Gi 8 co

RACCOON LANDS.
GREENUP COUNTY.
KENTUCKY,

. CONSIDERED WITH REGARD TO THE FITNESS
OF THE TRACT FOR USE FOR THE

PURPOSES OF

SHEEP FARMING.

WITH MAPS.

Ea parts OODVV IN,

eee CLEVELAND, 0.:
WW SHORT & FORMAN, PRINTERS AND STATIONERS,
44 1883.

PELE,

RACCOON LANDS,
GREENUP*COUNTY,

KENTUCKY,

CONSIDERED WITH REGARD TO THE FITNESS
OPE TRACT FOR USE FOR THE

PURPOSES OF

SHEEP FARMING.

Wilt MAPS:

1S Gl eee GOODWIN.

p20
CLEVELAND, 0O.:
SHORT & FORMAN, PRINTERS AND STATIONERS,
1883.

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THE RACCOON LANDS,

To those who have informed themselves on the subject, we need pre-
sent no argument in substantiation of the assertion that we here make,
that there is at this day no enterprise open to the capitalist, who wishes
to see his money used to the advantage of the world at large as well as
to his individual profit, that is as certainly remunerative as one in which
large tracts of land, in every respect well suited to the purpose and well
situated with reference to markets, are, under judicious management,
utilized for the purposes of sheep farming ; or of stock raising if circum-

stances render that the more desirable industry.

But as of those whom we address many will have given this subject
little or no attention, we purpose presenting in the course of this pamph-
let some statistical details and some applications of well established facts,
and inferences drawn from such facts, going to show that our prelim-

inary assertion is substantially correct.

As food and clothing are the prime necessaries of life so the indus-
tries through which these are supplied are the principal industries of
mankind. ‘The industry of the agriculturist is that of the prime agent
through whom the world receives food and clothing, and is consequently

the most important, as it was the earliest, industry among men.

The agriculturists of the United States supply with food and cloth-
ing material, not only the people of their own country but millions of
those of other nations. In 1880 they exported to foreign countries
products valued at $737,862,617, which sum was 894 per cent. of the

total value of all exports from the United States in that year.

2

The acreage under cultivation in this country is increased yearly,
and the area devoted to stock raising and sheep farming has been greatly
enlarged since a few years ago. At the same time the practice in agri-
culture, and in stock and wool raising is constantly improving; and sim-
ultaneously the standards of the markets for grains, stock and wool are
persistently advanced.

Improvements in appliances for transporting and handling all these
things have been demanded by an intelligent and interested public, and
the inventive genius of the country has promptly met the demand in this
direction. The cost of transportation by rail is now less than ever

before, and will in the future be even less than it now is.

On our great through rail routes, admirable and wonderfully effective
highways of commerce as they are, there is large room, still, for better-
ments of road, rolling stock, motive power, and terminal facilities ; and,
under the administration of the present generation of managers, engineers
and specialists in railway science, we shall see them made very materially
more effective, and rates consequently made lower than any yet per-
manently ruling. Population increases apace, and each generation is in
advance of that before it, not only in numbers but in condition. New

York and London call always for more, and for de¢¢er food and raiment.

Our exports of beef to England and of ‘‘hog products’’ to several
European countries, are, notwithstanding occasional obstructions offered
by well-meaning but mistaken officials, increasing from year to year;
_and to these we shall have occasion soon to add large exports of mutton
to England, in which country, owing to causes not yet thoroughly
understood, sheep do not thrive as formerly-; in several districts that
have been for generations noted for their fine sheep and wool, sheep
farming has been in great measure abandoned. Within a few years
English capital has largely availed itself of the opportunities that certain
of our territories offer for continuing here the business no longer cer-

tainly profitable in England.

At the same time many companies have been formed in this country

for the purposes of stock raising and sheep farming, and large sums

3

have been applied to those objects, generally under judicious manage-
ment and with good results. But there is no ground for believing that
the business will be ‘‘overdone.’’ Neither England, France, Belgium
nor Germany produces meat in quantity sufficient for the supply of its
own population ; and as means for transportation are increased and im-
proved these countries will take more and more of our beef and mutton,

as well as of our cured meats.

The demand for the products of the stock range and sheep farm,
respectively, will more than keep pace with the increased and improved
supply, and in the future the producer who puts into the great eastern
markets either live stock, meats or wool, of superior quality, will secure

net returns better than any heretofore realized.

Parties intending to make a specialty of stock and sheep-raising on
a large scale have, since some years ago, almost without exception,
located in some one of the Territories, where they have occupied public
lands squatter fashion, or without paying rents, or have bought their

lands at the very low price demanded by the Government.

The prospect of advantages to be thus gained has so absorbed the
attention of these parties that they have ignored the existence of regions
lying many hundreds of miles nearer the Eastern sea-board and offer-
ing, moreover, advantages of climate and soil not to be found combined
anywhere else ; or if they have considered them at all, in this connec-
tion, have inadequately informed themselves as to important facts that
are readily ascertainable; or, if they have acquainted themselves with
these facts, have entirely failed to properly estimate and apply them. While
with good management and adequate capital a man may make money in
stock farming in Dakota or Montana, or in Texas, or in sheep farming
in New Mexico, the fact remains that with like management and equal
capital he may make very much more money in the same business in
Eastern Kentucky.

We unhesitatingly assert that there is in all North America no terri-
tory in which the business of sheep farming may be carried on as success-

fully and profitably as in certain portions of Eastern and Northeastern

4

Kentucky ; and that in all the region indicated there is no tract of land
that is as well situated and in every way suitable to the carrying on of
that business as is that certain tract, lying in Greenup county, Kentucky,
known as ‘“‘the Raccoon Lanps.”’

An experienced and judicious sheep farmer, fully informed as to the
conditions necessary to a realization of the best possible results in his
specialty, and about to select a situation in which to prosecute that
industry, would seek a country having a climate mild and equable, in
which neither long and very cold winters, nor long and very hot sum-
mers are known; a country where snows are never heavy enough to
bury the pasturage nor to lie on the ground more than two or three days
continuously ; where violent storms and winds like the ‘‘Northers’’ of
Texas are unknown; where sheep, and even large stock, may find ample
pasturage throughout the severest winter; and where, consequently,
hand feeding would not be necessary at any season except for the pur-

pose of affording those variations of diet that are sometimes useful.

The country of his choice would not be subject to excessive rains

at any season, nor to exhausting droughts in summer.

The soil would be generally sandy rather than otherwise, but of
strength sufficient to the production of-ample pasturage, and capable,
when cultivated, of bearing good crops of grass, corn, oats and roots,

without dressing.

He would know that sheep do not thrive best on low-lying, alluvial
plains, nor on plateaus very much elevated above the sea level, nor in
regions in which there are no breaks in the surface rock and no marked
variations of soil and vegetation ; and would therefore avoid such situa-
tions and select a region in which upheavals, or other disturbances of the
strata, or extensive denudations, have exposed the rocks of several form-
ations; a country having a diversified surface ; of which, moreover,
quite steep hill-sides presenting themselves to every aspect, and ridges

high enough to catch every breeze, form much the greater part.

In such a country, having the climate and soil before noted, flocks

find variety of natural food. In the winter, and at night, they find

5

shelter in the valleys; and at those times when heat and flies distress
and annoy flocks confined to flat pastures they find comfort and safety
on the hills and ridges.

He would have an ample growth of timber suitable for fencing, and
for manufacture into building stuff, and there would be large areas of

“woods pasture’’ for his flocks.

He would not have his ‘‘ranch’’ immediately alongside of a busy
line of railroad, nor immediately upon any great navigable river, but in

a quiet district within a few miles of both railway and river.

For convenience in shipping stock and produce, and receiving sup-
plies, he would prefer to own a short branch railway extending from his
headquarters to some trunk line by means of which he could reach any

one of several great markets for sheep, lambs and wool.

As New York is the great market of the country for fat lambs and
sheep, and as Boston is the great market for wool, he would like to be
as near as practicable to those cities, and so situated as to be able to
reach either of them by either of two or more lines of transportation

so to command rates of freight lower than he could otherwise secure.

He would wish, also, to have unrestricted access to other cities, and
to be situated as centrally as possible.

Everything else being equal he would of course select that tract
costing less money than any other, but in estimating the actual value of
a property would give due weight to the fact that if situated in a settled
neighborhood of well-to-do farmers the land derives a certain value
from its surroundings in that regard.

He would like to get his lands at a low price, certainly ; but for the
advantage of having about him an industrious and law-abiding people,
as for the further advantage of settling in a district where, as a conse-
quence of prudent administration, the tax-rate is very low, he would be
willing to make fair compensation.

Lands of his selection would be amply watered by wholesome streams
and never-failing springs ; but no part of his territory would be subject

to inundation by any overflow of the streams.

“6

His flocks would have ample range on dry, clean, hilly ground, and |

good pasturage elevated above malarial influences.

Foot-rot, ‘‘ foot and mouth disease,’’ ‘‘fluke,’’ ‘‘scab,’’ and the
ravages of the bot fly, (ws¢rus ovis,) would be unkown on his lands ;_be-
cause in the fly season the sheep would avoid the winged pest by keeping
to the breezy hill ranges; and the diseases would not exist simply because
the conditions that give rise to those diseases would not exist anywhere
on his property. The natural conditions would all be favorable to the
health of his flock, and he would be careful to enhance the beneficial
effects of those conditions by management such as experience has shown
to be necessary to the most successful handling of large flocks. We
shall presently outline the course of management that our experienced

and judicious farmer would follow.

If our intending purchaser were to find that, in addition to the desir-
able conditions mentioned, the well-wooded hills of the property that is
offered him contain ample deposits of excellent building stone, and of
lime stone; and great stores of good coal readily accessible by the pro-
cess of ‘‘drifting,’’ which, as compared with that of “shafting,’’ is simple
and inexpensive ; and that by a boring of moderate depth he can pro-
cure a brine of fair strength, from which by use of his cheap coal as fuel
he can profitably manufacture salt, he would, no doubt, acknowledge

himself thoroughly suited.

One would say that our sheep farmer prospecting for a location would
hardly find, anywhere, a situation affording every one of the several
desirable conditions above described ; and, in fact, he could not find
such a situation anywhere except in Northeastern Kentucky; and in all
Northeastern Kentucky there is no tract that answers all his demands as
fully and satisfactorily as do the Raccoon Lanpbs, of which we assert,
simply, that they precisely meet every requirement that we have set forth,
and possess every feature that we have suggested as desirable in a tract to

be applied to the business in question,

Of the two maps accompanying this pamphlet one shows the position

of the Raccoon Lanps in relation to lines of rail and water transporta-

a

tion ; the other is a map of the lands, laid down from the actual surveys,
the green tint on which indicates areas covered by timber of the original
growth; the yellow tint shows woodlands bearing second growth, and
the brown tint distinguishes cleared lands,—pasture and arable lands
under fence.

The lands lie just south of the Ohio River, in Greenup county, Ken-
tucky, and comprise, altogether, 10,902 acres or more, of which 9,842
acres lie between the Little Sandy River, on the east, and Tygart’s Creek
on the west ; and 1,060 acres lie on the west side of Tygart’s Creek.

From the extreme eastern point of the lands, (near Little Sandy,) to
the western boundary of the 9,842 acres, (on Tygart’s,) the distance is
about five (5) miles; and from the extreme northern point to the ex-
treme southern point of this part of the property the distance is about
six (6) miles.

The 1,060 acre lot, on the west side of Tygart’s, is separated from the
main body of the lands by an interval of something more than a mile,
and contains no cleared land. In view of these facts alone we should
not consider this lot a desirable addition to the main body of the lands ;
but as the outlying lot is covered throughout by a handsome growth of
original timber, and is consequently a particularly valuable part of the
property, we would take advantage of the offer that includes this with

the other lands at one price per acre for the whole.

The town of Greenup, the county seat of Greenup county, hes on

the Ohio River, 135 miles, (as the river runs,) above Cincinnati.

Riverton, the northern terminous of the Eastern Kentucky Railway,
lies above, and immediately adjoining Greenup.
The distance, by the highway, from the steamboat landing at Green-

up to a central point of the Raccoon Lands is about six miles.

Argillite station on the Eastern Kentucky Railway is six miles out
from Riverton, and from that station to a central point of the Raccoon
tract the distance, by highway, is about three and one-half miles.

Argillite station is on the east side of Little Sandy River, as is also

the town of Greenup, while the lands are on the west side of that stream ;

8

but there is a new and thoroughly built bridge across the river on each
of the highways above indicated.

The Eastern Kentucky Railway extends from Riverton, on the Ohio
River, southward to Grayson, the county seat of Carter County, 23
miles ; and thence to Willard, eleven miles further south.

Within three years this road, under arrangements already made, will
have been extended to a connection with the Norfolk & Western, and
East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia system of railways, the lines of
which he along the great limestone valley that traverses uninterruptedly
the States of New York, New Jerséy, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia
and Tennessee, and forms a natural highway between the Northern and
Southern States that is now occupied by a continuous line of railway
extending from New York to New Orleans,

This connection will give shippers over the Eastern Kentucky Rail-
way a route to the important new ocean shipping port of Newport News,
in addition to the one that they now have by way of the Chesapeake &
Ohio Railroad, as well as direct access by rail to the several seaports of
Savannah, Ga., Charleston, S. C., and Wilmigton, N. C., each of which
will be in the near future a market and emntrepot for the products of
Northeastern Kentucky.

At a point between Grayson and Willard the Elizabethtown, Lex-
ington & Big Sandy Railroad crosses, and makes connection with, the
Eastern Kentucky Railroad.

The Lexington & Big Sandy road is a part of the main line of the
Chesapeake & Ohio system which extends from Washington and New-
port News to Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville and Memphis; and has
connection with St. Louis wa the Louisville & Nashville, and Louisville,
Evansville & St. Louis roads.

By this route the distance from St. Louis to a first-class sea port,
Newport News, is 100 miles less than that from St. Louis to New York
by the shortest existing rail line.

The position of the Raccoon Lands is about 100 miles east from the
point designated by the statisticians as the ‘‘centre of population”’ of
the whole country.

9

This point is one mile south from the Ohio River, eight miles west
by south from the heart of the city of Cincinnati, in latitude 39° 04’, and
longitude 84° 39’; but about 53 per cent. of the aggregate population of
the country is found east of the longitude named, and about 60 per cent.
north of the latitude named.

The population of the states lying east from Ohio and West Virginia,
and north from Virginia, including the District of Columbia, was in 1880
15,619,974 or something more than 31 fer cent. of the aggregate popula-
tion of the United States.

The county of Greenup, Kentucky, in which the lands in question
lie, is very nearly central to that part of the United States lying east
from the Mississippi River.

A straight line drawn, on an accurate map of the country, from
Chicago to Wilmington, N. C., passes through Greenup County ; as
does, likewise, a similar line drawn from Toledo to Savannah, Georgia,
or from Buffalo to New Orleans; or from St. Louis to Richmond; or

from Portland to Memphis, or from Cairo, Illinois, to Philadelphia.

By an air-line the Raccoon Lands are distant from Boston about 650
miles; from New York 475 miles; from Philadelphia 425 miles; from
Baltimore 340 miles ; from Norfolk’ 370 mifes ; from Wilmington, N. C.,

400 miles; from Chicago 325 miles; from St. Louis 375 miles.

