LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 51 I RECORDS OF BIG GAME RECORDS OF BIG GAME WITH THE DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, AND HORN & TUSK MEASUREMENTS OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES FOURTH EDITION BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. LONDON ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE/' 166 PICCADILLY, W. 1903 Of KJTOK BIOLOGY LIBRARY G SENCRAL TO THE SPORTSMEN OF THE WORLD WITHOUT WHOSE ENTERPRISE THESE RECORDS COULD NOT HAVE BEEN COMPILED THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED 8050 PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION IN this edition the finest known specimens of antlers, horns, tusks, and skins are, so far as possible, recorded. It has been found impracticable in some instances to verify the measure- ments of trophies in distant parts of the world ; and such records must accordingly be taken on the responsibility of their respective owners or those who have been good enough to measure them. It is to be regretted that one pair of hands and a steel -tape are not responsible for the measurements of all the actual "records." One of the many difficulties in con- nection with compilation of this nature is due to the circum- stance that different measurements of the same specimen are often sent ; this arising sometimes from the use of a common tape or string, instead of a steel -measure. With the horns of freshly killed hollow -horned ruminants an allowance for shrinkage should be made when comparing with older trophies. An average specimen of an Ovis ammon horn, for instance, will frequently shrink half an inch in length and proportionately in girth after it has left the field. With the Cervida many difficulties have arisen as to comparison ; and I may point out that although length of Vll viii PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION antlers is invariably put at the top of the list, other particulars such as number of tines, general symmetry, spread, and weight of antler, are in many instances the making of a good trophy. In this edition the measurements of smaller specimens have been omitted. I have to thank many sportsmen and naturalists all over the world for the help they have afforded, especially Prince Henry of Liechtenstein for the particulars of Continental Red Deer. In the present volume great care has been taken with regard to the accuracy of the dimensions ; and, considering the number of measurements, it will be readily understood the task attempted has been one of no ordinary difficulty. ROWLAND WARD. August 1903. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS — Owner's measurements and particulars or other known authority. '.. '; 47 4S 23 29 17 + 9 Do. . 464 6 24 261 37 Do. . -46 5 29 38 42 Jotunheim, Norway . 454 44 26J 302 I2+IO Norway . 44i 4§ 34 394 11 + 10 Do. . . ^ 44 44 20^ 324 12 + 9 Do. . 4M 42 244 12 + 9 Spitzbergen 41 44 261 302 12+ 12 Do. 40 32 34 344 12 + 9 Norway . 382 4 25i 7 + 5 Do. . . . 38 54 214 I5 + I3 Do. . 37 44 18 20^ 15 + 11 E. Spitzbergen -36 64 34 334 23 + 20 Lapland . i Perished antlers. Owner. Sir V. Brooke's Collection. J. Whitaker. 1 1. J. Elwes. S. Ratcliff. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. J. H. Thomas. Kenneth M'Douall. Abel Chapman. Capt. John Marriott. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. T. II. Barnard. A. C. Gathorne Hardy. Kenneth M'Douall. Hon. Walter Rothschild. S. Ratcliff. Duke of Bedford. Rhys Williams. Col. C. B. Harvey. W. D. James. Sir W. Martin Conway. B. C. L. Burrows. British Museum, Do. Arnold Pike. Dublin Museum. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Male Alaskan Elk. From an Alaskan specimen in the possession of the Duke of Westminster. ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis). Elk are the largest members of the deer tribe, and distinguished by their ungainly form, long limbs, broad, produced, and flabby muzzle (all of which, except a small triangular patch below the nostrils, is covered with hair), the presence of a pendulous hairy organ (the so-called " bell ") on the throat of the males, and the form and position of the antlers in that sex. These latter are set on the skull with their bases at right angles to the middle line of the face, and have neither brow- nor bez- tines. In the common species they expand after a short distance into a broad palmatton, carrying a number of snags on the outer border. In young elk each antler is divided in a fork-like manner into a small front and a larger hind portion. The main hoofs are long and pointed, and the lateral pair large : there is a gland and tuft of hair both on the hock and hind cannon-bone, the latter being situated high up. ELK OR MOOSE 9 The tail is very short. From birth to old age elk are uniformly coloured ; the general tint of the hair, which is long, coarse, and some- what brittle, varying from yellowish gray to deep blackish brown, and being usually darker in American than in European examples. The height varies from 5 feet 9 inches at the shoulder in Scandinavian examples to as much as 6 feet 6 inches or, it is said, even 8 feet in American specimens; the weight from 900 to 1400 Ibs., that of the antlers being about 60 Ibs. The elk inhabits the forests and marshy districts of Scandinavia, Antlers of Common Elk. Eastern and Northern Russia, and the Altai, and in America (where it is invariably known as moose) at the present time is found in Alaska, Montana, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The Euro- pean and American elk are so similar that they do not seem worthy of being regarded as more than local races ; a third race inhabits Alaska. Scandinavian elk not unfrequently show little or no palmation of the antlers, and thus approximate to the East Siberian form. An elk killed at Meswiez, Lithuania, by Count Scheibler, had the following dimensions :— 10 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length tip of nose to root of tail . Height at withers .... „ „ quarters . Round neck near the ears Estimated weight 1500 Ibs. Feet. 8 5 6 Inches. 6 A. — American and Alaskan Races. Circum- Greatest width. V^E Tip to Tip. Breadth of Palm. Points. Locality. Owner. -7«i 49 18 40 Yukon . W. F. Sheard. -76 -74 43 26 + 21 Alaska Do. A. S. Reid. American Museum of -73* ... 23 24+14. Do. Natural History. C. F. Periolot. 72 47i 9i 374 i6i 20+ 17 Do. Duke of Westminster. -7ii 49 8A 554 7i 16 29 ? 20 + 2O Do. Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. W. W. Hart. -69 55 ii? 37 21 21 Do. F. B. Tolhurst. "-69 48 10 15 32 Do. Dall De Weese. -67 23 Do. J. H. Whitehouse. 66 444 ioj 49-i 14 17+14 Kenai Mts. Viscount Powerscourt. -66 384 94 44 I4 28 New Brunswick S. Decatur. -65 41 24 14+13 Manitoba . Otho Shaw. -64i 47i 8| 45i 15* 31 ? Grahamstown Museum. 64 47 8| 40 13 16+16 Alaska W. H. \Velsh. 634 45 9 41 15 15 + 13 Do. David Davies. -623 62* 18 20+ 12 New Brunswick Alaska N. T. de Pauw. C» C3« Cowjin A 44 Canada . . Cjcncral K. L. Dnshwoocl. -6 1 38 11? 50 14 26 New Brunswick J. Bodkin. 60 40 8 38 13 II + IO Canada Viscount Powerscourt. 59i 38 64 9| II + 11 ? H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. 1 Height at shoulder, 8 ft. 2 in.?; skull horns, 68 Ibs. ; estimated weight, 2600 Ibs. 2 Height at shoulder stated to be 7 ft. 8 in. ? ELK OR MOOSE 1 1 Circuni- Greatest width. i^engtn to longest tine. ference above burr. Tip to Breadth Pr.;nt, Tip. ofPalm. Locality. 59i 43i 8} 40 I4i 14 + 13 Manitoba . 58i 38 84 39 II 12+11 ? 57? 373 8 351 "i 11 + 13 Canada 57i 38 8 aii 14 18+15 Do. 57i 40i 8 35 I3i 12 + 11 Maine 57 45 8i 38 13^ 10 + 9 Alaska 57 39 81 38i 12^ 15 + 12 N. America 56i 39i 7S 37 13^ 14+11 Do. -56 422 10 355 i3i 12 + 11 Do. 54i 39i 7 38 16 13 + 12 Canada -54i 41 12+11 Do. 54i 40* 71 35 13 9 + 9 New Brunswick 54 36* 8 43i 7i 9 + 9 Manitoba . . 54 36i 6i 41 Si 7 + 6 Wyoming ? 53i 4i 9 28^ i3i I5 + U Canada 53 37 n 33 12 16+15 Montana . 521 38i 7 10J II + 10 N. America- -So* 39 8i 35 i9i 18 + 14 ? Owner. G. 11. M. Banks. \V. Moat. Thomas Bate. C. H. Akroyd. J. S. Braithwaite. Hon. J. C. Lister. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bt. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. T. W. Wood, Jun. Sylvester Browne. General R. L. Dash wood. A. C. Bell. T. P. Kempson. Capt. The Hon. A. Stourton. H.R.H. Prince of Wales. T. P. Kempson. British Museum Imperial Museum, Vienna. 1 Inside. 12 RECORDS OF BIG GAME B. — European Race. Greatest width. Length to longest tine. Circum- ference above burr. Tip to Tip. Breadth „ . ofPalm. Polnts- Locality. -52 32 7 9 9 + 9 Norway . -Sif 33 84 36i J5i 10+10 Do. 48 47 32 28 3 374 32 114 10 + 9 9 8 + 8 Nr. St. Peters- burg Norway . -46 324 74 33 Ili IO+IO Sweden . '46 3of 6i 43 IO4 15 Norway . -45 3i 7 28 17 Do. 44i 3oi 71 294 10 9 + 8 Do. 44* 3oi 40 8^ 17 Do. 434 29 74 104 24 Do. 434 27 64 40 8 + 7 Do. 431 32 6 94 7 + 8 Russia -431 28i 6 33i II 12 + 10 Lithuania 424 29 6 304 74 n + 9 Norway . 424 26 6 27i 7 7 + 6 Do. 42 -42 285 74 24i 94 10 + 9 16 Do. Do. ht, 1260 Ibs. 1 Estimated weig Owner. H. J. Elwes. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. Prince E. Demidoff. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. Abel Chapman. S. Ratcliff. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Thomas Bate. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. J. H. Barnard. British Museum (Sir Edward Caley). Prince Radziwill. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Lord Delamere. Sir H. Pottinger, Bart. Sir H. Seton-Karr. EAST SIBERIAN ELK Antlers of East Siberian Elk. From the Hon. Walter Rothschild's specimen. EAST SIBERIAN ELK (Alces bedfordise). A species, or race, distinguished from the typical form of the Scandinavian elk by the absence of palmation in the antlers, which usually have five large tines on each side. Some antlers from East Siberia show a slight tendency to palmation, but no specimens from that area have hitherto been received showing the full palmation characteristic of so many European, and apparently all American, examples. This elk would appear to be the ancestral form of the group. If it be regarded as a race, rather than a specimen, it should be called A. machlis bedforditz. Greatest Width. 37i 7i 26^ Tip to Tip. 28 37 32 Points. Locality. 6 + 5 Siberia 4 + 3 Do- 5 + 4 Do. Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Eastern Red Deer. From a Hungarian specimen in the collection of Viscount Powerscourt. Counting from the skull upwards, the first tine is -the brow, the second the bez, and the third the trez, above which come the surroyals, or crown. The main shaft is termed the beam. RED DEER (Cervus elaphus). The red deer of Western Europe is the typical representative of the genus Cervus, in which the antlers of the males are set on the skull at an oblique angle to the middle line of the forehead, and always have a brow-tine, while they are generally more or less nearly cylindrical, although sometimes palmated. There is always a large bare portion on the muzzle, the face is long, the ears are generally large, and the tail is comparatively short, often extremely so. Although there is almost always a gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, usually situated high up, there is none on the hock itself. The coat may be spotted. In the red deer the antlers are subcylindrical and complex, generally with a bez-tine, and always with a trez, the number of points exceeding five, and the crown frequently forming a cup. The tail is relatively long and pointed, and there is a distinct light-coloured patch on the buttocks, which includes the tail, although in the summer coat the tail itself is dark-coloured. The general colour of the adult RED DEER 15 summer coat is reddish brown, and that of the winter dress grayish brown, while the young are profusely spotted. Red deer, in the widest sense of the term, are inhabitants of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, and Northern Persia. In the typical red deer (C. elapJius typiats] of Western, Northern, and Central Europe, the antlers attain their maximum degree of complexity, sometimes having twenty or even more points, although in many Scotch examples the bez tine is wanting. In a red deer killed at Spetchley Park the weight was 419 Ibs. gross, and 216 when cleaned ; while in one shot at Knowsley many years ago the clean weight was no less than 424 Ibs. The height at the shoulder now reaches about 4 feet. H.R.H. the Duke of Braganza saw a continental stag shot which scaled 584 Ibs., and shot a lo-pointer with a spread of 55 inches. The Corsican red deer (C. elaphns corsicanus], of Corsica and Sardinia, is a very small race, with the bez-tine of the antlers wanting, and the general colour of the upper-parts dark brown in summer and blackish in winter. Nearly allied is the North African red deer (C. elaphus barbants), which is of rather larger dimensions, with a grayish- brown streak down the middle of the back, and small irregular whitish spots on the flanks and sometimes on the back ; traces of such spots being occasionally observable in the summer coat of hinds of the typical race. The bez-tine seems to be very generally wanting. The Eastern red deer (C. elaphus maral} is a large race, described on page 39. Lord Tweedmouth furnished the following dimensions of a fine Scotch stag, shot, October 9, 1880: — Widest span over all, 39^ inches ; span inside below cups, 34 inches ; span outside below cups, 37 inches. Right antler. — Length, 39 inches ; length of brow, 10^ inches ; of bez, 10 inches ; of trez, 13 inches. Length of tines in cup, 10, 7, 4^ inches. Circumference at coronet, 8^ inches ; between bez and trez, 7! inches ; above trez, 6 inches. Left antler. — Length, 38 inches; of brow, 10 inches; of bez, 8 inches ; of trez, 1 1 inches. Length of tines in cup, 8, 6, and 4 inches. Circumference at coronet, 9 inches ; between bez and trez, 7-^- inches ; above tray, 6^ inches. Weight, 303 Ibs., clean ; but stag was much run. i6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME From a Photograph by WHyte. Antlers of Red Deer killed by Lord Burton, with fully developed cups. a. — Scotch Specimens. on out- side between Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. -41 '-40 7 6 22i 35 3° Ibs. 7 + 7 10 203 Inverness (1794) Glentilt -39 7i 34 39i 6 + 6 303 Guisachan -37i 2O§ 26^ ... 7 + 7 -. ? 371 51 Mi 26 £ ... 6 + 7 ... ? '-36i 35 12 Glenmoriston 36i 5 34 39i 41 5 + 6 Glenstrath- farrar 3^a 61 34 32i ... 6 + 6 ... ?. 3^i 7 22| 28 ... 7 + 7 ... ? 36 Si 16* 28 36 7 + 7 -. p 1 Recorded by J. G . Millais. Owner. Col. W. H. Walker. Duke of Atholl. Lord Tweedmouth. Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. H.R.H. theDukeofSaxe- Coburg and Gotha. Col.W. Gordon-Gumming. Viscount Powerscourt (shot by the late Roualeyn Gordon-Gumming). Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. Do. Duke of Portland. SCOTCH RED DEER 17 Length on outside Circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Outside spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. Ibs. 36 41 ai| 27 6 + 6 Caenlochan . Mrs. Henry Tate. 354 51 25i 6 + 6 244 Sutherland . Abel Chapman. 35i 6 29 12 19 Auchnashel- The late Lord Alexander lach Paget. 35i 4i J74 30 5 + 6 244 Glenisla, For- Viscount Powerscourt. farshire -35i 7 26^ 20 Glenquoich . Lord Burton. (See illus- tration.) 354 42 27i 34 36i 4 + 3 Caenlochan . The late Henry Tate. -35* 4£ 3'A 30 6 + 6 Deanich, Ross- G. Percy V. Aylmer. shire 35 43 22 28 7 + 6 Talladh-a-Bhe- E. Weller-Poley. ithe, Rannoch -35 ... 34 10 225 N. Morar Major T. W. Gill. -35 ... 29 4ii 7 + 6 ? Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. J-35 Si 26 334 374 12 Guisachan Lord Tweedmouth. 2-35 4 274 8 Cairn Thomais John Hargreaves. Gaick -34i 34 3 + 2 236 Cluanie Hon. T. A. Brassey. 344 Si 18 26£ 34 6 + 5 ? W. Brodrick Cloete. 344 Si 374 344 12 Braemore Sir John Fowler, Bart. 344 4* i8i 27 6 + 5 N. Morar J. R. Hutchison. 2-344 5 34i 12 231 Glentilt Duke of Atholl. (clean) 34i 6 172 25 3ii 5 + 4 222 Caenlochan . Mrs. Henry Tate. 34i 4i i6i 24! 5 + 5 Auchnasheen F. Devas. 34i 4l 22 28^ 3i| 6 + 4 2O4 Cluanie St. George Littledale. 34 4* i7i 26| 29 5 + 4 Caenlochan . W. A. L. Fletcher. 34 30 ii 240 N. Morar Capt. T. W. Gill. 34 4 284 3of 5 + 4 Glenmuick . Capt. J. Ponsonby. 34 41 12 234 5+4 ? C. A. Grenfell. 34 4 i6| 5 + 4 Blair-Atholl Major A. W. E. Count Gleichen. -34 4§ 19 28 6 + 5 Rothiemurchus, A. Basil Brooke. Inverness 2-34 ii Braemar Col. Gordon-Gumming. 2-34 4l 364- 12 Glenbruar, Sir W. Ogilvie Dalgleish. Perthshire 2-34 4i 30 IO Morar . W. Stirling. 2 34 7 26 H Glenartney . Earl of Ancaster. 1 Above trez. 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais. i8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME curve. 33i trez. 54 Tip to Widest Outside Tip. inside, spread. I9i 25^ Points. Weight. Ibs. 5 + 5 ••• Locality. -334 5 343 5 + 5 280 Dalness 33i 4 i6£ 25 29 5 + 5 - Caenlochan . 33i 4 23i 28 30^ 4 + 4 Glencarron . 33i 4§ 20j 28 Glenmuick . 33i 44 27 12 Kintail . -334 4l ... 36 -..• 10 280 Jura 33 44 8£ 2o| 243 4 + 4 Ben Alder . 33 4l 243 284 334 5 + 4 222 Do. 33 43 24 283 33 4 + 4 Kintail . 33 4* 21 293 35§ 5 + 5 -•• ? 33 4 12 23§ 28 4 + 3 ••• Kildonan -323 5 253 29i 6 + 6 ... Ardverikie 32i 4i 17 25! 27 4 + 3 231 Glencarron . 132 44 31 294 40 7 + 9 - Rhidorroch . -32 34 IO Kintail . 32 4 17 273 30 5 + 5 - Deanish 32 4 18 263 29^ 7 + 4 .» Glenartney . 32 4 20 233 27i 6 + 6 Glenfeshie . 3i3 44 14^ 21 27 6 + 6 Kildermorie . 3i3 33 26| ... 4 + 4 Rhidorroch . 3i3 43 18 24| ... 6 + 5 196 Inchgrundle . 34 44 16 21 23^ 6 + 5 ... Corriemulzie . 34 43 22 28J 3lJ 3 + 3 - Caenlochan . 34 4 12^ 21^ 25^ 6 + 4 Do. 34 5 ... 26i ... 12 238 Auchnasheen 34 4 22 26J 32^ 7 + 6 Kintail . 34 4 24^ 29 5 + 4 ••• Braulen 34 4i 21 25^ 4 + 4 213 Invermark . 34 4l 20| 2S| ... 3 + 3 ••• Dalnacardoch Owner. H. S. O'Brien. J. G. Millais. H. C. Pilkington. H. R. Tape. Hon. A. Borthwick. Sir Edmund G. Locler. Bart. Lord George Campbell. Julius Wernher. F. C. Selous. R. P. Page. W. S. Flack. Sir William Pearce, Bart. Col. W. II. Walker. G. Corawaliis-West. Viscount Powerscourt. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. G. Clarke. Waldorf Astor. Hon. H. C. Gibbs. F. Shoolbred. Captain F. Cookson. Countess of Dudley. R. K. Micklethwait. E. L. Fletcher. W. W. Gossage. J. F. Laycock. R. P. Page. J. Talbot Clifton. W. S. M. Burns. Hon. T. A. Brassey. 1 Above trez. SCOTCH RED DEER Length on outside curve. 3*4 Circum- ference between bez and trez. 4 Tip to Tip. 123 Widest inside. 24i Outside r, • . ,,r . , spread. Polnts' WelSht' Ibs. 29^ 6 + 6 Locality. ? 3if 4l 8g 24 ... 5 + 5 ... Glenmuick -3'± 54 254 29 ... Switch ... Achdalien 3i* 4* 16 24i ... 7 + 5 - Rhidorroch 3«l 4f 24? 32 ... 5 + 3 ... Ross-shire 3*1 4 40^ 6 + 6 ... ? 3ii 3i 4 4l 15 24 25 25 ... 5 + 4 ... - 5 + 5 ••• Auchnashel- lach Morar . -3i Si 324 38 5 + 4 •-• Inverlochy 3i 45 I9i 23* 33i 8 + 6 ... S. Harris 3i 4§ 244 28! ..". 5 + 4 ... Caenlochan -3i 44 20 15 ... 8 + 7 ... ? 3i 44 164 234 29 6 + 5 ... Inversanda 3o£ 41 25g 28£ ... 5+6 ... Rhidorroch 3°f 5 194 24 ... 6 + 5 ... Arisaig 3of 4i 13 23* 5 + 4 196 Invergarry 3<4 3l 24! 31 33i 3 + 3 ». Inversanda 3°4 4^ 134 234 6 + 6 Letterewe 304 4i «7i 24i ... 7 + 6 ... Rhidorroch 304 44 184 24 4 + 3 196 Glen Tana 304 304 4 4i 254 22£ 28| 29 ... 4 + 3 ». 3i 3 + 3 - Auchnashel- lach ? 3oi 4l 231 26 30| 7 + 5 - Glencarron 3oi 4i 2O 254 ... 6 + 5 ... ? -30 4§ 254 5 + 5 210 Blackmount Owner. J. B. Taylor. C. Lawrence. M. K. North. Capt. F. Cookson. E. Lort- Phillips. Dr. Fancourt Barnes. W. Maxwell Lyte. J. R. Hutchison. Mrs. J. E. Platt. Earl of Dunmore. F. W. Robinson. J. Benett-Stanford. J. Hamilton Leigh. W. R. Cookson. J. R. Hutchison. Guy Stephenson. J. Hamilton Leigh. Gordon Wood. J. Talbot Clifton. Major Hon. A. H. Henni- ker. Capt. H. Reynolds, R.N. L. Breitmeyer. J. R. Aspinall. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. J. G. Millais. 20 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The spread of the six widest heads in the Duke of Fife's collection are as follows : — 40 38 37 35 35 '35 The six longest antlers of this celebrated collection are respectively— 37 36 35i 35! 35 35 t The antlers of one of the red deer in Mr. C. Lucas's park at Warnham Court, Sussex, in 1889, had 34 points; 1890, 34 points; 1891, 37 points ; 1891, 47 points and weighed 17 Ibs. ; 1893,45 points, i6|- Ibs. Length .. -j net wee ss? *- -41 6 -40 51 39l Si 38 51 38 si 2 35 5 35 4f 35 54 35 Si 34i 5 34 44 34 5 34 4i 34 44 331 5 31 4l -31 45 3oi 4 Circum- S T&° EC poi"'s- WeishL 28 144 20 91 22 2li 12* b. — Irish Specimens. Locality. 134 12 Ibs. 315 Colebrooke . 23 10 + 9 325 Do. 29^ 8 + 8 355 Do. 26§ 7 + 7 375 Do. . 23§ 10 + 8 8 + 8 350 (clean) Do. Roscommon 3oi 6 + 5 343 Do. 3° 9 Ireland 29 6+5 f 5+5l s+sj 282 336 as he fell 252 clean 336 as he fell 252 clean Powerscourt Park Do. Do. 26 6 + 6J 6 + 6 364 as he fell 280 clean 280 clean Do. Do. 3ii 6 + 5 372 Muckross 25 5 + 5 Colebrooke . 26 5 + 5 308 Muckross 20f 7 + 7 Do. 22 5 + 7 ? 2G\ 5 + 5 276 Muckross 1 See Millais's British Deer and their Horns, Owner. Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. Do. Do. Do. Do. • Earl of Kingston. Do. Hon. A. Charteris. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. Do. Do. Do. Ralph Sneyd. Major J. M. Rogers. Hon. Mrs. Bourke. Ralph Sneyd. Dublin Museum. Geoffrey Carr-Glyn. Spread, 36^ inches. WEST OF ENGLAND RED DEER 21 Antlers of Exmoor Stag. c. — West of England Specimens. Length g™£- on out- i t Tip to Widest Outside p • c^_ bezand TiP' inside' sPread' Locality. J4I Si 4° 5£ 39 51 384 5i 374 5 374 54 37 54 364 51 36 4f 36 Si 36 Si 354 5 35 5 214 10 15! 22^ 274 15 214 12 10 14! 20£ 28 281 351 274 28! 23| 23" 26 274 27 32S 5 + 5 Exmoor 38 7 + 6 Do. » 6 + 6 Do. . 6 + 6 Quantock Hills 7 + 7 Exmoor 48 6 + 5 Do. 324 6 + 6 Quantock 6 + 7 Exmoor 304 7 + 6 Stoodleigh 30^ 9 + 7 Exmoor 2Qi 6 + 5 Do. 344 7 + 6 Do. 6 + 6 Do. 6 + 5 Do. 5 + 6 Do. Owner. 6 + 6 Do. Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. Do. R. A. Sanders. Viscount Ebrington ; killed in 1885. C. Nelder ; killed in 1803. Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. E. A. V. Stanley. Sir A. Acland - Hood, Bart. ; killed in 1893. Ian H. Amory. R. A. Sanders. Capt. H. H. Amory. Morland Greig. Earl Fortescue ; killed in 1812. Com. G. F. Inglefield, R.N. Sir C. T. D. Acland, Bart. ; killed in 1893. Viscount Ebrington ; killed in 1881. 1 Weight 333 Ibs., clean. Length of brow-tine, 17 inches. 22 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Stoke Park Red Deer. d. — English Park Specimens. Length Circum- on £erence outside between trez. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Ycteg ^ality. Ibs. -424 6| 40 12 Melbury, Dorset 4*i 5 1 22| 32 7 + 6 Langley Park 40| 54 i8f 31 41 5 + 5 ? 394 '51 234 26| 35S 5 + 5 Woburn 374 54 22 294 414 8 + 7 Stowe . -374 74 294 274 364 10 + 9 ... Welbeck -37 7i 37 23 434 Warnham -36 64 24 30 6 + 6 Vaynol, North Wales 36 '54 19 28^ 9 + n Woburn 354 5 74 20 25 6 + 6 ? 344 7 33 26| 20 + 20 Warnham 34i 1 5i 1 8£ 26 8 + 8 Woburn 34 44 23 6 + 6 Stowe . 34 51 2I| 28£ 7 + 7 Dorset . 34 64 48 45 Warnham 334 4£ 334 Si 2i£ 33 7 above trez 33 283 (about) 454 6 + 6 9 + 9 44 Stowe . Woburn Warnham Owner. Earl of Ilchester. J. G. Millais. R. V. Berkeley. Duke of Bedford. H.R.H% le Due d'Orleans. Duke of Portland. T. Lucas. G. W. D. Assheton- Smith. Duke of Bedford. H. S. O'Brien. W. H. Lucas. Duke of Bedford. H. R. H. la Comtesse de Paris. Earl of Ilchester. C. T. Lucas. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. Duke of Bedford. C. T. Lucas. Some of the above measurements are recorded by J. G. Millais in British Deer and their Horns. i White Stag. ANCIENT BRITISH RED DEER Skull and Antlers of Old English Red Deer. (Found in cutting the Manchester Ship Canal.) e. — Ancient British and Irish Specimens. Tip to Tip. Points. Where dug up. Owner. -474 40 8 74 35 284 ...-- 5 + 8 43i 12 + 9 Manchester Ship Canal excavations Combermere 384 5 18 30 39* 8 + 6 Ireland 364 5 ' 24 25 354 8 + 8 Do. 36 54 23 27 374 io + 9 Kerry, Ireland 1 36 51 424 23 South Ireland 354 5i 264 34 424 13+11 Do. 35i 54 s'xi 27£ I2+IO Ireland -35 7 21 24 9 + 1 1 England 344 5 22 3° IO+IO Ireland 33 4l 27 28J 35i 9 + 8 Do. • i Recorded by J. G. Millais. Sir R. M. Brooke, Bart. Duke of Westminster. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. Do. Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke's Col- lection. Viscount Powerscourt. C. G. Burrow. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. -34 3*1 Circum trez. / — Norn 1 Tip. inside. Spread. Points. vegian Specimens. Weight. Locality. Ibs. Norway . Do. Owner. J. II. Thomas. A. Brassey. 4? / ... 6 + 5 j*i 4* 24* •• 5 + 5 Do. Sir II. Seton-Karr. 31* 4? 28 ... 4 + 3 Do. E. M. Denny. 31 41 23 25 29^ 6 + 6 Do. . J. II. Thomas. 30 5 29 12 280 Do. E. M. Denny. -3° 41 28 33 5 + 4 ... Do. Sir H. Seton-Karr. 30 4i 29} 30? ... 5 + 4 Do. Do. 29} 4S 26 30} ... 6 + 5 Do. G. L. Denman. % U o >> rt •_ O | £ rt "O ,* _o 'C o b U hJ c rt .C i 1" >, S •g « j w "o -^ 1 8 C/3 -rt § C < S '4> O 1 o 1 ° "e < rt N 'W 0 • w 0> G JlH 1) ^ 3 . Whitak ?f Ratibo •g. 0 C s o t— , w 'o T3 - Pn 13 .b Curt S "4 9 H ^3 -S « J= Offi PiO^ • •s o tf, B "c 6 "c J o | > "c 0 U • o "o •3 C/2 >-H I-A V J£ Q "o 3 V o s o U C U 5J •— i M .5 u ;; ° C -Sg.S^ Pi Pi 0 u £ )M rt rt ^ 1-1 •o c j3 £, 3 J3 tfl C D "H, g! 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(A OO 00 OO rt « Tj-vO rtrt«oo rl-OOvO Nv£> O E o 3 A 1 1 > 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 rt .£ o _; ^ rt IM ^ "5 U u rt 3 C/j c U (3 c o s O C C3 ^ O b rt B j e "3 .c s — * _p o Q ^ •.=• •J| ,p *H ~2 1 "o • — . t/ CJ • r^ _• rt CH O *c ~ "*1 's 0 E — g ^ § ^_» C ™ "3 3 '5 ^ •J 2 p/ S 0 Is rt sc« C C • 0 o _vv 1-1 £ 1—1 ^ " ^ > U < ^ c .2 .d c >, t >, Q "rt £• rt U 1 rt .G "o O 1 O rt C 3 ffi .rt rt i3 n o a rt C 3 E 6 '3 [3 a - a c/: N :> fc/i 3 c/5 13 M c U c c c g o U £ o O o U o O 0 U a o E 87 a 3S5H «» alii 11 llii 5 usP og" "H «S 9 t-» vb 06 . c 3 H» 9 ON 1-1 00 00 OO OO VO vO vo vo £ 8 So The record Mountain Antlers of His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria-Hungary. " Records of a Fight " found near Juharos, Hungary, 1875. In the collection of His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria-Hungary. •e» M H 8J Q w V "tn < x o rt o ,c < ^ •£ 2 = 0 'H ^s 1H O c c 0 C C •£ rt ii .C U ,0 O rt _o OH O 1 — > V O 0, E N w U N 00 -rt 13 f^ | 'emeter [ontenu g S^ W ^ ^ o ^ pq ^£ o O ^£ o ^! 3 O •«* eirS c s 3 o rt c c )- w Q S fa • "? D H > ^ O •£ •5 & O rt O O ^-i 3 HH Q Q a Q Q Q °° I O _e/j2 — KW OO Os rrj « Circum 6 - £ S = 3 C-J O gj^ 06 co 1 8 t o c = « o « •S bC 0) g"§fc ^«u VO vD vO 1^ ° ^ S • •To J o « oo g'S sOi Z r£ u r-H (U 2. 3 S a, I3e U U ~ £-1 s -s a " -s 3 rt 3 rt "-• £ >n '3 >t % -jS fe S5-5 •= £ W ~ , rt rt II c 3 £ o c "o "2 usinger. _0 rt H hi B C rt H op , >, >N ^ £ rt rt .rt rt _rt rt yj rt o t/) 6 5 o o 6 o o" d t/j - rt rt G C B c 3 Q G "rt S G Q Q G Q "rt G ~ U O B O h^H HH O S •j. vH.2 = ^ i is i ? ? tg. ON NO Ho J& Ilt2^'?'**5lN*ONONON(:riO oooooo OOOOOOOOOON ob ob ob rt fO N rt t, rt — — . . . 9 •? 9 9-MH*H*°?«» 9t O M O "I M OOO"-iOONfN)ONONO Hco WBO T^ T1^ ; « rt ON 6 5 00 ON 6 00 « N 1-1 : « - NO O M M n £* 2 b 8 !a» O •*-> C3 S, ^ *• M S .S C a u 3 t± H O W w O U IS O O rt £> c o N ^ C/2 « n u5 "o -M U rt ^ - 5 & ta- 0 jseum. Frederick. Do. -c3 6 ^3 u Q ilip of Saxe- tha. Do. n .^ J3 O _rt "o O C S w "u rt o o r; O u U oJI 351 MT3 0 U C 7Z •5 rt i 3 < a >— i o d _; b H o ^ 3 "" txf3 . £?> HI 3 ^ LS o ^C ,c ^j HH D — 4) 4-> |J- £1 *-> •c kM ^ . c J^-n .- iq u c 3 o & O ii .S rt O *£* C O s D rx 0 C ^.U g J= o ^'c3Q O 11 B rt > j^> X >, '2 >» ri SD &^ CS >-, rt OJ rt Wl 6 3 *""* o" 6 Q Q 0 Q 6 d Q Q 3 P 3 o 1 d r\ "o >- §| ^ 1 0 ^ 3 bfl d C O M */ £ H < B o S ffi ro fT> ro N f r-> to wo «M> «w «*» ^* HM (^"M)^irC!i"''Sl'A'jr' "^i'd? NNNNi-i-'>-'N.i-.h.wOOOOOOOOOONOO O : OO OO N ON OO o OO O N CO OO OO OO £? 8 I I 00 O w> Tf M 1 ^ s H O M jj (J NO c V is o rt "S D c5! ^ B UH u. O O o s ^ d o.rtO S'S o u ^ js 43 0" *^ H "c i M e->Oh-- 8 -2 5 •s§« S •J c o p. u u ffi fc S B c rt — p — 'S >, — •- cT — ^ 0 wid insi f B 1 .p nd Trez. Ctrcumfer- ence below Crown' fil* e u 3 IgM §1 • =•» S-° - — Z 2-82? 31£l 4 -* HCT HCJ ^l§.i • ""• O o (Sj M OO .-r rt J= 0 .5 N M "- W ^Ja <2 .w o — c E? ho"3i .S 5 c 3 i •— o J3 0 V1 C cr> HC4 0 C *" ^2 (^ N CO Tf (-< t^. i .s « w O C M 2 ' |N5 g ** 0 ^ * rt£ ° g af .8| . j2 O H« N M O "o* Mcx ^ I|P B) 0 W 2 aj ° C H > o c 05 — O u^ *~1 uT ^ ^ 0 ,; -K1 10 — j= S O . tfl T^ Tf t^x «— t t^ S "rt ^^ £ jg .S « 1—1 w si a *^ ^c is *^ £ o P ™ ~7j 12 PH ^ . .5 ^o - 3 0 4_, ^ ^- rt •£ x 8* u y. C fc * HC1 -*« —171 00 O\ "o" N — — s in the entrance hal ramous collection in :r and Roe-deer of < he world. Count Ai aid is also one of the B ^ •o S - $ rt W rt « -a c C i ^ HIM -ci -M H« —W bo^ (^ u O I '* o .S^- XT) r-. oo .E u « Ss c ^ J3 C rt a) ~^ 9 "2 s S £ c M O fi I. H O -. ¥ 19 .^ «^ll *j O *- "ti ft "go N ro N vO vO J Jfo, D.M o 2 "" ' 13 i» *a - r; 0 — rt c rt P* si*|l 8d t5 — Q ^ O O C1* t- O *p ^ . rt o ^ ^* , — . < ^5 O .a° "^J S S" *J <-> . J3 c O .s5 !s 2 s ? £. rt 0 i- ^ s § fe s -e .5 it i2 ^ "N W in «3 c ^ ai .^i £ •s O '•? °' o rt o S 2 a £ T3 N "C .P — « it- 3 C* c 2 o rs tS — ifl <-> ^: 'rt *- U v 1 . - WM IM a*» 2 * 0 O O 3 ^ g _ . 1 "3 1 O Q f c c o o R S w 0 ° ° O uj VJ fll ' J Q K* S^ tuO o *o O J ^ 3 > C J3 U T3 n O & rt _G tj Q. Hungary, i Styria, 1881 The Trophies of His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria-Hungary. c j c* « O 1 1 O O I i t > •-tts H* M If) N 1-1 Q -X « °° « -5 c E •= ANCIENT CONTINENTAL RED DEER 37 Antlers of Red Deer. From a specimen in the Castle at Moritzburg. After Dr. A. B. Meyer. i. — Ancient Continental Specimens. Length Circum- Tip to (straight), ference. Tip. '-48 -464 8§ above 5 ft. 2\ trez 9§ (on curve) 391 5S 16 22 Spread. Points. 33 + 29 6ft. 3T% 12 + ii 25 + 12 28 22 28 22 9 + 9 Locality. Owner. inside 3ii 39 outside H.M. the King of Saxony, Moritzburg. ? Do. ? Do. ? 1I.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Alpine Stag? Count Erbach-Erbach. Do. Do. Switzerland Do. Viscount Powerscourt. 6 + 6 Germany . i Weight, 4ii Ibs. Do. RECORDS OF BIG GAME j. — New Zealand Specimens (introduced). side curve. between bez and trez. lip to Tip. w mest inside. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. 42 54 24i 334 37* 6+5 ? A. D. Whatman. -42 54 374 9 + 7 Otago W. Allen. -414 6 16 284 6 + 5 Do. Do. -41 6* 3i4 6 + 5 Do. J. S. Handyside. -41 5* 37 7 + 6 Do. C. R. Westmacott. -39 54 3i 6+6 Do. H. McLean. -38 5 33 6 + 6 Do. E. C. Studholm. -384 6 32 25 17 Wairarapa J. Strang. 374 5* 19* 284 6 + 6J 400 Ib. ) esti- [-OtagO . mated J C. R. Westmacott. 37 5* 184 244 33l 7 + 6 Do. . E. L. Fletcher. -37 5 34 6 + 5 Do. W. Telford. -364 6§ 324 9 + 9 Wairarapa J. S. Handyside. -36 4S 33* 5 + 5 Otago W. Telford. -354 94 27 234 22 Wairarapa N. Grace. -35* 74 4°4 33 6 + 7 Do. . T. E. Donne. -344 64 39 3i4 9 + 9 Do. Do. 3H 5f 104 18 6 + 7 North Island Rupert Wilkin. RECORDS OF BIG GAME 39 Length Circum- on out- ,ference Tip to Widest „ side between ij^_ jnside spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Owner, curve, bezand trez. Skull and Antlers of Eastern Red Deer shot in the Western Caucasus by Mr. St. George Littledale. EASTERN BED DEER or MARAL (Cervus elaphus maral). In this race of the red deer, which probably intergrades with the typical race in the western Carpathians, the height at the shoulder reaches to about 4^- feet, and the build is stouter, the neck thicker, and the head longer and more pointed than in the true red deer. The reddish summer coat of immature animals is very generally marked with numerous yellowish spots ; and the colour of the winter coat is dark slaty gray on the back, with the tail-patch of a very bright EASTERN RED DEER 41 yellow, and a large amount of black on the shoulders, thighs, and under- parts. The large and massive antlers are generally less complex than those of the typical race, the number of points being seldom more than eight on a side, and frequently only six ; while the bez-tine, which may be wanting, is often shorter than the long and upwardly-curved brow- tine, and the fourth tine is generally more distinct from the crown. The average weight is given as about 560 Ibs. The typical locality of this race of red deer is the Caspian provinces of Northern Persia, whence it extends into the Crimea, and probably Asia Minor, and so on into Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, probably Circassia, and the Galician Carpathians. The exact limits between the range of this and the typical race are not yet determined ; and it is noteworthy that specimens from the Caucasus have shorter faces than those from Northern Persia, and thus approximate to the true red deer. Sportsmen prefer to call this race the Hungarian red deer ; this, however, is scarcely legitimate, as Hungary is not the typical locality, and the deer from that country are not precisely similar to the true Persian maral. Some naturalists might even be disposed to give them a separate scientific name. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest s d inside. " Esti- Points. mated Weight. Locality. Ibs. 48^ 6 30 414 - 5 + 6 ... Ichater Dagh, Crimea 48^ 7i (single antler) 12 Asia Minor . 48 7i Caucasus 47§ 54 38 6 + 5 ... Do. 47i 7i 33i 43i 54l 10 + 9 Do. 46| 5! 18 33 8 + 8 Do. -46f 6| 39 8 + 6 Asia Minor . 45i 5f 42f 49 52 6 + 6 Caucasus -454 Si 65i 14 Do. 45i 7i 32| 40^ 46 8 + 8 Do. 45f 5S 42 351 - 6 + 7 Ak Dagh, Asia Minor 45i 71 9 + 6 Asia Minor . -45 8 36 42 ii + 10 746 Caucasus 45 61 3oi 38^ 44i 7 + 6 Asia Minor . Owner. H. R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. British Museum (Lord A. Hay). St. George Littledale. Do. Do. British Museum. F. E. Whittall. S. H. Whitbread. Grand Duke Mikhael. Prince E. Demidoff. The Maclaine of Lochbuie. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Prince E. Demidoff. H. O. Whittall. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- Circum- side ference. curve. Tip to Tip. Widest c . inside. SPread' „ • , Polnts' 44 i 74 I9i 26 36 J 7 + 6 44^ 6£ (single antler) ... 9 43i 43i -42i 424 42 42 4i4 4i| 6 Si 64 6i 6 Si 51 16 25 27 28 26k 24 iSi 40 28 3ii 33i 34i 32 28i 34 34i 44a 42 364 8 + 6 6 + 6 IO+ 11 8 + 7 9 + 8 7 + 6 8 + 7 6 + 5 Locality. Owner. Asia Minor . F. W. Baker. Do. . British Museum (C. G. Danford). Do. . M. Le C. Findlay. Crimea. . Earl of Dunmore. Crimea (?) . H. J. Elwes. Caucasus . Prince E. Deniidoff. ? R. A. Cooper. Ak Dagh . T. Bowen Rees. ? Duke of Bedford. Caucasus H.R. II. le Due d'Orleans. Antlers of Eastern Red Deer, from the Carpathians, in the Powerscourt Collection. N. AFRICAN RED DEER 43 N. AFRICAN RED DEER (Cervus elaphus barbarus). For characters, see Cervus elaphus. T ^r-.-n.u Circum- Length ference Owner. 51 ... 6 + 5 North Africa . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 4j 22| 28^ ... 4 + 4 Do. . British Museum. 4i i?i 255} ... 4 + 4 Do. . Do. 3l ••• -.- 4 + 3 ?. Duke of Bedford. 44 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Hangul. HANGUL or KASHMIR STAG (Cervus cashmirianus). In this very distinct species the first or brow-tine arises at a con- siderable distance above the burr, or coronet, of the antlers, instead of close to it, as in the red deer ; the bez-tine is usually longer than the brow ; the total number of points is generally only five aside, although a third tine may occasionally be added to the normal terminal pair, thus forming an imperfect cup ; and the beam of each antler is much curved in towards the middle line of the head. The terminal fork is placed obliquely. The tail is short, and not included in the light patch on the buttocks, which is very small ; and the tuft on the hind cannon-bone is situated lower down than in the red deer, HANGUL OR KASHMIR STAG 45 In winter the general colour of the coat is brown, brownish ash, or liver-colour, with the hairs speckled ; the light area on the inner side of the buttocks being dirty white, with a blackish line on the inner sides of the thighs, the upper side of the tail black, and the lips, chin, and inner surface of the ears white or whitish. In the fawns the spotting is stated to remain much longer than in the red deer. In the pairing season the old stags squeal like a wapiti, instead of roaring in the red-deer fashion. The hangul inhabits the forest districts of the north side of the vale of Kashmir and some of the neighbouring valleys, at elevations ranging from 9000 to 12,000 feet in summer, but descending to about 5000 feet in winter. The height at the shoulder varies from about 4 feet to 4 feet 4 inches ; the average weight being about 450 Ibs. The finest pair of antlers of which Mr. A. O. Hume has any record were given by Raja Gulab Sing to Colonel King, then commanding the 1 4th Dragoons. On his death they passed to Captain Prettyjohn of the same regiment. What became of these antlers Mr. Hume was never able to ascertain, but he measured them at Meerut in 1852 or 1853, and the record stands, R. 52, L. 53-^, measured along the curve inside. Girth 10 inches at burr, and 7 half-way between bez and trez tines. They were a very wide-branching, symmetrical pair. Length side curve. bez and trez. 74 ? Tip. inside. Locality. J4 33 7 + 5 Sidar Valley . Kashmir Do. Do. -47 71 21 36 7 + 47 6| aij 36! 5 + 47 6i 3° 354 8 + -4.7 T"/ 451 8 35 41 6 + 451 6 25S 36 8 + 45 6| 19 34 6 + -44i 6 20 43 5 + 44 6 7i 6 + 6 Kashmir . Do. Do. 5 + 5 Lidar Valley . 314 442 5 + 5 Kishenganga Valley 27l 38| 4 + 4 Sind Valley . 3°i 4°I 5 + 5 Do. . Owner. K. S. Laurie. The late Dr. Leith Adams. Bombay Natural History Society. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Duke of Wellington. Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. (British Museum) Hume Collec- tion. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Major -Gen. Sir R. Pole-Carew, K.C.B. Queen's Own Corps of Guides. Do. J. V. Phelps. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. RECORDS OF BIG GAME T *u Circum- J-/engtn f Points. Locality. 44 6| 23i 364 5 + 5 Sind Valley . 44 6 27 36 5 + 5 Kashmir . -44 32 45 Do. . 43i Si 1 51 32 5 + 5 Do. . 43i 51 184 29 5 + 5 Do. . 43§ 64 •?C3 Z5s 364 Do. . 43 6 2O 35 6 + 5 Sind Valley 43 51 26£ 373 6 + 5 Kashmir . 43 5* I9f 344 6 + 6 p -42* 6 38 374 6 + 8 Kashmir . 42 44 13* 29* 5 + 5 - ? 42 51 134 264 5 + 5 Kashmir . 4I| 51 234 35 5 + 5 Do. . 4l4 si 74 28 7 + 5 ? 4i| 51 231 33 5 + 5 Kashmir . 41* 6 i5l 29 7 + 6 Tral Valley . -41 13 Tral Preserve'! -41 12 Do. j -41 6 23 374 Kashmir 404 51 3i4 394 6 + 5 Do. . 404 64 154 28 5 + 5 Do. . 4oi 7i 244 3 5 + 5 Do. . . 40 51 32! 39i 5 + 5 ? 40 5£ i6| 30 5 + 5 ? Owner. Naval and Military Club. Hon. Walter Rothschild. R. Wahrmann. Hon. Charles Ellis. C. H. Smith. Hon. Charles Ellis. A. O. Hume. Martyn Kennard. Captain F. \V. H. Walshe. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Duke of Bedford. E. L. Phelps. Major Kingsley Foster. Captain G. P. Campbell. (British Museum) R. Lydekker. P. W. Cobbokl. H.H. The Maharaja of Travan- core. The late Major W. D. B. Fenton. Capt. F: W. H. Walshe. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Capt. H. W. Codrington. E. J. Mardon. A. Ezra. YARKAND STAG 47 Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag. From Mr. A. O. Hume's specimen. YARKAND STAG- (Cervus yarcandensis). This stag, which inhabits the Tarim Valley and Maralbashi in Eastern Turkestan, apparently differs from the hangul by the large and well-defined light rump-patch, which includes the tail ; the general colour (probably in summer) being light fawn. The antlers are usually 5-tined, but by the development of a third snag to the crown may become (as in the figure) 6-tined. They differ from those of the 48 RECORDS OF BIG GAME hangul in that the terminal fork is placed at right angles to the middle line of the head so as to look directly forwards. The fifth tine, which is generally inclined inwards, is larger than the fourth, and the whole upper part of the antler is often bent forwards in a shou- like manner. Length I ouSde SS£ ^° Se! Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 4°i 5i 23l 3if ••• 5 + 5 Near Maralbashi . A.O.Hume. (See illus- tration. ) 40 5£ 25 31 ... 6 + 5 Maralbashi . . E. L. Phelps. 39^ 6 24^ 25 ... 7 + 6 Do. . . A. O. Hume. 39i 5l i6|r 28| ... 6 + 6 Do. David T. Hanbury. THE SHOU 49 Skull and Antlers of Shou. From Mr. A. O. Hume's specimen. SHOU (Cervus affinis). A very large stag with antlers of the general type of those of the hangul, but larger, and with the beam bent suddenly forwards at the trez-tine, so that the upper half overhangs the face, the number of points being usually five ; the brow-tine is less constantly longer than the bez. The fifth tine is large and inclined inwards, and the terminal fork looks directly forwards. General colour probably rufous brown, with a light rump-patch in winter. The habitat of this imperfectly known deer appears to be the districts immediately north of Bhutan, and probably the valley east- wards of Chumbi, which drains northwards into the Sangpo. 50 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 55i 6J I7i 54l 6| 2I| 552 61 26J 53i 6| 30 -53 9 52 8 492 74 38 48| 64 19^ -48 6 30 -48 6| 30! 48 6§ 17 47i 58 30| -43 41 6J 39f Si 20 inside Points' Locality. 40§ 7 + 6 ? 37i 5 + 5 44 5 + 5 45-1 4 + 5 40 5 + 5 ? 45i 5 + 5 ? 38J 7 + 5 ? 42i 5 + 5 Chumbi Valley 1 39 5 + 5 Tibetan Frontier 34i 6 + 5 ? 40^ 5 + 5 ? Chumbi Valley 6 + 4 3ii 5 + 5 1 Spread. Owner. A. O. Hume. (See illus- tration. ) British Museum (Dr. Camp- bell). British Museum (B. H. Hodg- son). British Museum (Hume Col- lectiori). The late Col. H. C. B. Tanner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Col. J. Biddulph. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Lord Curzon. H. J. Elwes. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. British Museum. Indian Museum. Duke of Bedford. E. P. Tennant. THOEOLD'S DEER (Cervus albirostris). Thorold's deer is of the same approximate dimensions as the hangul, from which it is readily distinguished by the more flattened antlers, which have no bez-tine, and do not curve inwards, but are sud- denly bent backwards at the point of origin of the trez ; the total number of points being either five or four. Equally distinctive is the pure white muzzle and chin, the white inner surface of the ears, the reversal of the hair on the middle of the back, so as to form a kind of hump on the withers with the points of the hairs directed towards the neck, the low position and large size of the gland-tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the shortness of the tail, which is included in the very large straw- coloured area of the buttocks. The general colour of the coat is uniformly dark brown, with the hairs, which are remarkable for their coarse and brittle nature, minutely speckled. The Tibetan plateau, with perhaps some of the neighbouring parts of Central Asia, is the home of this fine species of deer, which was ROCKY MOUNTAIN WAPITI 51 originally described by the late Colonel Przewalski under the name given above. Subsequently two examples were obtained by Dr. W. G. Thorold, to the north-east of Lhasa, at an elevation of between 13,000 and 14,000 feet, which, under the impression that they indicated a new species, were named C. thoroldi by Mr. W. T. Blanford. Length 3^2 4« 37 27 5 + 4 Central Tibet . . Hon. WTalter Rothschild. 38 5i ... ... 5 + 5 Do.. . . British Museum. -36 4i 32 32 5 + 5 ? l Indian Museum. 1 Bought at Darjiling, thither brought by Tibetans. EOCKY MOUNTAIN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis). Wapiti are very large deer of the red deer group, easy of recogni- tion by the form of their antlers, which are of great size, carrying, when fully developed, more than five tines, curving backwards, and being much flattened in the upper half. They always have the bez-tine developed, but their most characteristic feature is the great size of the fourth tine, which is larger than either of the others, and with the fifth, which is also long, forms a nearly regular fork ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated almost in the plane of the portion of the beam immediately below them, so that they more or less completely hide one another when viewed from the front aspect. The brow-tine rises close to the burr, and is nearly as long as the bez. The tail is extremely short ; the light rump-patch is very large and includes the tail ; the neck and under-parts are blackish ; and the general colour of the summer coat is yellowish brown on the upper-parts. Wapiti (known in America as Elk) range from North America to North-Eastern and Central Asia ; the typical form being the Rocky Mountain wapiti (C. canadensis typicus}. The height at the shoulder is about 5 feet 4 inches, and the weight from 700 to 1000 Ibs. Length Ircun ne' trez. 1-7oJ ... 14! 68 6 + 6 Olympic Mts., W. F. Sheard. above burr. Washington -66 ... ... 60 6 + 6 Wyoming . J. Darley. 1 Other antler, 70 in. Photograph and owner's measurements of this particular trophy can be seen at Piccadilly. Head of Rocky Mountain^Wapiti. Shot by Mr. W. Moncreiffe. For measurements see next page. 53 LeSfh **««* fCircura-f , TiP Widest Widest • , between ference of to j-,-;j- n,,rs-\Af. outslde bezand burr. Tip. lnslde' outslde' Points. Locality. Owner. curve. trez. -65 7i 40 7 + 7 Laramie Plains, Wyoming Schoverling, Daly, and Gales. -64| 9i 414 49 6 + 7 Wyoming J. J. Harrison. 644 8 314 45 52 7 + 6 ? Viscount Powers- court. -64J 8 48 7 + 7 N.W. Wyoming A. Rogers. -631 81 49i 484 7 + 9 North Prong Frank Cooper. 634 8 39 454 52 7 + 7 Wyoming H. A. C. Darley. 62 71 33i s°i 7 + 7 Snake River, Ernest Farquhar. Colorado 614 74 45 6 + 6 Bighorn Mts. , Do. Wyoming -6 1 8 52 6 + 6 Do. Sir H. Seton-Karr. 61 8 364 464 55 8x8 ? Viscount Powers- court. 604 81 ... 55 7 + 6 Wyoming E. Grant. -604 84 14 ... 52 9 + 8 White River . Dall de Weese. 6o| 71 43 46i 6 + 6 Wyoming Major C. C. Ellis. 60 8J 36 374 45 6 + 6 Do. . W. Winans. 60 6| 3i4 4*1 44 9 + 7 ? Viscount Powers- court. 594 7 38 484 52 8 + 7 Wyoming L. E. Sackville West. 594 84 3 37i 47 8 + 8 S.E. Wyoming . His Majesty the King. 594 74 >45 6 + 6 ?' Sir H. Seton-Karr. 59 71 39 46 53 9 + 7 Wyoming Sutton Timmis. 584 8| 391 434 534 7 + 6 ? Viscount Powers- court. 584 9 between 464 504 10 + 7 Wyoming Hon. T. A. Brassey. brow and bez. -584 84 444 6 + 6 Do. . J. D. Cobbold. -584 Si 48 50 6 + 6 ? F. B. Tolhurst. 58 9A 42 47i 7 + 6 Wyoming A. H. Straker. 58 7f 434 49 9 + 8 Do. . W. Moncreiffe. (See illustration.) 58 7 46 49 54 6 + 6 ? Viscount Powers- court. 571 7 36 434 47 6 + 6 ? R. Fleming Crooks. 574 6i 24i 351 6 + 6 Montana . Capt. Abdy. 571 7 47 48| 6 + 6 Wyoming Hon. Charles Ellis. 1 Measured by American Exhibition Committee. 54 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Circum- Tip ference of to burr. Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Points. Locality. • Owner. 57i 9§ 32 42i 7 + 7 Wyoming Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart. 57 84 354 34 43 6 + 6 Do. . Viscount Powers- court. -57 7i 7 + 7 Do. . Count F. Trautt- ji / 4 / ' / mansdorff. 57 74 53 494 61 8 + 9 Colorado . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 57 74 354 4i4 6 + 6 Yellowstone Park British Museum. -564 63 46| 6 + 6 Two Ocean Pass President Roose- velt. 564 7i 37 394 434 7 + 6 ? Duke of Bedford. -56 74 I If 32f 43l 464 7 + 6 ? W. F. Gordon Gumming. 56 7 31 39 424 6 + 7 Wyoming J. V. Colby. 551 71 43i 484 7 + 7 Do. . Hon. Charles Ellis. 551 7 434 47§ 6 + 5 Do. . ' . Major G. Dalrymple White. 554 7i 40 46i 5° 6 + 6 Do. . P. B. Vander-Byl. 554 7 29! 4°4 454 6 + 6 Do. . T. P. Kempson. 554 64 44 454 6 + 6 ? A. H. Pollen. 551 7i 46^ ... 7 + 6 ? St. George Little- dale. 55 8£ ... 4'i 6 + 6 Wyoming " . Major Maitland Kirwan. 55 8 454 7 + 6 Do. . Do. 55 74 474 6 + 5 Do. . E. N. Buxton. -55 84 53 544 17 ? The late Sir H. B. Meux, Bart. -55 84 4'i 6 + 6 ? A. Pendarves Vivian. 55 74 38 47 524 7 + 7 Wyoming Viscount Powers- court. 155 65 14 America . . Duke of Bedford. •J J 54S 64 ... 504 Si 60 T^ 6 + 6 E. S. Crasten. -54f 6i 391 434 6 + 6 Montana . Count Scheibler. -544 iol ... 454 8 + 6 Wyoming Capt. M. M'Neill. 541 14 Colorado . Sir Peter Walker, 2 T^ Bart. 544 8 34i 454 6 + 5 Wyoming Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. 544 9 palmated n + 7 Montana (?) G. Wrey. 544 6f 28 37 46 6 + 6 ? F. I. Mitchell. 1 Shed antlers weighed 20 Ibs. WEST AMERICAN WAPITI 55 , 1 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Circum- Tip -.,,-, ference of to Vyid«st burr. Tip. mslde' Widest T> • , outside. Pomts- Locality. Owner. 54i 6i 38i 44i 7 + 6 Wyoming E. N. Buxton. -54i 8 ... 434 10+10 Montana . W. A. Tulloch. 54} 7l ... ' 49! 9 + 7 Wyoming Hon. Walter Roths- child. _f. 81 n Teton Mountains H. Lennard. '54 4- 71 48 ,.. 8 + 7 Wyoming Moreton Frewen. 54 6k 43s 44i 474 7 + 7 Do. . H. H. Dutton. 54 78 43 42 45 8 + 7 Do. .-. P. Niedieck. 54 7i ... 48 7 + 8 Do. . Moreton Frewen. 54 7 294 35i 44 7 + 6 Do. . Sir H. Seton-Karr. 54 72 48 44 12 ? M. P. Grace. -534 8 43 44i ' ... 8 + 7 Wyoming Count E. Hoyos. -53i 6i 39 42 6 + 6 Do. . Major G. Dalrymple White. 53& 7f 47 493 ... 8 + 7 Do. . Ford G. Barclay. palmated 53 7* 13 374 4i4 Si 7 + 7 ? Hon. Walter Roths- child. -5o4 74 564 58i 7 + 6 Wyoming Hugh Peel. Shot by Sir G. Gore, Bart. WEST AMERICAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis occidentalis). Apparently very closely allied to the typical Rocky Mountain race, but with the head, neck, and limbs blacker in the winter dress. The antlers show considerable tendency to cupping and palmation, and in some cases the portion above the fifth tine is aborted. The range of this form extends from British Columbia and Vancouver to o Oregon, and, it is said, Northern California. T ^,,~fV, Circum- Lengtn ference Circum- Tip on. , between ference of to outslde bez and burr. Tip. curve- trez. 52 8| 37 -49i 64 38 -45 7i ••• 37 Widest Widest inside, outside. 40 37 Points. Locality. 6 + 6 Vancouver 10 + 7 Do. 7 + 8 Do. .. Owner. Barclay Bonthron. A. E. Leatham. Clive Phillipps- Wolley. RECORDS OF BIG GAME THIAN-SHAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis songaricus). From the typical wapiti this well-marked local race differs by its inferior size, longer body and shorter limbs, and relatively larger antlers ; the general colour of the coat being brownish gray in winter. This wapiti inhabits the forest-clad portions of the Southern Altai and Thian-Shan ranges ; it was first described by Dr. Severtzoff under the name of C. maral, var. songarica, and subsequently by Mr. Blanford, on the evidence of detached antlers obtained by the Second Yarkand Mission, as C. eustephanus. Owner. Earl of Northbrook. P. Church. Do. J. V. Phelps. Duke of Bedford. W. T. Blanford. A. Ezra. St. George Littledale. Duke of Bedford. P. Church. J. Hamilton Leigh. J. V. Phelps. Paris Museum. Capt. P. Hambro. Duke of Bedford. Do. S. W. Carpenter. H. J. Elwes. P. B. Vander-Byl. R. Hayne. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Lord Elphinstone. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Locality. '-55 8 6 + 7 Bought at Kashgar . Ez 54 74 49 46f 5oi 7 + 6 Thian Shan P. 53i 71 7 + 7 Do. . 53 6| 304 39 46 6 + 6 Do. . J- 53 64 46 41 49 8 + 8 Thian Shan Di W A. 39l 40| 5oi 6 + 5 5i 6| 43i 444 46| 7 + 6 Do. . .St. 5o| 6 294 384 8 + 7 Altai Dt Soi 9 ... 10 + 9 Thian Shan P. 50 6 391 43 46i 7 + 6 Do. . J-: 50 71 7 + 7 Do. . J.1 -49l -49 8 4i 42i 7 + 7 6 + 6 6 + 6 East Thian Shan . China Altai Pai Ca Du * 36 33 48 ^ 45 41 554 8 + 8 Kuldja . 46i 6 36 4°4 43 6 + 6 ? S. 45i 6i 34i 39i 47 5 + 5 Altai H. 454 7 271 351 402 7 + 7 Thian Shan P. 45i Si 424 4if 44i 6 + 6 Do. . R. 44 61 251 34 46* 7 + 6 C. Asia . Ho 434 51 34i 38 40 6 + 6 Thinn Shan Loi 1 Shed antlers bought by the late Sir Douglas Forsyth. Skull and Antlers of Thian-Shan Wapiti. Shot by Mr. P. Church at Tarbagatai. 58 RECORDS OF BIG GAME SIBERIAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis asiaticus). Imperfectly known, but said to differ from the last by the form of the antlers (which have frequently more tines), as well as by its inferior stature and lighter winter coat. It inhabits the Northern Altai and Siberia. MANCHURIAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus). Antlers of a shorter and stouter type than in the Thian-Shan wapiti, with the fourth tine relatively smaller in immature specimens, and the portion above it less developed at all ages. In the 5-tined antlers of sub-adult stags the tips of the fourth and fifth tines curve towards one another like crabs' claws. General colour in winter brownish gray, in summer reddish brown, with the dark winter mane and under-parts of other wapiti. Distribution. — Northern Manchuria and Amurland. Length ouSide faS ^ iSdt Sp«d. P™ts- Local"y- Owner, curve. 33i 5f *8i 21^ ... 6 + 6 ? H. J. Elwes. 32i 5i 26^ 26| 295 7 + 6 ? Do. 31$ 6 17 25^ 29 8 + 7 ? Duke of Bedford. 31^ 5 23^ 24 26 6 + 6 ? Do. 31 4| 26£ 25! 30^ 6 + 5 ? Do. BACTRIAN WAPITI (Cervus canadensis bactrianus). Named on the evidence of a specimen recently living in the Zoological Gardens at Moscow, which was at first regarded as related to the shou, although its wapiti affinities were subsequently revealed by specimens from Tchenkend, the head of one of which is now mounted in the British Museum. Distribution. — Tchenkend and adjacent districts. The antlers of the British Museum specimen are somewhat malformed, and have therefore not been measured. Length ouSde SSI ^ ISe! SPread" Points' Localit>'' Owner" curve. 40 6 26 \ ... ... 6 + 4 Turkestan . . Duke of Bedford. JAPANESE SIKA 59 Antlers of Japanese Sika. From a specimen presented to the British Museum by Viscount Powerscourt. JAPANESE SIKA (Cervus sica). The common sika is the typical representative of a small group of deer in which the antlers are shorter and simpler than is usually the case in the red deer group, and have generally four tines, including a trez, but lacking a bez. The coat is spotted, at least in summer, and there is a black-bordered white area in the region of the tail, which is relatively long. In the common sika the tail is white at the tip, but black above for at least some part of its length ; and the gland on the hind cannon-bone is covered with white hairs. The coat is chestnut red with numerous white spots in summer, and browner, with no, or only indistinct traces of, spots in winter. These deer are distributed over Northern China, Manchuria, and Japan, and are represented by two closely allied races differing chiefly in size. In the Japanese sika (C. sica typicus], which inhabits Japan and Northern China, the height at the shoulder varies from about 2 feet 8 inches to 2 feet 10 inches, whereas in the Manchurian sika (C. sica manchuricus] it reaches 60 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 3 feet 3 inches. Both races have been acclimatised in English and Irish parks. Length on out- Circum- Tip to T, . T ,. ,-» side ference. Tip. Polnts' Locality. Owner. curve. 25^ 5 17! 4 + 4 Japan . . . .Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. 25i 4i 2Oi 4 + 4 Do. . . . .Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 22 4 i6| 5 + 4 Bred in Ireland . . . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 2if 3§ 16^ 10 + 6 Island of Yezo . . . Do. 2I^ 3f I3l 4 + 4 ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. i8J 3! ... 9 Bred in Ireland . . .Sir Victor Brooke. I7i 3 i6J 4 + 4 Duke of Bedford. i6| 3! ... 4 + 3 Japan . . . . British Museum. i6|j 3 9§ 4 + 3 Bred in Ireland . . . Hon. John Ward. J5i 2i 9l 4 + 4 Bred in England . . Duke of Bedford. 1 X5i 2I J4i 4 + 4 Bred in Ireland . . . Marquis of Hamilton. 2-i5^ ... ... 6 + 5 Do. . . . Viscount Powerscourt. J5i 3§ I2i 4 + 4 DO. . . . Hon. R. A. Ward. 1 Weight 143 Ibs. as it fell. 2 This stag when killed was estimated to be fifteen or sixteen years old, and had no teeth left. MANCHUKIAN SIEA (Cervus sica manchuricus). Length ° Poi-' Locality. Owner. Tp curve. -26 4^ 13! 4 + 4 Manchuria .... Paris Museum. 23 3i i8J 4 + 4 ? Duke of Bedford. I5i 3 ••• 4 + 4 Do. The following specimens are from hybrids between Japanese and Red Deer. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest p • w»: • . side ference. Tip. inside. FolntS' curve. -36* 4l -29 3§ 5 Tip. i6| ... 12 + 15 30| 24^ 10+11 14^ ... 9 + 7 14 ... 6 + 5 Width of Palm. 51 Si Locality. Owner. Karabogha, Asia F. E. Whittall. Minor Asia Minor . . Do. Do. . . Paris Museum (Abbe David). Luristan Mountains Sir Edmund G.Loder, Bart. GIANT IRISH DEER 67 Skull and Antlers of extinct Giant Irish Deer (Irish Elk). GIANT IRISH DEEE (Cervus giganteus). (Commonly called " Irish Elk.") A huge deer, probably standing at least 6 feet at the shoulder, with the antlers enormously expanded, and carrying several large tines on the front border, of which the one above the trez is the longest ; the brow-tine being often flattened and forked. In its typical form this magnificent deer occurs in the prehistoric deposits of Ireland, England, and probably some of the western districts of the Continent. Snread Tin LenSth round Length of Circum- w;Ht}, f ?1^L P inside of both antlers ference W'd,th of to Tip. ft. in. ft. in. II 6 II 5 6 3 II 3 7 54 11 1 4 6 94 IO 44 6 9 10 2 5 84 IO 2 9 8 antler. across skull, above burr, ft. in. 91 9i 13 10 12 Palm. 2O I? 20 19* Points. Owner. Marquis of Londonderry. 1 1 + 1 1 Dublin Museum. 17 Mrs. Donaldson-Hudson. 23 Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Earl of Bessborough. 19 British Museum. Thomas Bate. 12 +11 Hon. Walter Rothschild. 68 RECORDS OF BIG GAME cnrMH Ti'r, Length round Length of Circum- vv^.u r to Tin inside of both antlers ference W'f h of Points. Owner, antler. across skull, above burr. Falm' ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 95 62 I2 5 IJ 21 j ii + u Viscount Powerscourt. 95 60 12 10 13^ 2i£ 15 + 13 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 93 62 13 5 I0 24 12 + 10 Duke of Westminster. 92 13 6 1 5^ ... Mrs. Graham Lloyd. -92 ii 10 10^ 22^ 9 + 9 Dublin Museum. -9 2 ••• ••• •-- 20 Thomas Bate. 8 ilf 6 if ... 8f i;f 10+13 Hon. Charles Ellis. 8n 510 nj 17 9 + 9 Viscount Powerscourt. 8 10 59 ii 9i 9i 17 12 + ii Duke of Westminster. -8 10 12 10 ... 13! ... Mrs. Graham Lloyd. -8 9 ••• ••- -. l8f 9 + 8 H. J. Ehves. 8 7 5 9i 10 20 12 + 12 Viscount Powerscourt. 76 5 3i ••• 8| 10+ ii Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. INDIAN SAMBAR Antlers of Indian Sambar. From a specimen in the British Museum. INDIAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor). The typical representative of the Rusine group of deer, in which the antlers are rounded and three-tined, both the bez and trez being wanting, and the summit of the beam simply forked. Height reaching to 5 feet 4 inches at the shoulder. Antlers large and rough, with the brow-tine given off at an acute angle to the beam, and the two terminal tines of nearly equal length. Hair coarse and shaggy, uniformly dark umber-brown, with some chestnut on the buttocks, at all ages. Face-glands very large, and capable of being turned inside out. Ears large, and the tail relatively long and bushy. Young uniformly coloured. Weight about 600 Ibs., when cleaned about 410 Ibs. The wooded hilly districts of India and Ceylon form the habitat of the true sambar, which probably extends into Assam. 70 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The largest, or rather longest, pair of antlers known were from the Central Provinces, and measured 48 inches along the curve inside ( = nearly 50 inches on outside curve). Both brow-tines were broken off. They were sent to Mr. A. O. Hume by Mr. R. Blewitt Length Circum- on ference Tip to Widest p . outside above Tip. inside, curve, brow-tine. J-5oi 9l 24 ••- 3 + 3 Locality. Bhopal Owner. The late Sultan Dulah Nawab Ahmedali Khan. 48 7 Single shed 3 Khandesh . R. H. Madan. specimen -472 28$ Cent. Provinces . A. P. Perceval. -46| 49 3 + 3 Do. . . R. Wordsworth. 46i 6! 24! 3o| 3 + 3 Do. A. O. Hume. -46* 45 Garhwal R. M. Nash. -45* 71 38 42i 3 + 3 Sangor, C.P. . Lieut. -Colonel R. W. Mapleton. 4Si 6| i?i 32i 3 + 3 ? British Museum (Dr. H. Falconer). 45 ft 22^ 332 3 + 3 Mayoghur, Cent. Pro- Sir John Morris. vinces 45 tt 44$ 3 + 3 Western Ghats . Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. 2_4e Cent. Provinces . Bombay Natural History tj Society. -45 9 Orissa H.H. The Maharaja of Tra- vancore. -45 8 Picked up by Dr. Cent. Provinces (?) Heighway Jones. G. Jones 444 71 44§ 45£ 3 + 3 Rangeer, Do. Col. W. J. Morris. -44 34 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces . J. D. Inverarity. 3-44 9 Rewa Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 44 6 91 24f 3 + 3 Do. Major C. F. Pinney. 44 61 I9i 3ii 3 + 3 Do. ... H. E. M. Davies. 431 51 Single horn 3 + 3 Do. ... British Museum (Hume Collection). 43i 5i 17 28 3 + 3 Do. ... Sir E. P. Bates. 43i 6J 25i 34 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces . Viscount Powerscourt. 43l 64 20§ 29| 3 + 3 Do. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -431 3 + 3 Do. Capt. C. Hutton Dowson. 1 Recorded in Asian by Major L. Impey. 2 This is the measurement of only a portion of a Sambar antler, and was recorded in the Journal of 'the Bombay Natural History Society, iii. p. 228. The animal was shot by Mr. R. Gilbert in the Central Provinces, but got away minus this piece of his antler. 3 Height at shoulder, 35$ inches. INDIAN SAMBAR Length on outside curve. Circum- ference above brow-tine. Tip to V Tip. ii -as «- Locality. Owner. 43 6 244 3° 3 + 3 Khandesh . A. Cumine. -43 9i 26 23 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces Capt. J. H. Gwynne. -42| 8i 20 ... 7 + 5 Do. Bertram- Carey. 42| si 26 32i 3 + 3 Do. . A. H. Pollen. 424 6* 15 27i 4 + 4 Ghats of Simrol . British Museum (Col. J.Evans). -42 6^ Single antler ... ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 4>i 6J 33* 35i 3 + 3 Western Ghats Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis. 4if 7 28i 34l 3 + 3 p Hon. Walter Rothschild. 41* 74 274 ... 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces Lord Charles Ben tinck. 44 6* 3°4 364 4 + 4 Do. . . P. Jay. 41 6| 18* 29 3 + 3 Do. . Duke of Bedford. 1-41 84 - 3 + 3 N. Gujerat . S. C. Law. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference above brow-tine. Ceylon Specimens. Tip to Widest D . „ IV inside. Polnts- Owner- 324 64 24 26^ 3 + 3 A. R. Hay. 314 5 2O 17 4 + 3 Major G. E. Hale. -30 8? 214 198 3 + 3 J. Ryan. 29 44 25 224 3 + 3 Earl Cairns. 4i i6f 20 3 + 3 A. M. Naylor. 1 Height at shoulder, 52 inches. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Indian Sambar with abnormal Antlers. From a specimen in the possession of Mr. Bertram-Carey. MALAY SAMBAR 73 Frontlet and Antlers of Malay Sambar. Drawn from a Burmese specimen in the British Museum. MALAY SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor equinus). This local race is nearly as large as the Indian sambar, but the antlers are generally shorter and thicker, with the hinder or inner tine of the terminal fork much shorter than the front one, and arising as a spur from the inner hind margin of the beam, of which the front tine forms the direct continuation ; the brow-tine is also generally longer. General colour of coat of adult darker, usually a light ring round the eyes, the ears smaller, often with a white margin, and the tail very bushy. Young spotted. The distributional area extends from Assam and Cachar through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Siam, Hainan, Borneo, and perhaps Sumatra. 