RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS OF CARMEL
BAY, CALIFORNIA

Lee Scott Carter

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THESiS

RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS

of
CARMEL BAY, CALIFORNIA

by
Lee Scott Carter

Thesis Advisor

R. S. Andrews

December 1971

Approved fan. pubtlc si&Z&aAz; dUtAJJouution imtunitcd.

Recent Marine Sediments

of
Carmel Bay, California

by

Lee Scott Carter
Lieutenant, United States Navy
B.S., Naval Postgraduate School, 1970

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
December 1971

ABSTRACT

Fifty-six sediment samples were collected within Carmel
Bay for textural analysis to determine their statistical
properties. The sediments found within the Carmel Submarine
Canyon consist, for the most part, of poorly to very poorly
sorted very fine sand and coarse silt. The shelf area sur-
rounding the canyon is primarily comprised of moderately to
very poorly sorted sand, with a small area of very poorly
sorted gravel in the northeastern section of the Bay. Con-
sideration of textural parameters such as mean size, standard
deviation, and skewness suggest that the sediments of the Bay
are under the influence of a dynamic sediment transport mecha-
nism. The Bay appears to be a sedimentary system primarily
isolated from adjacent coastal sediment sources, with the
major sources of sedimentary deposits being terrigeneous debris
from the Carmel River, erosion and weathering of the local
coastline and offshore rocks by wave and weather, and the shells
and tests of numerous calcareous marine organisms. Movement
of sediments by slumping and gravity sliding down the Carmel
Submarine Canyon appears to be the only form of sediment
removal within the Bay.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 8

A. DESCRIPTION OF CARMEL BAY 8

B. REGIONAL GEOLOGY 11

C. BATHYMETRY 13

D. GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHY 14

II. SAMPLE COLLECTION 15

III. SAMPLE ANALYSIS 17

A. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 17

B. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF RAW DATA 18

IV. PRESENTATION OF DATA 20

A. TEXTURE OF SEDIMENTS 20

1. Mean Grain-Size 20

2. Standard Deviation . 25

3. Skewness 27

B. SHELL CONTENT 27

C. PEBBLE COMPOSITION 30

V. DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION 31

A. SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERN 31

B. SEDIMENT SOURCES AND SINKS 35

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 38

VII. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 40

APPENDIX A: Computer Data Card Formats 41

SAMPLE OF COMPUTER 'OUTPUT 42

COMPUTER PROGRAM -- 43

REFERENCES CITED -- : 56

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 58

FORM DD 1473 --- - 60

LIST OF TABLES

I.

II.

Carmel Bay Sample Locations, Sand-Silt-Clay Relation-
ships, and Size Statistics 21

Estimates of Sample Shell Content

29

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page

1. Location of Carmel Bay, California 9

2. Carmel Bay Bathymetry 10

3. Carmel Bay Sediment Sample Locations 16

4. Tertiary Diagram: Sand-Silt-Gravel
Relationships 2 4

5. Standard Deviation as a Function of Mean

Grain Size 2 6

6. Skewness as a Function of Mean Grain Size -- 28

7. Sediment Mean Grain-Size Distribution 32

8. Sediment Standard Deviation Distribution 33

9. Sediment Shell Content 34

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is deeply indebted to Dr. Robert S. Andrews
of the Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School,
Monterey, California for his assistance. Assistance in the
collection and processing of samples is gratefully acknowledged
from Lcdr. Charles K. Roberts, USN; Lt. Ralph A. Zardeskas,
USN; Lt. John P. Simpson, USN; Mr. Jack C. Mellor; Mr. Lawrence
Leopold; Miss Norma Tatum; Miss Theodora Cristobel; Mrs. Cynthia
J. Carter; and the crews of the Naval Postgraduate School
63-foot Hydrographic Research Vessel and USNS BARTLETT
(T-AGOR-13). Grateful acknowledgment is also made to Miss
Sharon D. Raney of the W. R. Church Computer Center at the
Naval Postgraduate School for her preparation of the computer
program for sediment size analysis.

Partial funding for this study was provided to Dr. Andrews
through the Naval Postgraduate School Research Foundation under
an Office of Naval Research contract.

I

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this study was to describe the distribu-
tion of the recent marine sediments of Carmel Bay, California.
To accomplish this objective, 52 grab samples and 1 gravity
core were collected within the Bay.

Among the previous studies of the marine sediments of
Carmel Bay are two M.S. theses by students of the Naval Post-
graduate School; one on the sediments at the head of the Carmel
Submarine Canyon [Wal 1 in, 1968] , and one on a heavy mineral
investigation of Carmel Bay beach sands [Gri ff in, 1969]. Judge
[1970] reported on one sample taken at Carmel River Beach and
analyzed for size distribution and heavy mineral content.

A. DESCRIPTION OF CARMEL BAY

Carmel Bay is located on the Coast of California approxi-
mately 160 km south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay (Fig.
1) and 9 km south of the southern extreme of Monterey Bay.
The Bay is generally rectangular in shape with dimensions of
about 4.3 km in the north-south direction and 3.6 km in the
east-west direction CFig. 2).

The Bay is bounded on the north by the community of Pebble
Beach, on the east by the City of Carmel, and on the south by
Point Lobos State Reserve.

The Bay drains approximately 670 square km of watershed
through two watercourses, the Carmel River and San Jose Creek
(Fig. 2) [California State Department of Water Resources, 1969 ] .

8

San

Francisco

Bay

Monte
Bay

PACIFIC
OCEAN

Figure l.« Location of Carmel Bay, California

K*Jf

no ho

STILLWATER COVE

i

I45J00
ITS

San Jose

Creek

PLATE 1
* lATHTHfmiC CH1BT OF CAMEL B*T

CALIFORNIA

U 1 k
1 1 UP

KMIK

•WTflt

HMUIS.USI

■TO* o«ii«ii»H', uui BKisitOlMTt

,.* ;. MUM

"no ooo

fumh

FIJI . > CWKCTEB

FM HWIO »(L)(HI

TtttwiV1

"uMM

aus mi smioio

KIC-4 ML If

*fl« "c

its smut H HH.

DEC 1)11

ITHKI

INK iulifiCOiSuC

EO id- I MM

in

Figure 2. Carmel Bay Bathymetry. (After Zardeskas, 1971 )

10

The discharge from the Carmel River is quite seasonal with
heavy runoff during the rainy winter months and virtually no
runoff during the summer and fall months. During the summer
and fall months the beach berm crest closes off the river mouth,
forming a small fresh-water lagoon on the backshore. After the
start of the rainy season, and as conditions dictate, the mouth
of the river is forced open by bulldozer to reduce the danger
of severe flood damage if the river is unable to breach the
berm crest by itself. Normally this forced opening of the
mouth is required only once or twice a year; however, during
the winter of 1966-1967 the river mouth was forced open 25
times by crews from the Point Lobos Reserve State Park [Mr.
Donald Rich, personal communication]. This breeching results
in the carrying off of large amounts of sedimentary debris
into the ocean. The flow of water from San Jose Creek is
normally so meager that ^/ery little water ever reaches the
shore of the Bay except during periods of heavy winter rains.

B. REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The geology of the area surrounding Carmel Bay has been
studied in some depth by Lawson [1893], Beal [1915], Bowen
[1965], and Ni 1 i -Esfahani [1965]. Bowen's publication is the
basis for much of the following information.

There are several different formations associated with the
geology of Carmel Bay and its associated watersheds. These
watersheds constitute an important source of supply of fresh
materials for the sediments of the Bay. The most conspicuous
of the rocks is the Santa Lucia porphyritic biotite

11

granodiorite . This formation was intruded deep into the
Paleozoic Sur Series early in the Cretaceous period. Through
uplift and erosion much of the Sur Series was removed, leaving
only the granodiorite. Subsequent depression presented the
opportunity for further marine deposition. During the
Paleocene age the Carmelo Series, consisting of interlayed
beds of sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates, was deposited

The Middle Miocene Chamisal Formation overlays the Carmelo
east of the Bay and this is in turn overlain by Middle Miocene
iddingsite andesite lava which outcrops at five or six points
around the Bay. The lava is in turn overlain by Middle and
Upper Miocene Monterey siliceous shale.

Granodiorite outcrops are found at three points around the
shore of the Bay: Pescadero Point, Abalone Point, and Point
Lobos. The Carmelo outcrops in the northern area of the Bay
in the vicinity of Stillwater Cove and to the south in the
vicinity of Whaler's Cove. A massive outcrop of lava exists
at Arrowhead Point, with a smaller one appearing to the south
of Carmel Beach. The remainder of the shoreline consists of
the Quaternary sandstones which lie above the Monterey shale,
and Recent unconsolidated sand and gravel.

The upper watershed of the Carmel River is composed
primarily of Paleozoic metamorphic gneisses of the Sur Series.
These metamorphics are an important source of supply of heavy
minerals to the sediments and beaches of Carmel Bay. The
lower portion of the watershed is comprised primarily of
Santa Lucia granodiorite and Tertiary sedimentary rocks

12

[California State Department of Water Resources, 1969] . These
sedimentary rocks, being generally soft, are subject to intense
weathering, and contribute a much greater amount of sedimentary
material for transport to the sea than do the much harder
crystalline metamorphic and granitic rocks of the area. San
Jose Creek follows a path that takes it through Monterey shale
and Santa Lucia granodi ori te .

C. BATHYMETRY

A complete bathymetric survey of Carmel Bay was made in
March of 1971 [Fig. 2). This was the first survey made of
the entire Bay which utilized echo-sounding equipment
[Zardeskas, 1971 J . The current U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
chart of the Bay (C&GS 5476) is based on data collected in
1933 utilizing lead line soundings and sextant navigation.

The Bay is transected by the Carmel Submarine Canyon, which
has its origin immediately offshore of San Jose Creek and its
termination where it branches with the Monterey Submarine
Canyon some 21 km to the northwest of the mouth of San Jose
Creek. The bed of San Jose Creek, which flows through a narrow
V-shaped canyon throughout its 10 miles of length, tends to
follow the Blue Rock Fault [Gri f f in, 1 969] and appears to be
a direct landward extension of the Carmel Submarine Canyon.
Carmel Canyon is similarly a narrow V-shaped canyon cut into
granodiorite [Shepard, 1963] .

The area to the south of the Carmel Submarine Canyon axis
is bounded by small pocket beaches, rocky cliffs and large
offshore rocks, both submerged and exposed. Numerous ravines

13

traverse the nearsfiore shelf and intersect the edge of the
canyon at a water depth of about 50 fm.

The coastline to the north of the canyon axis is also very
rocky, with large offshore rocks and small pocket beaches. The
bottom has a much gentler slope than the area to the south, and
as in the south, reaches a depth of approximately 50 fm before
rapidly dropping off into the canyon. The eastern side of the
Bay is bounded by three sandy beaches: San Jose Beach (some-
times called Monastery Beach), Carmel River Beach, and Carmel
Beach (Fig. 2), each separated from the next by a rugged out-
crop of granodiorite (plus some Miocene lava between Carmel
River Beach and Carmel Beach). The head of the canyon is
located about 200 m offshore from San Jose Beach (Monastery
Beach) with the rim of the canyon occurring at depths of 7 fm
to 10 fm [Wal 1 in, 1968, p. 17]. One major branch of the canyon
incises the northern shelf of the Bay.

D. GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHY

References in recent literature concerning the physical
oceanographic properties of Carmel Bay are noticeably lacking.
Records of measurements of the currents and thermal structure
of the Bay are virtually nonexistent.

The tides in the Bay are of the mixed type characteristic
of the Pacific Coast of the United States [Sverdrup, Johnson,
and Fleming, 1942]. The diurnal difference between mean lower
low water and mean higher high water is 5.2 feet [U.S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey, 19 71 ] .

14

II. SAMPLE COLLECTION

Samples were collected by ship, using a Shipek grab
sampler and a 2.75-inch, outside diameter, 700 -lb total weight
gravity corer. Fifty-two grab samples and one gravity core
CStation C-l) were collected during the period from April
to June 1971 [Fig. 3). Stations were located by measuring
the horizontal angles between known landmarks around the Bay
utilizing a sextant. Sample depth was obtained by fathometer,
or by wire depth when electronic soundings were not available.

It was not possible to occupy some stations in the vicinity
of Carmel Beach and Pescadero Point due to heavy concentrations
of kelp [Macrocys ti s pryi fera ) in these areas. Several sample
collections were attempted in the kelp-free areas off of
Pescadero Point, but only a few rock dwelling tunicates and
gastropods were collected, suggesting a rocky bottom.

Grab samples were placed in double plastic bags and re-
frigerated until processed. The gravity core in its plastic
liner was capped and sealed and stored in a cool, dark loca-
tion in an upright position until cut and processed.

15

I2I°58'W

18
O

36"

34'N

33'

32'

Depth contours in fm

31

Nautical Miles

Feet

8000

Figure 3. Carmel Bay Sediment Sample Locations

16

III. SAMPLE ANALYSIS

A. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Grain-size analyses were conducted in accordance with
the procedures outlined in Krumbein and Pettijohn [1938].
Grab samples were split to obtain a representative subsample
of about 60 g. Three of the grab samples (Samples 10, 26,
and 47) contained a large number of large pebbles, making
splitting of the sample difficult. Therefore, each of these
samples was analyzed in its entirety. The core was split
lengthwise into two equal halves and four subsamples were
taken .

All subsamples were washed in distilled water to desalt.
Each subsample was then allowed to settle and the excess
water decanted off. The subsample was then wet sieved through
a 4.0(3 screen to separate the sand- and gravel-size fractions
from the silt- and clay-size fractions. The fine fraction
(>4. 00) was collected in a 1000-ml sedimentation cylinder and
the coarse fraction was dried.

The dried coarse fraction was then size graded with
screens according to the Wentworth scale using phi notation
[Folk, 1968]. This was accomplished by sieving at a 0.50
interval through 3-inch diameter sieves shaken on a Ro-tap
automatic shaking machine for 10-min. The three large samples
(Samples 10, 26, and 47) were sieved through 8-inch screens.
The fraction retained on each sieve was weighed to the nearest

17

0.1 mg and the 3.00, 3.50, and 4.00 fractions were placed
in vials for later microscopic analysis.

The fraction finer than 4.00 (pan fraction) obtained dur-
ing dry sieving was next added to the 1000-ml cylinder con-
taining the fine fraction obtained by wet sieving. A pep-
tizing agent CCalgon) was then added and a pipette analysis
was performed on each subsample with a 0.50 interval. Wadell's
correction of Stoke's law was used to determine the settling
velocities of the different sized particles. Each 20-ml
pipette aliquot was dried and weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg,
taking into account the weight of the dried peptizer in the
sample .

Those silt-clay samples which obviously contained less than
5% of the total sample weight were not analyzed using the
pipette method, but were instead transferred to a 50-ml beaker,
dried, and weighed directly to check this assumption.

B. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF RAW DATA

Statistical parameters for describing the size distribution
in each sample were calculated on an IBM 360 Computer. A size
analysis computer program prepared by W. R. Anikouchine
[Dinger, 1970, p. 31] was slightly modified to provide a printed
output of phi sizes at the 5th, 16th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 84th,
and 95th percentile levels, gravel -sand-s i lt-cl ay relation-
ships, plus Trask values, Inman values, and Folk and Ward
values [Collias, et al., 1963], using both linear and four
point interpolation methods. A copy of the computer program

18

and a sample of the computer output is listed at the end
of this thesis. Computer data card formats are listed in
Appendix A.

19

IV. PRESENTATION OF DATA

A. TEXTURE OF SEDIMENTS

The tabulated results of the computer size analysis are
presented for the gravel, sand, silt, and clay percentages
and the linear interpolation of the Folk and Ward statistics
(Table I). While the term "gravel" does not appear in
Wentworth size classifications, it is commonly used to repre-
sent the combination of granules and pebbles; i.e., particles
coarser than -1.00 and finer than -6.00 [Folk, 1968].

1 . Mean Grain-Size

The mean grain-size of the sediments of Carmel Bay
covered a wide range of values from -3.340 (Sample 47) to
4.710 (Sample 59) .

Sand-silt-clay-gravel relationships were plotted on
a sand-silt-gravel diagram similar to that devised by Shepard
[Collias, et al., 1963, p. 33]. The sand-silt-gravel diagram
(Fig. 4) is one face of a tetrahedron used by Krumbein and
Sloss [1963, p. 158] to plot sand-silt-clay-gravel relation-
ships. All of the Carmel Bay samples contained less than 20%
clay, thus allowing the samples to be plotted on the sand-silt'
gravel face of the tetrahedron. The samples ranged in texture
from gravel (Sample 47) to sandy-silt (Samples 35, 42, 53, 56,
57, 59, and 61) (Fig. 4), with 28 of the 56 samples containing
more than 75% sand. The mean grain size was generally larger
near shore and decreased out toward and into the submarine

20

oo
o

OO
I— I

J—
<c
I—
oo

LU

rM
i— i
oo

o

00

oo
o

CsL

CO

on

i

Q
00

CM

00

Ul

•

r?

5

_i

CD

«=t

J^

>

OO

Q

or

*e£

•

3

>

<D

T3

Q

C

(O

^£

C

_l

ra

0

CJ

q:

1/1

in

n3

00

r—

O-

O

►-— •

ZC

OO

>>

z

ro

0

■ —

c_>

>-

on

_l

0

1

-0

\—

c

_l

fO

t—t

00

00

0

,

2:

a>

cC

>

00

(O

$-

0

^j- 00 ■ — o i^ ro CO ir> r^ c\j 1 — unr^o^l-omcnuD
co o o cm ■ — 1 — o cm cm * oj 1 — o co ■ — cm •— 1 — ■ —

0000000000000000000
I I I I I III II II

cnoOM<toiiioroniocovDC\jcocx)mninco
^co«^ro«^-Lr>cTi<X)<x)OCTtCOCM*i>Ln^J-cMCT>r-^

r— O O •— 1— OOOOCMOO

o o

■ — 01 — 1 — inoJONWONrocTiOc^w^cn

OOOOCOCMCMCMCMOCOCMCOi— Or— COO

II I I

1 — Lf)LO< — CM ' — 1 — > — 1 — LT>i — I — CM' — ■ — 1 — CM LT> i —

OOOOOOOOOOOOCMOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOCMOOOOOO

ifin^ooificDCONnoMfocointco<*N
■sTMi — <a-i^ro^m^i — 000 cnforoi — r-.cz>1 —

oooo,*otr)ooo|^oMooi — r-^oo

CM <— <— CO r— CM

r— oiCMvoiiiLninowoo^ico^toco^cnN
CMr-r-^00io,;3-oC0cxi*a-o' — r»- «^- co o ■ — coo

cr>,:d"^cM,~^cri<X)COooc — ^j-cy>^f"cr)<x)CMCMLr)00
r-^u3f^co r-cr>CTicj>cT>r— cocxuDODrvcnrvincfi

LnCOt^tVDCMOiCMr-r- r- CO CO IT) CO CO CO 1-

rOCOi — NNMMlDlD«JOOOi — C) S C O W

O'tLfUDOOOOOCOOOOOfO^O*' —
CM CO CM i— CM CM ^

CD

c

c
ra

QJ

E

1/1
1/1

fO

a

S-

o

It-

CD

00

o

o

o

00

>-

CO

a.

3

en

c
o

CD

+->

4->

ra

01

Q. •
E O
"3 2:
00

NrncOMCMUJCOCOvD^CTiUJCDCTiLriCMCOMCO
1 — 1 — CM CO LT> CM i — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — CMi — 1 — CMCMCMCM

cocor~~cocoocr>co n co 't in c\) o vo > — cOi — cm
1 — co in co o 00 lt> co 1 — cOMO«)COocomm' —

coNNNNinin^oiomininininiDioNcoN
inmininininmLnLnmininininininiomin
o 1 1 -i 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < 1

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

OLONOCOi — CO 00 lOi — OO^D^tTtCONCOO

mmcMCMcr»coio<3-co« — m r-. m m ^- in co ■ — *3"

rOCOCOrOCMCMCMCMCMCMi — 1 — 1 — ' — 1 — 1 — CM «3" CO

ncoronnconnnronncoronfOfomn
0» 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

IDVOvOCOlC^OCOVOincDCDCOtDCOCD^DCDCDin

nncooicnronnnnrocofoconcococofo

CD

a>

00

CO

,

in

00

cr.

1X>

1 —

en

^~

n

in

-^

1/1

1 —

0

0

CMco*3-inmr^cocr>o

c\jco«^-mvoNOOco

r— 1 — r- 1— 1— r— >— CM

OO

■a

e

ro

E
Z3
S-

c
o

•r-
+->

ra

+->
o

c

CM

21

OO

_J

cu

<z

-X

>

c/o

Q

CH

<£

•

3

>

0)

•o

o

c

03

i^

c

_l

03

O

0)

o o o r-» ■ — soiooNoNooM' — o o ■ — cm r^. ■ — own

ooooooooooooooooooooooooo
I I II I I I I I I

lo cm vo «3- «3- > — cocnLncnoir>*3-cocor^cno"=d-f^cyico^i-i — ud
(OvouJfOdininini — «* ^i- ^3- r^. i — CMcncocnLnuDo^^o^cn

o o o ro o c\j o

CM CM >— r— Oi— •— Ot— O O O CM O O ' — CM

om^LncriO^'oj

NOCMr^cnujcooOkD, — «t <t ^ m in cm
0< — cm o oo cm ■ — or-^uDCOcocoo^l-f"^

cm cm cm cm r — i — cm cm co ■ — ro^rocviOi — <tO' — o co > — cm *3- o
ii iii

CD

E

+->

E
O

o

CO

CO

oo

o

>-

o
I

co
I

Q

on

to

10

03

•r- ^

co

c

CO

CD

>
03

i~
O

i — i — i — OOr — mi — i — CM If) ■ — CO • — i — ■ — CO CO LT> i —

O "— •— CM LO

00 O O0 CO

ooooooooctiocoooooooooooooldo
oooooooocoocoooooocoooooooloo

OMDini — cvjNoin^ooN^"*coNni — Nomirnoio«D

NCONNi — CMCOCOCMCOCOCMOCMOO^-' — CO ■ — r>. i — COCO" —

OO"— 000>— C0ix»C0OOOUDCZ)OOOOO
i — CM' — ■ — tn ' — i — CO

OOUHD
IT) i —

OLnCOOCMCh<3-<£>' — i — CMCncO^COOOOLnCOLDi — Cn LT) CO CM

r^.i — cjkoooKHD^oooovou3c^Nr^fc\in<*inovjiDiDOcn

OTcncooOcncoaocococo^cncncoco^cocncocn^cnr-^cno
cx>cncncMcnincx>cocococx)«^i-oococo^-*3-Lncncn" — en cn co lo

r— ■ — ano"*<x)cnoocncocoocvjcri<vii — ^OLn^vocomcM
ooo^ocoo1 — cn co *3- o o o ■ — cn cm cn cn co o ■ — cnocn

OOOOOCMOOCMcn

ooococnoocM^J-^-O'— ocm

r— LT) ^d" CO CO

+-> ^-»
cl E

cu *»-

Q

aio^pjooonNioNinoinoooocONifli — cm cm co o ^3-

i — i — i — i — CMCM^LnCMcOCMOCOCMCM i — CM. — I — 0<*0

CD

-a

3

cn

c
o

CD
T3

+->

03

' — aiCTi^tcninncvj^JiDNfnmoCTir^aMni — > — co^-cmi — co
cn «3- < — ini — oooocrirocyicvicr\OOOJincOix)r^cMOjrN.rvinLnco

^OlOkOlOVOU5U)rvl^«3U)ir)mmU3lDUDNCOCO^D^U3lDli)

ininininininmifiinminmmLnininmmininmLnLninijn
0 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

r~v.cocMC3^Ln'^co«^-cocMCMOcr>cM^3-oocMCMi — i — cn cn > — ion
«3- «d- co o o cn > — ' — co «3- i — cx> r-^ co u"> cn cm co i — co in in co co ^d

COCOCOCOCOCMCOCOCMCMCMc — I — ' — i — i — CM CO ^ CO CO CO CO i — i —

cococococococococococococococococococococococococo
el i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

cocococococococococococococococococococococooococo

CD

a. •

E O
03 2:
oo

CO CO

fO<*ifl^DNCOcnocMn<d-iniocnOi — cMco*3-cnr^»r-~coco«^)-

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^-^l-^«^-«^-"^-«=i-^t-«^-Lnir)

22

E
j= «*- E
+j E O*^
D. O

CD i- Q- CD

Q «4- O S-

I- O

<_3

ir>

o

o

-4->

r-^

o

10

o

r—

o

CO

CO

3

o

CD

o;

_i^

«c

oo

3

OO

X> UJ

•

C ZD

>

(O _1

CD

<c

Q

s^ >

_i

C

o

rO

U_

CD

i — oCOcvjm Ni — r>»

CMCMr— CMCMCMCM>—
OOOOOOOO

r^i — ooi o^ f^^-
r-^LDCOiD«3-co«=j-r-^

i— cm.— •—•—<—■— cm

nror~.i — , — id r*- r».

ID in en m^ n O ' —

*d-«*co«d-co<ct-«=i-cM

LD

r-

CT>

r—

CM

o

o

o

•

•

•

•

O

o

o

o
" 1

CT>

ID

ID

ro

LD

cr>

C7>

ro

•

•

•

•

•—

o

O

•—

LD

ro

«3-

to

cr>

cr>

o

i —

ro

to

oo

H— •

i —

in
oo

o

C_>

>>

rO

t— <

r~ S-5

1—

<_>

■o

_i

CD

UJ

4->

=3

o:

r—

C

•i-^S

•r—

>-

OO

+->

<c

C

_i

o

C_)

(_)

i

-o

s_^

1—

c

_i

rO ^9

1— 1

i— i
oo

OO

UJ

1

_i

Q

CO

Z

i —

<C

eC

CD

h-

OO

ongitude Depth Grav
W (fm) %

C\JC\JC\JC\JC\JC\JC\JC\J

i — IfiPjO LD O C\J

roocMcnocooom

inoN^ i^1 — r~- ' —
ocor^cMCOofJifji

"*NnrocOi — loo
Ln^-^tLnroLO<tfAJ

r~-^-r^i — ld oo co «^-
<t Ncnr^ O' — r~-.ro

CT> O ' — O ■ — I — COi —
CO^-LD^LO^J-^LD

NfAJ^WOILOO^r

>-<"0>- ocno N
Oi — oooooco

kD ^t O OO ■* CO o en

r^corvNCO i — id «3-

i— r— r— CM CVJ

OOCMO" — COCMCM
CM LD CO f-. ■ — *d-cr>i —

CM

r- ID

r — r^ r^- r^

r>.

h*

r^

00

LOLnmLn

ID

id

IT)

LO

o> 1 1 1

1

t

1

1

CM CM CM CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

id

ID

o

o

o

•

•

•

•

ID

o

o

o

CT>

o

r-.

CM

CM

cr>

CM

CM

•

•

•

•

cr>

o

o

o

ro

en

CM

o>

CO

CO

CM

LD

r-^

•

•

•

•

«3-

CO

LD

<d-

ld

cr>

CO

r-.

CO

CO

«3-

o

CM

CO

i —

o

•

•

•

•

c

o

CO

ID

1

CM

r^»

r-^

r^.

r--.

t^»

r--

r--

r^

en

LO

LD
I

en

<D

ID

en
r-»

LD

ID

I

en
r^

ID

i

CM CM CM CM

CD

-o

Z3
4->
•r—
+J

<o

CD

E O
rO ^
OO

CO00«=J-«3-CMCOCMr—

NSIDCOMOON

i — i — CMCMCMCMCMi —

corococoooeocoeo

oi I I I I I I I

LDLOLOL0LDLDLOLO

cocococococococo

DNCOrjlOi — CMCO
LDLDLDlDLDLDLDLD

CM

CM

CM

CM

O

o

O

O

•

•

•

•

CM

CM

CM

CM

• •

CO

CO

CO

CO

CD

1

1

1

1

i —

LD

LD

LD

LD

Q.

CO

CO

CO

CO

E

ro

OO

CD

s_

<

CO

O

o

o

i —

1 —

i —

r

O

o

o

o

o

23

>

6

24

canyon. An offshore area of coarser material was also lo-
ated in the northeastern portion of the Bay between Fox and
Jeffers bench marks (Fig. 3). Core C-l showed a marked
increase in mean grain-size with depth.
2. Standard Deviation

Standard deviation values ranged from a value of 0.430

for Sample 47B to 3.340 for Sample 26. Sample 47B was the only
sample collected within the Bay that was well sorted. Nine
samples were classified as very poorly sorted with the remain-
der of the samples being approximately evenly divided between
moderately sorted and poorly sorted.

Folk and Ward's [1957] statistical analysis of the
sediments of a river bar in Texas revealed that a plot of mean
grain-size vs. standard djeviation for their group of samples
showed a definite trend line of sinusoidal nature. Comparison
of the Carmel Bay plot of mean grain-size vs. standard devia-
tion [Fig. 5} with the results obtained by Folk and Ward
(dashed line on plot) shows a marked similarity between the
two, suggesting the sediments of the Bay are under the in-
fluence of some form of dynamic transport. Some anomalies do
exist however. These anomalies may possibly be explained by
the fact that all of the anomalous samples (Samples 2, 3, 18,
32, 33, 41, 43, 47, 54B, 57, and 63) except one (Sample 26)
are composed primarily of shell fragments and other calcareous
marine organism remains, and are located in water less than
50 fm deep. Differences in density and grain shape of these
samples compared to those of mineral strains could well cause
a different type of sorting behavior.

25

CO

+

_ CM

_ CO

N

IS)

c
s-

CO

03
O)

CM

+

c
o

+->

c

OS

+

I/)
03

C

U

o

k

+->

<u

N

<T3

• —

■r-

o

oo

>

c

<D

o

CJ

0)

£

s-

1

4->
GO

13
CD

o

o

o o

^

CO

CN —

0 'UOJJDIAaQ pjDpUD45

26

3. Skewness

Skewness values ranged from +0.74 (Sample 26) to
-0.72 (Sample 28). The samples were approximately evenly
divided between positively and negatively skewed (Fig. 6),
and tended to follow the trend obtained by Folk and Ward
[dashed line on plot) in their river bar study. The depar-
tures of the skewness values for Carmel Bay samples from those
of Folk and Ward may be explained by recognizing the differ-
ence between river and continental shelf depositional
environments and sources.