From Argillite station on the Eastern Kentucky Railroad, which is,
as before stated, about 34 miles distant from a central point in the Rac-

coon Lands, actual ‘‘ all rail” distances are as here given, viz:

By way of the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad.

ihorNewport News: (ocean steamship port, )2.-==---_-=_- 542 miles.
To New York, via Gordonsville & Baltimore,.....------ T2AwIEs
To Boston (boat car transfer at New York City,)----..-- Obie i
acrmS ulin © Kesey ote ab ks Eek aig ua OR See a Gy uo
Simrad | iia seek eh Me By eae Pare oP ee ol G34: .0f6

At Newport News grain elevators and all the appliances necessary to
the handling of freights of every kind are already provided, and this

10

place will within a few years be sought by exporters of grain and live
stock in preference to any other Atlantic port.

From Haverhill station, on the Scioto Valley Railroad, on the north
side of the Ohio River, seven miles from Raccoon Furnace, “all rail’’
distances are:

To New York, wa B. & O. R. R., (Parkersburg route,) -- .723 miles.
eee ‘¢ pia Erie Railway, (Salamanca route,) ----- S604
rere ‘¢ vita Lake Shore Railway, (Buffalo route,). 849 ‘‘

via Pennsylvania Railway, (Pittsburgh,)...742 ‘
‘¢ Boston, via Lake Shore, (Buffalo & Albany,) -------- 924 «
“ ‘¢ via Pennsylvania Railway, (New York,) --.-969 ‘‘

From Lexington, Kentucky, a central point of the ‘‘ Blue Grass”’
country, to New York va Cincinnati and the Lake Shore route, the dis-
tance is 951 miles; and by way of the Pennsylvania lines, 857 miles.

From Chicago to New York via Pennsylvania lines, the distance is
912 miles ; véa the Lake Shore route, 979 miles, and wza the Baltimore &
Ohio lines, 1,035 miles,

The Eastern Kentucky Railway Company, in association with the
Scioto Valley Railroad Company, has commenced the construction of a
boat car transfer between Riverton and Haverhill. With this in opera-
tion shipments from “Raccoon’’ for points north of the Ohio River

. . e .
would be made at Argillite station.

From the foregoing tables of distances we gather that stock from
Raccoon shipped at Argillite and going za the Chesapeake & Ohio route,
may reach Boston with no more travel than that borne by stock going
from Lexington to New York vza the Lake Shore route; that from
Argillite to New York va the Chesapeake & Ohio the rail distance is 227
miles less than that from Lexington to New York va the Lake Shore, and
133 miles less than that from Lexington to New York va the Pennsylvania
route; that the rail distance from Haverhill to New York wea the Balti-
more & Ohio route is 189 miles less than that from Chicago to New
York by the Pennsylvania route, and 312 miles less than that from
Chicago to New York by the Baltimore & Ohio route; and that stock

from Raccoon destined for export may reach ocean shipping port with

11

no more than 542 miles rail transportation; which is 370 miles less
than that from Chicago to New York, and 315 miles less than that from
Lexington to New York by the shortest line north of the Ohio River.

A line is now in process of construction from Wheeling down the
Ohio River to Point Pleasant, and the Cincinnati Eastern is in pro-

gress from Cincinnati, v7a Portsmouth, to Point Pleasant.

With this new line in operation still another route, shorter than the
existing ‘‘ Pennsylvania’’ lines, will be accessible by shipments from
Raccoon.

Raccoon is so situated that it is not dependent on any one route:
for transportation facilities. It will rank with the Freight Agents as a

‘‘competing point.”’

The Ohio River steamers afford an entirely practicable means for
reaching those trunk lines which, except for the facilities afforded by the

river, might be fenced off by intervening pieces of road.

This matter of a situation from which unrestricted access to any one
of several rail routes may be had was named seventh in order in the
enumeration, hereinbefore made, of the conditions that a sheep and

stock farmer seeking a location would wish to secure.

Having shown how thoroughly well the Raccoon Lands are situated
in this regard, let us see what claims to preference they have in the
other directions specified.

As preface to the statements that he has to make concerning the cli-
mate, soil, mineral deposits, and the resources generally, of Greenup
county at large and of the Raccoon tract in particular, the writer ex-
plains that during something more than four years—from the spring of
1866 to the autumn of 1870—he was a resident of the county named,
engaged as engineer for the corporation now known as the Eastern Ken-
tucky Railway Company, which company owns a large territory lying
east and south of, and with one of its lines adjoining, the Raccoon tract ;
and that he is well acquainted with the Raccoon property, having in his

capacity as engineer, or in prospecting for mineral, visited and examined

12

every part of it. He has also made surveys and precise examinations in
every part of Greenup county and in contiguous portions of each of the
counties adjoining it, and feels warranted in claiming to have an entirely
competent knowledge of the country of which he speaks.

Further, he assures his readers that he has carefully considered every
statement made in this pamphlet, and believes that no one of them con-
veys anything that is not strictly in accordance with the facts in the
matter to which it refers.

Mr. H. W. Bates, Vice President of the Eastern Kentucky R’y Co.,
_has been resident manager of the affairs of that company since 1869, and
is thoroughly informed on every point concerning which the most search-
ing inquirer for facts regarding the climate, soils, crops, natural produc-
tions, and physica] and social conditions of Northeastern Kentucky will
be interested. Persons desiring to make independent inquiry concern-
ing any of the matters just above mentioned may apply to Mr. Bates,
who has kindly permitted this reference to him.

Mr. William Carnes, of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, (address,
Sharon, in that county), a gentlemen of large experience as a stock
breeder and handler of sheep and wool, has, by request of the writer,
recently examined the Raccoon tract with special regard to its adapta-
bility to the purposes of a sheep ranch and stock farm, and his indorse-
ment of the representations herein made on that point is herewith given,
(Appendix A),

Mr. Carnes made his examination in February, in order to observe
the condition of the pasturage at the season during which it is at its
worst, and when the country, generally, is seen under its least attractive
aspect.

The writer made his latest examination of the property in March,
1883, when he rode over the tract for the purpose of viewing the timber
now standing on it, and observing the condition of the fences and the
farming lands and appurtenances generally.

He made at the same time careful inquiry into all matters affecting

the title under which the tract in question is now held, and prepared an

13

abstract from the county records, a copy of which paper may be had by
any interested person applying for thesame. A certificate from Hon. W.
C. Ireland, of Ashland, Boyd County, Kentucky, late Judge in the 16th
Judicial District of the State, to the effect that the present owners have
an indisputable title, is given herewith (Appendix B).

With the exception of the lot lying on the west side of Tygart’s
Creek, and containing 1,060 acres, (see map) which is part of a pur-
chase made, by the then owners of the Raccoon property, as late as 1860,
the tract now offered for sale is part of a territory of 32,000 acres, sold
by the state of Virginia to James Hutchinson, by patent dated Novem-
ber 15th, 1786, and signed by the then Governor of Virginia, Patrick
Henry.

The original patent is in the possession of the present owners of the
Raccoon tract, to-wit: The Raccoon Mining & Manufacturing Com-
pany, a corporation chartered by the General Assembly of Kentucky, in
1869, with large authority to take, acquire and hold lands and mining
rights ; to build and operate railroads, to connect with any other rail-
roads or to reach the Ohio River or any other navigable river of the
State ; and to build and operate steamers or other boats such as may be
_by the company deemed necessary .for its uses.

A copy of this charter is given in Appendix C.

The charter and franchises of the company will pass with the fee of
the property if desired. .

The company was organized under the charter, March 25th, 1870,
with five corporators ; who, having previously owned the Raccoon
tract, and operated the same as a furnace property, conveyed the lands
and appurtenances to the chartered company.

The fee of the property thenceforward was, and is now, in the

corporation, all the stock of which is now held by three persons.

E. F. Dulin, Esq., of Greenup, was elected President of the company
at its annual meeting of December 21, 1872; and has ever since been,
and now is, the President of the company,

The stock of the company represents a capital of $124,000, in shares

14

of $100 each. The lands and appurtenances were at the outset capi-
talized at $100,000.

Parties purchasing the property at this time may do so without incur-
ring any obligation to continue the company organization, if they prefer
another course; but the franchises are valuable, more so now than ever
before, and are well worth the small expense necessary to the main-

tenance of the corporation to which they were granted.

The initial point of the survey of the original Hutchinson Patent of
32,000 acres, is at the northeast corner of the Richard Graham Patent
of 80,4064 acres, at ‘‘12 White Oaks.” (See map.)

From that point the line ran, S. 45° E., 35%, miles; thence, N. 45°
E., 6% miles, toa point far to the east of the stream now known as Little
Sandy River; thence, N. 45° W., nearly eleven miles to a point far
west of Tygart’s Creek.

The western boundary of the tract was a broken line, coming back,
eastward and southward, to a point in the north line of the Graham
lands, something more than one mile northwest from the point of begin-

ning, designated on the map as the “Black Oak Corner.”’

The original patentee sold the tract to David Trimble, and about
1834 Trimble, with two partners, built on the property the furnace
then named, and ever since known as, the ‘‘Raccoon Furnace;’’ and
began making pig iron, and, as the practice then was, salt kettles, potash
kettles, and other castings; drawing their supplies of ore, charcoal, and
limestone, from the lands about the furnace.

They sold considerable areas off the tract, and succeeding owners
have done likewise, till now only about 9,842 acres of the original 32,-
000 remain in the tract lying about the old furnace. As before men-
tioned, there is a lot of 1060 acres lying west of Tygart, that belongs to
the present “Raccoon’’ Company.

According to recent surveys the company owns, in the aggregate,
10,902 acres of land.

Of 9,842 acres of this land Trimble and his successors have had

actual possession, continuously, for nearly fifty years.

15

By Kentucky law a continuous occupancy, under claim of title, for
thirty years, cuts off a// other claims whatever.

If there were no recorded title the possession makes a title. But in
this case the title of record is tuli and perfect, the chain extending down
from 1786.

_ The lands included in the 1060 acre lot have been uninterruptedly
held by owners of the Raccoon property since May 5th, 1860.

In a deed of March 25th, 1870, the Raccoon tract, proper, is described
as ‘‘bounded by the Laurel, Buffalo and Argillite tracts; and the farms
on Tygart’s and Hood’s creeks, and by the farms on Sandy, Raccoon
and Alcorn ; and by ‘‘the tract sold to Keuborth.’’

The boundary of the tract sold to Keuborth (see map) is exactly
defined by the deed to Keuborth, dated June 30, 1868 ; Recorded in Book
P, page 541, Greenup county records.

The line along the ‘‘Laurel’’ lands, now owned by Joshua Kelley, is
part of one of the lines of the original Hutchinson Patent, as is also
one of the lines between Raccoon and the ‘‘Buffalo’’ lands, now owned
by John Armstrong.

The lines between Raccoon and the Buffalo and Argillite tracts,
respectively, have been fixed by a method prescribed by the laws of
Kentucky, known as ‘‘processioning.’’ Under this process a board of

?

three ‘‘processioners,’’ of which the County Surveyor for the time being
is, ex officio, one, is, on petition of a party in interest, appointed by
the county court to survey and report upon any lines an official estab-
lishment of which is desired by such party. This board views the lines
in question, takes evidence on the ground, traces old marked lines, and
finally establishes and marks out the ascertained boundaries. The
report of this board is made in writing to the Court ordering the ‘‘pro-
cessioning,’’ and is filed to await objections. In absence of objections
the report is approved, and the lines marked as aforesaid are thereby
established. And, in any case, the lines indicated by the report and
the record of the survey, made after due notice to all parties interested,
are, after the filing of the report, przma facze the proper lines.

On application of the then owners of the Raccoon property the tract

16

was processioned during the winter of 1859-60, and the report of the
board was filed in the Recorder’s office, April 2d, 1860.

The line between the Raccoon lands and the Argillite tract, owned
by the Eastern Kentucky R. R. Co., was surveyed and marked out anew
by a board of processioners, in the winter of 1866-67.

Nothing appears to show that there was any controversy between the
parties interested, as to position of the lines in the cases named. The

object in each case was to have the lines exactly defined.

The more recent surveys, above spoken of, developed no claim
adverse to the maintenance by the Raccoon Company of the lines shown
by the map herewith. But, notwithstanding the fact that there is no
controversy concerning any line of the property, the company will, for
the satisfaction of a purchaser desiring such further definition of the
lands, make an entire re-survey and new map of the tract, and sell and |

warrant by the lines of such survey and revised description.

Of the 9,842 acres lying east of Tygart’s Creek about 800 acres are
cleared lands, mostly fenced and in good condition for farming pur-
poses,

On the accompanying map the farming lands, and timber and

second growth, are shown by distinguishing colors.

A body of about 450 acres of cleared land lies along Raccoon
Creek, on which the old Raccoon Furnace is situated. Other bodies,
of from 20 to 100 acres each, lie on the watersheds of Alcorn, Oldtown,

and other creeks and runs.

Raccoon and Alcorn creeks have each a course of about four miles,
and derive all their waters from the springs and drainage of the Rac-

coon tract.

Considered with reference to watersheds, the tract east of Tygart’s
Creek is made up of four natural divisions, viz: the watershed tribu-
tary to Tygart’s Creek; that tributary to Alcorn Creek; that tributary
to Raccoon Creek, and that from which the waters flow into Oldtown
Creek and Clay Lick.

7

Of these the Alcorn division is sontewhat the larger, but in actual

acreage the several divisions are practically equal.

In the management of the property as a sheep and stock farm each
of these natural divisions may be very conveniently maintained as a

‘‘range’’ separate and distinct from the others.
The Alcorn division, about 2,600 acres, is almost entirely timber land.

On something more than 1,300 acres of this division the original
growth of timber is standing, intact.

From the other 1,300 acres most of the larger timber has been re.
moved. Under a contract with the Raccoon Company a lumbering
firm put saw-mills into this tract in the winter of 1881-82. They were
to take out all the trees of fourteen inches, or more, in diameter. They
built a very good wooden tramway (shown on map) on which they
hauled their lumber to Little Sandy River, at a point near the mouth of
Alcorn Creek, whence they made shipments by barge to Cincinnati,
Huntington, and other points on the Ohio.

From March Ist to about June 15th, and at times in the winter
months, Little Sandy is navigable by large barges from Argillite to its
confluence with the Ohio.

The firm in question built a store-house and several dwellings for
their men at and near their principal mill (see map). They ceased
operations in August, 1883. The tram-road, as far as it lies on the Rac-
coon lands, and the buildings aforesaid, are, by the terms of the contract,
now the property of the Raccoon Company ; as are, also, all the timber
and logs remaining on the said tract on Alcorn at the time of the close

of operations.

The tram-road cost about $300 per mile; about $125 per mile for
ties, rails and track laying, and $175 per mile for grading, trestling and
bridging.

The trestling and bridging will be serviceable for several years to
come, but for continued operations new ties and rail-stuff will be

needed. The right-of-way through lands outside of Raccoon, on the

18

route now occupied, may be had at any time at entirely reasonable

rental.

The buildings above spoken of are very plain, board structures, but
nevertheless afford comfortable and ample accommodations for several
families.

There are also stables and sheds sufficient for the stalling of a large

number of working-cattle, and the storage of hay and feed for them.

The territory on which the firm in question operated still carries.
merchantable timber enough to pay the cost of clearing up and putting
in grass the entire area that now hes in that rough and brush-encum-
bered condition in which a lumbering gang usually leaves its field of
operations.

One crop of corn from this new land will more than pay for the land
and the cost of clearing.

At the head, and along the valley, of Oldtown Creek there is a large
area of original timber, and north of the furnace there are two smaller
lots of like timber.

In the tract east of Tygart’s Creek there are about 2,000 acres, alto-
gether, of original timber, intact; and the 1,060 acre lot west of Tygart’s
is all under the original growth. A detailed description of this timber,

and an estimate of its value are given further on.

