Aa ath i} ais Ei i ea Ee <= wae = Y Ry Hi tite ot ' oy ih ear Mines Pris iM Wiig fi hee Ut , Mont ‘i La Ta Ce Cae ivi dite tre Hifi tf a lil, a shoe py tat INGA TERRee rf i ! Ait Te AN Aty yd iti iM, ; yaa raved ves | a i ip Pedlatte iH Cas za) 14 It \ ! ie rhean ai " bey CLEVELAND | Maturalists’ Field Club. Record of Proceedings, 1ssoso. Jonpison & Co., Lp., Printers, &c., Middlesbro’ & London, CLEVELAND tt OFFICERS, 1889. President : Dr. W. Y. VertcuH. Vice-Presidents : Mr. J. S. Catvert | Mr. A. MacpHerson Rev. J. HawE.u | Mr. J. M. Merk Committee : Mr. J. Burney Mr. W. T. Kwaces ,, Bb. Hupson 1. 2G. WANG », G. TURNER ;, R. LorrHouse Hon. Treasurer : Mr. T. F. Warp, Park Road, South, Middlesbrough. Hon. Secretary : Mr. W. H. Tuomas, 10, West Terrace, North Ormesby. Hon. Assist. Secretary: Mr. T. LorrHouss. Past Presidents : 1881—Mr. W. Y. Verrcn, M.R.C.S. 1882— Do. 1883—Mr. J. S. Catvert. 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp. 1885— Do. 1886—Mr. Aneus Macruerson. 1887— Do. 1888—Mr. J. M, Mesxr, RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, 1889. HE SEASON of 1889 was one of the most successful which the Club has experienced. The membership was materially increased, reaching 65 at the close of the season. The excursions were all well attended, and generally an amount of useful work done, which could not fail to have benefited the members. The season wus particularly favourable for Botanical work, the vegeta- tion, especially in the Spring, being more luxuriant than for many years past. The following excursions were undertaken :— May 25 ... Battersby to Kildale. June 8-10 ... Richmond. June 22 ..- Ingleby Greenhow. July 6 -. Ayton. July 13 ... Dinsdale. August 3-5 ... Upper Teesdale. August 17... Eston Nab. September 7... Staithes to Runswick. Barrerspy To Kinpate, May 25.—Thirteen members attended this excursion, which, considering the threatening state of the weather, was very satisfactory. During the afternoon about 70 different plants were found in flower, including Orchis mascula, Orchis maculata, Habenaria viridis, Pedicularis palustris, Geum rivale, &e. The geologists, ornithologists, and conchologists had also ample scope for their investigations. Ricamonp, June 8-10,—This was one of the best-attended three days’ excursions which has been held in connection with the Club, nine members being present during the whole of the three days, The King’s Head Hotel was fixed upon as the headquarters. On Saturday afternoon the ruins of Easby Abbey were visited, the woods en route being investigated by the botanists and conchologists. In the evening Richmond Castle was inspected. The weather on Sunday being unfavourable, the members contented themselves with visiting the Museum and making short excursions between the showers. On Monday Marske was visited. About 130 plants in flower were discovered during the three days. 5 IneLEBy GREENHOW, JuNE 22.—There was a good attendance of members at this excursion, about twenty ladies and gentlemen being present. Time did not permit of a visit to the hills, so that the geologists of the party had a blank day. Nearly 90 plants were found in bloom. Ayton, Juty 6.—This was an excursion arranged specially for inspecting the Cleveland Dyke, and hearing a paper read upon it by the President (Dr. Veitch), a copy of which is appended. After the paper had been read and shortly discussed, Roseberry and its environs were examined. The botanists succeeded in securing specimens, in bloom, of Drosera rotundifolia, Veronica scutellata, Listera cordata, and many other plants. Dinspate, Jury 13.—The excursion to this favourite place was chiefly remarkable for the discovery of a specimen of Ovalis corniculata. This plant, so far as can be ascertained, has not previously been recorded in the district, and this specimen was probably an escape from a garden. Urrer TEESDALE, AucusT 3-5.—This visit to Upper Teesdale was made to coincide with the visit of the Yorkshire Naturalists, to whose Union the Cleveland Field Club is affiliated. The excur- sion proved most enjoyable and successful. It being late in the season, the flora had for the most part passed the flowering stage. The Pcteniilla fruticosa, however, was in full bloom on the banks of the river. The Galium boreale, Parnassia palustris and Saxifraga aizotdes were also noticed. Eston Nas, Aveust 17.—The Party took train to Nunthorpe, and, after proceeding along the Guisbrough road for a short distance, climbed the hillside and crossed the moor to the Nab, after which the walk was extended to Guisbrough. SrairHes To Runswick, Sept. 7.—This proved to be one of the most interesting excursions of the season. The original intention of the party was to take the shore route from Staithes to Runswick Bay, but owing to the state of the tide, it was only possible to do part of the journey by the shore, the cliffs having to be resorted to for the remainder. A few of the bolder spirits of the Party, led by fisher-boys as guides, took the path along the ledges on the cliff side from Staithes, but the others chose firmer and _ higher ground. Drepeinc Excursion, Ocroper 3.—Through the kindness of the Port Sanitary Authority, a few members of the Club were enabled to do a little dredging on the afternoon of Thursday, October 3, about the Tees Breakwater and off Redcar, and the 6 hanks of the Club are due to the above named authority for the loan of their Steam Launch. Three casts were made with a Bowerbank dredge, capturing the following fauna : Zoorxyta—Thuiaria articulata, Cydippe infundibulum, a few common echinoderms. CrustTacEa—Cirolana Cranchit, Podocerus pulchellus, Gam- marus locusti, G. pulew, Thysanopoda Couchii, Mysis chamaeleon, Paiaemon squilla, Crangon vulgaris, Paguius laevis ? and Pinnotheris pisum. Potyzoa—Flustra papyracea, Tubulipora lobulata, and Bugula plumosa. Tunicata—Leptoclinum maculosum. ConcuirERA—Shell of Teredo Nowegica, together with num- bers of the commonest mollusca. The weather being delightful, all present thoroughly enjoyed this interesting excursion. GEOLOGICAL NOTES, By W. Y. Verrcx. May 25.—On the way from Battersby to Kildale up the lovely dale were examined portions of the lower lias, traced Ammonites Capricornus beds up to the waterfall, known locally as Old Meggison, and then came upon the lower sandstone of the Marlstone series of Phillips—Ammonites Margaritatus zone,—which were followed up until the Ammonites Spinatus beds were made out, here and there along this footpath evidences of this rock were apparent. Close by are abandoned workings of ironstone sinkings, the thickest seam here is— Ironstone 2 feet 9 inches. 5 feet 4 inches Shale ys lanes Iranstone 1 2°96 5g: From the railway a glimpse was obtained of the most interesting peat beds of the district, from the sandy beds underneath this peat horns have been obtained of Cervus elaphus and Cervus tarandus (Red-deer and Rein-deer). June 10.—The visit to Richmond gave the Club an opportunity of observing the Yoredale Rocks of those parts, and of admiring the bold terraces of mountain limestone scenery clothed in every 7 ravine with rich woodland. The Castle is situated upon the top of the main limestone, 150 feet above the bed of the river Swale, which in its turn is 300 feet above sea level. It thus appears that the main limestone has sunk 1,250 feet from its height (1,700) at the nine Standards. The Ingleby Greenhow trip, on June 22, being a very short one, no chance for Geological research happened. Juty 6.—Ayton was visited; the outlying character of Rose- berry, the Gravel Beds of the neighbourhood, the carving out by glacial action ond the entrusive igneous rock were duly noticed. A paper on ‘‘ The Cleveland Dyke ’’ was read by the President of the Club, which elicited a most interesting discussion, Messrs. Burton, Meek, Charlton, Thomas, &c., taking part in it, the thanks of the meeting was given to the writer of the paper, and it was resolved to publish it and forward copies to the Members of the Club. The 13th Jury Meeting was held at Dinsdale, only the new red sandstone and the fact that sulphurous water is pumped out of it at the Spa, probably from gypsous marl, interested the Geologists. At a hurried trip from Staithes to Runswick on September 7 the coast section as far as Port Mulgrave was examined, and many specimens were obtained characteristic of the rocks, exposed and others thrown up by the sea. Among them were :— Ammonites margaritatus fe spinatus %; annulatus ne communis », bifrons Ms defossum a capricornus Dentalium giganteum Pecten equivalvis Cardium truncatum Inoceramus dubius Chordophyllites cicatricosus Nulliporites sp. 8 ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER NOTES, By R. Lorruouse. May 25, Excursion rrom Bartrerssy to Kinpare.—The following birds were noticed :—Migrants : Chiffchaff, Sedge Warbler, Willow Wren, Wood Wren, Whitethroat, Cuckoo, all in song; Swift, Sand Martin, Swallow, House Martin, there were numbers of nests of the latter under the eaves of the railway station; Residents: Blackbird, Yellow Hammer, Chaffinch, Thrush, Wood Pigeon. On a former excursion to Kildale, the beautiful, and locally distributed, Pied Flycatcher was observed, and also on another occasion near Ingleby. I have no doubt it breeds here. Clarke and Roebuck, in their Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire, mention a Heronry as existing at Kildale, I never could find out when or where this Heronry was located. A Red- wing, a bird seldom known to nest in the British Isles, is recorded as having nested at Kildale in 1840. The animals noticed were numbers of Rabbits and a Squirrel, an animal by no means common in Cleveland. June 8 to 10, Excursion to RicumMoyp anp NEIGHBOURHOOD.— The following birds were noticed :—Migrants : Whitethroat, Willow Wren (numerous), Chiff-chaff (nest found containing six eggs), Sedge Warbler (not very numerous), Landrail, Cuckoo, House Martin, Swallow, Sand Martin, Swift, very numerous, as might be expected, it is an ideal place for them, we watched them soaring high over the castle walls until late into the night when all the other birds had long since retired to rest. Wheatears and Pied Wagtails were met with on the stony ground at the foot of Whitcliffe. Residents: Jay (noticed in Whitcliffe Wood), Meadow Pipit, Chaffinch, Hedge Sparrow, Rook, young birds fully fledged. June 29, Excursion to AyrscartH.—The following birds were observed :—Migrants: Swift, Sand Martin, Chiffchaff (nest with eggs found), Yellow Wagtail, Common Sandpipers (abundant). Residents : Dipper (several observed), Blackbird. In the River Yore here Crayfish are common, and fine Trout and Greyling are found; the Miller’s Thumb (cottus gobio) is also abundant and grows to a large size. The Yore is a favourite river for otters, and otter hunts often take place in the proper season. Jury 13, Excursion to Dinspate Dam.—Dinsdale Dam appears to be from 6 to 8 feet high, and must be a pretty effectual barrier to fish getting up the river. There is, however a fish pass at one side. Small Salmon, or Salmon Trout, were trying to ascend while $ we were there, but there was not much water, and we saw none succeed, although one came within about a foot of the top. The river contains, besides Salmon, Salmon Trout, Trout, Roach, Dace, Eels, Flounders (at Middleton), and Gudgeon, of which last we saw a goodly number that had been caught by some youthful followers of the gentle craft. The birds noticed, besides the commoner species, were the Kingfisher and Wheat-ear. CONCHOLOGICAL AND OTHER NOTES. By T. A. LortrHouse. Excursion FRoM Barttersspy to Kiipante, 25TH May.—The following land shells were noted :—Zonites alliarius, Z. cellarius, Z. fulvus, Z. nitidulus, Helix nemoralis and var. libellula, H. arbustorum, H. sericea, H. hispida, H. fusca, H. caperata, H. rotundata, Clausilia 'rugosa, C. laminata and Bulimus obscurus. The most notable find was that of Helix fusca, a shell of rather uncommon occurrence. On a former excursion the fol- lowing were found in addition to the above :—Succinea putris, Vitrina pellucida, Zonites crystallinus and Zua lubrica. In Lepidoptera a specimen of Scalloped Hazel (Odontopera bidentata) was caught, and the larve of Green Brindled Crescent. (Miselia Oxyacanthe) found. At the excursion to the same district on the 25th of August, 1888, the following insects were noticed :—Green-veined White (Pieris napi), Meadow Brown (Satyrus janira), Small Heath (Chortobius pamphilus), and the larve of the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalunta) found, Yellow Shell (Camptogramma bilineata), Dark Marbled Carpet (Cidaria immanata), Barred Yellow (Cidaria fulvata), Barred Straw (C. pyraliata), and the Small Mallow (Eubolia mensuraria). Excursion to Ricumonp anp District, June 8-10,—In rather damp weather, favourable for shell collecting, the following species were found :—Vitrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius, Z. radiatulus, Z. alliarius Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus, Helix aspersa (very fine on Castle banks), H. arbustorum, H. hortensis and var. lutea, Hi. sericea, H. fusca, H. hispida, H. rufescens, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, H. pulchella, Bulimus obscurus, Clausilia rugosa and var. dubia, Pupa umbilicata, Zua lubrica. The only freshwater shell found was Limnea truncatula. The weather being damp and cold, made it very unfavourable for collecting insects in a district noted for its Lepidopterous fauna. 10 The only specimens seen were the Large White (Pieris brassicae), Small White (Pieris rape), Green-veined White (P. napi), Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines), Common Swift (Hepialus lupulinus), Silver-ground Carpet (Melanippe montanata). The caterpillars of the Winter Moth (Chimatobia brumata) and the July Highflyer (Ypsipetes elutata) were found. Excursion To AyrsGarTH, JuNE 29,.—Notwithstanding the long continued drought of this month, everything being dried up, the following shells were found :—Succinea putris, Vitrina pellucida, Zonttes nitidulus, Z. alliarius, Helix arbustorum, H. sericea, H. caperata, H. lapicida, H. rufescens, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa and var. dubia, C. laminata, Zua lubrica. Pisidium fontinale, Neritina fluviatilis, Limncea peregra and Ancylus fluviatilis; all the water shells were found in the River Yore. A very curious specimen of Clausilia rugosa, var. dubia was found by my brother, it has two mouths, one each way, and was alive when found; I sent it to Mr, Roebuck of Leeds for his inspection, and he made the following remarks: “it is a very fine example of the double-mouthed monstrosity, the two mouths being well formed.” In more favourable weather the above list might be greatly augmented, as the district seems a perfect one for shells. The following is a list of the Lepidoptera noted :---Ghost Swift (Hepialus humuli), Brimstone Moth (Rumia cratcegata), Willow Beauty (Boarmia rhomboidaria), Silver-ground Carpet (M. montanata), Magpie (Abrawas grossulariata), Dark Marbled Carpet (C. immanata), and the Yellow Shell (C. bilineata). Excursion to Ayton, Juty 6.—The following insects were observed :—Smali Heath (C. pamphilus), Painted Lady (Vanessa Cardui), Common Blue (Lycena icarus), Gray Mountain Carpet (Larentia casiata), M. montanata, C. bilineata, The Belle (Hubolia palumbaria), Chimney Sweeper (Zanagra chwrophyllata), Yellow Underwing (Tryphwna pronuba), and the scarce Silver Y (Plusia interrogationis), the last-named being the most notable, as it is a moth of rather uncommon occurence. Excursion to Dinspatx, Jury 13.—In Lepidoptera the following species were noted:—S. ja.ira, C. pamphilus. Small Tortoise- ' shell (Vanessa urtice), L. icarus, Twin Spot Carpet (Larentia didymata), A. grossudariata, M. montanata, C. pyraliata, C. bilineata, Small Mallow (Eubvlia mensuraria), Green Oak Moth (Tortrix viridana), and 7’. pronuba. The only species of Land Shells noted were :—Zonites alliarius, Helix aspersa, H, rotundata, and Claustlia laminata. 11 BOTANICAL NOTES. The following Plants have been noted in flower during the season, A—Battersby to Kildale, 25 May, 1889. C—Richmond, 8/10 June, 1889. Moor, August 17, 1889. Ranunculus repens Ficaria acris bulbosus Flammula aquatilis arvensis hederaceus Caltha palustris Berberis vulgaris ... Chelidonium majus Cheiranthus Cheiri Nasturtium officinale Arabis hirsuta Cardamine pratensis amara ... Sisymbrium thalianum Alliaria officinalis Brassica campestris Capsella Bursa-pastoris Reseda Luteola lutea Helianthemum vulgare Viola canina tricolor Drosera rotundifolia Polygala vulgaris Silene inflata Lychnis diurna vespertina Flos-cuculi Alsine verna ads Stellaria Holostea .. media graminea Cerastium glomeratum triviale ... Spergula arvensis ... Malva rotundifolia... sylvestris... Tilia Europea... Hypericum pulchrum perforatum Geranium robertianum pheum ... molle pratense lucidum... columbinum Oxalis Acetosella ... Linum catharticum Ulex europus D—Ayton, 6 July, 1889. F—Dinsdale, 13 July, 1889. > o Peppy wb eeaeaeakrFacatsitaaaakrPacct trot aancarPaancatcawwaacaae >a Q oPa Q Genista tinctoria ... 506 Sarothamnus scoparius_... Trifolium pratense... : procumbens... repens ... f arvense ... minus Lotus corniculatus.. Anthyllis vulneraria Vicia sepium Cracca sativa : roe Lathyrus macrorrhizus_... pratensis 205 Spirea Ulmaria ... she Poterium Sanguisorba Alchemilla vulgaris Potentilla Tormentilla anserina reptans ... Fragaria vesca sos Rubus fruticosus ... ar Geum urbanum ... ve rivale an Rosa canina : aH Crategus Oxyacantha Pyrus » Aucuparia ... Malus ane Epilobium palustre tetragonum parviflorum montanum .. Circea lutetiana ... Hippuris vuenrer Bh Sedum acre oa Ribes Grossularia ... oct Saxifraga tridactylites Chrysosplenium alternifolium ido a i Sanicula europea .. ABs Carum flexuosum Heracleum Sphondylium... Scandix Pecten-Veneris ... Chreophyllum temulum ... sylvestre ... Anthriscus Myrrhis odorata ... are Sambucus Ebulus .. Lonicera Perielymenum ave Sherardia arvensis.. : Asperula odorata .., on Galium cruciatum... age A A A BHOnwW ah > le ag PavUtatttHrPraaaaaatacaatawanatacwacaby PoP H BWW wo QAxatbtaaatwtaacaarta ne B-—Ingleby Greenhow, 22 June, 1889. E—Nunthorpe and Eston Galium Aparine ... ae verum saxatile Valeriana dioica a officinalis xe Valerianella Auricula Knautia arvensis Scabiosa succisa Petasites vulgaris ... § Eupatorium cannabinum ... Bellis perennis _... Achillea Millefolium Matricaria inodora... Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Senecio vulgaris Visvosus Jacobeea Arctium majus_... Carduus acanthoides Centaurea nigra ... Cyanus . Leontodon hispidum Tragopogon pratensis Hieracium Pilosella murorum Taraxacum officinale Sonchus oleraceus ... asper arvensis Campanula rotundifolia latifolia Calluna vulgaris Erica Tetralix cinerea 5a Symphytum officinale Echium vulgare Myosotis sylvatica... arvensis ... palustris... Verbascum Thapsus Digitalis purpurea ... Linaria Cymbalaria vulgaris Scrophularia nodosa Pedicularis palustris Rhinanthus Crista-galli Euphrasia officinalis Odontites rubra Veronica Chamedrys Beccabunga serpyllifolia agrestis hederifolia scutellata... Mentha viridis aquatica Salvia Verbenaca ... Thymus Serpyllum Prunella vulgaris .. A B > w& w > > Qr-Pan Done y BOOM BoaAYwHaatYatadtataaaadtdddbubbHbop B Cc > w Q > w PHYO PhP aod w Pana Se2aanantywBade wan 12 Nepeta Glechoma ... Lamium purpureum album... Galeopsis Tetrahit ... Stachys sylvatica ... Betonica Ballota feetida Ajuga reptans Primula vulgaris veris Lysimachia Nummularia ... nemorum Anagallis arvensis ... Plantago lanceolata media major... : Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus album Rumex Acetosa Acetosella ... obtusifolius Polygonum Bistorta Euphorbia exigua ... Mercurialis perennis Parietaria diffusa .. Urtica dioica A Humulus Lupulus ... Salix a re Orchis mascula maculata Habenaria viridis ... Listera ovata cordata Alisma Plantago Allium ursinum Endymion nutans ... Luzula campestris ... sylvatica Arum maculatum .. Carex vulpina ee stricta (?) ... divulsa Anthoxanthum odoratum — : Alopecurus pratensis agrestis Agrostis alba Aira cespitosa Avena pubescens ... Poa annua = trivialis Briza media minor Ss Cynosurus cristatus Dactylis glomerata Bromus asper Equisetum palustre Polypodium vulgare Asplenium Ruta-muraria... Blechnum boreale ... A AaQgataatawaanatsrParpatibataacae Babe NOTES ON THE CLEVELAND DYKE, BY Ww. Y. WEITCH, President of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club. The most interesting physiographical feature of this district is the Cleveland Whin dyke, and consequently it has attracted con- siderable attention. Having been carefully examined, several able papers have been written concerning it, and it is no doubt a well worn subject. My aim will be to gather together scattered facts, and the results of the latest investigations relating to the dyke. Whinstone is a word loosely used in many parts of England; the porphyrite of the Cheviots is spoken of as whinstone ; the hard sandstone of the Lower Greensand of west Sussex is also so called, any hard sandstone seems to be known as white or grey whin. The term whin is here applied to an igneous rock, pertaining in character to a basalt, which has come up through the intermediate stratification in a molten state, forming a wall traversing the country from Maybecks on Sneaton high moor, near Whitby, and about four miles from the sea, to Armathwaite in Cumberland. On petrological grounds Mr. Teall says the Armathwaite dyke is a continuation of the Cleveland dyke, it points to the north west direction where great volcanic eruptions took place in tertiary times, generally ascribed to the miocene age. The earlier lava thrown out by those eruptions was acidic, and the composition of the dyke pertains more to acidic than basic, and is most probably the result of the western disturbances mentioned. 2 This wall breaks through the oolite and lias rocks at Mayhecks, crosses the Murk Esk near Grosmont, is also seen at Ainthorpe, Castleton, Commondale Kildale, Easby moor, Ryehill, Ayton, Nunthorpe, cutting through the rhoetics near Newby, and pierces the New red sandstone at Stainton, Preston, and at Coatham beck, near the village of Elton. Following it into Durham we find it no where in contact with the magnesian limestone. In the carboniferous rocks at Bolam, it is again found, but has deviated from the wall formation, and by lateral intrusion has formed a small whin sill, it may be traced through the carboniferous rocks to Cockfield fell and onwards. Mr. Teall followed it up to Woodland fell, a point one mile east of Middleton. Mr. Howell, superintendent of the geolo- gical survey in Scotland, points out other exposures, one 14 miles N. E. of High Force where the dyke crosses Bowles beck, another about one mile south of Tyne head. It is traced in the Eden valley, having passed through the Penine range and entered again into secondary rocks where it becomes the Armathwaite dyke. This intrusive rock is fairly straight in its course with occasional slight deviations ; it varies in thickness from 20 to 80 feet. Here at Ayton, it is 80 feet thick at the base of Roseberry, whilst at the highest part of the intrusion it is only 20 feet. In some places in its course it appears to die out, not having penetrated through the superincumbent stratification. To use Mr. Barrow’s words ‘‘ another interesting point is the unevenness of its upper surface, as it frequently disappears for a considerable distance, and then reappears. When first seen, in the western area it occurs in soft shales, and, in consequence, forms a strongly marked ridge, as is well seen about Langbaurgh and Cliff ridge. As far as the top of Cliff ridge the dyke reaches the surface, but does not appear on the east slope of the hill. The drift makes it doubtful whereabouts it again crops out, but there is a large quarry in it at Slack’s wood. Just beyond this it must again sink beneath the surface, reappearing only at one point in Howl road. The calcined ironstone and several trial holes show that it has just failed to burst through the solid rock here.” This feature of the dyke is described as occurring in other parts of its course by the same observer. Mr. Teall also describes the same effect occurring in the coal measures at Cockfield, where ‘‘ the whinstone was seen to terminate upwards very abruptly in the form of a low and somewhat irregular dome, over which the coal measure shales passed without any fracture and only with a slight upward arching.” The effect upon rocks in contact has been comparatively slight ; heat has calcined them for a few feet distant, and coal is completely 3 coked. Its lateral pressure has altered the cleavage of stratified rocks from horizontal to the vertical for a few inches. Another curious point noted by Mr. Barrow is the way in which, for a few yards, the beds dip into the dyke. It looks as though the intrusive rock had contracted on cooling and dragged down the adjacent rock with it. In no case is the dyke known to be in a line of fault. In structure the dyke is an exceedingly compact hard crystalline rock, grey or rather bluish grey in colour, weathering to a deep brown. Being a most excellent material for macadamising, it is extensively quarried for that purpose. The chemical composition as analysed by Mr. Stead, is as follows :— Silica ape set ay 59°25 Alumina ... ig ete 16:75 Ferric oxide ig ide 4-00 Ferrous oxide Bc ao 4+82, Lime “ee an a 6:88 Magnesia ... ous ae 3°81 Potash ... ie wee 1:92 Soda ee PA ise 2°56 * Carbonic Acid a trace This analysis and a lower specific gravity shows the rock to be acidic in character rather than basic or basaltic. The absence also of olivine tends to remove it further from a true basalt. Mr. J. J. H. Teall describes it as an augite andesite ; for exhaustive infor- mation upon the minute structure of the rock, I commend you to that gentleman’s work on British Petrography,. We have the interesting fact that this dyké breaks through the whin sill, becoming probably connected with the volcanic disturbance which has left us the basalts of the north of Ireland and the Hebrides. At the time we assume that this dyke was formed, the west and north of Scotland was part of a chain of active volcanoes ; the Isle of Mull is the fragment of one which, according to Professor Judd, probably had a diameter at its base of nearly 30 miles, and a height of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. The highest point of what remains of this mountain does not attain more than 3,000 feet. * From Teall on some of the North of England dykes. 4 From this centre of volcanic action a great number of dykes radiate, the one we are discussing even penetrating this district. The isle of Skye is also a ruined volcano, estimated by Professor Judd to have reached a height of from 12,000 to 15,000 feet, and must have been comparable to Etna or the peak of Teneriffe. Faroe isles and Iceland are part of the same system of plutonic action, and were most probably all in activity concurrently. The period of this eruptive action will now be discussed. Because aqueous rocks of the carboniferous age, containing Lepidodendron and Calamites, have been detected in the Sound of Mull, near Ardtornish by Professor Judd, the volcanic rocks in that neighbourhood are said to be probably of carboniferous age; I have visited the Sound of Mull and examined the rocks about Ardtornish, and have found lias ammonites and Gryphea tncurva, and magnesian limestone’ covered over with vast sheets of lava. Close by at Loch Aline cretaceous rocks are also so covered over. In fact, all the sedimentary rocks up to and including the cretaceous have been burst through. The dyke here (Cleveland) has penetrated into the oolite. The rock is therefore post-cretaceous. Text books (e.g. Page) tell us that these mountains were thrown up in miocene times, and this statement has generally been accepted. However, Mr. J. Starkie Gardner, in his monograph published by the Palwontographical Society, says ‘‘ there is no physical evidence against these voleanoes belonging to any part of that vast period which intervened between the British white chalk and the British eocenes, nor to any stage of the eocenes; but they do pre- sent evidence of such antiquity that we ought to hesitate to assign them to any later period, unless very good reasons for doing so were apparent. The plant evidence upon which they were classed as miocene has always been of the weakest description ; and had geologists who have written about them troubled to look into it independently, the conclusion as to their age would never have been accepted.” P. 79. Again “There is a total absence of evidence connecting them (plants) with miocene.” P. 80. According to Professor Phillips, miocene strata are believed not to occur in the British Isles. Such high mountains as the western range could not exist long without snow and rain forming channels and ultimately rivers coursing to the sea. Water ways have been worn in course of time, lava and tufa have been pulverised by varying temperature and rain, the detritus having been carried down the mountain slopes. formed here and there rich soil upon which the flora of the period flourished, fragments of plants became embedded in mud and sand, wete over- whelmed with lava, and thus was sealed up the only evidence of the era. Denudation has revealed those beds. The plant beds are situated at Ardtun, in Mull, and were examined and reported upon by the Duke of Argyle many years ago. Mr. Gardner has lately examined the beds and secured many specimens, most of which have found their way to the British Museum, he brings his botanical knowledge to bear upon the plant remains, and places them on the same horizon as the middle eocene beds at Bournmouth. The plants determined from Ardtun are a fern and some conifers. The fern is named Onoclea Hebraidica. The conifers are Cryptomeria Sternberyii, Podocarps Campbelli, Ginkgo adiantoides and Taxus Camplelli. So we have a flora stretching from subtropics to Greenland. The fern is identical with O. sensibilis, a well-known fern to those who indulge in ferneries. It was once found wild in a lane near Moreby, North Yorkshire, (Bains), and is naturalised at a spot near War- rington (Babington). Mr. Gardner gives the range of the nearest existing representa- tives of the fossil conifers as follows :— C. Sternbergii, C. Japonica, China and J apan. Ginkgo adiantoides, G. biloba, do. do. Taxus Campbelli, T, adpressa, do. do, Podocarpus Campbelli, P. falcata, Cape. From this flora, we might transfer our thoughts to Fusiama, and find in Japan a picture which would probably show us something like the woodlands which clothed the slopes of our western volcanic mountains. 6 The southern eocene flora of England points more to Australian types, and it would appear that this first dawn (Eocene) of life advanced from north southward. Turtles and Crocodiles ( Crocodiles Gavialis ) sported in the waters. Gigantic birds( Gastornis Parisiensis ), ostrich and albertros-like birds ran and flew about. Numerous quadrupeds, similar to out present fauna existed, together with herbiverous pachyderms and insectiver- ous bats, opossums and monkeys roamed the land, and it is probable that the Architherium, a three-toed quadruped of pony size, supposed to be the ancestor of the horse, was also abroad. During this period, north Europe was one continent. South Europe, north Africa, Asia minor, Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus and Himalayas, were not, their place was occupied by the sea and the nummulitic limestone which now enters largely into their structure was being deposited. Since then many vast changes have taken place, we have become insular, our western mountain range has been shorn down to its present modest dimensions. The mighty mountains and continents just enumerated have been uplifted. A stupendous revolution has been enacted which is scarcely comprehensible! Out of the nummulitic limestone thus raised, the Sphynx has been carved and Pyramids built. Even since then, empires have passed away, and languages have become dead ! The valleys have been exalted and the mountains laid low! fa: MOX 1S JUN 29 } \4 eee Jordison & Co., Ld., Printers, &c., Middlesbro’ and London. CEEVELAND NATURALISTS Fiecp CLUB, RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, . : } 1895 No.]. PRICE SIXPENCE. MIDDLESBROUGH : CLEVE RAW IO NATURALISTS FIELD GLUB. RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, 1895. MIDDLESBROUGH : OFFICERS, 1896. President : Rey. J. Hawetn, M.A. Vice=Presidents: Mr. R. LorrHoust | Mr. J. M. MeEeExK A, MacpHERSON Dr. W. Y. VeErrcH 9 Committee : Mr. F. Baxer, C.E. Mr, R. G. Ciayton Miss CALVERT » LT. H. Newson Mr. J. S. Catvert | » W. Sacuse ‘thon. Treasurer: Mr, ‘T, EF. ‘Warp, Park Road, South, Middlesbrough. ‘bon. Secretary: Mr. W. H. Tuomas, , Ryedale Terrace, Borough Road, Middlesbrough, ~j ‘tbon, Assist, Secretary: My. T. A. LorrHovusse. Past Presidents: 1881—Mr. W, Y. Vertcu, M.R.C.S, | 1889—Mr, W. Y. Verrcu, M.R.C.S, 1882— Do. 1890— Do. 1883—Mr, J. S. CALVERT 1891—Reyv. J. Hawett, M,A, 1884—Mr, T. F. Warp 1892—Mr, R. LorrHousE 1885— Do. 1893—Mr.. T. D. Ripitey 1886—Mr, Ancus MACPHERSON . 1894—Mr. ANcus MAcPHERSON 1887— Do, 1895—Rev. J. HAweE .t, M.A, 1888—Mr. J. M, Mrrex INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. [N all scientific work the first requisites are accuracy and dejin- iteness. If, then, we propose toourselves to deal with the Natural History of Cleveland,it is necessary first accurately to define what we mean by the term Cleveland. This is the more necessary because the term hasbeen much used in aninaccurate and popular sense. This inaccurate usage of the word has been in some measure induced by the facts that neither the so- called Cleveland Group of Hills, nor the so-called Cleveland Iron Industry keep themselves strictly within the limits of Cleveland proper. What then zs Cleveland proper? The Rev. John Graves in his “ History of Cleveland” rightly says that the Wapentake of Langbargh ‘‘comprehends all that is properiy termed Cleveland,” and the subsequent historians take the same view. This, then, is the definite district with which we have to deal. It is comprised within the North Riding of Yorkshire, and measures about 40 miles in length by 18 miles in breadth. It includes the following 33 old Parishes :—Acklam (including the three Townships of Acklam, Linthorpe and Middlesbrough), Appleton, Arncliffe, Ayton, Carlton, Crathorne, Danby, Easington, Egton, Faceby, Guis- brough, Hilton, Hinderwell, Ingleby, Kildale, Kirby, Kirk- leatham, Kirklevington, Loftus, Lythe, Marske, Marton, Newton, Ormesby, Rudby, Seamer, Skelton, Stainton, Stokes- ley, Upleatham, Whorlton, Wilton, Yarm. Part at least, then—and that an important part—of the work of the ‘‘ Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club” may well be to work out the Natural History of the above-defined district, and to record in some permanent form the observa- tions made regarding its Fauna and Flora. The Members of the Club will also be well employed in bringing together any records relating to the Natural History of the district that may have been printed at any previous time in Books, Maga- zines, or Newspapers; or which may be slumbering in Manuscript in the pages of Parish Registers or Account 4 Books, or in the desk of the private individual. These old records will have great value, and in making a study of them we shall find that some organisms have become, in process of time, extinct within the district, and shall learn valuable lessons in our endeavour to trace the causes which have ministered to their extinction. We may also be able to note, as time goes on, the gradual extinction of other species, and the introduction and spread of new organisms. The interest attaching to the permanent record of observations by the Field Club will increase rather than diminish as years go on, and that record becomes more complete. It will then give peculiar pleasure to drop upon something which has not been recorded before, and many old or doubtful records will require confirmation. A number of Sections has recently been formed in the Cleveland Field Club, each Section concerning itself specially with some one department of the Natural History of the district. There is also a Section dealing with Archeology. In the following pages is printed some portion of the first year’s records of these Sections. Some reports, e.g. those on Botany and Conchology, are held over until next year. It is feared that unless the membership of the Club largely increases we shall not be able to go to the expense of printing Reports every year, and it maybe well to caution those who contribute such Reports that it will be well for them to confine them- selves, as faras possible, in subsequent years, to records not previously made for the district, and to observations of special value or permanent interest. On the present occasion the editor has taken the liberty, which he trusts will be pardoned, of cutting down some of the Reports to some extent. JOHN HAWELL, M.A. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE REMAINS OF NORMAN ARCHITECTURE IN CLEVELAND CHURCHES. By R. LorrHousr, Diocesan SuRvEyor. Norman Architecture was introduced into this country late in the reign of Edward the Confessor, and prevailed through the reigns of William the Conqueror, 1066-1087, William IT., 1087-1100, Henry I., 1100-1135, and Stephen, 1185-1154. There seems to have been a desire among the Architects who succeeded the Normans to preserve the Door- ways and Chancel Arches (generally the most decorative features) of their predecessors, even down to the time of the Perpendicular period. Hence in many small country Churches we meet with Norman Doorways and Chancel Arches, when all other features have been swept away. The Arch is semi- circularly moulded and often enriched with the chevron or zig-zag and other characteristic features; shafts are often used and there is commonly an impost moulding above them. The windows were generally very small and narrow, particu- larly at an early period in the style, and hence they have mostly been altered or replaced with larger windows at succeeding periods. IncLeBy GrEENHOW (St. ANDREW), In this Church is a fine Norman Arcade on the north side, with alternate round and octagonal pillars. There are four entire pillars and a half pillar at each end. The arches are of two orders, not moulded or chamfered. The caps are peculiar, taking the form of corbels under each order of the arch, the corners having been cut out, and in the recesses thus formed are carved a series of grotesque animals, heads, and conventional foliage. The carving is thus described by the Rev. J. Hawell (Ingleby Register). ‘‘ Commencing with the half pillar at the east cnd of the Nave, we have on it a representation of a wild Boar and a Wolf (animals probably not then uncommon in the district). The ornamentation of the first entire pillar would seem to consist of conventional Vegetable Forms, and that of the following one of Sea Monsters. The two and-a-half pillars to the west are occupied by grotesque human or semi- human heads and busts.” 6 - The Pillars are about 2 feet 4 inches in diameter and about 7 feet 9 inches apart. The total length of the Nave is about 50 feet. The Rev. J. Hawell remarks that :—‘‘ The Norman Arch between the Nave and the Chancel also still survives, at least in its lower portions, but it is in a great measure covered up in last century plaster, and its character somewhat dis- figured. There is also a piece of Norman Moulding over the door of the Chancel. The existing Font is apparently of Norman origin, but has been to a considerable extent re-modelled.’’ It was a common custom to mould and carve Norman Members in the succeeding styles. Iiinron (St. Perer). The plan of this Church is probably very much the same as it was in Norman times. The Nave is about 30 feet long and 18 feet wide. The Chancel is about 14 feet wide, and about the same in length. There is a north and south Doorway near the west end, that on the south side being 3 feet 6 inches wide, and 6 feet 3 inches high to the top of the abacus. The Arch is decorated with the zig-zag mould. There has been a shaft in each jamb, but they are gone, the base and cap only remaining. The north Doorway is 3 feet wide, and 6 feet to the top of the abacus. There has been a shaft in the jambs, but, as in the other case, they are gone. There is a plain chamfered abacus in each case. The Arch of the north Doorway is enriched with the zig-zag mould, and with what appears to have been the rose ornament. The Chancel Arch is moulded and enriched with the pellet ornament. There are two shafts, one semi-circular and the other a detached shaft. The caps are carved and vary in design. One has the under part of the bowl cut into round mouldings, which taper down to and finish on the top of the necking. (This is a common form and is called the scolloped cap). Another has scrolls. The abacus is ornamented with three V-shaped horizontal sinkings. The bases of the shafts are also carved, one with a scale-like ornament. This is an extremely interesting little Church, and, happily, has so far escaped restoration. Great Ayton (Att Sarnts). At the old Church is a Norman Doorway, with two shafts in the jambs. The arch is richly ornamented with the zig- zag moulding. There is also a Chancel Arch, with two TA shafts in the jambs, and with a plain chamfered abacus. One of the caps has the bowl cut into round mouldings, which taper down to, and stop on the necking. Another is carved with ascroll. Only the caps on one side of the arch had been cleaned of the white-wash at the time of our visit. THornaBy (St. LUKE). The plan of this Church is probably much the same as in Norman times, except that the Chancel is gone. The walls are about 8 feet 3 inches thick. The nave is 39 feet 4 inches long and 18 feet wide. The Chancel, as above stated, has dis- appeared, but the Norman Chancel Arch still remains. The caps and mouldings are thickly covered with white-wash. The windows have all been altered and enlarged. There are, however, the heads of two of the original Norman windows, built into the west gable. The opening to the Chancel was 6 feet 4 inches from shaft to shaft. There are two shafts to the jambs, a semi-circular, or half shaft, and a smaller angle shaft. The arch is of two orders, 10 and 9 inches deep respectively, and there is a chamfered hood mould. It is difficult to judge what the caps have been like, they are so much covered up with white-wash. The abacus consists of a square fillet and cavetto mould and is returned a few inches beyond the hood mould. The height from the floor of nave to the top of the abacus is 7 feet 7} inches, and the arch rises about 3 feet 9 inches. The jamb is chamfered on the side which was next to the Chancel. The walls (particularly that on the north side) are very crooked. Liverton (St. MicHagt). Externally this Church has a very barn-like appearance. It is nearly all, comparatively speaking, modern—re-built, apparently, about 70 or 80 yearsago. The new building was, however, evidently built on the old foundations, and, indeed, parts of the old walls have been retained, the junction of the old and new work being distinctly discernible, even in a photograph. At the west end remain two of the old buttresses, at the north and south angles respectively. These are, however, later than Norman work. The lower part of the south wall of the porch also appears to be old work, and part of the north wall of the Chancel. The plan of the building (pro- bably much the same as in Norman times) consists of a porch about 5 feet square, a nave 30 feet long by 16 feet 6 inches wide, and a chancel 18 feet long by 14 feet wide. The walls 8 are about 3 feet 6 inches thick, but the most interesting thing about the Church is the fine old Norman Chancel Arch. The opening is 7 feet 1 inch wide. The height from the present floor level to the top of the abacus is 6 feet 84 inches, but the bases of the shafts are buried about 2 feet 4 inches below the present floor level, and below that is a stone footing or foundation, 8 inches thick. The arch consists of three orders supported on shafts, with carved caps and abacus, and a cable neck mould. The upper order of the arch consists of 26 voussoirs carved with a variety of beak-head ornament,’ the two lower orders are enriched with the characteristic zig- zag moulding. The abacus is carved with a repeating con- ventional foliage pattern, and apparently extends across to the nave walls. The white-wash had, however, only been partially cleaned off at the time of my visit. The carving of the caps is of a vigorous description and is in fair preser- vation. The outer cap on the south side has a boar hunt, wherein several dogs are depicted savagely attacking a Wild Boar, while a man on the left is vigorously blowing a horn, nearly as large as himself. The centre cap has a mask with flowing foliage issuing from each side of the mouth. On the inner cap is sculptured the Tempation in the Garden, wherein are figures of Adam and Eve, the Angel, and the Serpent with an apple in its mouth. The caps on the north side are not so easy to make out. The outer one has two grotesque birds or animals. The middle cap is entirely covered with a reticulated or interwoven pattern, and the inner cap with winged animals and foliage. Altogether the Arch has an extremely rich effect. There are no Norman windows or doorways remaining. From the character of the work the arch is evidently of late date. Urteatuam (St. ANDREW). This Church is in a ruinous and neglected condition, and it is much to be deplored that greater care has not been taken to preserve it, even if it was found necessary to erect another in a more convenient situation. It is thus described by Canon Atkinson (History of Cleveland).