B. SHELL CONTENT

Visual inspection was made of the 0.00 and larger frac-
tions of each sample and an estimate made of the percentage
of shells, shell fragments, worm tubes, bryozoan colonies,
corals, and echinoderm spines contained in each sample (Table
II). All of these constituents were grouped under the heading
of "shells." These estimates revealed approximately 20% of
the samples contained 100% "shells" in their 0.00 and coarser
fractions, 25% of the samples contained 50% to 99% "shells,"
30% contained 1% to 49% "shells," and the remaining 25% of
the samples contained no visible amount of "shells."

Considerable amounts of small particles of vegetable matter

(probably kelp) were noted in eight of the samples (Samples 5,

13, 17, 58, 59, 61, 62, and C-1A). Of additional interest was

the fact that Sample 14 contained nine living sand dollars

CDendraster excentricus) when brought aboard ship. No other

benthic organisms or their remains were noted within this

sampl e .

27

1

1

—

o

0

sn

o

*■■*'

o

-D

o

1_

o

o

£

-

o
o o

o

-o

c
o

-

o

o

_*

c

1

o

u_

, o

1

E

\

o

o° o

o

la

^

\ e

0\

>

—

\

w

i_

\

V

o

\

—

c

,«B \

—

o

o

o

\

o

\

o

o

\

o

o

Oo

1

1

/

""■

o °
o

/

/

o/

/

o

*■*■

/
/

/

/

1

\

/

o

o o

o \

-

\

o

1

1

1

—

+

O)

CO

M

+

•i —
OO

c

•f—

rt3

CN

c

+

CD

s:

4-
O

o

•1—

+

T&

=5

u.

CO

N

<T3

OO

CO

o

C
D

fO

CD

I/)

to

CN
I

cu

c

CU

.*:

oo

cu

S-
CO

OO

I

o

•

+■

•

o

•

o

28

•

O

o
T

TABLE II
ESTIMATES OF SAMPLE SHELL CONTENT

Visual observation of the 0.00 and larger fraction of
each sample yielded the following estimates of shells, shell
fragments, worm tubes, bryozoan colonies, corals, and
echinoderm spines.

Sample Shells Remarks Sample Shells Remarks

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16
17
18
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32

100
100
50
70
90
00
50
00
10
05
00
00
00

00

100

50

100

100

90

80

10

00

05

20

03

10

100

70

Kelp fragments

Kelp fragments,
1 peanut shel 1
9 sand dollars

Kelp fragments

33

34

35

36

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

47

47B

48

53

54B

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

CIA
C1B
CI C

C1D

100
40
00
00
00
20
70
05
70
60
80
50
50
40
10

100

10

80

100

100

00

70

10

100

00
00
00
00

Several 3-4"
annelid worms

Kelp fragments
Kelp fragments

Kel p fragments

Kelp fragments

One small

spiny urchin

Kelp fragments

29

C. PEBBLE COMPOSITION

Within the gravel fraction were rock fragments derived
from the local shorelines. Samples 4, 26, and 47 contained
lava pebbles, probably derived from the lava flows on
Arrowhead Point. Granodiorite pebbles were found in Samples
1, 4, 15, 26, 28, and 41, while pebbles of Monterey shale
were found in Sample 10. Sample 26 contained some andesite
porphyry pebbles probably derived from the Carmelo. The
accumulation of these gravels could represent beach sedimenta
tion during the Pleistocene lowering of sea level as shown
by Martin [1964, p. 135].

30

V. DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION

A. SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERN

The sediment distribution pattern within Carmel Bay can
be broken into two separate environments. The sediments
around the periphery of the Bay range from gravel to fine
sand, while the sediments found within the Carmel Submarine
Canyon are almost exclusively very fine sand and coarse silt
(Fig. 7). The only exception to this is the deposit of fine
sand found within the canyon near its head.

The rocky areas to the north and south of the Bay contain
considerable numbers of benthic organisms and the shells and
tests of these organi sms ;cons ti tute a significant part of the
coarse grained, poorly sorted sediments in these areas. Figure
8 shows the distribution of standard deviation of the sediments
and Figure 9 describes the sediment shell distribution. Off-
shore transport of these shells and tests toward the canyon
by currents and wave action has broken their constituent mem-
bers into smaller and smaller pieces, resulting in a corres-
ponding reduction in mean grain-size with distance from shore.

As might be expected, the area off of the mouth of the
Carmel River also displays a concentration of coarse grained,
very poorly sorted sediments, composed primarily of terri-
genous materi al .

31

I2I°58'W

56'

36°
34'N

Contour interva

Nautical Miles

Feet

8000

_L

_L

Figure 7. Sediment Mean Grain-Size Distribution

32

I2I°58'W

36u
34'N

33'

32'

31

Standard deviation contours in 0

Nautical Miles

Feet

8000

_L

Figure 8. Sediment Standard Deviation Distribution

33

I2I°58'W

WHALERS
KNOLL 2

31

Nautical Miles

Feet

8000

Figure 9. Sediment Shell Content.
34

Two anomalous areas appear to exist within the Bay. In
the middle of the Bay is a pocket of very poorly sorted coarse
sand centered around Sample 33, and in the northeast area,
between Fox and Jeffers bench marks, is a deposit of very
poorly sorted gravel encompassing Samples 26, 28, and 47.

A mixed pattern of fine and very fine sand exhibiting
moderate to poor sorting is found near the head of the sub-
marine canyon. A detailed description of the sediments in
the head of the canyon was made by Wallin [1968]. The sedi-
ments of the canyon itself consist of poorly sorted very fine
sand and coarse silt. The eight samples previously mentioned
which contained considerable amounts of vegetable matter were
all located at or near the axis of the canyon.

B. SEDIMENT SOURCES AND SINKS

Carmel Bay represents essentially a closed sedimentary sys
tern. The physical nature of Point Lobos, to the south, and
Cypress Point, about 1 km to the north of Pescadero Point, is
such that littoral transport of sediments into the Bay is
negligible.

The Carmel River is undoubtedly the largest supplier of
terrigeneous sediments for the Bay. The river is dormant
during the summer and fall, thus contributing nothing to the
sedimentary system, but during periods of heavy runoff large
amounts of sedimentary debris are carried into the Bay. San
Jose Creek is very small and its only contribution to the
sediments of the Bay occurs during periods of maximum runoff.

35

The rocky areas to the north and south of the Bay, as well
as the rocky outcrops on the eastern edge provide sediments
to the Bay in two different forms. Analysis of the shell
distribution of the Bay (Fig. 9) reveals the large part that is
played in the composition of the Bay sediments by the shells
and tests of the organisms living on and around these rocky
areas. The weathering and decomposition of these rocky shore-
lines and outcrops must also make a substantial contribution
to the sedimentary processes of the Bay.

Analysis of statistical wave data and wave refraction
diagrams for Carmel Bay by Wallin [1968] showed that 90% of
all deep water wave energy in the area emanated from the sector
between west and north-northwest. This analysis also revealed
that littoral transport would be southward from Carmel River
Beach toward the canyon head, and eastward along Point Lobos
toward the canyon head. This would require the only loss of
sediments from the Bay to be via the submarine canyon itself.

Evidence of sediment loss via the canyon is presented by
both Moritz [1968] and Wallin [1968]. They report the observa-
tion of several sandfalls on the north wall of the canyon head
over a period of about 10 years. These sandfalls apparently
run intermittently depending upon the sea conditions and the
slope of the bottom. The sandfalls are reported to be largely
dormant during the summer and fall, with activity increasing
coincident with the flow of the Carmel River through the berm.

Shepard and Emery [1941, p. 100-102], in their studies of
the head of the Carmel Submarine Canyon, noted a net fill of

36

some 18 feet along the floor of the canyon in the inner sec-
tion during the period 1934-1939. They concluded that this
filling was so rapid that the canyon head would be filled
within the next few years unless there was a large slide on
the bottom. Shepard and Emery also noted that the old Carmel
Bay survey of 1883 indicated shallower soundings than they
obtained, suggesting a slide or slump had taken place during
the intervening period. Moritz and Wallen observed a slump
scar on the southeastern rim of the canyon while diving in
this area, indicating slumping to be another mechanism by
which sediment is transported to deeper water.

37

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Carmel Bay is a distinctive feature of the California
coastline by virtue of its role as a sedimentary system
primarily isolated from adjacent coastal sediment sources, and
as the origin of the Carmel Submarine Canyon.

The recent marine sediments of the Bay consist primarily
of moderate to poorly sorted sand and coarse silt deposits.
One small area of very poorly sorted gravel is located in the
northeastern sector of the Bay. Comparison of plots of mean
grain-size vs. standard deviation and mean grain-size vs.
skewness with similar plots obtained by Folk and Ward suggest
that the sediments of the Bay are under the influence of some
form of dynamic transport.

Fresh sedimentary materials are supplied to the Bay from
several sources. The Carmel River is undoubtedly the prime
supplier of terrigeneous sedimentary materials to the Bay, fol
lowed by erosion and weathering of the shoreline and offshore
rocks, and terrigeneous materials supplied by San Jose Creek.
The shells and tests of marine organisms also form a signifi-
cant part of the sediments of the Bay. Considerable amounts
of fine vegetable matter were also observed in several of the
samples taken at or near the axis of the canyon.

The physical nature of the coastline immediately to the
north and south of Carmel Bay effectively prohibits any
littoral transport of sediments into the Bay, and wave

38

refraction studies have shown that the sediments within the
Bay tend to be transported by littoral drift to the head of
the Carmel Submarine Canyon. Transportation into deeper
water via the submarine canyon appears to be the only active
mechanism for removal of sediments from the Bay.

39

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

Until quite recently little marine geological research
had been carried out within Carmel Bay. At present, Naval
Postgraduate School (NPS) and San Jose State College, San
Jose, California, studies are being conducted within the Bay
concern! ng :

1. the marine geology of Carmel Bay (J. P. Simpson, NPS,
in progress) ;

2. methods of sediment transport between the mouth of the
Carmel River and the head of the Carmel Submarine Canyon
(B. F. Howell, NPS, in progress);

3. sediment transport within Whalers Cove (L, Leopold, San
Jose State College, in progress).

Further studies that = would be useful in defining the

marine environment of the Bay would include:

1. heavy mineral analysis of the sediments;

2. carbon, carbonate, and organic nitrogen analysis of the
s e d i me n t s ;

3. current and water column structure determinations within
the Bay.

40

APPENDIX A
Computer Data Card Formats

For each sample:

Card 1 : title card

Col 1-80 contain alphanumeric information to appear at the
top of the output.

Card 2: identifier for sample

Col 1- 9 cruise number

10-12 sample number

13-18 sample type

19-20 extra i.d. number

21-22 month

23-24 day

25-28 year

29-34 latitude (XX XX. XX)

35-40 longitude (XX XX. XX)

57-61 depth from top of core (XXXXX.)

62-66 length of core (XXXXX.)

79 octant (see below)

Cols 1-28 are all al pha
numeric and can contain
any legal keypunch
characte r .

punch only X's

Card 3

sample detail cards

Col 41-44 phi size (absolute value) F4.2 (decimal assumed)
45 sign of phi size (+ or -)
50-56 fraction weight F7.4 (decimal assumed)
80 end of data fl ag

=8 if last phi size for this sample
=9 if last phi size for all samples

Coding for Octant of Geographic Position
Longitude East Longitude West

o° inq°F I8q°w iot]°w o°

90°N

Lati tude
North

0°

Latitude
South

90°S

41

SAMPLE OF COMPUTER OUTPUT

RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS OF CARMEL BAY, CALIFORNIA - LT. L.S. CARTER

CRUISE 71-HRV-02 SAMPLE NUMBER 012 EX ID 00

SAMPLER TYPE GRAB DATE 04/23/1971 LAT . 36-31. 70N LONG. 121-55. 65W
DEPTH FROM TOP OF CORE 0. MM. LENGTH OF CORE 0. MM,

PHI

SAMPLE

FRACTION

ACCUMULATED

SIZE

WEIGHT

PERCENT

PERCENT

-1.00

0.0057

0.01

0.01

-0.50

0.0097

0.02

0.02

0.0

0.0096

0.02

0.04

0.50

0.0105

0.02

0.06

1.00

0.0627

0.10

0.16

1.50

0.5295

0.84

1.00

2.00

7.7071

12.24

13.23

2.50

7.8808

12.51

25.74

3.00

19.3421

30.71

56.45

3.50

L3.2295

21.00

77.45

4.00

7.3848

11.72

89.17

4.50

2.6150

4.15

93.32

5.00

1.7500

2.78

96.10

5.50

2.4550

3.90

100.00

POST-ANALYTICAL

WEIGHT IS

62.9919

PHI SIZES

AT PERCENT LEVEL

OF

1 (CJ
1.50

5

16

25

50 (M) 75 84 95

1.73

2.13

2.48

2.91 3.43 3.71 4.78 4 PT.

1.50

1.78

2.13

2.48

2.90 3.43 3.75 4.78 LINEAR

SAND, SILT, CLAY,

RELATIONSHIPS

GRAVEL

SAND

SILT

CLAY

TOTAL SAND/MUD TYPE

0.01

89.16

10.83

1 0.0

100.00 8.24 SAND

TRASK VALUES

4 PT. PHIS

Ql

Q2

Q3

SO

LOG SO SKG

0.180

0.133

0.093

1.389

0.143 0.97

INMAN VALUES

MEDIAN

MEAN

DEV.

SKEW.

2ND SKEW. KURT.

2.91

2.92

0.79

0.02

0.44 0.93

FOLK AND WARD VALUE

MEAN

2.91

FINE

SANO

DEVIATION 0.8<

MODERATELY SORTED

SKEWNESS
KURTOSIS

0.12

POSITIVELY SKEWED

1.32

LEPTOKURTIC

TRASK VALUES

LINEAR PHIS

Ql

Q2

Q3

SO

LOG SO SKG

0.180

0.134

0.093

1.393

0.144 0.96

INMAN VALUES

MEDIAN

MEAN

DEV.

SKEW.

2ND SKEW. KURT.

2.90

2.94

0.81

0.05

0.47 0.85

FOLK AND WARD VALUE
MEAN 2.93
DEVIATION 0.86
SKEWNESS 0.15
KURTOSIS 1.28

FINE SAND
MODERATELY SORTED
POSITIVELY SKEWED
LEPTOKURTIC

42

* it oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

* it OooooOOOO^^^^^r^r^^f^^(^rvj<\i(Nj(\jrvj(\i(\j(^c\jrornrorororoc^(^rorn>t^t^

* # oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

* ■& UJUJWUJmWULJUJWUJUJLUUJ WUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJWUJW

■H- -W- MMMMMMrvJMM^MMMMMMMMMMMMMMNjMMrNlrvlMrvlMMMMMMMMrsllvirvl

* # MMWMMHMMHWMWMHMMMMH.MWMMHMHHMMMMMHHMMMMWMMH

* * OOOOCOOOOOOO(/)0000 000000000000000000000^0000 000000</)000000 00 00000000000000 0000000000

* * —

* * o ••

it it (\j X

* ■* — » f\l

* * CO < .-I

* it z o -

* ■«■ so: z o

* * - a j •
•* * ► - <r\
it it -. I- u.