The bed of Raccoon Creek at the site of the furnace is about 125
feet above low water-mark at the mouth of Little Sandy River, and the
tops of the highest ridges in the vicinity of the furnace are about 425
feet above the base named, or 800 feet above the bed of the creek.

Draw on the map a continuous meandering line dividing equally the
space between the heads of the several branches of Raccoon Creek and
those of Clay Lick, Oldtown Creek, Hood’s Run and Alcorn Creek, re-
spectively, and you have marked part of the course of the main ridge of
the tract.

A similar line drawn between the heads of Alcorn Creek and those
of Buck Run and Nicholl’s Branch gives the course of another part of

the main ridge. The lne of Keuborth’s land is another ridge-line.

19

Lateral spurs from the main ridges are very numerous. Much the
greater part of the surface of the tract is made up of ridges, spurs, and

their quite abrupt slopes.

The valleys of the larger creeks, however, afford a large aggregate
area of plane, meadow-like land, very fertile under cultivation, but not
more so than the slopes, from which, indeed, the soil of the bottom
lands is derived, having been carried down from the slopes by gravita-

tion.

The rocks of the Raccoon tract are those of the coal measures of
Eastern Kentucky. These rocks have an aggregate thickness of about
900 feet. They rest on the sub-carboniferous limestone, or, where that
is wanting, on the lower carboniferous sandstone and shale, and decline
from west to east at the rate of about 27 feet per mile, without any con-
siderable ‘‘disturbances,’’ although there are considerable variations in

the thickness of the members respectively.

The sub-carboniferous limestone varies from 0 to 100 ft. in thickness,
and in Greenup county is in many places wanting entirely. There is
no trace of it at the mouth of Little Sandy River, but on Tygart’s Creek
it is from 80 to 100 ft. thick. It rests on the Waverly sandstone form-

ation, which has a thickness of 400 feet in Greenup county.

On Tygart’s Creek the top of the Waverly sandstone is about 216
feet above the ‘‘low water mark at mouth of Little Sandy’’ base. At the
mouth of Little Sandy it is about 20 feet above that base. The Waverly
sandrock is a fine building stone and has a first rate reputation as such.
A section of the rocks of Raccoon, commencing on the Waverly as a
base, shows: (a) sub-carboniferous limestone, thin where not entirely
wanting ; (4) sub-conglomerate shales, about 50 feet thick, in which is a
thin vein of coal; (c) fire clay, 4 to 6 feet thick; non-plastic, of fine
quality; largely used for making fire-brick at Scioto and elsewhere ; (2)
conglomerate formation ; coarse sandstone ; ‘‘pebble rock ;”’
thickness from 1 to 100 feet ; (¢) shale series, 60 to 100 feet thick, in

which are several veins of iron ore and a vein of valuable coal (No. 1) ;

varying 1n

(f) sandstone series, from the shales to top of hills, in which are two

20

veins of iron ore and two of coal (Nos. 2 and 3, respectively), and a
stratum of refractory sandstone, known locally as ‘‘hearth rock,’’ hereto-

fore much used for the crucibles and hearths of blast furnaces.

About 100 feet below the general level of the hill tops there is a
stratum of friable sandstone about 20 feet thick, readily disintegrating
where the edges are exposed to the weather.

The crumbling away of this rock results in the maintenance of that
desirable equable slope of the face of the hill generally prevalent on the
Raccoon tract.

In some parts of the county where this stratum does not occur the -

hill-sides are precipitous and consequently useless for farming purposes.

Coal No. 1, above named, is found in the bed of Raccoon Creek
within a few rods of the furnace, and has there a thickness of 80 inches,
as developed by recent examination during which some 50 tons were
mined.

In his report of the geology of Greenup county, A. R. Crandall,
Assistant State Geologist, says of this coal: ‘‘From its wide range and
its quality it will prove one of the most valuable in Eastern Kentucky.
* * * So far as developed it has a local uniformity which promises
to make mining easy and profitable. * * At Raccoon furnace it is.
30 inches thick, * * * ‘This coal is no exception to: the; general
rule as to variation in quality at different points. It ranks with the best

coals, however.’’

The coal designated in the above named report as “Coal No. 1,’’ is
equivalent to the block coal mined in Mercer county, Pennsylvania,
and in the vicinity of Youngstown, Ohio, designated in the Pennsylva-
nia Reports as the ‘‘Sharon’’ coal, and in the Ohio Reports as ‘‘Coal
No. 1.’’ It is widely known in the markets as “Brier Hill’’ coal. In
Chicago it has received the name of ‘‘Erie’’ coal. In that market it
commands a price about 25 per cent. higher than that of the best Hock-

ing Valley coals.

But, as Mr. Crandall says, the question of the relation of the natural

divisions of the coal measures found in Kentucky to those found in

21

localities widely separated from that field, “may be left for future con-
sideration.’’ The fact remains that the No. 1 coal found at Raccoon
‘ranks with the best coals.’’ It has been traced over about 5,000 acres
of the tract.

Coal No. 2 is of less importance than No. 1. It is, however, of
workable thickness on the Raccoon lands, and of very good quality.
Greatest thickness 30 inches; specific gravity 1.3 ; volatile combustible
matter 34.6; fixed carbon 55.25 ; Ash 4.8; sulphur, 1.4. Strictly ‘‘aver-
age’’ specimen of the vein.

Coal No. 3, at Raccoon called the ‘‘Top Hill’’ coal; generally
known as the ‘Turkey Lick’’ coal ; is quite uniformly three feet in thick-
ness, with a thin ‘‘parting.’’ It is a good domestic coal. Specific
gravity, 1.3; volatiles 34.96 ; fixed carbon 55.54; ash 5.4; sulphur, 1.6.

Coal No. 1 properly mined would yield not less than 3,500 net tons
to the acre, and has qualities that will enable it to compete successfully

with other coals in the Cincinnati market. ‘To convey this coal to water
navigable by large barges, a tramway of only about two miles in length

would be needed, which road would have a continuous and regular de-
scent from the mine to the little Sandy River. We may reasonably esti-
mate the coal in question to be worth a royalty of six cents per ton, at
which rate it represents a value of at least $210 per acre.

Of the very valuable cannel coal found in several places in Greenup
county, a three foot trace has been discovered on the Raccoon lands,
but no development made.

The ores of the tract have for many years been worked at Raccoon
furnace, yielding iron of an excellent quality, but in the present view of
the property they are not considered as of appreciable value.

The old furnace stack is considered of no value except as containing
a large quantity of good building stone.

The blowing engine and boilers remain in place as used when the
furnace was last in blast, and are, apparently, still fit for service.

The manager’s house, standing near the furnace, has been continu-

ously occupied by persons in charge of the property, and is in good

22

condition. <A ‘‘store’’ building near it is in fair condition for occupa-
tion.
The position of each of a considerable number of log houses stand-

. : ‘
ing on the tract, is shown on the map.

Several of these houses are now occupied by tenants-at-will of the
company. Most of them are in fair condition. Parties purchasing the
property for use as a sheep farm would find these houses to be sufficient,
with some repairs in the way of roofing, for the accommodation of their

employees for some years to come.

In a country in which there is a range of elevation as considerable
as that noted above as existing at Raccoon one may expect to find,
other conditions being favorable thereto, a corresponding variety in the
forest growth; and here we have, accordingly, a thrifty growth of each

of many kinds of valuable timber trees.

On the crests of the ridges, and on the higher ‘‘knobs,’’ the large,
straight, smooth-barked yellow pine grows to perfection.

The chestnut-oak, valuable for its bark as well as for its timber, oc-
cupies a belt just below the pines. In the heads of the hollows the

yellow poplar, of very large and handsome growth, is found in groups.

Below the chestnut-oak stand the white-oak, pin-oak and post-oak.
The chestnut, hickory, linden, ash, elm and sycamore range below the
oaks, in quite regular succession as named. ‘The sugar maple is plenti-
fully found, as are also the less valuable buckeye and beech. ‘This is
the original timber. In the second growth the hickory and oak pre-
dominate, but there are large groves of second-growth pine, which under
the care of an experienced forester will be, within a few years, im-
mensely valuable.

Much of the second growth is already more than 20 years old ; and
here the growth is rapid, while owing to the character of the soil and
the lay of the land the timber made is compact and firm.

Of ‘‘bending stuff,’’ for carriage makers’ use, the hickories offer an
almost endless supply.

Parties who have operated largely in lumbering on lands adjoining

23

Raccoon, and who have lately visited the Raccoon lands, have exam-
ined the subjoined estimate of the timber that may be got off the 2,000
acres of original growth aforesaid, and say that the actual yield will be
in excess of the estimate.

The 2,000 acres will afford, per acre:

Of oak, ‘car-timber, bill-stuff and plank -.....---.---- 4,000 ft. B. M.
Of yellow-poplar boards, etc., for agricultural machine
TRC TARS SLY 5) TEEN oe RE ora SOS canoe) Sten NSN Dye 1 pDOOntt: 2S
Of hickory for wagon and buggy-stuff__....----------- TOUOts, °
Of ‘‘seconds’’ lumber, of various kinds ll a SC aust ye D-OOOrits.. °°
MEETTOAG tes, Te Wed te a tt us sits ne Le eats Soe meee rere 2 25
The oak stuff is worth, at Dayton, Ohio, for instance_..$27 00 per M.
SURE ONAL 2... < sisoeph gp cA kk ee haa clad oe ae SCO Ome
MeeMBCK OLY. 220 ue ee cae tie eee ener D5OOr earn
(et the*cost of logging and sawing be per M.....__.-.-=:--=--- $6 50
amine per tramway to: Little Sandy_.224%..9- 2-225 22s2-5-2 1 00
amo GOL AVeT iI 4 cue xi el. yy each oe te ery See 2 00
Eeaginorto cars (about, one mile). 2). = ee ee ae 1 00
scone and hauling, generally:-....-.---- - bids, Bo Se ke alae ee 75
iecmrince and ineidentalse + s.2 2 Ma ease. 2 se Ge eesceaas 100
Amd the cost.on the cars at: Haverhill is? -2--.222.------< $12 25
With the rate of freight from Haverhill to Dayton, 9c. per 100
Ibs., and rating all stuff at 5,000 lbs. per M. the freight
Bree IS. PEE iy sey kA te | Bead eee cee oe ee ee 4 50
Mineytetl ce eeeecas Tod oe A et yn eee dee ee Re $16 75
STenOOU LO Of OAkat $27.22...) ee ne ee eee oe ee ee $108 00
MiomeaO0 tt. Of poplar at $260. ._. 222522). none ne ee 39 00
siiemnooOrtt. of Hickory at:$25 3.5502 2524s 2s Se ees 25 00
Tie 0 | me cee eg ee rere Seen a i Pee ae $172 00
Cost of 6,500 ft. delivered at Dayton.-.... -.--.--- --------- 108 87
Net proceeds, per acre, on above stuff__........-------$ 63 13
The 2,000 ft. ‘‘seconds’’ are worth, net, at the mill about $1
Pees. = oe ete et eh ay Se tee ns ee 2 00
The 25 ties are worth 40c. each at the Ohio River, $10 00; less
hauling, $3 50, and hewing, $2 50------...------------- 4 00

Thus we have net proceeds per acre......------------- $ 69 13

24

At this rate the 2,000 acres represents a net value of $138,260.

After some 600 acres of the 1,300 acres, before mentioned, of the
Raccoon tract had been about two-thirds cut over, leaving everything
under fourteen inches in diameter, the actual yield had been 766,700 ft.
of poplar, and 1,533,000 ft. of oak. At this rate the entire yield was

somewhat greater in value than that named in the estimate.

The yellow pine on the same tract will ze¢ about $3,000 additional,
and we have not touched the chestnut, ash, elm, linden and sycamore,
each of which has a well established market value, and is in large de-

mand.

The railroad freight-rate named is that actually paid by recent opera.
tors.

Better terms may now be had. Or by hauling the lumber to Argil-
lite all-rail transportation is to be had to Dayton and other like points,
the cost of which would be but little, if at all, greater than that by the

routes heretofore used.

The marketing of this lumber at a point distant from the place of
production, and not directly accessible by rail or river, renders neces-
sary the employment of agents who, under simpler conditions, would not
be needed, and of course increases labor and risks of several kinds ; but
the net proceeds of the more complicated transaction are much better

than those to be realized through sales to middlemen.

Fair to good oak by the boat-load is worth $16 to $18 per 1,000 ft.,
at Cincinnati, on board boat. Poplar, $20.

Pine dimension stuff at Huntington, $24 per M,; plank $18.
Dimension pine is worth $19 to $20 per M., on boat at Greenup.

The lot west. of Tygart’s Creek carries timber similar to that speci-
fied as found on the main tract, but will not yield quite as much per
acre. With a railroad in operation along Tygart, however, the value of
the timber on the west lot will be as great, area for area, as that on the

east tract; and such a railroad will within a few years be built, either as

25

an extension of the Scioto Valley road, from Portsmouth, or as a
branch of the road that is to occupy the south bank of the Ohio from

Ashland to Covington, opposite Cincinnati.

Of the 9,842 acres east of Tygart’s there are, as we have seen, 2.000
in original timber, 1,300 partially cleared of large timber. and 800 rated

as farming lands; leaving about 5,742 acres under second growth.

On certain parts of this last named territory the growth should be
slashed, and burned on the ground, and the land seeded with pasture
grasses,

Much the greater part of it, however, has now’ a crop of thrifty
trees, and under the care of the forester will soon begin to yield market-

able timber.

Almost all the territory not rated as farming lands affords excellent

range for stock.

The soil of the Raccoon tract, derived as it is from the coal measure
rocks, is a sandy loam, produced by the mingling of the clayey loam
coming from the shales with the sandy material coming from the super-
imposed sandstone series. The result of this admixture is a deep, dry
soil, containing an unusually large proportion of potash, and capable of
producing, for several successive years, without the aid of fertilizers, good

crops of tobacco, or of corn and the other cereals.

Excellent pasture grasses of several kinds grow spontaneously every-
where on the tract, and the cultivated lands produce heavy crops of hay,

four tons to the acre being a not unusual yield.

The tract, and each natural division of it, is thoroughly well watered,
and in the very dryest seasons stock on any part of the land can with
but little travel reach good drinking places.

Greenup county is in about 38° 30’ N. latitude. The mean annual
temperature is 55° Fahrenheit. The annual rainfall is from 48 to 55
inches.

Low water mark at the mouth of Little Sandy River is 485 feet above

26

tide and 88 feet below the surface of Lake Erie. Thejvalley of Raccoon
Creek at the furnace is about 600 feet above tide and 27 feet above the

level of the surface of Lake Erie.

Chautauqua Lake surface is 1297 feet above tide and 724 feet above
Lake Erie. The elevations above tide of several points, selected as fairly
indicating the altitude of the general surface of the district immediately

about them are, respectively, as follows :

Point about 80 miles southwest from Cleveland, and 7 miles east from
Galion, Ohio, 1,373 feet.

Point on line of New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio R. R., near State

line between Pennsylvania and New York, 1,547 feet.

Plateau lying about 30 miles south from Lake Erie, east of a line

drawn south from Cleveland, 1,100 to 1,200 feet.

Low water mark at Pittsburgh is 699 feet above tide; so the Ohio
River falls 214 feet in its course from Pittsburgh to the mouth of Little

Sandy.

As indicated by the figures given, the valley of Raccoon Creek at the
furnace lies 773 feet lower than the country just east of Galion, Ohio ;
and 550 feet lower than the average level of that portion of the ‘‘Western

Reserve’ above designated.