—‘‘ This Church has been another fine specimen of Norman Architecture. Orgin- ally, there was a south Aisle, two of the Arches of which are still evident in that portion of the old Nave, which is uow employed as a Cemetery Chapel. The Chancel, too, had an Aisle to the south; but, without clearing away the top soil down to the foundations, it is not possible to give any adequate statement about it. * * * Some small remains of columns and windows remain in what was the Chancel.” On the north 9 side of the Church is a series of Norman Corbels, with grotesque heads, but with no Corbel table or parapet. The roof at the time of our visit was covered with pantiles, which slightly overhung the walls. There is also a mutilated gro- tesque animal on the Corbel or kneeler of the north-west gable coping, probably placed there when the Church was rebuilt or repaired in modern times. The internal width of the Western portion of the Church is 18 feet 9 inches. The eastern portion of the Church has disappeared, nothing remaining but the foundations. The most interesting relic of Norman times, however, is the fine old Norman Font, now very properly removed to the modern Church. It is formed out ofa solid block of hard stone, whose greatest dimensions are 2 feet 6 inches square, by 3 feet 8 inches high. It has a splayed plinth about 18 inches high, and at the angles above are three-quarter shafts, with base and cushion caps. Between the angle shafts are formed panels on each face, carved with a sunk star-like ornament, forming a diaper. The panel on the South side is formed of six of these star-like sunk ornaments, the upper pair having small bosses at the intersection of the lateral rays. The panel on the east side has three, the upper one being the full width of the panel, with small circular bosses at the intersection of all the rays. The north panel has the lower half perfectly plain ; the upper portion is formed into a star with a large circular plane centre. On the west face the sunk ornament is confined within a circle in the upper part, and all the face edges of the ornament are segments of circles, and there are bosses at the intersections of the rays. The lower part has an oblong star divided diagonally into four, forming a cross in the centre. Easington (Aut Saryts). A new Church was built here some years ago, and in clearing away the old structure considerable portions of a highly ornamental Norman Chancel Arch were found, and these have been built into the upper stage of the tower. There are three shafts with carved caps. The Arch is richly ornamented with the beak-head, double cone, and the pellet and other mouldings. Hinperwewi (Sr. Hinpa). In renovating this Church last year (1895), a Norman cap in a mutilated condition was found. It probably belonged to a Norman Chancel Arch or to a doorway. It is known that a Chancel Arch existed previous to the re-building, 10 Witton (Aut Saints). There is a Norman doorway here, with the zig-zag mould in the Arch. There are also some corbels with grotesque heads. MippiessroucH (Sr. Hiipa). There is here a fine old Norman Font, said to have belonged to the ancient Church of St. Hilda, which was attached to the cell that existed there down to the time of the dissolution. It was very properly restored to the modern Church in 1889, being brought from Darlington, whither it was conveyed some fifty or sixty years ago, when the site of the cell, and, it is said, part of the Churchyard was laid out for building purposes. Several old parishioners lately living could remember having seen it before it was taken to Darlington. It is said to have stood in a field or garden and to have done duty as a flower-pot. It is rather dilapidated, but well worth preserving. In plan it is circular, and it is covered with rude shallow carvings, disposed verti- cally between incised lines. One is a herring-bone or rude zig-zag; another somewhat resembles a square alternate billet, placed vertically ; and there are other forms. There is also a St. Andrew’s Cross formed of incised lines, with the space between the arms also filled with incised lines. In the walls of an old Brewery behind Hilda Place, to the north of the Church, at a height of 10 or 12 feet from the ground, are built in some other remains from the old Church, and among them are two voussoirs with the zig-zag ornament still plainly discernible upon them, and a cap with a faint indication of a carved Volute. These, no doubt, have belonged to a Norman Chancel Arch or doorway. Marske (St. Germany). Graves (History of Cleveland) remarks that: ‘‘This is an ancient edifice and consists of a middle and two side Aisles, divided by round pillars supporting circular arches. The Chancel is separated from the Nave by a pointed arch.” The Church since Graves’ time has been entirely re-built, and little or nothing of the Norman work ‘now remains. A fine old Norman Font, which belonged to this Church, is now on the lawn in front of the Vicarage, doing duty as a flower pot. About half of it is buried in the ground. It is very similar in shape to that at Upleatham. It appears to have been cut out of a solid block of stone, and has shafts 11 at the corners and panels between, similar to the Upleatham Font. One of the faces is carved with a kind of zig-zag or herring-bone ornament, and another with scrolls, but it is difficult to make out precisely what the ornament has been owing to its position and mutilated condition. It is to be deplored that better care should not be taken of an object so interesting. Canon Atkinson (History of Cleve- land) writes in this connection : “It is a thousand pities that an object at once so characteristically beautiful and so interesting as this old Font, which has witnessed and aided in the dedication to God for twenty generations of Marske men and women, should not be more reverently treated, or at least more carefully saved from further ill usage and destructive defacement.”* Marton (St. Curusert). This Church has been restored, and it is not easy to make out what is old and what is new, as the whole of the old work retained has been re-faced, and consequently the Church is not now so interesting as it might have been. Graves (History of Cleveland), writing before the restoration, remarks :—‘‘ This is a small but ancient edifice, consisting of a Nave, Chancel, and square Tower, but. contains nothing remarkable in its style of Architecture.” | While Ord, writing after the restoration, states that ‘‘ The restored Church is only part of the original structure, which consisted of Nave, north and south Aisles, with transepts and Chancel.” He further states that ‘‘ The greater part was re-built in 1843, including three of the Arches, the Chancel Arch and south Porch, the style of the old work being closely adhered to,” and in a footnote ‘‘The transepts were early Norman, the Nave of late Norman verging on transition to the next order (style). It was difficult to trace the style of the old Chancel, owing to the numerous alterations which had taken place.” These two descriptions, it will be noticed, differ very con- siderably. The plan at present consists of a Nave, north and south Aisles, north and south Transepts, and Chancel. The north Nave Arcade is apparently original work, but has been entirely re-faced, and some of it may have been re-built, It consists of four bays and a large rectangular pier adjoining the north transept. | There are three whole pillars and two half pillars, the first half pillar, beginning at the west end, *The present Vicar, the Rev. F. Grant James, is about to have this very interesting Font removed into the Marske Church.—Zditor. 12 is in plan a half quatrefoil, and appears to be new; the first whole pillar is octagonal, the second is in plan a quatrefoil, the third octagonal, and the fourth a half quatrefoil, being attached to the rectangular pier above mentioned. The transept arch and pillars (which are square with chamfered angles) also appear to be original. The Arches are of two orders, with a chamfered hood. The carving of the caps consists of grotesque animals and conventional foliage, but has been all re-faced and spoilt. The sculpture on the cap of the second whole pillar evidently represents the chase, having a wild boar and other animals carved on it. The south Arcade and Transept appear to be entirely new. The pillars are in plan round, octagonal, quatrefoil, and one has six small shafts, about 5 inches diameter, arranged round a centre pillar. This particular pillar, with its cap, has been copied from an old one, as the mutilated cap, with portions of the small shafts, may be seen on the north side of the Church, outside. ‘The carving consists of grotesque animals, and with roses round the upper part. As this is the only portion of old work which has not been re-faced it is a pity that better care is not taken of it. The most appropriate place for it would be inside the Church. On the wall of the north Aisle are shallow buttresses, two feet wide and with 7 inches projection. These appear to be original work. GEOLOGICAL NOTES OF AN EXCURSION MADE BY THE FIELD CLUB TO RUNSWICK BAY, ON JUNE Ist, 1895. By W. Y. VEItcH. On approaching Runswick Bay from the Railway Station (Hinderwell) we came upon a ravine to the left of the road, the surface indication of a fault which lowers the stratification towards the north. A view of the Bay, before making the descent, shows how the Bay has been formed. It is evidently an old waterway filled up with boulder clay, undergoing the process of being washed away. The Bay, from Kettleness point to where we are standing, has been cleaned out by the erosive action of the sea; even the boulder clay bank between the cliffs of oolite and lias is slipping gradually into the sea, forming a veritable “glacier” of clay with its miniature crevasses, leaving a “glacier foot” of boulders comprising Mountain Limestone, Granite, Permian Limestone, New Red 13 Sandstone, Liassic Shale, some of the latter having embedded in it pieces of coniferous wood, maintaining its original structure, and to a large extent its woody fibre. The boulders generally showed distinct strie. One huge block of Shap Granite being sunk into the sand of the beach, and weighing about two tons, was especially noticed. Along the shoze many beautiful stones, agates, and other small debris of the boulder clay erosion were picked up. A Jet Miner's drift on the south Cheek of the Bay was inspected, some of the more adventurous spirits of the party penetrating as far as the “ face” and conversing with the Miner. Others examined the spoil heap, recognising in the shale the characteristic Ammonite (A: serpentinus) Inocer- amus dubius and many fragments of fish remains. Leaving the jet rock behind and going towards the sea, the annulatus rock was come upon, bearing upon its surface the markings of many of its special Ammonite (A: annulatus) and numerous belemnites (B: cylindricus and elegans). The last (rock examined before climbing to Kettleness, was the A: spinatus Zone, where the ruddy character of the ironstone rock and markings of its well known Ammonite were carefully observed. The splitting up of the Cleveland ironstone bed was also made out and traced to Kettleness point, where the hardness of its several beds gives an irregular contour to that beautiful cliff, On the way to Kettleness the Alum Shale section was passed through, and the Common Ammonite noticed, together with the nodular concretions with which the alum shale abounds, The dogger bed overlying was also inspected and its richness in iron noticed. As the Section wasa surface one, only casts of its fauna could be seen. The few feet of oolite that remained before reaching the cliff top presented an unbroken surface of Sandstone only. ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1895. By R. G. Crayton. The beginning of the year was noteworthy amongst Ornith- ologists for the large number of Little Auks (Mergulus alle) which visited Great Britain, especially the North and North-East Coasts. In October, 1894, I received from Redcar a female specimen in very poor condition, and heard no more about the species until January, when large flocks Were at sea, inshore, along our immediate coast. Very many 14 were. seen on land in the vicinity of Huntcliff, &e. Several followed the becks into the country, and I obtained one which was caught near Middlesbrough Goods Station. Also a flock of these birds alighted and stayed some time in Newport Board School play-ground. In January a male Spotted Woodpecker (Picus major) was sent me from Brotton. On the 20th April a male Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata) was shot near Great Ayton. . A female Hobby (Falco subbuteo) was shot near or on Danby Moors in June. This species is very rare now in our district. On the 4th May the Club visited Battersby and Ingleby, when a Blackbird’s nest with four eggs was noted. * The Chaffinch and Hedge Sparrow were building. Several Warb- lers were about. The Pee-Wit was busy nesting. Pheasants and Partridges much in evidence. On May 18th, at Kilton, a very wet cold day, the Dipper (Cinclus aquaticus) had its complement of eggs, and the Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus) was sitting. The Engine- house at Kilton Pit contained a Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) nesting. The woods contained numbers of small birds calling and flitting about. On the following Saturday, when the Club paid the visit they had projected for the previous week, most of the small birds had disappeared, which the Keeper attributed to the extremely cold weather that had prevailed during the week. The exceptionally fine weather prevailing over the latter part of the year must have been favourable for both migration and food, as very few birds, comparatively speaking, were observed, and no rarities, that I could hear of, obtained. Throughout the year there was a marked scarcity of birds. The very severe weather in the Spring caused heavy mortality amongst the small ordinary residents, and although April and part of May were fine, yet a sharp spell of cold weather set in about the end of the latter month, which decimated the migrants before they had got settled down or inured to the change of climate. The cold must have caused a diminution in the supply of insect life, as many individuals of the Swallow tribe were observed to fall to the ground apparently exhausted. A female Sand Martin sent from Stokesley, on the 20th May, had nothing whatever in its crop, and I was informed that many of this and kindred kinds had been found dead in the fields. 15 Mr. R. Lofthouse kindly turnishes the following Bird Notes, 1895 : January 1. Wild Swan. Five seen at South Gare Breakwater, near Tod Point. April 8. Chiff-Chaff. Observed at Park. a 19. Willow Wren. Be ae x3 21. Swallow. Fi ne Sand Martin. u », and at Acklam. 3 26. Black Cap, 5 at Park. c 28. House Martin. i rf 3 29. Sedge Warbler. ,, 55 May 2. Tree Pipit. », near Guisbro’. Pe 3. Whitethroat. 43, at Park, 3 4. Cuckoo. », at Battersby. 6. Corncrake. near Guisbro’. ; a 28. Spotted Flycatcher. Observed at Park. August 16. Curlew Sandpiper. Shot about this date near Coatham. », 20. Richardson’s Skua. Do. do. Sept. 7. Bar Tailed Godwit. Very large flock put in an appearance at Coatham on this date; along with them were some large flocks of Knots, October 22. Swallow. Three noticed at Middlesbro’. NOTES ON MAMMALIA, &c., OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND IN 1895. By R. G. Crayton. A Badger was seen in the month of April, close to Great Ayton, on the high road. One was captured there in the Autumn of 1895. Squirrels are fairly plentiful in Cleveland now. I handled some in November in most beautiful coats, they had been shot to furnish Sable tails (?). A female Stoat in almost pure white coat was sent me in January. It was minus the left fore leg, and no fracture or fragment of bone was discernible upon skinning. Common Newts were lively in a small pond at Ingleby on 4th May. Mr. R. Lorrsovusr’s Nores. A Seal was caught in river Tees near Yarm on 28rd September. 16 NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED IN CLEVELAND DURING 1895. By T. Asuton Lorruouse. The notes in connection with the above for the Middles- brough district of Cleveland are necessarily very limited, as most of my collecting during 1895 was done outside Cleve- land. I have found this season a fairly average one, some species occuring very plentifully, others equally scarce, notably among the latter such common species as Noctua xanthographa and Pieris brassice, both usually only too common. Larve did not seem to be anything like so plentiful as usual. The very heavy thunderstorms in July most probably destroying a great quantity in their earlier stages. I am indebted to Mr. Sachse for assistance in the notes for the Middlesbrough district. Maron, Tortricodes hyemana, taken from tree trunks in Guisbro’ Park. ApRIL. Larentia multistrigata, taken on Moors near Hutton. Selenia lunaria, taken near Tollesby on the 28th. May. May 4th. At the Field Club Excursion to Battersby the following were taken :— Diurnea fagella, common and very variable, mostly at rest, on tree trunks. Micropteryx subpurpurella, several flying about in sun. Tephrosia biundularia noticed. Teniocampa stabilis, noticed two or three specimens. May 25th. Excursion to Kilton Woods. These woods are very rich and variable. On the occasion of this visit, insects were scarce, no doubt owing to the long continuance of north and east winds and the absence of sun. Specimens were noticed of the following :— Hadena thalassina, at rest on tree trunk. Rumia luteolata (crategata). Catoptrix ulicetana, common about gorse. 17 Other insects noticed during this month were :— Odonestis potatoria larve, taken at Saltburn. Euchloe cardamines. Amphidasys betularia, hatched out from Larve taken in Guisbro’ Park last Autumn. JUNE. June Ist, The following were noticed near Ayton :— Acronycta rumicis, Bupalus piniaria, Ematurga atomaria (common, some dark forms), Larentia pectinitaria, Eupithecia castigata, E. nanata (common), Coremia ferrugata, Crambus pratellus, Pardia tripunctana, Nemophora schwarziella. In addition to the above, the following were noticed during the month :— Pieris brassice, rape and napi, Coenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, (near Eston), Smerinthus populi, Spilosoma menthastri, Hepialus lupulinus, Cilix glaucata (spinula), Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta ziezac, N. drome- darius. The last three were hatched out from larve taken at Guisbro’ Park last Autumn. Acronycta psi and rumicis, Hadena dentina, (Eston), Hadena oleracea, Plusia iota, Venusia cambrica, (Guisbro’ Park), Abraxas grossulariata larve, Emmelesia albulata, (common in meadows near Eston), Melanippe sociata, montanata and fluctuata, Cidaria immanata, C. corylata, (Guisbro’ Park), Tanagra atrata, (common), Hedya dealbana. JULY. The early part of this month was very hot, and after the first few days a series of very heavy thunderstorms occurred. Moths came freely to sugar on favourable evenings. At sugar, the following Moths were noted during this month :—Leucania pallens, Xylophasia lithoxylea, X. mono- glypha (exceedingly common as usual, several very dark forms), Caradrina quadripunctata, Apamea didyma (oculea) ard varieties, Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua xanthographa, Triphena pronuba. The latter were abundant and very variable, the upper wings varying from very light buff to black. Mania typica. In addition to the species already mentioned I took near Stokesley, in conjunction with Mr. Gribble, the following at sugar on July 13th :—Leucania comma, Leucania lithar- gyria, Apamea basilinea, A. gemina, Miana strigilis, variety zthiops, M. fasciuncula, M. literosa, Agrotis obscura (ravida). A fine, well marked, dark specimen of this 18 moth, apparently fresh out, was taken. Noctua augur, N. plecta, N. C-nigrum, N. triangulum, N. brunnea, N. festiva, N. rubi, N. baja, Mania maura, Hadena oleracea. At the same time were taken Larentia didymata, Hypena proboscidalis, and webs of larve of Eriogaster lanestris noticed. Saturnia pavonia (carpini) larve (near Eston), Aciptilia pentadactyla (Middlesbrough Park), Vanessa urtice. From this month till the end of September this butterfly was unusually abundant in this district. | Notodonta dicta larvee (near Middlesbrough). AuGusT. I took at Redcar during this month Vanessa atalanta, Orgyia autiqua, Tapinostola elymi (at rest on Marram grass), Gortyna ochracea (flavago) pupe (in stem of thistles), Luperina testacea, Apamea didyma and a black variety, Miana literosa (ragwort flowers), Caradrina quadripunctata, Agrotis vesti- gialis (valligera), A. tritici (very common but not very variable), Noctua umbrosa, (ragwort), N. xanthographa, Triphena comes (orbona), T. pronuba, Acidalia virgularia (incanaria), A. aversata (ragwort). On the 20th of this month there were taken or noticed near Ayton :—Polia chi, Calocampa solidaginis, Plusia gamma, Larentia cesiata, Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata), Melanippe sociata, Cidaria (russata) truncata, C. testata, C. populata and Amblyptilia acanthodactyla. In the Middlesbro’ district Vanessa atalanta (very abundant), Polyommatus phlcas (near the Park), Crambus tristellus, C. culmellus, Pionea forficalis, Depressaria liturella. SEPTEMBER. This month, for the most part, was very fine and warm, but I did not find it particularly good for moths. On the few occasions on which I was out very few moths were taken or noticed. Sphinx convolvali (specimen taken at Saltburn), Bombyx rubi larve (very common at Ayton and also noticed at Runswick), Tapinostola fulva (a few specimens at Middlesbrough and Ayton), Anchocelis litura (at sugar), Phlogophora meticulosa, Amphipyra tragopogonis (at sugar and at rest on tree trunks), Oporabia dilutata (Ayton), Emmelesia albulata, (a specimen taken near Acklam, very late date for this moth, probably a second brood), Peronea variegana. 19 DECEMBER. Cheimatobia brumata was noted abundantly at the begin- ning of this month. The majority of the Lepidoptera mentioned in the fore- going notes are only species of very common occurrence, my excuse for including them in the notes on this occasion being to give an idea of all tbat has been noted in the district during the past year. The species that have been taken, which call for special notice, both in these notes and the following ones by Mr. Gribble, are Sphinx convolvnli, Cerigo matura, Agrotis obscura (ravida), Noctua umbrosa, Tapinostola elymi, Cirrheedia xerampelina, Calocampa solidaginis, Eugonia alniaria (tiliaria) and Venusia cambrica. In the nomenclature of the species I have followed the ** Entomologist” list of British Lepidoptera. NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN IN THE STOKESLEY DISTRICT OF CLEVELAND DURING 1895. By W. C. Gripsie. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SEASON. Sautows fairly good from the 6th April to 23rd, but cold easterly winds interfered. Raspserry blossom very good for three or four nights from the 7th June. June 5th moths swarmed on sugar. July 15th, 16th, 17th, 18tb, 19th and 20th, moths swarmed on sugar. Counted over 100 on several trees each evening, mostly Pronuba and Polyodon. Aveust 17th to 3lst sugared nearly every evening but did not take one. Weather all that could be desired. Tried Licur on August 20th. Took about 40 moths. Continued for several nights, but nothing came. Weather good. 20 LIST OF BU!TERFLIES AND MOTHS. Pieris brassicee scarc:. P. rape: and P. napi common, Euchloe cardamines common, Polyommatus phlews. . June and September. Lycena icarus. June and September. Vanessa urtice. Swarms, V. atalanta. Plentiful, September. Smerinthus populi. Nemeophila plantaginis, Grass. Spilosoma m«nthastri and S. fuligiaosa, grass blades, Hepialus humuli, Eriogas‘er lanestris. Larve on thorns. Cilix glaucata (spinula), at light. Dicranura vinula. Pupe. Notodonta dicte. a. Pupe. Bryophila perla. Wall. Acronycta psi. Tree trunks. A. rumicis, sugar. Leucania conigera. L. pallens. L. impura and L. comma, all at sugar. HyJrecia nictitans. Light. H. micacea, Sugar. Xylophasia rurea. Suyar. X. monoglypha (polyodon), Swarms, All shades. X, lithoxylea, Common at sugar. Neuronia popularis. Light August 22nd and after. Charis graminis, Light. Cerigo matura (cytherea), 28rd and 25th July. Luperina testacea. Sugar. Manuestra brassice. Apamea basilinea. A. didyma. All shades to black. Sugar. Miana strigilis. M. fasciuncula. M. literosa. Sugar. M. Arcuosa. Caradrina quadripunctata (cubicularis). Agrotis suffusa, A saucia, A. exclamationis. at sugar. A. obscura (ravida). Sugar. July 22nd to 30th, and August 9th, Noctua glareosa. N. augur. N. plecta, at sugar. N.C.-nigrum. N. festiva. Plentiful and very variable, one very dark specimen taken. N. rubi. N. umbrosa, N, baja, at sugar. N. Xanthographa, plentiful, some very black forms. A. segetum. Triphzna comes (orbona), at sugar. T, pronuba., Sugar, all shades, swarms. Amphipyra trag~pogonis. Sugar. Mania typica. Sugar. M. Maura. Sugar. Teniocampa gothica. Sallows. T. incerta (instabilis), Sallows. Orthosia lota, O. macilenta, Sugar. Anchocelis litura. Sugar. Cerastis spadicea, Sugar. Xanthia fulvago (cerago), bred from sallow catkins. X. circellaris (ferruginea). Sugar. Cirrhcedia xerampelina, Light. Calymnia trapezina. Polia chi, tree trnnks and walls. P. flavicineta, Sugar. 21 Miselia oxyacanthe and var. capucina. Sugar. Phlogophora meticulosa, Sugar. Hadena oleracea and H. dentina. Sugar. Calocampa vetusta and C, exoleta. at sugar. Fine specimens, C. solidaginis. Sugar. Cucullia umbtratica, At rest on telegraph post, 20th June, 1895. Gonoptera libatrix. Sugar. Habrostola tripartita (urticz). Plusia chrysitis, light. P. iota, light. P, gamma, flowers. Rumia luteolata (crategata). Odontopera bidentata. Crocallis elinguaria. Light and at rest on grass blades, Eugonia alniaria (tiliaria), Light. Boarmia repandata. Tree trunks. Geometra vernaria, Grass in hedges, Venusia cambrica. Strenia clathrata. Abraxas grossulariata, Not by any means so common as usual. Anisopteryx escularia. Cheimatobia brumata. Oporabia dilutata. Larentia didymata, LL. cesiata. Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata), bred from sallow. Melanippe montanata. Cidaria truncata (russata), C. testata ; C. populata. Eubolia plumbaria (palumbaria), Tanagra atrata (cherophyllata), REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND IN 1895. By M. L. Tuompson. In this Report on the occurrence of Coleoptera in certain — parts of the Cleveland District subjected to some investiga- tion during the past year, 103 species are noted. Certain broad groups, into which this order of insects is sometimes divided, have been recognised as a basis for their enumera- tion. No consecutive form of classification with regard to the families and genera has been followed, as species occurring in the same locality are mentioned together to avoid the repetition of place names. CoLEOPTERA. Geodephaga.—Carabus catenulatus was found on Stang- how Moor in September, whilst at Redcar C. nemoralis occurred in May; where also Broscus cephalotes is common, and Amara familiaris. At Saltburn, in May, a specimen of Pterostichus vitreus (a moorland species), was picked up 22 in flood refuse on the Coast, having been probably carried down from the uplands by a stream. On the Coast also Bembidium bruxellense was common in September, where Bembidium anglicanum occurs in Spring. Other Saltburn species were Amara. aulica (spinipes), Bembidium manner- heimi, Trechus micros, and Pterostichus niger (in some numbers in August). So late as the beginning of November Badister sodalis was taken in Saltburn Wood. Hydradephaga.—Seven species of Water Beetles were common on Stanghow Moor in May, Haliplus flavicollis, Haliplus fulvus, Hydroporus tristis, H. gyllenhalii, H. obscurus, Rhantus bistriatus, and Agabus chalcono- tus; where also Agabus (Platambus) maculatus was met with in a moorland stream. At Saltburn Hydroporus nigrita and the local H. incognitus were common in April, and H. memnonius and Acilius suleatus in May. Hydro- porus palustris, H. planus, Agabus bipustulatus, A. con- spersus, and A. paludosus were found at Eston Marsh in June, whilst Haliplus lineatocollis and Ilybius fuliginosus were common at Coatham Marsh in August. Hydrophilidae.—The Hydrophilide are represented by Helophorus nubilus, Hydraena riparia (common in April), H. gracilis, Ozthebius pygmzus (common in May), Cereyon pygmeus and Cercyon nigriceps—all occurring at Saltburn. Brachelytra.—Three species of Aleochara were met with— A. morion, A. obscurella, and A. algarum, the last two being on the Coast, where also Myrmecopora (Xenusa) sulcata and Xantholinus tricolor were taken; whilst on the Sea-banks occurred- Ocypus cupreus, Ocypus brunnipes, Xantholinus ochraceus, Othius melanocephalus, Homalium rufipes (florale), the local Proteinus ovalis, and Megarthrus depressus. Philonthus splendens, Stenus bupthalmus, and Lesteva longelytrata were met with at Hob Hill ; and in Salt- burn Wood, Gyrophena fasciata (congrua), Mycetoporus longulus, Megarthrus sinuatocollis. On Stanghow Moor, Bolitobius lunulatus (atricapillus), Othius myrmecophilus, and Stenus impressus (common) were found. On_ the Redear sandhills, Philonthus marginatus and the local Philonthus corvinus. At Eston Marsh, Ocypus ater (com- mon); and on Kston Nab, Philonthus ebeninus. Clavicornia.—On Stanghow Moor, Coccinella _hiero- glyphica and a specimen of the rare Hydnobius punctatus were obtained by sweeping heath (September), whilst Mysia 23 (Coccinella) oblongoguttata abounded on fir trees. At Salt- burn Byrrhus pilula and Catops sericeus were found ; also Colon brunneum, Antherophagus pallens, Anatis (Coc- cinella) acellata, were met with on the sea-banks; Cychra- mus fungicola, Rhizophagus dispar, and Coxinomus_nodifer, in the Wood ; Mycetea hirta and Cryptophagus pilosus in a house; Elmis eneus and Limnius tuberculatus in the stream. Lamellicornia,—Four species of Aphodius are recorded— A. inquinatus and $ ? ut a 4 3 ; b Lowi ote 4 Toa, ? ® ¢ ¥ \ ‘ * et . n a ¢ J 5 i i. 2 . ri i ’ + we l ides = ‘ n mr %, ‘ \ * ‘ , ' ; + ) 4 - ¥ . ® “ * EW 3 ; a ae i , ; i ~ ' * . as ry ‘ ‘ ? 4 r wee Sidy be as ' k , : » ’ 5 . F LARS. | OT ELL rH! ‘ , ey. ts OE, Be chess ver papers: (en ~ - el 3 % ag, orate od CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ Prep CLUB: nn RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. 1896, 1897, 1898. : ip - Vorl ‘Grae oe PRIGE ONE: “SHILLING MIDDLESBROUGH : Jorpison & Co., Lp., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 1899, CLEVELAND NATURALISTS: Poa CELI. RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. 1696, 1697. 1698. chice-ONE SHECEING MIDDLESBROUGH : Jorpison & Co,, Lp., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS 1899. (HOLY CROSS). WHORLTON SPPlCERS tao o: President: Mr. W. H. Tuomas Vice=Presidents: Rev. J. Hawseiu Mr. J. M. Mrrx Mr. R. Lorruouss | Dr. W. Y. Verrcx Committee : Miss Catvert Mr. A. Ketny » R.G. Cayton | Mr. J. A. Jonzs 5 3. WR Ponog » W. Sacuse ‘tbon, Treasurer ; Mr. T. F. Warp, Park Road South, Middlesbrough. Sectional Secretaries: Archeology, . R. Lorruouse Botany—My. T. F. Warp Conchology—Rev. J. Hawetn Entomology—My. T. Lorrnouse Gevlogy—Dr. Vuircu Ornithology and Mammalogy—Mr. R. G. Crayton. ‘bon, Secretary; Mr. T. A. Lorrnouss, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. Past Presidents: 1881—Mr, W. Y. Vuitcu, M.R.0.S, 1891—Rev. J. Haweu, M.A, 1882— Do. 1892-—Mr. R. LoFTHOUSE 1883—Mr. J. S. CALVERT 1893—Mr T. D. Ripiry 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp 1894—Mr. Ancus MacrpHEerson 1885— Do. 1895—Rev. J. HaweEt, M.A, 1886—Mr. Ancus MaceHEerson 1896— Do. 1887— Do. 1897—Mr. J. M. Mrex 1888—Mr. J. M. Mrex 1898—Mr. W. H. Tuomas 1889—Mr, W. Y. Verrcu, M.R.C.S. 1899— Do. 1890— 4 & Do. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. A UtHOUGH it is three years since the Cleveland Field Club last printed its Proceedings, its members have continued to observe natural facts, and to record them in their note books. In the pages which follow will be found some evidence of this work, but there is more to come. The Botanical Section of the Club, in particular, has a list of Cleveland Plants in preparation, which it is hoped to print next year. Those who are compiling this list will be much pleased to receive help in the meanwhile from any persons interested in Botany, and, if any such persons have records of any of the rarer plants occurring within the area of the Cleveland District, we hope that they will communicate them to the Secretary of the Section. Any well-authenticated lists of Cleveland flora will be very welcome. The Secretaries of the other Sections will also be very glad to have lists of species, or finds of special interest, communicated to them. I shall be particularly glad to receive records of shells occurring on the Cleveland coast other than those noted in the list printed herewith, and I shall be still more pleased to receive specimens of the rarer shells for identification. We ought to be able to add a good many species during the present year, especially of the more minute molluscs. Any notes of interest on the habits, etc., of the mollusca on our coast will be most acceptable, and will find a place in our next issue of Proceed- ings. There is a prospect that in the course of a few years the bound volume of our Proceedings will form a most useful compendium of the Natural History of Cleveland. JOHN HAWELL. ere LOO Hard White Stone with a little Salt in it 4 9 1,676 6 87 ON THE FORMER OCCURRENCE OF THE SEAL IN THE TEES ESTUARY, AND ON THE ADJOINING COAST. By R. Lorrsovuse. Previous to the year 1830 large numbers of Seals ( Phoca vitulina) frequented the estuary of the River Tees, and the sea coasts, north and south of the mouth of the river. According to the late Mr. Fallows (see “The River Tees, and what has been done for it”) the estuary of the Tees comprised between seven and eight hundred acres, completely overflowed at high water, in some places only to the depth of a few inches. Previous to this, however, the tide overflowed a much larger area of land, for in Bailey’s ‘General View of the Agriculture of the County of Durham,”’ published in 1810, we are told that about the year 1740 embankments were constructed, which remain in places to the present day, to secure the lands of Saltholme, near the Tees mouth, from being overflowed by the tide And in subsequent times a good deal of difficulty appears to have keen experienced in maintaining these embank- ments, breaches having, at different times, had to be made good. The whole length of the embankment is stated to have been about four miles. The quantity of land reclaimed was for 88 Saltholme, 600 acres ; Billingham, 300 acres ; and Cowpen, 500 acres. In the year 1800, Mr, Bamlet reclaimed above 60 acres, at Haverton Hill, afterwards called “ Bamlet’s Flats.” On both sides of the river were, and still are, extensive tracts of fine sand. That on the north side of the river was called Seal Sand, and appears from an old chart, dated 1762, to have had a channel all round it, the stream becoming divided at a point about opposite Cargo-Fleet, or a little higher at Samphire Point. The northern portion of the stream made a wide detour, and eventually effected a junction with Greatham Fleet to the east, and turning in a south-easterly direction, with the southern arm of the stream (which is now the navigable channel), at Seaton-Snook. Beyond, was a stretch of sand called ‘‘ The North Gare,” and opposite, on the south side of the river, “* Bran Sand,” or ‘South Gare,” adjoining Tod Point, from whence was, and still is (though in one or two places near the estuary rather spoilt by slag banks, run out from adjoining iron-works), a fine stretch of sand extending past Coatham, Redcar and Marske to Saltburn—a distance of eight or ten miles—covered at high tides, and fringed by grassy sand banks. From Saltburn to Sandsend is a succession of Liassic Cliffs capped with Oolite, and reaching its highest elevation at Rock- _cliffe, where it is 660 feet high, and which is said to be the highest Cliff on the English coast. In places, the foreshore is rocky, alternating with level stretches of sand. No doubt in less populous times Seals lived and bred in suitable localities along this coast, and Seal Goit, marked on the ordnance map, derived its name from having been frequented by Seals. Returning to the upper reaches of the river, from Sam- phire Point to Yarm, the course of the river was extremely tortuous, and it is recorded that at times it took a vessel a week to sail from the mouth of the river to Stockton. In modern times the course of the river has been straightened at one or two points by means of cuttings. In a map of the Acklam estate, dated 1716, and also in a chart of the river dated 1832, many islands or sand-banks are shown in the bed of the river between its mouth and Stockton ; notably one opposite Middles- brough seems to have been of considerable size. From this description of the river, its estuary, and the adjoining sea coasts and surroundings, it will be seen that in less populous times, and when the river (comparatively speaking) was little used for shipping purposes, and with the fine stretch of sand at the north side of the river, covered only at high. See es | eh alta 89 tides, but surrounded by a channel at all times of the tide, the locality was an extremely suitable one for the Seal, an animal which feeds on fish (which are always plentiful in a river estuary), and is partial to an isolated situation, and is fond of basking in the sun, conditions which, it will be seen, existed and could be indulged in here in an eminent degree. Macgillivray, a reliable authority on British Quadrupeds, describes the Common Seal as frequenting “estuaries, sea-lochs, bays, and the channels between islands, where it may be seen occasionally protruding its head above the surface, sometimes following a boat or vessel at a distance, but generally keeping beyond reach of shot. It feeds exclusively on fishes, in pursuit of which it can remain several minutes immersed. At low water it often betakes itself to rocks or small islands, on which it reposes until the return of the tide; and I have seen droves of twenty or more individuals thus basking in the sun. In estuaries they sometimes repose on the sands, where they are liable to be surprised, if the water be distant, for their move- ments on Jand are extremely awkward, and their hurry in endeavouring to escape affords an amusing sight, as they seem to tumble about in a ludicrous manner, throwing themselves head- long into the water from the rocks. Where there are caverns on the coast, they find a more secure retreat in them, where, if attacked, they can escape by diving. They are frequently shot, either with ball or buck-shot ; but unless killed outright are liable to be lost, as they dive, and are seldom seen again ; or, altheugh killed, unless the boat is quickly at the spot, they sink to the bottom, young and lean individuals more rapidly than older and fatter. When attacked with sticks, while on shore, they have been known to seize the weapon in their jaws and carry it off; and they are more easily killed by a blow on the muzzle than on the upper part of the head. Seals may sometimes be induced to come nearer a boat by whistling, and they are said to be attracted by music, even that of the bagpipe. In a state of confinement they are gentle, and, if obtained young, manifest considerable docility, and be- ome attached to their master. In their natural state they do not seem to exhibit the intelligence which they might be in- ferre.. to possess from the great size of their brain, and the pre- dominance of their cranial over their facial region ; but their mode of life renders opportunities of observing their habits rare. They, however, show the social propensity, for when their Jabours are over they repose in company, and vast multitudes are sometimes seen ashore on remote islands.”’ 