* * O _J CM

* * 300 o •■

* ♦ - w UJ »t

* * xu Q •

* * >-5- ► r-

* it OOX < U-

* it X. UULU H- •■

* it 00 3 ►

* # a: ►—

* # t- ^vO

* * Z - r\j
•K- # ► w

■«• * _» o~

«• # z ro

* it 2 UJKCVJ

# ■«• I? - oo«-

# * 00 "^ »*ct: "x
it # •* K-—0 O
it ■*■ U ooo~> ^
•K- •«■ 00 <cm ►or Z

# z *- 00 uj«— —_j-.oo

# < *• Z ►OOQ-Oii
it QC it - NrNSO *
■H- O tt 2 - Qi'— 00—1^

# q *• < oa: »-^o

it QL it U_ "OUUS

■R- CL tt 2: — H-5IO.Q

■K- # • 00O ►O^oU-l

it z ■* 5: - o-»o<rz

■tt •— -ft Z VhO •«•»•<

*<*'-* X — CMCQ— ."^

tt Z ■«- Z hi SOO

it it - tDCJLUCtO^

# 00 it -~ Oq:juh(-

# »-h # CM 00Q.K ►•— -CO

# (/) # •« •» •»»-'C£>-iZ
■R- >- it co ^«~|— MX »
tt _j it — « o •oa.v*
•H- < # 00 o — ct »-o

it Z * •-•'n. f-nOO— v» UJ

•«■ < * X- «— CM »OI—

it it a. zi-«no<

•K- LU -R- v. - ScCZJr-tZ

it M # —t SCiSQiw ••

-W- •— 1 -W- 2s^ I XU.XOh's. •■ OOO O >t

*</>*- _J- >- UJ O H a • • •«— <

# it oov^ar^ •» Z"^ 11 0000 00000
it t- it ^.<s>oo~ Oisi i^o 11 11 o> • • 11 cmcm

it Z -K- LUZi-O w^H • •——'II OO— ••«-.

■»• uj * zz<oor\jotoo^ 11 oro^*::*:— • n 11 •— iint—

# z # o zw#^ k 11 o 11 •— — *: o oi-u*-*-<

# ►-< -«• 2: _j < uj co _j Lu<o--<r-< •-•i-ti-i hcr^uh^oo 11 o 11 2au05iHQOZ-ujwa:aza
■«■ o ■«• z<h-zz<zi-z 11 11 11 11 1103 ^q.3»-<ii 11 h- 11 dzsikcc ii<luc£:.-iz«-' .-^—w
■W- uj # o uj <>-> h-uj *-«<•-' cm o^—ico 11 <o— oo:x<cdcqoujz)Z)oujo^ujqo>-"-,U-XU.llu_

# 00 ■& oa:oaooc£00zzzzzzza-OH<u-o-2:zzzzoooo<a:u-za: u_cMi-»-'<a-i-<t-i.-H

* it .-< H r-«

# it rvj m Oi-<«m v0 co

* it O O CM CM

* it G* O

uouuuu

43

0

O

0

0^

f-4

•

0

•i

oor>

1-4

0

• •

II OOOO

i^O II

11 c>

< X

-J «f

»- t>

Ct r-l

>• <

•• ••

<r cm

OUJ •

►z^

O »-u_

2ZOCM

►r) ►

OOCM

t—»t-*t—<

X - -

UJZCM

»_i •

c£a:vt

JUIL

a. •• •>

5" a: cm

O0X>-<

-h- ••

a:c^-

•

1— UJ<

rH ON v0

<o *

1 CM «*•

»- »-CM

II

OOI-<

00 O O

► ScO

UJ l— C0K-

a:u- •>

z »t

OCO^

I-. O O

5: -<

H-— -OOO

»>z •■

ct: h

Qiom

— .»— 1^. *-.

Nm<

OXOOr-l

1300 ..

ujQ. »o •

CC »>CM

Z* CO vt

OQi<

• 00 «^« •

»«M ••

C?UJ(-— <UJ

>oxr-

LUZ-J •_)

CMQ.<

• •»— 1 #0 •

»• ••*••

r-<zt-a:uja;

mzi-

II <J3^«»-< ••— •

w_|<

uo>-( 11 XmX

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

^^«4-»t^^^mmmmmmmmmm»OsOvONOvO>o^Ovo^ooi^f^r^r^^r^r^f^r^r^cocooo»
oooooooooooooooooooooocooooooooooooooooooooooooo

UJlUUJlUWUJUJLULUUJlULULULULULULUmiULUlULUUJ^

NMNNMNNNNNNNMNNMNNJNNNlMNNNNNNINNNNMNNNNNMNNNNNNNIMN

OO 00 00 00 U0 00 CO 00 OO 00 OO 00 00 OO 00 00 CO 00 CO OO 00 OO 00 (/) 00 OO OO 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 OO 00 COCO 00 00

LU
Q£

o
u.

LU

co

00

<

3

X

1—1

LU

3

CL

s:

z:

<

0

00

•— i

h-

u.

0

0

<

a:

a

in

UL

QC

in

in

*

<

(N

O

•
a:

r-l

+

0

a

H

O

a:

h-

h-

O

►—I

X

00

CMO

mo

LU

a.

►— 1

ino

in

O

II

u.

o—

O •

Z

*:

2:

■t

h- •

&

KO

M

Cvj <"vj

•— •

0

0

«fr

O

in

•
Olu

X —

0-

ini-

3

X

in

or

LL

o

ou-ia:

O

OOoi^O

ou.

a.

O

K

Oh-
— .2

C£

K

• h-iua:

C\J-~-»22LU

h- +

a:

#•*

h-

h

O

*~CL

h-

O

>— «r-icx:- M

Oh

•

0

<.

o

0--ILU

2

O

•

• 300LL

03

a:

1— 1

O

h

•O

a:

O

OLL. • •

0

&.

h

(NJ

r-(

0

_

LU .— »

IX

— .

in

in 1 luo-

» »h-

^LL

a:3

h-

•

«—

0

c\j

KO + -H

+ H-

eg

■K-

# HO + HX

CO + h

*-*cC

3

• LU

CM

•

3 • a:inoi-3

•

h-

hi- «a:mirM— ocnj

•h-3

XLL

U_C\J_jO •

LU

o

«$-a

llo:k ••

• 2<0>0

3

32c£h- <

-CNJLU

•h-

h-3<

Q- II

II

r-l «0O

■z

<\J

stf-LU

cOK300<avfOJ

LLCMLLLLK 3v0w00O2C\J_J<0l

r-H II —

r- !«•»

II ai-HLU

►-.(_

•

II 20;-

11 a 11

•

CO

cd 11 3a:-

»»-

II LL

11 »a. 11

+— *:

+ *i

.1.1 1

•

2:00

O

O-J

QLa:LLUJa: 11 1— Oixi

11 O 11 e£ a: ll lu < O a: 11 1— lu h hnn^ywHH^w

*:xo<

CrTLU

O

00

c*>

in cm

*

O

OH

mm

>*•

>*

«t

fM

c\jin

<t

in

om

mm

m

(Nh-<h-ZrvJr\.'h-LLwhl-h-2h-ZrsJ-Hh-r\Jh-U,wh-2:Z:i-t-4C2:h-3+ +^wh-4- +^h-'-'Q-|-2CNLU3
II II w 11 11 2ww»-i33 2: —It I — 1-3 — wMCiwJhZwJSii!: || <-2^5: II 3»-h«-' w || f- ||

noncu. jMo:ijLLLa:Qt:<z)OLLi«i3 03or:LLLLa'OLua:3»-<LL.<:z> 11 n^Xctn 11 s£a:xu-ou-<LUi£

ZOZO»-*ZZ:LLH-^3li.O-000'-«ZU-OU.LLHw.^3lJLajlXU-Zr-iC^

I— •

44

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
•-4 co m ^- in vO r» co o o <-• cv m <f in vo r- co cr o r-* c\j m «$• in O r- oo o o f-i t\j ro vt mvor-coo^Or-^rvjco^in^or-co

LULULULUWLULULULUWLULUUJLULULULULULUWLULUlUUJlULUU^

NNNINNNNNNNNNislNNNNNlslNMNNNNNNNMNNNNNNNNNNMlslNNNNNNN

I/) 00 00 00 I/) CO I/) 00 </) CO 00 CO 00 00 00 CO CO 00 CO CO 00 00 1/) OO 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 00 OO I/) tO 00 CO 00 OO 00 CO CO CO CO 00 OO 00 00

in •>

(\| MB

>^»

•» <NJb QC

o < -a

h-

bLL

-i

O- O

o

BH

LU

• Q.

Q

Xh-O

b

LU<H

<

_J

H-

- s:

<

► o

_J

ro- of

B

< B.U-

a:

"■**

>

• <x

Q

B*

M

■h

•■>}—-

a;

X

<

a:- a.—

<

a.

Q

Q

LUV»UJ-

o

LU

b

CD- O •

K

h-

O

s: ►- s

_i

00

<

2:

Z5<nj »n:

►— (

<

-J

b

z<x

<

_i

^

a:

BvO-

h-

s:

_i

LU» fSJ b

LU

z:

=5

a.

JVVO

O

<

o

s:

Q_» t-H •

X

u

to

s: B-<f-

X

i-

<

•>

<C\I ►U.

u

o

00<(\l b

<

oo

a

X

B »B

LU

00

z

LU

- - in

LU

<

•»

b LL.LU

5:

-J

h-

CVLU t-Qi

o

00

<

<(-- O

cd

►—I

1-

o

H-

B< | U

LU

X

z

o

cozr-o-

a

LU

r-H

b_J< ••LL

•

o

+

aia: ►- roo

H

3:

or

X

oo- •*•-<

2

OUJfvj

LU

a

— z

B n0 bX

ro

OZ II

Q.

in

<F

>— i

LUvt ••CiU-K- |—

il

Z

^-l <M

bH

i— t

it

J<N~W b O

nj

O

LLZ

Z

i-l •>

■i

X

hODl-H. »Z

z

►— i

Obh

nj

O

b-i CO

O

Q

•-HCMOiCLZ) OLU

H

K «-«

B

BH

B —4

i— i

»—i

I— ».<_>Lua:uJZ'_i

B^»

o

—a:

r-l

H-

t>

B

x ouao

•

<

0<NJ>—

•*

O

» <\i

h-

— »

-.vO —

— >-_)

o

a:

a:o n x

ft

<

oo »-"

i— i

00

OfNJr-l^i b|_

•

LL

H rgo.

a:

o o

o

•

a:o boox

LU

c^3 — Z •

—

LU

— c —o

— -o

LU (£

a:

xoo- co

►tj'o; •

zo

o3

B-«C£CO»-»LU

f-t

(\|t-lX -tr-l

>OHl

O M

t-

h- ••t-i ■•;

Zrouj- ^

• •

xlu • Oar

1

LU

1 +«|_ro ) + xro

» + i-ro «xr5

<ocl v0» o .

_jv._j ►S

C£(\J

H-»

0. II LUO »>—

K

z

ociQiMQii-Ni-QiQ:NQi-a:Q:i-»-ujwwwo«*cLH h-'-<<-ix--« n-~o<<x o

ZDDO DOD OOZ3QO DDUUWXD K LUt-5K» 21 a. + — ^ •.J^O. Z

JOhZDOhOO<0«ZOOO II S II LU || LU<LUQ<< b b qC II O i^ "-<:*:«— LULL X II H« CX

l| b-< || <K 1-. || oOH-lUh- II <(— B-oOrvl || I— || Ih2l- b5:oo(\IO{\IO U- <H- LU^ + «-|— Z: Q.< + 2 LU

x-»x ii «-x ii ii — x ii w ii r5ar<oi-B-.Qi:»-HXa; • • h II o— »-( > n ^b-. 3:^1—^1-. sr^^h-
cu.DoaLLOOo^a.Qoou-Oa:LJt-xo-arooiOO- mr-co^ iillxo<5ȣ ii xo^lllullx iill iilu

MMMQOHMQODMwQOMCOZWUJQSltSMU. bU- LL Z id ^ m Q. O 00 ^i i^ 0- LL bm oo <— o_ s: b- s: o

^-» i-^c\jro
coc> rHCsiro in r^o C> ro O h o O

f— «r— If— I b-4 f-lr-< f-l f\J O O in O

CO CO «-<

45

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ro >4- <•*■ ^ »t -J- vt <f <*" vj- <* in in in in in m in m in in >o %o O »£> -«o >o -o o sO o r- r~ r»- r- r- h- r- f- c-r-cocccococoaoco

LU UJ UJ UJ LLI LU UU LU LU UJ U_ LU UU LU LU U-l LU U-' LU UJ LU LU LU LL! LU LU LULULUUJUJLULULULULUUJLULUUJWUJWIJJWUJLULU

N|NNNIMNMNNNNNNNNlNNNNNNNNNls|NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMNf>JN

00 1/) 00 00 00 00 00 OO I/) I/) 00 OO CO I/) 00 OO 00 00 1/1 1/} I/) OO 00 I/) I/) 00 00 CO 00 1/) 00 00 00 00 OO OO 00 OO 00 OO 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00

— h-

• _J

H- «-•

UJ »Z 00

I— I

^•-«

>s»fM

m •

— Ql\J

i^UJ^H

*:»-U.

-< ••

o

»-t_jr\j

o

II 3 •

in

-3 21 CO

•»

f-H

OU.

>t

— o •-

•

o

-3u-r

a

H

««-< •

LL

O CO

•>

a

0. LL

■

o

02: ►

00

<0(M

»— <

«-»

*»t— i •

o

— l-O

1-

o

-5U0.

X

•

w< »

o

o

l-OCX

HH

o

OLLO

LU

t-H

cr: •*

3

•

D_ w

H

►LU^

-J

o

-»_l-

<

•

•

-jat-

U

o

o

«S2

I— «

o

a

H- <LU

h-

t-H

s:

3oOO

>

*

z>

a: ct

-J

— •

OOOU. LU

<

\~

• O » 0-

■z.

3

oca—

<

<«-»

— C«-< "")»-<

1

CL*

s: •

► wX

\~

•Vw

+*f*0>-<CL

HoO

— K

UOnOX-

30

*:o

Q. • »

oa »h

<Q-

«-a:

oa-

-< — X2

0_» —

h-O-O

<a

#» OLU

••ii

3 + CL

►. »ro— .vj-o

— x*:

sioticjs:

(— K-Oc\i -c£

a-O —

••llo-z)

wJHO» LU

i^-^o

r-l^-IEIOO

-J •

00OQ.