74 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest side ference. Tip. inside. curve. Points. Locality. -3*4 74 24^ 27^ 3 + 2 Burma -32 10 Do. -34 6 24! 26 3 + 3 Do. 3i 6| 14^ i8£ 3 + 3 ? 3ol 64 I7i i9i 7 + 7 Borneo . -3o| 54 27i ! 30 3 + 3 Burma -3<4 25 21 3 + 3 Mogong, Burma 3°4 4j| 2Oj 2 1 4 3 + 3 Burma . -293 6| 18 4 + 3 Manipui 274 44 24^ 2Og 3 + 3 Burma . 25 54 Mi 164 3 + 3 Do: . 24f 54 J4 15 3 + 3 ? Owner. Lieut. -Col. O. E. P. Lloyd. Major W. Anstruther Thom- son. B. Lentaigne. G. Monteath. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. G. H. Evans. H. A. Kelso. British Museum. Capt. A. Wilson. A. E. English. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Duke of Bedford. 1 Outside. FOEMOSAN SAMBAE (Cervus unicolor swinhoei). This race is very closely related to the preceding, from which it is distinguished by its shorter head, concave profile, longer limbs, and certain differences in colour ; the lower part of the legs being brownish or whitish yellow, and the bushy tail black all round. It is confined to the island of Formosa. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Owner. 192 9 3 + 3 British Museum. 17 41 5 Duke of Bedford. I6J 3i 16 3 + 3 British Museum. I3l 42 I3i 4 + 4 Do. LUZON SAMBAE (Cervus unicolor philippinus). Nearly allied to the two last, the height at the shoulder being probably from 33 to 35 inches, the build stout and massive, with the hind-quarters specially elevated, and the form that of a small Malay sambar. On the head is a blackish streak starting from over each eye BASIL AN AND SZECHUAN SAMBAR 75 to form a line down the middle of the face separated by a band of pale fawn from a moustache-like dark mark in the muzzle. Distribution. — The island of Luzon, in the Philippines ; introduced into the Marianne islands, specimens from which have been described as a separate species under the name of C. mariannus. Length on Circum- Tip to outside ference. Tip. curve. T r» Locality. 21 43 Si 3 + 3 Luzon 195 Si 7i 4 + 4 Do. i8* Si 9S 3 + 5 Do. i8| Si i4i 4 + 3 Do. 18 40 13 4 + 4 Do. 16 4 .ioi 3 + 3 Do. 154 Si II| 3 + 3 Do. /~v Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Do. Do. Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. BASILAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor nigricans). Smaller than the last, the height at the shoulder in a mounted specimen in the British Museum being 27 inches. Detached antlers indicate, however, larger animals. Length outside curve. 134 4§ I2| 3 + 3 Basilan Island I3l 44 I if 3 + 3 Do. British Museum (A. H. Everett). Do. SZECHUAN SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor dejeani). A large race from Northern China, with very massive antlers, which show a tendency to develop small supplemental snags. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest TJ • . T ,•. utside ference. Tip. inside. Polnts- Locality. .-. Owner. 31 6 22 24^ 3 + 3 N.W. China . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 3°l S'h X5i J8i 3 + 3 Ta-tsien-lou Szechuan Paris Museum (type specimen). 76 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Javan Rusa. From a specimen in the British Museum. JAVAN RUSA (Cervus hippelaphus). General form, coat, and colour sambar-like ; but the ears smaller, the tail thin, the hairs on the back banded with coloured rings, and the under-parts, chin, and inner sides of buttocks whitish. Antlers com- paratively slender and only moderately rough, with the brow-tine medium or short, and making a large acute angle with the beam ; the hinder or inner tine of the terminal fork much longer than the front or outer one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the MOL UCCAN ./e USA—BA VI AN DEER 7 7 front or front outer surface of which the front tine arises as an off- shoot ; the two antlers enclosing a lyrate space. Young, uniformly coloured. There are two races of this species — one the Javan rusa (C. hippelaphus typicus) of the approximate size of a red deer, and the other the Moluccan rusa (C. Jiippelap]ius moluccensis\ from Celebes and the Moluccas, said to be smaller, and without a distinct mane on the neck or tuft to the tail. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest D • , i i-, r\ outside ference. Tip. inside. Pomts- Locality. Owner. curve. 37i Si 16 I7i 3 + 3 Java . . . H.R.H. Prince of Wales. -36 ... ii£ ... 3 + 3 Mauritius (introduced) Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 35^ 4§ 22| ... 3 + 3 Java . . . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 35i 4i I7a 17 3 + 3 Do. ... Hon. Walter Rothschild. 34* 4§ 174 22j 3 + 3 Do. ... Capt. C. Keppel, R.N. 1 34 ... ... ... ... Rodriguez (introduced) Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 33 4 25^ ... 3 + 3 Java . . . Duke of Bedford. -30^ 42 174 ...... Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 28J 4^ ii^ I2j 3 + 3 Do. . . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 Weight 269 Ibs. MOLUCCAN EUSA (Cervus hippelaphus moluccensis). (See above). Length outside 2S£ ^p!0 »*>*• LocaUty. Owner. curve. 36^ 4§ i8J 3 + 3 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27^ , 4f 14^ 3 + 3 ? Duke of Bedford. 14! 3i •••" 3 + 3 ? Do. 8| 4 5i Batchian . . British Museum (A. R. Wallace). 6J 3! 5§ ... ? British Museum. BAVIAN DEER (Cervus kuMi). A small deer allied to the Javan rusa (C. hippelaphus], standing about 27 inches at the shoulder, of light build, and of a uniform brown colour, without a dark stripe down the back. Distribution. — The Bavian Islands, between Borneo and Java. 9f 2| loj io| 3 + 3 British Museum. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Hog-Deer. HOG-DEER or PAEA (Cervus porcinus). Allied to the Bavian deer, but the antlers larger, the build longer and lower, and the summer coat of the adult, as well as that of the young, spotted with yellowish white. General colour in winter rufous or yellowish brown, somewhat speckled above, and much darker beneath ; in summer, upper-parts paler and more or less spotted. Antlers on long pedicles, with the hinder tine of the terminal fork the shorter. Height at shoulder from about 25 to 29 inches. Weight about 90 to 100 Ibs. The largest pair of antlers known belonged to a specimen shot by Mr. A. O. Hume in the Ganges Khadir, near Meerut They measured 20 along the beam inside, and had a mid-beam girth of 3.5. The specimen was destroyed in the Mutiny, the house in which it was hung having been burnt. Distribution. — India, throughout the Indo-Gangetic plain from Sind and the Punjab to Assam, thence through Sylhet to Burma and Tenasserim. Length on Circum- outside ference above Tip to Tip. curve. brow-tine. -213 31 3i 3S Locality. Owner. [2* Burma .... Capt. G. H. Evans. 7i Do Do. 12\ ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. HOG-DEER .ength on outside curve. Circum- ference above brow tine. Tip to Tip. Locality. -21 34 i8| Burma -21 3i 'Si Pegu . 20| 34 22^ ? -»| 3i iai Burma -20| 34 Nepal . -20J 44 i7i ? -204 3 94 N.W. Provinces . -20 Burma -I9& 34 16 Meerut, N.W. P. . 194 -194 34 31 i3i Dudla Swamp, N.W. Provinces Nepal . -I9l Ganges Khadir . I9i 34 94 Do. 194 3i 164 Burma . 194 31 i8f ? -19 4* 5A Upper Burma -i8| 4* 15 Do. . >-i8 6* 19 Ganges Khadir . -18 ? t7l 3 I4l ? 1 7f 2f 94 Burma »7l 34 9i Nepal . -i7i Ganges Khadir . 174 34 ioi ? i7i 34 11' Cooch Behar 79 Owner. 9i 3i Naini Tal Terai 1 Ten points. Capt. G. H. Evans. Major-Gen. E. M. Norie. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Capt. G. II. Evans. Bombay Natural History Society. J. Whitaker. J. Nugent. Indian Museum (Capt. R. C. Beavan). Capt. W. Q. Winwood. Capt. W. E. Stobart. Bombay Natural History Society. Major H. S. King. A. O. Hume. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. H. C. V. Hunter. C. W. A. Bruce. Do. Gen. Sir R. Pole-Carew W. Gillman. L. J. Mountford. A. E. English. British Museum, the late B. H. Hodgson. Major F. D. V. Wing. Guy G. Wilson. Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. J. Carr Saunders. Major-General Alexander A. A. Kinloch. 8o RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Chital. CHITAL or AXIS (Cervus axis). This beautiful species is distinguished from all the other members of the Rusine group, except the Philippine spotted deer (C. alfredi], by the body being profusely spotted with white at all seasons and all ages ; the general colour of the upper-parts being light rufous fawn, with a dark stripe from the nape to the tip of the tail and a black band on the muzzle. Height at shoulder from 36 to 38 inches; live-weight estimated at about 250 Ibs. Antlers supported on short pedicles, long, slender, and moderately rough ; the brow-tine making nearly a right angle with the beam, and the front tine of the terminal fork, which forms the continuation of the beam, much the longer. Distribution. — India and Ceylon. CHITAL 81 te°n en£ee afibr°tve Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. 38 4S 4S 194 3 + 3 18 3 + 3 Asirgarh Jungle, Central Provinces East Berar 38 44 22 4 + 4 p 374 31 19 3 + 3 Sivvalik Hills . 374 44 24 5 + 4 ? 374 4l 24§ 4 + 4 Bassim, C.P. . 37i 4i i6g 4 + 5 ? 364 44 25 4 + 3 Berar -364 44 I5i 4 + 3 Nepal . . . -364 51 I9i 3 + 3 Central Provinces . -364 i6f 4 + 4 Do. . . 36 4i 25i 3 + 4 ? -36 5 15 4 + 3 Mysore 36 4g 21 4 + 3 ? -36 4l 26 4 + 4 Sangor, C. P. . 351 4 I9l 3 + 3 Central Provinces . 354 4i l8J 4 + 4 ? 354 4 "J 5 + 5 ? 351 44 22! 3 + 3 Western Ghats -352 4 21 4 + 4 ? -35 44 N. Kanara 35 44 2r4 4 + 3 Kota, Rajputana -35 35 4 24* 3 + 3 Mandla, Central Provinces Nepal -341 5* I2§ 4 + 4 N.W. Provinces -344 224 3 + 3 Tapti Valley . -34i 35 North Kanara -3i4 3f 174 3 + 3 Ceylon . 3i4 3 IO4 3 + 3 Do. . 3o4 34 i°4 3 + 3 Do. . Owner. Lieut. -Col. M. Cust. Brig. -Gen. F. H. Whitby Col. A. Pollock. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. F. Pope. A. O. Hume. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. C. H. Seely. A. E. Leatham. Capt. M. McNeill. Major J. H. Gwynne. British Museum. Capt. G. H. Evans. Major James Grant. Lieut. -Col. R. W. Mapleton. Major G. T. M. Bridges. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. G. W. Hatch. Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis. James J. Harrison. Bombay Natural History Society. Major H. C. Morland. Capt. B. H. Boucher. Major G. Roos Keppel. Major E. M'K. Williams. J. D. Inverarity. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Count Scheibler. A. R. Hay. Capt. F. H. Pym. 82 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Swamp-Deer. From a specimen in the possession of Mr. H. C. V. Hunter. SWAMP-DEER (Cervus duvauceli). This species belongs to the Rucervine group, in which the antlers resemble those of the Rusine section in the absence of the bez and trez tines, but have the beam regularly forked, and each branch again dividing, so that there are at least four tines. There is no gland SWAMP-DEER 83 on the hind-leg, or only a vestige thereof. In the swamp-deer the antlers are smooth and flattened, with a long brow-tine rising almost at right angles to the beam, which is undivided for about half the total length of the antler, and then splits into a fork, each branch of which is usually simply forked, but sometimes divided in a more complicated manner. General colour bright rufous brown, often speckled near the back. Height at shoulder from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 10 inches; weight about 7 1 7 Ibs. Distribution. — India, exclusive of Ceylon. Owner. Capt. W. W. Hancock. Major C. B. Wood. Major C. S. Cumberland. Do. C. F. Egerton. J. D. Inverarity. Capt. B. H. Boucher. Major H. G. C. Swayne. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Measured by Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). Major C. B. Wood. J. D. Inverarity. Major W. Anstruther Thom- son. Indian Museum. A. Wilson. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. H. C. V. Hunter. Capt. E. B. Cook. F. B. Simson. A. E. Leatham. Major A. G. W. Malet. Length on Circum- Tip to outside ference. Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. curve. 41 64 354 38 8 + 5 Central Provinces . 41 53 32 37i 8 + 7 Do. 41 52 (one antler) broken 6 + 6 Do. 39i 5 354 374 5 + 6 Do. 38i 54 (shed antlers) 6 + 5 Do. -38 43 6 + 6 Do. -38 6 + 6 Do. -374 6 + 6 Do. 373 51 23§ 284 7 + 6 ? 364 5 20 (outside) 23 Mavella District 36 5 29i 333 6 + 5 Nepal . . . . 36 44 47 47 6 + 6 Central Provinces . -36 29 6 + 6 Nepal . -36 -354 -354 si 324 7 + 7 Chutia Nagpur Kheri District 7 + 6 353 4i 27 29! ? 35i 51 22i 7 + 6 Nepal .... 35 4l 274 304 5 + 5 Terai .... -343 33 12 + 8 Mymensing . -344 54 24i 28! 6 + 5 Nepal .... 344 4i tof 28 9 + 6 Mandla, Cent. Provinces 84 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. 334 321 324 32! 32 Circum- ference. 43 Si 5 5 4i 4 54 284 22% 33i 274 32 19! 29 19 nside Points- Locality. 32i 5 + 5 N.W. Provinces 26| 6 + 5 Assam . 35 6 + 6 Nepal . 7 + 6 Cooch Behar . 334 5 + 5 Central Provinces 244 7 + 7 Nepal . 19 4 + 4 24^ 8 + 8 ? Owner. Major Chambers Didham. A. O. Hume. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Lieut. -Col. Henry Streatfeild. Major E. D. White. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. J. Carr Saunders. Head of Swamp-Deer Stag with antlers of an abnormal type. From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1899. SCHOMBURGK'S DEER Antlers of Schomburgk's Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. SCHOMBURGK'S DEER (Cervus schomburgki). Allied to the preceding, but the antlers smooth, rounded, and more complex ; the brow-tine very long, frequently forked, and arising nearly at right angles to the beam, which is very short, compressed, and regularly forked, with each of the main branches about equally developed and again forking in a similar manner to terminate in long cylindrical tines. General colour uniform dark brown. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 5 inches. Distribution, — The northern districts of Siam. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Do. J. Carr Saunders. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Indian Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. curve. -32* 51 12 + II 3oi 5 X5i 33 IO+ IO 291 4i 2§f 3*f 10+ II 29i 6 194 27 6 + 7 2Si Si ii 29i II +9 -28.5 5-25 9-5 28.5 10 + 9 20* 4 i7i 20 6 + 6 86 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Thamin. From a Burmese specimen. THAMIN or ELD'S DEEE (Cervus eldi). Although belonging to the same group as the two preceding species, this deer is readily distinguished by the peculiar form of the antlers. These are rounded and rough, with a long curved brow-tine, forming a continuation of the curve of the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle ; the beam unbranched for some distance, much curved, and finally forked, with the outer prong more subdivided than the inner. Height at shoulder about 4 feet 3 inches ; weight from 210 Ibs. to 245 Ibs. There are three races of this species. First, the Burmese thamin (C. eldi typicus\ ranging from near Manipur through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, in which the antlers are rounded throughout, and the coat is uniformly umber-brown. Secondly, the Manipur thamin (C. eldi cornipes], in which the under-surface of the fetlock is horny instead of hairy. Thirdly, the Siamese thamin (C. eldi platyceros), from Siam and Hainan, in which the tips of the antlers are flattened with a number of small snags, and the coat is redder, with yellowish spots. Swamp-deer from the Central Provinces show a re- markable approximation in the form of their antlers to the present species. THAMJN OR ELD'S DEER 87 Length on outside r- sag '=• brow-tine. Tip to Widest Tip. inside. Length Points, of brow- Locality. tine. 42 5 29 24 3 + 2 Burma -41 Si 30 36 5 + 7 Do. 41 52 27i 36 5 + 5 Upper Burma . 4oi 5 3°i 361 6 + 5 ? X39l -39i 5 31! 36^ 20 15; (small points) 2ii 33 p Siam Burma . . -39 72 22^ 29 IO+IO Manipur . -39 5 41 5 + 5 Lower Burma . 38i 6* 254 3°8 16+19 Lower Burma . Manipur . 6J 24 30^ 6 + 5 ... 38 48 29i 36S 5 + 5 Pegu 38 -371 -374 4i 20 J 32 5 + 4 Burma Lower Burma . Burma 5 152 26 5 + 5 ' - 37 S 23! 3Ji 4 + 4 Do. 36| 4f 16 27 4 + 4 Upper Burma . -363 Si 42| ... 5 + 5 Pegu ~36i 54 223 28i 4 + 4 Sanaing . 36 44 23 31 10 + 9 Burma 36 5 4 + 4 ? 36 6 l8g 242 8 + 8 Burma . . 35i 4& 19! 26^ 4 + 3 Do. . -34 Si 22i 3ii 19 25^ 6 + 6 5 + 5 Kyaikto, Lower Burma Upper Burma . 34i 4i 34 35i 4 + 4 Do. 34* 5 24 32i 6 + 6 Burma 34 Si 23i 29! IO+IO Do. -34 Si 20 Do. Owner. A. H. Collins. Capt. G. H. Evans. Lieut. -Col. O. E. P. Lloyd. C. B. Smales. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Lieut. -Col. H. de H. Haig. Capt. H. S. Wood. W. O. Hannyngton. British Museum. R. C. E. Underwood. A. O. Hume. G. R. Radmore. H. F. Hall. C. W. A. Bruce. H. A. Kelso. Major C. S. Cumberland. L. E. Hopkins. B. Lentaigne. O. F. Wheeler-Cuffe. Capt. H. W. Marsden. Duke of Bedford. Dr. Knocker. Viscount Powerscourt. J. W. Clough. Capt. W. K. Legge. R. Gordon Smith. Hon. Walter Rothschild. J. Carr Saunders. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 1 Measured on front of antler from highest tip to tip of frontal tine 56^ inches. RECORDS OF BIG GAME THAMIN or ELD'S DEER (Cervus eldi) — continued. Extreme length of right antler round the out- Circum- Tip to Widest Number of T side curve, high- ference. Tip. span. points. Locality. Owner, est point, to tip of brow tine. -56i 51 28 37 13 Burma . W. F. Loftus-Tottenham. -SSi 44 344 42i 12 Do. Do. -55 7 28^ 384 12 Do. . Capt. G. H. Evans. -55 5i 30 37 15 Do. Do. -55 5 42 13 Do. Do. -534 54 38 16 Do. . W. F. Loftus-Tottenham. -52S 44 24! 365 12 Do. Do. -54 5 334 7 Do. Do. -5i 54 27 374 10 Do. . Capt. G. H. Evans. -504 7i 36 394 14 Do. Do. INDIAN MUNTJAC OR MARKING DEER 89 Frontlet and Antlers of Indian Muntjac. INDIAN MUNTJAC or BAEKING DEER (Cervulus muntjac). This species is the typical representative of a genus of small Oriental deer differing widely from all those included in Cervits. The antlers, which do not usually exceed half the length of the head, have a short brow-tine and an unbranched beam, and are supported on long skin-covered pedicles, continued downwards as convergent ridges on the forehead, whence the name of rib-faced deer. Tufts of bristly hair occupy the position of the antlers in the females. The muzzle has a large naked portion, and although there is generally a pair of glands on the face, there are none either on the hock or the cannon-bone. The young are spotted, but the adults uniformly coloured. In the Indian muntjac, which is one of the reddish-coloured species, and whose range extends from Ceylon and India through Burma to China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java, the height at the shoulder varies from 20 to 22 inches. The Chinese muntjac (C. reevest), from Southern China and Formosa, is a much smaller species, also reddish in colour ; but in the rare Tenasserim muntjac (C. fece), and the larger but equally scarce hairy-fronted muntjac (C. crinifrons] of Eastern China, the general hue of the body is dark purplish sepia-brown, with white on the buttocks and under surface of the tail. The average height of the Indian species at the shoulder is about 26 inches, and weight about 28 Ibs. ; a female stands about 23 inches and weighs about 32 Ibs. H XECOKDS OF BIG GAME Length on r^f antler from burr to tip. erence above burr. Tip. Locality. Owner. Java. . . .II. Van Son. '-9i ti 5 Singapore . -8f 3f 6* Java . ^ 4i 4l India 17$ 4 34 Lombok . a-7i Near Mussuri '7i 3i 3i Lombok . -6J 3* •1 Lushhi -6j 2} --: Perak 6| 2* 3 Ranikhct . H 2* 3* Java. . -6i Do, . 6J 25 3i Nepal 6) 3 31 ? -*i =i 3i Namba Forest, H 4 North of Mussi -6 4* Taroy, Burma Si 3 4 i -si «> ? Si 3i 4 a Sir Kdmurni G. Loder, Bart. Dr. Allxrrt von Stephani. W. H. Wilson. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Lieut. -Col. A. E, Ward. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Capt. A. Wilson. Perak Museum. Major B. \V. C, Deeble. J. 0 Van Son. H. Van Son. British Museum (B. H. A. O. Hume. Capt. H. S. Wood. Capt. Harry V. Brooke. Capt. G. H. Evans. R. S. Routh. Indian Museum. A. H. Straker. Determination provisional. \v eight 37 IKs. TIBETAN MUNTJAC (Cervnlus lachrymans). Nearly allied to the last, but smaller. i on VMU- skto curve of Citvumfcrene*, Tip to Tip. longest antler. »i i| Locality. Ningpo Owner. British Museum (R. Swinho<\ l>ublin Museum. 3/UXTJAC AND ROE 9" MU5TJAC An tiers jjmai two inches long. ." , " i '. '~j " . 1 ]_ 1 * " ~ j. "" _ - " " '- ' 1 ^ " ~- '_ L " ' *-•-"'- _ - - . ;. 1- "^ ' : "~ ' 1 ^ "\"1" --_ -u ~. " : * \i ! "^. ----- --_ ~ ~ -_ ' a hroa liar, iail H^rf •!> faddag at a point about two-thuds * *- "t " _ 1L . . t: ". *, ,1-", . "- ' • * "irr". "_ r T- r " -L " -L ' _ ",'1. , "* *. _ r. ™ : ^ * .". -^ i ~ r.'^. of poiots xs K9va% ARXL There is no g^and and tuft oo aac OB dK •ypor part of tfac ooter side of Ac bind MB use tBnopeao CDC flic feciBHt ^t tfae 26 BKfccSb la rater fliB coat is dacic large vbkc nBBp-potdi, bat in SBBMBCT fcagr red, with fitde or DO The range ruJajiT% the gmejlci part of Europe as u :-t _.-^_-_Lf_i ir.i 'r:\-^-^ .-.-- •-. RECORDS OF BIG GAME outside curve. circum- ference. lip to Tip. Locality. 13 4 144 Germany 13 4 Hi Do. 13 34 10} Do. -13 64 84 Do. -13 7 10 Do. -13 64 8 Do. iaf 3 84 Do. 134 4 94 Do. 12} 4l 9 Servia . -12* 3f 44 Austria . . . '-12* Perthshire -12-11 6-12 5-4 Hungary III 6 Monymusk, N.B. . 2Hi Orton, Speyside "4 3 8f Germany -11} 6 6 Perth . »i 4 8J Servia -ii* 4i Scotland . -ii* 44 (Single antler dug up) ii 7i Ross-shire -ii 74 Aberdeenshire ii 5rV 74 Ross-shire ii 38 8| Germany ii 7* 61 Sligo, Ireland . ii 34 64 Ballindalloch . -104 3i 34 Bohemia 104 Beaufort, Ross-shire 104 64 6 Ballindalloch . ID* 34 51 Inverness 1 and 2 Recorded by J. G. .Millais (British Deer and t) Owner. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. Do. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Do. Do. Viscount Powerscourt. Do. Do. Capt. John Marriott. R. Moncrieff. Count Wenkheim. Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. Sir G. Macpherson Grant, Bart. Viscount Powerscourt. J. G. Millais. Viscount Powerscourt. Duke of Bedford. J. G. Millais. H. M. Warrand. Col. Gordon Gumming. H. M. Warrand. Viscount Powerscourt. Sir Henry Gore Booth, Bart. G. B. Macpherson Grant. H.S. H. Prince Alexander of Thurn and Taxis. J. G. Millais. Sir G. Macpherson Grant, Bart. C. Macpherson Grant. Horns). 3 Abnormal (Peraque). EUROPEAN ROE 93 offside grcnm- Tip to LocaHty Qwner curve. io£ 4 6} Austria . . . H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. 95 5 5 Dorset . . . J. E. Harting. 9f 8^ ... Sligo, Ireland . . Sir Henry Gore Booth. ~9f 3^ 5 Spain . . . Abel Chapman. -8f 3 6| Do. . . Do. 8£ 3 4^ France . . British Museum. 94 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Siberian Roe. From a photo, lent by Mr. Carl Hagenbeck. SIBERIAN ROE (Capreolus pygargus). Larger than the last, the height at the shoulder varying from 28 to 34 inches ; the ears shorter and more hairy, the white rump-patch larger, and the antlers longer and more rugose with numerous nodose snags. Mr. St. George Littledale says the specimens he observed barked like a " barking deer." Distribution. — From the Altai and mountains of Turkestan to Eastern Siberia, and probably the Caspian provinces of Persia. Loufs&e°n C!rcum- Ti? to ference. Tip. 16 151 Locality. Owner. ? Carl Hagenbeck. 12 ? Viscount Powerscourt. 134 Thian Shan . . . J. V. Phelps. 1 Circumference of burr. SIBERIAN ROE 95 Lengthen outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 154 4i 84 ? '54 5 Ilf Thian Shan . •54 54 8 Siberia 'Si 34 ii Do. 15 4 104 Thian Shan . '5 31 15 Altai . 144 31 i5i Do. . 144 4 15 ? i.4i 3t 8J Tekkes -14* 3H Siberia 14 32 iSS Thian Shan . . i3i 2l i3l Semirechensk Altai 13* 3 6 Asia ? i3l 31 "4 ? i3i 4 9 Upper Yenisei Valley 134 3f 8| Semirechensk Altai *34 32 9§ Upper Yenisei Valley 134 34 HI S. Siberia . I3f 3U 94 Siberia Owner. Viscount Powerscourt. P. B. Vander-Byl. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Edinburgh Museum. J. Hamilton Leigh. Duke of Bedford. R. Hayne. Paris Museum. P. Church. H. J. Elwes. British Museum. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. H. J. Elwes. Do. Do. W. A. L. Fletcher. Paris Museum. 96 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Siberian Roe shot by Mr. St. George Littledale. PERE DAVID'S MI LOU DEER 97 Antlers of Pere David's Milou Deer. From specimens at Woburn Abbey. PERE DAVID'S MILOU DEER (Elaphurus davidianus). This remarkable deer differs from all the preceding, except the elk and roes, by the absence of a brow-tine to the antlers, which are large and branching, the beam forking at a comparatively short distance above the burr, and the front prong of the fork again dividing, while the hind prong is long and straight. The bushy tail is longer than in any other deer, and the neck of the male is maned. There is a gland on the outer side of the upper half of the hind cannon-bone, but none on the hock. In the adult the colour is uniformly tawny, but spotted in the young. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches. In captivity, at any rate, the antlers are shed twice a year. Distribution. — Northern China or (?) Kashgaria ; unknown in the wild state, and apparently now represented only by specimens in Europe, of which the great majority are at Woburn Abbey. 98 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. 321 27 2 25 22 Circum- ference. 74 5 Si 6i si 64 Si 5 Tip to Widest p . Tip. inside. 204 Locality. I3§ 18^ 8 + 8 Near Peking . 10 + 8 ? 35-rV 35-re 1 1 + 10 Imperial Park, Peking 5 + 5 ? 29 264 8 + 8 ? 6 + 5 ? 6 + 4 Bred in England 4 + 3 Do. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Duke of Bedford. Paris Museum (Type Specimen, Pere David). Duke of Bedford. Maj. W. Anstruther Thomson. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Duke of Bedford. British Museum. Duke of Bedford. Do. 1 Back tine of this head-measures 32^ inches. 2 Back point of this head measured 28 inches'from beam of antler. Head of Mexican White-tailed Deer in the Collection of Major W. Anstruther Thomson. WHITE-TAILED DEER 99 Antlers of Virginian White-tailed Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. WHITE-TAILED DEER (Mazama americana). With the exception of the wapiti, all the deer of America are distinguished from those of the Old World, save the elk, roe, and milou deer, by the absence of a brow-tine to the antlers, which are either regularly forked or spike-like, and quite different from those of either the roe or milou deer. In the white-tailed deer they are large and complex, with a long sub-basal snag, and the front prong of the main fork developed at the expense of the hinder, and carrying a number of snags on its upper surface. Tail long. A gland-tuft on the hock, and a small cylindrical white one with a black centre near the lower end of the hind cannon-bone. Colour of upper parts chestnut in summer and bluish gray in winter, with the under surface of the tail and the buttocks pure white. Typically from Eastern North America, where the height at the shoulder reaches to 3 feet i inch, but represented by numerous races in other parts of the continent, which gradually decrease in size and complexity of antlers towards the south, where they extend to Peru, Bolivia, and Guiana. Weight of a specimen of the typical race shot by Mr. Selous, 12 st. 7 Ibs. Mazama, it may be observed, is the oldest name for the American deer, and must be employed if they are all included in one genus. If they are split up, Mazama is the title for the brockets, while the white tail and its allies should be called DorcelapJius — the name Odocoilus, used by American writers, having several things against it. 100 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length Owner. British Museum. Do. Major James Grant. W. S. Browne. H. S. Wellcome. Capt. F. Cookson. British Museum. Col. A. Charlesworth. J. Carr Saunders. British Museum. G. B. Grinnell. James J. Harrison. Dr. Albert von Stephani. J. Turner-Turner. President Roosevelt. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. C. Selous. T. P. Kempson. Moreton Frewen. J. Turner-Turner. MEXICAN WHITE-TAIL (Mazama americana mexicana). One of the smaller races of the preceding, the height at the shoulder being about 2 feet 9 inches, and the antlers smaller and simpler. Distribution. — South Mexico. on outside curve. Circum- ference. lip to widest Tip. inside. Points. Locality. 271 271 51 Single antler I4i 19 16 6 + 6 N. America . Do. 26| 4f 94 20 20 Do. 26J Si 4J I7i 13+13 Ontario . 252 4i 9 19 II Maine . 253 48 i of 19 15+13 Texas . 25i 4f I2| 174 11+9 N. America . 25 5 6J 19 6 + 5 E. Kootenay, B.C. 24^ 4i I2| Ib4 6 + 6 ? 24i 4i ii* I9i 6 + 6 ? 24 4l Ji9i .- 18 Nebraska -23! 6 12 l6f 5 + 4 Wyoming -23* 4g 45 144 7+10 Nebraska 23 5 5 16 6 + 6 B. Columbia . -224 4 Ji5f - 12 Medora, N.D. 24 31 3i 134 4 + 4 New York State 21 4 12 17 4 + 4 Wyoming 19* 3i I2i ISi 5 + 5 B. Columbia . 175 4S 27 + 25 Do. I9i2i 4 8 3 + 3 Do. 1 Spread. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest -r, • . side ference. Tip. inside. * curve. -14 131 6 45 Locality. Mexico . 3 + 3 Do. 3 + 3 Do. 3 + 4 Do. . Owner. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. British Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. MULE-DEER 101 Head of Mule-Deer. From a specimen in the possession of Mr. E. S. Cameron. MULE-DEER (Mazama hemionus). Antlers with a much shorter sub-basal snag than in the white-tailed deer, beyond which the beam is directed outwards for a short distance, and then curves upwards to form a regular fork, both prongs of which are usually equal, and generally subdivide so as to form five points on each side. Ears very large and heavy ; tail short and small, with a black tip. Gland-tufts on hock and cannon-bone coloured like the leg ; the latter of these elongated and situated in the upper half of the cannon-bone. General colour of upper-parts reddish tawny in summer, brownish or rufous speckled gray in winter, with a brown 102 RECORDS OF BIG GAME horse-shoe mark on the forehead. Height at the shoulder, 3 feet 3 or 4 inches in the typical form. Weight (exceptional), 17 stone 2 Ibs. (F. C. Selous). Distribution. — The greater part of North America westward of the Missouri, extending from British Columbia to California. There are several local races, among which the South Californian (M. hemionns peninsula] is one of the smallest. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest side ference. Tip. inside, curve. -32 6 26 3°l Sf *8i 24^ 30 si 41 -29 6J 29$ 28! 4i i3i 172 284 5 i8f 21 28 4i 22* 24^ 27 Si *9i 2i§ 27 5i I9i 22| -26| 5 -26! 4i 26 J 43 I9§ 20^ 264 5 154 184 26^ 52 ... i7i 26J 4i I5| 22 J 26 43 20 2 if 26 5 i5i i<)\ 25^ 4i 27 29 25! 4i 19 20 25 Si 27| 27! 25 5 zof 24 25 5 10 i6f Points. Locality. 21 + 19 Wyoming 5 + 5 ? 17 8 + 6 White River, Colorado Montana 5 + 5 Wyoming 6 + 4 British Columbia White River . 6 + 6 Wyoming 6 + 5 North America 5 + 5 British Columbia 28 North Dakota . 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 5 Wyoming 6 + 5 British Columbia 12 Wyoming 6 + 6 Do. 7 + 5 Do. 4 + 4 British Columbia 8 Do. 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 5 Do. 16+13 Montana 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 4 Do. Owner. C. R. F. Lutwidge. W. Moat. H. A. James. E. S. Cameron. (See illustra- tion.) Ford G. Barclay. J. Mel. M'lver Campbell. Major Maitland Kirwan. H. A. C. Barley. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. D. H. Crake. President Roosevelt. Capt. M. M'Neill. Ernest Farquhar. T. P. Kempson. Hon. F. Thellusson. Capt. F. Cookson. The Maclaine of Lochbuie. J. V. Colby. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Capt. G. J. Fitzgerald. A. H. Pollen. Moreton Frewen. J. L. Scarlett. F. C. Selous. MULE-DEER 103 Length on out- side curve. Circum- Tip to Widest ference. Tip. inside. 24 24 24 -24 22 4i 44 20 J ... 13! 22^ 24^ I9i I5l i8J 25 ... 24 24^ 25^ 194 24 Points. Locality. 6 + 6 Wyoming IO Do. 3 + 3 British Columbia 10 ? 5 + 5 British Columbia 5 + 5 Wyoming 5 + 5 Do. 5 + 4 N.-W. Nevada . Owner. Dr. Albert von Stephani. T. W. H. Clarke. II. S. Beall. T. P. A. Holford. W. Neilson. Capt. J. M'Call Maxwell. Count E. Hoyos. J. Turner-Turner. Abnormal head of Mule-Deer from British Columbia, in the possession of Mr. J. Turner-Turner. ro4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME BLACK-TAILED DEER (Mazama columbiana). Nearly allied to the mule-deer, but of inferior size, with relatively smaller ears and finer hair ; but specially characterised by the shorter gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the larger and longer tail, of which the upper surface is black and the lower white. Distribution. — Western North America, from Fort George, British Columbia, to California. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest D • . T ,. side ference. Tip. inside. Pomts' Locality. Owner, curve. 2/| 6 15} 19^ 9 + 6 British Columbia . G. Wrey. -22 4j 122 ... Vancouver . . Clive Phillipps-Wolley. -2i 5 iSi 1S S + 5 N.E.California . H. C. Nelson. -2oi 5 17 17 5 + 7 Do. .A. E. Leatham. -I9i Sf 21 5 + 5 ? Sir \V. Gordon dimming, Bart. I9i 4^ 14 l6i 3 + 3 S. California . . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 1 Outside. MARSH-DEER 105 Abnormal Marsh-Deer Antlers. MARSH -DEER (Mazama dichotoma). Antlers without a sub-basal snag, forking regularly, with both prongs again dividing, and the upper one usually more complex than the lower. Ears large, with white hair internally. Hair long and coarse, reversed on the withers for a short distance. General colour of upper-parts bright rufous chestnut in summer, browner in winter ; legs black from the knees and hocks downward. No gland on hind cannon- bone. Size, approximately that of a red deer. Although ten is the usual number of points, sports are common. Distribution. — From Brazil to the inner wooded districts of Argentina. Owner. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. G. R. Stuart. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. •*5* 5 22^ 6 + 7 Paraguay 25 54 I8f 2IJ 5 + 4 Do. 24i 5 16 18 5 + 5 Chaco of Paraguay 23i 6S 26 25 5 + 5 ? 23! 5t «si 16^ 5 + 4 S. America 23i 6 i9i 12 Do. 22g 6* 20 20^ 5 + 5 Brazil . io6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. 22g 5i 2O -20 I9i Si 25 22 19S 2O Locality. I5i 6 + 6 Argentina 28 Do. 164 6 + 6 Paraguay 16 5 + 5 Do. 6 + 5 Entre Rios 4 + 4 Paraguay 1 8 J -4 + 4 Uruguay . 20 3 + 3 Paraguay Owner. Kenyon Slaney. A. Vans-Agnew. S. Pulley. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. T. Taylor. Count Henry Coudenhove. Staff-Surgeon J. Dowson, R.N. R. A. Cooper. Side view of Antlers of Marsh-Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. PAMPAS DEER— PERUVIAN GUEMAL 107 PAMPAS DEER (Mazama bezoartica). A small deer nearly allied to the last, but with the front prong of the antlers simple, and the hinder one divided. A whorl in the hair on the middle of the back and another at the base of the neck, so that the fur of the withers is directed forwards for a considerable distance. Colour of upper-parts light reddish brown, under-parts and lower surface of tail white ; upper surface of latter black. Height at shoulder, 2 ft. 6 in. Distribution. — Brazil to Northern Patagonia, in open districts. L°-^ «££ Tip* Points. Localit, 144 I4i 14 134 13 -13 lOg IO 74 3 3 4i 4i 34 24- Tip. romts. '3i 3 + 3 .05 3 + 3 II 3 + 3 "1 3 + 3 8 3 + 3 123 3 + 3 ii 3 + 3 7 12 + 11 O 1 Of? 3 + 3 i3i 3 + 3 81 3 + 3 Ml 3 + 3 Si 3 + 3 Argentina Do. . Paraguay . Do. Uruguay Patagonia Argentina Owner. British Museum. . E. M. Crosfield. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. R. A. Cooper. \V. Livingstone Learmonth. J. Whitaker. . J. Burnett. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. British Museum (Charles Darwin). Dr. Albert von Stephani. Count Henry Coudenhove. Duke of Bedford. PERUVIAN GUEMAL (Mazama antisiensis). Together with the closely allied Chilian guemal {M. bisulcd], this species constitutes a group characterised by the antlers forming a single fork. There is no gland-tuft on the hind cannon-bone, the short tail is rather bushy, and the hair coarse and brittle. Distribution. — The high Andes, from Peru to Northern Chili. Length on Circum- outside ference. curve. IO Tip to Tip. 41 Si Locality. Ecuador .... Tinta, South Peru Ceuchepate, Peru (n,oooft.) Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum (II. Whitely). Do. io8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME WOOD-BROCKET (Mazama nemorivaga). The brockets are some of the smallest deer included in the genus Mazama, of which they are the typical representatives.1 They are recognisable by their simple spike -like antlers, the tufted crown of the head, and the radiation of the hair of the face from two whorls, which causes that on the nose to be directed downwards. The present species is distinguished by its small size (height at shoulder about 19 inches), its pale pepper-and-salt brownish or gray colour, the streak on the forehead, and the absence of a gland and tuft on the hock. Distribution. — Guiana, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, and Trinidad. Length fronof horn. Girth" -4§ 3f 4 Trinidad ..... Dr. Percy Rendall. -3 2j 2 Do. ...... Dr. Albert von Stephani. MUSK-DEER (Moschus moschiferus). From all living deer except the Chinese water-deer this species is distinguished by the absence of antlers, whose function as weapons is discharged in the male by long upper tusks. The tail is rudimentary, the fur coarse and brittle, and the lateral hoofs are very large. The males have a glandular pouch which secretes the musk from which the species takes its name. Height at shoulder about 20 inches, at rump 22 inches. Distribution. — The forest districts of the Himalaya as far west as Gilgit, at elevations of 8000 feet or more in summer, to Tibet, Siberia, Western China, and Amurland. Length of Tusk TV r\ on outside curve. Locahty. Owner. -3$ Himalaya ...... Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 3 Gurhwal . . . . . . A. O. Hume. 3 Amurland ...... British Museum. 2f Himalaya ...... Rowland Ward. 2H Do ....... Dr. Percy Rendall. 2^ Kashmir ...... Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 2j Do. ...... Major A. Nugent. 1 Many naturalists include only the brockets in this genus ; taking the name Odocoilus, or Dorcelaphus for the white-tail and its allies (see p. 99). BLOTCHED GIRAFFE 109 Skull of Northern Blotched Giraffe. From De Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897. BLOTCHED GIRAFFE (Giraffa camelopardalis). Ihuhla of the Swazis. Ngabe of the Masawaras. Indhlulamiti of the Zulus. Girt or Halgiri of the Somalis. Tuthla of the Basutos. Kameel of the Boers. Luomba ningo of the Chilala. Nyama marakiti of the Asenga. The long limbs and neck, the peculiarly-formed head, and the dappled or netted hide, render giraffes distinguishable at a glance from all other living ruminants; with none of which, except the okapi, they have any very close affinity, although their nearest relatives are the deer. So great is their distinctness that, with the okapi, they constitute a family by themselves — the Giraffidce. One of the most marked peculiarities of the giraffes is to be found in the horns. The largest pair arise from the head between the ears, and are covered during life with skin. They are never shed ; and in the adult are immovably united to the bones of the skull, although separate in young animals. In addition to these, there is a more or less distinct third horn, or boss, situated on the forehead between the eyes, as well as a rudimentary pair at the back of the head, or occiput. Giraffes have a long, extensile tongue, hairy lips, and broad, low-crowned cheek teeth. There are no tusks in the upper jaw ; and the lateral hoofs are wanting. I 10 RECORDS OF BIG GAME There are at least two races of the species. In the northern race (G. camelopardalis typica} the front horn is well developed, measuring from three to five inches in height in old bulls. In the southern giraffe (G. camelopardalis capensis] the front horn, even in old bulls, is so reduced in size as scarcely to merit that name at all. Within the last half century this race ranged from the Orange to the Zambesi rivers. Northward of this latter river on the eastern half of the continent, at least, no giraffe is found for about 1 2 degrees ; but north of the Rufizi river they again appear and continue through German East Africa, reaching westward to Lake Tanganyika, and occurring east of the Mau escarpment and south of the Tana river in British East Africa. The giraffes of Nyasaland and Kilimanjaro have received separate names and may indicate distinct races. Head of Northern Blotched Giraffe obtained in the Uganda Protectorate by Sir H. Johnston, and now in the British Museum. The development of the hindmost horns is very marked. GIRAFFES ii i Total height. ft. ins. -I? 3 -16 o 9-13 10 At shoulder, ft. ins. IO II Northern Race. Locality. British East Africa Central East Africa . British East Africa Owner. P. II. G. Powell-Cotton. A. H. Neumann. British Museum (P. H. G. Powell-Cotton). Southern Race. Total height, ft. ins. -18 7 18 4 18 o -17 6 <5 17 o d 16 6 -915 6 to 16 o At shoulder, ft. ins. Locality. South- East Africa . Angola . 12 o South Africa . Average height South-East Africa . W. Matabililand N. Kalahari . » Average height South- East Africa . Owner. F. Vaughan Kirby. Hon. Walter Rothschild. The late Sir W. Cornwallis Harris. F. Vaughan Kirby. F. C. Selous. Do. F. Vaughan Kirby. THE SOMALI GIRAFFE (Giraffa reticulata). The Somali giraffe (for which the name netted giraffe would be appropriate, were it not that it has a double signification) may be described as a dull, red-coloured animal with a coarse network of narrow white lines dividing the ground-colour into a number of large, irregularly quadrangular and sharply defined patches. The head and upper part of the neck are, however, spotted, while the ears and the legs from the knees and hocks downwards are white. In old bulls the five horns are well developed, although the hinder pair are somewhat less conspicuous than in the northern race of the blotched species. Apparently this type of coloration is specially adapted for render- ing the animal inconspicuous when in covert. 112 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Prong-horn. PRONG-HORN (Antilocapra americana). Although commonly termed an antelope, this animal differs from all the members of the Bovidce by the forking of the horns. These are annually shed from their bony sheaths and replaced by a new pair, which commence to grow up beneath the old ones before they are cast off. In consequence of this difference the species represents a family (Antilocapridce) by itself. Horns generally absent in the female. Ears long and pointed, tail short, and neck maned. General colour chest- nut, with a white rump-patch, and white bars on the throat. Height at shoulder, 36 inches; weight, 70 to 80 Ibs. clean. Distribution. — Western United States, from British Columbia to Mexico. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest outside ference. Tip. inside, curve. Locality. 9 N.W. Canada . -17 -16 20 outside N. Dakota Wyoming . Owner. J. Whitaker. Otho Shaw. President Roosevelt. St. George Littledale. PRONG-HORN Length on Circum- outside ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. curve. iSl 6i 8| Wyoming . -iSl Si 20 ? outside -isi 6 2g Teton Mountains i Si 4i 94 Wyoming . -isi 51 6i Do. . iSi 6i 7i ? 15 6 Wyoming . 15 Si si 104 Do. 15 si 72 Do. Hi 5 si New Mexico «4i 5S 12 ? Hi 12\ Wyoming . Hi 6 Of\ Laramie Plains, Wyoming Hi 6g Si Wyoming . Hi 6 6 Alberta . -Hi si isi Colorado . Hi Si 6i 10 Wyoming . Hi 6 28 p H-] 7 4i ? Hi Si 51 Wyoming . Owner. P. B. Vander-Byl. Otho Shaw. H. Lennard. W. R. Cookson. Count E. Hoyos. Col. Ralph Vivian. H.R.H. le Due D'Orleans. St. George Littledale. Isaac Bell. Capt. F. Cookson. C. F. Bengough. T. W. H. Clarke. F. G. Barclay. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. F. I. Mitchell. Rev. Dr. R. J. Nevin. Count Scheibler. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. J. Mel. M'lver Campbell. Capt. A. J. Carstairs. 114 Horns of Bubal Hartebeest. From Mr. Julius Jeppe's specimen. BUBAL HARTEBEEST (Bubalis boselaphus). This species brings us to the great family of hollow-horned ruminants, or Bovidce, in which the horns are in the form of un- branched hollow sheaths, which are not shed in the adult, and are sup- ported on bony cores. The hartebeests are large antelopes with naked muzzles, abnormally long faces, doubly curved horns, small face-glands, large valvular nostrils (of which the lower lids are covered with short hairs), long, tufted tails, and large lateral hoofs. Both sexes are horned. The present species is the smallest of the group, standing only 43 inches at the shoulder. It has a short pedicle supporting the horns, which are in the form of the letter U, and the colour is uniform tawny, with the tail-tuft black. Distribution. — Northern Africa (interior of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) and Arabia. Length on Circum- _,._.. T .. front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 14^ 8§ 9f North Africa '4i 6f gf 13! 9? 9i Tunisia 13^ 7 5J North Africa . Owner. British Museum. Col. Ralph Vivian. Julius Jeppe. British Museum. WEST AFRICAN HARTEBEEST Horns of West African Hartebeest. Shot by Major J. \V. Carroll. WEST AFRICAN HARTEBEEST (Bubalis major). Kanki of the Hausas. Apparently related to the preceding species, but larger, with more massive horns, which are more bent near the middle, and have long, smooth tips. Body said to be of a uniform grayish brown, face deep brown, the fore-legs streaked with dark brown or blackish from the knees downwards, and the tail-tuft black. Distribution. — Gambia, Lower Nigeria, and the interior of the Cameroons. Length on Circum- T- T; front curve. ference. Locality. Owner. 254 III I2J Nigeria . Capt. P. A. Clive. 253 25* 12^ ia| Hi 13-1 Yauri, Hausa States Near Borgu Major J. W. Carroll, tion. ) Capt. N. C. Welch. (See illustra- 25 iif ioi Benue River . Julius Jeppe. 24i iif 16 Nigeria . Do. 24 ni i3i Do. . S. B. B. Dyer. 24 I2i Si Do. . G. F. Lobb. 24 n lOf Do. . Capt. W. D. Wright. 23* 12 9 Do. . Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. u6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 23i 12 4i Ashanti . 234 12 134 N. of Benue River 23i I2J 14 N. Nigeria -23-5 12-5 6 Togoland 23 «i 9i Niger Sudan . 23 "4 9i Nigeria . 23 12 9i Do. 23 12 7 Do. 22| 13 7 Do. 22\ 124 6 Jebba, Nigeria 22\ 13 i4i Nigeria . -22 12 9i Do. 22 211 II 12 19! malformed \2\ Ibi, Nigeria Jebba, Nigeria J2li 12J Lokoja . 2l\ 94 8i Nigeria . 2lJ 12 I2J Gambia . -2li II 94 Do. . ? 2O 9§ 6 Lokoja . 9i9l 9 6^ Do. . i9f iif 6| Gambia . 9i9i 8i 4 Jebba, Nigeria ?i9i 9 4* Lokoja . 9i9l 84 iij Nigeria . Owner. C. Beddington. W. H. Broun. Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. Berlin Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. A. A. Smith. Capt. H. A. Porter. N. F. Bayne. Major R. H. Beddoes. Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. Capt. J. F. Loder-Symonds. P. C. Keytel. Major A. H. Testing. Major H. M. Cowper. Capt. C. A. Wilding. Capt. Hon. C. J. Coventry. H. L. Stephen. Paris Museum. The late Capt. A. W. M. Brodie. F. H. Barber. H. C. Goddard. Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. A. G. Williams. 1 Height at shoulder, 54 inches. TOR A HARTEBEEST 117 Frontlet and Horns of Tora Hartebeest. Shot by Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. TORA HARTEBEEST (Bubalis tora). Native name, Worobo. Horn-pedicle of medium length, the horns themselves in the form of an inverted bracket (' — , — '). Height at shoulder about 48 inches. Colour uniformly pale tawny fulvous, with the exception of the tail-tuft and chin, which are black. Although of the same uniform colour, this species is easily distinguished from B. boselaphus by its superior size, higher gait, and differently shaped horns. Weight about 400 Ibs. Distribution. — Abyssinia and south portion of Blue Nile. Lengthen <,. T; <™ ference. ifp. Locality. 22^ 9 22§ Sudan . 21 9 19^ Do. . 2o£ 94 144 Do. . 20$ 9^ 13^ Do. . 2o| 10^ 17 Do. 20 lof i6| Do. . 20 9! 15! Do. . 20 9^ 14! Lake Zuay, Abyssinia 19! 9 i6£ Dombelas, Abyssinia Owner. Carl Hagenbeck. Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. illustration. ) Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Julius Jeppe. Capt. H. H. S. Morant. British Museum. Prince de Lucinge. British Museum. (See n8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Lengthen circum. T; to -fr°"' ference. Tip. Locality. Owner. i9§ ioi I2| Abyssinia P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 194 93 I if Do. Do. J9i 9 I3f Do. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 19 9i I if Abyssinian Sudan . Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. -i8£ 10 I7i Sudan .... Sir W. Gordon Gumming, Bart i8£ 8| I5i Do Col. Ralph Vivian. 17 95 i6T\ Upper Basalam River, Abyssinia 132 Settite River . J. Menges. W. D. James. 9 iSl 71 7f Abyssinia P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 9 144 6i 5l Sudan .... Hon. Walter Rothschild. 9 14j 6^ 18 Nubia ...... Julius Jeppe. SSG OR S WAYNE'S HARTEBEEST 119 Head of Swayne's Hartebeest. Shot by Major H. G. C. Swayne. SIG or SWAYNE'S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis swaynei). Sig of the Somalis. Korkei of the Gallas. Horn-pedicle and horns of the same general type as in the tora. Height at shoulder about 47 inches ; weight about 300 Ibs. General colour pale chocolate -brown, with white tips to the hairs ; face black, except the muzzle and a line between the eyes ; shoulders and upper part of fore-legs, as well as a patch on upper part of hind- legs, also black. Distribution, — Interior of Northern Somaliland and Shoa ; in Somali- land it is found on the dry plateau known as the haud. Length on circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality, front curve. 20^ 8| 265 Somaliland 194 9i 22i Do- -igj ... 24^ N. Somaliland . -19 9i i8J Do. Owner. Major H. G. C. Swayne. G. H. Cheetham. J. Menges. Capt. M. M'Neill. 120 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. i8| 9 21* N. Somaliland i8| 9i 16 Do. i8i 9i i9i Do. i8§ 8| 18 Do. 18* 9" I7i Do. -18 8| lof Do. 18 94 20 Do. 18 9 22 Do. i7f ii 17 Galla Country i7| 8| 21 Somaliland 17* 10 211 Do. 1 71 10 2O Do. 174 H 194 Do. 174 9i 19 Do. 174 9 2IJ Do. 174 10 2lf Do. 174 10 23! Do. 174 IO 18 Galla Country 9154 6| 19 Somaliland 9154 7 "J Galla Country -9i5i N. Somaliland Owner. Major R. P. Cobbold. F. G. Barclay. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. Major H. G. C. Swayne. Norman B. Smith. Count J. Potocki. W. F. Whitehouse. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Count J. de Bylands. E. Lee Townshend. Digby Davies. T. W. H. Clarke. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. J. Richardson. Major J. M 'Call Maxwell. A. E. Butter. Lord Hindlip. Count J. de Bylands. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. J. Menges. KONGONI OR COKES HARTEBEEST / KONGONI or COKE'S HAETEBEEST (Bubalis cokei). Horn-pedicle moderate, horns bracket-shaped, very short and thick. Height at shoulder about 45 inches. Weight about 250 Ibs. General colour uniform bright fawn, with the lower lip somewhat browner, and the lower part of the rump paler ; tail long, with the black tuft ascend- ing some way up the hinder surface. Distribution. — Eastern Africa, from Usagara northwards to Kilimanjaro and Masailand. Mr. F. J. Jackson says: "This hartebeest ranges as far north as L. Naivasha, south into German territory and east to within a few miles of the coast at the back of the Shimba hills." A bull shot by Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, C.B., R.N., in Masailand weighed 312 Ibs. LK^tm Circum- Tip to Iront r *y . J_*OCaillj . -2O| East Africa . loj 13 Do. 10 i&j Do. 1 6 Do. Do. Do. I9i 10 -i9i 9l 13 J9i 9l 16 19 16 Do. -19 10^ 14 Lake Manjara K Owner. Julius Jeppe. R. Meinertzhagen. J. Gardiner Muir. R. Wahrmann. P. C. Keytel. Major E. G. Harrison. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. O. Neumann. 122 RECORDS OF BIG : 6 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. TjPp10 Locality. -I9 I Of 14 East Africa . Be 19 9 IS* D°- F. i8| 8i i6£ Do. F. -184 10} 1 8 West of Mombasa . C. 184 IO I2§ East Africa . T. 184 IO l6J Makindo, East Africa Rl i8i 9* i8| East Africa . E. i8i 9i 131 Do. H, i8i 9i I4i Do. D( i8i I0| i8| Do. Nc 18 log 14^ Do. Ju 18 IO I if Do. Li -18 74 12^ Masailand Cc 18 IO 13! East Africa M; -17! IO 14 Do. Ca 17* IO i8| Do. R. »7i 8| ii Do. Li 174 91 17 Do. Lc 174 10 14 Do. F. I7| 9i ii Do. T -«7l IO 14^ Rift Valley, East Africa . j • C. i7i 9i 13 East Africa . C. *7i 9i I2j DO. Li -I7i 91 i6| Do. Li -I7i Do. Si 17 94 12 Do. . . . L 17 9i 13 J Machakos Bi 17 8| 14^ East Africa . S. 17 9 124 Do. . A 17 IO I of Do. C 17 IO if Do. M Owner. Berlin Museum. F. W. Belt. F. J. Jackson. C. W. Hobley. T. P. A. Holford. Rhys Williams. E. N. Buxton. H. C. V. Hunter. Douglas M'Douall. Norman B. Smith. Julius Jeppe. Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. Count Scheibler. Major C. P. Foley. Capt. W. Jardine. R. H. Fawkes. Lieut. F. C. Grover, R.N. Lord Basil Black wood. F. C. Cobb. J. Carr Saunders. C. Steuart Betton. C. C. Bo wring. Lieut. G. P. Leith, R.N. Lieut. A. A. Ellison, R.N. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Lord Delamere. Brig. -Gen. Sir F. J. D. Lugard. S. L. Hinde. A. Bayley Worthington. Count Geza Szechenyi. Major E. J. Tickell. KONGO NI OR COKE'S HARTEBEEST 123 Length on front curve. 17 -9i4 -9i3f 913* 913 Circum- ference. 9i 74 7i 7i 7 71 7i Tip to Tip. IS 124 i Si n 13 Locality. East Africa . Do. ... East Africa . Do. ... Do. ... Do. ... Ndara Teita, East Africa Owner. P. Niedieck. P. C. Keytel. S. L. Hinde. O. Neumann. Julius Jeppe. J. B. Wheelwright. C. Steuart Betton. T. P. A. Holford. Lord Delamere. Head of Hunter's Hartebeest. From a specimen shot by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter. 124 RECORDS OF JBIG GAME Horns of Male Cape Hartebeest. . Mr. F. II. Barber's specimen. CAPE HARTEBEEST (Bubalis cama). Kama of the Bechuanas. Ingavia of the Makalakas. Horn-pedicle greatly elongated, horns very sharply bent, and form- ing a letter V when viewed from the front. Height at shoulder about 48 inches. General colour brownish fulvous, darker than in any of the preceding ; face (except between the eyes), back of neck, chin, shoulders, thighs, and tail, black or blackish ; lower portion of buttocks with a conspicuous whitish or yellowish blaze, forming a marked contrast to the other colours. Distribution. — Africa southwards of the Limpopo, but extending farther northwards along the confines of the Kalahari desert. This fleet and handsome species (the roi hartebeest) is now nearly ex- terminated in the Cape, although still found in the Transvaal. A few still linger in the old Bushman country in the north-west of Cape Colony. Although practically exterminated in the Orange River Colony and in most of the Transvaal (except to the north- west), numbers of hartebeest are to be found in the plains and open forest of British Bechuanaland and the Bechuanaland Protec- torate. In the North Kalahari and the desert regions about the Botletli River big troops are to be met with. This hartebeest is remarkably fleet and enduring, and by no means easy to bag. Its flesh is palatable, and its brilliant coat much sought after by the native tribes. CAPE HARTEBEEST 125 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -25| 12 4 Orange Colony Julius Jeppe. -25 "1 104 ? Capt. W. Jardine. -25 Orange Colony F. 11. Barber. (See illustration.) 25 II 10 ? C. Rube. -24£ II 7 Nata River H. M. Barber. 24i K* 9i ? R. T. Coryndon. 24* 12 ii Near Boshof, O.R.C. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 24i 12 94 South Africa . C. D. Rudd. -24! IOJ 9!s Damaraland Th. Rehbock. -241 II 178 ? P. C. Keytel. -241 II 71 South Africa . Julius Jeppe. -44 Do. W. J. Corder. 23! 23i 10 »4 83 ioj Do. Kamaland British Museum (Sir Andrew Smith). F. C. Selous. 231 12 6f p J. S. Dawson. -*34 13 Si ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 23 "4 8i ? F. D. Pirie. 23 12 Si South Africa . G. Richards. 23 II ii Do. A. H. Harrison. -22\ II H Do. A. Ohlsson. -22\ 104 "4 Do. Abel Chapman. -92I| 8* i34 Do. Julius Jeppe. -? 21 74 »S4 Do. P. C. Keytel. -?20 Orange Colony South African Museum. 9191 7H "« Damaraland Th. Rehbock. 9i9i 80 g 8i South Africa G. Richards. 919 8| 64 Kalahari . H. A. Bryden. -9i84 8J 64 ? P. C. Keytel. 918 71 9 South- West Africa . A. N. Henderson. 126 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Head of Jackson's Uartebeest. HEUGLIN'S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis lelwel). Generally similar to the preceding, but with the horns less abruptly bent backwards from above. In the closely allied or identical Jackson's Hartebeest there is no black blaze on the face, and the colour is uniformly foxy red. Weight about 300 Ibs. Distribution. — Typically from the Bahr-el-Ghazal, Upper Nubia, and Kordofan ; represented in the interior of British Central Africa, and north of Lake Baringo, Uganda, by the so-called B. jacksoni, to which the under-mentioned specimens belong. Length on front curve. 25 24f Circum- ference. "4 Tip to Tip. n^ Uganda Locality. Owner. Douglas M'Douall. 13! Do. ... . Dr. A. Paget. 133 Kordofan . . C. E. Lyall. iii East Central Africa . F. J. Jackson. "1 Kordofan . . . . C. E. Lyall. 12 ? Major A. E. Smith. 8i Sudan Col. B. T. Mahon. 234 Uganda C. Craig. JACKSON'S HARTEBEEST 127 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 23i 12 9 E. C. Africa 234 "4 64 North end of Lake Albert 234 12 104 East Africa 23i ii4 94 Do. 23 ii| 4i Do. 23 n| Si E. C. Africa . . . . -23 8| ? 23 I2f 8J E. C. Africa . . . -22| io| "1 E. of Victoria Nyanza -22| Uganda . > . 22^ "4 51 Do. . 224 I Of I0| E. C. Africa . . 224 12 6 9 224 II 12 Molo River 224 "4 64 Uganda 224 ii 51 Do. " . 22§ I Of ii Do. ... 22i 12 8| White Nile 22^ 12 ii East Africa 22 ioi I2i Wrhite Nile 22 II 94 E. C. Africa 21 104 94 Do. . . . -21 ni 6g Gelo River 9 21 lOf ni \Vhite Nile 920i 94 10 Do. 9i84 8 I Of E. C. Africa 9i8J 8 Si Uganda . 918 81 4! N. Uganda 918 9 71 p 918 8 74 Nile Valley Owner E. Gedge. Col. Trevor Ternan. A. Bayley-Worthington. Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. W. Cooper. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major W. Anstruther Thomson Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. Paris Museum. Capt. C. A. Sykes. P. B. Vander-Byl. Capt. E. J. Tickell. Major C. N. Price. Rhys Williams. Capt. M. F. Gage. Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. ~Capt. F. D. Lugard. Capt. C. J. Hawker. F. C. Selous. P. Niedieck. R. Meinertzhagen. Julius Jeppe. O. Neumann. Dr. A. Paget. P. Niedieck. E. J. L. Berkeley. Col. Trevor Ternan. Major R. M. Sanders. Capt. J. Ponsonby. Major M. L. Carleton. 128 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Female and Skull of Male Neumann's Hartebeest. NEUMANN'S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis neumanni). Nearly allied to B. lelwel, but distinguished by the more widely separated horns, which at first extend outwards, almost at right angles, and then curve inwards. They are also shorter and more slender, with the terminal rings nearer the tips. Mr. Walter Rothschild gives the following particulars : — Colour of hair fulvous fawn, much richer on the back, where there are also some darker spots, which may be stains or natural ; below very much paler. Chin blackish, tip of tail black. The male is brighter and darker in colour than the female. There are also on the back some patches with longer, thicker, almost whitish-buff hair, perhaps remains of the winter fur. Description. — East Africa, in the neighbourhood of Lake Rudolf. Length on outside curve. -20§ 20 i9f ference. i if nj ii Tip to Tip. Locality. East Africa Owner. Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. 1 1 J El donyo eb Urru, Rift Valley . C. Steuart Betton. nj East Africa .... F. C. Selous. 9| Do. .... W. Cooper. NEUMANN'S HARTEBEEST I29 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -I9J East Africa 194 lOj 9i Lake Nakaru . 194 9i 84 Do. 19 H 92 ? : 19 "4 94 East Africa 19 IOJ 144 Lake Stefanie . igj 10 9 Mau Plateau * III 6 ? i*i IO 9 Near Achmed Agha 18} 104 9 Mau Plateau 17! IO 74 Lake Baringo . 17* II «4 ? 17* IO 94 ? 174 »4 91 Kinangop Flat . i7i 94 94 W. of Eldomo Ravine I6i I Of 84 N.E. of Lake Rudolf 9i64 8J 91 Lake Nakaru . 9 16 84 95 ? 9'52 84 84 E. Africa . ?i54 8 5S Do. 9i5l 8J 8i f 9iSi 74 84 Achmed Agha . 9i5i 74 7 Near Lake Elmeteita 9144 7i 84 Kero, E. of Bahr-el-Je 9134 74 9f E. shore of Lake Rude 9i3l 74 IO ? 9i3 7i 84 Achmed Agha . Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. J. Ponsonby. P. B. Vander-Byl. F. J. Jackson. H. T. Barclay. O. Neumann. Major C. H. Villiers. A. Brocklehurst. T. P. A. Holford. Capt. J. H. Rivers. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Do. Douglas M'Douall. C. Craig. Lord Delamere. G. E. Smith. A. H. Neumann. Rhys Williams. C. Craig. Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. F. C. Selous. F. J. Jackson. Major R. M. Sanders. T. P. A. Holford. Capt. R. M. Sanders. A. H. Neumann. Lord Delamere. Major R. M. Sanders. 1 3o RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Lichtenstein's Hartebeest. LICHTENSTEIN'S HARTEBEEST (Bubalis lichtensteini). Horn-pedicle very short and broad, and the horns themselves much curved inwards towards one another below the terminal backward inclination. Height at shoulder about 50 inches, weight about 300 Ibs. General colour tawny fulvous, becoming more rufous along the back, with the chin, tail-tuft, and front of cannon-bones black. Distribution. — East Africa north of the Sabi River, throughout Nyasaland and Mozambique to Usagara. Inkulando of the Mashonas. Kokotombwi in Barotsiland. Konze in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. KonsJie in the Chinyanja. LICHTENSTEIWS HARTEBEEST Lef±°n pcnm- Tiptc ference. Tip. Locality. curve. A 1L). -24f ? ~22g 1 1 71 ? -22f Nyasaland . 2l\ \Z\ 9 E. of Tanganyika 2l£ 12^ 9 Batoka Plateau, Northern Rhodesia loj Do. -ail Do. 21 I2| 8f Barotsiland -21 f -21 12^ 8 Angoniland . . -2O| I2§ 7g Portuguese East Africa 20| ? 20^ 13 6 Fort Johnstone, B.C.A. 20^ 12j 8| ? -204 9^ Batoka Plateau . 20 \ II lof ? -2o& iiH 7^ British Central Africa . 20i ,2J loj Congo Free State -20J I2§ 5^ German E. Africa 2O 12 J 6^ British Central Africa . 20 ,13 6 N.W. Rhodesia . -2O 12 5^ Nyasaland .... 