90 Their affection towards their young is also great, and they may be enticed within shot, or even brought on shore, by imitating the whining cry of the cub, especially if they have been deprived of it” “‘The Common Seal varies in colour as well as in size. Macgillivray describes “the young as at first of a light bluish- gray above, clouded with darker yellowish-gray beneath, and the first coat of hair is longer and more bristled than the rest. When the pile is about to be shed it becomes of a uniform pale greyish-yellow or whitish tint. In young individuals the spots are darker and more numerous ; in very old ones, they are few, larger, and generally brown. The claws, at first flattened, or cylindrical, become deeper and more or less carinate, often triangular, in their transverse section.” “The flesh is dark coloured and rank, but that of young individuals may be eaten ; the fat, which forms a layer beneath the skin, affords oil of an excellent quality ; the skins are used for covering trunks as well as being manufactured into leather.” ‘‘The female brings forth her young in a cavern, or among rocks, where it remains concealed for some days. According to the information which I have received from the country people, only one is produced at a birth, and generally in the middle of summer.” In Bewick’s time Seals appear to have been much more abundant on the British Coasts generaliy than in later times. Writing in the early part of the last (19th) century. or late in the previous one, he states in his Natural History of Quadru- peds, that * Seals are found in great abundance on the coasts of Great Britain, particularly in the northern parts of the Island.” In Messrs. Clarke & Roebuck’s ‘ Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire,” published in 1881 (page 8), the Common Seal, is said to be a ‘* casual visitant of uncommon occurrence along the coast and in the Humber. Jn the early years of the present century (z.e. 19th) Seals bred in great numbers at the mouth of the Tees, and in 1802, as appears from a document,’ a copy of which Mr. T. H. Nelson has sent me, they interfered to such an extent with the salmon fishery that determined measures were proposed for their extirpation. There is no evidence to show that the extermination was so effected but it is hardly probable that they would long survive the rapid rise of the Cleveland iron trade and the shipping industries of Middlesbrough, and in all likelihood the decade 1830 to 1840 Se a, AY 91 would be that of the final extinction of the Seal as a permanent resident in Yorkshire, though solitary individuals have been observed to within the last twenty years.” And in the appendix (page 135) they further state ‘respecting the date of extinction, information received from Mr. H. G. Faber, of Stockton-on- Tees, and Mr. H. T. Mennell, shows that this animal survived much later than is stated” above, ‘The latter has furnished a copy of his and Mr. Perkin’s list of the Mammalia of North- umberland and Durham, published in 1863, wherein is stated that between 1820 and 1830 about a thousand seals frequented the mouth of the Tees, of which as many as thirty might often be counted at one time; but that in 1862 the number was reduced to three individuals. The Seals exhibited great dread of the steamboats, which had greatly increased in number on the river during the preceding few years; and to this and the enormous increase of population in the neighbourhood, was attributed their rapid decrease. “Mr. Faber remembers the Seal being numerous at the Tees mouth, and has seen them lying on the sands as many as a dozen together. He recollects disturbing one about twenty years ago, on Seaton Snook, which was very tame, swimming about within twenty yards, and could only be driven away by throwing stones at it. He adds that the last native Seal “ was killed about ten years ago, when it was shot from the Fifth Buoy Light. A small Seal got about a year ago was but a mere casual visitant. It will thus be seen that the animal survived a good deal later than the evidence available at the time of writing the list would lead one to suppose.” So late as 1867, however, as I have been informed by a gentleman who was in the habit of shooting on the Tees, it was a common occurrence to see from twenty to thirty on the sand- banks at one time. They were, doubtless, then on the decrease, and had been for many years, asa large amount of shipping traffic was then developed in the Tees. It could hardly be expected that they would long survive the enormous develop- ment of the iron and shipping trades, and the reclamation works which have been for years going on in the river. My friend informs me that they are very wary, and when approached in a buat it was an amusing sight to see them tumble about, throwing up the sand in all directions, in their awkward and seemingly ludicrous efforts to regain the water. They were, however, very curious, and would follow the boat at a safe distance. When on the sands they generally kept within about twenty yards of the water; but he remembered assisting to 92 capture a young one that was asleep on the sands about 200 yards from the water, near Seaton Snook. It was cut off from the water, and being laid hold of, it made desperate efforts to escape, being almost a match for two strong men. It was, how- ever, at last secured, and was a beautifully spotted specimen, or, as my friend expressed it, marked like a leopard. About this time two seals used to visit regularly every day the stake- nets set for salmon at Seaton Snook, though repeatedly shot at. They are, undoubtedly, partial to salmon. Seals always appear to have been more partial to the north side of the Estuary than the south, though I am informed that occasionally a few might be seen on Bran Sand. The north side is higher, lies better to the sun, and having a bend in the centre of what is called Seal Sand, commands the river both ways. As appears from the old chart before mentioned the river had two channels at this point; and at low water Seal Sand formed an island between them. The river attains its greatest width across the eastern portion of Seal Sand where it is about 34 miles wide between high-water marks at neap tides, and as the foreshore on the north side of the river is soft sticky mud from a foot to 18 inches in depth, it will be seen that Seals zould rest here pretty securely. Eleven stones was not an unusual weight for seals caught in the Tees. Nearly all Seals captured and seen in the Tees during recent years have been young animals (three feet long or a little over), which would almost suggest that they still breed in limited numbers somewhere in the neighbourhood. It has been suggested to me that probably the Wash is the nearest locality in which they are for certain now known to breed. Macgillivray states that the full grown animal sometimes attains to a length of five or six feet, but that the individual from which he took his description was 8 feet 103 inches long, and was from the Firth of Forth. It may not be out of place to mention here that a Dog Seal was shot in the river Aire at Rawcliffe, in March, 1888, which is said to have measured six feet from nostrils to tail. Macgillivray’s general description of the animal is ‘‘ muzzle obtuse, outline of forehead concave, grinders four-lobed, obliquely placed in the jaws ; pile yellowish grey, mottled with dusky on the upper parts ; fore feet with the first toe longest.” Of old records of Seals in the Tees and district I have not been able to meet with much except casual references. rafepiie i +4 id k - a : 93 Graves, in his History of Cleveland, in speaking of Skinnin- grove, states that Camden mentions the report of a sea-man being caught by the fishermen of that place, and from the description there is no doubt that this sea-man was a Seal. The same fabulous story is thus more particularly reported in the Cott MS. ‘Old men that would be loath to have their credyt erackt by a tale of a stale date, report confidently that sixty yeares since, or perhaps 80 or more, a sea-man was taken by the fishers of that place, which, duringe many weeks, they kepte in an oulde house, giving him rawe fishe to eate, for all other fare he refused ; insteade of voyce he skreaked, and shewed himself courteous to such as flocked farre and neare to visit him; fayre maydes were wellcomest guests to his harbour, whome he woulde beholde with a very earneste countenaynce, as if his phlegmaticke breaste had been touched with a sparke of love. One day, when the good demeanour of this newe gueste had made his hosts secure of his abode with them, he prively stoale out of doores, and ere he coulde be overtaken recovered the sea, whereinto he plounged himself; yet as one that would not unmannerly depart without taking of his leave, from the mydle upwardes he raysed his shoulders often above the waves, and makinge signs acknowledgeing his good enter- teinment to suchas beheld him on the shore, as they interpreted yt; after a pretty while he dived downe, and appeared no more” And in a note to the above the author remarks that — “many centuries have elapsed since authors first wrote about the Marmenill or Sea-Man. Torfeus, in his History of Norway, says that itis met with in Iceland; and Bishop Pontoppidan assures us, in his natural History of Norway, (vol. II., p. 302), that there are several species of it. M. Stroem, in his Sundmoes- chen, (p. 287) is very angry with those who will not believe in its existence ; and Childrey asserts it as a fact, that some fisher- men caught one on the coast of Suffolk, in the year 1187; and that another was taken in Yorkshire, in 1535, being that above mentioned.” It is now pretty certain that all these mythical tales of sea- men and mermaids, written about by old authors, originated in the Seal It will be noted that the occurrence dated back to a time sixty or eighty years previous to the time of the chronicle of it, and doubtless the account gained colour as it was handed down. Again, in speaking of Saltburn, Graves has the following quotation from the same source: ‘‘ Towards Huntscliffe and Bullfleet-Gate there are certain Rockes that at lowe water are 94 left discovered. whereupon Seales in greate Heardes like Swine use to sleepe and baske themselves against the Sunne ; for their better securitye they put in use a kind of military Discipline, warily preparing against a soddaine Surprize, for on the outermost Rocke one great Seale or more keepes Sentinell, which upon the first inklinge of any Danger, giveth the Allarme to the rest by throweing of Stones, or making a Noise in the water, when he tumbles down from the Rocke, the rest immediately doe the like, insomuch that yt is very hard to overtake them by Cunning : yf yt fortune that any unawares hath chosen his sleepinge forthe so far from the Sea, that he is in Hazard to becume a Praye to the pursuer, he then betaketh himselfe to his Armes, flynginge the Pebbles and Sand from his hinder Feete with suche a tempeste and force, that a man had neede be well advised before he approache too neere ; they flye the sight of Men as of those from whom they have received many shrewde Turnes ; where the poore Women that gather Cockles and Mussels on the Sandes, by often use, are in better Credyte with them. There- fore, whoe soe intends to kill any of them must craftely put on the Habyte of a woman, to gayne Grounde within the Reache of his peece. ; “Tt was streange to me and hard to be believed, that you had a yonge Seale taken upon the Seye Sande, w for the Space of a Moneth was kepte in your parloure, feedinge him with Milke and Breade which yt sucked greedily, and that ina few Dayes he knew his Keeper soe well that he woulde crawle after him lowinge aloud, from the Parlour to the Kitchen ; when upon the Hearthe, after his Belly was well fyled, he used to turn up his Syde to the Greate of the Fyre. He dyed as yt was tolde me by the Mishappe of one that unawares treade on his Head. After that he had been a Weeke in the House, and felte the Refreshinge of the Fyre, he could never endure the Water, thoughe you threwe him often tymes into yt, and was willinge to let him escape, but he ever returned to the Lande, and with a mournful Crye, as it were bemoaning himself to the Companie, would creep to the next he sawe and nible about their Feet, not ceasing till some one had taken him up in their Armes to cairy him back again ; he was white, as having his Piggies hair yet on him, and not past three Quarters of a Yarde longe.” In the ‘ Durham Household Book, or accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from Pentecost, 1530, to Pentecost, 1534,” published by the Surtees Society, wherein is minutely detailed all the costs of provisioning that house, Seaylls and Seayll-Calves are frequently mentioned and in one 9 eee 95 place Tyse fish are specially mentioned (p. 122). It is probable that occasionally, at least, their Seals were procured from the Tees. The Conservancy of the Tees, together with the rivers Tyne and Wear, belonged to the Bishop of Durham, from a very early period, avd to him belonged the privileges and profits incident to such power, such as royal fishes, wrecks, duties, anchorage, fishings, weirs, etc. In 1345, there was paid to the Bishop 22s. 11d. for fee farm rent for the “privilege of trading or towing of vessels in the Tees” (Bishop Hatfield’s Survey). And in the Cursitor’s Rolls, it is recorded that ‘ Bishop Bainbrig, A.D. 1507, granted to John Racket for his life the office of Conservator of all the Bishop’s rivers of Tese, Were, Tyne, &c., and for pre- serving salmon and fry fish. Sept. 28.” Not only were Seals much more plentiful formerly, but they appear to have been regarded as a favourite article of food. Ata great feast made by George Nevill, Chancellor of England, and Archbishop of York, at his inthronization (6th Ed. IV., 1486), ‘thirteen Porresses and Seals formed part of the provision” ; and again, at the inthronization of Archbishop Warham, in 1504, “seals et porposs were provided.’ The value of a Seal or Porpoise was 13s 4d. in the 17th year of Henry VIII. In Brewster’s “ History of Stockton” is a quotation from a record in the Cursitor’s Rolls (1530), having reference to the regulation of the fisheries in the Tees, in which “ Sealles, Purpose, Sturgion, and other like fishes” are mentioned. It appears that some difference had arisen between fishers using “ drawing netts” and those using “ haling nets,” and is so inter- esting as illustrating the customs of these distant times that we quote it in full. ‘* Where variance heretofore hath been among the inh’tants of the town of Stockton, for taking of head fishes as sealles, purpose, sturgion, and other lyke fishes, betwixt the fishers with drawing netts on the one pt, and the fishers with haling netts on the other pt ; It is ordered, by consent and agreement of both the said p‘* for appeasing of all variance in time to come, in manner and form following, (that is to say): That if fishers of both sorts, some with drawing netts and some with haling netts go about to take any Seale, Purpose, or like fish within the river of Tease. If it fortune the said fish to lyght in the haling netts, then all those fishers with haling netts, assembled for that purpose, pursuing the said fish, to have him alone, and the fishers then assembled with drawing netts to have no part thereof with the haling netts ; and likewise if it fortune the said fish do lyght in the drawing 96 netts, then all those fishers with drawing netts, assembled for that purpose, pursuing the s‘ fish to have him alone, and the fishers then assembled with haling netts to have no p* there- of with ye drawing netts. And also, It is ordered, that evry man of both sorts of fishers, then assembled for that purpose, shall give unto 5 water room sufficient and none to come within another to hurt his neighbour gere upon pain of 6s. 8d. on him that shall offend them as oft as he shall so do, to be levyed of the said offender at the next court after, without further delay.” In an account of the salmon fishery in the same history, it is mentioned that ‘large shoals of porpoises frequent the sand-banks, and are supposed to be very injurious to salmon and fishes of inferior size. A fishery for these has heen attempted, but it has not been attended with success.” I imagine that Seals are meant here, and that these two animals are often con- founded in old records. At page 102 of the same history, Brewster, quoting from the survey of the Manor of Stockton, states that the Bishop “has the royalties of the river of Tease, as whales, sturgion, porpoises (probably seals) or the like taken on that side of the river next the County of Durham within the Manor of Stockton.” Still quoting from Brewster, in the list of fishes, published in his History of Stockton, 1829, it is stated that ‘salmon have much decreased of late years, owing chiefly to the method of hushing carried on in the lead mines of Teesdale, and pro- bably also to the increase of Seals at the mouth of the river.” The Seal is given in the list of the Fauna of Cleveland, in Graves ‘History’ published in 1808, in Sharp’s History of Hartle- pool, published in 1816, (the tail-piece at the end of this list being a figure of a Seal), and in Brewster’s History of Stockton, as mentioned above. Hutton, in his trip to Coatham, published in 1810, page 102, states that “one of our friends, while at. Coatham, shot a Seal, said to weigh seven stone, and to be worth two guineas. I thought it would well bear the name of sea-dog.” In Heavi- sides’ Stockton Almanack, for 1896, is a very interesting and amusing account by Mr. Hunter, a respected resident of the ancient borough, of the capture of two young Seals at the Tees mouth. This was about 50 years ago (that would be about the year 1846). A man of the name of Golightly, who frequented rn Ns ell) tne 97 the mouth of the Tees for the purpose of shooting wild fowl, when making his way to the Tees mouth in his boat, saw two young Seals on the sands. On nearing them he noticed the old Seal go to them and roll them over towards the water. Golightly secured them and took them to his house, at Stockton, where he kept them for some time in his garden, and fed them on milk, on which they throve and became quite tame. Golightly was in the habit of taking them to the quay-side, and turning them into the river, where they disported themselves to the great delight of the spectators. Of recent occurrences of Seals in the Tees and district, I have the following records, noted myself, and previously I can remember many being exhibited at Middlesbrough, by fisher- men and others :—One shot in Billingham Creek, on Christmas Day, 1880; this Seal was 3 feet 4 inches long, and, of course, immature. In the same winter one was shot at Redcar, and another was seen on the rocks, at Redcar, previous to this, date not noted. On the 24th August, 1881, a local newspaper reported that a school of Seals were discovered in the cut at the ’ Middlesbrough Dock entrance. One of the animals made its way into the dock. Efforts were made to capture it, but with- out success. It is supposed they had chased a shoal of salmon up the river. I afterwards conversed with two persons who saw these Seals; they both put the number at two. It was in the afternoon of the day named when they where seen. They were pursued by boats, and dived whenever the boats came near them. They were eventually lost some distance down the river. At the beginning of the following November a large Seal was observed for several days to frequent the beach opposite the ironworks at Eston, a place noted for eels, to which Seals are said to be very partial. It was observed through a glass from Eston Jetty. About the 15th of January, 1883, one was seen in the Tees, and shot at several times. At the beginning of the following February one was captured in the Tees, opposite Eston Jetty, measuring 3 feet in length. On the 28th July, in the same year, one was exhibited alive in the Middles- brough Market, which had been taken in the river. In 1884, I have been informed, one was seen and shot at several times on the Parham side of the Tees mouth; this was in autumn, and on October 25th, 1885, a Seal was captured in the Tees near Eston Jetty. This was a young female; it was pursued for some distance, and was at last shot. This I examined, and made a coloured sketch of It was 38 ft. 10 ins. long, and beautifully mottled on the back with black and yellowish- 98 white. It was reported there was another seen at the same time. . One was caught on the rocks, at Hartlepool, on January 4th, 1886. It was left in a pool by the tide, and attracted some men by its call. It was a young female, and about 3 ft. 3 ins. long. On the 20th of November, 1887, a Seal made its appearance in the Middlesbrough Docks, and was said to have followed a vessel in. It was there for several days, and was reported in the newspapers to have attracted many people to the Docks to witness its gambols. It was noticed to bring up fish, and on one occasion two large eels. It was subsequently joined by a second, and the two left the Docks when the gate was opened for a vessel to pass out. Several were reported to be seen in the river about the same time. On January 8th, 1888, a dead seal was washed up near the Middlesbrough Ferry Landing. It was said to have been shot a few days previously near Billingham Landing. It was pro- nounced by Mr. Mussel, the taxidermist, to be the largest he had ever seen. It is possible this may have been a Grey Seal. On the 5th of March, 1890, a young Seal, about 3 ft. in length, was shot on Coatham Sands, and was afterwards exhibited in a tent at Redcar. In December, 1891, a Seal was captured alive on Seal Sand. An effort was made (according to the local papers), to procure this for the Middlesbrough Museum, but does not appear to have been successful, as up to the present time there is no specimen in that Institution. On the 7tn of December in the same year a Seal (said to be of the silver variety) was caught near Hartlepool Fish Quay, and was exhibited in the window of a fried fish establishment. On September 16th, 1894, a Seal was shot near Seaton Snook. On the 23rd September, 1895, a Seal was caught in the Tees near Yarm. In the autumn of 1899 a dead seal was washed up on the sands between the Tees mouth and Coatham. On the 28th of January, 1901, a Seal was shot in the Tees below Port Clarence. It was 3 ft. 9 ins. long and was said to weigh 8 stone. I examined this Seal. It was of a light silvery grey colour, with a few black spots on the back. This Seal struck me as being of a lighter colour than usual, and a local taxidermist, who has had longer experience, was of the same opinion, though he had seen individuals as light. It is probable that the Grey Seal ( Phoca gryphus ), as wellas the Common Seal, occurred in limited numbers in the Tees. Graves, in his ‘ History of Cleveland,’ published in 1808, and before referred to, mentioned the great seal or sea calf (of Pennant’s Zoology, 36). I have seen a very large skull which 99 was dredged from the Tees, and was probably referable to this animal. One is reported to have been found alive at Seaton Snook, in the year 1871, as mentioned in Clarke and Roebuck’s ‘Vertebrate Fauna,” and in the report on the Migration of Birds, for the year 1883 (page 58), reference is made to the occurrence of a large Seal, seen at the Tees mouth, on the 18th of November, 1833, probably also referable to the above species. MAMMALIAN NOTES FOR 1899. By R. G. Cuayton. In April, I had*sent me a fine old male badger ( Meles taxus) from near Ingleby. The female also had been killed. I was glad to learn that this spirit of extermination* is not countenanced at Pinchingthorpe, where several ‘‘ earths” were pointed out to the members by Mr. A. E. Pease, when they were privileged to inspect his sporting trophies, and subsequently went over the bank to Hutton Hall. An otter (Lutra vulgaris) was caught alive at Kildale, but Icould not get any definite account as to what became of it ultimately. “cc * This interesting animal is also, unfortunately, possessed by a ‘“‘ spirit _ of extermination,” and has of late years extended its range to several parts of Cleveland and the neighbouring district, including Bilsdale and Bransdale.— Ed. 100 COATHAM MARSHES, AND THE WILD DUCK DECOY THAT FORMERLY EXISTED THERE. By R. LorrHovuss. Coatham Marshes, a large expanse of flat low lying land, lies to the west of the ancient Village of Coatham, which, according to Atkinson (History of Cleveland), was at one time a place of some importance.- He writes of it thus, ‘‘ From various items of information touching East Cotum presented in the documents connected with Gisburn Priory, and other religious houses, and with the Rrus inheritance and succession, and the like, it is easy to see that the Vill, in old times, certainly could not be described as ‘a mean, insignificant village,’ any more than, perhaps, as a ‘fallen Sidon mourning by the waters.’ There were ships trading to the port, paying groundage and other dues, salt-works, a mart.” It was “a fishing town of some importance, and, with Redcar, contributed towards the supply of different monastries with the necessary article of fish,” and it is said that in ancient times a Church or Chapel existed there. The Marshes at the present day are about two miles long from east to west by about three-quarters of a mile broad in the widest part, and are bounded on the north by sand-banks (through which passes the railway to Saltburn and Whitby) of slight and varying elevation, and covered in places with long wiry grass, and in others with a close benty turf and an interest- ing flora and fauna, the ground in places being literally covered with various Helices, chiefly H. virgata, H. nemoralis, H. ericetorum, etc. Beyond the sand-banks the waves break on a fine broad stretch of level sand. On the south the Marsh is bordered by cultivated fields. DO I a “aM L ge er ls -101 The Marsh is intersected by open drains, or stells, as they are locally called, interesting to Conchologists from the variety of fresh water or brackish water Mollusca to be found in them, The Marsh was formerly the habitat of many interesting birds, particularly of the Duck and Wader species, and. doubtless in quieter times many bred there, amongst them probably the Dunlin. The Redshank still nests there in limited numbers, and the Ring Dotterel on the shingle just over the sand-banks ; and in the Rabbit Warren where the village of Warrenby now stands, the Sheldrake nested in some numbers in the rabbit burrows. Mallard and Teal doubtless nested in the neigh bour- hood of the Decoy, for it is essential that there should be good breeding grounds near a decoy. Commoner birds, such as the Waterhen, still nest by the rush-fringed pools, and large flocks of Plovers, green and golden, and smaller birds, such as Snow Buntings, Larks and Starlings, still frequent the Marsh in considerable flocks in the winter time. COATHAM WILD Duci The Wild-Duck Decoy is situated at about the centre of the marshes, and about half-a-mile from the new village of Warrenby, which, (as its name implies,) was built on the site of a rabbit warren. It is situate to the south-west of the village ; and at the end of the village next the Decoy isan old farm house and farm 102 buildings of considerable size, called Marsh House, built of brick and roofed with pantiles. It isa typical Cleveland Farm House * of the better class, and doubtless at one time had a large extent of land attached to it, but it is now in a dilapidated condition. In — the middle of the last century the Cleveland Hounds were kennelled in part of the farm buildings. I visited and took measurements of the Decoy at the end of January, 1887. The pipes and surroundings were then much more distinctly traceable than they are now, ‘The pipes were formed at the sides of an irregular oblong lake or sheet of water, marked on the ordnance map ‘The Fleet,” fed and emptied by a brook or stell, its longest diameter stretching east and west. The water appears to shallow out on the north side, and the greater portion of the sheet is now pretty well choked up with flags and aquatic plants of various kinds. The north side has been sheltered by a patch of shrubs and trees of moderate growth, as evidenced by a few gaunt looking stems and stumps which still remained, and which appeared to have been chiefly willows. About four or five hundred yards to the west of the Decoy was established an ironworks, and the date of their erection in 1870-72 sealed the fate of the Decoy, the working of which was discontinued about that time, and the smoke and fumes from the ironworks also compassed the destruc- tion of the shrubbery. There were, at the time of my visit, four trenches (or pipes as they are called when complete with their net covered arches). One, however, had the mouth closed from the sheet of water, a narrow strip having been levelled with the ground at each side of the pipe, thus cutting it off from the lake. The other three, though partially choked up with weeds, still contained water, and by the side many short posts, to which presumably the rods were fixed which supported the nets. The trenches or pipes varied in depth below the general surface of the ground from about two to four feet. They are, however, a good deal choked up with vegetation and, doubtless, were deeper when in use. In size and shape they are very much alike, and their dimensions agree very closely with those at Fritton, in Norfolk, described by Mr. G. C. Davis. in his Norfolk Broads and Rivers. The width at the mouth between the posts was about 18 feet, and at the centre of the bend about 11 feet, from which they gradually taper to a point. The length of the chord of the bend from the mouth to the extreme end is about 130 feet, and the distance along the outside curve is about 220 feet. 103 One is situated at the south-west end of the lake, another towards the south-west end, and running south, one a little west of the centre of the lake and running north, and the one which has the mouth levelled up is situated towards the west end and has a northerly direction. At the time of my visit the pipes situated at the south and north sides were in the best condition. No traces of the screens remained. The shrubbery on the north side would shelter the Decoy from the north winds, and would effectually screen the approach of the decoyman, which would presumably be from the direction of Coatham. Before the con- struction of the railway, (opened in 1846,) to the north, and the ironworks to the west, the situation must have been an admirable one for quietude, which is essential for the successful working of a Decoy. All Decoys have pipes made to suit the prevailing winds, as ducks, like other birds, like to swim or rise with the wind in their faces; therefore it is only possible to work those pipes which are to windward of the birds. A friend who remembers the Decoy when working informs me that the following ducks were taken in it: Sheldrake, Shoveller, Pintail, Mallard, Wigeon and Pochard, and the Scaup Duck, occasionally ; and a specimen of the very rare Ferruginous Duck was taken on the 17th March, 1850. To the above list may, no doubt, be added the Teal, and it is probable that some of the species mentioned were only seldom taken. So far as I can gather all the Decoys in this country were very much alike, and the following description of the fitting up and working of a Decoy is quoted from a paper on “ Wild Duck Decoys in Essex, by J. E. Harting.” “ Let us suppose that three, four or five pipes have been cut. ‘These are arched over at intervals with hoops of wood, or iron (if expense be no object), and over these is stretched a strong netting, which tapers gradually towards the far end of the pipe, and terminates in a sort of bag or purse in which the fowl are eventually taken. As it is absolutely necessary that the Decoyman should be conce'led from view of the ducks on the pool, a series of Screens made of reeds, and set one behind another, are fixed at intervals along the side of each ‘pipe.’ A few tame ducks, taught to come at a whistle to be fed, a few handfuls of grain, and a small fox-coloured dog, and the Decoyman is ready to begin operations. Selecting his ‘pipe’ according to the direction of the wind, he throws a handful of grain over a screen into the pipe, and whistles. The wind carries the grain towards the mouth of the pipe, the tame ducks come eagerly to feed, and the wild ones getting an occasional mouthful as the grain drifts 104 by them or towards them, gradually discover that the nearer they swim towards the mouth of a pipe the more plentiful does food become. Unsuspectingly they enter the wide mouth, so wide as to convey no suggestion of a trap ; and then the Decoyman’s little dog comes into play. Taught to dodge in and out of the reed screens to fetch a piece of bread or biscuit, he shows himself momentarily to the ducks in the pipe, and disappears when returning to his master. Wild fowl are eminently curious, and their curiosity proves fatal to them. They behave towards the dog exactly as cattle would do—as long as he retreats from them they follow him. Perhaps from his colour they take him for a fox, their common enemy, and fancy they are driving him away. At any rate they follow him up the pipe until, having passed the first reed screen, they are virtually cut off from the rest of the flock. At this juncture the Decoyman shows himself to the ducks in the pipe, though not to those cn the pool. He makes no noise, but merely waves his arms, and. the frightened fowl, afraid to return past him to the open water, instantly rise on the wing and fly up the pipe, following its curve in the vain hope that it will lead to freedom. Instead of that, however, it leads to the bag net. The whole business is condueted so quietly that the wild fowl on the main water are never alarmed.” The Decoyman carries a piece of burning turf to destroy the human scent. Some distance to the south and west of the Decoy are a number of curious hills, or mounds, more or less approaching to a circular form, and rising abruptly from the general level of the marshes to a height of probably about 10 or 12 feet. These are marked on the ordnance map Marsh Hills, and one place on West Coatham Marsh is marked ‘‘Camps.” They were formerly supposed to be Roman Earthworks or Camps. There is no doubt, however, that they were saltworks, probably similar to others on the Durham side of the river; and Saltholme on that side of the river derived its name from these ancient salt- works, and not from the Saltworks which in recent years have been established there. It is probable that very considerable quantities of salt were manufactured there and supplied to the monasteries, some of which held interests in the works, as well as for consumption by the general population. The heat was supplied by coal washed up on the sea shore, as we learn from the Cott., MS., which, referring to the mouth of the Tees, states that ‘‘as the Tyde comes in, yt bringethe a small wash Sea-Cole, which is imployed to the makinge of Salte, and the Fuell of the 305 poore fisher Townes adjoininge.” There can be no doubt that these hills are artificial, some of them were excavated a few years ago, and a cutting was driven right through one of them. I inspected these at the time, and I noticed in one place a piece of cinder or scoriz in the perpendicular side of the cutting, four’ or five feet below the surface, and some broken earthenware was found in them. On the top of some that were excavated were found a series of trenches and a large quantity of scoriz and clinkers. The salt was made by evaporating sea water, but how the heat had been applied was not very clear. What seemed the most puzzling thing about these salt-works was the quantity of scorie or clinker that was dug up, (it was evident that coals and not charcoal or wood had been used) and the question that presented itself was where this coal had been obtained. The reference in the Cott., MS, however, clears up this question, and coals are washed up on the Coatham Sands to this day, and are gathered by the poor people for fuel, as they were in those ancient times. The tail piece is from a sketch made at the Decoy in January, 1887. 106 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND TEES-MOUTH,* 1899. By C. Muvpurn. The following notes are, unless otherwise stated, the result of my Ornithological researches during 1899 in Cleveland and at the mouth of the River Tees. I have given what I think are the most interesting notes only, and have accordingly omitted the finding of the common birds’ nests. In all, I came across the nests of 65 species of birds in the above districts, and the dates and localities of finding the rarer birds will be found below :— Redwing (Turdus iliacus) arrived at Linthorpe on October 15th. Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) arrived at Tees-mouth on N ovem- ber 6th. Ring Ousel (Turdus torquatus). A single bird frequented the slag wall at Tees-mouth from the last week in April until the middle of May. Wheatear (Saxicola cnanthe) arrived at Tees-mouth on March 31st. A nest was taken by my friend C. Braithwaite, of Seaton Carew, at the mouth of Tees, which contained six wheatear and three meadow-pipit eggs! The nest was that of the latter bird, so that the wheatears must have taken possession after it had laid three eggs. This interesting nest and eggs are preserved in the above gentleman’s collection A nest found by the writer near the Acklam Ironworks contained five young and one egg on May 25th. Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra) arrived on April 23rd. Found nest with six eggs on June 4th near Cleveland Asylum. Redstart (Ruticilla phenicurus) arrived at Gunnergate on April 22nd. Found nest, six eggs, on May 24th. Scores of redstarts frequented the mouth of the Tees during the first week in October. * The Tees-mouth records refer to both the Durham and Yorkshire side of the river. 107 Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea) arrived at Albert Park on April 22nd. Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca). One in song at Linthorpe on May 24th. Blackeap Warbler (Sylvia atricapilla). Found nest with four eggs at Tollesby on June 22nd. Garden Warbler (Sylvia hortensis). I saw and heard a bird of this species several times at Ingleby. It was, no doubt, breeding, although I did not find the nest. A few garden warblers were shot at Tees-mouth during the first week in October. Gold Crest (Regulus cristatus). Found unfinished nest at Ingleby; birds deserted it afterwards. Very few migratory gold-crests were noted this Autumn. Chiff Chaff (Pliylloscopus rufus) arrived on Ayril 16th. Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) arrived at Albert Park on April 16th. Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) arrived at Ormesby, May 11th. _ Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus streperus). A pair, as usual, bred at Linthorpe. Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis) arrived on April 29th. Grassl.opper Warbler (Locustella neevia) arrived on May 3rd at Linthorpe fields. Dipper (Cinclus aguaticus\. Found nest, five eggs, at Ingleby, on April 20th, and another with six young at same place on May 22nd. White Wagtail (Motacilla alba). Saw a male bird of this species near Connal’s Wharf, Middlesbrough, on April 27th. It was evidently fatigued, as it allowed me to get within six yards of it, which made identification easy. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope). Found a nest with three eggs at Ingleby on June 3rd. Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla raid) arrived at Tees-mouth on April 24th. Found nest with young on July 15th at above place. 108 Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) arrived at Ingleby on April 20th. } Rock Pipit (Anthus obscurus). Saw a party of six on the North Gare Breakwater on November 19th. These may have been the Scandinavian form, as a large number of migrants were arriving on the above date. Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola) arrived on April 9th. Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla) arrived at Tees- mouth May 6th. Swallow (Hirundo rustica) arrived on April 25th. Martin (Chelidon urbica) arrived on April 20th. Sand Martin (Cottle riparia) arrived on April 20th. Tree Creeper (Certhia familiaris). Found nest, six eggs, at Ingleby on May 22nd. Siskin (Chrysomitris spinus). One seen at Tees-mouth October 9th. (C. B.) Lesser Redpole (Linota rufescens). During July, August and September an immense number of these birds were to be seen, either flying South, or frequenting the woods and plantations near Middlesbrough. Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). A mature female, in summer plumage, was shot at Tees-mouth on September 21st. (C. B.) No more of these birds were seen until the second week in October. Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) arrived at Linthorpe on October Ist. Rook (Corvus frugilegus). Nests with full clutches on March 18th. Swift (Cypselus apus) arrived at Ormesby on’ May 6th. Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). Found nest with one egg near Great Ayton on May 6th. There were no fish bones in this nest, the eggs being laid on the bare soil. A number of kingfishers appeared at Tees-mouth and in the streams near Middlesbrough after the nesting season, and were, as usual, relentlessly persecuted by the shooters. 109 Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) arrived on April 24th. Barn Owl (Strix flammea). Found nest with three eggs at Acklam on May 12th. This nesting hole had been previously occupied by a pair of stock doves, which reared four broods per season. , Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco). Found nest, three eggs, at Ingleby on April 3rd, and another nest at Gunnergate with one young on May 7th. ' Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Nest at Gunnergate on April 29th ; birds shot off nest a few days later. Merlin (Falco cesalon). As usual, a pair reared young on the moor above Ingleby. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). One seen at Tees- mouth on December 12th. It struck a mallard which fell quite close to my informant, C. Braithwaite. Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius). Found nest with five eggs in hole of tree at Easby on May 22nd. Sheldrake (Tadorna cornuta). Took egg of this bird at Tees-mouth on May 14th. Four pairs reared young here this year to my knowledge. A nest found on the north side of the river was placed in the long marram grass, not in the sand. The numb-r of sheldrake breeding at. the mouth of the Tees varies in different seasons. Some years five or six pairs breed, and, in others, two or three only. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Found two nests of this bird in June at a certain place near the mouth of the Tees; the young had been hatched from both nests. About a dozen pairs reared young here this season. Pintail (Dajila acuta). Saw a male bird at Tees-mouth on April 2nd. Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata). A pair bred near the mouth of the Tees this year. Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus). Flushed a brood of five from a reed bed at Tees-mouth on August 19th. The eggs of this bird have been taken at this particular spot. Spotted Crake (Porzana maruetta). Saw a bird of this species at Tees-mouth on August 23rd. Mr. C. Braithwaite 110 caught a female which was injured on May 25th, and, upon our skinning it, imagine our surprise in taking from the body a full-formed and well-marked egg This was also at the mouth of the river, where this bird breeds. Corn Crake (Crex pratensis) arrived on April 29th. Dotterel (Hudromias morinellus). A pair of immature birds obtained on September 16th at the mouth of the Tees. Ringed Plover (A%gilitis hiaticola). Nests with full clutches at Tees-mouth on May 4th. Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). One obtained on November 19th at Tees-mouth. It was exceedingly tame and allowed us to get within six yards of it before it was procured. Snipe (Gallinago celistis). Found nest with two eggs at Tees-mouth on May 28th. About four pairs bred on the “‘slem” this season. Dunlin (Tringa alpina). An example of the small form, was shot at Tees-mouth in January. It had the grey back of winter and black breast of summer plumage. A nest with four eggs was found by the writer and Mr. T. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U., at the above place on May 23rd. Ruff (Machetes pugnax). An immature female shot on August 27th. (C.B.) Two shot out of a flock of eight on September 16th at Tees-mouth. Green Sandpiper (Helodromas ochropus). One shot on. September 23rd at Tees-mouth. Redshank (Totanus calidris). Nests with eggs on April 13th at Tees-mouth. Greenshank -( Totanus canescens). A bird of this species was flying about with the breeding redshanks at above place on June 11th. Little Auk (Mergulus alle). One was picked up exhausted in a field near Tees-mouth on December 15th. (C. B.) Little Grebe (Tachybaptes fluviatilis). A pair reared young on a pond at Gunnergate this year. Found nest with one egg at Marton on May 10th. 111 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1899. By R. G. Crayton. At the Club excursions, which I attended, but. little bird-life was visible, except the ordinary inhabitants of our district. In- deed, there are few opportunities, nor is there much likelihood, of making interesting observations, unless the Ornithologist can get away from the highroads and footpaths into little frequented places, where our feathered friends may hope for quietude during the period of their housekeeping. The ramble along the Tees bank from Yarm to Worsall revealed nothing but hedge sparrows, blue-tits, thrushes and the like, although the neighbourhood seemed a promising one. A herring-gull was flying over the river, which caused me to recollect that during the past few years gulls of several species seem to go further into the country than was formerly the case. My attention was called to this fact by several farmers, as well as other friends in various parts of Cleveland. There seems to have been an increase in the number of carrion crows last Spring on the Moorlands. Several were killed, where they had not been noticed for a considerable period. On August 26th a white bullfinch was shot at Saltburn. I examined this bird and found it was a pure albino with the characteristic pink eyes. The faint shadings discernible in the white plumage gave it a pretty effect. On the 3rd November I purchased of one of the game dealers in the town a curiously plumaged grouse (male) Lagopus scoticus) which had come, with other game, from a local moor. The colour varied from cream to brown, but, principally, was of a. sort of rufous tint, almost devoid of the beautiful pencilling usual with the normal feathered bird. Variations of plumage amongst red grouse are somewhat exceptional, hence I mention this specimen. * In the same month a grey phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) was shot at Redcar. These birds are becoming rarer in their visits now. 112- In December, Mr. T. H. Nelson had the good fortune to secure a thick knee, or Norfelk plover, (Oedicnemus crepitans), and, as the incident is so uncommon for these parts, I give the account of it which appeared in the “ Field” of 10th March, 1900 :— “On December 16th last, during stormy and wintry weather, a live example of the stone curlew was brought me by a man whose dog had caught it on the sand-hills, east of Redcar. I endeavoured to keep it alive, but it was very poor in condition and had evidently been shot at and slightly wounded. It only lived a few hours after capture. The appearance of stone curlew in Cleveland is, at any time, of rare occurrence, but to find one in mid December is so unusual as to be worthy of record.” As a comment, I may say that I lately saw a communication in one of the journals that a pair of these birds had been observed two years in succession upon a Yorkshire moor, but I cannot find the note. In February, 1900, a number of little auks put in an appear. — ance on the Coast, no doubt as a result of the exceptionally severe weather and winter in the North of Europe. BIRD NOTES, 1899. By R. Lorrnovss. Aprit 2nd.— Wheat-ear (Sawicola oenanthe) noticed in garden at Linthorpe. Aprit 20th.— Willow Wren (Phylloscopus trochilus) appears. Apri 28rd.—Sand Martin (Cotile riparia) appears. ApriL 29th.—Redstart (Ruticilla phcenicurus) appears. Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea) heard. Aprit 30th.—Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) heard. 113 May 2nd.—Corncrake (Crex pratensis) heard. Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus) noticed near Broughton. Tree pipit (Anthus trivialis) and Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella nevia) both heard near Broughton. May 4th.—Spotted Fly-catcher (Muscicapa grisola) noticed at Saltburn. May 7th.—Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis) sung. May 13th.—Swift (Cypselus apus) appears. Notr.—Owing to the very cold and inclement weather prevailing during April, the Spring Migrants were nearly all noticed later than the average date. SreptemBer.—Curlew Sandpiper (Tringa subarcuata). One shot near Redcar, also a Richardson’s Skua (Stercorarius crept- datus) in immature plumage. NovemBer.—Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major). One found lying dead near Easby Hall, by Mr. Emerson’s gardener, on Sunday, November 12th. It had probably flown against: ‘he wires which convey electricity to Easby Hall. The Rev. J. Hawell, from whom I had this information, saw a speci- men at Ingleby a few months ago. DECEMBER 10th.—Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope). One noticed near Acklam. December 14th.—White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Mr. Mussel, Bird-stuffer, of Middlesbrough, had two (young birds) sent to stuff by Mr. Emerson, shot, I understand, near Swainby. DecemBer 16th.—Wild Swans (Cygnus sp 1). About this date, the weather being very wintry, a herd of 21 wild swans were seen passing Redcar by Mr. T. H. Nelson. One or two were also seen at the Tees Estuary. About this date Mallard (Anas boschas) Wigeon (Mareca penelope) and Teal (Nettion evecca) occurred in some numbers. 