►V.O-

II II 3 II UJ<0-

■-* •■*•

sO o

s<i-~oo— :

D>Q-C\JnO —

ww< _

*i n ^zi-z:

I wh-h^ 1- II CM II

XLU

*

CMJ

•>

(sja:

X

V.LU

o

• Q.

ro

LU

^

oorvj

»

X)h-

•

<-

o

o ••

■z.

LUX

<

COO

oo

<\J

oo\

>-

LU-

-J

MQ

■z.

i— »LU

o

00 LU

U

o

— X

00

XLU

a

00

H

a

LU

>o

OL

_J

zz

<

a

<

u

s:

o

<

LU>-<

-j

00

H-Q

t— <»•

<

<-

1-

—I-

i- •

X

O •■

LUO

«—

LU

Q-CvJ

OLU

ii

z:

CC •

H-

-J

Luin

- <

*L

o

in

H-U-

•■-J

»

\~

r-

o

z: ••

COD

O

h-

^-i

►-<•>

••-J

o

o

a

hi-

- <

i^O

K

h-

c<

O

••00

o

2:

i— i

>-

h- •»

z

O

a

— i-

r-4

_)00

*o

<r

CD

o

^DZ

^-1

ZQ.

i-»CL

i«i«-UJ

0»-4

IU

00

«

»->

-QO

o

X

cx<

or:

•

~-

o

~m CC

h-

» 00

oo •» ••

LU

O

KH

»

X ►LU

i^ -z

LUO'-'

1-

•

Wi

CNJ

CLXQ.

o^

OQ-X

zr

o

o»-

r»

a

o

COl-4

joo.

o

b^aj

O-w

•

— r^jQ

— CNJI —

<<^-

O'-t

:*£ •

0*-H

LU

Q> *-\ll

«^l

LO ••<

>-'«j

o +

»■■— »

— <x

o

O- h-

i^rH» _J

1 Q-U3 i«i

l-H"-"

>-• II a.

•

COO<O^CO LU^-IHOi|— LLK^r-l

II *-

— || LU

J

•»• _J^0 •

».» oio f— oo>-"2: 4- +

•— 1 1 — »— 1

H"9—3

2:

vO— Z3i-<i— O'— cmiiz:z:i— uj^s:

3 +

II -5-52

•ds^w-ks:

-J

— 1->-

h-w^USMU)

t^-a:-5

'•"-J'-'TODIIUJOO •

m<<OD

iju^:b<i<-«

^-wo-"-" Xl0vJUJ<XiiLU<_J || ^ II ..

>Oh-aOI-— I00ZK5IO II KS^OiflZSOMIOOU-KO II OOi_)f-2"OK>t l-5:_JH0._J-J-JQ: II II +

o5:a-2:._i.— «-«--.ix»-"^>-<or:>:ooor:2:< 11 « u ">o.^z 11 ^-.ooh-.q:o w^-.or:o 5:_J_J_J0^5I>-,

OctDoo<u.u.ct;ouj*7a:o3^i-"-inou--3wuio^'5a.oocL'o<ou.o:o oo<«z^w n

OQ.iO<OO»H'-«2U.3^2lL00Z2ZZ-}QM-5H<CLOH:ywZ3:u.» Oh2H ►OOOOUh^^h

r-t — • <-4

in HO r-4

r-t f-t>0 O

CO «-!»-< O^

46

h-

f^CNJ

cr

o

OO

r-HCO

r-

h-

o

in

r-

o

o

CO

r-l

ooooooooooooooooocoooooooooooooocooooooooooooooo
h- oo cr o -* r\; ro -4- in sO r-- cc •& o — < r\j ro <t in vO r- cr o^ o — < r\j rn ^ m o r*- <c 0s o t-t cm m %t in so h- a3t^o^-^Nm<l,
oooocoC^C^C^C^ONC^C^O', 0'0NOOOOOOCOOOH^rHHr-(HH^i-tHNfNJ(\iog(Njf\iN(\jr\if\JrOfOf^ffitfi
r^^.^i^i^i^.^f^,^.^.^.^i^(\jrvj(\jc\jc\jr\j<\jc\jc\j(\jrvr\jr\j^

LULULULU'UJLULULULUIIJLULULUUJLUIUUJLIJL^

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNIMMNMMNNNNNNJNNNNMNNNNNIMNNNNIinJNNNNN

I/) OO 1/1 1/) OO OO 00 U) CO 00 OO 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 00 I/) 00 00 00 tO I/) 00 OO OO 1(0 (/I vO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOoOOOOOoOOOOOOOOOOO

—

O

uu

CO

to

• uu

O -J

-J <

LU >
CD

oo o

LU 111

r> i

-J o

<

> *

X

^ o

o ro

LU \

x

o •

D

or

CC <

LU O

O

CC \-

o z

LU

u_ o

LU

h a
3

O O
cc

OO LU

Q r>J
CC

< o

a z

m m

•> •>

X M H- X

— C* Z> <0 —CO

o<\i a:a:i— x oc\i

vO - oui/ilu cr -
o~ II 2 II II h^»

CDOH- || — — OCOO

-• +»——.»— k-lo — — ii ——in — o— — *•• •>

vO«— K-CQ(— CDCDf-4<0>*» h(J<- OO>-*s0— >-<- >Q*- sO — <£>

ii • wj-n^i-^^ .kooji— — -t-LL k^z- k co2co22: -h + zos:^ ^i-uj •^-h-k *-k-— '
kluklu<- cc<k-hj<- Skuj<ooaj<» o:uj<5:— 2:— ^-Clu<o — 2«— — olu<3:oouj<xuj<lu
OZZI-SlWSSDr?: ►HSl-S l-HSOh-S II 0JwCD£0|-(-2:SOwOOI-hS cxi-soi-sh-

z— »-ii-.auj«'^a:wa;xH<-wc£:i »-toit— t— na:t-5:a:j:5: >->cc n ^iccs:^: —< ecu c>—cc *-*>-< cc—<

wu.ora:oju-ooiLOHhu.aouOQ:o<u-,^ott1C!:uH-xoo'.ouQ:oi-xOQio<a:a:ouJoi:o^
ZMa2a.aMa.» >-iu.fn2:'-'2u.hOsii-OQ:2u.5:ijHi/)uj03u.zo,7wujosiLua:3u.33u.3:

r— ( . — t . — I i— t .-H *— ICsJ f— <

OO ro "4" "-• CMn OsDvO OO OO i-tr-i co

mo >0 >0 >0 ir\vO sO-OvO O^O Oro Oro ro

ct>co 00 co co ocoo^voo o^O" moo inco 00

rHCO r-ICO f-H »-<

2:

—

<

<

1- * — ^

CO

LU

00

COX 0-

X

2:^ 2:00

00

H

—

••m »>z

•— <

91

^^ hO

X

Z

>fr

11 • 11 **

h-

O

H-4

-JOO _J»—

•»

•>LU ••<

z:

00

»

— _j — K

_JO_ _JOO

M

of

0

2

w2T w —

D

OC

O

co< 00 —

■z.

(X

a:

2:00 ZZn

z>

LU

LU

X x>-><

0

—

LUO — LUS •■

LU

* m

<

••zr— »-Om

-_J

H

— f-4(\J — _J<

LU

rozj

<

_I3<._I_J ►

a.

khLU

O

wC »-wCM

LU

-LU

ao_jrnoLL<

2

•• CC

O

2-J<2!

<

LU

h-o •«(— our-

OO

LUO

z

oOU.rvJo-)X<

a:

a

*-*'

— ». <t ►— *.

0

<LU

<l

■ — LU •> — X

cc

Sex

K

• _iXr-_j^ro

cc

0

Zoo — K<^OrO

LU

r>2

coo: -a: *«•

0

o^uzxuwis

0

>LLI

•

<wCrooD\

z:

CO

00 1_; - ro -cc-

\-

O

»-ct«— <o

15 LU

Q£<

► -JLU"^— O1-1

C02

<

►^Q^-J X

»— <

O^eocx- -Huu

00

-K-

1

-JOCUZ-

z

a.

LU

••Oi •— iSLU •»

0

<K

O'

- ou.xa.ux

t-H

XX

— OLuoariri

►-

OLU

00

ILL - wLU -

<

2!

LU

00— 1— ► a.-

_J

O

O

K

fOZ)X —

x>

_J •

<

<_jsOOin«c}-OLu

H

OZ

00

co<oo »»£ia:j

a-

<

3

(NJOO

1

— ».00» COUJCL

in

CC

>-cc

Olu^ooOOCi »NS

&

O

cc

C*2I:

*:•— 1

— «^C£LUvO <

z

CtTOO

>

^x

LU<_J«— COO

O

0

o-<

OO'

►K-<hOQ-UlZ»

K

0

h-oox

i-zr.

•-H » ^"^— • ►-

■I

»-- H-

<00 "l

sea: «-<t^-> »-x

O

•»

2: •>

O :

^Xl

32Xifla:xinDO

X —

xa:

Ooo

OLU a>» 3:CT »-ll

0-

— CMD

K-

— ro

— rg •• c\j- 21

*"•■

—rooo

UTlCNJLU

— _io ••

- O »-X— »-LU + 0«

-1 -a

vO —

Q-Z>0»

•- •► tno" 000

1 •.

0- Q^

CO- -

t00COi-<Xl— O * • O'-'S

l-C0O<O »>ox

LULU

«• 1

OO- • ►-- Z5 + 0

•■• O^O^O" 0

MZa;s3-"

ro •«-LUO-'a.K

• 1

0— a

*w<-TO

>o:

LU

JO

M

<LU

►-H

z

OO

<2

0

—

H-J

—

OO LU

X

o«

OCD

i-H

^

a.

^>

XL

00

V.

•»

■ _JLU

m

1—1

<3

1

II

X»_l

K

"7

o<

—

LU>

—

•

->

l-LU

2

»w*

ox

X>

1-

Zl-

O

—

O

-^

Obi

<

-3

-.0

— »

QLU

O

X

Z

o»—

OOO

O

oro

h-

•—1

< •

X ♦

K

•f-

O

O

— LU

p— 1 «.

<

-J -

LU -

a:

*-(NJ

jCfO

LU —

•1- •

•

m

OCO

ZOO

luq:ll

OLU

zja -

•— 1 —

o_

I -r\i

K-

1— i<t*~- •

O

H->-J0^

<00

O

wLU

cc«.

<

1- -

LU3:

OiK

■Sro

LUO£X •

LUX

o:luc>

OO

a. -ll

HH

(—1

#*^ —

2X

X

-jrviH-

OS

0-

— .s

I— 00-

K

Mins

3:- -

- ZXLUO

< -X

-LUQ. -00

axc\j

xo— -x

M K

rxjro

oa

0—

3 <o

— fONs

— vMi.

1— vj-ro

a:a:i-x

O — —

i-< -o-ro ►ro

oooom^-iro- »—

ro-

ro- ro

II Z II II OCOOX

000

cooco

47

ooooo

invOf-OOO
rommrom

C\l(\IC\J<\)(\j
UJUJUjUJUJ

*-i >—«»—<»— i ►— <
OOOOOOOOOO

CO

<

O

t
00

00

X

o

M

UJ

<
a:

00

X

Ohh

• +o

wQOn

H-UJ Z
<2!Oa:
s: ni-r>
oco l-Q

OLUOUJZ

u_s:oa:uj

ro

oo

*

*
#

■H-
*
■*

■M-

#
*
*

*

•a-

#

#
■K-

<
cc
o
o
a:
o.

CO
00

O
0-

*
*

*
*

#

*

*
■fr
•«•

■K-

*

■K-

*

ooooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooooo
Oi^r\jrn>tinsOr^oo<>Oi— ic\ir0^i^Of^oo^O<^<Nco^ino^cooo<-<r\jro.j-
^>t>t^^^^>4"^NtmininininLnininininOvOsOONONOvOsO<)vor^^t^r^r^
c\ir\jnj<N(\j<Nrvjr\jcMC\jc^c\Jc\jr\j<\jc\jr\jc\jrvjr\jc\jCM(Nro
lUijjLULuUJUJUjmuJUJLuiiJUjix'LuujUJUJUju^

NtNNMMNNNNNNNMNNNrslNNNNNNNNNNNNMNNNNN
00 00 O0 00 CO O0 CO O0 O0 OO OO 00 00 00 OO 00 OO OO 00 00 00 00 OO OO OO 00 OO 00 OO 00 OO 00 OO 00 oo

in
(\J

CO

•

\

^00

l-l-
zx

_J\

Z .
Sim

oo »-tn

OsJ-vO

oooo •

OO t.r-1

z • +

••into

^ IL • •
i<i — ZO ••

••»— Z »v0

»— • ►Hin *
X*~Z(\J ►
0-f— i •• »o

Ot—fNsOO
(XX •"-<
OD. CO •• ••
< •."- «»t

->*•— oo mr-

Qi«»-X • • 0s O CT1 CT1 0s 0"1

(-oo-r-i i o^a-c^ocrcr

ZQ.\\ •»••••••

UJ _JwO II II II II II II
ZZCOJ .^»— -~— .-.-*

MOSQ. I ,_tC\Jr-i(\Jr-IC\J

C\J

o

(\j
in

in

o<_j

>>-

"-H II

o

O- — -^X

• rH(\JH|-l- •■ I

Of •« ► + ZZH-.
uji— y-y- •-<•-> il _j

• ZZZZZJwO)«wh

x>ooz mvO^or-r-cocoozzzzoH-'HQ.zxx os:o ory?:^^
ozo >t '—www || h-ww || a Ktno'—acLOQ.x> il oo_z> I Dn ii O

cc lu 2: _J Ooooo 00 00 00 00 1— ~Z. 00 00 1— II Xr-KI— II II I— Xooi— f-Xoo_ JO0O0I— K
cQ2I5I<; hhmwmi-iwZ>"-i»-iZO II *-»2T<C_J *-^-Z *****^«-"-'Z

3MDai^niiii«-'iJ.iiwQ.i-ou.o>->-ou-ii.'-|Oii.iLU.u.u.wO
ooouct I caaaaciZ'-io.Q.zxxQMU>->-owHze>wHMHHZCD

vO

f-

in

00 s0<f

f-H

O>o inn

h-

IAH rH

ino

•-< »-o

i— lh-

o o\~

•k

Ot- ^

mo

I— 1^-r-lO

ino

OO -o

»-i

OC>r-*&

»«^»

o ».o—

«^o

-hHO

in •

-. .o^ •

p-tin

0>j- «-<*— r-4

r-

• 00 »-OCO

tm. *

vj- «in • •

OLD

cot— CMn>—

.o

r>- •_jr-<c>_j

r^

_j_iOun •

CM- • 1 •

o

—.w,-ir--_j

f-<0_J — _J~I

f-»

►— »-<(\J | z

-< 'Z^ZZOr I

i-H

<\l

r-<(\J

coin

r«-

vO^OO

o

o

in in

in in

in

inin<j

uuuouu

48

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

r^r^f^f^f^00C00DC0a00000C000C00N<>^Cr<>Cr0^Cr>(>^OOOOOOOOOO.-H.-lr^f^

c\l(\jr\)c\jr\j<\Jc\jrvj(\irvrvicvj<\jCMc\j<\j<\J<\jc\jc\jcvjc\jc\j<NC\Jrnr^
luwujluujujwujujujujujujwwujiijujujujiuww

nnnmnnnnnnnnnnnnnsjnnnnmnnnnmnmnnnnnnmmnnmnnmnnnn

oo 00 o0 00 00 00 00 00 (/) 00 00 00 i/) 00 o0 00 i/) o0 00 00 00 1/) (/) 00 00 1/0 00 00 1/) 00 o0 i/o 00 00 oo oooooocooooooooooooooooooo

X

I*-

00

»

•«
X

r»

in

oo<-

-»— rn -.>xuj

<\k\ix (Mtxih-z:

Hr-iHro>tx M I — ltv

XXXXX— <~* i^ZrM-

I I I wwV. r-t ..111- •»

NfO«}-SS<- >- — U KM

ZXXX «— + C0C£X •

o*-— <~»— .— — » — • t.Lu^-a>

m\\V — — X «H HQ. ••U.

