of Chukar Partridge Wes Woodgerd 62 Experimental Management Studies .Fred Hartkom 63 W-39-R-5 Waterfowl Surveys and Investigations Gerald J. Salinas 65 W-49-R-2 Fur Resources Surveys and Investigations Fletcher E, Newby 6? Annual Yield and Income fivam the Fur Resource as Determined by Examination of Fur Dealer Records - 1951-52 Season , Fletcher E. Newby 70 W-5-D-11 General Wildlife Restocking James McLucas 79 W-27-D-6 Sun River Winter Elk Range Development.. Robert Neal 82 W-33-D-4 Blackfoot-Clearwater Winter Big Game Range Development. Stan Mongrain 83 W-33-D-4 Blackfoot-Clearwater Winter Big Game Range Development (Final Report)......,, Faye M. Couey 84 W-43-D-2 Judith River Game Range Development Bert Goodman 85 W-26-M-6 Game Range Maintenance Through Salt Distribution Phillip B. Marshall 86 W-45-M-2 Maintenance of Blackfoot-Cleai'water Big Game Range.. Stan Mongrain 88 W-45-M-2 Maintenance of Blackfoot-Clearwater Big Game Range (Final Report) F^e M, Couey 89 W-47-M-2 Maintenance of Sun River Winter Elk Range ..Robert Neal 91 W-57-M Maintenance of Gallatin Game Range (Porcupine Ranch)... J. E. Gaab 93 STATE Montana no 88ir 8qoIa,Ti3B to e-toJ-.Js'jcabxanoo r PBOJECT NO. W^l-R-12 (Eastern) . . grf* o& bfJcf^fiATXinocfjje n DATE July 15, 1953 I 9ri,f hcB bIJjbTLb bsaT: br VOL. IV ^MO. 2 QUARTERLT PROGRESS REPORT FOR '^^'^^'^ "0 INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS '^S-tri aericiLC ©ri* no nox^eTJnaonoO As Required By tilhbB iuodixv TolisIqxDOO no.- FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT ^ islXiiij-.-. b-d'Ji b.ii£ be9c oj -ii cfol. 1. Title of Project: Wildlife Surveys and Management (Eastern) 2. Personnel: Don L. Brown. Bioloeist. Leader sq Don L. Brown, Biologist, Leader George B. Chaffee, Junior Biologist Joe L. Egan, Junior Biologist Glen F. Cole, Student Assistant 3. Report of Progress: tii t gnx'iirfo Work Plan I: Antelope Census. Herd Production. Migration and Mortality Studies u , . . . Hi bn-s .^- - Job I-A: Antelope Census sj o.f ecoees ixrur sli ^ Annual Job Completion Report pending. ,,; Progress Report, Eastern Montana Antelope Survey, attached. Job I-B: Antelope Herd Production Studies j i =iu Annual Job Completion Report pending.. / sxrfi Job I-C: Job I-D: Work Plan II: Study of Antelope Migration and Population Shifts I xifil'l ^IioW Annual Job Completion Report pending. ^t-t'- ''■"^'^ ni: ns.fncxfinl :A— III doL Study of Antelope Losses by Hunting and Natural Causes Annual Job Completion Report pending. .-rnoO hrfp pr^^rt^bn- '.rT^vS :9— III cfol> Relationship of Antelope to Agriculture and Range Land Use Job II-A: Relationship of Antelope to Winter Wheat Production Proceeding. .e^ioqai ^nsmagBOBM boea io ( Collection of stomach contents proceeding. Enclosures U will be established in 1953 for securing comparative yield data from the 1954 harvest. Observations of antelope on wheat fields will be recorded with respect to antelope V activities and time intervals. -1- During the last period consideratioiB of antelope use on winter wheat have been subordinated to the relationship of antelope to seed and feed alfalfa and the relationship of antelope to range land. On March 28, 1953 > two antelope were seen on a vrtieat strip. Exaxnination of the site showed wheat sprouts two to three inches high were being taken. Data were obtained on the extent of use on wheat at the site but are insufficient without additionaO. exandnations . Concentration on the antelope-winter vrtieat sispects is intended upon completion of the alfalfa feed and seed relationship. Job II-Bs Relationship of Antelope to Seed and Feed Alf^^l f;^ Progress Report attached. Job II-C: Relationship of Antelope to Range Land Progress Report attached. Job II-D: Antelope Damage to Agriculture Crops (Powder River Unit) Although for %he most part, this project has been inactive during the report period, information on hand indicates there is somewhat of a decrease this year in the economic conflict between antelope and agriculture. This might be attributed to the occurrence of substeintial rains during late May and the first part of Jvaie this year. However, the unit seems to be rapidly drying up and complaints may increase during the coming months. It is hoped the large harvest scheduled for this fall will remedy the situation to a great extent during next year. Investigations will be resumed on the project during August and September of this year. Work Plan III: Deer Food Habits Study on Badland Type Range Job III-A: Important Food Plants Used by Deer in Badlands Inactive during report period. Job III-B: Evaluation of Range Conditions and Degree of Use In Key Species Inactive pending Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Land Management reports. Job III-G; Population Studies of Deer (Missouri River Breaks) Inactive during report period. Work Plan 17: Mule Deer Food Habits on Grassland Type Range -2- Job ,iyTA;, - .Jfale Deei: Food Bablt^ on Grasalaiid T^rpe Range , , Job IV-B: Popalation Stadies (Little Belt Moontains) Progress Report attached. ,Jmm^m^-^^M IlgSS; J^ia Jastem Montana " "lob ^-A:' ' Population ^^tudig^ ql,^ Unit) Inact ire dtiring report period. &t^'^f^i ^-^-J-- Deer Damage i© Alfalfa (Powder Rirer Unit) ^^^^^ .£i£k i ^irfii?*^*^°^^ ^^^1®^® fe^^v i^, i*^*^?-'^^ amount of g j^^^^^ jT. .^jj^^ alfalfa crop does not seem to be doing very well. As a consequence rancher complaints appear to have decreased from past years. An ample supply of browse plants resulting f^l^PUrg the spring rains presumably aided in keeping deer away effi&O ^ f roin thje alfalfa. Another factor irtiich also helped in ,1,5 — u.'4:;^,i,,.^,j_g~.^^l,j_gjj^ is the preponderance of reserroirs which „ ;are full. Additional investigations will be carried, jc^^ August and SepteBd>er. — Job -jfL^i^y • (k&3.(W^on -of'- Iftimjj^is of Deer Stomachs in Ashland District ,^ ;i * a This project has been inactire during the past six months, but it is hoped that it can be resumed at a later date. It is beliered that projects of this nature should be carried out on a year curound basis, that is, the collections should be made erery month for several years. The feasibility of carrying out this project will be Investigated. Job V-B: Deer Population Studies of Carter Ihiit Inactire during report period. Work Plan VI: Study of Introduced Mountain Sheep Herds in Badlands Progress Report attached. Work Plan 711: Census and Survey of Elk Herds in Eastern Montana Job VII-A: Census and Sttrvey of Established Elk Herds Annual Job Completion Report pending. -3- Job VII-B: Inrestigation of Recently Introduced Klk Herds Progress Report pending. Work Plan VIII: Inrestigation of Mountain Sheep Transplanting Sites Aerial checks of sereral proposed areas narrowed down the choice to one area near the mouth of Bullirtiacker Creek for ground inrestigation. Work Plan IX: Questionnaire Analysis of Special Season Card Returns Annual completion report pending compiling of data. Submitted by: Name Don L. Brown Title Biologist Approved by: Montana State Department of Fish and Game By Robert F. Cooney. Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 1^, 19^2 -4- JOB PROGRESS REPORT INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS State of Montana Project No. 1-R (Eastern) Work Plan No. I Job No. I-A Title of Job Eastern Montana Antelope Sxirvey Date May and June 1953 PERSONNEL; W. Linville, Deputy Warden W. Maloit, Deputy Warden R. Shields, Deputy Warden J. Nicolay, Deputy Warden Don L. Brown, Biologist G. Chaffee, Junior Biologist J. Egan, Junior biologist To obtain antelope densities and yearly population fluctuations in the big game management units of eeistem Montana. The units were covered by the aerial strip method, using partial and complete counts. The complete count was used in areas reported to have excessive numbers of antelope and in certain representative areas of the Glendive Management Unit. In complete counts the north-south flight strips are one mile apart. Indications are, that practically all of the antelope are observed in areas covered by this manner. In employing the partial count, the north-south flight strips are six miles apart and a population for areas covered by this method must be computed. Dividing the nimber of antelope observed by the strip miles (antelope per square mile) and multiplying this figure by total squaire miles, give; a computed antelope poptilation. For both types of coverage, the observer tabulates all antelope within 1/2 mile on each side of the flight strip. Since the sujrvey was started prior to the appearance of many fawns, they were not counted during the survey. OBJECTIVES; TECHNIQUES USED; -5- To facilitate coverage during the surrey, prominent topographic features such as roads, creeks, etc., were used to delineate areas of a workable size. The survey covered the Powder River, Carter, Custer and Missouri Breaks Management Units and a portion of the Glendive Management Unit. Areas of total and partial coverage are shown in Figure I* (Complete coverage in red, partial nob colored) With a few exceptions, all flights were made during the first two to four hours after sunrise and the two to four hours before sunset. FINDINGS; For the area covered as shown in Figure I, a total of 31,775 antelope was ascertained to be present. (The fore- going figure does not include fawns.) Buck-doe ratios ran from 1:0.4 to 1:3«5, and antelope densities ran from 0.5 eintelope per square mile to 2.7 per squsire mile. These are shown in Table I. Areas A, B, C and D, representing sample areas in the Glendive Unit are not included in Table I, they are listed below as to antelope observed, and square miles surveyed. Area Antelope Observed Total Area (Sq. Miles) A 22 124 B 17 154 C 6 50 D 139 171 In setting up the 1953 hunting seasons for the areas surveyed, a figure of 50^ was added to the populations to compensate for the current fawn crop. This gives a total computed population of approximately 48,000 antelope. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS; The computed population of 48,000 is not felt to be a saturated population for the area surveyed. There exists, however, a feeling by many ranchers that this number of antelope constitutes a serious menace to the agricultural activities in the area. , For this reason and vintil data are acciimulated which will ascertain the optimum number of antelope that can be present on the various portions of the area surveyed, it is recommended -6- Figure 1. Eastern Montana Antelope Survey i//^ Complete Coverage (l Mile Strips) -7- t 4 TABLE I Area NTimber Arrtelope Observed Strip Miles Antelope Per Sq. Mile Total Area CSa.Mi.) Buck Doe Ratio Total Antftl nn<* nonrm 1 "h f*H I 211 282 0.75 2554 1:1.21 n 435 160 2.70 698 1:1.65 1871 62 m 2L2 245 0.99 216"^ ^ • ^ • ^ «;A ?o I? 288 323 0.88 2113 1:0.83 1859 62 T 152 111 1.37 703 1:0.94 963 59 TI 305 116 2.6 968 1:0.97 2517 48 m 112 191 0.58 942 1:2.0 546 58 Yin 173 153 1.13 1045 1:1.14 1181 80 IX* 77 no 0.70 2845 1:0.4 1992 55 I - 122 58 2.10 952 1:0.95 1999 30 XI 164 16? 0.98 1531 1:0.90 1500 44 XII 212 228 0.92 1513 1:3.61 1392 69 XIII 233 237 0.98 1102 l:Oi85 1083 39 XI7 394 271 1.45 2041 1:0*78 2960 49 X7** 1328 1491 0.89 1491 1:1.93 1328 65 XVI 145 90 1.61 504 1:0.66 811 47 X7II 173 125 1.38 1454 1:0.81 2007 43 X7III 176 71 2.48 300 1:0.46 Ikh 38 X7IX 347 365 .95 3123 1:1.50 2966 55 5289 31,775 * Sample area of Northern half. ** Total corerage. -8- the aboTe figure be reduced hj hunting by 35% or a reduction of 16,675 head of antelope. Proriding the reduction is accomplished this fall, it is further reconmended that in subsequent years the etnnual increase be harvested. Annual or biennial surreys will produce the bulk of the necessary information needed to properly manage antelope in Eastern Montana. Prepared hj: Apprcred by: Name Joe L. Egan Name Don L. Brown Date August 3. 1953 -9- JOB PEOGBESS HEPOBT INVESTIGATIONS PBOJECTS State of Montana Project No. W-l-R-12 Work Plan II Job No. II-B Title of Job: Relationship of Antelope to Seed and Feed Alfalfa Date: March 31, 1953 to JtOy 29, 1953 PERSONNEL; den F. Cole, Student Assistant OBJECTIVES; To obtain qoantitatire data on the relationship of antelope to seed and feed alfalfa. TECHNIQUES USED: One jearling and one adult male antelope are collected each month from an 80-mile square study area. A quart sample of the rumen contents are preserved for volumetric and air-dried weight analysis. The remainder of the rumen contents are air-dried for wei^t determinations. Collection sites are recorded for later plotting of airline distances to alfalfa. Plants present at the collection site are listed for later comparison with the stomach analysis. In addition to the material collected for food habit determinations, the testis, lower jaws and heads of antelope are saved. Three alfalfa fields are under observation on the study area. Periodic checks of these fields are made and records are kept relative to the time of day, whether antelope are present or absent, the number and composition of antelope groups present and their activities. Three experimental one-acre plots were established on two alfalfa fields and seven randomly located exclosures were constructed for securing con^arative yield data by clipping. Twenty-six antelope fawns were tagged with metal stock tags in each ear and plastic ear markers. Fawns tagged at distances greater than one mile from the alfalfa fields under observation received left ear plastic markers. Fawns within a one mile radius received right ear plastic markers. Additional information was obtained on fawn dentition, weights and left hind foot measurements. Records were kept of tagging sites with respect to vegetational types and points of -10- reference for plotting airline distances traveled. Attempts are made to classify fawns seen on the area as either untagged, tagged and right or left ear tagged. Special effort is made to identify tagged favms and relocations are recorded for plotting airline distances. Detailed notes are kept on male antelope having distinctive and recognizable horn peculiarities. Relocations of these males are recorded for airline distances between relocations. Routes are established on the study area and covered by car. Areas are recorded as having no antelope or antelope present vri.th respect to the time of observation. Antelope seen are recorded as to their location, the vegetational type, numbers, sex and age and their activities. When possible, time intervals of antelope activities are taken. FIMDINGS; Hie eventual findings of the study are subject to the indications of quantitative data. Since field work is still in progress, the writer has not had sufficient time to adequately work over the data. The indications of the relationship of antelope to alfalfa from collected stomach samples is pending further analyses and the tabulation of this data. Testis, lower Jaw and head col- lections have no relation to alfalfa and are collected incidental to the stomach sample and paunch contents. With additional material, information on the male reproductive cycle and antelope tooth succession and wear should result. Field check data has not been tabiilated. However, use prior to the first cutting of alfalfa was so light as to suggest that most antelope on the study areahad no preference for alfalfa over native range forage. ' Antelope were only infrequently seen on one of the experiment^ one-acre plots. This plot was later severely damaged by weevils. The antelope ceased to use it and the plot was not clipped. Two other one-acre plots received no obseinred use by field checks. One of these plots was selected for clipping in order to obtain some idea of the variability to be expected without antelope use. Ten l/lOOO acre clip plots were randomly located within the acre area. Two l/lOOO acre clip plots were clipped within each of two exclosures for a total of 14 clip plots. Indications are that there is considerable variation in the weight production of one acre of alfalfa. The average of the 14 clip plots is 3«0 pounds (air-dried) with a range of 2.2 to 4.0 potmds. Considering antelope habits of taking terminal portions of the alfalfa plant, actual weight losses of forage from antelope use might be obscured unless the use was extremely -11- 1 heavy. ApprcodLmate weights of forage taken by antelope may hare to be