114 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND TEES-MOUTH, 1900. By C, Mitsurn. Missel Thrush.—Found a nest at Acklam on April 11th, with the very unusual number of seven eggs. I am led to believe, from the large size of the nest and the one type of colour in the eggs, that it is one bird’s laying only. Redwing.—First arrivals noted at Tees-mouth, September 28th. Fieldfare.—Arrived at Tees-mouth, October 4th. Ring Ousel.—Saw one feeding in Marton Hall grounds, on February 25th. As I had it under observation for over an hours there can be no question of correct identity. This species was breeding in good numbers on the moors between Swainby and Osmotherley on May 19th. Wheat-ear.—Arrived on March 30th at Tees-mouth. A nest found at Port Clarence, on May 20th, had six eggs half incubated. Whinchat.—Arrived on May 5th, Stonechat.—Found a nest with young and one addled egg near Pinchingthorpe, on June 16th. This is the second nest of this very local and uncommon bird that I have found in this district. Redstart.—Arrived on April 30th. Was very plentiful this year. Whitethroat.—Arrived on May 2nd. Found a nest with six eggs at Ingleby on June 4th. Gold Crest.—Found a nest with nine eggs at Marton on May 18th. Chiff Chaff—Arrived on April 18th. Saw nest with six eggs on May 11th. Willow Wren.—First seen on April 20th. Nests with full clutches on May 24th. 115 Wood Wren.—Arrived on May 5th. Sedge Warbler.—Arrived May 5th. Grasshopper Warbler.—First heard “ reeling ” at Whinstone Dyke on May 6th. Found a nest near Thornaby, on July 17th, with five eggs. White Wagtail—This bird seems to be a regular Spring migrant to this district. I saw it first on May 6th this year, and at intervals until July, at a place near Middlesbrough. I saw a fine male at Osmotherley, on May 19th. The eggs of the Osmotherley pair were taken in 1899 and were shown at the Exhibition (Y.N.U.). Pied Wagtail.—Nest with five eggs at Tees-mouth on June 24th. Grey Wagtail.—A pair at Ingleby, after several unsuccessful efforts to rear young in a wall, brought off a brood in an old thrush’s nest. Yellow Wagtail.—Arrived on April 22nd. * Blue Headed Wagtail.—Three seen in company with Yellow Wagtails at Tees-mouth, on May 6th. Tree Pipit.—Arrived on April 21st. Great Grey Shrike.—Saw a single bird at Tees-mouth, on November 17th. * Red Backed Shrike.—A young friend of mine, named Telford, took a nest of this bird at Gunnergate, in June, 1898. It had two eggs, which were taken, and I can testify to the eggs being genuine. This is, I believe, the first record for Cleveland, and perhaps the most northerly record for England of late years, Spotted Flycatcher,—First noticed at Ingleby on May 10th. Swallow.—Arrived at Middlesbrough on April 20th, Martin.—Arrived on April 28rd. Sand Martin. —Noted on April 19th. * Confirmation of these records would be acceptable.-—Ed, 116 Tree Creeper.—Saw a nest with young at Kildale on June 4th. A few yards away a Viper was busy devouring a brood of Cole Tits, but a stone soon put an end to its marauding. Both the old Cole Tits and Creepers were perched on a branch, quivering their drooped wings as if paralysed. Hawfinch.—I am pleased to be able to record the fact that about sixteen pairs of these birds nested at one place in Cleve- land during 1900. In all I saw over a score of nests, but, of course, this gave no clue as to the numbers about, as they deserted the nest if it was touched and built another one. Over eight pairs are known to have reared young successfully. As usual, when the habits of a bird are found out, I had no difficulty in finding four more places where the Hawfinch had reared young during 1900 in Cleveland. For very good reasons I will not disclose the localities. Hawfinches have one enemy already, and I will not help to make another. Crossbill.—I heard and saw a single bird of this species in a wood near Great Ayton, on August 18th. It was in the red plumage. Magpie.—Saw two nests with eggs at Gunnergate. Is very common in §.E. Durham. Jay.—Is still fairly common in a few woods in Cleveland. Found a nest with the unusual number of seven eggs on May 18th, at Gunnergate. Hooded Crow.—Arrived at Tees-mouth on October 9th. Shore Lark.—Was fairly common at intervals between October and December at Tees-mouth. A few were shot. Kingfisher.—Often seen behind the Albert Park between September and December. Very few near the Coast this year. Long-eared Owl.—Two nests with young seen at Kildale on June 4th. Short-eared Owl.—First noted on September 8th, at Tees- mouth. Tawny Owl.—Nested in an old Magpie’s nest at Gunnergate. 117 Barn Owl.—Saw first nest on April 18th with three eggs at Gunnergate. An old Magpie’s nest was utilised by the Owls. Is increasing. Buzzard.—One was shot at Kildale on September 8th, which had been noticed for nearly a year before it was procured (Mussell). Another was shot at Tees-mouth N., on November Ist. Kestrel.—One which was shot at Tees-mouth on October 13th has only one leg. The other had been shot off previously, but the wound had healed up wonderfully. Merlin.—Nested near Kildale, and also near Swainby. Sheldrake.—A pair nested in Bell’s slag-bank at Port Clarence. Three more pairs reared young at Tees-mouth. Shoveller.—For some reason, probably the coldness of the Spring, which retarded the growth of the reeds, this bird was scarce, where in 1899 several pairs reared young. Two pairs, © howc< ver, nested and brought off young, and the rest bred inland, ~ as I often saw them flying over at dusk to the estuary. Tufted Duck.—A number of these birds stay for a short time in May, along with the migrating Widgeon, Teal, &c., at Tees-mouth. A pair usually stay and breed at a preserve, but did not this year. Water Rail.—Made several attempts to find the nest at Tees mouth, and although I located more than one pair and flushed them often I failed. It certainly breeds. Spotted Crake.—Flushed a pair in June which I knew were breeding at Tees-mouth, one of which was carrying a young one in its feet. Coot.—Nest with seven eggs on June 10th, at Cowpen. Ringed Plover.-—Several nests with eggs on April 22nd. This bird is still holding its own at the part of Tees-mouth of which I write. Woodcock.—A nest with four eggs near Swainby on April 15th. I believe this is the first recorded Cleveland nest of this bird. Jack Snipe. —Arrived at Tees-mouth on November 10th, 118 Dunlin.—Only saw a single bird at Tees-mouth, which was nesting. Curlew Sandpiper.—Saw one in full summer plumage at Tees-mouth on June 24th. A few noticed in September. Ruff.—One shot out of a flock of eight at Tees-mouth on September 10th. Sandpiper.—Arrived at Linthorpe on April 19th. Found nest and young at Glaisdale on July 7th. Redshank.—Is increasing at Tees-mouth. A bird allowed us to lift her off her nest and put her on again without making an effort to escape. ; Leach’s Petrel.—One was picked up at Coatham on October 19th (Mussell). Little Grebe.— Nested on several ponds near Middlesbrough. A pair which were systematically robbed of their eggs laid over forty eggs, and never laid in the same nest after being robbed twice before they gave it up, and built a new one. Great Crested Grebe.—Saw a pair in full breeding plumage at Tees-mouth on April 8th. MAMMALIAN NOTE, By C. Mirsurn. Pine Marten.—As the note in the ‘‘ Naturalist ” (which was extracted from my note in the “ Northern Weekly Gazette’’) did not give the date of capture, I take the opportunity of doing so here. Its presence was discovered by its footprints in the snow, and, being an “unknown” to the keepers, traps were set for it. It fell a victim to one of the traps on Friday, March 9th, 1900, and was at once sent to Mr. Mussell, the Taxidermist, who let me examine it in the flesh. It is now in the possession of Mr. Emerson, of Tollesby Hall, near Middlesbrough, on whose estate at Swainby it was obtained. 119 NOTES, 1900.—By R. G. Ciayron, anp OTHERS. From various causes I was unable to be present at more than three of the Club’s Excursions (those in the early part of the season), when nothing special in the Ornithological line was observed, and during the winter I have not had any opportunity whatever of getting out, nor have I received any specimens. Mr. Milburn’s notes are very full, and may be taken as comprising all that could be noted for our district. One feature I should like to mention is the increase of Hawfinches. I have been long aware of their visiting us, but not until now are such anumber recorded. This, I think, points to a gradual extension northwards of several species, which has been observed and commented upon in various journals. Although the weather throughout the year was principally of an unpleasant nature, cold and rain predominating, there were no severe storms of duration long enough to disturb migration or the general seasonal movements of birds, hence unusual species have been absent. ‘ The capture of a Marten in Cleveland is very exceptional. It must be many years since such an animal occurred with us. An occasional specimen is seen or takeu in the Lake District and further North. Had this wandered down or across country to meet the usual melancholy end ? A Seal was captured in February in the Tees. Little Gull (Larus minutus) at Redcar.—I picked up an immature bird of this species on September 29th, 1900, washed in by tide (quite fresh), near Redcar Jetty, on the Yorkshire side of the Tees estuary. It was in length 12 inches. ‘Lhe upper parts were mottled with dark brown and white, and a band of sooty shade was at the tip of the tail. The tail was very slightly forked ; the primaries were black on both webs next the shafts, and white on the remainder of the inner webs. The under wing was white, the bill was blackish, and the feet were yellowish pink.—T. Asuton LorrHovusg, Linthorpe, Middles- brough. Fulmar Petrel (Fulmarus glacialis)—One was washed up on the beach at Kettleness on September 2nd, 1899.—J. H. Witsoy, ** Naturalist,” Jan., 1901, p. 7. Porbeagle or Beaumaris Shark (Lamna cornubica).—A large one was captured by Thos. Langlands in the herring nets off Huntcliff, on October 11th, 1898, and brought into Whitby Harbour. It measured between 7 feet and 8 feet in length.— “‘ Naturalist,” Jan., 1901., p. 9. A FEW NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA THAT HAVE BEEN RECORDED FOR THE CLEVELAND DISTRICT DURING PAST YEARS. By T. Asuron LorrHouss, In looking up old records in connection with a list of Cleveland Lepidoptera which I am preparing, I have come across several species for which no recent records exist, so far as I am aware, and I thought it would lead to some work being done by Lepidopterist members of our Club and others if a list of these insects were published, with localities recorded, and a few notes appended as to likely habitats, and plants that each species is likely to affect, and by this means gain the assistance of our members to work up these particular species and see if they still exist in Cleveland. It is probable that a good many, if not all, of them, may still be found by diligent working (excepting, of course, such speeies as Antiopa, Quadra, ete., which are distinctly migratory species as far as this locality is concerned), but in the very short time in the summer months at our disposal, and with the limited number of members who work at this branch, it is necessarily slow work hunting up these recorded species. But the work that has been done by our Lepidopterist members during the past season or two has resulted in several species being added to our Cleveland list; and I have great hope that by their assistance most, if not all, the species enumerated may be found. In writing a few years since to a gentleman at Great Ayton for a list of Insects likely to be taken there (in connection with a Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union proposed excursion to the district), he, after naming a few species that he had taken in the district, said that ‘‘ several of the kinds have become scarce of late years, I think on account of the many artificial manures now used. It is only my idea, but I may be right.” How far this is true J am not prepared to say, but I have no doubt that the great alteration made in agricultural methods in recent years has had a good deal to do with the disappearance of some species. One example is the way hedges are being perpetually cut down, often right to the roots; and this of itself must account for a very large destruction of insects in the ova and larve stages. 121 Another cause of disappearance of species, especially butter- flies, and also the tendency of certain insects to become much darker than the original type, is, I think, due to the changed meteorological conditions, but this is a matter that can be better worked out by meteorologists, it being only an assump- tion on my part that the years seem to be getting more of an equable temperature, instead of what our elders talk of as the old-fashioned cold winters and hot summers. The alteration of the weather in the way mentioned, 7.e. having cold and warm snaps of weather during the winter months, would, in the case of the warmer spells of weather, tend to bring insects out in the earlier stages before their time, and then a cold snap comes and there is an end to the venturesome species, perhaps a total eclipse for the district affected Good ground for working is by railway embankments, where it is often more sheltered, and the vegetation is more in a wild state, not being troubled by agriculturists ; but these also have their drawbacks, such as the sparks from a passing engine occasionally setting the herbage on fire, and, of course, destroying overything with it. And then there is also the difficulty of -working railway embankments without being liable to the penalty of the law. Before commencing the list of species, I should like to ask members and others who are working up the Lepidoptera of the district for their assistance in the preparation of a list of the species that occur in Cleveland, and it would be much more useful if they would at the same time let me have the earliest and latest dates on which the various species occur, together with any notes as to the variation, habits, local distribution, ete. I should also be glad to receive from non-Lepidopterist members any insects, larve, etc., for the purpose of naming, and all assistance would be very acceptable, the work not being one that can be accomplished by one person. I have included a few species in [ ] that have not been recorded for the Cleveland district, but are likely to occur, having occurred in adjacent districts. Diurni. Colias edusa.—This insect is, of course, as far as this district is concerned, migratory, and thus of only very occasional appearance. Stokesley—Reported some years since. 122 This species having occurred recently in some numbers all over the country, I should be glad of all records with data as far as possible. Frequents clover fields and railway banks and is fond of flowers. Argynis selene. Argynis euphrosyne.—Some species of small fritillaries were taken in the Great Ayton district some years ago. It is probable that one or both of these species would be taken. Both species are recorded in the Durham and Northumberland list.—Robson. The larve of both these species feed on dog and sweet violets. The imago flies in woods about June. Argynis aglaia is given as fairly plentiful at Whitby (Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 8). Whitby is situated just outside the Cleveland boundary, but insects given for there may have been taken in Cleveland, seeing that the boundary extends to within about three miles of Whitby. Larve feed on dog and sweet violets and wild hearts- ease, on hill-sides and sand hills. Imago fliesin June and July, affecting hill-sides, coast sand-hills, ete. Argynis adippe.—Great Ayton (W.H.). Open spaces in woods, fond of flowers of Centaurea. July-August. Larve feed on dog and sweet violets. Argynis paphia.—Great Ayton (W.H.). Open spaces in woods. July-August. Larve feed on dog and sweet violets. Argynis paphia var. Valezina.— Recorded as having been taken at Whitby (B. Lockyer Young, Nat., Jan., 1887). Vanessa C-album.—Great Ayton (B.H.) Also recorded common at Whitby (Yorks. list, Porritt, 9). Imago, August-September. This species should certainly occur in Cleveland as the principal food plant, elm, is common in most of our Cleve- land woods. It is, however, a butterfly that seems to have vanished from most of the Northern woods, for no other reason so far as I can see, but the altered climatic conditions. 123 Vanessa antiopa.—This species being only a migratory one, it is not to be expected that it will occur except on excep- tional occasions. It has been recorded as having occurred at Middlesbrough, Saltburn, and Roxby Moor, the latter about 1875, by the late Captain Turton. I should be glad to have particulars of any vecords of this species having occurred in the Cleveland district. Imago will come to sugar during day-time. Pararge megera.—Great Ayton (W.H.). Larve feed on grasses. Imago frequent lanes, banks, walls. May and August. (Satyrus semele).—This butterfly has not been recorded for Cleveland, but should occur on the sand-hills along the Coast, it occurring abundantly at Scarborough, and also in places along the Durham Coast. Imago flies during August. Larve feed on couch grass, etc., on sea-shore sand- hills, ete. (Chortobius typhon | =davus].)—This butterfly should certainly occur in Cleveland on the great expanse of moorland that we have. Imago frequent grasses in damp places, on moors during July. ’ Thecla quercus.—Given as taken at Whitby abundantly (Yorks. list. Porritt), I was present when one was taken by Mr. W. Hewett at Sandsend, on the occasion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visit in September, 1894. Seeing the great quantity of oak woods in the Cleveland district the insect should be taken all over. It flies over the tops of oak and ash in the sunshine, and rests on the leaves at night and in dull weather. (Lyccena astrarche) (= agestis).—This insect occurs commonly * on the Durham Coast, and should occur at Saltburn, seeing that the food plant (Helianthemum) occurs there. Imago flies June—July. 124 (Lycena argiolus).—No record is given for this district, but this butterfly should be looked for wherever the holly grows plentifully, about the end of May. Noeturni. Acherontia atropos.—This species has occurred in many places in this district, and is taken more or less abundantly at Middlesbrough almost every year. I should, however, like records from a3 many Cleveland localities as possible, with dates of appearance and if in larva, pupa, or imago stage. I specially want records of the occurrence of the insect in the spring or early summer. Sphinz convolvuli has occasionally occurred, specimens having been taken at Saltburn, Redcar, Yarm, and Middlesbrough. Comes to flowers at dusk, especially the flowers of the Tobacco plant. Sphinz ligustri.Imago taken at Hutton Gate some years since. Larva feeds on privet, ash, guelderose, &c. Cherocampa celzrio.—Middlesbrough, single specimen, 1870. (Yorks, list, Porritt, p. 18). Sesiide.—With the exception of Crabroniformis (bembeci- Jormis) none of this family of insects have been recorded for the Cleveland district. As there are eight species in addition to the one already mentioned recorded in the Yorkshire list, I consider that by specially working at the proper season some of these might be turned up in the Cleveland district. The best way would be to work for the larve in the spring in the various trees affected by these species. Gnophria quadra.—One recorded taken at Redcar, in 1875. (Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 25). This species occurred all over the country about that period, and there must have been a partial migration. Gnophria rubricolliz.—Guisborough (Stainton’s Manual, p. 140), An Ayton gentleman informed me he used to take a black footman fairly commonly in that district, which would probably be this species. Imago flies in the sunshine in July over trees, &. Larvz feed on lichens, on larch, &c, +> 6, SSeS” —_ 125 Emydia cribrum.—The ‘speckled footman” was given to me in a list for the Great Ayton district as being pretty common, but I am afraid this must be a mistake for some other species. The larvee feed on heath, but I do not know of its having occurred anywhere in the North. It is certainly not mentioned in the Yorkshire list. Cossus Ligniperda.—Great Ayton, rare (W.H.). I am under the impression that I have seen one or two larve that have been taken in the Middlesbrough district during past years. The larve feed in the trunks of large trees of ash, willow, elm, &c., feeding on the wood seldom 5 feet from the ground, Trichiura crategi.—Between Ayton and Stokesley (T. Mel- drum). Larvae feed on hawthorn, elm, sallow, &ec., in May, and are often to be found on dense and closely cropped hawthorn hedges bordering roads. Dicranura bicuspis.—Guisborough, several (W. Jeffrey, Ent. W. Int., Sep 11, 1858). Middlesbrough (Zool., 1857, xv., 5825). Yarm, empty cocoons (W. Lister, Entom., 1869, iv., 231); between Ayton and Stokesley (T. Meldrum), This insect should certainly be turned up again in this district (it is taken, I believe, every year in the Scar- borough district), seeing that its main food plant, alder, is one of the commonest trees in Cleveland, occurring every- where. Imago appears in May —June. Larve on alder, July—September. Pup, October—April, spun up on alder trunks, rarely above 2 ft. from the ground. Resemble a Brazil nut. Noetuze. Acronycta alni.—Guisborough (W. Jeffrey, Ent. W. Int. iv. 188). This species occurs frequently in the Scarborough district, and I think it is only a question of searching well for it to be turned up again in Cleveland. The larve feed on a number of trees including alder, willow, oak, sallow, birch, &c. 126 Axylia putris.—Redcar (J.Sang, Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 73). It would be interesting to know if this species still occurs at Redcar. Imago appears in June, and would probably come to sugar. Tryphena interjecta.—Redcar (J. Sang), Saltburn (G. T. Porritt). Taken at Saltburn in August at tansy flowers, &c. Tryphena orbona (=subsequa).—Redcar, July, 1875 (Yorks. list, Porritt, p. 81). Dianthecia carpophaga.—Redcar (J. Sang). Larvee feed on seed capsules of Silene inflata. Chariclea umbra (Heliothis marginata).—Redecar (J. Sang). This insect occurs commonly in the Hartlepool district, and should be turned up on our coast wherever the rest harrow (Ononis arvensis) occurs on the sand-hills, on which plant the larve feed in August very freely. Geometrez. Cleora lichenaria.—Between Ayton and Stokesley (T. Meldrum). Imago appears in July, and may be taken on lichen- covered oak trunks, &e. Larve feed on lichens, and should be taken in May. Acidalia dimidiata (scutulata)—Redcar (J.S., Yorks. list, Porritt). Acidalia imitaria.—Redear (J. Sang). Imago, August. Larve feed on bedstraw (Galiwm). May and June. Most of the records have been taken from the Yorkshire list, by Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S., published in 1888 by the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. The information as regards time of appearance, food plant, &c , has been mostly taken from the excellent Lepidopterists’ Calendar compiled by Joseph Merrin. ‘ 127 CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1899. By T. Asuton LorrnHouss, * Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time. The notes following on Cleveland Lepidoptera include those received from Messrs. W. Sachse and Frank Elgee, which, to prevent repetition and also to curtail space, I have thought well to incorporate in one list, along with my own notes. With reference to the season, Mr. Sachse states that it has not been a particularly good one for him, as far as species new to the district are concerned. Some of the insects recorded by him were got out at an early date by forcing. He, therefore, had the insects coming out at a time when there is very little outside work possible. He considers this an excellent plan to get a good series of a common insect which emerges naturally at a time when the collector rarely has room for it on his setting boards. The season, according to Mr. Frank Elgee’s experience, was a fairly good one. He noted 117 species, two or three of which have not been hitherto recorded in our Proceedings. He states that the weather was unfavourable in May and in the autumn, but the summer was very fine indeed and insects were exceedingly numerous, especially during July, when sugaring was exceedingly productive, the moths in this month simply appearing by the hundred every night. On the evening of July 17th, at a small stretch of sugared palings at Ingleby Greenhow, there were no less than 500 moths. The Large Yellow Underwing (7. pronuba) was represented by 273 in- dividuals in fine condition. Several common species are only noted in the following list, on account of occurrence in localities in which they have not hitherto been recorded in our Proceedings. Diurni. Pieris brassice.—Ingleby Greenhow, May 9th and August 12th (F. Elgee). Pieris rape.—Ingleby Greenhow, April 21st, October 17th (F. Elgee),. Pieris napt.—Ingleby Greenhow, May 5th (F. Elgee). 128 Euchloe cardamines.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th and 8th. Late dates for this butterfly (F. Elgee). Vanessa urtice.—Ingleby Greenhow, May 6th. (F. Elgee). , atalanta.—Ingleby Greenhow, July llth. (F. Elgee.) This butterfly was common in the district during the autumn, several occurring in the garden at Linthorpe. Epinephele janira.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 8th (F. Elgee). *Epinephele hyperanthus.—Kilton Woods, several on July 15th (W. Sachse). Ceenonympha pamphiius.—Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee). Polyommatus phloeas.—Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee). Lycena icarus.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th (Elgee). Nisoniades tages.—Hilton, June 10th (Sachse). Nocturni. Acherontia atropos.—A full-grown larva was brought to me that had been taken off potatoes in a garden near Thornaby on August 25th. It pupated on August 27th, and the imago appeared on November 19th, the pupa having been kept in a warm place and frequently damped. The moth when touched gave off a clear clicking sound. Smerinthus populi.—Ingleby Greenhow. Bred May 20th (F. Elgee). Macroglossa stellatarum.—This species occurred abundantly all over the country during the summer of this year. My noies of its occurrence in this district are—June 4th, Thornaby, single specimen; June 10th, three or four on moors near Great Ayton ; July 21st, August 23rd and September 1st, single specimens hovering over flowers in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Mr. J. M. Meek informed me that two or three had been noticed at Redcar. Arctia caia.—Larve at Ingleby Greenhow, May 28th. Spilosoma lubricipeda.—Middlesbrough, bred (W. Sachse). Spilosoma menthastri.—Middlesbrough, bred (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, May 11th (F. Elgee). 129 Hepialus humuli.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 5th (F. Elgee). * Hepialus sylvanus.—Several taken in garden at Linthorpe, resting on netting at end of tennis lawn, after dusk, during the month of August. Hepialus velleda.—Took two females in Kilton Woods on July Ist. One laid a number of ova which were white when laid, but turned quite black within twenty-four hours. Ingleby Greenhow, July 7th (F. Elgee). Hepialus hectus. —Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse). Orgyia antiqua.—Numbers of larve near Eston Grange, August 16tb. First bred September 2nd (F. Elgee). * Pecilocampa popult.—Specimen (female) bred from cocoon found in Kilton Woods (W. Sachse). Eriogaster lanestris—At Ingleby Greenhow, on July 4th, twelve nests of larve were found on hawthorn and sloe (F. Elgee). Bombyx quercus.—Ingleby Greenhow. Bred June 15th « (F. Elgee). Saturnia pavonia.—Ingleby Greenhow. Bred May 25th. Larve noticed on moors on July 11th (F. Elgee). * Dicranura furcula.—Larva in Middlesbrough Park, on August 16th (F. Elgee). Dicranura vinula.—May 21st. Bred from 1897 larve. Larve noticed at Ingleby Greenhow on July 18th (F. Elgee). Lophopteryx camelina.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). * Notodonta dictceoides.—A pair taken at Ingleby Greenhow on May 22nd ; female laid about 100 eggs, which hatched on June 4th (F. Elgee). Phalera bucephala.—Kilton Woods, bred March (W. Sachse). Noctuze.—* Thyatira derasa.—Two specimens taken at sugar in Kilton Woods on July 1st (W. Sachse). * Cymatophora duplaris—A good specimen beaten out of woods near Great Ayton, on July 14th. Bryophila perla.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). 130 Acronycta psi.—Ingleby Greenhow, June 19th and July 8th (F. Elgee). Acronycta rumicis.—dune 20th, July 10th (F. Elgee). Leucanéa conigera.—Ingleby Greenhow, at sugar, July 24th (F. Elgee). Leucania lithargyria.—Middlesbrough, July 13th. (W. Sachse) Leucania comma.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 1st (I. Elgee). Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse). Leucania pallens.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, July 11th, at sugar, both the type and a reddish variety (F. Elgee). Xylophasia rurea.—Middlesbrough, June 16th, Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Xylophasia monoglypha.—Type and variety infuscata, at sugar, Ingleby Greenhow, July 8rd (F. Elgee). Kilton Woods (W. Sachse). Xylophasia lithoxylea.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Xylophasia hepatica.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Cerigo matura.—Specimens of this moth occurred at sugar (mostly in moderate condition) in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on July 25th, 28th and August Ist, 2nd, 4th and 9th. Mamestra abjecta.—Single specimens of this rare moth taken at sugar, in garden at Linthorpe, on July 28th and August 8th. * Mamestra sordida.—Single specimens on sugar in garden at Linthorpe, on June 21st and July 138th. Mamestra brassice.—Kilton Woods (Sachse). Ingleby Green-— how (F. Elgee). Apamea basilinea.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 16th (Elgee). Apamea gemina.—Kilton Woods, at sugar, July 1st(W. Sachse) Ingleby Greenhow (Elgee). 131 Apamea unanimis.—Kilton Woods, at sugar, July lst (W. Sachse). Apamea didyma.—Ingleby Greenhow, at sugar, July 26th (F. Elgee). Miana strigilis—Middlesbrough, June 20th (F. Elgee). var. Aithiops at Kilton Woods, July Ist (W. Sachse). I find the commonest form in this district to be blackish brown, more black than brown, but not intense black. This I take to be the type form. The completely black form var. Asthiops is also taken sparingly, whilst the light form var. preeduncula (broadly white at hind margin) is rare. I took two specimens at sugar this year in garden, Middles- brough, on June 27th, and I also have eae taken some years since at Middlesbrough. Miana fasciuncula.—Kilton Woods, July 1st. (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 19th (Elgee). Miana arcuosa.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). *Grammesia trigrammica.—Single specimen, at sugar in garden, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on June 27th. Caradrina morpheus.—At sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on July 3rd and August 3rd. Caradrina quadripunctata.—Kilton Woods, July Ist. (W. Sachse) Middlesbrough, June 16th, and Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Rusina tenebrosa.—At sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on June 26th and July 10th. Kilton Woods, July Ist. (W. Sachse). Agrotis segetum.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (very dark forms) (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 5th. Ingleby Green- how (F. Elgee). Agrotis exclamationis.—-Kilton Woods, July 1st (some nearly black) (W. Sachse). Middlesbrough, June 15th. Ingleby Greenhow, July 1st (Elgee). Agrotis strigula.—Kilton Woods, July Ist, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, on heaths (F. Elgee). Noctu augur.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). 132 Noctua plecta.—Kilton Woods, July 1st, at sugar (W. Sachse), Middlesbrough, June 17th, Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd, at sugar (F. Elgee). *Noctua stigmatica (Rhombotdea).—Ingleby Greenhow, July 30th, at sugar (F. Elgee). This record is interesting seeing that the insect is not included in the Durham and Northumberland list, and that there are only two localities given for it in Porritt’s Yorkshire List. Noctua brunnea.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Noctua jestiva.—Kilton Woods, July 1st (very striking forms) at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Noctua umbrosa.—Occurred at sugar in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on August 2nd, and throughout the month in good numbers. I never noticed it commonly here before. Noctua baja.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Noctua xanthographa.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Triphena comes.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Triphena pronuba.—Kilton Woods, July Ist (very dark forms) (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Mania typica.—At sugar, Ingleby Greenhow, July 10th (F. Elgee). Mania maura—At sugar, Ingleby Greenhow, July 10th (F. Elgee). Teniocampa gothica.—Middlesbrough, bred February (W Sachse), Ingleby Greenhow, April 20th (F. Elgee). Taniocamp1 incerta.—Middlesbrough, bred February (W. Sachse). Teniocampa satbifis—Ingleby Greenhow, March 18th (F. Scopelosoma satellitia.—A female taken at sugar in garden at Linthorpe, on April 24th, laid a quantity of ova on April 27-8, which hatched out on May 19th, and first specimens were bred from same on August 31st. 133 Xanthia circellaris.—Middlesbrough, bred March (Sachse). Larve at Linthorpe, June 7th; first bred from same August 10th (F. Elgee). Polia chi.—Occurred at sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on August 18th, etc. Polia chi, var. olivacea.—Two specimens of this variety taken at sugar, at Linthorpe, on August 25th. Aporophyla lutulenta.—This insect was recorded for the first time for this district by Mr. Sachse in the 1898 Proceedings, but seeing that only one locality is given for it in Mr. Porritt’s Yorkshire list, I think it is worth while to record tie specimens taken this season. The first specimen occurred at sugar in garden, at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on August 28th; further ones occurred on August 81st, September Ist, female, 4th, 5th (2), and 13th, September 4th, one (Sachse). *Euplexia lucipara.—Ingleby Greenhow, at rest on wall, on July 3rd, also at sugar, on July 4th (F. Elgee). Phlogophora meticulosa.—Kilton Woods, July 1st, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, July 8rd (F. Elgee). Aplecta prasina.—Kilton Woods, July 15th. A female taken which laid ova. These hatched out in due course, and I reared the larvee indoors, and forced them on as much as possible with the intention of preventing their going into hybernation. When food became scarce in December I fed them on slices of apple, with the result that they all had pupated by the end of the year (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow, dark form, July 3rd (I. Elgee). Aplecta nebulosa —Kilton Woods, July 15th. A female taken which laid ova, which, when hatched out, were treated same as previous species, but they took less kindly to the process, fed up much slower, and I only obtained six pupe (W. Sachse). *Hadena glauca,—Occurred at Eston Hills on May 30th and June 6th, and also at Great Ayton on June 3rd and 10th. Females, taken on the 3rd and 6th, laid large quantity of ova. Ova laid on the 8th hatched out on the 17th June. The larve from these and other batches, amounting to 200 or 300 in all, fed up very rapidly, but when full fed they seemed to take some disease, and all 134 died off but two or three. I tried changing their quarters, food, etc., but all to no purpose. I may say that the weather about the time was very hot, and that may have had something to do with it. Two batches of ova were found laid on sprigs of heather, on Eston Hills on June 6th. Hadena dentina.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Linthorpe, at sugar, on June 21st. Hadena oleracea.—Kilton Woods, July Ist, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Hadena pisi,—Middlesbrough, bred (W. Sachse). Hadena thalassina.—Kilton Woods, July Ist, at sugar (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Calocampa vetusta.—Hybernated female taken at Middlesbro’ on June 11th, which laid about 100 ova, which towards the end of August produced about 40 splendid insects (W. Sachse). Calocampa exoleta.—Middlesbrough, at sugar, April 27th (F. Elgee). Gonoptera libutrix —Single specimens, in good condition, taken at sugar in garden at Linthorpe on June 12th and 20th. Noted on account of date. This moth was again taken on September 12th. Habrostola tripartita.—Taken at Valerian flowers in garden, Middlesbrough, on July 19th. Plusia gamma.—Iugleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). *Plusia interrogationis.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Took two specimens off walls on moors near Great Ayton on July 22nd. Although this moth has not been previously recorded in our Proceedings, I have taken odd specimens. of it in previous years at Great Ayton and Eston Hills. Anarta myrtilli._-Ingleby Greenhow, July 10th (IF. Elgee). Phytometra viridaria.—Occurred commonly near heaths at Great Ayton on June 3rd, 10th and 17th, dashing about in the sun. Zanclognatha grisealis—Kilton Woods, July 1st (W. Sachse), 135 Hypena proboscidalis.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 13th (F. Elgee). Geometre. Uropteryx sambucaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Rumia luteolata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Metrocampa margaritaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). “Eurymene dolobraria.—Single specimen taken off fir tree trunk near Kildale in June. Odontopera bidentata.—Ingleby Greenhow, bred May 15th (F. Elgee). Crocalis elinguaria.—Ingleby Greenhow, larve, May 6th (F. Elgee). Amphidasys betularia—Type specimen bred from Doubée- dayaria female, taken at Kilton last year. Took a Doubledayaria variety on June 17th, near Great Ayton (male), just emerging, at 2 p m., from chrysalis at foot of oak tree. As far as I remember this is the only Black var. I have taken in this neighbourhood (Ayton), although I have occasionally taken the type. Boarmia repandata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). *Asthena sylvata.— Taken in Kilton Woods on July Ist. Asthena blomert.—Taken in Kilton Woods on July Ist (W. Sachse). Acidalia fumata.—Taken in Kilton Woods on July Ist (W. Sachse). Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Acidalia aversata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Cabera pusaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Halia vauaria.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 23rd (F. Elgee). Strenia clathrata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 2nd (F. Elgee). *Panagra petraria.—Occurred commonly among bracken fern near Great Ayton, on June 8rd and 10th ; also noticed on Eston Hills on May 26th, and June 6th, and at Battersby on June 17th. *Scodiona belgiaria.—Great Ayton, July. 136 Ematurga atomaria.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee) ; bred in January by forcing, from Great Ayton ova (W. Sachse). Abraxas grossulariata.—Ingleby Greenhow ; larve on May 6th (Elgee). Abraxas sylvata.—Hilton on June 10th (W. Sachse). Lomaspilis marginata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 18th (F. Elgee). Hybernia marginaria.— Near Middlesbrough Park, April 22nd (F. Elgee). Cheimatobia brumata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F Elgee). Larentia didymata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Larentia cesiata.—Ingleby Greenhow, among bracken, July 3rd (F. Elgee). *Larentia salicata.—Taken near Battersby on June 24th. Larentia viridaria.— Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th (F. Elgee). Emmelesia alchemillata.—Bred on July 1st from pupe got at Kilton. Emmelesia albulata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). *Emmelesia decolorata.—Taken at Acklam on June 19th, and in garden at Linthorpe on June 20th. Eupithecia castigata.—A few specimens noticed near Easby- in-Cleveland. *Eupithecia minutata.—Taken in fir wood near Great Ayton on July 22nd. Melanthia bicolorata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Melanthia ocellata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd (F. Elgee), Melanippe scciata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd (F. Elgee). Me/lanippe montanata,—Ingleby Greenhow, July 3rd (F. Elgee). Camptogramma bilineata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 4th (F. Elgee). Cidaria miata.—Eston Hills, April 3rd (F. Elgee). Cidaria truncata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). 137 Cidaria prunata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 24th (F. Elgee). Cidaria fulvata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 21st (F. Elgee) Eubolia limitata.—Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Tanagra atrata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 2nd (F. Elgee). *Scoparia angustea.—Taken at sugar in garden at Linthorpe on September 12th. *“Phycis fusca.—Several specimens noticed on moors near Great Ayton on June 16th and July 22nd. *Grapholitha penkleriana.—Taken near Ingleby on occasion of Yorkshire Naturalists’ visit on August 7th. *Grapholitha geminana.— Taken at Ingleby on occasion of Yorkshire Naturalists’ visit on August 7th. *Semasia rufillana.—Taken near Carlton-in-Cleveland, on on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th. “Cerostoma costella.—Taken near Carlton in-Cleveland, on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th. “Argyresthia curvellaa—Taken near Carlton-in-Cleveland, on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th. “Areyresthia gedartella.—Taken near Carlton-in-Cleveland, on occasion of Y.N.U. visit on August 5th. 1900. Into the following notes on Lepidoptera noticed in Cleveland during 1900, lists supplied by Messrs. W. Sachse and Frank Elgee have been incorporated. Mr. Sachse appends note as follows :—‘‘ The extremely bad weather prevented me from doing more than a very little out- side work in the late autumn.” Mr. Frank Elgee reports that he took, during the season, 199 species, many new to our list, and some rather uncommon, the principal of which are noted below. Diurni *Colias edusa.—The Clouded Yellow. “ This uncommon butterfly was caught by Mr. A. G. Withing- ton, of Great Ayton, between that place and Guisborough. 138 on August 16th. It was a male in perfect condition. Mr. C. Milburn, of our Ornithological section, states that he saw one on September 11th, in Grange Road, but failed to secure it. The same happened when I also saw one in a clover field, at Linthorpe, on the 12th. Another was obtained at Redcar, about the same time, by a collector residing there.” (IF. Elgee). * Argynnis selene.—Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. A single worn specimen taken near Ingleby Greenhow, on July 25th (F. Elgee). *Thecla W-album.—White letter Hair-streak. I took a very battered specimen of this butterfly, in Kilton Woods, on August 11th. Mr. Frank Atkinson obtained a specimen in Friarage Woods, at Yarm, some years since (1890 ? ) *Thecla rubi—Green Hairstreak. Single specimen near Battersby. Nocturni. Acherontia atropos.—Larva, Grangetown. 25th August (F. Elgee). Two larve, 21st September, at Kildale, and pupa, 13th October, Redcar (W. Sachse). Dr. Veitch also had several larve sent from Marton, South Bank and Middlesbrough. *Sphinw ligustrii—Larva, 29th September, at Ingleby Green- how, found feeding on privet (F. Elgee). Macroglossa stellatarum.—Two at valerian flowers in Ingleby Station on August Ist (F. Elgee). Kildale, June 16th, also heard of several specimens being noticed at Glaisdale. Trochilium crabroniformis.—Took several on* poplar trunks, early in the morning, July 10tb, Middlesbrough (F. Elgee). "Ino statices.—Occurred commonly in June, near Great Ayton, flying in the sun similar to the Burnets. I also have a specimen taken near Cross Keys, Nunthorpe, some years since. *Hylophila prasinana.—-Great Ayton, June 9th (W. Sachse). Pecilocampa populi.—Larva, Thornaby, 15th June (F. Elgee), Several noticed at gas lamps at Yarm-on-Tees, on Novem- ber 23rd, and two caught (F. Atkinson). 139 Eriogaster lanestris.—Bred 31st March. Only one emerged out of thirty pupx, the rest remaining over until 1901. Several fine and healthy looking ichneumon flies were also obtained from the same species in June and July (F. Elgee). Pseudo-bombyces.—Dicranura bifida.—Took two larve off a small poplar tree in garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, at end of July. Dicranura vinula.—Female specimen taken at Redcar on May lst. This is an early date for this district. A pair were taken in garden at Linthorpe, on June 17th, and several larve were ncticed on poplars and sallows in garden during July. * Pterostoma palpina,— Larve on tree trunk at Kildale, Ist September (W. Sachse). Notodonta dictwoides.