Situated as it is with regard to latitude, altitude and geological
position, the Raccoon tract enjoys the happy results of a combination
of favoring influences hardly to be found elsewhere. Certainly no such
combination is to be found in any district as well situated as Raccoon
is, its position in relation to markets and means of transportation, and

the political and social status of the country around it, being considered.

The climate of Greenup county is equable and temperate. Summer
heats are never excessive, and although there are occasional cold
‘snaps’? in winter they are always brief, and, so far from being of

injury to anything, are distinctly of benefit in various ways,

Snow seldom falls to a depth of more than an inch or two, and

rarely lies on the ground for more than a few hours.

1

Thousands of cattle, horses, mules, sheep and swine winter in the
open fields and woodlands without artificial shelter of any kind, and
with only such food as they find for themselves, and come out in the
spring in good condition. This is especially the case with sheep, many
flocks of which pass the entire winter in the woodlands. Their lambs
dropped as early as in the latter part of February are well grown and in
good case for market at a time when, in middle Ohio and regions in
about that latitude and altitude, very young lambs are staggering about
in sleety and sodden fields.

Mr. A. C. Van Dyke, of Greenup, when operating ‘‘Buffalo’’ furnace
some years ago, bought 40 sheep, for which he paid $40. They ranged
on the lands adjoining Raccoon, taking care of themselves entirely.
They were never fed and never ‘‘rounded up,’’ except for shearing.
Each year a liberal draft was made on the flock for lamb and mutton.
The number thus killed in a period of ten years aggregated about 550.
At the end of ten years from the purchase, Mr. Van Dyke sold the flock
(number unknown) in a lot for $400, and during the ten years had sold
wool to the amount of $1,970.

The sheep were of the kind commonly found in Greenup and the
neighboring counties; a mongrel race, but with well shaped and large
bodies, carrying good fleeces of a wool much above the medium in the
several qualities desirable in that staple. The animals are very hardy,
and disease among them is practically unknown in this region.

Mr. Van Dyke’s experience is given as a perfectly fair indication of
the suitableness of the climate, soil, natural vegetation and other condi-
tions found in Greenup county, to the peculiar wants and habits of the
sheep. The writer has received from several residents of the county
statements equally as satisfying on this point, and he knows from per-

sonal observation that the conditions mainly important in this connec-
tion do exist at Raccoon.

Greenup county, with an area of about 240,000 acres, had in 1880 a
population of 13,371; white, 12,932; colored, 439; native, 13,131;
foreign-born, 240. Natives of Germany, 155; of Ireland, 37; other

foreign-born, 48.

28

Of immigrants from Virginia there were 804, and from Ohio 1,291.

The improved lands aggregated some 53,550 acres, or about 22 per
cent. of the area of the county, the assessed value of which, including
buildings, etc., was $1,365,438, or an average of about $25 50 per acre.
The assessed value of real estate in the county was $1,607,069; of per-
sonal property, $500,575; aggregate, $2,107,614.

The net bonded debt of the county was $33,155; (since reduced)
the floating debt, $10.

In 1880 the taxes levied were, State, $9,590; county, $12,944; city,
town, and school-district, $1,682; total, $24,216, or about $11 50 per
$1,000 of assessed value.

In Kentucky, as a State, the rate per $1,000 was $14 83; in Massa-
chusetts, $15 35; in Ohio, $16 80; and in New York, $21 26.

Corporations in Kentucky pay no taxes except on property held by
them.

The property of a corporation is assessed for county purposes by the
assessor of the county; an elective officer.

Lands are commonly rated at about one quarter of their actual cash
value.

The corporation lists its property in a report to the Auditor of State,
who bases his valuation of it upon the report of the county assessor for
the current, or previous, year.

The state tax is uniformly 453 cents on $100 of value; 20c. of this
goes to the maintenance of the State government; 25c. to support of
common schools, and one-half cent to the free agricultural college of
the State.

The State tax paid by the Raccoon Company for 1877 was $101 25;
for 1878, $76 72; for 1879, $81 90; for 1880, $91 00; for 1881, $91 90,
and for 1882, $118 00.

The county tax for 1882 was 843c. pcr $100; of this 25c. was special

levy to pay off county debt, and about 16c. a special levy for bridges.

The county tax for five years has averaged about 50 cents per $100

29

of value, and Raccoon has paid on this account very nearly the amount
paid as State tax as above specified.

In Greenup county there were, in June, 1880:

PASTAS Spee pea age. i eter Reis Ree ele nt Deal Reto Se! dt oa Pre
SRO feo = / Sea Oh tL a ee ee ee ee ere tea

2,316
OM EN ose RE Soe Wha eee Riel os eee ea ee 305
LO ROWS SSS 5 oe Se emene, ee ee kane ere ee Sie Fs 1,839
cl ETS Cait] fs Saami ers Tk Pe SR Meee A IA re PS 9 MRA 8 Oy 3,455

5,599
peameexcy Of Sprimg? lambs’. 22531. 92s 2b Le eas 2,934
3 CLD 22 J) ae aa cme RIOE tps Si Rew R ee RSTO, Access ae de echt nape sae Pe 10,182

The crops of 1879 were:

Se renames 8S PS TE LV oe UE ns Oa Ds ee 6,598 bushels.
PS. 2 ee re emery me) aire eee Dg Esper ne SiO 2 TG een
“lt , 2 aie IEE Ee ere nee een nyo ae: eens [iar Metre enh tt 44,439 <s
Boe. 13 ee eet Paley ete 1,909 <«
Ve SSP 22k eI aR Rp erate ee oy eee, are Ga,429 7
EEMIEBORAUO eS. fen ae ms eens ee see cee eee ear BO,6S0, «6:
PUEEUBOEALCES) 6 Snes ea tig ay Ak he Sie Rc We eg ae B0485 1°66
vmmeco en fi.) Lee oe ae EAU EEG RES: Seater ae 21,693 pounds.
ay as. 1 eee > he be ae Se eee: re OO miEOnS,

The use of oats for feeding horses and working-cattle is not general.
Corn on the ear is the common ‘‘feed.’’

Obviously the neat-cattle and sheep got very little hay. The whole
crop of 1879 was only enough to give each horse and mule in the

county about 5% pounds per diem for the year.

Still the farmers were not improvident; they raised all the hay
needed. The stock-cattle and sheep found a good living in the pastures
and wooded ranges.

The soil and climate of this part of the country are well suited to
the thrifty growth of tobacco, but until recently no attention had been

given to this crop.

30

Now, however, it is quite largely cultivated and yields handsome re-
turns for all labor expended on it. In 1882 the crop of Greenup county
amounted to 153,000 pounds.

In 1880 Kentucky produced 171,120,784 pounds of tobacco. The
States next in order as to amount of this crop produced were Virginia,
Ohio and Connecticut; but Kentucky harvested 42,352,029 pounds more

than the aggregate crop of those three States.

The average yield, per acre, in Kentucky, was 665 pounds. The
average in Greenup county is about 1,000 pounds merchantable tobacco,
produced at a cost of about $40 for labor, and yielding net proceeds of

about $33 for ordinary, to $50 for good article.

Sorghum is a very profitable crop in this region, The yield of heavy
syrup is ordinarily 250 gallons per acre, worth something more than
$100 and netting about $40 to the producer.

Grapes, and all the fruits of the temperate zone grow freely here ;
and no country is better adapted to the cultivation of the small fruits,
particularly raspberries and blackberries.

The apple is extraordinarily thrifty and productive here. ,

Mr. Sidney Lamar, in a recent article on the ‘‘New South,’’ gives a
description of the country of which this forms a part, that is exactly ap-
plicable to the special tract to present the merits of which this pamphlet
is written. He says:

«Surely, along that ample stretch of generous soil, where the Appa-
lachian raggednesses calm themselves into pleasant hills, a man can find
such temperances of heaven and earth that a more exquisite co-adapta-
tion of all blessed circumstances for man’s life need not be sought. * *
All products meet there, as at Nature’s own agricultural fair, so that a
small farm may miniature the whole United States in growth; the little
valleys everywhere run with living waters; all manner of timber for
economic uses, and trees for finer arts, cover the earth; in short, here is
such a neighborly congregation of climates, soils, minerals and vegeta-
bles, that within the compass of a hundred acre farm a man may find

wherewithal to build his house of stone, of brick, of oak or of pine;

31

to furnish it in woods that would delight the most curious eye, and to
support his family with all the necessaries, most of the comforts, and
many of the luxuries of the whole world.”’

No observant person who, having had experience of other climes
and climates, has passed a year in Greenup county, will object to the
language just quoted as being extravagantly laudatory of that country.

The writer, who is well acquainted with the region, has striven to
confine himself to perfectly plain statements of mere matters of fact.
He allows himself here, however, the gratification of declaring his full
sympathy with Mr. Lamar’s sentiments, and his expression of the same

in the manner and form above reproduced.

The spring comes on at Raccoon fully four weeks earlier than in the
country no more than 150 miles north therefrom ; and roses bloom out
of doors until about the middle of November.

In healthfulness Kentucky outranks 27 of the states of the Union.
The annual death rate of the State is 1.44 per cent. of the population.
In Massachusetts it is 1.86 per cent.

The drainage of the country is perfect. There is not a ‘‘swamp,”

nor body of stagnant water in Greenup county.

While the lands along the Little Sandy, for a distance of some six
miles, in a direct line, from the mouth of that river, are subject to over-
flow by ‘‘back-water’’ from the Ohio, no part of the Raccoon tract is
affected by any except the local rainfall, which is never violent nor ex-
cessive.

No destructive gale, nor other meteorological disturbance causing
damage to property generally, has visited the valley of the Little Sandy
within the memory of man.

Windfalls, so common in some timbered regions, are not found in
Greenup county timber-lands. :

The Raccoon tract has all about it farms owned and occupied by
thrifty, well-to-do farmers. It lies in a neighborhood, the record of
which as showing it to be the home of a law-abiding community, is not

surpassed in excellence by that of any district or precinct in the Union. ~

32

The people are good neighbors under any circumstances, but will
take special pains to show their good will toward parties coming among
them, the effect of whose coming, as they know from earlier experience,
will be to benefit the county by increasing its wealth and in many ways

promoting its prosperity.

The Raccoon tract, while the central part of it is within an hour’s
walk of a railroad station, and only about six miles from the populous
bank of the Ohio River, is practically entirely secluded. Stock ranging
on it are free from any disturbances such as are caused among cattle by
the passage near them of railway trains or the travel of a much used

highway.

In estimating the capacity of a tract for supporting stock exclusively
by grazing, one should base his calculations on the conditions known to
exist at those seasons most unfavorable to the supply of the water and

food necessary to the proper maintenance of the animals.

In cases where any desired amount of hay may be had for the mere
cost of cutting and stacking it, and where at the same time there are
ample areas of cleared and fenced lands on which corn, oats, and root
crops may be cheaply produced, the farmer may safely calculate on
stocking his range more heavily than he would be justified in doing had
he no means for economically providing a store of food for use in an

extraordinarily severe winter.

In estimating the capacity of the Raccoon lands the above-stated
facts have been kept in view.

The 9,000 and odd acres east of Tygart’s, outside of the cleared
lands, properly apportioned and under the supervision of competent
shepherds and stock-men, will, with the hay, oats, corn and root crops
of the home farm, of 450 acres, to draw on as needed, handsomely
carry when fully stocked, 1,000 head of neat cattle, 1,000 hogs, 100
horses and mules, and 24,000 sheep. The pasturage allotted in
this calculation to the 1,000 neat cattle would carry 8,000 sheep; that
to the horses and mules, 2,000 sheep, and that to the hogs 2,000 sheep.

33

‘So the aggregate sheep-capacity of the range, were no other stock car-
ried, would be 36,000 head.

Of course each kind of stock would have its separate range and be
under charge of proper herdsmen or shepherds.

The hogs find ample food for keeping them in good case and growth
through the summer, and in the fall fatten on oak, chestnut and beech
mast, of which, in this season of 1883 for instance, there is a super-

abundant crop, particularly of acorns.

The business of breeding horses, neat cattle and hogs, and of raising
mules, may be very profitably carried on at Raccoon in connection with
that of sheep farming, or indeed to the exclusion of sheep farming; and
will almost certainly largely share the attention of any company or pro-
prietor hereafter acquiring the property ; but in order to simplify cal-
culations we will here specifically consider only the subject of sheep

farming.

This pamphlet has already assumed somewhat formidable propor-
tions, but on revision of the foregoing pages the writer has not found
anything, in his opinion, not pertinent to the inquiry and exposition

‘that he set out to make; and he finds still much to say. He trusts that
the reader who has reached this point will have acquired an interest in
the matter in hand sufficient to induce him to devote still further time
to it.

Weare about to make brief digests of some remarks of various stu-
dents of the natural history, habits, varieties and diseases of the sheep;
and of some things that scientists and manufacturers, respectively, have
observed in their examinations and practical handling of wool. Those
whose knowledge of these matters is sufficient to enable them to safely

“‘skip’’ this will doubtless do so,

The natural habitat of the sheep is a mountainous region in a tem-
perate climate. The animal is found native in each continent ; none of
the domestic breeds, however, have been traced to the native mountain
sheep of America. Under the influences of tropical climates the wool

of the sheep degenerates into hair, and as tropical influences are ap-

34

proached fleeces diminish in weight and increase in coarseness. All”
the fine woolled sheep undoubtedly came from that stock of which the
modern Spanish merino is the highest type. A mellow softness under
the skin, found in a remarkable degree in the Spanish merino, indicates,

in any breed, an aptitude for readily fattening.

Of the long woolled sheep the Leicestershire or improved Lincoln-

shire breed and its varieties are most esteemed.

This sheep has a clean head, without horns; bright, lively eyes,
straight, broad and flat back; round body, small bones, thin pelt; a dis-
position to make fat at an early age, and a fine grained and well flavored
flesh. The fleece is abundant and the animal is naturally quiet and not
given to roaming about. The wool is not as long as in some other dis-
tinctively long-woolled breeds,and is considerably finer than the average
of long wool.

The well shaped and good sized sheep now found in Greenup county
and the neighboring country, have many of the good qualities of the
Leicestershires. |

Of the several qualities desirable in wool one can hardly rank any
particular one as of the first importance. Time was when fineness was
esteemed the prime essential, and now, as always, wools distinctively

”?

‘“‘fine,’’ if otherwise excellent, bring a considerably higher price per
pound than any other. But for reasons that will appear as we proceed,
a proprietor situated as one would be at Raccoon should not make the

production of the finest wools his prime object.

Before the introduction of the perfected processes and machinery of
the present day,manufacturers of the higher grade woollen fabrics found
difficulties in the way of using long staple wools. This is not now the
case except with a special few. So, for the wool-grower, the longer the
staple is the better it is, if it be at the same time of a fineness that will
render it always readily marketable at good prices. A variation in
‘‘fashions’’ may very considerably affect the demand for a wool of any
class or grade; but let fashion in fabrics vary as it may, a high-grade

?

‘‘middling,’’ or medium, wool is always in fashion in the wool markets.

30

Naturally, the larger sheep carries the heavier fleece. So the farmer
will wish to have his sheep as large as may be.

Naturally, again, the larger sheep makes the greater weight of mut-

ton, and for this reason, too, he would breed large sheep.

But while one having at the start animals of the several varieties or
breeds necessary to such operations, may, in the course of a few genera-
tions, by judicious crossings and selections produce a strain of sheep
bearing wool of extreme fineness; or one having extraordinary size; or
one particularly excellent as making a mutton of superior fibre and
flavor; he cannot develop an animal having each and all of these quali-
ties.