inferred by considerations of how much air-dried forage an antelope is capable of consuming (obtained from rumen weights), and the percentages of air-dried alfalfa in mmens (stomach analysis) . Since there is some indication that the drying up of native forage influences antelope use on alfalfa, relative air-dried weights of alfalfa might be correlated with phenology. Another approach which might serve as an index to the amount of alfalfa consumed would be the time interval of observed use on alfalfa. The air- dried percentages of alf alfa,where alfalfa use has been timed prior to collecting the animal, could serve as a basis for Ceilculating forage consiimed when the amount of time antelope have fed on alfalfa is known. In order to obtain information on antelope use, nine l/lOOO acre clip plots were equally spaced 136 feet apart from the east end of a field vhere from one to seven antelope were known to feed. As with the experimental acre plot, dried weight production was quite variable between clip plots. More pronounced however, was the variation in the number of stems (293 to 1423 range) on the nine clip plots. Three plots located on the east end adjacent to range land had 26.3, 20.2 and 19-9$ of the stems clipped by antelope. Three plots centrally located and 117 feet west of the plots on the east edge had 18.5, H.O and 3.9^ of the stems clipped. The next and last tier of the three plots, 234 feet within the field from the east edge, had 7.9, 22.2 and 7.2^ of the stems clipped. The data are insTifficient for any conclusions. However, there is a suggestion of a use-gradient from the edge of the field inward. The exception to the gradient is the 22.2^ use on the third tier and 3*9^ on the second tier of clip plots. It is of interest to note that the clip plot having 22.2^ use on the third tier had the minimum number of stems (293) and occurred on a dead furrow having relatively few, but vigorous plants. The plot having 3 '9^ of the stons used in the second tier had the maximum number of stems (1423) and these were small and stunted. The counting of alfalfa stems is quite tedious but does provide quantitative data which should prove applicable for evaluating the effects of antelope on alfalfa seed production. Tagged fawns have not been observed on alfalfa. To date, a total of 72 relocations, of which three have been recaptures, have been accomplished. Of the 26 fawns tagged, ten have not been relocated after the initial tagging. Airline distances have not been plotted, but left ear-tagged fawns (plastic on left ear) have moved into right ear tag areas and vice versa. Numerous detenninations of fawns being either right or left ear tagged have been made without being above to recognize the individual fawns. -12- Notes which have been kept on male antelope with distinctive homs have given information on the movements of individuals and sociology of antelope groups. Routes through the study areahave enabled the writer to keep a check on the antelope. Movements indicated by negative information for one area and positive for another are occasionally substantiated by tagged fawns and the recognition of advilt males. The tabulation of recorded observations of antelope activities with respect to time should provide information on this aspect of antelope habits. C0NC3.USI0NS AND HECQMMENDATIONS: No conclusions or recommendations are warranted at this writing. Submitted by G. F. Cole Date July 30. 1953 Approved by Don L. Brown JOB PROGRESS REPORT INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS State of Montana Project No. W-l-R-12 (Eastern) Work Plan U Job No. II-C Title of Job: Relationship of Antelope to Range Land Date: March 31, 1953 to July 29, 1953 PERSONNEL: Glen F. Cole, Student Assistant OBJECTIVES; To obtain quantitative data on the relationship of antelope to range land. TECHNIQUES USED; 1. Stomach analyses 2. Examinations of l/lOOO acre plots at observed feeding sites 3. Observation of activities and movements FINDINGS; Field work is still in progress and findings will be subject to the indications of quantitative data which have not yet been worked over. The collection of stomach contents is proceeding in conjtmction with the alfalfa study. Indications of the relation of antelope to range land from stomach samples is pending further analyses and tabulation of data. Antelope-minutes as an indication of food habits have not proved too applicable to the antelope on the study area. Vegetation is predominately Big Sage Artemisia tridentata which hinders observations of antelope when they are feegins on low vegetation. Also antelope on the area are extremely wary and attempts to approach within a range where plants could be recognized have been largely unsuccessful. Indications of food habits on range land by the examination of l/lOOO acre plots placed at observed feeding sites were obtained while antelope were in large groups. From April 4, 1953 to Jiine 6, 1953 » forty-three plots were laid at feeding sites. With the herds breaking up, use on plants became so scattered that often only one or two plants could be found used within a l/lOOO acre area. At this time, the examination of l/lOOO acre plots was abandoned in favor of listing all plants along the antelope tracks or direction of travel and tabulating the number of times each plant was found used. Data are still being obtained by this listing method. Activities and movements of antelope on range land are indicated by the same methods and in conjunction with the activities and movements with respect to alfalfa. Tagged fawns and identifiable male adults relocations, area records from established routes and activity data have been obtained for antelope on range land. This information is still in note form and will be tabulated upon completion of the study. CONCLUSIOMS AND HECCMMENDATIONS; No conclusions or recommendations are warranted at this writing. Submitted by Glen F. Cole Approved by Don L. Brown Date July 30. 1953 -15- JOB PROGRESS REPORT INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS State of Montana Project No. W-l-R-12 Work Plan IV Job No. IV-B Title of Job: Investigations of Deer Mortality in the Blacktail Hills Winter Range Date May 9. 1953 PERSOMjEL; Don L. Brown, Biologist Robert Eng, Junior Biologist Glen Cole, Student Assistant George Chaffee, Junior Biologist OBJECTIVES: 1. To investigate reports of deer mortality in the Blacktail Hills vfinter range. 2. To evaluate the extent of malnutrition and the relation- ship to winter range conditions. TECHNIQUES; A system of ground survey employing fo\ir transects across the study area was used. Each transect included a two mile strip at intervals of about one hundred yards across an area^ representing six square miles of the Blacktail Hills winter range. An additional survey was made by traversing aroxmd the perimeter of the Blacktail range by use of the Dry Wolf and Running Wolf i-oad. A thorou^ coverage was possible on the transect area and all deer visible from the roadside were examined on the vehicle survey. FINDINGS; An investigation commenced on May 9, 1953, to determine the extent and natrire of deer mortality previously reported in the Blacktail Hills of Judith Basin Coiinty. This region, bordered by Dry Wolf Creek to the west and Running Wolf Creek to the east, serves as a winter range for mule deer that migrate from summer ranges on Dry Wolf Creek, Running Wolf Creek and a portion of Sage Creek. A heavy density of mule deer are evident on this range. -16- The Blacktail Hills winter range is predominately in the Judith Basin Grassland vegetative zone. Characterized by a rolling foothill type of topography, the area supports moderate densities of Ponderosa pine and Juniper, with an londerstory of short grasses, forbs and shrubs. No attem.pt was endeavored to conduct a reconnaissance of the range, rather an ocular estimate of forage abundance with emphasis on the availability of the primary forage species and the degree of utilization was made. (Table 2) A total of twenty-one dead deer were enumerated from the transect area and the vehicle survey. Thirteen fawns and eight adults comprised the total mortalities observed. Age class was determined by examination of available dentition of each specimen. The deer were classified as adults or fawns. Application of the Cheatum*s Bone Marrow Index Method for determining extent of malnutrition provided a valuable criteria for classification of the various stages of bone marrow depletion. The femur bone was examined on each deer carcass for estimated fat content in the bone core. Corres- ponding color phases were listed as shown in Table 1, without the numerous gradations of colors or per cent content -of fat storage in each marrow core. Marrow Appearance Age Class White Spotted White-Red Red Solid Red Gel Yellow Dried Total Fawns 2 1 2* 6 2 0 13 Adults 0 0 0 2 5 1 8 * Tibia and Fibula bone marrow Table 1 Analysis of the total fawn mortalities reveals that six forms exhibited a red gelatinous stage. This represents 46^ of the total fawn mortality that encountered serious depletion * of the femur fat. Emaciated body conditions on some of the more recent mortalities accompanied the red gelatinous stage. Fawns fotind with a red solid marrow stage numbered two or represented 15% of the total fawn mortality..