2O 12 J 8 Wami River, East Africa 2O 13^ 8 Fort Hill, B.C.A. I9| I2{ 4^ Tanganyika Plateau -I9| I2| 4f S.E. Africa. I9f 12\ 9^ British Central Africa . igj IlJ 12 Do. 194 "4 84 S.E. Africa. Owner. J. Rosen. Mr. Justice Hopley. F. Watkinson. O. L. Berringer. F. Smitheman. T. G. Davey. R. T. Coryndon. L. A. Wallace. H. Timmins. O. R. Dunell. Capt. J. Brander Dunbar. F. Vaughan Kirby. Julius Jeppe. C. C. Bowring. George Grey. E. Folley. -F. C. Keytel. A. S. Hamilton. Julius Jeppe. O. Neumann. R. Berridge. Col. C. Harding. W. H. Wilson. Sir J. Kirk. John Yule. E. Wilson. H.R.H. Prince Pedro d'Orleans et de Braganza. Capt. R. S. Chichester. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 132 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 192 «i 51 Tanganyika I9i 13 32 ? i9 12 8 British Central Africa . i9 II 8i Do. 19 12 4i Liwondes, B.C. A. 19 "i 4i East Africa . iSf «3i Si B.C.A. -9i7i Pungwe 9i5 8| 4? River Sabi, Mashonaland -9i5 71 si Portuguese East Africa Owner. A. Mathews. Dudley West. J. H. Hayes. Capt. J. S. Brogden. C. C. Bowring. British Museum. R. H. Storey. F. Lean. British Museum (F. C. Selous). F. Vaughan Kirby. HUNTER'S HARTEBEEST (Damaliscus hunteri). Somali name, Arole. Gala name, Blanketta. With this species we come to a group of antelopes closely allied to the true hartebeests, but in which the frontal region is not elevated into a horn-pedicle, while the horns themselves form in most cases a lyrate or simple curve, and the face is of medium length. In the present species the slender horns are indeed doubly curved, although without the sudden angulation of the true hartebeests. They slant upwards and outwards, and then bend downwards, after which the long points are directed upwards. Colour uniform rufous, with a white chevron on the face, the inner surface of the ears and the tail -tuft white. Height at shoulders about 4 feet, and the build light and graceful. Distribution. — Southern Somaliland to north bank of Tana River. Length. ™l Straight. >i 22^ Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 24l 9-2IJ 9 21 20| 51 5f 51 9f ii 7 Jubaland . . . Major E. G. Harrison. Tana Valley, East Africa Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Do. H. C. V. Hunter. Do. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Jubaland . . . Major E. G. Harrison. Tana River . . . F. H. Barber. Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. KORRIGUM OR SENEGAL HARTEBEEST Head of Korrigum. KORRIGUM or SENEGAL HARTEBEEST (Damaliscus corrigum). Derri of the Hausas. Horns with a single slightly lyrate curve. Size medium. General colour reddish, with patches on the face, shoulders, upper part of fore- legs, hips, and thighs, and the tail-tuft black j; no dark markings on back and feet. Distribution. — Senegambia and the interior of West Africa. Length on front curve. -26| 23S -2l 20§ 9i8g Circum- ference. 9i 68 61 Tip to Tip. 10 III 151 "i 8| Locality. Senegambia Lake Chad Bornu, Lake Chad Gambia . Do. . Do. Benue River . Lake Chad Between Benue and Lake Chad Benue River Owner. Imperial Museum, Vienna. S. B. B. Dyer. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. Julius Jeppe. Paris Museum. British Museum (Dr. P. Rendall). Major J. A. Burdon. S. B. B. Dyer. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major J. A. Burdon. TIANG (Damaliscus corrigum tiang). Apparently only a local race of the korrigum, from which it is dis- tinguished by its slightly inferior dimensions, and certain differences in the black markings on the face and limbs. Distribution. — Sennar, Kordofan, and Bahr-el-Ghazal. 134 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 24i 9i 9 White Nile . 23 9* 8* Do. 22g 8| 51 Do. 22} 8| 9 Do. 22| 91 H Do. 22i 84 6i Do. 22 81 74 Do. 2-1? 9 71 Do. 92IJ 7 7 Do . . 2I{ 71 3i Do. 214 8i 74 Do. «1 9 6^ Do. 21 8| 7i Abyssinian Sudan 20| 8i 6| White Nile . -2O| 8| 54 Akobo River 20| 7i 7 White Nile 20^ 81 9 Do. 20i 8| 6 Do. 20l 8 6i Do. 9-20i 64 3 Near Fashoda . 920^ 6| 61 Bahr-el-Ghazal 20 81 5i White Nile . 20 8i 74 Do. 20 8 51 Do. -I9S 74 6^ Bahr-el-Ghazal (9f 74 44 ? »94 8i 8 White Nile . -194 8 6£ Do. 19 7i 71 Do. 9 19 6i 6i Do. 9 19 7 9i Do. 9i8f 6| 8 Do- 9i8| 6i 6| Do. 4i8i 6| 74 Sudan Owner. H. Cookson. E. C. Crispin. Lord St. Oswald. . British Museum (R. M'D. Hawker). Col. B. T. Mahon. . Capt. H. N. Dunn. . J. H. Whitehouse. P. Niedieck. . Col. B. T. Mahon. . Capt. C. J. Hawker. Major Hon. W. Guinness. . R. M'D. Hawker. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. . H. F. Buxton. O. Neumann. . C. Adeane. . Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. Major F. J. L. Howard. . C. Liddell. . Hon. F. E. Guest. British Museum (Consul Petherick). . Count E. Hoyos. . E. N. Buxton. . G. H. Cheetham. . Sir W. Garstin. Capt. J. Y. Wblseley. . Capt. J. G. A. Massy. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. . Col. St. G. C. Henry. P. Niedieck. E. C. Crispin. . W. D. James. . Lieut. W. B. Drury, R.N. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. TOPI Head of Topi. From a specimen shot by Mr. A. H. Neumann. TOPI (Damaliscus corrigum jimela). Korke of the Gal las. The southern representation of the last, distinguished by its still smaller size (height at shoulder, 43-44 inches), shorter and more slender horns, and the somewhat brindled appearance of the coat, due to patches of longer hairs on the otherwise short fur. General colour a peculiar purple-brown, with the dark markings less defined and less black than in D. corrigum typicus. Weight about 250 Ibs. Distribution. — British East Africa from the Juba to the Sabuki River, and thence to Uganda and Uniamwezi. Length on Circum- front ference. curve. 21 8 Tip to Tip. 6* 19 71 Locality. North end of Lake Rudolf . East Africa S. Albert Edward Nyanza . Lake Rudolf Owner. The late H. Andrew. H. C. V. Hunter. E. S. Grogan. A. E. Butter. 136 RECORDS OF BIG Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 19 62 8J East Africa i8| 84 64 North end of Lake Rudolf. -184 74 6 Jubaland . . . . i8i 72 52 Tana River i8i 8| 84 East Africa i8i 8H 54 Do. . i8| 7§ 6 North end of Lake Rudolf. 1 8| 7* I4i Tana River i84 84 62 S. Albert Edward Nyanza . i8J 68 51 East Africa 18 8* si Do. . 18 84 9 W. of Victoria Nyanza 18 84 6J East Africa i;2 8 6 Do. I7l Do. 17* 8 8? Do. . 9i7l 7i 6A Do. Ji6f 6g 64 N. end of Lake Rudolf . 1 Determination provisional. Owner. A. Louw. A. H. Neumann.1 Major E. G. Harrison. Major II. de Free. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. Carr Saunders. Julius Jeppe- Capt. C. Hankey. A. H. Sharp. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. F. J. Jackson. Major G. S. M'Loughlin. C. Craig. E. Wynstone Waters. L. L. Jenner. F. C. Selous. C. Craig. British Museum (A. E. Butter). Albino specimen. BONTEBOK '37 Head of Bontebok. BONTEBOK (Damaliscus pygargus). Distinguished from the preceding species of the genus by the white blaze on the face, which is continuous from the horns to the nose. Height at shoulder about 40 inches. Weight about 200 Ibs. Colour of fore part of back rufous fawn darkening into blackish near the rump, flanks, shoulders, front of limbs, and tail-tuft ; rump, upper half of tail, under-parts, and much of hinder surface of limbs white. The horns very nearly resemble those of the blesbok in shape, but their colour is much darker. Distribution. — Cape Colony, south of the Vaal River ; now nearly ex- terminated. Although formerly occurring in tens of thousands on the Karoos of Cape Colony and the plains of the Orange River Colony, bontebok are reduced to a single herd preserved on some flats on the estate of Mr. Vander-Byl, near Swellendam, in the south of Cape Colony. Length on Circum- „. _,. front curve, ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 6S 1 iSi 6| 9i 8| 8 Bredasdorp Do. . Owner. British Museum. A. C. Campbell. British Museum (F. C. Selous). 1 Weight, 200 Ibs.; height, 41$ at shoulder. 138 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -'Si 64 7A Bredasdorp iSi 64 84 Do. . -i5i 64 84 Do. . -IS* 64 5 Do. . i5i 64 9§ Do. . -i5i 6| 91 Do. . i5i 64 84 Cape Colony . -i5i 64 9 Bredasdorp . 15 6f 84 Cape Colony . i5 6| 71 Do. 15 6i 6| Bredasdorp . -i5 6i 71 Do. . -i5 6 94 Do. . 15 6i 10 Do. . ^ -Hi Do. . 9 Hi 51 71 Do. . -14 Si 8 Do. . Ifi3i 5i 74 Do. . ?-i3 5 64 Do. . Owner. Capt. W. Jardine. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. . Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. A. Ohlsson. . A. C. Humbert. Mr. Justice Hopley. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. . P. C. Keytel. . F. C. Selous. . Capt. F. Cookson. . W. S. Curtis. Julius Jeppe. Dr. Albert von Stephani. . A. W. Guthrie. S. African Museum. . Julius Jeppe. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. . British Museum (F. C. Selous). Abel Chapman. 1 Height at shoulder, 36!- BLESBOK BLESBOK (Damaliscus albifrons). Nunni of the Bechuanas. Closely allied to the last (of which it may be only a local race), but with less black on the body and limbs, the blaze divided by a white line between the eyes, and the rings on the horns yellowish. Formerly to be numbered by hundreds of thousands, the beautiful blesbok has in the last thirty years grown very scarce indeed, being only met with in small numbers on a few Boer farms in the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony. Fifty years ago blesboks often literally darkened the face of the land with their innumerable legions. The north of the Cape Colony, Griqualand West, the Orange River Colony, and the plains of the Western and Southern Transvaal were the true home of this beautiful antelope. Gordon Cumming wrote of a sight he beheld in the blesbok country in 1848. "The plains," he says, " exhibited one purple mass of graceful blesboks, which extended without a break as far as my eyes could strain ; the depth of their vast legions covered a breadth of about six hundred yards." Distribution. — Northern plains of Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, Transvaal, and Bechuanaland ; now nearly exterminated. Circun, Tip to ference. Tip. 51 -18 -18 171 -i7l »7l -17 17 17 Locality. South Africa . Orange River Colony 64 8J Transvaal 6| 7 Do. 6J io& Orange River Colony 71 64 ? 84 ? 6| 7 ? 7 10 ? 7 74 Orange River Colony 6| 7 ? 64 9§ Orange River Colony 6| 94 Orange River Colony Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. R. N. Findlay. J. Rosen. J. B. Wheelwright. Abe Bailey. Capt. W. Jardine. B. J. Fitzherbert. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. F. V. Worthington. J. L. Drege. Count E. Hoyos. T. Stephenson. Lieut. -Col. W. H. Sitwell. Julius Jeppe. 140 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 9-i64 6i 83 I Orange River Colony Julius Jeppe. i6i 7 8 Do. . Capt. H. D. Livingstone. 164 6i 94 Do. . Capt. Sandilands. 16) 6| 6 Do. . Major C. F. Pinney. -i6J 6g • 94 Do. . P. C. Keytel. -i6i Do. . O. R. Dunell. 16| 7 6S Do. . A. E. Croker. i6i 6i 7i Do. . Lieut.-Col. F. Fitzherbert. I6i 6| 7i Do. . Capt. G. F. Henry. 16 6| 8| Do. . Major Lord Douglas Compton. -16 Do. . South African Museum. -is? 64 54 Do. . Mr. Justice Hopley. ISi 6| 71 Do. . Lieut.-Col. H. R. Kelham. iSi 6i 8 Near Steynsburg . E. H. E. Abadie. iSi 7 74 Orange River Colony Major C. W. Gartside-Spaight. iSi 65 8i Do. . Capt. F. H. Lehmann. iSi Si 7i Do. . C. H. Akroyd. iSi 6 8 Orange River Colony Lieut.-Col. J. F. M. Fawcett. iSi 6g 6i ? Col. R. H. Milne-Redhead. is! 6i 1 10 5? Driefontein, Orange River Colony South Africa . British Museum (F. C. Selous). Hon. Walter Rothschild. iSi Og H Zululand Major-Gen. Sir Arthur Ellis. 9i5 Si Orange River Colony Capt. H. D. Livingstone. 15 6| 8 Do. . Capt. R. H. Mangles. -15 5 5? Do. . Abel Chapman. is 6i 7g Do. . Capt. C. R. Staveley. 9-142 4l 8i Do. . P. C. Keytel. I4i 5 51 Do. . A. E. Croker. 914 41 6g Orange River Colony Hon. R. A. Ward. 914 51 Si ? T. Stephenson. i Weight 1 80 Ibs. Height at shoulder, 39} inches. SASSABY OR BASTARD HARTEBEEST 141 Head of Sassaby. From a specimen shot in Mashonaland by Mr. F. C. Selous. SASSABY or BASTARD HARTEBEEST (Damaliscus lunatus). Incolomo of the Matabili. Ingalowana of the Basutos. Inkweko of the Masubias. Inyundo of the Makalakas. Kaboli in Barotsiland and Ngami country. Lake Luchu of the Masaras. M'tengo in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Mzanci of the Swazis. Mzanzi of all Zulu tribes Unchuru of the Makubas. Horns starting obliquely outwards, with a single upward and back- ward lunate curve. Height at shoulder nearly 4 feet. General colour dark chestnut-rufous, with the face, shoulders, hips, upper portions of limbs, and tail-tuft black, and the region of the groin and margin of the ears white. The sassaby has the reputation — in the opinion of all hunters who have tested its speed — of being the fleetest and most enduring animal in South Africa. Were it not that this handsome antelope, in common with its near relative the Cape hartebeest, happens to be lacking in presence of mind, it would very seldom fall to the sportsman's rifle. A troop of sassaby may be often turned from their course, or 142 RECORDS OF BIG GAME brought to a halt, by firing over the heads of the fleeing animals. Or if the leader of the troop be wounded and turned out, the rest of the herd become confused and now and again offer easy shots. Distribution. — South-East Africa, from north of the Orange River to the Zambesi, westward to Lake Ngami, and northwards to British Central Africa. engtn on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -i6J 8 II ? 16 71 Ili ? 16 7§ I2| Chinama, B.C.A. . -16 ? IS! 74 154 Mashonaland . isi 74 Ilf ? -iSi 7J 9i S.E. Africa . -iSi 74 i3f ? -iSi 74 I0| Pungwe . iSi 8 I2i S.E. Africa . iSi 74 12 Do. . 15 74 II ? 15 81 "1 S.E. Africa . is 7 II Do. . I4i 8 10 Lebombo Mountains 14? 74 I2| ? -I4| Transvaal 14* 74 12 North of Delagoa Bay 144 71 9f Pungwe . -144 8 -144 8 144 71 10 Mashonaland 12^ Barotsiland 15^ Matabililand 15 S.E. Africa 1 1 Mashonaland Owner. J. L. Drege. A. Hugh Bainbridge. Hon. Walter Rothschild. J. Rosen. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Julius Jeppe. P. C. Keytel. Capt. W. Jardine. British Museum (Sir Andrew Smith). Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. R. H. Venables Kyrke. G. Richards. A. Moseley. F. Vaughan Kirby. A. Gerald Biden. Abel Chapman. A. Cameron. Capt. Sir K. Fraser, Bart. F. D. Pirie. Col. W. A. Peake. F. V. Worthington. J. Brander Dunbar. James J. Harrison. British Museum (F. C. Selous). SASSABY OR BASTARD HARTEBEEST 143 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 144 7 10 Pungwe . -9144 6 9 Matabililand . 144 7i 13 Do. . -144 8* ii Pungwe 913! 6| "1 Mashonaland . 9134 6* roj ? 9134 6 9i ? 9I2| 51 94 S.E. Africa . Owner. Capt. G. F. Henry. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. W. Van Ness. Count E. Hoyos. British Museum (F. C. Selous). F. D. Pirie. P. C. Keytel. H.R.H. Prince Pedro d'Orleans et de Braganza. Horns of Male and Female Blesbok. 144 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Bull Brindled Gnu. From Mr. Julius Jeppe's specimen. BRINDLED GNU (Connochoetes taurinus). Ee-vumba of the Makalakas. Minyumbwe of the Batongas. Ikokoni of the Basutos. Numbo of the Masubias. Inkone-kone of the Amandebili. Nyamba of the Chilala and Chis- Inkongone of the Swazis and Zulus. enga. Kokong of the Barotse and Batoka Unzozo of the Makubas. natives. From their near relatives the hartebeests the gnus, or wildebeests, are distinguishable at a glance by their grotesque shape and smooth horns, as they also are by their habits. The short, broad, and massive head has a blunt and bristly muzzle, and tufts of coarse hair on the forehead and chin ; the chin -tuft also extending on to the throat. The horns, which are placed on the crown of the head, are approxi- mated at their bases, especially in old bulls, and are nearly smooth, more or less flattened at the bases, but almost cylindrical at the tips ; the curvature being at first outwards, or outwards and downwards, and then bending upwards at the tips. An abundant mane of stiff, upright hair clothes the back of the neck ; and the tail is covered with longer and softer hairs, reaching considerably below the hocks. It is from the equine form of the tail that these animals were long popularly known by the name of " horned horse." The hoofs are characterised by their narrow form. The blue wildebeest, as this species is called at the Cape, is a large animal, standing about 4 feet 3 inches at the shoulder. Its most characteristic features are the outward direction of the horns, which are but little expanded at the base, and not unlike those of a buffalo, the uniformly black tail, and the absence of long hair on the under-parts. The general colour varies from grizzled roan to blackish slaty brown, with more or less distinct vertical dark stripes on the sides of the neck and fore-quarters ; these stripes being most conspicuous in the lighter- coloured specimens. Typically, the fringe of hair on the throat, like the mane and tuft on the forehead, is black. BRINDLED GNU 145 Distribution. — Formerly ranging from the north of the Orange River for a long distance up East Africa, the brindled gnu is now practically exterminated in the Orange River Colony and the adjacent dis- tricts south of the Limpopo. It is, however, still to be met with in parts of Griqualand West and of the Kalahari, as well as in British Bechuanaland ; while in Khama's country and Rhodesia, and thence northwards through Central and East Africa, it is Head of Brindled Gnu. comparatively abundant, and it also occurs in Mozambique. In spite of its clumsy and ungainly appearance, the brindled gnu is a rapid mover ; and even when severely wounded will not un- frequently succeed in making good its escape from the mounted hunter. It is generally distributed in South-East Central Africa, and north of the Zambesi is represented by the Nyasaland race (C. taurinus johnstoni). Another race is noticed below. 146 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest outside. Widest inside. Length on front curve. Breadth of palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. 29 31 '131 «5l Sabi Flats -334 28| 64 24 Do. 324 29 2O 4 26^ P. E. Africa 284 2lg 51 I7i Matabililand 2Si 2Of 5 16 Pungwe . 3og 26| 21 41 214 S.E. Africa -3oJ -27 4 20| Do. 3o§ 26! 23i 54 i6f ? 3<>4 264 234 64 i8i Do. -27 21 44 204 ? 3<>4 26 22j 44 184. P. E. Africa 264 «1 4J 2Oi Matabililand -264 31* 17 Delagoa Bay 30 251 214 44 »9l Beira 30 26i 214 44 i8i Do. 30 26 21 44 I9i Pungwe . -30 26 r6i Pungwe . 254 22 41 i7 S. Africa . 9... 25 22^ 44 10 P. E. Africa -29§ 25! 24i 41 i8| Do. 294 25* 2O^ 5 20 Zululand . -29i 26 i8f Pungwe . 29 254 31 19 Do. 29 241 20j 4l i6| ? 29 254 21 44 i8| Zululand . 28§ 24i 22 54 I9i S. Africa . 28* 25 'II 13 ? ... 24i 2Oj 5 17! Matabililand 244 2O 4 I7f Pungwe . 24i 21 44 i54 Do. . 1 Circumference. Owner. Dr. R. P. Mitchell B. Secretan. F. Vaughan Kirby. G. H. M. Banks. C. C. Gouldsmith. F. H. Barber. H. M. von Archer. Julius Jeppe. F. C. Selous. Mr. Justice Hopley. Lieut.-Col. A. Colville. Major R. Hayes-Sadler. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. Dr. S. Martin. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Count R. Coudenhove. F. Lean. G. Richards. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. M. M'Neill. Lieut.-Col. D. Bruce. C. B. Addison. H.R.H Prince Pedro d'Orleans et de Braganza. A. Hugh Bainbridge. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. J. Newnham. Rev. Dr. R. J. Nevin. P. B. Vander-Byl. Marquis of Hamilton. BRINDLED GNU 147 Widest Widest outside. inside. 25 Breadth of Tip to Palm. Tip. 4i 4i Locality. Pungwe . Do. Owner. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. P. C. Keytel. '28 27* '26 &> Head of Bull Nyasaland Brindled Gnu. From Sir H. H. Johnston's British Central Africa. 24 i8| 4! i8£ British Central C. B. C. Storey. Africa 23! 2oJ 4 17! Pungwe . . P. Niedieck. 21 1 I3i 4i I7f British Central Alfred Sharpe. Africa C. taurinus johnstoni. 148 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest outside. Widest inside. Length Tj j^i_ f rr- on front ^eadth of Tip to curve. Palm" aiP- Locality. Owner. 26 2lf I8i 44 I7l Angola C. W. Sharp. ?25£ 21* i8| 4 123 ^lashonaland . J. ff Darling. '25£ 24 i8| 44 I3i B.C.A. . R. H. Storey. '25* 2I| 174 4 15 Barotseland R. T. Coryndon. '-23 20 22l 14 B.C.A. . C. Godfrey. l-aaj I9i 23 14 Do. P. Barclay. '9i7i I3i 12 2| 9^ Batoka R. T. Coryndon. 1 C. taurinus johnstoni. WHITE-BEARDED BRINDLED GNU 149 Skull and Horns of a male White-Bearded Gnu. WHITE-BEARDED BRINDLED GNU (Connochcetes taurinus albojubatus). Swahili name, Nyumbu. Somali name, Lavagadli. Masai name, Engat. A local race of the brindled gnu distinguished by its slightly paler coloration, and the yellowish white throat-fringe, a few whitish hairs being also mingled with the mane. The widest part of the front of the horns is somewhat different from the corresponding portion of the typical race. Weight, clean, about 340 Ibs. Distribution. — East Africa, Athi plains, Ukambani, north of Kilimanjaro. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. Wahrmann. Prince P. Demidoff. C. Craig. R. Meinertzhagen. Lord Delamere. Lord Alex. Thynne. O. Neumann. mtside. inside. tront curve. Palm. Tip. Locality. 29i 25£ 24 51 I6f East Africa 28| 24l 21 4i I7i Do. . 271 23l 21 5 16 Do. . 27i 231 Mi 42 iSJ Do. . 27i 23! 20 4^ 171 Do. . 27i 22 6 'Si Do. . 27* 23! 18* 4l 19 Do. . -274 23s 20i »5i Do. . RECORDS OF BIG GAME Widest Widest Le?gth°n Breadth of Tip to ..«. * j_ :__: J-, ironi T, • T-* outside. inside. front curve. Palm- •fVp. L003"^' 27 23 194 4 17! East Africa -26| 23§ 20& i iH Do. . 26f 23 i6J 5 20| Do. 264 23* 1 71 4 i8| Do. . 26^ 22| I9i 44 20 Do. 264 22§ 154 44 20 Do. 26f 22i 2Oi 5 13 Do. . 26J 22| 20 4| :8J Do. . 26^ 22i i8| Do. . 26 2I| i8| 44 i6| Do. . 26 22§ I9i 4£ i8J Do. . 251 224 20i 4| 15 Do. . 251 2I| 20 5 144 Do. 25i 214 19 44 i6J Do. 25 2I| i7l 4* i6J Do. . 25 21* 20i 44 i Si Do. . 24S 21 184 5 14 Do. 24| 21* i9i 44 15 Do. . 24| 21 19 44 13 Do. . 24| «i 18 4| 17 Do. . 24l 21 184 44 I2| DO. . 922| 194 164 3i I2jj DO. . 922 i8| "I 34 17 Do. . 92lf 194 16 3 15 J Do. Owner. Lieut. G. P. Leith, R.N. Capt. M. M'Neill. A. Bayley-Worthington. F. W. Belt. F. J. Jackson. Capt. D. H. Macdonell. R. H. Fawkes. Lieut. F. C. Grover, R.N. H. C. V. Hunter. Capt. C. P. Foley. Julius Jeppe. E. Wynstone Waters. C. C. Bowring. Major C. U. Price. Hon. Walter Rothschild. F. C. Cobb. Major E. J. Tickell. Lord Basil Blackwood. E. N. Buxton. Norman B. Smith. Lieut.-Col. W. A. W. Lawson. R. E. Wemyss. Norman B. Smith. Lord Basil Blackwood. WHITE-TAILED GNU Horns of White-Tailed Gnu. From Mr. F. H. Barber's specimen. WHITE-TAILED GNU (Connochcetes gnu). This southern species is the true gnu, being formerly known to the Hottentots by that name, while, by the colonists, it is termed the black wildebeest. Its inferior size (height at shoulder about 3 ft. 10 ins.), the downward curvature of the horns at starting and their great expansion at the base, the pure white tail, and the abundant fringe of long hair on the chest and under-parts, serve at once to distinguish it from the brindled gnu. The general colour is uniform deep umber- brown, passing into black. Females are much smaller than males ; and have the horns more slender and less expanded at the base. Distribution, — The northern range of this species was approximately limited by the Vaal, or northern branch of the Orange River. Before the Boer war it was represented only by herds of a few hundred head preserved in Orange River Colony. On the plains of the latter country, as well as on the Karoos of Cape Colony, it was formerly found in vast herds, generally in company with quaggas. Fierce and treacherous in disposition, it was especially characterised by its habit of indulging in grotesque capers and frolics on the approach of strangers. 152 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. -3oJ l«i 14 Kalahari . -3° 104 171 ? -294 6J 7 Orange River Colony -28 ... Colesburg -271 7 ii Orange River Colony -274 Wynburg -274 -265 7 14 Victoria W. , Cape Colony 26£ 8 H4 South Africa . -a61 84 15 Cape Colony . -26J ii Orange River Colony -26 nf i6i Orange River Colony -25i "4 17 Do, . 25 6£ i Si Do. . 244 71 18 Orange River Colony 24 H IS Do. 24 81 i3i Do. 23 72 171 Do. 23 74 15 Do. 23 8 i*i Do. 23 71 14! ' Do. 22j 71 15 Do. 22j 6 14 Do. 22^ 74 19 Do. 22 7 15* Do. 22 9 174 Do. 22 71 "4 Do. 9i9l Xi34 10-3 Do. 9i6 4l "4 Do. 9i6 5 i6| Do. ?i5l 5 i Si Do. -9X54 5 I4l Do. 1 Circumference. Owner. Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. Mr. Justice Hopley. Julius Jeppe. F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) Count E. Hoyos. F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) South African Museum. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Grahamstown Museum. Abel Chapman. The Maclaine of Lochbuie. J. L. Drege. A. Payne-Gallwey. Capt. C. Staveley. Hon. Walter Rothschild. C. D. Rudd. A. H. Neumann. Bloemfontein Museum. R. T. Coryndon. B. J. Fitzherbert. F. C. Selous. Lieut. -Col. F. Fitzherbert. Abel Chapman. G. L. Buxton. Hon. Walter Rothschild. F. V. Worthington. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. Bloemfontein Museum. Major C. W. Gartside-Spaight. Lieut. -Col. F. Fitzherbert. Julius Jeppe. COMMON DUIKER 153 Horns of Common Duiker. From a specimen shot by Mr. F. C. Selous. COMMON DUIKER (Cephalophus grimini). Puti of the Bechuanas. Impungi of the Swazis and Zulus. Impunzi of the Matabele. Imputi of the Basutos. Gwapi of the Chinyanjas. Gudda of the Hausas. The common duiker, or " diver," is the southern representative of an extensive group of small or medium-sized antelopes, mostly confined to Africa, but also containing one genus and species from India. In all of these the muzzle is naked ; face-glands of a more or less elon- gated form are present, as are lateral hoofs ; the tail is of medium length, the knees have no tufts of long hair, and the females are pro- vided with four teats. The horns, which are short and straight, are generally present in both sexes, but are smoother and more slender in the does than in the bucks ; and the upper cheek-teeth have low crowns, with square grinding surfaces. The African duikers have a single pair of horns, generally present in both sexes, and more or less hidden by a tuft of long hairs growing from the crown of the head ; and the face-glands are arranged to form a bare line of pores on each side of the muzzle. The present species — the true duikerbok — is the largest member of a group of three duikers, characterised by the horns (usually absent in the females) inclining upwards at a sharp angle above the plane of the profile of the nose. Other features of the sub- group are the long and pointed ears, the general yellowish or grayish colour, devoid of dark markings, save for a brown nose-spot. Although essentially a southern form, the common duiker, which measures about 23 inches at the shoulder, ranges on the west coast as far north as Angola, and on the eastern side of the continent to British East Africa and Somaliland. Weight about 30 Ibs. Throughout its habitat the timid duiker is to be met with wherever sufficient covert exists ; and its furtive, squatting, dodging habits are most aptly indicated by its name. Met with either singly or in pairs, it is never found far M '54 RECORDS OF BIG GAME away from covert, strictly avoiding both open plains and steep, rocky mountains. Absence of water is, however, no bar to its existence, as it thrives in the heart of the Kalahari. It is occasionally hunted with foxhounds ; its flesh is but moderately good. Owner. E. P. Cooper. James J. Harrison. W. J. Corder. Julius Jeppe. F. C. Selous. Mr. Justice Hopley. M. L. M. Vaudin. J. B. Wheelwright. Major L. O. Williams. O. R. Dunell. P. C. Keytel. F. Vaughan Kirby. Mr. Justice Hopley. II. T. and A. H. Glynn. Capt. W. Jardine. G. Richards. F. C. Selous. C. H. Pemberton. C. C. Bowring. F. Smitheman. Abel Chapman. P. C. Keytel. Lieut, the Hon. R. O. B. Bridge- man, R.N. British Museum (F. C. Selous) R. A. Cooper. A. Ohlsson. Capt. L. Rawstorne. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -64 Angola . . . -6 2| 3i South Africa -Si Do. -51 24 24 Do. ... 54 54 2i 2! Selinya, Khama's country Cape Colony -54 British Central Africa . -54 2i 2i Cape Colony Si 2i i4 Zululand -si ? -si 24 if ? -si 2i 2 Inyamonga, P. E. Africa -Si 2i Ii Bredasdorp, C. Colony Si 2 2| Transvaal . Si »A 2| Cape Flats . 5 2i 2i South Africa 5 2i 24 Do. ... 5 2i 2i Angola 5 2i 24 ? 5 24 3i Northern Rhodesia -4i Transvaal . -?4i 2g 2| ? 4i 2i If South Africa 44 2^ Algoa Bay . 44 »l 24 South Africa -44 2i 24 Mashonaland 44 2 If South Africa ABYSSINIAN DUIKER 155 Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -44 ? South African Museum. -4if ii ? W. Anstruther Thomson. 4* * 2f East Africa Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 4* *i 2 Do. ... F. W. Belt. 4i I| 2 Lake Mivern Hon. Walter Rothschild. 4 2* 2 East Africa R. J. Church. 4 2 i| Do. . ' F. J. Jackson. ?4 -31 If i| North of Great Nama- qualand Upper Nile . Th. Rehbock. Capt. C. A. Sykes. 34 if ij Sudan . . Col. B. T. Mahon. ?3i I) l| Transvaal . Julius Jeppe. ABYSSINIAN DUIKER (Cephalophus abyssinicus). Abyssinian name, Midaku. Belonging to the same sub-group as the common duiker, and agreeing with the crowned duiker (C. coronatus] in size, this species differs from the latter by the general colour of the fur being grayish brown, instead of bright yellow. It was discovered by the traveller Ruppell, and its habits have been well described by Mr. W. T. Blan- ford in his Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia. Distribution. — The highlands of Abyssinia. 4£ 2\ if Abyssinia . . . W. F. Whitehouse. 4^ 2 2 Galla Country . . Lord Hindlip. 4i 2| i| Abyssinia . . . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 3& 2T% 2 1 Do. ..... . . Prince A. de Lucinge. -3! i J if Do. . . .Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 3T\ 2 lf| Galla country . . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 2| i£ ij Abyssinia . . . British Museum. i56 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Blue Duiker. BLUE DUIKER (Cephalophus monticola). Ipiti of all the Zulu tribes. In the great majority of the duikers, that is to say all except the three included in the group mentioned above, the horns, which are generally present in both sexes, slope backwards either in or just below the line of the profile of the nose. The present species is included in a sub-group characterised by the smoky-brown or blackish coloration, and is especially distinguished by the rufous legs and uniformly coloured rump, the height at the shoulder being 1 3 inches. Weight about 8 Ibs. clean. Distribution. — Southern Africa, from the wooded districts of Cape Colony northwards to Benguela on the west, and Nyasaland on the east. Length on Circum ;ugLJi 'jit front. 24 2 2 -2 -2 Ference. Tip to Tip. i^ Cape Colony if i£ Tushila Plaii Knysna, Cap i§ ij Do. i£ it Do. i| Natal if if Benguela . i4 ii ? If -if -if -i§ it if Benguela Knysna Knysna Owner. F. Vaughan Kirby. J. L. Drege. Mr. Justice Hopley. F. C. Selous. G. W. Penrice. P. C. Keytel. O. R. Dunell. W. J. Corder. Hon. Walter Rothschild. A. Ohlsson. Lieut. Hon. R. O. B. Bridgeman, R.N. Julius Jeppe. Lieut. Hon. R. O. B. Bridgeman, R.N. DUIKERS 157 MAXWELL'S DUIKER (Cephalophus maxwelli). This species belongs to the sub-group characterised by the smoky- brown or blackish colour. In size it is small (height at shoulder about 14 inches). The face is coloured like the back ; the limbs, like the body, are grayish brown ; and the rump is not parti-coloured. It was first brought to England by Col. C. Maxwell, and described by Major Hamilton Smith in 1827. Distribution. — West Africa, from Gambia to the Gold Coast. Length on Circum- Tip to T ,. front. ference. Tip. Locality. Owner. if 2k 2 Fanti . Hon. Walter Rothschild. RED or NATAL DUIKER (Cephalophus natalensis). Rooi-Bosch-bokje of the Boers. Msumbi of the Swazis and Malonga. Mkumbi of the Zulus. Izikupu of the Basutos. Chisimbi of the Lower Zambesi natives. This duiker is classed in another sub-group of small or medium- sized species characterised by the fulvous, rufous, or chestnut ground- colour ; and is specially distinguished by its small size (height at shoulder, 17 inches) and completely uniform coloration, having no dark markings on either the face or body. Distribution. — Natal, Transvaal, and Mashonaland (including all the forest and bush country of the East Coast), also seen by F. Vaughan Kirby and James J. Harrison near the Lualwa River, Mozambique Province. Length Circum- Tip to front. ference- T'P" Localtty. Owner. ~3l 2g 2 ? Julius Jeppe. -3l 2I *\ Shupanga Forest . . F. Vaughan Kirby. 38 2\ z\ Sabi Flats James J. Harrison. -3i 2i 2 ? p. c. Keytel. -3i 3 2 Foothills of Kahlamba . . F. Vaughan Kirby. ~3i 2| 2§ ? Julius Jeppe. -31 z§ 2$ Spitzkop . . . ... H. T. and A. H. Glynn. 158 RECORDS OF BIG GAME *£* £S£ T*° - 9 2| 1 1 I Foothills of Kahlamba . F. Vaughan Kirby. - 9 if i| I ? P. C. Keytel. 9 ig ... i Near Durban . . F. C. Selous. 9 1 1 1 1 2 ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. BAY DUIKEE (Cephalophus dorsalis). From the last species the bay duiker, together with some allied West African forms, differs by the presence of a black stripe running along the back and continued to the tail. As a species, its special characters are the dark colour of the hams, and the evenly haired tail, which shows no sign of a tuft, and is parti-coloured. Distribution. — West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Cameroons ; there being a northern and a southern race. Lefror!t0n Girth- Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3H 2j 2 West Africa . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. BANDED DUIKEE (Cephalophus doriae). The tiger-like transverse black bands on the orange ground of the back suffice to distinguish at a glance this pretty little duiker from all its kindred. Distribution. — The interior of the West Coast of Africa from Liberia to Sierra Leone, where it is commonly known as the mountain deer. Length on Circum- _. _. _ front. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. i Liberia . . . British Museum (Dr. J.Biittikofer). \\ \\ Do. . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. YELLOW-BACKED DUIKEE (Cephalophus sylvicultor). This species is distinguished from all the other members of the genus by its large size, coupled with its blackish coloration, and the presence of a yellowish crest and similarly coloured longitudinal patch on the rump. Height at shoulder, 34 inches. DUIKERS 159 Distribution. — The West Coast of Africa from Liberia to Angola Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 7 34 ... Sierra Leone Capt. C. E. Palmer. 6f 44 Fanti British Museum. 6| 6i 31 3i 31 Luapulu River, N. E. Rhodesia Ashanti G. M. E. Leyer. C. Beddington. 5i 31 4i Gaboon Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -54 3A 34 Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 5 31 4i Angola Hon. Walter Rothschild. 5 31 4* Do. G. W. Penrice. 4i 3i Johnston's Falls . J. Yule. HARVEY'S DUIKER (Cephalophus harveyi). Length Circum- Tip to Locality. Owner, on front. ference. Tip. 3^ 2f 2§ East Africa . . . Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, R.N. 2| 3^ if Do. . . . E. N. Buxton. 2 2 ... Kilimanjaro . . . F. W. Belt. RED-FLANKED DUIKER (Cephalophus rufilatus). The following measurements of a male red-flanked duiker were taken by Lieut-Col. P. S. Wilkinson. Shoulder to heel 7 14^- ins. Length of face . 61 „ Tail to head . , 23! „ Tail. . Si » Lefron?.°n fere'nct TiP <° TiP' Locality. Owner. 7TC 2l 2§ Gambaga, Gold Coast British Museum (Capt. W Giffard). 3£ z\ 2 Nigeria . . . Capt. P. A. Clive. 3 2g 1 4 Okutu, S. Borgu . . Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 2| 2\ 2 Borgu, Nigeria . . Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 2§ z\ 1 1 Lokoja, Nigeria . . Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. 2^ 2^ i£ Lagos - C. Vyvyan. 2^ 2^ i| Togoland . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 160 RECORDS OF BIG GAME WEST AFRICAN DUIKER (Cephalophus coronatus). _ Owner. Major J. A. Burdon. Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. N. F. Bayne. Capt. W. D. Wright. 2i . Near Borgu, West Capt. N. C. Welch. Africa . i Between Benue and Hon. Walter Rothschild. Lake Chad . ig Lokoja, Niger . Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. Length on Circum- front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 44 2j 2g Nigeria . 44 2i I| Uo. . 4fV 24 Ig Okuta, S. Borgu 4* 2* 2 Nigeria . 4i 2i «i Do. . FOUR-HORNED ANTELOPE OR CHOUSING HA 161 Horns of Male Four-horned Antelope. FOUR-HOENED ANTELOPE or CHOUSINGHA (Tetraceros quadricornis). This antelope is the Oriental representative of the African duikers, from which it is distinguished by the following features. Typically there are two pairs of horns, and the face-glands form deep slits on the sides of the face instead of a long naked line ; the females being hornless. Height at shoulder about 25 inches, and weight about 40 Ibs. General colour dull rufous brown, becoming whitish beneath, with the muzzle, the outer surface of the ears, and a line down the front of each leg blackish brown, and some white on the outer side of the pasterns. The front horns are not unfrequently mere knobs, and may even be wanting, as in most of the Madras and Kathiawar specimens. Distribution. — Peninsular India south of the Himalayas. Owner. H.H. Maharaj Rana Bahadur of Jhalawar. General Walker. Capt. J. C. B. Statham. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. on front Circumference. Tip tc Rear. Fore. Rear. Fore. Rear. -5 • Tip. Loi Fore. -44 24 2j Ij 2\ I Lulitpur 44 2k 2g 2j 3 4l 24 2i 2f I§ 2j India 1 62 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Len?nhfr°nnf°rnS Circumference. Tip to Tip. on front- Locality. Owner. Rear. Fore. Rear. Fore. Rear. Fore. -4$ ii ... ... ... ... India . . . J. D. Inverarity. 4 2^ 1 1 1 1 3 \\ Indore . . . British Museum (Col. J. Evans). 42 3 i| i^ 2i Karkote Jungle, near Lieut.-Col.G.D.F.Sulivan. Mhow -4 2 2\ 2% 2f Major L. Impey. ~3f ...... ? Indian Museum. ~3i Jl Jl 'I 20 ••• Central Provinces . Lt.-Col. R. W. Mapleton. Head of Male Four-horned Antelope. SALT'S D1K-DIK 163 Head of Salt's Dik-dik. SALT'S DIK-DIK (Madoqua saltiana). This species, the Beni Israel of the Arabs, is the typical representa- tive of a group of tiny, slenderly-built antelopes characterised by the elongated, trunk-like nose, of which the tip is almost entirely hairy, the tuft of hair on the crown of the head, the short and almost rudiment- ary tail, and the minute size of the lateral hoofs. In the present species the last tooth in the lower jaw lacks the third lobe found in almost all ruminants, the muzzle is but moderately developed, and the general colour fulvous or rufous fawn, scarcely more rufous on the sides than on the back. Height at the shoulder, 1 4 or 15 inches. Distribution. — The Coast Range of Eastern Abyssinia, and adjacent districts of Somaliland. Length Circum- Tip to on front. fe; rcum- p to rence. Tip. Locality. 3 2f 2f I § Abyssinia i Do. I 1 Do. I Do. if Do. North Kassala Owner. . V. Bell. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . P. H. G. Powell Cotton. . J. B. Wheelwright. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Col. Ralph Vivian. P. C. Keytel. British Museum. 164 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull of Phillips's Dik-dik. Head of Swayne's Dik-dik. SOMALI DIK-DIKS (Madoqua swaynei, M. phillipsi, and M. guentheri). General native name, Sakdro. Different districts of Somaliland are inhabited by the three species of dik-diks above named. The first of these is allied to Salt's dik-dik, but is of smaller size ; it inhabits the northern half of Somaliland. Phillips's dik-dik, which also occurs in Northern Somaliland, is inter- mediate in size between Salt's and Swayne's dik-dik, from both of which it is distinguished by having the back gray and the sides and shoulders rich rufous or cinnamon. On the other hand, Giinther's dik-dik is widely different from both, being nearly allied to the under-mentioned Kirk's dik-dik, from which it is distinguished by the form of the nasal bones in the skull. Height at shoulder about 1 4 inches. Weight, $ 6 Ibs. ; ? 5 Ibs. (T. W. H. Clarke). Sakdro Guyu (Madoqua swaynei}. Distribution. — Berbera District. Sakdro Got- Ass (Madoqua phillipsi}. Sakdro Gussuli (Madoqua guentheri). Northern Somali- land. Plateau of Central Somaliland. Length on front. Girth. Tip to Tip. Owner. '3§ If 2 Col. H. D. Olivier. 34 U 18 J. Kenneth JFoster. 3i ii ii W. W. Ashley. '-3i ii C. V. A. Peel. 34 ii ii Major C. F. Blane. 1 M. guentheri. SOMALI DIK-DIKS 165 LefVont.°n Girth- Tip to Tip. Owner. J3& ••• !| Julius Jeppe. ]-3i ii if A. E. Pease. -3^ ... ... J. Brander Dunbar. 3 ... i Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3 ... if Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -2H il it Do. 2\\ \\ I Major E. G. Harrison. -2j i£ ij J. Johnston-Stewart. 2$ i§ if Lord Delamere. 2^ \\ if Lord Hindlip. 2| i I T. W. H. Clarke. 2| i£ ij A. E. Butter, af 14 ... C. Liddell. J2| ... iTV Major W. Anstruther Thomson. ]-2j 1 4 1 1 Julius Jeppe. 1 M. phillipsi. The following are the dimensions of a specimen of M. guentheri: — Length, 23^ Height, 15^ Horns, 2-^. Weight, 8^ Ibs. Shot at Njemps, 26:9: 96, by F. J. Jackson. 1 66 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Kirk's Dik-dik. KIRK'S DIK-DIK (Madoqua kirki). This dik-dik belongs to a small group of species differing from the one containing M. saltiana by the presence of three lobes to the last tooth of the lower jaw, and likewise by the more decidedly trunk-like character of the muzzle. Of the other members of the group, M. damarensis differs by its superior size, and M. guentheri by the still greater development of the trunk. Weight about 7 Ibs. Distribution. — East Africa, from Southern Somaliland to Ugogo, most numerous on the coast. Length on front. -3f 34 3k 3 Circum- ference. If l Tip to Tip. Locality. l£ Rift Valley . East Africa if Do. . I j, Do. . ll Do. . If E. of Lake Chomo 1^ East Africa If ? i| Tana River East Africa If Lake Elmeteita If Lake Baringo . Owner. C. Steuart Betton. Prince P. Demidoff. J. B. Wheelwright. F. C. Selous. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Lord Hindlip. F. J. Jackson. F. J. Jackson, C.B. Capt. C. Hankey. British Museum. Rhys Williams. Do. 1 M. cavendishi. DAMARA AND HEMPRICH'S DIK-DIK 167 DAMARA DIK-DIK (Madoqua damarensis). Characteristics mentioned under heading of the preceding species. Distribution. — Damaraland. L7ronht.°n Set ^p to Tip. Loca.ity. Owner. -3i \\ i\ ? P. C. Keytel. -3 ... ... ? Capt. M. Jurich. -2f ig if Omararu . . . J. B. Wheelwright. -2§ l| i| Do Capt. W. Jardine. -2^ ... ... Damaraland . . . Cape Town Museum (type specimen). -2j i^ \\ Do. . . .A. Ohlsson. 2 ... \\ Angola . ... . South African Museum. . HEMPRICH'S DIK-DIK (Madoqua hemprichiana). Further information is desirable as to the right of this form to specific distinction. ST.' ^ to Tip Locality. Owner. if \\ Basa Land . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. if ly^ Abyssinia < . . Do. 1 68 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Oribi from Pungwe, South-East Africa. CAPE ORIBI (Oribia scoparia). Inla of the Swazis and Zulus. Pulukudukamani of the Basutos. Kamunda of the Barotse and Batoka natives. The oribis, grysbuck, klipspringer, and their allies constitute a group of comparatively small African antelopes presenting the following char- acters in common. The muzzle has a naked tip, the head is devoid of a tuft of hair, large face-glands open beneath the eyes by a small aperture on each side, the tail is short or moderate, and lateral hoofs may or may not be retained. Horns are present only in the bucks, and are short, almost, or quite, straight, with smoothed tips and ridged bases. The upper cheek-teeth have tall and narrow crowns. The dik-diks are nearly allied, but differ by their tufted heads, and elongated hairy muzzles. The oribis, which are the largest members of the group, have normal hoofs and hair, and are specially distinguished by the presence of a bare glandular spot beneath each ear, and of a large opening in the skull beneath each eye-socket. In the Cape species the horns of the bucks are comparatively smooth and slender, with only their basal two inches slightly ridged ; the tail being tufted and moderately bushy, with its terminal two-thirds black. Height at shoulders, 24 inches. Distribution. — Typically, Africa south of the Zambesi. On grassy plains this graceful little antelope is still plentiful in many districts. CAPE ORIBI 169 LeoTh Circun, front. ference' Tip to Tip. Locality. -74 2| 2i Zomba, B.C. A. 7A 2& 24 Angola . . . , 64 21 Near Ladysmith -64 It Batoka Plateau . -64 3l ? 64 24 E. Griqualand . 6 2& 24 Spitzkop . -6 Natal . . . . 6 2 af Angola . . . . 6 2§ Do. . . -6 2j Do. . . . ,. -6 British Central Africa -5tt 2 24 ? Si 2| ai British Central Africa 51 2 3i Barotsiland ... si 2 a£ Bangueolo. SI 2| r| Transvaal . 54 2 21 Barotsiland -54 ii 3i ? -54 2 24 Gorongoza, P. E. Africa . -54 ig 34 ? 54 2 Si 2 2| 24 M'peta Island, Upper Zam- besi Barotsiland -si ? Si 2i 24 Pungwe . . . Si - 2 IS ? -6 3 Batoka Plateau . Owner D. MacAlpine. G. W. Penrice. Lieut.-Col. P. J. R. Crampton. E. Folley. J. L. Drege. British Museum (Jff. Darling) H. T. and A. H. Glynn. South African Museum. C. H. Pemberton. Do. E. P. Cooper. J. Rosen. Mr. Justice Hopley. J. H. Hayes. H. Timmins. F. Smitheman. Frit. N. Findlay. Capt. J. Garden. Julius Jeppe. F. Vaughan Kirby. A. Ohlsson. R. T. Coryndon. F. V. Worthington. O. R. Dunell. Surgeon H. E. Fryer, R.N. George Grey. E. Folley. N RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skulls of Abyssinian Oribi. Shot by P. H. G. Powell Cotton. ABYSSINIAN ORIBI (Oribia montana). Fdcko of the Abyssinians. Mori of the Dinkas. Very similar in most characters to the Cape species, but with a shorter and less bushy tail, the tip of which has only a few sparse black hairs. Height at shoulder, 22^- inches. These antelopes are shy and rarely seen in the open, preferring the thick bush and long grass. If disturbed they go at a great pace with their heads quite close to the ground. The flesh is good. Viscount Edmond de Poncins states that a fine male weighed 30 Ibs. 1 3 oz., and stood 1 9^ inches at the shoulder. Distribution. — Abyssinia and Bogosland. Length on front. 5 5 4l -4l 4l 44 Circum- ference. 2g 22 If Tip to Tip. Locality. 2§ Abyssinia . 2j Galla Country 2\ Abyssinia . 2j White Nile . 2 Hawash, Abyssinia Sudan 2i White Nile . Owner. Julius Jeppe. Lord Hindlip. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. C. J. Hawker. Prince A. de Lucinge. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. C. Cookson. O RIB IS 171 Lengthen Circum- Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner, front. ference. 4^ 2j 2\ White Nile . . . Capt.theHon. M. P. Macnaghten. 4^ \\ 2\ Do. H. Cookson. -4^ aj 2£ Jubaland . . . Major E. G. Harrison. -4^ 2 2 Hawash, Abyssinia . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 4§ 2 2§ Abyssinia . . . P. H. G. Powell Cotton. -4^ ... ig Do. . . . Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 4§ 2\ if White Nile . . . Major R. M. Sanders. 4§ if 2$ Dombelas, Abyssinia . British Museum. 4^ z\ 2j Abyssinia . . W. F. Whitehouse. 4^ 2j if Sudan . . . Count J. Potocki. 4.12 2.2 2.3 Do. . . . Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. WEST AFRICAN ORIBI (Oribia nigricaudata). The present species is very close to the Abyssinian oribi, but of smaller size, grayer, and with a distinct black tip to the tail, as in the Cape species. Height at shoulder, 20 inches. Distribution. — The open country of Senegal and Gambia. ^S.0" 2s: Ti<>toTip- Locali^ Owner- 4f 2i 2j Lake Chad . . ~~S. B. B. Dyer. 4fV 1 1 2 Nigeria F. Dwyer. 4 if 2 Do. Capt. H. A. Porter. 4 ... 2| Do. . . . Major J. A. Burdon. 3g ig 2j Do. ... F. P. Crozier. 3^| ig if Do. . . . Major A. H. Festing. 3f if if Borgu . Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 3§ if 2\ Nigeria . . . Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. HAGGARD'S ORIBI (Oribia haggardi). Swahili name, Taya. Still imperfectly known, but distinguished from all the other oribis by the stouter horns, which are strongly ridged for rather more than the basal half of their length. Height at shoulder about 24 inches. Distribution. — The coast districts of East Africa in the neighbourhood of Lamu. Discovered in 1887 by Mr. J. G. Haggard. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- front ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 5? 2j 2i East Africa . -51 2| 2§ Tana River . 5§ 2i 2i East Africa 5i 21 Do. -5i 23 2i Do. . 51 2| Do. . X5i 2i 2 East Central Africa *** 'It 2| North end of Lake Albert 5 2 2i East Africa . 5 ii 2i Do. . 4i 2j 2S Do. . 4£ 2^ Do. Owner. R. Wahrmann. Major E. G. Harrison. C. Craig. C. C. Bowring. Julius Jeppe, Dr. A. Paget. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Col. Trevor Ternan. E. Wynstone Waters. F. C. Selous. Capt. H. de Free. Capt. J. Ponsonby. 1 Determination provisional. ZANZIBAR SUNI (Nesotragus moschatus). The two elegant little antelopes included in the genus Nesotragus are near relatives of the oribis, from which they are distinguished by the absence of a naked glandular patch below the ear and the want of lateral hoofs. They are further characterised by the horns being directed backwards nearly or quite in the plane of the face, and extend- ing at least as far as the back of the head, as also by the large size of the empty spaces in the skull below the sockets of the eyes, and by the nasal bones. In the present species the horns are short and slender, and the colour, inclusive of the tail-tip, fawn gray. Height at shoulder about 13 inches. Distribution. — Islets near Zanzibar and adjacent coast from Kilimanjaro to Mozambique. Lengthen Circum- Tip to Locality. Owner, front. ference. Tip. 3J \\ 2 Islands, Zanzibar . . Sir John Kirk. 3J i jf i£ Do. . . British Museum (Capt. Speke). 3J ij i£ Do. . . British Museum (Sir John Kirk). -3^ ... ij Zanzibar . . . Major E. G. Harrison. 2\\ ig ig Kikuyu . . . F. J. Jackson. 2§ ij if Zanzibar, . . .Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. LIVINGSTONE'S SUNI Skull and Horns of Livingstone's Suni. LIVINGSTONE'S SUNI (Nesotragus livingstonianus). Lumswi of the Shupanga. Intilengana of the Amatonga. Distinguished from the preceding species by its slightly superior dimensions (height at shoulder, I 5 inches), the longer and thicker horns, more rufous coloration, and the blackish upper surface of the tail. Two specimens killed by F. Vaughan Kirby measured — Extreme length over all, tip of nose to end of tail Length of tail ...... Perpendicular shoulder-height „ height at croup Girth of neck .... „ behind the shoulder .... Distribution. — South-East Africa, from Mozambique to Zululand ; the form from Zululand being distinguished as N. livingstonianus zuluensis. Length on Circum- ^. rp- front. ference. T'P to T'P' ~4§ 2 2j 4i IT if 4§ 2j Locality. ? Owner. Julius Jeppe. Shupanga Forest . F. Vaughan Kirby. ? F. J. Newnham. Gungunyana's country British Museum (H. T. Glynn). 174 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- ~,. „,. front. ference. T.p to Tip. Locality. -4f ••• ••• Delagoa Bay -44 -44 -4 -4 31 -31 -3f if 1 Delagoa Bay 2 ? Shupanga Forest 2 ? if Zambesi Delagoa Bay 2& Do. Owner. - F. H. Barber. O. R. Dunell. P. C. Keytel. - F. C. Selous. J. B. Wheelwright. W. J. Corder. . M. L. M. Vaudin. C. D. Rudd. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. W. Jardine. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. GRYSBUCK 175 Head of Grysbuck, from a specimen shot by Mr. F. C. Selous. GRYSBUCK (Rhaphiceros melanotis). Isikupi of the Basutos. From the other members of the oribi group the grysbuck and its cousin the steinbuck are readily distinguished by the horns rising nearly vertically from the skull, in which the open spaces below the eye- sockets are unusually small. Curiously enough, the grysbuck retains the lateral hoofs, which have disappeared in the steinbuck. In addi- tion to this feature, the former is distinguished by the fur showing a large admixture of white, instead of being uniformly coloured. Height at shoulder, 22 inches. Weight, 24 Ibs. Distribution. — South Africa, extending as far north as the Zambesi and Mozambique. Length Circum- Tip to Tip. Locality, on front. ference. 4l -4l 44 -4 -4 3i if 2 Caledon, C.C. ? Knysna, C.C. Cape Colony . Knysna, C.C. If Owner. R. A. Cooper. P. C. Keytel. Lieut, -Col. H. J. G. Lloyd. South-African Museum. J. Rosen. Lieut, the Hon. R. O. B. Bridgeman, R. N. F.C. Selous. (See illustration.) Mr. Justice Hopley. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. 176 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Steinbuck. STEINBUCK (Rhaphiceros campestris). Ishah of the Swahilis. Impuhipudi of the Basutos. Ingaina of the Swazis. Phudukudu of the Bechuanas. Timba of the Barotse and Batoka natives. Umgwena of the Matabili. As mentioned above, this species is at once distinguished from the grysbuck by the absence of the lateral hoofs and the uniform colour of the fur. The general tint of the latter is bright sandy rufous, becoming richer on the head, and frequently with the tip of the muzzle and a horseshoe-mark on the crown brown. Height at withers about 19^ inches. Weight about 25 Ibs. Distribution. — Africa south of the Zambesi on the east, and the C.uneni on the west ; northwards of the Tana to Nyasaland represented by Neumann's steinbok (R. campestris neumanni\ distinguished by the absence of dark markings on the head. Probably owing to its small size, the steinbuck has managed to escape the fate that has befallen so many of the South African antelopes. Wherever the traveller journeys on the veldt, he is almost certain to meet this species, which may be regarded as the most familiar game animal of the plains. Like many of its kindred, it is independent of water, and can thus exist in the heart of the Kalahari, where water may not occur for a distance of fully fifty miles. STEINBUCK 177 Length Circum- on front, ference. qE Locality. -6J Graffreinett . -si Kikumbulin . -Si ii 3 ? 5H 2§ Near Middleburg . -S3 if ii ? r 5 2 ii ? 'Si IT\ Kimberley -si ? -si if East Africa . -si 34 Do. 5& 2§ Cape Colony . Si 2 if East Africa . . . r* -sl ? Si ij South Africa . . . Si ii 2f Do. . -si ? -Si i| 2| Cape Colony . -si ? 54 iS ij East Africa . 4l ii 3 Gilgil, E. Africa . 4l ii 2| Portuguese E. Africa 4l ii 2^ South Africa . . 44 ii 2| ? 44 it i| South Africa . 44 i$ 2§ Do. -44 Masailand 44 ii 2 South Africa . . 41 if 2§ Tana Valley . 1 Killed with hounds. Owner. F. H. Barber. W. Russell Bowker. Mr. Justice Hopley. E. H. E. Abadie. J. Whitaker. Julius Jeppe. F. C. Selous. O. R. Dunell. C. Steuart Betton. Capt. M. M'Neill. British Museum. E. Gedge. J. Rosen. J. B. Neilson. Lord R. Wellesley. South African Museum. F. R. N. Findlay. P. C. Keytel. F. C. Selous. Rhys Williams. F. Vaughan Kirby. G. Richards. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. H. and C. Beddington. F. C. Selous. Major E. G. Harrison. Major C. F. Minchin. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Head of Male Klipspringer, from specimens shot in Somaliland by Major H. G. C. Swayne. KLIPSPRINGrER (Oreotragus saltator). Alakud of the Somalis. Ikumi of the Basutos. Chipomco of the Chilalas. Klipbok of the Boers. Chinkomo of the Chinyanjas. Ligoka of the Zulus and Swazis. Ingululu of the Makalakas. Njerere in the Batoka country. Sassa of the Abyssinians. Not only from the other members of the oribi group, but from antelopes of all kinds, the agile little klipspringer, or " rock-jumper," is distinguished by the peculiar conformation of its hoofs and the structure of its hair. The former are large, cylindrical, blunt, and so situated in regard to the rest of the limb, that the animal walks on what corre- sponds to their tips in other antelopes, the whole hoof thus rising vertically from the ground. As regards the hair, this may best be compared with that of the musk-deer, having the same brittle, pithy structure. Lateral hoofs are retained ; the tail is reduced to a mere rudimentary stump ; and the horns of the bucks rise nearly vertically from the head, with a slight forward curvature, and are ringed for their basal third. The speckly olive -gray hue of the fur is too well known to need description. Height at shoulder from about 20 to 22 inches. Distribution. — Mountainous and rocky districts in South and East Africa, from the Cape northwards to Abyssinia. Klipspringer-shooting is the best mountain sport to be obtained in Africa ; and a pair of these active little animals bounding, as if made of indiarubber, KLIPSPRINGER 179 from rock to rock is a sight never to be forgotten. To bag these exceedingly active and shy little antelopes, the sportsman, especially in the steep mountain ranges of Cape Colony, must, however, be prepared for a long and difficult stalk under a blazing sun. Except when they require its hair for stuffing saddles, the Boers leave the klipspringer alone ; which is doubtless one reason that it is still comparatively abundant. Its venison is of excellent quality. Le±L°n £ss: Tip<°Tip- ^ty. °— 5| 2\ 2l Mashonaland . . The late H. H. Eyre. 5^ 2| 2| Transvaal F. Vaughan Kirby. -4§ 2j 2^ Do. . . . Julius Jeppe. E. Gedge. J. L. Drege. J. W. Corder. Hon. R. A. Ward. F. C. Selous. H. S. H. Cavendish. C. V. A. Peel. A. Ohlsson. Mr. Justice Hopley. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. James Yule. Lord Delamere. Mr. Justice Hopley. W. W. Ashley. H. and C. Beddington. P. H. G. Powell Cotton. J. Gardiner Muir. Prince Boris Czetwertynski. T. W. H. Clarke. British Museum. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 4i aA a*i Wittberg, Cape Co 4i 2 3i East Africa -44 ? -44 ? 4§ if ai Matabililand 4l 2 3i S.E. Africa 4i 2 3i Near Lake Rudolf -4i 2i 3 Somaliland . -4i 3s ai South Africa -4i i| ai Do. 4i 2 ai Somaliland 4s ai if North Nyasaland 4 *4 2 East Africa 4 ii ai ? 4 2k ii Matabililand 4 24 if South Africa 3i il aj Abyssinia . 31 2 2i East Africa 31 if 23 Somaliland 3i 2 2 Do. 3f I| Abyssinia . 31 2| 31 South Africa i8o RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Waterbuck. COMMON WATERBUCK (Cobus ellipsiprymnus). Chuzn in the Chilala and Chizenga countries. Kring-gaat of the Dutch. Li Tumogha of the Matabili. M'dongoma or Matutwi in the Barotse country. Svvahili name Kuru. Tumoga of the Bechuanas. The waterbucks and their smaller allies the kobs, together with the reedbucks and vaal rhebok, constitute a well-defined group of large or medium-sized African antelopes presenting the following characteristics. They have the muzzle naked, no face-glands, a moderately long tail, well -developed lateral hoofs, and the horns confined to the bucks. In shape and size the horns are variable, being either long or medium, but never spirally twisted, and always with smooth tips, below which they are ridged ; usually they are at first inclined somewhat backwards, after which they are curved upwards and more or less forwards, although they may have a sinuous curvature, and in the vaal rhebok are straight. The upper cheek-teeth are tall and narrow. In the waterbucks and kobs, which include the largest representatives of the group, there are no naked patches on the head below the ears, the tail is comparatively long, with a slight terminal tuft, and the lateral hoofs are large. A characteristic feature of the skull is the presence of a deep hollow in the forehead. From its allies the true or common waterbuck is recognisable at a glance by the elliptical white ring on the buttocks, which extends downwards to the thighs. Height at shoulder from 48 to 53 inches. Weight about 360 Ibs. clean. Distribution. — Africa north of the Limpopo along the eastern coast region as far as the Shebeyli River in Somaliland ; thus including Nyasaland and British and German East Africa. Never, apparently, very abundant, this handsome antelope, whose head and horns form one of the chief prizes of the South African hunter, has had its range much curtailed of late years. Its present strongholds are the unhealthy districts between the Sabi and Zambesi, the affluents of the latter river, and the Chobi, Okavango, and other rivers above Lake Ngami. Length on front. -35* -34£ -335 -33i 33 33 -33 -33 32i Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 14 24 292 24 17 -34 Locality. Delagoa Bay . South Africa . Limpopo Valley, S.E. Africa Do. Do. Do. Mashonaland . . . Do. Do. Lake Ngami . . . South Africa . Barotsiland Zululand North of Pungwe . Batoka Plateau Owner. F. H. Barber. (See illustration. ) O. R. Dunell. Mr. Justice Hopley. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. J. da Gama Cruz. F. Vaughan Kirby. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum (F. C. Selous). J. G. Millais. A. Ohlsson. South-African Museum. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. R. T. Coryndon. Major L. O. Williams. Count E. Hoyos. Julius Jeppe. S. M. L. O'Keefe. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 3'i 10* o£ I3§ Pungwe . 31 ys 94 22 Zululand -3i Transvaal 3i 94 22 Mashonaland . -3i 91 17 E. C. Africa . 3o| 8 23i Pungwe . 3°4 8f 25 B. C. Africa . -304 9 26 Do. 3of 9£ 234 Zululand -3o| Macloutsie 3oi 84 13! Mashonaland . -30* 94 "1 Komati River, S. Africa -30 81 274 P. E. Africa , 291 9i I2£ Zululand -29f Somaliland . -29A 9* I9H Danakil -294 94 14 East Africa . 29 84 32| Do. 29 lOf 16 Sabi River 29 94 26 East Africa . 29 94 i6i Do. . 28| 84 23 Lake Baringo 28£ 8 27 Shire Valley . 27! 8 18 Somaliland . 26^ 8| 21 Do. Owner. Earl of Dunmore. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. D. Talbot. Abel Chapman. F. C. Selous. James J. Harrison. Major Lord Douglas Compton. S. Robins. Julius Jeppe. A. J. Brandon. Major G. F. T. Leather. F. C. Selous. Count E. Hoyos. Capt. M. M'Neill. Hon. Charles Ellis. Dr. Donaldson Smith. Prince A. de Lucinge. Lieut. A. A. Ellison, R.N. Rhys Williams. Sir Thomas Fowler, Bart. E. Gedge. Major W. H. Williams. H. Hyde-Baker. Lieut.-Col. H. H. Williams. A. E. Butter. H. Z. Darrah. SING-SING WATERBUCK '83 Skull of Male Sing-sing Waterbuck, from a Semliki. SING-SING WATEEBUCK (Cobus defassa). Gurumes of the Gallas. Tambiir of the Dinkas. Distinguished from the common waterbuck (C, ellipsiprymnus] by the presence of a large white patch on the lower part of the buttocks, instead of a white elliptical ring extending higher up. Four more or less distinct local races of this species may be recognised. First, the West African sing-sing (C. defassa unctuosus\ of Senegal and Gambia, characterised by its rufous colour and the small amount of white in the region of the eye. Second, Crawshay's sing - sing (C. defassa 184 RECORDS OF BIG GAME crawshayi], from British Central Africa, with a dusky coloration. Third, Penrice's sing-sing (C. defassa penricei), from the interior of Benguela, Angola, in which the colour is so dark as to be almost black. And, fourth, the defassa sing-sing (C. defassa typicus], extending from Western Abyssinia through Sennar, Kordofan, and the valley of the White Nile to Uganda and British and German East Africa, in which the ears are longer and more pointed, and there is more white in the region of the eye than in the other races ; the general colour being rufous. The four races are frequently regarded as distinct species, but they are so evidently local modifications of a single somewhat variable form that it appears far preferable to include them all under a single specific heading. Owner. Major C. G. H. Sitwell. Col. B. T. Mahon. S. H. Whitbread. Capt. R. A. Markham. Major R. M. Sanders. R. M'D. Hawker. Capt. the Hon. M. P. Macnaghten. Count T. Palffy. Douglas M'Douall. O. Neumann. Sir W. Garstin. G. H. Cheetham. Major E. J. Tickell. P. H. G. Powell Cotton. Julius Jeppe. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Count E. Hoyos. P. B. Vander C. Byl. Major C. E. Wilson. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. '-35* Near Toru 3«J n 26 White Nile . 3i| 8 20f Do. . 3'l 9 21 Semliki Valley . 3°4 8i 194 White Nile 3° 8i 18 Do. . 294 8| i8| Do. . -29! tt 29S Do. . 29i 8 171 ? -29i st 17 Lake Abaya -29i 91 22j Semliki Valley . 29 84 151 White Nile 29 8f 214 British East Africa 29 8 i6g Abyssinia . -29 8 6J ? * 29 9 22 Lake Mweru 29 8i 20| Abyssinian Sudan 282 84 i7i White Nile 28^ 9 19 Uganda 28^ 8 22g White Nile 1 Mr. F. R. Hicks favpurs me with this measurement. 2 Cobus crawshayi. SING-SING WATERBUCK Length on Circum- front. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 284 8| 20 White Nile . . Capt. C. J. Hawker. -284 282 Do. ... Sir W. Gordon Gumming, Bart. 28^ 9i i7i ? A. E. Butter. -28i 19 Bahr-el-Zaraf . . Sir W. Garstin. 28 7f 15 White Nile . Lieut. -Col. W. H. Sitwell. 28 7| lgi Do. ... C. Adeane 28 8| 9i Do. ... . W. D. James. 28 8i I2f Wadelai . . Major M. L. Carleton. -27i 84 9i Sudan . Count T. Palffy. 27! 84 i Si East Africa C. Craig. 271 84 134 ? British Museum. 274 8g 194 East Africa . J. K. Baas. 274 Do. . R. J. Church. 274 9 i7 Sudan . Capt. H. H. S. Morant. -27J 9 12 East Africa Lord Delamere. 27i 8| 23 Sudan . Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. 27 8 i5l Kavalli, Lake Albert . Col. Trevor Ternan. 27 84 20 S.E. Victoria Nyanza O. L. Beringer. 27 8| '3i East Africa . W. F. Whitehouse. 27 8| i7 White Nile . Lord St. Oswald. 27 84 92 Sudan H. F. Buxton. -27 94 Do. ... Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. -27 Upper Nile . Capt. C. A. Sykes. 234 234 22f CRAWSHAY'S SING-SING (Cobus defassa crawshayi). 8| 13 N.-W. Rhodesia . . R. T. Coryndon. 84 13 Do. . . F. W. Worthington. 8 13! Do. . . Julius Jeppe. Do. James Yule. O 1 86 RECORDS OF BIG GAME WEST-AFRICAN SING-SING (Cobus defassa unctuosus). Gumbasa of the Hausas. Height at shoulder, 47 to 48 ins. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 294 H 23 Nigeria Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. 294 8i 174 Do. ... R. Marmon. 271 8 15 Gambia . . . H. North. 26 74 20 Nigeria . J. C. Parker. 2Sg 68 18 Gambia H. L. Stephen. 254 71 132 Nigeria . . Capt. H. A. Porter. 254 7 i8| Do. ... Capt. J. F. Loder-Symonds. -25 15 Gambia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 24! 84 i3§ Do. ... Julius Jeppe. 244 8i 19 Do. ... . H. C. Goddard. PENRICE'S SING-SING (Cobus defassa penricei). ttSL Circum- ference. rsr Locality. Owner. 29 8| 1 84 Benguela . , • . G. W. Penrice. -28^ 8| 20 Do. . E. P. Cooper. -28J 8i "4 Do. . A. Ohlsson. 28 8 22^ Do. . . . . G. W. Penrice. 244 8 91 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild 2Oj 3 Ifli Do. . Julius Jeppe. MAS. GXAY'S KOB 187 Head of Mrs. Gray's Kob. MRS. GRAY'S KOB (Cobus maria). With this species we come to the smaller waterbucks, or kobs ; the present animal being distinguished by the long slender darkly curved horns, which are ridged nearly to the tips, and the blackish brown body-colour of the old bucks. This dark colour is relieved by a whitish patch in front of the withers, the yellowish ears, a yellowish 1 88 RECORDS OF BIG GAME white patch in front of and behind each eye, and the yellowish muzzle, chin, and throat. The limbs and much of the under-parts are wholly dark coloured. Height at shoulder about 38 inches. Distribution. — The swamps bordering the White Nile and its tributaries It is only of late years that this handsome species has been well represented in collections. ^frfrn.0" ferenct Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 32 6| ... Near Junction of Bahr- Capt. H. N. Dunn. el-Gebel and White Nile ~3°i t>\ *7 ' Berlin Museum. -29! 6§ 9^ ? Imperial Museum, Vienna. 29f 6J 12 ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. 29^ 6J i8J Near Junction of Bahr- Capt. H. N. Dunn. el-Gebel and White Nile 29 7| I2f ? Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. 29 7 1 6 Tonga Island, White Capt. W. Hayes-Sadler. Nile -29 6J 17 Bahr-el-Ghazal . . Sir W. Garstin. 28 6| 14! ? E. C. Crispin. 27! 6| 2i£ Bahr-el-Ghazal . . Major R. M. Sanders. 27 \ 7 17! ? Major C. E. Wilson. 27 7| 17J Bahr-el-Ghazal . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 26^ 6f 13! Arwan, Bahr-el-Ghazal British Museum (Consul J. Petherick). 26^ 6J 12 White Nile. Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. 26J 7 14 Bahr-el-Ghazal . . J. H. Whitehouse. 26^ 6£ 13 Peebo River . . The late Capt. H. G. Majendie. 24! ... ... Near Junction of Bahr- British Museum (Capt. H. N. el-Gebel and White Dunn). Nile WHITE-EARED KOB 189 WHITE-EARED KOB WHITE-EARED KOB (Cobus leucotis). Hamaraia dyl of the natives. Teel of the Dinkas. The old bucks of this smaller species are of the same blackish brown colour as those of C. maria, but have no light patch in front of the withers, and are further distinguished by the ears, a large patch extending from the same to surround each eye, the muzzle, chin, upper portion of the throat, the under-parts, and portions of the inner and front surfaces of the limbs being pure white. Moreover, the direction of the hair is reversed from the loins instead of from the i go RECORDS OF BIG GAME middle of the back. Young bucks and females are red. Height at shoulder about 34 or 35 inches. Distribution. — The region of the Upper Nile, including the Sobat, Bahr-el-Ghazal, and their tributaries. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 2lf 6i 93 White Nile E. C. Crispin. -2I| 2i4 71 6| i3tt 12 Do. Do. Paris Museum. R. M'D. Hawker aii 65 II Do. . Capt. W. Hayes-Sadler. 3IJ 6* 8 Do. Major R. M. Sanders. -21 74 IOJ Do. . E. N. Buxton. 20j 6 8* Do. . Capt. H. N. Dunn. 20| 20 \ 6 Si 9S 9i Do. Sobat River . British Museum (Capt. H. N. Dunn). . The late Capt. H. G. Majendie. 2O4 7 12 White Nile . Lieut. W. B. Drury, R.N. -2O4 7 11-15 Do. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. -20j 8| Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 20 6J 8J Do. Capt. R. A. Markham. 2O 6J i3l Do. . Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. 2O 64 ioi Do. Count. E. Hoyos. 2O 6^ I2i Do. P. Niedieck. 20 64 104 Do. . Hon. N. Charles Rothschild. -2O 7 74 Do. Berlin Museum. 19* 53 14 Do. . G. H. Cheetham. -i9l 6i 13 Do. . Sir W. Garstin. -19 6| 7i Do. Julius Jeppe. i8f 51 I0| Do. J. Carr Saunders. 184 64 64 Do. Major Hon. W. Guinness. 18 6 9 Do. Count E. Hoyos. 18 64 10} Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. BUFFON'S KOB 191 .. 4 Frontlet and Horns of Buffon's Kob. BUFFON'S KOB (Cobus cob). Maria of the Hausas. In common with the Uganda kob and puku kob, this species has the back of the ears rufous like the body ; and it agrees with the former of these in having the horns less than twice the length of the head, the hair short, and the front of the fore-legs black ; its peculiar distinctive features being the presence of a white line over each eye and its comparatively small size, the approximate height at the shoulder being from 32 to 33 inches. Distribution. — West Africa, from the Gambia to Nigeria. Owner. Capt. W. de L. Williams. Col. T. L. N. Morland. Major A. H. Festing. J. C. Parker. S. B. B. Dyer. Captain J. S. Brogden. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -20 12 Benue 19! 71 9 Lake Chad I9| 61 7* Nigeria . '9i 6f 13 Lake Chad 19 6i ii Do. i8| Si 7i Nigeria . 192 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. i8£ 6i II Niger Maj 184 6 8i Benue River . . Maj 18 6| 9i Cameruns . Sir 18 6 8| Nigeria . . R. { i;| 6 12 Do. . . Cap i;| 6? 8| Do. . Dr. -178 71 6 Do. . . Cap «7i 61 8§ Cameruns . Hor i7i 55 9i Lake Chad . . Cap i7l 51 6| Do. . Hoi *7i 6^ 9 ? P. ( 17 6J 7f Nigeria . • Juli: i6J 61 ii Do. . Cap i6| Si 8 Ibi District . Car Owner. Major R. H. Beddoes. Major J. A. Burdon. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. S. M'Clintock. Capt. J. F. Loder Symonds. Dr. F. W. Chesnaye. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. Hon. Walter Rothschild. P. C. Keytel. Julius Jeppe. Capt. H. A. Porter. Skull of Uganda Kob. UGANDA KOB 193 UGANDA KOB (Cobus thomasi). The East African representative of Buffon's kob, from which it is distinguished mainly by its superior size, and the presence of a complete white ring round each eye, instead of having only a white line above the same. General colour rich fulvous, with the muzzle, lips, chin, under-parts, and inner surfaces of upper portion of fore-legs and thighs white ; front of fore-legs with a black line, and hind-legs with a similar line, which does not, however, ascend within some dis- tance of the hocks. Height at shoulder about 35^ inches. Distribution. — East Africa, from Kavirondo to Uganda. Native name, Sunu or N'Sunu. Length on Circum- T- . T- » is. r\ front. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -24i 7| 12 Wadelai . . . Capt. G. A. S. Cape. 234 7i 6| Mruli .... Capt. J. Ponsonby. 22| ;| ni Uganda .... Capt. C. A. Sykes. 22 7 7f Do P. B. Vander-Byl. 2i| 7| 9 Do Capt. R. A. Markham. 2i£ 8 gf Do Douglas M'Douall. 21% 7g 9 Do. . . Capt. R. A. Markham. -2i£ ... i2| Do C. Steuart Betton. 2i| 7i 7| Wadelai. . . . Major M. L. Carleton. 21 7 124 Uganda . . . . Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. 2oJ 6| io£ Nile Valley . . . Julius Jeppe. 2oJ 6f ii Do Major W.Anstruther Thomson. 2o£ 7 9f North end of Lake Albert Col. Trevor Ternan. 20 6| ii Semaliki . . .Sir W. Garstin. I9l 64 12 Uganda . . . Capt. C. J. Hawker. 194 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head and Fore-quarters of Lechi (Cobus licki). From a photograph by Mr. Poulett-Weatherly. LICHI or LECHWE (Cobus lichi). In this handsome antelope the horns are longer than in its allies, considerably exceeding twice the length of the head, while the front of the fore-legs is black, and the hair long. Height at shoulder, 40 or 41 inches. Like the puku, this kob was discovered by Livingstone and his companions Oswell and Murray during their journey to Lake Ngami in 1849. In point of size it approximates to the true water- bucks, from which, however, in addition to the features already mentioned, it may always be distinguished by its lighter and more graceful build. The general colour is fulvous, of a lighter tint than in the Uganda kob. Seldom found very far from water, this antelope is most abundant 195 in the lagoons and swamps created by the annual rising of the Upper Zambesi, the Botletli, Chobi, Tamulakan, and other rivers of the interior, in localities where the surrounding flats are inundated for some part of the year. The lichi seldom ventures into the deep rivers from fear of the crocodiles, but among the reed-beds, the shallow lagoons, and flooded flats it is a familiar figure. It is often to be found, in the less accessible regions, in vast herds. An excellent swimmer, it can progress by a succession of splashing bounds at great speed through the lagoons and shallows. It is extremely tenacious of life. Distribution. — Zambesia and Barotsiland. Lechwi in the Barotsi and Lake Ngami countries. Mumembe (male), Ngia (female) in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Leche, Lee-gwee of the Makololo. Inya of the Masubias. Oonya of the Makubas. Bainanja of the Mushu Kulumbwe. Length on front. -34i -34 -334 3o§ 30 28J 28 -28 28 27! 27! 274 27 Circum- ^. „,. ference. T'P to TlP" 7 7 8 81 8i 26f 18 17 20^ 16 H i3i I of 74 8 9 74 14 Locality. Lake Bangweolo N.W. Rhodesia . Kafue River British Central Africa Barotsiland N.W. Rhodesia . Barotsiland • . Okavango Valley Chobi Valley Barotsiland Chobi Valley Barotsiland Barotsiland Owner. F. H. Barber. J. Rosen. Poulett-Weatherley. Col. C. Harding. C. Fendelow. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. H. Hayes. Capt. J. Garden. George Grey. W. V. Corder. George Grey. South-African Museum. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. P. C. Keytel. British Museum (F. C. Selous). Dudley West. F. C. Selous. F. V. Worthington. Julius Jeppe. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 2lJ SMITHEMAN'S LICHI (Cobus smithemani). 5l ii| Near Lake Mweru . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 6£ i8| Do. Do. 196 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Puku. PUKU KOB (Cobus vardoni). Impuku of the Masubias. Muntinya in Barotsiland. Puku in Ngamiland. Seula in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. From the other small kobs with the back of the ears rufous, the puku is distinguishable at once by the uniformly foxy colour of the fore-legs, as well as by the greater length of the hair, especially in the region of the back and loins, where it has a tendency to curl. General colour reddish yellow. Height at shoulder about 39 or 40 inches. Weight about 190 Ibs. Distribution. — Chobi and Zambesi valleys and Rhodesia. Everywhere rare, and found only in small herds. PUKU KOB Length on Circum- Tip to Tip. Locality. 20£ -194 Si 12* 12$ Luswesi Valley, Lake Bangweolo F. J-] i9i 6f 84 ? J.< I9i 74 9i ? T. 19 18? 71 68 51 8A Barotsiland . Do. Ca; F 1OJ i8f W8 7 °2 64 ? J- : -i8| ... Njoko Valley Ms 18 7 »i N.W. Rhodesia . Co 18 71 6 ? Ge i7| 7i 8 Ulanga River R. -174 104 Zambesi Ca -174 iif Batoka Plateau . E. i7l 7 64 British Central Africa . H< i7l i7i 61 61 18 (malformed) "4 Kabampo Valley Barotsiland . Sh F. 17 7 44 Ulanga River . _^ A. 17 7 IO Barotsiland Di 17 6| 8 Do. R< 17 6 Si Lake Mweru Ja -17 61 94 Chobi River In 197 Owner. F. Smitheman. J. Rosen. J. Carr Saunders. T. G. Davey. Capt. J. Garden. R. T. Coryndon. J. L. Drege. Major A. St. H. Gibbons. Col. C. Harding. George Grey. R. Berridge. Capt. W. Jardine. E. Folley. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. F. V. Worthington. A. Mathews. Dudley West. Rowland Ward. James Yule. Imperial Museum, Vienna. Cobus vardoni loderi. ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 198 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Vaal Rhebok. GRAY or VAAL RHEBOK (Pelea capreolus). Iliza of the Swazis. PsJiiatla of the Basutos. Peeli of the Bechuanas. The short, upright, straight, and slender horns, together with the somewhat woolly nature of the hair, serve to differentiate the Vaal rhebok from the antelopes of the kindred genera. The tail, like that of the reedbucks, is moderately long and bushy ; the ears are tall and narrow ; the build is slight and graceful ; and the general colour is uniformly pale gray, tending somewhat to fawn on the head and limbs. Height at shoulder about 29 or 30 inches. The chief essential dis- tinctions between this antelope and the reedbucks are the form of the horns and the absence of the bare patches below the eyes. Distribution. — The open hilly districts of Africa south of the Zambesi. In the mountain ranges of the eastern and northern districts of Cape Colony, and thence onwards to the Zambesi, the Vaal rhebok affords good and exciting sport ; and although its somewhat stiff GRAY OR VAAL RHEBOK 199 and stilty appearance is not at first suggestive of unusual activity, yet the pace and regularity with which a party of these antelopes will race up the steep flank of a mountain is wonderful. The most peculiar feature of the vaal rhebok is the soft and woolly nature of the gray coat ; the horns afford but insignificant trophies, and the flesh is of poor quality for the table. Length on Circum- front. ference. -ni n rV -ii i of -104 -91 9 -8| 4 a* 2i 2§ 2 2 2* 2 Tip to Tip. Locality. Spitzkop Cape Colony 24 6 48 3S 3S 24 2| 31 2| 2 3i 33 3 33 Basutoland . Cape Colony Transvaal . Near Middleburg . Basutoland . Near Cape Town . Cape Colony South Africa Mauchberg . Owner. F. H. Barber. South-African Museum. Surgeon H. E. Fryer, R. N. M. E. Bowker. Julius Jeppe. E. T. Murray. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. P. C. Keytel. E. H. E. Abadie. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Lord Milner. Dj. Oakeshott. Capt. .W. Jardine. Mr. Justice Hopley. A. Ohlsson. R. PI. Venables-Kyrke. British Museum (Dr. Burchell). G. Richards. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. C. Selous. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. F. Vaughan Kirby.' Hon. Walter Rothschild. R. T. Coryndon. 200 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Common Reedbuck. COMMON REEDBUCK (Cervicapra arundinum). Bemba of the Masaras. Inzeegee of the Amandebili. Im-vwee of the Masubias. Um-vwee of the Makubas. Inhlango of the Swazis. Iklabu of the Basutos. hnpoyo of the Lower Zambesi tribes. Mziki of the Zulus and Matabili. Natafivi in the Mashukulumbwi country. Mutobo in Barotsiland. Sibughat in Ngamiland. Mpoyo in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. The reedbucks, none of which are so large as the waterbucks, differ from the latter and the kobs by lighter build, and the presence COMMON REEDBUCK 201 of a completely bare or very short-haired patch on each side of the head immediately beneath the ear. The tail, too, is more bushy and shorter, the lateral hoofs are relatively smaller, and the horns, which are of medium length and stoutness, curve regularly upwards, and in some cases also forwards. Till very late in life the basal portion of the horns is of a pasty consistence. The present species, the true reitbok of the Boers, is the largest of the genus, standing about 36 or 37 inches at the shoulder ; and has the ear-patch completely bare, and the horns inclining markedly forwards. They are generally met with in small family parties, and when excited or alarmed utter a characteristic shrill whistle. As their flesh is of fair quality, and their shooting by no means difficult, they are much sought after by sportsmen. Distribution. — South Africa, extending as far north as Angola on the west, and to Mozambique on the east coast Although formerly numerous in the eastern districts of Cape Colony and Natal, reedbuck have now become scarce in South Africa, and it is not till Khama's country is reached that they are met with in any numbers. As their name implies, reedbuck frequent the reed-brakes fringing so many African rivers ; and some of the rivers where they are still fairly abundant are the Lotsani in Bamangwato and those of Ngami- land and the country between Mashonaland and the east coast. «0r SSE X0 i~*y. <*««. *-i& ... ... South Africa . . . F. Vaughan Kirby. -174 64 174 Barotsiland . . . Percy C. Reid. -164 ... ... British Central Africa . G. Le H. K. B. Ritchie. -i6f 6J 194 Mpimbi, B.C.A. . . Major F. Trollope. i6J 6 i6| Matabililand . . . R. C. Batley. -i6£ 64 10 ? Julius Jeppe. -16 54 114 South Africa . . . A. Ohlsson. 16 7^ 94 Barotsiland . . . Col. C. Harding. I Si 6J ioj ? C. D. Rudd. 15! 6J 14^ ? British Museum. -15$ 6g loj Zululand . . . . F. R. N. Findlay. 1 This was seen and measured by Mr. Kirby. It had one horn only ; the other was shot off. P RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. >i5i 6i 131 Transvaal .... is! 6 19 Tanganyika -iSi Nyoko Valley, B.C.A. -isi 6| iSi Transvaal .... -iSi 41 12* ? -isi Damaraland -iSi 12 Baloka Plateau . -isi Transvaal . . iSJ 6i i3i Barotsiland iSi 6 i3l Rhodesia .... -iSi 6 IS ? "is! 6| »i Manica Plateau, N. of Zambesi 15 6i 91 Mashonaland -15 Do. -is ? -15 ? i4i 6 I4i B.C.A i4i 6 ISi Zomba, B.C.A. . I4l Si 9i British Central Africa i4i 78 9i ? I4i 6g ' 71 ? I4i Si i4i Mashonaland Hi 6i I2| Do. -i4i 6 IO Angola .... -13 Do Owner. Julius Jeppe. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major A. St. H. Gibbons. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. W. Jardine. South-African Museum. S. M. L. O'Keiffe. Abel Chapman. F. V. Worthington. George Grey. P. C. Keytel. F. H. Barber. F. C. Selous. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. F. Lean. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. O. R. Dunell. S. Robins. C. C. Bowring. Capt. J. S. Brogden. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. H. B. Dalgety. A. Eyre. C. H. Pemberton. E. P. Cooper. 1 Abnormal head. MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK OR ROOI RHEBOK 203 Head of Mountain Reedbuck. MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK or ROOI RHEBOK (Cervicapra fulvorufula). Inhlang-amatshe of the Swazis and Zulus. This reedbuck, which measures about 28 inches at the shoulder, is distinguished by the absence of a distinct forward hook to the tips of the horns, and the general grayish fawn colour of the hair, which has, however, in some cases a more or less distinctly rufous tinge. Distribution. — Eastern Africa to the south of the Zambesi, particularly Natal, Zululand, and Bechuanaland ; represented farther north by the under-mentioned race. Rooi (red) rhebok differ from the typical representative of the genus in being inhabitants of the basal slopes of mountains, at a lower level than the tract frequented by the vaal rhebok. They are generally found in small troops of a dozen head or less ; and from their active habits and the difficult nature of the ground they frequent, afford excellent stalking. In the neighbourhood of the tributaries of the Limpopo, on the Mabubi, 204 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Tamulikan, Machabi, Sunta, and Chobi rivers, as well- as the tributaries of the Zambesi east of the Victoria Falls, and throughout Mashonaland and Matabililand, rooi rhebok are still abundant. Those from the Manica plateau, north of the Zambesi may be the East African race. The reedbuck discovered by Mr. Vaughan Kirby in the Lydenburg range of the Transvaal departs from the ordinary type of the mountain reedbuck in exhibiting a tendency to partial albinism. Whether this peculiarity entitles it to be regarded as a distinct race (Cervicapra fulvorufula subalpind) must, for the present, remain a moot point. A reedbuck from East Africa, described by Mr. Walter Rothschild from a single skin as a distinct species, appears to be, at most, nothing more than a local race of the rooi rhebok (Cervicapra fulvorufula chanleri}. In the type specimen the nose shows a dark streak like the one often seen in the rooi rhebok and common reedbuck. Length on Circum- ™- rp- front curve. ference. TlP to TlP' -Si 11 -71 73 -74 7 61 6f 64 64 -64 54 31 4« 4i 5 4* 4f 24 Locality. Humansdorp ? Transvaal . ? Transvaal Lebombo Range, S.A. Zululand 4i 4* 34 4f 4i 31 4 4i 4 24 51 4i 4f 3§ 3i 4i 3 Zululand Near Ladysmith . ? Zululand Orange River Colony Owner. F. Vaughan Kirby. P. C. Keytel. F. R. N. Findlay. Hon. Walter Rothschild. (Shot by F. C. Selous.) J. L. Drege. Count E. Hoyos. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. A. H. Neumann. O. R. Dunell. Mr. Justice Hopley. Julius Jeppe. A. Cameron. Bloemfontein Museum. Lieut.-Col. P. J. R. Crampton. Mr. Justice Hopley. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. Lieut.-Col. H. R. Kelham. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK OR ROOI RHEBOK 205 The following specimens belong to the East African form :— Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to 64 34. 3 -6 31 8i -6 4l 5T7 SI 4§ 4 si 4 4 si 34 4l 54 4 31 Si 34 Si 4 2| Si 154 2i si 4i 4i si 34 3i 5k 4 44 4i 31 3 44 34 24 44 3i 3i Locality. E. of Lake Margerhita Rift Valley N.E. of LakeChomo. Mau Escarpment East Africa Do. Zombene Range . East Africa Baringo Do. Do. Owner. Lord Hindlip. C. Steuart Betton. Capt. M. M'Neill. British Museum (Lord Hindlip). Lord Delamere. Major A. E. Smith. Rhys Williams. Major E. G. Harrison. A. Bayley Worthington. F. J. Jackson. J. H. Penruddock. W. Astor Chanler. G. Chetwynd. Hon. Walter Rothschild. R. Wahrmann. Lieut. -Col. W. A. W. Lawson. 206 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Ward's Bohor Reedbuck. BOHOR REEDBUCK (Cervicapra redunca). Distinguished from the mountain reedbuck (with which it agrees approximately in size) by the distinct forward curvature of the tips of the horns, so as to form a hook. General colour uniformly bright fawn, usually somewhat darker markings on the face and part of fore- limbs ; tail only slightly bushy, fawn-coloured above and white beneath. The height of the East African race is about 2 8 inches. Distribution. — West, East, and North-east Africa. BOHOR REED BUCK 207 Front View of Horns of Abyssinian Bohor Reeclbuck. The following five races are recognised : — Cervicapra redunca typica. — West Africa, north of forest region. Horns short and stout, very thick at base, curved in front, points turned inwards. Cervicapra redunca cottoni, — Kordofan, White Nile, and Isle of Meroe. Horns long and thin, much curved outwards and backwards, with the points curled straight over or directly outwards. Cervicapra redunca bohor. — Central Abyssinia. Horns longer, stouter, and not so curved as in cottoni. Cervicapra redunca donaldsoni. — East of Lado and Western Somaliland. Horns long, slender, curved outwards, and points much turned inwards. Cervicapra redunca -wardi. — Uganda and East Coast of Africa. Horns short, stout, curved outwards, and the points much turned inwards. A. The following specimens belong to the typical race : — Length on front curve. II Circum- ference. 5 Si Tip to Tip. Locality. 7 N. Nigeria , 6i Do. Owner. L. Donisthorpe. Capt. H. A. Porter. 208 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- front curve ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner io§ 6i 2 1 Lake Chad . . S. B. B. Dyer. IO 52 S| N. Nigeria . . J. C. Parker. 91 51 5 Do. A. A. Smith. 9i 5 3J Ganda, Nigeria . . Major J. W. Carroll. 9k Si 6£ Do. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 8| 6 4 Nigeria Capt. G. W. Denison. H 58 4§ Gambia . Lieut. A. A. Ellison, R.N. 8 8 Si 6 33 Ibi, Benue River, West Africa 7f West Africa Julius Jeppe. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 8 5 Si Gambia Guy H. Sangster. B. The folloiving belong to Cervicapra redunca bohor : — Length on front curve Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Hi Si 8 Abyssinian Sudan Count J. Potocki. lof 5f i if West of Lake Tana . P. H. G. Powell Cotton. 91 si 5 Lake Zuay . Lord Hindlip. 91 6 8 Zuguala Mt. . A. E. Butter. C. The undermentioned specimens are referable to Cervicapra redunca cottoni :- Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. i4i Si 13 Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. I2| si 8J Near Kassala Carl Hagenbeck. 12 si 7i White Nile Capt. the Hon. M. P. Macnagton. Ilf si II J Do. H. Cookson. II| 5 9£ Near Kassala . Hon. Walter Rothschild. Hi 5 8| White Nile . R. M'D. Hawker. ni Si 14! Do. . . Capt. H. N. Dunn. II Si log Do. Major R. M. Sanders. -II 4f 13! Sudan Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. BOHOR REED BUCK 209 D. The following specimens are referable to various races of the species : — Lengthen circum. ference. front curve. 13* IO IO -91 91 91 -94 9l 54 51 5§ 4l 4l Si 7i 4i 54 5* Tip to Tip. 44 51 54 7 6* 4l 3S 54 64 4S 54 Locality. East Africa Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Mau Downs East Africa Galla country East Africa Do. Do. Do. Owner. British Museum. Col. J. R. Macdonald. British Museum (Sir John Kirk). Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Capt. C. A. Sykes. Dr. A. Paget. F. J. Jackson. C. Craig. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. E. J. L. Berkeley. Major M. L. Carleton. Major E. G. Harrison. Capt. J. Ponsonby. Side View of Horns of Abyssinian Bohor Reedbuck. Shot by P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 2IO RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Blackbuck. From Mr. A. O. Hume's specimen. BLACKBUCK or INDIAN ANTELOPE (Antilope cervicapra). Although in former days nearly all the then known species of antelope were included in the genus Antilope, the extent of the latter has been gradually whittled down until it now comprises the Indian blackbuck alone. In addition to being the sole representative of the genus, this species is also the type of a sub-family or group of antelopes, embracing among others the saiga, the gazelles, the pala, BLACKBUCK OR INDIAN ANTELOPE 211 and springbuck. All these are small or medium-sized antelopes, with hairy muzzles, generally short tails, and tall, narrow -crowned cheek- teeth, like those of sheep. With the exception of the springbuck and the majority of the gazelles, horns are confined to the males. From all the other members of this assemblage the blackbuck is distinguished by the beautiful spiral formed by its horns. It has large face-glands, a short and compressed tail, and well-developed lateral hoofs. Height at shoulder about 32 inches; average weight, 85 Ibs. It is only in adult males that the characteristic dark tint from which the species takes its name is developed, young males being uniformly brownish fawn above like the does. Distribution. — India, from the foot of the Himalaya to Cape Comorin, and from the Punjab to Lower Assam ; unknown in Ceylon and the countries to the eastward of the Bay of Bengal. Length straight. -28 -28 25£ Tip to Tip. 27 5 261 4i 26| 41 26f 4l 26^ Si 26| 5 261% Si 26^ 5 26 5 25! 4l 251 4l 254 4l 2O 15 194 26 27f 17! 22 16 19 1 8 Locality. Jeypore . Near Delhi Do. Near Ahmedabad Jeypore . Bikanir . Ulwar Bhurtpore, N.W.P. Bikanir . N.W.P. . Sirsa, Punjab . Bikanir . Oudh . Bikanir . Jeypore . Punjab . . Owner. Capt. J. MacRae-Gilstrap. Lieut. -Gen. Sir B. Blood, K.C.B. A. O. Hume. (See illustration.) Lieut-Col. P. Dunell Pank. T. Le Mesurier. Lieut. -Gen. Sir B. Blood, K.C.B. Capt. Harry V. Brooke. Major L. Impey. Major-Gen. Sir E. T. H. Hutton. Major-Gen. A. A. A. Kinloch. Capt. C. B. Oldfield. A. O. Hume. Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. E. St. J. Lawson. Capt. H. W. Codrington. F. L. Crawford. Hon. A. Holland-Hibbert. Lieut. -Col. R. H. Rattray. 1 Measured and recorded by Mr. A. O. Hume, but not now in the possession of General Sir B. Blood, K.C.B. 212 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length 25§ 25J -25 -25 24| 24f -24! -244 244 ircutn- ;rence. Tip to Tip. Locality. Si Hi Sirsa, Punjab 5 19 ? 4S 19 Jeypore . Si IS Kathiawar 43 224 Bikanir . Si 134 ? 5 20 Jeypore . 44 I7J Dholpur . Sangar . 5 i8f C. India . 51 20^ Bikanir . 41 i8i Do. . Owner. British Museum (Hume Collection). Count E. Hoyos. A. B. Graves. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. H. H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Bombay Natural History Society. Lucknow Museum. Major J. B. Buchanan. A. J. Coppinger. Lieut. -Col. H. G. Mainwaring. Lieut. -Col. R. W. Mapleton. H.H. the Maharaja of Bikanir. Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. A. Leslie Renton. Marquis of Ailsa. BLACKBUCK OR INDIAN ANTELOPE 213 Head of Blackbuck. Length Circum- ,p. straight. ference. * Owner. 2i4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Male Pala, from a specimen shot by Mr. A. H. Neumann. - PALA or IMP ALA (^Epyceros melampus). Inzero of the Masubias. Luondo and Mpala in Barotsiland, SwalaJi of the Swahilis. Ngamiland, Chilala, and Chibisa. The graceful pala differs from all the members of the gazelle group by the absence of the lateral hoofs ; its specific name (black-footed) being taken from the pair of tufts of black hair on each hind-foot. The horns of the bucks, which are of considerable length in proportion to the size of the animal, show a characteristic and graceful double curvature ; and the bright foxy red hue of the shining hair of the upper-parts is very characteristic. Height at shoulder about 33 inches. The Boer name of rooibok (red buck) is happily chosen. Weight about i i o Ibs. Distribution. — Southern and South-Eastern Africa, extending as far north as Lower Kordofan. In Angola replaced by a form (AZ, petersi), usually regarded as a distinct species, but which is perhaps only a local race (SE. melampus petersi\ distinguished by the presence of a purplish black streak down the middle of the face and another PALA OR IMPALA 215 through each eye. In the days of their abundance pala were found in big troops, such as are still to be met with on the Upper Zambesi, in East Mashonaland, and parts of British East and Central Africa. Half a century ago, or even less, they were to be found in similar numbers among the covert on the banks of every river in the Transvaal and Bechuanaland ; but now it is not till the northern border of the former country that they are to be met with, and then only in small parties. Pala are some of the fleetest of all antelopes, and are in the habit of leaping high in the air ; their presence always implies the neighbourhood of water. Length. )n front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 30 24 6J I7i East Africa 29i 25 6 24 Do. 29i 24i 6 i9i Do. 29 22^ 6 9s Do. 28J 23i 61 19 Do. -28§ 24 6 i6A Do. -28J 6i I0j Do. 28 23 tf 22| Do. 28 22i 6 12 Do. 28 21 51 I2i Do. 28 6 20 Do. 27S 21 6 91 Do. 273 23i 6 i3i Do. 27i 23i 52 I2| Do. 27i 22^ 6 II| Do. 27i 21 53 I4i South Africa 27* 23i 5S iSi East Africa 27i Ml 61 ioi Do. 27i 23i 6 i«i Do. 27 22^ 6 16 Do. 27 22^ 6 I Of Do. 27 aii 6 i6f Do. Owner. Lord Delamere. . H. Hyde-Baker. Count E. Hoyos. Dr. A. Paget. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. C. Steuart Betton. . Capt. M. M'Neill. A. H. Neumann. (See illustra- tion.) F. J. Jackson. . G. E. Smith. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Lieut.-Col. \V. A. W. Lawson. . Capt. H. F. T. Fisher. Rhys Williams. . F. C. Selous. British Museum (Dr. Burchell). Julius Jeppe. . Capt. C. U. Price. A. Bayley-Worthington. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major A. E. Smith. F. H. Barber. 2l6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. On front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tfp. Locality. 26! 224 6 *3i East Africa 26J 22 51 124 Do. -264 Do. -26| 20| ... South Africa . 26| 214 6 12 East Africa 26J 23 64 i8f Do. 264 19! si 224 Do. 26 21 64 13 Do. 26 20§ 6 1 64 Do. 26 2I4 6 i9i Do. 26 2I§ 5S 17 Do. 251 204 6 7l Do. 254 214 64 125 Do. -254 2O 6 H Matamiri Bush 254 20 6 i3l East Africa -25-13 2O 5.12 15-7 Do. 25 204 51 H Do. 245 19! 5l uS Do. 24! 194 5! Ml Do. 24! 21 6 174 Do. 24! 2O 6 "i Do. 244 194 64 ii Do. 244 i9i 54 64 Do. 244 204 6 "1 Do. 244 «9i 51 I2| South Africa . 24 20 Si 12 Chobe Valley . Owner. P. B. Vander-Byl. R. Meinertzhagen. Capt. C. A. Sykes. Grahamstown Museum. Capt. N. E. Playfair. T. P. A. Holford. C. W. Hobley. Major E. J. Tickell. Norman B. Smith. G. Chetwynd. R. Wahrmann. Douglas M'Douall. G. E. Smith. F. Vavghan Kirby. Henry Charrington. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. E. Wynstone Waters. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. C. G. Schillings. R. J. Church. Capt. C. P. Foley. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. A. Mathews. Capt. R. E. Wemyss. British Museum. F. C. Selous. PALA OR IMPALA The following specimens belong to the Angolan race : — 217 Length. Dn front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 23? I9f 6 Ml Angola . 23i Si 15 Do. 23i i8f 6 I2i Kaokoland 21$ 18 5i I9i S.W. Africa . -2li 18 6i II Angola . 21 I7i Si ni Do. -21 1 71 6 91 ? Owner. C. W. Sharp. A. H. Harrison. Capt. F. Cookson. A. N. Henderson. E. P. Cooper. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Rowland Ward. Head of Pala. Q 218 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Male Saiga, from the Hon. Walter Rothschild's specimen. SAIGA (Saiga tatarica). One of the most remarkable of all antelopes is the Central Asian saiga, which differs from most of its kindred by the inflated and puffy nose. This forms a kind of trunk, comparable to that of the dik-diks, with the nostrils directed downwards. The tail is short, and lateral hoofs are present. In summer the colour is dull yellowish above and whitish beneath, but in winter the whole coat is uniformly whitish. The short and blunt ears are thickly covered with hair, and the horns of the males pale amber-colour. Height at shoulder about 30 inches. Distribution. — The steppes of Southern Russia and South -Eastern Siberia. Formerly the range extended to the confines of Poland, but the species is now restricted to the Kalmuk Steppes between the rivers Don and Volga. o"*0"1 TerenTJ.' TiP to Ti' ). Locality. curve. 14! 5£ 3^ Siberia . i3f 5 Volga Steppe . I3l 4s 3i ? 13! 5 5J Sarepta, South Russia I2| 5 2 ? -"£ 5 4i Siberia . «i 5 52 Do. . Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. (See illustration. ) Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. British Museum. Imperial Museum, Vienna. Dublin Museum. Duke of Bedford. grcum- TiptoTip. 4i SAIGA Locality. Siberia . Do. 219 Owner. Rowland Ward; Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Head of Male Saiga. 220 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Chiru. CHIEU or TIBETAN ANTELOPE (Pantholops hodgsoni). Among several animals peculiar to the Tibetan plateau none is more interesting than the chiru, whose beautiful horns form some of the most cherished trophies of the sportsman. Although very unlike in general appearance, the chiru is a near ally of the saiga, having the nose even more swollen at the sides, at least in the male, but less bent downwards at the tip. The long black horns of the bucks, which are somewhat compressed, rise almost vertically from the head, and are slightly divergent, nearly straight below, but evenly curving forwards above, and ridged in front General colour of hair, which is very dense and short, pale fawn above, with a pinkish suffusion, but the face and CHIRU OR TIBETAN ANTELOPE 221 part of the limbs of the males black or dark brown. Height at shoulder about 31 or 32 inches; weight from 90 to 120 Ibs. Distribution. — The plateau of Tibet, at elevations of from 13,000 to 1 6,000 feet, or even more ; the animal associates in pairs or small parties. Length on front curve. 27 -27 -26| 26! -26 26 25! Circum- ,,.. ™. ference. ^'P to Tip. Si 51 6 6 si Si si si -254 51 2Si 51 25 5S -25! 5 24l 5 24l Si 24s si -24* 4l 24i S 24i 4i -24i si -24 si -24 24 si -24 -24 -24 Locality. 13^ North of Beansi Pass n| Tibet . 15^ North of Beansi Pass Tibet . . p Chang-chenmo . Ladak Tibet. . ._'.'. Do. . I2f ui Tibet. . . 12 J North of Leh n J Chang-chenmo . io| Tibet . II ? I5i Chinese Tibet I if Tibet. Do. . . I2| Do. . Hi Tibet . 15 Changchingris Chang-chenmo . Owner. A. O. Hume. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. A. O. Hume. Hon. Walter Rothschild. J. D. Inverarity. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. Hon. Charles Ellis. J. Ff. Darling. Capt. G. Campbell. Arnold Pike. Major C. B. Vandeleur. W. H. Wilson. British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). II. Z. Darrah. (See illustration. ) P. H. G. Powell Cotton. E. L. Phelps. Capt. J. A. Stewart-Balmain. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. Capt. H. H. P. Deasy. D. L. R. Lorimer. B. H. Shaw Stewart. Capt. H. W. Codrington. ' Otho Shaw. Capt. L. Oldfield. Major H. Trevor. Indian Museum. H.H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. 222 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Male Springbuck, from Mr. F. H. Barber's specimen. SPRINGBUCK (Antidorcas euchore). Although nearly allied to the gazelles, both in bodily form, color- ation, and the shape of the horns, the springbuck presents a peculiarity entitling it to be regarded as the representative of a genus by itself. This peculiarity is the presence of a fold, or narrow pouch, running down the middle of the hinder part of the back, and lined with long pure white hairs. In periods of excitement this pouch is capable of being turned partially inside-out, when the long white hairs are erected, and give a totally different appearance to this region of the animal. Owing to the dark nose-streak stopping short at the level of the eyes, the springbuck has more white on the face than is the case with the majority of gazelles ; and the white on the rump, which includes the tail and joins that of the middle of the back, also occupies a larger area. Height at shoulder, 30 inches. Distribution. — The plains of Southern Africa, extending in the central districts of the continent to about latitude 20° S., where its limits are defined by the forests to the south of the Mabebi River ; in the west ranging as far north as Mossamedes and Benguela in Southern Angola, and in the east at least up to the Limpopo. Although now never found in the countless thousands which formerly swarmed over the plains of the Transvaal and Bechuanaland, springbuck are still SPRINGBUCK 223 abundant in many districts. Protected to a certain degree by law, they are to be met with in parts of Cape Colony and the Orange River Colony ; while on the plains bordering the Botletli and the neighbouring salt-pans, as well as in Great Namaqualand, Damara- land, and the Ovampo Flats, they occur in large numbers. Spring- buck-stalking on the open veldt affords excellent rifle-practice ; zest being added to the sport from the fact that the venison is most excellent for the table. Length on Circum- „,. _. ._ front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 1 19 5 20^ Kalahari . . . The late W. F. Webb. -i8| ... 12^ ? P. C. Keytel. -17 ... ... Middleburg Flats . . F. H. Barber. (See illustra- tion.) -1 6^ ... ... Bechuanaland . . Vryburg Club. -16 ... 6^ Griqualand West . . Capt. G. S. Leslie. ISi 6£ 7i ? Hon. T. Thynne. iSi 6J 5 ? Julius Jeppe. -I5i 6£ ... ? Dr. Maloney. iSi 6£ 3£ Cape Colony . . . C. D. Rudd. -I Si 6 2^ S. of Great Namaqualand Th. Rehbock. i Si ••• ••• ? J. Rosen. -I5i 5i 4^ ? Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. i$i Si 7 ? Maj or W.Anstruther Thomson. 15^ 6J 5| Ovampo Flats . . Capt. F. Cookson. 15 5f 7 ? George Grey. 15 5J 8£ ? Capt. E. J. Lugard. -15 6 6J ? A. Ohlsson. -15 ... ... Langberg, Kimberley . South- African Museum. -15 ... 10 ? Major James Grant. -14^ ... ... ? Alfred Ebden. 14^ 5! 4^ ? C. L. Blundell. 14^ 6J 5 ? C. Ansell. 14$ 6 3f ? C. Challis. 1 A malformed specimen. 224 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 14 55 4i ? 14 6 3 ? H Si 5 ? I3& 6 51 Griqualand 13! 6 51 ? i3t Si 51 Benguela i3l Si a Angola . X34 Si 5 Do. . 9134 4 6| ? 9i3 Middleburg Flats -913 South Africa . 9 n4 3 6i Angola . Owner. British Museum. Hon. J. C. Lyttelton. F. E. Potter. F. C. Selous. Earl of Kingston. G. W. Penrice. C. W. Sharp. A. H. Harrison. Julius Jeppe. F. H. Barber. Alfred Ebden. C. W. Sharp. GO A OR TIBETAN GAZELLE 225 GOA or TIBETAN GAZELLE (Gazella picticaudata). The true gazelles form a large group of delicately built antelopes. They are of medium or rather small size, with the muzzle of ordinary shape, the neck not unduly elongated, and no fold containing a crest of long erectile hairs down the middle of the back. To suit the nature of their haunts, their coloration is generally of a sandy hue, with the under- parts white, and the face in most cases marked with parallel dark and light longitudinal streaks ; dark bands being also frequently present on the rump and on the flanks to separate the tawny of the back from the white beneath. The knees are very generally furnished with brush-like tufts of long, stiff hairs ; and the tail is either short or of medium length. With the exception of four species, horns are present in both sexes ; those of the males being stout, distinctly ridged, and generally of about the same length as the head, although occasionally much longer. Ex- cept at the tips, they curve backwards, so as to present an anteriorly convex lower portion, above which they are generally more or less curved forwards and upwards. Gazelles have a wider geographical dis- tribution than any other genus of antelopes, and are, for the most part, inhabitants of more or less desert regions, or their confines. The Tibetan goa belongs to a small and aberrant group of the genus in which the tail is very short, the usual dark and light streaks on the face are wanting, and the females are hornless. As a species, it is distinguished by its comparatively small size, and the strongly 226 marked backward curvature of the horns, which are not hooked at the tips, as well as by the white rump and the absence of face- glands. Height at shoulder about 24 or 25 inches. Weight about 45 Ibs. Distribution. — The plateau of Tibet and some of the adjacent parts of Central Asia. Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major G. F. Mockler. Lieut. -Col. T. Greenaway. British Museum (Hume Collection). Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. Capt. H. W. Codrington. Capt. Neill Malcolm. H. C. V. Hunter. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Bombay Natural History Society. Col. J. Biddulph. Major C. B. Vandeleur. Indian Museum. Major A. Pearse. Capt. H. W. Codrington. A. O. Hume. British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). Baroda State Museum. Lord Stavordale. H. Z. Darrah. Col. F. C. Lister-Kay. David T. Hanbury. Paris Museum (Prince Henri d'Orleans). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. F. E. S. Adair. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Ui 3i 2 Hanle, Spiti . 131 31 3 Ladak i3i 31 Si Hills N. of Sikhim . -'3i 4 Tibet -i3i 34 3 Ladak •34 4? 31 Do. / . . 13! 4 3l Tibet . . . -13* 3§ 6i S.E. of Hanle -13 31 51 Tibet 13 44 44 East Ladak 13 31 Ift ? -13 ? 13 31 51 N. Sikhim -13 38 3i Near Hanle . . I2£ 31 45 Hills N. of Kumaon «i 31 4l ? I2| 4 6i Ladak I2| 4 4f ? I2§ 4l Si Near Hanle I2§ 34 Si South of Hanle ui 31 6i Ladak -I2i 34 3* Tibet uj 3ft 64 Do. ... "4 31 5 Ladak PRZEWALSKPS GAZELLE 227 Skull and Horns of Przewalski's Gazelle, from a specimen shot by Prince Demidoff. PEZEWALSKI'S GAZELLE (Gazella przewalskii). Nearly allied to the goa, from which it differs by its rather larger size, and the distinct hooks formed by the tips of the horns of the bucks. General colour in summer, deep fawn ; in winter, pale finely grizzled fawn ; white of buttocks running up in an angle on each side of the tail, which is very short, and almost concealed by the fur. Front of limbs more or less brown ; no tufts of hair on the knees. Distribution. — Mongolia. Length on front curve. IO 9l Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 4i 2i 4 41 4i 4i 3* 4l Locality. Owner. ? British Museum. ? H.R.H. Henri de Bourbon, Comte de Bardi. North of Pekin . British Museum (R. Swinhoe). North China . . Paris Museum (Pere A. David). 228 RECORDS OF BIG GAME MONGOLIAN GAZELLE 229 MONGOLIAN GAZELLE (G-azella gutturosa). Jaeisw or Sava-keek in Turkestan. Hwang-yang in Mongolia. Belonging to the same group of the genus as the goa, this larger species takes its scientific title from the peculiar swollen condition of the throat of the male during the pairing season. In addition to its size (height at shoulder about 30 inches), the species is characterised by the comparatively slight backward curvature of the horns, which are not hooked at the tips ; the general colour being pale fawn, with the rump, flanks, and the whole of the limbs white. Distribution. — Northern and Eastern Mongolia and the southern borders of Russian Transbaikalia. This gazelle was discovered by the Russian traveller Pallas, who described it as long ago as the year 1777. Length on Circum- _,. _. T .. _ front curve. ference. Tn? to Tip. Locality. Owner. 15! 5 6.34 Lob Nor . . . A. O. Hume. -1 5i 4j 74 Dscheran . . . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 14! 4$ 3 Chinese Turkestan . Major C. S. Cumberland. ~X4§ 3& 4f Lob Nor . . . Paris Museum (Prince Henri d'Orleans). 13! 4§ 4! Chinese Turkestan . E. L. Phelps. 13! 5 4 Do. . J. V. Phelps. 13! 4i 6 Saissan, West Siberia . British Museum (Dr. O. Finsch). 230 RECORDS OF BIG GAME GOITEED GAZELLE (Gazella subgutturosa). A near relation of the Mongolian species, but distinguished by the much longer tail, of which the upper surface is crested with black, and the presence of dark and light markings on the face. These face- markings differ, however, from those of all other species save the Marica gazelle (G. marica) of Arabia, in that the upper portion of the face, in adult individuals of the typical race, is pure white, so that the central dark band is interrupted on the forehead. From the Marica the Goitred gazelle may be distinguished by its superior size (height at shoulder from 26 to 27 inches), and the absence of horns in the female. The larynx is swollen, forming a peculiar prominence on the front of the upper part of the throat. There are three distinct local races of this gazelle, the ordinary Caspian and Persian G. subgutturosa typica, the Yarkand G. s. yarcandensis, distinguished by its superior dimensions and darker face-markings, and the Altai G. s. satrensz's, in which the bodily size is large, but the horns are relatively small. Distribution. — Western Asia from Asia Minor and Caucasia in the west to Turkestan, Yarkand, and Mongolia in the east. Length on Circum- T- . T- t « front curve. ference. Tip to lip. Locality. Owner. I4i 4 4i Baluchistan . •„ Capt. T. W. Greenfield. -I4i 5^ 6 Near Tiflis . . . Clive Phillipps-Wolley. 14 J 4^ 3 Wana Plain, Wazir- A. J. Grant. istan 13! 4§ 5 Persia . . . Imperial Museum, Vienna. I3i 4i 4 Khelat . . . A. O. Hume. 13 4l 4i Persia . E. Rennie. -I2| 3J 7 Syria . . . .Dr. Albert von Stephani. 12^ 4 s£ Do Hon. Walter Rothschild. A. The following specimens belong to the Altai race : — i if 4i 6 Altai. . . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 1 4§ 4§ Do St. George Littledale. ii A,\ 6£ Do A. Louw. log 4 6| Do. . . . . P. B. Vander-Byl. ioi 4 s£ Do Hon. Walter Rothschild. 10 4^ 6 Do Prince E. Demidoff. 9$ 4i 6^ Do Lord Elphinstone. GOITRED GAZELLE 231 B. The undermentioned specimens belong to either the Yarkand or A Itai races : — Length on front curve. i6g 16 14 14 13 I2f 12 Cir cum- ference. 4i 5 5 4i 5 4i 5A 4i 4§ Tip to Tip. 6f 3i 3i 5-75 51 6| 74 2 Locality. Kuldja Yarkand Do. Do. Eastern Turkestan Maralbashi . Altai . Maralbashi Altai . Maralbashi Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. A. O. Hume. Do. Do. Col. J. Biddulph. David T. Hanbury. Paris Museum (Prince Henri d'Orleans). P. Church. St. George Littledale. H. Lennard. Skull and Horns of Male Yarkand Goitred Gazelle from Kuldja, in the possession of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 232 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Dorcas Gazelle. DORCAS GAZELLE (Gazella dorcas). This well-known species brings us to the more typical group of gazelles, in the members of which the central dark face-band is con- tinued uninterruptedly up the forehead, and horns are developed in both sexes. Among the special characteristics of the present species may be noted the circumstance that the white area of the rump does not invade the fawn of the back, the indistinctness of the dark lateral band dividing the fawn of the upper-parts from the white beneath, and the perfectly lyrate form of the horns, which are of medium length, with the middle portion twisted outwardly, and the tips converging towards one another. Height at shoulder, 21 to 22 inches ; total length about 42 inches. General colour pale fawn, of rather variable tint, with the face-markings distinct. Distribution. — Morocco, Algeria, and thence eastwards through Egypt into Palestine and Syria. By the Arabs of Algeria this gazelle is known as rhozal or hemar. DORCAS GAZELLE 233 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Ti?to Locality. xip. I3J 4* 2^ Algeria 13 4 3^ El Obeid, Kordofan I2| 3i 4 Algiers I2| 31 4§ Sudan -iai 3§ 5^ Algeria laj 31 3§ Southern Sahara ia| 31 Do. -I2i 34 3i Do. 124 44 3^ Kordofan . 12 4 3f Southern Sahara "i 31 4^ Do. -II| & 5i Do. "i 4 2^ Sudan 11* 34 3J Algeria "1 31 4 Do. ? ni 2T;V 5f Kordofan . io| 44 2j Lake Chad -99i Algeria Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart, . Capt. J. G. A. Massy. A. Louw. . Col. B. T. Mahon. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. . J. I. S. Whitaker. British Museum. . A. E. Pease. Capt. J. H. Rivers. . J. H. Thomas. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Julius Jeppe. . Capt. G. S. Nickerson. . E. N. Buxton. A. Ohlsson. . Capt. J. H. Rivers. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. A. E. Pease. 234 RECORDS OF BIG GAME EDMI or ATLAS GAZELLE (Gazella cuvieri). From the dorcas the present species may be readily distinguished by its superior size, the imperfectly lyrate form of the horns, which diverge more or less regularly upwards, the presence of a black spot on the tip of the muzzle, and the rough character of the hair. General colour dull fawn, with a very indistinct lateral band, well-defined face- markings, the lower portion of the tail crested with black, and the under -parts, buttocks, and inner surfaces of fore-legs pure white. Height at shoulder from 26 to 27 inches. Distribution. — The mountains of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, where it is known by the name of edmi or admi. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . J. I. S. Whitaker. -144 3l 34 Algeria . . . . A. E. Pease. . J. I. S. Whitaker. A. Louw. . F. H. Barber. . E. N. Buxton. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Hon. G. Gordon. . E. N. Buxton. Capt. J. Marriott. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. \2\ 3f 4f Do A. Ohlsson. . J. I. S. Whitaker. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 5 31 Algeria . ..^ 4l 4i N. Tunis 31 34 Algeria . 31 5i Southern Sahara 3i 54 Algeria . 4 3i Do. . 34 7J Do. ". 4i 54 Do. . 44 7i Do. . 41 3l Do. . Do. -. 4i Do. . 31 43 Do. . 24 51 Do. ARABIAN GAZELLE 235 ARABIAN GAZELLE (Gazella arabica). Belonging to the same sub-group of the genus as the edmi, this elegant gazelle may be differentiated from that species by its smaller size, smoother hair, and darker coloration, the general tint of the upper- parts being dark smoky fawn, with the central face-band rufous fawn, and a black spot on the tip of the muzzle. Height at shoulder, 24 or 25 inches. Distribution. — Western Arabia, where it is known as ghasal, its Syrian title being ariel or aiel. In spite of its being one of the commonest of the gazelles, and also one which can easily be obtained in cap- tivity, very little authentic information is forthcoming as to its habits, and even its range is not yet fully determined. 8£ 4 2 Mocha, South Arabia . British Museum (W. T. Blanford). - ? 7i 2 4f ? Dr. Percy Kendall. 4! 3& 3§ South Arabia . . .Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 94i ' if 2;L ? Major H. G. C. Swayne. 236 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Indian Gazelle. INDIAN GAZELLE (Gazella bennetti). Closely allied to the Arabian species, this gazelle (the chinkara of the natives and the ravine-deer of many Anglo-Indian sportsmen) is of smaller dimensions and much lighter colour ; the height at the shoulder varying from 23 to 24 inches, and the general colour of the upper- parts being dull fawn. Distribution. — Peninsular India, thence extending westward through Baluchistan to the shores of the Persian Gulf. In the Book of Antelopes Messrs. Sclater and Thomas remark that, like the lion and the hunting-leopard, this gazelle belongs to an African type, and appears to have been originally a migrant from the west into India, whence it has spread over the greater part of the peninsula. It should, however, be remembered that extinct gazelles and hunting-leopards occur in the north of India. Length on front curve. -15 Mi -Hi Circum- ference. 5 4i Tip to Tip. Locality. Rajputana . 8| Dholpur . Ferozepore District Owner. H.H. Maharaj Rana Bahadur of Jhalawar, L. M. le Champion. (See illus- tration.) Captain Harry V. Brooke. INDIAN GAZELLE 237 Length on Circum- ™. ~,- front curve. ference. TlP to T'P' -Mi Locality. Dholpur Sirsa District, Punjab 14* 4 ? 14 4l 51 Ferozepore District 14 Near Lahore *3i 44 64 Do. 133 44 7 ? i3l 4l 84 Sind . i3i 4i 74 Bikanir «3i 4i 61 Muttra, N.W.P. 134 4 44 ? »3l 4 64 ? -i3i 44 Delhi •i3i 44 4 Hissar 13 34 6 Bikanir -13 3H 3tt Gwalior -13 44 5 ? 13 32 6 ? I2| 44 5 Goorgaon, Punjab I2| 4l 74 ? 123 44 Si North Punjab I2| 44 7 ? -I2| 4i 6J Bikanir -I2| 4S 6| Do. -I2f 4 6 Jodhpore . 124 44 54 Bikanir -124 ? I2§ 4 54 Simrol, Bengal . 121 4* 6 Do. Owner. Mrs. W. W. Baillie. Major H. Trevor. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Capt. Harry V. Brooke. Measured by General Kinloch. C. P. Down. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. L. Napier. Capt. C. F. Vander-Byl. Major G. F. Mockler. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major O. A. Chambers. Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. Major P. J. Gordon. Major H. C. Morland. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Major Colvin Stewart. Lieut. -Col. R. H. Rattray. A. O. Hume. H. C. V. Hunter. Col. J. Biddulph. Capt. L. I. B. Hulke. Sir Philip Grey Egerton, Bart. Capt. H. W. Codrington. H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. H.H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. British Museum (Colonel Evans). P. B. Vander-Byl. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 238 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Tipto-fip. Localhy. Owner. SPEKE'S GAZELLE 239 Head of Male Speke's Gazelle. SPEKE'S GAZELLE (Gazella spekei). Dhero of the Somalis. From the edmi and its allies, with which it agrees in its leading characteristics, this very peculiar gazelle is readily distinguished by the development of a flabby corrugated elevation on the skin of the nose ; the general colour of the upper-parts being pale brownish fawn, with the lateral band darker than in the other members of the sub-group. Height at shoulder from 23 to 24 inches. The protuberance on the nose is probably connected with the sexual function ; in dead specimens it exhibits a slight cavity beneath the skin which can be inflated by blowing air into the nostrils, and it is therefore probably capable of distension during life. Distribution. — The plateau in the interior of Somaliland, ^?,g™, Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. on front ETT ^ Owner, curve. -124 34 P. C. Keytel. -12 35 5J Viscount Edmond de Poncins. -12 ... ... J. Menges. 240 RECORDS OF BIG GAME I if 3f 4§ Major H. G. C. Swayne. n§ 3! 2\ Major-Gen. A. Paget. Hi 4g 2f T. W. H. Clarke. iij 4 4^ Lieut.-Col. H. D. Olivier. ui 4 4 W. H. Cobb. iii 4 si C. Liddell. II 4 44 J- H. Whitehouse. II 4 4 A. H. Straker. II 3$ 5 Major H. C. Morland. II 4 1 3f Lord Delamere. io| 3^ 3f- Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. lof 4! 5J Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. loj 4 4 R. M'D. Hawker. 10} 35 3 C. N. Welsh. I of 3! 3f E. Lort-Phillips. io| 4 3| Capt. B. Vincent. io| 4 4| A. Louw. io| 3! 4^ Major G. F. T. Leather. - ? 9i ... ... J. Menges. 9 9i 28 3i T- W. H. Clarke. PELZELN'S GAZELLE 241 ••'"' '/^ Head of Male Pelzeln's Gazelle. FELZELN'S GAZELLE (G-azella pelzelni). This species, the lowland gazelle of Somaliland, is nearly related to the last, from which it differs by the absence both of the corrugated elevation on the nose and of the black spot on the muzzle. It is also slightly larger than Speke's gazelle, the height at the shoulder being about 2 5 inches ; and its colour is somewhat more rufous, the light lateral band being distinct, and the dark band rufous brown only slightly darker than the back, without any tendency to blackness. The dark and light bands on the cheeks are relatively short and indistinct Distribution, — The plains of Northern Somaliland, bordering the sea. Within fifty miles of the shore this gazelle is exceedingly numerous, and may often be seen in large herds. It is termed by the natives dhero, in common with Speke's gazelle. 242 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 'IT as? %" -13^ J. Menges. -13* 44 34 P. C. Keytel. 13! J. Rosen. 124 3! 44 Major H. G. C. Swayne. 124 4£ 5 £ Lord Delamere. -I2-& 35 4 Capt. M. M'Neill. I2j 3§ 44 The late W. Babington. -12 34 4! Count E. Hoyos. -12 Sir E. Lechmere, Bart. 12 3! 4! Capt. G. Campbell. 12 3f 54 Viscount Edmond de Poncins. "4 34 54 T. W. H. Clarke. "4 34 4i Major H. C. Morland. n 4 34 5 Capt. W. H. Williamson. "4 3l 4i W. F. Whitehouse. "i 44 54 A. H. Straker. "4 3J 4! Rowland Ward. "i 4 34 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. n& 3S 4i Major G. F. T. Leather. 1 4 3f 3l Major-Gen. A. Paget. "4 34 4i Hon. Walter Rothschild. ii 34 4i Capt. Neill Malcolm. H 3i 4^ A. S. Trevor. ii 3l 3l R. M'D. Hawker. !0| 3| 4 A. Bayley-Worthington. io| 3f 44 F. G. Gunnis. ? 8f J. Menges. 84 2j 34 W. F. Whitehouse. 98 1 1 3f Julius Jeppe. LODER'S GAZELLE 243 Head of Male Loder's Gazelle. LODER'S GAZELLE (Gazella leptoceros). Arab name, Rhim. Although originally described so long ago as the year I 842, very little was known of this gazelle till specimens were procured by Sir E. G. Loder, and described as a new species under the name of G. loderi. Further investigation proved them to be inseparable from the species named by F. Cuvier. Agreeing with the preceding members of the group in the white of the rump not invading the haunches, the species is easily recognisable by the long and slender form of the horns, and the very pale tone of the coloration of the upper-parts, which may be described as pale sandy fawn, with the characteristic gazelline 244 RECORDS OF BIG GAME markings only indistinctly defined. On the face the dark streaks are sandy instead of rufous ; and the light bands on the flanks are almost imperceptible, while the dark ones below them are pale sandy with the very slightest tinge of brown ; the tail being sandy at the base and gradually darkening to brownish black towards the tip. In the male the horns are about twice the length of the head, very slender, and closely and heavily ridged almost to the tips. Height at shoulder about 28 inches. Weight, 34 Ibs. Distribution. — The sandy tracts of the interior of Algeria, Tunisia, and Western Egypt, thence extending southwards into Nubia and Sennar. The native name is rhem or rhim (reem). Length on front curve. 151 -15 -Ml *4i -14 -14 14 13* Circum- ference. 34 4 31 Tip to Tip. Locality. 6J South of Biskra . 4^ Southern Tunisia . 8A Do. 34 Si South of Biskra . 34 3 ? 31 4l Algeria 34 ioi Do. Southern Tunisia 3i 3 Algeria 3§ Si ' Tue Erg . 3l 4? Algeria 3* Si Do. 31 8| Southern Tunisia 31 33 Sahara 31 31 Do. 34 53 Southern Tunisia 41 Si Fayoum, Egypt . 2 31 ? Southern Tunisia Owner. Dr. Dawtrey Drewitt. J. I. S. Whitaker. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. Rosen. F. H. Barber. P. C. Keytel. Julius Jeppe. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. W. J. Corder. Hon. R. A. Ward. A. E. Pease. Mr. Justice Hopley. W. E. Pease. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. A. Louw. J. I. S. Whitaker. Capt. S. S. Flower. Julius Jeppe. J. Menges. ISABELLA GAZELLE 245 ISABELLA GAZELLE (Gazella Isabella). Gannai of the natives. In all the foregoing gazelles with horns in both sexes, the horns themselves have their tips slightly curved either inwards or upwards, and never bent back so as to form a right angle with the basal portion. On the other hand, the present species and the Muscat gazelle (G. muscatensis], while resembling the foregoing in the shape of the white rump-patch and the comparatively light tint of the flank-band, differ by the tips of the horns being hooked inwards or upwards so as to form nearly or completely a right angle. From its ally the present species differs by the pale fawn-colour of the upper-parts ; the lateral bands and other markings being also fawn, instead of blackish. Height at shoulder about 25 inches. Distribution. — The Red Sea littoral from Suakin to Massowa, and through the interior to Bogosland, Barca, and Taka. Length on Circum- T" ^ T>* T i-» front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. iof 3| 4§ Sudan . . . Major C. Levita. iof 4^ 3g El Obeid . . Capt. J. G. A. Massy. ioi 3f 4 White Nile . . Hon. F. E. Guest. ioj 3J 6i Sudan . . . P. C. Lord. io£ 3f 2| Anseba River, Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Abyssinia ioj 3| 4g Near Suakin . . Major W. Anstruther Thomson. lo| 3f 4 Komayli, Abyssinia . (British Museum) W. T. Blanford. 10 3f 4 Eastern Sudan . A. W. Haig. -9. 14 4 3 Between Suakin and Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. Kassala 97 2 3 Do. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. ? 7 ig 2§ Kordofan . . British Museum. 246 RECORDS OF BIG GAME HEUGLIN'S GAZELLE (Gazella tilonura). This well-marked species brings us to a small sub-group in which the dark band on the flanks is very strongly defined, and black in colour ; the present species being distinguished from its allies by the abrupt inward hooking of the tips of the horns. The general colour is deep sandy, with the central face-band but little darker than the back, no black nose-spot, and the tail sandy at the base but black elsewhere. Height at shoulder about 27 inches. Distribution. — Bogosland, in North-Eastern Africa. Very little is known of this rare species. Length on front curve. ni io| !0f 9S 9l 9-64 Circum- ference. 4 4 4i 4l 4i 44 Tip to Tip. Locality. 2\ Eastern Sudan 44 ? 2§ Bogosland 3 Near Kassala . 4j Basaland i| Bogosland ig Bahr-el-Ghazel 3l ? Eastern Sudan if Abyssinia Owner. . Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. E. Lort-Phillips. British Museum. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. Col. Ralph Vivian. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. . F. H. Barber. Capt. H. H. S. Morant. J. Menges. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. SENEGAL OR RED-FRONTED GAZELLE 247 RED-FRONTED GAZELLE Shot by the late Capt. H. J. Majendie. SENEGAL or EED-FEONTED GAZELLE (Gazella rufifrons). El Hamra of the Dinkas. This medium-sized and rather stoutly built species agrees with Heuglin's gazelle in the black flank-stripe, but differs by the absence of a distinct inward hooking of the tips of the horns ; the general colour being deep sandy rufous, brightening into rich rufous on the forehead and muzzle, without a black nose-spot. The knee-tufts so generally present in gazelles are wanting ; and the tail, with the excep- tion of the sandy upper surface of the basal portion, is black. Horns relatively small, regularly divergent, curving at first slightly backwards and then forwards, heavily ridged till the terminal two or three inches. Distribution. — Senegal and Gambia. Length on front curve. I2f Circum- ference. 51 4l Tip to Tip. 5 4 Locality. White Nile Do. Owner. Capt. L. Rawstorne. P. Niedieck. 248 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. I2g 4i 7 White Nile I2| 4l 6| Do. I2f 5 4i Do. I2i 4A 51 Do. iai 4i 51 Do. 12 4l 51 Do. 12 4i 6 Do. »i 5 4i Reahat, Sudan . »* 4i 6f El Obeid . Ilf 4* 4i Do. II| 5 Si Do. H« 4 4l Do. Ilg 4l 5 Do. "I 7S Si Do. Hi 4i 4l White Nile . Hi 4§ 3i Sudan II 4l 6 Blue Nile . II 4 31 Northern Nigeria lOg 41 3 White Nile . I0§ 4l 44 Lake Chad io| 4i 4§ Sudan 104 4l 6| Senegal ioi 4* 4 Blue Nile . IO 4f 34 Northern Nigeria ?9l 2| 2| Sudan ?9i «i 2j Reahat, Sudan . 99 »l 31 El Obeid . 98 2i 4 White Nile 7S 4 3« Bida Niger, Sudan ?7 I| 34 Do. Owner. R. M'D. Hawker. H. Cookson. C. Cookson. Col. B. T. Mahon. Col. H. W. Guinness. Capt. J. F. Wolseley. Lieut. W. B. Drury, R.N. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Capt. J. G. A. Massy. H. F. Buxton. W. D. James. Lord St. Oswald. C. Liddell. Capt. J. H. Rivers. Capt. R. A. Markham. Capt. H. H. S. Morant. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. Julius Jeppe. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. Capt. G. S. Nickerson. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Count J. Potocki. Col. T. L. N. Morland. Lieut-Col. W. H. Sitwell. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Capt. J. G. A. Massy. P. Niedieck. Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. Do. THOMSON'S GAZELLE 249 Head of Male of Thomson's Gazelle. THOMSON'S GAZELLE (Gazella thomsoni). Swahili name, Swallah. Masai name, Engoli. The distinct black nose-patch and the great width of the black flank-band serve at once to distinguish this handsome species from G. ntfifrons, with which it agrees in the general form of the horns. The general colour of the upper-parts is deep sandy rufous, with all the markings well developed and sharply defined ; the central face- streak being a deeper rufous, and the light lateral band present, although only slightly paler than the back. There is also a narrow black band bordering the white on the sides of the rump ; and knee-tufts are developed. The horns are long, and rather like those of the Indian gazelle on an enlarged scale. Height at shoulder about 25 inches. Distribution. — The interior districts of British and German East Africa, from Lake Rudolf southwards to Irangi. Measurements of 4 males and I female shot by Mr. F. J. Jackson. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Length 3 10 41 3 nJ 44 3 8| Height 21 23 2I^ 22 ii i^ Weight 52 Ibs. 54 Ibs. 56 Ibs. 62 Ibs. 32 Ibs. s 250 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 154 5 3§ Masailand . iSi 4i 31 Do. i5i 4i 84 Do. »5i 4l 4i Do. »sl 4i 4* East Africa iSi 4i 51 Do. 'Si 4S 4i Do. IS 4i Si Do. »4l 44 3i Do. -»4i 3i 31 Do. I4l 44 4i Do. I4l 4l 4i Do. '4l s 4 Do. i4i 4i 34 Do. I4l 4? 3i Do. Ml 44 3 Do. M4 4 3i Do. -Hi 44 24 Do. -Hi 41 51 Do. -i4i Masailand . Hi 4i 34 East Africa I4i 5 4i Do. «4i 4i Si Masailand . 141 5i 4 East Africa H 44 4i Do. 14 44 51 Do. 14 4i 3 Do. -96J 24 Do. 95* i« 34 Lake Naivasha . Owner. . F. W. Belt. F. J. Jackson. . E. Gedge. . British Museum (F. J. Jackson) Major A. E. Smith. Lord Basil Blackwood. R. Wahrmann. . Major C. U. Price. . R. J. Church. . Julius Jeppe. . Col. Trevor Ternan. Lord Delamere. . Douglas M'Douall. R. Meinertzhagen. . Count E. Hoyos. C. C. Bowring. . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . Count Scheibler. . Capt. C. A. Sykes. . J. Rosen. . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. . F. C. Cobb. . British Museum (H. C. V. Hunter). . Major E. J. Tickell. . Henry Charrington. . F. C. Selous. . S. L. Hinde. . C. Steuart Belton. F. J. Jackson. GRANT'S GAZELLE 251 Skulls and Horns of Grant's Gazelle (male and female), from Mr. A. H. Neumann's specimens. GRANT'S GAZELLE (Gazella granti). With this handsome species we reach the last group of the genus Gazdla, which includes species, for the most part of large size, characterised by the fawn-colour of the back being invaded to a greater or less degree by the white of the rump. In the present animal the fawn of the back is cut off from the tail, which is included in the white rump-patch, and there is a dark streak on the hinder border of each side of this patch. On the neck and back the hair has a peculiar wavy appearance recalling that of watered silk. Height at shoulder about 38 inches ; weight of male from 150 to 170 Ibs., when cleaned about 1 1 5 Ibs. Distribution. — East Africa, throughout Masailand, and round Kili- manjaro, north of Baringo, and around Mount Elgon and the Suk country ; generally on open grass-lands. Two well-defined local races of this species may be recognised. First, the typical race (G. granti typica), of the interior of East Africa, in which the dark 252 RECORDS OF BIG GAME flank-bands are either wanting, or are present in young specimens below the light flank-band. Secondly, the northern race (G. granti notata), of Northern British East Africa, in which dark bands are present both above and below the light band, behind which they unite with each other. Although described by O. Thomas in 1897 as a local race, the latter form was raised by him to the rank of a distinct species in the following year. Measurements of 4 male specimens shot by Mr. F. J. Jackson. ft. ft. ft. ft. Length . Height . Horns Weight . Locality . Lake 58 57 57 53 3 IY 3 2^ 3 6£ 2 ii 28J 27 24 20 158 Ibs. 167 Ibs. 1 66 Ibs. 135 Ibs. Naivasha. Lake Naivasha. Lake Naivasha. Njemp. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 29 7 14 East Africa . R. O. Preston. 29 64 2O| Do. Sheffield Neave. -28g 7 Hi Rift Valley * C. Steuart Betton. 28i 6g 'si ? F. J. Jackson. -28& 7* i6H Lake Nakuru . . Capt. M. M'Neill. 28 74 16 East Africa . . Douglas M'Douall. 28 6| 24g Do. . '. . . Capt. N. E. Playfair. 27i 6§ i8g Do. . H. C. V. Hunter. -27| 6§ *5l Do. ... Dr. Albert von Stephani. 27i 64 16 Do. F. J. Jackson. 27i 7 17 Do. . Capt. D. H. Macdonell. 27i 7i 13 Naivasha . Major G. S. M'Loughlin. 27i 64 1 81 ? Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 27 16 ? Sir John Willoughby, Bart. 27 7 i»4 East Africa . H. T. Barclay. -27 ? W. J. Corder. -261 6£ 20| N.W. Masailand . O. Neumann. GRANT'S GAZELLE 253 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 26| 7i East Africa 26| 64 134 Shores of Lake Naivasha 26f 7 144 East Africa 26| 7 15 Do. 264 7i 31 Do. 264 7 I2| Do. 264 71 18 Do. 26^ 6| i6| Do. 26i 7 144 Do. 26i 7 144 Do. 26i 64 Hi Lake Zuay 26 62 l6| i > 26 64 I4i i > 26 71 i5l N.E. of Lake Rudolf. 26 7 ia| East Africa -26 71 i94 Do. 25! 7 I3l Do. 252 62 ui Do. -as! 7i 13 Do. 24 7 i7i Lake Rudolf 23 61 8| Lake Zuay ?i74 31 9 East Africa 917 6 Lake Jipe . 9i64 34 4i East Africa 9i5 4 62 Do. Owner. F. C. Selous. A. H. Neumann. A. Bayley Worthington. F. W. Belt. Lord Delamere. E. Wynstone Waters. Major A. E. Smith. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. T. P. A. Holford. Major E. J. Tickell. V. Bell. G. Chetwynd. P. B. Vander-Byl. Lt.-Col. W. A. W. Lawson. F. C. Selous. Dublin Museum. XPN. Howard. Norman B. Smith. J. ff. Darling. A. E. Butter. Lord Hindlip. H. C. V. Hunter. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. Lord Delamere. E. Gedge. 254 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skulls and Horns of Peters's Gazelle (male and female), from Mr. A. H. Neumann's specimens. PETERS'S GAZELLE (Gazella petersi). Htdi of the Gallas. This species belongs to the same group as Grant's gazelle and the aoul, showing the same extension of the white of the rump on to the back. It has a dark band separating the white of the rump from the fawn of the back, and differs from the other species showing the same feature by the fawn colour of the back being continued in the middle line on to the base of the tail, which is otherwise black. Height at shoulder about 26 to 32 inches. Distribution. — Coast districts of East Africa. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. 6| Si 51 6| Tip to Tip. Si 9* Locality. Shererini . Tana River Do. Ndara Teita I9T9ff 19 6| 6* 6 Si 3 6i Si ri 4i Jubaland . Taru Desert Near Pica Pica Do. Owner. British Museum (F. J. Jackson). C. Hankey. Major H. de Free. J. B. Wheelwright. C. Steuart Betton. Major E. G. Harrison. Capt. M. M'Neill. Lieut. G. H. Welch, R.N. A. H. Neumann. Do. AOUL OR SCEMMERRINGS GAZELLE 255 Head of Soemmerring's Gazelle, from a male specimen shot by Mr. G. H. Cheetham. AOUL or SCEMMERRING'S GAZELLE (Gazella soemmerringi). Somali name, AouL Abyssinian (Danakil) name, Maededo. Abyssinian name, Meidafihel. Soudanese name, Ora. In addition to the forward extent of the white rump-patch, the leading characteristics of this handsome species are to be found in the absence of a black streak dividing the sides of the rump-patch from the fawn of the body, the black -tipped tail, and the very distinct inward hooking of the horns. The ears are long and bordered with black externally, and the face-markings well-defined and nearly black. Height at shoulder about 30 to 36 inches. Weight clean about 90 Ibs. 256 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution. — The Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea, Berber, East Sennar, Danakil, and Somaliland ; in the latter country occurring all over the Haud and Ogaden. The North Somali Gazella scemmerringi berberana of Dr. Matschie is larger, darker, and with differently curved horns. berberana. Owner. . W. N. McMillan. . G. H. Cheetham. Norman B. Smith. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. . Lieut. -Col. J. W. H. Flanagan. A. Louw. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. - A. E. Pease. Sir E. Lechmere, Bart. . Capt. M. M'Neill. Count J. de Bylands. . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Julius Jeppe. . J. Menges. . T. W. H. Clarke. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. J. J. Richardson. S. Payne-Gallwey. Count J. Potocki. . R. McD. Hawker. . T. W. H. Clarke. . Capt. B. L. Carew. . A. E. Butter. Major-Gen. A. Paget. . J. Benett-Stanford. a. Gazella soemmerringi Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 20| 6} Somaliland 20? 51 31 Do. 2Oj 6 41 Do. 20 Si 51 Do. 2O 51 4 Do. 20 6 7i Do. 2O Si 54 Danakil $-20 51 Somaliland -20 3 Do. -20 Si 64 Do. I9| 51 Si Do. -I9f Si 51 The Haud . I9l Si 6S N. Somaliland . -I9H Do. 194 54 si Somaliland 194 5A 2 Do. 194 54 4S Do. -194 6i 3 Do. 194 54 41 Do. 194 Si i Si Do. i9i 54 64 Do. i9i 5i 44 Do. 19 54 34 Do. 19 5 4 Do. 19 Si 4i Do. AOUL OR SCEMMERRINGS GAZELLE 257 Owner. R. M. Glossop. F. G. Barclay. W. Macmillan. Prince Nicolas Ghika. Lord Hindlip. F. H. Barber. T. W. H. Clarke. O. Neumann. Sir.Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Count J. Potocki. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Lieut. A. H. Home, R.N. Capt. N. E. Playfair. Capt. H. H. S. Morant. P. C. Lord. Col. Ralph Vivian. Capt. L. Rawstorne. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. B. Cotton. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Hon. F. E. Guest. Julius Jeppe. Count J. Potocki. Lengtn on -ont curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 19 5 74 Somaliland . . Cap 19 54 54 Do. . . F. C 19 6 2| Do. . . W. 19 4 3i Do. . . Prin i8f 54 4l Danakil . . . Lore i8| 54 6 Somaliland . F. I 9i8i 6 Do. . . T. \ -i8i 51 6| Do. . O. I 9 i8rv 34 8i Do. . . Sir.] b. G-azella scemmerringi typica. 17 5 5 Sudan . . . Coui i6i 51 34 Do. . . . Prin 16 Si 5 Do. . . . Lieu -16 Do. ... Capl ill 54 51 Do. ... Capl 154 Si 31 DO. : . . p. c 154 51 5 Do. ... Col. 154 Si 34 Do. .._.". Capl 9i5i 2£ - 71 Do. » . . Lieu I4i 54 4i Near Suakin . B. C -I4l 54 34 ? Majc I4l 5§ 31 Blue Nile . . . Hon I4§ 54 6i Sudan . . . Juliu 9133 3 64 Do. . . . Coui i3l 3i 5! East Suakin . • . A. \n 258 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Addra Gazelle, shot by Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. RED-NECKED or ADDRA GAZELLE (Gazella ruficollis). Riel of the Dinkas. The last three representatives of the genus Gazella are not only the largest of the tribe, but are distinguished from all their relatives by the white of the rump extending on to the tail (which is either wholly white or merely tipped with fawn) coupled with the complete absence of a black band between the white of the rump-patch and the fawn of the body ; the horns being hooked upwards and forwards, and not distinctly inwards. In the present species, which measures about 36 inches at the shoulder, the neck and front portion of the back alone display a distinctly rufous tint, the lines of division between the fawn of the upper-parts and the white beneath being obscure. Distribution. — Kordofan and Sennar. Length on front curve. -134 -13* Circum- ference. 4i Si Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Nubia Imperial Museum, Vienna. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. L 13 51 54 Kordofan . 12* 4 58 Sennar 12 5* 31 Kordofan . n| 51 4i Do. . ? n§ 3i 54 Do. . -»i 4i 31 Lake Chad 9 10 3i 3* Do. MHORR OR SWIFT GAZELLE Locality. 259 Owner. Col. B. T. Mahon. British Museum. Lieut. -Col. E. B. Wilkinson. British Museum (Capt. H. N. Dunn). Col. B. T. Mahon. Dublin Museum. Capt. T. K. Cochrane. DAMA GAZELLE (Gazella dama). Together with its northern representative the mhorr of Morocco, the dama differs from the addra by the rufous tint extending completely over the body and flanks, and being well defined from the white of the under-parts. In the present form, which is from Senegal, the sides of the thighs are white, so that the rufous of the body is cut off from that of the hind-legs. The height is at least 3 5 inches. Distribution. — Senegambia and adjacent districts. Locality. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. »3 5 si 5i 5H 3i Tip to Tip. Si 6 3 51 Lake Chad Senegambia Owner. Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. Paris Museum. Mr. Justice Hopley. Paris Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. MHORR or SWIFT GAZELLE (Gazella dama mhorr). Although commonly regarded as a distinct species, this fine but somewhat leggy gazelle seems to be only a northern race of the dama gazelle of Senegal, which is the largest member of the genus. The mhorr, as it is called by the Arabs, differs from the dama by the sides of the thighs and legs being of the same rufous hue as the body, instead of white. Height at shoulder at least 34^- inches. Distribution. — The desert districts of South- West Morocco. Length on front curve. -4B Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 31 Locality. Owner. Wednoon, Mogador British Museum (W. Wiltshire). Morocco . . . Dr. Percy Kendall. 26o RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Male Dibatag, from a specimen shot by Mr. T. W. H. Clarke in Somaliland. DIBATAG (Ammodorcas clarkei). Although resembling the true gazelles in the face-markings, the dibatag, as it is called by the Somalis, is so different from these animals as to be entitled to constitute a genus by itself; being in many respects intermediate between the former and the gerenuk. The horns, which are present only in the males, are rather short, and have a regular upward and forward curvature, somewhat like those of a reed- buck ; they are ridged on the front for a considerable portion of their length. The neck is considerably elongated, and the tail long and thin. The general colour of the upper-parts is a deep cinnamon. Height at shoulder about 33 inches ; weight from 65 to 70 Ibs. When running, the long neck is thrown back towards the tail, which is elevated, so that the two look as though they would touch. Dis- covered by Mr. T. W. H. Clarke. Distribution. — Central Somaliland, in the eastern districts of the Haud. DIBATAG 261 frSont Circum- Tip to Q curve. ference. lip. -13 ... ... J. D. Inverarity. -13 ... ... J. Menges. I2g 5| 4| Hon. Walter Rothschild. i if 4^ 3§ Major-Gen. A. Paget. n| 4f 3§ T. W. H. Clarke. i if 4^ 5 Capt. J. Brander Dunbar. ni 4^ 6 R. McD. Hawker. n^ 4s 4! Major J. E. Gough. n§ 4i SA Capt. M. M'Neill. ii 5i 2| Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. ii 5 5i S. Payne-Gallwey. iol 4^ 5 P. C. Keytel. i of 4^ 4! Mr. Justice Hopley. I of Si 4 Sir Edmund G. Loder. Bart. -ioi 4i 41 A. E. Pease. i of 4f 34 W. Macmillan. ioi 4| 3§ Major W. Afistruther Thomson. ioj 4j 41 P. II. G. Powell-Cotton. 9? 4i Ss British Museum (T. W. H. Clarke). 262 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Dibatag. Head of Male Gerenuk. GERENUK 263 Record Head of Male Gerenuk, from a specimen shot by H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. GERENUK (Lithocranius walleri). Somali name, Gerenuk. Danakil name, Gudan Godu. Galla name, Gugufto. Even more aberrant than the last is the gerenuk, in which the elongation of the neck attains its supreme development, while the slender legs are lengthened in proportion. Horns are wanting in the females, and those of the males curve forwards at the tips, where the ridges stop, in a peculiarly characteristic manner. The general colour of the upper-parts is a deep rufous fawn, but down the middle of the back runs a broad dark -brown band, nearly eight inches in width. The skull is characterised by its dense and solid structure, as well as by its straightness, the shortness of the facial portion, and the very 264 RECORDS OF BIG GAME small size of the cheek-teeth. Height at shoulder, 4 1 inches ; weight 1 1 5 Ibs. This antelope, first described by the late Sir V. Brooke on the evidence of a flat skin, is in the habit of raising itself on its hind-legs when browsing, and is thus enabled to reach boughs at a very con- siderable distance above the ground. Herr Oscar Neumann pointed out in 1899 that the Somali and Abyssinian gerenuk (Lithocranius walleri sclateri] is somewhat different from the East African or typical gerenuk. The northern form is larger, with finer horns, a longer neck, a less rufous colour, and lacks the black knee -tufts, while the white markings of the tail are also different. Sclater's gerenuk is treated as a distinct species by Messrs. Sclater and Thomas, but is better regarded as a local race or subspecies. Length on front curve. 17 -i6f i6£ -16* 16 152 -154 isfi 15 IS -15 14* Circum- ference. 51 54 Si 52 6 6 Si Si Si si 51 5 6 Si 51 Tip to Tip. Locality. 32 Somaliland Do. 3i Do. i| Do. 2i Do. Do. 6 Do. 42 Do. 22 Do. 3 Do. 4i Do. 4 Do. 4l Do. 42 Do. 42 Do. 6i Do. 42 Do. Do. 7i Do. 2 Do. Owner. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. (See illustration.) Lieut.-Col. H. G. Mainwaring. E. L. Cappel. Mr. Justice Hopley. The late J. Rose. J. Menges. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Rowland Ward. A. E. Pease. J. Kenneth Foster. F. H. Barber. Major H. G. C. Swayne. C. Liddell. Lord Wolverton. Julius Jeppe. F. G. Gunnis. Capt. J. M'Call Maxwell. Lieut.-Col. J. W. H. Flanagan. Paris Museum (H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans). H. Z. Darrah. GERENUK 265 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Lo< -!4i Si Somali land I4l Si 4l Do. 143 Si 3i Do. Ul Si 5 Do. 14 5 6 Do. -144 Si 7* Do. -I4i 42 4 Do. -Ml Do. I4i Si 2i Do. -14! ... 51 Do. i4i 4i 2 East Africa 14 3 Do. »3i 4i Si Do. I3i 4i 44 Do. Owner. Capt. M. M'Neill. Lord Delamere. Capt. J. J. Richardson. Lieut. -Col. H. D. Olivier. A. E. Butter. Count Scheibler. Count E. Hoyos. J. Rosen. W. F. Whitehouse. P. C. Keytel. Major H. de Free. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. H. C. V. Hunter. E. Lort- Phillips. 266 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 3- i /v in ,- . rv i U I 41 Oj o, /! o y: lo 111 ijid. , Skulls of Male and Female Beira. Shot by P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. BEIRA (Dorcotragus melanotis). In spite of its presenting a certain superficial resemblance to the members of the oribi group and its allies, this peculiar little antelope is considered to be best placed in the neighbourhood of the gazelles. From all the members of the group in which the latter are included, the beira is at once distinguished by the short and spike-like horns of the bucks. Perhaps its most striking peculiarity is the great size of its ears, which led its discoverer, Herr Menges, to describe it as a species of klipspringer. Another noticeable feature is the large size of the rounded hoofs. In colour, the upper parts and legs are pinkish fawn ; a darker band defining the fawn from the white of the under parts, which (the white) is continued down the inner surfaces of the limbs as far as the knees and hocks. The head, from the ears to the nose, is bright rufous. Height at shoulder about 23 inches. Viscount Edmond de Poncins writes that "they are good hill- climbers, and keep on rocky ground. The general shape is slender, legs are long, the head is kept erect, the ears are very big and broad, shaped like the dik-dik's, eyes big and dark, nostrils black. " Colour a sort of grayish blue, a bit like what we call in French gorge de pigeon, and exactly matching the colour of the ground, so, unless they are on the move, it is difficult to distinguish them. Unlike a gazelle, its tail is generally kept down. Horns resemble those of the klipspringer, BEIRA 267 but curve forward slightly more." From nose to root of tail height at shoulder 21 inches, horns 4 inches; weight about 20 Ibs. Distribution. — The interior of Somaliland and the upper part of the Blue Nile. The species appears to be rare and local, going about either singly or in pairs, and inhabiting the open desert. It was first made known to science in 1894. Length on front. -44 Circum- ference. 4 4 3i 3f 34 -34 1 Length straight 32$ ™- . rr.- TlP to TlP" lit 2| 31 Locality. ? Northern Somaliland Abyssinia Northern Somaliland Abyssinia French Somaliland Somaliland ? French Somaliland Somaliland Do. Owner. Lord Delamere. J. Menges. . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. . Capt. M. M'Neill. . W. F. Whitehouse. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Lord Delamere. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. . A. E. Butter. . J. B. Wheelwright. inches, along curves 35! inches ; height at shoulder, 25^ inches ; girth, igj inches ; weight, 23 Ibs. as he fell. Skull of Beira, from specimen shot by P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 268 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Sable Antelope, from Mr. R. T. Coryndon's specimen. SABLE ANTELOPE (Hippotragus niger). Impengo of the Masubias. Impalampala of the Swazis and Zulus. Ookwa of the Makubas. Potoquane of the Southern Bechuanas. Pala-hala of the Swahilis. Pala-pala of the Makalakas. Qualata incJiu of the Bamangwatos and Makololos. Solupe of the Masaras. Utjiele of the Amandebili. Kwalata n'tso in Barotsiland. Qualata Tshumu in Ngamiland. Mperembe in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. The group of antelopes which includes the present species, the roan antelope, the gemsbuck, addax, etc., differs very markedly from all those before mentioned. Among the leading features are the scimetar-shaped conical or spiral horns, which are placed just over the eyes, and are present in both sexes, the hairy muzzle, the absence of face-glands, and the long, tufted tail. Even more remarkable are the upper molar teeth, which have square grinding-surfaces and tall crowns, like those of oxen. From the other members of the group the beautiful sable antelope SABLE ANTELOPE 269 and its near ally the roan antelope are well distinguished by the scimetar-shaped horns, which arise at an angle with the plane of the face, as well as by the maned neck, the tufts of long hair below the eyes, and the large size of the ears. By far the handsomer of the two is the present species, whose sable coat and great length of horn render the buck the most striking of its tribe. Other distinctive features are the continuance of the white eye-stripe to the muzzle, the length of the mane, and the relatively moderate size of the ears. Height at shoulder about 4tj- feet. A single horn in the Florence Museum measured by Mr. F. C. Selous is 61 inches on the front curve. Distribution. — From about the centre of the Transvaal northwards to Nyasaland and the adjacent districts of South-East and East Africa. Still abundant in parts of Eastern Mashonaland, and thence towards the coast, as well as on the Batoka plateau to the north of the Zambesi. Scarcer in Central East Africa and Mozambique. The sable antelope when wounded is a dangerous antagonist, to be approached with extreme caution ; it runs with considerable speed, and possesses much staying power. Le"8thf Circum- Tip to "i.?0"1 ference. Tip. Locality. 5°£ 50 50 -48 47t i8| Barotsiland Do. Do. Do. 23^ Do. 103 153 Matabililand Tanganyika I5i Transvaal . Rhodesia . 9f -46 46 9i 23i N.W. Rhodesia. 9^ 14 Do. 17 Barotsiland 10 nj Do. Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. . R^ A. Luck. . L. Defries. J. Rosen. . J. H. Hayes. P. C. Keytel. . Capt. J. P. Grenfell. E. S. Grogan. . Major R. B. Fell. R. C. Fielding. Capt. E. de L. Hayes. R. T. Coryndon. (See illustration.) Col. C. Harding. Sir Arthur Lawley. C. R. Swanson. . T. G. Davey. 2JO RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -46 Eastern Transvaal . w. 46 91 164 British Central Africa . Ca 451 I0| 124 Do. . Sir 454 454 9i 104 10 154 Mashonaland . Ma . H. Lebombo Mountains . . F. 45i 94 12* S.E. Mashonaland • J-< -45* 94 201 ? Mr -45 104 South Africa . Ea 44l io§ 134 Barotsiland . H. 44l 91 14* British East Africa . He 444 9 17 Transvaal . . Sir -444 ... ? H. -444 (single horn) Batokaland . F. 44§ 94 14 Eastern Transvaal . F. 44i 94 8* Eastern Mashonaland . F. -444 94 144 Transvaal . . Ab 44 9 1 64 Lydenburg . F. -44 9i 91 Zambesi . Im -44 10 324 ? Bei 44 ioi 151 Mashonaland • J- J -44 10 16 Matabililand . F. 9394 6i 6g Mashonaland . F. 9371 ... 6| ? P. ' 9361 64 Mashonaland - J- < 31 9 9 British East Africa . • F. 9244 6 71 Do. . Ma Owner. \V. Russell Bowker. Capt. R. S. Chichester. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major G. A. L. Carew. H. B. Marshall. F. Vaughan Kirby. J. G. Millais. Mr. Justice Hopley. Earl of Dartmouth. H. Timmins. Herbert Ward. Sir J. P. Fitzpatrick. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. F. V. Worthington. F. Vaughan Kirby. F. C. Selous. Abel Chapman. F. H. Barber. Imperial Museum, Vienna. Berlin Museum. J. H. Thomas. F. Lean. F. C. Selous. P. C. Keytel. J. ff. Darling. F. J. Jackson, C.B. Major E. G. Harrison. SABLE ANTELOPE 271 Head of Male Sable Antelope. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 272 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length ,-.. .... " ROAN ANTELOPE 273 Head of Roan Antelope, from a specimen shot by Mr. K. C. Selous. ROAN ANTELOPE Abu oruffofihe Dinkas and Arabs. Ee-taka of the Amandebili. Ee-pala-pala chena of the Maka- lakas. Gwenki of the Hausas. Impengo eetuba of the Masubias. Kwar of the Masaras. Klabakila of the Basuto. Ipewa in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. (Hippotragus equinus). Mtagaisi of the Svvazis and Zulus. Oo-ka-mooh-ive of the Makubas. Qualata of the Northern Bech- uanas. Kivalata and Etsetla in Ngamiland. Qualata and Tseu in Barotsiland. Tai-hait-sa of the Southern Bech- uanas. Wunderbce of the Abyssinians. In spite of its larger size (height at shoulder about 4 feet 9 inches), the shorter horns and mane, the larger ears and eye-tufts, and, above all, the grizzled roan coat, render the present species a much less striking animal than its sable cousin. A marked character of the face of the roan antelope is the cutting-off of the white eye-stripe from the muzzle by a transverse dark bar connecting the dark nose-streak with the brown of the cheeks ; while the dark nose-streak itself likewise stops short of the muzzle, which is thus wholly white. Weight about 625 Ibs. Distribution. — From north of the Vaal and Orange Rivers through East and East Central Africa to the Sudan and Abyssinia, and westward to Angola, Nigeria, Gambia, and Senegambia. The name H. equinus rufopallidus has been applied to the East African race, while the Abyssinian form is known as H. e. bakeri, and the West African as 274 RECORDS OF BIG GAME H. e. gambianus. Gordon Gumming shot the roan antelope just north of the Orange River in Griqualand West, where it has for many years been exterminated. Nowhere abundant, the species is most plentiful in Mashonaland and neighbouring districts ; in the Transvaal it is only sparsely distributed. South of the Orange River this group of antelopes was formerly represented by the much smaller blaauwbok, or blue antelope (H. leucopliceus], long since exterminated. Length on front curve. 37i -35 34i 33 33 3*1 32* Circum- ference. 9* 9 10 32 9g 32 9i -32 ... -32 10 3if 9i 3'i 91 -3«i H 3i 9i 10 10 7 9i Tip to Tip. Locality. 7i White Nile 8J South Africa 7 Okavango Valley 10 White Nile Northern Matabililand gi Mashonaland White Nile 8| Do. i-?g Do. 51 White Nile 12 Hanyani Valley Ml ? i3§ Mashonaland Si South Africa "I Mashonaland i*i Nyasaland . "1 Angola ioj White Nile 13 Mashonaland 14! Sudan 7 1 Mashonaland 17 Sudan Owner. P. Niedieck. A. Ohlsson. Sir H. J. Goold- Adams. S. H. Whitbread. A. C. Fountaine. Julius Jeppe. R. McD. Hawker. G. H. Cheetham. British Museum (Sir W. Garstin). P. C. Keytel. C. Adeane. F. C. Selous. E. N. Buxton. Major A. St. H. Gibbons. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. C. Selous. Major P. W. Forbes. E. P. Cooper. Major Hon. W. Guinness. J. A. Jameson. Mr. Justice Hopley. Count T. Palffy. F. C. Selous. Col. B. T. Mahon. ROAN ANTELOPE 275 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -30i 9* 2O Sudan Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. 3oi 9 I3l South Africa G. Richards. -3°i 10 ni Portuguese East Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. -3°4 Si 9 Matabililand Count E. Hoyos. -3°4 ? O. R. Dunell. 30* 9i 13 British Central Africa . J. E. S. Old. 93° 7 i7i White Nile W. D. James. 30 9 lOf Niger .... Brig. -Gen. Sir James Willcocks. -30 9l 10 Matabililand . . Capt. W. Jardine. 29£ I0| I4s Do. W. Van Ness. 291 9t n| Mashonaland Hon. Walter Rothschild. 29l 9i 12 Do. Dudley West. 29^ 10 IOJ White Nile Major R. M. Sanders. 294 94 i7i Sudan . . . Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. 9294 7 6i B.C.A. . R. H. Storey. 29i g 4 Bahr-el-Salam, Sudan. Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. 29i 10 5i Barotsiland F. V. Worthington. 29i 9i i5i White Nile II. F. Buxton. 29 8| i3i Sudan Count J. Potocki. 29 Si 10 N.W. Rhodesia . Col. C. Harding. 29 9f 124 White Nile H. Cookson. -28| 8| "I Gambia Dr. Percy Rendall. 928| 6§ 2| Niger .... Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. 28^ 9i 9i Do Capt. J. K. Cochrane. 28^ 84 H White Nile Count C. Hoyos. 28 8| 91 Niger .... Dr. F. W. Chesnaye. 27f 9i 15 Abyssinian Sudan Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 27! 9 I4i Niger . . , . Capt. H. A. Porter. 26! 9i 6i Abyssinia . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. ?26i 64 loj B.C.A. Capt. F. D. Markham. 925! 6g Hi Sudan Col. B. T. Mahon. -92I| 6| 91 German East Africa . O. Neumann. 18 8i 10 N.ofMachakos, B.E.A. E. G. Mardon. 276 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Gemsbuck, from Mr. F. H. Barber's specimen. GEMSBUCK OEYX (Oryx gazella). The long, straight, spear-like horns, of which even the lion fights shy, render the gemsbuck and its more immediate allies an easily recognised sub-group. And even when, as in the white oryx, the horns are scimetar-shaped, they differ from those of the sable antelope by starting in the plane of the face. It is also a noteworthy fact that in GEMSBUCK ORYX 277 the present species the horns of the females are longer and finer, and therefore more prized, than those of the bulls. An adult gemsbuck stands about 3 feet 9 inches at the shoulder. In addition to the length of its horns, the species is sufficiently characterised by the presence of a tuft of hair on the throat, and the cutting-off of the white eye-stripe from the muzzle by the union of the dark central nose-streak with the black of the cheeks. Distribution. — The desert regions of South- Western Africa, from the northern Karoos of Cape Colony through the Kalahari and Damaraland to Southern Angola, in Mossamedes, and perhaps Benguela. North of the Chobi and eastwards of Khama's country the species appears to be unknown. So late as 1846 Gordon Gumming found gemsbuck abundant on the northern Karoos of Cape Colony ; and even now a few linger on the plains to the south of the lower reaches of the Orange River. In the northern Kalahari, where they exist for months without water, they are still abundant. The splendid horns of the gemsbuck are always regarded as prime trophies of the hunter's skill ; the finding, riding-down, and shooting of one of these wary and enduring desert-bred antelopes being a feat of which any man, however well mounted, may be deservedly proud. Length Circum- Tip to T r. r\ on front, ference. Tip. Locality. Owner. 474 6f 17^ South Africa . . . The late J. S. Jameson. -?45i Bechuanaland . . . F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) 9 45i 6£ 33! Ngamiland . . .Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. 45 8| i8| Do. ... Hon. Walter Rothschild. 45 7 26 Do. . . . R. H. Venables Kyrke. -44!! ... ... South Africa . . . Dr. A. Schopf. -44i 6£ 25 ? P. C. Keytel. -44 6£ 17 A. Ohlsson. -43f 7 21 ? Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 43§ 6| 18^ Nata River . . F. C. Selous. 43^ 6| 2o| ? Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. -43i 1 6 ? James J. Harrison. 43J 6£ 22 Botletli River . . . F. C. Selous. -43 ... ... South Africa . . J. Rosen. 278 RECORDS OF BIG GAME TurT SS£ T%? . L°Cali^ Owner. -43 74 ••• Earl of Dartmouth. 43 64 22 ? W. Y. Campbell. -42| 22j ? J. L. Drege. 424 7 204 Bechuanaland . . .A. Neilson. -?424 ... ? W. J. Corder. 42I 6^ 194 Bechuanaland . . . Capt. F. H. Lehmann. 42 74 16 ? Capt. the Hon. A. Stourton. -42 6| 22 ? Julius Jeppe. 42 6£ 2of ? A. Ryley. 4i4 7 2iJ ? Dr. S. Martin. 4l4 74 184 ? R. T. Coryndon. 8 15! Great Namaqualand . . Th. Rehbock. 64 22f ? Mr. Justice Hopley. 5i£ 29l Great Namaqualand . . Th. Rehbock. 7 19 ? Major R. Hayes- Sadler. BEISA ORYX 279 Head of Beisa Oryx. BEISA ORYX (Oryx beisa). Beida of the Somalis. Sala of the Abyssinians of Danakil. The beisa may be regarded as the north-eastern representative of the gemsbuck, from which it may be distinguished at a glance not only by the absence of a tuft of hair on the throat, but also by the separation of the black nose-stripe from the eye-stripes. There is also no black on the haunches or thighs, and the horns are considerably shorter and less divergent. Height at shoulder reaching to about 4 feet. Weight 458 Ibs. Distribution. — North-East Africa, from Suakin through Abyssinia to Berbera in Somaliland, and south to Tana River. Length on front curve. 40 ?39 -9371 37i -9361 36i Circum- ference. Si 7 7i Tip to Tip. 8 9 Hi Locality. ? Owner. Measured by A. O. Hume, at Aden. Hargeisa, Somaliland . E. P. Hare. Somaliland Lake Rudolf Northern Somaliland East Africa P. C. Keytel. G. D. E. Chapman. A. E. Butter. J. Menges. Rhys Williams. 280 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 936* 6J 9 Somaliland 36 7 6* Do. 36 6| 71 East of Lake Rudolf 36 64 lOi Somaliland 36 6 8i Do. -936 Do. 351 6| 9ft Do. 935f 55 8 Do. 935* 6 ii East Africa 354 64 8f Somaliland -9354 51 9i East Afrca ?35i 6 ioi East of Lake Rudolf 35i 64 54 Do. 35 6 7* ? 35 6 9 Somaliland 935 54 7S Danakil 35 51 7g Somaliland 934* 4l 134 Abyssinia . ?34l 54 84 Somaliland 34S 64 8 Tana River 9344 6 IOA Somaliland 344 6| 8| Do. 344 7 6 Do. 9344 51 8| Do. 9344 Si 13 Do. 344 6| 84 Do. 344 Si 8 Do. -34f 6 lOf Do. -341 74 IOJ S.E. Somaliland Owner. H. Z. Darrah. G. D. E. Chapman. A. H. Neumann. Capt. J. T. Brinkley. Count J. Potocki. Dr. Donaldson Smith. Lord Delamere. R. Wahrmann. W. F. Whitehouse. Prince Nicolas Ghika. Rhys Williams. A. H. Neumann. H. Z. Darrah. W. N. M'Millan. Major-Gen. A. Paget. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. A. S. Trevor. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. G. M. Nome. Capt. C. Hankey. Major J. M'Call Maxwell. Alex. R. Alston. F. G. Barclay. R. McD. Hawker. T. W. H. Clarke. E. Lee Townshend. Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bart. Count Scheibler. S. Payne-Gallwey. FRINGE-EARED BEISA 281 Head of Fringe-eared Beisa. FKINGrE- EARED BEISA (Oryx beisa callotis). Distinguished from the ordinary beisa by the fringe of long hairs surmounting the ears, by the extension of the eye-stripe to the lower jaw, along which it runs to join the throat-stripe, by the absence of any black on the front of the legs below the knees, and by the rich fawn of the ground-colour of the upper part of the face. Height at shoulder, 48 inches. Distribution. — East Africa, south of Tana River. Although generally considered a distinct species, it seems better to regard this animal as a well-marked local race of the ordinary beisa. It is generally found in bush-covered country, either singly or in small herds, and is of a remarkably shy disposition. The Svvahili name is cheroa. Owner. R. B. P. Cator. Capt. M. M'Neill. W. M. Greiss. F. J. Jackson, C.B. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. Length on front. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 33i 7 13 Athi River . -31* 12 Makindu . 3i 6 IO Do. 3<>i 51 ioi East Africa 3oi 6 Sabaki River District -30 IO East Africa -29! 61 8 Do. . . 29i 51 7§ Do. 29 6 6| Masailand . U 282 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- n- . ~,. T .. front. ference. ^«Ptolip. Locality. Owner. 29 5i ni Masailand . . .Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -29 i2| Major E. G. Harrison. 28f 5 1 6 Masailand . . . H. C. V. Hunter. 928§ 4! i2£ Do. . . . Henry Charrington. 27i 6g lo^ Do. C. Craig. 27 6 9 Do. ... E. Gedge. 26 J 6 13$ Do. F. W. Belt. BEATRIX ORYX (Oryx beatrix). This oryx is a much smaller animal than the beisa, measuring about 2 feet 8 inches at the shoulder, and is of a whitish colour, with a dark spot on the face, and a large dark patch on each cheek, which meets its fellow beneath the throat ; the knees and the front of the lower portion of the legs being blackish brown, and the tail-tuft black. Distribution. — -The interior of Arabia, especially the Nejd district and the confines of the great desert east of Oman. Length on Circum- ™. ™. , .. .-. front. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -26^3 4f io£ Arabia ... . Paris Museum. 23$ 5 9$ Do. . . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. $15 3f 4^ Head of Persian Gulf . British Museum (B. T. Ffinch). WHITE ORYX 283 Head of White Oryx. WHITE OEYX (Oryx leucoryx). A very distinct species of the genus, agreeing approximately in size with the beisa, but with long recurving scimitar-shaped horns and a gener- ally whitish coloration, showing a more or less distinct chestnut tinge. The chestnut shows itself chiefly on the neck, shoulders, under-parts, and upper portions of the limbs ; but in addition to this there are six brownish patches or streaks on the face, two of which are situated in the middle line, while two form eye -stripes, the other pair being between the horns and the eyes. Distribution. — North- Western Central Africa, from Sennar and Kordo- fan to parts of Nubia, the Sudan, and Palestine. Rare in collections and menageries. Length on front. 39l 393 39i J39 37 Circum- ference. 51 Si Si Si Tip to Tip. Hi 4i u| Locality. Nigeria . Lake Chad N.W. Kordofan Do. Do. N. of Sokoto . El Obeid Kordofan Owner. Capt. W. D. Wright. E. B. Macnaughten. Prince Henry of Leichtenstein. British Museum (Capt. H. N. Dunn). Col. B. T. Mahon. Lieut. -Col. P. S. Wilkinson. Capt. J. G. A. Massy. Capt. R. A. Markham. Single horn. 284 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of Addax presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. I. S. Whitaker. ADDAX (Addax nasomaculatus). This antelope is another member of the oryx group, but is referred to a genus apart, of which it is the sole representative. Its most distinctive features are the spirally twisted and closely ringed horns (which recall those of the Indian blackbuck), and the heavy mass of long hair clothing the neck and shoulders and forming a forelock on the forehead. The general colour is yellowish white in summer and grayish in winter, but the head, neck, and mane are brown, although a streak across the face below the eyes, the lips, and a spot on the outer surface of each ear are white. Hoofs very wide and shallow, almost like those of the reindeer. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 6 inches. Distribution. — North Africa and Arabia. ADDAX Length. On front Straight curve. line. Circum- ference. TTP;pto Locality. 39A 344 51 i8f ? 39 33 6 201 ? 384 304 64 12^ South Tunisia 375 3if Si 234 Sahara 364 3i4 6 I9f South Tunisia 35f 28 6f 13! North Africa 35 29 64 14 Do. R. Hibbert. The late Marquis of Dufferin and Ava. Dublin Museum. Count J. Potocki. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. H.H. the Maharaja of Bikanir. British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). . Lieut. -Col. H. Wade-Dalton. P. Niedieck. . Capt. E. B. Cook. 288 Head of Lesser Bushbuck shot by Mr. A. M. Naylor. LESSER BUSHBUCK (Tragelaphus scriptus). Assali, Danakil name. Chiwalawala in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Roschbok of the Dutch. Ibawara of the Lower Zambesi natives. Imbabala of the Swazis and Matonsra. Inkonka (male), Imbabala (female) of the Zulus. M^babala in Barotsiland. M'babala and Serolo buchuhu in Ngamiland. Mbawara of the Swahilis. Mazo and Biiliimgilo of the Hausas. Scrolobutuku of the Bamangwatos. Ungurungu of the Makubas. The bushbucks, or harnessed antelopes, form an extensive group of species nearly allied to the kudus, but usually displaying great sexual differences in the colour of the coat, and generally having a simpler spiral to the horns. The females are nearly always striped with white on a chestnut ground, but the bucks may be darker and more uniformly coloured. As in the kudus, the females are hornless. The lesser bushbuck is the smallest and at the same time the most widely spread member of the group, having several local races. The height at the shoulder ranges from 2^- to 3 feet, and the weight from i oo Ibs. to LESSER BUSHBUCK 289 170 Ibs. In the Abyssinian race (T. scriptus decula), which ranges into the dense forests bordering the Webbe River in Somaliland, and is locally known as dot, the build is low and stout, and the general colour yellowish, the light stripes being nearly obsolete. In the West African race ( T. scriptus typicus), from West, Central, and South-Central Africa, the ground-colour is bright rufous, and the spots and stripes are very conspicuous. On the other hand, in the East African race (T. scriptus roualeyni] the bucks are dark brown, with only faint indications of white markings. Finally, in the Cape form (T. scriptus sylvaticus] the colour is dark brown without transverse white stripes, and the spots reduced to a few indistinct ones on the haunches. In the southern districts of Cape Colony bushbuck are still to be found in abundance, even in the neighbourhood of large towns like Port Elizabeth. Recourse is, however, had to preserving for the greater part of the year, by which means the well-known Easter Hunts, when driving is practised and large bags are made, are still kept up. In more inland districts either the does or both sexes are periodically protected. A wounded bushbuck will often make a desperate and dangerous charge. Owner. . Surgeon W. H. S. Stalkartt, R.N. . J^ E. S. Old. . P. C. Keytel. P. H. Illingworth. . G. Le H. K. Bainbridge-Ritchie. Julius Jeppe. Sir John Kirk. Julius Jeppe. D. MacAlpine. . P. C. Keytel. Grahamstown Museum. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. A. M. Nay lor. (See illustration.) . E. H. E. Abadie. A. Griffiths. . J. ff. Darling. Length an front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -I9A 51 II Lower Zambesia 19 51 3l B.C.A. . -18 64 71 West Africa 1 84 6 N Pungwe -184 British Central Africa 1 84 54 84 East Africa I7i 6i 51 Do. i7i 54 4i Zululand . -i74 64 71 Mount Zomba, B.C. A. -174 61 Si East Africa -174 54 lOf Limpopo River . -174 Si io| ? i7i 6 Si N.E. Gazaland . 1 71 7 71 Near Port Shepstone . -171 Mashonaland 2 90 RECORDS OF BIG Owner. C. C. Bowring. \V. J. Corder. Capt. M. M'Neill. British Museum. . R. H. Storey. Col. G. A. Percy. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . Sheffield Neave. F. W. Belt. General A. W. Drayson. Capt. H. B. Dalgety. O. R. Dunell. \ A. H. Sharp. . Major G. T. M. Bridges. . T. P. A. Holford. . Capt. Sir K. Fraser, Bart. - F. Vaughan Kirby. . Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. A. H. Neumann. Major L. O. Williams. . F. H. Barber. . G. E. Smith. . Hon. T. Thynne. . C. F. Eustace. . F. C. Selous. . H. T. and A. H. Glynn. . R. C. Batley. Major- General Sir Arthur Ellis, K.C.V.O. . Hon. Charles Ellis. . H. R. Holden. Alex. R. Alston. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 17 Si 84 Mount Zomba, B.C.A. -i6f East Africa i6| 5S 64 Manda Island, B.E.A. 164 sf 71 B.C.A. 164 Si (one horn) Pungwe i64 6 7 ? 164 7 7 East Africa i64 6 71 Do. -164 64 74 Natal 164 64 8 ? - 16* 6 7 S. of Albert Ed ward Nj 164 Si 7i Pungwe 16 6 34 East Africa 16 64 74 Pungwe -16 64 Kalamba Hills . 'Si 6 51 Okavango River «5l 6 8| Zululand . iSf 5 31 Do. -is! South Africa i5« Si 3 British East Africa . i5« 54 5 Pungwe «54 Si 3i Transvaal . isi Si 44 South Africa -154 Do. 'Si si 8 Do. 151 6| 74 Do. i5l Si 74 Zululand . 154 6 6f Pungwe -iSi 74 64 Nyasaland LESSER BUSHBUCK 291 »?« ST TL- Locality. iSi Si 8i ? 15 Si 4i East Africa 14 Si 7i Wadelai 13 Si 7 Benguela . iag Si 31 White Nile ial 5 Si S. of Abukutu ,ai Si 2i Sudan I2i 5 5 Nigeria 12* 4i 5 White Nile "i 5 41 Nigeria lOg 4i 5 Do. ioA 4 Near Lado ioi 4i ai Gambia ioi 5 Si Nigeria 9i 4l 4i Do. Owner. Mr. Justice Hopley. J. H. Whitehouse. Major M. L. Carleton. G. W. Penrice. E. C. Crispin. Major R. M. Sanders. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Major J. A. Burden. . Lieut. -Col. E. G. T. Bainbridge. N. F. Baynes. Lieut.-Col. A. J. Arnold. Sir W. Garstin. British Museum (late Earl of Derby). . Capt. G. H. F. Abadie. . Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Abyssinian race of Lesser Bushbuck shot in the Webbe Shebayle District, Somalilancl, by Major H. G. C. Swayne. LESSER BUSHBUCK 293 Dol of the Somalis. Ducular of the Abyssinians. The following specimens belong to the Abyssinian race (T. scriptus decula) ; the body measurements being those of one shot by Viscount Edmond de Poncins on the Hawash River, I 898 : — From nose to root of tail Height at withers . 48-f ins. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -17 Somaliland -i6* 6* 5 Do. . -I3l Si Si Harar, Abyssinia . -Mi I2| Si 5 3i Si Near Hawash River, Abys- sinia Abyssinia .... 12 Si 54 Do II| 6 Si Do II 54 5 Settite River, Abyssinia II 4§ 2| Northern Abyssinia . Owner. Major H. G. C. Swayne. A. H. Straker. Prince de Lucinge. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. W. D. James. British Museum. A. E. Butter. Col. Ralph Vivian. British Museum. 294 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of Nyala, from a specimen in the possession of Mr. V. II. Barber. NYALA (Tragelaphus angasi). This representative of the harnessed antelopes is a large but delicately built species, standing about 3 feet 6 inches at the shoulder. Weight about 250 Ibs. to 300 Ibs. In both sexes the hair is very long and coarse, but in the male the colour is dark grayish brown with a small number of indistinct white stripes, while in the female it is bright reddish chestnut with clearly defined stripes. The males have a fringe of long hair on the neck and the under-parts of the body, their horns being much rougher than those of the bongo. As in the latter, the hoofs are short. Distribution. — South-East Africa, including Zululand, Delagoa Bay, and Nyasaland ; on the West Coast it has been reported from Angola, although this form may indicate a distinct local race. Length. On front curve. Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -29? 24 3J Shire River, B.C. A. Fergus Maclagan. 11^ ? F. J. Newnham. NY ALA 295 Length. •urvT Straight. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 29! 25 71 144 Zululand . 29i ... Delagoa Bay . 29* ? 2 235 8 I2| Zululand 28i »1 74 92 Delagoa Bay . -28J 64 Do. 28 24 8 15 Katanga, B.C. A. 28 28 23 74 104 Near Chiromo, B.C. A. South Africa . 28 23* 74 82 Delagoa Bay . 28 ? 28 232 8 ii ? 27§ 22^ 11 94 South Africa . 27§ 23 71 84 Do. 274 23 84 13 Do. 27i 22| 78 84 ? 27i 23^ 74 isi Delagoa Bay . 271 84 104 South Africa . 27i 22| 74 I0g ? •274 234 14 Delagoa Bay . 27 8 9^ Shire River, B.C. A. 27 22g 71 ir| ? -27 ? 26J 22* 7^ ii ? 26? 223 7 ii| Amatongaland -26| 7 IO Delagoa Bay . 26i 22 6£ III Do. 26 ... 78 S£ Zululand . 26 IO Sabi Valley Owner. Lieut. -Col. D. Bruce. F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) O. R. Dunell. Hon. Walter Rothschild. \V. Russell Bowker. R. T. Coryndon. P. C. Keytel. John Yule. Staff-Surgeon J. Dowson, R.N. British Museum. Dudley West. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Earl of Dunmore. E. D. Scott. C. D. Rudd. Sir H, T. Goold-Adams. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Julius Jeppe. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. F. Vaughan Kirby. J. R. Buckler. W. J. Corder. F. E. Potter. H. A. Bryden. Capt. W. Jardine. F. C. Selous. Hon. Charles Ellis. T. R. G. Owen. 296 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of West African Bushbuck, from the Gambia. WEST AFRICAN BUSHBUCK (Tragelaphus gratus). Together with its near ally the situtunga, this species differs from the other members of the group by the extreme elongation of the hoofs, which are thus adapted for supporting the weight of the body on the spongy soil of the marshes in which these antelopes dwell. The lateral hoofs, too, are much more developed than in other harnessed antelopes. The general coloration of the West African species is very similar to that of the nyala, the ground-colour of the coat of the male being olive, and that of the female bright rufous, marked in both sexes with white stripes on the body and spots on the face. There is, however, no fringe of long hair on the throat. Height 297 at shoulder about 3 feet 7 inches. Both in this species and the situtunga the horns of the males are longer and more twisted than in the other members of the genus, and thus come very close to those of the kudus. In the situtunga the coloration of the adult is uniform grayish brown. The West African species ranges from the Congo to the Gaboon and Cameroon districts. It has but seldom been collected by sportsmen, so that very little is known of its habits in the wild state. Several specimens have been bred in captivity at the Zoo- logical Gardens, Amsterdam. Length. Circum- On front Straight ference. curve. line. Tip to Tip. Locality. 345 32V 8 Gambia Gaboon 30 26^ 7i I4g ? 29i 24A ,84 14 Gaboon 28^ 23 8 8 Gambia 25S 2li 6j I2| Do. 2fJ- 22 8 French Congo 19 Gaboon 234 1 8 7i iif Do. 22| 19^ 7 io| Nigeria -21.5 7.8 p -195 6| IO ? -J7 I4& 6i Ogoone Owner. H. C. Goddard. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Julius Jeppe. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. A. Ohlsson. (See illustration. } Guy H. Sangster. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Major J. A. Burdon. Berlin Museum. Major W. Anstruther Thom- son. Paris Museum. 298 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Frontlet and Horns of Situtunga Bushbuck, from Mr. John Yule's specimen. SITUTUNGA BUSHBUCK (Tragelaphus spekei). Situtunga in Barotsiland. Zowe in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Nakong of the Batauwani at Lake Ngami. Situtunga, Puvula, Unzuzu of the tribes on the Chobi and Central Zambesi. N'zoe of the natives of Lakanga River north of the Zambesi. This species, also known as the nakong, has the same habits and make as the West African bushbuck, from which it differs by its uniformly grayish-brown colour ; the young alone being faintly barred and spotted. Another peculiarity is to be found in the length and SITUTUNGA BUSHBUCK 299 silkiness of the hair. The horns, which are nearly smooth and strongly keeled, form nearly two complete turns, and thus approximate to those of the kudu. Distribution, — The situtunga is an inhabitant of the dense reed-swamps bordering the rivers of Central, South-Central, and East Africa. The form inhabiting the Zambesi and Chobi valleys has been separated as T. seloitsi, on account of the female being coloured like the male. These antelopes are semi - aquatic in habits, frequently burying themselves up to the eyes in the water. Consequently they are some of the most difficult of all antelopes to kill ; and have even baffled the energy of Mr. Selous. By firing the reed -beds in the dry season, the natives are able to spear the situtunga as they cross open water. At night these ante- lopes leave the reed-brakes for the islands in the rivers, but before dawn return to their impenetrable covert. Mr. A. B. Phipps, in a letter dated October 1895, states that they have become very rare in the swamps bordering the Okavango River, owing to that river having changed its course and ceased to flow into the Botletli. Consequently they go down to the latter for water, and are shot. A few are found on a bush-clad rocky island far out in the Victoria Nyanza ; in which neighbourhood the species was first discovered by the late Captain Speke. Some writers separate the members of the long-hooped group as Limnotragus.—- Length. Circum- Tip to On front Straight ference. Tip. Locality. Owner, curve. line. 35$ 28§ 8 15! Lake Mweru . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 35 28 7\ 15^ South end of Lake John Yule. (See illustration. ) Tanganyika -334 27! 7| 19 Julius Jeppe. 33i 26J 8 i6§ Okavango Valley . Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. -33 ... ... ... ? Alfred Ebden. 32I 27! 7§ a6| Chinde . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 32§ 27 7£ i6§ Chobi Valley . F. C. Selous. -32| ... 74 i8| ? P. C. Keytel. 31$ 25! 8| 17^ Near Linyanti . F. C. Selous. 31^ 24! 7 i6| Chobi Valley . . British Museum (F. C. Selous.) 31^ 25^ "]\ 13^ Bangweolo . . . F. Smitheman. -31! 25T9u 7 1 Ml Congoland . . Paris Museum (S. cle Brazza). 300 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. i front :urve. Straight line. Circum- Tip to ference. Tip. Locality. 31 23! 8 91 1 3O? 26 8 20 5 3^2 ... 3 3^2 24* 8i 14^ Barotsiland 3*^i 25i 7i 16^ Do. 3°i 24* 7i 12^ B.C.A. 30 24 7 18^ ? •3° 25 71 18 ? 29S 25 8| 17 p -294 26 73 16 P 29s 24 7i 174 ' ? -29 ? -28 7? 13 .' 28 23i 8 17 Lake Mweru 201 i8i 6* 10 Benguela . •i7i 5? 7 Victoria Nyanza 153 14 j 5S 8| Do. Owner. G. Richards. A. G. Biden. O. R. Dunell. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. J. Garden. Grahamsto\vn Museum. Rowland Ward. Mr. Justice Ilopley. R. A. Cooper. A. Ohlsson. A. H. Bainbridge. W. J. Corder. Capt. W. Jardine. R. H. Venables Kyrke. G. \\. Penrice. E. Gedge. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Head of Male Kudu. 302 RECORDS OF BIG GAME GREATER KUDU (Strepsiceros capensis). Agarzin of the Abyssinians. Muzeeloua of the Batongas. Eebala-bala of the Amandebele. Ngoma in the Chilala and Chibisa Ee-zilarwa of the Makalakas. countries. Dwar of the Masaras. Noro of the Mashonas. Godir of the Somalis. Tolo of the Bechuanas. Itolo of the Basutos. Tolo in Barotsiland and Ngamiland. Itshongonons of the Swazis. Unza of the Mazubias. Unzwa of the Makubas. Although rather less brilliantly coloured than some of the harnessed antelopes, the kudus are among the handsomest of all antelopes, their spiral horns, striped coat, and noble carriage rendering them really magnificent creatures. Their chief difference from the bushbucks is to be found in the fuller spiral formed by the horns and their larger ears : both sexes being nearly similar in colour. The special character- istics of the greater or true kudu are the large size (height at shoulder reaching to 4 feet 10 inches or 5 feet), the presence of a thick fringe of long hair on the throat, and the open spiral of the horns of the bull. The colour is too well known to require description. Distribution. — The kudu, in suitable localities, ranges over the greater part of Africa south of the Sahara, extending from Abyssinia and Somaliland through East and Central Africa to the Cape, and west- ward across the continent to Angola, where the Congo apparently forms its northern limits. In spite of its bulk, it is an adept at concealment ; and this trait, coupled with its general wariness and x acute sense of smell and hearing, has largely contributed to its sur- vival in districts where it is much hunted. Except in the Uitenhage jungles, where it is preserved by English farmers, the kudu has been exterminated from Cape Colony. In Eastern Mashonaland it is still abundant, as it is in the highlands of Somaliland, in which country it is rarely met with on the plains. Although unrivalled at getting across rocky hills, the kudu is by no means a good performer on the flat (where it seldom allows itself to be surprised), and can be ridden down without much difficulty by a fairly well-mounted hunter. Horned females occur rarely. GREATER KUDU Length. n outside Straight curve. line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -... 48i Ngamiland 64 41 II 23 Mashonaland 63 484 124 49 Macloutsie River . -63 444 423 Near Tete, Zambesia -63 39 I0| 12 ? -... 454 Delagoa Bay . -614 454 10? 34 ? 614 -45i South Africa . 6of 444 12 29 Do. 6o| 451 "4 33 Macloutsie River . -6o§ 44 3i South Africa . -6o4 47 104 44S Do. ' . -60 39 IO 7l Lebombo Mountains -59l 45A 39l Pungwe Valley 59i 42i »« 19 ? -591 104 46J ? -58| 464 "4 4if Transvaal . . - -584 45 46 ? -584 45 »4 44S ? -584 43 124 35 ? -58i 46 IO 393 South Africa . 58 46 Ilf 39 S.E. Mashonaland. 58 43 10 40 Somaliland -58 46 Zomba, B.C. A. 58 434 ioi 324 Okavango River -58 41 South Africa . 574 4i III, 214 N.E. Transvaal 574 4i4 IO 27 Do. 574 4i 104 25 British Central Africa 574 44 ill 3i Transvaal -571 39 9i 32 Somaliland 303 Owner. F. H. Barber. (See illus tration. ) F. C. Selous. E. W. Tompson. Major P. W. Forbes. Mr. Justice Hopley. F. H. Barber. A. Griffiths. O. R. Dunell. Frank Harris. m F. C. Selous. H. T. and A. H. Glynn. A. Ohlsson. F. Vaughan Kirby. Major A. St. H. Gibbons. G. Richards. P. C. Keytel. F. Van Zeller. O. R. Dunell. Mr. Justice Hopley. J. L. Drege. Julius Jeppe J G. Millais. G. Chetwynd. D. MacAlpine. Sir H. J. Goold-Adanis. South-African Museum. A. M. Naylor. Capt. D. J. Marker. J. H. Hayes. Capt. A. C. H. Kennard. Thelate J. Johnston-Stewart. 3°4 Length. On outside curve. Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 57i 451 io| 35 British Central Africa . H. C. Macdonald. 57i 42 "i 4i Baringo . H. Hyde-Baker. 57i 44l Ilf 34! South Africa . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 57i 43 »i 34! Mashonaland . H. and C. Beddington. 57 43 14 32 South Africa . A. Moseley. 57 Vt 42i 30,4 II oi 3i l6i Do. . Capt. M. D. Graham. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. j/ 564 J?2 434 7O »i O2 264 Matabililand . . W. Van Ness. 564 564 42g 44 io| IOJ 382 23! ? Matabililand . Sir Victor Brooke's Collec- tion. Hon. C. Greville. 564 381 94 285 Somaliland . J. Benett-Stanford. -56J 35 io£ 3° Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 56i 44i nf 33i South Africa . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 56 44 I Of 39 Do. . F. B. Dunsford. 553 4lf 35 Mazoe River . . R. C. Batley. 551 4i lOf 36 Do. F. Struben. 554 394 I Of 264 Mashonaland A. Neilson. 554 424 »4 37 Matabililand . Lord Brack ley. 551 424 1 04 38 Do. Major James Grant. -551 I0§ 43 Limpopo Imperial Museum, Vienna. -55i 3°4 Matabililand . Capt. W. Jardine. 55 4ii III 28 Do. Major R. Hayes-Sadler. 55 404 124 324 Zululand . C. D. Rudd. -55 41 10 4i ? The Maclaine of Lochbuie. 55 40 II 36 ? A. H. Bainbridge. 544 39i ioi 274 Upper Shire, B.C. A. C. C. Bowring. 