He cannot produce an extraordinarily large sheep yielding an extra-
ordinary weight of extra fine wool, and of mutton of the very best
known quality. But he can get a sheep yielding a distinctively heavy
fleece of extra ‘“‘medium’”’ wool, and making a heavy carcase of distinc-
tively good mutton.

The ‘‘Raccoon”’ proprietor’s situation and facilities will, as we have
seen, enable him to put lambs and sheep into the New York market
under the most favorable circumstances as to distance, dispatch and
rates; the lambs earlier in the season, and both sheep and lambs in
better condition than those of any large operator now engaged ‘in that
trade. He will, therefore, naturally engage largely in this traffic, and will
wish to establish on his lands a breed of sheep suited to the demands of
that trade. This he may do and at the same time maintain a breed that
will give him large clips of those high-grade wools of medium fineness
that are, as before indicated, always in good demand. :

The Greenup county sheep is the result of indiscriminate and undi-
rected intermixtures of the Spanish Merino, introduced into Ohio about
1801; the Leicestershire, brought into this country about 1825; and the
sheep of the country generally, a race produced by intermixtures of the
stock brought into Virginia in 1609 and that introduced into New Eng-
land in 1625,

Sheep are remarkably affected by conditions of climate, food, etc.,

36

and varieties resulting from the operation of such conditions have in
some instances maintained themselves independent of any care or skill
on the part of breeders. ‘The Greenup variety, whatever its origin, is
one exceptionally well suited to serve as the foundation of a breed that
shall combine all the qualities that we have indicated as to be desired
by the proprietor of Raccoon. Such a sheep may be produced by the
breeding of fine woolled bucks with the native ewes, and judicious after-
intermixture of selections from the first product.

Wool is roughly classed, by producers and buyers of lots, according

?

to the degree of fineness seen in the fleece, as ‘‘fine,’’ ‘‘middling,’’ or

eC COMESeL

But the wool of a fleece is not uniform as to fineness and other
qualities, and in asubsequent and more exact classification, the wool of

each fleece is sorted according to its grade.

A fibre of wool has more or less a twisted or corkscrew form, and its
whole stem is more or less minutely serrated. The more twisted and the
more minutely and sharply serrated the fibre, the better suited is the
wool for use in fabrics in the making of which the operation of ‘‘felting’’
is necessary. When pressed together the loops of the fibres interlace,
and the serratures act to prevent the slipping of one fibre on another;
thus producing a firm, strong fabric. The qualities described are found
in greatest perfection of development and combination in wools of the

?

greatest ‘‘fineness;’’ usually ‘‘short’’ wools. The wools having these
qualities, making them fit for use in felted fabrics, such as cloths, hat
bodies, etc., are classed as ‘‘clothing’’ wools and the fabrics made from
them are called “‘woollen’’ goods. Wools of inferior felting qualities
are used in the fabrics known as ‘‘worsted’’ goods, such as flannels, hos-
lery, carpets, etc., and are classed as ‘‘combing’’ wools. Long combing
wools are now, however, largely used in combination with the finer kind,
in cloths; and are found to work very well with cotton and other mate-

rial in the manufacture of worsteds.

The class of clothing wools is sub-divided into at least six grades:

37

““XX,’’ “X,”’ and Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4; and that of combing wools into
at least five grades: ‘‘Extra,’’ and Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

For the period of 25 years, from 1827 to 1861, the average price in
this country of “fine’’ wools was 50,8; cents per pound; of “medium,” 42-8
cents, and of ‘‘coarse” 35% cents. In 1861 the prices were 44% cents,

3934 cents and 38¥ cents.

Prices of wool, in Boston, in August, 1881, were:

FLEECE,
Pe ee Nich. and. Wisse ser onl oe ey ee Ae ts eae —(a@40c.
pss QUA NOTgE Vays Sea) 1 eae ie eee Me ae Re tt Shea —(a@41%c.
icrmmliee ONIO:S lu FNS, Re atas Mik Me beets BR EUEE hs Serr et 45(@47c.
AR WAS MGC) i ole pS 5 ede 2S aids Ay raped —(@33c.
COMBING AND DELAINE.

PURSE. LON, Soe ht LBA dregs A ee 45@46M%c.
PeCAMECOMDIIG aac ts see ele See So ee ee! 43@45c.
imemMelaine . 2204254. Shave le Tie een ey pee oer ee N —(a@45c.
Bee ReMCOMDING see sein Ua CY BE Sy ee ee —(a@Al1c.
eRe memmmT INA AS GGL aye mi io ah Eos Ppa RUE Oh Ae oa ho ap eS er eee 29(@30c.
‘SUE Re DUD ete MM tee ek ae eae eee heey aa Mites ese ka Fone 36(@37c.
meter UL LeR: tie ee Ee hee eee, aed oe —(@40c.
MIMS... onipauc. eis cates See Meee aS el —@42%c.
O66 ne i ees enone me heres fees Onc.
HRMS OUTCO | of eqeeiare. ne, Sek oS ae a ee ee ice ee 35(@45c.
Colorado, Wyoming, Montana and Utah :

Broamy on) ck Mecaiinn 53530 sister ey ce ONS Beso iaogn ak ae 26(@30c.
SrammeNG. 2 Median 22. 2s 52.5 78 ee ieee eee ee a 3 DI@256.
Nevada ungraded-225--/__._ <1. AU eee ee ares Saints Late (keane 23@28c. .

Prices ranged according to quality, as below:

Wihianand.: Penn. seeh Sieh\. ooctthies yee be ee es ae 3744@4ic.
PR Mipe IMAG! VV 1S; 402 ain Sp as eal fal OREN 2) Ge ame ee 33% (@46c.
eer, Cerritonlese 104 Vi 2 dae eye dee eee a eee 15 @32%c.
oun and, Welaimet. oa.) fo 7 tee le area ec 25 @48c.
RDAs. (SPLiN ees oe eae Peep a tee SA oi) hye eats cee 23° (@28e.

Wimwashed and\wumerchantable) ) 49.225 4.02 2220 eee 2 @ea2e:

Preah g5 2h bas 4 Fe ee ae 20 @4ic.
Scoured wand: tubs. ;-sgh oes ee ee ee ee 35 @iic
Odds and wend Sie, ts 25, een tees Sy ere 9 @33%c.

Prices in Philadelphia, September 1, 1883, were:

WASHED FLEECES.

Ohio, Genn.alnd We Wiarwererese = eee see ee oe 36% to 39c.
ae oo be Ce LR PE a ee RNS 36) toseuc:
es BG dl ee Mediume. 8) 2022) 222 ss 5 ees Oo ee
ef ed sf Coatse a2 Se ee ee 31% to 33c,
ts ae Medium Delaine....._....-.-=-42 to43¢
oe ee Ses ss Coarse (Cf ft). 35 to 36c,

UNWASHED—average condition.

Ohio, Pennyand We Ver wbine 22225) 22 feats tee 24 = to 25c.
€ 7 2 Mediums <..<sssue eee ee 29 to 32c.
‘s sees oe Coarse - 2) ce8 sues sons eee 23 to 24c.
st Uae ges as Common and) bumiyes=.2- --22=6 18° ~ tohdg@e:

PULLED—from washed pelts.

Ohio, Pennvand We Va.,Extraand Menno 22-7) = see 30 “tose
oe Sse) RE a No: 1 and super--.:..2...--22-290)) MtOeea es
ag se Wamibses =. ke ee, oe i Se 28 to 3ac
eS meee “ sCombiig. ss 2 420425. 5 5 aa 28 toWsee

There is no foreign wool that competes in our markets with American
medium, but English and Canadian coarse wools come in competition

with our products of the same grade.

We may safely estimate that for strictly good unwashed medium

fleeces we can command, at Raccoon, at least 27 cents per pound.

Having a sufficient understanding of the nature and objects of the
inspection, according to the results of which one wool is classed as

‘‘clothing’’? and another as ‘‘combing,”’

we may proceed to note that
wool, whether of the clothing or the combing class, is graded and
valued according to the results of tests made to determine its quality in
each of the following named particulars, viz: cleanness, color, pliancy
and elasticity, evenness of staple, evenness of length, fulness, freeness,

soundness, softness and style. The last five terms used as describing

39

quality are purely conventional, and the term ‘‘cleanness’’ in this con-
nection has a special application.

The examination as to ‘‘cleanness,’’ in case of fleeces offered as
*‘washed,’’ is needed to determine, among other things, the degree to
which the washing has removed from the wool the ‘“‘yolk;’’ which, how-
ever necessary to the preservation of the growing fibre, has no marked

value in any other direction.

Each follicle in the skin of a sheep, from which a fibre of wool
grows, has glands supplying profusely a secretion, commonly called
“‘yolk,’’ which is in fact a soap containing an excess of animal oil.
This secretion serves to keep the wool soft and pliant, and to lubricate
it so that the serratures may not be worn off the fibres by the friction of
one on another as the animal moves. It dissolves freely in warm water,
anda thorough washing at the hands of the shepherd would almost en-

tirely remove it from a fleece. ¢

As the facts regarding its nature and office in the economy of the
sheep would lead one to expect, the yolk is most abundant in fleeces of

the finest wool.

The importance of a close estimate of the degree to which the yolk
has been washed out is seen when we consider that in the finest woolled
fleeces the weight of the secretion is from 50 to 70 per cent. of the
weight of the unwashed fleece. In the coarsest wools the weight of the

yolk is from 20 to 25 per cent. of that of the fleece.

The reader will have noticed that in the above quoted prices for un-
washed wool the ‘“‘medium’’ is rated at a higher price than the ‘‘fine.’’
The facts just given suggest the origin of the seeming inconsistency.

An unwashed fleece is, of course, not clean of yolk, but it may rate as
‘‘clean’’ if it is, as it should be, free from dirty tags, as well as from
earthy matters and _ burrs.

Sheep ranging on clean lands that afford plenty of succulent food, and
cared for as the wise farmer will care for his flocks; gathered each night

on a fresh bedding place and never penned in mucky yards; will yield

40

fleeces that need no washing to make them clean in the sense of being
free from ‘‘dirt.’’

The operation of washing as ordinarily performed is injurious to the
sheep, and, while it is very laborious and costly, produces no desirable
effect on a fleece that is not dirty.

We assume that the Raccoon proprietor will market his fleeces un-
washed.

As to ‘‘color’’—since to show brilliant dyes well and clearly a wool
must be perfectly white, this quality is of course desirable. The desira-
ble qualities of softness, pliancy and elacticity, evenness of staple, and
freeness, will be found ina satisfactory degree in none but the fleeces of
healthy and thrifty sheep.

That condition of the animal is essential to a secretion of ‘‘yolk’’ in
quantity sufficient to maintain the pliancy of the wool. Without the
yolk, and in case of disease or unthgifty condition in the sheep, the wool
becomes hard and harsh and grows uneven and irregular in size of fibre ;
entangled and therefore not ‘‘free ;’? and with ‘‘joints’’ or weak places

in it and therefore not ‘‘sound.”’

Healthy and thrifty sheep make good wool whatever its ‘‘class,’’ and
with plenty of suitable food and wholesome water, a congenial climate,
free range, clean, dry bedding places, freedom from disturbance and
annoyances, and careful supervision and tending, sheep will be healthy
and thrifty.

Wool is graded as to fulness in accordance with the closeness of the
growth of the fibres. |

As regards grade by ‘“‘length of fibre,’’ that wool is deemed best in
which the fibres are most wzazform in length. A wool that is ustformly
fine, white, lustrous, sound and even, has good “style.” ‘‘Pulled’’ wool
brings usually about 10 per cent. less than ‘fleece’? wool. The Raccoon
proprietor will market but little, if any, pulled wool.

Sheep, of whatever variety, reach their best condition as wool bear-
ers when having free and ample range in a temperate climate, with

plenty of succulent rather than fattening food.

4]

They will thrive on pasturage where any other animal, a goat ex-
cepted, would starve. They are fond of Alpine and aromatic plants and
browse on weeds, briers and bushes, seeking such food largely to the ne-

glect of grasses.
| For maintaining condition during any exceptionally sleety or other-
wise unfavorable spell of winter weather, peas and oats with clean hay
and an occasional turnip should be provided.

The wool-producing effect of peas is greater than that of any other
food.

A merino buck weighs from 140 to 175 pounds; the ewe 80 to 130
pounds. The first will yield from 10 to 16 pounds washed woo] and the
latter from 4 to 8 pounds.

The Leicestershire is considerably larger than the merino.

In estimating, as we shall presently do, the results that may be ob-
tained from operating the Raccoon tract as a sheep farm, we shall
assume that we commence operations with the average sheep of the
region and a stock of selected bucks; and that we breed to improve our
flocks in the directions necessary to reach the results herein indicated as

desirable.

We shall make the estimate cover five years of operation; and calculate
that our fleeces will average 4 pounds each the first year, to 6 pounds
each the fifth year ; and that we sell our wool the first year at 25 cents
and advance year by year to 27 cents per pound. With fairly good
management the results will be better than the estimate.

As to increase of flocks we may safely estimate that each ewe will
raise a lamb yearly. Of the lambs about half in number will be male
and half female.

The female is fit for breeding at the age of one year; the male at
eighteen months. The period of gestation is five months. Lambs may
be weaned and placed in flocks by themselves at the age of three months.
Both male and female may profitably be used for breeding up to the age
of 8 years. The animal may be best fattened at the age of about 8

years.

42

In our estimate possible losses through disease, and from other
causes, will be taken into account; but under proper management such
losses will be much less in amount than the percentage allowed in the
estimate.

Losses through killing by dogs may be entirely prevented.

There is no law for Greenup county making the county liable for
damage to sheep caused by dogs. Some counties in Kentucky are thus
liable under special enactments, and similar legislation may be had for
Greenup county if desired. But the legislation would not prevent the
damage. Proper care of the flocks will, however, prevent it.

For purposes entirely distinct from that of guarding the sheep
against dogs we should employ for each 600 sheep a shepherd, who, with
a colly dog, should be constantly with his flock; guarding and controll-
ing its movements by day, rounding it up into a proper bedding place
at night-fall, and watching it by night. The flock thus guarded will suf-
fer no losses from the prowling dog, an animal which, having always a
consciousness of the questionable character of his proceedings, is never

the bold fellow that he may be when in his master’s house-yard.

In Kentucky any person has aright to kill any dog found tresspassing;
and moreover the owner of the dog is liable for any damage done by
the beast, and the owner or harborer of a sheep-killing dog is liable to

indictment, and fine and imprisonment, for keeping such dog.

In Greenup county one very seldom sees a dog except it be with its

master, or on its master’s premises.

Of each of the several diseases and bodily ills to which sheep are

subject the cause has been quite certainly determined.

Of these diseases those that have worked most destruction in Eng-
land, and elsewhere, are consequent on conditions that produce disease in
any animal, the form and direction of action of the disease varying ac-

cording to the physical peculiarities of the animal.

At Raccoon the natural conditions are unvaryingly wholesome and

desirable, and an intelligent management will prevent the growth of

43

those causes of disease that in the absence of the simple measures
needed to prevent such growth will develop themselves anywhere.

The disease known as ‘‘fluke,’’ or sheep-rot, has since 1869 caused
immense losses of sheep in England.

It is not a contagious disease. It is the effect of an excessively wet
season, or of keeping the animals continually on wet ground, where they
become infected by a parasite: Fasciola nepotica, A fatal disease, caused

by an intestinal worm that attacks the liver of the sheep, is also known
as “Fluke.’’