--* Fawns displaying no fat withdrawal or those in the white condition nximbered two or 15% of the total fawn deaths. The -17- r«inaining fawn carcasses showed Tarying degrees of lAite and yellow marrow fat stage. Excunination of the adult deer carcasses reveals less reddening with a corresponding hi^ percentage of yellow marrow fat. Of the adtilts, (>2% illustrated this yellow stage, vdiereas 15% of the adults with red gelatinoxis stages indicated signs of severe depletion of the femur fat reserve. One adult form indicated an early death by the presence of a dried marrow content. An inventory of range conditions with regard to the availability of forage species and the degree of utiliza- tion was made on the Blacktail Hills transect sxirvey. The principal forage plants and the extent of animal use are illustrated in Table 2. Species Density- Degree of Use Ribes sp. Infrequent Li^t Hosa sp. Infrequent Light Juniperus sp. Common Light to Moderate Potentilla sp. Abundant Unused Table 2 A qualitative interpretation of this winter range with regard to availability and degree of use reveals an inveree relationship existing between adequate food supply and starvation. This winter range was likewise subject to mild winter temperatures and diminutive amounts of snowfall. That malnutrition has attidbuted to deer mortality on the winter range remains a matter of conjecture. The kb% of dead fawns exhibiting a red gelatinoiis marrow content gives an indi- cation that a serious depletion of the . arrow fat reserve occurred. Analysis of the percentage of other marrow stages, particularly the yellow and white, seems to reveal that other variables tend to stimulate the cause of death. Possibly disease or parasitism play an active jTole in this type of mortality. Further investigation of this winter range at frequent intervals is imperative so that a more accurate analysis can be derived concerning deer mortality on this type of range. -18- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ; 1. A total of twenty-one dead deer were enumerated on the Blacktail Hills winter range. Thirteen fawns and eight adults comprised the total number of mortalities. 2. Classification of the various stages of femur bone marrow depletion was conducted by use of the Cheatum^s Bone Marrow Index Method. Analysis of the fawn mortalities reveals that k(>% of the total fawn carcasses exhibited a red gelatinous stage or evidence of serious depletion of the femur fat. Adult carcasses illustrated 62% of the yellow marrow condition or less utilization of the marrow fat. Two adults, however, revealed signs of severe marrow fat depletion. 3. It is recommended that an extensive study be conducted on the Blacktail Hills winter range at frequent intervals, to derive adequate data for accurate analysis of deer mortality and range conditions. Submitted by George B. Chaffee Date August 3. 1953 Approved by Don L. Brown JOB CCMPLETION REPORT INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS State of Montana Project No. W-l-R-12 Work Plan VI Job No. YI-A Title of Job: An Investigation of the Bill7 Creek Bighorn Herd Date: June 16 to 22, 1953 PERSONNEL: OBJECTIVES: PROCEDURE: Joe Egan, Junior Biologist George B. Chaffee, Junior Biologist To determine the success* of breeding and adaptability of the introduced Tarryall bighorns in the Billy Creek region. To ascertain the extent of migration and any factor that might stimulate movement from the enclosure site. From a base camp at the head of the west fork of Billy Creek, ground surveys were made on the west fork, middle fork and most of the high terrain north to the Fort Peck Reservoir. By traversing along more accessible north and northeast ridges, several vantage points were reached and vision across the breaks was increased. FINDINGS; An investigation was conducted last season at the Billy Creek enclosure site to determine success of the transplanted Tarryall bighorns. The bighorns residing within the 320 acre enclosure for a period of five years have shown a favorable rate of increase and a remarkable response to the new badland type environment. On October 11, 1952, the enclosure fence was removed to allow the increasing herd of bighorns to establish home ranges in the adjoining breaks region within the Fort Peck Game Range. Subsequent to the removal of the holding pasture at Billy Creek, numerous reports, mainly by stockmen, indicate that a wide dispersal of the released bighorn herd had occurred. -20- Ranchers in Garfield CoTinty recently alleged that a portion of the herd has shifted to the west near the mouth of Squaw Creek and another group of bighorns has been reported to the east near Haxby Point. Migration to the east was evident last fall when a Tanyall ram associated with several domestic ewes at the Hauso ranch which is approximately five miles east of the Billy Creek enclosure site. Early this spring a total of fourteen hybrid lambs were bom to the domestic ewes on Hauso* s private pasture. Recent reports, however, indicate that eight of the hybrids succxombed to poisonous plant feeding on the private pasture. The investigation this season was conducted primarily to locate that portion of the Tarryall herd residing within the proximity of Billy Creek and to determine success of breeding and adaptability. A system of traversing along accessible north and northeast ridges overlooking the west fork of Billy Creek and rough breaks north to the Fort Peck Reservoir was used to locate the Billy Creek herd. A total of twenty-nine ba^oms were found in the bad- lands terrain adjacent to the west fork of Billy Creek during a seven day survey. Two groups of ewes and lambs and one group of rams constituted the total ntimber of sheep found during the survey. The total number of sheep observed were classified according to sex as follows: Although two separate giroups of ewes and lainbs were observed it is very probable that intermingling occurred due to the short distance between them. Spring lambs accompanying the ewes appeared vigoroiis and in good body form. Precocity was displayed by the lainbs as they followed the ewes over extremely precipitous ridges. The ewe-lamb ratio for the sheep found is 1 to 0.53 • A late fall svirvey when a more adequate number of bighorns can be observed should reveal more accurate herd con^osition percentages. Yearlings and lambs were not classified as to sex. A total of three rams were foimd occupying the same habitat. Two rams appeared to be adult forms with a full curl of the horn. The smaller of the rams displayed only a slight development of the horn. The rams were foxmd on the southeast exposure of a conical shaped hill about one mile east of the enclosure site. Several ewes were in partial summer pelage with remnants of longer winter hair hanging on posterior sections of the 3 15 3 8 ewes yearlings lambs rams boc^v ,' The brownigh-gpay pelages ^of the bighoms blended well against the gray-shaly-clay badlands soils . Only by careful scrutiny could the observer detect their presence. ■■'T-''\'tp-?T"'T-r J v.'n.s 'iijS'jhs '■■ — ^U-!"" Adaptation to the badlands t3?pe habitat appeared favorable. The high breaks occupied by the bighoms seem to offer suitable cover and protection from any form of intruder. The numerous potholes and caves at the base of overhanging ,5jjccliffs coul^; h?cy:e served as lambing gixjunds fpi^-tbeispring .Cv.ClaHib cropL.jY^^iBdc i . ; =.iri£l-ew;^ r^/fT "io 'xednujn ?j£i.'p9fa£ oion £ neriv,'- beibnemmoo' ;.ie mij ,tir£- xiA ■oqjnoo ;Availability^ of -foris^' appeared abundant throughout--' the area studied. This ^oellent condition of the range is attributed to the great amount of precipitation received during JnLfotis the spring. Utilization of browse species was observed on two cvOCCcisions. One group of ewes and lanibs were casually feeding upon the shoot^_^f-,greasewood (Sarcobatus sp.) during an sarly morning period. Another group of ewes and lambs were f,c.