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SAND TRACER STUDY

POINT CONCEPTION, CALIFORNIA

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ACCOMPLISHMENTS
JULY 1966 — JUNE 1968
by
David B. Duane and Charles W. Judge

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER NO. 2- 69
MAY 1969

U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING
RESEARCH CENTER

G-6
450

U3 This document has been approved for public release and sale;
its distribution is unlimited.

Reprint or re-publication of any of this material
shall give appropriate credit to the authors, the Atomic
Energy Commission, and the Coastal Engineering Research

Center.
Limited free distribution of this publication within

the United States is made by the U. S. Army Coastal En-
gineering Research Center, 5201 Little Falls Road, N.W.,

Washington, D. C.
The contents of this report are not to be used for

advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.
Citation of trade names does not constitute an official

endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial

products.
The findings in this report are not be be construed

as an official Department of the Army position unless
so designated by other authorized documents.

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RADIOISOTOPIC
SAND TRACER STUDY

POINT CONCEPTION, CALIFORNIA

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ACCOMPLISHMENTS
JULY 1966 — JUNE 1968
by
David B. Duane and Charles W. Judge

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER NO. 2- 69
MAY 1969

U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING
RESEARCH CENTER

This document has been approved for public release and sale;
its distribution is unlimited.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of the_Radioisotopic Sand Tracer (RIST) study is to
develop and use radioactive tracer methods for research in sand movement
and littoral processes. Research objectives include determination of
suitable radioactive isotopes, development of mobile and stationary radi-
ation detectors, and development of suitable handling and survey programs.
Concurrent with these objectives, studies of sediment transport around
the Point Conception headland and of the mechanics of littoral transport
are being conducted. Methods developed by this program have direct appli-
cation to engineering design of such works as harbor development and beach
erosion prevention, and quasi-military application such as the location
of radioactive or other toxic materials.

To date, sand grains indigenous to the study area have been labeled
with xenon-133 which does not adversely affect the hydraulic properties
of the sand. Various devices and methods of employing the tagged sand
have been studied. A mobile detector system using cesium iodide crystals
and housed in a "ball" towed behind an amphibious vehicle detects the
quantity and areas of radiation. Computer programs have been developed
to correct and plot radiation data.

A field test of equipment and principles at Cape Kennedy, Florida,

was successful. Additional field tests were at Surf and Point Conception,
California. These tests included isotope distribution, sediment analysis,
offshore profiles, and oceanic and atmospheric environment monitoring.
In addition, model tests were conducted in the Shore Processes Test Basin
at the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) to compare high and low
specific activity xenon, and to study beach development and movement under
the controlled conditions of a hydraulic laboratory.

The data density is sufficient to support tentative conclusions
regarding offshore sediment movement in the Point Conception area.
Additional field tests will extend the survey from the beach through the
surf zone. In addition, development of instruments and field programs
will continue in order to permit their routine use by technicians and
field crews.

FOREWORD

For 35 years the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Coastal Engineering
Research Center (CERC) and its predecessor, the Beach Erosion Board, have
been studying coastal phenomena. While -interest at CERC extends from
wave generation in the deep ocean to the original source of sediment at
the headwaters of streams in the high mountains, the practical limitation
of its work is the coastal area. The coastal area can be considered to
extend from the bluffs or sand dunes immediately landward from the present
position of the shoreline to water depths representing the outer limit of
bottom material movement by wave action.

lil

The overall direction of the RIST study program rests with CERC.
The program was initiated by N.E. Taney, formerly of the CERC staff, with
the full cooperation and assistance of G. Magin, Jr., formerly with the
Division of Isotopes Development, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Since
November 1966, responsibility for the program direction has rested with
D. B. Duane who succeeded N. E. Taney as Chief of the Geology Branch.
This report was prepared by D. B.Duane and C. W. Judge under the general
supervision of G. M. Watts, Chief of the Engineering Development Division.

This report was prepared as part of Contract AT (49-11)-2988 (as
modified) between the Atomic Energy Commission and CERC. Other partici-
pants in this continuing multi-agency study are the Oak Ridge National
Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission; U. S. Navy Pacific Missile
Range; U. S. Air Force (Western Test Range, First Strategic Aerospace
Division); U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District office; NASA
(Nuclear Systems and Space Power Division) and the State of California
(Department of Water Resources).

The authors wish to thank P. J. Mellinger and O. M. Bizzell of the
Division of Isotope Development, Atomic Energy Commission; F. N. Case,
E. H. Acree, and H. R. Brashear of the Oak Ridge National laboratory;
T. B. Kerr of the Nuclear Systems and Space Power Division, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration; R. R. Baray of the First Strategic
Aerospace Division, Vandenberg Air Force Base; M. M. Richman, U. S. Air
Force Western Test Range, Vandenberg Air Force Base; Colonel W. H. Lee,
U. S. Air Force Eastern Test Range, Patrick Air Force Base; E. Rhodes,
U. S. Navy Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California; R. Angelos of
the Department of Water Resources, State of California; and Colonel James
Irvine, Jr., Corps of Engineers Western Area Office, Vandenberg Air Force
Base. Appreciation is particularly expressed to J. M. Bittner, T. A.
Bertin, and the various field crews and technical personnel of the Los
Angeles District without whose cooperation this project would not have
been possible.

At the time of publication, Lieutenant Colonel Myron Dow Snoke was
Director of CERC; Joseph M. Caldwell was Technical Director.

NOTE: Comments on this paper are invited. Discussion will be published
in the next issue of the CERC Bulletin.

This report is published under authority of Public Law 166, 79th
Congress, approved July 31, 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172,
88th Congress, approved November 7, 1963.

Section
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Section

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Section

Section
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Section

CONTENTS

Iho, TPINOIGISVAME Gg) 9 G0 16 oO 6 Ha 16! oO 0 Oo ol 0 Oo 9

Introduction SURGE NEG oan oe RGN Bc ‘ aes
SECS eiacl Oljeeuswes « 6 oo G@ 6.0 6 6 56 0.0 © 5 0 oO 6
PREVA OUSMNESCATCIM station Blcitael | leyatve ieleekel ices Mace

II. ISOTOPES SELECTION, TAGGING TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS .

Studies of Isotopes and me OF Phen

IGA Sewsaeay WSC 6 6 4 0 O06 040 Oo 6

Mobile Detector :

On-Board Data eoieecion Speen 6 fob 6 WS pod eh le 6 5
WAL G@Ulel, Spo OHA G LNSMMALTOMASTANG)) oboe on! Golo) ooo Md oo 6 9 0 OG
CEmjowehgero IIA SOE 6 9G 6 6 6 6 9 oO. 0-6 6 6 4.0.0 0 0 0-0 0

TEIEIE = APTERIAD) JANI) IWALOVAIONRNG “ABINSHES)| 9 GG iG Go Oo) oo

General Program Design . ofS) iG toy oN toca cor lone OS Soe IG. “to
Cape Kennedy, Florida - Fcoecsia "1967 a ea Ee ee Re Ser mes, eo
Surf, California (Vandenberg Air Force Base) - June 1967

Deine Conception, California, November-December 1967... .

CERC (Shore) Processes Test pBasim, May 1968) ei. ia...
HINVial) Se PROG RAMG) SUMMA VES 0a) ots ey pty ierere A oyal amulet aca irra ds
Handwaremandmrro came) Cyv.elopment a emicnemenl cj mnsiueuie ictn tenuis

Radiation Safety .... eye hret evi es temo) are
Field and Laboratory Testes

Wo URNUIRUS, OBSIHOIINS) <6 6 6 6 510.6 6 6 6 56 6 G66 00 6-0 O

IIMA U Ie (CANAD) 5 GG Goo) 6 OG oo 6 6

ISHESINIEOGRUNEEN, 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 © 0 OO oO 166 O16 6

APPENDIXES

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80

Appendix A Part 1. Leaching and Abrasion Studies on Beach Sands Tagged
with Radionuclides by the NRDL Water-Glass Procedure.

Part 2. Xenonated Sand: Leaching and Abrasion studies.

Part 3. Bibliography on Radiotracer-Tagging Sand and
Sediments for Study of Mass Transport in Fluvial
and Marine Environments.

Appendix B Towing Characteristics of an Underwater Radiation
Detection Vehicle

Appendix C RIST Status Report by Isotopes Development Center
Appendix D Radiation Data Reduction and Plotting Program - RAPLOT
Appendix E Sediment Analysis Tables

Appendix F Radiation Exposure Record

ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
Ake Point Conception, California. Vertical aerial view
from 10,000 feet
Ze Map showing Point Conception study area
35 Sieve Analysis and Rapid Sediment Analyzer Data
Ihe Comparison of Xenonated Sand with Untreated Sand from

the same area
Die Cylindrical Hopper for emplacing tagged sand .
6. Clamshell Device for emplacing tagged sand .
We Mobile Detector "Ball" and LARC-V
8. Open Mobile Detector "Bali"
),, 400-Channel Pulse-Height Analyzer
ALONG, On-Board Programmed Interrogator
dake LARC-XV Amphibious Vehicle with LARC-V .
12. DM-40 Cubic Autotape Interrogator
aLS}o Detector Vehicle at Cape Kennedy, Florida
Wh. Chart of Point Arguello - Point Conception area
alSy Aerial view of Surf, California
UG Beach at Surf, California

AL < Bathymetric Chart, Surf (Vandenberg Air Force Base)

vi

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12
14
14
16
18
18
18
19
Za.
28
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32
32

33

Figure
18, Maclese Cie Pideraines, Swear, Celsistopadmey sy 4 4 6
One Beach Profiles, 15 and 156. Surf, Calatornia, 2...
20. Beach Profiles, 158 and 160, Surf, California .
21. Average Sea Conditions at Surf - 21-23 June 1967
22. Average Wave (Swell) Conditions at Surf - 21-23 June 1967
23. Sediment Dispersion at Surf - 21 June 1967 .......
24. Sediment Dispersion at Surf - 22 June 1967 ....
Cb Sediment+Daspersion atwourt — 2srdune MOGTN.) s7 sti).
26. Point Conception, California - Vertical view ......
Zio diatclere Ont lergopshlilicys 5 Itonibans (Cropvesiowaloia, Ge 56.6 Od oO do oo
PomeCcast at. ArcatC: tae) esanscdet Mirons ORR). . ovownn
PomenBeach atvArea © 4.< +) Saves warlaihe?, ut
30. ‘Coes eng (NBS 6 6G ou ola oO 6) oo oO) lop oe Oo) a! o
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320 Cogsig eho Age dN Glo 696 6 GO 6.0 Gi 0 6 0 ola 0 6 lo G6 6
33}. deeela eho Meee NG 5 6 G6 6) 9 80 ooo 4b On. bn-0, 6 on
So eebathumetrie Chartis wAreanChrsm seus) Su vemnsu een nee sion <u eine ye
56 Peenymecre Charts MARC aMB in he re peutic cemtie. valet fein ede tisee as
BO. Sathymetraice Chart. Area Ammimsu. en reuine eo scene els
Si beach= Protimlese) Pomntl Conception arcs celle ner uletrs
38. Average Sea Conditions, AreaC ...
39. Average Wave (Swell) Conditions, Area C .
HOmmAvieragesSea, (Condatsaonsis Area By, sei ced et eles
lniAverase Wave: (Swell) Conditions, Area Bl. 2 jf 26) 4 a.
WD, Aspereee See, Conditions, Masa IN 65 a6 5 6 6 515 5 5 6 6

Vii

Figure

IILIE

IV.

Average) Wave (Swell) iCondataons Area Avie «) sue) sien iley ene
Igyevolabennal@ia psiberyenr, Meee Ci 6' 6 o%6 6 0 6 0 6 0016 ,010 0 010 5 0
IgeNolaben@al(oval Soe Aen MRE 4g glo oO 606 0 6 61g 0 O80 6 Oo 0 Cc
Ingieliienaler Sb en. eee) I go 6 6G 0 0 6-2 0006 00060 0 0c
INeobLeheateya WSibhayenr., Meee I 6 Gg 6 6 06 0 Oo bo 0 080-0 6b OU
IieKolatehmaloya, tSibbaieny, Heese JN 5 5 6 60 Oo bo ol GOO OO Ol
IReVOlabeheal@yal (SENN MASE NG ig 5°56 6 0 5 0 0 6-0 0 0-060 60 0 0
inevelslengakoray Suk ven “see, No 666) 6 6 0 6 0 o-oo 0 OO 6
Bathymetric Chart, CERC Shore Processes Test Basin. .

Beach Profiles, CERC Shore Processes Test Basin ......
Radiation Surveys, CERC Shore Processes Test Basin ......
IDeefeh! Opialeysjaloyal. Siblohic5) lafevolaiehoakonal (Sbenicns) Go oo G6 0 o1G 0 Oo

Data Omission Study, Radiation Surveys . << 2. .% « a ee

Isotopes Considered for Use in the Study , sa Halflives
Ghaiol! Jenga 6 G6) 0-9 30 OO Oo. O 0 6 GO 8 Gd ‘6 6 6" do ¢

Data Format for Punched Paper Tape Input to RAPLOT Program .

Summary of Environmental Parameters for Water Depth of 30 feet
at Point Conception, November-December 1967 ........

Summary of Injection Operations, Point Conception ....

viii

3}

23

54
58

“|

Figure 1. Point Conception, California
Vertical Aerial View from 10,000 feet.

RADIOISOTOPIC SAND TRACER STUDY, POINT CONCEPTION, CALIFORNIA

Preliminary Report on Accomplishments
July 1966 - June 1968

Section I. PROGRAM
i Lniiroduetalon

In 1966 the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Coastal Engineering Re-
search Center in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission, initiated
a 3-year Radioisotopic Sand Tracer Investigation of Littoral Transport
around Point Conception, California. Program objectives may be summarized
as: a) a study and selection of suitable radioisotope(s); b) development
of radiation detection equipment capable of operating in the beach and
marine environment to depths of 100 feet; and c) trace movement of tagged
sand in a coastal zone. A major part of the development of hardware and
tagging techniques has been performed by AEC's Oak Ridge National Labora-
tory at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Other direct participants in the study are
Uns Navan Ui. o1) Aan Horce.. Corps of Engineers, District Office: an los
Angeles, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the State of
California. Recognizing the potential, broader geographic applications
of this 3-year minimum research and development program, the rather pon-
derous official title has been shortened to Radioisotopic Sand Tracer
Study with the acronym RIST.

Sediment in the littoral environment moves in response to various
complex processes. In the nearshore zone (that zone extending from the
water line to the limit of nearshore currents at about 50-foot depths)
waves approaching at an angle generate currents that move in response
to the direction of wave approach. Because more than one wave train may
impinge upon the shore at the same time, more than one current direction
and velocity maxima may exist. Further, in any given wave a water particle
circumscribes a circular or elliptical orbit for which two additional
velocity maxima exist opposed by 180 degrees. These and other factors
enter into the problem, and may be classified as force and response
elements. Examples of force elements are wave height and period, angle
of wave approach, and stage of the tide; several response elements are
particle size distribution of the sediments, density of the particles,
and bottom and beach slope. The interaction of the force and response
elements causes a continual action and reaction effect. Problems of the
littoral zone, therefore, are concerned with many factors which may vary
widely and which interact with each other singly and in combination in
a most complicated manner.

The responses to the expenditure of energy by waves, currents, and
other forces upon a sandy coast are erosion and transportation of the
sedimentary particles. Because many of the shores of the United States
and the world are sandy,investigators at CERC and other laboratories

have studied sediment transport both in the laboratory and in the field.
Generally, such studies are made along a long, straight beach in order
to simplify the experiment. A much more complicated situation exists
where the shoreline undergoes a radical change in orientation. Point
Conception, California, is a geographic example of this condition.

(See Figure 2).

Point Conception and Government Point (as well as Point Arguello
and Pedernales Point to the north) are rocky promontories which extend
seaward from the general alignment of the shore. The shore is backed by
a sheer bluff rising approximately two hundred feet above the sea. The
nearshore bottom is rock interspersed with sandy areas. Part of the
nearshore bottom area appears to be swept free of sandy sediments; also
extensive kelp beds present in the area are generally indicative of a
rocky bottom. From general knowledge of the processes functioning in the
area, the littoral drift has been assumed by earlier investigators to
move from the north toward Point Conception and eastward away from it.

Very little is known concerning littoral transport in the vicinity
of headlands or other supposed barriers to littoral drift, and Point
Conception is no exception. If the sedimentary particles comprising
this littoral drift do, in fact, move around the headland, the mechanics
of movement are unknown. Lateral movement could occur in shallow or
deep water or by a series of traverses essentially normal to the shore.

ee Scope and Objectives

The purpose of the Radioisotopic Sand Tracer Study (RIST) is to
develop and utilize radioactive tracer methods for research into sand
movement and littoral processes. Research objective include determina-
tion of suitable radioisotopes, development of mobile and stationary
radiation detectors, and development of suitable radioisotope handling
and survey programs. In conjunction with these objectives, studies of
sediment transport around the Point Conception headland and of the
mechanics of littoral transport are being conducted.

Development of suitable methods for using radioactive tracers in
littoral transport studies required the accomplishment of the following
specific objectives:

a. Study and selection of isotopes possessing a 4- to 20-day half-
life, which emit y radiation with energy peaks of the different isotopes
sufficiently separated to permit detector discrimination in the field.
In addition, it is desirable that the isotope be biologically inert.

b. Study of the isotopes selected to determine suitability of
labeling technique and compatability with. the sediment being labeled.

ce. Design of a submersible radiation detection system using scin-
tillation detectors. At present, the system monitors a single isotope

but eventually there will be a need for concurrent quantitative detection
and measurement of at least two, and possibly four, isotopes.

d. Choice of the appropriate gamma pulse-height analyzer system. The
program requires a system with the capability to discriminate between two
to four gamma energy peaks. When using multiple isotopes or discriminating
multiple energy peaks, the measurements must be essentially simultaneous
and yet be statistically significant.

e. Design and construction of a vehicle on which the detector(s) can
be mounted. The vehicle must be suitable for use in highly turbulent water
and in areas that are rocky or otherwise present a very rough surface.

f. Development of a safety program with provision for a safety
officer, and the determination of suitable safe methods of handling and
emplacing the isotope.

g. Design of the field experiments.

A number of agencies have an interest in one or several of the program
objectives. Besides CERC, two other offices of the Corps of Engineers,
the U. S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific (SPD), and the U. S. Army
Engineer District, Los Angeles (SPL), are participating in this program.
The requirements of both of the above offices concern shore-protection
structures along the coast. Basic information concerning the direction,
path, and quantity of material moving in the littoral zone is needed for
inproved functional design. For example, a harbor of refuge will be needed
somewhere along the coast between Point Conception and Santa Barbara,
California, probably near Gaviota. To properly design such a protected
harbor, it is necessary to know the littoral sediment transport pattern
in the area. The transport pattern would have an important effect upon
the determination of the annual costs of maintaining adequate navigation
depths in the channel which, in turn, would be dependent upon the loca-
tion at which the sediments approach close to shore. If the drift were
close to shore west from Gaviota, the material could shoal the channel.

Another Federal agency, Headquarters, First Strategic Aerospace Divi-
sion (SAC) at Vandenberg Air Force Base, is participating in this program.
Their objectives are quite different from those of the Corps of Engineers.
The Air Force objectives are influenced by the geographical location and
the mission of Vandenberg Air Force Base. The southeasterly limit of Air
Force interest is controlled by the firing envelope (range safety limit)
which reaches approximately to Santa Barbara; therefore, Vandenberg Air
Force Base has requirements along the entire reach of shore between Point
Sal.and Santa Barbara. The Air Force is concerned about possible missile
aborts (failures) which could cause contamination of water and sediments
by exotic fuels. Since several of these exotic fuels are harmful to
public safety, it is very important to determine whether contaminated
sediments would reach areas available and freely accessible to the public.
The Air Force is also interested in the location and construction of a
harbor for military craft.

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4

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has in-
terests along the coastline and at greater depths in the Santa Barbara
Channel. NASA systems to be fired from Vandenberg launch sites will
carry power sources fueled by radioactive materials and toxic fuels of
the booster, and early aborts on the pad or over the sea might create
hazards. The hazards are essentially the same as those described earlier
under Air Force objectives. Of additional concern to NASA is the possi-
bility of an abort and the subsequent injection of hazardous material
into the funnel-like Santa Barbara Channel, in which water depths exceed
2,000 feet. It may be that the configuration of this channel could cause
a concentration of the hazardous material and its possible rapid transport
to the beaches of the area.

The Atomic Energy Commission and its Oak Ridge National Laboratories
are very interested in finding and developing beneficial uses for radio-
isotopes. Often this involves development of new and unique equipment
for accomplishing a particular task. They assist in developing the appli-
cation of radioisotopes to accomplish public benefit objectives of the
other participating agencies and concur in these objectives.

The Department of Water Resources of the State of California has
expressed great interest in the program in the context of the Department's
awareness of the serious problems of beach erosion. The Department has
taken aggressive measures to ensure the orderly development and use of
the California shoreline areas as well as their protection and restoration.
The State, in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, has been actively
engaged in beach-erosion control activities since 1946. The California
Department of Water Resources is now conducting a comprehensive investi-
gation of all aspects of sediment transport from watersheds for beach
nourishment including the delineation of the areas where sediments are
being produced under present conditions and anticipated future develop-
ments. The Department will also determine sources and physical character-
istics of suitable material for artificial nourishment from inland sand
sources. Because the assessment of beach-eorsion problems and subseguent
engineering solutions are predicated upon accurate measurements of direction
and rate of alongshore transport, the need for the proposed tracer study and
for the collection and evaluation of littoral drift data is fully recognized.

Pleasure boating is expanding rapidly in California. New facilities,
harbors, and harbors of refuge are required to satisfy this rapidly growing
interest. The isotopic tracer program would provide valuable data toward
the design considerations for these harbors.

Fundamental to all of these objectives is the investigation of sediment
transport. Because previous effort has been expended on the long-straight
beach and because of the importance of "filling in" data from an unknown
area, investigation of the mechanics of littoral material movement near and
around a headland was proposed. The scientific research objectives may be
summarized as follows:

a. Development of techniques to determine whether sedimentary particles
moving as littoral drift do or do not pass around a major headland.

b. If the particles do pass around the headland, determination of
path or paths.

ec. A quantitative or semiquantitative determination of onshore-
offshore transport and of possible "deep water" alongshore transport and
the relative importance of each.

d. Determination of seasonal changes in rate, direction, and dis-
tance of littoral transport in the study area.

e. Investigation of the average velocity of transport along a long
straight beach and in the vicinity of a headland.

f. Investigation of the quantification of rate of littoral transport.
g. Investigation of the fundamental mechanics of sediment transport.

From this summary it may be seen that all but two of the major ob-
jectives stated by the sponsoring agencies can and should be satisfied by
the series of experiments which have been and will be conducted by this
program. The exceptions which do not appear clear at present concern the
quantification of rate of littoral drift and the determination of seasonal
changes. Tools and technology evolved during this program should permit
the collection of the type of data necessary to meet the interests of all
participants.

3. Previous Research

Research in littoral processes has been done in the prototype and the
laboratory. The standard research technique is to hold all parameters
constant but one, to vary that one, and to measure the response. It has
been found, however, that the laboratory technique is not fully applicable
to the prototype. The complex interplay among force and response elements,
and the continuous feedback so generated is of extreme significance to the
investigation of sediment transport phenomena. For this reason it is most
important to transfer this research from the laboratory to the sea.

A major problem associated with studying sediment transport in the
prototype has been the inability to fasten a satisfactory label on the
sedimentary particles. During the past decade two identification methods -
radioisotopic tracers and fluorescent tracers - have become available and
have proved most useful. Unfortunately, the use of fluorescent tracers
requires that physical samples of the bottom materials be secured and
minutely examined in order to detect the presence of labeled particles.
Also, fluorescent tracers can undergo chemical and physical degradation
and therefore become lost from view. Adequately sampling extensive oceanic
areas would be expensive in itself; the large number of samples resulting
from each survey would prove unwieldly and expensive to analyze. This
requirement for fluorescent tracer studies led to a very important advan-
tage for radioactive tracers. Because detecting systems are capable of

monitoring the presence of radioactive isotopes on the ocean floor as

the system is moving, large areas may be investigated. For these reasons
radioisotopic labeling of sediments provides a feasible and practical
method of working in the ocean without the disadvantages inherent in
laboratory procedures.

In addition to fluorescent tracers, some work on the use of naturally
occurring radioactive materials as littoral tracers has been done, partic-—
ularly at the University of California, Berkeley. Huston (1963) provides
a good review of this work. In general, the method is similar to heavy-
mineral tracing in littoral drift studies. Mineral sources must be
identified; samples must be taken and analyzed in the laboratory to
determine what quantities of the mineral are present.

An enormous amount of experimental work has been done with both
radioactive and fluorescent tracers to determine sediment travel paths
in the vicinity of engineering or navigation projects. Generally the
approach has been to make an injection of the labeled material at point A
and to follow its movement to some resting place at point B. In addition,
several attempts have been made to quantify the volume of material moving
per unit of time along a given reach of shoreline.

Of the various sediment tracers, glass, ground to an appropriate
size distribution and labeled by an incorporated radioactive isotope, has
been the most used. The method of preparation preferred by most investi-
gators is to incorporate an inactive isotope as the label in the glass
and activate it by irradiation in a nuclear reactor just prior to use.

In addition, natural sediment materials have been labeled with sorbed
(adsorbed or absorbed) isotopes by investigators interested in closer
simulation of the native sediment. sorbed labels also have the advantage
of facilitating the preparation of large amounts of tracer. Disadvantages
of sorbed labels for sand tracing are the nonuniformity of sorption on
different minerals and the labeling amount being proportional to surface
areas rather than mass.