*‘Apthous fever,’’ ‘‘foot and mouth disease,” or ‘‘murrain,’’ appeared
in England in 1839. A contagious, eruptive fever; generally appears in
an epizootic, rarely in sporadic form. It is caused by overdriving, bad
hygiene, bad food, or abrupt change of food. Hygienic treatment is,
alone, curative.

In the front part of each foot of the sheep, and between the hoofs,
there is an opening from which issues a sebaceous secretion, one office

of which is the lubrication of the opposed members of the hoof.

If the animal is made to stand continuously on wet ground, in low-
lying, boggy pastures, or in mucky yards, the gland in the foot becomes
inflamed; the secretion is suppressed, or mechanically obstructed, and

that most troublesome of all diseases, ‘‘foot-rot,’’ follows.

Now, with high-lying, thoroughly drained pastures; good and suita-
ble food and drink in plenty; open and ample range; congenial climate,
and freedom from annoying and harrassing disturbances, the ‘*Raccoon”’
proprietor need suffer no losses of sheep from any one of the above

mentioned diseases.

In some situations sheep are very much distressed, during the months
of June and July chiefly, by the attacks of a bot-fly, Cephalemyia, or

Gstrus ovis, that seeks to deposit its eggs in the nostrils of the animals.

The /arve of this fly make their way into the frontal and maxillary
sinuses of the sheep, causing great irritation and not unfrequently pro-
ducing the death of the infested animal.

44

To exclude the fly from its nostril the sheep carries its muzzle close
against the ground, and tries to escape from its tormentor by trotting
rapidly from knoll to knoll, wherever fortunately for itself it can find a
knoll. It seeks, at any rate, the highest points in its pasture. It, per-
force, neglects its food, and suffers severely even if it finally evades the
fly.

These flies are about one-half inch long, of a grayish color, with a
large head and yellow face. They prefer damp situations, and sheep
that can reach high, dry, breezy hills almost entirely avoid this pest.

The ‘‘screw-fly’’ that is the bane of stock-raisers in Texas and adjoin-
ing territories, is unknown in Greenup county and the region adjacent.

The ear-marking of sheep necessary in some regions as a means of
identification of animals in case flocks get mixed, is fortunately uncalled
for by any circumstance affecting sheep farming at Racccon.

The capacity of the New York market for absorbing mutton—sheep
and lamb—is very well indicated by the fact that the receipts at that

market in the week ending March 12, 1883, were 37,323 head.

The prices were ;

Sheep—Poor to prime.---.-- ------- _..--$5 60 to $7 25 per 100 Ibs.
bie, HELA NS te eee ee ee Sp ee T 30 tor 740 ss
eambs=— oGt torchoice 9 eee Ha ee eee 6 12tov see i

At Cincinnati, in March, 1883, prices ruled :

Sheep— Common) tomar. 202.7 a tee a. oe eee $3 75 to $4 75
é( 3 (GO0dt0) ENOICE 22s e6 2S Jew bee ae 5 00 to 5 75
(RH SUR te SNe eee ee Coe ee See sc 2 6 -0UstOn eee

Tianibs—-Meartings: Sete erses a eee ee eee ee 5 00to 5 75
be aos CAN See See a ee re Ae ie 6 00st0, eee

As a suggestion of what may be done in the way of exports of mutton,
and as an indication of the extent to which thes London market is reach-
ing out for supplies of that article, we note the recent arrival at Plymouth,
Eng., of the “refrigerator’’ steamer ‘‘Sonia,’’ from New Zealand, via the
Straits of Magellan, with some 13,000 carcases of mutton.

Subjoined is an estimate of the articles necessary, and the cost of

45

same, for a farming outfit sufficient for making a start at Raccoon with a
stock of 4,000 sheep :

6 Horses at $125

Sewat Meee tot Cate Bees Be ebree p rd eka his Doo)
EF OSHATI GSO: epee tek a) ee Neeley 240 00
SURPRISE Re eS. tbe eka Se Bae 50 00
Rares yi, © 1\()" | cre et Sek 2 eee le eee 30 00
PRETO S Ol LD Deseo ee ty fant Fo Cann gee 24 00

1 Mowing Machine

Bee ae clare Ste ne ae rape a eee 125 00
Meeecpetaand -Binden. 3.2 ayes. Se ee a O06
Pagtess nc nains, Eland) Tools, .é¢s) 2. 222-2252 eh ore sae 250 00
Repairing 8 houses, and refitting two buildings to serve as sta-

Ds BS, CRA pale PER Mite SU te geese alll BAER eP GANLEY Se LAs 1,000 00
SOS. 22 hn ia ne See UMM IR eee ens. rT (6) (iN
emote ER PCNSES pyar ata ye Le Sew aes ee 300 0C

“CISD ame hel A A al bi ST ENE oe $3,094 00

This outfit would be sufficient for working about 150 acres of tillage,
and taking care of grass land enough to provide ample supply of hay
for the original stock of sheep and farm animals and their increase for

the first year or two.

*
A resident general manager should direct the entire business of

the Raccoon concern. Under this officer there should be a head farmer
having charge of all agricultural operations; a forester having charge of
all woodlands; a head shepherd in charge of all flocks, and, on occasion,
a head stockman to have charge of herds and _ horses,

The business of each branch of the concern should be conducted

as if it were that of an entirely separate and independent establishment.

The farming department supplying hay and other feed to the stock
department, and selling surplus products in other markets, would be, at
least, self-supporting. The charges for feed made against the sheep ac-
count in the subjoined estimate are ample to cover the cost of farming,
and at the same time the farm would have considerable income from the
general store, that would be kept for convenience of employees, as well

as from sales in outside markets.

46

We do not purpose going into any estimate of possible profits from
cattle, horses and hogs; nor from the store, which would derive a very
considerable income from trade with the people of the country about
Raccoon. Each of those branches of business would prove handsomely
remunerative; but, ~evenons a nos moutons, and see what we can make

from these alone in a period of five years.

In order to prepare for the reception of a stock of sheep during
summer and autumn, and to provide for wintering the same, we should
commence operations at Raccoon in the spring, and begin purchase of

stock sheep soon after shearing time.

The operations of our first season of occupation would thus be largely,
if not entirely, preparatory.

Having decided to stock the tract with sheep we shall do well to
bring the number of animals up to the full capacity of the land as soon

as may be, and at the start ought to have about one-sixth of a full stock.

Below is an estimate of what may be done in the five years following

the first season of occupation.

The general manager would take charge of affairs as early as March
Ist, 6f the preparatory season. He would begin buying sheep immedi-

ately after shearing time.

The estimate of cost of stock is intended to cover price of the
animals and the expense incident to purchasing them and delivering
them on the lands, other than manager’s salary, which is entered in es-

timate as a separate item.

In the period between shearing time and about the middle of
October we should place on the lands 4,000 young ewes and 133 select
bucks.

4,000 Ewes at average priceon oo per hd) 252-2222 $12,000 00
133 Bucks ataveragespriceroties0: perm hd. oe. =. eee 3,990 00

$15,990 00

Let the year be taken as ending after shearing time in each season.

47

ACCOUNT OF STOCK AND SALES.

AFTER FIRST SHEARING.

Original stock—Bucks -..... -..--_-- 133
Py estete Ayes oe 4,000
=== Ay [es hd:
Increase— Ewevlambs..2 22. 222 2,000
Nam lambs (222 2.240 2,000
==——4 000
8,113 hd.

Select 70 bucks for breeding and make 1,930 wethers.
Clip 4,133 fleeces, average 4 lbs. each—16,532 lbs. wool.
Pellmiorao 2 Ibs. wooOlat Yo Ctsh.c 02/62. eer ad See ee $4,133 00

AFTER SECOND SHEARING,

Wintered stock—Old bucks _-------- 133
Meanhing bucks: 2222 70
Yearling wethers-. __1,930
Wearling ewes .22 22 2,000
Oldtewesme ues 4,000
= 8,133 hd.
Increase— Ewevlamibsiu2k2 = 252 2,000
Rana lambs 2228 2,000
a= = 4,000
12,133 hd.
Clip 8,133 fleeces, average 4 lbs. each--32,532 Ibs.
Beliae p32 Ibs: woolliat 25 ctsi. 222.5252... 2.28 $8,133 00
Selle, 990 yearlingywethers at $5 .-_.-.2.-2... 9,650 00

17,783 00
Select 70 bucks for breeding, leaving 1,930 wethers of

this year.

48

AFTER THIRD SHEARING.

Wintered stock—Old bucks -_.------ 133
Two year bucks- ---- 70
One’ year buckse. ==> 70
One year wethers.- - - -1,930
Oldtewesieeee. 24.2 4,000
Two year ewes.- -= 2,000
One yearrewes = 2,000

= —-1'0,203 hd:
Increase— wey lam DSe- 22 3,000
Ramplambseses =... 3,000

== 16,000
16,203 hd.

Select 100 bucks ; make 2,900 wethers,
Clip 10,203 fleeces, average 6 lbs, each—61,218 Ibs.
Sell 1,980 1 year wethers at $5.50_....._....- $10,615 00
Sell'61,218 lbs, wool at 27, ctS.022-+. 2222. =~ oe 2 16, o28a86
—-————_ 27, 143 86

AFTER FOURTH SHEARING.

Wintered stock—Old bucks --.------ 138
Mhreewyear Ducks=sa=) 40
Two year bucks- .--- 70
@nesyear bucks. —- = - 100
One year wethers- --.2,900
Old’ ewes =..5-- 2-22 4,000
Three year ewes --_.-2,000
Mwo yearewes=-2._- 2,000
Qne yearewes= 52> =_ 3,000

14 979: hd.
Increase— Bwerlambsaaewe - 2-2 4,000
Ram lambs. -_-..-... -4,000

a 8,000
22,273 hd.

Select 130 bucks ; leaving 3,870 wethers.
Clip 14,273 fleeces, average 6 lbs. each—85,638 lbs.

49

falineao 638 lbs: woollat’27\ cts; 2.200.052 Ssen $23,122 26
Sell 2,900 yearling wethers at $5.50.._.__ .... 15,950 00
Sipe
AFTER FIFTH SHEARING.
Wintered stock—Old bucks ___.____- 133
Hour year bucks’.-.. © 70
dihreesyear buckse.-« ak70
Two year bucks. - --- 100
One year bucks. ._-- 130
One year wethers- . _-3,870
Oldtewesi a. 22a 2 4,000
: Four year ‘ewes <2 2 2,000
Three year ewes --_-2,000
Two year ewes- .---- 3,000
One year ewes_-_-___- 4,000
-——19,373 hd.
Increase— Hwee lambs 2520.2 2 5,500
Reurmny bam Se eae 5,500
= 11,000

; 30,373 hd.
Select 200 bucks ; leave 5,300 wethers.

Clip 19,373 fleeces, average 6 lbs. each—116,238 Ibs.

Scllmere. 298 lbs. woolat 27 cts... 2.22 20422 $31,384 26
Sell 3,870 yearling wethers at $5.50___-.._-- 21,285 00
Bel 4,000 fat old ewes at $6.00. 22.2: 221... 24,000) 00
= 76,669 26
Aporemateesdles: 20s oY cece naerees we eee $164,801 38

STOCK LEFT ON HAND.
Write off 133 old bucks.

370 bucks worth average $30.00 each .-_---- $11,100 00
200 buck lambs worth average $10.00 each.-_ 2,000 00
5,300 young wethers worth average $3.00 each 15,900 00
11,000 ewes worth average $5.00 each_-__-_----. 55,000 00
5,500 ewe lambs worth average $2.50 each_--- 13,750 00
Bomoniumnend. WOK se 2S Ga jon een See asa $97,750 00

Neoregate sales and Stock 200 2.2 225) eee $262,551 38

50

The employees named in subjoined estimate of expenses would re-

ceive, in addition to pay specified, free use of house, and lands for

kitchen garden, and free access to fuel, both wood and coal.

EXPENSES FIRST YEAR.

Sheep farm’s proportion of salary of General Man-

ager, Uf VY CATs 32s pga ee cee Sete tt $2,500 00
Salary of head shepherd wieyeate ooas oe 600 00

Pay of three shepherds 3 mos., six 6 mos. and
fourteen 3 mos., at $40 per mo, each-_-_---_- 3,480 00
Feed of 4,133 head of sheep first winter -..---- 1,240 00

Saltandincidentals asses ok ee eee 400 00
EXPENSES SECOND YEAR.
General Manager and head shepherd_--.-.----- $2,600 00
Fourteen shepherds 6 mos., twenty 6 mos. at $40
per mo. caches Jee a2 a 2 Ss See 8,160 00
Feed of 8,133 sheep'second winter. .-....__-. 2,440 00
Salteand incidemtals te 2 eso. '2 ccc ee 800 00
EXPENSES THIRD YEAR.
General Manager and head shepherd. ._. _____- $2,600 00
Twenty shepherds 6 mos., twenty-seven 6 mos. at
$A 0 Der mowerchs 22. seeks eee ke 11,280 00
Feed of 10,203 head third winter_-_-_. __-- oie 3,061 00
Salt and: incidentalspaessere == Soe ee 1,020 00
EXPENSES FOURTH YEAR.
Salaries = 2452 eye eee eens ee Leen $2,600 00
Twenty seven shepherds 6 mos., thirty-two 6
mos, at $40 each perimoweeey sy eee 14,160 00
Feed of 14,273 head fourth, winters 39-92-27) 4,282 00
Salt<and ‘inciden tea) sees 5 eee eee 1,427 00

$8,220 00

$14,000 00

$17,961 00

$22,469 00

51

EXPENSES FIFTH YEAR.

Brereton.) See es ware seeks Pe UR ye EO $2,600 00
Thirty-two shepherds 6 mos., thirty-seven 6 mos.

a yEOKeACh Per mouth. 2.4.2.4 25 ec sok 16,560 00
ieed-of 19,373 head fifth winter...._-..:..-.- 5,812 00

PmemGanmendentals 25-2 = 2 odo se Re 2,000 00

$26,972 00
Using power clipping machines the shepherds can shear each

his own flock with assistance of helper during about ten
days of each season.

i020 days work of helpers at $1.50 per day___.-...--_-- $1,530 00
Potaltexpenses aboveinameds 5" (4 ee tee $91,152 00
Eceetor losses and incidentals,.5 per cent. 22-2525. 22252 4,557 60
Add State and County taxes on whole property—
PRES te yea oe ot ok en ee see OM
Secomel syeare mb. Une ele eye ee 450 00
bindiyeats- = <thes. lo ae Nae ee 500 00
Foumbhip canes ora. vis eee eee 600 00
NSU id cha (cect aah ae pa es Fog Cea 700 00
= 2,600 00
IA. Sores ale (Ox ONSES yes ames eal ars ene eee $ 98,309 60
Agpregate ob salesta ses 2 ese, ane eo ee ee 164,801 38
Balance, net proceeds of sales_--.-- ---- $ 66,491 78

Amount credited to Agricultural Department for

(5/6) ta ei rs gta a ot ale sjaye) MUL)
Exaportion of incidentals... 2 <.222Sscss 2-54 15231 00
Ame regate:imntive yeats 255 — aaa == $18,066 00
TOTAL INVESTMENT.
Heimer Gay), oe en eio. 2) ek eae te eee $88,000 00
Lo) SI RGE]7 NES as Non a a ee 15,990 00
Penmminerdentals- 058 oo se ee he eee 1,500 00
- $105,490 00

Bieiptoceeds of salesei 2200 25 2eon nee $66,491 78
Value of stock on hand at close of 5 years... 97,750 00

$164,241 78

52

According to this estimate the net proceeds of sales of wool and
sheep during the period considered would pay more than 12% per cent.
annually on the total original investment, while the stock on hand at
close of the 5 year period would be worth a sum very nearly as great as

that origanally invested in lands and stock.