^uzzling the dry terminal end of soapweed (Yucca sp.) during an evening period. Unidentified short grasses were also utilized during the evening observation. ■\6 bsxai.:::::.' :.yyv: '-'v- rrhisioaB -T exfiT ..; .Tb€(!;Tcangeland- within the Billy Creek area is subject; to Tienj^o^range use by limited numbers of cattle and high density of mule deer. Cattle were found only on the valley bottoms near the Fort Peck Reservoir. Deer sign, however, was evident: i#- all" rtiich is thought to be water. Job I-J: Herbarium The collecting of plants is continuing. The mounting of specimens is behind schedule but will be brought up to date during a more slack period. Herbarium cabinets are still ordered but not yet received. This group of important plant species from our game ranges will be located in the Fish and Game library in Helena for all to use as soon as the cases arrive. Job I-K: Stomach (Paunch) Analysis Inactive until information is received on the reliability of the identification of constituent parts. Work Plan II: Sxm River Winter Elk Range Job II-A: Winter Elk Range Examination This job was not completed because of very freakish winter weather. There was only one major storm of the Tirtiole winter, and this one came during early spring and was not typical of winter storms in any sense. This job will have to be done during the coming winter as it is essential that this important information be obtained. Job II-B: Photo Plot Trasects (Trend Studies) This job is scheduled for the fall quarter. Job II-C: Range (Forage Resource) Survey The tracing of the game range survey map was made for the Sun River Game Range and those lands to the south as far as Ford Creek. This tracing was basic in getting the blueprint copies of the same area vrtiich are now checked and colored for use. A field map for general use has already been completed from this survey map. This map has on it the precise location of many roads, fences, buildings, and other important features. The area to the north of Sxm River will be completed diiring the coming quarter, filling in the one remaining area subject to heavy elk use by this herd. The type key for the area already completed (more than two townships) is finished. The clipping of the grass types necessary to determine the weight of forage production on the range will be completed during the coming quarter, and the whole project completed early this winter. Work Plan III: Blackfoot-Clearwater Game Range Studies Job III-A: Forage Evaluation and Nutrition Studies Compilation of data, and information and observations of the last series of feeding trials is on hand. It has not yet been worked up and arranged for release. These feeding trials have produced much important information on the nutritive values of some of our native feeds. This information will be made available during the slack fieldwork period of the coming winter. Submitted by: Approved by: Name Richard L. Hodder ^ Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Range Biologist By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date August 3. 1953 -46- PROGRESS REPORT INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS State of Montana Project No. W-37-R-4 Work Plan I Job No. I-A Title of Job: Range (Forage Inventory) Survey Subject: A Conqjarison Between the Area of ."Sore Spots" and Bare Knolls to the Area of Critical Winter Rainge of the Gallatin Elk Herd It has often been asked what part of the Gallatin elk winter range is represented by the conspicuous clay slopes, gumbo knolls, and steep eroding hillsides, which are so evident from the highway passing through the elk winter range. How typical are these areas of the critical winter range of which they are a part, and what jroport ion of the winter range is in such condition as these slopes represent? The frequence of this type of question leaves little doubt that in the mind of the general public an erroneous impression has been imbedded. It is the purpose of this paper to answer some of these questions aric^ perhaps clear the impression that such poor range condition is general over the elk winter range as a whole. The source of the information and data which is included here is from the range survey maps made by the State Fish and Game Depart- ment, and from overlays showing the limits of winter range \ise during the last ten years. The following data represent the average number of acres of range used by elk during the winter months through the last ten year period. PURPOSE; PROCEDURE; FINDINGS: December January February March 45,944 acres 31,564 acres 31,206 acres 24,660 acres -47- In comparing the total area of "sore spots" of this winter range to that total acreage used during the average vfinter month, all open types with a density less than 15% were listed, totaled and con- sidered as problem areas, even thou^ in some instances this is obviously not the case. At this point it is well to say that one of the many purposes and uses of this range survey work was to provide such acreages as these. Field typing was accurate and fine enough to separate low density spots even though they were engulfed by larger similar vegetative types but of greater density. The total of all of these types of low density on the whole winter range is 926 acres. This figure includes all areas from West Fork south to Specimen Creek in Yellowstone National Park. It includes all areas of low density up side drainages of the Gallatin River such as Porcupine, Taylor Fork, Tepee and Daly Creeks, and not just those outstanding areas in view from the highway. As a percentage figure of the whole, this total of 926 acres is 2.1^ of the range used during the average month of December, and 3.8^ of the area used during the critical average month of March. These figures show that the "sore spots" which appear on the elk winter range are only a very small part of the area used by elk during the winter months, and that these areas of low density are not typical of the winter elk range as a whole, although they are included in this winter range area. Submitted by Richard L. Hodder Approved by Robert F. Cooney Date July 15. 