54* 4oi II 214 Mashonaland S. Chillingworth. -541 39 II 274 South Africa . Dublin Museum. -544 38J II 26 Do. Durban Museum. -544 Do. Abel Chapman. Length. Circum- On outside Straight ference. curve. line. 54i -54* 54 38? GREATER KUDU rip to fjp Locality. 39i Zululand 22§ Somaliland 37i ? 305 Owner. C. H. Akroyd. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Frontlet and Horns of Greater Kudu, from Mr. F. H. Barber's specimen. 54 42 ioj 35 54 42 [If 39 54 40* I0| 3i 54 40 11} 24 54 39 10} 32 Zululand Mashonaland South Africa . Do. Somaliland A. Cameron. Earl of Dunmore. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. Lieut.-Col. W. Sitwell. Norman B. Smith. 306 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. On outside curve. Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 54 391 II 25i River Ruaha . A. Mathews. -53! 4ii io| 32i S.W. Somaliland . . C. V. A. Peel. 53 40.7 44 8.8 »l 30.9 Bahr Setit Lake Rudolf . Prince Henry of Liechten stein. . A. E. Butter. 5«1 40 10 42 Sudan . . Col. B. T. Mahon. -50 Do. . . Capt. R. V. Savile. -So 39i 10 28 Angola . . E. P. Cooper. 49 35i IO 2li Sudan . . • Major C. E. Wilson. 49 36 IO 36i Do. . Capt. G. S. Nickerson. 48 351 ' ioi 32 Kordofan . Capt. J. G. A. Massy. 47! 352 94 20 Sudan . Capt. H. H. S. Morant. ?37 10 South Africa . . F. C. Selous. ?27£ 3l 8| Do. Julius Jeppe. GREATER KUDU 307 Malformed Horns of Kudu from South-west Africa, in the Collection of Mr. O. Volkmann. 308 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Lesser Kudu, from a specimen shot by Mr. Norman B. Smith. LESSER KUDU (Strepsiceros imberbis). Godir of the Somalis. Sara of the Abyssinians of Danakil. Gadams of the Gallas. Kungu of the Swahilis. Except for its brighter colour, the closer spiral and smaller diver- gence of the horns, and the absence of a fringe of long hair on the throat (whence the name imberbis}, this beautiful little antelope might almost pass for a miniature of its larger relation. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 5 inches. Weight about 230 Ibs. Distribution. — North -East Africa, from Somaliland to German and British East Africa. This antelope generally goes in pairs or threes, and is partial to the cover of thick bush from which it seldom emerges except for the purpose of feeding. LESSER KUDU 309 Length. i outside :urve. Straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 35i 264 5g 173 N. Somaliland 35i 26\ 74 1 64 Do. 34i 26 64 ii Do. 34 264 Do. 34 26 6J »4l Do. 34 27 61 ii Do. 33 255 6£ 14 East Africa 324 25s 7 8 Somaliland 32* 253 7 17 Do. -32 26 64 104 Hawash, Abyssinia 32 244 7 144 N. Somaliland 3i| 24i 64 144 Do. 3i4 25i 6S "i Do. -3i4 24 6i 12 Do. 3i4 24 61 Do. 3ii 25 7 10 Do. 3i 25 7i 94 Do. 3i 24 63 94 Do. -30| 25 64 9S Do. 303 24! 6g ill Do. -3oS 251 74 134 Do. 3o§ 25i 6S «i Do. -3o§ "i Somaliland -3oi 231 6 III ? 304 238 6 94 Tana River 3oi 24 6g "i Somaliland 30 24i 63 13 Do. 30 234 7 7i Abyssinia 30 234 61 i3i Somaliland Owner. G. Chetwynd. Norman B. Smith. (See illustra- tion.) Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major II. G. C. Swayne. W. W. Ashley. British Museum (R. McD. Hawker). A. H. Neumann. Lieut. -Col. T. R. Harkness. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Prince de Lucinge. W. F. Whitehouse. Lord Delamere. Sir John Kirk. T. W. H. Clarke. Col. C. C. Ellis. Major G. F. T. Leather. W. H. Cobb. G. H. Cheetham. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. W. D. James. O. Neumann. A. H. Straker. P. C. Keytel. J. ff. Darling. C. Hankey. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. T. P. A. Holford. A. E. Butter. W. N. McMillan. Skull and Horns of Bongo. BONGO Horns of Male Bongo, from the type specimen in the British Museum. . BONGO (Boocercus euryceros). This magnificent antelope, which comes next in point of size to the eland and kudu, was long considered a member of the bushbuck group, with which it agrees in the general type of coloration. It differs, however, in that the tail is tufted (like that of an eland), and also by the presence of horns in both sexes, at least in the East African race (B. euryceros isaaci). The coat is bright chestnut-red, marked with a number of narrow vertical white stripes, a white crescent on the breast, and a pair of white spots below the eyes. There is no throat- fringe, and the hair is short. The worn tips of the horns are yellow. Height about 4 feet. Distribution. — West Africa, from Liberia, through Fanti to the Ashkankolu Mountains and the Gaboon, and thence through the forest district to Uganda. Length. Circum- m- .. rr- ;ont Straight. ference. Tlp tO Tlp> 26 3' 91 Locality. Togoland . West Africa Owner. (See Claude Beddington. illustration, p. 310). Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length. Stra'Sht- fe'rence! Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3Q.J 24^ 9^ 9i West Africa . . Julius Jeppe. 30 24! 9§ nj Ashkankolu Mountains British Museum. 29^ 25^ 9f ioj Gaboon . . . British Museum (P. DuChaillu). 29 244 ioj ... Man Forest . . R. J. Church. 28^ 24 9i 10 Togoland . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 27^ 24 log \2\ Mau Forest Do. 27^ 234 9g I2i Mr. Justice Hopley. Horns of Bull Eland. 3M RECORDS OF BIG GAME COMMON ELAND (Taurotragus oryx). Doo of the Masaras. Mpofu of Swahili. Ee-pofo of the Makalakas. Mpofu in Barotsiland. Eland of the Dutch and English. Mpofu in Ngamiland. Impofo of the Amandebele. Oo-schefo of the Macubas. Insefo of the Masubias and Pofo of the Bechuanas. Batongas. Msongo in the Chilala and Chibisa Mofo of the Mashonas. countries. Moju of the Gallas. Eland, which are the largest of all antelopes, resemble the bongo in the presence of horns in both sexes ; these forming a close spiral like a screw, with an upward and outward direction. Female horns are more slender than those of the bulls. They likewise resemble the bongo in possessing a long, tufted, ox-like tail, but have a distinct dewlap. Bulls of the common eland stand from 5 feet 9 inches to as much as 6|- feet at the shoulder. They have a large tuft of brown hair on the forehead, and the horns are of moderate length and stoutness. The typical race (T. oryx typicus), which formerly extended from the Cape nearly to the Zambesi, has a uniformly tawny skin, without transverse white stripes or a dark brown band above the knees ; and appears to be the largest form. Apparently somewhere in Rhodesia a dark brown band is assumed by immature bulls. And as we go northward towards the Zambesi, and thence no.rth and east into the heart of the continent, the bulls have not only this dark leg-band, but the body in both sexes is marked by fine vertical white lines. As this striped variety was discovered by Livingstone and his companions, it has been appropriately named T. oryx livingstonianus. Westward the species ranges into Angola. Throughout Southern Africa, largely owing to the skin-hunters, eland are now becoming exceedingly scarce ; and they have already more or less completely disappeared from Cape Colony, Natal, the Orange River Colony, Griqualand West, and the Transvaal. In the northern Kalahari, where they subsist for a great part of the year with- out water, large herds are still to be met with. No species of large game is more easily approached than eland, and, as a rule, none succumbs more speedily to the bullet. Occasionally female eland develop horns in which the spiral is almost obsolete and the length exaggerated ; these have been supposed to indicate a distinct species {Antilope triangularis}. Malformed Horns of Cow Eland in the Collection of Major W. Anstruther Thomson. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. '394 7 26| ? 8 391 13 ... Nr. Lado, White Nile 2 385 13 38i Bahr-el-Ghazal . -936 74 21* ? '9351 74 15 Angola - 9 3S& 8T°* 20^ Zomba Plain, B.C. A. . -9334 p 932i 6| Chobi Valley . 932i 6| 55 South Africa Zl 94 20 White Nile 9324 74 85 ? 932 94 20i Mashonaland 932 8 20 British Central Africa . -932 22^ ? 3if tai 22| ? 93'f 75 17 Matabililand 93if 74 154 ? 93'f 84 28£ Barotsiland 93'f 74 i8| Mashonaland 93'S 8 Barotsiland 3«f I0| 254 East Africa. 3i4 93i4 * 20§ Near where Salisbury now stands Mashonaland 3i 16 H Mashonaland -3i 94 21 Nyasaland . -931 9 12 British Central Africa . 3i 13 i5l Matabililand -30| »i 28! Nyasaland . 8* 25 Triangiilaris. Owner. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. Major-Gen. Sir F. R. Wingate. Hon. Walter Rothschild. P. C. Keytel. C. W. Sharp. Dr. Percy Kendall. F. H. Barber. M. C. Greaves-Bagshawe. Julius Jeppe. Carl Hagenbeck. Major R. M. Sanders. Mr. Justice Hopley. F. C. Selous. Capt. J. S. Brogden. C. R. Swanson. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major R. Hayes-Sadler. F. Struben. R. T. Coryndon. S. Chillingworth. Col. C. Harding. F. J. Jackson. British Museum (F. C. Selous). Do. F. C. Selous. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. J. Brander Dunbar. Capt. J. P. Grenfell. Major P. W. Forbes. R. A. Cooper. 2 TaurotragTts oryx gigas. COMMON ELAND Length straight line. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -93of Si IO Pungwe 93°| 74 ai| Ngamiland . 3oi "4 20i British Central Africa. -304 ? -304- 13 20| British Central Africa . -304 n| 174 P. E. Africa -3oi 174 Batoka Plateau . 93oi 8* 44 P. E. Africa -3<>i iif i8i Do. . ' . 93oi 7i 18 British Central Africa . 930 71 20i Hanyani Valley . -30 12 1 51 Do. -3° "4 Barotsiland -291 94 9 British Central Africa . 29! laf 191 Do. -294 12 271 Do. 294 8 22 Do. 29i 13 20| Do. -39* 154 I2| South Africa -929| Si 17 Do. 29 10 17 Near Ngamiland 929 74 184 Matabililand 29 124 14 Do. 29 8i '3S Benguela . -29 Pungwe 29 12 21 British Central Africa . 29 II 154 ? -29 13 204 Mazoe River 274 IO '51 Tana River 26i 12 91 N. of Machakos . Owner. Capt. W. Jardine. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. Capt. F. D. Markham. O. R. Dunell. F. D. Markham. M. L. M. Vaudin. R. T. Coryndon. Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold. H. M. von Archer. H. N. Tate. Capt. M. D. Graham. J. B. Wheelwright. F. V. Worthington. H. C. Macdonald. H. N. Tate. W. H. Wilson. ^Commander A. T. Hunt, R.N. H. N. Tate. A. Ohlsson. Mr. Justice Hopley. Sir H. J. Goold-Adams. Hon. C. Greville. Abe Bailey. G. W. Penrice. Count E. Hoyos. Capt. J. S. Brogden. J. S. Dawson. R. C. Batley. Major H. De Free. E. J. Mardon. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Frontlet and Horns of Bull Senegambian Eland, from the Gambia. SENEGAMBIAN ELAND (Taurotragus derbianus). Although living specimens appear formerly to have been in the collection at Knowsley, this magnificent species is chiefly known in England by the horns. These are longer and stouter than those of the common species, and thus confirm the statements as to the larger size of the western animal. The bulls are reported to have no dark fore-lock, but a dark-brown mane. The colour of the hair is rufous, instead of fawn. Distribution. — The open districts of the interior of Senegambia and Gambia. SENEGAMBIAN ELAND Length straight line. Circum- Tip to ference. tip. -40 13^ Single horn ? -391 ? 34i 14! 22f Gambia . -34 i3i ? 34 1 23 ? -34 nA 17 Gambia . 33 135 26 Do. . 324 i2i 29^ Do. . 32* 9i "I 32! 13 23 J Gambia . 32 13 24^ 3i! u§ 28§ Gambia . 3'i 12^ i5J Do. 34 12 I8§ ? -3i nj ... Gambia . 3oi I Of 26f ? -27T9* !3§ 23l Senegambia 925 9 I of Gambia . ?24i 9 6J Do. . Owner. Berlin Museum. Paris Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. F. Coburn. J. Carr Saunders. Dublin Museum. C. Sharland. British Museum (Earl of Derby). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum (Earl of Derby). H. C. Goddard. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Sir R. B. Llewelyn. British Museum (F. W. Reade). Paris Museum. H. C. Goddard. British Museum (F. W. Reade). 320 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Chamois shot by Mr. R. K. Cross. CHAMOIS (Eupicapra tragus). With the chamois we take leave of the antelopes properly so-called, and come to a group connecting the former to a considerable extent with the true goats, one member of the group being indeed commonly designated the Rocky Mountain goat. Most of these ruminants are more or less goat-like in general appearance, having narrow goat-like teeth and short or moderately long tails. Their horns, which are black in colour, are, however, quite distinct from those of the goats, being for the most part cylindrical in section, and curving backwards. From the other members of the group the chamois is at once dis- tinguished by the sharp hook formed by the backward curvature of the horns, which rise almost vertically from the head. The coloration is too well known to need description, although attention may be directed to the dark streak running from the eye to the side of the muzzle. Height at shoulder reaching 32 inches; weight of male CHAMOIS 321 generally about 65 Ibs. (although 125 Ibs. has been recorded in one case), that of female from 45 to 50 Ibs. Distribution. — The mountains of Central and Southern Europe, from the Pyrenees to the Apennines and Caucasus. Probably four distinct races may be recognised, namely, the comparatively small izard of the Pyrenees, the true chamois, or gems, of the Alps, a third form in the Apennines, and a fourth in the Caucasus. I2J -12 -12 -12 -"4 III "§ -9 2=: 34 4 Tip to Tip. 31 3i 7! J2 61 7i Spread. Locality. Hungary 7i Retyezat, Carpathians 6£ Carpathians Hinter Riss Tyrol (?). Carpathians Retyezat Albreis Morteratch, Engadine S. Austria Do. Retzezah, Transyl- vania Retyezat II 3* 4i3Tr Transylvania . -II 3S Si ? -ioj si 6| Bulgaria . 10^ 31 4T3* Tyrol -lOf 54 Hinter Riss -I0| 3l 74 Herzegovina . 9 io| 3 5i Austria . 9 io| Si Mestacan 9io| 7 S. Austria -ioi 34 51 Austria . 1 123^ Ibs. not clean. Owner. Baron Donald Schonberg. Count Arpad Teleki. (See illustration.) C. G. Danford. H.R.H.the Dukeof Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Count Arco. Count Zdenko Kinsky. Count Erbach. A. E. Pease. J. Hamilton Leigh. R. K. Cross. Col. Howard. Baron A. Nopcsa. G. Kendeffy. F. C. Selous. Count John of Meran. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sir. Clement Hill. Eberhard Hollinek. Hon. Walter Rothschild. C. G. Danford. R. K. Cross. H.R.H. the Duke of Braganza. 322 , RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. roj Circum- ference. 2| Locality. 3A Austria . 31 6} S. Austria Retyezat 34 Si p 44 31 Tyrol 3 Si :- 3i Si Austria . Grindelwald 3f 3 W. Caucasus 3 Si Pyrenees 3 3 Caucasus 3 33 N. Spain 2 44 France . Owner. Count John of Meran. . L. R. Rate. J. Hamilton Leigh. Baron P. Inkey. E. N. Buxton. . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Count Palfiy. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. F. A. Labouchere. St. George Littledale. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Prince E. Demidoff. Abel Chapman. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Some of the trophies of His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria-Hungary. Between 1849 and 1902 His Majesty has shot 1991 chamois. Length on Circum- -p. ,,-. front curve. ference. TlP to T'P" Locality. 3i 6| Salzkammergut 3i Si Do. g 4i Do. 3i 4l Do. 31 5* Do. 3i 41 Do. 23 74 Do. 3i 8i Do. Owner. . July 26, 1889. December 10, 1859. 28, 1868. July 31, 1885. November 10, 1870. . July 31, 1885. ,, 10, 1886. August I, 1885. The best Chamois shot by His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria- Hungary. The first three Chamois shot by His Majesty the Emperor and King of Austria- Hungary. HIMALAYAN GORAL 325 Head of Himalayan Goral. From a Nepalese specimen in the British Museum. HIMALAYAN GORAL (Urotragus goral). Goral of the W. Himalaya. Py, Pyar, Rat, Rom of Kashmir. Sdliare, Sarr of the Sutlej valley. The gorals are near relatives of the serows, from which they may be distinguished by their generally smaller size, shorter horns, and absence of face-glands, as well as by certain differences in the conformation of the skull. The horns curve regularly backwards, are conical in form, and marked by small irregular ridges for the greater part of their length. The hair is somewhat rough and shaggy, and the tail considerably longer than in the chamois. In general colour the Himalayan goral is brown, tending more or less to rufous or grayish, with the face paler and rufescent, a black line from the nape down the back to the tail (which is also black), and a dark stripe down the front of each leg. Height at shoulder from 26 to 28 inches ; weight from 58 to 63 Ibs. By English sportsmen the goral is commonly termed the Himalayan chamois, its habits being very similar to those of the true chamois. Distribution. — The Himalaya, from Bhutan and Sikhim to Kashmir, at elevations from 3000 to 6000 feet. 326 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on front curve. Girth. Tip to Tip. Locality. -94 31 4A Near Musuri -84 Bissahir -984 Dalhousie . 84 31 i J Garhwal -84 34 ... ' ? -8 Chamba 8 31 3* Do. -71 4 2§ Do. . 71 33 3\ ? 74 3 2^ Near Musuri -74 Near Dalhousie . 7A 34 2^ Chamba 74 3 3 Do. 7£ 34 2i Do. -74 7 33 2i 3l Jhelam Valley, Kash- mir 3f ? -7 34 3^ ? -7 Near Almora, N.W.P. -7 ... -7 Punjab 7 31 33 ? 7 31 ? 7 3i 4 Chamba 7 3l 2^ Kashmir 7 31 2g Do. 97 2| 2 ? Owner. H. Simons. Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. The late J. Johnston-Stewart. D. L. R. Lorimer. Col. J. Biddulph. Major C. B. Vandeleur. Major Cecil Levita. Capt. J. T. C. Murray. British Museum (Hume Col- lection). A. O. Hume. Capt. F. E. S. Adair. A. H. Ogilvy Spence. Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Major J. A. Orr-Ewing. Capt. H. W. Codrington. Capt. B. H. Boucher. Indian Museum. Capt. A. Hicks-Beach. Duke of Bedford. Major G. S. Rodon. Lieut. -Col. H. D. Olivier. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. J. H. Phelps. Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. JAPANESE SEROW 327 OTHER GORALS. Length .Liengin Tin to Species. Collected by on front Girth, -p; Locality. Owner. curve. 8& 74 4 ni Urotragus edwardsi . Pere A. David ST5* £* ^ Moupin, Tibet Paris Museum. argyrochcetus Do. 9^ 7^ 4 Ta - tsien - lou, Do. Szechuan caudatus . Do. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Local! 48 IOJ 244 Tilel Valley, -471 Thian Shan 47 Hf ? -47 Baltistan 47 IO ? -47 Baltistan 464 II 242 Kashmir 464 12 204 Altai . 464 IO 254 Kashmir -464 ? 46 91 25 ? -46 "i 27 Sincl Valley 46 Kashmir 454 92 194 ? 454 9f 194 Baltistan 454 IO 1 84 ? -451 98 242 Baltistan 45 104 29 Ladak -45 IO 20^ Gilgit . -45 Kashmir 45 104 234 ? 45 9 124 Baltistan 45 lOf 27 ? Owner. J. Campbell of Kilberry. F. A. Labouchere. Carl Hagenbeck. Major E. Guinness. Major J. Manners Smith. A. R. Oldrielcl. Hon. Charles Ellis. Hon. Walter Rothschild. G. A. Lloyd. Indian Museum. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. A. O. Hume. Capt. Hon. J. G. Beresford. Capt. R. L. Kennion. T. R. Ubsdell. A. Courage. Queen's Own Corps of Guides. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Col. J. Biddulph. Major R. L. Walter. Lieut. -Col. G. I). F. Sulivan. Major C. B. Vandeleur. J. V. I'helps. 352 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Alpine Ibex, in the possession of H.M. the King of Italy. ALPINE IBEX (Capra ibex). This species, which only survives in a protected state, differs from the Asiatic ibex by the much smaller size of the beard of the male, as well as by a slight variation in the horns ; the height at the shoulder reaching to about 40 inches. Weight from 85 to 106 Ibs., clean. Formerly distributed throughout the higher Alps of Switzerland, Savoy, and the Tyrol, but now surviving only in a few valleys on the Italian side of Monte Rosa. Most of the few specimens now obtainable are comparatively small, and good horns are very scarce in English collections. length on front curve. -44l -39? Circum- ference. 10* Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. Valley of Aosta . . . H.M. the King of Italy. ? Imperial Museum, Vienna. 1 Height at shoulder, 33!; weight, 170 Ibs. Length on front curve. 371 35i 34i 34i 33* 3if 30 28J 28 26| 23* Circum- ference. 9 92 9 9 9i 9 9i 9i 8| 8| Tip to Tip. ALPINE IBEX Locality. 353 26 39i 1 82 21 '18 Valley of Aosta . Do. Do. Styria Valley of Aosta . Do. Alps of Savoy . p Valley of Aosta . Do. Do. Owner. Il.M. the King of Italy. Do. . Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. H.M. the King of Italy. Shot by H. M. the late Victor Emmanuel. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Dublin Museum. C. H. Wilczek. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum. Do. 354 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ABYSSINIAN IBEX (Capra vali). This ibex, the wala of the natives of Simien, differs from the Nubian ibex by its stouter build, shorter beard, and larger and more massive horns, on which the knots are but slightly prominent. The forehead of the skull has a conspicuous bony prominence. Although described by Riippell in 1835, this ibex was practically unknown till 1901, when a fine series of specimens was brought home by Capt. Powell-Cotton. Height at shoulder about 40 inches. Weight about 260 Ibs. Distribution. — The mountains of Simien, Abyssinia. Lengthen a T- c™^ ference. Tip. Locahty. J43 io£ 23 Abyssinia .... Lady Meux. 142$ io£ i8f Do H.M. The Queen. 4i| ii i6| Do P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 41 ii 18^ Do Do. 40§ II ... Do. .... Hon. Walter Rothschild. 38^ ii i8f Do P. II. G. Powell-Cotton. 13&k 9§ "i Do Mrs. Rennell Rodd. 25^ 7^ 13 Do Hon. Walter Rothschild. ? 13^ 4£ 8g Do P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 1 Presented by Ras Makunnan, 1902. 356 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of the Sinaitic Race of Nubian Ibex. NUBIAN IBEX (Capra nubiana). This species may be easily distinguished from both the Asiatic and the Alpine species by the form of the horns, which are very long, rather slender, and with the outer front angle much bevelled off, so that the proper front surface is very narrow, and its transverse knots propor- tionately short. These races are recognised, namely, the typical Nubian form, the S. Arabian C. n. niengesi, and the Sinaitic C. n. sinaitica. In the form of its horns the latter approximates to the wild goat. Distribution, — The mountains of Southern Arabia, Palestine, the Sinaitic Peninsula, Upper Egypt, and probably also those of Morocco and the interior of Senegambia. Arabian name, beden. Comparatively few European sportsmen have killed this handsome ibex. NUBIAN IBEX 357 The folloiving specimens belong to the typical African form : — Length /-,. ™. ™&? s= T&° Locality. 42 4if 8| 8 7! 7l 74 7! 7! 39! -38S 38i 37! 37 -351 351 30! 7 61 13* 24 I2A 21 21 9i 175 Upper Egypt North Africa Near Suakin North Africa Do. Do. Upper Egypt North Africa Suakin North Africa Do. Egypt Suakin Do. The following specimens are Asiatic : — Length on front curve. 50 42 Circum- ference. 391 39! 354 35i 3H 3'i 7 64 7 64 6| Tip to T r Tip. ... Southern Arabia ... Arabia i6A Do. ... Hadramut, S. E. Arabia ... Markat 19! South-East Arabia 12 Sinaitic Peninsula I5l °o- 7 Do. i8i Do. 13! Do. 7 Do. Owner. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. British .Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major W. H. Besant. Julius Jeppe. A. Fowler. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. ff. Darling. Major A. King Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. Capt. N. M. Smyth. Dr. Albert von Stephani. W. P. Gore-Graham. Commander A. T. Hunt, R.N. Owner. Capt. J. T. Brinkley. East India Club. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. J. Menges. Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. W. E. Pease. J. D. Cobbold. Captain John Marriott. E. H. Pease. W. Moncreiffe. W. E. Pease. 358 RECORDS OF BIG GAME o^?rgont gcum- Tipto Loca,jty. Owner. 30! 6£ 13! Sinaitic Peninsula . . A. W. Haig. 29 ... 13 Do. . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 28^ 7^ 6 Do. ... E. N. Buxton. 25 J 6 12 Do. . . . British Museum. 9 io| 3^ 2^ Do. ... W. E. Pease. 98| 3J 5f Do. . . . W. MoncreifTe. WILD GOAT 359 Skull and Horns of Sind Wild Goat. From Mr. A. O. Hume's specimen. WILD GOAT (Capra hircus). The horns of the Persian wild goat (C. hircus cegagrus], which appears to be the ancestral form of the domesticated goat of Europe and Asia (C. hircus], differ from those of the various species of ibex by having no distinct front surface, but merely a sharp notched keel, representing the inner front angle of the ibex horn. In old males the beard is very long. The general colour of the upper parts is brownish gray in winter and reddish brown in summer, with the under parts white, and blackish brown and white markings on the face and limbs. Height at shoulder reaching to 37 inches. The so-called Sind ibex (C. hircus blythi) appears to be a second local race of the species, inhabiting Sind and parts of Baluchistan, where it probably passes imperceptibly into the Persian race. It is distinguished mainly by a slight difference in the form of the horns. A second race (C. h. raddi} inhabits the Caucasus. Other races inhabit the islands of the ^Egean Archipelago, where they appear to have been more or less crossed with domesticated breeds. 360 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution. — The islands of South-Eastern Europe, and the mountains of South-Eastern Europe and South - Western Asia from the Caucasus through Persia to the confines of Baluchistan and Sind. Native Persian name, pasang (rock-footed). Owner. 55* 24 Persia Carl Hagenbeck. -53 10 46 Asia Minor . B. Hodder. 52! 9 8| 7 Sind . Russian Turkestan . A. O. Hume. (Shot by Col. F. Marston.) See illustration. . Prince P. Demidoff. 484 8| I3l Caucasus . British Museum. -48 8 20i Sind . . J. D. Inverarity. -47* 94 Cilician Taurus . . C. G. Danford. 46| 71 14 Sind . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 464 8| |8| Asia Minor . F. C. Selous. 46 71 II Sind . . Major C. S. Cumberland. -451 8f 92 Daghestan . . E. N. Buxton. 454 82 5 Do. R. Graham. -454 94 21 Damascus . . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 45i 8 Ilf Sind . . Col. J Biddulph. 44* 81 2I| Caucasus . British Museum. 44* 8g II ? British Museum (Hume Collection) -434 71 154 ? Major W. Anstruther Thomson. 43 9 'Si Taurus Range Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 43 8£ 22g ? J. Carr Saunders. 42* 9 10 Russian Turkestan . St. George Littledale. 42 8 6| Baluchistan . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -42 7 12 Sind . . J. D. Inverarity. -41* Do. . . Major E. C. Tidswell. 4I| 8J 94 Russian Turkestan . Prince E. Demidoff. -4oi 9i Asia Minor Imperial Museum, Vienna. 39i 72 Hi Baluchistan . Capt. T. W. Greenfield. -38 ioi 15 Asia Minor . Capt. John Marriott. -38 ? H.H. Maharaja of Travancore. 36 84 63 Baluchistan . Hon. Walter Rothschild. DOMESTICATED GOAT DOMESTICATED GOAT. Length on Circum- ~,. . „. front curve. ference. Up to lip. Locality. 52* IOJ 40§ Daghestan 44i 6 29-i Angora 4oi 9i; Daghestan . 37i 7i 323 Scotland 37 7* 35 Meoble, N.B. 351 71 381 ? 34* ft 38i Scotland 34 8| 32i Do. 33* 8 264 Meoble, N.B. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Do. Do. . Col. W. II. Walker. Walter Jones. B. de Bertodano. . Duke of Bedford. . F. C. Selous. Hon. O. C. Molyneux. 2 B 362 Head of Spanish Tur. Mr. Abel Chapman's specimen. SPANISH TUR (Capra pyrenaica). Although commonly designated an ibex, the Spanish wild goat has horns more like those of one of the Caucasian tur, and is therefore better designated as a species of that group. The horns, which have a sharp inner edge, are twisted in a very open semi-spiral, with the tips generally turned outwards, and are quite unlike those of the true ibex. In having dark and light markings on the limbs the species is, however, much more like the Persian wild goat than either of the Caucasian tur. The beard of the males varies greatly in size according to age and season. Height at shoulder from about 27 to 32 inches ; weight, when clean, about 10 stone. Distribution. — The Pyrenees and the high ranges of Central Spain, Andalusia, and Portugal. The typical form of the species inhabits the Pyrenees ; those inhabiting the more southern parts may be distinguished as a separate race (C. pyrenaica hispanica). SPANISH TUR 363 Length on Circum- iutside cur 31 -293 -28f 28 27S 251 -254 22| 22 -214 20 16 L-ircum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 8| Pyrenees . S 94 23^ Central Spain . A 8i 23^ Almeira . H 94 23^ Sierra Nevada . . A io| 2O§ ? Ir 9k 23! Spain . Bi 9 25 Do. . Si log X9a Pyrenees . B) 84 l6| Spain . H 94 13 Do. 10 14 Val d'Arras . E. 8 1 6 Southern Spain . . Pa 94 l8| Val d'Arras . E. 7S 14 Spain . Pa 7i Do. . Pr 84 15 Sierra Blanca . A. 74 II Spain ^ Cc 51 72 Val d'Arras . A. 51 6£ Do. E. Owner. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Abel Chapman and W. J. Buck. H. Brinsley Brooke. Abel Chapman. Imperial Museum, Vienna. British Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. . J. Buck. E. N. Buxton. Pablo Larios. E. N. Buxton. Pablo Larios. Prince E. Demidoff. A. Larios. Col. R. J. Heber-Percy. A. E. Leatham. E. N. Buxton. 364 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Horns of West Caucasian Tur. Shot by Mr. St. George Littledale. WEST CAUCASIAN TUR (Capra caucasica). Of the two peculiar kinds of wild goats inhabiting the Caucasus, and locally known as tur, the present species is easily recognised by the approximation in the form of its horns (especially in immature individuals) to those of true ibex, and the uniform bright chestnut- brown colour of the hair of the adult male in the summer coat ; the chin, beard, and lower parts of the legs being alone black. Although the horns present a considerable resemblance to those of ibex, they are decidedly thicker, have a different curvature, and show distinct knobs, or knots only in their upper half. In young males the knots extend the whole length of the front of the horns, and the long winter coat is a pale drab colour. Height at shoulder about 37^- inches. WEST CAUCASIAN TUR 365 Distribution. — The western half of the main chain of the Caucasus. Certain peculiarly-shaped horns appear to indicate the existence of a hybrid race between this species and the East Caucasian tur in the Central Caucasus. Tlr SEE T-ic ******* o— 40$ I2§ 15^ Caucasus . . . .St. George Littledale. 36| i if 27! Do. . . . . Do. 34l i if 22* Do. . . . Do. 34i 12 22 Kouban, Caucasus . . . Prince E. Demidoff. 334 io| 26^ Do. . . .St. George Littledale. 32^ i if 25^ Do. . . . Do. 324 "i 25^ Do. ... Prince E. Demidoff. 3ia I2^ 24^ Do. ,. ._ . Do. 3°l ni i6f Do. . " . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 30 ii4j 194 Do. ... Hon. Walter Rothschild. 1 22| io| 22j Do. . . .St. George Littledale. 1 Presumed hybrid between C. caucasica and C. cylindricornis. 366 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male East Caucasian Tur. EAST CAUCASIAN TUB (Capra cylindricornis). A very different -looking creature from the last is the wild goat commonly designated by sportsmen the " Caucasian bharal " ; this name being derived from the resemblance of its horns to those of the true Himalayan bharal. In spite of this point of resemblance, its affinities are, however, evidently with the goats, although it not im- probably indicates a step from the more typical members of that group in the direction of the sheep. In addition to the peculiar form of its horns, this tur is characterised by the extreme shortness of the beard, which merely forms a curling fringe on each side of the chin, instead of the long central tuft observable at certain seasons in the West Caucasian species. The general colour of the fur is uniform dull brown, except on the chin, the tip of the tail, and portions of the legs, where it is blackish brown. Height at shoulder about 3 feet. Distribution. — The Eastern Caucasus, from Kasbek to Daghestan. EAST CAUCASIAN TUR 367 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 42 i3i 14 Caucasus 38i IlJ Eastern Caucasus . 36 13 Daghestan 34i io| *3i Caucasus 331 13 »7i Do. . 331 12 19! Do. . 32 13 19 Do. . 34 12 71 Do. . 3i II 28 Northern Caucasus 30 12 17 Daghestan Owner. Prince E. Demidoff. Hon. Walter Rothschild. J. D. Cobbold. Major Talbot. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Berthold Smith. F. G. Barclay. Capt. H. H. P. Deasy. F. G. Barclay. 368 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Bharal. BHARAL (Ovis nahura). Having horns not unlike those of the East Caucasian tur, the bharal, or blue sheep of Tibet, differs from the goats by the absence of a beard and a strong odour in the males, and on account of these and other points of difference from the goats is placed among the sheep, of which group it forms a very aberrant member. The most distinctive external features are the comparatively smooth and olive- coloured horns, which curve at first outwards and then backwards from the sides of the head, and the bluish gray colour of the thick fur of the back and sides, the flanks, under parts, and legs being handsomely marked with black and white. Height at shoulder about 36 inches; weight about 130 Ibs. In the complete absence of glands on the face the bharal differs from the more typical sheep and resembles the goats. Distribution. — Tibet, from Hunza and Shigar, in Baltistan, and near Sanju, south-east of Yarkand, to Moupin in Eastern Tibet, and from the main axis of the Himalaya, or locally some distance south of the same, to the Kuenlun and Altyn Tag ; in summer usually met with at elevations between 14,000 and 16,000 feet, and apparently never found below about 10,000 feet. BHARAL 369 Length on Circum- .... „. ference. 'P to T'P- Locality. -3^ 12 Milam Pass -32 ? ?ii 13^ 22'i Ladak 3o§ I2i 2l| Gurhwal -30| 11 154 Ladak 30 II 24 Hanle, Spiti -3° Baba Pass . 29| "4 221 Gurhwal 29i "i 25^ ? 29* 12 26^ Northern Sikhim -29 12 ? -29 ? 28| I2i 22 Chang-chenmo . -2*4 ? 28i I2j 26i Hanle -284 104 p 28 II 20j p 28 II 16 Hanle 27| IOJ IO Ladak 27i II 2lJ Do. -27 Do. 27 Il4 28 Tibet . . 26J III 23 Ladak 264 10^ 20 Kumaon 264 12 15^ ? 26J I'J 23 ? 26i I0| 22 ? 26 jo| 254 ? 26 IOJ 2Oi p 25§ «4 34 East of Padam, Za «Si "4 184 ? Owner. Capt. W. de L. Williams. The late B. H. Hodgson, P.Z.S. 1840, p. 66. J. Campbell of Kilberry. A. O. Hume. P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Capt. B. L. Carew. Major R. W. Johnston. A. O. Hume. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. Surg. -Major A. Pearse. Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. Luck now Museum. B. H. Shaw-Stewart. Major H. Trevor. Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. Indian Museum. British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). Arnold Pike. Capt. G. Campbell. St. George Littledale. Otho Shaw. Major C. S. Cumberland. Col. F. C. Lister-Kay. A. S. Crum. Lord Stavordale. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. Johnstone. Capt. W. H. Williamson. Capt. M. S. Wellby. Major C. B. Vandeleur. 370 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 25 J IO 13 Ladak . . . Capt. J. A. Stewart Balmain. 25^ \\\ ... Do. . . . Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. 25! n| 254 Do. . . . St. George Littledale. 25^ ii-i 241 Do. . . Capt. H. W. Codrington. 25 10 25^ Major H. C. Morland. 25 12\ 28 Capt. E. Harrison. ARUI OR UDAD Head of Male Arui. ARUI or UDAD (Ovis lervia). The only wild sheep found throughout the continent of Africa is the arui, or fechstal of the Arabs, the udad or Barbary sheep of naturalists ; a species with horns not very unlike those of the bharal, and also lacking glands on the face, but readily distinguished by its uniformly tawny colour, the fringe of long hair depending from the throat, chest, and the upper portion of the fore-legs, and the unusual length of the tail, which exceeds that of all other wild sheep. In the length of this appendage the arui approaches domesticated sheep, of which, however, it is not likely to be the ancestor. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 3 inches. Distribution. — The mountains of Northern Africa, from Egypt to Morocco. 372 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 33i 28| 28^ -28 -273 -274 -254 -254 234 9 19 9i6.8 ircum- :rence. Tip to Tip. Locality. 13k I2| Algeria 12$ 19 Do. 12 143 Do. IX4 18 Do. "i 184 Do. «4 i6J S. Tunisia . »1 uA Algeria I2| i3i ? ni 174 Algeria "4 17 Do. io| 16 Do. . . ia| 201 Do. ii 18 Tunisia ii I4i Do. 10 17! S. Morocco IO 16 Algeria 7 17 Tunisia 7-6 14.2 Egypt Owner. Julius Jeppe. V. Cholmondeley. K. A. Cooper. British Museum (Hon. John Ward). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . J. I. S. Whitaker. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Imperial Museum, Vienna. Hon. John Ward. F. de Murietta. . Lieut. -Col. G. J. Cuthbert. Capt. John Marriott. A. E. Pease. . P. B. Vander-Byl. . F. G. Aflalo. . A. E. Pease. Capt. John Marriott. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN 373 Head of Rocky Mountain Bighorn, from Mr. W. F. Sheard's specimen. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis). The bighorn of the American continent, inclusive of its local races (frequently regarded as distinct species), is a large sheep, distinguished from the Asiatic argalis, among other features, by the comparative smoothness of the horns, in which the outer front angle is prominent and the inner one rounded off, and also by the smaller size of the face- glands. There is a well-marked whitish patch on the rump, but the amount of white on the under parts and legs shows considerable local variation. In the typical Rocky Mountain race (O. canadensis typica) the ears are long and pointed, with short hair, and the horns, which are very heavy, diverge but little outwards, and generally have the tips broken. The Californian O. canadensis nelsoni is a paler southern race. On the other hand, in O. canadensis stonei of the North-West Territories the colour of the back is very dark, and the white on the belly and legs sharply defined. Both in this race and the white O. canadensis dalli of Alaska the horns are lighter, more divergent, and more sharply pointed, while the ears tend to become shorter, blunter, and more hairy. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 2 inches. Weight about 350 Ibs. The horns of the ewes are very small in comparison with those of the rams, seldom measuring more than I 5 inches on the curve from base to tip. Large male horns are now difficult to obtain, and of late years it is seldom that those of fresh-killed specimens are seen exceeding 3 8 inches on the curve from tip to tip. American sportsmen are keen to obtain horns of large basal girth; but they rarely exceed 16 inches. 374 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The Maclaine of Lochbuie possesses a specimen whose girth, according to his own measurement, is 19 inches. Distribution. — The range of the American representatives of the Bighorn extends from the Rocky Mountains southwards to Sonora, Northern Mexico, and California, and northwards to Alaska and the shores of Bering Sea. All the American races except the Alaskan are included in the list below. Length on front curve. -45 42 -40 40 39i 39i 381 38 38 -38 373 -372 37* -37 Circum- ference. 16 15 i6i 15 16 17 15 16 154 16 Tip to Tip. Locality. Selkirk Range, B.C. (?) 25! Lower California . Wyoming Do. Kootenay, B.C. ... . Yellowstone . 20} ? Rocky Mountains . 2\\ British Columbia . Colorado 24^ Montana Bighorn Mountains 19} Montana 19 N.W. Territories . Alberta, N.W.T. . British Columbia . Do. 23! Mexico . 22^ British Columbia . 15 Do. 16 Do. 31 Wyoming Owner. W. F. Shearcl. (See illustra- tion. ) W. Grant Mackay. George H. Gould. T. W. H. Clarke. Do. Provincial Museum, B.C. British Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Otho Shaw. J. W. K. Young. St. George Littledale. British Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Gerald Buxton. Sir H. Seton-Karr. Edmund Littledale. S. Ratcliff. Arnold Pike. Capt. F. Cookson. Col. C. C. Ellis. J. A. H. Drought. J. O. Shields. Col. A. Charlesworth. J. Turner-Turner. • T. W. H. Clarke. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN 375 Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 37 i6i Montana Major Maitland Kirwan. 37 i6§ 16 British Columbia . R. H. Venables Kyrke. 37 15* I9i Wyoming . Capt. H. A. C. Darley. 37 i5i i8i Do. Lord Rodney. 362 19 15 British Columbia . . C. H. Kennard. 36! i5i 22i Wyoming Moreton Frewen. 361 Hi 22^ Do. . A. Willis. 36i i6ft Do. . Thomas Bate. 364 14 ? J. D. Cobbold. 36 15 9 Wyoming . J. L. Scarlett. 36 Ml i6i Montana R. H. Sawyer. 36 M2 16 Wyoming Major G. Dalrymple White. -35i Ml 17* Do. Count E. Hoyos. 35l i3i i7i British Columbia . Hon. S. Tollemache. 35i 16 21 Do. T. P. Kempson. 35i I2j 16 California Sir Victor Brooke's Collection, 35i i$i l8i British Columbia . . Sir Peter Walker, Bart. 35 -35 14 15 i8i 19! Do. Wyoming Admiral Sir Michael Culme Seymour, Bart. Count Scheibler. 35 14 16 Do. Gerald Hardy. 34i Ml 19 S.E. Montana J. A. Jameson. 34i I4i California . G. P. Fitzgerald. 34i 17 N. Chehuahua C. Sheldon. -34 16 17 N.W. Wyoming A. Rogers. 376 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ALASKAN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis dalli). Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. -434 154 26 Alaska . 394 13 22i Do. . 38 i3i 18 Do. . 37 '34 20i Do. . 36 144 174 Do. . 34 134 21 Do. . . 34 I2| i8J Do. . 324 134 21 Do. . 32i i3i 20i Do. . ?io| 44 54 Do. . ?9i 4i 8 Do. . Owner F. Foster. Hon. Walter Rothschild. A. E. Butter. Hon. J. C. Lister. C. G. Cowan. Rowland Ward. J. Carr Saunder>. W. H. King. British Museum (J. T. Studley). Rowland Ward. British Museum. FANNIN'S BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis fannini). A provisional race characterised by the gray colour of the back. -4°i 13 20 Near Dawson City . Provincial Museum, B.C. NORTH-WESTERN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis stonei). 32^ 14! 28^ N. British Columbia American Museum of Natural History. KAMCHATKAN BIGHORN 377 Skull and Horns of Male Kamchatkan Bighorn. Shot by Prince E. Demidoff. KAMCHATKAN BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis nivicola). Although the Kamchatkan wild sheep is readily distinguished from the Rocky Mountain bighorn (O. canadensis typicd) by the slender- ness of the horns at the points, and their wider tip-to-tip measurement, as well as by the shorter, blunter, and more thickly haired ears, the shorter face, the longer hair of the body, and the inferior size of the white patch on the rump, yet the Alaskan and the N.W. bighorn, in which the horns are of the Kamchatkan type, and the ears are shorter than in the Rocky Mountain race, tend to bridge over these points of difference. These transitions indicate that all the bighorns are essentially local modifications of the same animal ; the Asiatic forms being, as might be expected, the 'most aberrant. Height at shoulder about 37 or 38 inches ; weight about 250 Ibs. Distribution. — Kamchatka. 2 C 378 RECORDS OF BIG GAME °Sr 2s£ ^p'.0 ™*»' 39i J4i 28i Kamchatka . . . Prince E. Demidoff. 3»l Mi 3og Do. Do. -38 134 26 Do. ... Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. -354 *4 26\ Do. Do. 35$ 14$ 24! Do. St. Petersburg Museum. 35i J4i 24i Do. . . . British Museum (St. George Little- dale). 34! 14^ 25$ Do. St. George Littledale. 34 13$ 23§ Do. . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 32! 13^ 23 Do. - . . -Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -31^ 14 26 Do. . . . Dublin Museum. 31^ 13! 21 Cape Chepunske . . Col. J. Biddulph. -3*4 *3i 24 Kamchatka . . . Dublin Museum. ~3°S 14 k 25f Do. . - . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 9 lof 5 14^ Do. . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 9 8| 5J 9! Do. ... British Museum. CLIFTON'S BIGHORN (Ovis canadensis borealis). An East Siberian race closely allied to the last, but of a generally lighter colour, with a much larger and less well-defined white rump- patch, much white on the face, a darker tail, and larger ears. Distribution. — The Stanovoi Mountains, the range between the valleys of the Yana^and Lena, and other parts of Eastern Siberia. The only known examples in England were shot by Mr. J. Talbot Clifton, by whom a complete male specimen was presented to the British Museum in 1902. ^oentg±ne. &«: Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. . J. Talbot Clifton. British Museum (J. Talbot Clifton). J. Talbot Clifton. f DO. Do. 37i ii 224 Yana Valley . 33 13 22i ? 32I "4 24i ? 26i ii 20$ ? 9 Si 38 Si ? MARCO POLO'S SHEEP 379 Head of Male Marco Polo's Sheep. From Mr. David T. Hanbury's specimen. MAECO POLO'S SHEEP (Ovis poll). In common with the following members of the genus Ovis, this splendid sheep has the transverse wrinklings of the horns well developed, and small glands present on the face. The horns of the adult male are characterised by their comparative slenderness and great length, forming a spiral of more than one complete circle, with the front angles typically well developed. The hind-quarters show a large amount of white, extending over the greater part of the thighs ; and in winter the throat is furnished with a voluminous ruff of long white hairs, which disappears in summer. Height at shoulder about 4 feet, or perhaps rather less; weight of adult male about 22 stone. Distribution. — Typically the plateau of the Pamirs in Central Asia, but represented by a closely allied race (0. poli karelini) in the Thian Shan range of Turkestan, in which the horns are generally somewhat shorter, and may have the front outer angle rounded off. This sheep was first definitely made known in England by 380 RECORDS OF BIG GAME specimens obtained during the Second Yarkand Mission under the late Sir D. Forsyth ; since which date it has been killed by Mr. St. George Littledale, Major C. S. Cumberland, Capt. H. Bower, Viscount de Poncins, and other sportsmen. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -75 16 54^ Pamir .... Field- Marshal Earl Roberts. 73 15 48 Little Pamir The late Col. H. C. B. Tanner. -7i 'Si 53? Great Pamir Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 70 I4| 45 Do. . . . II.M. The King. 70 69i i? iSi 52 56 Do. ? H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. Marquis of Lansdowne. 69i i4i 39 Tagdumbash Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -68i iSi 45^ Do Queen's Own Corps of Guides. 68^ 15 35? ? Lewis Flower. 68 17 43 Pamir .... Major-Gen. Sir R. Pole Carew. -68 16 52 ? Indian Museum. -*7i 16 53^ ? Indian Museum (Col. J, Biddulph). -67 16 Thian Shan H. H. the Maharaja of Travancore. 67 ISA 42i ? Duke of Westminster. 661 «5i 46 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 66| 66 i3i iSi 46i 44 Valley between Little and Great Pamir Do. A. O. Hume. British Museum (Hume Collection). 66 '5i 42 p A. Leslie Renton. 654 16 53 Great Pamir (16,000 feet) . British Museum (Col. T.E.Gordon) -65 16 4i ? Dublin Museum. 65 164 49i ? Major C. F. Blane. -65 ? The Empress of Russia. 64i i64 46 Pamir .... Col. C. C. Ellis. 64i i6J 4i Do. .... W. Lawrence. 64* iSi 39 Do H. C. V. Hunter. 64 iSi So Little Pamir Major R. P. Cobbold. 64 15 39 Do. ... A.. Ezra. MARCO POLO'S SHEEP Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 64 '5 49 ? 63I I6| 42i Pamir 63i *5i 46J Tagdumbash 63 16 49i Little Pamir 62f 16^ 5' Tagdumbash 62* 15 57 ? 62 'Si 40 ? ' 6^ i Si 46i Tagdumbash 6o| '52 46£ Pamir 60 i5l 462 Tagdumbash 60 iSi 46 Do. -60 Do. -60 17 Do. -60 16 52 Do. 60 '52 43 Do. 59i 16 46 ? 59 'Si 40 Tagdumbash 59 '6i 47 ? 59 f5l ' 41 ? 59 14 422 Tagdumbash 572 '5 462 Do. 572 '42 5° Do. 57 'Si 42 Do. 561 iSi 35i Do. 56 '5 44 Do. 56 '4 45i ? 56 '4i 43 ? 551 '52 43 ? 53i '42 382 N. Pamir . 49 'Si 38 Thian Shan Owner. Duke of Portland, K.G. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Earl of Dunmore. Bachelors' Club (Major R. P. Cobbold). Capt. T. W. Greenfield. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Charles Ellis. E. L. Phelps. St. George Littledale. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. P. Church. Lieut. -Col. H. Bower. H. Dauvergne. H. Lennard. R. Hardcastle. Capt. H. H. P. Deasy. Lord Curzon. Viscount Powerscourt. Martyn Kennard. David T. Hanbury. Major-General Sir Arthui Ellis, K.C.V.O. Reginald Beech. Hon. R. A. Ward. St. George Littledale. E. P. Tennant. Major J. Manners Smith. W. O. Bell-Irving. J. Carr Saunders. R. Hayne. J. V. Phelps. 382 55i l6| 43 Pamir 55 16 44 ?i4-7 5-90 1575 Great Pamir 9ioi Si i3i Tagdumbash Owner. Major C. S. Cumberland. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. David T. Hanbury. LITTLEDALE'S SHEEP (Ovis saiarensis). This sheep, of which there are two races, the typical smaller one, and the larger O. s. littledalei of the Hi Valley and part of Siberia, is in some respects intermediate between poll and ammon. It differs from both in having the face brown above and white on the muzzle. The horns are less finely ridged than those of ammon and form a longer spiral. In the larger Hi race the horns are much less " nipped in " below the eyes, and also farther away from the ears. Distribution, — Typically from the Saiar Mountains, Altai ; the larger race from the Hi Valley, Thian Shan, and the Semipalatinsk Altai. 62i i9| 38| 6ii '9i 39i 59i 191 38i 49a i6i 25i 461 I4i 27 46 I3i 28 40 I4i 29i Tip to Tip. Locality. Altai .. Do. . Do. . ? Irtisch District ? Owner. St. George Littledale. British Museum (St. George Littledale). St. George Littledale. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Rowland Ward. Near Sairam Nor Lake Lord Elphinstone. SIBERIAN ARGALI 383 Skull and Horns of Male Siberian Argali. From a specimen shot by Mr. St. George Littledale in the Altai. SIBERIAN ARGALI (Ovis ammon). Closely allied to Marco Polo's sheep, but distinguished by the thicker and less expanded horns, which often have the outer front angle much rounded off, and the wrinklings very fine. A more or less distinct white patch on the rump, not extending on to the thigh, which is dark-coloured like the back ; no ruff on the throat, even in the long winter coat. In summer the coat of old males, which is very short, tends to become more or less light-coloured all over. Height at shoulder from about 45 inches to 4 feet ; weight from about 250 to 350 Ibs. As in the Tibetan race, considerable individual variation may be noticed in the horns, some having the outer front angle much more developed than usual ; it does not appear that these differences can be accounted for by age. Distribution. — In former times apparently extending from the Baikal Mountains in the south of Eastern Siberia through Northern Mongolia to the Altai ; now chiefly restricted to the two latter localities. 384 RECORDS OF BIG GAME fr^uVve" Se^ ^P ^ Tip. Locality. 62 19 385 Altai . . . H. J. Elwes. 60 20 41 Do. . . . Lord Elphinstone. 59^ 20 41 A Do. . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 59 19 37^ Do. . . . Ford G. Barclay. 56^ i8i 33^ Do. . . Major C. S. Cumberland. 55 1 8 39 Do. . . . Prince E. Demidoff. 54§ i8J 30 Do. . . . Major C. S. Cumberland. 54^ '9i 33? Do. . . . Do. 53^ 2iJ 334 Do. ... Duke of Bedford, K.G. 53^ 19 22 Do. . . .St. George Littledale. 53 18 39 Do. ... W. E. Pease. 52 a J9l 33 Do. . . . Prince E. Demidoff. 52 21 30^ Do. . . . P. B. Vander-Byl. 51 19* 33 Do. . . .St. George Littledale. 50 19* 27^ Do. . . .Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -50 19^ 36 Do. . . . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 49i 2o£ 25 Do. . . St. George Littledale. 47* i8| 31 Do. . . R. Hayne. 45* 20 27^ Do. . . . Prince E. Demidoff. 40 1 6 33 Do. . . . Princess Demidoff. ? 26 7* 23! Do. . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. TIBETAN ARGALI 385 Head of Male Tibetan Argali. TIBETAN ARGALI (Ovis ammon hodgsoni). Chiefly distinguished from the Siberian argali by the develop- ment of a distinct white ruff on the throat of the males, at least in the winter coat, and also by the less degree of lateral expansion of the horns, which do not form more than a single complete circle, and are generally broken at the tips. The wrinkles on the horns are perhaps somewhat less prominent, and the outer front angle is frequently well developed. The height at the shoulder is perhaps rather less than in the typical argali, of which this sheep is best regarded as a local race. A specimen measured by Lieut.-Col. Greenaway was 76 inches from the nose to the tip of the tail, and the weight about 2 1 2 Ibs. In another male, whose age was estimated at 10 years, the height at the shoulder was 43 inches, the girth 50 inches, and the weight 205 Ibs. (P. H. G. Powell-Cotton). 386 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution, — The plateau of Tibet, from Northern Ladak to the districts north of Sikhim, and northwards to the Kuenlun ; eastern limits unknown. Locality. Owner. Arnold Pike. g Lake . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . W. H. Lane. E. Howard Brooke. Major T. K. E. Johnston. Major G. A. L. Carew. Major H. C. Morland. . Lieut. -Col. Hon. A. Dalzell. Otho Shaw. . A. O. Hume. . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. . Major H. M. Biddulph. Major C. S. Cumberland. Hon. R. A. Ward. ? Duke of Teck. . . . J. V. Phelps. ? Lucknow Museum. A. E. Leatham. . Duke of Bedford. . W. R. Lawrence. H.H. the Maharaja of Travan- core. Comte de Jancourt. A. O. Hume. ? Lieut. -Col. T. Greenaway. . Major H. M. Biddulph. Brit. Museum (Hume Collection.) J. Carr Saunders. . H.R.H. theDukeofSaxe-Coburg and Gotha. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. 57 i8f 29 Tibet . 50* i8i 19 Pangor -So 17 Tibet . -48* 19 Do. . -48 i8i Do. . 48 16 23 Rudok 48 i8i 20 Ladak 48 18 31 Do. -47 17 Do. 46* 193 20 Do. -46* i6J 21 Do. 46* I6J Do. -46 19 46 16 17 45* 16* 17 45 17 16 Ladak -45 -44* 17 ai| Ladak 44 16 17* Do. 44 16 17* Do. -44 18 Do. 43 17 19 Do. 42* 164 19 42* 17 -42* 16 15 Ladak 42* 16 18 Do. 42* i5i Tibet . MONGOLIAN ARGALI 38? MONGOLIAN ARGALI (Ovis ammon jubata). Nearly allied to the Tibetan race, having a distinct yellowish-white throat ruff and generally similar horns, but, in some cases at least, the outer front angles of the latter much rounded off. The white on the buttocks and hinder surface more abundant and purer in colour. Distribution. — Eastern Mongolia to the north of Pekin. f^c'uVve. & Tip to Tip. LocaHty. Own*. 44! i6J 23 Manchuria . . . H. R.H. Henri de Bourbon, Comte de Bardi. 388 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Shapu. SHAPU or UEIAL (Ovis vignei). A much smaller sheep than either of the Asiatic argalis, with com- paratively slender and well - wrinkled horns of considerable length, which when fully developed curve forwards along the sides of the face ; the males with a more or less strongly developed whitish ruff on the throat. General colour varying from rufous brown to gray in summer, with the chest, under-parts, and portions of the legs white, and some- times blackish "points." Females with small horns. Height at shoulder about 32 inches ; weight about 120 Ibs. Distribution. — From Ladak and Zanskar to Russian Turkestan, Afghanistan, part of the Caucasus, Baluchistan, Southern Persia, the North-West Frontier of India, and the Punjab Salt- Range. Several local races, two of which probably intergrade in the Indus valley, are recognised. First, the typical urin of Astor, the sha or shapu of Ladak (O. vignei typica) ; secondly, the smaller urial (0. vignei cycloceros} of the Punjab, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan, in which the colour is redder, the ruff more developed, and the front angles of the horns often show a knotted keel ; and thirdly, the Kopet Dagh Urial (O. v. arkal}. It is possible the Persian form, in which the ruff is said to be but little developed, may form a fourth race. SHAPU 389 (a) SHAPU (Ovis vignei typica). Length ,-.. „,. °"f™< £S£ xfp!0 L°™'«V- Owner. curve. 39 i if 1 5i Col. Sir H. S. Rawlinson, Bart. 38§ i2j ii;| J. Carr Saunders. 384 ni 84 Near Leh . . . E. L. Phelps. 36i Hi 4i Do. . . . A. O. Hume, C.B. -36i i if Do. ... Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. 36i log iig Baltistan , .• . Major T. A. Salt. 34l 1 1 East India Club. -33l 12} 13 Ladak . . . P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. 33i 12 12 Do. ... Arnold Pike. -33i "i i°i Do. ... Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 33 104 15 Do. . ' . Capt. F. W. H. Walshe. 32i 10 ii Do. . D. L. R. Lorimer. 32J 104 Hif Do. ... Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. -32 1 1 9i Do Col. J. Biddulph. -32 Do. . Capt. T. S. Johnson. 3*5 ID] 7 Do. ... Col. F. C. Lister-Kay. 34 10^ 134 Do. . . . B. H. Shaw-Stewart. -31 H Do. . . . J. D. Cobbold. 3°a 8i 19 Do. . . . Capt. K. Dingwall. 30 115 I6 Hon. Walter Rothschild. -30 Ladak Otho Shaw. -30 H H.H. the Maharaja of Travancore. -3° Lucknow Museum. 29l log II. C. V. Hunter. 29^ ioi 13 Ladak . . . . J. V. Phelps. 29 n£ ? Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 29 1 1 9-T Ladak, W. Indus . . A. Leslie Renton. 28i iog 20 ? P. Church. .28 io| 13 ? B. Vincent. 39° RECORDS OF BIG GAME Locality. Owner. -274 ii& i IO i8J W7est Martyn Kennard. Ladak . . . Capt. F. E. S. Adair. (pi PUNJAB URIAL (Ovis vignei cycloceros). Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 394 I2i Ml Russian Turkestan Prince E. Demidoff. 394 381 I Of 9-75 18* 9-5 Punjab Chita Oapar Range, near Attock Jouaki Land Major F. H. Taylor. (See illus- tration. ) Royal Artillery Mess, Woolwich (Lieut. -Col. C. F. Massey). Royal Artillery Mess at Attock. -37 9 ? The late Major J. C. Shirres. 36 9 9 15 Hills north - west of Peshawur Persia Mess of 6oth Rifles (Lord \Valter Fitzgerald). Hon. Walter Rothschild. 354 ioi 16 Gulran, Afghanistan . British Museum (Dr. J. Aitchison). 354 ioi i7i Russian Turkestan Prince E. Demidoff. -354 ioi 20j ? Mess, 2ist Punjab Infantry. 35i ioi 94 Punjab Major F. H. Taylor. -35 II H Near Cabul Major J. W. M. Cotton. 344 II 12 Russian Turkestan St. George Littledale. 334 9* 124 Salt-Range A. O. Hume. 334 91 si ? Capt. R. L. Tottenham. 334 ii 8| Russian Turkestan Prince P. Demidoff. 324 IO "4 ? Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 32! 71 12 Punjab G. Blois Johnson. 32* 3'! IO 9 "4 164 Near Daghestan . British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). R. Graham. 3i4 94 i6| Salt -Range Capt. H. W. Codrington. 3i4 12 ioi ? Major J. Manners Smith. -3i icj Punjab Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. URIAL Length on Circum- T; T; T -_nijtv front curve. ference. 31 9§ 14^ Punjab 30^ 9$ 2o| Salt-Range 3O| iiij \\\ Do. -30 8J 6£ ? 391 Owner. Lieut.-Col. R. H. Rattray. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Col. J. Biddulph. Dublin Museum. Head of Male Punjab Urial. Major F. H. Taylor's specimen. 392 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The following specimens belong to the so-called O. blanfordi. Owner. A. O. Hume. L. Napier. Brit. Museum (Hume Collection). Col. J. Biddulph. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Length on front curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 37i 34i IOJ 84 II 16 Haji Khan, Kelat, 3000 ft. Sind . 3'i 9i 13! Do. . 28^ 9 10 Baluchistan -*5i 91 ioif Do. ARMENIAN MUFLON (Ovis orientalis). The Asiatic muflon, of which this is the typical form, differs from all the preceding species by the absence of horns in the females ; the horns of the males being not unlike those of the urial, but curving backwards, so that their points are situated behind the neck instead of beneath the eyes. General colour of upper-parts some shade of yellow or foxy red ; the under-parts and lower portions of the legs white. Height at shoulder about 2 feet 9 inches. Distribution. — The mountains of Armenia, Eastern Persia, and Asia Minor. Length on Circum- Tip to Tip. jtside curve. ference. outsid Locality. 364 -295 24 233 21 io£ 95 9i 9 98 94 9 54 SI 18 94 1 6^ 17 Axylon Cilician Taurus Persian Frontier W. Asia Minor Asia Minor Persian Frontier Asia Minor Owner. British Museum (W. Burchart Barker). British Museum. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. E. N. Buxton. . C. G. Danford. Prince E. Demidoff. . C. G. R. Lee. . Col. J. Biddulph. Prince E. Demidoff. H. O. Whittall. CYPRIAN MUFLON 393 w/// Head of Male Cyprian Muflon. (From Biddulph, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1884.) CYPRIAN MUFLON (Ovis orientalis ophion). A small local race of the preceding distinguished by certain differ- ences in coloration, and the complete rounding-off of the front outer angle of the horns of the male. This is the smallest of the wild sheep, stand- ing only about 28 inches at the shoulder. ~ The horns closely resemble those of the Armenian race in general characters, but are less massive, and curve gradually from the base, instead of diverging nearly straight outwards, as is generally the case in the latter. Weight about 70 Ibs. Distribution. — The Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Length on Circum- ™. ™. front curve. ference. Tip to Tlp. Owner. 27 74 8| Hon. Walter Rothschild. 25 8 15! H. Williamson. 23^ 8-15 12-20 Col. J. Biddulph. 23 7 5f British Museum. 22g 7i 6 British Museum (Gen. Sir R. Biddulph). -22^ ... 5J Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 22j 8 12^ Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. -17^ 8 i^ Dublin Museum. 16 7^ 16^ Cambridge Museum. 2 D 394 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male European Muflon. From a specimen in the British Museum, shot by Mr. F. G. Barclay. EUROPEAN MUFLON (Ovis musimon). The large light-coloured saddle on the otherwise dark summer coat of the rams and the form of the horns are so distinctive of the species that nothing in the way of description need be attempted in this place. The horns of the rams curve forwards so as to have their tips below the eyes, and are comparatively massive, with the wrinkles of a type somewhat different from that obtaining in the Armenian sheep. Two races appear recognisable, in one of which the ewes are hornless, while in the other they have short horns. Height at shoulder about 27 inches. Distribution. — At the present day the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. Length on Circum- -p. ,,,. front curve. ference. TlP to TlP' Locality. 384 34i 33* n^ Sardinia i6| Do. 9 Do. Owner. . Duke of Bedford. . W. Moncreiffe. M. Egerton. DOMESTICATED SHEEP 395 Length on Circum- ~,. ~,. front curve. ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 32i 9 9 Sardinia . . . C. Sloane Stanley. 31 8£ 10 Do. ... C. G. R. Lee. 3oi S§ 14 Uo. Rhys Williams. 29! 8 124 Do. ... C. Sloane Stanley. 29f 8 Do. ... J. D. Cobbold. 29§ 8| ii Do. . Hon. R. A. Ward. 8J 21 Do. ... E. N. Buxton. 9 10 Do. ... F. G. Barclay. 28^ 9f 9§ Do. . . . Edinburgh Museum. 27g 8| 5J Do. ... W. E. Pease. 27! 8| 9 Do. ... Prince E. Demidoff. 27 9i ioi Do. ... Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27 8£ 10 Do. . . . British Museum. DOMESTICATED SHEEP (Ovis aries). The history and ancestry of the various breeds of domesticated sheep are lost in the mists of antiquity, and naturalists are unable to point to the wild stock from which any or all of them are derived. This is the more to be regretted, seeing that the Swedish breed is the type of the genus Ovis. Most domesticated breeds differ from wild sheep by the woolly nature of their coat ; but since hairy tame sheep are met with in several uncivilised countries, this point of difference is of comparatively little importance. More weight has been attached to the great length of the tail, which is much longer than even that of the arui ; and, as mentioned above, that species is almost certainly not the father of the domesticated sheep. There is, however, some degree of probability that the long tails of the domesticated breeds are due to a kind of degeneration. And if this be really the case, their ancestry might be looked for among the muflons or urial or some allied extinct form, since the horns of most breeds approximate to the muflon type. In many breeds, Dorsetshire, for example, the females are horned ; and four, or even five, horns occur in the males of certain breeds. Some eastern sheep, like the Wallachian, have departed from the muflon type by the development of upright corkscrew-horns comparable with those of the markhor or kudu. 396 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ouScTve. £S£ ^ to Tip. Locality. Owner. 4Si 9 15 Scotland . . . J. A. H. Drought. 39i 8| 21 ? H. E. Surtees. 37 8J 20 Loch Awe, N.B. . H. Murray. 35^ 8 i6| ? Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 35i 8i 24 Dorset . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 33 ii 22j Yarkand . . . British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). 28| 8 2li Scotland . . . Rowland WTard. 22§ 9^ 2oJ Yarkand . . . British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). 22§ 9i 22^ Do. . . . Do. 1 8 8| l6J Fezzan . . . British Museum. ioi 6 9 Faroe Islands . . R. J. Cuninghame. Many-horned Breeds. Lengthen Circum- Tip to Tip. Number of Qwner outside curves. ference. rlorns. 2o£.. .16 6 ...4! 15* Four The late Sir H. B. Meux, Bart. I9f...i4 6*...4% 21 ...16 Do. P. C. Millbank. I9i...i4^ 8 ...5^ 27 ... 9J Do. British Museum. 19 ...14 7I-.-5* 24 ... 5J R. J. Cuninghame. 17|...I4^ 7§---4l 4*-- 6f Four British Museum (Hume Collection). 17 ...I if 6|..-5 6 ... 8| Do. British Museum. The following belong to the Wallachian breed :— Lengthen Length in a Gj h Tip to Tip. Owner, the curve. straight line. 33 17^ 7i I9i H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. 32 24 7i 38 Do. 29! 23^ 8 4Og British Museum. 9 I2g 10^ 4j 17^ Do. MUSK- OX 397 Head of Bull Musk-Ox. MUSK-OX (Ovibos moschatus). In spite of its name, this Arctic ruminant has no near affinity with the members of the ox tribe, the cheek-teeth being more like those of the sheep and goats, the muzzle, except for a small strip between the nostrils, hairy, and the tail reduced to a mere stump concealed among the long hair of the hind-quarters. On the other hand, the resemblance to the sheep is not very close, the horns, which in old males nearly meet in the middle line of the forehead, being of a totally different form and structure, and the skull likewise very distinct. In the males the horns are much flattened and expanded at the bases, after which they are bent suddenly down behind the eyes, to curve upwards again at the tips. In the females they are much smaller, less expanded, and not approximated at their bases. In both sexes their texture is coarse and fibrous, and their colour yellow. The long coat of dark brown hair depending from the back and sides like a mantle affords an adequate protection against the rigors of an Arctic winter ; and the broad spreading hoofs, with hair on their under-surface, give a firm 398 RECORDS OF BIG GAME foothold on snow and ice. Two races are known — the typical Canadian and the Greenland (O. moschatus wardi). The latter is characterised by the presence of a certain amount of white on the forehead and the smaller expansion of the horns. Height at shoulder about 4 feet. Weight of one weighed in parts, 5 79 Ibs. (D. T. Hanbury). Distribution. — Arctic America, approximately north and east of a line drawn from the mouth of the Mackenzie River to Fort Churchill on Hudson Bay, Greenland, and Grinnell-land, in lat. 32° 27'; approximate southern limit lat. 40° N. Owner. W. W. Hart. David T. Hanbury. Caspar Whitney. Earl of Lonsdale. Imperial Museum, Vienna. Warburton Pike. British Museum (J. Rae). British Museum. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Warburton Pike. J. Talbot Clifton. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Major W. Anstruther Thomson. A. Barclay Walker. Dublin Museum. Imperial Museum, Vienna. British Museum (A. G. Dallas) Dr. Albert von Stephani. Length on outside curve. Breadth of Palm. Tip to Tip. Locality. -30* 13! 3oi ? 271 -27* 10 ni 271 23 Barren Grounds of Northern Canada . Do. 27i 124 27 Do. -27* io| 27* Do. 26| ii 27 Do. 26| w| North America 26J 131 271 Do. -251 10 25 Do. 24! ii 25* Barren Grounds 24i 7* 19 Do. 24i 10* 26 Do. 24 91 23i North America -24 25 ? 23i 6 22| ? -21* 9 27 ? -92IJ 4l 20{j ? 9i8§ 4i North America 917 4i 9^ Do. Ovibos moschatus wardi. 24! 8J 22^ Greenland . . . Rowland Ward. 24^ 7£ 27 Do. Do. CAPE BUFFALO 399 Horns of Male Cape Buffalo (Mr. F. H. Barber's specimen). CAPE BUFFALO (Bos caffer). Gadars of the Gallas. Mbogo and Nyati of the Swahilis. Inyati of the Swazis and Zulus. Nadi in Barotsiland and Ngami- Mboa and Nyati in the Chilala and land. Chibisa countries. Nari of the Basutos. Among the distinctive features of this fine species may be noted the enormous helmet -like mass formed by the closely ap- proximated bases of the horns in old bulls, the backward inclination and comparatively slight angulation of the horns themselves, the shortness of the face, and the great width and size of the heavily fringed and flapping ears. In colour both the skin and the sparse hairs with which it is clothed are for the most part jetty black ; the hairs themselves being directed uniformly backwards from the nape to the rump. Height at shoulder about five feet. Distribution. — Southern Africa from the Cape to the southern bank of the Congo on the west side, and approximately to the neighbour- hood of the Victoria Nyanza on the east side of the continent. Northwards of this it not improbably gradually passes into the Abyssinian buffalo. Except on the Zambesi, Chobi, and some neighbouring rivers, buffaloes have now become very scarce in South Africa ; but between Umtali and the east coast at Beira, and also from the latter station to the mouth of the Zambesi, they are to be met with in vast herds, and a few years ago existed in countless numbers. Here they are much protected by the un- healthy nature of the country, which is deadly to Europeans, except 400 RECORDS OF BIG GAME between the end of May and November. Save for a few protected herds in the Addo bush, the Knysna and Zitzikamma forests, and thickets of the Fish and Sunday rivers, the species has long since been exterminated in the Cape. It is even rare and local in British East Africa, where, as in other districts on the eastern side of the continent, the rinderpest some years ago played havoc with the herds. Owner. Sir Richard Glyn, Bart. H. C. Macdonald. F. H. Barber. (See illustration.) F. Lean. P. C. Keytel. C. H. Townsend. F. J. Jackson. Prince Boris Czetwertynski. C. M. Swire. Julius Jeppe. British Museum. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. D. H. Macdonell. H. C. V. Hunter. Major H. de Free. Count Scheibler. S. Pulley. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. F. S. Staples. F. C. Selous. F. Charrington. J. B. Taylor. Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie. J. Lamont. E. P. Cooper. F. Vaughan Kirby. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Greatest Width. Outside. Inside. Width of Tip to Palm T nr,A^v Tip. measured on face of horn. 49 44i 401 ni Limpopo -481 44i 36 10 Chiromo, B.C. A. . 4«i 43 3oi ni Sabi River -48 43 Pungwe . -47i 435 39! 13 - ? -471 ? 47 401 I2j East Africa 4°i 26 Do. 464 44i 37i 6i Pungwe . . . 451 4i 27! 8 Do. . 451 4ii 37i South Africa . 451 40 28| 12 Nyasaland 45i 40 27! II East Africa 45i »4 Kilimanjaro . 45i 40| 32f 9 Tana River -45 39l 36i 14 East Africa -45 ... Nyasaland 44f 39§ 27i "J East Africa 44i 39i 29 12 Pungwe . . . 44l 39i 29 IS Chobe River . 44* 374 12 East Africa 44i 39 3'i IO South Africa . 44 40j 371 12 East Africa -44 40 Ili South Africa . -44 40 3°i Hi Angola . -44 37i 14 Chiringoma, P.E.A. 43§ 371 26A 12| East Africa CAPE BUFFALO 401 Greatest Width. Outside. Inside. Width of Tip to Palm •, ,. Tip. measured on face of horn. 434 384 254 9 Pungwe . 43i 38i 244 I3i South Africa . 43 384 36 ii N.W. Rhodesia 43 371 291 H South Africa . 43 38 304 ii Lake Ngami . 42| 38 33f 91 East Africa 424 39l 40 84 Do. 424 394 404 ill Do. -424 364 29 144 E.G. Africa . 42| 3*1 294 124 ? 42 38 35i 9 East Africa 42 371 26i ii Pungwe . 42 37 3oi 10* Barotsiland -42 36 19 16 ? -42 41 94 East Africa 414 371 344 10 Pungwe . 4l4 36| 28 South Africa . 41 354 24i 1 64 Do. 41 36| 37 ii Zambesia 41 364 264 94 Pungwe . -40f 35 I9f 134 Do. . . 404 36| 254 94 Do. . -404 36 35 15 South Africa . 940 35i 264 7 Do. 40 35 2li 10 Matabililand . 40 341 2I| 8 Pungwe . 391 344 94 14 Do. . 394 351 29 9 Do. . 39-12 37 36.11 12 British East Africa 938i 331 27 6i ? Owner. H. R. Holden. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. Col. C. Harding. C. D. Rudd. Capt. J. P. Grenfell. E. J. L. Berkeley. Prince P. Demidoff. B. Eastwood. James J. Harrison. Sir Victor Brooke's Collec- tion. Lord Delamere. Capt. F. H. Lehmann. E. D. Scott. Mr. Justice Hopley. Major E. G. Harrison. R. H. Yenables-Kyrke. British Museum. F. C. Selous. Comdr. A. T. Hunt, R.N. Major Lord Douglas Compton. Count E. Hoyos. Marquis of Hamilton. A. Ohlsson. F. C. Selous. Major James Grant. C. C. Gouldsmith. Capt. G. L. Bonham. F. W. Belt. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. P. C. Keytel. 402 Skull and Horns of Male Abyssinian Buffalo. ABYSSINIAN BUFFALO (Bos caffer sequinoctialis). A smaller animal than the last (height at shoulder about 4 feet), with the general colour blackish or tawny brown, tinged locally with rufous, and tending to grayish on the legs. Horns smaller, much more flattened at the bases, where they are more widely separated, and in some, although not all, cases retreating less markedly behind the plane of the eyes. The fact that in East African specimens of the Cape buffalo the horns are usually less rugged than in more southern examples, tends to confirm the view that the present animal should be regarded as a variety rather than as a species. Distribution. — From Abyssinia and southern Somaliland through the Egyptian Sudan for a considerable distance up the White Nile ; but the southern limits, if definable, not yet determined. Greatest Width. Outside. Inside. Tip to Tfp. 44 42* 43 40 37 32 3«i 34l 32J 38 34i 28| -371 34l 341 36i 3*1 24i Width of Palm. 8* 75 Locality. Owner. White Nile . P. Niedieck. Abyssinia . E. Lort-Phillips. White Nile . . R. McD. Hawker. Do. . G. H. Cheetham. Upper Baseland J. Menges. White Nile . Count E. Hoyos. ABYSSINIAN BUFFALO 403 Greatest Width. Outside Inside. Tip to Tip. pj Locality. 364 33 304 9^ Sudan 36i 32 22| 84 White Nile . -36 32i 27 8£ Sudan . 36 35*, 29 3i| 24 Mount Elgon, East Africa 8J White Nile . 354 324 3'i 73 Do. -35 3i 29 10 Sudan -34S 304 a6f 9f Do. 344 294 23! 74 White Nile . 33 28| 234 8J Do. 33 274 i8| 94 Do. 32| 29i 26i 84 Do. 9324 29! 244 Si Do. 3i| 28i 251 84 Settite River . 34 264 2li 9i Bogosland 34 26| 27 84 Sudan ... 3ii 26J 24l Bogosland .~~~ 3i 284 2lf 1 1 Abyssinia 3i 26^ i8| 8 Sudan -3o| 26| 20| ioj Settite River . 304 23 204 84 Sudan 23 134 Somaliland Owner. Lieut. -Col. A. Colville. H. E. Allen. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. E. Gedge. E. N. Buxton. S. H. Whitbread. Sir W. Gordon Gumming, Bart. Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. C. Liddell. Count C. Hoyos. H. F. Buxton. C. Adeane. H. Cookson. Col. Ralph Vivian. G. P. V. Aylmer and W. D. James. Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. British Museum. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Col. St. G. C. Henry. Count T. Palffy. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. A. E. Butter. 404 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Horns of old Male Senegambian Buffalo, from the type specimen in the British Museum. SMALLER AFRICAN BUFFALOES. Bona of the Hausas. Lake Tchad Buffalo (Bos caffer brachyceros). Senegambian Buffalo (Bos caffer planiceros}. Dwarf Congo Buffalo (Bos caffer nanus). Despite the enormous differences, alike in size, colour, and the form of the horns, between the little red buffalo of the Congo and its gigantic black cousin of the Cape, such a gradual and apparently complete transition can be traced from the one type to the other, that both seem local modifications of one very variable animal. In the dwarf buffalo of the Congo the colour of the hair is red or yellow, the ears are fringed with very long hair, and the horns are much flattened at the base, with long smooth tips directed upwards. This type may be traced, with some modifications, to the Gaboon and Gambia ; but in the interior of Senegambia it apparently passes into the larger brown buffalo, with more laterally expanded and recurved horns, known as B. caffer planiceros. And this latter is, in its turn, very close to the Abyssinian buffalo (B. caffer cequinoctialis} of East Central Africa, which is nearly allied to the typical Cape form. Another type is indicated by the Lake Tchad buffalo (B. caffer brachyceros}, first dis- covered by Denham and Clapperton. In height the Congo dwarf buffalo only reaches some 42 inches at the shoulder. SMALLER AFRICAN BUFFALOES 405 Length on outside curve. 23 22| -218 214 21 21 204 19 -i8i is 17 i5 9i3 9n4 9ii Circum- ference. 15 l6J *5i iS 10 12 15 164 10 12 134 II 94 Tip to Tip. Locality. 10 Gold Coast 8J Nigeria 1 2 Ashanti 4 Nigeria 2^ West Africa 9^ Nigeria l6| Do. 10 Do. Lake Chad 34 Nigeria 6f Gambia 54 Central Africa 174 Victoria Island, Lower Niger 44 Gambia 144 Nigeria 6J Jebba, Nigeria . 15 Niger . . . 9i Nigeria . . . ii Do. . . . 14 Do. . . 104 Do. Lokoja 10 West Africa 84 Do. ... 1 Width of palm. Owner. Major G. S. C. Jenkinson. Julius Jeppe. C. Beddington. Capt. C. A. Wilding. British Museum. A. Ohlsson. Capt. J. F. Loder-Symonds. Capt. D. F. MacCarthy Morrogh. Hon. Walter Rothschild. W. H. Broun. H. C. Goddard. British Museum (Capt. Denham and Col. Clapperton). P. C. Keytel. Capt. R. H. Monck-Mason. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. P. A. Clive. Major A. H. Testing. Capt. H. A. Porter. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Capt. J. K. Cochrane. Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold. Julius Jeppe. British Museum (Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Skull and Horns of Congo Buffalo, from Lieut. -Col. A. J. Arnold's specimen. 406 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Male Indian Buffalo. Shot by the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. INDIAN BUFFALO or ARNA (Bos bubalis). No one is the least likely to confuse this animal with the Cape species. Both belong, indeed, to the same group of the genus Bos, and have the same rounded upper portion of the head and angulated horns. In the Indian species, however, the head is much longer, the ears are narrower and less heavily haired, and the horns of the male are widely separated on the forehead, and totally different in form. Two types of horns may be recognised, one very massive, and curving regularly up from each side of the head in a subcircular manner ; the other much slenderer, though often quite as long, directed for the greater part of their length almost straight out from the head, and always with a wider spread. Height at shoulder about 6 feet 2 inches ; girth behind shoulder, 10 feet 8 inches. In a bull shot by the Maharajah of Cooch Behar the length from the nose to the tip of the tail was 1 4 feet 2 inches, and to the base of the tail 1 1 feet ; the maximum girth being 10 feet 8 inches, and the weight of the head, when cut off, 158 Ibs. Distribution. — Typically India, where the range includes the plains of the Bramaputra and Ganges from the eastern end of Assam to Tirhut, and the Terai as far west as Rohilcund, the plains near the coast in Midnapore and Orissa, and also the plains in the Eastern INDIAN BUFFALO OR ARNA 407 Central Provinces as far south as the Godaveri and Pranhita rivers. A fawn-coloured race occurs in Northern Assam, and smaller varieties in Ceylon and some of the Malayan islands. In a domesticated state, South Europe, Egypt, etc. Native name of male, arna ; of female, ami. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest Widest outside ference. Tip. inside, outside, curve. Locality. -71 214 341 60 Assam 9704 18 64 78 Do. 70 184 60 67| 72 Do. 651 20j Do. 9644 18 424 60 96 Do. -63 18 60 Do. 62 17 IOI Do. 96iJ 153 22i 45i • • • Cooch Behar 96ii 16 22 48 Assam 60 22 64 72 Central Provinces 60 20 40 52 ? 58§ I28 ? 584 I2| ? -57 18 Central Provinces 57 184 414 60 Do. -57 15 49 52 Assam ?57 144 53 61 ? 56i 214 40 522 Assam -56 18 294 574 ? 956 I9i 33! 50^ ... Cooch Behar 56 174 62 614 644 Bengal 55i 1 84 29 44 ? ?55 134 ... ... Bhutan Duars 55 22 554 62 66 Central Provinces 544 i8& 38i 481 ? Owner. British Museum. Measured by A. O. Hume ; shot by A. Forbes. The late Sir A. Campbell-Orde. . J. H. Whitehouse. British Museum (Col. J. Mathie). J. Campbell of Kilberry. Sir A. Campbell-Orde. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. . Capt. B. Vincent. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Do. J. D. Inverarity. . Lieut. -Col. G. D. F. Sulivan. . A. H. Straker. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . A. O. Hume. J. Whitaker. H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. G. Monteath. J. Carr Saunders. Major-Gen. A. A. A. Kinloch. . L. T. Harris. British Museum (Hume Collec- tion). 408 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on Circum- Tip to Widest Widest outside ference. Tip. inside, outside, curve. Locality. ?54i I2j 69! 70 Assam 541 19 50 59 64 ? 54 20 40 47 55 ? -54 23 39 59! Burma 53i I*i 23i 40§ ? 53i I2i Nepal -534 23 30 424 (6 ft. zi ins. at shoulder) I2j 31 Cooch Behar Java . 53 -53 19 361 48f 56 p 1 81 22 38J Assam -5H i9l 451 5° Central Provinces 5of i8| 541 60} 65 Patna i 331 29 Asirgarh Jungle, Lieut. -Col. M. Cust. C.I. -38| 21 32i 33i Mysore Surgeon-Capt. C. W. H. Whitestone. 381 I7i *5f 32| 30 ? A. H. Sharp. -38§ iSi 28| 28J Raipur, C. P. Capt. M. M'Neill. -381 18 34 24 ? J. D. Inverarity. 38i i7f 28^ 33i 273 Cooch-Behar . H. R. Beaumont. 38 18 22i 33 3if Madras . S. Cox. -38 19 18 3i 34i ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 37i itf 24i 3o| 3i Mysore Viscount Powerscourt. 37i 18 19 32i 3i ? Colonel Baillie. 37i 20 25 3ii 29 Chota Nagpur Major J. W. Yardley. District 36| 214 22j 29^ 28 Straits Settle- Mrs. Pauling. ments -36* 174 17 28 Mysore Capt. G. H. Evans. -36i 20.\ 26i 27i ? Major-General W. Rice. 36£ i8i 26| 261 ? Major R. H. Eraser. 36 174 23i 29! 28 S. India . Capt. C. S. Timins. 36 '94 154 29 34 ? Major F. J. Evelegh. 351 16 18 31 25i ? E. R. Collins. 35i »7i Mi 291 29i C. Provinces W. J. Considine. 35 «94 16 3oi Travancore Major Lord Douglas Compton. -35 *74 29 North Kanara . Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. 35 i«i i9i 29 29i ? Major H. Patton-Bethune. 35 i7i 19 29i 29 ? Major G. F. Mockler. 35 18 19 29i 28 Bastar, C. P. . Lord Charles Bentinck. 35 19 23 28| 26 Cooch-Behar . Sir Henry D. Tichborne, Bart. -34 18* 19 28 34 Mysore Lord Curzon. -34 I7i 24 ... Malay States . T. R. Hubback. 927 131 13 22 24 N. Travancore A. O. Hume. Hills GAUR 421 Widest inside.1 Circum- ference at base. Tip to Tip. Length on outside curve of longest horn. Locality. 39 i7i 284 29i Siam 36 17 26± 27i Assam 36 15 26^ 26 Central Provinces 36 i?i 27 26 Do. 37i r8| 22 3o| Travancore 35 i7i 20i 27i Tezpore, Assam 35 18 23 26 Burma . . 1*3. 34* 18 224 28 Assam 34i 18 234 334 Cooch-Behar . 34 i8i 2Oj 27* Travancore 34 171 184 25 Central Provinces 34 1 51 24l 24i ? 34 19 27 24 Burma . . 33f 18 231 25 Kanara . 33i 18 iSi 284 Travancore 33i 15 22 23 Assam ._ . 32| 1 71 32j 27l Central Provinces 32| i8£ 23l 26 Do. 34 19 164 26 Do. 32i 17* 2I| 3i| Travancore 32i 174 204 33 ? 32 I9i i8i 39 N. Travancore . 32 16 32 30 Do. ? 22 104 Mi 22 ? ?... 104 12 20^ Madras . ?... "i I94 N. Kanara ?i54 12 2i 234 Mysore Owner. A. Waley. L. Truninger. Capt. John Fuller. Col. M. M. Bowie A. T. Mackenzie. A. V. Thomson. Capt. S. L. Robinson. Hon. S. Tollemache. Maharajah of Cooch-Behar. Capt. Hon. E. Baring. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbridge. Capt. H. De Pree. W. F. Loftus-Tottenham. Capt. G. J. Fitzgerald. Capt. H. L. Cottingham. Major E. T. Paul. Major C. S. Cumberland. G. de H. Smith. Capt. C. F. Pinney. A. O. Hume. Major P. Z. Cox. A. W. Turner. J. D. Rees. Major H. de Pree. Major J. W. M. Cotton. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Capt. H. S. Wood. 1 Please note these measurements are inside. 8« sj o wi 313 V 2-S2 ,:oo Gi Sh ; & rt %:75 *^ O^ O^ 0s* O*> C^1 0s X •3J 8 H 0 ^. 0 o S u. •S * ^ -+* --W KH O rt SOS ui.SrorON N « m Jr| '«? 3lw d - 2 2 2 2 2 -5 ^< if 1 I— I V 2 2 3 list a) S 3 S pq GAYAL 423 Skull and Horns of Bull Gayal, from Mr. A. O. Hume's specimen. GAYAL (Bos frontalis). Chiefly, if not entirely, known in a half -domesticated condition, the gayal is a rather smaller animal than the gaur, of a blacker colour, with a large dewlap, and with a straight line between the bases of the massive horns, which are more divergent, less curved upwards, more nearly cylindrical in section, and of a darker colour. The head, too, is much shorter, with the forehead very broad and flat. It may be only a domesticated race of the gaur, as there are indications of a transition in the form of the skull between the two. Distribution. — Reported from the Tenasserim district in a wild state, and kept in a semi-domesticated condition by many of the hill-tribes of Assam and Chittagong. Length on outside curve. 15 -14 Circum- ference. '34 Tip to Tip. Locality. 26| ? 28 Tenasserim Hills 27| ? Owner. British Museum. A. O. Hume. tion.) Indian Museum. British Museum. (See illustra- 424 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Bull Burmese Banting, or Tsaing. From a specimen shot by Mr. R. McD. Hawker. BANTING (Bos sondaicus). The third and last member of the gaur group departs less widely from the type of the common ox than do the two others, the ridge on the withers being less developed, and the horns almost cylindrical. The cows, too, are always reddish coloured, although the bulls may be black, and in the latter sex at least there is always a large white patch on the rump. Very distinctive of the species is the presence of a horny shield on the crown of the head between the bases of the horns. Height at shoulder about 5 feet 9 inches. Distribution. — Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Bali, and perhaps Sumatra. At least two distinct races of the banting are distinguishable. First, the true banting, or Java ox (Bos sondaicus typicus}, from Java, and perhaps some of the other Malay islands and the Peninsula. In this race the old bulls become of a deep blackish brown colour. The same tint is characteristic of the old male banting in Borneo, but the horns are directed more uprightly. BANTING 425 The second well -defined race (B. sondaicus birmanicus] inhabits Burma, and may extend northwards to Manipur. Old bulls retain the reddish tint of the cows throughout life, showing more or less of gray on the head. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Locality. Owner. -33i 17 261 35 Upper Burma . Major H. S. Wood. 30 I6i 244 32 Do. H. W. Marsden. -30 17 Java Indian Museum. 29 16 28 34? Burma . H. L. P. Walsh. -284 174 304 36 Do. . Capt. G. H. Evans. 284 i7f 284 34 Do. . W. O. Hannyngton. -284 15 264 36^ Java H. Van Son. -aft 144 27i 345 Burma Col. O. E. Lloyd. 27 27 144 1 7| 20^ 245 284 32| Upper Burma . Do. British Museum (R. Hawker). J. McF. Fetters. McD. 261 1 6^ ai4 28 Java Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -26 18 174 27 Burma . C. W. A. Bruce. 251 i6| 2O£ 26| Siam . . -_^_ H. C. V. Hunter. 25^ 173 13 24 Burma . Major C. S. Cumberland. -254 i3i 29 32 Do. . W. H. Prendergast. 254 194 244 30 Do. . C. W. A. Bruce. 24| I2j i5l 24i Java British Museum. 23 i6i 30 291 Do. C. W. A. Buma. ?23 i*4 i6i 25 Upper Burma . R. McD. Hawker. 922i »3i i54 23 Java C. W. A. Buma. 2lg 1 2j 134 I9i Borneo . British Museum (H. B. Low). 20 16 22£ 244 Kuclah, B. N. Borneo H. LI. Davies. ?2O 12 214 28 Upper Burma . C. W. A. Bruce. -19* Hi 17 20 Borneo . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 9i5i 74 74 1 6^ Tammu, Burma Major H. S. Wood. 2 F 426 RECORDS OF BIG GAME DOMESTICATED OXEN (Bos taurus and B. indicus). The domesticated cattle of Europe are the descendants of the primitive wild ox, or aurochs (a name frequently misapplied to the bison) of Europe and North Africa (Bos taurus primigenius], now completely extinct in the wild state, although it survived on the continent till the Middle Ages. On the other hand, the humped oxen (zebu) of India and the Galla cattle of Africa appear to trace their origin to a totally distinct species (Bos indicus], also extinct in the wild state. Lengthen Circum- Tip to Tip. ^,est outside curve. ference. inside. 17 57 47 44 424 23f 38i 371 304 100 82 76i 214 (about) 224 52| 53$ 54l 60 231 35 Mi i of 8 i64 single horn 124 Locality. Ngamiland . Do. Bechuanaland South Africa . Abyssinia (Galla Ox) Central Africa Madagascar . Vienna (Polish Bull) Hungary Italy . Cape of Good Hope Galla . Spain . Gambia Buenos Aires (Niati Cattle) India . Angola Nepal . Owner. The late W. C. Oswell. A. Ohlsson. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. R. A. Cooper. British Museum (Sir H. Salt). British Museum. Brit. Museum (Col. Denham). Bethnal Green Museum. British Museum. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Bethnal Green Museum. British Museum. A. E. Butter. British Museum. British Museum (Earl of Derby). British Museum (G. Claraz). British Museum. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). The following specimens belong to British white park-cattle, which, although now half- wild, are the descendants of at least partially domesticated breeds. DOMESTICATED OXEN 427 Length on Circum- T; _. Widest outside curve. ference. Jiptolip. insjde. Locality. Owner. l8i 9i 363 ... ChartleyPark Hon. Walter Rothschild. l8i 7 34s Do. Major James Grant. l84 IOI 20 z\\ Chillingham British Museum (Earl of Park Tankerville). ?'8J 7 loj 15! Do. Do. X5i 9i I7l l8| Northumber- British Museum (Duke of land Hamilton). J5 7i 2o| ChartleyPark Capt. G. W. Hill, R.N. 428 RECORDS OF BIG GAME HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibius). Somali, Jir. Chilala, Mowvu. Boer, Zee-koe. Swahili, Kiboko. Hausa, Donna. Swazi, Imvubu. Danakil, DuL Masai, Macaw. Basuto, Ikubn. Galla, Robi. Abyssinian, Gumare. Such a familiar animal as the uncouth and unwieldy hippopotamus — the largest member of the swine group — requires but little in the way of description here. It is widely distinguished from the pigs and wart- hogs by the broad and rounded muzzle — so unlike the disc-shaped snout of the latter — and consequently typifies a family by itself. The tusks and molars are likewise of a totally different and distinctive type ; while the feet have four sub-equal toes with symmetrical, rounded nails. In all its organisation the hippopotamus is beautifully adapted for a semi-aquatic life ; the eyes and nostrils forming the highest points of the head, and thus allowing it to come up and breathe with the least possible exposure of its body. The weight of a full-grown bull hippo is at least three tons. Distribution. — Formerly this animal frequented most of the rivers of Africa south of the Sahara, but it has long since been exterminated from the lower reaches of the Nile, and is daily becoming scarcer in the South African rivers. In the Zambesi, where it is less easily attacked than in the smaller rivers of Mashonaland, it is still abundant, as it also is in the Chobi and neighbouring rivers, as well as in Lake Ngami ; and even in the lower reaches of the Orange River a few are still to be met with. North of the Zambesi these animals occur in great numbers. Hippos are chiefly hunted for the sake of their hides, which are manufactured into sjamboks, or raw-hide whips. Their tusks have also a certain commercial value, although not so great as formerly, when they were employed for artificial teeth. In Liberia and some other parts of the West Coast there occurs the much smaller pigmy hippopotamus (H. liberiensis], an animal measuring only some six feet in length, and possessing more the habits of a pig. It also differs from the common species by having, as a rule, only one, instead of two, pairs of incisor teeth between the tusks. A hippopotamus, shot on the Shire River, British Central Africa, by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby, measured as follows : ft. in. ft. in. Total length, nose to tail 14 2 Tail .... i 8 Vertical standing height 3 io|- Length of tusks . .25 Circumference of tusks . 8^ Weight per pair „ -145- Ibs. HIPPOPOTAMUS 429 The tusks measured 3 1 and 30^ inches, with circumference inches, after they were extracted from the skull. Length round out- side curve. ]-38 protruding from jaw 32 Tusks. Circumference. Locality. Owner. 9 (malformed) S.E. Africa . . J. Lament. 8 Do. Tana River, East Africa J. Benett Stanford. Nyasaland . . . Major P. W. Forbes. 8J Shire River . . Comdr. A. T. Hunt, R.N. g\ Lualaba, Central Africa S. L. Hinde. lof ? Sir Clement Hill. 9! ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart q ? E. L. Fletcher. 23ii S.E. Africa ; . F. Vaughan Kirby. 3i IO N.E. Rhodesia . . G. M. E. Leyer. 304 9i St. Lucia Bay . Hon. Charles Ellis. -304 8 Lower Zambesi . H. M. von Archer. 30 30 9 (weight 15 Ibs. pair) 9 St. Lucia Bay Shire River . . Hon. Charles Ellis. Surgeon J. Dowson, R. N. -30 8£ British Central Africa . A. le H. K. B. Ritchie. 30 9 Zambesia . .x E. \V. Tompson. 3° 9 British Central Africa . R. M. Irwin. -30 (weight ii Ibs.) Katungas, Shire River E. B. Vertue. 29! 8| Do. F. C. Selous. 294 8 Do. Dr. \V. P. Y. Bainbrigge. 29 8i Shire River F. Vaughan Kirby. 28 84 British Central Africa . L. G. Ibach. 27 8 Atbara River, North- East Africa East Africa W. D. James. E. Gedge. 26 71 Niger. Major J. A. Burdon. Straight Tusks. -20 6* Lower Zambesi . Nigeria H. M. von Archer. Major J. A. Burdon. 1 Malformed. 2 Straight tusk 19 ins. long. 43° RECORDS OF BIG GAME i i i ! I I I I I Abnormal Lower Tusk of Wild Boar. WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa and S. cristatus). Most of the European and Asiatic species of wild swine, forming the typical group of the genus Sus, are so like each other, that it is often a matter of difficulty to discriminate between them, and naturalists are not yet in accord as to the number of species which should be recognised. The European wild boar is a large coarsely-haired species, with an under-coat of woolly fur, no warts on the face, and standing about 33 inches at the shoulder. It lacks the crest or mane of long black bristles running from the nape down the back in its Indian cousin ; and the last tooth in the lower jaw is of a rather less complex structure than in the latter (S. cristatus). A Spanish boar killed by H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans weighed 302 Ibs. Distribution. — Europe, Asia Minor, North-East Africa, and India. Length on Length of outside curve. tusk out Right. Left. of gum. 12 -"1 Tusks. Locality. Owner. Albania Caucasus Lord Carnegie. Col. Veernhof. WILD BOAR 431 Length on Length of outside curve tusk out Right. Left. of gum. Locality. 94 9 24 Caucasus . Asia Minor Caucasus . Do. . Albania Algeria 3 Near Bona, Algeria Algeria Russia 1 Weight 372 Ibs. Owner. Capt. Robert Finnic. Admiral Sir Michael Culme Sey- mour, Bart. Prince E. Demidoff. Do. Sir Reginald Cathcart, Bart. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Capt. John Marriott. Count J. Potocki. Weight 275 Ibs. clean. The following specimens belong to the Indian species : — Length on outside curve. Locality. -I4f Purneah, Lower Bengal (malformed) -»4l Hills above Jamu -iof North Kanara -104 Burma -104 ? -10 India . . . . -91 Oa ? 9? 94 Burma 9i North Kanara 91 Central Provinces 94 Ceylon . 9* Central Provinces 84 Jumna Valley 84 Bengal -8.30 Assam -Si Bikanir . . . -7.85 Assam Owner. H. R. P. Carter, recorded in Field, igth January 1895. (See illustration, p. 422.) Col. Sir Neville Chamberlain. Bombay Natural History Society. Mrs. O. F. Wheeler-Cuffe. Meerut Tent Club The late Sir Samuel Baker. Meerut Tent Club. Dr. Travers. Langford Whitehouse. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Lieut. -Col. J. S. Ashby. Capt. F. H. N. Pym. The late J. Moray-Brown. The late Capt. F. C. Quicke. Surg.-Capt. J. M'Kie. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 432 Length on outside curve. 74 74 Mhou Locality. ? Owner. Capt. P. A. Bainbridge. H. Dibble. H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Head of Wild Boar. BUSH- PIG 433 CAPE BUSH -PIG (Sus [Potamochcerus] choeropotamus). Bosch-vark of the Boers. Ingulubi of the Svvazis and Zulus. The bush-pigs, or river-hogs, of Africa and Madagascar form a peculiar group of swine characterised by having only 42, in place of 44, teeth, small tusks, and a large ridge-like prominence on each side of the face, due to the presence of a ridge of bone on the sheath of the tusk. The ears may be surmounted with tufts of long hair. The various species are best distinguished by the character of their skulls, colour forming a very uncertain guide. The Cape bush-pig, or bosch- vark, is very generally gray, but the late Sir Andrew Smith stated that " scarcely any two specimens of this species exhibit the same colours ; some are a brownish black variegated with white, and others are almost entirely of a light reddish brown or rufous tint, without any white mark- ings ; indeed, such are the varieties that it is scarcely possible to say what are the prevailing colours." In British Central Africa, where they have been wrongly identified with the West African species, they are invariably reddish. Height at shoulder about 3 1 inches ; weight, 3 5 Ibs. Lower tusks average 6 to 7 inches long, and a good specimen shot by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby had tusks protruding out of jaw 4-f inches. Distribution. — South and South-East Africa. WEST AFRICAN BUSH -PIG or RED RIVER -HOG (Sus [Potamochcerus] porcus). In this species the colour is always some shade of rufous, either shining brownish red with a tinge of yellow, or dark reddish yellow with black on the forehead, ears, and limbs, the mane of the back, part of the margins of the ears, tips of the long tufts of hairs with which they are surmounted, and streaks above and below the eyes white. Distribution. — West Africa, from Angola to Senegambia, and eastwards to Monbuttu. Sder Weisht- ^^- Owner- ~23i 35 lbs- Snire River, British Central Dr. Percy Kendall. Africa 434 RECORDS OF BIG GAME BABIRUSA (Babimsa alfurus). The pig -deer (to translate its Malay name) is not the least notable of several remarkable animals restricted to Celebes ; the peculiar form and position of the upper tusks of the boars rendering them almost comparable to horns. Unlike other pigs, in which they curve upwards from the sides of the lips, the tusks grow from the centre of the muzzle, piercing through the skin, and as they are not worn by the lower pair, attain extraordinary dimensions. Both pairs are quite devoid of enamel ; the lower ones growing from the sides of the jaw in the ordinary manner. The cheek-teeth are somewhat less numerous than in ordinary pigs. In other parts of its organisation the babirusa is, however, very like the latter, although its nearly naked skin is remarkable for its coarse and rugged nature, being almost comparable to the bark of a tree. The height at the middle of the back, the highest point of the animal, is about 42 inches. Unlike the rest of its tribe, the female babirusa produces only a pair of young at a birth, which are of the same uniformly slaty hue as their parent. Babirusa are confined to the island of Celebes, where they afford good sport to the natives, who drive them into nets and then spear them. Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard recorded in the Cruise of the " Marchesa "• : Weight, male, 128 Ibs. ; female, 85 Ibs. Height at shoulder, 27-^ in. ; female, 25-^ in. Length. Upper tusks. Lower tusks. Owner. -17 ... H. Van Son. i6f 13! Rowland Ward. -I4i Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. -13! 15 Imperial Museum, Vienna. WART-HOG 435 Tusks of Male Wart-Hog, Mr. F. H. Barber's specimen. WART-HOG (Phacochoerus sethiopicus). Ngolobwi in Ngamiland. Injiri in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Vlak-vark of the Boers. Daruno;u of the Hausas. Bongo or Ngurnwe of the Svvahilis. Ikulubi of the Basutos. Indaigazana of the Swazis and Zulus. Karkary of the Somalis. Ngolobwi in Barotsiland. For downright ugliness the African wart-hog is hard to beat, and as it is well armed and possesses a bad temper, it is in all respects an undesirable acquaintance. The name is derived from the presence of three pairs of wart-like protuberances on the sides of the face between the eyes and the tusks ; the head itself being characterised by the disproportionate length and flatness of the face. Unlike the true pigs, the stout upper tusks are longer than the lower pair ; the inferior surfaces of their basal halves being worn to smooth facets by the points of the latter. Another peculiarity of the upper tusks is that they have no enamel, except at the extreme tips, which are soon worn off by use. But a further peculiarity is presented by the last molar teeth of each jaw, which, together with the tusks, are often the only teeth remaining in very old animals. They are both long and tall, consisting of a number of closely-packed cylindrical columns of enamel, 436 RECORDS OF BIG GAME which, when worn, present a characteristic pattern. Except along the neck and back, where it carries a mane of bristly hair, the skin is nearly naked ; and the young differ from those of ordinary pigs in being neither striped nor spotted. Height at shoulder, 30 inches. Distribution. — The wart-hog is typically an inhabitant of South and South-East Africa. Animals of the same genus extend, however, right through East and Central Africa to Abyssinia ; those from the latter country having been described as a distinct species, under the name of P. africanus. Not improbably, however, the northern animal is only a local race of the southern form. Wart- hogs, possibly from their habit of going to ground when pursued, are but seldom hunted with the spear ; " pig- sticking " being, in fact, a sport practically unknown in Africa. The lower tushes seldom exceed 6 inches on the front curve. Length on Length exposed outside curve. from gum. -27 \ 26 J 20 I7f -*5i J3a 15 13^ -15 i3A 13 iif -12 -12 -"i Upper Tusks. Locality. Annesley Bay South Africa . Matanari Bush British Central Africa South-East Africa . British Central Africa Zambesia Somaliland South-East Africa . Somaliland . East Africa . South-East Africa . East Africa . South-East Africa . Do. Owner. Capt. Ralph Berners, R.N. F. H. Barber. J. Whitaker. F. Vaughan Kirby. R. H. Storey. W. Russell Bowker. John Yule. R. J. Cuninghame. Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. F. C. Selous. P. C. Keytel. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. C. Steuart Betton. James Meldrum. Capt. M. M'Neill. Julius Jeppe. James J. Harrison. WART-HOG 437 Length on Length exposed outside curve. from gum. II II ... IOJ ioi 104 -91 Locality. Rhodesia Mashonaland . East Africa . British Central Africa Barotsiland . East Africa . Do. . Near Ruo River, South- east Africa Somaliland Pungwe Somaliland Do. Sudan . . . . Lower Tusks. Somaliland Do. Owner. George Grey. S. Chillingworth. Count Scheibler. Major R. Skeffington Smyth. Col. C. Harding. Douglas M'Douall. H. Hyde Baker. C. C. Bowring. W. R. Bindloss. W. W. Ashley. Count E. Hoyos. 1'rince Boris Czetwertynski. A. E. Butter. Prince Colloredo Mansfeld. J. D. Inverarity. ~~~ Viscount Edmond de Poncins. Horn of Indian Rhinoceros. 438 Record Horn of Indian Rhinoceros. Shot by Lord Curzon. INDIAN RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros unicornis). In addition to being the giant among its Asiatic kindred and possessing but a single horn, this huge rhino is specially characterised by the form of the folds in its hide, and the large tubercles on the fore- and hind-quarters, which look as though the skin had been fastened to the body by means of rivets. A fold before and behind the shoulder marks off one large triangular shield on each side, while another fold before each thigh separates a large rump-shield ; the saddle-shaped body-shield being defined by the fold behind the shoulder and the one in front of the thigh, both of which extend across the back. Very characteristic, too, are the great folds which form heavy rings of skin round the neck. Although the tubercles are largest on the fore- and hind-quarters, they also occur on other parts of the body. Height at shoulder from 5 feet 8 inches to at least 6 feet; girth, 105 inches. The late Dr. T. C. Jerdon mentions 24 inches as the length of a fine horn. INDIAN RHINOCEROS 439 MAHARAJAH OF COOCH BEIIAR'S SPECIMENS Height at shoulder . Total length . Body . Girth behind shoulder Biggest girth Round neck nearest body head Horn 6 ft. 4^- ins. 6 ft. i in. 1 4 ft. i in. i 3 ft. 2 ins. i i ft. 2 ins. i 1 2 ins. 142 ins. 84 ins. 1 1 ft. ii ins. 1 1 9 ins. 144 ins. 90 ins. 74 ins. 1 64- ins. 6 ft. 1 in. i 3 ft. 10 ins. 1 1 ft. 8 ins. 75 ins. Distribution. — Chiefly the Assam plain at the present day. At one time this animal was found over the greater part of the Indian peninsula, as attested by fossil remains, but now it is restricted to Assam ; its place farther south in the Sanderbans, Chittagong, and Burma being taken by the smaller R. sondaicus. Length on front curve. -214 916 914 13 Mi -124 I2i 12 II II IO 9 Circum- ference. 22% 16 Weight. 20i 23 154 21 214 2O 1 7f i? 44 Locality. Nepal India Assam Belsire, Assam . Cooch Behar Nowgong, Assam Assam Nowgong . Cooch Behar Do. . Assam Do. Do. Cooch Behar ? Cooch Behar Do. ? Foot of Garo Hills ? Cooch Behar Do. Do. Owner. Lord Curzon. British Museum. M. H. Logan. W. C. Sherwill. H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. L. Fabre Tonnerre. Dr. W. P. Y. Bainbrigge. L. Fabre Tonnerre. Maharajah of Cooch Behar. Do. G. A. Dolby. H. B. Firman. H. C. Holland. James J. Harrison. J. W. Grieve. A. Ezra. Capt. Hon. W. Lambton. R. S. Hamilton. A. O. Hume. Earl of Dunmore. Duke of Portland. P. B. Vander-Byl. Countess Scheibler. 1 Height at shoulder, 6 ft. 6 ins. 440 RECORDS OF BIG GAME JAVAN RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros sondaicus). A less gigantic and smaller-headed species than the last, with the skin divided up into a kind of mosaic pattern, and the fold in front of the shoulder continued right across the body like the two hinder folds. The neck also lacks the large ring-like masses of folded skin. Horn never very large, and generally almost or completely wanting in the female. A female has been measured which stood 5^- feet at the shoulder, and it is probable that the male stands not very much less than the Indian species, although it is of lighter build. Distribution. — The Sanderbans and other parts of Eastern Bengal, to the Terai, Sikhim, Assam, and thence through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. . Circumference. Locality. Owner. 19! Java .... British Museum. 19^ Do H. Van Son. 20 Do A. S. Campbell. SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros sumatrensis). The smallest of the Asiatic rhinos, and the only one with two horns ; differing, however, from the African members of the genus by the folds in the skin and the presence of teeth in the front of the jaws. Only the fold behind the shoulders is continued across the back, and the brown or black skin is rough, granular, and more or less hairy. Height at shoulder from about 4 feet to 4^- feet ; weight about 2000 Ibs. Distribution. — From Assam (where the species is very rare) to Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. The Assam form is a distinct local race (R. sumatrensis lasiotis}. f^ctve. Circumference. O.ner. 32 J 17! British Museum. 27i i?I Do. COMMON AFRICAN RHINOCEROS 441 Horns of Common African Rhinoceros, from Mr. S. L. Hinde's specimens. COMMON AFRICAN RHINOCEROS (Rhinoceros bicornis). Aurarisse of the Abyssinians. Chipamberi of the Lower Zambesi natives. Ckipembere of the Chilalas. Favu of the Swahilis. Gurhu of the Danakil tribes. Muin of the Masais. wazis and Matonga. Upejana of the Matabili and Zulus. Upelepe of the Basutos. Wartses of the Gallas. Weel of the Somali's. Zivart Rhinoster of the Boers. The African rhinoceroses are two -horned animals, readily dis- tinguished from their Asiatic relatives by the absence of the folds of skin on the body which form such a characteristic feature of the latter ; as they also are by the lack of front teeth in both the upper and lower jaws. The hide, too, is almost completely naked, although there are some bristly hairs on the margins of the ears and the tip of the tail. Perhaps the most distinctive external feature of the black rhino- ceros, as the present species is commonly called, is to be found in the prehensile tip to the upper lip, which is rounded and not very wide in front. Other points of distinction are, however, shown by the form of the horns and ears and the position of the eyes ; while in bodily size 2 G 442 RECORDS OF BIG GAME this animal is also considerably inferior to the next. The black rhinoceros is also well characterised by the comparative shortness of its skull, and the form and structure of the molar teeth, which are adapted for a diet of twigs and leaves. Average height at shoulder, 5 feet. Major Edgar G. Harrison, writing in the Field, December 25, 1897, records the measurements of a five-horned Rhinoceros shot by him in East Africa as follows : — Head of Common African Rhinoceros. First Horn. — Counting from snout, measurement 14^ in. ; is a normal front horn curving backwards. Second Horn. — 15^ in., curving forwards instead of backwards or being straight, as is usual, and leaning considerably over to the off-side. Third Horn. — n£ in. long and 5-g- in. wide half-way between base and apex ; is flat and perpendicular, and, though a distinct horn, grows out of the off-side of the base of No. 2. Fourth Horn. — Is a stumpy, abortive horn, 9 in. long, growing partly from the base of No. 3, but quite separate and inclining slightly backwards. Fifth Horn. — A distinct horn, 9f in. long, with its own base separated about 3 in. from No. 4. 443 Distribution. — From Abyssinia and Somaliland through East and Central Africa, in suitable localities, to the Cape. Now rare to the south of the Zambesi, and probably more abundant in the districts between the interior of Somaliland and Lake Rudolf than anywhere else. Although more alert and active than Burchell's rhinoceros, and thus a more dangerous animal, this species is by no means difficult to kill with modern weapons ; and in the old days hunters frequently shot half-a-dozen in a single evening as they came to drink at a pool. In spite of its wide distribution, it has not been found possible to split up the species into local races ; although this may perhaps be due to the want of sufficient specimens for comparison. The so-called Rhinoceros holniwoodi is a variety of this species. Length on outside curve. Front Horn. 47 -442 44 43 41* -41 -40 40 -39i 38| -38 -36 Rear Horn. 14! Circumference. Front Horn. Rear Horn. 20$ 2Z\ -32^ 21 19 24 18 19 Locality. East Africa Do. Zululand Orange River East Africa Do. Mt. Kenia, East Central Africa South Africa p Masailand . South Africa East Africa Matabililand Portuguese Northern Zambesia Owner. Dr. C. H. Orman. S. L. Hinde. Imperial Museum, Vienna. The late F. Holmwood, A. Beit. Lieut.-Col. Hon. W. Coke. Major-Gen. Sir William Grossman. Carl Hagenbeck. The late F. Holmwood. Berlin Museum. A. H. Neumann. J. Lamont. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir John Kirk. Earl of Dartmouth. Sir Bartle Frere, Bart. H. Murray. W. Van Ness. F. Vaughan Kirby. 444 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Front Rear Horn. Horn. Circumference. Front Rear Horn. Horn. Locality. Owner -32 III 195 19^ Athi Plains, East Africa Count Scheibler. 31 18 East Africa R. P. Carroll. 31 I9i 16 lOjf Do. H. C. V. Hunter. -3og 8| i8£ i6§ German East Africa . O. Neumann. 30 20} East Africa . R. Meinertzhagen. 29a i8g Somaliland Julius Jeppe. -29 \ 14.^ Do. A. H. Straker. 28i 18 South Africa C. D. Rudd. 28i 23i East Africa C. Fendelow. 28i 8| 18^ South Africa F. C. Selous. 2lk !7t 21 18 East Africa H. Hyde Baker. 274 10 27 21 17 Masailand . East Africa Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, R.N. E. Gedge. 27 i6£ i7i i7i Do. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 27 12 Do. Sir John Willoughby, Bart. 26| I3i 22 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 26| I0| I9i 15 East Africa Henry Charrington. 26 13 20} 23 i Do. C. Craig. 26 9 18 17 Do. Major M. Tighe. 26 10 20i 19 Do. F. W. Belt. 925^ 17 25* 8| 16 2lA 15 19 East shore of Lake Rudolf East Africa A. H. Neumann. Sir Clement Hill. 25! 9k I7§ Do. F. J. Jackson. $24^ 12 23^ 10 16 203 T Masailand . East Africa Capt. R. A. T. Montgomerie, R.N. A. E. Butter. 23i 21 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 23 21. 18 19 Do. Count E. Hoyos 22 J 14^ 17 i6i Somaliland . Julius Jeppe. 22^ IO 22'? 19 Do. Sir H. I). Tichborne, Bart. 22 6| i7i 16 Do. Lieut. -Col. H. D. Olivier. COMMON AFRICAN RHINOCEROS 445 Owner. J. Kenneth Foster. British Museum. Count E. Hoyos. J. Byng Paget. Major H. G. C. Swayne. Count E. Hoyos. O. Neumann. Length on outside curve. Front Rear Horn. Horn. Circumference. Front Rear Horn. Horn. Local 2I| III 19 19 Somaliland 2I| 17 14 16 Abyssinia . -20i 9t 212 i9S Somaliland . 2O n| 21^ 18 Do. 2O 62 20i I9| Do. . -2O si 23i 2IJ Do. 13 6| i7i i6J Abyssinia . 446 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Front Horns of Burchell's Rhinoceros. From specimens in the collection of the late Roualeyn Gordon Gumming, in the possession of Col. W. Gordon Gumming. BURCHELL'S RHINOCEROS 447 BUBCHELL'S BHINOCEBOS (Rhinoceros simus). Next to the Indian elephant this is the largest mammal that has trodden the earth in modern times. Its huge bulk, bluntly truncate muzzle, which has no prehensile tip, the great length of the skull, and the enormous front horn, with its expanded base, form the most striking external characteristics of this species. The cheek-teeth are of quite a different type of structure from those of the preceding species, being, in fact, adapted for chewing grass. In walking, the animal carried its head low, so that in examples in which the front horn bends forward, its tip became worn by being pushed along the ground. It is difficult to surmise the reason for the application of the name " white rhinoceros " to this species. Distribution. — South and South-East Africa, in suitable localities, as far north as the Zambesi ; and again in Central Africa at Lado, on the equator. Exterminated early in the last century to the south of the Orange River ; and now represented in South Africa at the most by a few survivors in North-East Mashonaland, and possibly by others in the reedy swamps at the junction of the Black and White Umvolosy rivers. Between the Zambesi and Orange rivers the species was abundant less than half a century ago ; Andersson alone having killed sixty in the course of a few months. When it was supposed to be all but exterminated, its existence in the neighbourhood of Lado was made known by Major Gibbons. This northern form may prove to be a distinct race. o 6'd^ °" Circumference. Front Rear Front Rear Locality- Owner' Horn. Horn. Horn. Horn. -62 J ... 22 \ ... South Africa . . Col. W. Gordon Gumming. 56 £ ... 23^ ... Do. . . British Museum. about -J2i ... 2\\ Do. . . Col. W. Gordon Gumming. 44 ... 20 ... ? British Museum. 43! ... 23! ... South Africa . A. Beit. 42| ... 25! Limpopo . . The late W. C. Oswell. -41 ... ... South Africa . . J. W. Fitzherbert. 40| ... 29! ... Do. . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. ap\ ... 20| ... ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. -40^ ... 22\ ... South Africa . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 448 Length on outside curve. Front Rear Horn. Horn. Circumference. Front Rear Horn. Horn. Locality. Owner. 40 153 South Africa . British Museum. 394 23 ? Lord Delamere. -39 ? A. Ohlsson. ?38| 24J ? The late W. C. Oswell. 38i 22i ? J. B. Taylor. 37i I7i 27* Mashonaland . F. C. Selous. 37i ? C. Fendelow. 37i 24 South Africa . British Museum. -36S 20£ ? Berlin Museum. 36 28* Mashonaland . C. D. Rudd. 36 25 Ibs. p Rev. V. R. Carter. '351 35 71 26 21 28 Mount Domo, Ma- shonaland South-African Museum (the late Cecil Rhodes). C. Fendelow. -331 23 ? Julius Jeppe. 33 134 23i Mashonaland . F. C. Selous. 32 13 i9i Near Lado Capt. the Hon. M. P. Macnaghten. Mr. Justice Hopley. 3i 24 Zululand . Lieut. -Col. Hon. W. Coke. 3i 22 Mashonaland . J. G. Griffiths. 305 251 \Vhite Nile . Capt. C. J. Hawker. -3o| 25i South Africa . Col. H. B. H. Blundell. 1 929! 51 23 20J> Zululand Pretoria Museum (Julius Jeppe). '29 10 25 23 White Nile . Major R. M. Sanders. 27i 12 22f l8i Zululand Julius Jeppe. 27 Hi 3of 25 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 26^ 2I| White Nile Maj.-Gen. Sir F. R. Wingate. '224 7i 26^ Mashonaland . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 21* 183 Sudan Capt. J. G. A. Massy. J20| 7 28| Mashonaland . British Museum. 1 20 6 254 184 Zululand H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. 1 Mounted specimens. BURCHELL'S RHINOCEROS 449 from a Pliotograph i>y Mr. Hales, Reading. Skull and Horns of Burchell's Rhinoceros. Shot by F. C. Selous in Mashonalancl, 1880. 450 RECORDS OF BIG GAME INDIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus). In general a decidedly smaller animal, the Indian elephant differs from its African relative not only in external form, but also in the structure of its molar teeth, which are composed of a greater number of much thinner vertical plates. The females, as a rule, have only very small tusks, not projecting beyond the jaw ; and in some cases those of the males are equally poorly developed. Five nails are usually present on the fore-feet, and four on the hinder ones. Externally, the most characteristic distinction is the comparatively small size of the ears ; next to which comes the presence of a finger-like process on the front edge only of the tip of the trunk ; the African species having one in front and a second behind. The skin is nearly smooth ; and the INDIAN ELEPHANT bristles on the tail are confined to the front and back edges for some distance above the tip. Other noticeable points are the comparative flatness of the forehead, and the regular convex form of the back, as well as the perfect flexibility of the trunk, which may be compared in structure to an india-rubber tube. Although males do not generally exceed 9, and females 8 feet in height, specimens have been killed measuring 9 feet 10 inches, 10 feet i inch, and 10 feet 7^- inches, while one is stated to have reached 1 1 feet, and there is evidence of still larger individuals, perhaps of I 2 feet. Distribution. — The forest districts of India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Cochin China, Sumatra, and Borneo. The Sumatran elephant may possibly form a peculiar local race. Height. Owner. Viscount Powerscourt. H. Shaw Dunn. Col. J. E. Campbell. James J. Harrison. Major-General A. A. A. Kinloch. F. Gompertz. The late G. P. Sanderson. Owner. The late Lord Lytton. Government House, Rangoon. Do. The late Lord Lytton. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Marquis of Waterford. Do. R. Gordon Smith. Bethnal Green Museum (J. D. Goldingham). 1 The tusks of the sacred white elephant from King Thebaw's Palace, Mandalay. At Shoulder, ft. in. -II 0 Mysore Locality. -10 6 Burma -10 4 Gurhwal. , N.W.P. -10 I Ceylon -IO I ? -9 8 Southern India . -9 7 Mysore Tusks. Length out- side curve. Greatest cir- cumference. Weight. Locality. ft. ins. ins. Ibs. -8 9R i7i 8 1 Assam -8 9 Burma -8 6 Do. -8 2L 80-2 Assam 8 o i6g 90 S. India . 17 3i i7i 102 Burma 7 3i I7i 97i Do. 6 ii 6 6 6 10 15^ J 106 Do. 65! India RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length out- Greatest cir- side curve. cumference. Weight. Locality. Owner. ft. ins. ins. -6 8 i8| Ibs. 84 Burma . H. Shaw Dunn. -6 8 6 74 14! 77| Madura District, S. India 52i Mysore . Col. G. M. Payne. Viscount Powerscourt. -6 7 i2i 6 5 i8J 464 Yala, S. Provinces, Ceylon 83 Burma Major R. J. Marker. H. Shaw Dunn. -6 4 Assam G. H. Moore. -6 34 73i Madura District British Museum (Col. G. M. Payne). 6 o^ \ 5 8 J 109 S. India . F. Gompertz. 6 o 50 Madras . J. Fortune. -6 o 5 10 100 , ? Borneo . The late Charles Redde, P. 1886, p. 184. C. M. D. Stewart. Z.S., 5 84 154 424 Dacca Dalrymple Clark. 5 8 Burma H. A. Kelso. 5 7 Do. ... Do. 5 6 154 424 Dacca Dalrymple Clark. -5 3 15 42 Ceylon . W. S. Murray. -5 i4 15 35 Travancore Hon. E. Stonor. 5 °4"\ 4 10 J 35 Do. Capt. G. II. Evans. — C o Burma . T. Mumford. -5 o Do. . Capt. Cosens. 4 10 i SJ 324 Travancore Hon. E. Stonor. 4 10 14 Burma . H. Wood. 4 6^ -v 4 5 i Assam Capt. F. B. Stapleton-Bretherton. -4 7 13 Travancore J. D. Rees. 46 15 Do. Lord Wenlock. 4 44 IS Do. Do. ]3 "I I2j 29^ Yala Major R. J. Marker. 1 Broken end, pair to 6 ft. 7 ins. INDIAN ELEPHANT 453 Circumference Width at bottom, T •• at base. back to front. -67* . ... From living « 62i South Arcot Distt 61 20 Travancore -6oi India . 60 1 8 Mysore -60 Gurhwal -594 Do. 5*i I 8 Travancore 58 19 Assam -58 S. India 58 I 8 Travancore 571 19 Assam '-574 17 Ceylon 57i i8i Assam -56 Ceylon 56 17 Do. -56 18 Do. -56 17^ Do. 55i i8i Travancore 2 55 17 Gurhwal 55 17 N.W. Provinces . 54i 1 8 Pyinmana . 54i Burma 54i 17^ Ceylon 544 17 Burma 54i 16^ Kakhenkote 53S 1 84 Ceylon -53 i8i Burma 1 Measurements 54 ins. X 17 ins. when dried. Feet. Owner. From living elephant, by Major-Gen. G. W. Hanson. J. Fortune. Lieut. -Col. D. M. Lumsclen. Major-Gen. A. A. A. Kinloch. Viscount Powerscourt. B. B. Osmaston. Do. Capt. H. L. Cottingham. Capt. F. B. Stapleton-Bretherton. F. Gompertz. Hon. E. Stonor. H. C. Holland. R. Gordon Smith. D. D. F. Hosack. . E. J. Brooke. G. M. Norrie. , Sir Peter Walker, Bart . T. H. Mann. Lord Wenlock. B. B. Osmaston. Capt. G. O. Bigge. . H. Partridge. R. Gordon Smith. H. Storey. . Capt. R. A. Gray. . Capt. H. B. Wilkinson. . Col. W. H. Walker. . Capt. G. Evans. - Measurements 59! when shot. 454 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of African Elephant. AFRICAN ELEPHANT (Elephas africanus). Arb of the Gallas. Tlo in Barotsiland. Dakana of the Abyssinians (Dan- Tlilo in Ngamiland. akil). ZaJwn of the Abyssinians. Marodi of the Somalis. Temba of the Svvahilis. Njovu in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. The African elephant, although still abundant in many regions of Central Africa, in the southern part of the Continent is rapidly approaching extinction. A very remarkable exception to this melan- choly process of extermination is, however, to be found in the south and east of Cape Colony, where, since the year 1830, wild elephants have been systematically preserved by Government. Strong troops of these protected elephants still roam the dense and impenetrable jungles of the Addo Bush and the Knysna and Zitzikamma forests. Farther inland the ivory-hunters have for a generation past been so actively employed, that, despite the vast numbers of these great mammals which forty or fifty years ago thronged the interior from the Orange AFRICAN ELEPHANT 455 River northwards, but tew troops are now left south of the Zambesi. In all Khama's country of Bamangwato, for instance, where Gordon Gumming, Oswell, and others shot most of their elephants, only one solitary herd remains ! Height at Total shoulder length in straight (trunk to Girth of fore-foot. Locality. Owner. line. end of tail). ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. -II 81 Abyssinia . . H. Weld-Blundell. -II 6 4 IO Near Wadelai . E. S. Grogan and G. A. S. Cape. -II i 17 3 4 II Mozambique James J. Harrison. -II i 5 4 Toro, E.G. A. . E. S. Grogan. -II 0 British Central Africa . G. Le H. K. B. Ritchie -10 10 White Nile Major R. M. Sanders. -IO 9 l 12 8 5 o Lake Rudolf . A. H. Neumann. -IO 8 5 o Mozambique F. Vaughan Kirby. -10 8 4 10 Tana River . Major H. De Free. IO 7 ' Jumbo ' ? Barnum and Bailey. -IO 61 16 9 4 10 Mozambique F. Vaughan Kirby. -IO 6 4 8 Tana River Capt. C. Hankey. -IO 6 S.E. Africa F. C. Selous. -IO 3 2I 0 5 i Nyasaland Capt. Sir John Kirk. -IO o 23 5 South Africa . H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. -9 74 4 6f Somaliland Viscount Edmond de Poncins. (dried) 9 5 Abyssinia . A. E. Butter. 1 Length from root of tail to eye, in straight line. 456 RECORDS OF BIG GAME TUSKS. From a photograph by Mr. J. R. W. Pigott. The Big Tusk (8 ft. 7! in., 165 Ibs.) presented by the Officers serving in British East Africa to H. R. H. the Prince of Wales on the Occasion of his Marriage. Length out- Greatest cir- w j fa Locality, side curve. cumference. Owner. AFRICAN ELEPHANT 457 Tusks. Length Greatest {outside curve), circumference. Weight. Locality. Owner. ft. in. in. Ibs. 10 2i 24i 2264 East Africa British Museum. 9 10 1 f 191 247 Do. Charles Pulley. 9 5 ) 19 9 54 j i8| 120 Tana River Major H. De Free. 9 o J iSi 117 Do. Do. 9 5 224 184 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 9 4 204 160 E. Africa Sir John Kirk. 9 4 (tip broken) -9 4 18 IIO 151 Do. Elgayu, E. Africa Duke of Westminster. F. J. Jackson. 9 3i i8| Tana River Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. -9 3 129 ? F. J. Jackson. 9 a| 20 Tana River Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. '9 o | 2I| 161 Do. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. ^8 " J 224 167 Do. Do. 9 0 184 116 N. of Lake Rudolf . A. H. Neumann. 9 o 21 150 Africa Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 9 o 184 116 N. of Lake Rudolf . A. H. Neumann. -8 II i8| Gallaland Measured by Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 8 -8 II 11 I ll 90 no Mt. Elgon, E. Africa Bethnal Green Museum (H. the late Queen Victoria). Major J. D. Ferguson. M. -8 9 J 184 1 08 Do. Do. 8 IO 18 105 East Africa Lord Delamere. -8 -8 94) oj 1 02 Tana River Do. Major H. De Free and Capt. Hankey. Do. C. 8 74 22| 165 East Africa H. R.H.the Prince of Wales, K.G. 8 6 i8J IOO Do. Lord Delamere. 8 5 *3l 175 Uganda . Graham Pownall. 8 5 19! 1394 Bahr-el-Gebel . Major R. M. Sanders. Presented by H.H. Aga Khan. 2 H 458 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length Greatest mtside curve), circumference Weight. Locality. ft. 8 in. in. if I9f Ibs. 137 Bahr-el-Gebel . 8 4 76 M'bogo -8 34) 125 E. C. Africa . -8 o j 1274 Do. 8 8 3 ) i8g 80 East Africa Do. -8 i 23 »37i Toro 8 I 20| 114 N. of Lake Rudolf 8 O 22 East Africa 7 Ilf 2l£ 138 E. C. Africa . 