For the sixth year the sales of wool (from stock remaining after sell-
ing the 4,000 old ewes and the 3,870 yearling wethers in the fifth year)
would amount to $36,239 40, and sales of 5,300 yearling wethers to
$26,500; in all, $62,739 40.

Add to the profits of the sheep farm the income that may be derived
from the timber-lands and we have a very handsome return for our in-

vestment,

The farm during the period named will have paid cost of operation
(about $15,000 for the five years) and interest on cost of plant, from
its sales to the sheep-farm alone; and from outside sales will have ac-

cumulated a considerable credit balance.

Finally under competent management, results even better than those

indicated by the estimate may be secured.

The yield of wool will be larger than that counted on in the esti-

mate, and prices obtained for it will be higher than those named.

Under the conditions existing at the Raccoon tract, and with the
corps of shepherds provided for in the estimate, losses of stock should
be insignificant. Every shepherd should be held responsible for the

animals placed in his care.

The allowance for losses, made in the estimate, is, we believe, more
than sufficient.

As before suggested, parties becoming proprietors of the Raccoon
Lands will do'well to adopt the charter of the existing Raccoon Company.
Should they see objections to doing this they may organize under the
general law of Kentucky, authorizing any number of persons to form a
corporation for any purpose except building railroads or doing a bank-

ing or insurance business.

53

- The provisons of this law are very liberal See General Statutes of

Kentucky, chapter 56, p. 546, e¢ seg’r.

Under the existing Raccoon charter there is no personal liability of
stockholders beyond payment of subscription ; and there is no general
law making any such liability.

See Appendices for letters, etc., hereinbefore mentioned as to be
therein given. —

Under authority of the Raccoon Company the ‘‘Raccoon Lands’’
herein described (and as shown by the accompanying map) are, for a
limited time, offered for sale by the undersigned, who is prepared to
make a very low price for the property for cash.

For further information, address

J. M. GOODWIN,
October, 1883. 1 Sharpsville, Mercer Co., Pa.

54

APPE NDI:

SHARPSVILLE, MERCER Co., Pa., \
October Ist, 1883.
Mr. J. M. Goopwin :
Dear Siy—In the latter part of January of this year I visited West
Virginia and Eastern Kentucky, and at your request made an examina-
tion of the Raccoon property in Greenup county, Ky., with a view par-

ticularly to its fitness for use as a sheep farm and stock range.

I did not attempt an inspection of every part of the extensive tract,
but gave my attention to getting a fair idea of the character of the prop-
erty and “lay of the land’’ generally, the extent and boundaries of the
tract, the quality of the soil, the amount and character of the timber on
the lands, the supply of water for stock, the quality of the native grasses,
the area of tillage and meadow, and the capacity of the property as a

whole for supporting stock.

As to the climate of the region and its position in relation to lines of

transportation, I was sufficiently well informed before my visit.

I have recently read with attention the manuscript of your pamphlet
descriptive of the Raccoon tract, and with the stipulation of the fact
that I have not given much attention to the geology of the region, nor
to those matters of population, products and railway distances, concern-
ing which you give statistics, can and do fully indorse everything you
say of the Raccoon Lands and of the region in which they lie, and be-
lieve that your estimates of the capacity of the tract treated as a sheep
ranch, and of the value of the timber on it, are entirely warranted by the

facts in the case. Yours truly,

WILLIAM CARNES.

Mr. Carnes is well known in Western Pennsylvania as a practical
farmer, stock raiser and handler of wool. He is also largely engaged in

the manufacture of hard wood lumber in Mercer county and thereabout.

J. Mae

55

APPENDS ob:

GREENvuP, Ky., March 8, 1883.
To whom it may concern :

I have been engaged in the practice of the law in Kentucky for over
thirty years, except six years of the time I was judge of the 16th judicial
district.

I am well acquainted with the title of the Raccoon Mining and Man-
ufacturing Company to its landsin Greenup county, Ky. My opportuni-
ties and investigation of the title have been such that I have no hesita-
tion in saying that the company have a good legal title—it is beyond
question or dispute in my judgment. It has been so held many years
ago by the Court of Appeals of the State, being court of last resort.

WwW. Go TIREEAND:

ABER ND DGC

AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE RACCOON MINING AND
MANUFACTURING COMPANY.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
Kentucky :

SEcTION 1. That Columbus Kirtley, James C. McGrew, Robert D.
Barr, Elizabeth Barr, Mary E. Barr, their associates and successors, are
hereby incorporated and made a body politic by the name and style of
“The Raccoon Mining and Manufacturing Company,”’ and by that name
may sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, in all courts and places ;
contract and be contracted with in all matters pertaining to the business
and objects of the corporation, and do any and all acts which a corpora-
tion incorporated for similar purposes may or can do in fulfillment of
its charter, and the object and ends of its organization ; may have a
common seal which may be changed and altered at the pleasure of the

company.

56

Sec. 2. The objects and purposes of the incorporation of said coms
pany shall be the mining for coal, iron ore, and any and all other min-
eral substances, or the direct products of the earth, or any and all of
them, and the manufacture and refining of any or all of them, and

transportation to market of the same.

Sec. 3. The location and field of mining and manufacture of said
company shall be Greenup county.

Sec. 4. The capital stock of said company shall be one hundred
thousand dollars, to be increased by a vote of the majority of the mem-
bers to any sum not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars, to be
divided into shares of one hundred dollars each, which shall be personal
property, and assignable in such manner as may be prescribed by the
by-laws of the company ; and lands and other real estate, mines and
mining rights, may be subscribed as a part or the whole of said stock,
upon such terms as may be agreed upon by the subscribers and the com-
pany.

Sec. 5. The stock, property, and general prudential affairs of said
company shall be managed by a board of not less than three nor more
than seven directors, to be chosen for one year by the stockholders ; and
every stockholder shall have one vote for each share owned by him, her
or them ; provided, the directors first elected shall hold their office for
the remainder of the current year; and provided, further, that a Presi-
dent of the board shall also be elected by the directors from among
themselves, or the stockholders, who shall hold his office for the same
term with the directors. The president and directors shall be stock-
holders of the company and they may appoint such other officers and
agents and employes as they may deem proper. A majority of the di-

rectors shall constitute a quorum.

Sec. 6. The company shall keep a book which shall be open to the
inspection of the stockholders, and each of them, at all times, in which
shall be kept the names and amount of stock held and owned by each
stockholder, and the amount paid in; also a book in which shall be

kept a full and faithful account of the proceedings, elections, rules and

57

by-laws and acts of said company, except its accounts and contracts with
individuals.

Sec. 7. The president and directors may make such by-laws as they
may deem proper, prescribing the times, places, and manner of holding
elections, the transferring of stock, the forfeiture thereof for non-pay-
ment, the time and manner of payment, the duties of officers, agents,
and employees, their authority and powers, filling vacancies in office, the
character, kind and amount of business, and all such as may be necessary
for the proper prudential and effective management of the property and
business of the corporation, and the objects and interest of its creation,
provided the same are not repugnant to this act, the constitution and
laws of this State and of the United States.

Sec. 8. Said company shall have power to take, acquire, and hold
lands, mines, and mining-rights, as they may deem necessary for the uses
of said company, and all such personal property, machinery, boats,
floats, &c., as may be necessary, and to dispose of, for the use of the

company and the stockholders, any or all of the same.

Sec. 9. The company shall have power to build and construct a
railway or tramway, one or more, from their mines and lands to any
railway or tramway, or to the Ohio River, or any other navigable river
of the State; provided for the condemnation of the right of way or
lands for said purposes the same proceedings shall be had as prescribed
by the revised statutes for the condemnation of lands for the use of turn-
pike and plank roads; and provided the same shall not obstruct any
public highway or navigable stream. ‘ ;

Sec. 10. This act shall be in force from its passage.

Approved: March 16, 1869.

The act was accepted, and the company organized, March 25, 1870.

Capital stock was increased to $124,000. Time of annual meeting
is now the third Saturday of December.

Edward F. Dulin was chosen president at the annual meeting of Dec.
21, 1872, and now holds that office.

The entire stock is now in the hands of Mr. Dulin, W. J. Worthing-
ton, and R. D. Barr, all of Greenup, Ky.

SE SIN) A Rees

A.

Page
AWenicultural productssamountiof exportsiom ineiosOs = a= esse il
Amoillite Stationy 3535-2 see ee en eres Se ean yt 1? hs 7-8-9-10
Argillite Tract, owned by E. K. Ry. Co.; adjoins Raccoon (on east)------- 15-16
Armstrong, John, owns Buffalo Tract, adjoining Raccoon__-__--------------- 15
Alcor: Creek; CouTSeOf=-se anne ee ee eee ae oe) 16
Alcorn Division, of Raccoon Tract, area Of EtCu. 35 4. 3- See eee 16-17
Assessments, for taxation ; how made ; usual rate in Greenup county_------- 28
Pry oud aoyolsnder eyes shay Soversyoy, Cinaweo ebb. 22 2 eee ee 43
B
Boston- distance tos cromimldcGOon ess ae a= ee 9-10
BOStOn sy PLICES LOL swOO lates eee ee 22525. 37
Baltimore 6 Ohio) Ry: (ROwtes ss es a 10
Bates, H. W., Vice President E. K. Ry. Co., permits writer to refer to him__- 12
Buffalo Tract, owned by John Armstrong; adjoins Raccoon_._------------- 15
Buildings, onvRaccoon Pract) 9.12) ae ee ee 17-18-21-22
Bot=fly,anaenemy. to, Sheepe 2 oe ee 43-44
Barr, R. D., shareholder in Raccoon M. & M. Co.; Appendix C.
C.
Conditions desirable in tract to be used for sheep-farm------------- Jett eae 4-6
Climate:suited"torsheep walsing:= ==." 522 -) -- 5 eee oe 4
Of Greenup county, Kentucky 22:22 32-22 eee 26-27
Influence of, upon sheep, and quality of wool____--------------- 33-84
Charleston, S. C., future market for products of North Eastern Kentucky_.-- &
Center of population in United States, position of, in 1880---.-.------------- a
Chicago, distance irom. to Raccoons by alm lime. 2255-2 = eee 9
Distanceifrom, tosNew.s Wonk iby: rallies se 10

Ghesapeake:& Ohio: Railways. oe sen ae Soh ate ee ae eee ee 8-9-10

59

Carnes, William, has examined Raccoon Tract, and indorses representations

ATENOKS Tho (ARVICS oN OM oO es ee eee Ore oe oe nee 12

Hisvetter of indorsement; ‘AppendixgAy. 2530-5922 5s 54

Slennecmlands in haccoon Dract area Of) most sel. seas Se ee 16
PRrpePcerenes = 52 See oe eo Sse cha ose aie ao eae SNe eee ee 16
Crandall, A. R., Assistant State Geologist of Kentucky, Reports of-________- 20
Coals, of Raccoon Tract, description and analyses of______- Synch hs Bee 20-21
CoaleNios 1; identification of ; estimate of value of..-2_-5 5-2-2228 4 eels] oe 20-21
Conmiyecaxes, in Greenup countys. = sae - = 2p ee Se ee ee 28
Bronson oKeeniip) County. COD (ClOp, Ct@s = esas ee) eee 18-29-30
Beminouniiin., COATACLEY Os <2 ests Seek L ee Boa eho Ree 31-32
Sapaemy Of land for maintaining stock_.-.1.=-.-_- 2022282129. 422 S0 32
Corporations, in Kentucky, Laws concerning taxation of_____..1.._.... ___- 28
laws concerningsformation Of--9—-- eee see 53

Charter of Raccoon Mining and Manufacturing Company, Appendix C.

IE).

Diseases of Sheep, avoidance of, causes of

See fer nae ee eee eee RS LP §
Practically unknown in Greenup county.-------___-___-- 27
Characteristics of, causes of, prevention of-._._.______ 42-44

Distance, from central point in Raccoon Tract to certain neighboring towns
Anderail wayAStatlOnSy2 8s. 2 Sec = Seen oS noe Sen eee eee 6
Bron accOonmtornSeveral citles= bye alr line oa ee ee eee 9
From Argillite and Haverhill, to certain cities, by rail -__________ 9-10
Dicrnieeom lab lesioten shee er ia: eS Be ee eee See eee 9-10
Dulin, E. F., Prest. of Raccoon Company, and shareholder, -.-13, and Appendix C.
Wescent, of Ohio River, irom) Pittsburgh to/'Greenup=2-.- = 5222 eee eee 26
DT peice Ole Gre Snips COMME y= === Satan ae eae eae 31
Dogs, Laws of Kentucky concerning depredations by__.--.-.---.--._----..- 42
Collies touberuisedstorouand flocks == 5s) e5 2! 2h se eles eee eee 42

E.

Exports, of Products of Agriculture, amount Of; in S80 Sees ee 1
OfeMouttontosbinelands probable =a2—2 52> 22) ears a ee 44

Eastern Kentucky Railroad, points connected by, and length of___._________ 8
Connections, and projected extension, of______- 8

Resident managerjOl === ses ae 12

Miricminailway Route..:2------2----.--22--- = -=- 35-35 25235 = = 10

Elevations above Tide

60

Bar-marking, not necessanypat IRaACCOOM = eee ae a ae eee 44
Equipment for farming, COSt0t 6 --—- 222 saeeae eee oe eee 44-45
HStimate) Ofe proceed Sy trem yess erry el cir Clemens eae 23-24
Of proceeds from ‘sheep farming, o\years-—-— 22-2222 = eee 46-52
Jeu

Pure-clay, NO0-=plastiG.=. -.2o.-e- = one See ee 19
inmmace: stackea val le pote es ae te en (24i2oSs eee 21
cOMGke., OF {) TOt) IN SRECP es ae eos =e eee Sere a = = 43
IDOL dd) SINS) gee ea es oe Sa eeeen SYS SSeS essa ss== 43
Bootand-mouth disease,inysheep) Apthous fevers —s= 2 se = =e ne 43
Farming lands at Raccoon -----..------------------------------------ 16-19-25
Farming, to be carried on at Raccoon: extent at outset = oe) == = ee 45
Gost of stocksandsimpllements; Gcctess === ee 44.45

Estimate of value of products supplied to the sheep-raising de-
partment 259s se eae eae ee eee ae 51-52

(Ce

Greenup county, Kentucky,—Geographical position of---.---------------- 9-25
Central situationes =] -so=.-5 a= ne 9
Geology and Mineralogy of._.--.--.---- 19-20-21
Area and) populationtoie== === == === === Be 2
Debt of ; taxes in; value of lands in_.__.__-- 28
Average county-tax for five years........-.--- 28

Crops of ; live stock of ; tobacco produced 29-30

Glimate: off 222225252 22: 3222 2e2ee eee 26-27-30
Lamars description applied tos=s=====e=====— 30

Goodwin, J. M., the writer ; his acquaintance with, and examination of, the
Raccoon) propelty= sss === ===. =e =a See eee 11-12
General Manacer of Iaccoon sy Gute Olea ere ay 45-46
Geology of Greenup county-------------------------------------------- 19-21
Graham patent._.----------------. ------------------------+-------------- 14
Greenup, town---.------------------------------------------------------ 7

ll

earverckall’S taatei omnes a re 10
Hutchinson Patent; date of ; area of tract granted by__-----52=25---- eee 13
Descriptionor g sold *to Wlsimble=:-- <=. 22 eee eee eee 14

Disposition of, by Trimble and his successors----------- 14

61

HogenenValley Coaliscompared with Coal No: I-22 22252 2e5ce5< 55 eo eeaeee 20

Hay, in Greenup county, crop of, in 1879; not uncommon yield of__._.__- 25-29

Meninulmess of Kentucky: annual death-rate, etc: 282-2. 2 222225 ee 31

Horses and Hogs ; may be profitably raised at Raccoon______.-_..._.__-- 82-33

Head-shepherd, at Raccoon__----- Soe ye ec EE, SRS OBA ae 45-50

EMGAGE AU Gingas INACCOOM= aaa ce: oe Wek. ees 2 ey eR ee eee 45

ile

SMEG ORV ReMATIS = 2520 nanos eis Se bass a nL owe ee Ne eee 1-5

Insufficient products of meats in European countries___-_________.___..__.- 3
Ireland, Hon. W. C., certificate as to title to Raccoon Tract, Appendix B.