—Bred July 2nd, 17th and 19th, Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). Notodonta dromedarius.— Larve on alder. Eston Nab, Sept. 22nd (W. Sachse). Notodonta xiczac.—Took a specimen off a gate pier at Linthorpe, on the 26th August, in good condition. Phulera bucephala.— Glaisdale, July 7th (W. Sachse). Noctusze. *Acronycta ligustri,—Single specimens taken off sugaring, near Kildale. Leucania conigera.—At sugar, in garden, Linthorpe, Aug. 24th. Nonagria fulva.—On grass stems at night, September 17th Linthorpe (F. Elgee). Neuronia popularis.—One taken at light, .Linthorpe, August 28th ; also occurred at light, Glaisdale, about same time. Chareas graminis.— August 20th, bred (F. Elgee). *Stilbia anomala.—Caught near Ingleby Greenhow, on July 29th and 31st. This moth is scarce in Yorkshire, only one or two records being given in Porritt’s list (F. Elgee). Agrotis vestigialis.—Redear, July 28th, 140 Agrotis saucia.—Middlesbrough, October 8th and November Ist (F. Elgee). Agrotis tritict,—Redcar, August 11th (F. Elgee) Middlesbro’. “Agrotis agathina.—Larve on heather, near Battersby, on May 26th. Two of them fed up, and emerged from pupx on August 17th and 18th. Larve also taken in same locality by F. Elgee. Noctua glareosa.—At sugar, in garden, 'Linthorpe, August 24th. Kensington Road, Middlesbrough, August 24th (F. Elgee). Noctua C-nigrum.—At sugar, Oct. 8th, Middlesbrough, (F. Elgee), probably second brood. Triphena janthina.—Female, taken in Kilton Woods, Sept. 15th, laid ova ; larve now feeding up (end of December), on ivy (W. Sachse) Middlesbrough. *Triphana fimbria.—Ingleby Greenhow Church, July 29th (F. Elgee). Mama maura.—Very abundant at sugar, Glaisdale (F. Atkin- son). July 16th, bred, Middlesbrough Park (¥. Elgee), August 22nd. Sugar, Middlesbrough September 27th, ova (from Glaisdale), hatched and larve now (end of Dec.) feeding upon ivy (W. Sachse). “Panolis piniperda.—A single specimen taken off fir trunk on Eston Hills. *Pachnobia rubricosa.—Common on sallows at Saltburn, April 17th, also occurred at Linthorpe during April. Teniocampa incerta,—A good and variable set emerged during February by forcing (W. Sachse). * Teniocampa gracilis.— Single specimen at sallows at Saltburn, on April 17th. Teniocampa pulvurentula.—At sallows in garden, Linthorpe ; also at Saltburn during April. * Anchocelis lunosa,—At sugar in garden, Linthorpe, on September 4th. “Cerastis vaccinii,—-Two on ivy bloom at Ingleby Greenhow, October 12th (F. Elgee). 141 Scopelosoma satellitia.—Plentiful at Yarm, and a very variable set caught by Mr. Frank Atkinson, at sugar, Middlesbrough, (F. Elgee). Linthorpe, several. * Xanthia citrago.—On lime tree trunk near Ingleby Manor (W. Sachse). Xanthia fulvago.—Bred, Acklam (W. Sachse). Glaisdale. Xanthia fulvago var flavescens.—Bred from catkins, Acklam, Middlesbrough. At sugar (W. Sachse). Glaisdale as common as type (F. Atkinson). Cirrhadia xerampelina.—Took a worn specimen at Acklam during the latter part of August. I also took a specimen some years since at Linthorpe. No doubt it would be taken freely if well looked for, seeing that the ash on which it feeds is such a common tree in the district. Mr. Frank Atkinson took two specimens at Glaisdale. Calymnia trapesina.—Ingleby Greenhow, July (F. Elgee). Polia flavicincta.— Middlesbrough, September 17th (F. Elgee). Linthorpe, September 27th. Aporophyla lutulenta.—At sugar, Kensington Road, Middles- brough, on September 8rd, 8th and 12th. Gunnergate, September 6th (F. Elgee). Took twelve specimens at sugar in garden at Lintborpe, Middlesbrough, during August and September, all males but two. *Cleoceris viminalis.—Larve on sallow, near Great Ayton, on June 4th, which gave both the type and var. obscura, about the middle of July (W. Sachse). Kildale. *Agriopis aprilina.—Taken off oak tree trunk at Ingleby Greenhow, on September 29th (F. Elgee). Aplecta prasina.—During January, a splendid set were bred, reared from ova laid by a female caught in Kilton Woods. By keeping the young larve warm, they fed right on and took very kindly to slices of apple (W. Sachse). *Aplecta occulta.—A few specimens of this fine Noctua occurred in the Cleveland district during this summer. The first specimen taken by me occurred at sugar in the garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on August 28th. I also took a worn female at sugar on the 31st. This laid a quantity of ova, which, unfortunately, proved infertile. 142 Mr. Sachse took a specimen on the 30th of August, also at Middlesbrough. Two specimens were taken off sugar, at Glaisdale, about this time, and other three or four were seen by Mr. Frank Atkinson. Aplecta nebulosa.—Larve of this insect treated same as prasina, but out of about twenty I only obtained four specimens, emerging between end of March and early May. They fed - up much slower than prasina, and in this case did not appear to adapt themselves so well to forcing. *Hadena adusta.—Taken at sugar in June, near Kildale. * Hadena protea.—On oak trunk, near Eston, September 13th, also at Ingleby and Gunnergate during the month (F. Elgee). Mr. Frank Atkinson took an exceedingly dark specimen at Glaisdale during August. I have taken the type at Great Ayton in previous years. *Xylocampa areola.—Larve on honeysuckle in Kilton Woods, June 2nd (W. Sachse). Flabrostola tripartita.—Several larve on nettle, August 4th, Ingleby Greenhow. (F. Elgee). *Plusia festuce.—Specimen taken off valerian flowers, Lin- thorpe, Middlesbrough, at early dusk, on July 20th. Plusia interrogationis—July 24th, several on moors, Ingleby Greenhow (F. Elgee). *“Euclidia mi.—Near Great Ayton, flying in sun over grass fields, on June 4th (F. Elgee). Geometre. Lpione apicaria.—This pretty geometer was taken freely by Mr. F. Atkinson, at Glaisdale, at end of August and early in September; Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, September 17th (F. Elgee). *Venilia macularia.—Plentiful at Great Ayton on June ith (W. Sachse). LEliopia prosapiaria.—Eston Nab, July 28th; a female laid ova which hatched, but the Jarvee would not feed on the fir supplied, and died (W. Sachse). Tephrosia biundularia.—A very good set taken at Great Ayton, on May 24th, including some finely marked ones (F. Elgee). Kilton Woods, June 2nd, light form (Sachse). 143 *Jodis lactearia.—Kilton Woods, June 23rd and 30th (W. Sachse and F. Elgee). Asthena luteata.—Kilton, June 23rd; Glaisdale, July 7th (W. Sachse). Asthena candidata—Kilton, June 23rd (W. Sachse). A single specimen at Great Ayton, on June 9th; also occurred commonly near Kildale during June. Lupisteria obliterata.—Kilton Woods (W. Sachse). *Cabera exanthemata.—Kildale and Middlesbrough. Strenia clathrata.—Occurred near Kildale in June, and near Nunthorpe about 12th July. Abraxas sylvata.—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough and Glaisdale (W. Sachse). Kildale. *Hybernia defoliaria.—Near Park, Middlesbrough, September 12th (F. Elgee). Bred, Kilton Woods, November 8th (W. Sachse). Yarm. Anisopteryx cescularia.—Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, March 20th (F. Elgee). Oporabia dilutata.— Abundant on ivy bloom at Ingleby Green- how, during October (F. Elgee). Pinchingthorpe (W. Sachse). Larentia salicata.—Near Great Ayton. May 20th (F. Elgee). *Eupithecia exiguata.—Great Ayton, June 4th, (F. Elgee) Kildale. *Eupithecia rectangulata.—Ingleby Greenhow, July 28th, (F. Elgee). *Thera juniperata.—Worn specimen taken on tree trunk, at Acklam, near Middlesbrough, October 8th, (F. Elgee). Melanthia ocellata,—Common, Eston, July, (W. Sachse). Melanthia albicitlata.—Plentiful in Kilton Woods, June 28rd, - (W. Sachse). * Anticlea nigrofasciaria.—Great Ayton. *Cidaria silaceata.—Kilton, June 30th (W. Sachse). Glais- dale, July 7th. 144 Cidaria dotata.—Eston Hills (W. Sachse). *“Eubola cervinata.—A very fine specimen of this moth taken at gas lamp, in Yarm Station, about end of September (F. Atkinson). *Chesias spartiata—Numerous among broom bushes near Eston, on October 12th (F. Elgee). *Pyralis farinatis.—Middlesbrough (F. Elgee). *Scopula ferrugalis—A finely marked specimen taken off sugar in garden at Linthorpe, on August 29th. *Tortrix heparana.—Bred July 11th, from larve taken in garden at Linthorpe. *Tortrix costana.—Bred June 28th, from larve taken in garden at Linthorpe. *Tortrix ministrana.—Taken at Kildale on June 9th. *Penthina betuletana.—Taken at Glaisdale on July 7th. Pedisca profundana.—Noticed on heaths, Eston Hills, on August 6th. *Tinea tapetzella,—Taken at Middlesbrough during July. * Adela degeerella.—F¥ lying in sun at Kildale, during June. LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED IN SOUTH DURHAM DURING 1900. ; By W. Sacuse. Lycena astrarche and var, artaxerxes.—Taken near Hart. Larve found near Hartburn, Stockton. Odonestis potatoria. Dicranura bifida.—F¥reshly emerged on poplar trunk at Dins- dale, on June 16th. Ino geryon.—Near Hart Lugonia alniaria (tiliaria).—At street lamp, Darlington, on September 1] th. Anticlea nigrofasciaria.—Near Dinsdale. Cidaria corylata.—Near Dinsdale. Cidaria immanata.—At Stockton and Norton. a i i 145 A NASCENT SPECIES. By W. Sacusz, From the enormous powers of increase possessed by all organisms, and the consequent struggle for existence among them ; further, from the occurrence of great individual variation, combined with the hereditary transmission of such variations, necessarily arises, as Darwin termed it, “ the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.” The ever-changing conditions of life will either be favourable or unfavourable to the existence of living beings, and it is evident that those organic forms whose variations are such as to benefit them more than other forms, will have a much better chance of maintaining themselves. Again, by preserving and accumulating those variations they will become more and more improved, so that their constant improvement must lead to their gradual advance- ment in organisation, and their rapid reproduction. This again must be the cause of displacing individuals, which have not varied to the same extent, by step by step diminishing their numbers and finally exterminating them altogether. For, taking into account the enormous destruction of life, only such organisms will be able to survive as can produce their kind in _ proportionate numbers. Thus large groups of organisms will be formed as long as their modifications tend to bring them into harmony with the conditions of their existence, The continuous action of the struggle for existence, under the ever-changing conditions of the universe, must lead to the development of new species and the extinction of some of the old. Thus the fittest will survive. An illustrative instance of this, although only due to protec- tive colouring, seems to take place at present in the case of the so-called ‘‘ Peppered Moth,” Amphidasys betularia, or rather of its variety Doubledayaria. The type is of a mottled grey, whereas the variety is almost black, whereby it perhaps better escapes its enemies. This black variety appears to be of com- paratively recent origin, since it was first recorded by the late Mr. Doubleday, after whom it is named. Not so very long ago it used to be considered rare, and only few collectors could boast of a specimen, while now it almost appears to be more common than the type. England was formerly the only country where it occurred, but in recent years it has turned up on the Rhine and elsewhere, and bids fair to supersede the type altogether. 146 My first specimen of this interesting variety emerged from a pupa I found some years ago in Kilton Woods, near Loftus, It was an intermediate form of striking appearance, the fore wings being black with a few:white dots near the outer margin, while the hind wings are beautifully washed with silvery white near the costa, the white part having a narrow black band, which is continued in white on the black part. It is a male, and although I have bred many others since, I have not succeeded in getting anything like it, either by the application of heat or by crossings. Some three years ago I again visited Kilton Woods in company with Mr. T. Ashton Lofthouse, of Middlesbrough, who then took a black crippled female sitting on a tree trunk, which afterwards laid a large quantity of fertile ova, half of which Mr. Lofthouse kindly gave to me. These duly hatched and produced splendid larve in all tints of protective colouring, from green to brown, according to the plants I fed them on, and I had thus an oppor- tunity of verifying Mr. Poulton’s experiments upon these larve. They all fed up and pupated in the autumn. The next spring I forced the pupa out by heat slightly before their time, and they gave a good assortment of black and mottled grey imagines, the black, however, preponderating considerably, but, with the excep- tion of one or two, there were no intermediate forms as described above. I allowed the bulk of them to copulate as they emerged, which the black forms did immediately, and I thus conclude that this variety is the most vital. The grey males were the most sluggish, and from their pairings I only obtained very few fertile eggs ; in fact to induce copulation at all I had to put several males to a female, and a great many grey males declined the invitation altogether. It is, however, possible that the fact of their being forced out before their time may have been the cause of this, as the development of the genital apparatus in that case does not appear to keep pace with the rest of the body, although this should have equally applied to the black varieties. However, I was fortunate enough to obtain all possible combinations, viz. :— Black in copulation with black. Black in copulation with grey, Grey in copulation with black. Grey in copulation with Grey. The black females laid the greatest number of ova. All eggs, however, hatched, and I kept all kinds separate with a view to ascertain the result of these crossings, but unfortunately the small number of larve from the grey varieties, and their ee ee 147 evidently impaired vitality, proved a serious obstacle, and I only got the black varieties as far as the pupal state. I hope, however, to continue my experiments at some future time with more success. I have observed that the progeny of black males and black females still have an atavistic tendency, but that the atavistic forms do not seem to possess an equally high degree of vitality, in fact they frequently refuse to reproduce their kind. The grey forms are therefore liable to be exterminated in course of time, and the great increase of black forms, within a com- paratively short period, seems to indicate the way in which new species are formed. A similar example appears to be afforded by another moth, MJcana strigilis, with variety Acthiops, the latter being almost black, and which at least in this district comes to sugar in shoals, while the type is only seen in single specimens and is almost rare. REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND. By M. Lawson THompson. 1899. In this Report it will be found that a number of additions have been made in 1899 to the list of Beetles at present known to inhabit Cleveland. Notes on the range of other and better known species are included, making up the full record of work during the year in this order of insects,* CoLEOPTERA. Carabus catenulatus, Scop.—On Castleton Moors in September. Carabus nitens, L.—On Stanghow Moor in May. Bradycellus cognatus, Gyll.—Common on the Moors at Castleton in September. Calathus flavipes. Foure.—On the Moors at Castleton in September. * I have followed the arrangement and nomenclature contained in Sharp and Fowler’s Catalogue of British Coleoptera (1893). 148 Bembidium rufescens, Grier.—By the stream in Salt- burn Wood. Bembidium femoratum, Sturm.—On the coast at Saltburn in May. Dromius meridionalis, Dej.—At Middlesbrough in March. Cercyon quisquilius, L.—On the sea banks at Saltburn, by sweeping. Oxypoda nigrina, Wat.—At the foot of the sea banks in April. Tachyporus brunneus, F.—Saltburn Wood in July. Megacronus analis, F.—Saltburn in April. Philorhinum sordidum, Strph.—On whin near Saltburn in June. Tychus niger, Payk.—Common at Saltburn by evening sweeping in June. Bryaxis fossulata, Reich.—Common at Saltburn by evening sweeping in June. Neuraphes elongatulus, Miill.—One specimen at Salt- burn by evening sweeping in July. Neuraphes angulatus, Miill—On the sea banks at Saltburn. One specimen by sweeping in July. Necrophorus mortuorum, F.—Saltburn Wood, in a dead rat (June). Necrophorus vespillo, L.—Saltburn, in dead fish (June). Necrodes littoralis, L._—On Stanghow Moor in a dead sheep (June). Hister succicola, Thoms.—Saltburn, in decaying fish (June). Saprinus nitidvlus, Payn—On Stanghow Moor in dead sheep, and at Saltburn in dead fish (June). Coccidula rufa, Herbst.—At Castleton in September. Epurea deleta, Er.—Saltburn, by sweeping in July. eee eee = 2. 149 Rhizophagus perforatus, Er —In Saltburn Wood by sweeping. One specimen, in July. Corticaria fulva, Com.—Common, in a house at Middles- brough (April). Cryptophagus cellaris, Scop.—In a house at Middles- brough (March). Byrrhus fasciatus. —On Stanghow Moor, under a stone. One specimen in May. Aphodius contaminatus, Herbst.—Common, in dung on Castleton Moors in September. Geotrupes stercorarius, L.—On Stanghow Moor in dead sheep (June). Dascillus cervinus, L.—Saltburn, on herbage in July. Microcara livida, F.—Saltburn, on herbage in damp places (July) Rhagium bifasciatum, F.—In Kilton Wood, in June (W. Sachse). Strangalia armata, Herbst.—In Kilton Wood in July (W. Sachse). Hedobia imperialis, L.—Saltburn (in July). Sermyla halensis. L.—Castleton in September. Longitarsus pusillus, Gyll.—At Castleton, on the edge of the Moor (September). Haltica ericeti, All.—On the Moors at Castleton in September. Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.—At Castleton in Sep- tember. Psylliodes marcida, I1l.—On the coast at Saltburn, on Cakile maritiwa in July. Rhinosimus ruficollis, L.—At Middlesbrough in March, Apion nigritarse, Kirby.—Saltburn in June. Apion onopordi, Kirby.—Castleton in September. 150 Strophosomus lateralis, Payk.—On the Moors at Castleton in September. Strophosomus retusus, Marsh.—Castleton, on the edge of the Moor, by evening sweeping (September). Sitones lineatus, L.—Middlesbrough (March). P Uae flavicornis, Clairv.—Saltburn, by sweeping uly). Anoplus plantaris, Naz.—On young birches near Salt- burn in June. Gymnetron labilis, Herbst.—At Saltburn in June. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L.—A pair were taken at Hilton in June (W. Sachse). Czliodes quadrimaculatus, L.—Castleton in September. Scolytus destructor, O01.—At Middlesbrough. The Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., possesses a small collection of beetles, taken on various occasions, at Ingleby Greenhow, and in the immediate neighbourhood. He has kindly allowed me to examine these insects and draw up the following list of them for this report. Cychrus rostratus, L. Carabus catenulatus, Scop. Notiophilus palustris, Dupt. aS biguttatus, F. Nebria brevicollis, F. 5, Gyllenhali, Sep. Loricera pilicornis, F. Clivina fossor, L. Pterostichus madidus, F. Pterostichus vulgaris, L. Pterostichus niger, Sch. Pterostichus striola, F. Calathus melanocephalus, L. Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. Bembidium littorale, Ob. “ nitidulum, Marsh Haliplus flavicollis, St. Platambus maculatus, L. Quedius molochinus, Grav. Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. Staphylinus erythropterus, L. Necrophorus mortuorum, F. Silpha nigrita, Cr. Coccinella 10-punctata, L. Halyzia 14-guttata, L. Adalia bipunctata, L. Triplex znea, Sch. Byturus tomentosus, F. Attagenus pellio L. Elmis volkmari, Pan. Aphodius fossor, L. Aphodius fimetarius, L. Geotrupes stercorarius, L. Hedobia imperialis, L. Anobium domesticum, Fou. Rhagium bifasciatum, F. Chrysomela staphylea, L. Chrysomela polita, L. Hydrothassa marginella, L. Rhinosimus ruficollis, L. Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. Otiorrhynchus picipes, F. Otiorrhynchus rugifrons, Gyll. Strophosomus lateralis, Payk. Phyllobius urtice, De G. Barynotus elevatus, Mar. Hylobius abietis, L. Cionus scrophularie, L. 151 On the occasion of the Excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union to the Cleveland District early in August for the investi- gation of Carlton-in-Cleveland, I met with a large number of Coleoptera, considering the time of year. In the list of these beetles, given below, 77zchopteryx grandicollis is the most interest- ing insect. Two specimens were taken in the dung of sheep, on Carlton Bank. Helophorus brevipalpis, Bedel. Byturus tomentosus, F. Cercyon hemorrhoidalis, H. Dolopius marginatus, L. Homalota sordida, Marsh. Helodes minuta, L. Tachyporus obtusus, L. Malthodes marginatus, Latr. Tachinus rufipes, L. Cis boleti, Scop. 5 marginellus, F. Longitarsus luridus, Scop. Bolitobius trinotatus, Er. Crepidodera transversa, M. Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. 38 ferruginea, Scop. Stenus similis, Herbst. Plectroscelis concinna, M. »» nitidiusculus, Steph. Deporaiis betula, L. Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. Apion apricans, Herbst. - sculpturatus, Grav. dichroum, Bedel. - tetracarinatus, Block, », nigritarse, Kirby. Anthophagus testaceus, Grav. 5, violaceum, Kirby. Adalia obliterata, L. s» humile, Germ. Anatis ocellata, L. » ervi, Kirby. Coccinella 7-punctata, L. 5, virens, Herbst. + 10-punctata, L. Polydrusus pterygomalis, Boh. Halyzia 14-guttata, L. Phyllobius calcaratus, F. ce 22-punctata, L. ao argentatus, L. Trichopteryx grandicollis, Mann. 5 viridieris, Laich. Brachypterus pubescens, Er. Sitones puncticollis, St. or urtice, F. Orchestes rusci, Her. Meligethes zneus, F. Anoplus plantaris, N. Enicmus minutus, L. Coeliodes 4-maculatus, L. 1900. The following Report on Beetles is, with slight exception, from observations made during 1900. COLEOPTERA. Oxypoda lentula, Er.—Saltburn, at the edge of a pond, (July, 1898). Gyrophena affinis, Mann.—In a bunch of small fungi on a post at Saltburn (July). Agaricochara levicollis, Er.—In boleti at Saltburn. One specimen in 1898. Homalium concinnum, Marsh.—In a dead bird on the shore at Saltburn (September’. _ Bythinus curtisi, Denny.—By evening sweeping in a valley at Saltburn (June). 152 Anisotoma parvula, Sahlb.—By sweeping in Saltburn Wood. One specimen in July. Choleva longula, Kell.—Saltburn Wood, in a large fungus cast on a path (August). Chilocorus bipustulatus, IJl.—By sweeping in a valley at Saltburn (June). Meligethes brunnicornis, Sturm.—By sweeping at Saltburn. Cryptophagus affinis, Sturm.—By sweeping at Saltburn. Melolontha vulgaris, F.—Kildale in June (W. Sachse), also occurs at Saltburn. Throscus dermestoides, L.—Common, in Saltburn Wood, by sweeping herbage. Lampyris noctiluca, L.—This species, the Glow-worm, was found at Danby, Battersby and Great Ayton. Clytus arietis, L.—At Saltburn in June. Grammoptera ruficornis, F.— On whitethorn in Saltburn Wood (Common). Bruchus rufimanus, Boh.—At Thornaby-on-Tees, in beans from Egypt, common. Hydrothassa marginella, L.—By sweeping in marshy places at Saltburn. Crepidodera rufipes, L —Runswick (Cleveland Natura- lists’ Field Club Excursion in May). Crepidodera aurata, Marsh.—At Saltburn, on sallows (June). Salpingus castaneus, Panz.—By sweeping under fir trees at Saltburn (July). Nacerdes melanura, Schmidt.—On the wharf at Thornaby-on-Tees (July). Meloe proscarabzeus, L—Common, in a meadow at Saltburn in April, also at Kildale (W. Sachse). Sitones suturalis, Steph —By sweeping at Saltburn. Cionus scrophulariz, L.—Common, on Scrophularia at Saltburn. Acalles roboris, Curt.—By beating oak in Saltburn Wood. One specimen at the end of August. Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, M. (sulcicollis, Gyll). Common, on Crucifere at Saltburn. we ia elie — one 153 Rhinoneus pericarpius, L.—On Polygonum in Saltburn Wood. Phytobius quadrituberculatus, F.—Saltburn Wood, by sweeping on the border of the stream. One specimen in July. When the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visited the district for the investigation of Mulgrave Woods, near Whitby, on September 15th, 1900, I met with the following beetles in that locality :— Leistus rufescens, F Enicmus minutus, L Leistus fulvibarbis, Dej Cryptophagus affinis, Sturm Dromius linearis, Ol Atomaria fuscipes, Gyll Homalota depressa, Gyll Atomaria atricapilla Steyh Conosoma lividum, Er Chrysomela polita, L ; Bolitobius exoletus, Er Chrysomela didymata, Scriba Tachyporus pusillus, Grav Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh Xantholinus linearis, Ol Rhinosimus planirostris, F Stenus impressus, Germ Apion loti, Kirby Stenus similis, Her Apion pallipes, Kirby Oxytelus tetracarinatu, Block Otiorrhynchus picipes, F Proteinus brachypterus, F Sciaphilus muricatus, F Megarthrus denticollis, Beck Sitones lineatus, L Coccinella 10-punctata, L Sitones hispidulus, F Rhizobius litura, F Hypera nigrirostris, F Micropeplus staphylinoides, Mar §Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv Coninomus nodifer, Westw Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk Mr. O. C. Hudson, of Middlesbrough, has collected beetles in various parts of Cleveland, and kindly furnished me with the following list of species (with the locality) met with during this year :— Notiophilus aquaticus, L es Ee Eston Leistus rufescens, F ae Middlesbrough Clivina fossor, L ae a8 a Stainton Stomis pumicatus, Panz... a ae Stainton Pterostichus vulgaris, L wes 490 Middlesbrough Pterostichus vitreus, Dej Ee ste Ingleby Greenhow Amara bifrons, Gyll__... ay se Middlesbrough Agabus nebulosus, Forst fee ae Middlesbrough Leistotrophus nebulosus, F as Middlesbrough Silpha thoracica, L a7 es md Kildale Silpha rugosa, L Se ae ce Kildale Anatis ocellata, L _ Ae Ao Kaldale Mycetophagus quadri pustulatus, L oe Middlesbrough Byrrhus pilula, L we x6 we Middlesbrough Geotrupes sylvaticus, Panz a ay Kildale Melanotus rufipes, Her ... ae a Eston Corymbites pectinicornis, L ah ia Carlton Corymbites cupreus, F - ae Carlton Corymbites holosericeus, F os sor Carlton Cassida viridis, F ae oe = Stainton Lagria hirta, L ... = ach oe Redcar Polydrusus micans, F_... a se Ingleby Greenhow Barynotus elevatus, Marsh ss re Middlesbrough Hypera punctata, F_... oe 2 Eston 154 THE RAINFALL OF CLEVELAND. By Rev. Joun Hawett, M.A., F.G.S. Since the beginning of 1884 I have kept a daily record of the Rainfall in the Vicarage Garden at Ingleby, and I herewith give the totals for the various years, and for comparison the amounts registered in the Albert Park, Middlesbrough, as kindly furnished by Mr. Amos Hinton. InqLEeBy GREENHOW. MIDDLESBROUGH. DIFFERENCE. 1884 26:95 inches 17°16 inches 9:79 inches 1885 33°54 ,, D129. 1235. 1886 39°64 _,, 24:44 ,, 15°20 ,, 18sTr 29°74 ;; 20°74; 9°03. §;, 1888 28°55 ,, 21:00. CBB 1889 30°55 ,, 23°06 ,, 40058 1890 30°61 ,, 25°42 ,, 5 here 189-3518 —; 24°32 ,, S56. 2 1892 30-48 ,, 28:97 ,, Dah 1898 27°38 ,, 19:29) 3 8:09) a, 1894 28°61 ,, 24°66 ,, JIS 5 1895 32°64 ,, PA Ae ie S20) ,, 1896 32-95 ,, 2415 ,, 8-78, 1897 28°82 ;, 25°26 ,, SSHG ay 1898 27:31 ,, I9-Sh-~,, TBO ts, 1899 "S108 -,, 28°40 ,, 2°68. 1900 38-02 _,, 33°33 __s,, 4:69 .,, Totals 530:03 ,, A101 11932: Averages 31:18 ,, 24:16 ,, TOR It would be interesting in a future number of our Proceedings to discuss more at Jength the Rainfall of Cleveland as a whole, bringing together all available observations from every part of the District. The fall at Ingleby Manor, half a mile nearer to the hills than the Vicarage, is regularly Jess than the amount registered at the Vicarage, while the fall at Easby Hall is less. At the time of his lamented death I was in correspondence with the late Mr. G. J. Symons with a view to the establishment of a gauge in the vicinity of Botton Head—the highest point of Eastern Yorkshire. ———— 155 CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB. SECRETARY’S REPORT, 1899-1900. It is with pleasure that I have to report that the past season has been one of uninterrupted progress, and its work in every way has exceeded what has been done in previous years as far as I am aware. The membership of the Club has been greatly added to since the last Annual Meeting, when it stood at 62. During the past season 28 new members have been elected, the total membership now standing at 87, after deducting three withdrawals, the nett increase being 26. This is a very satisfactory result on the year’s working, and one for which I think we are in some measure indebted to the interest awakened in Natural History subjects by the excellent course of lectures delivered by Mr. F. W. Keeble in this town. : While congratulating the Club on the large increase of members during the past season, I think the membership is scarcely what it should be in the district which our Society represents. JI think that all persons interested in any depart- ment of Natural History or Archeology throughout Cleveland should join our Society, and if not able to take an active part, they would still get the transactions for their very nominal outlay ; and I am of opinion that there are a good many gentlemen in Middlesbrough and the Cleveland District wh» could very materially assist us by contributing notes of interest that should be recorded in our transactions. The number of excursions on the programme for 1899, exclusive of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, was seven, and on the whole they were much better attended than last season. The first excursion was held on May 8th at Yarm and Worsall, the day being fine but cold, and was attended by some 29 members. The members interested in Archxology visited Yarm Church, where the party were met by the Rev. V. G. Daltry, a member of our Club, who kindly conducted them and explained what there was of interest to be seen in the Church. Owing to the lateness of the season very little of interest was 156 noted in any of the branches of Natural History dependent on the weather for revealing themselves, vegetation generally being in a very backward state. Seven members attended the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursion to Dentdale at Whitsuntide, but the weather, on the whole, was very unfavourable, there being snow on the hills on Whit Monday. The visit will be specially remembered by two of the party who walked from Hawes to Dent, a distance of about fourteen miles, and were accompanied by a drenching rain, which came on just after starting and continued without ceasing until the end. The district visited proved to be very interesting, especially to Geologists. On May 28r7u, the members to the number of 28 visited Pinchingthorpe, where they were met by Mr. A. E. Pease, M.P., who kindly showed the party his excellent collection of African game trophies, etc., and also what, to some of the members, was more of local interest, a young Badger. Later in the afternoon, when accompanying the party towards Hutton, he pointed out some badger earths in the hills opposite his residence [I consider it would be very interesting and very valuable for future Naturalists if we could prevail upon Mr. Pease to contribute a paper to our Proceedings on the introduction and distribution of the Badger in Cleveland, stating whether he considers the Badger to be indigenous or whether it has been wholly introduced into Cleveland during the past few years]. The party, after leaving Mr. Alfred Pease, visited the grounds of Sir Joseph Pease, by permission, and some little work was done by the Geologists. On June 10ru, Hilton and Weary Bank Woods were visited. The party attending this Excursion, which was by brake, numbered 34, including friends. The Club was indebted for permission to visit the above Woods to the Owner of the Estate, who kindly granted permission, through his Agent, Mr. T. G. Fawcett. The ground proved to be very interesting, and I believe some good Botanical work was done. June 247H.—The Excursion was to Staithes, via Grinkle Woods, and was attended by 16 or 17 members. Juty 8ra.—Danby and Fryup Dale were visited, when upwards of 20 members were present. It was a very fine day, but very little work was done of any importance. I know that, as far as the Lepidopterists were concerned, in spite of the very fine day, it proved a perfect blank. whi hh ET 157 Juty 22np.—Excursion from Newport to Billingham, cover- ing ground which will very probably be much altered in the near future, and ground it is important a Society of this kind should work up to get records of species of plants, etc., which, through the introduction of slag, etc., may soon be exterminated. The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union visited Carlton, Stokesley and Ingleby Greenhow district from August 5th to 7th, when several of our members acted as guides. We were represented on the Saturday by seven or eight members, and by about fourteen on the Monday. The Geologists seemed to have the best time, under the guidance of the Rev. J. Hawell, who showed them almost everything of Geological interest in this part of Cleveland. By the Entomological Section, of which there were three to four workers present, very little was done, although the weather was fine. The district is one which has proved disappointing as a collecting ground at this time of the year, appearances not being realised, but one is not able to form a correct opinion of the worth of a district by what may be practically called a flying visit. Aveust 19TH.—This was the most unfavourable day of the season (the past season having been very good on the whole), and the Excursion to Loftus for Hummersea was only attended by four members. This was very unfortunate, as Dr. Veitch had kindly consented to lead a Geological party. It is to be hoped, however, that the members may have the pleasure of his guidance at one of the meetings to be held during the coming summer, when I trust we may be favoured with better weather. Winter Meetines.—During the Winter season a series of meetings were held, as suggested at the last Annual Meeting, and which, I think, have proved to be entirely satisfactory. Four meetings were held in all, the first being on October 21st, when members were invited to bring microscopes and slides, also any objects of interest to Naturalists. Miss Young and Messrs. T. F. Ward, J. W. R. Punch and Hy. Simpson lent microscopes and slides. The following exhibited Natural History objects :—Mr. R. G. Clayton, a Badger taken in the Cleveland District ; F. Elgee, a case of Lepidoptera, collected in the Cleve- land District, including some very interesting specimens; C. Milburn, case of Eggs, principally taken in the Cleveland and South Durham District by himself, including some specially good examples; J. W. R. Punch, a selection of Fossils; and H. Simpson some very interesting living examples of Sea 158 Anemones, etc. The meeting was attended by about 20 members, and the Club is indebted to the above members for kindly providing material for a very interesting Exhibition. It is to be hoped that in future we may have assistance from a good many more of the members at meetings of this description, when members may bring specimens of interest, or that they want identifying, and the members may be of mutual advantage to one another. The second meeting was held on November 18th, when T. H. Nelson, Esq., M.B.O U., of Redcar, delivered an exceed- ingly interesting lecture on the ‘‘ Migration of Birds” illustrated by means of Lantern Views. The Lecture was attended by about thirty members, in spite of the weather being very unpropitious. We were indebted to the Camera Club for the loan of the lantern at this and the subsequent meeting, at both of which Mr. West kindly manipulated it for us. On December 1818, a night of a very wintry character, an interesting paper was given by the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., one of our Vice-Presidents, entitled ‘‘the Collection and Study of Fossils,” of which Mr. Hawell exhibited a few specimens as types. This meeting was attended by upwards of 20 members. The fourth and last meeting, held during the winter season, was on February 3rd, when a lecture was delivered in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Hall, by Mr. F. W. Keeble, M.A., entitled Some MVatural History Studies, illustrated by means of Lantern Views. This meeting, being open to friends, was attended by upwards of 100 members and friends, and in point of numbers proved to be the most successful meeting of the winter session. Mr. Keeble described some of the investiga- tions he had recently made into the life history and habits of the shrimp and other marine creatures, illustrating very clearly the thorough nature of his researches. The whole of the lectures held during the last Winter Session were given voluntarily, and no expense has been incurred out- side the sending out of notices for these, except for gas for lantern, the lantern being very kindly provided by the Cleveland Camera Club, to whom the thanks of the Club are due. Our thanks are also specially due to Mr. Nelson, Rev. J. Hawell, and Mr. F. W. Keeble (who came over from Neweastle purposely, at his own expense), for their great kindness in giving us papers during the past Winter season, and I trust we may have the pleasure of their assistance again at some future day. ® 159 Our thanks are also due to the Lit. and Phil. Council for the loan of the Room, both for these meetings, and for the Committee Meetings and Classes. PRocEEDINGS.—During the past season, a volume of our Proceedings was published, and sent out to the members, which, as far as I know, was a great improvement on anything we have hitherto published, and contained some valuable records of Natural History, and other notes relating to the Cleveland district. Among the principal contributions were Dr. Veitch’s paper entitled ‘ Prehistoric Middlesbrough” and a List of Mollusea contributed by the Rev. J. Hawell. The volume was very favourably reviewed by the Vaturalist. I may say that the photograph which forms the frontispiece was taken by my brother, Mr. A. W. Lofthouse, and that our President (Mr. W. H. Thomas) kindly provided the block free of charge. Our thanks are due to Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., for kindly editing the publication. I have not received any papers for the next Proceedings as yet, but know that there are some in hand, and I have no doubt that with the assistance of the members, and if the expense of publication is not a bar, we may get material together for a volume for this season equal to, if not surpassing, our last effort. This part of the work of the Society is, I consider, one of the most valuable, and I think that we should have much more assistance from the members, (even contributions of small notes being acceptable). This part of the work should not fall altogether on to the Sectional Officers. There are also a good many outside the Society who, if they could be prevailed on to join, could give us great assistance in this branch of our work. - Cuasses.—A suggestion made at the last Annual Meeting was also carried out partly ; that was the forming of Classes in different Natural History subjects. Reply Post Cards were sent out to the whole of the members, and, as a result, it was decided to form classes in Botany and Geology. The Botany Class, which upwards of 30 members joined, was kindly taken by Miss Young, and was very well attended throughout, and proved of use to a good number of the members. Ido not know whether it is the intention of this Section to continue these Classes in the coming Spring. 160 With reference to the Geology class, only two or three meetings, I think, were held, and they were not so well attended as the above. As a result of a discussion at the last Annual Meeting, re the Park Committee being asked to set a portion of the Park apart for cultivating British wild flowers (and labelling them), the Botanical Sectional Committee were appointed a deputation to see the Park Curator and Chairman of the Park Committee, but as far as I know nothing definite resulted. On the recommendation of the members at our Annual Meeting, the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union were invited to hold their Annual Meeting at Middlesbrough, in 1900. This invita- tion I forwarded to Mr Roebuck, the Secretary, and at the Annual Meeting, held at Harrogate, the invitation was accepted. Therefore the next Annual Meeting of the Y N.U. will be held at Middlesbrough, probably during the first week in November next. Arrangements will have to be made for rooms for the Meetings, also an Exhibition, &c. I have received during the past season a copy of the Tran- sactions of the Hull Naturalists’ Field Club. Mr. Keeble also gave us some copies of publications of his, which I believe are in the hands of the President. It is a question what should be done with these contributions, so that they may be available to the members. Another matter is with reference to the Museum. I think, as a Society, we should be in some way connected with this, and be doing something to further the existence of this Insti- tution in Middlesbrough. By working together for the improve- ment of the collection, which in its present position may not be very satisfactory, we may, through our members and the influence of them, cause greater interest to be taken in this Museum, which, in the not far distant future, may lead to a speci+l building being erected for this purpose. 1900-1901. In placing my Report before you for the season just ended, I may say that while a good deal of work has been done by a few of the members, I regret that the advance in the position of the Society has not been such as I anticipated from our previous season’s working. Of course, during the past year, 161 various causes have been in operation which no doubt have somewhat interfered with our work, especially in the Winter session. Summer Meetines.—During the summer months nine Meet- ings were held, these including three which were held in conjunction with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. The attend- ance at cur various excursions was a little below the average attained last year, the threatening weather on four occasions at least, interfering materially with the attendance. The opening excursion of the year was held at Kettleness, on May 5th, in perfect weather, when upwards of 20 members attended. The party walked from Kettleness to Runswick, the Geologists especially having a very good day under the able guidance of one of our Vice-Presidents, Dr. W. Y. Veitch, who will, I trust, be able and willing to act as guide at some of our meetings in the coming season. Work was done in other branches, but nothing of special interest was noticed unless it was that vegetation was very backward owing to the continued prevalence of cold weather. The cuckoo, sedgewarbler, white- throat, and other migrants were noticed by the Ornithologists. A notable feature of interest to many of our members were the unfortunate effects of the landslips that had taken place during the previous winter, the results of which have been to place several of the buildings at Runswick in a very precarious condition. The second meeting, held at Battersby, on May 26th, the weather again being fine, resulted in the best attendance of the season, there being some 30 members present. The district proved interesting, and the members of the various sections did some little work. A notable find by the Botanists was the Green Hellebore, which was in flower at Ingleby. The Geologists did a little hammering near Bilsdale Head, but were hampered owing to lack of time. The Lepidopterists of the party worked round by Gilsey Wood and Turkey Nab, but the afternoon coming in both dull and cold, very little was noticed, the prin- cipal find being a pretty Noctua larva (Noctua agathina) taken on the heather. The next meeting was in connection with the Yorkshire _N.U., at Askham Bog, on Whit-Monday, June 6th, when four or five of our members attended. These meetings are both interesting and useful in that they bring persons together from 162 different parts of the country working in the same subjects, to the mutual benefit of all concerned. The fourth meeting was held on June 9th, at Sexhow, when the party, which, owing to the threatening state of the weather only consisted of seven or eight members, walked from there to Stokesley. The fifth excursion, held on June 23rd, was from Guisborough to Saltburn by the valley. The attendance again suffered, owing to the threatening state of the weather, but the members who took part in this excursion were fortunate in having fair weather until after they reached Saltburn, although it rained in Middles- brough and most other parts of the district during the afternoon. The valley travelled between Guisborough and Saltburn is a very fine one, and proved very interesting, especially to the Botanists present, and would, no doubt, do so to other sections if worked. The Club were indebted to the Earl of Zetland’s Agent, Mr. W. J. Moscrop, for permission to go through the Earl of Zetland’s grounds ez route to Saltburn. On July 7th, the 6th excursion of the season took place from Glaisdale to Egton, when, the day being fine, although cold for the time of the year, some 17 members turned out. The district proved interesting, and would be well worth visiting again, when, the weather being favourable, some good work should be done in a part of Cleveland very little worked by our members. On this occasion a moth was taken that had not hitherto been recorded in our Proceedings. At the Y. N. U. Meeting, held in Arkengarthdale on Bank Holiday, I only heard of two members being present, and this is not to be wondered at, seeing the wretched weather that pre- vailed in the district about that time. On August 25th, the eighth meeting was held, when a party of eight walked from Newport Ferry to Billingham, in spite of the cold and wet weather that prevailed. It was noticed that the new railway and road from Stockton to Haverton Hill were already making great alterations in the locality. A few plants of an interesting character were noticed, and also three or four of the commoner species of Lepidoptera, which can stand anything in the way of weather. It would be well if some of the members, individually or collectively, would work this ground during the Summer months for aquatic and other plants, and also insects and shells (the OL 163 ground being easily accessible from Newport Ferry), and con- tribute the results of their working to our Proceedings. The last excursion was to Sandsend and Mulgrave Woods, in connection with the Y. N. U., when upwards of 12 of our members attended. Winter Meerincs.