1953 (XMPLETION HEPOKT INVESTIGATIONS PBOJECTS State of Montana Project No. W-37-R-ii. Work Plan I ' Job No. I-I Title of Job: Affects of Fertilizer Trials on the Gallatin Elk Winter Range IHTK)DUCTION; Kaiijr of the soil characteristics of the Gallatin elk winter range indicate that perhaps applications of Tairious fertilizers might be of benefit in promoting plant vigor and reproduction, thus increasing soil stability and water infiltrati6n, and prevent- ing excessive erosion. This generally unstable area, as is evidenced by classical exaaples of geological erosion, has been aggravated through the years by sheep, cattle and elk use, and with thiS use many exposed hillsides and ridges have become nearly denuded, void of sufficient organic material and nutrients necessary for satisfactory forage production. Soil samples, such as the one show on the next page, indicate the need of soil rebuilding. The lack of viable seed produced by plants on these areas year after year indicates perhaps a mineral deficiency exists that has retarded successful forage reproduction that might be corrected by soil fertilization. One extremely interesting indicator that production mi^t be markedly increased is the presence of "Mushroom Rings." These rings are outstanding because of the abnormally heavy growths of forage produced in long arcs and rings many times running throtigh apparently sterile sites. These growths of grass and weeds are invariably spotted with mushrooms during the early growing season. It is not under- stood just how the underground part, or mycelium, of the mushroom plant causes this unusual effect, but it has been assumed that a readily available form of nitrogen is released from the disintegrating mycelium and the nitrogen makes this unusual growth possible. Soil Samples from Gallatin Elk Winter Range Analyzed by Montana State College December 194S Sample No. Soil Type Organic Matter {%) Moisture Equivalent (^) BH-1 D-1 M-1 M-3 P-1 P-4 T-1 T-3 C C c c c c c c G 2.8 3.1 2.6 3.7 2.6 1.4 1.9 2.0 314 0.19 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 17.2 10.6 18.7 18.5 16.6 20.3 19.0 21.2 19.0 Daly Creek PUEPOSE: For the afore mentioned reasons, sra experiment in the use of various common fertilizers was designed in the hope of finding one or a combination of elements that would promote forage growth on the presently low producing areas. A southern exposed gentle slope at the top of a knoll, approximately 6300 feet in elevation, up Porcupine Creek was selected for the site of the experiment. This location was chosen because of its availability, its similarity to other typically exposed areas nearby which are low producing sites, its seemingly consistent soil, and because the vegetation on the area was comr- posed of a variety of grasses and forbs of even density. This last requisite was necessary, though not typical of the usual "sore spots" on the winter range, because the degree of success in this experiment was to be measured by the visually apparent re- sponse of the vegetation within the plots, thxis making the presence of a variety of species of even density desirable. After careful consideration of the properties of the various common fertilizers, it was decided that the testing area should be divided into a latin square arrangement so as to allow a side by side compaidson of *he four elements thought to be most essential for both forage and seed production. The four elements were nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. Sulphur was not considered essential to production in this area but because it was available in combination with two of the other desired elements, it too was tested. Easily obtained fertilizers containing the desired components that were used are as follows: METHOD; Nitrogen - - - Ammoniiim sulphate (NH4)2S04 Close-up of good production of grass on low density range. Good growth is in mushroom rings. Slide Creek 1948 • Phosphorus Treble superphosphate P2O2 Potassium Murated Potash KC-j_ Magnesium Magnesium sulphate MgSOji^ Sulphur - Ammonium sulphate Magnesiiam sulphate The testing plots were laid out in the following latin square arrangement so that the effects of the five elements plus ten of their combinations could be tried at one time. These were: N, Ng, S, P, K, N+ K, N+ P, N +Mg, N+ S, Mg+ K, Mg+ P, Mg +S, P+ K, P+ S, K + S. o N(+SJ Mg(tS) g K P Check Mg(+S) N (+S) V o P K N(+S)Mg(+S) -g P K K P Check Mg(+S) N (+S) This arrangement offered a system of check plots including those without feetilizer, those with measured single applications, and those with measured double applications of the same fertilizer or combinations of fertilizers. It also provided a duplication of each of these intensities as a check of one plot against another similarly treated one. Fertilizers were applied at the following rates by rows so that the intersections of identical rows would get a double concen- tration: Ammoniiim sulphate loo lbs per acre Treble superphosphate - 200 lbs per acre Potash 150 lbs per acre Magnesium sulphate • •■ 300 lbs per acre The dimensions of the whole latin square were 40 ft. by 40 ft. and the size of each plot measured 8 ft. by 8 ft. It was considered -52- unnecessary to leave an aisle separating the various plots as previous work by the College suggested that the washing effects were negligible on a reasonably level location. Stakes were placed for marking the four corners of each component plot and other stakes were painted white and labeled with the name and symbol of the various fertilizers concerned and then placed at the ends of each of the rows so that at a glance one covHd tell what combinations of elements were in each component plot. Because it would be impractical to apply fertilizer to the range in any other manner but by broadcasting, it was decided that it should be applied in this same way to the testing areas instead of drilling it into the ground as is usually recommended under farming procedures. It was also thought that if results were not visually perceivable in forage and seed production, that the application of fertilizer would be considered ineffective and unsuccessful. For this reason, no minute measurements were taken of the vegetation within the area. Instead, photographs were taken of the testing square from several designated points so that a complete before-oind-after record was obtained. The fertilizers were applied in early June, 1949, while the ground still contained much moisture. At this elevation, early June is still spring and with it are the usual spring showers and snow flurries. Other than the application of the fertilizers, the testing site was subjected to no artificial conditions or treatment. FINDINGS; The results of these trials were definite. Differences between the various plots were not discernable. There was no apparent change in any of the plots nor in any of the species of vegetation when compared to adjoining plots or to check plots, or to the vegetation outside the experimental area. This whole experiment was repeated in the spring of 1950 in an identical manner. Again there were no visually detectable differences between any of the plots . The area was not treated the following season and observations were made that fall to record residual affect, if any. Again there were no discernable differences between plots. -53- RECOMMENDATIONS: It seems pix>bable that some factor or coinbination of factors has prevented these fertilizers from causing some marked effect on the growth of the vegetation in the study area. The most logical assumption seems to be lack of adequate moisture at the proper time or for a sufficient length of time. It is recommended that this experiment be repeated as before, but that the fertilizers be applied as soon as the testing area is clear of snow and free from the effects of spring run-off. It is also suggested that the ex- perimental site be changed to an area where mushroom rings produce marked increases of vegetational response. Submitted by Richard L. Hodder Approved by Robert F. Cooney Date July 15. 1953 STATE Montana PROJECT NO. tf-38-R-4 DATE July 15. 