Inca Ons ea CcCOOM Tact mot Sib] Cet [Oss e= === = a ae eee en 31

IiieueascuOlgnocks., SafenestimaterOle sen ay me oe nee see ee eo SAE ee Poe 41

Metalledwestimateyo fk see = = sa tee eee eee eee een 47-49

itivestmemt total. and. proceeds) from) sames==2 52-4252 aes =e eee eee 52

Ke

Kelley, Joshua, owns Laurel Tract, adjoining Raccoon_........-.--...-_--- 15

Keuborth, B., owns lands formerly part of Raccoon Tract_______._____.___.- 15

DWeedtovimen une sO SGSs Necondiot= ==. ae aee ree 15

Kentucky, State of, Laws concerning “ processioning” lines_______.---_---- 15

Laws COMCerming; COLpPOTAlOnS. 920-2 aua ae 28-538.

awSiCOnGeLrming dOgS=== se s5- ses a ya ee ae 42

Act incorporating Raccoon Mining and Manufacturing Co, 55

Stateitaxest carese San ieee ts eke a aie Ue Pe wk gee pee In 28

Mobaccomcropror, ime UESQ hae asses el eee eee 30

Riealtiniuiness of... 3 42-42 = Sse ee ae oe eee 31

L.

Lexington, Kentucky, distance from, to New York--.-------.-----------.. 10
iLalke Sinore IReiiahye INOUE < Sao eee See ese eS Sees = Sec Sccesce snes 10
Laurel Tract, owned by Joshua Kelley ; adjoins Raccoon-_-_----.-------.--- 15
Little Sandy River, (see map) when and where navigable-------.----..------ iv
Lamar, Sidney, quotation from, descriptive of Greenup county.---.--.-...-- 30
Wercesterchire shee pyaGeSChIDCOe a= sentir am = = ae el oe 34
Lands, in Greenup county, value of_-------------------------------------- 28
Marston Kentucky regarding “\processioning, 4 7- -- === 2 ne 15
@orpOrati ONS aoe eae eee 28-53

DO) Gh iS bets 42

62

M.

Maps, accompanying. pamphlet, desenbed=----- 2. --22-- -- =a eee 6-7
Miaiminid' ces sim RaGGOO mis Dia Gta OUTS CO Le eee ee 18
Mineralogy, of (Greenup county, memoranda Oneesn ess. === ea 19-20-21
Mutton smarkets for) prices tOLf2 = a seen ee ee see 44
sy N.
Newport News, appliesowse-for handling freights at-...-.-----.---.----------- a
Porttorexporntotreraimband shivelstOGke= == 5> sae === eee 9
Distance toby srailestrompRaccoonse == =e ee ia ie Soe 9
New, York, distance to, from™ WacGcoone 22.5 == ene se ene ee ee 9-10
Receipts otesheep atyaperiweeks and prices= | | ae=eee ee eee 44
Navigation of Tittle rs amt cliy IRs eer ie
@)
Ohio. River Steamersso22 s-22-cesc : 2 Se eee ee ee eee 11
Oldtown ‘Creek... -=-2te2 2. =. 2 ese ie J ee ee ee eee 16
@resof Raccoon Vrdct es. 224. AS Be ee oe ee ee 19-21
Organization of New Raccoon Concern, and operations.------------ 14-45-46-53
Operations of New, Company, -wsuccestedascopem Ole sess === eee 33-45.
> \ConductOf-t 2254-225." oan eee eee eee 45-46
E)stimate.ot, proceeds of=== === === == 45-55
lee
Philadelphia distancesto;: from) AGO 0 Teese ee eee 9-10
Prices of wool at 2.42532 -$22eess22-5-20 <2 oe eee 38
Population, of United States ‘‘center” of, in 1880_---- add West oe eee a
Of North} Eastern States; acoregat@ees = =o) =e ee 9
Of’ Greenup county... 2222 22225026 o3se25. 5: See eee eee 27
Pennsylvania, RailwaywRoute) = 5-25 722222 oe ee 10

President of Raccoon Mining and Manufacturing Company, E. F. Dulin...- 138

Processioning, anethod ofedescnibed tas = ae es eee eee 115

ines/of Raccoon miract established|by=--—. === === =e 15-16
Pine timber, on Raccoon Dractestimatelot, value= 2222 = == eee 24
Prices current for timber and lumber, at several points. -_---.---------- 23-24
Prices: of “wool 2! 3-secse eae eee eae ee ee ee ee are 37-38
IPAS tlie BO ASS CS esses ea tists see 25
Peassas food for sheep ese ssa ae eae a ee 41

Prices of sheep in New York and Cincinnati markets__.._-..-------------- 44

63

late

Regions suited to sheep raising, overlooked by English and other capitalists... 3
None as well situated as ‘‘ Raccoon”’_.-.-_--- 4

Gharactenistics oleae cee aes nee 4-6

Raceaon) Wands, precisely suited to use as sheep farm) __--222225---------=--— 6
Raccoon Tract, situation, and geographical position of-..-----.-.---------- 7-8
MESenptions Of =. 25sec a2 sas Se oe aces 6 eo eee oes O

Ongwesteside ot ehyearts Greek) =aeee eee 7-13-24-25
IDistanceiromyytonseveralicities, by ain line seeee eee eee eee 9

Distancemromy torseveral cities, by tallsessse=s= ese 9-10
Situationvon)inirelation tov Atlantic ports: o-- 22 a eeeese eee 10-11

Not dependent on any one route for transportation _._-------- 11
Meansiof@access to all Drunk lines®_-29-2so-esee-== === 9-10-11

Part of the Hutchinson patent of 32,000 acres__.._--.------- 13
IPTESenimeaheaOLeeew es sae sen = hoe ee Ae eee eee pte 14

Continuous actual possession of, and title to-...---_------ 14-15

Boundaries of in 1870___ ---- SaaS st oe oe SA 15

Lines of, (established by “Processioning,” ----22+-222se=--—- 15

Re-sumvey on, to be made if ‘desired: -- 2235-022 - 8 ee ae AG

Areas of cleared land, timber, and second growth-----. 16-17-25

Watersheds, and natural divisisions of ---.---.----=------ 16-17

eiMMehimps name Se 29 Seg een aes eee ee 17-18-21-22

Ridges, maim~eand lateral: 2 .- -. -2-- 924 32sec ee 18
Rocksmotmdescn) 6 Gece sees eee aes eee ae eee 19-20

Coulls aimél OnES O45 seco se crea be tea saan SSceeasaccac 19-20-21

Aimiberen cyestan Gino Ome = =e ee ere 16-17-18-23-24

Timber on ; quantity and value of_-.------------------- 23-24-25

Timber-trees on; kinds, and distribution of----.-.-----.---- 22

Secluded situation of ; a favorable condition .--.------------ 82

Capacity of, for maintaining stock----------------------- 32-33

Not subject to inundation, nor destructive gales_--.--------. 31

Rainfall, annual, in Greenup county- -------------------------------------- 25
Railway, Eastern Kentucky, the..-.--------------------------+----------- 8-10
INjorfolikaaaviestent themes ssa ee eee 8

East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia System, the-------.------------ 8
Chesapeake & Ohio, the-- .----------. ------------------------ 8-9-10
Elizabethtown, Lexington & Big Sandy ---------------------------- 8

Louisville & Nashville_...--.------------------------------------- 8

64

Wonmisvalle ss vans willl Crees Ste 11S ee ee 8
Scioto Walley oan. 2Se0sh: 60) 50s ee eg ee 10
Cincinnati)Rastern yee. 2 2-2 sa eee ye 11
RailwaysRoutes, trom) Raccoon compan Uo eee te as en 10
Riverton, northern terminus of Eastern Kentucky Railway_....-..--..--.--- 7
Raccoon Mining and Manufacturing Company, now owning Raccoon___--.--- 13

E. F. Dulin, President, of .... 13
Capital stock and franchises__ 13
Copy of Charter of, Appendix C.
Present stockholders in, ‘“
Raccoon Creek Vcourse Ota aniGeo i CC Gy ee 16
Elevation of bed of, at Furnace 18-26

S:

Soil, quality of, desirable in sheep farmer. 4
Suraces kindltor desirable imisheep: farm sso === eee ee a 4
Shelter maturalldesirablesinesheep) tarmies =e ee ee 5
Savannah, Ga., future market for products of North Eastern Kentucky------- 8
SectioniOf ROCKS Of Raccoon! sbractee m= sae ee ee 19-20
Scioto Pire=clay- 9-52.02 4~ > =. s ee ee ee oe 19
Sandstone eretractony sara lies Waive Llyn 19-20
Slopemof taces/of ‘hillstonRaccoon Uract,characteno f= = === 20
Soil .ofsRaccoon) Tract 222) So (ese eee ae ee eee Av, 25
Second growth-timber, kinds and valueot; agelofa= 22-2 S225 e5 eee ee 22
Areas/of 7 proper treatment Ofs 5-5.) === =e 25

Sorghum) yield of, in Greenup county 2) == 30
Statestax, 1m Kentucky and other States: assess ee = ae ae 28
Seasons 22 2cshsscu25 522 oh ake ka Be ee ee ee 31
Seclusion, of Raccoon Tract ; favorable to sheep raising------------.------- 32
Stocksan(Greenuprcoum tye sii |trme SS 0S ee eee ee 29
Serew-tlys wot Kemojwmieim Gene Cm py ee 44
Shepherds ; dutiesiof = number employed, ic.- see == es ee 42-45-50-51-53
Sheep, do not thrive as formerly, in/Pneland ==... _.. -. 2222 eee ee eae
Do not thrive best onlow-lying, landS= sees s oe = 4
Wintering, of, im Greenipecounty--=sa== "se 2 = === =e 27-29

A. C. Van Dyke’s experience in raising, in Greenup county---.------- 27
Number in ‘Greenup county, in 188022" /_ - -- == = == a 29

Capacity, of Raccoon Mrachtors up porting se === === nee 32-33

65

Memuaaleniston of the: varieties of ...... 2202 2022.2 28 33-3
seemecicestershire described. ..2....- 42: ae) Sea eae 34
IESE, Uathntale atonal ey c¥c(oro% see a eM. | em eeteareo UEP nem ne 35
Breeding of, to produce the desired variety._.........._.._---_----- 36
Piersnne TOUS fOr. Cy. <2, ae Lo. Oo Se ely Ne 40
emp COPCORerOteete et Cn ol ee ar, Se ee eee) ie 40
Eroner food for’; food preferred By... .-. 224-422. sek. -- 40-41
Bee Us Ole peteee hays el LL eal kT on ea 41
ienease Of locks -estimated..is04...-ceo-4-2 4-2 450 ee 41-47-49
Age tor breeding, period of gestation, weaning. /2.-2_24.-22.----- 41
Diseases of ; character of; causes of ; PLEVENLOn,.Ol= == apes 6-42-44
Guarding of flocks ; losses by disease and depredations_______- 42-43-51
PRPde COM DVIS Oty 522k! oN se sired: eS ee dee Whee Pave eenien le 43
IMECEIptShOL mm New, Morkemarket. per weel:= sas = seen eee a ee 44
EmcesrotineNew ork and Gincinnati manketss ssn nee eae 44
a:

yearns @reek, position of, in relation to *‘ Raccoom”_...-...2-..--2522.24-2 7
Railroadito bevbuilt-along valley ofa. i= ease nee ees 25

Transfer of cars, by boat, between Eastern Kentucky Ry. and Scioto Valley Ry. 10

AuthNiew.N OL ke Seve t= Seeks 02 Eee eae oper eee ee 9

Mrmble David, and his partners and successors... ----- 222-2555 sss oeee eee 14
iheimoccapationiot Raccoon) Inact= == sss = see ee 14
Mimbpersnowrstanding on) Raccoon) racte-=— 25-32 =a eae eee 16-17-18-23-24
iranivay. built by lumbering frmvin, 1880-6222 252 Se = cee e se ee eee 17
Mimibpeithees, Kinds sandsdistnbution of, atRaccoOn == 22. =a ee 22

Timber, (and lumber) on Raccoon Tract; estimate of quantity and value ;

Swit ie memIO Kan Cimino tea ct itallenyd el Clie ae See ae eee 25-24-25
sltimmber-landaisecondssrowith areas Ole. a= ae ee a ee ee 25
PropertreatmentsOl 2-2) sss es ae oo Sa ee ee 25

Miecm (Gallnoad)) iestimateroteyield) Ofees. ss. = ==) 2.) ee eee 24
Menimeratine meanwanunialoriGreenlprcOUNty= = 2.4525 == =a 25
WMobaAcco crop) in’ Kentucky. and! in) Greenup) county_2 5 alan. see eee 30
iascsmotate and Countys erate and how, levied 22-222 25-2 = sss eee 28

Title to Raccoon lands, Appendix B.

Valucofscoodmeighborh ood tase: eee mess = =e ae eee ae 5
Varieties of timber on Raccoon) Dract, and distributions: =] asses. eee 22
Van Dyke, A. C. ; his experience in sheep raising in Greenup county. .--____ 27
Valuetot land in’ Greenup icoumtys 22 = 2 eee ee 28

Willard, present southern terminus of Eastern Kentucky Railway----------- 8
Wilmington, N. C., future market for products of North Eastern Kentucky_--- 8
\ Wenneutb Senora oso nc coe ade sesneesee Slava g nt Ue ee 19
Wintering jof stocksiniGreentpicounty,-24— = eaten ee ae 27
Wool; character ory iniinenced = byaclimates a2) same eee eee 83-34
@ualities desirableanmtorvanousipurposesa=- 52. — a5 === 34-36
Glassificationsand eradimg sion eee aoe ae 36-39-40
Structure of wibre of-s) . 22s so e ee e* e 36
Average prices iO1sthe Several (ClaSSCSiO ters s ea 37
Prices of, am88l and! US83e. 2 ee ee ee eee 37-38
No foreion’ Competition with American’ medium 222 s22—5 === eee 38
Estimate of price to be had) for unwashedamediumes assess === 38
Qualities considered in) classing, and eradingss==—s56 552 = eee 38-39
“ Volk?in > character, and) weight Ola so. === === a 39
Condition essential to production of good wool_----------.-------- 39-40
Estimate of production of, at Raccoon and) prces=—e= === === aee 47-49
Watersheds, and natural divisions, of Raccoon Tract._-.-..-.------------ 16-17

Water for stock
Worthington, W. J., shareholder in Raccoon M. & M. Co., Appendix C.

Volkwin WiGolle 5:2 See ee Sa/ct oon ee bee eee ee 39-40