A number of radioactive labels have been investigated and used.
Svasek and Engel (1961) report on the use of scadium-46 in sedimentation
studies near the entrance to Rotterdam waterway, Netherlands. Campbell,
et al, (1967) report on the use of silt tagged with copper-64 to study
channel silting at Port Hunter, Newcastle, Australia. Sato, et al, (1961)
and Kato, et al, (1963) report on the use of radioactive glass "sand"
using various labels to study sediment movement along various sections of
the Japanese Coast. For studying movement along the California Coast,
Inman and Chamberlain (1959) used quartz sands (with natural phosphorus
impurities) which had been subjected to slow neutron irradiation to pro-
duce phosphorus-32. To detect the radioactivity, sediment samples were
collected and used to expose film plates. Cummins (1964) and Ingram,
et al, (1965) report on U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
tracer tests using glass particles tagged with gold-198 at Cape Fear River,
North Carolina, and Galveston Harbor, Texas, respectively. Krone (1960a)
reports on the use of radioisotope tracers to study sedimentation in San

Francisco Bay. Krone's report also provides an excellent review of
techniques and considerations in radioisotope tracing. In addition to
the many field studies, some model work in the laboratory has been done
(Lean and Crickmore (1963) and Taney (1962)).

Most investigators used bundles of Geiger-Muller detectors mounted
on a sled, or drag. These detectors are large, rugged, and low in cost,
but they have measurement efficiencies of only about 1 percent. Other
investigators used scintillation detectors which have smaller active
volumes, but can be very efficient. In some cases, samples were taken
and autoradiographs made to provide a quantitative measure of sand tracer.
The value of taking sediment samples and laboratory determination of label
is limited by the number and size of the samples that can be taken, and
by the delay between sampling and analysis.

The primary work accomplished to date in the vicinity of Point
Conception was done by Trask (1952, 1955). He studied the minerals
present in the stream sediments both north and east of Point Conception
and found that augite was present only in streams north of the Point.
Because augite was found to the east of Point Conception and because it
could not have been supplied by the local streams, he concluded that
sediments do indeed pass around the supposed barrier, the Point Conception
complex. |

The information available to_Trask, unfortunately, was incomplete.
No offshore samples. were secured to the north and west of Point Conception
to determine whether augite was or was not present in those areas. If
augite did occur on the Continental Shelf to the north and west of Point
Conception as well as offshore east and south, then it would not be a
unique mineral species useful as a natural tracer. In fact, the possi-
bility of an offshore source of sand containing augite was eliminated on
the then held belief that sediments do not migrate toward the shore.
Another factor not fully considered is the difference of size parameters
on each side of the headland. Trask reported these differences, but
failed to realize that another source area could be the cause.

Bowen and Inman (1966), partly based on the previous work by Trask
(1955), concluded that sediment moved around the Point Conception complex.
They also estimated the rate of drift at various locations around the
Point. Mineralogy, sedimentation, and transport in the area around
Pillar Point (northern California) were studied by Sayles (1965). He
concluded that the sands were locally derived and that there was no net,
long-term littoral transport of sand in this area. Similarly, Cherry
(1965) concluded that Point Reyes and Bodega Head are barriers to long-
shore transport. The geology and oceanic environment offshore of Point
Conception (San Miguel Gap) is discussed by Wright (1967). Lampietta
(1964) reports on the Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc. study of beach
configuration from Pismo to St. Augustin, California. Profiles 9 and 10
of that study are in the area of Surf, California, and profiles 12-14 cover
the area near Point Conception. Other studies of California sediments have
been made by Emery (1954) and Cooper (1967).

Section II. ISOTOPES SELECTION, TAGGING TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS

1. Studies of Isotopes and Tagging

Three criteria - health physics, gamma energy sufficient to be de-
tected, and the engineering behavior of tagged sand - were emphasized in
the search for isotopes and tagging techniques suitable for sand tracing.
Consideration of health physics made low energy radiation, and isotopes
that are chemically inert and biologically inactive, desirable. The
radioisotope must have a sufficiently high energy gamma ray to permit
easy measurement through an overburden of water and untagged sand.
Consideration of the engineering behavior of tagged sand called for a
new labeling process, one that definitely did not alter the "hydraulic
characteristics" of the sand and yet ensured no loss of the radionuclide
to the environment. To gain true scientific results from a sediment
tracing experiment in a fluid environment, it is imperative that the
tagged particle of sand have the same "hydraulic behavior" after tagging
as before. It is also necessary to be sure that detected radiation be-
longs to the tagged particle and does not represent a radioactive veneer
broken off from the particle.

A solution to shortcomings of labeling procedures presently in use
and described by other studies would be to develop a technique that uses
sand indigenous to a particular area, uses no external coating, and does
not alter grain hydraulic characteristics. Diffusion of gas into a solid
offers this solution. Krypton, in a process described by Chleck (1963)
ean be diffused at high temperature and pressure into solid materials.
However, krypton's long (10-year) halflife made it generally unsuitable,
except perhaps for special applications in tracing studies. Seeking other
possible gases, personnel at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed
a process (xenonation) similar to kryptonation whereby a related gas,
xenon-133, is diffused into a solid, in this case, a sand particle.

The study indicated xenon had numerous suitable characteristics.
In terms of radiation exposure to personnel, xenon is easy to handle.
Also, it is biologically inactive. From an engineering standpoint, the
suitable halflife (5.27 days) and the labeling process, which required
no external coating to natural sand, overrode the initial detection and
instrumentation problems posed by the low energy (.08 million electron
volts) gamma radiation. Consequently, xenon was selected for exclusive
use in the initial phases of the program.

Tests conducted in the CERC Petrology Laboratory indicated xenonation
did not alter the specific gravity of sand, nor does it alter grain hy-
draulic characteristics. By measuring the time required for sand grains
to settle through a column of water, it is possible to test their "hydrau-
lic characteristics", ive.,. determine the sediment size distributional
characteristics in the fluid medium. Replicate analyses of xenonated
and non-xenonated sand from several different locations show only minor
differences in the settling curves and consequent statistical parameters.

These differences are well within the limits of experimental error.
Figure 3 shows several curves of settling-tube data and data obtained
by standard seiving techniques.

Xenonation differs from kryptonation in that the former occurs at
low pressure. High temperature of the process causes vaporizing of any
carbonate contained in the sand, and thus adversely affects the labeling
process. Consequently, the carbonate fraction must be removed by acid
leaching before labeling. Therefore, xenonation is not a suitable tech-
nique where the dominant mineral constituent of sand is a carbonate.
Carbonate-free sand is heated to approximately 900° C in a specially
designed furnace containing an atmosphere of xenon-133. After cooling
with liquid Nitrogen (No), the sand is removed and packaged for shipment
to the test site. Due to desorption of xenon from sand, initial batches
of labeled sand had an effective halflife of 2.7 days. However, recent
improvements in the technique show that the effective halflife of xenon-
ated sand is now 5 days, nearly identical to that of the gas itself.
Labeling of sand with this technique is a function of the mass of the
particle rather than the surface area.

Labeling is presently limited to a batch of about 40 liters (approxi-
mately 100 pounds) per day. Details of the process are presented in the
ORNL report in Appendix C. Though the process occurs at high temperature,
it does not affect the shape of grains (Figure 4), but has changed the
color of the sand to ash-gray.

Other labeling techniques provide greater choice of isotopes, use
of which may ultimately be required to meet RIST program goals. Arti-
ficially manufactured sand has been used as a tracer (Sato, 1962; Taney,
1962; Ingram, et al, 1965). However, such a process requires placing an
element suitable for activation in a silica melt, maintaining specific
gravity near that of quartz, crushing the solid mass, resizing it to
match size distributional characteristics of sand in the test environ-
ment, and then shipping it to a reactor for activation. In special cases,
where the mineralogy is suitable, it is possible to activate a naturally
occurring impurity in quartz thereby permitting the use of sand indige-
nous to the test site (Inman and Chamberlain, 1959). Another possible
technique is to place desired activity on the external surface of the
grains and then seal it by the addition of an inert, abrasive-resistant
coating.

Because these techniques may modify the specific gravity, size,
shape, and roughness of discrete particles, it is possible that the
hydraulic characteristics of the grains would be changed leaving results
of an experiment in some doubt. The U. S. Naval Radiological Defense
Laboratory (NRDL), San Francisco, has developed a means of coating sand
grains by a water-glass procedure. Under contract to this RIST study,
personnel at NRDL conducted experiments on the leaching and abrasion of
beach sands tagged with barium-140, lanthanum-140, and chromium-51 by
the NRDL water-glass procedure. These particular isotopes, with varying

99.9

Percent

Rapid Sediment
Analysis

Untagged Sand

2

: | Xenon Tagged Sand
4

E |

Sieve Analysis

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Phi Units
Figure 3. Sieve analysis and rapid sediment analyzer data

I

Hy)

UNTREATED SAND XENONATED SAND

Figure 4. Comparison of xenonated sand. with untreated
sand from the same area, mean size 2.0 phi (O0.25mm )

halflives and energy (Table I), while not yet used in the program, have
potential application in multiple isotope studies, or at other places
where their particular characteristics might be desirable.

TABLE I
Isotopes Considered for Use in the Study, Showing Halflives and Energy

Energy
(million elec-

Element Halflife tron volts) Abundance
Gold -198 64.8 hours eal 96%
Barium-140 12.8 days 55h 25%
Lanthanum-140 4O.2 hours 66 95%
Xenon-133 5.27 days 5 (OXSjal 35%
Krypton-85 10.76 years 9 5 On
Chromium-51 27.8 days 32 9%

The NRDL studies (see Appendix A) indicated that loss by leaching
and abrasion of barium-140, lanthanum-140, and chromium-51 from sand
labeled with the NRDL water-glass technique is of small magnitude (1 to
4 percent). Some modifications in the size of particles are indicated
by the NRDL data but the differences are minor and are probably within
the limits of experimental error. Results of tests in the CERC labora-
tory, using samples supplied by NRDL, lead to the same conclusion,
although there is more spread in the data than with xenonated sand.

NRDL also conducted experiments on loss of xenon from xenonated sand
due to leaching and abrasion. Results of that study indicated approxi-
mately 3 to 5 percent of xenon was lost. Recent tests carried out by
ORNL personnel indicate loss of xenon is negligible; possibly reflecting
the improvement in labeling since the NRDL experiments.

2. Injection Devices

An apparatus capable of placing sand on the bottom in deep water, or
in the relatively shallow water of the breaker zone, was required. Systems
used in previous studies were designed primarily for point source injec-
tions and were unsatisfactory for working in a surf zone or for placing
labeled sand in a line source. A suitably designed apparatus should be
able to make injections in the surf zone and deeper water, inject line
sources and point sources, and also provide radiation shielding.

The initial device used in the RIST study was a cylindrical hopper
with pump and hoses (Figure 5) designed to emplace a slurry of labeled
sand on the marine bottom, either as a point source or line source. Tests
of the apparatus at ORNL and at the April 1967 Cape Kennedy field tests
were successful. However, during the first injection of the June 1967
test at Surf, California, the sand bridged above the orifice and would
not discharge. The device required that sand in the hopper remain dry,

13

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14

since wet sand would not flow. During a second injection the apparatus
did work reasonably well, and the sand was pumped to the bottom. A third
injection was made without the apparatus.

It was recognized that the hopper had serious faults, and another
device was designed and built for use in the December 1967 tests in
the Point Conception area. This apparatus resembles a clamshell bucket
(Figure 6). However, it works in reverse: loaded with labeled sand and
closed at the surface, it is lowered to the bottom where a lever--spring
mechanism opens the bucket upon contact with the bottom. On two of three
occasions, scuba divers had to manipulate the jaws of the clamshell in
order to completely open them. With a capacity of 40 liters, it proved
effective for placing sand as a point source in water seaward of the
breaker zone.

3. Mobile Detector

Labeled sediment used in tracing experiments can be studied by making
on-site measurements or by collecting samples from the environment which
are later analyzed in a laboratory. The latter technique is laborious
and time consuming, and could involve problems of radiation exposure. On-
site measurements minimize radiation exposure problems and provide data
rapidly. Ability to quickly know of the presence or absence of labeled
material is an aid in surveying.

On-site measurements can be made by holding a scintillation counter
or Geiger-Miiller tube against the sediment and obtaining discrete readings.
Such a technique is usually employed in laboratory experiments, and was
used in the experiment reported in Section III. Distances and areas in-
volved in most field operations require a mobile detector system with
continuous readout of data. Other investigators have reported the use of
sled-mounted detectors (Krone, 1960b;. Ingram, et al, 1965; Rakoczi, 1963).
Such a device has been used with some success in estuaries and protected
harbors, although even in these environments the sled has tipped over,
disrupting the surveys. Such a system would likely be unstable in the
surf zone, and would be totally unsuitable in rocky areas. Both con-
ditions exist in the Point Conception study area. The ability to work
in surf or topographically rough areas is required for the program to
have general application. A ball-like device that would roll along the
offshore marine bottom, through the surf zone, and up on the beach was
designed and built by ORNL (see Appendix C). The shape of the detector
vehicle resembles a cylinder with rounded ends (Figure WT) 6

The outer housing of the detector vehicle is constructed of a steel
latticework covered by expanded metal reinforced at the bearing surface
by stainless steel rods. This design prevents loose stones and other
debris from entering the ball and possibly damaging the four 2 x 2-inch
cesium iodide crystals housed inside the "ball" (Figure 8). The open
latticework permits gamma energy emitted from the radionuclide to pene-
trate to the crystals. At the present time, all detectors are operated
to see only one isotope (or gamma ray energy) over an area of approxi-
mately 2 square feet. The detector housing, suspended from the axle of

15

Figure 7. Field operations at Surf, California, June 1967.
In foreground are mobile detector vehicle ("ball") and
LARC-V with instrument shelter. In background is DUKW
vehicle used in support of operations.

Figure 8. Detector vehicle with part of bearing
surface removed to permit servicing. Shown
are the detector housing and.the ports for
the detector crystals (not yet in place).

16

the ball, contains photomultiplier tubes, preamplifiers, and attendant

circuitry. Coaxial cable for the detector circuitry exits from one end
of the axle, and is then attached to the wire tow cable. As presently

designed and constructed, the detector vehicle has a depth limit of

200 feet.

Limited tests of the rolling characteristics of the ball conducted
at ORNL indicated the design was suitable. Turbidity of the Atlantic
Ocean off Cape Kennedy during the 1967 test precluded observation of
the deep water by project scientists using self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus, but its ability to track and operate in the shallow-
water surf was observed to be satisfactory. General operation of the
vehicle in 30 feet of water during the 1967 test at Surf, California,
was observed to be satisfactory by the project scientist, using scuba.
Nevertheless, it was desired to obtain specific engineering data on the
hydrodynamic performance of the vehicle to learn the limit of survey
speeds and possible means of improving the design. Under contract to
the RIST study, the U. S. Naval Ship Research and Development Center
(NSRDC), formerly the David Taylor Model Basin, undertook a program to
test the vehicle under a variety of conditions, most especially under
a variety of towing speeds and cable lengths.

The NSRDC tests indicated that at 4 knots (6.75 feet per second)
and the cable length usually employed (200 feet), the vehicle maintained
bottom contact in the water depths normally surveyed (less than 60 feet)
and would do so to a depth of 80 feet. All field tests so far have oper-
ated at a speed of approximately 2 knots (3.35 feet per second). Details
of the test are contained in the NSRDC report attached as Appendix B.
The recommendation of the test program to use oceanographic-type electro-
mechanical tow cable in future tests is being followed.

h. On-board Data Collection System

Electrical signals from the four detectors mounted in the ball are
carried to a signal mixer on the towing vehicle and then to a 400-channel
analyzer (Figure 9). The analyzer is capable of operating in two modes:
multi-scaler and pulse-height.

Normal surveying mode is "multi-scaler" whereby the analyzer operates
as 4OO individual counters; each counter stores signals from the detectors
according to a preset time interval (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10:0 seconds),
selected by the operator. At the end of the appropriate time interval
the counting. sequence is terminated, and data must be cleared before the
sequence is restarted. Assurance that the detected radiation comes from
the labeling isotope is ensured by use of the pulse-height mode. This
mode uses all 400 channels to analyze the energy spectrum of the radiation
being observed. Data accumulated in either mode is printed out on a tele-
printer and on punched paper tape as binary coded decimal. Radiation data
can also be displayed on an oscilloscope in the analyzer unit. The scope
is of particular value in calibration procedures and when operating in
the pulse-height mode.

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By means of a programmed interrogator (Figure 10), other data perti-
nent to surveying are coordinated with the radiation data and read into
the data display which is both real time and punched paper tape. Pres-
ently this additional data consists of time and line sequence data and
navigational data (distance to the vessel from two known shore points).
Concurrently with reading of above data it is possible to look at the
pulse height or the energy distribution of the isotope being detected.

D. Field Support Equipment

Tracing littoral transport requires a vessel capable of operating
through the surf zone where the greatest rate of sediment movement
occurs. Military amphibious vehicles are ideally suited for such oper-
ations. During initial field tests at Cape Kennedy, and subsequently
at Vandenberg AFB in June 1967, a LARC-V was used to tow the underwater
detection vehicle and carry personnel and equipment (Figure 7, page 16).
Later, when more comprehensive field experiments required a hoisting
device, more electronic equipment, a larger power generator, and more
working space for personnel, the need developed for a larger craft. The
U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Command met this need by lending the Los
Angeles District a LARC-XV.

The LARC-XV is a diesel-powered amphibious transport vehicle designed
to carry cargo from offshore supply vessels to beach or inland staging
areas (Figure 11). Normally operated by a 2-man crew, the LARC-XV has a
cargo capacity of 15 tons, and can move on water at speeds up to 8 knots.
Maximum land speed is around 30 miles per hour. Maximum dimensions are
45 feet long, 16 feet high and 14 1/2 feet wide, making long-range land

Figure 11. LARC Amphibious Vehicles. LARC XV is
on right with loading ramp in lowered position;
LARC V is on left. Note back-up detector
vehicle carried on deck of LARC XV.

transport difficult. A flush cargo deck and hydraulically actuated ramp
provide convenient access for personnel and wheeled-equipment. The
LARC-XV is capable of negotiating breakers 10 feet high either onto

or off the beach. With a fuel capacity of 360 gallons, it has a marine
consumption rate of approximately 30 gallons per hour.

The LARC-V has become a standard amphibious vehicle, and its avail-
ability for radioisotopic tracing operations is fairly well assured. The
LARC-XV, however, has had limited production and distribution, and might
not be available for project-oriented searches when and where it is
needed. It is judged that at the end of the present program, instru-
mentation will be refined to a highly transportable package that will
permit operations aboard the smaller LARC-V or similar vessel. Actually,
where environmental conditions are not severe and a hoisting device is
not necessary, the present on-board instrument shelter will function on
a LARC-V.

The Marine Corps Landing Force Development Center at Camp Pendleton,
California, furnished a driver to instruct the crew in operation and
maintenance of the amphibious vehicles.

The search operation requires a constant knowledge of the searcher's
position. To save time and money, an accurate, fast position-finder is
needed to determine the position of the radiation detector as it is towed
behind the survey vessel. Transit and alidade techniques are slow, re-
quiring two or more operators, and are not easily used with computers.
The various radar navigational devices normally used by ships are not
accurate enough to locate the surface craft within a few feet. Without
precision, the search director could unknowingly miss hundreds of square
feet of test area.

Without high-resolution positioning data, the configuration of dis-
persal patterns could not be accurately defined.

The Cubic Autotape System was evaluated as the most suitable navi-
gational system available for the RIST study. The Autotape is a compact
transistorized system which employs microwaves’ along the radio line of
sight to establish ranges (distances) to the surface craft from shore-
based responders. The system simultaneously measures the distance be-
tween each of the two responders and the boat-borne interrogator through
a& phase comparison of modulated frequencies. With a range of 30 miles,
it has a resolution of 1 meter. The responders are battery-operated
and can be left unattended while in operation.

For the RIST study, normal land surveying procedures are used to
establish responder sites on major and minor coastal promontories.
Distances between adjacent responders vary from 1,000 to 3,000 feet
depending upon accessibility and their alinement with the search area.

Aboard the surface craft, the 2-range interrogator visually displays
the distances to the responders in meters (Figure 12). The position of

20

Figure 12. DM-40 Cubic Autotape Interrogator.
Direct digital readout is in meters.

the vessel is easily determined on a plotting board by intersecting arcs
struck by the ranges scaled from the respective plotted responder sites.
This manual method is used only as an aid in piloting the vessel. The
Autotape is electrically coupled to the on-board analyzer of the mobile
detection system for direct correlation of vehicle position with the
parameters of time and count rate.

A knowledge of bottom topography is essential to a realistic analysis
of littoral transport patterns. In addition, the operating depths should
be known while towing the detector vehicle. Prior to the field tracer
test, hydrographic and topographic surveys are conducted on ranges per-
pendicular to the shoreline. A transit operator with a portable radio
occupies a point on shore and directs the vessel in on the range line.

A second instrumentman, at a measured distance up or downcoast, plots the
survey vessel's position using a plane table with an alidade on radio
command from an operator on the boat. Depths are constantly recorded on
the boat with a portable precision recording fathometer. Later the re-
corded depths are plotted on cross-section paper as a function of the
distance from a baseline to form profiles of the sea bottom.

The heart (and most vulnerable part) of a fathometer is the trans-
ducer unit which is a 2-way energy conversion device. It transmits sonic
energy waves (200 kilohertz) to the bottom and receives echoes of these
waves reflected back from the bottom. The time lapse between transmission
and reception, mainly a function of the distance the signal travels through
the water, determines the water depth. Depths are visually displayed and
recorded on electrosensitive paper. Calibrations are made fcr variations
in water temperature, salinity and turbidity by measuring depths (at 10-
foot increments) to a metal bar lowered below the boat. At the end of

2l

a day's run the chart running time is correlated with a tide curve for
the same time period; depths are therefore corrected to a constant datum.

6. Computer Programs

Radiation measurements are made continuously as the mobile detector
system is towed through the surf, along a beach, or along the ocean
bottom offshore. Interpretation of the detected radioactivity depends
upon the making of maps based on the collation and manipulation of data
pertaining to position, observed radiation, and time. With a time-
selection mode for data acquisition available at exponential increments
of 10 (from 0.01 to 10.0) seconds, a large mass of data may be accumu-
lated in a few hours. During a field test, surveying may go on several
hours a day for several weeks, and computer processing is necessary to
study and evaluate the collected data. Also, soon after the completion of
a survey, plotting and posting of the survey is necessary to efficiently
monitor the field operations. Initial field operations at Surf, Cali-
fornia, relied on manual preparation of maps and subjective interpreta-—_
tion of data printed by the teletype of the on-board data acquisition
system. Almost immediately it became evident that computer processing
and plotting must be employed in future operations. Therefore, CERC
undertook the in-house development of a computer program that would
quickly generate plots useful to continuing field operations. This pro-
gram is called RAPLOT. Presently ORNL is developing a more sophisticated
program for subsequent study and refinement of the radiation data. The
data collected from various sensors are assembled by the on-board de-
tector system and punched on 8-channel paper tape in American Standard
Code for Information Interchange (ASCII code). At present there are six
fields on each line (or card image) of tape containing the data given in
Table II. The data on the paper tape is eventually translated to a Binary
Coded Decimal. (BCD) magnetic tape for use in the RAPLOT program so that
it will be compatible with most general purpose computers.

In addition to the basic field data, some further information, called
program control parameters, must be fed into RAPLOT. These parameters
supply the location of the shore beacons and the injection site, back-
ground radiation count, halflife of the isotope, and length of the cable
on which the detector was towed. Also supplied are options controlling
the format of the plots generated and a legend for the plots.

The program control cards contain the California Lambert Coordinates
of the shore beacons. The data input tape contains the distance to each
beacon for each fix. By the Cosine Law, this can be translated into
distance in terms of a rectangular coordinate system.

SP A)

DX1 = (DB / 2 DB

DY1 = /pi? - Dx1°

Dl is distance from the upcoast radar beacon, D2 is distance from the
downcoast radar beacon, DB is the distance between the two beacons,

a2

TABLE II
Data Format for Punched Paper Tape Input to RAPLOT Program
Field Item Definition

al! Line number Increases sequentially with each
line of data unless manually reset.

2 Time. Based upon time accumulation mode,
cumulative unless manually reset.

3 Radiation Pulse from differential discriminator
count accumulated for time between lines
only (automatically reset at each
printing).
h Beacon 1 Distance in tenths of meters from

the upcoast fixed shore beacon,
automatically changed at each line.

5 Beacon 2 Distance in tenths of meters from
the downcoast fixed shore beacon,
automatically changed at each line.

6 Spare Reserved for a second radiation
channel in a 2-isotope test.

DX1 is distance of the fix from the upcoast beacon in a direction parallel
to a line intersecting the two beacons, and DYl is distance of the fix
from the upcoast beacon in a direction normal to a line intersecting the
two*beacons. These coordinates may bé rotated and translated to give the
Lambert Coordinates of each fix:

NCOORD = DxX1 SIN 6 + DY1 COS @ + NORTH
ECOORD = DxX1 COS 6 - DY1 SIN 6 + EAST

8 is the angle of rotation of the coordinate system, NORTH and EAST are
the Lambert Coordinates of the upcoast radar beacon, and NCOORD and ECOORD
are the coordinates of the fix. Experience indicates that the distances
to the radar beacons may be erroneous as often as 5% of the time, there-
fore, the program checks for errors by determining whether the absolute
value of the difference between sequential radar beacon distances would
indicate a boat speed greater than 4 knots, the known maximum speed of

the survey vessel. If an-error is detected, it is corrected by linear
interpolation between valid radar beacon fixes.

Fixes give the position of the survey vessel at the time of each

fix. To plot the radiation values correctly, one must know the location
of the detector vehicle somewhere tehind the vessel at the end of its

23

cable. This position is estimated by extrapolating backward along the
path of the vessel. Assuming a position for the detector vehicle at

the beginning of the survey, the position of the detector at each fix is
computed by linear interpolation from the present position of the vessel
to the last computed position of the detector. The distance the detector
lies astern of the survey vessel depends on the distance from radar mast
to the stern post, where the cable is attached, and on the horizontal
component of the cable which is a fumction of water depth. Because
present field operations are conducted in very shallow water, or at
nearly the same water depth, a constant depth value is used.

Before processing through RAPLOT, each set of data is visually
scanned and an estimated background count is determined and entered on
the data control card. The count is used to set an upper and lower bound
on the range of background radiation. All counts between these bounds
are averaged to obtain the mean background count. Background is sub-
tracted from the radiation value of each fix, and the remainder (Gise
greater than zero) is corrected for decay since the time of injection.

CCR=nNC (gf)

Lee CA et eae natural log of 2 (0.693)
TL
2
CC is the corrected count, NC is the net count (observed radiation value
less background), t is the elapsed time from the injection to the count,
and Ti; is the isotope halflife in hours.

The output from RAPLOT is in two forms. The first is a printed out-
put which gives all of the values of the control parameters used to con-
trol the computation of the data and the flow of the program. Also
included are some summary statistics on the radiation values and the
position of the center of the radioactive material (analogous to the
center of gravity of amass). The final part of the printout is a list
of the fixes, which gives the fix number, the coordinates of the fix in
the California Lambert Coordinate Grid and the corrected radiation value.

The second type of output consists of maps drawn off-line on a
plotter driven by a plot tape generated by RAPLOT. There are three
types of maps. The first is a plot of the trackline followed by the
survey vessel. The second is a plot of uncorrected radiation values.
The third shows the radiation values corrected for background count and
decay since injection. The two radiation maps plot the fixes after they
have been corrected for the distance that the detector is towed astern
of the survey vessel. The choice of which maps to produce, as well as
scale and format, is controlled by values fed in on the plot control
card. A Fortran V source language listing of the RAPLOT program is
found in Appendix D.

Position of the detector is computed at each fix time by linear
interpolation from the present position of the survey vessel to the

24

last computed position of the detector:

CABLE (YV, - YDr_})
Wy 28a = eee

A 2 2
VAGUE D em) aie OSV y= Gas)

CABLE Vee XDeu yp)

xe EKV =

LARD RE Ny AI Fee POLED Oe
(SAEs =r Sab )O anlOsia ene ey )

where XD and YD are the coordinates of the detector and XV and YV are the
coordinates of the vessel. "CABLE" is the horizontal distance the detector
lies astern of the survey vessel.

Also printed on the third map type is the centroid of_the detected
radioactive material, which is located by the coordinates X, Y, where:

}
Xe ECC
= TL +
x es
n
by ory
n
) wan CC
Wiue i=1
n
) CCT
i=1

X; and Y; are the coordinates of each fix in the survey; CQ@j is the
corrected radiation count at each fix and n is the number of fixes.

25

Section III. FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS

1. General Program Design

General program design involves a By-Product Material License from
AEC, scheduling and planning field operations to coincide with ORNL
reactor shut-down schedule, and selection of a season when wave climate
will permit operations on the beach, through the surf, and offshore.

Although the use of xenon-133 tends to minimize radiation hazards,
certain radiation safety precautions are required. Greater precaution
is necessary when isotopes with a higher radiation output, such as gold-
198, krypton-85, or chromium-51, are used. Appropriate AEC regulations
were observed at all times. Application for the required AEC By-Product
Material License is made on Form AEC-313. The license is obtained from
AEC with the concurrence of_the State concerned.

Personnel involved in the experiment were supplied with radiation
dosimeters or ORNL film badges. These indicators were checked by the
Program Health Physicist who maintained records of cumulative dosage on
all personnel exposed to radiation hazards. Upon completion of a test,
Cumulative Exposure Form DD-1141 was completed and provided to the Safety
Office at the permanent duty station of the individual participant. In
all the operations to date, no one has received a significant exposure
to radiation.

To ensure safe operations during the test, full-scale rehearsals of
all field procedures (particularly transport, mixing and injection of the
tracer) were conducted prior to working with radiated sand. Following
rehearsals, the Program Health Physicist presented a lecture on general
radiological safety procedures to participating personnel.

The temporary storage areas for the radioactive sand were marked in
accordance with AEC regulations; access to the areas was controlled.
Similarly, once the radioactive sand was emplaced, the beach test area
was marked and access controlled.

The tagged sand was injected under water, either as a line or a
point source, by use of either the mixer-hopper or the clamshell device
(see Section II). Safe transfer of the sand from the shipping package
to the sand hopper was ensured by positive gasketed flange connections
between the shipping container and the injection equipment. Personnel
making the transfer, or otherwise handling the tagged sand, wore protec-—
tive clothing. Use of the clamshell device, which is self-shielding,
greatly simplified handling procedures.

Personnel, equipment, and the survey area were monitored throughout
the test to locate areas where radioactive sand might have accumulated.
If necessary, equipment (including shipping containers) was decontaminated,
to acceptable radiation limits, generally by washing.

26

Tagged sand is prepared at ORNL, using sand indigenous to the survey
area. At the present time, radioactive xenon (xenon-133) is manufactured
only at the time of reactor shutdown and is then available for sand label-
ing (see Section II). In order to minimize radioactive decay of the
isotope, field tests must be scheduled at times immediately following
periods of reactor shutdown (approximately once a month). Immediately
after tagging, the sand is taken as quickly as possible by common carrier
(usually airlines) to the test area.

Prior to actual field tests with radioisotopic tracers, certain field
studies are necessary to provide a background of data against which future
measurements may be compared, and to provide design data for future test-—
ing. In addition, the information collected supplements radiation surveys
for determining sediment movement patterns.

Base lines were established and hydrographic profiles were completed
along various ranges perpendicular to the beach at Surf and around Point
Conception to provide data concerning the initial conditions of the beach
and nearshore bottom. Samples of sediments were collected along the pro-
files at the following locations +12', +6', +3', MLLW, -6', -12', -18, -2h,
-30', and -50' depths. These samples were analyzed at CERC for standard
size parameters. (Future studies of the heavy mineral fractions are
planned.) In addition, scuba divers made an inspection of the bottom
character.

Aerial photographs ofthe coastline from Surf, around Point Concep-
tion, to Gaviota were taken to complement the surveys. These photographs
and the hydrographic surveys were correlated to the USC&GS boat sheets
(field survey plots) for the area.

Just prior to the tracing survey, the navigation system was set up
using the previously established base line and the background radiation
of the area was then surveyed. All radiation surveys were conducted by
towing the mobile detector "ball" behind the amphibious vehicle (see
Section II).

As soon as practicable after emplacing the tagged sand, an initial
radiation survey was conducted. Radiation was then surveyed on successive
days to define the development and changes in movement patterns. Collected
data were corrected for radioactive decay and background, and plotted as
isoactivity contour maps.

Sea, swell, and weather conditions were monitored throughout the
California tests to aid in determining the relation of sediment movement
to oceanographic conditions. In addition to forecasts and visual ob-
servations, a wave gage installed at Platform "Henry" near Point Con-
ception was used to monitor wave conditions for the Point Conception
sites. Future tests will also employ current direction and velocity
meters emplaced in the immediate study area.

27

2. Cape Kennedy, Florida, April 1967

The April 1967 field operation conducted at Cape Kennedy with the
assistance of the Air Force Eastern Test Range was fundamentally a test
of tracing equipment. Primary objectives were to test the operational
characteristics of all equipment and the conceptual framework of the
program in the marine environment. Because the emphasis of this phase
of the program was on these primary objectives, the geographic and
scientific scope of the program were limited.

With the concurrence of the Air Force, the site selected for this
test was on the north side of the Cape where the beach is wide enough to
provide easy entrance and exit even at high tide. No rock outcrops on
the beach nor on the marine bottom. The offshore slope is gradual to a
depth of approximately 40 feet, the limit of the sounding records.

Sediments comprising the bottom at the depth of injection (30 feet)
were small shell fragments; beaches were predominantly quartz sand. Winds
occurring during the test were light; sea and swell never exceeded 2 feet.

Since the sand labeled with xenon was quartz sand from California,
some problems might have developed with the "deep" water test. However,
none did, and all other environmental parameters were nearly perfect for
the objectives of the test. When assembled and mounted in the amphibious
vehicle (LARC V), instruments were tested on the beach to determine the
tracking characteristics of the detector vehicle and the ability of the
detectors and analyzer system to see xenonated sand placed on a known
section of the beach (Figure 13). Following this sequence the system was

Figure 13. Detector vehicle at Cape Kennedy, Florida.
On the beach the detector vehicle followed a true
course behind the towing vehicle. When underway,
the towing tongue is elevated and does not plow
along the beach. See Figure B-1 in Appendix B.

28

towed into and through the surf zone to "deep" (30 feet) water for back—
ground radiation measurements. Turbidity of the water precluded observa-—
tion of the detector by scuba divers in "deep" water, but satisfactory
ability to track and operate in the surf was observed.

An offshore test area, 100 by 300 feet, was laid out nearly parallel
to the beach, and marked by buoys. Using scuba, project scientists placed
1 liter (about 2 pounds) of sand tagged with 30 millicuries of xenon-133
on the ocean bottom in the center of the test area. When removed from its
carrier and placed on the bottom, the sand was observed to spread out and
to fall into the interstices between the small shell fragments comprising
the bottom. Prior to termination of the survey, the sand was detected
and followed by random search for approximately 1 hour over an area some-
what larger than the buoyed zone and at right angles to it.

Objectives of the test were met. The various mechanical and elec-
tronic components operated satisfactorily, and the LARC V amphibious
vehicle proved to be superior to the small DUKW vehicles which were ori-
ginally considered. Xenon could be detected in the marine environment.
Counts were obtained that were several orders of magnitude above background.

Because no navigation system was employed in this test, nor any
attempt made to monitor environmental parameters or components, no scien-
tific significance is attached to the results regarding sediment transport.

The on-board data collection system was intermittently subjected to
wetting by spray even though waves and surf were light. It became im-
mediately evident that it would be necessary to have the on-board systems
completely housed in a watertight instrument shelter.

3. Surf, California (Vandenberg Air Force Base), June 1967

As the objective of the Cape Kennedy test was to prove the conceptual
framework of the program, the objectives of the first California test were
to nurture all phases of the program to a completely operational level,
and to test the instruments and field techniques in an environment harsher
than that in Florida.

Scheduling of the test included the selection of a period during the
remainder of the fiscal year when atmospheric and oceanic conditions would
permit maximum time in the field, and then the coordination and scheduling
of xenon-133 manufacture and sand tagging within the time selected for the
field effort. To reach an operational level (the prime objective) required

a. coordination of xenon-133 manufacture, sand tagging and
transcontinental air-freight shipping schedules to minimize
decay;

b. coordination (between the field crew and host participant )
of movement and storage of tagged sand at the study site;

ec. instruction and training of field crews;

29

d. installation of instruments and equipment on amphibious
vehicles;

e. perfection of field survey techniques to meet project
requirements and environmental conditions; and

f. the full use of a precise and accurate navigation system.

Secondary objectives for this test were to gather scientific data and
determine the quantity and activity level of tagged sand necessary for
tracing activities.

The site selected for this phase of the study was near Surf, Cali-
fornia. Location of this site, in relation to those sites studied at
Point Conception, is shown in Figure 14. This site near Surf is a long
straight beach on the Vandenberg Air Force Base property (Figure 15).
The beach trends approximately 15° NE - 195° SW; landward is a row of
dunes. Behind the dunes are a marsh and lake which constitute a part of
the mouth and flood plain of the Santa Ynez River. While the Santa Ynez
River is normally blocked from draining into the Pacific Ocean, it
occasionally cuts through the dunes to the ocean following heavy rains
as shown in Figure 15.

To the north of Surf, the Upper Monterey Formation outcrops along
the shore and forms a rocky beach area with associated kelp in the vicin-
ity of Purisima Point (Figure 16). Consisting of hard, laminated, silic-
eous shale, cherty shale, and diatomite, the Upper Monterey Formation is
also highly jointed; large blocks of the formation are strewn about on
the ocean bottom in the vicinity of the promontory.

At Surf, the beach contours tend to follow the coastline irregularly
(Figure 17). The bottom consists mostly of fine and medium sand with a
few rocky areas. Profiles in the survey area at Surf have a bottom slope
(a) of approximately 0.01 (see Figures 18 through 20).

The beach and nearshore sediments at Surf, California, are fine to
medium grained, light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2 Munsell color code) quartz
sand. Medium grained (14-2) sand occurs on the beach and offshore to
depths of 6 to 12 feet. Fine (26-36) sands occur from the 12-foot depth
to the limits of the survey (50 feet). Along a given range, sand size
decreases progressively seaward. Also the average particle size for a
range (average of samples from MLLW to -50 feet) tends to increase south-
ward from 2.3 (.203 mm) at range 157 to 1.9 (.26 mm) at range 170.
Detailed granulometric analyses are given in Appendix E.

Composition of the sand is 70 to 80 percent subangular quartz grains
(roundness 0.4, sphericity 0.8) with the remainder composed of metamorphics,
heavy minerals, and small amounts of shell material. The opaque heavy
minerals are smaller and more well-rounded than other material. Echinoid
(sand dollar) fragments are plentiful at the 30-foot depth, particularly
on Ranges 157, 160-165, and 167 but are rare at other depths. The 24-foot
depth sample on Range 155 is composed almost entirely of echinoid spines.

30

120°40' 120°20'

NOTE B

Area authorized for dumping of explosives
and toxic chemical ammunition.

RACING BUOYS

Racing buoys within the limits
of this chart are not shown hereon.
DANGER AREA 204.202 For location and description see the

Coast Guard Local Notices to
Includes Zones 1 through 7 Mariners and Light List
(see note A)

Mercator Projection

edSIP cain on 200-7 SOUNDINGS IN FATHOMS
Me de d TAsgucllo | 2 2t _ AT MEAN LOWER LOW WATER

a lite a
> °
8 ay Owen

i £1900 1450
(ONS, ee Dp -CSzakD 1672

ig

RFA,
ya 30sec Ai em

Taken from U.S.C.&6.S
Chart No. 5202

120°40' 120°20°

Figure 14, Chart of Point Arguello - Point Conception Area,

showing location of test sites

31

»

SCALE IN FEET

fo) 1000

Figure 15. Aerial view of Surf, California. Star
indicates approximate location of injection site.
At the time of the photo, the Santa Ynez River
had sufficient flow to break through to the sea.

Figure 16. Beach at Surf, California. View is
northward toward Purisima Point and shows
the change from sandy beach to rocky shore.

32

Study Area

a
n

1 QI BU) = [2G 0B

;

ies ee es

450,000

: SCALE IN FEET
Depth Contours in Feet at MLLW

California Lambert Coordinate System See ere ena p eT te a

Figure 17. Bathymetric Chart - Surf, California,
Vandenberg Air Force Base

33

120°37 30°

\ Landing _

BM 111

\Giteyl
\\

\

16°
= es
34°42' 30" Z| fk
5| /G
ele
x =
\S)
©
Se) —
NY 158

120°37 30° SCALE IN FEET
‘1000 0 1000 2000

Taken from USGS.
Chart No. N3437.5—- W12030/7.5

3000 4000
———————|

(Soo ————ESSSS=s—=

Upper Monterey Formation
Depth Contours in Feet

Figure 18. Index of Profiles - Surf, California

34

Elevation in Feet

Elevation in Feet .

| | | '
oi S Oo ine)
(oe) [o) fo) (o)

i
op)
oOo

Beach O

+10

fe)

Beach

500

500

Shell Fragments

R-154

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Distance in Feet

Fine Sand

Fine Sand 2.45 @

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Distance in Feet

Figure 19. Beach Profiles 154 and 156, Surf, California

35

Fine Sand 2.78 @

6000

6000

Medium Sand 1.51 @
Medium Sand 1.819

Fine Sand 2.009
Fine Sand 2.24 @

-10
Be Fine Sand 2.226
®
= ay Fine Sand 2.526
= Fine Sand 2.659
iS)
= 30
>
@
w

no Fine Sand 2.68 @

-50

x00 (0) 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

S Distance in Feet
o
+10
Medium Sand 1.29 @
0 Medium Sand 1.98 @
Fine Sond 2.09 @

-10
ae Fine Sand 2.12 @
®
“ |-20 Fine Sand 2.316
= ‘Fine Sand 2.56 @
2
S Peo)
>
@
w

Fine Sand 2.68 @
-50

ms 500 381000 ‘2000 3000 4000 5000

Distance in Feet

0
o
c=
i=)
C4
[28]

Figure 20. Beach Profiles 158 and 160, Surf, California

36

During the period of the test (21-23 June 1967), sea conditions at
Surf, California, averaged 3 to 4 feet from the northwest. Deepwater
waves (swells) averaged 7 to 8 feet from the northwest (305°) and had an
average period of 10 seconds. (See Figures 21 and 22.) Based on these
conditions, the bottom orbital velocity (U,) was calculated by:

US H/T sinh Kd

where H = wave height

T = wave period

d = depth of water
keg 2y/ 5

L = wave length

and found to be 109.6 centimeters per second for the 30-foot water depth.
This value was believed to be more than sufficient to cause sediment move-
ment considering that from Hjtilstrom's curve a velocity of 18 centimeters
per second is required to suspend particles of 2.06 (.25 millimeters),
the mean particle diameter of injected sand at this site. It should be
noted that the average grain size at 30 feet is 2.65 (.16 millimeters),
which would require a velocity of 21 centimeters per second for suspension.
Following the approach used by Bagnold (1947) and Vernon (1965), the
sediment migration rate was calculated as 1/3 the water drift velocity

(W) where:

ial
(2a

S
iT]
i ea

\e C when d<L

and in which u = water drift velocity along seabed

~ C = wave velocity
Based on oceanographic conditions for the period 21-23 June 1967, the

sediment movement rate (1/3 U) was determined to be 7.7 centimeters per
second (910 feet per hour).

For the test at Surf, three large injections were made offshore in
approximately 30-foot depth:

Date Amount Activity
13 June 80 liters 4.5 curies
20 June 40 liters 0.45 curies
21 June 40 liters 0.25 curies

37

Figure 21. Average sea conditions, Surf, California
21-23 June 1967

Figure 22, Average wave (swell) conditions, Surf, California
21-23 June 1967

38

Because of problems with the sand injection system on 13 June, the
sand was injected from the ocean surface. It was never positively located
again.

Prior to injection on 20 June, the operation of the injection system
was observed underwater using scuba, and the procedures were somewhat
modified. During the same period the detector vehicle was also observed
underwater and its tracking characteristics under slow speed (4-6 feet
per second) noted. Injection of 40 liters of xenonated sand on 20 June
was made as a line source. It was tracked intermittently for 2 days but
no intelligible interpretation of the dispersal pattern could be made.

Utilizing experience gained during the preceding days, the xenonated
sand injected on 21 June was placed directly on the bottom as a point
source. It was traced for 2 days before field operations ended on 23 June.
Figures 23 through 25 show the isoactivity contours corrected for back-
ground and decay and illustrate the dispersal pattern for this test. From
these drawings it is not possible to make accurate determinations of the
rate of littoral drift, therefore the observed rate of tracer movement
cannot be compared with the rate of sediment movement computed from the
oceanographic parameters. However, it may be inferred that at this depth
(30 feet) and under existing wave conditions, the bulk of the sediment
was seaward of the equilibrium (null) point and moved offshore toward the
northwest. However, bottom current data was not available, and based on
the dispersal pattern, it might be concluded that, during the test, the
bottom current was flowing offshore to the northwest. Ingle (1966),
using fluorescent tracers, noted a somewhat analogous pattern at an
injection site (in 15 feet) near San Diego, and postulated a counter-
flowing bottom current.

While, from a scientific standpoint, it would have been beneficial
to continue tracing the sediment movement, the primary objectives of the
program had been achieved. It was found that the sediment could be traced
for a period of days in an environment harsher than that experienced in
Florida, and field techniques had been brought to a fully operational‘
level.

4. Point Conception, California, November-December 1967

The Point Conception - Government Point complex represents a sharp
change in the orientation of the California coastline (Figure 14). Point
Conception and Government Point are both rocky promontories which extend
seaward from the general alignment of the coast (Figure 26). Bluffs and
extensive rocky areas on the bottom made this area more difficult to work
in than previous areas.

This test represented an attempt to meet nearly all of the objectives
previously defined (see Section I). It provided additional knowledge of
operating characteristics of the equipment in the coastal environment, and
basic information which can be used to improve field procedures. In order

39

1,216,750
1,216,500
1,216,250
1,216,000

i}
1,218,750
if ei:
Nee
1,215,500

oO

wo

i

ro} ° ° o} fo)
o o ro) o ro)
2 Oo) SY io! . Ce
~ ~ aa ~~ wo wo
+ + + t t +
t + t st st t
Lt, 215,250 — {pt
LEGEND
—=_#__2—_______ (*50_ \soactivity - Corrected to Injection Time, 1435,
21 June 1967
California Lambert Coordinate System SCALE IN FEET
SS
© 50 100 150 200 250 500

Figure 23. Sediment dispersion, Surf, California, study area
21 June 1967

40

1,217,000
1,216,750
_ ae
1,216,500
/
c t
x {
Oy \
see \
S \
oy,
RS
1,216,250 ———} -—! A
»~
See 250
ISS)
fo} ae
~~ KS é _ Injection Point, a
500s € _2! June 1967, 1438
1,216,000
1,215, 750 ———_,_p° 0%,
A XX
i (ae ,
\ a © OSS Ue
Soe |
° ° ° ° ro) ro)
o ro) Ye) ro) re) ro)
~ ve) N [e) ~~ wo
No Nw Nv a Oo oO
T+ t+ Tt Tt Tt Tt
T+ Tt vt vt Tt vt
{| 215,500
LEGEND
2 Ee Sh he :
—___ 2_____ (C 50— Isoactivity - Corrected to Injection Time, 1435,
21 June 1967
Depth Contours in Feet Q Injection Point
California Lambert Coordinate System SCALE IN FEET
Ss ——— rr
0 50 100 150 200 250 500

Figure 24. Sediment dispersion, Surf, California, study area
22 June 1967
4|

je)
re)
KR
ne
Tt
Tt

&

1,216,750

1,216,500

SS

1,216,250 ——
/
/

S
S

/

Il /

1 /
ie eas
\ \

1,216,000

— Injection Point
2! June 1967, 1435

Ta
\
)
2557.50
/
i
Naa
1,215,500
N\
° SO Rae ° ° °
) Nes = ) o fo)
o = mea fo} ~~ rey
_ oa © 2
Tt Tt Tt Tt
T+ T+ TT T+
1,215,250
LEGEND
——————————e S0— |soactivity - Corrected to Injection Time, 1435,
21 June 1967

Depth Contours in Feet

@ njection Point

California Lambert Coordinate System

Figure 25.

SCALE IN FEET

SS eS SSeS SS ——eeEEE SSD)
0 50 100 150 200 250 500°

Sediment dispersion, Surf, California, study area
23 June 1967

42

SCALE IN REET

1000

Figure 26. Point Conception, California.
Vertical view from 10,000 feet

43

to test capabilities of meeting military or quasi-military objectives, a
two-day program was conducted in the Point Sal area following the sand
tracing operations.

In order to define the mechanics of littoral transport and trace
sediment movement around Point Conception, three survey areas were
selected: Area C north of Point Conception at Black Canyon; Area B
between Point Conception and Government Point, and Area A to the east of
Government Point at Cojo Anchorage (see Figure 27). At each site a point
injection was made in approximately 30 feet of water. It was judged that
by sequentially monitoring three sites it would be possible to integrate
the results and thus ascertain the track of sediment movement in the
vicinity of Point Conception.

The areas around Point Conception (C, B, and A) are marked by sea
cliffs extending as high as 200 feet above a narrow beach. (See Figures
28 to 33.) North of Point Conception and east of Government Point, the
Sisquoc Formation is exposed along these cliffs. The Sisquoc Formation
consists of impure diatomite, diatomaceous shale, and pure laminated
diatomite. The Upper Monterey Formation, composed of hard laminated
platy siliceous shale, cherty shale, and diatomaceous lenses, outcrops
along the shore cliffs between Point Conception and Government Point.

At Areas A and C, the long narrow beaches at the base of the cliffs are
occasionally interrupted by ledges and other rock outcrops. Between
Point Conception and Government Point (Area B) are several pocket beaches.

General orientation of the coastline changes from a north-south direc-
tion nm®th of Point Conception to an east-west direction east of Government
Point, along the Santa Barbara Channel. The coastline trends are: Area C
approximately 353°N-173°S; Area B approximately 293°W-134°SE; and Area A
approximately 60°NE-240°SW (because of the bay configuration). Bathymetric
contours in these areas tend to follow the general coastline with no
prominent features (Figures 34 through 36). However, scuba divers in;
specting the bottom in Area B, found an abrupt ledge approximately 5 feet
high occurring at a depth of approximately 20 feet. Without a hoist or
winch, such a feature would stop entry to the beach by the towed detector
vehicle.

The offshore bottom at Area C is generally sandy with scattered
boulders and outcrops. Immediately north and south of the area are ex-
tremely rocky areas with associated kelp beds. Nearshore at Area B, the
bottom is rocky with sand pockets; farther offshore fine sand becomes
more prevalent. The bottom at Area A is predominately sand with some
rock and kelp. Bathymetric profiles of these areas are shown in Figure
Bilt

Sediments at the 30-foot depth near Area C consist of light brownish
gray (2.5Y6/2 Munsell color code), fine grained quartz sand. The sand is

composed of 85 to 90 percent subangular quartz grains (roundness Osh =055,
sphericity 0.7). Metamorphics and heavy minerals with minor amounts of

Text resumes on page 53

44

fo
1)
°

Th

eS
Nop

TRUE NORTH
—
ETIC

—
MAGK
/

\Well ity
i
oN

COAST GU
RESERVATION ~

Sisquoc Formation

y Mf Token from USGS.
M Ecrmot
Tae Wetsr ed en Chart No. N3422.5- Wi2022.5/75

SCALE IN FEET
1000 ) 1000 2000 3000 4000
i= aie E = = E

Figure 27. Index of Profiles for Point Conception area

45

SCALE IN FEET
0 1000

Figure 28, Vertical view of Area C at Point Conception.
Star indicates approximate location of injection point.

Figure 29. View southward along beach at Area C.
Point Conception is in background. Injection
point near approximate center of photo.

46

SCALE IN FEET
0 1000

Figure 30. Vertical view of Area B at Point
Conception. Star marks injection point.

Figure 31. Beach at Area B, Point Conception,
view northwest.

47

“SCALE IN FEET
1000

Figure 32. Vertical view of Area A,
Cojo Anchorage at Point Conception.
Star marks location of injection.

Hy i ie AAEM a Mi Ui ah

Figure 33. Beach at Area A, view eastward
toward Santa Barbara. Note ledges formed
by outcropping Miocene sedimentary rocks.

48

Small | edge ® “
in sand ca

Approximate
Injection Site

Taken from U.S.C.&G.S. Hydrographic SCALE IN FEET
Survey No. 5508 Boat Sheet

Depth Contours in Fathoms at MLLW

1006 860 600 400 200 6 1006

Figure 34, Bathymetric Chart, Point Conception - Area C.

49

Flat ledge bare 4 ft. on ordinary

tides but storm swept Ledge awash MHHW

Approximate Injection Site @

fne gy S
fnegy S

Taken from U.S.C.&G.S. Hydrographic SCACENNIBEEM

Survey No. 5627 Boat Sheet (OOOMEOOMEOONACONZOONEO ToC

Depth Cop‘ours in Fathoms at MLLW

Figure 35. Bathymetric Chart, Point Conception - Area B

50

ee
" Fewsmallrocks “<
“in sand

Flat sand

fnegyS

1S) Approximate

© ago Ctue st
o Injection Site

&
EXP
ty

SSS

rky

: SCALE IN FEET
Taken from U.S.C.&G.S. Hydrographic

|S ee)
Survey No. 5627 Boat Sheet 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1000

Depth Contours in Fathoms at MLLW

-Figure 36. Bathymetric Chart, Point Conception - Area A.

51

Medium Sond 1.98 @
Medium Sand |.07 @
Medium Sand 1.60 @

Fine Sand 2.110

Fine Sand 2340

Fine Sond 2.39 0

Fine Sand 2.39 @

cond 2640

Elevation in Feet

RANGE C- January 1968
| |

Oo 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance in Feet

Fine Sand 2.50 9

Fine Sand 2.57 @
Fine Sand 2600

Elevation in Feet
' 1 1
x a a
oO o o

'
o
is}

RANGE B - January 1968
an [peel ‘Se a

te} 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500,
Distance in Feet

'
©
is}

Fine Sond 2.16 @
Fine Sand 2.326

Fine Sond 2.470

Fine Sand 2.15

Fine Sond 2.110

Fine Sond 2.15 @

Fine Sand 2116

Fine Sand 2.336

Elevation in Feet

RANGE A —January 1968

te) 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance in Feet

Figure 37. Beach Profiles, Point Conception, California

52

shell comprise the remainder. The average of the mean grain size for
samples at 30 feet in Area C is 2.5$ (.176 millimeters).

Sediments at the 30-foot depth near Area B consist of light brownish
gray (2.5Y6/2), fine grained quartz sand. The sand is composed of ap-
proximately 85 percent subangular to angular quartz grains (roundness 0.3,
sphericity 0.7). The remainder (about 15 percent) is composed of meta-
morphics and heavy minerals with minor traces of shell. Average grain
size for samples in this area is 2.56$ (.173 millimeters).

Sediments at the 30-foot depth near Area A consists of olive gray
(5¥5/2), fine grained quartz sand. The sand is composed of 80 to 90 per-
cent angular quartz grains (roundness 0.2, sphericity 0.7). The remainder
is composed of 10 to 20 percent metamorphics and heavy minerals. The
average grain size for samples at 30-foot depths in this area is 2.39
(.203 millimeters). In Area A, a marked decrease in size is noted eastward
along the 30-foot depth contour. A more detailed analysis of sediments
in these areas (C, B, and A) is given in Appendix E.

In the spring and summer, brisk north and northwest winds are common
along the west coast of the United States. These winds serve to drive the
southward-flowing California Current close inshore along the California
Coast. During the fall and winter, a north-directed surface current, the
Davidson Current or California Countercurrent, develops inshore off Lower
California, Mexico, and may extend to 45°N (Wright, 1967). Since this
includes the latitudes of the present study, these currents could affect
patterns of sediment movement, although such an effect has not yet been
demonstrated.

Average wave conditions for survey periods are given in Table III
along with computations for bottom orbital velocity and calculated sedi-
ment migration rate. Figures 38 through 43 illustrate these wave con-
ditions. From Table III it may be seen that the bottom orbital velocity
is sufficient to place sand in suspension and thus induce sand movement.
It is then approximated that the sand should move forward at the rates
given by 1/3 the wave drift veloctiy (WU) (Bagnold, 1947) and(Vernon, 1965).
Sediment transport values for each of the areas around Point Conception
are summarized by Table III. Velocities required for transport of the
average particle are derived from-Hjtilstrom's suspension curve given in
Heezen and Hollister (1964). An approximation of the average bottom
current based on grain size is given using the method described by Wilde
(1965) where U = w/a in which U = bottom current, w = settling velocity
of mean grain, and a is the bottom slope.

53

TABLE IIT

Summary of Environmental Parameters for Water Depth of 30 Feet
at Point Conception, California, November—December 1967

AREA C
ITEM

Average Mean

Grain Size 2.510
(.17mm)
Suspension
Velocity* 20 cm/sec
Bottom Slope (a)
(Vertical Rise/
Horizontal Distance) 0.0264
Average Bottom
Current U = w/a** 43 em/sec
Average Sea Zee
NW WNW
Average Swell 3-5 feet
WSW-W
Bottom Orbital
Velocity U, 55 em/sec

Sediment
Migration

2.1 em/sec

Black Canyon

AREA B

2.56
(.175mm)

20 em/sec

0.0259

32 em/sec

2 feet
NW-W

3-5 feet
WSW

56 cm/sec

2.4 cm/sec

* Hjtilstrum (Heezen and Hollister)

** Wilde

***% Vernon (7 = wave drift velocity)

54

Government Point

AREA A
Cojo Anchorage

2.30
(..203mm )

19 em/sec

0.0209

57 cm/sec

46 cm/sec

1.2 em/sec

TEX

2

=
>
m

Figure 38. Average sea conditions, Area C

x

AS
EZ
==

\U

Figure 39. Average wave (swell) conditions, Area C

55

Be
oun :
SHS Sate

Es
mae Zest

i IRS a
setae
on een

oe %

4 3-4 Feet

Figure 40. Average sea conditions, Area B

KW 2-4 Feet
EEE 3-5 Feet

Figure 41. Average wave (swell) conditions, Area B

56

Figure 42. Average sea conditions, Area A

10.70’

° \ oe :
W 270° he WIZE oe
| So Als
SS Sa/||\ XL
G

Figure 43. Average wave (swell) conditions, Area A
57

Field operations were conducted from 15 November to 10 December 1967
in the Point Conception complex. Actual injection and tracing operations
took place from 1 December to 10 December 1967. Information pertinent to
injection operations is summarized by Table IV below.

TABLE IV

Summary of Injection Operations, Point Conception

Total

Tagged Activity

Injection Injection Injection Injection Sand Xe-133
Number Date Area Depth (liters) (millicuries)

al 1 Dee 67 A 30 feet ho 1,200

2] 2 Dec 67 C 30 feet ho 800

3 7 Dec 67 B 30 feet ho 600

y 10 Dec 67 A Surf Zone alk 120

The actual data on sediment characteristics and observed wave con-
ditions at the study sites were used to compute the parameters summarized
in Table III. These parameters indicate sediment on the marine bottom at
each of the 3 injection sites should have moved during the course of field
operation. Significant (twice background) corrected radiation and survey
tracks of the towed detector vehicle are shown by Figures 44 through 50.
An approximation (or estimate) of the general direction of movement may
be obtained by comparing the centroid of radiation values to the initial
injection location. These directions (foi a depth of 30 feet) are sum-
marized as follows:

Area C: from point of injection toward the SW to NW
Area B: from point of injection toward the ESE to SE
Area A: from point of injection toward the SSW to SE.
Precise monitoring of the injection in the surf zone on 10 December
1967 was not attempted. For this test a small quantity of tagged sand
was placed in the surf zone and an attempt made to follow it with the
detector. This test demonstrated the capability of working in the surf

zone; and this capability will be utilized in future tests.

Results of the Point Conception tests indicate that under the ?zon-
ditions extant during tracing activities in December 1967, the rate of

Text resumes on page 66

58

+1252000 1252500. +1253000. *1253500. +1259000.

ARER C BLACK CANYON RADIATION SURVEY AFTERNOON 4712/67
ee SCALE INFECT PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/ INJECTION DATE
me SS BACKGROUND RADIATION RATIOS 021267

Figure 44. Radiation Survey, Area C, 4 December 1967

59

+363000_|_ a a + =o
ie an, ® 5 oo oo
-362500_|_ 2 ofa ‘ a oa 4 dL
fm, “Sooue
Pel ae sh a at -
+361500|_ al + + +
1361300 -
71252000. +1252500. +1253000. +1253500. +1254000.
ARER C BLACK CANYON RADIATION SURVEY MORNING 5/12/67
i SCALE IN FEET PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/ INJECTION DATE
AR yea a ae BACKGROUND RADIATION RATIOS 021267

Figure 45. Radiation Survey, area C, 5 December 1967

60

+353300_|_

+35300!

+352500_|_

+352400
+1257400,

+

om,

oh

+1257500.

Figure 6.

>) GwINGE

BAY

EPTION - GUVERNMENT
eee — SCALE IN FEET

6l

+
os

PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/
BACKGROUND RADIATION RATIOS

258000.
DIATION 5U

RVEY

INJECTION DATE
1207675

Radiation Survey, Area B, 7 December 1967

+35330 + + +

o *e
; oa ee 83, 3°
gaa 00 =e : sib lay eur oP
a ° 3 Op P2205, 9 “6 e
: ; our, “tg oy 0
O65 Ba 6) os ° S
oe
earl ae Ee © e ecoe e ais
+352400 .
+1257400. +1257500. 42 +1258000. +1258500.
PT CONCEPTION - GOVERNMENT BRAY RADIATION SURVEY 9/12/67
SCALE IN FEET PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/ INJECTION DATE
CE: BACKGROUND RADIATION RATIOS 120767

Figure 47. Radiation Survey, Area B, 9 December 1967

62

=," ofobe
“250 4 + i
392450,
+1261900 21262000. ew 1262500. +1263000.
ARER A COHO ANCHORAGE RADIATION SURVEY AFTERNOON 1/12/67
=e gS ___, PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/ INJECTION DATE
i “mem BACKGROUND RADIATION RATIOS Oll267

Figure 48. Radiation Survey, Area A, 1 December 1967

63

-353000_|_ af ae ale i : E te

wy 008m
ceewke,, SS
“SRADBAR *, pune
aa ees.
: ak
+35250 Te Be aie : aie
+352450, ie - A
+1261400 +1261500 Z 1262000. +1262500-
AREA A COHO ANCHORAGE RADIATION SURVEY AFTERNOON 2/12/67
oe PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/ INJECTION DATE
2ARKGROUND RADIATION RATICS O2Z67

Figure 49. Radiation Survey, Area A, 2 December 1967

64

+35300 + + +

OuNP
0 HBS
COR e “y
sul + ate +
q
#352450. : :
+1261900 +!262000-. = 1262500. +1263000.
AREA A COHO ANCHORAGE RADIATION SURVEY MORNING 7/12/76
ee PLOT OF CORRECTED RADIATION/ INJECTION DATE
BACKGROUND RADIATION RATIOS Ou2Z67

Figure 50. Radiation Survey, Area A, 7 December 1967

65

sediment movement was very slow and possibly no significant movement
occurred. However, the paucity of data does not provide any real basis
for determining whether sand does or does not move around Point Concep-
tion. Knowledge to that effect, and the manner in which it occurs, if

it does indeed occur, must wait for subsequent programs. Intangible
success accrued through additional knowledge of operating characteristics
of the equipment in the oceanographic and coastal environment,as well as
basic information which can be incorporated in future field tests.

Not enough data points are available to more precisely define dis-
persal patterns. Any of four factors may have caused or contributed to
this difficulty:

1. rapid dispersion and dilution of the radioactive sand beyond
the limits of detection (1 microcurie over 1 square foot);

en Epaaslure ico disperse or very slow rate of tagged-sand dispersion;
3. burial of the tagged sand; or

4. too widely spaced tracking, in terms of the rate of movement
and volume of sand, especially if the sand remained in a
small area.

Field procedures are designed so that monitoring begins nearly
simultaneously with injection to guard against "losing" the sand as a
result of rapid dispersion. Experience at Cape Kennedy and at Surf
indicates the procedure is sound. Scuba divers, in the water at the
time of each injection, observed a bottom surge associated with wave
passage. By means of dye releases on the bottom, a unidirectional cur-
rent of approximately 15 cm/sec (0.5 ft/sec) was measured at each location
of dye placement; too rapid dispersion of the labeled sand is therefore
unlikely. Although it appears unlikely, there is a possibility that
labeled sand was gradually removed from the point source and was, con-
sequently diluted beyond the level of detectability. Computations of
the supposed rate of sediment motion are imprecise and subject to wide
latitude of values. Therefore, while data in Table III indicate the
sand should move, it is conceivable that actual conditions on the sea
floor precluded movement or that movement was relatively slow. Burial
by unlabeled sand could mask the presence of labeled sand. The limiting
depth of burial for detecting xenonated sand is approximately 6 centi-
meters. Divers reported ripple marks on the bottom in the three study
sites; amplitudes in excess of 1.0 centimeter were only infrequently
noted. The wave lengths of the ripples were such that all labeled sand .
would not be buried. Oceanic conditions indicated that a blanket burial
was not probable. If the rate of dispersal was low, it is quite possible
that the search tracks were too widely spaced. On-board plotting of the
vessel track was done to preclude such a possibility, but proved to be a
relatively imprecise technique. It is judged that the paucity of sig-
nificant (twice background) radiation data is due to a combination of
relatively slow movement of tagged sand and the wide track spacing.

66

It was recognized that the Point Conception area would be a difficult
place to work, therefore, backup detection equipment and a much improved
on-board instrument shelter were built for this test. While the radiation
data collection system worked well, some problems developed. Bouncing of
the detector "ball" as it was towed over the rock outcrops on the beach
and offshore bottom caused gain shift and noise in the detectors which
necessitated frequent adjustments to the recording instruments. in
addition, breaks occurred in the Tygon covering for the cable and allowed
water to penetrate the high voltage lines to the detector. The backup
detector was utilized during this program so that it could continue to
the planned completion stage.

5. CERC Shore Processes Test Basin, May 1968

Small quantities of labeled sediment are generally simpler to work
with than are large quantities. Logistics and radiation safety are
simpler. An excellent way to compare high and low specific activity
sand would be a laboratory experiment under controlled conditions that
permitted duplication of factors. Such a test at CERC compared results
obtained using a large quantity of low specific activity sand with those
obtained using a smaller quantity of high specific activity xenonated
sand. Total activity remained equal in both instances. Limited test
data on beach development and littoral movement under controlled condi-
tions were also obtained. The test proved the suitability of xenonated
sand for laboratory experiments in beach and nearshore processes.

Tests were conducted in a flume 68 feet long and 10 feet wide, con-
structed in the north part of the CERC Shore Processes Test Basin. The
initial beach configuration for each test was essentially a plane beach
with a 1:10 slope. The sand was a well-sorted medium quartz sand with
an average mean size of 1.876 (.27mm) and a standard deviation of 0.42.

Waves were 0.4 foot high with a period of 1.9 seconds. Each test
(low specific activity and high specific activity) comprised a total of
22 minutes of wave action. Each test was interrupted after 3 minutes
and again after 9 minutes of total wave action to measure changes in
beach morphology and radioactivity distribution. The bathymetry of the
beach face after 22 minutes of wave action is shown by Figure 51 and the
profiles are shown by Figure 52.

When manufactured on 26 April 1968, the low specific activity sand
had a specific activity of 5.28 microcuries per cubic centimeter; the
high specific activity sand had a specific activity of 520 microcuries
per cubic centimeter. On 29 April, about 1 liter of low specific activity
xenonated sand was emplaced at O0.5-foot intervals, approximating a line
source, from stations -l through +8 along range 5; approximately 50
milliliters per interval was used.

Following this test the radioactive sand was removed and the beach

face was rebuilt. On 3 May, about 10 cubic centimeters of high specific
activity xenonated sand was emplaced at the same 0.5-foot intervals from

67

station -1 through +8 along range 5. To keep total activity the same as
in the previous test, 0.5 cubic centimeters per interval was used.

Radiation and bathymetric surveys of the basin were made after 3,
9, and 22 minutes of total wave action. Radioactivity distribution was
monitored at 1-foot intervals along ranges 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, using a
hand-held scintillation counter with a 3 by 3-inch sodium iodide crystal.
Figure 53 illustrates the distributions obtained with low and high specific
activity sand, following 22 minutes of wave action. A comparison of these
distribution plots indicates results with high specific activity sand
were nearly identical to those with low specific activity. The radiation
distribution plots (and the profiles) demonstrate the tendency of the
radioactive sand to orient in bands parallel to the shoreline and to
accumulate and move down the left (range 9)side of the basin following
the route of return water flow.

An attempt was made to determine depth of mixing at the conclusion
of each test by taking cores and wrapping them with polaroid radiographic
film; however, the level of activity was insufficient to expose the film
even though it remained wrapped around the core for approximately 35 days.

The distribution patterns obtained using high and low specific
activity sand indicated that the use of a smaller quantity of high speci-
fic activity sand made no significant difference, at least so long as
total activity remained the same. Results of the Shore Processes Test
Basin tests confirmed that xenonated sand is ideal for laboratory tests
involving sedimentation and beach processes.

To better determine the necessary frequency of data points (and
hence serve as a guide for field programs), additional computer plots
using a Lourier transform series were made on the data from Run 3 (22
minutes total wave action) of the low specific activity test. One plot
used only even stations and another used only odd stations (every other
station was omitted). A third plot was made omitting all data for range
5. As shown by Figures 54 and 55, all three plots exhibit patterns tery
similar to that of the complete data set. From this it may be concluded
that from 20 to 50 percent fewer data points may be used to give signifi-
cant results.

68

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69

Elevation in Feet

Elevation in Feet

Elevation in Feet

0.8

-6 =5, -4 =} = 2 -I (0) | 2 3 4 5} 6 7 8 9 10 i 12 13 14
Stations in Feet

RANGE 5

-6 =} -4 =3 =f ={) Oo | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 13 14
Stations in Feet

-06

-0.8

“ RANGE 9 a ee:

-6 -5 -4 =5 =o -I 0 | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ia 12 13 14.

Stations in Feet
Low Activity Xenon

Run 3 (22 Minutes Total)

Figure 52. Beach Profiles, CERC Shore Processes Test Basin

70

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3

Section IV. PROGRAM SUMMARY

1. Hardware and Program Development

Xenon-133 is the only isotope used to date. This biologically in-
active isotope is diffused into the quartz sand grains at high tempera-
ture and low pressure. Tests indicate that this process does not affect
the hydraulic characteristics of the grain. As indicated by studies at
NRDL, there is little loss of xenon due to leaching and abrasion. Because
of degassing, the halflife of tagged particles used in early studies was
2. days as opposed to 5.3 days for xenon-133. However, this problem
has been nearly eliminated and the halflife for the tagged particle is
now approximately 5.0 days.

An apparatus capable of placing the tagged sand on the bottom in
deep water or in relatively shallow water of the breaker zone was re-
quired. The initial device was a cylindrical hopper which could be used
to emplace a slurry of tagged sand as either a point source or line
source. However, the sand clogged on occasion when it got wet in the
hopper. A springloaded clamshell device which opened upon contacting
the bottom proved effective for placing sand as a point source.

The detection system consists of an on-board data collection system
and a towed ball-like device which houses four cesium iodide crystals
(scintillation detectors). Tests indicate that this ball design will
track well at speeds up to 5 knots with the present cable configuration.
As built, the device works ‘to depths of 200 feet (about 6 atmospheres).
Electrical signals from the detectors are carried to a signal mixer on
the towing vehicle and then to a 400-channel analyzer. By means of a
program interrogator, other data pertinent to surveying are coordinated
with the radiation data and read into the data display.

Tagged sand is traced by towing the detector ball behind an am-
phibious vehicle. Navigational control uses a navigation system which
provides direct readout of distance in meters from two responder beacons
at established shore points. Position information and radiation data
are printed out simultaneously. Soundings are taken with a precision
fathometer located on board the amphibious vehicle.

Computer programs have been developed for processing the raw field
data. Radidactivity data is corrected for background and decay; position
data is corrected to indicate the location of the ball behind the am-
phibious vehicle. These data are subsequently read into memory, and an
additional program plots and posts the corrected data. Isoactivity con-
tour maps (trend surface) of gridded data may be made by a Fourier
transform program.

74

2. Radiation Safety

Because xenon-133 has a relatively soft radiation and is biologically
inert, hazards connected with its use are minimal. For example, a person
could have lain one week on the sand used in the Shore Processes Test
Basin tests (5.2 millicuries total activity per test) without exceeding
the AEC permissible whole body dosage. As shown in Appendix F, only
minimal radiation exposure was received by personnel handling or other-
wise close to the activity in any RIST experiment.

Although the use of xenon-133 tends to minimize hazards, certain
safety precautions are nevertheless required. Personnel were supplied
with ORNL film badges or dosimeters, and cumulative radiation exposure
records were kept. Full-scale rehearsals of all procedures were conducted
prior to working with radiated sand. Test and storage areas were marked
in accordance with AEC regulations, and access to these areas was con-
trolled. Injection devices were used for emplacing the sand. Personnel
handling tagged sand wore protective clothing. Personnel, equipment,
and the survey area were monitored throughout the test to locate possible
contamination.

3. Field and Laboratory Tests

The preliminary Cape Kennedy field test proved the engineering design
of the detector, the analyzer system, and the sand tagging process, as
well as the conceptual framework of the program. The test at Surf demon-
strated that the sediment could be traced for a period of days in an
environment harsher than Florida, and field techniques were brought to
a fully operational level. As a bonus to this test, sediment dispersal
patterns for the area were derived. For a depth of 30 feet, these pat-
terns indicate an offshore movement toward the northwest. The test at
Point Conception worked toward accomplishing nearly all of the objectives
of the program. Although there was not enough significant data to define
dispersal patterns, some tentative approximations of direction of movement
were obtained. Despite the paucity of definitive data, these field tests
were successful in that they provided additional knowledge of operating
characteristics of the equipment and basic information which can be used
to improve field procedures. The test in the CERC Shore Processes Test
Basin showed that the use of a small quantity of high specific activity
xenonated sand made no significant difference from the distribution
patterns obtained using a larger quantity of low specific activity sand
(same total activity). A data omission study indicated that somewhat
fewer data points may be used to give significant results.

75

Section V. FUTURE OBJECTIVES

While much has been accomplished to date within the context of the
original 3-year research and development program, objectives in several
categories remain to be met. Some are merely refinements of existing
capabilities; others represent major goals. Both classes are categorized
and summarized as follows:

a. Isotopes: Seek other isotopes suitable for tagging by a technique
analogous to xenonation; study field use of isotope(s) other than xenon;
and provide for detection and analysis of multiple isotopes for use in
study of depth of sand burial.

b. Instrumentation and Computer Programs: Develop in sttu stationary

detectors to serve as monitors of sand movement; modify existing detector
and on-board analyzer system to simultaneously detect and record multiple
isotopes; provide for use of oceanographic cable;- automate and digitize
water depth data; and refine computer programs for analysis and treatment
of radiation data.

c. Sediment Movement: Improve field surveying to increase collection
of data points for maps; design and conduct programs for other coastal
sectors in the study area; extend the surveys through the surf zone and
beach face; use multiple isotopes; define more precisely the mechanics
and movement (including, if possible, quantification) of sediment in the
Point Conception area; and determine the effect of sediment burial.

To be able to predict the course of sediment movement and annual
volume will provide for improved engineering design of coastal structures
and subsequent economy of maintenance. Basic techniques and technology
are now at the point where the RIST system can be considered an operational
tool for determining direction of sediment movement. However, improvements
and refinements of the system will continue only through use. Improvements
must continue to a point where the program can be operated by a greater
percentage of technicians than is now possible. Not until then will the
techniques and technology developed be fully and widely applicable to
engineering and scientific studies.

76

LITERATURE CITED

Bagnold, R. A. (1947), "Sand Movement by Waves: Some Small-Scale Experi-
ments with Sand of Very Low Density", Journal, Institute of Civil
Engtneers, London, Paper 5554, pp. 447-69.

Bowen, A. J. and Inman, D. L. (1966), "Budget of Littoral Sands in the
Vicinity of Point Arguello, California", U. S. Army Coastal En-
gineering Research Center, Technical Memorandum No. 19.

Campbell, B. L., Palmer, A. R., Seatonberry, B. W. and Zentveld, C.
(1967), "The Investigation of Silt Movements in the South Channel,
Port Hunter, Newcastle, Using Copper-64 Labeled Silt", Australian
Atomic Energy Commission, Lucas Heights, Australia.

Carden, J. E. (1966), "Preparation, Properties, and Use of Kryptonates
in Chemical Analysis", Isotopes Radiation Technology, Volume 3,
pp. 206-214,

Cherry, J. (1965), "Sand Movement Along a Portion of the Northern Cali-
fornia Coast", U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,
Technical Memorandum No. 14.

Chleck, D., Maehl, R., Currihiara, 0. and Caunrevale, E. H. (1963);
Radioactive Kryptonates: International Journal of Applted
Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 14, pp. 581-610.

Cooper, W. S. (1967), "Coastal Dunes of California, Geological Society
of America, Memoir 10}.

Crew, R. J. (1965), "Techniques and Procedures for the Preparation of Dry
Particulate Fallout Simulant", U. S. Naval Radiological Defense
Laboratory, USNRDL-TN-3, 28 September 1965. Not library material.
"No copies available".

Cummins, R. S. (1964), "Radioactive Sediment Tracer Tests, Cape Fear
River, North Carolina", U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-649,

Cuthill, E. H.(1964), "A Fortran Program for the Calculation of the
Equilibrium Configuration of a Flexible Cable in a Uniform Stream"
David Taylor Model Basin Report 1806, March 1964.

Emery, K. O. (1964), "Some Characteristics of Southern California Sedi-
ments", Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Volume 24, No. 1,
pp. 50-59.

Heezen, B. C. and Hollister, C. D. (1964), "Deep-Sea Current Evidence
from Abyssal Sediments", Marine Geology, pp. 141-174.

TT

Hubbell, D. W. and Sayre, W. W. (1964), "Sand Transport Studies with
Radioactive Tracers", Journal, Hydraulics Division, American
Soctety of Ctvtl Engineers, Vol. 90, No. HY3, pp. 39-68.

Huston, K. H. (1963), "A Critical Appraisal of the Technique of Using
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials as Littoral Tracers"
University of California, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory,
HEL—4=1 .

Ingle, J. C. Jr. (1966), The Movement of Beach Sand, Elsevier Publishing
Co., Amsterdam, Holland.

Ingram, L. F., Cummins, R. S, and Simmons, H. B. (1965), "Radioactive
Sediment Tracer Tests Near the North and South Jetties, Galveston
Harbor Entrance", U. S. Army Engr Waterways Experiment Station,
Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-472.

Inman, D. L. and Chamberlain, J. K. (1959), "Tracing Beach Sand Movement
with Irradiated Quartz", Journal of Geophysical Research, Voo. 64,
No. 1, pp. 4147.

Kato, M., Homma, M., Sato, S., and Sakagishi, S. (1963), "Radiotracer
Experiments on Littoral Drift in Japan: Radioisotopes in Hydrology"
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Applteatton of Radiotsotopes
tn Hydrology, International Atomic Energy Agency, Tokyo, Japan,
pp. 143-174.

Krone, R. B. (1960a), "Methods of Tracing Estuarial Sediment Transport
Processes", University of California, Hydraulic Engineering
Laboratory and Sanitary Engrg Research Laboratory, Berkeley.

Krone, R. B. (1960b), "An Underwater Scintillation Detector for Gamma
Emitters, A Manual", University of California, Hydraulic Engin-
eering Laboratory and Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory,
Berkeley.

Lampietti, F. S. (1964), "Beach Survey, Pismo to Saint Augustin, Cali-
fornia", Report to the Institute of Marine Sciences, University
of California, by Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc. under
Contract No. AT(11-1)-34, Vols. I and IT.

Lean, G. H., and Crickmore, M. J. (1953), "Methods of Measuring Sand
Transport Using Radioactive Tracers; Radioisotopes in Hydrology",
Proceedings of the Sympostum on the Application of Radtotsotopes
tn Hydrology, Tokyo, Japan, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Tokyo, Japan. pp. 111-131.

Owen, W. L., and Sartor, J. D (1963) Radiological Recovery of Land Target

Components-Complex III", U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Labora-
tory, USNRDL-TR-700, 20 November 1963.

78

Pode, L. (1951), "Tables for Computing the Equilibrium Configuration of
a Flexible Cable in a Uniform Stream," David Taylor Model Basin
Report 687, March 1951.

Rakoczi, L. (1963), "Tracer Study of Silt and Sanddrift on Lake Balaton"
Reports on Research, Project No 121, Hydraulic Laboratory VITUKI,
Seientific Research Institute on Water Resources, Budapest,
Hungary.

Sato, S., Takeshi, I., and Tanaka, N. (1962), "A Study of Critical Depth
and Mode of Sand Movement Using Radioactive Glass Sand", Proceed-
ings of the Eighth Conference on Coastal Engineering, Mexico City,
Mexico. pp. 304-323.

Sayles, F. L. (1965), "Coastal Sedimentation: Point San Pedro to Mira-
montes Point, California", Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, HEL-2-15.

Svasek, J. N. and Engel, H. (1962), "Use of a Radioactive Tracer for the
Measurement of Sediment Transport in the Netherlands", Proceed-
ings of the Eighth Conference on Coastal Engineering, Mexico City,
‘Mexico. pp. ¥45-h5h.

Taney, N. E. (1962), "Laboratory Applications of Radioisotopic Tracers
to Foll¢w Beach Sediments", Proceedings of the Etghth Conference
on Coastal Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico. pp. 279-303.

Trask, P. D. (1952), "Source of Beach Sand at Santa Barbara, California,
as Indicated by Mineral Grain Studies", U. S. Army Corps of En-
gineers, Beach Erosion Board, Technical Memorandum No. 28.

Trask, P. D. (1955), "Movement of Sand Around Southern California Prom-
ontories", U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board,
TEchnical Memorandum No. 76.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1967), Letter from Coastal Engineering
Research Center (CEREN) of 22 September 1967 to Naval Ship
Research and Development Center, Washington, D. C. 20007.

Vernon, J. W. (1965), "Final Report on Shelf Sediment Transport System",
University of Southern California Report No. Geol. 65-2.

Wilde, P. (1965), Estimates of Bottom Current Velocities from Grain Size
Measurements for Sediments from the Monterey Deep-Sea Fan", Ocean
Science and Engineering, MTS/ASLO. Conference, Washington, D. C.
Volse2s" pp allO= (ert.

Wood, D. and Caputi, R. (1966), "Solubilities of Kr and Xe in Fresh and
Sea Water", U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, USNRDL-
TR-988, 27 February 1966.

Wright, F. F. (1967), "The Marine Geology of San Miguel Gap off Point
Conception, California", University of Southern California,
Unpublished PhD Thesis.

79

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arlman, J. J., Santema, P. and Svasek, J. N. (1957), "Movement of Bottom
Sediment in Coastal Waters by Currents and Waves; Measurements with
the Aid of Radioactive Tracers in the Netherlands", Deltadtenst,
Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Transport, Netherlands.

Beveridge, A. J. (1960), "Heavy Minerals in Lower Tertiary Formations
in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California", Journal of Sedimentary
ReEtrologunmVioly3s0,eNo ts pp S1S—53 (te

Brashear, H. R., et al, (1968), "Computer Plotting of Data from the
Mobile Amphibious Detection System used in Radioactive Isotope Sand
Tracer Studies", Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical Memorandum
Mog 2Zil2.

Hiranandani, M. G. and Gole, V. C. (1960), "Use of Radioactive Tracer for
the Study of Sediment Movement off Bombay Harbor", Central Water and
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Hubbell, D. W. and Sayre, W. W., (1964), "Sand Transport Studies with
Radioactive Tracers", Journal of the Hydraulics Diviston, American
Soctety of Civtl Engineers, Vol. 90, No. HY3, pp. 39-68.

Inman, D. L. (1963), "Ocean Waves and Associated Currents" Submarine
Geology by F. P. Shepard, Harper & Row, New York. pp. 49-81.

Inman, D. L. and Rusnak, G. A. (1956), "Changes in Sand Level on the
Beach and Shelf at La Jolla, California’, U. S. Army Corps of En-
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Inose,) Shi.) KatonMs “Sato. Sao and! Shiradshi shee (1955) Themhaeid
Experiment of Littoral Drift Using Radioactive Glass Sand", Inter-
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NOS eel a AY/Conttes G)/o/ LOS). adiapant

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Putman, J. L. and Smith, D. B. (1956), "Radioactive Tracer Techniques for
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XO. 3 Tos) QU

80

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Marking Technique for Tracing Sand Movements on Beaches", Columbia
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APPENDIX A
Leaching and Abrasion Studies on Beach Sands Tagged
with Radionuclides by the NRDL Water-Glass Procedure.
Xenotated Sand: Leaching and Abrasion Studies.

Bibliography on Radiotracer-Tagging Sand and Sediments
for Study of Mass Transport in Fluvial and Marine
Environments.

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PART 1

LEACHING AND ABRASION STUDIES ON BEACH SANDS TAGGED WITH
RADIONUCLIDES BY THE NRDL WATER-GLASS PROCEDURE

INTRODUCTION

The investigations being conducted at Point Conception, California
by the U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center and associated
agencies are for the purpose of studying littoral transport of beach
materials past coastal promontories. Initially, sand labeled with radio-
active Xe-133 is being used to trace the littoral migration of the beach
materials. The xenonation technique for labeling the sand was developed
at Oak Ridge National Laboratory* and is similar to the familiar Krypto-
nation technique (Carden, 1966), a technique by which kKr-85 is diffused
at high temperatures and pressures into solid materials. Other radio-
isotopes, such as Ba~La-140 and Cr-51, will be utilized (perhaps simul-
taneously, so that several particle sizes can be followed in the same
experiment) for labeling the sand in subsequent investigations at Point
Conception. It “these latter nuclides are to be used successfully for
tracing sand, suitable labeling techniques are necessary to prevent the
radioactive nuclides from leaching or abrading away from the sand during
the experiment. The objective of the investigation reported in this
paper is to determine whether a tagging procedure developed at NRDL
some years ago could be utilized for sealing the radioactive nuclides
Ba-La-140 and Cr-51 into the sand. ;

The NRDL water-glass technique was developed to produce a fallout
simulant for evaluation of counter-measures for recovering military and
civil sites contaminated by radioactive fallout. The simulant consisted
of Monterey sand labeled with Ba-La-140 activity (Owen and Sartor 1963).
Briefly, the procedure (Crew, 1965) involved spraying the desired activity
on sand which was being rotated inside a concrete mixer. During the mixing
the sand was dried by direction of a blast of hot air into the mixer.
Next, a solution of sodium silicate (water glass) was sprayed on the sand
and the sand was dried as before with hot air. Then the labeled sand was
fired for an hour at 1900°F (1030°C). The fused water-glass coating on
the sand provided an effective seal for retarding the desorption of the
radioactivity into fresh water (i.e. from firehoses or rain) in the type
of field experiment for which it was developed.

To determine whether the NRDL sealing technique could be extended
to the Point Conception project, laboratory experiments were designed
to measure the release of activity from tagged sand to the environment
by (1) the simple static leaching action of sea water and (2) the com-
bination of sea-water leaching and the mutual abrasive action of the
sand particles as would be experienced in the surf zone. The results
of such studies with both Ba-La-140 and Cr-51 are summarized below.

* F.N. Case and E. H. Acree, ORNL, personal communication

EXPERIMENTAL

The sand was tagged in 100-gram lots for the laboratory experiments.
The sand was placed in a 16-ounce screw-cap bottle and the desired radio-
activity, in 2.25 milliliters of distilled water, was added dropwise to
the sand. The activity level of the added radionuclide per 100 grams of
sand varied from 3 to 5 million counts per minute. The bottle was capped,
and sand and radioactivity were thoroughly mixed by rolling the bottle on
a jar mill for one hour. The moist sand was then dried in an oven at
130-140°C. Then 2.25 milliliters of a 50-50 mixture of water and 40-42
Baumé sodium silicate solution was added dropwise to the sand. Contents
of the bottle were mixed on the jar mill for one hour, and then the
coated sand was dried in the oven as before. After this, the dried sand
was placed in a porcelain casserole and fired for one hour at 1900°F
(1030-1040°C).

About 5-6 grams of the tagged sand was weighed into a 15 by 125-
millimeter test tube. This (standard) sand sample was radioassayed each
time aliquots of supernates were assayed in the static leaching and the
abrasion tests; it served as a standard for calculating the quantity of
radioactivity removed in those tests.

For the static leaching study, 40 grams of the tagged sand was placed
in an 8-ounce screw-cap bottle along with 100 milliliters of sea water.
On the first day of the leaching study, 0.5-milliliter aliquots of the
supernate were removed and radioassayed 1, 2, and 6 hours after the sea
water had been added to the sand. During the following 12 to 14 days, a
daily aliquot was removed and radioassayed. Then the experiment was
terminated. Before each aliquot was removed, the contents of the bottle
were stirred thoroughly and then allowed to settle for 5 minutes.

For the abrasion studies, 40 grams of the tagged sand was placed in
a 500-milliliter bottle along with 100 milliliters of sea water. The
bottle was agitated in a Parr Pressure Reaction Apparatus. Aliquots
(0.5 milliliter) were obtained and assayed just as those for the leaching
experiment. As the abrasion experiment proceeded, a suspension developed
in the supernate. This suspension was quite stable. Therefore, the
radioassay included this suspended material.

Commercial Monterey sand was used for pilot studies. After proce-
dures had been tested, sands from the Point Conception test site were
utilized. The Point Conception sands were provided by Mr. Joseph H.
Bittner of the Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers. The various
Point Conception sands are designated according to their geographical
and beach locations.

Because the tagging procedure could materially alter the size of
sand particles, the sand-size distributions, at various stages of the
tagging procedure and after the abrasion experiment, were checked with
a mechanically operated sieving device. In all cases the sieving lasted
for 15 minutes. The sieving results obtained are not to be interpreted

as definitive studies in sand-size distributions. They were made simply
to provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of the effects of coating,
firing, and abrasion on the size of the particles. Small, unavoidable
weight losses of the sand sample occurred as the tagging, sieving, and
abrasion routine developed. Sources of these weight losses were the
inability to transfer quantitatively the coated sand from the sodium
silicate mixing bottle to the porcelain casserole, losses due to the
high temperature firing of the sand (carbonate decomposition), changes
in the sorbed moisture on the sand, and losses in removing the smaller
sand fraction from sieves and weighing containers because of the electro-
static charge developed on the particles during the sieving. Since most
of the material losses were cumulative, the sieving routine was varied
from experiment to experiment so that the number of sieving operations
in any one experiment (and therefore also the total weight-loss error)
was minimized. The total loss caused by the sources listed above
varied from 2.5 to 4.5 grams per 100 grams sand.

The pre-tagging sieving results for Monterey sand and the various
Point Conception sands are given in Table A-I. Several Point Conception
samples consisted chiefly of coarse gravel and pebbles up to 1 1/2
inches in diameter. Because the coarse material would tend to bias
results when 100-gram sand samples were used in the experiments, only
material that passed through an 833-micron sieve was retained for the
experiments. Another objection to the retention of the coarse material
was the excessive grinding action that would be produced in the limited
eonfines of the 500-milliliter abrasion vessel. Such results would be
Similar to those obtaimed with grinding pebbles in a ball mill, and
would be much more severe than those likely to be experienced under test
eonditions. The arbitrary imposition of an upper limit to the particle
Size does not in any way invalidate the results obtained, because the
objective of the investigation was the integrity of the silicate coating
under reasonable experimental conditions and not the particle size
distribution of the sand. Furthermore, on a weight basis, the smaller
fractions are the more important because the specific activity of a
particle increases inversely as its size. Also the smaller fractions
will be the most important ones in the field since they will travel
the farthest from the deposition site in a given time.

The new size distribution data obtained after the removal of the
coarse material are shown in Tabie A-II.

RESULTS

Study No. 1 - Monterey Sand - A pilot study was made with Monterey
-sand. This study was made for scaling down the established procedure
: for concrete-mixer size batches of tagged sand to 100-gram laboratory
size batches. The study was made also for providing a standard tagged
sand for comparison with the Point Conception sands to be studied later.
'The Monterey sand was tagged with Ba-La-140 radioactivity. The leaching
"and abrasion experiments extended over 12 days, approximately one half-
l tite of the activity. After 12 days about 1 percent of the activity hed
|
|
A-5

leached off the sand in the static tests, and about 3.8 percent of the
activity had abraded away from the sand in the abrasion study.

Study No. 2 - Surf No. 2, MLLW Sand - In this study, the Point Con-
ception sand was treated with dilute hydrocholric acid (HC1) prior to

the tagging with Ba-La-140 activity. The purpose of the HCl leach was

to remove sea shells and other carbonate minerals from the sand. The

HCl was added in small portions to the sand (which was covered with water)
until gas evolution ceased. The sand was washed thoroughly with distilled
water, and then dried before initiation of the tagging procedure. The
mass-size and activity-size distributions of the sample during the various
stages of the study are given in Table A-III. The HCl leaching and the
firing losses are also given. The table includes the mass-size distribu-
tion of the original sand sample, of the sample after the HCl treatment,
and of the sample after it had been tagged, coated, and fired at 1900°F.
Also included are the distribution of the activity on the tagged sample
and the mass-size distribution of the sand at the termination of the
abrasion studies. Leaching and abrasion data were collected for 12 days.
The results for the leaching experiment showed that 1.1 percent of the
activity was lost to the aqueous phase. For the abrasion experiment the
figure was 4.2 percent. =

Study No. 3 - Surf No. 2, MLLW Sand - This study was terminated by
an accident early in the course of the experiment. The experiment was

repeated as Study No. 4.

Study No. Indes Sienene INeys 2, MLLW Sand - The purpose of this study was
to determine the effect of the carbonate minerals in the Point Conception

sand on the sealing of the tagged sand. Therefore, the carbonates were

not removed by the preliminary HCl leach. The high temperature at which
the water glass is fired decomposes the carbonate minerals. As in the
previous study, the mass-size and activity-size distributions at various
stages of the study are given in Table A-IV. After 12 days of static
leaching, 4.8 percent of the activity was in the aqueous phase. The
comparable value for the abrasion experiment was 15.8 percent. These re-
sults clearly indicate that the presence of carbonate mineral decomposition
products (basic oxides) in the sand adversely affects the sealing quality
of the water-glass tagging procedure.

Study No. 5 - Bear Creek No. 1, +5 Sand - This study was made to
check the water-glass procedure with one other Point Conception sand. This

particular sand was selected because of its fine, uniform appearance. The
carbonates were removed before the sand was tagged with Ba-La-140 activity.
The size and activity data are given in Table A-V. After 12 days of static
leaching, approximately 0.6 percent of the radioactivity had escaped into
the aqueous phase. For the abrasion experiment, 0.9 percent of the
radioactivity was in the aqueous phase.

Study No. 6z= Monterey Sand - This study was made to determine whether
Revlon nail enamel, No. 61, had adequate sealing properties for retaining
radioactivity under the conditions described in the previous studies.

(If successful, this material could have been used to seal activity on
dolomite type sands.) The experiment was discontinued after 24 hours
because of poor results. In the static leaching experiment, 26 percent
of the activity was lost to the aqueous environment. About 60 percent
of the activity was abraded away in the 24 hours.

Study No. 7 - Monterey Sand - In this experiment the firing tem-

perature for the water-glass technique was reduced from 1030° to 500°C.
The seal at the lower temperature was inferior to that obtained at
1030°C. After 24 hours, 8 percent of the activity had leached away in
the static test and 16.4 percent of the activity had been lost in the
abrasion experiment.

Study No. 8 - Bear Creek No. 1, +5 Sand - The sand was tagged with

Cr-51 radioactivity by the water-glass procedure. Approximately 1 percent
of the activity was leached from the tagged sand in the static test and
1.3 percent was in the aqueous phase due to abrasion. The experiment
extended over 14 days. No sieving data were taken.

Sieving Experiment with Beer Creek No. 1, +5 Sand - An examination
of the size-distribution data obtained with Surf No. 2, MLLW sand in the

original form shows a considerable variation in the results (cf. first
row of data, Tables A-III and A-IV). Initially this was attributed to
poor sampling, probably caused by size fractionation of unknown origin.
For a test of this thesis, Bear Creek No. 1, +5 sand was thoroughly mixed
for 15 minutes in a jar mill. Two 100-gram samples then were removed

and each was mechanically sieved for 15 minutes. The sieving results

are given in Table A-VI. These results should also be compared with the
results of the item designated "original" in Table A-V. Apparently mass-
size variations up to 5 absolute percent, which is larger than had been
anticipated, are to be expected.

FUTURE PLANS

Leaching and abrasion experiments for xenonated sand, supplied by
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, have been completed. The results obtained
will be incorporated in a subsequent report. A bibliography on sand-
tagging techniques has been completed in rough draft, and will be reported
shortly.

CONCLUSION

The NRDL procedure for sealing radioactivity to soils can be extended
to beach sands, provided carbonate minerals are absent or may be removed.
Over a 12-day period, about 1 percent of the radioactivity is removed by
static leaching processes, and from 1 percent to 4 percent of the activity
may be abraded away from the tagged sand. Losses of this small magnitude
are no cause for concern. It is inconceivable that they would either
jeopardize the results of the operation or constitute a health hazard.
These results apply to Ba-La-140 and Cr-51 activities. Presumably any
radioactive element that is not vaporized at the firing temperature
(1900°F) can be used for tagging refractory sands.

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TABLE A-IITI

Mass-Size and Activity-Size Distribution of Sand at VArious
Stages of Study No. 2 (Percent by weight or activity)

7, q, % q, % 7,
Sample Stage 420-833 295-420 210-295 149-210 88-149 <88

u u u Lu u u
Ohetistiaecl © 16.48 30.86 38.18 12.35 Gio)

After HCl leach 2 5 D D
(2.98% weight loss) 16.48 31.49 39.2h 10.84 LoS 92k

Coated and fired

(1.87% weight loss) 16.28° Beh Gia 2727 1063 sLGSe 14°
Coated and fired
(activity )3 (aS SM Ziog SIO) (eisiatsis)) (alsioys})) (3.80) (26 58)
Abrasion residue SR 26 29.96 38.81 13.08 Be, lal
TABLE A-IV
Mass-Size and Activity-Size Distribution of Sand at Various
Stages of Study No. 4 (Percent by weight or activity)
h fp fh i V, i
Sample Stage 420-833 295-420 210-295 149-210 88-149 <88
pak u Hu u u a u
Original i IO Si 33.22 36521 9.81 St 6O2
Coated and fired
(G86) Gains tess) Moye Shghe ashes Oe 7 an) ass o- Uaioe
Abrasion residue 22.81 33.62 33.46 8.82 . 93 36
Abrasion residue
(activity) 3 (au gals) SESE Sez) S52) (SO 70)

1. Surf No. 2, MLLW sample. Compare Tables A-III and A-IV. See
sieving experiment in text for explanation.

2. Percent of depleted sample.

3. Numbers in parentheses refer to activity-size distributions.
All others refer to mass-size distributions.

A-10

TABLE A-V

Mass-Size and Activity-Size Distribution of Sand at Various
Stages of Study No. 5 (Percent by weight or activity)

jb Ve js h jp fh

Sample Stage 420-833 295-h20 210-295 149-210 88-149 <88
u u u u u u
Original a Moe 18.91 62.26 oan 2.41 AOi

After HCl leach

(2.37% weight loss) LAS 18.28° 62.2h° nes ii BOBe 07°
Coated and fired

(0.29% weight loss) 1.42 20.20 60.20 15540 2.70 .09
Abrasion residue 1.18 20.74 59.12 16.74 2.10 Sill:
Abrasion residue

(activity) 3 NGICS) Pn(9 482) (46340)! (S308) Ry (9163) (548)
1. Bear Creek No. 1, +5 sample.
2. Pereent of depleted sample.
3. Numbers in parentheses refer to activity-size distributions.

All others refer to mass-size distributions.
TABLE A-VI
Mass-Size Distributions Obtained by Sequentially Sieving Two
Bear Creek No. 1, +5 Samples (Percent by weight)
fp fh ho - fo ia fh

Experiment 420-833 295-420 210-295 149-210 88-149 <88
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PARI 2
XENONATED SAND: LEACHING AND ABRASION STUDIES

INTRODUCTION

The U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center and associated
agencies are studying littoral transport of beach materials past coastal
promontories at Point Conception, California. Sand labeled with radio-
active nuclides is used to trace the littoral migration of the beach
materials. The first injection of sand labeled with radioactive Xe-133
occurred in June 1967. The technique for labeling sand with Xe-133 was
developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (F. N. Case and FE. H. Acree,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, personal communication) and is similar to
the familiar kryptonation technique (Carder, 1966), in which Kr-85 is
diffused at high temperatures and pressures into solids., The depth of
penetration of Kr-85 into the host solid is 103) to 10D) VAY Kryptonated
solids remain stable (no outgassing) with time at room temperature,
barring surface reactions such as oxidation or hydration of the host
solid. Although similar behavior is anticipated for xenonated solids,
due allowance must be made for the enhanced size of the xenon atom over
that of krypton, because the labeling mechanism for both techniques de-
pends on the entrapment of the noble gas in the interstitial spaces and
structural voids of the host solid. The objective of the investigations
reported in this paper is to determine whether outgassing of Xe-133 will
occur when xenonated sand is subjected to conditions prevailing at the
water-sand interface of a marine environment.

Laboratory experiments were designed to determine whether outgassing
of Xe-133 from xenonated sand occurred. ‘The experiments were similar to
those that were used to test the integrity of the Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory (NRDL) water-glass technique for labeling sand with
radioisotopes (Appendix A, Part 1). Static water tests were made to
determine the effect of water in causing outgassing of the xenonated
sand, and abrasion tests were made to determine the radioactivity loss
caused by the mutual abrasive action of the sand particles as would be
experienced in the surf zone.

EXPERIMENTAL

At ambient temperatures and pressures zenon is a gas with a charac-
teristic valence of zero. This property necessitates the use of a closed
system for investigation of the outgassing of Xe-133 from zenonated sand.
A desirable apparatus for this study would utilize all-glass construction
with provisions for sample agitation and for removal of outgassed Xe at
desired intervals. However, limitations on time and funding precluded
the possibility of constructing and testing such an apparatus. In place
of this apparatus simple experiments were prepared in 25-milliliter screw-
cap vials. The vials were sealed with polyethylene gaskets seated in the
caps. Six static experiments and six abrasion experiments were prepared
with these containers in the investigation of the outgassing of Xe-133
from the sand as a function of time.

A-|2

Five grams (5.00 g) of xenonated sand were weighed into each vial.

Next the vial was filled completely with distilled water. The amount of
water added was measured with a burette. Then the caps were secured, and
for insurance of a seal, the vials were inverted until they were radio-
assayed. The vials used in the abrasion experiments were placed in a
Parr agitation apparatus in an inverted position. They were agitated in
this position until they were assayed. A calibration standard was pre-
pared at the same time as the experiments. The standard consisted of
6.0787 grams of the dry xenonated sand in a 15 by 125-millimeter test
tube. The tube was not sealed. The standard was radioassayed each time
aliquots of supernate from the vials were assayed. A semilogarithmic
plot of the count rate of the standard vs. the time showed that, from 28
to 436 hours, it decayed with a halflife of 5.29 days. The good agreement
with the published Xe-133 halflife (5.27 days) indicates that no loss of
Xe-133 occurred by escape into the atmosphere during this time. Zero time
for all experiments was set at the time the vials were filled with water.

At various times after the experiment began, supernates from a static
experimental vial and from an agitated vial were radioassayed for the
presence of outgassed Xe-133. A 4-milliliter aliquot was removed from
the vial and radioassayed as quickly as possible. (Rate of loss of Xe-133
from an aliquot was determined in a collateral experiment.) The assay was
made with a Sodium Iodide (NaI) (Tl-activated) crystal scintillation well
counter. The vials were discarded after the assay. The time selected
for a radioassay did not follow a set pattern. The time was determined
more by the results of the previous assay and by the desire to extract as
much information as possible from the results than by any other con-
sideration. Altogether the time lapse for all the experiments extended
over about two Xe-133 halflives (i.e., 10 days).

The xenonated sand was provided by Mr. F. N. Case of Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL). Carbonates had been removed at ORNL prior
to xenonation. Because of a misunderstanding, the sand was not received
until the middle of May 1967. Thus only one batch of sand was available
for experimental purposes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The pertinent data for both sets of the outgassing experiments are
shown in Table A-VII. The data include the time lapse from zero to assay
time, the total activity of the sand standard, the activity (calculated
from the specific activity of the standard and the activity lost to the
water) of the sand in the vial after exposure, the volume of water re-
quired to fill the vial, the total activity (calculated) of Xe-133 in
the aqueous phase, and the percent of outgassed Xe-133. The calculated
activities (all corrected for background) were for the times indicated
in the first column.

After 28 hours the amount of Xe-133 outgassed from the sand in the

static experiment corresponded to 3.5 percent of the amount remaining in
the sand. After 219.5 hours the figure had increased to 5.5 percent.

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Comparable figures for the abrasion experiments were 4.4 percent and

6.3 percent, respectively. In an attempt to improve the accuracy of

the measurements, distilled water was used in the static outgassing and
abrasion experiments because Xe is more soluble in distilled water than
in sea water (Wood and Caputi, 1966). Because the vials were filled
completely with water, dead spaces were avoided and the outgassed Xe
remained in solution until the vials were opened for assay. About two
minutes elapsed from the time a vial was opened until an aliquot was in-
serted into the counter for radioassay. It is assumed that a negligible
amount of xenon was lost from the aliquot during this time because of

the extremely low concentration of the xenon in the solution. However,
in an attempt to provide an estimate of the rate of xenon escape from
the aliquot as well as to show that the Xe-133 detected in the aliquot
was the result of outgassing and not due to a fine suspension of sand in
the supernate, the activity of the aliquots from experiments 6S and 1A
was followed for 119 hours after separation, with the containers open to
the atmostphere continuously. These data are shown in Table A-VIII. The
results are given as the fraction of activity remaining in the aliquots
after various time lapses. In 2.5 hours about 39 percent of the dissolved
Xe-133 escaped from the aliquot from the static experiment and 24 percent
from the abrasion-experiment aliquot. In both cases the rate of escape
of xenon from solution is much greater than the rate of radioactive decay.
The results show that, although 24 to 39 percent of the xenon escapes
from the solution in 2.5 hours, prompt aliquoting and counting reduces
this loss to a reasonable figure. Further support for this conclusion
was obtained from another experiment in which 10 percent of the xenon
escaped from the 1S aliquot in 30 minutes. It is estimated that the
error due to xenon escape from the aliquots prior to radioassay is less
than 1 percent of the outgassed xenon.* The results thus substantiate
the findings that Xenon-133 is outgassed from the xenonated sand.

CONCLUSION

The experimental results show that Xenon-133 is slowly released from
xenonated sand in the presence of water. The amount of Xe-133 lost from
the xenonated sand to the aqueous phase was relatively small (about 3 to
5 percent). There was little difference between the static-experimental
results and the abrasion-experimental results. Comparable results
obtained with sands tagged with Ba-La-140 and Cr-51 by the NRDL water-
glass technique were 1 percent for the static leaching experiments and
4 percent for the abrasion experiments (Appendix A, Part 1).

When an aliquot of the supernate from a leaching or abrasion experi-
ment was left open to the atmosphere, the dissolved Xe-133 gas escaped
into the atmosphere. This proved that the gas was dissolved in the
aqueous phase and was not contained in sand suspended in the water.

The results show that the outgassing of Xe-133 from the treated sand
need not be of concern either as a health hazard or with respect to the
usefulness of Xe-133 as a tracer for the investigation of sand transport.

* The outgassing results shown in Table \-VII tend to substantiate this
estimate (plateau effect at later times).

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‘PART 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON RADIOTRACER-TAGGING SAND AND SEDIMENTS FOR STUDY
OF MASS TRANSPORT IN FLUVIAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography was prepared for the U. S. Army Coastal Engineer-
ing Research Center as background material for the planning of future
projects related to the transport around Point Conception, California, of
sand labeled with radioisotopes. The list deals with the tracing of mass
transport in rivers and along coastlines by such means.

The criterion for the sources was that they provide information on
techniques for tagging sands and sediments with radioactivity. However,
some of the sources may not be relevant because they were selected on the
basis of incomplete information. Most of them were available only as
abstracts or as references in related literature. Because of this re-
stricted availability of many of the original sources (progress reports,
journals with limited circulation, etc.), citations of abstracts, etc.,
are included in addition to those of the original sources. Thus the ‘user
of this bibliography has more information upon which to decide whether
the original source would satisfy a specific need. The unavailability of
the original literature and the effort to include as much information as
was available in each case have led to a non-standard format in the final
presentation.

SOURCES

The main sources of information were Chentcal Abstracts from 1 January
1937 (vol. 31) through 30 June 1967 (vol. 66) and Nuclear Science Abstracts
from 1 January 1948 through 30 June 1967. The monography by Ingle, The
Movement of Beach Sand: An Analysts Ustng Fluorescent Grains, (Ref. 41)
was also a rich source of material. The year 1937, that of the earliest
Chemical Abstracts surveyed, is significant only in that the 4th Decennial
Index of Chemical Abstracts encompasses the period 1937-46. The year 1946
is significant in that it is the year in which radioisotopes became avail-
able on a large scale. It is doubtful that any significant work related
to sand-tagging with radioactivity was performed prior to this time.

Key or index words under which information in Chentcal Abstracts was
sought were: (1) isotopes and (2) sand. The indexes of volumes 64 and 65
were not available at the time the literature search was made. For these
years all titles under the following sections were checked:

Nuclear Phenomena

Nuclear Technology

Apparatus, Plant Equipment and Unit Operations and Processes
Ceramics

Mineralogical and Geological Chemistry

Petroleum, Petroleum Derivatives and Related Products.

SSeS SS SS SSeS
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The following key items were checked in Wuclear Setence Abstracts:

(1) oceanography

(2) radioisotopes

()i sand

(4) tracer techniques (general, engineering, geology,
hydrology, and oceanography ).

All references derived from Ingle's monograph are indicated by the
notation "Reference 41."

Some ninety-four citations are included in the bibliography. Cita-
tions 1 through 87 are arranged alphabetically in order of the senior
author's names. It was not possible to obtain the titles of citations
88 through 91, and these are presented as a separate group. Citations
92 through 94 are given without authors, having been obtained from
secondary sources (as references in other citations).

10.

ala

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abecasis, F. M., "Sand and Silt Movement Research in Portugal." In
Internattonal Congress of Navtgatton, 20th, Baltimore, 1961. Ocean
Navigation. Sect. II. Brussels, Secretariat General, A.I.P.C.N.,
1961, pp. 149-73. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 16:24005, 1962.

Aibulatov, N.A., Boldyrev, V., Griesseier, H., "The Study of Sediment
Movement in Streams and Oceans with the Aid of Luminescent. Dyes and
Radioactive Isotopes."' Petermanns Geograph. Mitt. 253-63, ‘1961.
(From Reference 1.)

Arkhangel'skii, M. M., "Application of Radioactive Isotopes for
Investigating Suspended Sediment in Rivers," AEC-tr-4206, pp. 82-8.
Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 15:1729, 1961.

Arlman, J. J., Santema, P., Svasek, J. N., "Movement of Bottom Sedi-
ment in Coastal Waters by Currents and Waves; Measurements with the
Aid of Radioactive Tracers in the Netherlands," Deltadienst, Rijks-
waterstaat, Ministry of Transport and Waterstaat (The Netherlands),
Progress Report, June 1957, pp. 1-56. U.S. Army Beach Erosion Board,
Tech. Mem. 105, 1958. (From References 30, 41, 43, and 62.)

Ariman, J. J., Svasek, J. N., Verkerk, B., "The Use of Radioactive

Isotopes for the Study of Littoral Drift, " Philips Tech. Rev. 21:

157-66, 1959-60. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 15:23749, 1961. Dock Harbour
Authority 61:57-64, 1960. (From Reference 41.)

Boldyrev, V. L., "Tests with Tracer Sand to Investigate Silting,"
Proc. Assoc. Maritime Proj., Min. Merchant Marine (U.S.S.R.) 3:63-71,
1956. (From Reference 41.)

Bruun, P., "Tracing of Material Movement on Seashores," Shore and
Beach 30:10-15, 1962. (From Reference 41.)

Bruun, P., "Progress of Tracer Project," Florida Univ., Coastal Engr.
Lab., Report 2, 1963 (mimeograph). (From Reference 41.)

Bruun, P., "Use of Tracers in Coastal Engineering," Shore and Beach
34:13-17, April 1965. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 20:33541, 1966.

Callesen, 0., Otterstrom, K., "Methods of Determining Sand Movement
by Means of Radioactive Labeled Sand." In International Congress

of Navtgatton, 20th, Baltimore, 1961. Ocean Navigation. Sect. II.
Brussels, Secretariat General, A.I.P.C.N., 1961, pp. 41-9. Nuclear
Scie Abstr. 62256 119625

Campbell, B. L., "An Improved Technique for Labeling Sand with hye
Intern. J. Appl. Radiation and Isotopes 14:286-7, 1963. Nuclear Sci.
Apsicrs clijssl982. 1963. Chems) Abstr. 591507 4h. 1963).

A-19

A

ILS\o

ally

ILD)

ale

fo

Gr.

19.

20.

alee

Campbell, B.L., "Sediment Research in Australia," Atomic Energy
Australia, 7:13-17, October 1964. Wuclear Sci. Abstr. 19:7695,
1965.

Chabert, J. E., Jaffry, P., Courtois, G., Hours, R., "Radioactive
Tracer Study of Sediment Transported in Alluvial Rivers." In
Radiotsotopes in Hydrology. Vienna, International Atomic Energy
Agency, 1963, pp. 133-142 (in French). Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 18:1918,
1964.

Chauvin, J. L., Danion, J., "Measurement of the Bed Load Rate of
Streams by Means of Tracers," EUR-1837,f. Electricité de France
(Paris) 1963. Nuclear Sci. Abstr., 19:601, 1965.

Courtois, G., Jaffry, P., Heuzel, M., "Use of Radioactive Tracers
in Studying the Transport of Solids in Watercourses." In Radio-
tsotopes in the Phystcal Setences and Industry. Vol. 1. Vienna,
International Atomic Energy Agency, 1962, pp. 453-466 (in French).
Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 16:16070, 1962.

Courtois, G., Sauzay, G., "Count Rate Balance Methods Using Radio-
active Tracers for Measuring Sediment Mass Flows,'' Houille Blanche
21:279-90, 1966. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 21:16076, 1967.

| Crew, R. J., "Techniques and Procedures for the Preparation of Dry

Particulate Fallout Simulant," U. S. Naval Radiological Defense
Laboratory, Technical Note No. 3, 28 September 1965. (Not library
material.) See also Owen, W. l., Sartor, J. D.. “'Raddollogical
Recovery of Land Target Components-Complex I and Complex II," U. S.
Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, USNRDL-TR-570, 25 May 1962,
and "Radiological Recovery of Land Target Components-Complex III,"
USNRDL-TR-700, 20 November 1963.

4

Crickmore, M. J., Lean, G. H., "The Measurement of Sand Transport by
Means of Radioactive Tracers," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A266:40221,
1962. Nuclear Sci. Abstr. 16:16588, 1962. (From Reference 41.)

Crickmore, M. J., Lean; G. H., "The Measurement of Sand Transport by
the Time-Integration Method with Radioactive Tracers," Proc. Roy.
Soe. (London) A270:27-47, 1962. (From Reference 41.)

Cummins, R. S., Ingram, L. F., "Tracing Sediment Movement with Radio-
isotopes," Military Engr. 55:161-4, 1963. (From Reference 41.)

Davidsson (or Davidson), J. "Investigations of Sand Movement Using
Radioactive Sand," Lund Univ., Studies Phys. Geograph. Al12:69-126,
1958. (From References 41 and 43.)

ZZ

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2).

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28.

29.

Dolezal, R., Petersen, M., Becker, H., Goette, H. Schulze-Pillot,
G.3 Tomschke, E., Boettcher, B., Nachtigall, K. H., Siebold, E.,
"Development and Testing of Radioactive Tracer Method for Measur-
ing the Kinetics of Erosion and Sand Displacement Caused by Surf,"
EUR-2167.d. European Atomic Energy Community, 1965. Nuclear Sci.
Abstr. 20:510, 1966.

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a

ir

a

Runiers
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i

Nh

APPENDIX B

Towing Characteristics of an Underwater

Radiation Detector Vehicle

(USNSRDC )

NOTE: This report represents an independent study and the results of
an investigation generated by the objectives of the RIST study.

TOWING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN UNDERWATER
RADIATION DETECTOR VEHICLE

INTRODUCTION

Appendix B is a report of an investigation to evaluate the required
hydrodynamic performance of the detector vehicle. The investigation was
made for the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) by the Naval Ship
Research and Development Center (NSRDC). The program included towing the
vehicle at speeds up to 6 knots in three modes as follows: (a) in a sus-
pended attitude, (b) in a survey attitude (rolling on basin floor)., and
(c) using various cable lengths with additional weight on the vehicle.
The cable tension, cable angle, and tracking attitude were observed for
each towing mode.

This report contains a description of the detector vehicle and test
procedures, presents the results of the towing tests and observations of
the vehicle towing attitude, gives predictions of the cable configurations
assumed by the towcable, and makes recommendations for modifications.

DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLE

The detector vehicle furnished by CERC to NSRDC for the tests is
shown in Figure B-l. The vehicle, designed to roll along the bottom in
its survey attitude, consists of a cylindrical housing made of expanded
metal reinforced on its rolling surface with stainless steel rods. The
detection mechanism and electronics assembly, which is pendulous, is
attached to a shaft through the housing that provides protection for the
assembly. A tow bail is attached at each end of the shaft and provides
for a single-point towcable attachment. The electrical cables for the
detection equipment exit from one end of the shaft, are attached along
the tow bail to the towcable attachment, and then are married to a 1/4-
inch-diameter wire rope towcable. Physical characteristics of the
detector are listed in Table B-I.

TABLE B-I

Physical Characteristics of Detector Vehicle and Towcable

Overall width, inches 50
Overall diameter, inches 30
Housing width, inches ho
Height, inches 30
Distance from center shaft to towpoint, inches 82
Model weight in air, pounds 505
Model weight in fresh water, pounds 410
Towcable weight per foot in air, pounds 0.6
Towcable weight per foot in fresh water, pounds 0.4

B-2

HO OU rT |
AAA IN, nee ii \M rae

Radiation - Detector Vehicle

Figure B-1.

TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES

The towing tests were conducted in the high-speed basin of the David
Taylor Model Basin. Instrumentation used for the tests consisted of a
pendulum angle indicator mounted to the tow bail to measure its angular
attitude, a 1200-pound-capacity tension gage to measure tension in the
towcable at the detector vehicle, and a pendulum angle indicator to
measure the towcable angle at the point where the towcable was attached
to the towing carriage. The tension gage was connected between the body
and the towcable, and the signal leads from both the angle indicator and
tension gage were married to the towcable and connected to a strip chart
recorder on the carriage.

For the first series of tests, the detector vehicle was towed in the
suspended mode on a 12.5-foot length of cable in the deepwater portion of
the basin at speeds from 0 to 6 knots in 1-knot increments. The tension
in the towcable at the detector and the angular attitudes of the towcable
both at the detector and at the towing carriage were measured, and the
towing behavior of the detector vehicle was observed.

In tests to determine the tracking behavior of the detector and the
maximum towing speed for the detector to remain in a survey attitude (on
the bottom), the detector was towed on cable lengths of 12.5, 25, and 50
feet of cable at speeds up to 6 knots. The angle and tension values were
monitored for each speed and cable length while observations were made of
the tracking and lift-off behavior. These tests were made in the shallow-
water portion (10 feet deep) of the high-speed basin.

In the tests to determine the effect additional weight has on the
tracking behavior and maximum survey speed, approximately 100 pounds of
sheet lead were added around the detector mechanism. The detector vehicle
was towed on 12.5 and 25 feet of cable at speeds up to 6 knots in the
shallow portion of the high-speed basin. The angular attitude and tow-
cable tensions were monitored for each speed and cable length, and ob-
servations were made of the vehicle towing and tracking behavior.

TOWING BEHAVIOR

The detector vehicle, in the suspended mode, towed steadily at each
speed up to 6 knots. There were no apparent oscillations, and the vehicle
towed directly aft of the towpoint with no yawing attitude. When the
vehicle was in its survey attitude on the 12.5-, 25-, and 50-foot cable
lengths, it tracked directly aft of the towpoint with no yaw. The ex-
panded metal housing rolled along the bottom for all speeds up to about
3.5 knots on the 12.5-foot cable, about 4.0 knots on the 25-foot cable,
and about 4.5 knots on the 50-foot cable. When the vehicle lost contact
with the bottom, it would cease to rotate. The addition of approximately
100 pounds of weight in the vehicle did not produce the desired increase
in rolling speed (speed at which the vehicle would leave the bottom) but
had no adverse effects on the tracking behavior. j

TOWCABLE TENSIONS AND ANGLES

The cable tensions measured at the detector vehicle as a function of
speed are shown in Figure B-2 for the vehicle in the suspended condition
on 12.5 feet of cable and in the survey condition of 12.5, 25, and 50
feet of cable. As shown by the figure, the tensions for the survey con-
dition are less than the tensions for the suspended condition for all
speeds less than 3.4 knots for the 12.5-foot cable, 4.0 knots for the
25-foot cable and 4.3 knots for the 50-foot cable. When the tension in
the survey condition equaled the tensions in suspended condition, the
vehicle lost contact with the bottom. This was substantiated by observa-
tions made during the tests. However, there occurred in the suspended
condition a tension difference for each speed as a function of towcable
length. This difference is attributed to an increase in vehicle drag
due to proximity of the vehicle to the bottom of the basin.

The cable angle at the detector vehicle and at the towing carriage
are shown in Figure B-3 for the suspended condition. The cable angles
obtained when the vehicle was towed in the survey condition are not shown
Since they are of no practical value.

PREDICTION TECHNIQUE AND CONFIGURATIONS

Cable configurations were predicted using the computer program
described by Cuthill (1964). The program is based on the theory of
Pode (1951) and the following conditions and assumptions:

1. All calculations are for standard sea conditions (45° North
Latitude, 3.5 percent salinity, and 59° Fahrenheit.

2. A mean cable diameter of 1.0 inch is used for the cable.
The towcable consists of two bundles of electrical con-
ductors and a 0.25-inch-diameter wire rope.

3. The weight of the cable per unit length in water is 0.4
pounds per foot.

4. The drag coefficient for the cable when perpendicular to

the stream is 3.0. The assumed coefficient is based on
iterative calculations to fit computed angle predictions

to the measured cable angle data. The coefficient is higher
than that used for single cables, but this can be expected
-because of the multi-cylindrical shapes in close proximity
to each other and because of the vibrations associated with
unfaired towcables.

5. The ratio of drag per unit length of cable when parallel
to the stream to the drag per unit length of cable when
perpendicular to the stream is 0.02.

Tension in pounds

12.5 feet deep water suspended

12.5 feet shallow water survey attitude
25.0 feet shallow water survey attitude
50.0 feet shallow water survey attitude

y
hi

Speed in knots

Figure B-2. Cable Tension at the Detector Vehicle
(Data are for conditions without 100-
pound added weight)

B-6

Cable Angle » in degrees

Towcable

Direction
of Motion

» poids dof

Be
Re SeBE
SEE

Speed in knots

Figure B-3. Cable Angles at Detector and Towing Carriage
for the 12.5-foot Cable

The computations were made for speeds from 1 to 6 knots and cable
lengths up to 240 feet. The resulting predictions are presented in
Figure B-4 as depth of detector as a function of cable length in the
water for speeds of 1 to 6 knots and in Figure B-5 as tension at the
ship as a function of cable length in the water.

Figure B-4 may be used as a guide to determine the minimum amount of
cable that must be used to reach a desired depth for a particular survey
speed. Figure B-5 may be used as a guide to determine the strength of
cable required for a particular survey speed.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of the towing tests, the following are concluded:

1. ‘The detector vehicle has good tracking characteristics for
all speeds up to 6 knots.

2. The detector housing will not rotate unless in contact
with the bottom.

3. At the design survey speed of 4 knots and a cable scope of
200 feet, the detector will maintain bottom contact in water
depths down to 80 feet. At an increased speed of 6 knots,
contact is maintained at depths down to 55 feet.

4, The addition of approximately 100 pounds of weight will
neither effectively increase the bottom contact capability
nor impair the tracking characterisitcs of the vehicle.

In using the CERC towcable during survey operations, one obvious
modification is recommended. The present towcable, consisting of a
1/4-inch wire rope and two plastic tubes containing the electrical leeds,
should be replaced by an electro-mechanical towcable. This modified cable
might be constructed of two reverse lays of steel wire wrapped around a
core containing the necessary electrical conductors. This arrangement
should simplify handling, reduce the drag on the towcable, increase the
depth capability for a shorter length of cable, and make the electrical
bundles less susceptible to wear.

Detector Depth in feet

saree

120

80

40

0 40 80 120 160 200 240

Cable Length in Feet

Figure B-4, Minimum Required Cable Length as a Function
of Detector Depth for Various Speeds

Tension in pounds

600

Figure B-5.

100 150 200 250

Cable Length in feet

Tension at Towing Ship as a Function of Cable
Cable Length for Various Speeds

B-10

APPENDIX C

RIST STATUS REPORT

by

ISOTOPES DEVELOPMENT CENTER

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE
Operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 ORNL-4 341

RADIOISOTOPIC SAND TRACER STUDY (RIST)
STATUS REPORT FOR MAY 1966 - APRIL 1968

E. H. Acree, H. R. Brashear, F. N. Case, and N. H. Cutshall

ABSTRACT

The Radioisotopic Sand Tracer Study (RIST) was initiated
in May 1966 as a miltiagency cooperative effort to
develop technology and survey equipment for sediment
transport studies with the objective of determining
direction and amount of sand movement. To prove the
system effective a test was planned to determine how
sand moves around a headland where a change in beach
direction occurs on either side of the headland. The
first two years of the work done at ORNL consisted
primarily in developing equipment and techniques for
studying sand transport in the littoral zone. Field
operations to evaluate the equipment and to develop
more effective procedures were conducted at Cape
Kennedy, Florida, at Surf, California, and at Point
Conception, California. In these tests sand tagged
with 133Xe was released on the ocean floor in the
study area at a depth of 30 ft. The dispersion and
transport of the labeled sand were observed with
cesium iodide detectors contained in a specially de-
signed detector transport vehicle (ORNL Underwater
Survey System). The detector assembly was towed
through the ocean by an amphibious vessel. Charts

of the isoactivity contours were prepared from some
of the data to estimate direction and velocity of
sand transport.

INTRODUCTION

The Radioisotopic Sand Tracer Study (RIST) was initiated in May 1966, and’
the work reported here covers a two-year period. The study is continuing
and as additional field tests are made, the data will be reported. The
program objective was to develop technology and survey equipment to obtain
data from a dynamic system that could be used to obtain a reasonably
accurate description of sediment transport in the littoral zone. These
techniques, when fully developed, are expected to find use in other sedi-
ment transport systems involving waterways and inland lakes.

The specific requirements to accomplish this development were to

1. develop a survey system that can be reliably operated in the field
and have a high degree of versatility relative to environmental
variables and choice of radionuclides,

2. evaluate various radionuclides to determine those that are useful
in sediment transport experiments from the standpoint of cost,
physical properties, availability, and hazard,

3. demonstrate the utility of the system under field conditions,
4. develop a technique for determination of sand burial,

5. develop suitable tagging procedures for radionuclides considered
to be useful in sediment transport studies,

6. correlate sand transport with wave and current variables.