1953 VOL. IV NO. 2 QUARTHILY PROGRESS REPORT FOR INVESTIGATIONS PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title of Project: Upland Game Bird Surveys and Investigations 2. Leader: William R. Bergeson, Biologist 3. Report of Progress: Work Plan I: Ring-necked Pheasant Survey and Investigation Job I-A: Pheasant Breeding Populations Canpletion report attached. Job I-B: Sex Ratios and Htmter Harvest Inactive during report period. Job I-C: Post Card Survey Inactive diu-ing report period. Job I-D: Pheasant Mortality Compilation of data in progress; completion report will be sulHnitted when fcLacas, Fieldman 3. Report of Progress: MOUNTAIN GOAT mPPING AND TRANSPLANTING DATES: July 1, 1952 to June 30, 1953 PERSONNEL; James McLucas, Project Leader Wayne Fitzwater, Deputy Game Warden * Earl Andridge, Junior Fieldman « AREAS: Deep Creek, Chouteau County t South Fork of the Flathead, Flathead County Canyon Creek, Beaverhead County PURPOSE: The trapping and transplanting of mountain goats with the purpose of establishing new groups in areas within the State suit- able to this valuable big game animal. This trapping and transplanting of mountain goat has been felt to be one of the most important phases of our big game restoration work. Originally goats were found on a limited range along the Con- tinental Divide and on several mountain ranges to the west. Large -79- f mountainous areas lying to the east of the Continental Divide were completely devoid of this big game species. The transplanting work has of necessity been slow due to ex- treme difficulties involved in capturing and moving mountain goats. The results, however, have been pleasing. Herds are now developing in several areas from rather small original introductions. PROCEDURE; DEEP CREEK TRAPPING SITE About ten days were spent in this area frcwn May 20, 1953 to May 31, 1953, The greatest part of this time was spent on trap maintenance on the Deep Creek trap and the Wagner Basin trap. Several days were spent in trapping operation but this work was stopped by a heavy May snowfall. No goats were taken from this area during the year. CANYON CREEK TRAPPING SITE August 13, 1952 through Atigust 19, 1952, was spent in this area building a goat holding pen and in minor repair to the trap. During this time two goats were caught and transported to the East Rosebud Canyon. SOUTH FORK OF THE FLATHEAD TRAPPING SITE The South Fork goat trapping operation was carried out the same as in previous years. Operation was started on June 14, 1953, when horses, equipment, etc., were gathered together. On June 23, the horses were trucked to Spotted Bear and two dajrs later camp was set up in the Little Salmon park. On June 28 four goats were caught and flown to the East Rosebud Canyon release site. There was no loss in trapping during this period. Goat trapping was continued here during July and will be re- ported on in the July-September quarterly. GOAT TRANSPLANTING DATA The following is the transplanting data for the two goats taken on Canyon Creek and the four goats taken on the South Fork of the Flathead: -80- 9 GOAT TRANSPLANTING DATA, 1953 Ear Tag Numbers Date Age & Sex Trap Site Release Area 314-315 6- -28 Mature Billy South Fork *East Rosebud Canyon 312-313 6- -28 Mature Nanny South Fork East Rosebud Canyon 310-311 6- -28 Billy Kid South Fork East Rosebud Canyon 306-307 6- -28 Mature Billy South Fork East Rosebud Canyon F-410 8- -22 Billy Kid Canyon Creek East Rosebud Canyon F-402 8- -22 Mature Nanny Caigron Creek East Rosebud Canyon *East Rosebud Canyon - Beartooth Plateau, Custer National Forest PREDATOR CONTROL The period of December 15, 1952 to March 31, 1953, was spent on predator control in the Sun River sheep range as reported in the January-March, 1953, Wildlife Restoration Division Quarterly. * Submitted by: Name James McLucas Title Fieldman Approved by: Montana State Department of Fish and Game By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 -81- STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-27-D-6 DATE July 15. 1953 VOL. IV NOo 2 QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title of Project: Sun River Winter Elk Range Development 2. Personnel; Bruce Neal, Unit Manager Robert Neal, Assistant Unit Manager Dave Stonehouse, Laborer 3. Report of Progress: FENCE CONSTRUCTION: 1. A drift fence was constructed between Hannan Gulch and Wagner Basin. This fence was constructed to act as a barrier to elk that migrate to lands not owned by the Fish and Game Department. This fence is made with seven-foot poles in the form of jacks, has seven wires and a cable on the top and is approximately one-fourth mile long. 2. One and one-quarter miles of fence was constructed bordering the W. M. Stecker property. It is a six-foot jack fence with five wires and a pole on top and an anchor every tenth crotch. The Stecker exchange was reported in a letter amendment to Project W-25-L. Submitted by: Approved by: Name Robert Neal Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Assistant Unit Manager By Robert F. Cooney. Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 -82- STATE Montana PROJKT NO. V-33-D-4 DATE July 15. 1953 VOL. IV NO. 2 QUARTERLY PROOIESS REPORT FOR 4 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS As Required By FEDHiAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title of Project: Blackfoot-Clearwater Winter Big Game Range Development 2. Personnel: Stan Mongrain, Project Leader Jack Ray, Junior Fieldman. 3. Report of Progress: A. TRUCK GARAGE: A standard metal building by the Armco CcHopany was erected at the headquarters for use in storing automotive equipment. B. FENCE CONSTRUCTION; Three and three-quarter miles of fence were constructed on the eastern boundary of the project. This was located in Sections 1&, 21 and 28, Township 15 North, Range 13 West. It was necessary to carry the balance of the proposed fence construction into the next fiscal year. C. SHOP: One month *s time for three men in the shop was charged to the project to cover costs of mechanical repairs and machinery maintenance for ^ this project. D. CULVERTS: » Steel culverts proposed for this project were placed in necessary places to supplant bridge construction. E. EQUIPMENT: A Ford tractor with hydraulic loader was purchased for this project. Submitted by: Approved by: Name Stan Mongrain Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Project Leader By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15, 1953 -83- STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-33-D-4 DATE July 15, 1953 VOL. IV NO. 2 FINAL REPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title: Blackfoot-Clearwater Winter Big Game Range Development 2. Personnel: Stan Mongrain, Project Leader Jack Ray, Junior Fieldman 3. Report of Progress: TRUCK GARAGE; A metal Steelox building by Armco Company was erected on a concrete foundation at the headquarters site for the purpose of housing vehicles. FENCE CONSTRUCTION: Boundary fence amotinting to four and three-quarter miles was con- structed along the eastern side of the project in Sections 16, 21 and 28 of Township 15 North, Range 13 West. The balance of the pro- posed fence construction will be carried over into the next fiscal year. VEHICLE AND MACHINERY REPAIR: Three man-months of mechanic time were charged to this project for work done in the Department shop. CULVERTS: The seven culverts proposed for this segment were placed on the project to replace several small bridges. EQUIPMENT: A Ford tractor with hydraulic lift attachment was purchased to facilitate operations on the ranch. Submitted by: Approved by: « Name Faye M. Couey Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Assistant Director By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 -84- STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-43-D-2 DATE .Tilly 15, 1953 VOL. IV NO. 2 QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT As Required By FEDE3UL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title of Project: Judith River Game Range Development 2. Personnel: Bert Goodman, Project Leader Carl Aamold, Laborer Robert Gillis, Laborer 3. Report of Progress: A. Construction of a portable elk trap has been completed for use on the Judith Game Range, B. Two miles of jack leg fence, three-vd.re with pole on top, were ccm- pleted. Right of way was cleared, anchor posts (deadmen) were set, and material was hauled and distributed for two additional miles of fence line. Four thousand five hundred jack legs were sawed and blocked, ready for use. Subnitted by: Approved by: Name Bert Goodman Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Project Leader By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 -85- STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-26-M-6 DATE July 15, 1953 VOL. IV NO. 2 QUARTERLY PROOIESS REPORT FOR MAINTENANCE PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title of Project: Game Range Maintenance Through Salt Distribution 2. Personnel: Phillip B. Marshall, Junior Biologist, Leader Fred Hartkom, Biologist Wesley Woodgerd, Biologist Jack Bailey, Fisheries Division Marion Ammennan, Deputy Game Warden Dwight Stockstad, Student Assistant Students and Sportsmen from Missoxila, Ovando and Superior Warren Ellison and Ken Roth, Pilots, Johnson Flying Service 3. Report of Progress: OBJECTIVES: PROCEDURE: To release grazing pressiu*e on winter range by big game in late spring and early summer and to secure better dis- tribution of big game diu*ing the summer. Block salt was delivered to airports at Missoula, Hamilton, Plains, Augusta, and Kalispell. From these points it was distributed by air between May 11 and June 8. The routes followed were essentially the same as those set up by Rognrud (July-September Quarterly - 1950) and McDowell (April- June Quarterly - 1952). Twenty-eight trips were made in a Ford Trimotor plane carrying 3,000 pounds of salt per trip. Seventy-eight thousand pounds (39 tons) were dropped at a cost of $3,973.50. Trips averaged one hour and thirty-five minutes each. -86- It is intended that this project will be followed up this sunmer as a step in evaluating the effectiveness of the program. Salt was also delivered to ranger stations for ground distribution by truck and pack string. Sutaitted by: Approved by: Name Phillip B. Marshall Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Junior Biologist By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 STATE PROJECT NO. DATE _____ VOL. IV Montana W-45-M-2 July 15. 