—Up to date, only two Meetings have been held during the Winter Session, owing to my not being able for various reasons to get the papers from members whom we expected to contribute. Iam sorry that we have not been able to hold more Winter meetings, but it rests entirely with the members as to whether we can continue these or not. There should be no difficulty in arranging for papers from our members, or scientific gentlemen in the district, to carry us through from four to six meetings in the Winter months, and I should be glad to hear from members who would assist. A similar Society at Hull holds 12 meetings in the Winter, at which the papers are contributed almost entirely by members. Of course, Lecturers could be engaged, but to do this would involve raising the present subscriptions very considerably, as at present they are barely sufficient to cover the season’s expenses. The first meeting was held on October 26th, when, at our invitation, the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held their Annual Meeting in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Hall (kindly lent for the occasion by the Council of that Society). In honour of their visit we held a Conversazione and Exhib tion in the evening, when the President of the Y N.U. (Mr. G. T. Porritt) delivered his Presidential Address, the chair being occupied by Colonel Sadler, M.P., who kindly undertook the duty at the invitation of our Society. The attendance, although pretty good, would have been much better if the evening had not turned out to be one of the worst experienced during the year We were indebted for exhibits to the following members, most of whom assisted in the arrangement of them on the evening, Mr. Clayton in particular spending a great deal of time :—Dr. Veitch, Messrs. Milburn (who exhibited a remarkably good selection of local birds’ eggs), R. G Clayton, Frank Elgee, R. Archer, W. Sachse, F. Atkinson, R. Lofthouse, and T. A. Loft- house. One or two non-members of the Society also kindly lent exhibits, among them being Mr. C. Waterfall, of Hull, who exhibited some excellent sheets of Plants, Mr. T. H. Nelson and Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., who lent some very fine photos of marine objects, and the Geological Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, who lent six vols. of photos. 164 A feature of the evening, also, was the display of microscopes and objects, the arranging of which was kindly looked after by Miss Young, and Messrs. Simpson and Jones, who lent micro- scopes, as also did Messrs, J. E. Stead, D. Thomas, T. Brown, J. J. Burton, Dr. Veitch, — Stevens, and others, the Society being specially thankful to many non-members for loan of instru- ments and objects. Mr. Barnes, of Harrogate, also came over specially with a microscope and his very interesting series of slides. Our Society is also very much indebted to one of our members, Mr. 8. Lithgow, who undertook to decorate the Hall, and furnish tables for exhibits, etc., free of cost, and we must congratulate him on the generous and excellent way in which he carried this out. Our Society also arranged for Special Excursions on the Saturday in connection with the Y. N. U. visit, but these were also very much interfered with by the weather. Seven or eight visited Guisborough, where permission had been granted by Sir Bernard Samuelson & Co. to visit the Spawood Ironstone Mines. We were indebted to Mr. Charlton for drawing up the programme for the above, and he also kindly met and conducted the party on arrival. Another party journeyed to Redcar, from whence it was proposed to visit the Tees mouth, but, owing to the state of the weather, this was impossible, and the time was spent in inspecting Mr. T. H. Nelson’s Collection of Birds and Eggs, The only other meeting held during the Winter took place on March 2nd, when an interesting paper was delivered by Mr. W. Sachse, entitled “‘The Care of Insects for the Preservation of their Species,” illustrated by lantern views. The lecture was attended by upwards of twenty members and friends. MempersHip.—The membership of the Club now stands at 80, which includes one Honorary Member—a decrease of seven members as compared with last year. During the year 11 new members have been elected. This is considerably below the number elected in the previous year, which was 28. On the other hand, four members have died and eight resigned, some of them having left the district, and six have been struck off the rolls for non-payment of arrears of subscription. The Death Roll included some very prominent members, among whom were the Rev. Canon Atkinson, well known to all of us as an Author, Archeologist and Naturalist of repute, 165 He was elected an Honorary Member of our Society some years ago in acknowledgment of his service rendered to Natural History, Archeology, etc., by his many publications, and especially so with reference to the Cleveland District. The Club, in its early years, was also, I believe, indebted to him for reading papers and acting as guide at one or two excursions, one of which, I believe, was at Guisborough Abbey. The last occasion on which he was with the Club was on its visit to Kildale in the ‘Spring of 1893, on which occasion the Keeper wished to turn him out of the Woods. Another prominent gentleman and member, Mr. J. G. Swan, J.P., of Upsall Hall, passed away in December of last year. He was greatly interested in Ornithology, and at one time, I believe, made a very good collection of Birds. He was a member of the Free Library Committee, and took a great deal of interest in the formation of the Museum. Dr. R. T. Manson, also deceased, was only a recent addition to our membership, but he was well known in the district as a Geologist of some note, and also as author of “ Zig-Zag Ramblings” in the vicinity of Darlington. He attended our excursions on one or two occasions. The other member who died during the past season was the Rev. V. G. Daltry, Rector of Yarm, a member of four or five years’ standing, although I only remember him being at one meeting. That was at Yarm two years ago, when he kindly conducted our members over the Church. Procrgepines.—No Proceedings have heen published during the past year. Owing to the 1899 papers only being got together late in 1900, it was decided to publish the 1900 papers along with them, and [ ai pleased to say that ample material has been got together to form a volume equal to, if not superior to any we have hitherto published. It is in the hands of our Honorary Editor, the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., and will, I hope, be published before the commencement of the Summer season. I consider that this section of our work is not nearly as well supported by the general body of members as should be the case. It should: not be left to the few to provide material for our publications. Iam quite sure there are a good number of our members who could, if they chose, contribute very much to this portion of the work of our Society. The Cleveland District is a very extensive one, and in it there is room for any number of workers. Contributions need 166 not necessarily be long, as it is always useful to have short notes on anything of interest in Archeology or Natural History. I have only to point to the Transactions issued for some years by such Societies as the Tyneside, the Norfolk and Norwich, &c., to show the value of this work, the back Transactions of these Societies being much valued by Naturalists, especially those interested in the country distribution of species, &e. There are a good many gentlemen who could assist us in this work outside our membership, and it would be well if we could enlist the support and assistance of as many of them as possible. I have no doubt a good many might be enrolled as members of our Society by the influence of those of our members who are personally acquainted with them. Lisrary.—The following Publications have been sent to the Club during the past year:—Parts 22, 23 and 26 of the ‘‘ Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Trans.”, ‘‘ The Naturalist,” Vol. I., No. 1 of the ‘ Weardale Natural History Soc. Trans.”, and Vol. Il, No. III, of the ‘ Hull Naturalists’ Field Club’s Proceedings,” the latter a very excellent number indeed Also a reprint of a Paper contributed to the Yorks. Geological Soc’s Trans by the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., presented by the Author. There is a question as to whatit would be best to do with Publications sent to the Club from time to time, so that they may be accessible and of use to our members, and I think this should have consideration. An idea of mine is that an application be made to the Free Library Committee for permission to place them (on loan) in the Reference Department of the Free Library, and, if permission be obtained, that arrangements be made with Mr. Baker Hudson to let them out to our members, and also, in return for housing, to others who might apply for them. CommitTEE Merrtines.—During the year, eight Committee Meetings were held, with an average attendance of five. The Club are very much indebted to the Council of the Lit. and Phil. Society for p rmission to use rooms for Winter Meetings and Committee. Museum.—At our last Annual Meeting some discussion took place with reference to this, mainly-as to whether the Club could be of any use in furthering the development of this Institution, but it has not yet been found practicable to take any further steps. 167 If the Museum was well housed, I am quite sure that a number of our members would be very willing to make the collection in many of its branches very much better than it is. I only trust that the Memorial, which is proposed to be raised, will take the form of a Museum and Art Gallery, a very suitable site for which, in my opinion, is the vacant land at the Linthorpe Road entrance to the Albert Park. English towns are very much behind many of the Continental towns, especially those in Germany, often much smaller than Middlesbrough, where they have perfectly equipped Museums, and these take a very important part in the educational development of the district. During the past year, one of our Members, Mr. R. G. Clayton, has been added to the Free Library Committee. In conclusion, I should be glad if our members would do all in their power to extend the scope and usefulness of our Club, especially in the way of making our Publication a Record which will be looked back to in the future years as one of some considerable value. I also hope that they will assist to bring the membership up to a number commensurate with the popu- lation of the district. Members, by contributing papers to Winter Meetings, might, and probably would, be the means of starting others to make investigations in paths in which there is plenty of scope for earnest workers. Before bringing my Report to a close, I have one other suggestion to make, and that is that the members of our Club interested in Microscopy (of which there are a good number), form themselves into a section, and that they hold Meetings in the Winter for Microscopic work. A section of this kind would be of great use. both to Microscopists, and also to workers in other sections who wished for their aid ; it would also probably be the means of adding both to the membership and the usefulness of the Club. i HFTE Ai wey rare An t Ce ee ae toes es ee stat « pers a ‘ Heyl Than ta es eee DRI . AE Va ee area | Ry “psa Sg, Mhz. eek ts ¥ e S art nel" Ag Mereepsa tr ho a 8 tg ee Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club a be obtained of ‘the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. . Vol. 1, part 1 - Sixpence. » Ty 5, 2 = One Shilling. MEMBERSHIP. It is desirable that the Club should have a much larger membership, to ensure the continuance of the Publication of our Proceedings Any personsat all interested in the work of our Society are invited to become Members, even if they are not able to be active Members. Their support would be valuable and would also show that the work of the Society was not altogether unappreciated. The Entrance Fee for New Members is 2/6 and - the Annual Subscription 2/6. Further particulars would be supplied by the Hon. Secretary. CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB. ” 1901. VOE. A. No. IV. Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S. PRICE TWO SHILLINGS (FREE TO MEMBERS). MIDDLESBROUGH : JORDISON AND Co,, Lp., Printers AND PUBLISHERS, 1903. CONTENTS. ; PAGe A Nestin@ SrrE OF THE HerrinG GunL ON THE NorrH YORKSHIRE Coast (Illustrated)—By the late R. Lofthouse - - 169-170 Tur SNow Buntrinc—By the late R. Lofthouse : - 171-173 Norman Font av Marske-By-tHE-SEA (Illustrated)— T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A. - - - 173-174 Earty Cross av MARSKE-BY-THE-SEA (LIllustrated)— T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A. : - - 175 * THE EvyoLurion oF CLEyELAND. ScENERY (with Map)— RrEv. Joon HAwett, M.A.,, F.G.S. - 176-195 . ~ Tue Srupy or Naruns—J. Archyll Jones, B. Sc. - - 196-205 CLEVELAND LEprIporTERA in 1901—T. Ashton Lofthouse, F.E.S. - 205-209 COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND — M. Lawson Thompson, F.E.S. : 210-212 MAMMALIA Norns for 1901—T, Ashton Lofthouse - : “213 ORNITHOLOGICAL Nores FROM CLEVELAND AND Sourn DURHAM in 1901—C, Milburn 2 - 3 = = 213-217 EXTRACTS FROM ORNITHOLOGICAL Nores MADE IN REDCAR DIstRIcT DURING 1901 —Stanley Duncan - : . 218 RAINFALL in 1901 - - - . : re 218 [x MemoriaAm—Roger Lofthouse, F.S.1. - - . 219 CLEVELAND Narurauists’ Frenp Club, Seckerary’s Rerorr - 220-228 ILLUSTRATIONS.—Frontispiece, Herring Gull’s Nest ; Norman Font Marske-by-the-Sea, 2 views, 174; Early Cross found at Marske-by-the-Sea, 175; General Map of the Glaciers and Glacier-Lakes of the Cleveland Area, 181. ¥ 5S Ma fe ip dap igs asnoynuoy “AL *F hq 010d (nj ur uayny, ) ‘LSAN ST1ND DNIYYSH : 2 P ister ON ae ree ag a pa J ci 1 SESS 283N STINS OninieH ‘ wl ' bay adel “oY Mh Ua | is CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ BIELD Gham RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS, 1901. VOL. I. No. IV. Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.5; PRICE TWO SHILLINGS (FREE TO Mempers), ——————————— ee MIppiessrovucy ; JORDISON AND Co., Lv., PRINTERS axp PUBLISHERS, 1903, OFTIGCERS,- 1902: ——o——_. President : Tuos. F. Warp. Vice=Presioents : T. M. Fatnow, M.A., F.S.A, H. Simpson. Rey. J. Hawes, M.A., F.G.S. W. H. Tromas J. M. Mrex, M A. W. Y. Verrcu, L R.C.P L.R C.S., F.G.S. Committee : Mrs. C. Hoon. R. G. Ciayron, T. C. Eee. J. A. Jonzs, B.Sc. Ji) Winget PuncnH. W. Sacuse. on, Treasurer ; T. F. Warp, Park Road South, Middlesbrough, Sectional Secretaries : Archeeoloyy— Botany—T. F. Warp, Conchology—Rry. J. HAwe.t, M.A., F.G.S. Entomology—T. A, Lorruouse, F.E.S. Geology—W. Y. Vuircn, L.E.C.P;, TRS. Pies Ornithology and Mammalogy—-R. G CLAYTON, Microscopy—H. Simpson. ‘bon. Secretary : T. A. LorrHovuss, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. Ibon, Assistant Secretary : FRANK ELGEE. hon, Librarian: Baker Hupson. Past Presidents : 1881_Mr. W. Y. Vurrcu, M.R.C.S. 1892—Mr. R. Lorrnousr 1882— Do. 1893—Mr. T. D. Riptey 1883—Mr. J. S. Catverr 1894— Mr. Ancus MAcPHERSON 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp 1895—Rev. J. HaweEn, M A. 1885— Do. 1896— Do. 1886—Mr. Ancus MacrHErson 1897—Mr. J. M. Meek 1887— Do. 1898—Mr. W. H. THomas 1888—Mr. J. M. Mrrx 1899— Do. 1889—Mr. W. Y. Verrcu, M R.C.S. 1900— Do. 1890.-- Do. 1901—Mr. T. F Warp 1891—Rry. J. Hawet., M A. 1902— Do A NESTING SITE OF THE HERRING GULL (Larus _arGentatus) ON THE NORTH YORKSHIRE COAST. By tHe Late R. Lorryouse. The Colony of Herring trulls of which I write is located in a range of Cliffs of Liassic formation not many miles from Whithy, in a little frequented locality, although there is a railway not far distant. The cliffs in places are perpendicular, or even hanging over, and are of a rather soft and crumbling nature. They average from four to five hundred feet in height, the sea washing their base with tremendous force in stormy weather r; hence their aspect is for ever changing, for the sea appears to be gradually gaining on the land, so that land slips are of frequent occurrence, the land sliding down into the sea and being then gradually washed away. And where the fields are divided by hedges. running up to the cliffs at right angles isolated thorn bushes may he noticed in places on ledges far Aen the cliff still growing away vigorously after their descent of many feet. In other places, where the cliffs have gradually dwindled in height, as they do to the south-east, the high road has had to be removed back, having been, together with houses abutting on it, swept away. Probably no_ better place for the study of Coast Erosion could be found than here. Not very far from the cliffs frequented by the Gulls the railway line was originally laid close along the edge of the cliff, and a portion, about 500 yards in length I should say, slipped over into the sea, luckily hefore the line was opened. It now runs through a tunnel, further inland. Owing to the foundations of the clitis being washed out as we have noticed, in course of time the overhanging mass topples over, carrying away the ground for some distance hack and forming gaps in the cliffs, and sloping rocky terrace-like platforms half way down the face of the cliffs with many little sheltered terraces and corners. Here grow luxuriantly many sea-side loving plants, curiously enough inter- mixed with ferns, and masses of red campion and blue hyacinths. One of these terrace-like platforms, of considerable size, is a favourite nesting place of the Herring Gulls. Looking down from 170 the edge of the cliffs one could hardly realize that it was possible to get down on to it; but scrambling down a little grassy ravine some thirty or forty feet there is a small perpendicular shaft in the rock open only on one side, and just large enough to admit of the body of aman. It is called “The Chimney.” By careful maneeuvring it is possilile to get down here by taking advantage with the hands and feet of small projecting ledges at the sides. It is safer to be assisted by a rope, a man holding the rope at the top. The Chimney will be about twenty feet high. The descent then on to the plateau is comparatively easy. Large numbers of Gulls nest here, every little depression in the ground being taken advantage of for a nest. Some are formed of dead grasses, and are of various degrees of finish ; in other cases the eggs are simply laid in the depression. Some are quite exposed, whilst others are placed under sheltering ferns and grasses. Immense numbers also nest on all the little ledges in the perpendicular cliff, and if we look along the edges of the cliffs the snowy white birds may be observed sitting on their nests in all directions, and unoccupied nests with two but usually with the full complement of three eggs, in some cases two or three nests being seen on one small ledge. The nests as mentioned above are made of dried grasses, some with a few feathers intermixed, and vary considerably in bulk, some being mere apologies for nests. I noticed one nest with a single ege on a flat, jutting rock right on the top of the cliff. The pale bluish-grey wind-swept grass on the top of the cliffs is thickly studded with the snowy white feathers of the Gulls, and leans over in the direction contrary to the prevailing winds. The usual number of eggs is three, and these vary very greatly both in size and colour, and also in number, position, shape and size of markings. The colours vary from warm stone colour through shades of brown and olive green. The spots are various shades of brown and neutral tint of varying intensity, some having a softened dusty look. Morris says:—‘ The male bird keeps watch about the female when sitting, and comes to her assistance and defends if occasion requires.” This may be correct; at all events numbers of birds stand about on the rocks, close to the sitting birds ; and if a stone be thrown over the cliffs, clouds of birds immediately fly out, with loud piercing screams, which, when large numbers are congregated, is simply deafening, and the numbers have the effect of obscuring the light. Far down on the placid surface of the water (for it is a bright hot summer's day, without a breath of wind) may be observed thousands of tiny white specks, reposing on the glassy surface. These are Gulls. Wal THE SNOW BUNTING (PLecrROPHANES NIVALIS). By THE LATE R. LorrHouse. This handsome bird, which spends its summer in the Arctic regions, from the middle or end of April to the end of September, is a winter visitant to this country. It is of local distribution, and is, therefore, not generally known. It is usually met with near the sea shore and in the estuaries of rivers, and becomes gradually scarcer as we travel southwards. Many years ago I remember reading an exciting account of a chase after one in the snow, in, if I remember rightly, one of the southern counties, and which ended at last in the shooting of the bird, which was considered a great prize. The name of the book I do not remember. I had then myself never seen a Snow Bunting in the flesh, having been brought up in an inland part of Yorkshire. Shortly afterwards, however, I made acquaintance with them on the East Coast, at the estuary of the Tees, where they are resident during the winter months, and where in stormy weather I have seen them in vast flocks streaming in from over the sea, and dropping as it were out of the snow storm, which was raging at the time, the air resounding with their soft call note. One such day I remember in the beginning of November, at Tod Point, at the Tees Estuary. The birds appeared to be somewhat exhausted, but moving forward in great numbers they apparently did not wait long to rest. The earliest note I have of their arrival here is the 27th October, and the same day I noticed two swallows. The day was fine and mild. Later on in the same year immense numbers put in an appearance. They seem to arrive in irregular scattered flocks, and on striking the coast to drop from a considerable height, and may sometimes be heard passing over when they cannot be seen, or if seen only as mere specks. They seem to divide their attention between the tide-washed flats and the adjoining arable and grass land, often in company with larks and starlings. They do not, at any rate in this district, go far inland. I have never seen them more than a mile or so from the river. 172 They feed in flocks, and always seem to be moving forward, those in the rear constantly flying forward to the front, and exhibiting as they do so the white marking on their wings. Their flight is strong and undulating, but when feeding the bird has a gentle hovering sort of flight, while contending for the foremost place as a flock is observed to feed across a field, and its note is very piercing and musical. The majority of those that visit us are of a brown colour, with more or less white on the wings, and are probably birds of the year, but they vary a good deal in colour, and there is a sprinkling of tawny and lighter individuals, and some almost white. They arrive here, as above stated, about the beginning of October, and leave in the early spring, their stay being prolonged or otherwise according to the mildness or severity of the weather. They feed on grain and seeds of grasses. The crop of one I dissected contained eight grains of wheat and some other seeds. These seeds seemed quite perfect, and when I placed them in soil, in a flower pot, several germinated, and in three weeks the plants were from two to three inches high. The smaller seeds turned out to be grasses. I have shot Snow Buntings at all times of their stay here, and always found them in good condition, and more often than not excessively fat. When the fields are covered with snow and they are frozen out, they repair to the tide-washed margin of the river, and there, no doubt, find abundance of food in the shape of seeds washed down from the upper reaches of the river. The plumage of the Snow Bunting varies so much in colour that formerly it was considered there were three distinct species, the Mountain, the Tawny, and the Snow Bunting. I have a very beautiful specimen, which answers nearest to the Tawny state as described by Yarrell. It was given to me by a friend, who assured me that he shot it in August at the Tees Estuary. I have myself never seen them so early as that, but there is a notice of one in Yarrell’s “ Birds,” in the white summer plumage, said to have been killed at Royston, in Hertfordshire, on the 22nd May, 1840. The winter of 1880-81 was noted for the large numbers which visited this district, and large numbers were taken with limed twigs by bird fanciers. One of these came into my hands, 175 and I kept it in a cage for three years. and then gave it away. It proved to be a good singer It was in the brown plunage when IT got it, and therefore a young bird It was fed on hemp and canary seed. The first year it began to sing in July, always very early in the morning. Its song was a sweet warble, something like the song of the Brown Linnet, but with some louder notes. The next year it began to sing as early as March 12th, and was in full song in April. Sir Herbert Maxwell, in his “Memories of the M onths,” page 45, states that the Snow Bunting cannot be kept alive in captivity, and further states that Bechstein, most skilful of bird keepers, found it impossible to keep it in captivity for more than a few weeks, so impatient is it of a close or warm atmosphere The author must have had some other bird in his mind, for in my copy of Bechstein, which is a translation, dated 1837, it is stated that he kept a pair in his room, without a cage, for six years, and he further states that they were satisfied with the food common for other birds ; and he goes on to say that if kept in a cage they must be fed on hemp, oats, rape, millet, and poppy seed, that they appeared delighted whilst bathing, and that heat is so contrary to their nature that they cannot be preserved unless carefully guarded from it. Mine was kept in a small room with an eastern aspect, and Which was overshadowed by higher buildings, and was therefore always a cool place even in summer. T am acquainted with a bird fancier who also informs me that he has frequently kept them in confinement without much difficulty. NORMAN FONT AT MARSKE-BY-THE-SEA. By T. M. Fatuow, M.A., F.S.A. The Font was discarded when the ancient Church of St. Germain at Marske was pulled down, between seventy and eighty years ago, and the present structure erected from the designs of the house steward at Marske Hall. The Font isa fine piece of late Norman work, and, though unusual in character, is not unlike that in Upleatham Church. It has been badly used, and served 174 at one time as a trough at a farm, and has had line “boiled” im it, which has damaged it badly. Ata later period it did duty as a flower pot in the Vicarage Garden at Marske, and as such it is figured by the late Canon Atkinson in his unfinished work, ‘Cleveland, Ancient and Modern”, Vol. IL, p. 76. Fortunately, although the worse for the rough treatment it has had, it is not so much out of repair as to be past use. It has been placed in St. Mark’s Church at the Marchioness of Zetland’s expense, and was formally re-dedicated to its sacred use on November 17th, 1901, by the Archdeacon of Cleveland. _ 175 EARLY CROSS AT MARSKE-BY-THE-SEA By T. M. Fatitow, M A., F.S.A. On January 24th, 1901, the Coastguard, stationed at Marske, finding that the door of the observation hut, which had been moved to a new position on the cliff, would not open properly, proceeded to examine the spot. He then discovered that the obstruction was caused by a large stone underground, which he endeavoured to dig out, but unfortunately broke it in two in the process. When extricated, it was seen that the stone formed the upper part of the shaft and the head of an elaborately-designed cross. The base with the lower part of the shaft had stood close by from time immemorial till about a year before, when some thoughtless lads displaced and hurled it down to the sands below. The base, shaft, and head have since been pieced together again, and the cross thus restored has been placed for preservation inside St. Mark’s Church. This has been done at the cost of the Marquis of Zetland. Canon Greenwell, to whom a photograph of the head of the cross was sent at the time of its discovery, points out that not merely is the design a very fine one, but that it is also unusual, and he says that he does not remember secing anything like it elsewhere. The head of the ross measures 25 inches across each way, and the total height is 7 feet 64 inches. The date cannot be later than circa 1230. (The Society is indebted to the Rev. F. Grant James for loan of the Illustrations of the Font and the Cross.) 176 THE EVOLUTION OF CLEVELAND SCENERY. By Rev. Jonn Hawenn, M.A., F.G.S. Our appreciation of the beauty of scenery to a great extent depends upon the range of our knowledge. For the untutored savage, or the child of tender years, the beauties and glories of natural scenes have comparatively little charm, and they are in large measure lost upon many an agricultural labourer and other out of doors worker in England, who has had the advantage of going through the curriculum of an elementary school. Just at present there is a current running in favour of the introduction of “Nature study” into these schools, and accordingly there is ground for hope that the next generation of our countrymen will grow up with a more intelligent understanding of and interest in what has been called the ‘“ Vesture of the Great Unseen.” To understand the general processes by which Nature operates, and to be able to read with some approach to truth and accuracy the history of the various stages of evolution through which any natural scene has grown into its present condition, ministers very greatly to our pleasure in contemplating it. Taking, therefore, the very limited district with which the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club specially concerns itself, I would attempt briefly to indicate some of the steps by which it has grown to be the ‘ Beautiful Cleveland” which we know and love. It would be a long story to tell ab initio and in extenso, so that I cannot here enter into many details, except as regards some of the later phases. As to the earlier, I can only briefly indicate them, as the ontogeny of a vertebrate summarises its phylogeny, leaving out many of the earlier stages entirely, but revealing others always in their correct order. The initial difficulty, as so often happens, is to know where to begin. Our view into the earliest past is completely closed. In order to produce scenery we must first obtain the materials of which to compose it. I am no materialist, and the origin of matter apart from a Creator is to me unthinkable, though we may imagine, even where we cannot pretend to ascertain by investigation, some of the processes through which the things we see around us came to be such as we know them. We may, : a7 with Sir William Crookes,” picture to ourselves a time when the matter from which our solar system has been evolved existed as a vast sea of incandescent mist, which he calls ‘ protyle,” in which atoms had not yet been formed. Then came the formation of atoms and the genesis of the elements. The earth and the other planets of our system were in course of time thrown off as gaseous rings during successive stages in the cooling process. By and by our earth acquired a molten nucleus, and after long ages a solid crust was formed. Of course at first the earth’s solid exterior would be intensely hot, and no water could rest in liquid form upon it. It is, however, supposed by some competent physicists that it would not be long before the crust—bheing a good non-conductor of heat—would have so far cooled as to allow of the resting upon it of water, which would of course at first have a temperature near the boiling point. It may be a matter of opinion, but I think it is probable that the exterior surface of the earth was dimpled and embossed from the first, owing partly at least to the unequal distribution of the enormous pressure of the atmosphere of the time—about 5,000 Ibs. to the square inch—and by the time the water was able to collect upon it, it had become, from differential contraction, so irregular that portions of it stood above the primitive sea-level. In this case rain and rivers, as well as the action of waves and tides, would set to work at once upon the portions projecting above the level of the water, and would tend to reduce them to that level, while the denuded material would be spread out under the water, and would become assorted more or less into coarser and finer. And so we get the beginning of that series of stratified deposits, each entombing the organisms of its own particular epoch, which has been forming unceasingly since, and which will continue to form ‘while the earth remaineth.” The date at which the earth’s crust was formed, and the earliest strata laid down, is, of course, most difficult to determine. But various attempts have been made to solve the problem. Lord Kelvin, basing his arguments on the rate of increase in the temperature of the crust as we go downwards, on the retardation of the earth’s angular velocity by tidal friction, and on the limitation of the age of the sun, came to the conclusion that ‘the existing state of things on the earth, life on the earth—all geological history showing continuity of lfe—must be limited (1) See his address to Section B of the British Association in 1886, 178 within some such period as 100,000,000 years.” Later he asserted that the allowance of time which he was prepared to grant for the evolution of geological history was ‘more than twenty and less than forty million years, and probably much nearer twenty than forty.”” Professor G. H. Darwin, in what has been called “ one of the most beautiful contributions ever made by astronomy to geology,’ has estimated that the time which has elapsed since the moon oceupied a position nine terrestrial radii distant from the earth is at least fifty-six or fifty-seven millions of years, but may be much more. This period probably corresponded pretty nearly with the time at which the earth’s crust was formed, for the moon appears to have been thrown off while the earth was a rapidly rotating molten ball, and it is thought not so long before the solidification of its surface. In 1899, Professor Joly contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society a remarkable and elaborate paper,” in which he endeavoured to estimate from the rate at which salt is being carried down by the rivers into the ocean, and the amount of salt in the ocean at the present time, the date of the formation of the earliest oceans. His conclusion was that the oceans had existed for from 9 to 100 millions of years. But he only allowed for 10 per cent. of the salt carried down by the rivers being “cyclic salt,” that is salt carried by winds from the sea to the land. My friend, Mr Ackroyd, of Halifax, has, however, shown pretty conclusively, I think, in various papers communicated to the ‘Chemical News” and the ‘Geological Magazine,” that at least 99 per cent. of the sea-borne salt is cyclic salt. The conclusions of Professor Joly are therefore, in my opinion, entirely invalidated. Sir Archibald Geikie, reasoning from the observed rate of denudation, comes to a conclusion comparable with those of Kelvin, Darwin and Joly, and, accordingly, we may take it as a rough estimate according to our present knowledge that from 50 to 100 millions of years have elapsed since the oceans were - formed, and stratified rocks began to be deposited. The maximum thickness of these stratified rocks is apparently about 50 miles. The following Table, which I take from a Paper (1) Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1886, p. 517. (2) ‘The Age of Earth,” Presidential Address to the Victoria Institute for 1897, p. 10. See also Phil. Mag., Jan., 1899. (3) Prof. Sollas. See Geo. Mag., Oct., 1900, p. 451. (4) ‘Trans. Roy. Dub. Soc., ser. ii., vol. vii. a 179 contributed by Prof. Sollas to Section C. of the British Association in 1900, shows how this thickness is made up by the various formations :— Feet. Recent and Pleistocene ase eee 4,000 Pliocene ae nee male oce 5,000 Miocene ae See oi we 9,000 Oligocene... S “ee : 12,000 Eocene SC wes ees com 2000 Cretaceous ... a2 Sas ux 14,000 Jurassic ne one Pe ar 8,000 Trias... oe nae nod .. 13,000 Permian Be ea sae <2 12,000 Carboniferous iat ae .- 24,000 Devonian ... one we -.- 22,000 Silurian owe aa Po ae 5000 Ordovician ... fe asi ec) 7,000 Cambrian ... aoc ts ... 16,000 Keweenawan ac Abc ... 50,000 Penokee was ide ae e265) 4000 Huronian ... are S06 .- 18,000 In our district we are not concerned with the older formations. At Middlesbrough we bore down to the Trias for salt, and this formation is found in other places at the surface, but as to what is below it we can only speculate, though in all probability the Permian and Carboniferous would be found if we could put down borings deep enough. We look across to the Pennines, and find the axis to be composed of Carboniferous rocks, consisting of the Carboniferous Limestone and Yoredale Beds overlaid by the Millstone Grit. Probably the Coal Measures were originally more or less continuous over these, but, being on the whole easily denuded, they have disappeared, while the hard Millstone Grit has survived the wear and tear of Nature’s disintegrating forces, and protectively caps most of the higher ground. Lying unconformably on the flanks of the Carboniferous strata, the rocks of the Permian formation extend north and south in a band about five miles wide with a dip. to the E.S.E. The valley between the Cleveland Hills and this Permian band is mainly occupied by the soft sandstones and marls of the Trias, though, owing to the thick deposit of Glacial Drift, they are seldom to be seen ‘They dip to the east, passing under the rocks of the Jurassic system. 180 It is this system with which we are chiefly concerned in Cleveland. It is out of these rocks that the fair scenery of the district has been so deftly carved. To them, therefore, it is necessary to give special attention. They consist of the Lias below and the Oolite above. The Lias is divided into lower, middle and upper. The Lower Lias, which is about 750 feet in thickness, is chiefly composed of easily denuded shales. The best exposure in our area is on the shore at Redcar, but we often get a peep at it in the beds of streams, as about Easby and Great Ayton. The Middle Lias is composed to a large extent of harder beds, beginning with hard shales, continuing upwards into sandstone, and concluding above with the ironstone, which forms the most important mineral product of Cleveland. The entire thickness of the Middle Lias is about 450 feet. The Upper Lias, from 50 to 200 feet in thickness, consists of the soft beds of Jet and Alum Shales. Superposed upon the Upper Lias are the hard estuarine sandstones of the Inferior Oolite. These are massive and moderately resistent to disintegration, and consequently stand out all round the edge of our Cleveland Moors as a prominent escarpment—an often perpendicular wall—capping a steep face of Upper Liassic shales. This light sandstone wall, surmounting here a dark blue scarp of bare shale and there a gentler slope of green grass-clothed moor bank, gives to our district one of its most characteristic features. In the sea-clitfs of the Yorkshire Coast the lower Oolites up to the Cornbrash have a thickness of nearly 700 feet, but they thin out westwards and southwards. They are full of plant remains, and thin seams of coal also occur. ; =. * ee 213 MAMMALIA NOTES FOR 1901. By T. Asuton LorrHouss, Marcu.—Badger /Meles taxus)—During this month a mature specimen and three young ones were destroyed in Kildale Woods. Aprit.—Mole ( Talpes ewropea).—A cream coloured one was taken by a mole catcher at Easby-in-Cleveland. June.—Hedge Hog (LHrinaceus europeus).—When going one of my rounds examining “sugar” patches for moths, a hedge hog was attracted by the Acetylene light, and came running towards it at Kildale. ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND SOUTH DURHAM IN 1901. By C. Mirpurn. Unless otherwise stated, the following were noted on my rambles in search of birds in Cleveland and South Durham during 1901. Stonechat (Pratincola rubicola).—The pair, which in 1900 reared young near Pinchingthorpe, did not return to the breeding place in 1901, although I visited the place frequently during the nesting season. An immature bird was picked up in Woodland Street, Stockton, on September 9th, which had struck the wires during its migration, as my friend Mr. Lindsay informs me. An immigrant was obtained at Tees-mouth on October 18th. Hedge Sparrow (Accentor modularis).—The small colony of hedge sparrows, which frequent the slag banks and piled-up stacks of pig iron at Connal’s Wharf, nested successfully, and in June I saw several young hopping about the slags. Two nests found were placed in crevices between the “pigs,” and another was situated in a hole of the slag. Nuthatch (S¢tta cesia).—Although occurring rarely in Cleveland, the nuthatch is supposed to be unknown as a S.E, Durham bird of late years, but a pair, if not two, of this species breed in the neighbourhood of Wynyard. 214 White Wagtail (Motacilla alva).—A fine male at Tees-mouth on April 9th, according to Mr. C. Braithwaite, of Seaton Carew. Blue Headed Wagtail (Motacilla flava).—With regard to an editorial wish for confirmation of my 1900 record, in which I mentioned that on May 6th, 1900, I saw three blue headed’ wagtails in company with newly-arrived yellow wagtails at Tees-mouth, I may be allowed to state that I am positive that the birds I saw were the blue headed wagtail, and not the- common yellow wagtail, and, in my opinion, few ornithologists could confuse the two species when seen just as these birds were, in the full summer dress, as the bluish-grey head and: olive mantle, and other distinctions, are easily recognisable when compared with the general yellow hue of the common yellow wagtail. d Rock Pipit (Anthus obscurus).—Arrived at Tees-mouth on, September 10th, and up to the end of October the light coloured form, vwfestris, were equally as common along the sea walls, etc, as the dark, spotted, resident race, obscurus,. after which, up to the time of the rock pipits’ departure, only dark birds were noticed. It is, perhaps, not generally known that the “Scandinavian Rock Pipit,” as the light race is called by some authors, is a regular autumn immigrant to the Tees-mouth in September and October, when the birds are in winter dress. Great Grey Shrike (Zanius excubitor).—A splendid example: shot near the ‘‘Erimus” houses, between Newport and Thornaby, on October 31st (G. Mussell). A pair were observed for over half an hour by Mr. F. Elgee and the writer on December 10th near Acklam, as they flew in and out of a hawthorn hedge. Red Backed Shrike (Lanius collurio).—With regard to the editorial comment under the heading of this bird in the ‘99-1900 Transactions (p. 115), I may state that, although I did not see the birds personally, I came across several beetles, etc., impaled upon the spikes of barbed wire not far from where the nest I recorded was found, which gave me the impression that the impaled insects were the result of a shrike’s work. Consequently when I was informed where the egg (of which the owner was ignorant as to- the species to which it belonged) was taken, I was quite satisfied as to the authenticity of the shrikes’ breeding. Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus),—About a dozen of these birds were shot between October (1901) and the following February (1902), examples being obtained at Tees-mouth (3), Stockton, Eston, Greatham, and Lazeuby, while a few were seen and not obtained. a ee ree 215 , Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla).—Male seen at Gunnergate on April 30th. Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris).—Still on the increase. Odd pairs breed in almost every suitable locality in Cleveland, but thanks to their shy habits when nesting, the exact breeding place is not located, although the family parties in July and onwards advertise their presence by a vigorous attack on the garden peas near their breeding place. Goldfinch (Carduelis elegans).—Saw a flock of about fifty on thistles at Tees-mouth on November 4th, which were probably immigrants. Siskin (Chrysomitris spinus).—Great arrival of siskins at Tees-mouth on September 23rd, the slag walls and sandhills being swarming in places with these little over-sea wanderers. Shore Lark (Ofocorys alpestris).—Could be met with almost any time between November and the following February, 1902, near the Breakwaters at Tees-mouth. This bird is far from rare here. A flock of about 200 birds stayed from November, 1900, until February, 1901, without attracting the unwelcome attentions of the shooters at the North side. Nightjar (Caprimulgus ewropeus).—Saw nest with two eggs on June 22nd, 1901, near Wynyard. One noticed near Kildale. (T. A. Lofthouse.) Green Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis).—Took eggs of this bird at Gunnergate on June 5th, 1901. Nesting hole was in a tree which overhangs the high road. Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major).—Had a fine male brought to me which had been trapped behind the Albert Park on December 27th. Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus)—When with C. B. at the North side of the river-mouth on April 28th we got a fine view of a female hen harrier beating over the Marshes with the peculiar flight which seems a kind of half owl half kestrel evolution. On May 24th, when with my friend Mr. T. H. Nelson, M.B.0.U. of Redcar, we saw a fine light coloured male, which on flying up caused a great commotion among the rooks, lapwings, and golden plovers. When last we saw it three or four “peewits” were endeavouring to buffet it. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus).—One seen on August 11th at Tees-mouth N. (C. B.) 216 Brent Goose (Bernicla brenta).—On June 3rd I saw a party of nine of these birds swimming about on an inland reservoir mear Wynyard. They were not excessively wild, as the keeper and I eould get within a hundred yards of them before they made away. Only one bird was seen on the 4th, and it also departed during the night. Sheld Duck (Tadorna cornuta).—About half a dozen pairs of these conspicuous birds bred between Marske and Seaton Carew this year. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata).—Three or four pairs of shoveller bred in the vicinity of the Tees-mouth. Several young birds were shot in September. ; Pintail (Dajfila acuta).—A fine drake flew overhead, just out of shot, when on the South Gare Breakwater on February 16th. Coot (Fulica atra).—Although rare in Cleveland as a breeder, perhaps owing to lack of suitable lakes and ponds, the coot is a fairly common, though local, breeder in S. E. Durham. I saw a nest containing 13 eggs on May 28th near Trimdon, which the keeper assured me were the Jaying of one pair only. Lapwing (Vanellus vulgaris).—An immense arrival on October 27th. From 10 a.m. until 3 p.m. flocks from twenty to a hundred in number were pouring in continually. In the morning thousands of birds could be seen coming in in the space of half an hour. Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius).—Two obtained just after the great storm of November 13th between Marske and the river mouth. Red Necked Phalarope (Phalaropus hyperboreus) —An immature bird shot on a pond near the Golf House, Seaton Carew, by Mr. L. Burton, on September 6th. As usual the bird was ridiculously tame. Great Snipe (Gallinago major).—I recognised a bird of this species in the window of M. Chambers, Marton Road, and could get no better information on enquiry than that the bird had been shot on September Ist, or thereabouts, somewhere near the river mouth. Jack Snipe (Gallinago gallinula).—One shot at Tees-mouth as early as September 14th. Ruff and Reeve (Machetes pugnax).—An immature ruff was obtained on August 26th at Tees-mouth, and two immature reeves in early September at the Yorkshire side, Spotted Redshank (Totanus fuscus).—One shot on August 22nd at the mouth, which is in young dress. 217 Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra).—On September 21st I saw a pair of immature birds flying about in the river mouth, which were shot, it seems, On the same date, as Mr. Mussell received a pair for preservation just after. Little Gull (Larus minutus).—Saw a little gull on the Fourth Buoy sands, which had evidently been shot when consorting, as usual, with the terns, and had washed up dead on October 4th. It Was in immature plumage, and was too far gone for preservation. Little Auk (Mergulus alle).—Saw several which had perished owing to the storms about November 13th, and had washed up on the beach. Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis).— Two picked up near Redear after the storm above mentioned. : Leach’s Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa).—One picked up which had struck the telegraph wires on November 13th near Redcar. (Mussell.) ARRIVAL OF MIGRANTS. SPRING. Wheatear ... --- April 4... Tees-mouth. House Martin mee » 4. ... Marton. Ring Ousel os » 8 ... Osmotherley. Chiff Chaff ae » 9 ... Ormesby. Willow Wren == » 15 ... Gunnergate. Swallow... ef » 19 ... Marton. Yellow Wagtail » 19 ... Marton. Whinchat ae » 20 ... Grove Hill. Tree Pipit ... Be » 20 ... Great Ayton. Whitethroat a » 20 ... Broughton. Sand Martin aa » 20... Broughton. Land Rail Bae »» 22 ... Near Marton. Garden Warbler... » 26 ... Guisborough (Mussell). Redstart... Me 5 2d Billingham. Spotted Flycatcher ... May 2 ... Marton. Wood Wren =e » 6 3. Gunnergate. Swift Bs oe Aa vi | Redcar (S. D.) AUTUMN, Redwing --- Sept. 23 ... Tees-mouth. Hooded Crow -« Oct. 16 as Brambling .. ¢ 2 » Fieldfare... mis aye iM Snow Bunting =v ym 2G 218 EXTRACTS FROM ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES MADE IN THE REDCAR DISTRICT DURING 1901. By Sranutey Duncan, JAN. 10TH.—Stone Curlew (Cdienemus crepitans).—On this date I had brought me an adult female of this bird. It had been shot on the beach near Coatham. Jan. 127rH.—Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus).—I procured whilst punting on the River Tees a fine mature female. Aue. 30TH.—Swift (Cypselus apus).—Hundreds noticed near Coatham Hotel. Sept. 71H.— Nightjar (Caprimulgus ewropeus).—An immature female shot on Coatham Links. Oct. 127TH.—Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix).—First noticed. Ocr. 127Ts.—Snow Bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis).—First noticed. Nov. 137rH.—Black Guillemot (Uria grylle).—An immature female shot near Redcar. Noy. 15rH.—Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius).—An immature female was brought to me for inspection. The bird had been shot on the Coatham Beach. Dec. 20TH.—Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus).—One shot on Coatham Sands. RAINFALL IN 1901. Tue ALBERT Park, THE VICARAGE, MrippiessroucH. INGLEBY GREENHOW. January ... 1°18 inches. 1°78 inches. February So lcOo Nas MA) ea. March ee Mahe tan oe Da bas April ... IcO2N wake} dG fv nae May PDA ge. 1:55 _ June ... Ms (ee 2:06)- 23; July AZNG er: oS a August 1:45 S 1:36 x September OGG mares Oe 5, October Gin ess 00 eee November S998 Pass 484° ,, December Sa) ane ASO eee 24:04 re 31°18 219 ROGER LOFTHOUSE, F.8.I. Born Duc. 28rp, 1845; Diep Jury 14rx, 1901. Roger Lofthouse was born at Horsehouse, Coverdale, Yorkshire dn 1845, and having been educated at Middlesbrough, to which town he came in carly life, he received his professional training in -a local architect’s office, and in 1875 commenced practice on his -own account as an architect and surveyor at Middlesbrough. He was one of the Ecclesiastical Surveyors for the Diocese of York, a Fellow of the Surveyors’ Institution, and a Member of the Ecclesiastical Surveyors’ Association. He was connected with various local societies, including the ‘Cleveland Institution of Engineers, the Yorkshire Archeological Society, the Yorkshire Parish Register Society, the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society, of which for some time he was a member of the Council, and the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, of which he was a member from the formation, and in the work of which for some years he took a very active part. During the whole period of the Club’s existence he held the position of member of the Committee and Vice-President, and for the year 1892 he acted as President. At the time of his decease he was a Vice-President, and Secretary of the Archeology Sectional ‘Committee. He was a regular contributor to the Proceedings, one of the principal papers contributed by him being an ** Account of the Remains of Norman Architecture in Cleveland Churches.” During the whole of his life he was an ardent student of Nature, taking an interest in all sections of nature study, and for a number of years keeping a diary of notable features of interest, as to habits, distribution, unusual occurrences, &c., more especially with reference to birds and bird life, of which he was always a keen observer, frequently sending notes thereon to “The Field,” “Naturalist,” and other papers, one of his more noteworthy papers being on “ The River Tees, its Marshes and their Fauna,” published in the “ Naturalist ’’ in 1887. He also took a deep interest in certain forms of art, having ‘painted a good deal both in oil and water colour. Some years ago he made a series of drawings for Canon Atkinson’s History of “Cleveland, many of which are engraved in the volume published. He also did a considerable amount of etching on copper and lithographic work. He was one of the founders of the Cleveland Sketching Club and a frequent exhibitor at its meetings in the early part of its existence. SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR SEASON 1901-2, It is my pleasing duty to report that, on the whole, the past season has been the most successful one that we have had in the annals of our Club, more interest being taken in the work of the Club, and a special feature is the support I have had from. members with regard to the Winter Meetings and in Papers contributed to our Proceedings ; but the general support is still far short of what it should be for a Club of this description, covering such a fine field for Natural History investigation as Cleveland. Summer Mzerines.—The programme for the Summer months provided for six meetings, exclusive of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Meetings, none of which were held in our district during the past year. The attendance at the meetings, with the exception of the two last, was good. The opening meeting was held on May 4th at Guisbrough, when, the day being fine, a party of about 20 attended. On arriving at Guisbrough, the attention of members was first directed to the interesting sculptural remains which formed the De Brus tomb, and which are now placed in the Entrance Porch of Guisbrough Church. The Guisbrough Abbey remains were viewed, but the excursion being planned for Upleatham and Marske, no time was spent there. Nothing very special was noticed by any of the Sections during the afternoon ; both botanically and in other respects the season seemed to be backward. The valley traversed en route for Upleatham seemed to be very richly vegetated, and would probably be well worth re-visiting at a somewhat later period of the year. It would probably be well worth the attention of any of our members who care to work individually, especially those interested in Botany or Entomology. It was with regret that the party noticed the great change that is taking place at Upleatham, both in the Hall and Grounds and the Village, the Hall being completely dismantled and taken down, as are also most of the houses which constituted the Village, owing to the ironstone mining which is taking place underneath ; the result of taking this stone out (to a depth of 13 ft., I understand) being that all the buildings coming over the 221 portion named have collapsed. The contour of the ground also is very visibly altered through subsidences that have occurred. The Club was indebted to Mr. W. J. Moscrop for permission to visit the Earl of Zetland’s Grounds at Upleatham. The second meeting was held at Kilton, on the 18th May, when the largest party of the season turned out, there being about 30 members present, most of whom went by the early train to Carlin How. On arrival, the party were met by Mr. Garbutt (a local member of our Club), who conducted most of them through the Woods to the Castle. On arrival at the Castle, a short description .of the remains was given by Mr. J. 8. Calvert. The botanists found the ground very interesting, and some 67 plants were noticed in flower. Not much was noticed by the entomologists, the afternoon apparently not being favourable. Lord Downe and W. H. A. Wharton, Esq., granted permission.‘ to visit the Woods. The third meeting was held at Azlton, on June 8th, when about 20 attended. I have no report as to the result of this excursion. I believe the party found the day too hot to do much investigating. The next excursion, being a coast one to Staithes, took place on July 6th, being postponed from June 29th on account of the tide not being suitable. A fair number of members attended. The geologists of the party had a very good time, working along the shore from Staithes to Runswick, under the able guidance of our Vice-President, Dr. Veitch, F.G.S. The botanists went over to Runswick by the Cliffs, and the entomologists of the party worked round about the vicinity of Staithes, the principal and practically only find being the caterpillars of the mallow moth, Eubolia cervinata, which occurred fairly plentifully on mallow plants near the station. A good deal of apparently favourable ground in the neighbouring woods was worked pretty well during the afternoon, but proved to be very barren, nothing of any note in the insect line being turned up. The fifth meeting, postponed from July 13th to July 20th, was down to be held at Yarm for the purpose of working the banks of the Tees. From some unaccountable reason the excursion proved a blank. I heard of 4 or 5 members turning up, but they all seem to have missed each other, and in consequence there seems to have been very little done. The day was fine, but extremely hot, and this may have somewhat affected our members on this occasion. 222 On August 17th, the Jast of our Summer meetings, down to be held at Grosmont, was, owing to the very moderate weather, altered to Danby at the last moment. Six enthusiasts attended ; these, being principally entomologists, worked the moors for caterpillars, and proved fairly successful in spite of the weather. One or two of our members attended the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursion at Wykeham, near Scarborough, in June, and at Wetherby in July. On the occasion of the Masham meeting on August Bank Holiday, five of our members spent the week-end there. They had a very profitable time, the district proving to be extremely rich, especially botanically, and they were well provided for in the way of local guides. Winter Meetines.—Up to this date five meetings have been held during the Winter months, and one has been postponed owing to the serious illness of the lecturer, Dr. Sorby, F.R.S. On the whole, the attendances have been fairly satisfactory, and the Papers have, I consider, all been well worth listening to. With the exception of the Rev. Maule Cole’s lecture, the Papers have been given by our own members. The first meeting was held on November 9th, when Mr, J. A. Jones, B.Se., delivered a Paper entitled the “Study of Nature.” There was an attendance of about 30. The Paper was a very able and interesting one. Mr. Jones stated clearly the lineson which he would recommend those interested in Natural History studies to proceed. He pointed out that it was imperative that students should study things out for themselves, and not depend altogether on others for their information. I consider this Paper would be well worth printing in our Proceedings. The second meeting was held on November 27th in the Literary and Philosophical Society’s Hall, when by arrangement with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union a lecture was delivered by the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., F.G.S., on the ‘ Coast Erosion of Yorkshire.” Members of the Lit. and Phil. attended the lecture on our invitation. There was a fairly good attendance, and the lecturer gave a most able exposition on the Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast. The slides illustrating the lecture were very clear, and illustrated excellently the geological formation of the different parts of the Yorkshire Coast. One of the objects of the lecture was to lay before members of our Society, and all interested in scientific work, the advisability of supporting the work and aims of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. It is hoped that our members, who are interested in their OT re 0 ——eeeeeE—e—ee———EE=E=E 223 work, will support them by becoming members as far as possible, and thus aid them in the work of publishing valuable observations on the Flora and Fauna of the county. On December 14th a Microscopical and Exhibition Meeting was held, when, although the weather conditions were anything but favourable, there was an attendance of between 20 and 30. ‘The Club were very much indebted to Mr. Simpson for getting together a number of microscopes, and also arranging them and lending slides, &c. Microscopes were lent by Messrs. T, F. Ward, ‘Thos. Brown, Hy. Simpson, Stevens, J. E. Stead, Dr. Veitch, and J. W. R. Punch, and the Club are very much indebted to these gentlemen for kindly lending the same. The following members exhibited Natural History objects :— J. W. R. Punch—Butterfly and caddis case, illustrative of protective resemblance to surroundings. W. Milburn—A case of birds’ eggs that had been taken in the district during 1901, including nightjar, black - headed gull, green woodpecker, hawfinch, gold crest, &&. Frank Elgee—Two cases of British Lepidoptera. M. ZL. Thompson—A collection of Cleveland Coleoptera; and T. A. Lojfthouse—British land and fresh water shells. We should be able to get together sufficient material for two good exhibition meetings during the Winter, if we were properly supported by the general body of the members. The fourth meeting was held on Saturday, January 18th, when Mr. Frank Elgee delivered a Paper, entitled ‘‘ The Colour of Insects.” The attendance at this meeting was somewhat disappointing, there only being an attendance of about 14. It is not satisfactory to the Lecturer, who had been at very great trouble, and prepared a Paper which covered a great deal of interesting ground relative to the colour of insects, and exhibited -a case of insects illustrative of the various points raised, one of these being protective colouration, 7.¢., nese nae to surroundings among which they occur. An interesting discussion followed, which was taken part in by Messrs. Sachse, Clayton, Milburn, Lofthouse, aud others, the ‘principal point discussed being with reference to the increase of melanism in certain moths (especially the Pepper Moth, A. -betularia) in this district during the past few years. On the 13th March, Mr. Angus Macpherson delivered a lecture on Venice (which Lit. and Phil. members were invited to attend). There was a good attendance, and the lecture proved to be an extremely good one, and was illustrated by means of a vemarkably fine series of slides. 224 It is probable that we may have another meeting on the 10th of April, when the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., will deliver a Paper, entitled ‘ The Evolution of Cleveland Scenery,” illustrated by means of Lantern Views. This lecture should be specially interesting to our members, especially so, as, with your approval, it is proposed to have two excurs‘ons over a portion of the ground during the next Summer, when it is hoped that our friend, Mr. Hawell, will be able to act as guide. The Club are very much indebted t»> those members who have kindly come forward and given us Papers during the past Winter. I consider this portion of the work of the Club is a very important one, and I may say that it is some satisfaction to me to- have s> much support I have had the offer of a Paper from Mr. Howcroft, which we have not been able to avail ourselves of as yet, and Dr. Veitch has already promised a Paper for next Session on some ‘ Raised Beaches noticed in Norway.” This should be interesting, seeing that it will be a comparison with similar raised beaches which we have in this neighbourhood. Mr. Simpson a'so hopes to let us have a Paper. I should be glad to hear from any other members willing to contribute Papers for the next Winter Session. It is worthy of note that the whole of the lectures were given voluntarily, the only expense incurred being for notices, postages, and lantern, and the out-of pocket expenses of the Y.N.U. Lecture by the Rev. E. Maule Cole, the latter expense being kindly defrayed by our President, Mr. T. F. Ward. Committee Mertines.—During the year eight Committee Meetings were held, with an average attendance of seven. The Club are again very much indebted to the Council of the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society for permission to use their rooms both for Winter Meetings and Committees. Mempersuip.—The membership of the Club now stands at 105, being an increase over last year of 25. During the year 35 new members have been elected, including one honorary member. This is the largest number of new members elected in any one year since my connection with the Society. On the other hand, one member has died, 8 have resigned or left the district, and one has been struck off for arrears of subscription. The death of my father, R. Lofthouse, which took place during the year, severed the connection of one who had been a member from the formation of the Club, and who at the time was 7 — es eee 225 one of your Vice-Presidents. He always took a great deal of interest in the work done by the Club, the last occasion on which he was present being at our Annual Meeting last year. As you all know, he contributed a good deal of matter to our Proceedings, and at one time was a frequent attender at the Summer excursions, although he had not attended much during the last two or three years. Procerpines.—During the year the Proceedings for the years 1899 and 1900 (Part III. Vol. 1) were published, and proved to be the largest, and I believe the most valuable, of any work we have hitherto printed. Seeing that copies were sent to all our members, it is not necessary for me to enumerate the various Papers contained therein, but I may mention that the part contained 114 pages, one full-size plate and five illustrations in the text. We are indebted to Mrs. Atkinson for the loan of the portrait of the late Canon Atkinson, to Mr. T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A., for permission to publish the note on the Effigy found at Normanby, and for use of block, and to the late R. Lofthouse for three of the blocks illustrating his Papers. We are again extremely indebted to the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.8., not only for his valuable Paper on the late Canon Atkinson contributed to the Proceedings, but also for so kindly editing our Publication, no small matter, as I know from the various proofs which passed through my hands. I have no doubt that all the members of the Club will agree with me that the work was extremely well done, and that our best thanks are due to him for the same. I have some Papers in hand for further Proceedings, and have no doubt that other valuable material would be forthcoming if our Society can see their way clear to publish another number during the current year. To do so it will be necessary that some means should be taken to augment the present subscription. I think it is important that we should continue to publish so long as we have suitable material, as it is by this means that the membership will be increased and retained, a good many of our members not being able to devote the time to take part in the other work of the Club. I may point out that our Society bears the cost of publishing only, and that all the communications are supplied by members or others without fee or reward. We have a very great area to cover in the Cleveland district, and there is sufficient ground for material to keep our Proceedings going for many years to come, and these Publications in time will become valuable. 226 I am sorry to say that no work has been contributed to the Proceedings on the Flora of Cleveland, or any district in it. I had hoped that some of the members would have taken up the Flora of the district along the North bank of the Tees, between Greatham and Billingham, ground which will most probably be very materially altered at no very distant date. Lrsrary.—Since our last Annual Meeting a suggestion which was made at it has been acted upon, and our small Library has- been placed (on loan) ina special case in the Reference Department of the Middlesbrough Free Library (by kind permission of the Free Library Committee). The Publications are now accessible to such of our members as wish to consult them. The Librarian, Mr. Baker Hudson, kindly published a list of the works in the February number of the Middlesbrough Free Library Magazine. During the year I have received Vol. I., Part IV. of the ‘‘ Hull Naturalists’ Trans.,” “The Naturalist,’’ “ The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Trans.,” ‘Historic Places in the Derwent Valley,” by J. W. Fawcett, ‘‘ Birds Collected in Somaliland, &c.,’” by A. E. Pease, M.P. Now that we have made suitable arrangements for housing our Library, the Society would be glad to have any works bearing on Natural History, Archeology, &c., which any of our members or others may see their way to present to us. Musrum.—I have usually made a few remarks at our Annual Meetings latterly with reference to the provision of accommodation for Museum purposes being provided suitable for the town, and it is very satisfactory to be able to say that through the munificence of one of our principal citizens, Mr. A. J. Dorman, this is now being provided (on a site which I pointed out as being a most suitable one in my last Annual Report). Mr. A. E. Pease, M.P., is giving to the Museum a very valuable collection of Natural History objects, obtained by him during his expedition to Somaliland, &c. Both these gentlemen, Iam pleased to say, are members of our Club, and I may state that Mr. Pease has promised to give us a Paper on the result of his last expedition in Africa from a Natural History point of view. If the Club is deemed worthy of being consulted with reference to the arrangement of the Museum, I have no doubt that many of our members would be willing to assist, and also to contribute specimens of various kinds, which would go a good way towards forming the nucleus of a local collection, which I consider is of the first importance in the arrangement of a local 227 Museum. It should be a place where anyone coming into the~ district could see without mucn trouble exactly what the Fauna and Flora of the district was. I do not think it would be out of place to mention here how very much the town is indebted to our valued member, Dr. Veitch, for the interest he has taken, and the great amount of time he has spent during many years p3st in connection with the Middlesbrough Museum, and I am quite sure it will be a pleasure and satisfaction to him to see that at last his hopes are being rewarded by a- suitable building being provided. Park.—A matter I have referred to before is with reference to a portion of the Park being set apart for native flowers and’ shrubs. I think it would be of service, not only to students, but also to the community at large, if in all public parks were placed near some of the most frequented paths special beds containing collections of British plants duly labelled with their familiar names, as well as their botanical titles. Against a background of British flowering shrubs, no mean display of beauty could be- maintained. To carry the matter still further, separate collections of British ferns, aquatic and bog plants, and products of moor, mountain, woodland and meadow, might be provided. Such an arrangement of beds would provide the public with a delightful country walk, if properly carried out, in the midst of town surroundings, and would also at the same time have the additional advantage of | conveying information concerning every plant observed. GENERAL.—Before concluding, I beg to draw the attention of our members to the one unsatisfactory result of the year’s working, and that is with reference to the debt which has been incurred, owing to the amount for publishing our Proceedings ‘being larger than anticipated, and also owing to the number of our meetings being larger than usual. To provide against loss in the future, I consider it will be necessary to raise the subscription to say 5s. per annum, aud this would only be barely sufficient to carry on our work properly. In the event of it not being deemed advisable to raise the subscription, the only alternative will be to revert to the old position and only hold three or four meetings in the Summer months, abandoning the Winter meetings and Publications, and it is my opinion that more members would be lost to the Society by this means than by our raising the subscription, which would still be almost the minimum for a society of this description. I 228 only know of one society doing similar work where the subscription is less than 5s., and that is Hwll, which is 4s., and in this case they make a charge to the members for Proceedings, and do not issue regular notices for the meetings. Many similar societies have a subscription of 10s. 6d. Although we have had a good influx of new members during - the past season, it is still felt that the number of members is not nearly so large as it should be, having regard to the size and importance of the Cleveland District ; and there must be many persons who would gladly join the Society if their attention was called to the work being done. It may be pointed out that for the subscription they get the Proceedings, post free, Notices for all Summer and Winter Meetings, Associate’s Card of Membership of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, have access to the Society’s small Library, also the advantage granted the Club by the North-Eastern Railway for travelling at cheaper rates, and the permission that is occasionally granted to visit the Estates of Gentlemen in the district, many of whom are members of our Society. The Microscopy Section, formed at the last Annual Meeting, have not held any meetings as yet, but if members who are interested (and there must be a good number) would only come together, I have no doubt that such a section would be able to do very good work, and work that would be of very material assistance to many of the workers who have not the advantage of having microscopes of their own. I am quite sure that the Secretary of the Section, Mr. Simpson, would be glad to hear from any of the members interested, and would do all he could to arrange for some work being done by the Section. In conclusion, I beg to thank, on behalf of the Club, the members of the Press for the notices they have given of our Meetings during the past year, and especially the North-Eastern Gazette, which also gave a very good review of the Proceedings which we published ; and the North-Kastern Railway Company for special privileges granted by them; and also the various gentlemen in the district who have kindly granted the members of the Club permission to visit their estates. Personally, I have to thank my co-Secretary, Mr. Frank Elgee, for the very great assistance he has given me, without which it would have been impossible for me to have carried out the duties appertaining to the office. My thanks are also due to our President, Mr. Ward, for his assistance on various occasions, and also to the members who have supported me in the carrying out of the work. Se ee Mae eT ee TT ot ce Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club can be obtained of the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. Vol. 1, part 1 = Sixpence, ss Ty. ys 2 = One Shilling. isle Ss = wo Shnlings: MEMBERSHIP. It is desirable that the Club should have a much larger membership, to ensure the continuance of the Publication - of our Proceedings. Any persons at ali interested in the work of our Society are invited to become Members, even if they are not able to be active Members. Their support would be valuable and would also show that the work of the Society was not altogether unappreciated. The Annual Subscription is 5/=. Further particulars would be supplied by the Hon. Secretary. ) Me Set = ‘ CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ — PIELD CLUB. ~ RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. = eee eas VOL. I. 'No..V. _ Edited by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S. PRICE TWO. SHILLINGS (FREE TO MEMBERS.) MIDDLESBROUGH : - JoRDISON AND Co., Lp., Prryrers AND PUBLISHERS. 1904, CONTENTS: ; Pace Basocian PLanr BEeps oF YORKSHIRE (Illustrated)— Rev. JouHn HaweE Lt, M.A., F.G.S, - 229-234 WHORLTON-IN-CLEVELAND (Illustrated)— Rey. J. CowLEy-Fow1er, B.A., F.G.8.- - - 234-249 Discoveries AT Liverton Caurcu (Illustrated)— T. M, Fattow, M.A., F.S.A. - - 249-254 Birp Ness iN SrRANGE Paces Some Nores oN THE Foop oF THE HEDGEHOG 255-258 THE GRASSHOPPER WARBLER AT MIDDLESBROUGH EARLY APPEARANCE OF THE REDWING— By the late R. LorrHouse. Tue Litrte Buntine at Tees MovrH—C. E. Mingurn - 258-259 ‘Print Jack,” His Lire History (Illustrated)— W.G. CLARKE - = « 259-265 CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA—1. AsHTON LorrHousE, F.E.S, - 266-269 Some Nores on Locat LEPIDOPTERA— By the late R. G. Cuayron” - - 270 COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN CLEVELAND — M, Lawson Toompson, F.E.S. = =. 271-273 SUBMERGED ForEst AND PEAT Beps at REDCAR—- Henry Simpson : + 274-275 RAINFAE IN 1902) #5 => S5e588 Soh ce eS a a's 276 OLEVELAND NATURALIsts’ Firtp CLtus—Secretary’s Report - 277-288 ILLUSTRATIONS,—Frontispiece, Dictyozamites Hawelli; Whorltou Castle, 239; Whorlton Church, 243; Meynell Tomb, Whorlton, 246; Liverton Church, 8 views, 249, 250-1-2-3 ; Fitzconan Grave Slab, Liverton, 253; Liverton Old Parsonage, 254 ; ‘« Flint Jack,” 260 ; Spurious Flint [ustruments, 263 265, win = 3 Ey ea ra \ < Eves* oR oe ehh tien) ee vas: ae Oe eee _'S ois ~*. CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ PLL Deis. RKECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. 1902. VOL. I. No. V. Edited} by the Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S. aGles EWO- SHILLINGS (FREE TO MEMBERS.) MIDDLESBROUGH : JORDISON AND Co., Lp., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 1904, T. M. Fariow, M.A., F.S.A. J. M. Merk, M.A. H. Simeson, Mrs. C. Hoop. R. G. Crayon. T. C. Excer, OFFICERS; 1905. —_— 0——— President : Rey. J, HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S, Vice=Presidents : ] W. H. Tuomas. W. Y. Verrcu, L.R.C.P. L.R.C.S., F.G.S, T. F. Warp. Committee : J. W. R. Puncu. W. Sacusz, M. L. Tuompson, F.E.S. ‘bon. Treasurer: T. F. Warp, Park Road South, Middlesbrough. Sectional Secretaries: Archology—-T. M, Fatiow, M.A., F.S.A. Botany—T. F. Warp, Conchology—Rry. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S, Entomology—T. A, LorrHouse, F.E.S, Geology—W. Y. VEITCH, 1.8. O:Ps L.R.C.S., F.G.S. Ornithology and Mammalogy—R. G. Cuayton. Microscopy—H. Simpson. ‘bon. Secretary : TA. Lorrsovse, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough, on. Assistant Secretary: FRANK Excrr. on. Librarian : Baker Hvupson. Past Presidents: 1881—Mr. W. Y. Veitcu, M.RC.S, 1893—Mr. T. D. Rintry. 1882— Do. 1894—Mr. Aneus MaAcrHerson, 1883—Mr. J. 8. Canverr, 1895—Rey, J, HAweE., M.A, 1884—Mr. T. F. Warp. 1896— Do. 1885— Do. 1897—Mr. J. M. MEEK. 1886—Mr. Ancus MACPHERSON. 1898—Mr. W. H. THOMAs, 1887— Do. 1899—- Do. 1888—Mr. J. M. Merk. 1900— Do. 1889—Mr. W. Y. Veircu, M.R.C.S. 1901—Mr. T. F. Warp. 1890— Do 1902— D . 0. 1891—Rev, J. Hawzi, M.A, 19083—Rey. J, HaweELL, M.A., F.G.S, 1892—Mr. R. Lorruovuse. 15 JUN 29 Aras [Photo by £. W. Jackson. | DICTYOZAMITES HAWELLI, SEWARD. (Pinne quarter-in. longer than actual size). eee Wine =o) BAJOCIAN PLANT BEDS OF YORKSHIRE. By Rev. Jonn Hawett, M.A., F.G.S. Were it not for the testimony of the Yorkshire Rocks very little would be known of the vegetation of the Bajocian or Lower Oolite period, at all events in the European area. Since the time of Young and Bird and John Phillips, Yorkshire has been the classical locality for Bajocian plants. In the Yorkshire area the complete series of the Bajocian strata is as follows :— Upper Estuarine Beds. Grey or Scarborough Limestone. Middle Estuarine Beds. Millepore Bed. Lower Estuarine Beds with Ellerbeck Bed or Hydraulic Limestone. Dogger. ; But these beds are not usually all present in any one locality. The plants are found in each of the three series of Estuarine Beds. The Lower Estuarines are the most arenaceous, and contain thick sandstones, which can often be traced for considerable distances, These beds have near their centre a marine band known as the Ellerbeck Bed. According to the list given by Mr. Fox-Strangways in his “ Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire,” fifty species of plants have been obtained from these beds. He acknowledges, however, that some of these inay possibly have come from a higher horizon. Only 13 of the number, however, pass up into the Middle Estuarines, which fact appears to show that, though the deposit was being made more or less continuously, a very considerable period must have elapsed while the deposition was going on. ‘The localities from which fossil plants have been obtained in this series are Hayburn Wyke, Saltwick, Whithy, Staintondale and Egton Moors. On the Coast and in the Howardian Hills the Lower Estuarine series are divided from the Middle Estuarines by the Millepore Bed. But in the northern moorland area the Millepore Bed has died out, and consequently it is impossible, apparently, to separate the Lower from the Middle Estuarines, But where the separation can be made, at Gristhorpe and Cloughton, the latter beds have yielded 56 species of plants. Several of the plants recorded from Clough- ton may really be from the Lower Estuarines, but of the 56 species referred to 54 have been obtained from Gristhorpe. It is the Middle Estuarine Beds, though their thickness is less than either of 230 the other series above and below, which have yielded the largest number and the most perfect specimens of Bajocian Plants. Fossil plants are, however, difficult to determine, and it is probable that some so-called species are merely variant forms of one and the same species. Two species of marine fucoids have been recorded from these beds. The Upper Estuarine series is more shaly than either of the other series. It includes, however, a few irregular bands of sand- stone, and one.or more beds of granular ironstone, and rests upon a massive bed of sandstone known as the ‘ Moor Grit.” From the sandstones in the lower portion of the series 11 species of plants have been obtained at White Nab, Red Cliff, Scalby and North Bay, Scarborough. About half of these are common to the Middle Estuarines. There are, however, in regard to these Yorkshire Bajocian Plants, so many doubtful identifications, and at the same time so much lack of certainty as to the precise horizon from which certain specimens were obtained, that the whole question needs careful re-investigation in the light of present day knowledge. Some years ago my friend, Mr. J. M. Meek, of Redcar, brought for my inspection some specimens of Tveniopteris, Williamsonia, and other plants which he had obtained from the Old Marske quarry. Early in 1902 he very kindly took me to the place from which he had obtained his specimens. Since that date T have repeatedly visited the place, having obtained the sanction of Lord Zetland’s Agent to investigate there, and with the valuable assistance of Mr. P. Huntington, Master of Ingleby Greenhow School, I have obtained hundreds of specimens. Many of these are in a fine state of preservation, and occur in a fissile ironstone, of which I have obtained the following analysis through the kindness of Mr. J. J. Burton :— Total Iron (Fe) 42°90 per cent. Peroxide of Iron (Fe, O;) ne OES 3 Ferric Oxide (FeO)... ye ee. Nal Silica (Si O,) ... Pa a? ..- 15°30 ¥ Manganous Oxide (MnO)... <5 65 4 Alumina (Al, O;) Pay: ale a» 4:88 ; Lime (Ca QO) ... Zag “ tee eke 2 Magnesia (Mg O) tf a ie ES) a Phosphoric Acid (P. O; se Bc EO 5 Sulphur Trioxide (S O,) eo. gL Sa Combined Water and Organic “Matter... 12°20 i 100-10 231 The quarry in question, which has not, I think, been worked for at least twenty years, is on the northern face of the Upleatham outlier, about one mile south of Marske and 500 feet above sea level The cause of the discontinuance of the working of the quarry will be evident to any one inspecting it, for the massive sandstones are false-bedded and very irregular, and blotched with ferruginous concretions, some of which are solid little balls of iron peroxide, and others hollow box-stones. The sandstone is over-laid also in parts by glacial drift, and to a more harmful extent by profitless shales and ironstones. Plants occur throughout the whole extent of the quarry where the matrix is suitable for their preservation, but I have obtained my finest specimens from the refuse thrown aside by the workmen in the process of exploiting the sandstone. Most of the specimens which 1 obtained on my earlier visits I was able to identify without much difficulty, but one form was clearly distinct from any plavt mentioned by Mr. A. C. Seward in his “ Jurassic Flora of Yorkshire,” or figured and described in any work which I was able to consult. I therefore asked Mr. Seward if he would look at this plant for me, a request to which he very readily assented. On my sending the plant to him, he pronounced it to be a new species of Dictyozamites, a genus which had only been recorded previously from India, Japan and Bornholm. Mr. Seward was much delighted with this very interesting addition to the Bajocian Flora of Great Britain, and proposed that he and I should prepare a joint paper for the Geological Society of London on the new plant and the Marske Plant Bed generally. Ultimately, however, it was arranged that he should first describe the new plant, leaving me tc deal with the more general subject in a subsequent paper. Accordingly Mr. Seward, on February 25th, 1903, read to the Geological Society a paper ‘‘ On the Occurrence of Dietyozamites in England,” in which he named the new species Dictyozamites Hawelli This paper is printed in the Quarterly Journal of the Society issued on May 22nd, 1903, pp. 217 to 233. The fo!lowing is a list of the species which I have up to the present time obtained from Marske :— Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Cladophlebis denticulata, Brongn. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. 4 major, Lind. and Hutt. Sagenopteris Phillipsi, Brongn. var. major, Seward. 232 Otozamites parallelus, Phill. és Feistmanteli, Zigno. ; % sp. Williamsonia gigas, Lind. and Hutt. 5 pecten, Phill. Dictyozamites Hawelli, Seward. Nilssonia compta, Phill. mediana, Leckenby. fi tenuinervis, Nathorst. Strobilus ? Gingko digitata, Brongn. Gymnosperm Seed (Beania ?) ” So far, then, we have seventeen species, fourteen of which we may regard as having been identified with certainty. Since the Millepore Bed is not present in the Marske area, and the Lower and Middle Estuarines consequently must apparently be regarded as forming a continuous deposit, it becomes interesting to enquire whether the plants found here have the facies of the distinctive flora of either of these divisions of the Yorkshire Bajocian. Of the fourteen plants Dictyozamites Hawelli is new, and Otozamites Feistmanteli does not appear in the published lists, while Equisetites columnaris, Teniopteris vittata and Williamsonia pecten are plants occurring in both the Lower and Middle series of Estuarine deposits. Of the remainder there are only two which are recorded from the Upper Beds alone, viz., Wil/iamsonia gigas and Otozamites parallelus, the only locality for both of which is Whitby. On the other hand there are seven which are recorded from the Middle Estuarines alone, viz., Cladophlebis denticulata (Gristhorpe), Tani opteris major (Gristhorpe), Sagenopteris Phillipsi, (Gristhorpe), (I am not sure where the var. major came from which alone appears to be present at Marske), Ni/ssonia compta (Gristhorpe and Cloughton), Nilssonia mediana (Gristhorpe and Cloughton), Wils- sonia tenuinervis (Cloughton), and Gingko digitata (Gristhorpe). Tt will thus be seen that the Marske flora has on the whole a Middle Estuarine facies, some plants, such as Wilssonia tenuinervis which have never been recorded from the Lower Es‘uarines being extremely abundant. T have stated that most of my plants have been obtained from a spoil heap, but on the same slab several species are often con- fusedly intermixed, and I do not think it will be possible in the Marske quarry to trace any zonal succession of forms. Still I shall attempt to do this, and at the same time to trace and work out the plant beds in other parts of the Cleveland district. Hquisetites —_— err 233 columnaris I have noticed in various parts of Cleveland as near Staithes, and particularly at Rudd Scar, Ingleby Greenhow, where fine stems from one to two feet or more in length used to be visible still in the upright position in which they grew. Wlliamsonia pecten I have obtained from the Upleatham quarry, from Blue Mells, Ingleby Greenhow, and from Ewe Crag Slack, Danby. The last mentioned specimen was in glacially transported material, but was pretty certainly local. I have a specimen of Will/amsonia gigas which was given to me on his death-bed by my old friend the late John Watson, Parish Clerk at Ingleby for some fifty years. It doubtless came from the immediate neighbourhood of Ingleby. A specimen of Z’eniopteris from the Kildale quarry occurs on a stone built into a wall in the village of Kildale. There are many fossil plants including portions of trees more than a foot in diameter in the Lower Oolitic shales and sandstones on Carlton Bank. Before bringing this paper to a conclusion it may be well to summarise the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Seward in his paper “on the Occurrence of Dictyozamites in England, with Remarks on European and Eastern Mesozoic Floras.” Three species of Dictyozamites are now. known, all of which occur in Jurassic rocks, viz., D. falcatus from the Rajmahal Series of India, two varieties of this (var. distans and var. grossinervis) from Central Japan, D. Johnstrupi from Bornholm, and D. Hawelli from Marske. The genus has in the past sometimes been classed with the ferns, and sometimes with the eycads. In the absence of reproductive organs it is impossible to be certain of its affinities. As the reproductive organs of William- sonia are now known we are certain that it was acyead. Dicty- ozamites is one of several genera the pinnate fronds of which have a general resemblance to those of W7///amsonia, and which we may, pending the discovery of their reproductive organs, class as Cycado- phytes. Mr. Seward goes on to discuss the striking similarity between the Floras of the East and West during the Jurassic times. He shows that several genera and species which are entirely or almost identical have received names entirely different in different areas, and that consequently the general resemblance between widely separated Floras has been in large measure obscured. He reaches the conclusion that “the character of the vegetation of the world from the Upper Triassic Period to the Wealden seems to have been remarkably uniform and constant in its main features,” and observes that “the marked contrast exhibited by the Paleozoic vegetation on the one hand, and the Tertiary vegetation (including that of 234 the greater part of the Cretaceous era) on the other, to that which flourished through the whole Jurassic era is a striking fact, well worthy of more critical and extensive consideration than it has so far received.” In the discussioa on Mr. Seward’s paper at the Geological Society, Dr. Blanford suggested that the Mesozoic Flora may have originated froin the Glossopteris flora which prevailed in the southern hemisphere in Paleozoic times, and is very distinct from the Permo-Carboniferous flora of the northern hemisphere. Since Mr. Seward’s paper was read, he has delivered to the Botanical Section of the British Association, at its Southport Meeting, a Presidential Address on ‘“ Floras of the Past: their Composition and Distribution.” To this address, printed in the Geological Magazine, Vol. X., Nos. 11 and 12, I would refer my readers, who will find it of the greatest interest. —<—<—$—___ > —— WHORLTON-IN-CLEVELAND. By Rev. J. Cownry Fowrer, B.A., F.G.S. There is evidence tending to show that our parochial area was inhabited as far back as Roman times. We are told that in 1810a large silver vase was turned up by the plough near the old church. The vase, which was broken, contained a number of Roman coins of silver, and square wedges of the same metal. According to Mr. Ord, the coins represent Valens, Gratian, Theodosius, Huonorius, and Arcadius, which seems to indicate that they had been deposited towards the decline of the Roman power in Britain. In what way these coins were placed there we shall never know, or by whom, Roman or Saxon ; there is nothing else to connect the place with Roman times except, as some think, there was a Roman road from York, by Stillington, Yearsley (Camp), Oldstead and the Hambleton Hills, to Whorlton (Castle) and Cleveland—perhaps to Eston Nab or Barnaby Moor (Camp). [Phillip’s Rivers and Mountains of Yorkshire, p. 241]. The first historic information is found in “The Domesday Book for Yorkshire,” in the ‘ Terra Comitis Moritoniencis.” It is named as being in soke to Hotun (Hutton Rudby), and is spelt Wirueltune, together with Codreschef (Scutterskelf), Blatun (Blaten Carr, near Great Busby), Goutun (Goulton, still in the Parish of Whorlton), and Gratorne (Crathorne). In all, twenty carucates for 235 geld, and 12 ploughs, may be [there]: All are stated to be waste, except Wirueltune, in which there are 20 villanes with 8 ploughs. It was, therefore, a cultivated settlement at the time of the conquest, when it was bestowed by the Conqueror with a large breadth of territory upon the Count of Mortain in the Avranches, France—a younger son of Herleva, mother of the Conqueror—who fought at the Battle of Hastings, [Note R. H. Scaife on Domesday]. The old Saxon Parish thus changed hands in a very forcible manner. The name Whorlton is evidently derived from ‘ Whorl,” which Skeat says is the same word as “ Wharl,” the name for a piece of wood or bone placed on a spindle to twist it by ; the particular form “Whorl” may have been borrowed, he says, from O. Du, and introduced by the Flemish weavers. On this, the late Canon Atkinson said that Skeat would have modified his statement had he known of our Cleveland “ Worvel” or “ Wirvel,” so much anterior in date to '‘the Flemish weavers.” The “ton” at the end of Whaorlton is the Saxon for a settlement or place fenced in, equiva- lent to the Danish “by.” Whorl Hill is a striking natural object, and therefore the settlement under the round hill would easily suggest the name. Scandinavian influence was very great here as portrayed in the nomenclature of persons, places and fields, ete., and of the townships or sub-districts of the Parish—Swainby, Huthwaite, Potto, Scarth, Trenholm and Scugdale. In fact, the Danes and their allies thoroughly colonised this part of the country and reduced its inhabitants to slavery, in a very different manner from the way in which the Northmen invaded, and held Normandy, simply by military tenure, as there is little evidence there of Northern blood or occupation, except in Bayeux and places in the vicinity of it. The Meinells soon appear upon the scene as lords here. Stephen, Son of Robert de Meinill, founded a religious house at Scarthe at the West end of the Parish—the site is known, but there are no remains ; a stone coffin can still be seen in a field near. In the second year of Henry JII. the custody of his whole barony within the County of York was given to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Nicholas de Meinill was summoned to Parliament among the Barons from the 9th to the 16th Edw. III. He “held the Manor of Whorlton, of the Archbishop of Canterbury, by the tenure of serving the said Archbishop with the cup, in which he should drink, on the day of his Consecration.” ‘236 He left issue a daughter Elizabeth, who was first married to John Lord D’Arcy. The D’Arcy family held the Manor for several generations, “till Philip, Lord D’Arcy and Meinill, who married Eleanor, daughter of Henry Fitz-Hugh, died without male issue (6 Hen. V), leaving two infant daughters his co-heirs, viz. Elizabeth and Margaret—Elizabeth married James Strangways Knight, and had Whorlton and other lands for her share, upon the division.” Leland says “ Whorlton in Cleveland was the principal house of the Lord Menell; which sense came to Master Strangwayes in particion.” It is uncertain on whom the Manor devolved after the Strang- ways in the reign of Henry VIIL., but it was found that Henry, Earl of Northumberland, was in possession [Inquisition at Topcliffe, 27 Eliz.| of the Castle and Manor, ete , which had been granted to Matthew, Earl of Lennox, who married the King’s niece. It then in some way reverted to the Percy family ; then once more to the Crown, and finally to Edward Bruce, of Kinlos, descended from the Norman Brus, whose son, Thomas, was advanced by Charles I. to be Lord Bruce of Whorlton. His son, Robert, was created Earl of Aylesbury by King Charles II., and it continued in that family until it was purchased by the late James Emerson, Esquire, of Easby Hall. Most of this information I have taken from Graves as the chief quarry from which we extract the history of Cleveland. There ure other sources from which I have made notes, but space does not permit me to print them. However, it is worth noting that the above Earl of Lennox married Margaret, daughter of Archi- bald, the 6th Earl of Angus, by Margaret, daughter of King Henry VII. (Sister of Henry VIL) and Mother to James V. , King of Scotland. Camden says, “‘ the issue of this happy match were Henry and Charles ; the former of whom by Mary, Queen of Scots, had James VI., Monarch of Great Britain, etc.” To have Mary Queen of Scots associated with the Manor is indeed to be linked with a great and never dying romance, and there is no wonder that there should be a tradition that “the fateful lines that bound her to Darnley, were signed at Whorlton.” With reference to this, I have a most interesting letter from Major Martin Hume, who has just published “‘ the love affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots,” from a study of State papers in the Record Office. He says, “it is quite certain that the local tradition to which you refer is unfounded, (Jueen Mary never entered England until after Darnley’s death, 237 and positively never met him at Whorlton, if she herself ever went there, of which I can find no record. The only possible basis that occurs to me for the tradition is that the letters written in Septem- ber and October, 1561, by the Countess of Lennox to Mary, proposing the Darnley match, may have heen addressed from Whorlton. Indeed, I am under the impression that I have seen ‘ Northallerton’ on one of these letters. “The Castle and Manor were granted to the Lennoxes on the 12th July, 1544, the keepership and custody having been given by the King to Hugh Askew in the previous year on the death of the owner, SirJ. Strangways. Ido not find the Meynells in connection with the place until long after, and I believe that Whorlton was one of the actual residences of the Lennoxes until their disgrace and attainder. It is likely, therefore, that Darnley and his father may have halted at the house on their respective journeys to Scotland, and may have corresponded with Mary from there. It is possible also that some confusion may have arisen from the fact that Mary actually did pass a night at Walton Hall, near Chesterfield, on her way South, 1568. You can however most confidently contradict the assertion that ‘the fateful lines that bound. Mary to Darnley,’ were signed in one of the Chambers of Whorlton Castle. They were signed at Stirling.” _ Graves says, quoting from Kirkby’s Inquest (1285), ‘all lands belonging to the Meinills were exempt from the payment of Danegeld, and that Nicholas de Meinill, in the reign of Edward L., obtained a Charter for keeping a fair here, and also had a grant of free-warren, free chace, and divers other privileges within the Manor.” An Inquisition ‘ Post-mortem” was taken, 30 Edw. III., on the death of John Lord D’Arcy, and showed that the Castle and Manor of Whorlton, with other lands, had come to him by marriage with the sole daughter and heiress of Nicholas de Meinell, and had been granted to Thomas Swinford and John Charteray in trust, ete. A second Inquest was taken at Yarm (42 Edw. IIL) ‘by which it was found that Elizabeth, the daughter and heiress of Nicholas de Meynell, held at time of her death the Castle and Manor of Whorlton in demesne, as of fee together with the villages of Whorlton and Swainby, etc., and that the Castle at the time was of no annual value, ‘ ultra reprisas,’ etc.” 238 It is remarkable that a coin of the time of Edward III, a counter made in imitation of the coins of France of the time, should have been found in the moat of the Castle a few years since. On the obverse it has a shield charged with three keys on a bend surrounded with crowns and lions, and round it EDWARDUS REX REGNAT. On the reverse an arrangement of “ Fleurs-de-lis ” at the ends of a cross-with equal arms, in a kind of square with the words around GARDE ROBE REGIS. These counters were not the current coin of the realm, but were used by the King’s Chamberlains for counting the expenses of his privy purse. Hereby possibly hangs a tale! Tue Castle. The moated mound on which the Castle is built has no doubt been a stronghold from very early times, just such a mound as any people in bygone times would have fortified; with a deep impassable morass on the North, forests all round, and the land falling away from it on all sides, it was naturally a strong position. Its history is buried in oblivion in the remote past; at present it has to the East very considerable earthworks and trenches extending over certainly 50 acres or more. and the difficulty is to assign any date to them or to be certain that they all belong to one period. We know the Normans built on moated mounds of this description in Normandy where the mounds are still to be seen (known as Mottes in Norman French), as the sites for wooden or stone castles having courts outside surrounded with earthworks. Three such courts can be traced to the E. and S.E. of Whorlton Castle and there is also an outer moat quite straight going North and South about 100 yards from the inner moat. This appears to have been the Anglo-Norman type as well, and it was by a system of small fortified forts or castles—really on the block-house system of Lord Kitchener—extended all over the country, that the Normans over- awed and held the land. We should perhaps not be far from the truth if we took it for granted that a Norman castle of the usual type | was built here shortly after the Conquest, possibly on a Danish moated mound, very likely by the Count of Mortain, or by the Meinells. The Norman Conqueror laid it upon his more fortunate followers as their first duty to secure their Jands by building castles which should dominate the surrounding country. Be this as it may, we have seen there was a castle here in Edwardian times. Are we to imagine that Edward III. was actually here, from the finding of the coin I have already mentioned? Did one of the King’s Chamber- lains actually drop this particular counter into the moat on one of the King’s visits? It must not be forgotten that monarchs in those 239 days travelled about a good deal, and held their courts in many parts of the country, and administered justice, etc., and this is one of the chief of the petty castles at the west end of the valley leading from the Vale of York to Mulgrave Castle, along a line of Baronial Castles. The large crescent shaped earthwork North of the Church is a puzzle, and may not have been connected with the Norman fortress at all, but a Saxon one, as they were of large area to protect numbers of people; the Burghs built by the Saxons seem never to have had moats, and to have been simply enclosures, differing from the moated mounds of the 9th and 10th centuries, The present remains of the Castle consist of a very fine Gateway-tower, with the Arms of Meinell, b’Arcy and Gray, and Graves thinks the Castle was erected or repaired about the latter part of Richard II. ; this was probably the case, and the architecture is 14th century. ‘The walls are enormously thick and have within them stone stairs and passages—there was a double portcullis and a beautifully groined passage between them 10 feet wide, and a guard room on either side, with rooms over them containing fire places; this groining was pulled down some years ago,—a great piece of vandalism—there was a draw bridge over the moat and the mound was walled all round, some of the foundations remaining. When the new Church was built a quarter of a century ago, the foundation of the buildings inside the base-court were dug up for the 240 foundations of the Church, and no plan appears to have been made of them—this is much to be regretted, as it might have settled the question of the Castle Chapel. The vaults which still remain are of very rude construction and are probably parts of the first castle. It is not known when the Castle was dismantled, but in Camden’s time it was stated to be “old and ruinous.” Local tradition says that Cromwell bombarded the Castle, which was held by the Royalists. The Roundheads attacked it first on the East side from Whorl Hill, but found their shot went over the Castle ; they then moved West to a field on the Ingleby road and planted their cannons on the rising ground in the middle of it, and ruined the old feudal pile; the Protector himself being ill at Northallerton. There is certainly a mark on one of the stones on the East side of the gateway which could only have been made by such an instrument as a cannon ball, the stone being crushed by the blow. There is the usual well, and the Castle or moats was supplied with water from Whorl Hill ; the wooden pipes have been seen in digging; The inhabitants clustered round the Castle fur safety, and lived in miserable hovels of wattle and dab. There is a local tradition of a hall having stood in one..of the fields on the low road going from the'old Church to Faceby, said to have been pulled down in the early part of the last century; this is the only trace of a large house apart from the Castle which I have been able to discover. It was not until a comparatively late period that farm houses were built in this part of Yorkshire away in the fields from the village, owing to the country not being sufficiently settled and safe. In Belgium “the battle ground of Europe,” large farm- steads are found almost everywhere, built in a quadrangle and fortified all round; often, with a watch tower; Hougomont on the Field of Waterloo being a good example. The Peel Towers, celebrated in Marshman’s Warfare or Border Minstrelsy, the strongholds of men who lived by “snaffle, spur and spear,” and drove in their cattle when the Scotch made a raid, can scarcely be called fortified farm houses. The Castle in the Middle Ages was surrounded with an extensive park. “ Time bas moulder’d into beauty many a tower, which when it frownd with all its battlements, was only terrible.” . . (Mason. ) | 241 Sir James D. Mackenzie, when he published his fine work ‘The Castles of England” in 1896, regretted that he could not find room to say much about Whorlton and the other Cleveland Castles. In one of his letters he remarks, “ Why I wonder should they have sought to protect a region bleak and high as Cleveland, with such a line of fortresses? It lay, too, out of the line of traffic.” It must, indeed, have been a wild inhospitable district of hill and dale, forest and morass, with practically no roads and the haunt of packs of wolves and wild animals, but the new possessors, the Norman adventurers, were obliged to fortify their possessions, and with the full consent and wish of the Conqueror, as so many outposts and garrisons. In the Church at Dives, in N. ormandy—where the Conqueror had his boats built, and from whence he sailed for England—the names of his companions are painted on the West end—many hundreds—names well-known amongst us now, such as Harcourt, Beaumont, Lacy, ete. Certainly a most interesting memorial of the event ! The Curé is naturally anxious to preserve the fine old Norman Church (as it is in part) and he makes an appeal to the inhabitants of Dives as the descendants ‘de Guillaume le Conquérant’ to assist him! As we read this some years ago, my friend remarked with a laugh, “TI think it is much more likely that we are the descendants “de Guillaume le Conquérant,’ than the present inhabitants of poor little Dives!’ Certainly these companions of the Conqueror never went back to Dives, and were content to settle down and enjoy the wild life of England and their newly acquired lands, Since writing the above I have met with the following information relating to the Castle in “ Clarke’s Medieval Military Architecture,” a standard work :—In describing the English Rebellion in the reign of Henry II., and mentioning the rebels, he remarks: “Jt included Unmfraville of Prudhoe, De Vesci of Alnwick, Ros of Hamlake, Bruce of Whorlton and Skelton, and in the South almost all the great Barons ;” and again further on “Killarby, Albruck-on-Tees, and Cardwell were early Castles, as were Armanthwaite, Bowes, Hatlesey [Harlsey 2], Sigston and Whorlton.” This proves that my conjecture that there was a Castle here in the early Norman times is correct. 242 *THEe CHURCH. In all probability a Saxon Church stood on the site of the Norman Church. Saxon Churches are known to have existed at Ingleby Arncliffe, Crathorne, Kirklevington and many other parishes in the neighbourhood, where Saxon remains have been found. So far as | know, however, no Saxon remains have been found at Whorlton ; the Church might have been of wood or stone. The Architectural history of the present Church appears to be as follows :—First a Nave and Chancel were built in the early part of the 12th century, then a North Aisle was thrown out and an Arcade built of three arches-with cushion capitals, the centre one having dragons sculptured round it. The North Aisle was usually built first in case of enlargement; the North side in the ideas of those days was given up to evil spirits, and no one would be buried there, neither will people in the present day in some parishes ; thus it was not a question of disturbing the dead. In the 13th century the South Aisle was built, the Arcade being Early English, the bases of the columns—which are round— showing the water moulding ; the arches are round, corresponding with those in the North Arcade. The Norman Chancel, the plinth of which remains for half the length of the present Chancel, probably ended in a round apse like the neighbouring Norman Church of Hilton ; part of the Norman wall remains on the North side, and has a round-headed window in it now blocked up. There appears to have been an altar on either side the Chancel arch, making three in all, after the English use. In the Greek Church the rule is one Church one altar. The Chancel was rebuilt in the 14th century with a square end; in the North wall is a large arch under which is the 14th eentury Meynell tomb, which pierced this wall, communicating with the Chantry Chapel on the North side, now pulled down, the windows being inserted in the Chancel of the new Church, half a mile away, at Swainby ; at the East end of this arch and tomb is a single lancet window with one cusp. The South wall was originally pierced with three two-light windows and a priest’s door, now blocked up ; the western half of the South wall was rebuilt or refaced probably in the Elizabethan period, when the square-headed window was inserted, having over it the Bate arms—viz., Sable, a bar engrailed, arg. between three dexter hands, or; and on a shield adjoining is the following inscription: ORA TE PNO BIS A.D. * For previous Note on Whorlton Church with illustration refer to page 13 of present Proceedings. 243 “HOWNHO NOLTUOHM 244 1621 (“Orate pro nobis”); this inscription, with the sculptured hands, is also on the inside wall of the Chancel. Graves thinks it is in memory of William Bate, of Eston, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Marmaduke Harperly, of Whorlton, and died 13th October, 1621. The South wall had evidently become unsafe and was rebuilt, and in the middle of it a handsome buttress was built in the 15th century to strengthen it ; the priest’s door label is not Gothic. There is here a low sided window, commonly called a Leper Window ; these windows are very common in most parts of the country, and much has been written about them. The late Mr. Matthew Bloxam told me some years ago that he thought they were confessional windows, used by the Regulars (Dominicans and Franciscans, etc.), who interfered greatly with the Seculars (7.e. the Parochial Clergy), and heard confessions through them. Mr. Bloxam found a document of the Reformation period thus describing them, and ordering them to be blocked up. A most exhaustive and scholarly paper has recently been written on these interesting windows by the Rev. Canon Hodgson.* He clearly demonstrates that they were for the exhibition of lights wherewith to dispel evil spirits. Lights were also burnt in churchyards and in niches on crosses both in England and on the Continent, known as Fanaux, Lanternes des morts or colonnes creuses des cemetieres, ete. The present East window is late perpendicular, and contains some of the original painted glass. The Piscina remains, with the drain cavity fluted: there is a hollow moulding in the underside of the arch, the same section as in the large arch over the Meynell tomb ; there is an aumbry on the North side. In front of the Chancel arch there was a Rood-loft, the doorways to which still remain in the walls—from this the Gospel and Epistle were read, and sometimes the Sermon preached, and important documents read to the faithful. Rood-lofts became common in England in the 14th century ; many fine examples may be found particularly in Devonshire and Cornwall, as well as in Wales, with exquisite carving. They are also found in Brittany, and some may be seen in Normandy. The Altar Table is perhaps a copy of a previous one of the Elizabethan or “ Restoration period.” The Church has been rich in stone brackets or corbels ; two are -placed one on either side of the altar, coarse and heavy in design, and no doubt they supported statues. There are also two stone corbels at the base of the mullions in the East window, inside, carrying the heads of a King and a Bishop; they are artistic in design, almost unique, and carried, no doubt, images or candles. * « Archeologia Aliana,” Vol. xxiii. 245 It must be remembered that in the middle ages every village had its Guilds: everyone belonged to some Guild, which was always connected with religion, and had part of the Village Church assigned to it. ‘Men, women and children had each their own Guild, and before the image of the Patron Saint of the Guild a light was kept continually burning to drive away evil spirits, and to invoke the aid of Almighty God and his Saints in protecting his servants from the snares and frauds of the Devil. Wax for the Candles was provided by the members of the Guild, and fines for a breach of the rules were often levied in wax. Sometimes members left money in their wills to support the lights.”* The Village Guilds were of great benefit religiously and socially, and amongst other things they often undertook the repair of the Church, and the renovation of vestments, books, and other things belonging to the Church. No doubt the brackets in Whorlton Church were used in connection with the Village Guilds ; other brackets also were, I believe, in the Chantry Chapel on the North side, which was unfortunately pulled down a quarter of a century ago: it appears to have been about the size of the Chancel, and had a squint into the Chancel for seeing the Elevation of the Host. Graves gives a list of Cantarists—it was known as.the D’Arcy Chauntry. The gable over the Chancel arch bears a beautiful 14th century Sanctus Bell-cot. The celebrated oak effigy in the Meynell tomb, Mr. W. H. St. John Hope gives as early 14th century on account of the habit, and especially the knee caps—the feet are in leather socks: the supporters on the tomb are two Bishops in the act of bhlessing—the amice can be seen round the neck. This is supposed to be the monument of Sir Nicholas de Meynell, and the effigy is cross-legged with hands in prayer, and a dog at his feet—there are eight shields on each side of the altar tomb on which the effigy rests, charged with the arms of the families with whom the Meynell family were connected, as Graves concludes, viz. : those of Roos, Latimer, D’Arcy, Gray, Neville, and Fitz-hugh ; the opposite side of the tomb bears an equal number of shields, in some cases with the same arms. Torr gives two Testamentary burials, 9th July, 1529, Hen. Conyers of W. Lathes, in Clyveland, Esq., to be buried in the Chapel of Whorlton before the Crucifix. 30th January, 1577, Joh. Strangwayes, of Strathonbarge, gent., to be buried in the Parish Church of Whorleton ‘There is a farm close to Swainby known as West Lees. The font is Norman of a severe type. * Ditchtield, The Antiquary, Vol. V. 246 The tower, built about the year 1400, is very similar to the tower at Danby Church ; it is square, without buttresses, it is of the usual type; in the upper storey the four sides are pierced each with a two-light window and transom—here were the bells—the tower was finished with an embattled parapet, the original roof having decayed long since The North side was built over the THE MEYNELL TOMB, Western arch of the South Arcade ; the foundation has given way on the South side, and the tower now leans 22 inches towards the South. Several 13th and 14th century grave stones are built into the tower, and there is what appears to be a Holy Water Stoup on the inner wall in the nave. At this time the aisle walls appear to have been pulled down and the arcades walled up with square-headed —_—— -— 247 windows in the arches. The tower still contains one of the Medizval bells, bearing the inscription, “Sancta Maria ora pro nobis.” There is a “cross” stop between every two letters; the S of nobis is on its side, and there is a founder’s stamp on the rim, very difficult to make out ; the height of the bell to the crown is 1 ft. 8 ins., and the diameter at the mouth 1 ft. 114 ins. By his will of 7th July, 1528, ‘“ William Swanne, of Swanneby, in -Whorlton parish,” desires “ to be beried in the kirke of the Holie Roode in Whorleton,” to which he gives 10 li. “to by a bell, the which xli. is in Master William Grene hand, and this bell to be hallowed, and carried, and hongyn of my propre costes.” [Test. Ebor. v. 249.] This may refer to the bell we still have in the tower, as the lettering is of the same period, or to one of the lost ones. The Church and Castle are rich in mason’s marks, and the Church has many markings on its walls said to he made by sharpening spears and arrow-heads when men went about armed with spear and cross-bow: these markings are found all over the country more or less, and are common in Wales. Many of them have the appearance of having been made by sharpening weaver’s shuttles. They are numerous in the old weaving districts ; many of these markings, moreover, exist where an arrow shaft could not be wielded. The Parish Registers commence in 1689. The connection of the old Norman Church with the Castle is interesting, but perplexing. On the West side of the Churchyard there is an earthwork, and traces of another one on the East near the lane—there can be little doubt that the Church was within the earthworks, and there are known instances where a Norman Church and Castle are within the same inclosure. Dr. Atkinson says, in one of his letters, he does not think the Church was ever the Chapel of the Castle, and that the distinction between the Parish Church and the Castle Chapel was a marked one, as the Castle Chapel was essentially a private Chapel. He remarks further :— “That Whorlton Church may have been, as well as have been called, a Capella or Chapel, I do not in the least doubt, for I think there is reason to infer, if not to conclude, that that was precisely its status at one period of its history—that that history or rather the history of the entire Parish of Whorlton is very obscure My impression is that in 1529 Whorlton Church was, as to absolute status, a ‘Capella’ merely, quite possibly a ‘Capella Parochialis,’ but still, such in contradistinetion to an ‘ Ecclesia Parochialis.’ Iam not at all certain as to the precise intention of your first extract from Torr. I do not think it likely that ‘the Free Chapell within the Castle of Whorlton’ means the assumed (and I think necessarily assumed) Castle Chapel, or that it was 248 within the unused precincts of the Castle. It was within the precincts of the Castle [and honor] of Whorlton (it may have been within the precincts of the Castle if, as I think possible, the precincts included a very much extended area), aud neither more or less than that is probably what was intended.” This is a point which, we fear, will have to remain unsettled. The foundations of the Castle were dug up in the quadrangle as we have seen. It is worth noting, however, that the two arches at the West end of the Church were built on to the Norman Nave, about the time of Richard IL., when the present Castle was re-built ; this points to an increase in the population. The Church is dedicated to God in the name of the Holy Cross—in allusion to the legend of the finding of the Holy Cross by St. Helen. One hundred and six Churches in England are named “in honour of this festival, some under the name of the Holy Rood and several under the corruption of St. Cross.” One other thing is connected with the Church, the old grant of a fair. ‘‘ Nicholas de Meinell claims to have a market in Weolton (an error in the MS. for Whorlton) by a charter of my Lord Edward the King, and warren park and game.” What these particular privileges of market were we do not know. The site of the old market cross is pointed out by local tradition as being about 100 yards or so S.E of the Churchyard, where there is a dip in the field by the lane In those days markets were commonly held in or near to Churehyards ; the Church and Churchyard were the only places of resort in most parishes The market cross was set up here for the sake of reverence, and the influence of religion in making people honest ia their transactions. When markets were removed to towns the fairs were opened by the Parish Priest, thus giving the proceedings the sanction of religion. ‘Every town had its cross at which engagements, whether of a religious or worldly interest, were entered into.’’®) (1) Parker’s Calendar of the Prayer Book. ; (2) Kirkby’s Inquest, Vol. 39, Surtees Society. Note, on July 16th, 63 Henry III. the King granted a charter of free warren, market, ete., in Welverton (Whorlton) to Nicholas de Meinell, which was contirmed by Ed. I. Noy. 24th, 1281, on the authority of Ord. (3) Brady’s Calendaria. 249 We must add that the tower of the Church had a new roof put on it in 1891 ; the gable over the Chancel arch was rebuilt, a buttress built on the North side of the arch to take the thrust, and other repairs were executed at a cost of £127. The former roof bore the date T.E. 1722, and the top of the tower had actually been repaired with the stonework from the North gable of the Meynell tomb. Had the pages been wider, My tale had been longer. “DISCOVERIES AT LIVERTON CHURCH. By T. M. Fattow, M.A., F.S.A. As most of the members know, the ancient Church of Liverton has been undergoing the process of restoration during the last few months. Discoveries of some interest have been DOORWAY IN NORTH WALL OF CHURCH. * For a lrief description of Liverton Chureh refer to page 7A, of present Vol. of Proceedings. 250 EXTERIOR FROM 8S W. (BEFORE RESTORATION). - 3 a ‘ i F EXTERIOR FROM S8.E. (BEFORE RESTORATION). ¥ 251 EXTERIOR N.W. (BEFORE RESTORATION), WEST END OF CHURCH (BEFORE RESTORATION), 252 made. The two bells on being removed from the bell turret were both found to be of medizval date. One is quite plain, but round INTERIOR LOOKING EAST (BEFORE RESTORATION). the other is an inscription in Lombardic characters, somewhat worn— + VOCOR MARIA DMA ae. “Tam called the Lady Mary.” Tlre R’s are reversed and the contraction I)MA for Domina should be DNA, but such errors INTERIOR FROM ALTAR LOOKING W. (BEFORE RESTORATION). ee ew ee ‘ad¥VIS WAVHO NVYNOO ZILA 253 are common on ancient bells. I had some difficulty in reading the inscription, but I sent a rubbing to Canon Fowler, of Durham, who agreed with my reading as far as it went, and solved the DMA, which I had failed to make out. Canon Fowler calls attention, in reference to the legend on this bell, to the Lady Bells of Lincoln Minster, Both the Liverton bells are of considerable interest, and although sent away to be re-cast, it has since been decided to preserve them in the restored Church, Another discovery made is that of a fine grave slab with a floriated cross and a sword incised on it. In the middle of the stem of the cross is a shield of arms charged with a cross engrailed, which were the arms of the Fitz Conans, who owned Liverton prior to 1316-7, when the property passed into the hands of William le Latimer. It seems probable that the grave over which this slab was laid, and in which a skeleton was found, was the grave of Sir Henry Fitz Conan, who was alive in 1302-3, and died soon after. INTERIOR LOOKING EAST (DURING RESTORATION), The Church was largely rebuilt about (as it would seem) a hundred years or so ago, but as the photographs show, some of the lower parts of the ancient walls were untouched. When the plaster was stripped off inside, it was found that a plain Norman door had existed in the north wall near the west end of the Church. There are very similar doors (all built up) at Ayton, Newton, and Wilton Churches, buildings of much the same date as Liverton, and the walling up of these doors seems, in each case, to be of 254 early date. Traces of the door at Liverton can be detected in the; external masonry, but its entire form inside (as shown in the: photograph) was revealed when the plaster was removed. It has now been obscured by new plaster. Near the Church stood the old Parsonage House. It may very well be the last of the old Cleveland parsonages with thatched roof, and all the rooms on the ground floor. Since the photograph’ LIVERTON OLD PARSONAGE, SOUTH SIDE. was taken two years ago, the roof has fallen in, and the building has become a complete wreck. It seems, therefore, worth while to preserve a picture of it as a record of what it was like, and for ~ a similar reason general views are also given of the Church before and during restoration. “4 a =e = SE 255 NOTES BY THE LATE R. LOFTHOUSE. The following notes are from notes of the late R. Lofthouse left in diaries or published in papers not likely to have been seen by many, if any, of our members, and it is proposed to publish them from time to time in the Proceedings, as long as they are in the opinion of the Editor of sufficient interest. I may say that he left notes on a variety of subjects—Natural History, Topography, and Archeology, with special reference to the Cleveland district. de A Ee BIRD NESTS IN STRANGE PLACES. Birds sometimes choose very curious and odd places for their nesting sites, even in localities where there would seem to be endless choice of suitable resorts. I have seen a chaffinch’s nest placed high up in a lofty tree, and although they are usually found at a height of six, seven, or eight feet, I have got one within a foot of the ground, containing two eggs. Robins usually build in a hole or depression, or in what in some parts of Yorkshire is called the “‘Cam” side of a hedge. I have seen one, however, placed on the shelf of a gardener’s tool- house between two flower pots. The bird’s means of ingress and egress to and from the house was by a small hole in a broken pane of the window. Here it hatched and reared its young successfully, the gardener, to his credit be it recorded, being careful not to disturb it. Blackbirds most frequently build their nests in hedges or shrubs. One, however, built its nest in the open portico of a villa. There was a column at one side, and on the opposite side the column rested on a large carved boss, three or four feet from the ground, built into a projecting part of the building. At the back _ of the boss, between the column and the wall, the blackbird had placed its nest, and although people were frequently passing in -and out of the building, the bird was sitting at the time I saw it, and as the proprietor seemed very proud of its presence, I have no doubt it carried off its young in due time. The yellow-hammer is perhaps one of the most timid and shy of our birds. Its nest is generally placed in a low bush of thorn, wild rose, gorse, or in long tangled weeds. I once saw one placed in a depression on the side of a small heap of road scrapings, by the side of a much frequented high road. It was covered with a little overhanging grass, and was not two feet distant from the track of the wheel of every cart that passed ; it contained two eggs. On visiting it subsequently I found that it had been forsaken. I have ho 56 also found a white-throat’s nest in a similar position, but nearer, if anything, to the cart track, though in this case the road was a private road, and perhaps not quite so much used. The wren builds a nest which is hard to find, not so much on account of its being hidden away in out- of- the-way places, as from its exact resemblance to the substance on which it builds. The nest is often placed in a hollow on a moss-grown thorn stump, so exactly resembling the surroundings as to be exceedingly difficult to find. It is also sometimes built in a hole in a piece of old masonry, just like an accumulation of old dried leaves, such as one might have expected to lodge there. One was found in a dead, bushy branch blown from a tree. Close to where the branch had been broken off another branch had grown, which had likewise been broken off, forming a hook. This, in its descent, had hooked on to a branch a few feet from the ground, and amongst the dried twigs thus suspended the nest was formed. It could have been unhooked and carried away complete. Blue tits have been known to nest in all kinds of odd places» usually, however, in holes in trees, sometimes in bottles, etc. One built in an old disused pump. PIB TOT OUR CT Sy eee Ts ual oR “PT “0D Y uostpr0¢ ‘Axa "ava, ‘uBaTTOTY “apy UL9JUVT “4894\ “AY ‘o— ‘sodopoaugy sasrqsog sArvqatoag ‘SqUG UOlU “NX — = "Sqng "TNT pue ry SULULLT -TOBT aoUuR]RG “pT “og 2 UWOSTp.L0 f+ ‘S[OA G Suipurg PUL GOGT « IST[eIN4AR yy ,, ~~ foInsvety, onp soured Aq “SUDA “aNTO ee oe ec os ee ce “ Og WyY (a3 oe ‘OT “Tey S061 8 “20 0g “gydag ‘Og one ‘9G HE MYL ZOGL T 61 €F ‘puvy ur oourpeg °L-—S061 ‘FZ your, _—_—_—_—_——— O OL teF (Oe ef) - ~ pfOS suoyovsuvry ‘ .- | OSs Fel -_-. = asnondirasgne OL ‘Og zRyy | te ere 3 £061 *S1A1IIIYi. OGL “YrnyTe woe Papua wat ayy sof PUNOIIY, 8 MOMNSDAL T, NADLOUO TT QT SLSITVYOLVN C(NVTHAWTIO LIST OF PUBLICATIONS received by the Society as Donations or Exchanges, and which are deposited at the Free Library, Middlesbrough, and may be seen on application to Mr. Baker Hudson, Hon. Librarian to the Club. “The Naturalist,” 1886-1903. Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, ‘ Record of Proceedings,” 1889, 1895, 1896-8, 1899-1900, 1901. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Transactions, pts. 15, 16, 17, 19; 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29. Weardale Naturalists’ Field Club Transactions, pt. 1., vol. 1. Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club Transactions, Vol J. Vol. II. -Vol: IIL, part-1. Faweett’s “ Historic Places in the Derwent Valley.” Salt’s “List of Plants collected chiefly in the neighbourhood of Sheffield.” Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, vol. 14, pt 1 :—Hawell’s “Peat Deposit at Stokesley.” Keeble and Gamble’s “The Colowr-Physiology of Hippolyte varians.” Keeble’s “ Observations on the Loranthacee of Ceylon.” Keeble’s “ The Hanging Foliage of certain Tropical Trees.” Gurmey’s ‘Diurnal Birds of Prey.” Smith’s ‘‘ Botanical Survey for Local Naturalists’ Societies.” Grant’s ‘ List of Pease’s Somaliland Collection of Birds.” Vale of Derwent Field Club Proceedings, vol. II, IV. - ~~." i. re me ee ee te Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club can be obtained of the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse, 62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough. Vol. 1, part 1 = Sixpence. ” I, 9 2 = One Shilling. Vee Pemtker pe = Two Shillings, PRES (acter panee - Two Shillings. MEMBERSHIP. Any persons at all interested in the work of our Society are invited to become Members, even if they are not able to be active Members. Their support would be valuable and would also show that the work of the Society was not altogether unappreciated. The Annual Subscription is 5/-. Further particulars would be supplied by the Hon. Secretary. ms ~— ney a etn a wo ene Se = SSS = Wh i ne 19 tHe » vi ER er GU) RUAN a) TASHA Hh i a — = LSS : : SSS = oS: =< aa, rene — = = - mm xt ee wae a a = ——-S > - — << fa oe reams - ae 3 eg pens sa ad See arnt — Goats oH i a aeort es Sigee sad Se ee Japenese Seeks ; “ro eas x = ony e ee rf é ue i H}