7 II "I I7§ 90 White Nile . 7 o J 17 80 Do. 7 TOf) 174 82 Tana River 7 2 j 174 79 Do. 7 7 lO^ 1 20 154 J 20i "3 1 08 Upper Nile Do. 7 10 19! 107 East Africa -7 9 M'bogo . 7 84 23i 160 Africa -7 8 \ 108 Gallaland 7 6 j IOO Do. 7 6 17 ? 7 3i i9i 1 02 East Africa -7 7 y « 80 75 Tana River Do. 7 7 O "j 21 60 (about) 1x8 Kilimanjaro Wadelai . 6 3 J 164 60 Do. . 70 18 (about) South Africa . Owner. Major R. M. Sanders. E. S. Grogan. Major M. L. Hornby. Do. Capt. T. W. Greenfield. Do. E. S. Grogan. A. H. Neumann. Major M. Tighe. A. H. Sharp and E. S. Grogan. Capt. E. R. Whishaw. Do. Capt. C. Hankey. Do. % Douglas M'Douall. Do. A. H. Neumann. E. S. Grogan. Chalmers, Guthrie, and Co. Dr. Donaldson Smith. Do. Duke of Westminster. Brig. -Gen. Sir F. J. D. Lugard. Capt. C. Hankey. Do. F. J. Jackson, C.B. Major M. L. Carleton. Do. Lord Chelmsford. AFRICAN ELEPHANT 459 Length Greatest (outside curve), circumference. Weight. Locality. Owner. ft. in. 7 o J in. Ibs. 112 Upper Nile Capt. M. F. Gage. 6 9 \ 20 III Do. Do. -6 10 ) -6 2 ( 106 96 Sudan Do. ... Capt. C. J. Hawker. Do. 6 10 | 6 94 J 19* 80 80 Upper Nile Do. Lieut. W. B. Drury, R.N. Do. 6 9 184 81 Uganda . C. Craig. 6 9 I7i Kilimanjaro F. J. Jackson. 6 8 17 74 ? Julius Jeppe. 6 7 16* South-East Africa . F. C. Selous. 6 6 1 6 4 J i54 B. C. Africa . "" . R. H. Storey. ?6 54 124 N. of Lake Rudolf . A. H. Neumann. 6 44 i7i East Central Africa . H. S. H. Cavendish. 6 441 5 ii J 194 Upper Nile Do. . . P. B. Vander-Byl, Do. -6 4 19 65 Lake Mweru . Poulett Weatherley. 6 34 18 60 East Africa C. Steuart Betton. 6 i (spiral tusk) 5 54 | 74 Masailand Near Wadelai . Sir John Kirk. Capt. R. A. Markham. 5 2i J 19 Do. Do. c o 1 I4i 49 Abyssinia A. E. Butter. 4 8 J I4l 47 Do. . . Do. 4 II 15 26 Somaliland A. H. Straker. 4 94 I4f 334 Do. Capt. E. W. S. Brooke. 4 8i 134 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 4 5 124 Somaliland Lord Delamere. 4 4 I3f 26 Do. Major J. M'Call Maxwell. 460 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Feet (see also page 453). mmterence it base. wicitn at oottom, back to front. Locality. 64 20i Toro . 62 2O East Africa -6of Somaliland 60 19 Wadelai . 581 19 East Africa 58* 19 E. C. Africa -58 21 Tana River -57i 21 Lake Mweru 56* i8i B. C. Africa -56 Upper Nile 54 Kilimanjaro -54 17 Somaliland . 53 17 Do. -5i Gallaland . 5° 17 South Africa 49* »7i Do. 49i Abyssinia . Owner. E. S. Grogan. C. Craig. Capt. M. S. Wellby. Major M. L. Carleton. Capt. Neill Malcolm. H. S. H. Cavendish. Major H. De Free. Poulett-Weatherley. C. B. C. Storey. Capt. C. A. Sykes. F. J. Jackson. Count E. Hoyos. Capt. J. M'Call Maxwell. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. F. C. Selous. Do. A. E. Butter. MAMMOTH OR SIBERIAN ELEPHANT 461 MAMMOTH or SIBERIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas primigenius). Nearly allied to the Indian elephant, but the plates of the teeth still narrower and more numerous, the tusks spirally twisted, and the skin clothed in woolly fur with long bristles intermixed. Remains of this species occur in the superficial deposits of Europe and Northern Asia. In the frozen soil of Siberia the skin, flesh, and hair are frequently preserved, and the ivory is often suitable for the purposes of the turner. Greatest Length (out- Circum- Weight. Locality. Owner, side curve). ference. ft. in. in. Ibs. 12, 19 ... ? Hon. Walter Rothschild. ii 5 i;| Do. 1 1 2o| 173 Siberia . . .Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 462 RECORDS OF BIG GAME LION (Felis leo). Ambassa of the Abyssinians. A seed of the Arabs. Imbubi of the Swazis and Zulus. Lendjandnek of the Gallas. Libbah of the Somalis. Libbaka of the Abyssinians (Dan- akil). Mkango or Nkalamo in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. Simba of the Swahilis. Tau of the Basutos. Tauw in Barotsiland. Tauw in Ngamiland. Zaki of the Hausas. Any description of such a familiar animal as the lion (the only cat in which the male is furnished with a mane on the head and shoulders, and a tuft of long hair to the tip of the tail) would obviously be superfluous here. One of the great points of interest attaching to the species is its wide geographical distribution. Several local races are now recognised. Somali lions, for instance, are smaller and greyer than those from either the Cape or Algeria, although their manes are often very fine. Heights of 3 feet 4^ and 3 feet 8 inches at the shoulder have been recorded in African specimens (the larger measure- ment by F. C. Selous), and 3 feet 6 inches in an Indian example (by Gen. W. Rice). General Paget estimated the weight of a Somali lion at about 550 Ibs. Wild lions never develop the enormous manes frequently seen in menagerie examples. A lion skull may be easily recognised when placed beside that of a tiger by observing that in the lion all the terminations of the sutures of the skull on the frontal are almost level ; in a tiger the nasal bones extend much further back — besides this a lion skull will stand much flatter on a table than that of a tiger. Distribution. — In modern times Africa from Algeria to the Cape, Mesopotamia on the west flanks of the Zagros range, Persia south of Shiraz, and India in the districts of Kathiawar, Sind, the Central Provinces, and Bundelcund. Now very rare in India, where it appears to be confined to Kathiawar. Ex '2, e, o .5 's 1 1* >-H 6fl rt 3 O H. Gibbons. C o i — , >— ^ ^4 of Liechten- 1 H. Patterso '33 c u .« u. § "c (L) hj S >> EC 1—! S d ** >, B HiJ T1 ^> J d N H "c o (J .0 _O "w >• £ _o "3 C/} CJ b i Norman B. ^. 2 o CJ Cfi 0 'J? S H < Ifl d 5 - 0) u pt S .s7 ^s d i— > U 3 13 "O, U '•Z S 1 Prince Hen stein. S. Robins. "3 "3 13 7^ 'O ° £ ^2 u c: T3 V J3 n W ^o !>-. < d d T3 _d C/3 B So x § ci aj j; C •— co £ Do. Mashonalan Mushukului Somaliland Do. s o N 1 5J Tr! 3 -w s d f 0 British East y W Kathiawar S .a '1 •* « ^ W » Kathiawar u M 0) u C d d d flj C ^2 e c % U u c •8 S o _o d £ u c c 1 d 3 d a d « " 1 JgiS O d *4> >-, | c i y d C _o !L> C rt T; T; £ "3 "a3 o c c E o NO •3H >- !JH >" X • i.S-o- " s 2 "° M 2 o IL j- O rt Siu1?; oo oo oo oo ? 464 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skulls. Basal length Width across from back to the zygomatic front. arches. Yeighj Locality, cleaned. Owner. 164 (A) 10 South- East Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. 16 (end broken) -16 ioi 5 Ibs. East Africa : E. Gedge. P. C. Keytel. -I5i 91 6 Ibs. South Africa J. Lamont. i5i ioi 9i 5 Ibs. 3 oz. East Africa . Pungwe Capt. R. A. T. Montgomerie. R.N. Hon. T. Thynne. -'Si 9i East Africa . S. L. Hinde. -15*00 91 Mushukulumbwe . Major A. St. H. Gibbons. 15 10 Mashonaland Basil H. Woodd. -i5 10 Somaliland . J. D. Inverarity. i5 10 Benguela G. W. Penrice. 15 94 Beira . H. T. and A. H. Glynn. 15 94 ? H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. 15 10 Somaliland . Major-Gen. Arthur Paget. 15 (C) IO 5^ Ibs. South-East Africa F. C. Selous. -Mftt 9rV 104 Portuguese East Africa East Africa . Capt. M. M'Neill. Lord Delamere. i4l 9 ... . South- East Africa H. M. von Archer. I4l 9 Matabililand Capt. Sir K. Fraser, Bart. I4f Nigeria N. J. Dodd. 144 91 4 Ibs. South Africa Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hi 94 Do. Julius Jeppe. -144 10 East Africa . Norman B. Smith. 14* 91 Matabililand Capt. Sir K. Fraser, Bart. I4i(o) 91 Somaliland . Capt. G. Campbell. -I4i 91 East Africa . E. Wynstone Waters. I4i 9S Somaliland . Lieut. -Col. J. W. H. Flanagan.. -I4i(K) 9i Do. A. E. Leatham. 9144 8| South-East Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. - 1 Indian Tiger Skin. 466 RECORDS OF BIG GAME TIGER (Felis tigris). A much less noisy animal than the lion, the great striped cat of Asia is also a more variable species, of which at least three local races may be recognised. First, we have the typical Bengal tiger, a large, long-limbed, lithe, and short-haired creature. A much smaller and rougher-haired race (F. tigris virgatd] inhabits the Caspian provinces of Persia, and it is probably this form that extends into the Caucasus. Thirdly, we have the Manchurian tiger (F. tigris longipilis], characterised by its large size, heavy build, short limbs, and the great length and thickness of the fur, which is often much less fully striped than in Indian specimens. Distribution. — From the Caucasus through Northern Persia, India, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and China, to Manchuria and Amurland. In India ranging from an elevation of some 7000 feet in the Himalaya to Cape Comorin, but unknown in Ceylon. * f Manchurian Ti^er Skin. 5 , • C *r* o C rt O M 5 'o .-^ i< 43 > _• M C/3 !> 2 u 8 'c? .£2 M. Markham. g O OH c" a r3 "o ^ B ^« a, II. the Maharaja] M. Markham. o B CJ •8 * 3 cS U 3 'O c rt Q W a "c? u rt n 4) "o* . — . >-.; cs o cj £ < X ^ > CJ — ^ 3 W S "c3 ,_ Pj ' (5 o ^ b/J qj PN I? c fe rt ^5 3 cS Q a n o •G . ed -C ^ 43 d « P-I •S S s 05 < o _: .- fi T: o< U Q CJ £ M O w CO ** 2 a o a Q PL, u § o •£ K 2 c u ^ 9 & jt L> 3 P3 U U H U CJ H rt ^^ S I § d O to 8 : m m •5-g .5- oo ^h t^ m O N « O - J3 >, e oooo o oooo '••id277772272Y777 M « — „ "- O O O O O ^ ' m u u H -S 01 fc s E C . o B l^!g o3 c rt T3 O a ^ 1 o o pq ^ c ^ C" > o •g B 1 H B c4 0 S W M fj "o PH a a • 3 s « P< tJ 5 rt . S pq ^3 [H 1 8 d s"^' 1 rt r^i o rt ; • W HH Hrt LJ NJ r- . — MH "3 i-^ fe ^J ^ U W Q ^ J pq « J 3 ffi: -o V •-» u pq a w O U a ^ & U c S o W U N w w "a, U i-l-l ^ | u S •< P- C/) 1-1 • 4-1 U 0 -J.S "S C S '51 g-w S § A S U iJ U i & 1 .U « .SJ 1_) s — c c * U) o i I i § Q -S H f H 2 PH o rT E 1-2 U H U = 1 — u — Pq •C 45 •a 8 •5 o K U rt H) U . P5 i l 1 0) -w ro r*i rn n WJ ro -w Ov -*« Tj- % : : : ro . -ar : : ro -«s : : ON -; — : ro : : : • *x N vo : N BW ^ -*« T}- N : : : N -IN : : N : : N : : VO N O rf • Tf oo W) ~c u-i : : "•> »o . i/-> •-r Tl- -frl -+H o -*> VO N N •• oo « ON N 2 N n H N M N O M 0^ VO ^ VO oo • VO VO VO VO VO VO VO pa -« 0 H« o "5" o » M M O tf O O O O H« H« ON ON 00 OO OO oo oo oo 0 o o o o O O^ ON ON 0> ON O^N ON ON ON ON 0> ON ON ON 1 1 1 ! 1 O tc - >-ft H o W 0 PQ *5 1—4 JT U -I U C< S Q (j Q CJ li -4M Tf O 111 TIGER Skulls. Basal length Breadt£ w from back c .e , to front. S. Ibs. oz. -i5l Cooch-Behar . -i5l "i ? -i5i iog N.E. Bengal . iS4 ioi Cooch-Behar . -IS (A) I0j Bengal . 15 ioi ? 14! (F) 10 Duars 144 9i 4 10 Do. 144 (G) io| Deccan . -144 10 Terai 144 ioi Central Provinces -144 (c) ioi Bijnor District, N.W. Hi io| ' Central Provinces Hi (D) 94 Kanara Jungles Hi (E) 94 Terai -14 10 ? —14 lOyu Bijnor District i3i 91 ? 1 31 9i Indhaoree, Nimar i3l 9S ? I3l 94 Madras . -i3l (B) 9i North Kanara 13-70 9 Duars Skins. Length of skin dressed, ft. in. Locality. 13 6 Mongolia . . . ii 34 Do. ... 12 O Do. . Owner. . H. H. the Maharajah of Cooch-Behar. Col. A. Pollock. . A. M. Murdoch. Lord Stavordale. . Col. Evans Gordon. Rowland Ward. . Major S. H. Pollen. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . W. J. R. Wingfield. . Bombay Natural History Society. . Capt. W. H. Hunter. ,P. A. M. Markham. . Capt. E. A. D'Arcy Thomas. . W. Holland. R. Nolan. J. D. Inverarity. . A. M. Markham. Capt. S. H. Pollen. . Lieut. -Col. H. Wade-Dalton. Philip Wood. . Col. J. Hinde. . Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. . Mrs. Lawrie-Johnstone. Owner. A. Bignold. Col. W. H. Walker. H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. A, B, C, D, E, F, G. For skins see p. 468 and 469. 472 RECORDS OF BIG GAME LEOPAED (Felis pardus). The leopard has an even larger range than the lion, and is probably the most widely distributed of all the cats. Sportsmen in India recognise a larger " panther " and a smaller " leopard," although naturalists fail to distinguish them as separate forms. The typical representative of the species is the larger Indian leopard. The African leopard, which has the spots on the body of smaller size, and many of them without light centres, like those on the head, is known as F. pardus leopardus, the pale East African leopard being the type of this race. West African leopards are darker. In Persia, Baluchistan, and the mountains of Sind is found a race of the leopard (F. pardus panthera) characterised by its pale colour, long fur, and thick tail ; it is to some extent intermediate between the typical race and the ounce. Lastly, there is the Manchurian leopard (F. pardus fontanieri}, a very distinct animal, of heavy build, with a pale ground-colour to the fur, which is very long and thick, and the spots in the form of large complete rings, without any smaller spots in the centre. In the moist forest districts of Asia black leopards are by no means uncommon ; and there is a tendency to darkening of a different type in some South- African specimens. Height at shoulder from about 2 feet (India) to 2 feet 4 inches (Africa). A large leopard killed by Lieut-Col. L. L. Fenton in the Gir forest, Kathiawar, measured 7 feet 8^- inches in length ; the length of the tail being 35^- inches, the girth of the neck 2i|- inches, of the forearm 1 1^- inches, and of the body behind the shoulder 35^- inches ; weight, 160 Ibs. Distribution. — Africa, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Asia generally, with the exception of Northern Siberia, the Tibetan plateau, and perhaps Japan. General Measurements — Indian Specimens. brforeh T°dtr]s1seendgth Weight. Locality. Owner, skinned. ft. in. ft. in. Ibs. -84 ... ... Cooch-Behar . . H. H. The Maharajah of Cooch- Behar. -8 2j ... Do. . . Do. -8 l-^ ... Do. Do. -80 154 Do. Do. -80 8 8i ... India. . . . Count J. Potocki. LEOPARD 473 Length T, . , , before To,tal lenSth skinned. dressed. Weight. Locality. ft. in. ft. in. Ibs. -7 10 8 4f Ganges Kadir -7 94 » 6 Central Provinces ~7 9 Nepal -7 9 Oude . -7 8 Hyderabad, Deccan -7 8 Ganges Kadir -7 7 8 74 Siwaliks -. 7 10 ? -7 6 Chaubattia . -7 4* Gujerat ?7 4 8 i 145 Bijnor District . -7 4 Kathiawar . 7 34 8 2 Central Provinces -7 3i Do. -7 3 ? -7 i 7 io| Rewa, C.P. -7 i 7 "4 Kotah -7 i Hyderabad, Deccan —7 <4 8 34 ? 7 0 ? Owner. See below.1 James J. Harrison. C. H. II. B. Caldwell. Mrs. Innes. Capt. C. E. G. Norton and Capt. Sir K. PVaser, Bart. Muttra Tent Club.2 E. H. E. Green. Col. W. Gordon Gumming. Major R. B. Fell. Capt. H. J. Morphy. Major E. McK. Williams. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Lieut. -Col. R. W. Mapleton. H. B. Learoyd. Brig. -Gen. F. H. Whit by. Count E. Hoyos. H. H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Major G. A. L. Carew and Lieut. -Col. G. L. Holdsworth. H.H. the Maharajah of Bikanir. Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. The following are the dimensions of two specimens shot in Ceylon by Count Scheibler : — Length from tip of nose to end of tail Height at shoulder Girth . Circumference of upper arm . ,, forearm 1 Speared by Capt. H. Hoare (sth D.G.), Major J. G. Rotton (R.A.), and Capt. W. Gillman (R.H.A.). '- Major A. C. King and some officers of the sth Lancers, when out with the Muttra Tent Club. 2 I Male Female ft. in. ft. in. id of tail 7 0 6 4 ot of tail 4 34 3 7 2 24 i 9 2 7 2 i O O 13 io9 O O 10 474 RECORDS OF BIG GAME General Measurements — African Specimens. Owner. Count J. Potocki. Col. W. P. Pulteney. Count Scheibler. F. Vaughan Kirby. C. V. A. Peel. The late Capt. J. Johnston-Stewart. James J. Harrison. Count Scheibler. A. White. Norman B. Smith. The late Capt. H. W. Baker. Count E. Hoyos. C. V. A. Peel. Col. T. D. Pilcher. 1 Height at shoulder, 2 ft. i\ in. 2 Height at shoulder, 22 in.; girth, 21^ in. The following specimens were shot and measured by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby ; the first being from the Nguanetsi River, and the second from the Matamiri Bush, S.E.A. : — Length before skinned, ft. in. -7 3i WeiSht- Locality. Ibs. -7 3 Wadelai, E. C. Africa -7 2 Somaliland -7 2 South-East Africa . -7 lj ? -7 O Somaliland -6 II E. C. Africa . -6 IO Somaliland -6 IO 140 Nyasaland -6 3 Somaliland >-6 2 Jebba, Nigeria -6 O Somaliland -96 O Do. . . . '2 __r 7 Nigeria . Length, up to „_ Shouider Girth of "itne. 'sportsman's' height. neck. measurement. Girth of Length of Zygomatic Cleaned forearm. skull. width. weight. ft. in. 6 ii Total length, in. Width. 64 -9U -91 ft. in. 2 7 2 7 Weight. Ibs. oz. i 5 clean 22 2O "I Si 5 Skulls. Locality. Bijnor District, N.W.P. Gir Forest, Kathiawar Nyasaland S. E. Africa India in. in. Ibs. oz. 9& 6| i 8 9 Si Owner. A. M. Markham. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton. Dr. Percy Kendall. Julius Jeppe. Do. F. Vaughan Kirby. W. T. Blanford. LEOPARD 475 SNOW-LEOPARD or OUNCE (Felis uncia). Although the Persian leopard is in some degree intermediate in respect to colour and the length of the coat, the ounce differs from the leopard by the ground-colour of the long and dense fur being dirty white, with the spots on the back, sides, and tail, in the form of large, irregular, ill -defined, and interrupted rings, and by the great thickness of the tail, which scarcely tapers, and is about three-quarters the length of the head and body. Height at shoulder about 2 feet 4 inches. Skull about 6 inches long. Distribution. — The high ranges of Central Asia, including Gilgit, Hunza, Turkestan, Trans-Baikalia, Ladak, Tibet, Amurland and Western China, extending in the north-west to the Altai, and in the west, it is said, to Persia. In Prince Demidoff's Hunting Trips in the Caucasus a snow-leopard is figured as coming from that range, but the animal found there is F. pardus panthera. The snow-leopard generally dwells at elevations of over 8000 feet, but descends in Gilgit during winter to 6000 feet Length dressed. Weight. Locality. Owner. ft. in. •> 88 ... Central Asia . . A.Ezra. 87 ... Tibet . . . Rowland Ward. 86 ... ? B. C. Graham. 8 6 Skull, 7| + SJ Baltistan . . R. Rankin. 8 2\ ... Do. . . E. Langworthy. -7 10 ... Near Leh . . Lieut. -Col. S. Frewen. -75! ... Pamir . . . Viscount Edmond de Poncins. 75 ... ? Major F. J. Harden. -7 4 (24 inches at shoulder) The late R. A. Sterndale. -7 3 ? Lieut. -Col. A. E. Ward. Skin of Snow- Leopard. LEOPARD—JAGUAR 477 CLOUDED LEOPARD (Felis nebulosa). The arimau dahan, as this species is called by the Malays, is the size of a small leopard, with a very long and thickly furred tail, and large upper tusks. The ground-colour of the fur varies from grayish brown to fulvous, upon which are large dark blotches, frequently bordered in part with black. In old specimens the blotches often disappear, leaving only the black borders. Distribution. — From the Sikhim and Bhutan Himalaya, through Assam, Burma, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula, to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Represented by a smaller variety (F. nebulosa brachyurus] in Formosa. Skins. Length dressed. Weight. Locality. Owner, ft. in. Ibs. 66 ... Assam . . . The late B. H. Hodgson. -6 4 444 ? The late R. A. Sterndale. 5 9 ? Capt. B. R. M. Glossop. 5 7i Assam . . . The late B. H. Hodgson. 5 7i ••• Do. ... P. Russel. Skulls. Kasal length from c j.u T r. /-> back to front. Locality. Owner. 6.2 in. 4.75 Assam . . The late B. H. Hodgson. JAGUAR (Felis onca). This cat may be regarded as the American representative of the leopard, which it fully equals, even if it does not exceed, in size. The colour and markings are generally similar to those of the latter, but the dark rings are larger and arranged more definitely in groups, each ring usually enclosing one or more dark central spots, and the enclosed light area being of the same tint as the general ground-colour of the fur, which is typically of a rich tan. Usually seven or eight more or less distinct longitudinal rows of rosettes may be noticed on each side of the body. Distribution. — America, from Louisiana, Texas, and Northern Mexico to about the Rio Negro, on the northern confines of Patagonia in lat. 40° S. Length before Length skinning. dressed. Locality. Owner. ft. in. ft. in. -93 93 Brazil . . . Count Henry Coudenhove. -8 3f Do. ... Do. -6 1 1 79 Paraguay . . . James J. Harrison. 7 7 British Guiana . . Sir A. W. L. Hemming. 478 RECORDS OF BIG GAME PUMA (Felis concolor). With the exception of the much smaller and longer-tailed yaguarondi, the puma (pronounced pooma) is the only uniformly coloured cat found in America, where its range extends from British Columbia and Maine in the north to the Strait of Magellan in the south. The size is inferior to that of the jaguar, the height at the shoulder being about 2 feet, and the weight 150 Ibs. The general colour of the fur is tawny, tending, like that of the Virginian deer, to reddish in summer, and to grayish in winter, with the middle of the back darker, and a whitish patch on the back of the otherwise black ears. But with such an enormous geographical range, it is inevitable there should be much local variation ; and a number of races are now recog- nised, most of which are distinguished by size or the redder or grayer tint of the fur. A Patagonian race has pale ears. Length in the field. ft. in. -8 6 Weight. Ibs. about 150 -7 -7 -7 -7 Locality. Brazil Gallegos River, Patagonia . Fraser River, British Columbia . Wyoming ..... Owner. A. Pendarves Vivian. Count Henry Coudenhove. W. Moncreiffe. J. Fannin. J. L. Scarlett. LYNXES (Felis lynx, etc.). The lynxes form a well-marked group connected with the more typical members of the cat tribe by the jungle-cat (F. chaus], and distinguished by the tuft of long hairs at the summit of the ears, and the absence of the first upper cheek-tooth. From the others the caracal (F. caracal}, of Africa and India, is broadly distinguished by its long tail and uniform rufous colour. The short-tailed lynxes are, however, a group in which it is very difficult to determine whether the variations indicate distinct species or local races. In the typical European lynx (F. lynx] the tail is very short, the throat has a ruff of long hair, and the coat is spotted with dark brown ; the Tibet lynx (F. lynx isabellind) is a pale variety, and the Canadian lynx (F. lynx canadensis), which ranges as far south as California, is another race. The red lynx (F. rufa), which is also widely extended in America, and has numerous local races, is a second species. From differences in the form of the skull, the Spanish lynx (F. pardina), which is a fully spotted animal, is also classed as a distinct species. It ranges over a large portion of Southern Europe, including Turkey, Greece, Sicily, Sardinia, and LYNX— HUNTING-LEOPARD 479 Spain and Portugal. The ordinary lynx stands from 16 to 18 inches at the shoulder. (a.) EUROPEAN LYNX. Length on the TT • ,,,. field, nose to Locality. Owner, root of tail. -49J in. ... Andalucia . . . Abel Chapman. -42-9 , , ... Eastern Carpathians . Prince Henry of Liechtenstein. 42 ,, 23 Do. . Count Henry Coudenhove. (b.) TIBET LYNX. Height at shoulder, 1 6 or I 8 inches. (f.) CANADIAN and BED LYNX. Length on the TT • \.t field, nose to 5rSS« Weight. Locality. Owner. root of tail. *-38 in. 25 60 Ibs. Wyoming . . . Major G. Dalrymple White. (about) 33 ,, 17 ... Wyoming . . . Capt. M. M'Neill. 2~32 ,, 22 40 Ibs. Nova Scotia . . Major G. Dalrymple White. (about) 1 Canadian Lynx. 2 Bay Lynx. (el.) CARACAL. Flat skin. Locality. Owner. 46^ in. Nr. Grahamstown, S. Africa Dr. H. Smith. HUNTING-LEOPARD or CHITA (Cynaelurus jubatus). Although this animal is commonly called chita (cheetah) by Anglo- Indian sportsmen, that name is at least as often applied in India to the leopard. From all the true cats and lynxes the hunting-leopard differs by the claws being capable of only partial withdrawal into their sheaths, so that their tips are always exposed. The body also is more slender, and the limbs are proportionately longer. The black spots on the skin are small and without light centres, like those on the head of the leopard. Length 7 feet or less, height at shoulder 30 to 39 inches. A specimen speared by Lieut-Col. L. L. Fenton in Kathiawar measured 6 feet ^ inch in length, the tail being 2 feet 2^- inches. The animal is the " Ihlose" of the Zulus and Swazis, and is distri- buted sparsely throughout S.E. Africa. Hunting-leopards usually hunt in couples, and fairly stalk their game, securing it with a swift rush at the last. Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby says : " I have seen a party of six hunting together and another of eight. Though I have often tried, I have never yet succeeded in running into one on horseback ; they are in- credibly swift of foot. They invariably kill their prey by strangulation." 480 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution. — Africa and South-Western Asia, extending from Persia to Western Turkestan and the countries east of the Caspian, and eastwards into India ; unknown in the latter country on the Malabar coast and to the north of the Ganges, as it also is in Ceylon. Length. ft. in. O Length of tail. ft. in. Height at shoulder. -6 -6 -6 4l 4 34 Locality. India Near Rajkot, Kathiawar N.E. Transvaal . 90 Ibs. Somaliland Owner. The late R. A. Sterndale. Lieut. -Col. L. L. Fenton Dr. Percy Kendall. The late Capt. J. Johnston- Stewart. The following are the dimensions of a specimen shot in the Eastern Transvaal by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby. Total length in straight line. Do. over all. 6 ft. 8 in. 7 ft. 7 in. Tail. 2 ft. 9 in. Vertical height. Girth of forearm. Do. shoulders. 2 ft. iij in. 8£ in. 31 in. SPOTTED HYAENA (Hyaena crocuta). Somali Uaraba. Setongwani in Barotsiland. Danakil Yangula. Piri in Ngamiland. Abyssinian Jib. Chimbwi in the Chilala and Chibisa countries. The hyaenas form a small family of Carnivora allied in some respects to the cats, but distinguished by the form of the skull, the more numerous teeth (which are, however, to a considerable extent cat-like), and the four-toed feet, with non-retractile claws. The spotted hyaena is the largest of the three species, and takes its name from the large dark blotches on its tawny coat. Its carnassial teeth are more cat-like than those of the other species. Distribution. — Africa, south of the Sahara. Nose to root of tail in a straight line, 4 feet 9^- inches. Length of tail, i foot I inch. Extreme length over all, 6 feet 3 inches. Vertical standing height, 3 feet. Girth behind shoulders, 39^ inches. Length. in. -12$ -I2j -II -II -lOf Skulls. Width. Weight. Locality. in. Ibs. oz. 7i 2 8 South- East Africa 71 2 12 Zomba, B.C. A. Somaliland 61 South- East Africa 2 3 East Africa Owner. F. Vaughan Kirby. D. MacAlpine. Viscount Edmond de Poncins. F. Vaughan Kirby. Capt. R. A. J. Montgomerie, R.N. BEARS 481 Brown Bear. BEAES (Ursidae). Bears are so unlike other animals and so like one another that no one has the slightest difficulty in recognising a member of the group when he sees it. They constitute a family of Carnivora — the Ursidce — and are spread over the greater part of the globe, with the exception of Africa to the south of the Sahara desert, and the Australasian islands. As some of their leading characteristics may be mentioned their large bodily size, clumsy build, shaggy fur, uniform coloration, the very short tail, and the application of the whole sole of the foot to the ground in walking. The skull and teeth are likewise very peculiar and 482 RECORDS OF BIG GAME distinctive, although these need not be taken into consideration in this place. In consequence of the marked similarity to one another of most members of the group, it is a matter of extreme difficulty to come to a definite conclusion as to the number of species of bears — not that this is a matter of very much importance one way or another. The typical member of the group is the familiar brown bear (Ursus arctus} of Europe, whose colour is generally a darker or lighter shade of brown, but occasionally tends to grayish. The Syrian bear ( U. arctus syriacus], in which this grayish tinge predominates, may be regarded as a local variety, and the same is the case with the snow-bear of Kashmir (U. arctus isabellinus], in which the colour is generally a light creamy brown. European specimens probably seldom exceed eight feet, but the huge Kamchatkan bear (£/. arctus collaris) grows to nine feet. Even more gigantic is the Kadiak bear (U. arctus middendorfi] of Kadiak Island, Alaska; while the Yezo bear (U. arctus yesoensis] of Japan is another large form, with much the external appearance of a grizzly. The Alaskan bear (U. arctus dalli), from the mainland of Alaska, is also a huge animal, slightly smaller than the one from Kadiak Island, with more resemblance to an ordinary brown bear than to a grizzly. The typical grizzly of the Rocky Mountains is a smaller animal, with longer and straighter claws, but scarcely entitled to rank as more than another local race (U. arctus horribilis], next to which comes the Barren Ground bear (U. arctus richardsoni}. Finally, the last animal which can be included in this group of the genus is the African bear (U. arctus crowtheri\ of North -Western Africa, still imperfectly known. The extinct cave-bear ( U. spelceus) is a large species allied to the brown bear. The little blue bear (U. pruinosus} of Tibet, with more or less of white on the head and shoulders, seems to form a distinct species. The same is the case with the American black bear (U. americanus], which is generally black, and exhibits distinctive features in the skull and teeth. Not improbably the Himalayan black bear (U. torquatus) is a relative of the last-named species ; it may be recognised by the con- spicuous white gorget on the breast. In Japan it is represented by the Japanese black bear (U.japonicus). The smallest species of the genus are the very distinct Malayan bear (U. malayanus], and the allied spectacled bear (U. ornatus) of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, the latter distinguished by the light-coloured rings generally surrounding the eyes, from which it derives its name. The most distinct of all the species included in the genus Ursus is BEARS 483 the Polar bear ( U. maritimus], so distinct, indeed, that many naturalists think it ought to form a group by itself. Externally its chief charac- teristics are its white coat, and the presence of a certain amount of hair on the soles of the feet ; both these peculiarities being evidently adaptations to the Arctic habitat of the animal. It has been recently stated that very old Polar bears exhibit a tendency to the development of a brownish tinge in the fur. Last of all comes the Indian sloth-bear (Mdursus ursinus], which is so different from the other kinds as to form a genus by itself. It is too well known an animal to need description, some of its characteristics being the long and bare snout, the ragged, wiry hair, extensile tongue, small cheek-teeth, and the diminished number of front teeth. (a.) Skulls. Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Rev. Dr. R. J. Nevin. H. W. Seton-Karr. J. Lament. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Comdr. R. E. R. Benson, R.N. St. George Littledale. S. B. Bennett. Montague Stevens. B. H. Shaw-Stewart. Capt. M. M'Neill. C. F. Egerton. J. L. Scarlett. Surgeon- Major M. O'C. Drury. A. Ezra. Major C. B. Wood. J. L. Scarlett. C. F. Egerton. St. George Littledale. W. T. Blanford. Basal length Width across w • . from back the zygo- to front, matic arches. cleaned- Race, or Species. Locality. in. in. Ibs. oz. i8| Ilf 12 0 Cave bear Europe . 18 II IO 0 Kamchat- Siberia . kan -174 lOf Alaska . -I6J Do. . 16 91 5 8 Polar . Nova Zembla. I5i ioi 5 13 Do. . Polar Seas 15^(0) 9i 5 10 Grizzly . Brit. Columt5ia 151 9i 4 10 Kamchat- Kamchatka kan I4tt 9 Brown . Kamchatka . 144 84 48 Grizzly . Brit. Columbia 14! (c) 84 5 o Do. . New Mexico . 13! 8| Red . Kashmir -I2| 7 Sloth . Mysore . iaj 7i Do. . Cent. Prov. . iaj 7 Grizzly . Wyoming 12^ (B) 6i Sloth . Cent. Prov. . I2| 7g Snow . Kashmir I2f 71 Red Do. . I2ft 7g Grizzly . Wyoming 12 7i Sloth . Cent. Prov. . ni (A) 65 Brown . W. Caucasus . -8-5 8.3 Malayan . Borneo . 484 RECORDS OF BIG GAME (b.) Skins. Leng th from TT • . "°OI tail. WeiSht- Secies' Locality. Owner. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Ibs. -13 61 1656 Kadiak Kadiak Island, J. C. Tolman. Alaska -II 6I1 10 2 2 1536 ? Nevada, 1881 W. F. Sheard. (from one front paw to other) -II 61 ? Alaska . American Museum of Natural History. 9 IO1 Alaskan Do. . Rowland Ward. 9 81 Do. Do. . South- African Museum. 9 51 Do. Do. . Dublin Museum. 9 5 46 Polar . Baffin Bay . WT. Livingstone Lear- month. 9 51 Alaskan Alaska . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 8 lo1 4 o ..: . Do. Do. . British Museum. (mounted) -8 7 1600 Polar Arctic Seas . Captain Lyon. -8 7 Grizzly . Wyoming T. P. Kempson. -8 7 Polar . Spitzbergen . A. Barclay Walker. -8 6 Grizzly . Wyoming T. P. Kempson. -8 6 Polar . Franz Josef Dr. S. H. T. Armitage. Land -8 5 Black . Kashmir Capt. W. Westropp White. -8 4 Do. . ? Surg. -Major W. White. -8 3 Kam- Kamchatka . Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. chatkan -8 3 ? Alaska . C. G. Cowan. -8 o* Grizzly . Wyoming T. W. H. Clarke. -8 o Polar . Spitzbergen . A. Barclay Walker. -8 0(D) 3 II Grizzly . Brit. Columbia Sir Peter Walker, Bart. -8 o(c) ... 735 Do. . New Mexico Montague Stevens. -7 II 800 Brown . Norway Capt. Gerard Ferrand. (about) -7 9 Snow Kashmir Major C. F. Blane. -7 4 Red Do. B. H. Shaw Stewart. -7 5i Black . Wyoming T. W. H. Clarke. 1 Skin measurement. 2 Measurement of head in the flesh from tip of nose to base of skull, 29 inches; between ears, 16 inches. BEARS 48s Length from ri • L. . nose to tip sh^ider Girth. Weight. Species. Locality. Owner. Prince Radziwill. Lieut-Col. A. E. Ward.. James J. Harrison. H.H. the Maharajah of Cooch Behar. S. V. Occleston. A. Ezra. Count E. Hoyos. J. L. Scarlett. Major H. M. Biddulph. J. L. Scarlett. Count E. Hoyos. Capt. B. H. Boucher. James J. Harrison. Count E. Hoyos. Col. H. G. Mainwaring. The late G. P. Sanderson. Major H. M. Biddulph. Count Scheibler. Do. St. George Littledale. II. O. Whittall. 'N.B. — Some of the specimens entered as " Grizzly " may be the Barren Ground bear. ft. -7 -7 in. ft. in. ft. in. of o 32 Ibs. 680 Brown . (about) Do. . Lithuania India . -6 II Black . Wyoming -6 -6 10 30 4 4i forearm 9i 25 423 Sloth Snow Cooch Behar Kashmir -6 8(B) ... Do. Do. -6 6 Grizzly . Wyoming -6 5 Do. . Do. -6 4i Snow ? 6 3 Grizzly . Wyoming -6 2^ Black . Brit. Columbia -6 -6 I Sloth . Cinnamon Mandla, Cent. Provinces Wyoming -6 o* Sloth . Hyderabad . -6 o 46 Black . ? -6 o 30 280 Do. ? -5 loi 30 34 Red ? -5 -95 -5 5 2 5! 2 io| 2\ 2 \\\ 44 2 (A) ... 250 Black . about 600 Grizzly . about Brown . Brit. Columbia Do. W. Caucasus -4 7 ? Asia Minor . 486 RECORDS OF BIG GAME WALEUS (Odobaenus rosmarus and 0. obesus). The unwieldy seal-like animals commonly known by a corruption of the Scandinavian name valross (whale-horse) form in some respects a connecting link between the true seals and the eared seals, although differing from both in the huge upper tusks which depend from the muzzle of males and females alike, as also by the thick yellow bristles covering the muzzle itself. Like the true seals, walruses have lost all traces of external ears, but, unlike the former, and like the eared seals, their huge hind-flippers are turned forwards beneath the body when on land. The molar teeth, which are adapted for crushing the shells on which these monsters feed, have simple flattened crowns, quite unlike those of seals. Although young and adolescent walruses have fairly thick coats of yellowish fur, in old individuals the tough hide becomes almost bare, except for the aforesaid bristles. Walruses are estimated to attain a weight of from 2250 to 3000 Ibs. Walruses are exclusively confined to the Arctic seas, where they spend much of their time on the ice. There are two kinds, now generally regarded as separate species ; the one confined to the North Atlantic, and the other to the North Pacific. The distribution of these animals is by no means of circumpolar extent, the Atlantic Walrus (O. rosmarus} apparently not ranging on the Asiatic coast east of the mouth of the river Lena ; while in America they do not appear to inhabit the vast extent of coast lying between the western shore of Hudson Bay and Alaska. The Pacific walrus, which is the larger animal of the two, with considerably the longer tusks, always had a restricted range, and is now becoming very scarce. In European museums it appears to be represented only by skulls and tusks, and even these are rare. Formerly the Atlantic walrus occurred in count- less thousands, but in accessible situations its numbers have been greatly reduced, owing to incessant persecution for the sake of its valuable oil and ivory. Between 1870 and 1880 at least 100,000 of these animals are estimated to have been slain. The largest walrus ever shot by Mr. W. Livingstone Learmonth measured 1 2 feet 8 inches in length, and the tusks when extracted measured 25|- inches in length and 8|- in circumference at the largest part, but, as is the case with nearly all old bull walrus, the tusks were much broken at the points. NAR WHAL 487 36 -334 Weight. Ibs. oz. 7 104 Tusks. Girth. Locality. ? 84 Kamchatka -32 9 9 Pacific -31 6 i 3oi 9i Kamchatka 29 9i Arctic America 28| 9i Do. -254 84 Baffin Bay Length from gum. 22& 71 Spitzbergen 20f 74 Do. 184 74 Do. 1 25^ from gum. Owner. Sir Thos. Hesketh, Bart. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. Bethnal Green Museum. Norwich Museum. F. Gordon George. Lieut. H. A. Gillett, R.N. C. C. Branch. Do. W. Livingstone Learmonth. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. Arnold Pike. NARWHAL (Monodon monoceros). The Arctic narwhal is the only Cetacean furnished with tusks. These are present only in the male, and generally the left one alone is developed. Occasionally, however, both grow, as exemplified in a specimen in the British, and a second in the Cambridge Museum. A model of the animal is exhibited in the British Museum. Distribution. — Arctic Seas. Length. ft. in. 9 44 8 74 8 7 8 3i 8 3t 8 o 7 " Circumference. 74 7S 71 Tusks. Weight. Ibs. 15 Owner. Major H. A. Steward. Bethnal Green Museum. Rowland Ward. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Bethnal Green Museum. Hon. Charles Ellis. A. Barclay Walker. J. H. Whitehouse. 488 RECORDS OF BIG GAME HINTS FOR RECORDING THE LENGTH OF ANIMALS IN THE FIELD. As the body lies on the ground, and where circumstances permit, proceed as follows : — Length. Pull the nose and the tail so as to get them as nearly as possible in a straight line. Fix four pegs in, one at the end of nose, one at end of tail, one at root of tail, and the fourth at the nape of neck- behind ears. Height at shoulder. Put the leg or paw in a standing position and place a peg at top of withers and measure carefully standing height (a) with extended paw, (b) with spread paw, as well as length of fore and hind legs from pegs at the stomach-line. The entries in the game-book should be as follows :— A to F. Straight length from nose to P. Girth of head. tip of tail. A to E. Length along curve to root of tail. E to F. Length of tail. A to B. Length of head to nape of neck. N. Girth, upper arm. M. ,, fore-arm. O. „ of body. D to G. Height at hind-quarters. C to L. „ shoulder. K to L. Length of fore-leg. H to G. „ hind-leg. Weight, cleaned. „ not cleaned. Cleaned skull (length, breadth, height, weight). In addition to the above measurements, the sex, estimated age, date and locality, condition of the animal, with any other features of interest, such as colour of the eyes and skin, length of the hoofs, con- dition of teeth, should be mentioned. Tiger shot by Major H. G. C. Swayne in the Central Provinces. INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Abyssinian Buffalo . 402 Babirusa ,, Bushbuck . • 293 Babirusa alfurus . ,, Duiker • 155 Bactrian Wapiti . ,, Ibex .... • 354 Banded Duiker Oribi .... . 170 Banting Addax . 284 Barasingh. See Hangul. Addax nasomaculatus . . 284 Barking Deer Addra Gazelle .... . 258 Basilan Sambar AZpyceros melampus . 214 Bastard Hartebeest ,, ,, petersi . 217 Bavian Deer . African Elephant .... 454 Bay Duiker . ,, Rhinoceros • 441 Bears .... Alaskan Bighorn .... • 376 Beatrix Oryx Alces bedfordi(Z .... • 13 Beira Antelope ,, machlis .... 8 Beisa Oryx . Alpine Ibex • 352 Bharal .... „ Red Deer .... - 36 Bighorn Altai Gazelle .... . 230 Bison . . . ,, Wapiti .... • 56 Blackbuck . American Bison .... • 413 Black-tailed Deer . Deer .... • 99 Blesbok Ammodorcas clarkei . 260 Blotched Giraffe . Ancient British and Irish Red Deer • 23 Blue Duiker . ,, Continental Red Deer • 37 Bohor Reedbuck . Anoa ...... . 410 Bongo ,, Antidorcaseuchore 222 Bontebok Antilocapra amerifana . . 112 Boocercus euryceros Antilope cervicapra . 2IO Bos bison Aoul ...... • 255 ,, bonastis . Arabian Gazelle .... 235 ,, bubalis . „ Tahr .... • 338 ,, coffer . Armenian Muflon .... • 392 ,, ,, tzquinoetialis . Arna ...... 406 „ ,, brachyceros . Ami • 371 ,, ,, nanus . Asiatic Ibex ..... • 349 ,, ,, planiceros Astor Markhor .... • 341 , , depressicornis . Atlas Gazelle .... • 234 ,, frontalis Aurochs. See Bison. ,, gaurus . Axis ...... / 80 „ grunniens 2 K 434 434 58 158 424 75 141 77 158 481 282 266 279 368 373 411 2IO IO4 139 109 IS6 2d6 3" 137 411 406 399 402 404 404 404 410 423 418 415 490 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE PAGl Bos indicus ..... . 426 Cephalophus coronatus . . 160 ,, sondaicus .... • 424 ,, doria . 158 ,, taurus ..... . 426 ,, dor salts . 158 Boselaphus tragocamelus . 286 ,, grimmi 153 Brindled Gnu .... • 144 ,, harveyi - 159 Bubal Hartebeest .... 114 ,, maxwelli . • 157 Bubalis boselaphns . 114 ,, vionticola . 156 ,, cama .... 124 ,, natalensis . 157 „ cokei .... . 121 ,, rnjilatus , - 159 ,, lelwel .... . 126 ,, sylvicultor . 158 ,, lichtensteini • 130 Cervicapra arundinum . . 200 ,, major .... 115 ,, fulvorufula . • 203 ,, iieumanni . 128 ,, redunca . 206 ,, swaynei .... 119 ,, ,, bohor . 207 . , tora ..... • 117 ,, ,, cottoni . . 207 ,, ,, iieiiinanni . 128 ,, ,, donaldsoni . 207 Budorcas taxicolor 332 ,, ,, typica . 207 ,, ,, sinensis . • 334 ,, ,, -wardi . 207 „ „ tibetamis . 334 Cervulus crinifrons - 91 Buffaloes .... • 399 ,, fea .... 9i Buffon's Kob .... 191 ,, lachrymans - 90 Bluebell's Rhinoceros . • 447 ,, muntjac .... - 89 Burmese Serow .... 328 Cervus affinis .... 49 „ Stag . 86 , , albirostris .... - 50 Bushbuck ..... . 288 ,, axis .... . 80 ,, canadensis • 5i Cabul Markhor • 347 ,, ,, asiaticus . . 58 Canadian Lynx .... 479 ,, ,, bactrianus . 58 Cape Buffalo .... 399 ,, ,, occidentalis • 55 „ Bush-Pig .... 433 ,, ,, songaricus • 56 ,, Hartebeest .... . 124 ,, ,, xanthopygus • 58 ,, Oribi 168 „ cashmirianus - 44 Capra caucasica .... - 364 ,, dama . . 64 ,, cylindricornis - 366 „ duvauceli .... . 82 , , falconeri cashmiriensis 34i ,, elaphus .... 14 ,, ,, jerdoni . 347 ,, ,, barbarus 43 ,, ,, megaceros • 347 ,, ,, maral . 40 „ typica • 34i „ eldi . 86 ,, hircus .... • 359 ,, gigantezts . . . . . 67 ,, ibex ..... 352 ,, hippelaphns . 76 ,, nubiana .... • 356 ,, „ moluccensis - 77 » pyrenaica .... - 362 ,, hortulorum . 62 ,, sibirica .... 349 „ knhli . . . . - 77 ,, vali ..... 354 ,, mesopotamicus . 66 Capreolus pygargus 94 ,, porcinus . . . . 78 ,, vulgar is - 91 ,, schonibtirgki 85 Caracal ..... 479 ,, sica ..... 59 Caribou I ,, ,, manchitricus . 60 Caucasian Bharal . • 366 ,, taevanus . . 61 Caucasian Tur .... • 364 ,, unicolor . . . . . 69 Central African Buffalo . 404 ,, ,, dejeani • 75 Cephalophus abyssinicus 155 ,, ,, equinus • 73 INDEX OF SPECIES 491 PAGE Cervus unicolor nigricans • 75 Domestic Oxen ,, ,, philippinus . • 74 ,, Sheep . ,, ,, swinhoei 74 Dorcas Gazelle ,, yarcandensis 47 Dorcotragus melanotis . Ceylon Buffalo 409 Duiker .... ,, Sambar 7i Dwarf Antelopes . Chamois .... 320 „ Buffalo Chiru . . 220 Chita . 479 East Caucasian Tur Chital . . 80 East Siberian Elk Chousingha .... 161 Eastern Red Deer Clarke's Gazelle . . 260 Edmi Gazelle Clifton's Bighorn . 378 Eland . . . . Clouded Leopard . 477 Elaphurus davidianus . Cobus col> .... 191 Eld's Deer . ,, defassa - 183 Elephant, African ,, ,, craws hay i • 185 ,, Indian . ,, ,, penricei . . 186 Elephas africanus ,, ,, tmctuosus . 186 ,, maximus . ,, ellipsiprymnus . . 180 ,, primigenius ,, lichi .... • 194 Elk . ,, leucotis . 189 English Park Red Deer ,, maria . 187 European Bison . ,, smithemani 195 „ Lynx . ,, thomasi . . . . 193 ,, Muflon . ,, vardoni . . . . . 196 ,, Roe ,, ,, loderi • 197 Coke's Hartebeest 121 Fallow Deer Common Waterbuck 180 Fannin's Bighorn . Connochcetes gnu . . . . 151 Felts concolor ,, taurinus 144 „ Zeo . ' . ,, ,, albojubatus . 149 „ lynx . Continental Red Deer . 27 ,, nebulosa Corsican Red Deer • 15 „ onca . . . Crawshay's Sing-Sing . . 185 ,, pardus . Cyncelurus jubatus • 479 ,, tigris . Cyprian Muflon . • 393 ,, uncia . Formosan Sambar Dama Gazelle . • 259 „ Sika . Damaliscus albifrons - 139 Four-horned Antelope . ,, corrigum . • 133 Fringe-eared Beisa ,, ,, jimela . 135 „ „ Hang . 133 Gaur .... ,, hunteri . 132 Gayal .... ,, lunatus 141 Gazella arabica „ pygargus . • 137 ,, bennetti . Damara Dik-dik . . 167 ,, ctwieri Decula Antelope . • 293 ,, dama Derbian Eland , . . . • 318 ,, ,, mhorr Dibatag . . 260 ,, dorcas Dik-dik Antelopes 163, 164 ,, granti Domestic Goat . . 361 ,, gutturosa . PAGE 426 395 232 266 153 164 404 366 13 40 234 3U 97 86 454 45° 454 450 461 8 22 4II 479 394 64 376 478 462 478 477 477 472 466 475 74 61 161 281 418 423 235 236 234 259 259 232 251 229 492 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Gazella Isabella .... - 245 Hungarian Red Deer . ,, leptoceros .... 243 Hunter's Hartebeest ,, pelzelni .... . 241 Hunting-Leopard ,, petersi .... - 254 Hyaena ,, picticaudata . 225 Hyana crocuta ,, przewalskii . 227 ,, ruficollis .... . 258 Ibex . ,, rufifrons .... . 247 Impala ,, sammerringi • 255 Indian Antelope . ,, ,, berberana . 256 ,, Boar „ typica . . 257 ,, Buffalo ,, spekei .... • 239 ,, Elephant . ,, subgutturosa • 230 „ Gazelle . ,, thomsoni .... • 249 ,, Leopard . ,, tilonura .... . 246 ,, Hunting- Leopard Gemsbuck Oryx .... . 276 ,, Muntjac Gerenuk ..... . 263 ,, Rhinoceros German Red Deer - 27 „ Sambar Giant Irish Deer .... . 67 Inyala. See Nyala. Giraffa camelofardalis . . 109 Irish Elk ... ,, reticulata .... . in ,, Red Deer . Giraffe . 109 Isabella Gazelle . Goa . . . . 221; Goat J • 359 Jackson's Hartebeest Goitred Gazelle .... • 230 Jaguar .... Goral • 325 Japanese Serow Grant's Gazelle .... • 251 ,, Sika Gray Rhebok .... Greater Kudu .... . 198 • 302 Javan Ox ,, Rhinoceros . Grysbuck ..... • 175 ,, Rusa . Haggard's Oribi .... • 171 Kamchatkan Bighorn . Kansu Takin Hairy-fronted Muntjac . Hangul ..... - 9i • 44 Kashmir Stag Kirk's Dik-dik Harnessed Antelope. See Bushbuck. Hartebeest 114 Klipspringer Kob .... Harvey's Duiker .... Hemitragus hylocrius . ,, jayakeri - 159 • 339 - 338 Kongoni Korrigum . . Kudu .... ,, jemlaicus . • 336 Hemprich's Dik-dik . 167 Leopard Heuglin's Gazelle .... . 246 Lesser Bushbuck . „ Hartebeest . 126 ,, Kudu Himalayan Goral .... 12$ , . Reed buck ,, Serow J*j • 329 Lichi . Tahr .... • 336 Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Hippopotamus .... . 428 Littledale's Sheep . Hippopotamus amphibius . 428 Lion .... ,, liberiensis . 428 ,, Skulls . Hippotragus equinus • 273 Lithocranius walleri „ niger . 268 Livingstone's Suni Hog-Deer ..... • 78 Loder's Gazelle 36 132 479 480 480 349 214 2IO 430 406 450 236 472 479 89 438 69 67 20 245 126 477 327 59 424 440 76 377 334 44 1 66 178 187 121 133 3O2 472 288 308 203 194 130 382 462 464 263 173 243 INDEX OF SPECIES 493 Luzon Sambar .... Lydenburg Reedbuck . Lynx ...... Madoqtia damarensis ,, guentheri ,, hemprichiana . ,, kirki .... ,, phillipsi . ,, saltiana .... ,, sway net .... Malay Sambar .... Mammoth ..... Manchurian Sika .... ,, Wapiti Maral ...... Marco Polo's Sheep Marica Gazelle .... Markhor Marsh-Deer . . . . Maxwell's Duiker .... Mazama americana ,, „ mexicana ,, antisiensis ,, bezoartica ,, columbiana ,, dichotoma ,, hemionus ,, nemorivaga Mesopotamian Fallow Deer . Mexican Deer .... Mhorr ...... Moluccan Rusa .... Mongolian Argaji .... ,, Gazelle Monodon monoceros Moose Moschus moschiferus Mountain Reedbuck Muflon. . Mule-Deer ..... Muntjac ..... Musk-Deer ..... „ Ox Narwhal ..... Natal Duiker .... Nemorhadus crispus ,, sumatrensis ,, ,, bubalinus Nesotragus livingstonianus . moschatus . PAGE PAGE 74 Neumann's Hartebeest . 128 204 New Zealand Red Deer - - 38 4?8 Nilgai . . 286 Nilgiri Tahr • 339 I67 North African Red Deer • 43 l64 North-Western Bighorn • 376 I67 Norwegian Red Deer . . 24 1 66 Nubian Ibex - - 356 164 Nyala . . 294 163 Nyasaland Gnu • M5 164 73 Odobaenus obesus . . 486 461 ,, rosmarus . 486 60 Oreamnus montanus • 334 58 Oreotragus saltator . . 178 40 Oribi 1 68 379 Oribia haggardi . . 171 230 ,, montana . . 170 34i ,, nigricaudata . 171 105 ,, scoparia . 168 157 Oryx beatrix . 282 99 ,, beisa • 279 100 , , , , callotis . 281 107 ,, gazella . . 276 107 ,, leucoryx . 283 104 Ounce .... • 475 105 Ovibos moschatus . • 397 101 Ovis ammon . • 383 1 08 ,, „ hodgsoni . • - 385 66 ,, ,, jubata • • 387 IOO „ aries . . - 395 259 ,, canadensis • 373 77 ,, ,, borealis • • 378 387 dalli . • • 378 229 ,, ,, fannini • 376 487 ,, ,, nivicola • 377 8 ,, ,, stonei . • 376 108 ,, lervia . • 371 203 ,, musimon • 394 392 , , nahura . 368 IOI ,, orientalis • 392 89 ,, ,, ophion . • 393 108 ,, poli - 379 397 ,, sairensis . . 382 ,, vignei . . 388 487 ,, ,, cydoceros . • 390 157 ,, typica • 389 327 128 Pala . 214 jZO •J2Q . 107 ozy 173 Patitholops hodgsoni . 220 172 Para .... . . . 78 494 INDEX OF SPECIES Peking Sika . Pelea capreolus Pelzeln's Gazelle . Penrice's Sing-Sing Pere David's Milou Deer Persian Gazelle „ Wild Goat Peruvian Guemal . Peters's Gazelle Phacochcerus athiopicus Philippine Deer . Pir Panjal Markhor Polar Bear Potamoch&rus charopotamus ,, porcus Prong-horn . Przewalski's Gazelle PukuKob . Puma .... Punjab Urial Pyrenean Ibex Rangifer tarandus Red Deer . ,, Duiker . ,, Lynx Red-flanked Duiker Red-fronted Gazelle Red-necked Gazelle Red River- Hog Reedbuck Reindeer Rhaphiceros campestris . , , melanotis . Rhinoceros bicornis ,, simns . , , sondaicus ,, sumatrensis . ,, unicornis Roan Antelope Rocky Mountain Bighorn „ ,, Goat . ,, ,, Wapiti Roe Deer Rooi Rhebok Rupicapra tragus . Sable Antelope Saiga . Saiga tatarica Salt's Dik-dik Sambar Deer 62 198 241 1 86 97 230 j 359 107 254 435 74 34i 483 433 433 112 227 196 478 590 362 I 14 157 479 159 247 258 433 200 i 176 175 441 447 440 440 438 273 373 334 203 320 268 218 218 163 69 Sassaby Schomburgk's Deer Scotch Red Deer . Senegal Gazelle , , Hartebeest Senegambian Eland Serow . Shapu . Sheep . Shou Siberian Argali ,, Elephant Roe , , Wapiti . Sig . . . Sind Wild Goat . Sing-Sing Waterbuck Situtunga Bushbuck Smitheman's Lichi Snow-Leopard Scemmerring's Gazelle Somali Dik-diks . ,, Gazelles . „ Giraffe Spanish Red Deer ,, Tur . Speke's Gazelle Spotted Hyaena . Springbuck . Steinbuck Strepsiceros capensis , , imberbis Suleman Markhor Sumatran Rhinoceros ,, Serow . Sus charopotarnus . „ cristatus ,, porcus . ,, scrofa Swamp-Deer Swayne's Dik-dik ,, Hartebeest Swift Gazelle Szechuan Sambar . Tahr . Takin . . . . Taurotragus derbianus „ oryx. Tenasserim Muntjac Tetraceros quadricornis Thamin . 141 • 85 . 16 247 • 133 . 318 • 328 • 388 . 368 • 49 • 383 . 461 • 94 • 58 • "9 • 359 • 183 . 298 • 195 • 475 • 255 . 164 239, 241 . in . 24 • 362 • 239 . 480 . 222 I76 302 . 308 347 440 • 328 433 430 433 430 . 82 164 119 • 259 • 75 • 336 • 332 • 318 161 86 INDEX OF SPECIES 495 Thian-Shan Wapiti Thomson's Gazelle Thorold's Deer Tiang . Tibet Antelope ,, Argali < . ,, Gazelle ,, Lynx . ,, Muntjac ,, Takin . Tiger . . • T Topi . Tora Hartebeest . Tragelaphus angasi , , gratus ,, scriptus decula Tur spekei Udad . Uganda Kob Urial . Urotragns argyrochcetus ,, caudatus , , cinereus , , edwardsi ,, goral . „ griseus . Ursidce Vaal Rhebok Virginian Deer 56 249 50 133 220 385 225 479 90 334 466 135 117 294 296 288 293 298 362 371 193 388 327 327 327 327 325 327 481 198 99 Wallachian Sheep Waller's Gazelle . Walrus Wapiti Wart-Hog . Waterbuck . West African Buffalo . ,, Bushbuck ,, Bush-Pig . ,, Duiker ,, Hartebeest Oribi ,, Sing-Sing West American Wapiti . West Caucasian Tur West of England Red Deer . White-bearded Brindled Gnu White-eared Kob . . White Oryx . . . ,, Rhinoceros White-tailed Deer White-tailed Gnu Wild Boar . . . . ,, Goat . . . . Wood-Brocket Yak ..... Yarkand Gazelle . Yellow-backed Duiker . Zanzibar Suni Zebu 396 263 486 Si 435 1 80 404 296 433 1 60 H5 171 1 86 55 364 21 1 49 189 283 447 99 151 430 359 108 415 231 47 158 172 426 THE END Printed by R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, Edinburgh. ROWLAND WARD LIMITED practical Waturalists & Caxidcrmists By Special Appointment to the Courts of Europe "THE JUNGLE" 166 PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. TELEPHONE 3644 PRACTICAL AND ARTISTIC TAXIDERMISTS, Designers of Trophies of Natural History, Preservers and Adapters of all Specimens of Animal Life. Natural Features of Animals adapted in Original Designs for Decorative Purposes and Every-day Uses. Furriers and Plumassiers, and Collectors in Natural History, Arms, and Curios. NOTICE. — ROWLAND WARD is the only member left in the pro- fession of the Ward Family, long unrivalled for their accumulated experience and their skill in Practical Taxidermy, especially in its artistic department. MEDALS AND DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR FOR ARTISTIC WORK London International Exhibition, 1862. London International Health Exhibition, 1884. Paris International Exhibition, 1862. Vienna International Exhibition, 1873. London International Fisheries, 1883. Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883-84. London Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886. The Anglo-Danish Exhibition, South Kensington, 1888. The Royal Military Exhibition (Army Medical Depart- ment), 1890. THE COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION, 1886 THE JUNGLE AND INDIAN ANIMAL LIFE WAS DESIGNED AND ARRANGED, AND THE ANIMALS MODELLED, BV ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. WHAT THE PRESS SAID: " But everything else here is likely to be forgotten in presence of the wonderful jungle scene which Mr. Rowland Ward has constructed. . . . This will certainly be the first of the many attractions to which visitors will turn. . . . They will find themselves in presence of a scene which is likely to keep their gaze for some time. Mr. Ward has made the most of his limited space, into which he has collected the scenery and life which, in reality, is found scattered over an area of many thousand square miles. On the right we have a trophy from Cooch Behar, formed by His Highness the Maharajah, the most prominent feature of which is a tiger hunt. We see a great group in the deep grass jungle. . . . Adjoining this are trophies designed to represent generally the Fauna and Flora of India, by representative animals and birds, picturesquely grouped in illustration of their life-habits." — Times. " The visitors . . . were lost in admiration of Mr. Rowland Ward's masterly designs, modellings, and general arrangement. The novelty is already known as 'the Jungle.' . . . The deep grass jungle is occupied necessarily by many creatures which would not in their native wilds be found in such close companionship. . . . The scene is rendered with true tragic power." — Daily News. " These numerous beasts . . . seem to illustrate the Fauna of India in a most vivid manner, and are very artistically prepared and arranged. . . . The entire trophy has been prepared by Mr. Rowland Ward. This group will unquestionably be one of the leading attractions of an exhibition which is already full of marvellous things." — Morning Post. " Fitted up with the most perfect completeness^a jungle — the work of Mr. Rowland Ward. . . . The whole scene depicted is so life-like that one is startled by its vivid realism. . . . This jungle alone is almost enough to make an exhibition. . . . Besides, Mr. Rowland Ward has designed and arranged such other scenes in connection with several Colonial Courts." — Daily Chronicle. " Mr. Rowland Ward, of Piccadilly, provides what will probably prove the most attractive feature of the exhibition, in the form of a series of picturesque trophies representing India, Ceylon, South Africa, Canada, and Queensland. " — Sportsman. " Perhaps the first place must be accorded to the jungle scene of Mr. Rowland Ward, which stands at the head of the Indian Courts, and which will certainly prove one of the favourite sights of the vast show." — Daily Telegraph. EMPIRE OF INDIA EXHIBITION, 1895-96 THE JUNGLE " A veritable triumph of the taxidermist's art — a tableau of jungle life which is entirely fresh and in every way remarkable." — Daily Telegraph. "A series of scenes illustrative of jungle life, admirable alike in its artistic effect and fidelity to nature." — Morning Advertiser. " ' The Jungle' will give the visitor vivid notions of Indian life." — Times. " Will draw all eyes — gentle and simple, town-bred and country-bred ; is a wonderful exhibit. . . . such wealth of pelt and plumage, such glories of shikah . . . the very combined essence of all jungles." — Daily Chronicle. "A specially fine representation of an Indian jungle, with its characteristic vegetation and animals and wild scenery, to which Mr. Rowland Ward has contributed all his knowledge as a naturalist and his unrivalled skill as a taxidermist." — Standard. " Most attractive ... a comprehensive representation of animal life in the jungle and on the mountains of India . . . surpasses all former efforts . . . most realistic." — Sporting Life. " Entirely fresh, and in every way remarkable." — Graphic. " Rowland Ward's Jungle is the finest thing of the kind ever seen in this country, and should not be missed by any one." — Court Journal. " A realisation of nature in its wildest and most tragic moods . . . provides instruction and amusement for the thousands in whose breast the love of nature and animal life is implanted. " — Globe. "Grand grouping of tropical life. Scrupulous attention to detail. . . . The hoarse coughing roar of the tiger closely imitated." — South Africa. " Surpasses in interest any of the excellent exhibitions of the kind previously shown." — Manchester Guardian. "The number of persons who visited Mr. Rowland Ward's Jungle was 10,500, making over 200,000 since the opening."— Times (August 6, 1895). LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE," 166 PICCADILLY 2 A SELECTED LIST OF BOOKS OF SPORT, TRAVEL AND NATURAL HISTORY rd (Copyright THE JUNGLE AT THE INDIAN AND COLONIAL EXHIBITION, 1886 DESIGNED AND THE ANIMALS MODELLED BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. PUBLISHED BY ROWLAND WARD. LIMITED 166 PICCADILLY, LONDON 3 One Vol., Post 8vo, bound in leather. Price 3^. 6d. net Great Game Shooting and Practical Taxidermy THE SPORTSMAN'S HANDBOOK TO PRACTICAL COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND ARTISTIC SETTING-UP OF TROPHIES AND SPECIMENS TO WHICH IS ADDED A SYNOPTICAL GUIDE TO THE HUNTING GROUNDS OF THE WORLD WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. " With this in his portmanteau, no one fond of shooting and collecting need any longer lament his inability to preserve his trophies, since the directions given for skinning and preserving animals of all kinds are extremely clear and simple, and rendered all the more intelligible by the wood engravings by which they are accompanied. Quadrupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects are all dealt with in turns, and directions given not merely for skinning them, but also for mounting them, if desired, a year or two (it may be) after they have been procured." — Field. LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE," 166 PICCADILLY Royal 8vo, 34O//. Price 8s. 6d. net BEING AN ACCOUNT OF HUNTING TRIPS IN PORTUGUESE AND OTHER DISTRICTS OF EAST CENTRAL AFRICA BY F. VAUGHAN KIRBY (MAQAQAMBA) AUTHOR OF "IN HAUNTS OF WILD GAME" WITH ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE," 166 PICCADILLY With about 150 Illustrations. One Vol., uniform with '•'•Horn Measurements" 342 //. Price $os. net RECORDS OF BIG GAME CONTAINING MEASUREMENTS OF HORNS AND FIELD NOTES For the use of Sportsmen and Naturalists BY ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S. AUTHOR OF ' THE SPORTSMAN'S HANDBOOK,' ETC. THIRD EDITION "In its present form, the work deals with nearly all the species of horned and antlered game, as well as with elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, and wild boars, together with some of the larger carnivora, such as lions, tigers, leopards, and bears . . . the figures are admirable. With such an up-to-date and authentic record before them, sportsmen will in future have an easy task in deciding whether or no their trophies are record specimens. We may also call attention to the careful attention that has been paid to the proper scientific nomenclature." — The Asian. LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE," 166 PICCADILLY One Vol., Royal &vo, 477 //. Price 251. net TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN SOUTH-EAST AFRICA Being the Narrative of the last eleven years spent by the Author on the Zambesi and its Tributaries ; with an Account of the Colonisation of Mashonaland and the Progress of the Gold Industry in that Country BY F. C. SELOUS GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY AUTHOR OF ' A HUNTER'S WANDERINGS IN AFRICA ' WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP "It is impossible even to indicate all the points of interest with which Mr. Selous deals. Illustrations are both numerous and excellent." — Times. LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE," 166 PICCADILLY 5 Demy Svo, 288 //. Price ics. 6d. net SUNSHINE AND STORM IN RHODESIA BEING A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS IN MATABELELAND BOTH BEFORE AND DURING THE RECENT NATIVE INSURRECTION BY F. C. SELOUS GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY AUTHOR OF ' TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE,' ETC. FULLY ILLUSTRATED " It is a plain tale which Mr. Selous has to tell, and he tells it in a straightforward manner. This volume deserves to be widely read, not only because it is the earliest book on the recent rebellion, but also because it records facts without favour, and facts intensely interesting to Englishmen in all parts of the Empire. " — Morning Post. LONDON : ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE," 166 PICCADILLY Crown Svo, 408 pp. Price js. 6d. net SEVENTEEN TRIPS THROUGH SOMALILAND AND A VISIT TO ABYSSINIA WITH SUPPLEMENTARY PREFACE ON THE ' MAD MULLAH ' RISINGS BY MAJOR H. G. C. SWAYNE, R.E. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY THIRD EDITION. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS "Will be carefully studied by those who have been there, and those — and there are many — who have an eager desire to go. It is full of thrilling episodes. . . . The last chapter . . . contains some highly interesting notes on the wild fauna of the country. The appendices, which deal with the fitting out of Somali expeditions and with the physical geography, have a distinct value." — Times. LONDON: ROWLAND WARD, LIMITED "THE JUNGLE,1' 166 PICCADILLY 6 Post 4/ V file 0 \\