,_« XX I rH 11-00

^) <— ->— I I CO X >-i»~v0 •>

f*- _J*-— .~»(\JC\JX I m<HX

>t OXXXXXw f\j .. (*-

r-l Q- | I | wwj'r <\J ~oo (\J

O tuxxxrovtrg — o *M -

y- y- w W ,_<,_|_< «S. t-H I— II— I •

2 *-#•■)!- Q- CL Q- — fH m(/) K

O s0 >-ic\jrO<r-«-.ww3 f-H *-. a.

O 0s >>->- I t I O r-H O OOh-LO

PH *_w~.w ~._ >-Jh Hi vl-

— Z I I I . •— H I > IO-

O O t-i— .- ■» — -XXX< <M>0 <_J0--

t i- o-— ^~-» I I I _j <m ii e> >>-<— •• * <-J

<\j — axxxM^<t-o >-< >->wx fM >->-

cr m o III xxxo. w>«~ n n o>— • »■

• | o ^.-.^.Qiojrrivtw^-wa: .-. -*>-co — -^NOO" II II —
I— (-- r-irsjro Z)X xx -«■ ■«--«■ uj •-* — * i-H(^ro ►—.a. — — m
_i z —. ««-»«4. + +o«w«-(M(\imi-« i — r-i— -i— r^- •» •o- co rOr-icM s:

• t-tf—cvj cr C* f-ic^(<>oooooooou_-«- -K- ■>;- ^hi^zh _ijhcm_i h-i-cooh ► \ *• - Z
_i zo* • o^ c* — . -f- 4. + i ) 1 ) ^HHaaHM 1 — . w «— x • ♦1—2:2 *.» • x h-m^ «-

ZrH^HUJ ^ r-H < 00 00 O0 00 w — — » w O0 >->-> — «— O. _J_J>~o-< | LU J— 2 m»h «0 «-. •>(■«- ZSSimO
ShK _J —I J_IJJhmmwZ' ^www^-wiIXJZHZZ-l-XtMZHZZS:!

I w*-wwxxxxu-i*-'w"~' ii ii «<i-i-aa- •»-*zw*'Uj<(msq;z-' *"*z ii

49

ooooooooocoooooooooo
m »*■ in no r— oo o o >-> cm co <t- in «o r- co (? o <-* cm
(\j r\j cv i rvj fvj <v c\j (T> r<^ ro po rri fo ro ro rn ro xt <4- v*"
rorororOfOcorororomromromrorororororo

WIUUJLUIUUJUJLUUJIUIUIUUJIUUjLL'LULULUUJ
OO 00 tO 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 OO 1/5 OO 00 OO 00 OO 00 00

o

tX-»

<s:

t-O —
XLO-
LU» CC

►<
-JXlU

> ».»— i

•LU. _J
cm -J in

•-< cm-

cm

II u.

*0

LU

>

colu

II i-
•—Z
t-tLU

►o

— cc

J^LU
••CX

00

H-100

Xuj

Q.fsJ

»-•►-!

(\JwOO

II •"

2o:m
<lux

LLtXCX

t-CVJ
X •

- r-

\0 »■

f-HCVJ

v •
•»m

xu.

r- -

-x

- o
mm

x •

*<X

m

o

- c\j

•• •
xo

CMLL

ror-

CM

•

in
u,
■•
x
o

• ro ••

LU *0

►"^LU<

oo

<LU"

zi~:

il.o£(

» x

o ►

LU-
KLH

<r-

f-HCNJ

zco
a: ii
Z>ct

h-UJ

lucl

o
o

<■

or:

X

LU

<\i.

(\i-

II u_

*:o

LU

>
COLU

III-

«z

•-•LU
J^LU

-a.

>— •

w. <

00

HHOO

XLU

cxnj

<_••—■
«— oo

LUX

— *x

rHCT
OCM
sf ►

o<— »»
o *o

vtvO-

,-4 Iflr-lww
CM CMO H-

ii o ii ii ouj<
s:i-2q:i-i-5;
z: <lu h-q:

•-hOLLO-OCXO

ZOZt-CSU.

in

o,

oo

ft

o

in—

■ -a:

)X<

:r-iu

»• *-t
iin_j

'CM

XCM

r- •

- LL

•— i ••

» <\i

•» •

xin

r-u.

•. •»

• x

LOO

» ro

X-

v0 •

H-

* 0l

O-st

••CM
X ♦

cm ti-
ro a.

•
in

LL

■•
X

o

•4-
oo

QXZ

Lur^a:
i- -z>

<- H-
_iinuu
Oi^a:

f-4CNJ

■»■
■M-
■«■
*
#
■«•
■»•
■M-
■M-
#

*

■if

■ft

#

*
•«■

#
■)}•
•K-
■«•
-ft
■«■
<?■
•«•
•ft
■ft
■ft
•ft
•ft
•ft
•ft
%
ft
■ft
•ft
•ft
■ft
■ft
■ft
■ft
■ft
■ft
■ft
•ft
•ft
■ft
■ft
■ft
•ft
■ft
*
■ft
•ft
•ft
•ft
•ft
•ft
■ft
•ft
■ft
•ft
■ft

<-
•ft
•ft
#

•«•
ft
■ft

ft

Ti-
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft

Vi

ft

■ft

ft
*

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
*
ft
r<
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
#

ft
■ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
■ft
ft
ft
ft
■ft
uuuuo

<
a:
o

LU

X

<

X

>-

co

o

o

_J •

Q.UJ

LL<

Ok

zu
Lua:
-jiaj
<a.

>

DLU
OK
LU<

-J
LUD
IS
h-ZD

U
ooo

XLU
OX

oo

oc:<
oo
o<
a:

(XLU
CQinJ

X5H-.

00 00

ooo
m<t-m
^-t>t
mmoo

LULULU
Mrvlivl

OOO

or^oo

^vt-4-
rororo

UUUJLU

OOO
00.-I

rocom

UJLUUJ

ooo

(Nm<f
minin
rororo

LULLJLU
^>IN4^sl

ooo
in sorb-
in tnin

LULULU
M^sl^^J

OOOO
00 CT Or-I

ininsD-a
mrornro

LULU LULU

UOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Ov0CNC0<f O— I

rr)sOOror^"-*in

oo.

l(\l(Ni

oo-4-LnO'-<^ro-4-
«t m o^ f\i in a* o o

• ■•••••• ^- en c^ in <-< f-~ ^o

0> o a^ f- f\i in f- & oo o cr ro (^ c vf
Or\j<\jro-t*t*tNt •••••••

(\j o o inf-st co vov ■>»•>•.••■>••
foin^-fvOOvOh'OOvto^OfMco^trH

• ••••••• .r\isocrr0v00^

coo<7>v0fv.iin^-coo

o— tcvm>t^"-4--tinooOr-<r-t(\jpvj

^- -<t ro c^ cm m <r-t r^ o r-> r- ro cr in r-< p^
T-n>tc\)C^s0r0s0C0 0Nt\)mG^t\l^0Or0

r- oo co in ^-4 in r- co o^ o o o <-* »-i cm oo

OrHCVrOsf>t>t^"st •» •»•••••••> •»

•.»»•.«.•.*•• ♦.covtOvOfMcOxi-
v0 v0 sf r-i in in vt oo O r-i tn O cm \0 0s ro
C>rororOr-iONtr~-co .......

• ••••••• «OOOhH^M

inf^-r-inr-iinr-coo •>•.•.•.•.*.».

OrwcNjoOvj-^^-t^Lnr^f^-roo^in-H

•a***,**** ••— <ir\oo r-jino^ro

oococ\j--i\0 4"s0coo •••••••

h-fNiNtsOsOr^fMsor-OOOr-i^^rM

vj-vO^^o^r^coo^rsico^ONOCNico
o rH roro vt >t »t «4* -t ^ -t °o <n in cr cm

O^^OCMA^or-OOOOHHp-iN

LOf-ivtoo^-i^oLnvO t. •>•••.». •< •.>».

• ••••••« «CMnr-4r^roCMn, o^

ro in in m o -J- r^ oo cr- o ^ co ^ in co cm o
Or-^rMeONt^^^-t ••••••••

21 OvO-<f"inCMOsONOO ■••>•••>•>••«••

•• rMOin^HsOOcovtstrofMoOvtOsOCMco
o— •••••■•• ♦o«4-r-r-iincoc\jO
o_^-tr-i^^roo"Nj-vOoocr ••••••••

O *- O r-« CM fO. CO <t vf vt <t O O O r-4 r-t r-t CM fO

•» ex o ro t^- oo r- o vt st ^ o om r-i r- co cr co
ho •CMnroor-^Oforr'.oror^r-ivtco'-ico
«^<o ••••••••••■

-J •>MrMmc\|f>^^0<COOOOHi-<r-lWf\J
<— .^.,-t CM CO fOstsj- >t<J- S •»•.«.•••■•••.

>r-«r— »•>•••>••»•• ».— » so cm co st o o m

H-'—oooNr~0No>cM<-H^-<of^-fO^-o>sj-cO'-Hr-

H-«— r~ininvtco«4-cMcMco

LU (_)••••••• l«OOHr Ir-HCMCM

zz:arHCM^ncorovOoooh- •»•.•.»••••••

>-*0-J^cMrorONt^-4->4-_JrocMnrHr--coin
I— t-tco •.•.•»•.►•.•« tNcorOxQO>4-h-— tvO

300(— vJ-r-00OCM>0C0r-lh- •••••••

oz vOinr^oo^fHOr-i oohhhcxjn

(XLU-J ■•••••••_!

co5:<o.-ior~oMvOcoo<
3t-HLu^HCMroro>t>t^tst-LU
ooQct: cc

rHCMco^invor-oo r-icMco>tinv©r-

50

ooooocooooooooooocooaooooo
rjrn>^ir\o^',x:o^O'-<(MrON$-m>or--?oC'0— *c^cr\*drir\~or*-
NOvOvOO^OvO-ooi^-f^-r-h-r^-^-f^-r^-t^-r^cooocooocococxJco
ro ro m rn ro ro ro r<^ ro m o"> c~ ■ ro m m ro m ro m ro ro m en m ro n~.

II III ill li) ill Iji ii. Ill .: ill li 1 1 hj )lli:i i^i ;li .. | fi ,uJIXiLL.UjLlii_lju_iLLi

MMM^MrNji^rvlM^MfvlrNlM^MM^vlMMMMMfvlr^ivJ

OO OO 00 00 00 00 00 1/1 00 OO CO OO 00 00 00 00 00 oO 00 OO 00 OO 00 00 00 oo

o

o

CL

-I

CO

o

Q.

_
cc

ro

03

O

LU O ITi — *

ID O *o O

_j t-i O •• Q-

< • mm s:

> h- i -o o

l _i — »• h- i

h-s: • *:<* cc~

I— n «-occn— ocojvoa ii uuicocNjtUt-tu »t-<uj

<*:0 >vU'J tsOCl-OJja^hh- I -JO I OD

_j o_<j <ao | o _) 2: ii u _i<a ii i-rzz
z^cou n c 11 _j 11 o 11 o 11 o *>-<oo<_>wo_io 11 •—a

Ov0< — t-OC5-»H-OI— OvC-l— I — — 1 1 — _ll— K Ci-J— »r— _J

_j -^ a-^ a. cl — '2i< <j-«-<^ZKO
<oll«-cj— ij_— o?or.ou-Gucoa:"-iiu-cuj2

O Q »-i h- O C t-H h- O C5 <_; O C »-« O t— O I— K —> ►— I— H- O CH LU

*■■*

vO

it

*■

••*

ON

—

H-

1— 1

O

1

Ol-

_)

O

w

O

O

«-o

CL

cr

_J

0—

CO

• 0

H-

•4- »

1

•00

O

t— »_J

Cl

Ollko

21'

- »OU-J

o

(\J

m

<f

ir.so

0^0

<?

>o

•0

vO-O

<>r-

Is-

(NJ

<}-co

it

*-
it
■«•

•it
#

it

■it

*
it

fl-
it
*
it
it
it
*
•it

it
«■

it

■>;
*
it
it
■it

if
•Jt

•it

#
■it

■it

a
it
n

■*
■ft-

■M-
it
■it-
■«•
*

•5^

j <.

ii-
■><•
■%
■}<■

•5J-

■it
■H-
■M-

■R

^.

it
H
it
it
it
it
*
*
it
it

it

it
it
it
■it
it

it
it
it
it
it
it
it
■K

LU i'.-

00
CL
»~i

X'
00

O

>-

<r

o
I

00
I

o
2:

<

00

O

v— "

»-

Z)
Cl

5T

O
LJ

o:

<

c
o

DC
CL

CO

Z5
00

■fc-
It

•it
it
it
it

■K

Si

■Jt
it
■jt
it
■it
it

-:t
it
■it

it
•it
it
it

.K.