The multiagency study, involving the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, Department of the Air
Force, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the State of
California, receives technical support from the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory and the Coastal Engineering Research Center, with direct
assistance from the Pacific Missile Range, Western Test Range, First
Strategic Aerospace Division, Corps of Engineers for Los Angeles
District, Nuclear Systems. and Space Power Division, and Department of
Water Resources. Overall direction of the project rests with the Corps
of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center. The Isotopes
Development Center has been responsible for

_1.. designing, fabricating, and testing of a submersible detection
- system and appropriate analyzer system,

2. assisting in the selection of applicable radioisotopes,
3. developing processes for labeling sand with radionuclides,
4. developing a radiological safety program.

During this two-year period the major effort was directed toward de-
velopment of equipment and techniques for studying sediment transport
in the littoral zone (from shore line to water depths of 30 to 50 ft).
Three field tests were conducted to evaluate equipment performance and
the effectiveness of measuring and recording procedures: one at Cape
Kennedy, Florida, one at Surf, California, and one at Point Conception,
California. Instruments and methods were modified after each operation.
In order to show the rationale of the development of survey instruments
and techniques, the field tests are reported in chronological order.

Several methods have been used to study sand movements. Fluorescent dyes
tagged onto sand grains have been used extensively, and most of the infor-
mation concerning sediment transport has been obtained with this method.
There are, however, fundamental difficulties that limit the utility of
fluorescent tags in obtaining meaningful data from dynamic systems such

as the ocean. Perhaps the most serious are the limited number of samples
that can be obtained after injection of the tagged sand and the inability
to predict sampling points.

Naturally occurring minerals have been utilized as indicators of sand
transport; however, unless the source of the mineral is well defined and
known to be the exclusive source, the data obtained are often misleading.
With radioisotope tracers, which have been used to a lesser extent, use-
ful studies of sand transport have been made in laboratory flumes and
wave basins, but definitive information can come only from field tests
(See Addendum C-1)

Field testing is divided into three major efforts: preparing and dispen-
sing the tracer in a test area, which are discussed elsewhere, surveying
the test area, and treating the data. Both radioactive and fluorescent
tracing systems have common problems relative to data treatment. Radio-
isotope tracing does, however, offer considerable advantage over the
fluorescent tracing during sampling since in situ measurements are made
and a large number of data points can be obtained. In addition, readout
data are available to assist in the determination of sample points, and
thus one is able to follow the progress of the transport system on a real-
time basis. A number of radionuclides were considered for use in sedi-
ment transport studies, and the half-life, energy of the radiation, bio-
logical hazard, and tagging method specific to various elements were
evaluated. While no single radionuclide was found to meet all the re-
quirements that would make it ideal for all tracing experiments, primary
consideration was given to those radioisotopes that have a low biological
hazard. This characteristic was especially important during the early
phases of the field testing when data could be collected:to serve as a
basis for determining the concentration or dilution of tagged sand that
may occur during tracing studies. Also, radiation exposure to be ex-
pected could be determined. Such data could then be used to determine
hazards associated with the use of other radionuclides in tagging sediment.

After tagged sand has been placed in the ocean, as a point source or as a
line source, surveys are made to determine transport. This is done either
by collecting grab samples and taking them to a laboratory for counting or
by making the measurements on the ocean floor. Since the in situ measure-
ment yields data rapidly, it was considered to be the more promising method
for gathering information for littoral transport studies.

Selecting the Radioisotope

Some of the nuclear properties consideredin selecting the radioisotope for
further evaluation were half-life, type of radiation, and radiation energy.

Neutron-deficient radioisotopes, because of their low production yields,
and radioisotopes with half-lives of less than 2 days or greater than

15 days were arbitrarily excluded.Table C-1 presents some of the data
that were used for making the initial selection. Three of the radio-
isotopes, De Or realli TSN and 1°°Xe, were of special interest because
of their nuclear properties.

Table C-1, Comparative Data on Radioisotopes

Maximum
Half- Principal Permissible Comparative
Life, Gamma Radi- Burden Uptake (Fish),
Tsotope days ation, MeV (Man), wuCi relative units
131Ba 12 0.496 (48%) 50 3
0.124 (28%)
LCs i, 1248) 1.596 (96%) 4 3
cE 8.05 0.364 (82%) On 2
aA, 7.5 0.247 (1%) 20 1
0.342 (6%)
TOOK 5.2 0.081 (37%) e 0
198, y 2.7 0.412 (95%) ZO). 9 Sal

RE Sean PERS aah oe Pee eS an Sie EROS TL a Fy EES PO LL Ie
C. M. Lederer, J. M. Holland, and I. Perlman, Table of Isotopes, 6th ed.,
Wiley, New York, 1967.
Handbook No. 69, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,

July 5, 1959.
No retention.

Barium-140-lanthanum-140 had been used for sand tracing, and techniques for
tagging sand had been developed by the Naval Radiological Defense Labora-
tory. However, this radionuclide has two disadvantages: (1) The exces-
Sively high energy gamma rays (1.6 MeV) make handling and radiation ex-
posure control difficult. (2) Tagging sand with 14°Ba-14°%La consists of
coating the surface of the sand grains with sodium silicate containing

the radionuclide, and initially it was not known whether or not this would
affect the hydraulic properties of the sand (later experiments indicated
that little, if any, adverse effect resulted from this labeling technique).

Gold-198 has also been used on various projects, but the evaluation of the
198;y-labeled materials has been very limited. Leaching rates, efficiency
of tagging, and actual labeling procedures are not described in detail.
Also, it was believed that the half-life of this nuclide (D7 ad) would
limit tracing experiments to one week or less. However, 198, was main-
tained high on the list of useful isotopes since it can be prepared in
large quantities at a relatively low cost and the biological hazard is

low (Table c-2), (In a later study, which will be reported separately, it

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was found that under the influence of high waves the transport of sediment
is rapid and that useful data can be obtained within the time available
before decay of the radionuclide seriously reduces the radiation available
for detection. )

Because *°°%xXe is biologically inert and has a half-life of 5.27 d, it met
most of our criteria for sand-tracing experiments. However, the low-energy
(80-keV) gamma radiation required that the detector system have a high de-
gree of sensitivity and imposed the limitation that only tagged sand moving
at or near the surface of a sand column could be detected. On the other
hand, the use of low-energy gamma radiation reduced the handling and dis-
pensing problems as far as radiation exposure to personnel is concerned.
Tagging procedures were developed (Addendum C-1)to adsorb *°°xXe onto sand.

Evaluation of 199Ye-Tagged Sand

Since sand tagged with a rare gas loses activity, due to diffusion as well
as_to decay of the oS xe (Ty /o = 5.27 d), data derived through use of
Xe-tagged sand must be corrected to an "effective half-life." Test
samples prepared by the foregoing procedure were counted over a period of
several days and there was little incremental loss (over decay) (Fig. C-1)
Experiments also showed that no loss of activity could be attributed to
leaching by seawater (Teble C-3).In a test of labeling uniformity, random
quantities of tagged sand were counted and compared on the basis of the

1 OEAL SOW GICB e223 quantity of sorbed *°°xe versus the
quantity of sand(Table C-4).Although
the uniformity was fair, the radia-

5 oe tion counts from the samples varied
Se from high to low by a factor of 3.
@.
ei aaa Subsequent tests have shown that spe-
INU Se eee cific minerals in sand do not tag with
2 —t

the same efficiency. This causes: the
individual sand grains to wey with

‘ _ respect to the quantity of LXer that
is adsorbed.

5

radiation counts/min

~5 days

THEORETICAL Samples were also tagged, separated

5 : into particle-size fractions, weighed,
os and counted to determine whether those

fractions making up the bulk Ch, as

“al : sand contained the bulk of the Xe.
ie As shown in Fig.C-2, the correlation
fe)

between size distribution and xenon
sorption is good. The slight tailing

@,
io N off of the large particles is prob-
100 200 300 400 500 ably due to specific minerals that
ee tend to concentrate in the large-
Fig. C-1. Apparent Half-Life pai‘ticle fractions.

of 133x¢_Tagged Sand

Table C-3. Seawater Leach Test on 133Xe-Tagged Sand

Activity, counts/min Ratio,
Leach Time, hr Control Test control/test
TMeisity «NO
Beginning Oso) 32 16> Loli? se LO 0.67
72 0.58 x 10° One) se WO 0.65
96 0.53 x 10° Oss) se Io 0.67
Test No. 2
Beginning Wen oe aor Ball se AO LZ
48 Qe se Oe BoD xe LOM i, (2
120 Meh se MO odl, xe aor ge
Test No. 3
Beginning 539), oc lOs Boy se Wor Doll,
48 Avge se Oe DoD 52 OM Theil
120 dg? sels Wo se NOS Tea?

Table C-4. Uniformity Test on 1°%Xe-Tagged Sand

Activity

Weight of Counts per

Sample Sand, mg Counts per sec” mg of sand
1 TALatl 1634 1140
2 52.8 1746 1650
3 96.9 1108 570
4 oh 3 534 1100
5 62.3 1774 1400
6 Sal 1334 1290
le 43.6 670 770
8 55740 1430 1300
9 4o.4 1512 1780

10 53.1

648 610

Based on total counts for 50-sec period.

ORNL—DWG 68-9548

400 —— =
Me
c
5
8
g 300
5
£ 133 ye
3 200}
=
a
a
jo}
wn
x 100
mM
be
)
) 250 500 750 4000

AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE, p

Fig. c-2, -133x6 Sorption vs Particle-Size Distribution

ORNL UNDERWATER SURVEY SYSTEM

Since most of the surveying required to measure the dispersion and trans-
port of tagged sand occurs in the surf zone, the detector system was de-
signed to operate in breakers as well as in deep water. Sleds have been
used as vehicles for transporting detectors along the bottom. Because
sleds are easily tipped in turbulent water and are subject to snagging on
underwater obstruction such as-rock ledges and large rocks, an open mesh
steel ball was designed: for use as the detector vehicle (Fig. C-3). This

PHOTO 87139

Fig. C-3. Radiation Detection System

ball contains the radiation detectors and is towed behind an amphibious
vessel on a 150-ft-long cable. Operating characteristics were found to
be excellent in very rough surf and moderatly rocky bottom conditions.
While the detector ball is unaffected by heavy surf, early surveys paral-
lel to the beach were limited by the ability of the tow vessel tg oper-

ate broadside to the breakers. Survey tracks were made from ~45 to 90
to the beach face to overcome this problem.

The radiation measuring equipment shown in Fig.C-3is an underwater mobile
system that can be rolled along the ocean floor, efficiently detect the
80-keV gamma rays from Ioexer and operate on the beach, in the surf zone,
and in the ocean to depths of 200 ft.

Detector System

The detector system consists of four 2- by 2-in. sodium-activated cesium
iodide crystals housed in 0.030-in.-thick anodized aluminum cans. These
cans are mounted in a 1/2-in.-thick stainless steel plate that forms the
bottom section of a sealed chamber attached to the axle of the ball. As
the ball rotates on the stationary axle, the detectors remain oriented
toward the surface over which the ball moves. Since the canned crystais
are exposed to the water pressure, a 1/2-in.-thick Plexiglas light pipe
is used as a pressure barrier (see Fig.C-4.) Photomltiplier tubes and
preamplifiers are mounted in the detector chamber and are thus protected
from the water and pressure.

Fig. C-4. Underwater Detector Component

c-10

The photomultiplier tubes (RCA-6655A) operate with a negative voltage of
7OO to 900 V. This 200-V range permits gain adjustment of the tubes so
that the responses from all four of the detectors will be equal. The tubes
are 2 in. in diameter and have ten stages. The preamplifiers (one for each
tube) consist of three emitter-followers in cascade. The preamplifier out-
put is matched in a 50-ohm coaxial cable (RG-174-u) which carries both the
positive 24-V de power to the preamplifiers and the output voltage pulses
from the preamplifiers. These pulses are transmitted to a mixer on board
the tow vessel. The single output pulse from the mixer is fed to the amp-
lifier of the multichannel analyzer (PIP-400).

The sides of the cylinder used to transport the detector assembly are fabri-
cated with rectangular steel bars to form an open lattice with a minimum of
shielding of the detector crystals. This allows the 80-keV gamma and a
fraction of the 30-keV x-ray from Xe to reach the detectors, which are
positioned approximately 2 in. from the surface over which the cylindrical
ball travels. The entire device is covered with expanded metal to exclude
stones and other debris and to provide mechanical protection (Addendum C-4).

The detector housing is weighted with lead to maintain the detectors in a
vertical position('see AddendumC-5 for description of the device that indi-
cates the position of the detector assembly). At a speed of 3 mph, however,
the forward motion of the rolling device causes the detector housing to be
~5° off-center toward the back. Since the count rates are a direct func-
tion of geometry, an experiment was designed to determine the difference
between the count rates obtained when the detector housing was in the vert-
ical position and when it was off-center. The following results were ob-
tained for three variations from vertical:

Og 910 counts/sec
5° 880 counts/sec
Oe 800 counts/sec

The difference of 30 counts/sec or ~3% for an angle of 5° (normal operating
angle) indicates that the count rate is not appreciably affected by an off-
center movement of the detector housing.

The towing characteristics of the detector assembly were determined by the
Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Tests proved
that with a tow cable 200 ft long the detector assembly was stable and re-
mained on the bottom at a depth of up to 80 ft at a speed of up to 6.7 fps.
Changing the length of the cable will modify the speed at which the assembly
can be towed and still remain on the bottom. It was also established that
the assembly would remain in the survey position (detectors pointed toward
the bottom) ‘even when it was pulled rapidly through the water column. How-
ever, the tow cable and the plastic tube containing the conductor cables
oscillated, and it was evident that. the conductor cables would be damaged
if they. were towed rapidly through the water for long periods of time.

Gil

Data Collection System

Individual signals from the four detectors are fed through cables to the
surface vessel and into a mixer. A differential discriminator sorts the.
proper signals and feeds a multichannel analyzer (PIP-400) (see Fig.C-3)
that can operate in a pulse-height mode or in a multiscaler mode (normal
operating mode for survey is the multiscaler). This system stores counts
from the detector for a time set by the operator. The possible accumula-
tion times are 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 sec. The information can be displayed
on an oscilloscope, typed out on a teletype unit, or punched on a tape.

In the multiscaler mode the analyzer operates as 400 individual counters.
A counter stores the signals from the detectors for the time set by the
operator. The analyzer automatically changes from counter to counter
according to the preset time intervals. With a data accumulation time of
10 sec, an uninterrupted survey can be conducted for 4000 sec, or approx-
imately 65 min. At the end of the period the data must be typed and
punched on tape, which requires approximately 4.5 min. With this system
the starting time as well as the position coordinates must be logged. All
data must be correlated with the time and position log.

CAPE KENNEDY FIELD OPERATION (APRIL 1967)
Purpose

The operation was conducted in the beach area adjacent to Cape Kennedy,

Florida, and was the initial field trial for the ORNL Underwater Survey

System. The major objective was to check the operating characteristics

of the detector system and the towing characteristics of the cylindrical
detector housing.

Operational Procedure

A 1.45-kg batch of sand that had been tagged with 30 mCi of 1°°Xe by the
techniques described in Addendum C-2 was used.Scuba divers placed the sand
within a 3-ft-dia area at a water depth of 30 ft, approximately one-half
mile off the Florida coast. The underwater detector was towed through the
area by an amphibious vessel (LARC V). No navigation system was used, and
no established search pattern was followed. The purpose was merely to de-
termine whether the detectors could detect the 133Xe-tagged sand that had
been placed on the ocean bottom. Initial passes through the injection
area showed no activity. The search was expanded, and the tagged sand was
detected approximately 100 yards from its original injection area.

A device to inject 40-liter batches of sand onto the ocean bottom was
tested for shipboard operation. Sand placed in a hopper was flushed from
the hopper through a l-in. hose that reached to the ocean bottom in about
30 ft of water. A pump with a flow rate of 12 gpm was used to supply salt
water to the injection system, and no difficulty was experienced in trans-
ferring sand from the hopper to the bottom.

Ca\2

Observations

The underwater detector system appeared to be very stable in the surf
zone, and broadside breakers had little effect on its tracking ability.
The 80-keV gamma rays from the 1°°Xe-tagged sand were detected with
reasonable efficiency; counts in the tens of thousands per second were
observed. The system was stable, and all detectors functioned properly.
No malfunctions were observed in the sand-pumping device. The sea con-
ditions were mild, with ocean swells ~1 ft high. The tagged sand ap-
peared to be in patches that formed a pattern. Liberal interpretation
(since the survey was very limited) of the data revealed a series of
waves running perpendicular to the beach. No significance was placed
on this interpretation in regard to sand transport mechanisms.

Alterations Indicated by Test

Since it was known that large rocks are located near the area selected
for the next test (Surf, California), it was decided to utilize a weak
link in the tow cable so that the link would break if the detector
assembly became lodged in the rocks. Breaking of the link would allow
additional tow cable to play out and thus give the LARC operator time

to stop. Also, it was recognized that sea conditions would be less
favorable at Point Conception, California (the last test), and plans

were formulated to provide a metal cabin shelter for the instruments, as
well as for housing all the on-board equipment, to afford some protection
from ocean spray.

SURF FIELD OPERATION (JUNE 1967)
Purpose

The operation at Surf, California, was a full-scale sand-tracing experi-
ment conducted in order to test all developmental components and to
establish operational techniques for handling 58-kg quantities of tagged
sand. This area was chosen because all access is controlled by the U. S.
Air Force and because future requirements at Vandenberg Air Force Base
indicate a need for additional informaticn concerning sand transport in
the area.

Operational Procedure

Considerable difficulty was experienced in making the first 116-kg
injection. Tagged sand in the hopper of the injection device became wet
with ocean spray and would not flow properly; therefore the sand was
dumped into the water from the surface. Because of ocean currents this
caused the sand to disperse over a large area, and omly background radia-
tion levels were detected. For the next injection the sand-pumping de-
vice was again used, but in a siightly different mammer: the sand was
pumped to the bottom in a water slurry. Here again, however, very little

Cras

133Ye radiation was detected. These injections and the associated surveys
were hampered by very large rocks. Therefore the third, and last, injec-
tion, which was placed on the ocean floor by scuba divers, was made in an
area that was relatively free of rocks. This injection was successful,
and surveys were made in the area for three consecutive days.

A radar navigation system was used in this survey. Navigational fixes were
taken at 2-min intervals and the data were entered in a time log, as were
the starting and stopping times of the analyzer. Recorded count levels
were corrected for background and decay and then plotted.

Observations

The Surf operation established that 133ye-tagged sand can be traced for
several days over relatively long distances. Charts of isoactivity con-
tours (Fig.C-5)showed that the tagged sand from the last injection had been
dispersed over an area approximately 600 by 1200 ft when surveillance ended
(after 3 days). From all indications the batch could have been traced for
a much longer period of time, perhaps up to ten days after release.

The detector system worked well. Tracking performance and towing stability
were good; however, several changes in equipment and in operational proced-
ures were indicated, such as better correlation of data. Analysis of the
data showed areas that should have been covered.more extensively and areas
that required less coverage. Also, slight variations in the time log and
in the recording of the starting and stopping times of the analyzer made it
very difficult to analyze the data. Although some protection was afforded
by a metal shelter available at the test site, it was evident that better

protection would be required for the electronic instruments.

Alterations Indicated by Test

Following the Surf operation a system was designed and built to integrate
and record location, time, and radiation data (see Fig. C-6). A real-time
readout of typewritten and punched paper-tape records allowing instantan-
eous evaluation of results, as well as a more sophisticated analysis at a
later time, was provided.

An instrument shelter was built (Fig. C-7)which incorporates enclosed motor
generators and a complete forced-air handling system to keep the instru-
ments dry. The instruments and the shelter are completely self-supporting.

Since it was recognized that the Point Conception area would be a very dif--
ficult area to survey because of extensive rock outcropping and severe surf
conditions, backup equipment was built. A complete spare detector assembly
was fabricated. The electronic equipment has been fabricated with enough
flexibility to permit the interchanging of components. This feature ensures
the accumulation of radiation data. For example, since each detector is an
independent unit, one or all four can be operated at any given time. Two
data-recording systems exist, and if the automatic data-correlation system
should fail, data can be accumulated manually by using the multichannel
analyzer.

C-14

ORNL-DWG 67-8504A

ZX <7 1
=f =e

WAVE DIRECTION

C = CZ |

Figure C-5. Dispersion Pattern of 133x¥e-Tagged Sand. (a) 1 day
after release of sand; (b) 2 days after release of sand.

RT Tt i La a

a MN TMERNTINRIEM MRT

iss i a hh a st Neca lA

if Pie Lith

ie

Figure C-6. Shipboard Data Collection System.

C=I6 °

PHOTO 901924

Figure C-7. Shelter for Shipboard Instrumentation.

A new sand-dispensing apparatus was built which operates on the clamshell
principle (see Addendum C-6).

It was decided to make all future sand injections directly on the ocean
floor, since even in shallow water sand released above the bottom spreads
considerably before it settles to the bottom. Treatment of the data in
this test indicates that the data should be manually plotted on board the
survey vessel as they are collected. This is not considered to be an ac-
curate display of data, but it will permit surveyors to change the survey
pattern to yield maximum information.

POINT CONCEPTION FIELD OPERATION (DECEMBER 1967)

Purpose

The Point Conception experiment was designed to obtain information that
could be used to answer the question: Does sand move around a headland
(Point Conception)? By making three injections and.determining the trans-
port from one injection area to another, long-distance transport patterns
could be determined in a relatively short time.

(CON7/

Operational Procedure

Injections were made at three locations: one northward of Point Conception,
one on the Point, and one southward of the Point in ~30 ft of water. In
each injection 40 liters of sand tagged with ~1.2 Ci of +°"ye was used. The
sand was placed on the bottom with the clamshell device, and surveys were
made of all three sites by alternating from one site to the next.

The first injection was southward of the Point and all equipment functioned
properly except the detectors, which required frequent calibration. This
calibration problem was due to gain shift, which resulted from severe vibra-
tions caused by pulling the equipment across large rock outcrops. These
outcrops made surveying extremely difficult.

The second injection was made northward of the Point, and survey conditions
proved to be even more severe than those of the first injection.

The third injection, which was delayed several times because of bad weather,
was placed directly on the Point. Because of a large rock cutcrop (~12 ft
tall), the detector could not be pulled to the survey area from the beach
but had to be lowered to the bottom from the survey vessel. This proved to
be extremely difficult because the winch did not have adequate power to
properly control the detector assembly, which weighs approximately 400 1b;
however, the detector assembly was successfully placed on the bottom sev-
eral times and surveys were accomplished.

A fourth batch, which consisted of only 1 liter of sand tagged with 200 mCi
of IES was placed in the breaker zone as a preliminary pce to observe
the dispersal rate chet would be encountered in future tests planned for
the surf zone.

Observations

All the injections were successful. The new data system worked well but -
the 10-sec collection period seemed to be too long. Rocks in the survey
areas and the necessity of pulling the detector assembly from the beach
to the area caused some difficulty with the detectors. Because of gain
shift and noise, frequent adjustments were required, making it difficult
to correlate radiation data on a day-to-day basis. Although survey areas
were covered many times, very little radiation data were collected (see
pages 59-65). Two explanations are possible: either the sand was buried
or it was not transported. In the latter case, radiation detection would
be obscured because it is virtually impossible to place the detector as-
sembly directly on the injection point. In future tests an attempt will
be made to determine which explanation is valid.

The preliminary test (fourth injection) for determining whether there

would be any future problems associated with surf zone surveys went well.
Initial conclusions are that the system can functicn in the surf zone.

C=18

Alterations Indicated by Test

Since sand transport is rapid in the surf area, the surveys need to be
done in the shortest time period possible. Data wiil be useful only if
the data collection period is short compared with the time required for
the tracer pattern to develop. Our present accumulation period is 10 sec.
Since the detector surveys a strip 2 ft wide, at a tow speed of 3 to 5

fps the radiation data are averaged over an area of 50 to 100 ft=. We
believe that this area is too large and are therefore modifying the sys-
tem to print out every second. This will permit a larger survey ina
mach shorter time span. Models of experiments indicate that this survey
time will be a definite improvement.

The photomultiplier tubes will be changed to high-shock-resistant tubes.
An electromechanical cable will be purchased and adapted to the survey
system. This cable will make it possible to use a power winch and drum
to raise and lower the detector assembly. Slight modifications and ad-
ditions will be made to accommodate multiple photopeaks.

Calg

ADDENDA C-1 to C-6

to

APPENDIX C

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23

ADDENDUM C-2

Xenon-133 Tagging Procedure

Preparation of Sand

Sand from the test area which had been shipped to ORNL for treatment
and labeling was screened with a 10 mesh screen to remove debris, washed
with tap water, and covered with hydrochloric acid. The acid concentra-
tion was not critical but should be >6 N. The mixture was held in a well-
ventilated area for ~24 hr and occasionally stirred,’ until all signs of a
reaction with carbonates had ceased. After the sand was thoroughly washed
to remove the acid and dried, it was ready for high-temperature tagging

with 15%xe.

Tagging Procedure

A 58-kg batch of prepared sand was loaded into a specially designed
furnace (see Addendum C-3), The furnace was placed in a shielded cell
equipped with manipulators, connected to a gas purification system (see
Fig. C-8), and heated to 600°C. The gases evolved from the sand during
heating were removed with a vacuum pump. At 600°C, pumping was discon-
tinued (pressure is ~0.03 cm of Hg), and 1°°Xe was admitted into the
furnace. The furnace was further heated to 850°C (requires ~3 hr) and
was then cooled, first to 150°C by circulating Ns gas that had been cooled
with liquid Ns through the cooling coils, and then to ~80°C by water.

The excess 195Xe was recovered by pumping the gas mixture through traps
cooled with liquid Ns. These traps recovered 19°Xe and allowed the bulk
of the gas contaminants (No and 05) to. pass through. The gas pressure

in the furnace after 1°°Xe addition was <l cm of Hg. After the furnace
was heated and cooled, the pressure was ~150 cm of Hg. The sand was re-
moved and then packaged in gallon paint cans. With a 133X¥e concentration
of 8 mCi/em® in the gas phase, the sand will adsorb ~20 wCi of +°°Xe per

gram of sand.

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ADDENDUM C-3

Xenon-135 Tagging Furnace

The 19°Xe-tagging furnace, shown in Fig.C-9, was designed to tag
4O liters of sand. The basic unit is constructed of mild steel, contains
eight heating elements (230-V, 1500-W Calrods) and eight cooling loops,
and is insulated with fire brick and sheet asbestos., Two 30-amp 210-V
Variacs are used to furnish power to the heating elements. These are
enclosed in stainless steel to prevent corrosion and failure. Two cali-
brated thermocouples are used to monitor temperature in the center and
side of the furnace. The maximum operating temperature for the furnace
is 900°C.

A typical heating cycle with 40 liters of sand is as follows. The
Variacs are set at 10 amp for 1 hr and are then raised to 20 amp for 3
hr. The final temperature is 850°C on the center thermocouple and 750°C
on the outside thermocouple. The cooling cycle is started immediately,
first with cooled Ns gas (bubbled through liquid No) at a flow rate of
5) Gaal store val 1/2 hr and then with water cooling to reduce the temperature
to 80°C (2 hr).

Sook sit [aor]

PARTS LIST

DESCRIPTION

8n6 Tece

S87 PLATE

eReo'D

CARO HEATER
STORES iTEm O8-Do9- 0276

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133¥e_Tagging Furnace.

Figure C-9.

ADDENDUM c-4

Underwater Detector Assembly

The underwater detector assembly, shown in Figs. C-10 and C-11, is
constructed of mild steel, except for the detector housing, which is
constructed of stainless steel. The final assembly is plated with
nickel (electroless process) to prevent excessive corrosion. Careful
attention is given to axle and bearing tolerances because the detector
housing must swing freely as a pendulum. A 1/2-in.-thick lead plate is
used at the bottom of the detector housing to aid in holding the detec-
tors in a vertical position. Conductor cables are passed through the
hollow axle and around a towing torque. The cable entry is sealed with

epoxy resin to prevent water from entering the detector housing.

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ADDENDUM C-5
Detector Position Indicator

The device shown in Fig. €-12 which is used to indicate the position
of the detector housing, is floested within the watertight detector housing
and functions as a weighted pendulum. The pendulum is connected directly
to a 3-turn 5000-ohm potentiometer by a small pinion gear. This potenti-
ometer is connected to an identical potentiometer on board the vessel.

The readout is shown in the following sketch:

With the detector housing in the vertical position the ammeter, A, is
zeroed with the potentiometer, Ps. As the pendulum moves, it changes
the potentiometer, P,, which causes the ammeter pointer to move to the
right or left. This ammeter is calibrated in degrees and reflects the

position of the detector housing.

2 3/4CL

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ole
OSTON GEAR NO. 32 60

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Figure C-12. Level Indicator for Detector Housing.

ADDENDUM C-6

Clamshell Dispensing Apparatus

The clamshell dispensing apparatus, shown in Fig. C-13,was designed
to dispense 40 liters of sand on the ocean floor. The basic construction
is 16-gage stainless steel. A bridle constructed of 1/4-in.-thick nylon
rope is used to lower the apparatus to the ocean bottom. The length (03
ft) of the bridle must be adjusted under load to ensure that a proper
opening force exists. When the device is lowered and makes contact with
the bottom, the latching pins are disengaged. ‘The weight of the drum
and contents causes the apparatus to open, releasing the sand. ‘Two plugs
located in one end of the device are used for filling. In order for the

device to sink, three small plugs in the top of the device must be opened.

ae See

20.

ill
vil
i

Clamshell Dispensing Apparatus.

Figure C-13.

APPENDIX D

RADIATION DATA REDUCTION AND PLOTTING PROGRAM - RAPLOT

Prepared by

P. A. TURNER

Geology Branch
Engineering Development Division
Coastal Engineering Research Center

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D-22

APPENDIX E

SEDIMENT ANALYSIS TABLES

RANGE: 157 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf
STATION g ) )
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 (68 MOUS 0.389 0.198 2.437
RANGE: 158 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf
STATION g i) 0)
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12
+ 6 IOS all 0.435 0.460 BUST
au, 3)
MLLW
= 6 Piss} 2.00 0.516 -0.164 2.974
=i? 2.38 22h 0.501 -0.066 2.989
-18 PANS 2.22 0.388 0.028 2.934
ah 2.63 2.52 0.372 0.532 3.706
-30 2.63 2.65 0.436 0.298 3.229
-50 2.63 2.68 0.429 0.284 Ro aah
RANGE: 159 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf
STATION i) ) )
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 WS a Gal 0.383 0.704 3.760
+ 6 163 1.68 0.367 0.325 2.358
iS} Wes LS 5S O.4h0 ORL Ve
MLLW gals} S26 0.456 0.706 2.785
=' 6 1.63 MEH 0,552 Ones 2.269
=12 Ans} 2.16 0.525 -0.208 2.341
=il8 DNS} 2.03 0.515 0.008 Qo NA
-2h 2.38 2.45 0.459 0.200 3.066
=30 2.63 QO 0.399 0.082 DSHS
-50 2.63 2.69 0.435 0.212 2.985

RANGE: 160 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf

STATION g ) ¢g

DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.38 42 0.389 0.651 2.859

+ 6 163 1.60 0.370 0.533 Dest

nS TS} TG BO) 0.410 0.872 3.204
MLLW gas} 129 6.518 0.502 2.780
=16 Pros} 1.98 0.462 -0.086 2.336

2 2.13 2.09 0.428 0.169 2.445

-18 PALS} 2.12 0.453 0.130 2.492
Peli a PINS} 0.468 0.147 3.023

-2h 2.38 2 Sal 0.437 0.041 3.008

=30 2.63 2515) 0.519 -0.302 2.654

=50 2.63 2.68 0.432 0.316 S5OSi/
RANGE: 161 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf

STATION gd ) )

DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.88 1.83 ORSSin 0.369 2.446

+ 6 30 LN 0.439 On2ou 2.075

+ 3 Tg S83 aL gli} 0.497 0.289 2.104

ile Se E36 0.540 0.342 2.09

MLLW 1.63 LG TAS 0.420 0.204 2.210

= 6 1.88 Iba {hs 0.552 0.457 2.907

=i Py Ng} 2.02 0.501 O) 5128 2.570

-18 1.88 2.00 0.509 0.147 2.403

-2) 2.63 2.66 o.442 0.426 6 halal

-30 2.63 2.64 0.446 -0.137 2.504

-50 2.63 2.67 0.456 0.256 2.819

RANGE: 162 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf

STATION a) i) )

DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.63 1.64 0.385 0.428 2.475
Bois 2.02 0.463 -1.557 5.001

+6 16S UM SOs 0.384 0.374 2.443

4:3 1.38 1.48 0.446 0.575 2.894
MLLW I gils} ahgsy) 0.466 0.875 3.943
SNS} 5 SO) 0.443 ORWals 3.007

hn S83 Ike SH 0.418 0.658 3.072

= 6 Ie Ste 5 Sul 0.493 OnSDS8 2 this}

12 2s} 2 NAL 0.519 -0.204 Peei@

-18 Tg Gis TON 0.483 0.140 2.790

-2) Dyas 2.14 0.529 O.44h PROS

-30 PRS 2.70 0.438 -0.059 2.981

50) 2.63 Dos 0.432 0.183 3.039
RANGE: 163 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf

STATION ) ) gd

DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 16 Se A na 0.393 0.554 2.769

+ 6 1.63 1.69 0.348 0.279 2.463

SB} AG SiS) 1.40 0.516 0.733 3.951
MLLW I-38 tg hal, 0.452 0.541 2.671
a6 1.88 65 0.542 0.082 Dery

a) Panis 2.19 0.491 0.192 3.072

=18 Zang} 2 ND 0.498 OGuay 2.778

-2) E36 2.4h 0.487 0.558 3.820

-30 2.63 Qe Se 0.526 0.154 2.869

-50 2.63 2.65 0.425 0.194 2.605

RANGE: 164 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf

STATION a) ) ft)
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.38 13 0.378 0.530 2.904
+ 6 To Sis) 152 0.39 0.349 2.508
& 3 1.38 aL rhs} 0.392 0.497 2.566
MLLW TPA63 1.68 0.463 1.416 6.687
= 6 163 1.68 O.uK6 0.214 2.459
=i12 1.88 i492 ase 0.130 2/8
-18 1.88 1.96 0.498 =(Os2 2.530
-2) 2E36, 2 3P 0.426 0.386 3.099
-30 2.63 DOr 0.420 =0/05u) 2.704
50) 2A63 2eyS Ope icul 0.292 3.270
RANGE: 165 Survey Date: May 1967 INS (Shoes
STATION gd i) ¢d
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 163 1.69 0.390 OnS2T 2.487
; 1.63 W565 0.355 0.399 2n33
+
+ 3 63 1.56 0.549 0.566 3.993
MLLW 1.88 Mes 0.428 Onwen 2.104
= © 1.63 i Gul. om ware 0.343 2.4oh
a2 Dolls 2.04 0.56 -0.086 2.012
-18 Deis 1.99 0.509 0.397 3.518
-2) Peas} Doll 0.486 0.213 2.564
-30 2.63 2.65 0.473 0.089 3.289
=50 2.63 2.68 0.436 =0).027 2.486

RANGE: 167 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf

STATION ) i) a)
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 OS Leen 0.355 0.289 2.392
+ 6 (533 1652 0.395 0.103 2.575
1 ie} Aol} Lo 2 0.464 0.569 E565
MLLW ILS} ey 0.483 0.437 Doas/2
- 6 1.88 OI 0.476 0.125 2.108
-12 1.88 1.94 0.530 0.161 2.235
-18 1.88 eon 0.546 0.285 2 Our.
-2) 2rils P28 Oo Sral 0.108 2.622
-30 2.63 2.63 0.511 =0.213 2.925
-50 2.63 Bs Thal o.42h 0.002 2.599
RANGE: 168 Survey Date: May 1967 AREA: Surf
STATION g i) ¢g
DEPTH IN FEET WORKING MEAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 AGS} 6 53S) 0.362 0.288 2.583
+ 6 68 LDS 0.387 0.299 2.464
15. ® 1.38 he 0.414 0.636 2.696
MLLW apa} Las 0.431 0.758 3.363
= 6 1.63 Lott 0.450 0.358 2.419
=]? 1.63 1.69 0.502 0.447 2.576
=nG 1.88 he Gk 0.489 Oni: 2.526
-2) 2.38 2a) 0.482 0.226 2.657
-30 2.63 Do 0.532 E10) sal 2.638
-50 2.88 Das 0.446 0.142 3.202

RANGE: 170

STATION

DEPTH IN FEET

cPLe
+ 6
v5}
MLLW
= 6
=i
=o
-2h
-30
-50

RANGE: 171

STATION

DEPTH IN FERT

- 6
-12
-18
-2h
-30
-50

RANGE: 172

STATION
DEPTH IN FEET

+12
+ 6
+03
MLLW

p

WORKING MEAN

PMUNNEPRPRPRPEP HE
co
©

p

WORKING MEAN

63
88
63
88
63
88

MMPRPEH

p

WORKING MEAN

OS
1.38
gate
leaks)

Survey Date:

6
MEAN

MNOMNMOPRPRPEPB
feo)
on

Survey Date:

6
MEAN

oD
ooh
SoH
94
we
“17

NMHPHPEP

Survey Date:

p
MEAN

aD
1.46
a 20)
Thigh

May 1967

b

STND. DEV.

416
acto d
426
eh
-450
.621
-500
487
434
.592

iS Oo) Se) oO) Cy e)<e) GY ©)

May 1967

6

STND. DEV.

a her
Se
yb
452
ae
404

OO. So © ©

May 1967

p

STND. DEV.

Oosyfal
0.380
0.391
0.404

SKEWNESS

22h
827
59h
354
299
262
oAlas}
525i.
076
a Suly/

Creo oe Te OQore |

SKEWNESS

-4Oh
192
481
33h
172
268

ee) 2) Gee

SKEWNESS

O35
O.477
0.782
0.636

AREA: Surf

KURTOSIS

-999
.651
82h
538
Oca
-379
389
. 868
49h
see)

MONMNMNNWNNWY

INR AGS SS uirsite

KURTOSIS

622
293
~155
82h
- 789
629

MOonwmnmMnw Phd Pw

AREA: Surf

KURTOSIS

2.575
2.634
4.170
2.932

RANGE: 174

STATION

DEPTH IN FEET

+12
+ 6
vr S}
MLLW

RANGE: 175

STATION

DEPTH IN FERT

+12
+ 6
a 1S}
MLLW

RANGE: 176

STATION

DEPTH IN FEET

+12
+ 6
ar 8)
MLLW

p

WORKING MEAN

1.38
GSS)

dL oaks}

6

WORKING MEAN

1963
T(8}
1.63
ib dls}

WORKING MEAN

1.63
1.38
1.38
Leas}

Survey Date:

Q
MEAN

SS
To he

20

Survey Date:

b
MEAN

es 55
AON
aNOule
A333}

Survey Date:

May 1967

p

STND. DEV.

0.385
0.368
0.396
0.437

May 1967

g

STND. DEV.

0.353
0.398
0.403
O57

SKEWNESS

0.687
0.616

0.979

SKEWNESS

0.339
0.410
0.276
0.630

SKEWNESS

Oossi5)
0.447
0.742
0.407

AREA: Surf

KURTOSIS

4.123
3.024

4.007

AREA: Surf

KURTOSIS

2.509
2.52h
2.397
2.680

AREA: Surf

KURTOSIS

2.672
2.828
3.390
2.438

RANGE: 156 Survey Date: June 1968 ) AREA: Surf

STATION ) ¢ a)
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 alee 153 eh 22h 2 D5
+ 6 1.60 oul 242 53} 285)
+3 1.58 ale (oul 48 Salts) 1.94
MLLW Leal 1-38 .58 40 2.29
=16 Ou: 1.90 239 .06 PESi(
=112
ile 2.38 x BH .38 26 3.47
-2) 2,42 2.39 243 -.02 2.36
-30 sey Dessau ie 46 oan 2552
-50 2.66 2.64 239 .03 2.65
RANGE: 157 Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: Surf
STATION ¢g ) )
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 MOSH 1.60 243 338 2823
+ 6 2.00 ALGIS 635 =13 QoS
an 3 1.38 1.49 243 anh 2.78
MLLW =i .16 BONG Be Pee
=n6 1.64 1.68 249 23 2 Mle
=i2 2.26 Omaley 48 SG 2.43
-18 DOS 2.20 gh -.27 2.60
-24 D0 2.48 34 =.0i: PRS5
-30 2.44 2.43 = Nall 20 2.76
=50 Baal 2. Tal 40 2h Shai

RANGE: 158 Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: Surf

STATION i) ) g

DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

+12 LoS 165 38 mS 2) Oy

+ 6 Oe TOL 28 oll 2.28

+ 3 Al Sell 1.41 lial 8h BS} 16)

MLLW Tyo Als} oT 39 gall 3.94

= 6 LSS} 1.67 46 (22 2.14

LOS 1.69 46 30 2.39

=) 2.26 2.26 4h 42 3.81

S18} 2.05 203 46 .09 2.35

ph 2.47 2.43 245 -O4 DST

-30 2.66 PROS 36 3518} 2.44

-50 2.69 Door 40 Ball, 2.99
RANGE: 159 Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: Surf

STATION ty) ) a)

DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

+12 1.69 Ake Wal 38 234 2.36

+ 6 AL steul Dou oS 14 2.2h

3 he Si ao LES} 5 aL olen Dott

MLLW de IG) 625 JU5 puGE 2.46

= 6 Lo 5O IL HO oS .29 2 Su

=ii2 2.06 202 48 aly 2.29

=i 2.00 2.00 Fike) .09 Pes

-2) De) D Oi -50 AON 2.45

-30 2ei2 Do 36 =,09 2.64

-50 2.69 2.67 oh .06 2.69

RANGE: 160 Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: Surf

STATION ) g )
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 To (lk LO 239 oll rail
+ 6 SON PAGS eK 243 2) Mh),
a 3 Te Sal le SM ala 1.48 6.96
MLLW Lo OM Tole) ah Bie 2B
= 6 W350 156 5 Sul 4h 2.26
-12 A al aloul! 558 BONE 2.25
-18 2835 2.29 lhe iii PRS2
-2h 2.40 2.36 46 5 (OIL 223
-30 2.67 2.64 243 -.09 2.26
-50 Bao ean ah -.06 DoS
RANGE: 9N Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: Surf
STATION a) a) gd
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.29 1 St -40 Mf By Ine
+ 6 Tg 1.48 »39 4h DOS
ae 3 hg Sul S39 40 258 2.49
MLLW AL Gals} eel 46 OTD 2.95
-6 Ms 6 ag he S350 a5 2.62
=12 BOP 2.19 4h =209 2) Pr
=18 MAT Ta (as .62 . 10 2.07
ph Bie Aus) Me) Soul 525 2.29
-30 2.66 2.62 245 = 425 Ae Gh
-50 DON 2.66 anal .03 2.48

Bait

RANGE: C Survey Date: June 1968 NAS ©

STATION ) ) )
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 ALG Gt 1.68 36 25 2.39
+ 6 1.04 Lp lO .81 05 16/83}
+ 3 2.03 1.98 42 -.16 2.16
MLLW I 2a. I OF 1.04 -.39 A2olal
=' 6 1.66 1.60 -70 —.6h Boi
=i? Dens Be Nal 243 o4 Do Pr,
Alf BABY 2.34 -40 -.09 2.19
=o) 24h 2.39 .39 -.31 2.44
-30 BING) 2.39 IAS ole 2.92
-50 2.69 2.64 835 ST Ese
RANGE: 13 N Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: C
STATION Qo g g
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 IG? 1.64 -40 ali DO
+ 6 59 1.59 .66 1.24 6.32
PES 1.90 abil N62 SWE 27 5.91
MLLW WES TSC ann 522 2.38
- 6 AIL) Te ALG} .69 =p 12 2.59
=i 2.03 2.00 RL -03 2.30
=18 TWA 182 49 =A Oilk 232
-2h PEO 2.03 49 .08 peels
-30 2.4) auhe 39 =.05 Bye}
=50 2.62 2.59 39 =403 2.50

RANGE: 13S Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: ¢

STATION ) g )
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 ie SH 1.46 oly 239 Pal
+ 6 slban(eS Mes 6 .19 Dali
+ 3 1.68 1.69 243 sl 2.16
MLLW WG 1.64 39 234 2.18
= 6 52 aja) igs .65 -1.12 4.96
Ne 223 weil 245 -.26 2.63
-18 2.08 2.03 50 -.08 Pre AlS}
-24 Dyin PSK) 5 fal =n 2 2.48
-30 BSH Deon 35 =.13 2.45
-50 2.63 Si ( 43 S56) 2.49
RANGE: C-1 Survey Date: June 1968 NHN
STATION g ) )
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.23 Mesyh oS 559 2.32
+ 6 Ts yflh eS 4h .00 re
+ 3 1.58 a 54 62 aap lle) Be13
MLLW ia Sal! 155 258 aall(o) Qe
= 6 eee Mes 5 hal 2h 2.12
=e
-18 Dae Pela 45 a5 2a, DO
-2h 2.35 Divers) .39 =O i( Drala
-30 2.49 2.48 36 -O4 2.39
-50 2.48 2). 3 £55 ha ieeuts

a)

RANGE: A-2 Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: A

STATION a) a) i)
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.96 1.96 o SIL 20 2.29
+ 6 1.99 1.98 39 TA. DoW
+ 3 Doe 2D P26 23h = 13} 2.19
MLLW 2) inh ela 536 = 210) 2.28
-6 DMS DoS 5 aL 05 2.35
=i12 1.96 1.96 ae o4 2.38
-18 2.09 2.06 48 -.08 2.38
-2) AO 1.98 43 21 2.03
-30 1.96 1,5 9uL 053 -.12 205
-50
RANGE: A Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: A
STATION ) gd i)
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 .68 83 1.19 5 ll) 1.35
+ 6 1.688 IOS »39 .28 2.26
3} PNG 2.16 234 =02 2.38
MLLW Dos 2.32 23h -.18 252
=56 BESS eM 40 =.20 2.28
-12 2.2h Bous 60 = 520 2.02
-18 PaaS) Psa Ail = ly 2.18
-2h Dolly 2G 48 = 110 2.30
-30 De eval oS 5k 2.16
-50 238 2E8S til -.18 2.16

E-14

RANGE: A-1 Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: A

STATION i) ) 6
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 ‘hig S83) Io 25) Tj dkS} sill 2.06
+ 6 2.00 2.02 -35 .O4 ® Si.
2 2 3yn 2.34 Hee .02 DN)
ae 2ECD) 2.19 Seu -.46 By ET
=12
-18
-2h 2.6h 260, 585 = 20 2E52
-30 2.62 QS 245 =25 D258
-50 2.39 Doss aca syle Drlale
RANGE: 14 N Survey Date: June 1968 AREA: A
STATION ) ) a)
DEPTH IN FEET MEDIAN MEAN STND. DEV. SKEWNESS KURTOSIS
+12 1.83 1.05 36 shal DGD
+ 6 2 Sik 2.26 Soil 528} DPS
+ 3 2.29 Ae 5o2 =srlir 2.28
MLLW Ow iat 2838 36 S425 Pes
- 6 2.00 1.99 48 .08 DOS
-12 2E50 2.44 38 -.28 analy
=18 2E53 21532 Seth =P OP Crseil
-2) 2E58 255) 42 Sip ila De Se
-30 Dee 2.68 £33 =.35 D2
-50 DEO 2.67 B32 =e 20 BE2

E=-15

re

ee 2
Veni g sean

Leiba
Aine

ial

i

Ae

APPENDIX F
RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORD

Units are shown in Millirems (Mrem)

Cape Kennedy Surf (VAFB) Pt Conception CERC SPTB

NAME Dee Ds 2G Os Be Bg. 2G
E. H. Acree 0 0 <50 <50 60 60 0 0
H. R. Brashear NP NP NP NP 70 50 NP NP
T. Burtin NP NP NP NP 50 He) NP NP
F. N. Case NP NP NP NP 60 40 NP WP
N. H. Cutshall NP NP 250) 50) @) 30 NP WNP
D. B. Duane 0 @) <50. <50 60 60 0) 0
C. J. Galvin NP WNP NP NP NP NP 0 )
C. W. Judge NP NP NP NP NP NP 0) 0)
ReeOmestarrord NP NP NP NP NP NP 0 0
J. G.. Tingler NP NP NP NP NP NP ¢) )

NP - Indicates no participation
Dg - Skin dosage in Mrem

Dc - Cumulative dosage in Mrem

UNCLASSIFIED

Security Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA-R&D
(Security classification of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is classified

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Comstal Engineering Research Center (CERC) Unclassified

Uorps of Engineers, Department of the Army

Washington, D. C.

3. REPORT TITLE
RADIOISOTOPIC SAND TRACER STUDY, POINT CONCEPTION, CALIFORNIA
Preliminary report on accomplishments July 1966 to June 1968

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates) ‘

8. AUTHOR(S) (Firat name, middie initial, last name)
David B. Duane

Charles W. Judge

6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 176. NO. OF REFS
May 2965 29h

“AT eon 17) OR GRANT NO. 98, ORIGINATOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)
9-11) - 2988 between Atomic Energy
Commission and Coastal Engineering Researc

. PROJECT N Center | Miscellaneous Paper 2-69

9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assigned
thie report)

10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution
is unlimited.

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

13. ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study is to develop and use radioactive tracers for research

in sand movement and littoral processes. Objectives include determination of suitable
radioactive isotopes, development of radiation detectors, and development of handling
and survey programs. Concurrent with these objectives, studies of sediment transport
around the Point Conception headland and of the mechanics of littoral transport are
being conducted. Methods developed by this program have direct application to engineer-
ing design of such works as harbor development and beach erosion prevention, and quasi-
military application such as the location of radioactive or other toxic materials.

Sand grains indigenous to the study area have been labeled with xenon-133 which
does not adversely affect the hydraulic properties of the sand. A mobile detector
system using cesium iodide crystals and housed in a "ball" towed behind an amphibious
vehicle detects quantity and areas of radiation. Computer programs correct and plot
radiation data. A field test of equipment and principles at Cape Kennedy, Florida, was
successful. Additional field tests were at Surf and Point Conception, California. Thes¢
tests included isotope distribution, sediment analysis, offshore profiles, and oceanic
gand atmospheric environment monitoring. In addition, model tests were conducted at
CERC to compare high and low specific activity xenon, and to study beach development
and movement under the controlled conditions of a hydraulic laboratory.

Data density is sufficient to support tentative conclusions regarding offshore
sediment movement in the Point Conception area. Additional field tests will extend the
survey from the beach through the surf zone. Also, development of instruments and
field programs will continue in order to permit routine use by technicians and field
crews.

DD ,"°= 147 REPLACES DOD FORM 1673. 1 JAN 04, WHICH IS :
9 mov 66 OBSOLETE FOR ARMY USE. UNCLASSIFIED

curity Classification

UNCLASSIFIED
Security Classification

KEY WORDS

radioisotapes
radioactive isotopes
xenon-133

radiation detector
radiation measuring instruments
cesium iodide crystals
sediment transport
littoral transport
littoral processes
sediment anaes
hydraulic models
headlands

beaches

hydrographic surveys

Point Conception, California

Cape Kennedy, Florida

UNCLASSIFIED
Security Classification

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