1953 NO. 2 QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR MAINTENANCE PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title: Maintenance of Blackfoot-Clearwater Big Game Range 2. Personnel: Stan Mongrain, Project Leader Jack Ray, Junior Fieldraan 3. Report of Progress: A. CANALS AND DITCHES; Considerable time was spent repairing ditches which were damaged by high water and heavy rains, B. FENCES; Most of the boundary fences were checked and repaired where necessary. Their condition is such that trespass stock became quite bothersome and necessitated considerable patrol. C. ROADS: Some road maintenance, particularly the headquarters entrance road and the elk pen road, was required. D. MISCELLANEOUS; An electric range was purchased to replace old existing cooking facilities in the crew quarters. Submitted by: Approved by: Name Stan Mongrain Montana State Department of Fish- and Game Title Project Leader By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15, 1953 STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-45-M-2 DATE July 15, 1953 VOL. IV NO. 2 FINAL REPORT FOR MAINTENANCE PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT Title of Project: Maintenance of Blackfoot-Clearwater Big Game Range Personnel: Stan Mongrain, Project Leader Jack Ray, Junior Fieldman Dates: This project was effective from July 1, 1952 through June 30, 1953. Report : A. CANALS AND DITCHES: Headgates required minor repair, cleaning, channel alteration and clearing and some reinforcement. The entire ditch system was cleaned and repaired where necessary. Rebuilding of the 5,800 feet of ditch was not done because wet weather would not permit access of heavy machinery in the boggy site of this ditch. Unless ideal conditions exist, this is impossible and consid- eration is being given to an alternate ditch arrangement. B. BRIDGES: Two main bridges were repaired by replacing stringers and decks. Several small bridges were repaired on access roads inside the project. C. ROADS: Interior roads were graded both to facilitate travel and for the purpose of firebreaks. Periodic snow removal was needed throughout the winter on the main entrance road, around the headquarters buildings and to the elk feeding pens. D. FENCES: The horse pasture and the fence around the meadow required consid- erable repair. The boundary fences were completely maintained. -89- F. Several sections were fomid to require replacement. NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL; The field containing the leafy spurge was sprayed by the Powell County crew and indications are that the weed is fairly well under control. A patch of goat weed v^ch has appeared in the Clearwater River valley was sprayed with not too effective results. It will require more attention to control it. GAME BAITING; Less time than usual was spent on this activity due to the rather mild, open winter. Some elk were trapped, tagged and released for migration study purposes. MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES; Some time was spent on repair of vehicles and equipment. Building repair, painting, and general maintenance was done \^ere necessary. Approximately three himdred and sixty tons of hay were stored and later distributed for use or sold. Patrol to eliminate trespass stock required a considerable amount of An electric range was purchased to replace an existing non-serviceable time. stove. Sul»nitted by; Approved by; Name Faye M. Couey Montana State Department of Fish and Game Assistant Director By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 -90- STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-47-M-2 DATE July 15, 1953 VOL. lY NO. 2 QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR MAINTENENACE As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title: Maintenance of Sun River Winter Elk Range 2. Personnel: Bruce Neal, Unit Manager Bob Neal, Assistant Manager Dave Stonehouse, Laborer 3. Report of Progress: FENCE REPAIR: 1. The boundary line fence was repaired. Damage had been caused by wind, game, snow and stock. 2. The fence around the W, B. Law place was repaired. This land is leased by the Fish and Game Department, 3. The fence around the Norris place was also repaired. This land borders the Game Range. FENCES REMOVED: Approximately three miles of fence around land that Mr. Stecker had traded to the Department was removed, BUILDINGS REPAIRED: A cement floor was poured in the Willow Creek Cabin. BUILDINGS REMOVED: Two old log cabins were removed and sawed for wood. DITCHES: Two miles of irrigation ditch were repaired and cleaned, ROAD WORK: 1. Approximately three miles of road were built for use as access -91- to the headquarters camp of the Sun River Game Range. ^ This work was done by contract with general supervision by Department personnel, ROAD REPAIR; A washout in the road was repaired by Department personnel. Also the road was graded several times to smooth the ruts down. Six miles of firebreak were maintained. » HAY HAULED AND STACKED; Approximately three thousand bales of hay were hauled in and stacked for use in the winter for horse feed and also as a stock pile of feed for the game in case of a loss of feed due to fire. MISCELLANEOUS; Wood was sawed for use in three camps to be used in the winter for elk patrol. Camps were set up and stocked with hay, oats, wood and supplies. Herding of elk was conducted diu*ing the winter, INCIDENTAL WORK; 1. A live trap for elk was erected for the purpose of tagging mature elk for migration study as outlined under Project W-l-R-13. 2. Grass was cut and gathered for use by the elk food study in the Game Range Predevelopment program in cooperation with the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. 3. Several days were spent on game counts and surveys, * 4. Salt was put out in the field for elk use. 5. A short trip was made to Wildhorse Island to help capture mountain sheep. a Submitted by; Approved by; Name Robert Neal Montana State Department of Fish and Game Title Assistant Manager By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 -92- STATE Montana PROJECT NO. W-57-M DATE JoLy 15, 1953 VOL. lY NO. 2 QUARTERLY PROOIESS REPORT FOR MAINTENANCE PROJECTS As Required By FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT 1. Title of Project: Maintenance of Gallatin Game Range (Porcupine Ranch) 2. Personnel: J. E. Gaab, Unit Biologist, Supervisor Norman Wortman, Game Range Manager 3. Report of Progress: 1. The headgates at the heads of the irrigation ditches were repaired. Bulldozer work was necessary to provide an adequate flow of water out of the creeks through the headgates. Ditches were repaired to hold water. 2. Temporary fence repair was necessary to hold horses in the pasture. 3. A general clean up aroimd the ranch buildings was made. 4. Irrigation of the meadows and pastiu'es was carried on. Submitted by: Name J. E. Gaab Title Unit Biologist Approved by: Montana State Department of Fish and Game By Robert F. Cooney, Director Wildlife Restoration Division Date July 15. 1953 0 .0 .istBw blod