•it
it

•i:

■ir
■it
it

*
ii

OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

ooa^o.--ic\Jr<'i<fLr\xOts-cocr>Ot-4
a3coosONC^cr,0N0NO^CM?^000
fOmrOrnfOrofOrorofomr'ivt^

UJUJU.iUJLJLUUJLUUULULlJLUajUJ
MNjMtvjr-slrvlMf^rvlMrvlMrvIM

OOOOOOOOO") OOOOOOOOOO 0/5 0^(/}O0

>- ••

UJ C\J

>- »

< o

00 ••

o

<

00

>-

u

Cl

51

in

00

m

t-

OO^HK- 1
»<wOO
OO

ClCl *v •■
OO - <\i

<r<r »

► r-o r*-

CLwt/5<: »
•-H- -J— "^

^j •>• o^vr-
CJ^^v 1 «-~ ••
I — r-H*-. ror~
00— 'Cr> ro ».
Zhw ■— r«-

o'jxoOh-oO •>

CLO0_JC0t^-

UJ <»-o •■
2"Z*— 10000m C

~ou 1 *•

H-»^ a:m

ZJooco UJ f

QZ'it ON

CLLJ_J LU »-0>-<2rOt— >-C Cl

cos:< t-m 11 1— ooz~_i<2:*-

3i-tUJ ~2L •••— <CL<I~H-J<U-

o

cc
m

o

(-

o
o

o

r-l

I

C* -J

o^ •

o->
0 0000 *^c

Q. • • • »0 "— *
II OOOO II •"•

a 11 11 11 11 o

it

51

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

coro<fir>»or^co(^o^<Nro>^u^vOh-coc>Oi^<NJrON^ir»\0^cooNOf^f\ifnx^invOr--oocr o^rvjm^mvOr^coo
OOOOOOOO.-j^^.^^.^i-<r-i,^^<vir\ir\jrMrvrMr\jr\jr\i<\)rnr0r0r0r0r0r<^r^

LUlJJlULULULULULULLJlUlJJLUUjLULUUJlJJLUlUUJlJJ
MMMMMMMMMM^MMMMMMMMMMMrslMMM^MM^JMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

00 CO 00 00 00 00 OO 00 00 1/) 00 00 OO O0 O0 00 00 00 00 00 00 OO 1/) 00 1/5 1/) 00 O0 00 00 OO OO 00 OO CO 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

o

00
CO

o

o
o

o

f\l

UJ

o

sO

mm < vf «t

_i z z

o o o •• »■

K I- • <— -*

oc <f Is-

O O O ro ro

o O • CO CO

o •» *

Q -. — . • iH 00

3 r-tr- ^JD O vt ro

^ Oi-i Ori <nj ro ro

u. oro oro • —• —
^ O O O O O LU

Q «0 »0 00 CO CO O O O

Z •»— •>— ro ro ro • <\ii— h-

< UJ LU H II

oo _jo _jo o o o -i -tf-a o

II »o »0 K H f- •— ZO O
O — — H 00

►•h o~ o«— O-J o o o • — — <-»

i— »o »o Z»-< O O O CC • »>t ••t

< CO • CO • <00 O HHZHZ
££ I 00^ |C000| »»#■»*«• • ••«.••.

zo z — •-?-* • I O O O O O O HI 1

ooZ-~ oo ^H-i^-JUJ — >Z Z • • • • _j-lv0— ic>

-*cc<- • c£ ~~i— I »-ooo _i< < in in in o • •ro «ro

oooooo o i«i »i-h^: • oooo oo h- r- r- <\i KH-rooro

\£ I I • I w— || -^.-. ^ f I • • • • -J— J »"Z »•

wOOLU OO >-«^_i«-«-J *— O O UJ LU UJ UJ »-(»-(<f<0

ozcLzroa.zox-jooxoo uaon <jz is is> <s> oooorooo«t o o o

>^Q.i^ujCL^i^Q.^:LLiQ.<5: ••~i5:<raco.:*:^:a_:^Lu<x5:c\j2: • « • • v*>^co^ro co co co

w^-ido'-' —»-oooooCrOOo',rOw^. wwZJuOmo O I— >- O >-Ow>w co ro ro

c\jo0'-<Z<i-hC*oO'-«Z< II oOO ooii oo»-<ino0t-'2<o0 oo Z _l < z <z <

OCDX*-1 II IOCOIM II O. II 2TO II 0_OcOX<-lcOX»-< II 11 O 11 < •-• -J < _J<C_JO O O O

m<ai-ziifO<iii-DODiLhQOi-<a.fn<ai-l->-Kl-H^rvjwrnu*wHoooi~Uhir\l-<)l-hl~

w—zoo— w.wZ2zo— zz —»- —w2:_i< _i 11 — 11 — 11 <— 11 — 11 »-— — 11 11 11

OLUU-OQ:LL.OU-IJ_0<<5:U-0<<OU-LL OU.U-Ow- JO'-"~|U.i-iLLt-HU,»-.UL^-U_LLOLUOt-'0»-iO>-'0
DMMOO'-<0'-"-<Oi/H/)UL»-<Oi/)^0'-'MOMHtH/HJOi/)Z'-»ZwZHZ'-*ZHwOHOZOZOZO

coror- oo cm ro >t msO r-o «*• »o h- co

000 o--* ^ t-< t-« «-••-» «-«cm ro ro ro ro

rororo roro ro ro ro roro roro ro ro ro ro

52

CO

O

0

-4

ro

ro

O

O

K

h-

O

O

O

O

„

cm

M

.-1

#— 1

•— 1

or-

ro

om

00

o--t

oro

O

oro

• •»

H

• ••

• ro

• 0

UJO

O

UJi— 1

-Jro

O

Jro

• •>

• •>

-~CM

— .

— r>

00

O

00

• ro

•

• ro

f-H

>*•

*

*: + —

• ^ 1 —

-3-.0

(-->— O

^0 •

-»-J^oo •

*xir-i

O •

•■^>d-

_<w +

i^^^H— 1

ll«-—

^-^ II «—«

OXO

O-5OOXOO

OOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOO #• ■*

mmin L^miTi lo iniTMn o no <3 o o vO o * -a-

WUJWmLLUJUJUJLULUUJUJUJLULULULU # £-

NNMNNNNNNNNlsJNNNJNNJ # #

,-■,-,_*-,____,-■_ _!-.__,-,_,»- # #

OOOOoOOOOOOOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ■«■ 1/5 -M-

— * o #

Hi — #!-•«•

a eg # oo -M-

>- z * •- *

H- w * I- #

00 * < *

to ■& >- #

< * OO #

_J tt *

o u # o #

3 * # oc #

►2: — * < *

xv -< # 3 *

OQ 2T * *

roz w * o -M-

v.< oo *• 2: ■»■

• to oo *• < *

oo < # •«•

a. -J •«• ^ *

«-• o # -i *

x_i •• * o *•

oo< O # U- -H-

Zh -- * *

□ o >~ * o ■«•

.— I— < #« Z #

h- a: # < *■

< •■ ■«■■«•
_i o # •• *
uj cl *- 2: ■«•
a:>- 2: # < •*

< id # 2: #

•»_) 00 ■«• 2: #

>-u •» «-> # •-• *

<t >- <o * #

_j < < # •■ #

O J fO * i£ *

o •> * 00 #

•• - x # < #

i_k Km # oc *

JJ _) -Jf- H ■«■

1-11—1 1— (\i -a- #

0000 00 • ■& o •»■

► o> ■»■ z *

► a u, #•-*•»•

o o in *• h- *

z Z # X> #

< < CM # O- -ft
00O 00 • # 21 ■*

z: #» 00 # o ■«•

- < 2: u. # o ■*

••OO O0 •» •& #

X Cd X # CH -M-

co ^ .0 c* * o #

-~OsJ + —<r\| C\J # U_ #

^- .. -»—+ + -~ # *■

O- HZZZh — - ■* 5: •«•

O O 00O_) I ZZZ&cr\ ■«■<■*

(D 00 ►• lu»-iwww ».2:» # a: #

ro ro vO — >2!oooooomD— — *- O #

w-i— <«-,cC(ncD«— ool— 2 # O #•

O oou-i<c£-«- r>^Z)UJoo<a: tt a: #

ooi— CM— i-HKSZOroooooooi— <2IZ> # Q- #

II 11 11 >-<a: 11 11 11 ii—'-JQiKQ # co #

•"HOi—o^orro z:»-i(Njroa:ooLu2: •»• 3 *

ZOZOZ21L- ZZZZ2 LL.0CUJ ^ OO -«■

c* o ^-«o-t h- * *

fO »t ^-COO CO •«• ■«■

m ro mroco * #

OOUOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
^- no o O i-< r\j m >^ ir\ <o f*- a5 c^ O <-* (M ro sf in o r^ co O
>o vO o r~ Is- f^ r- r- r- 1*- r- r~ r- co 00 co co or co co 00 co co

>*• ^ Vt «d" -t ^ »4- Vf vt Vt St >*■ -t -t ^" ^ >f "J" >t <f ^ Vt >4"

LU LU UJ UU OJ LU LL-UJ UJ LU LU UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ LU LU UJ UL) LLI LU UJ

NislNNNNMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNJN

OO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 to 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
ULZ 2: z:lu _ih- ••

*— O -*L q£ i-t

LL Ui 00 3 •

H i^ ••

CL > O r-\

O -I H •

O 00 lu Q. l

Z > UJ *

<k > Oi-> _j cn
00J J ujh- •

hh c«i 3^ >- I

SIoo O UJOO _J ••

z> o i«ia uj .

•—2: a 000. 2: ro

03 Q uj 1

LU^h iu> >>- ooi v

2:0 H-a: -icr: n-.(_ -^

^ uj aruj luuj h-x o

00 2: 0> >> o:uj w

ct: voo •-• 3 00

\~ • h- ^ U_

Z -J < O -J

••O -J O 00 H

JZ LU LU UJ «.

2!<h- S 2 21 ^

2!o0_l 0>S

OOUJOO OLU O •CT,»

♦.00 IU3 >-i a- •

OQiUJ 3LU I— 0^0*00

00<O0 O LUi«i CC ►C'H

ooocr: uj i^oo r> • »x

zo< »- 00 ^ «d- «a

•oo>-aor >• o ►ro

2ZO<UJO >-_J I— • -CL

<< _ji— 00 _iuj o. <\iin<

LLOO OCt: "^LU> LU •• •LU,sN

Z O 0>-» >~ -J »^2LO

••UJ2 OO-JQ*-!!— O «-* -*-< -

2:000— a:ujH-»-« »-(>- ».^-i_jvt
2aroo-i_jCi-<oo 1— a: o— • ••
»-i< mjoctoo c£uj lo • m

2OLU00UJCLOUJCL 3> »iHOO »«

►OZ 3: 002! ^ O •"-i<\| o

-» >-<uj J— •■C7VX » Ooo

0vj>-U.2>- >->- > LO •O-'-i »^UJ

-a: t-ia: -Jet: < m ► •«• 3
colu>-u-uj aruj _J • • »c\j O— 1

— >cr: > 0> a. 001 — ^ K-<

oo» UJ>-- O" -J - •-V.0-— >

2MV>a:scas< v o— O O —

U-X~ LU^UJ '-O -~ »sO-t«— o^i-~— j

►-1Q.0 >cof->Lo»-< m o— -» ocm oo_j_»

l~SM F-IQi^Jf-HCi: i-t V.ii^OO ••— «<_J »•

uh- «— oluwh- — • «-»u_ — u_i-ii-ia: »>m

^2: h-h^oszsuj 1— r-_jvo_j 11 »i— (Mi—

uj_juj > lulus: 0:0 -h- i-jo *"oo

2CD2: uu>-a:i^2: z>»-< o •>q<-<_jujujooi-i

•-HV.MO O-JK-00>- i<il— U->v< •h-»—X

H- z tux oov o:>>.-JCr'LUa:otJ<XO.

32C0<H-CO|— LUCO » COD- K OXLUOOO-JCl II

oo-«-oo_j^< -;:->- %xl • oooox) 11 o

or:2:_j *-._jo: — 1— 1 _jo -jc^-iluhzuitih

cq2:<ujoo<lu <a:o<i— < •■<>— *— !•— «i— 1

noiuz ujO uj<UJLUCLOUJrouJ2:ou_<XX

oooct:»-"Ujq:cj oiuJ3:ci:uj»-<oi »q:>-<ci»-iljclcl

rHCVJ »-4(\J r-40g i-Hf\J r-4

53

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

C>c>e>C^cj^o^c>O^O^c>ooooooOOOOHr-HH---i— i^^^^hcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmc^

>a- •J* -t «t -t >t >*• «d- *t >t in in in m in in in in in in in in in in in in in in m in in in in in in tn in in in in in in tn in in tn in in

ujuJwwuJmiuujwwijjujUJujwu-ujiJJwujLuujLLJWww

NNNlNINNNINjrvlNNNIMiMMN^MNNNNNNNNJNNNNNNNNNNMNMNNNrvlNNlsJisIN
00 I/O 1/1 1/) OO CO OO OO 1/5 00 00 1/) 00 00 00 00 00 00 I/) O0 O0 00 00 00 O0 1/0 00 00 </) 00 OO O0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

ad < uj 2h z:

00 CD O

00 •« — QZ LU

00CM Q. Z 00

UU • LU>fr <o 3

zm h-co >-> <

ro 2U. < ado o

O • UJ •- JZ —I UJ

> adx 3< ok co

O UJ ooo OX U.Z

ad o m —it— uj oo

00 • O*^ < cdO UJ

•. •• 2> ooo oo: 3

O X CM • 00 UJ _l

oo in 3 h-uj ►a. <

o eg » ujuj o_j z >

>J O • H-ad 2 <Q

u. z-~ <oo oo s:uj o

•■ <cm _j oo< zi- od

O UJ • 3 UJ3 ►-< <

OO 2Z—I O 3 — I 2

► -i -J -JH- »3

ro — u, < <2 ads: o

O CM 3 CM O • >UU 003 Z

•>!-«• ad •< > o <0 <

eg oco >-<2:c\j h-uj Oct: cdo

Or u. U-< • OO cduj I— < ad

—••4- en adOU- 3 UJ(- O

0<» • ooiuro O O H-oO U_

•.m ».c^ cms: »• — i qui <<

— »XIL >>LL» C\J 3 21— -J_J UJ

h-X0^>t OO •• •« • O << 3 H-

—iincM •• •— >-iadxm oz _J OO <

_l •» m U-ULoocnju. ad—< ad3 -JH- -J

•.. • v.-^'-'ro •■ oo uj _iz: < 3

_j o -»• — u-v.x «-• 2: oo oh- oo o

—100 U_ <tO ►- (M LL U-O X UJ _|

_juj •• om>>oom -is) o Ouj 3 <

11 3 x int-Qoiiis >uj oo< h-z _j o

ad-J O IhhD. 03 3 <

•"• _J< cno 00-U.U.-J • >-i_jz jh lulu > h-

«-« _l> v.O H- I I -<H- U-<< 0.00 -J00 O

c\j •■ » o in •— «-»o>od ••>►-« < coo oh 2:

o -~ad oh^oooo • »s 3 o o ^_j <i< cdo

& adoo ad uJin • • oocMCM»~<Zad 5Iz:uj < o <o o

cm — 1< ooo3 cmcm»-< -^^u_< t~.<5: 5:0 1— UJ 2 -J

o —let: h-— io^^ll — — ►s. u-Si- zi- Oco— o 3

*-. «— h- <i—*scMninoz "Z •• »-< 2: • oh- O

»^ o o> »tvO— »cr* «-••-< in hh o>-«x h- <^cm z: o

^->^^.-_. ^.^. <, (j> OC0t-*O iIIm. • IT\» O • X - UJI^ <0 -

_j_j j _i_j —--»—. oco lu » zoMHin^ao.1 »-s •-< •■en «>uj *3 o ••

_i_j_j_j_jLnoin-»ooOr-t Xx 0^< Iiw0^+ 1 Q.XUJ Xx*v xz x_jo ad x

(.•.»» ••cMinr-m— •■»• + **co 00^5:— clQ-x mm oad 0.0- 00 co<uj _i— o

<tlTls0NC0wMt-<OO>-l~ ".CM »Z:>-t+ I Q_ 'CM>- 'CM00 CM— CM" CM>UJ O'-'—'CM

wwwwwIHshOi-( in •■ OhM »Ovt I C?>-"— ivO » *- "00 '— •• t. — • •» O LL •>}■ ••

00000000 00Q-0.Q.^hO^» I O- OO HHOOQUJIIO* O CM- »-i CO" XO^-i» - XO OCJ*»

mhmhm r 1 1 oo»- — icmcoo _i •ujO'-'t—s: •q.q.coozooooo oo^ocrooo ^ujoujuj »«o

IIIII«>-— JHJ+ »•• adH- «XX»-Hm«^^- •»» CMO •-» O O •>•» CMO ••- X OH- «^0»

Q. CL Q. Q- Q. ■«•■«■•»<■ I— < Q. — —I O *— 00<2ZQ.CLU-t>^— •<)•** sOvO*"!— >0s0*^>v-,>0*-'0~ • rH<3;— >—'

II II II II II # ■«■ -K-Oi II 0-K- _J^-H- cd_JZ:www>-iww«-j_ w(_Qd— • — K- *-H-CM ► _J< H-

mom>tm • • •ooooro_iuj< h-3"-* 11 11 11 X 11 iiuj< ouj<3cmouj<ujouj<^x03U.uj<
cMinr-ccc^cMCMCMoooo 11 11 111-2: z:oz:o>adQ.ad3H-2: H-H-srad ihhsoihhs- o^hozhs

»-• >— ■ 1— 1 1— r •— r |t || || || OO— IH-»-iCd O— '— I — 5ZOOOwOOad»-<Cd • +-*&. O »-,0dO ►-'CdOCM _|wi-i0d

XXXXX-~tcMroO_jad— I— ict:o 00LL<u.^^^U-CM^cdC3:O0dOOU-Oa:O<OcdOQd,vO<LLa:O

Q.aaaaooooou.^jj2u. MUHU.ii.u.wu.u.2u.uJ05u.ZffiO3:u.u02u.<« ou^sa.

•«• i-H i-t .-ICM i-H »-<CM

un gj »^cm men oh o »4"

o o oa> 00 00 o o

co co m m «4- v0

54

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

rnro>t«t>tvt^'^vt*t>t<fLninininininininininvOOvOvOvOOO>o>o^r^r^r^rwr^r^

in in m in in in in in in in in in in m in in in in in in ir> in in in in in in in in in in in in in in mm in in mm in in mm mm in

LULULUWLULULULUIULL'IUUJLULUWIULULULUIULULULUW

SNNNNNNNNIMNNNNNSINNNNNNNNMMNINNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMNNNNN

00 OO 00 1/) (/1 00 (/I 00 OO 00 00 1/) 00 00 1/1 1/) O0 00 I/) I/) I/) 00 OO 00 CO 1/1 1/) I/) 1/7 OO I/) 00 OOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

00

<
— c\j

• •»
• X

rvj <4-

CT> *

Q •

LU <M

LU fH

U U-

X •■

LU • +

z —

K < —

O UJ o~

2 2: i-iin

» I— 1>— I

c ► XX

•-• X> Q.O.

o r-ta: >- l I >-

foo-o -> a: -tin cc

h- «^v.o • (\J ococ> o—

:z <\j- tuo «-• Own -*. o— • —

LD>- c-iLUJ— "V •.—•LUXX (\l LUin (\J

«_/0£ »0< — r-tOO(— QlQ. >-<— »HC\J t— i«»

cto r-t_jom (_i<<;ww «-oo<t>-< »»oo

luo >-i< «-i iiroo-fr-M- r-«<ox «-•<

CLLU II >LUX »-h ». • • >_iro a. "-HC0

i— »-i z:cl *-ixujc\jcm || »»uj i ti •»

D< mom | in *--t21^ — ' mXZiTi «-hX

luo ►dCSTin o — ••►-i>^v. (7s »-<*$-_ if— ro »-<>t

t— o — »<c£0 »0 HHCNis;*—- ■» O *• »2!»-h i— ( •■ •»

•<lu t m2lum ►- 1 »c£0«— v0 *— (\icix ^o — »r\j

_)2rm •-< •-< i— x O — r—ujino ►-» •luo. •-• •

DmS O — OLUO. h- t-HU-H-^m O >-«00>— — O •~«co

s:5T— . ro 2!ZOw > »ujXi-« h —lllu-h- h- — ll

x>a:«t lu< + o .-i lu» otvx 3 »-Ovt r-i i— •»

oluco o s: o • o ii qz •;: a. o uj» «t o ii ao

UI-h K tvlb^Zvt —I vOQO« O IxioOO • O _J ZJoo

<LUX — _J<sv «■* h- "HZ • • O0O0ZCNJ I— i£»-i

OCL O »0 «— > O >t— <r\jc\i <— wlu<— - — » ^ —oo

H + O NU-Z-O LU U- LU< | — ^ -* -^. ^ o LL t.O

OOQO 5T» 0<-t O »—« •— i Q^-ioOvf I oo «~ + i^ISoO—. ^ i-«rH Ol~

<zm -~ u- ►•—•-h u_ + u_>oooo— lu _i— ooLui-iin u_ + ~^cc

_j<»-t _J XKI • — »— » LULU.-tm i w^-i LLi^OOHH • «~>— LL X>

XO < «-.CT<CL LU 0»-< *>OZIO> LU O I 00OX LU O'-l ~i£

ozan > ^n r-nj'-' i r-e> • i r-i» saHvoo oo_j ^-» h-o-voo t | «-.«

K-<+ •• M + O ••>vf •« • Gf_J ro »»lu+X •• • lli— cnj -a: I •> • O-J nJ *

• LU>Oi-< • — CO- LUCOt-t— LUH- -HX^i»J0CLr-<~ _|^ vfXDl^H-* LUH >OX

►S:^ II I— ft »OOH-1 If I f-t »Q »-r-IO0r-<+ || _| KO0 <-*f-<m& II _J »H •■*: f-»f-l

X MM^jiiJ I v0« X-J— -lu I _jll vOrn »-<in_J— 'LUt—LU »ro *-t_J<«^LU | _JU- ♦■rOLU

OLUX I 'Z) wh— -luq. QD- II— »-><nj— —LUX oo Z5 II •— c\j vO<— LUX i£ 3 -J h- <-> nj s0 — Z5

mh-CLOHHMZ —+ l-»-w>tLi.2 II 0—+ |-KaMCOlLZJw + -hHQ.(MU.ZII^«- + «-h'ZZ

*^3 — O II S:*-1 * >-«UJ<r} II OJ^JU.'it ^HLU<Z)— XO_Jt-i|— ^ ^HLU<Z) — r-(J>-H_ILL-«- ^-tLU<»-io;

• a. ii m_iLLi— onj>-»-2:Q.>vOKh-H-'-'roH-.H-5:cL n cx.v0i— 1— ^rn^Ksra. n sOi-Hh-»-<fOt-H|-2:i— Z)

»-5ihsi <— z:^ ii h»-«c^5:uj —20— 11 iit-ars:*:— — zoon m—,q:5:o —2^—11 11 »-c£Z'i--o

xosoo-O 11 Ht\ia:ooaDu.DijLu.H(\ja:oooo«-'CU-ou.rHMa:oo^ou-oa.u-HWctooLuz

UJOU-DNwO,-IMt-|3LLUlLD,-<0'- o-hi— •►"tjCLH.^LL. 0»-<0MMM2lL0U.Q>-i0'-<'-*i-,M2U.iJa:uJ

^4 ooc^ nj <\jro cnjo

ro 00 >t '^•-, ^o

i-l vOO «-H ^<? HO

.— 1

0

1— 1

r-

^m

0

0

O

0

00

0

ro

ro

00

vOO

55

REFERENCES CITED

1. Beal, C. H. 1915. The Geology of the Monterey Quadrangle.

M.A. Thesis, Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto-
Ca. 88 p.

2. Bowen, 0. E. 1965. Point Lobos, a Geologic Guide. Cal .

Div. Mines and Geology Mineral Inf. Service. 18(4) : 60-67 .

3. California State Department of Water Resources. 1969. Carmel

River Basin Water Quality Investigation. Central Coastal
Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Luis Obisbo, Ca.
46 p.

4. Col 1 i as , E. E., M. R. Rona, D. A. McManus, and J. S. Creager.

1963. Machine Processing of Geological Data. Univ.
Washington Dep. Oceanogr. Tech. Rep. 87. 119 p.

5. Dinger, C. 1970. Computer Program in Oceanography. Publica-

tion C-5 (2nd Revision). National Oceanograph i c Data Center,
Washington, D.C. 143 p.

6. Folk, R. L. 1968. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill's,

Aus ti n , Texas . 1 70 p .

7. Folk, R. L., and W. C. Ward. 1957. Brazos River Bar: A Study

in the Significance of Grain Size Parameters. J. Sediment.
Petrol. 27(1): 3-26 .

8. Griffin, P. A. 1969. Heavy Mineral Investigation of Carmel

Bay Beach Sands. M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School,
Monterey, Ca. 50 p.

9. Judge, C. W. 1970. Heavy Minerals in Beach and Stream Sedi-

ments as Indicators of Shore Processes between Monterey and
Los Angeles, California. U.S. Army Coastal Engr. Research
Center, Tech. Memo. No. 33, Washington, D.C. 44 p.

10. Krumbein, W. C, and F. J. Pettijohn. 1938. Manual of Sedi-

mentary Petrography. Appl eton-Century-Crofts , Inc., New
York. 549 p.

11. Krumbein, W. C, and L. L. Sloss. 1963. Stratigraphy and

Sedimentation, 2d ed
Ca. 660 p.

W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco,

12. Lawson, A. C. 1893. The Geology of Carmelo Bay. Bull. Dept
Geol., Univ. of Ca., Berkeley. 1:1-59.

56

13. Martin, B. D. 1964. Monterey Submarine Canyon, California:

Genesis and Relationship to Continental Geology. PhD
Dissertation, Univ. of S. Ca., Los Angeles. 249 p.

14. Moritz, C. A., Jr. 1968. A Descriptive Survey of the Head of

the Carmel Submarine Canyon. M.S. Thesis, Naval Post-
graduate School, Monterey, Ca. 82 p.

15. Ni 1 i-Esfahani , A. 1965. Investigation of Paleocene Strata,

Point Lobos, Monterey County, Ca. M.A. Thesis, Univ. of
Ca. , Los Angeles . 228 p.

16. Shepard, F. P. Submarine Geology, 2d ed. Harper and Row,

New York. 557 p.

17. Shepard, F. P., and K. 0. Emery. 1941. Submarine Topography

off the California Coast: Canyons and Tectonic Interpreta-
tion. Geo!. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 31. 171 p.

18. Sverdrup, H. U., N. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming. 1942. The

Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1087 p.

19. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 1971. Tide Tables, High and

Low Water Predictions, 1971, West Coast North and South
America including the Hawaiian Islands. U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 226 p.

20. Wallin, S. R. 1968. The Sediments in the Head of the Carmel

Submarine Canyon. M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School,
Monterey, Ca. 98 p.

21. Zardeskas, R. A. 1971. A Bathymetric Chart of Carmel Bay, Ca

M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Ca . 108 p.

57

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

8.

Defense Documentation Center
Cameron Station
Alexandria, Virginia 22214

Library, Code 0212

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

Professor R.S. Andrews, Code
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

Department of Oceanography,
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

LCDR C.K. Roberts, USN
Department of Oceanography,
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, Cal i f orni a ° 93940

No. Copies
2

58Ad

10

Code 58

Code 58 Rb

LT R.A. Zardeskas, USN

Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 129

NAS Whidbey Island

Oak Harbor, Washington 98277

LT L.S. Carter, USN

C0MFAIRADAK Staff

U.S. Naval Station

F.P.O. Seattle, Washington 98791

Mr. Thompson J. Hudson

Pt. Lobos

Carmel, California 93921

Mr. Frederick A. Meyer

Environmental Resources Section

Supervisor, Dept. of Parks and Recreation

State of California - Resources Agency

P.O. Box 2390

Sacramento, California 95811

58

10.

11 .

12.

13

14.

15

16

17.

18

19.

Office of Naval Research

Code 480D

Arlington, Virginia 22217

Point Lobos State Reserve
Carmel, California 93921

Attn: Mr. D. Rich

Dr. Francis P. Shepard
Scripps Institute of Oceanography
University of California at San Diego
La Jol la, California 92038

No. Copies

1

LT J. P. Simpson, USN

Naval Postgraduate School, SMC

Monterey, California 93940

#1105

Mr. Earl Smith

Director, Monterey County Park Dept.

P.O. Box 367

Salinas, California 93901

Professor W. C. Thompson, Code
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

Mr. Lawrence Leopold
Department of Geology
San Jose State College
San Jose , Cal i forni a

Dr. Pat Wilde
Hydraulic Engineering Lab
University of California
Berkeley , Cal i forni a

Oceanographer of the Navy
The Madison Building
732 N. Washington
Alexandria, Virginia 22314

58Th

LT B. F. Howell

Naval Postgraduate School ,

Monterey, California 93940

SMC #1028

59

Unclassified

Security Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R&D

Security classification or title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is dassilied)

I originating activity (Corporate author)

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Unci assified

2b. GROUP

3 REPOR T TITLE

RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS

of
CARMEL BAY, CALIFORNIA

4 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type ol report and.inclusive dates)

Master's Thesis; December 1971

5 au TMORiSi (First name, middle initial, last name)

Lee Scott Carter
Lieutenant, United States Navy

6 REPOR T D A TE

December 1971

7*1. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES

61

7b. NO. OF REFS

11

la. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO

6. PROJEC T NO

9«. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

96. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be aa signed
this report)

10 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

n Supplementary notes

12. sponsoring military activity

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

13. ABSTR AC T

Fif
textura
ments f
part, o
The she
ately t
sorted
textura
suggest
i c s e d i
system
the maj
from th
and off
numerou
i ng and
the onl

ty-six sediment samples were collected within Carmel Bay for
1 analysis to determine their statistical properties. The sedi-
ound within the Carmel Submarine Canyon consist, for the most
f poorly to \/ery poorly sorted very fine sand and coarse silt.
If area surrounding the canyon is primarily comprised of moder-

0 very poorly sorted sand, with a small area of very poorly
gravel in the northeastern section of the Bay. Consideration of

1 parameters such as mean size, standard deviation, and skewness
that the sediments of the Bay are under the influence of dynam

ment transport mechanism. The Bay appears to be a sedimentary
primarily isolated from adjacent coastal sediment sources , wi th
or sources of sedimentary deposits being terrigeneous debris
e Carmel River, erosion and weathering of the local coastline
shore rocks by wave and weather, and the shells and tests of
s calcareous marine organisms. Movement of sediments by slump-
gravity sliding down the Carmel Submarine Canyon appears to be
y form of sediment removal within the Bay.

DD

FORM
i nov es

S/N 0101 -807-681 1

1473

(PAGE 1)

60

Un cl ass i f ied

Security Classification

A-31408

Unclassified

Security Classification

key wo R OS

Carmel Bay

Carmel Submarine Canyon
Sediment Analysis
Marine Sediments

D.'-0."."..1473 <BACK»

10101 -907-6821

61

Unclassified

Security Classification

a- 3 I 409

J

Thes i s
C27373

Carter

Recent marine sedi
ments of Carmel 3ay>
Ca\ Ifornia.

133020

lhesC27373

Recent marine sediments of Carmel Bay, C

.

3 2768 002 09278 5

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY