BIG GAME if" SEVENTH EDITION 1914 > ... ^ \ A X V A ^1 ** v \ X, x \ ^ H ^ L>^ L* % .Al X X Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Boston Public Library http://www.archive.org/details/recordsofbiggame1914ward ROWLAND WARD'S RECORDS OF BIG GAME First Edition published 1892. Second , , 1896. Third , , 1899. Fourth , , 1903- Fifth , . i9°7- Sixth 1910. Seventh , , i9!4- ROWLAND WARD'S RECORDS OF BIG GAME WITH THEIR DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, AND HORN & TUSK MEASUREMENTS SEVENTH EDITION EDITED BY R. LYDEKKER, f.r.s. AND J. B. BURLACE, f.r.g.s., f.z.s. "^s^m^Sfe- &%m0&& LONDON ROWLAND WARD, limited "THE JUNGLE," 167 PICCADILLY, W. I914 cy A II rights reserved fetfcu tt/ TO THE SPORTSMEN OF THE WORLD WITHOUT WHOSE ENTERPRISE THESE RECORDS COULD NOT HAVE BEEN COMPILED THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION There are three main points the great -game sportsman generally wants to ascertain : — ist, the name of his quarry ; 2nd, how it compares in point of size with other specimens of the same species ; and, 3rd, what is the extent of its geo- graphical range. All these he will be able to ascertain from the present work. As in former editions, the finest known specimens of antlers, horns, tusks, and skins are, so far as possible, recorded. It is to be regretted that one pair of hands and a steel-tape are not responsible for the measurements of all the actual "records." But it has been found impracticable in some instances to verify the measurements of trophies, especially in distant parts of the world ; and such records must accordingly be taken on the responsibility of their respective owners or those who have been good enough to measure them. One of the many difficulties in connection with compilations of this nature is due to the circumstance that different measurements of the same specimen are sometimes received, this often arising from the use of a tape or string instead of a steel-measure. Great care has been taken with regard to the accuracv of the dimensions given ; and, considering the number of measure- ments, it will be readily understood the task attempted has been one of no ordinary difficulty. viii RECORDS OF BIG GAME In the case of the horns of freshly killed hollow-horned ruminants an allowance for shrinkage should be made when com- paring with older trophies. An average specimen of an Ovis amnion horn, for instance, will frequently shrink half an inch in length and proportionately in girth after it has left the field. Ivory tusks also deteriorate in weight. Among the deer tribe many difficulties have arisen as to comparison ; and it may be pointed out that although length of antlers is invariably put at the top of the list, other particulars, such as number of tines, general symmetry, spread, and weight of antlers, go in many instances to the making of a good trophy. A notebook for use on the field will be found in a pocket at the end of this volume. Acknowledgments are due to a number of sportsmen (especially to Sir Edmund G. Loder) and naturalists all over the world for the help they have afforded. As in the three previous editions, Mr. Lydekker is responsible for the technical nomenclature and descriptions. Since the text was printed off he has ascertained that Sika is the proper sub- generic name of the deer of the Sika group, and nippon the earliest specific designation of the type species. The amended names of the various members of this group will consequently stand as follows : — 1. Cervus {Sika) nippon, p. 49. (a) C. nippon typicus, p. 50. {b) C. nippon manchuricus, p. 50. 2. Cervus {Sika) tacvanus, p. 51. 3. Cervus {Sika) hortulorum, p. 52. THE EDITORS. May 1 9 1 4. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS — Owner's measurements and particulars, or other known authority. 6 Male. ? Female. ... Unrecorded. R, Right horn or antler. L, Left horn or antler. G.S. Greatest spread. Measurements are usually on the outside of the longest horn from base to tip ; but in Deer from the bottom outside edge of the burr, or coronet, to the highest tip-point, except when notified to the contrary. Circumference is at the base ; in most Deer above brow-tine, but in the Red- Deer and Wapiti group between bez and trez tines. Length is expressed in inches, when not otherwise stated, and the tape should be laid on the centre of the front curve of antelope horns such as Reed- buck, etc. Weights taken in the field should be accepted as approximate, and, unless the contrary is stated, are those of adult males. Heights are in most cases taken at the shoulder of adult males (see p. 517). N.B. — Unless the contrary is stated, the specimens and illustrations are those of males. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Abyssinian Bohor Reed buck, Skull and Horns ,, Buffalo, Skull and Horns ,, Ibex, Skulls and Horns ,, Oribi, Head Addax, Head .... Addra Gazelle, Skull and Horns . African Buffalo .... ,, Horns and Skull, 418, 421, 422 ,, Elephant, Head ,, ,, Tusk American Bison, Skull and Horns Anoa, Head .... Arabian Ibex, Skull and Horns ,, Oryx, Head Armenian Mouflon Arui, Head .... Asiatic Ibex, Head Babirusa, Head ..... 460 Bantin, Head ..... 445 Barasingha, Head . . . 54, 55 Beira, Head . . . . . .167 ,, Skull and Horns . . . 168 Beisa, Head ..... 291 Bharal, Skull and Horns . . . 385 Bison ....... 432 Black Bighorn, Head .... 393 Blackbuck, Skull and Horns . . 235 ,, Head .... 237 Black Rhinoceros, Head . . 467 ,, ,, Horns . . . 466 Blesbok, Horns and Head . 145, 147 Blue Duiker, Head .... 162 Bohor Reedbuck, Frontlet and Horns . 219 Bokharan Argali, Skull and Horns . 403 Bongo, Head ..... 323 Bontebok, Head ..... 143 Brindled Gnu, Frontlet and Horns . 150 221 422 372 176 298 272 419 424 479 481 434 431 375 295 413 387 367 Brindled Gnu, Head Brown Bear, Skull Bubal Hartebeest, Horns Bushbuck, Skull and Horns Head . PAGE 151 518 Il8 303 307 131 Cape Hartebeest, Head Carpathian Red Deer, Skulls and Antlers 16, 17, 24, 25 Chamois, Skulls and Horns . 335, 338, 339 Chilian Guemal, Skull and Antlers . 109 Chiru 233 Chital, Frontlet and Horns ... 70 Cyprian Red Sheep, Head . . . 412 Defassa Waterbuck, Skull and Horns . 191 Dibatag, Head ..... 224 Domesticated Goat, Head . . . 378 Dorcas Gazelle, Head .... 250 Duikerbok, Skull and Horns . .158 Dybowski's Sika . . • • 53 ,, ,, Head. ... 52 Eastern Red Deer, Skull and Antlers 28, 29 Edmi Gazelle, Horns .... 248 Eland, Head 325 ,, Horns (Cow) .... 329 Elk, Antlers .... 96, 100 Fallow Deer, Head Forest-Hog, Head Four-horned Antelope, Skull Fringe-eared Beisa, Head Gaur, Head ..... 439 Gayal, Skull and Horns . . . 444 Gemsbuck, Skull and Horns . . 288 Gerenuk, Head ..... 278 German Red Deer, Antlers ... 27 Giant Irish Deer, Skull and Antlers . 77 and • 74 • 456 Horns 300 • 293 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Giraffe, Skull . . . . 113 Gnu, Head 156 Goa, Head ...... 238 Goitred Gazelle, Head .... 242 Grant's Gazelle, Skulls and Horns 265, 267 Guemal, Skull and Antlers . . . 109 Hangul, Skull and Antlers ... 32 Heuglin's Gazelle, Head . . 259 Himalayan Goral ..... 340 Hog-Deer, Head ..... 72 Hunter's Hartebeest . . 136 Head . 13S Ibex, Head . . . . 371 Indian Buffalo, Head .... 427 Elephant, Skull and Tusks . 474 Gazelle, Head .... 246 ,, Rhinoceros, Horn . . 462 Jackson's Hartebeest, Skull and Horns. 129 Javan Rhinoceros ..... 464 Rusa, Antlers .... 68 Kamchatkan Bighorn, Skull and Horns 394 Kashmir Barasingha, Skull and Antlers 32 Head ... 36 Kennion's Gazelle, Heads . . 245 Klipspringer, Head . . . .186 Kongoni, Head . . . . 125 Korrigum, Head . 137 Kudu, Head . . . . 317 Lake Chad Ox, Skull and Horns . 447 Lechwe, Head and Fore-cjuarters . 196 ,, Head 199 t Kudu, Head .... 321 Lichtenstein's Hartebeest, Head . . 133 Lion, Forepart ..... 488 Livingstone's Suni, Skull and Horns 180 Loder's Gazelle, Horns . . 257 Lord Derby's Kland, Head . . 331 ,, Skull and Horns . 333 Malay Sambar, Frontlet and Antlers . 65 Manchurian Tiger, Skin . . . 496 Marco Polo's Argali, Skull and Horns 404, 405 Markhor, Head (Astor) . . 358 Skull and Horns (Cabul) . 365 ,, ,, (Pir Panjal) 361 ,, ,, (Sulerrlan) . 364 Marsh-Deer, Antlers .... 108 -tamian Fallow Deer, Head 76 Milu Deer, Head 79 la Gazelle, Head . . . 262 Mongolian Argali, Horns ,, Gazelle, Frontlet and Horns Mourlon, Head ..... Mountain Nyala, Skull and Horns Mountain Reedbuck, Skull and Horns . Mrs. Gray's Lechwe, Head . Mule-Deer, Heads . . . 104, Muntjac, Skulls and Antlers . 80 Musk-Deer, Head Musk-Ox, Head .... Neumann's Hartebeest, Skull and Horns New Zealand Red Deer, Head Nilgai, Head .... Nilgiri Tahr, Head North African Red Deer, Antlers . Nubian Ibex, Head Nyala, Horns .... Oribi, Head ..... Pala, Head Pallas's Tur, Head Pelzeln's Gazelle, Head Pere David's Milu Deer, Head Phillips's Dik-dik, Skull and Horns Pigmy Hippopotamus . Prongbuck, Head .... Przewalski's Gazelle, Head . Puku, Skull and Horns Red Deer, Antlers (Exmoor) ,, Antlers in the Castle at Moritz burg . (Old English) ' . (Scotch) . ,, ,, (Spanish) Red-fronted Gazelle, Skull and Horns Reedbuck, Head .... Reindeer, Antlers .... 83, Roan Antelope, Head . ,, ,, Skull and Horns . Rocky Mountain Bighorn, Skull and Horns ..... Rocky Mountain Goat, Head Roebuck (Tien Shan), Head . Sable Antelope, Head . ,, Skull and 1 buns Saiga, Head ... ,, Horns .... Saikik Gazelle, Skull and Horns . Salt's Dik-dik, Dead . Sambar, Frontlet and Horns Head . 401 241 414 310 216 200 105 , 82 112 351 128 12 3OI 356 31 373 308 174 226 383 255 79 170 45i 116 240 209 27 13 1 14 260 213 84, 86 284 284 389 349 94 280 283 232 231 244 169 63 61 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LLLUSTRATIONS PAGE l'AGF. Sassaby, Head .... I48 Tora Hartebeest, Head 121 Schomburgk's Deer, Skull and Antlers 57 Tsaine, Head ..... 445 Seistan Gazelle, Heads 245 Serow, Head .... 343 Uganda Kob, Skull and Horns 204 Shapo, Head .... 407 Urial 410 Sharpe's Steinbok, Skull and Horns 184 ,, Skull and Horns. 409 Shou, Skull and Antlers 37 Siberian Argali, Head . 399 Vaal Rhebok, Head .... 211 Sika, Skull and Antlers 49 Sind Wild Goat, Skull and Horns 376 Walrus, Head ..... 513 Situtunga, Horns .... 312 ,, Skull and Tusks 515 ,, Western, Horns . 315 Wapiti, Head ..... 41 Scemmerring's Gazelle, Head 269 ,, Skull and Antlers 45 Somali Hartebeest, Head 123 Wart- Hog, Tusks and Head . . 457 » 459 Spanish Ibex, Skull and Horns 379 Waterbuck, Frontlet and Horns . 188 Speke's Gazelle, Head . 253 Western Hartebeest, Head . 119 Springbuck, Horns and Head . 27 5, 277 ,, Kob, Head .... 202 Steinbok, Skull and Horns . 183 ,, Tur ..... 381 Head .... 185 White-bearded Gnu, Head 153 Sudani Bohor Reedbuck, Head 222 ,, ,, Skull and Horns . 154 Sumatran Rhinoceros, Horn . 465 White Bighorn, Head .... 39i Suni, Head . 179 White-eared Kob, Head 207 Swayne's Dik-dik, Head 170 White-maned Serow, Head . 346 White Oryx, Head .... 296 Tahr, Head ..... 353 White Rhinoceros, Head 470 Takin, Head .... 347 ,, ,, . Horns 47i Thamin, Skull and Antlers . 60 ,, ,, Skull and Horns 470 Thomson's Gazelle, Heads . 263 White-tailed Deer, Mexican, Head 103 Tiang, Skull and Horns 139 ,, ,, Virginian, Head IOI Tibetan Antelopes 233 Wild Boar, Head 452 ,, Argali, Head . 397 ,, ,, Tusk ..... 454 Tien-Shan Ibex, Head . 367 Tiger, Head .... 493 Yak, Skull and Horns . . 436 ,, Skin ..... 492 Yarkand Stag, Skull and Antlers . 35 Topi, Head ..... 141 Yellow-backed Duiker, Head 165 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Shot by Mr. Walter Jones. The RED DEER (Cervus elaphus). The red deer of Western Europe is the typical representative of the genus Cervus, in which the antlers of the stags are set on the skull at an oblique angle to the middle line of the forehead, and have a true brow-tine, while they are generally more or less nearly cylindrical. There is always a large bare portion on the muzzle, the face is long,, the ears are generally large, and the tail is comparatively short, often extremely so. Although there is almost always a gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, usually situated high up, there is none on the hock i B 2 RECORDS OF BIG GAME itself. The coat may be spotted in the adult, and is almost invariably so in the young. In the red deer the antlers are subcylindrical and complex, generally with a bez-tine, and always with a trez, the number of points exceeding five, and the crown frequently forming a cup. The tail is relatively long and pointed, and there is an orange-coloured patch on the buttocks, which includes or surrounds the tail. The general colour of the adult summer coat is reddish brown, and that of the winter dress greyish brown, often with a dark dorsal stripe ; stags frequently showing a throat-fringe. The young, in which the ground-colour is of a richer tint, are profusely spotted with white. Red deer, in the widest sense of the term, are inhabitants of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, and Northern Persia. In the typical red deer (C. elaphus typicus) of Sweden, and its representatives in Western, Northern, and Central Europe, the antlers attain their maximum degree of complexity, sometimes having twenty or even more points, although in many Scotch examples the bez-tine is wanting. The Swedish red deer is the typical Cervus elaplius of Lin- naeus, in other words, Cervus elaphus typicus. From this race the Norwegian red deer differs by its inferior size, the lighter colour of the summer coat, and the presence of a distinct dark border to the rump-patch. The general colour of the Swedish race is dark reddish brown, almost chestnut, with the legs sooty or blackish brown ; while in the Nor- wegian animal the colour is yellowish brown tinged with grey, the legs being paler and of a brownish slaty grey. The rump -patch is also lighter in the Norwegian race, being reddish yellow with a blackish border, while that of the Swedish red deer is less distinct, sometimes scarcely differing in colour from the flanks. There are also differences in the skulls of the two races, especially noticeable in the case of hinds. The Norwegian red deer has been named Cervus elaphus atlanticus ; and the Scotch red deer, C. e. scoticus, is closely allied. Several races of red deer have been named in Germany, but these may be included under one heading as C. e. germanicus. This is a large deer, with a very light, and usually black-bordered, rump-patch. The Spanish race ( C. e. hispanicus), which is smaller, with a greyer coat and narrower skull, is said to lack the abundant neck-fringe of Scotch deer. The red deer (C. elaphus corsicanus) of Corsica and Sardinia is a small race, without a bez-tine to the antlers, and the general colour of the upper-parts dark brown in summer, with the upper side of the tail coloured like the rump-patch, and blackish in the winter. Nearly allied is the North African red deer (C. elaphus barbarus), which is of rather larger dimensions, with a greyish-brown streak down the middle of the back, and small irregular whitish spots on the flanks RED DEER 3 and sometimes on the back ; traces of such spots being occasionally observable in the summer coat of hinds of the typical race. The bez- tine seems to be very generally wanting. The Eastern red deer (C. elaphns viaral) is a large race, described on page 28. In a red deer killed at Spetchley Park the weight was 419 lbs. gross, and 2 1 6 when cleaned ; while in one shot at Knowsley many years ago the clean weight was no less than 424 lbs. The height at the shoulder reaches about 4 feet. H.R.H. the Duke of Braganza saw a Continental stag shot which scaled 584 lbs., and shot a 10-pointer with a spread of 5 5 inches. The late Lord Tweedmouth gave the following dimensions of a fine Scotch stag, shot October 9, 1880 : — Widest span over all, 39^ inches ; span inside below cups, 34 inches ; span outside below cups, 37 inches. Right antler. — Length, 39 inches ; length of brow, 10J inches ; of bez, IO inches ; of trez, 13 inches. Length of tines in cup, 10, J, 4J inches. Circumference at coronet, Scinches ; between bez and trez, "]\ inches ; above trez, 6 inches. Left antler. — Length, 38 inches ; of brow, 10 inches ; of bez, 8 inches ; of trez, 11 inches. Length of tines in cup, 8, 6, and 4 inches. Circumference at coronet, 9 inches ; between bez and trez, "]\ inches ; above trez, 6\ inches. — Weight, 303 lbs. clean ; but stag was much run. .4.— BRITISH AND IRISH RED DEER (C. elaphus scoticus). a. — Scottish Specimens. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight, lbs. Locality. Owner. 40^ 5 22 33 7 + 7 Inverness, 1794 . Col. W. Hall Walker. 4°i 1-40 61 6 30 8 + 8 10 203 Glenartney . Glentilt Mrs. Campbell of Dun- staffnage. Duke of Atholl. -391 5 25 6 + 6 Ardverikie E. J. Wythes. -394 4l 26 33 35h 5 + 5 266 Kinveachy . Major J. J. Porteous. -39 39 6 6 27i 34 34 39i 391 6 + 6 6 + 6 303 Guisachan ? The late Lord Tweed- mouth. Duke of Portland. -384 4i 26 11 Isle of Rum . Sir George Bullough. 3H 3H 6i 5i 1,3 7j 19* 3i 3°i 9 + 8 5 + 6 Glenfiddich . Strathvaich . Duke of Richmond and Gordon. J. C. Williams. 38i 55 14 27I 33 6 + 5 246 Meoble Walter Jones. 3§i 6 26 33-1 40! 7 + 6 ? Duke of Beaufort. 3H 55 5 + 5 Kinlochewe . Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, Bart. Owner's measurements. 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais. XECOjRDS of big game Length on out- side curve. 3Si 3S o7i 374 374 374 -371 37i -371 37 -37 -36* 3°4 -364 -364 -364 -364 -364 -36i -36J 36i -36i 364 36 36 -36 36 36 -36 36 35 . Circum- ference between bez and trez. 54 4i 4l 5 44 54 6i 44 54 4f 4i 5 4i 5k 4i 5 44 44 54 4i 5 5^ 4? 5} 4i 4i 4V 44 48 ^° ES? sp-d- 3oif 294 2Si 26 30i 34 85 2Si 324 24 23 30 35 37 361 274 41 3i4 30i 274 26 27 254 245 24I 22 33i 28 27} 26A ... 214 27 32* ... 17 28 ■•< 3 l.i 22^ 31J 34 33i 57.S Points. Weight. lbs. 7 + 7 ••• 6 + 6 ... 6 + 5 ». 6 + 5 ... 5 + 5 ■•• 10 8 + S ... 6 + 6 ... 5 + 5 6 + 6 5 + 4 6 + 6 5 + 6 6 + 6 11 280 11 6 + 6 ... 10 6 + 5 235 5 + 5 ■•• 6 + 6 ... 6 + 5 ... 5 + 5 ••• 7 + 7 ••• 6 + 6 ... 6 + 6 ... 6 + 6 ... 5 + 5 •■• 5 + 5 225 5 + 5 ••• Locality. Fannich Barrisdale Mar Wyvis . Conaglen Glenmoriston Brodick Forfarshire . Brodick Lettermorar . Glenmoriston Glenstrath- farrar Auchnasheen . Rhidorroch . Benmore, Mull Glomach Ben Klibreck Affaric . Cluanie Gaick . Arran . Kintail . Corrour Knoydart Dunroljin Langwell Caenlochan . Inchbaie Meoble. Strathvaich . Owner. The Hon. Mrs. Gordon- Cumming. V. J. Watney. W. Parrott. Mrs. E. Ross. R. Shoolbred. Lord Morton. J. M. Grant. Marquis of Graham. R. L. Scott. - Marquis of Graham. W. A. Dewhurst. The Hon. Mrs. Gordon- Cumming. W. Radcliffe (shot by the late R. Gordon-Cumming). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Countess of Cromartie. Earl of Eglinton. The late Col. Baldock. J. W. Baxendale. S. Dennis. A. H. Straker. G. Hargreaves. H.R.H. Prince Arthur of Connaught. S. Loder. Sir J. M. Stirling-Maxwell, Bart. A. S. Bowlby. Duke of Sutherland. Duke of Portland. Mrs. Henry Tate. F. L. Davis. E. M. Crosfield. Do. - Owner's measurements RED DEER Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight, lbs. Locality. Owner. 36 4§ I9l 28f 3°4 5 + 4 Ardgour Lord H. Vane Tempest. 36 5i I3l 28| 325 5 + 5 Glenkingie . W. M. Christy. 36 4i 31 5 + 5 308 N. Uist. W. Brigstock. 36 4§ 26J 5 + 6 Morar . \V. A. Dewhurst. -36 5& 3°4 6 + 7 Glenquoich . J. E. B. Baillie. -36 4l 27 2 + 2 276 Glenfinnan . F. Fenwick. -351 4i 26 6 + 6 N. Uist C. H. Dendy. -351 4i 324 5 + 5 Affaric . L. A. Ballance. -351 41 23 28J 31 4 + 4 Dalnamein . C. T. Garland. 351 44 29i 6 + 5 Garrygualach Major H. G. Fenton Newall. -351 44 31 5 + 5 Loch Choire Duke of Sutherland. -35* 4i 27I 12 Ardnamurchan R. C. Donaldson-Hudson 354 54 254 6 + 6 244 Sutherland . Abel Chapman. -351 4l 27 5 + 5 Branlen Earl of Derby. 351 44 H4 26J 30 6 + 6 Isle of Mull . W. Mure. 354 4l 264 10+ 10 Glenquoich . Dowager Lady Burton. 354 44 24! 6 + 6 Craiganour . H. Samuelson. 354 43 31! 5 + 5 Benula Stanley M. Dennis. 354 44 244 29I 324 5 + 5 Ben Alder . Lord Hythe. -354 6 384 5 + 5 Kinlochewe . Sir Kenneth Mackenzie Bart. -351 44 30 4 + 4 Gaick . J. Hargreaves. 35i 5 25 3°i 35 6 + 4 Coignafern . J. Bradley Firth. 35i 5 25i 7 + 8 Ardverikie . Sir J. W. Ramsden, Bart. -35i 27I 14 Glenfeshie . Sir G. A. Cooper, Bart. 35± 44 294 6 + 6 248 Invercauld . L. Neumann. -35i 5 24! 6 + 5 Eskadale Major A. Robinson. -35± 5i 27i 6 + 6 Blackmount . Countess of Sefton. -35i Ai 71 22 27I 7 + 7 Killiechonate F. Cooper. -351 54 26^ 5 + 5 Glenfinnan . G. Bainbridge. -354 4l 3'i* 30 6 + 6 Deanich, Ross- shire G. P. V. Aylmer. Owner's measurements. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. -35} -35i circum- ference between bez and trez 5i 5 Tip to Tip. Widest inside. 26 32i Spread. Points. 7 + 7 6 + 6 Weight, lbs. Locality. Glenartney . Ardnamurchan Owner. Dowager Countess of Ancaster. C. D. Rudd. 351 4} 33 4 + 3 Caenlochan . J. J. de Knoop. 35 45 i3l 24h 29 5 + 5 Glenkingie . W. M. Christy. 35 -35 4l 22 2S 34 7 + 6 10 225 Talladh-a-Bhe- E. Weller-Poley. ithe, Rannoch N. Morar . Major T. W. Gill. -35 29 41} 7 + 6 Monymusk . Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. -35 4l 38} 5 + 4 Invermark Earl of Dalhousie. 35 4i I2| 24i 27 6 + 6 Glenbruar A. M. Thomas. 35 4§ 29J 6 + 5 Glenartney . V. Fleming. J-35 5! 26 33 i 37i 12 Guisachan The late Lord Tweed 35 4* I9i 26| 28| 5^5 Glenkingie . mouth. Sir Henry Hoare, Bart. -35 4l 29 4 + 4 Ledgowan L. A. Ballance. 34l 4} 13} 26 28} 5 + 5 Dibiedale H. Hinton. 341 4i 32} 6 + 6 Glenborrodale Captain N. Money. 34S 4} 3i 36§ 38} 4 + 3 Ledgowan . H. B. Moser. 34l 4} 23* 29 3i! 5 + 4 Kildermorie . H. Graeme. -34i 4l 33* 5 + 5 Fannich V. Watney. -34i 5 25i 7 + 8 Cluanie A. H. Straker. 234i 4} 26^ 31 33} 5 + 5 Dalnaspidal . Mrs. Hall Walker. 34i 41 23 6 + 6 Glentanar Ean Cecil. 34i Si 18 26} 34 6 + 5 ? W. Brodrick Cloete. 34l 5} 371 34* 12 Braemore Sir John Fowler, Bart. 34i 4} 18} 27 6 + 5 N. Morar J. R. Hutchison. 34i 4} 33 6 + 5 Isle of Skye . W. H. Lindsay. 2-34i 34* 5 4l 13 25 34i 27 12 3 + 3 231 [clean) Glentilt Glenfeshie Duke of Atholl. P. K. Smiley. 34} 4§ 22 28 i 3*1 6 + 4 204 Cluanie St. George Littledale. 34} 4l 261 6 + 5 Mamore F. Bibby. 34} 4i 29 9 + 8 Ardverikie . Viscount Iveagh. -34} 4} 26 28} 4 + 4 Wyvis . J. F. Wilkin. - Owner's measurements. 1 \bove trez. 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais. RED DEER Length Circum ference °" -Z1- between Tj? t0 ™St Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. Tip. inside. lbs. 34i -34i -34i 34 34 -34 34 -34 -34 -34 -34 33% 33i -33l -33h 33h 33% 335 33h -33i 33i -33i 332 -33§ 33i 33i 33i 33i -33i 33i 4 4i 5 4 4l 5 4! 4i 4l 4S 4l 4 4i 5 41 4 4j 42 51 41 5 5 35 4 4i 41 4l 4¥ 4 2lf 28A 3°i 164 25i 22 26 I9| I7i 29J 2I| 311 305 27i 26J 36 28 34i 27I 35 24| 26 34l 34 25 24h 28 25S 27 24I 30 3i 26 i9i 28 26 232 22| 314 29i 362 3§i 29 35i 305 344 32 29; 25 6 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 4 6 + 6 12 5 + 5 7 + 7 6 + 6 6 + 6 6 + 5 7 + 6 7 + 8 5 + 6 5 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 5 9 + 8 6 + 5 6 + 6 12 11 5 + 7 6 + 5 6 + 6 7 + 7 5 + 5 5 + 5 6 + 6 . 5 + 4 2 308 268 (clean) Glenquoich Glenee . Knoydart Glenmuick Balmoral Achnacarry Jura . Kildermorie Glenbruar, Perthshire Owner. Duchess of Bedford. J. Bayly. Capt. H. V. S. A. Bowlby. Lieut.-Col. J. Ponsonby. His Majesty the King. J. C. Kennedy. Lord George Campbell. L. Wilkin. Sir W. Ogilvy-Dalgleish, Bart. S. Loder. 2S0 Col. Stephenson R. Clarke. Glenkingie . W. M. Christy. Ardverikie . E. J. Wythes. Ardnamurchan Mrs. R. Fleming. Dalness . J. G. Millais. R. Hargreaves. H. C. Pilkington. Gaick . Caenlochan Glenfiddich Auchnasheen Eskadale Kintail . Duke of Richmond and Gordon. A. G. Dickson. Hon. L. Hardy. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Forest Lodge Lieut.-Col. H. Kays. Dalness . Hon. Sir Schomberg M'Donnell. Dundonnell . R. B. Loder. Ben Alder . Sir R. W. Buchanan Jardine, Bart. Glendoe . Mrs. E. Ross. Ardverikie . Col. W. Hall Walker. Inverailort . J. Cameron Head. Arnisdale . T. Drake. Glencoul . Lieut. - Col. A. Weston Jarvis. The spread of the six widest heads in the late Duke of Fife's collec- tion is as follows : — 40 38 37 35 35 35 The six longest measuring — 37 36 35I 35^ 35 35 285 Owner's measurements. 8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The antlers of one of the red deer in Mr. C. Lucas's park at Warnham Court, Sussex, in 1889, had 35 points; 1890, 34 points; 1891, 38 points ; 1892, 47 points, and weighed 17 lbs. ; 1893, 44 points, 16^ lbs. on out side between bez and trez. -41 -40 39l 38 3S 37* 351 35! 35 35 _35 35 34} 34 34 34 33i 33 33 32i 3ii 3i! 3*1 3ii 6 5* 5i 5i 51 5i 5S 5! 5 4! 4i 5i 5 4i 4l 4i 5 4i 5 5i 3*i 4) /wA Specimens (wild and park). Locality. ^P t0 W»4f * °uts'de Points. Weight Tip. inside, spread. ° Owner. 171 28 144 i5i 9S 2^5 25i I9» 25* *3l 24 251 '5 23 29i 26| 26^ 23I 28^ 35 20J 3° 30 26! 29 28£ 3ii 25 29^ 24 28} 24! 32} 3If 2I| 251 lbs. 12 315 IO + 9 325 8 + 8 355 7 + 7 375 7 + 7 ■■■ 8 + 8 ... 34i 6 + 5 3S0 5 + 5 264 7 + 7 ••• 32* 3oi 36! 6 + 5 343 34i 29I 14-: 258 272 ■ r's measurements. 6 + 6 260 6 + 5 282 7 + 6 348 ( 364 as 6 + 6'. he fell ; Powerscourt ^ 280 clean 6 + 5 372 5 + 5 ••• 8 + 7 360 5 + 5 346 5 + 5 281 7 + 6 422 5 + 6 ... 5 + 6 ... 7 + 7 - 5 + 4 ■•• 6 + 5 276 Colebrooke . The late Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart. Do. . Do. Do. . Do. Do. . Do. Do. . W. Campbell. Roscommon . Earl of Kingston. Muckross . A. Vincent. Glenveagh . W. E. Laurie. Muckross . Ralph Sneyd. Roscommon. Earl of Kingston. Ireland . Hon. A. Charteris. Glenveagh . A. Arthur. Powerscourt . Viscount Powerscourt. Glenveagh . G. W. Hartley. Viscount Powerscourt. Muckross . Ralph Sneyd. Colebrooke . Major J. M. Rogers. Muckross . A. Vincent. Glenveagh . Col. W. Hall Walker. Do. . W. W. Ashley. Glena . . Earl of Kenmare. Killarney . G. Douglas. Donegal . Col. W. Hall Walker. Muckross . Lord Mayo. Do. . F. G. Menzies. Do. . C. E. Russell. 1 See Millais's British Deer and their Horns. RED DEER Length on outside curve. 40 39 39 38J 3§i 37S 37i 37* 37 Circum- ference between bez and trez. 5* 5i 51 51 5* 5 6 5 54 42 Head of Exmoor Red Deer. Mr. R. A. Sanders. c. — West of England Specimens. Tip to Widest Outside r, ■ . t i- ^ Tip. inside, spread. Points- Locality. Owner. 2*£ 32* 10 28 I5l 2%\ 17I 314 22i 30^ 8i 24 7 27i 20 23 29i 351 3iS 334 38 344 32 34 48 36 "OS j94 5 + 5 Exmoor . Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. 7 + 6 Do. . Do. 6 + 6 Do. . R. A. Sanders. 4 + 4 Do. . P. F. Hancock. 6 + 6 Quantock Hills Earl Fortescue; killed in 1885. 7 + 7 Exmoor 6 + 6 Kiloe 5 + 5 ? 6 + 5 Exmoor 6 + 5 Quantock C. Nelder ; killed in 1803. Hon. Mrs. Stanley. J. James. Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, Bart. E. A. V. Stanley. 6+7 Bern bridge Capt. H. H. Amory. Wood 1 Weight, 333 lbs. clean. Length of brow-tine, 17 inches. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. 36f 36* -36J 36 36 36 35i 35i 35 Circum- ference between bez and trez. 6 5l 45 5i 5s 5 5 5 5 4* Tip to Widest Outside p0;nts Tip. inside, spread. Locality. Owner. 2l£ 12 19 IO I2j Ml 20g Hi 252- 2SJ 23§ 28| 24I 23 26 27 27i 27| 27 32I 3oi 39 30i 29i 34i 33 34 6 + 7 7 + 6 6 + 6 9 + 7 6 + 5 7 + 6 6 + 6 6 + 6 6 + 6 6 + 5 5 + 6 Exmoor . Lord St. Audries ; killed in 1S93. Stoodleigh . Ian H. Amory. Haddon . M. Greig. Exmoor . R. A. Sanders. Do. . Capt. H. H. Amory. Do. . M. Greig. Do. . Hon. G. Bampfylde. Do. . Earl Fortescue ; killed in 1S12. Cudden Hoyes Capt. H. H. Amory. Exmoor . Com. G. F. Inglefield, R.N. Do. . Sir C. T. D. Acland, Bart. ; killed in 1893. Length outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. 45 M4 432 421 4ii Mi} 7* 5i 5i 6| Si 5* 5 40I 51 4oi 5S *4o 5 40 40 !39i : 39 -39 39 39 -38* 37h Tip to Tip. 23i 24i i8| 22| i8i d. — English and other Park Specimens. Spread. Points. JJ^ Locality. Widest inside. Owner. lbs. s'i 5h Sh 5-i 4! 5 23i i8£ m 17 22 332 35i 27 28S 32 31 34l 39 33i 26| 251 23i 27'i 28J 27-i 29h 5i} 39 40 371 41 4°i 355 33i 37 3*h 4ii 11 + 11 12 + 9 6 + 6 12 11 + 10 9 + 8 7 + 6 5 + 5 10 + 8 8 + 7 32 6 + 7 5 + 5 5 + 6 6 + 6 8 + 8 6 + 6 8 + 7 Warnham Woburn Windsor C. J. Lucas. Duke of Bedford. His Majesty the King. Melbury, Dorset Earl of Ilchester. Ashridge Park Earl Brownlow. ? Lord Hastings. Langley Park J. G. Millais. ? R. V. Berkeley. Vaynol . J. Whitaker. 330 Caithness-shire T. Pilkington. ... Warnham . J. G. Millais. ? W. Cooper. Woburn . Duke of Bedford. Ditchley Park Viscount Dillon. Bushey Park . R. Shoolbred. ? ( (smaston Whittlebury Stowe . W. Cooper. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. I I.R.I I. It- Due d'Orlcans. Owner's measurements. 1 -Shed antlers. :; Killed by King James I. in 1608. Semi-feral. - White Stag. RED DEER Length C!rcura- & ference Owner. outside curve. between bez and trez. Tip. inside. r>preati. ™nts; (clean). ^a.uy. lbs. uwner. *37i 5 29i 42i 6 + 7 Warnham C. J. Lucas. -37i 1\ 29h 27h 364 10 + 9 . Welbeck Duke of Portland. x37i 51 33i 6 + 7 Ditchley Park Viscount Dillon. -37 6§ iS| 24 43 20+19 Warnham C. J. Lucas. 37 6 26 33i 11 + 13 Do. Do. 36i 4i 19 29i j22 4 + 4 Wood Norton H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. 35* 5 22| 28f 33* 6 + 6 Do. H.R. H. the Comtesse de Paris. H. S. O'Brien. 35^ 5 74 20 25 6 + 6 ? 35 5i i9i 24i 29I 10 + 9 ? Hon. M. Egerton. 34i 7 32 29* 52i 11 + 15 . Warnham C. J. Lucas. 34i 4i 22 271 34i 6 + 6 Windsor G. L. Harrison. 34 4i 23 6 + 6 Stowe . H.R.H. the Comtesse de Paris. 34 5fi 2I| 281 7 + 7 Dorset . Earl of Ilchester. 34 6 2\\ 32 37i 10+10 ? Earl of Warwick. 2 33^ 5 20£ 24i 3il 5 + 5 Surrenden W. Winans. 33i 4i 33 6 + 6 Stowe . H.R.H. le Due d'Orleans. Some of the above measurements are recorded by Mr. J. G. Millais in British Deer and their Horns. - Owner's measurements. x Killed by King James I. in 1610. 2 White Stag. e. — Ancient British and Irish Specimens. Semi-feral. Length on outside curve. -471 46 Circum- ference between bez and trez. 8 54 Tip to Tip. 35 ?8i Widest inside. 3ii Spread. 374 Points. 5 + 8 9 + 8 Where found. Owner. Manchester Ship Sir R. M. Brooke, Bart. Canal excavations Achvarasdal . T. Pilkington. 4°i Sh 2lJ 27 38* Forfarshire . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 40 1\ 22J 28i 43* 12 + 9 Combermere Duke of Westminster. 3H 5 18 30 39* 8 + 6 Ireland Viscount Powerscourt. -37 6i 54 30 23i 36i 451 39i 7 + 5 13 + 8 N. Wales . Co. Leitrim . Sir R. Williams -Bulkeley, Bart. (See illustration.) J. Ormsby Lawder. 36* 5 24 25 354 8 + 8 Ireland Viscount Powerscourt. 36 51 23 27 374 10 + 9 Kerry, Ireland Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 35i 51 181 25i 32i 7 + 7 Lincolnshire C. W. Tindall. 354 33 Si 5i 264 23 32§ 28 42i 41 13 + 11 7 + 6 South Ireland Cardigan Bay . Sir Victor Brooke's Col- lection. H. Marshall. 3°h 5 \o\ 20 245 9 + 8 ? Duke of Bedford. - Owner's measurements. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of New Zealand Red Deer. Shot by Mr. H. E. Hodgkinson. Length prelim- on out- ,ference Tip to side between q." „ bez and lp' curve. trez. f. — New Zealand Specimens {introduced). inside* SPread- Points. Weight. Locality. Owner. 48 61 7i 322 4oi 6 + 5 • Rakaia . . C. Williams. 47* 7 371 6 + 6 Do. G. Garrard. -46 51 37* 42 6 + 6 N. Otago H. E. Hodgkinson -46 Si 3i 38* 6 + 6 Do. Melville Gray. -45 6 27i 36 6 + 6 Do. H. E. Hodgkinson 45 51 i6i 31 4o| 6 + 7 Do. P. F. Hadow. -45 5 34 6 + 6 Do. Major Cliff. -45 5i 37* 13 Do. J. Forbes. 44*. 5 81 30 36| 6 + 6 Do. H. M. Cliff. -44i 5i 33* 37* 7 + 7 Do. C. D. Hodgkinson. 44* 5 392 7 + 6 Do. P. F. Hadow. -44 Sh 40 15 Do. A. Cowie. -44 sh 38 5 + 6 .. Do. A. E. Leatham. 43* - 30 37 7 + 7 Do. C. E. Lucas. -43 si 38£ 6 + 6 Do. J. Horn. -43 Si 33 7 + 7 Do. J. Grindells. 42.Y Si 22 32:/ <\o\ 7 + 7 Do. \V. II. Milburn. -42 h 5i 37* 6 + 6 Do. R. E. Clouston. 42^ 5 29^ 6 + 6 Do. G. N. Ilorlick. -42 47 32 6 + 6 Do. D. Fraser. -42 5^ 38| 5o 7 + 7 Do. J. Faulks. - Owner's measurements. RED DEER 13 Length on out- side circum- ference between bez and Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Weight. Locality. curve. trez. 42 5i 24! 33i 37i 6 + 5 ? -4I| 51 381 7 + 8 N. Otago -4I-J 5 37i 6 + 7 Do. -4ii 5i 364 6 + 6 Do. -41* 5l 343 7 + 6 Do. -41 1 5i 35 5 + 4 Do. -41I 5i 33* 39i 7 + 7 Do. -41 5 39i 6 + 7 Do. -41 6J 361 6 + 5 Do. -41 6 38 5 + 4 Do. -41 51 38 18 Do. -41 6 37 7 + 6 Do. ~402 6 38 5 + 5 Do. 40i 5i 3lf 37l 40 6 + 6 Do. -39l si 29I 10+ 10 Do. -39 7 3°i 351 6 + 6 Wairarapa 38! Si 15 26 3il 6 + 6 Do. 3§i 6i 33 6 + 6 Do. 38| 64 28 36 17 Do. -38 5 33 6 + 6 Do. 37! Si I5l «i 26 5 + 5 Otago . 364 5i i8i 291 32| 5 + 5 Owner's Wairarapa measurements. Owner. A. D. Whatman. H. E. Hodgkinson. J. Forbes. The late B. Armytage. Melville Gray. H. F. Wallace. C. D. Hodgkinson. R. M. Morten. J. S. Handyside. D. Bell. Baron von Kusserov. C. R. Westmacott. R. Nicholson. Capt. I. Macdougall. J. Faulks. C. P. Skenett. E. N. Senior. A. Pilkington. E. W. Bunny. E. C. Studholm. P. M. Stewart. A. Murray. Antlers of Ancient British Red Deer, belonging to Sir Richard Williams-Bulkeley, Bart. 14 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Spanish Red Deer, shot by H.R.H. Prince Arthur of Connaught. .#.— SPANISH RED DEER (C. elaphus hispanicus). T ., Circum- Length ff.„nrp on terence Tip to Widest c , fcM» between ^ ;ncM O- ri o ~ -G t£ c ri U,- 4) pq u " u c S c •c rt-c Ph Ph Ph u o ^ "rt ~ *— r^ ■" j; ri s -a .is JOS £ ° U § £ C/3 U :X S J~ > | 5 o c £ - = u _, ^. -^ = o « u - w :r. s > - '. - li-> til ■as- O O o o "1 — C o ri > J3 = = 'S = - ° .3 •S so ■5 o OhJ ^ K 2 Mj o ° £1H o^< 3 5 * 3 .S £ § £ > W . Pk U a! C (72 Z CO K Q Q Q Q O ON 00 n|« Hoo h|m O M M ON « W ± ON M M N W -I M o e e — rt 2 ■ ^ rt n^ ,c B ~ O U H -5 w a h g O —; o o u < s - w W o. 5 -^ o a U <1 3 u O >- U < o J< •-» flj . NU ** QJ ** JT o -c -s -a 3 «3 o Jj ir, 'S ^ 13 Q a £ a o £ . K -J o U u cumfer- c above niddle point. o U '- On CO _ D _= a, ■J. - M hi ft N (V| M M M M N W M Ct| M M M M u ..2-S p! ~- c « o a ~ O « « «to eW -H TH «H< r-W 11 M i-c M M « M N H N. M M° M M M W W N M M H M N « 1 & « ? £ 3 -m t; S o u o 2 o <5 u u ? I-* 2 O Q « ts .*a o w § - — 3*1 :£ o c5 a- o M B > _ * »» a — c bo N >-< — o p O H a j 3 Cu 2 ■— c< — . 3 ■< J2 o rt -^ Ji o «T1 ^ o P° a T3 G 1) C u o c/5 MS rr4 .»"! a Sjffi 3 < E o S o E g Q C E >, c3 > ci a C/2 E s g^ gala a u O £ j= -a a £ P-, J3 S H * 3 H 00 3 .5 1) O ~ £ "3 ^ 'G --^ £ 5 HM ttW r-)M r+f rt a *£ v 53 is a o S O e 5 ci rt _ S .2 Ja 8 a o « g cj ja Ja m ■" es e a £ <& "• a a ■" u 2 o 8 ^£ « B « a rt Antlers of Carpathian Red Deer in the Collection of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 24 Hungary, 1868 Styria, 1881 Hungary, 1873. Hungary, 1873. Carpathian Red Deer heads belonging to His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Austria. ^5 ^ ^ « Q -' « Q Q M O o o * 3 0 1 ^ IT ^2 s § S3 > ^ „ o 5 £ r1^ ^ 3 ^ >- « N % ~ -1 rS. ■— • i— • t— . + + + + + + CO „ 5 " -1 "■' I- r- U 1 £ § •§ . - £/> 2 a. t3 2 y u r> < o ^ X! «-> J "2 "3 -C •j c/i *-< C u w RED DEER 27 Antlers of German Red Deer. From a specimen in the Castle at Moritzburg After Dr. A. B. Meyer. Ancient Continental Specimens. Length Circum- Tip to c j n • . (on curve) ference. Tip. SPrea(L Polnts- -47i -46I 8§ above 5 ft. 2{ trez 75f 14+14 Locality. ? ? inside 22 Switzerland 39§ ty 22 3JI 6 + 6 Germany . 39 outside Owner. H.M. the King of Saxony, Moritzburg. Count Erbach-Erbach. Do. Viscount Powerscourt. - Owner's measurements. 28 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Eastern Red Deer shot in the Western Caucasus by Mr. St. George Littledale. Length of Antler, 45 in. if.— EASTERN RED DEER or MARAL (C elaphus maral). In this race of the red deer, which may intergrade with some of the western races by means of the Carpathian form, the height at the shoulder reaches to about 4J feet, and the build is stouter, the neck thicker, and the face in the hinds longer and more pointed than in typical red deer. The summer coat of immature animals is very generally marked with numerous yellowish spots, and at all ages is much less red than in the British race, being, in fact, grey in September. The colour of the winter coat is dark slaty grey on the back, with the rump-patch of a very bright yellow, and a large amount of black on the shoulders, thighs, and under-parts ; this blackness of the under-parts also character- ising the summer coat. The large and massive antlers are generally less complex than those of the western races, the number of points being seldom more than eight on a side, and frequently only six ; while the bez-tine, which may be wanting, is often shorter than the long and RED DEER 29 upwardly curved brow-tine, and the fourth tine is generally more dis- tinct from the crown. The average weight is given as about 560 lbs. The typical locality of the maral is the Caspian provinces of Northern Persia, whence this or allied races extend into the Crimea, Asia Minor, and so on into Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, and probably Circassia. It is noteworthy that specimens from the Caucasus have shorter faces than those from Northern Persia, and thus approximate to the western types. Sportsmen call this race the Hungarian red Antlers of Eastern Red Deer from the Caucasus, in the Collection of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. deer, but this is scarcely legitimate, as Hungary is not the typical locality. (For other specimens, see p. 18 et seq.) The Crimean red deer have very massive, few-tined antlers. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest g d p0;nts side ierence. lip. inside. r curve. 48S 6J 34 36 42* 48i 48 6i 34 36 6 3° 41 h 7l (single antler 71 Locality. 8 + 6 Asia Minor 5 + 6 Owner. H. O. Whittall. Ichater Dagh, H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Crimea Coburg and Gotha. Asia Minor . British Museum (Lord A. Hay). Caucasus . St. George Littledale (Liverpool Museum). EECOBBS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. 47? 74 33* 434 54l IO + 9 Persia ? St. George Littledale. 47*. 40S 51 51 iS 36i 33 4i4 6 + 5 S + S Caucasus . Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. -46! 6g 39 8 + 6 Asia Minor F. E. Whittall. 45* r3 35 423 49 52 6 + 6 Caucasus . S. H. Whitbread. -45* S*. 654 14 Do. Grand Duke Mikhael. 45* 74 325 401 46 8 + 8 Do. Prince E. Demidoff. -454 174 3ii 39* 10 + 8 Do. J. C. Phillips. J45s 2 -45 ►,3 8 36 42 9 + 6 IH- 10 Asia Minor Caucasus . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Prince E. Demidoff. 45 6+ 3oi 3Si 442 7 + 6 Asia Minor H. O. Whittall. 44* 6| 3i 39* 47* 8 + 7 ? Duke of Bedford. 44* 7* 194 26 364 7 + 6 Asia Minor F. W. Baker. 444 44 61 53 (single 28| antler) 36 4°*. 9 8 + 7 Do. Ak-Dagh . British Museum (C. G. Danford). . J. L. Rees. 43* 6| 26| 353 46* 10 + 8 Do. . D. Forbes. 43i 6 40 8 + 6 Asia Minor . M. Le C. Findlay. 43* 5! 16 28 6 + 6 Crimea Earl of Dunmore. 43 5i 38 393 49 7 + 7 Ak Dagh . . J. W. Williamson. 43 54 22.3 323 37* 7 + 6 Do. H. Williamson. 42} 6 22| 3i 363 6 + 6 Do. . H. 0. Whittall. 42 64 28 33*. 44-* 9 + 8 ? R. A. Cooper. 42 6 26| 34* 42 7 + 6 Ak Dagh . . T. Bowen Rees. 42 64 24 30 35 7 + 7 Asia Minor Capt. J. B. Jenkinson. 37 5:/ 3.1* '343 40 1 7 + 6 N. Persia . . Capt. C. T. Daukes. -37 54 2li 30 14 Macedonia H. J. Elwes. 36 5i i5 25 37* 7 + 7 Persia . Major P. M. Sykes. 1 Weight, 23 lbs. Owner's measurements. " Estimated we ght, 746 lbs. RED DEER 3i North African Red Deer : Sir Edmund G. Loder's Specimen. F.—N. AFRICAN RED DEER (0. elaphus barbarus). For characters, see page 2. t .1. Circum- Length ference on °ut" between T'P t0 ^ldfst Spread. Points. Slde bezand TlP" lnslde- culve" trez. 38| 51 271 28 36I 4| 22| 28J 3°i 3i , 24i 3l 20| 2l£ Locality. 36 6 + 5 North Africa 4 + 4 Do. ... 4 + 3 ? 4 + 4 Tunis Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. British Museum. Duke of Bedford. Major R. Rankin. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Hangul or Kashmir Barasingha. Shot by Mr. P. B. Vander Byl. The HANGUL or KASHMIR BARASINGHA (Cervus cashmirianus). In this very distinct species the first, or brow, tine arises at a con- siderable distance above the burr, or coronet, of the antlers, instead of close to it, as in the red deer ; the bez-tine is usually longer than the brow ; the total number of points is generally only five a-side, although a third tine may occasionally be added to the normal terminal pair, thus forming an imperfect cup ; and the beam of each antler is much curved in towards the middle line of the head. The terminal fork is placed obliquely. The tail is short, and not included in the light patch on the rump, which is very small ; and the tuft on the hind cannon-bone is situated lower down than in the red deer. In winter the general colour of the coat is brown, brownish ash, or liver-colour, with the hairs speckled ; the light area on the inner side of the buttocks being dirty white, with a blackish line on the inner sides of the thighs, the upper side of the tail black, and the lips, chin, and inner surface of the ears white or whitish. In the fawns the spotting is stated to remain much longer than in the red deer. In the pairing season the old stags squeal like wapiti, instead of roaring in red-deer fashion. The hangul inhabits the forest-districts of the north side of the vale of Kashmir and some of the neighbouring valleys, at elevations ranging from 9000 to 12,000 feet in summer, but descending to about HANGUL 33 5000 feet in winter. The height at the shoulder varies from about 4 feet to 4 feet 4 inches ; the average weight being about 450 lbs. The pale-coloured C. macneilli, of Sze-chuan, and C. m. kansuensis, of Kan-su and Yun-nan, are nearly related deer. The finest pair of antlers appears to be one given by Raja Gulab Singh many years ago to Colonel King, then commanding the 14th Hussars, at whose death they passed to Captain Prettyjohn of the same regiment. What became of these antlers the late Mr. A. O. Hume, who measured them at Meerut in 1852 or 1853, could not ascertain. The record stands, R. 52, L. 53-g-, measured along the curve inside. Girth, 10 inches at burr and 7 half-way between bez and trez tines. They were a wide-branching, symmetrical pair. Length on out- side curve. -534 47* -47 47 47 47 46 45s 451 45i 45i 45 45 45 44i -44i -44! 444 44 44 Circum- ference between bez and trez. 64 6 n 6| 6 6 6* 51 63 5i 6| 51 6 64 6 7i 6i Tip to Tip. 14 22 21 2li SO 20 13 35 25I 1 64 I7J 19 23i 23 174 20 3I? 27| 30I 23i Widest inside. 39 36 36| 35* 34l 341 41 36 34 34 34 36 40 33 43 44l 38! 4o£ Points. Locality. 6 + 5 Lidar Valley, Kashmir 6 + 6 Kashmir 7 + 5 Do. 5 + 5 Do. 8 + 8 Do. 6 + 5 Do. 5 + 5 Do. 6 + 6 Do. 8 + 8 Do. 6 + 5 Do. 5 + 5 Do. 6 + 6 Do. 6 + 6 Do. 4 + 4 Do. 6 + 6 Do. 5 + 5 Lidar Valley 5 + 5 Kishenganga Valley . 4 + 4 Sind Valley, Kashmir 5 + 5 Do. . . 5 + 5 Do. . . - Owner's measurements. Owner. See above. K. S. Laurie. P. B. Vander Byl. (See illustration, p. 32.) Bombay Natural History Society. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Duke of Wellington. Lieut. -Col. H. R. Cook. Capt. W, F. Brayne. British Museum (Hume Col- lection). Sir Victor Brooke's Collec- tion. Brig.-Gen. E. H. Molesworth. P. Radclyffe. Lieut. - Gen. Sir R. Pole- Care w. J. V. E. Lees. Capt. H. F. Bidder. Col. A. E. Ward. Queen's Own Corps of Guides. Do. J. V. Phelps. Major P. H.G. Powell-Cotton. Naval and Military Club. D 34 Length on out- side curve. 44 44 44 431 43S 43f 43* 43* 43* 43* 43* 43} 43 43 43 42^ 42| 42^ 42* 42 42 42 4if 4I| 4*1 4'i 41* 4'i 4l| 4Li 4l| 41 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Circum- ference between bez and trez. 6 6| Sf 6} H 5i 6* 6 6 6 51 7*. 5* 5l 5i 5* 5* 6 6i 51 5i 6 6 53 6 5i 6 5f 6 5*. 51 Tip to Tip. 27 34* iS 25S 1 1 i Si 19 rof 15* i5i 23* 34 261 i9| 18 I7i 15 ii* i3i 20 22 23 23*. 18^ I2.i 25-} 36 23 '55 Widest inside. 36 47* 3i 37S 32| 29 3i 32* 3S 29S 3ii 37} 41* J/5 34*. 33s 33l 32i 26I 26i 35* 34 36} 35 3i4 29I 3^* 41*. 33*. 29 23*. 35 Points. 5 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 5 6 + 5 7 + 6 5 + 5 5 + 5 7 + 6 5 + 5 7 + 7 6 + 6 5 + 5 5 + 4 6 + 5 6 + 6 6 + 5 5 + 6 5 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 5 6 + 5 5 + 5 6 + 6 5 + 5 6 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 5 5 + 5 6 + 5 7 + 6 6 + 3 5 + 5 Locality. Owner. Kashmi Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. I >, ,. Do. Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. . Major V. Rickard. . C. E. Bryant. . Capt. A. E. Cathcart. A. Danson. . C. H. Smith. . Sir J. Prestcott Hewett. . A. Williams. . Sir R. Douglas Powell, Bart. Capt. C. M. Truman. . Capt. A. MCB. Woodside. R.E. Mess, Roorkee. . His Majesty the King. Martyn Kennard. . Major F. W. H. Walshe. Major R. Baker-Carr. Major-Gen. 11. D'U. Keary. Major C. A. Vivian. . Capt. A. H. Wilson. . E. L. Phelps. . W. A. Conduitt. . Major W. Furnivall. . F. V. B. Witts. Major Kingsley Foster. 11. A. Attenhorough. . Major R. A. N. Tytler. Col. F. II. Hancock. C. Arthur. . Capt. II. C. II. O'Brien. . P. W. Cobbold. Larly Jenkins. Hon. II. (]. O. I'.ridgeman. Y ARK AND STAG 35 Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag. From specimen bequeathed by Mr. A. O. Hume to the British Museum. The YARKAND STAG (Cervus yarcandensis). This stag, which inhabits the Tarim Valley and Maralbashi in Eastern Turkestan, differs markedly from the hangul by the large and well-defined light rump-patch, which includes the tail, and by the general colour being light rufous fawn. The antlers are usually 5-tined, but by the development of a third snag to the crown may become (as in the figure) 6-tined. They differ from those of the hangul in that the terminal fork is placed at right angles to the middle line of the head so as to look directly forwards. The fifth 36 RECORDS OF BIG GAME tine, which is generally inclined inwards, is larger than the fourth, and the whole upper part of the antlers is often bent forwards in the manner of those of the shou. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest c , ,, ■ outside ference. Tip. inside. SPread Po,ntS- curve. Locality. 59} i6i 28| 6 + 6 Do. Owner. 4ii 6 3Li 3ii 44 6 + 6 Maralbashi . British Museum. 40} 40 5i 5^ 25 31! 31 5 + 5 6 + 5 Do. Do. British Museum Collection). . E. L. Phelps. (Hume 39* 6 -Ah 25 7 + 6 Do. British Museum (Hume Collection). See illus- tration. The late David T. Hanbury. Kashmir Barasingha Head. SHOU OR SIKH I M STAG 37 Skull and Antlers of Sikhim Shou. From a specimen bequeathed by Mr. A. O. Hume to the British Museum. The SHOU (Cervus wallichi). A very large stag with antlers, at least in the Sikhim race, of the general type of those of the hangul, but larger, and with the beam bent suddenly forwards at the trez-tine, so that the upper half over- hangs the face, the number of points being usually five. The brow- tine is less constantly longer than the bez, the fifth tine is large and inclined inwards, and the terminal fork looks almost directly forwards. In the typical race, which inhabits the neighbourhood of the Mansarowar Lake, Tibet, the white rump-patch is large, but it is smaller in the true shou (C. wallichi affinis), which inhabits the upper 33 RECORDS OF BIG GAME part of the Chumbi valley and some of the neighbouring valleys in Bhutan. An identical or nearly allied deer is also found in the Tsan-po basin, near Lhasa. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest side ference. Tip. inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 551 6£ i7i 4?l 7 + 6 Tibetan Frontier British Museum (Hume Col- lection). See illustration. 551 6| 26! 44 5 + 5 Do. British Museum (B. H. Hodg- son). 54! 54i 6§ 2lf 37i 35i 5 + 5 5 + 5 Do. Do. British Museum (Dr. Camp- bell). His Majesty the King. 53i -52$ 6g 7 3° 45S 38 4 + 5 5 + 5 Do. Do. British Museum (Hume Col- lection). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 52 8 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 50 6i 2I§ 35i 8 + 6 Do. H. J. Elwes. 49* 1\ 38 45* 5 + 5 Do. Col. J. Biddulph. -49i -48 6 391 30 42i 5 + 4 5 + 5 Do. Chumbi \ alley . Bombay Natural History Society. Lord Curzon. -48 6f 30S *39 5 + 5 Tibetan Frontier H. J. Elwes. 48 6g 17 34l 6 + 5 Do. H.R.H. the Due d'Orleans. Ml 51 30! 4°i 5 + 5 Do. British Museum. - Owner's measurements. 1 Spread. THOROLD'S DEER (Cervus albirostris). Thorold's deer is of the same approximate dimensions as the hangul, from which it is readily distinguished by the more flattened antlers, which have no bez-tine, and do not curve inwards, but are suddenly bent backwards at the point of origin of the trez ; the total number of points being either five or four. Equally distinctive are the pure white muzzle and chin ; the white inner surface of the ears ; the reversal of the hair on the middle of the back, so as to form a kind of hump on the withers with the points of the hairs directed towards the neck ; the low position and large size of the gland-tuft on the hind cannon-bone ; and the shortness of the tail, which is included in the very large straw-coloured area of the buttocks. The general colour of WAPITI 39 the coat is uniformly dark brown, with the hairs, which are remarkable for their coarse and brittle nature, minutely speckled. The antlers are smooth and white nearly throughout. The Tibetan plateau, north of Lhasa, is the home of this fine species of deer, which was originally described by the late Colonel Przewalski under the scientific name given above. Subsequently two examples were obtained by Dr. W. G. Thorold, to the north-east of Lhasa, at an elevation of between 13,000 and 14,000 feet, which, under the impression that they indicated a new species, were named C. thoroldi by Dr. W. T. Blanford. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to TlP. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 47 N. of Lhasa British Museum. 384 4i 37 27 5 + 4 Central Tibet . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 38 si 28 31 5 + 5 Do. British Museum. x-36 4i 32 32 5 + 5 ? Indian Museum. - Owner's measurements. 1 Bought at Darjiling, thither brought by Tibetans. The WAPITI DEER (Cervus canadensis). Wapiti are large deer of the red deer group easy of recognition by the form of their antlers, which are of great size, carrying, when fully developed, more than five tines, curving backwards, and being much flattened in the upper half. They always have the bez-tine developed, but their most characteristic feature is the great size of the fourth tine, which is larger than any of the others, and, with the fifth, which is also long, forms a nearly regular fork ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated almost in the plane of the portion of the beam immediately below them, so that they more or less completely hide one another when viewed from the front aspect. The brow-tine rises close to the burr, and is nearly as long as the bez. The tail is extremely short ; the light rump-patch is very large and includes the tail ; the neck and under-parts are blackish ; and the general colour of the summer coat is yellowish brown on the upper-parts. Wapiti (known in America as elk) range from North America to North-eastern and Central Asia, the typical form being the Rocky Mountain wapiti. The height at the shoulder is about 5 feet 4 inches, and the weight from 700 to 1000 lbs. 4o RECORDS OF BIG GAME A.— KOCKY MOUNTAIN WAPITI (C. canadensis typicns). Distribution. — X. America, east of the Rockies, inclusive of that range. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Circum- ference of burr. Tip to Tip. Widest inside beam of horn. Widest outside. Points. Locality. Owner. 64A 63i 8 8 31* 39 45 45i 52 52 7 + 6 7 + 7 ? Wyoming Sir Edmund J. Loder, Bart. . H. A. C. Darley. 62i S 1 -.1 1 J-i 46* 55* 17 Do. . J. G. Millais. 62 61 61 61 6oi 8 8 8 Si 33i 35i 36i 5°§ 45i 461 55 53i 55 7 + 7 6 + 6 8 + 8 S + 7 7 + 6 Snake River Colorado Bighorn Mts. Wyoming Do. . Do. . Do. . , Ernest Farquhar. Sir H. Seton-Karr. Viscount Powers- court. Prince Nicolas Ghika. . E. Grant. 6o| 7i 43 46i 6 + 6 Do. . Major C. C. Ellis. 60 Si 36 371 45 6 + 6 Do. . W. Winans. 59i 59i 7 Si Si 13 I6J 3S 4S| 47 43 52 53 S + 7 S + 8 7 + 6 Do. . S.E. Wyoming 3 . L. E. Sackville West. His Majesty . the King. J. G. Millais. 59 61 3«>i 45i 5ii 6 + 6 Rocky Mts. . T. J. Burrough. 59 ll 39 46 53 9 + 7 Wyoming . Sutton Timmis. 58§ 58 9 between brow and bez 9iV 42 46I 47i Soh 10+7 7 + 6 Do. . Do. . Lord Hythe. A. II. Straker. 5$ /S 43i 49 9 + 8 Do. . W Moncrei ffe. 57l 7 36 43i 47 6 + 6 ? R. Fleming Crooks. 57i 6? 24i 351 6 + 6 Montana . Capt. Abdy. 57} 57 62 9§ 10 32 52I 42.i 55 57* 7 + 7 6 + 6 Do. . Do. . Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Part. T. D. M. Cardeza. 57 57 57 7i 7i 74 '5 53 35i 49'. 4i i 61 7 + 7 8 + 9 6 + 6 Do. . Montana . Yellowstone J'ai Count F. Trautt- mansdorff. Sir Edmund X ,d,est ^ lde,st v.urr lip- inside, outside. Points. Locality. Owner. 7} 7:; 8 7-t 74 r 6| 434 40 5oi 47§ 46| 5i4 5° 7 + 6 6 + 5 6 + 6 Wyoming . Do. . Do. . Royal Automobile Club. MajorG. Dalrymple White. P. B. Vander Byl. 29^ 4°4 454 6 + 6 Do. . T. P. Kempson. 44 454 6 + 6 ? A. H. Pollen. 46* 434 471 5°4 7 + 6 6 + 6 ? Wyoming . St. George Little- dale. G. L. Harrison. 454 474 7 + 6 6 + 5 Do. . Do. . Major Maitland Kirwan. E. N. Buxton. 52 50 544 6 + 6 Do. . W. E. T. Bolitho. 3S 47 524 7 + 7 14 Do. . ? Viscount Powers- court. Duke of Bedford. 5oi 5i 60 6 + 6 ? E. S. Crasten. 37 43i 48 7 + 6 Montana . E. L. P. Burke. palmated 14 11 + 7 Colorado . Montana (?) Sir Peter Walker, Bart. G. Wrey. 28 37 46 6 + 6 ? F. I. Mitchell. 43 434 47 7 + 7 Wyoming . Duke of Roxburghe. 381 44i 7 + 6 Do. . E. N. Buxton. 493 48 9 + 7 8 + 7 Do. . Do. . Hon. Walter Roths- child. Earl of Lonsdale. 434 44i 474 7 + 7 Do. . H. II. Dutton. 43 42 45 8 + 7 Do. . P. Niedieck. 48 7 + 8 Do. . Earl of Lonsdale. 25 362 42| 6 + 6 Siena Nevada P. Grace. 48 44 12 ? M. P. Grace. 35 27h 42 35 4 42* 6 + 6 7 + 6 Wyoming . His Majesty the King. . P. Radclyffe. 34 47 36 39 49l 40.} 47 V 45 8 + 7 8 + 7 palmated 7 + 6 Do. . Do. . Do. . . Rudolph dc Gold- schmidt. Ford G. Barclay. Lord Falconer. 1 Shed antlers weighed 20 lbs. 2 Shot by Sir (;. Gore, Bart. WAPITI 43 j , Circum- en£ ference Circum- T- . ,„■ . . «,,■.„, on , , c c lip to Widest Widest *>■„,„ ..^:a„ between ference of -Xn ... „,„-j„ Points. outside bez and OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. Locality. Tip. inside, outside. Owner. curve. trez. 66 60 6 + 6 Wyoming J. Darley. 65 64| 71 91 4*4 49 40 7 + 7 6 + 7 Laramie Plains, Wyoming Wyoming . Schoverling, Daly, and Gales. Col. J. J. Harrison. 64i 8 48 7 + 7 N.W. Wyoming A. Rogers. 63! 8i 49i 484 7 + 9 North Prong Frank Cooper. 63* 8| 344 So| 64 6 + 6 Wyoming . J. C. Phillips. 594 ioj 374 59 Bighorn Mts. . Sir Savile Crossley, Bart. 5§i Si 444 6 + 6 Do. . J. D. Cobbold. 5H 8i 48 5° 6 + 6 ? F. B. Tolhurst. 58 10 4i 494 7 + 7 Do. . American National Collection. 58 Io| 12 7 + 8 ? P. F. Collier. 44 RECORDS OF BIG GAME £.— WEST AMERICAN WAPITI (C. canadensis occidentalis). Apparently very closely allied to the typical Rocky Mountain race, but with the head, neck, and limbs blacker in the winter dress. The antlers show considerable tendency to cupping and palmation, and in some cases the portion above the fifth tine is aborted. The range of this form extends from British Columbia and Vancouver to Oregon. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference between bez and trez. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Widest outside. Points. Locality. Owner. 52 H 37 40 6 + 6 Vancouver . Barclay Bonthron. 51* 61 35 36i 39i 6 + 6 Do. . J. M. Hanbury. -49* 64 33 46i 10 + 7 Do. A. E. Leatham. 4S 71 32S 36* 34i 6 + 7 Do. W. R. Thompson. 47 62 37 34 41} 8 + 7 Do. . J. M. Hanbury. -45 7i 37 37 7 + 8 Do. . Clive Phillipps-Wolley -45 6| 37 39 42 6 + 4 Do. . J. C. Phillips. -44i 33h 28 32 6 + 6 Do. . Capt. C. R. E. Rad clyffe. Two other forms of wapiti have been described from North America, namely, C. canadensis merriami, of the White Mountains, Arizona, and C. canadensis nannodes, of the San Joaquin Valley, California. The latter is a small, pale-coloured race, with much white on the ears, a small rump-patch, and the front of the legs and feet golden fulvous. WAPITI 45 Skull and Antlers of Tien Shan Wapiti, shot by Mr. P. Church at Tarbagatai. C— TIEN-SHAN WAPITI (C. canadensis songaricus). Judging by the mounted specimen in the British Museum and numerous examples of the antlers, this race differs from the typical wapiti by the rump-patch being narrower, more orange in colour, and not including the middle line of the tail, which is coloured like the back. There is more black on the borders of the rump-patch, the thighs, and the flanks, and the general colour is greyer. The antlers are very large and have the fourth tine shorter and stouter. This wapiti inhabits the Tien - Shan range in the neighbourhood of Kulja ; it was first described by Dr. Severtzow under the name of C. maral, var. songarzca, and subsequently by Dr. Blanford, on 46 RECORDS OF BIG GAME the evidence of detached antlers obtained by the Second Yarkand Mission, as C. eustephanus. Weight (W. Winans), 837 lbs. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Spread. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 60 Si 62} 45* 70 IO + 9 Tien Shan . Capt. J. N. Price Wood. 56* 7i 37* 37* 40* 6 + 6 Do. G. L. Harrison. ]-55 S 6 + 7 Bought at Kash gar . Earl of Northbrook. 54 7i 49 46| 5°* 7 + 6 Tien Shan . P. Church. -53 9 burr 8 + 6 ? American National Collec tion. 53 6| 3oh 39 46 6 + 6 Tien Shan . J. V. Phelps. 53 6| 46 41 49 8 + 8 Do. Duke of Bedford. 52 6J 24* 3ii 8 + 7 Do. Capt. J. F. Turner. 52 6 45i 40} 45 6 + 6 Do. . Capt. the Hon. G. H Douglas Pennant. 5i 6\ 39S 40I 5°| 6 + 5 Do. A. Ezra. 5' 6| 43i 44*. 46I 7 + 6 Do. St. George Littledale. 5i 6* 44*. 38 49 10 + 8 Do. C. C. Tower. 5i S 44* 5i 55 8 + 7 Do. Col. H. Appleton. 5o! 6* 4i| 42*. 45 6 + 6 Do. . C. H. Bury. 50 65 39 43 5i 6 + 6 Do. Lord Osborne Beauclerk. 50 6£ 26 35 38 7 + 6 Do. A. Bayley-Worthington. 49* 7i 28 33 4i* 8 + 7 Do. . T. P. Miller. 49i 6g 451 54 55 6 + 6 Do. . Capt. J. N. Price Wood. -49 42! 48 6 + 6 Do. . Lt.-Col. H. M. Biddulph. AH 47.} 6*. 6| 39* 42.} 42*. 44i 45* 47* 6 + 6 6 + 6 Do. Do. . Major A. D. Greenhill Gardyne. Lieut.-Col. G. E. Pereira. 47 6| 24! 32i 4i 7 + 6 ? Col. H. G. C. Swayne. 46 K 6 36 4°* 43 6 v6 ? S. W. Carpenter. 46i 7 37*. 44 8 + 7 Tien Shan P. F. Iladow. - Owner's measurements. 1 Shed antlers bought by the late Sir Douglas Forsyth. WAPITI 47 D.— BAIKAL WAPITI (0. canadensis sibiricus). Antlers less massive and lighter coloured than those of the Tien- Shan race, with the fourth tine inclined outwards instead of inwards, and having only a slight bend at the tip, and with the beam at this point curving gradually inwards and backwards, so that the backward inclination is less marked than in the latter. Typically from the Sayansk and Baikal Mountains west of Lake Baikal. Also known as C. c. asiaticus. on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widfst s d inside. r 5°i 6 29! 384 - 4§4 71 single horn 46£ 6i 34 404 -. 454 6i 34i 394 47 45 6 5i4 431 6i 37 35 Points. Locality. 8 + 7 ? Altai . Owner. . Duke of Bedford. 7 ? British Museum. 6 + 6 Upper Yenisei Valley J. C. Phillips. 5 + 5 ? Altai . . . H. J. Elwes. 6 + 6 Upper Yenisei Valley Sir Edmund C. Loder, Bart. 6 + 6 Do. Dublin Museum. E.— BACTRIAN WAPITI (C. canadensis bactrianus). Named on the evidence of a specimen formerly living in the Zoological Gardens at Moscow, which was at first regarded as related to the shou, although its wapiti-affinities were subsequently revealed by specimens from Chenkend, Turkestan, the head of one of which is now mounted in the British Museum. The colour is very light grey, and the dark markings on the lips differ from those of other wapiti. Has also been named C. hagenbecki. Distribution. — Chenkend and adjacent districts. The antlers of the British Museum specimen are somewhat malformed, and have therefore not been measured. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest c i t> • . outside ference. Tip. inside. SPread" Points- 40 26£ 6 + 4 Locality. Turkestan Owner. Duke of Bedford. 4S HE CORDS OF BIG GAME F.— MANCHURIAN WAPITI (C. canadensis xanthopygus). Antlers of a shorter and stouter type than in the Tien -Shan wapiti, with the fourth tine relatively smaller in immature specimens, and the portion above it less developed at all ages. In the 5-tined antlers of sub-adult stags the tips of the fourth and fifth tines curve towards one another like crabs' claws. General colour in winter brownish grey, in summer bright reddish brown, with the dark winter mane and under-parts of other wapiti. Also known as C. bedfordi. Distribution. — Northern Manchuria in the Upper Ussuri district. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest g d p int& Locality. Owner. outside ference. lip. inside. r curve. 33 ... 6 + 6 Upper Yenisei T- C. Phillips. Valley 32f 35! 7 + 6 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 6 + 6 ? American National Collection. 26J 28^ 6+5 N.E.Manchuria A. J. A. Douglas. 24 26i 5 + 5 Do. Capt. H. L. Archer- Houblon. z\\ ... 6 + 6 ? 11. J. Elwes. z6f 291 7 + 5 ? Do. 25! 29 8 + 7 ? Duke of Bedford. - Owner's measurements. Luehdorf's Wapiti {C. luehdorfi) appears to have been founded on aged individuals of this race. The type specimens came from Trans- baikalia, and were probably brought from the Bureatish Steppe of Northern Manchuria. The Obi Wapiti {C. c. biedermanni) comes from Lake Teletzh at the source of the Obi, and Barnoul, lower down the same valley. 4ii 61 23 4oh H 23 -3»4 71 33h 5 23 33 5 25 33+ 5i i8i 324 5i 26; 31.1 6 17 SIX A BEER 49 Skull and Antlers of Tapanese Sika. From a specimen in the Collection of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. The SIKA DEER (Cervus [Pseudaxis] sica). The Japanese sika deer is the typical representative of a group of deer in which the antlers are shorter and simpler than is usually the case in the red, deer group, and have generally four tines, including a trez, but lacking a bez. The coat is spotted, at least in summer, and there is a black-bordered white area in the region of the tail, which is relatively long. They constitute the subgenus Pseudaxis. In the typical species the tail is white at the tip, but black above for at least some part of its length ; and the gland on the hind cannon-bone is covered with white hairs. The coat is chestnut-red with numerous white spots in summer, and browner, with no (or only indistinct traces of) spots in winter. These deer are distributed over Northern China, Manchuria, Japan, and the Liu Kiu Islands, where they are represented by two or three races differing chiefly in size. In the Japanese deer {C. sica typiais), which inhabits Japan and Northern China, the height at the shoulder varies from about 2 feet 8 inches to 2 feet 10 inches, whereas in the Manchurian deer {C. sica manchuricus) it reaches 3 feet 3 inches. The Liu Kiu race is not yet named. Both the Japanese and the Manchurian races have been acclimatised in English and Irish E 5° RECORDS OF BIG GAME parks. Weight (\Y. Winans), I So lbs. — 12 stone clean (Marquis of Waterford). ^.—JAPANESE SIKA (C. sica typicus). Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. -28| 3l iSi 4 + 4 Japan . J. C. Phillips. 26i 31 i9i 4 + 4 ? British Museum. 25i 5 171 4 + 4 Japan Sir Victor Brooke's Collection 25§ 4i 20$ 4 + 4 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 23h 4l 4 + 4 Bred in England W. Winans. 22i 4 16 5 + 4 Do. . H.R.H. the Due d'Orleans. X22j 3i 12* 4 + 3 Bred in Ireland . Marquis of Lansdowne. 22 4 l6| 5 + 4 Do. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection 2li 31 I3l 4 + 4 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 20£ 3l I2| 4 + 4 Bred in England . H.R.H. the Due d'Orleans. 20 3i I2| 4 + 3 Do. . W. Winans. i9i 2JL ■J2 I7| 4+4 Bred in Ireland . . V. Brooke. »7i 3 i6i 4 + 4 Woburn . Duke of Bedford. 16 3* 13* 3 + 3 Bred in Ireland . C. E. Russell. i6| 3 9l 4 + 3 Do. Hon. John Ward. 2i5l 2? Mi 4 + 4 Do. Marquis of Hamilton. 1 12 stone clean. 2 Weight, 143 lbs. as it fell. B.— MANCHURIAN SIKA (C. sica manchuricus). Length on out- Circum- Tip to t, • . ... ■ , . side fcrence. Tip. Po,nts- Ut,«ht- Locality. Owner. curve. -26 4} 4 + 4 M anchuria Paris Museum. 23 3i i8i 4 + 4 Do. Duke of Bedford 23 5-i «5i 3 + 4 164 lbs. Do. W. Winans. 20\ 3i 16 4 + 4 153 lbs. Do. Do. _ 0 neasurements. SIKA DEER 51 The FORMOSAN SIKA (Cervus [Pseudaxis] taevanus). Nearly allied to the typical sika, but distinctly spotted in winter, when the coat retains more or less of the rufous summer-tinge. The dark line down the middle of the back is very strongly marked, there is a more distinct black bar above the white tail-patch, and the limbs are shorter and the body proportionately longer. The height at the shoulder is about 2 feet 1 1 inches. This species is confined to the mountains of the island of Formosa. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 192 31 13 i6f 4 + 4 Formosa British Museum. 19 3i 4 + 4 Do. . Duke of Bedford, 52 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Dybowski's Sika. DYBOWSKI'S SIKA (Cervus [Pseudaxis] hortulorum). In addition to its larger size (between 3 feet 7 inches and 4 feet at the shoulder), this species is distinguished from the Manchurian sika by the hairs covering the gland on the hind cannon-bone being of the same colour as the rest of the coat in summer and only slightly grizzled in winter, and by the tip of the tail being apparently white. The head and neck are bluish grey, and in immature animals whitish spots persist in winter, although these disappear completely at this season in fully adult bucks, in which the coat becomes very long and shaggy, especially on the throat and neck. Hinds are more brightly coloured in winter than the stags, and retain distinct spotting. This deer was named C. hortulorum by Consul Swinhoe from an immature buck and doe taken at the sack of the Summer Palace, Pekin, and was afterwards obtained in the wild state in the Ussuri district of North-eastern Manchuria, when it received the name of C. dybowskii. In the typical Manchurian race ( C. hortulorum typicus) there is no dark line down the back ; but this is present in the smaller southern race (C. liortulorum kopschi of the Yang-tsi valley. PEKIN SIR A 53 Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 34* 321 51 5i 34i 23i 25i 22| 5 + 5 4 + 4 ? N.E. Manchuria British Museum (Duke of Bedford). A. J. A. Douglas. 31* 5i 27s 26| 4 + 4 Do. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27 4* 232 20 4 + 4 Manchuria Hon. Walter Rothschild. 26 3i iS iSi 4 + 4 Do. E. P. Tennant. 32£ 4* i6i 234 4 + 4 (Shed antlers) . Duke of Bedford. 32 4i 27 24s 4 + 4 Do. Do. 31* 41 .182 4 + 4 N.E. Manchuria Hon. Walter Rothschild. 29I 4l 27S 21 5 + 5 Do. W. Banks. 27i 4l 164 I9l 4 + 4 Do. A. Hardcastle. 26 4i 5 + 4 (Shed antlers) . W. Winans. Dybowski's Stag in summer coat, with the antlers in velvet. Photographed by the Duchess of Bedford. 54 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head ot Barasingha. The BARASINGHA or SWAMP -DEER (Cervus [Rucervus] duvauceli). This species belongs to the rucervine group, in which the antlers lack a bez-tine, and apparently also a trez; the beam being regularly forked, and each branch again dividing, so that there are at least four tines. The gland on the hind-leg is absent or represented by a tuft. BARASINGHA 5 5 In the swamp-deer the antlers are smooth and flattened, with a long brow-tine rising almost at right angles to the beam, which is undivided for about half the total length of the antler, and then splits into a fork, each branch being usually simply forked, but sometimes divided in a Head of Barasingha, from the Central Provinces, with antlers approximating to the Thamin type. From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1899. more complicated manner. General colour bright rufous brown, often speckled near the back. Height at shoulder, from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 1 0 inches ; weight, about 400 lbs. Distribution. — India, exclusive of Ceylon. 56 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. 41 6h 35i 3S- S + 5 Central Provinces Capt. W. W. Hancock. 41 54 32 371 S + 7 Do. Col. C B. Wood. 41 39l 5l 5 (one antler broken) 35* 37* 6 + 6 5 + 6 Do. Do. Major C. S. Cumberland. Do. 3Si 51 (shed antlers) 6 + 5 Do. C. F. Egerton. 3S 4S 28| 331 6 + 6 Do. J. A. McKee. 3S 53 35l 36i 7 + 7 Do. R. J. Purcell. -38 43 6 + 6 Do. J. D. Inverarity. -.-1 ~5t 2 3/1 4i 51 28 23§ 3i 28i 5 + 5 7 + 6 Do. ? Bombay Natural History Society. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 36| 6 27i 8 + 6 ? Major Lord Charles M. Nairne 361 42 32 20I 5 + 5 ? Mrs. Macan. 36i 51 311 34 8 + 7 Kheri Capt. H. Pelham Burn. 36i 51 29l 26^ 7 + 5 ? Capt. H. F. Salt. -36* 5 21 25 6 + 5 Nepal . R.E. Mess, Roorkee. 36 5 26! 28I 6 + 5 ? Major T. M. Ward. 36 36 5 4l 292 47 33l 47 6 + 5 6 + 6 Nepal . Central Provinces British Museum (B. II. Hodgson). Col. C. B. Wood. -36 29 6 + 6 Nepal J. D. Inverarity. -36 51 32* 7 + 7 ? Major W. Anstruther Gray. 35 h 5 30& 32| 5 + 5 p Lieut. -Col. R. Gordon. 35i 44 27 29- ? Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 35i 41 29i 32:;- 6 + 5 ? Capt. H. J. D. Broughton. 35i 5l 22} 7 + 6 Nepal II. C. V. Hunter. 35 4* 27i 3oh 5 + 5 Tarai Lieut. -Col. E. B. Cook. 35 51 3il 341 8 + 6 Central Provinces . Major R. Baker-Carr. 35 5 29I 32i 6 + 6 Do. British Museum. 34i 4l 32 6 + 5 ? Sir Guy Fleetwood Wilson. 34 41 22i 25I 8 + 7 ? Capt. S. F. A. Hurt. 33i 5 25* 3r->} 8 + 6 p Duke of Penerenda, 33 5 3° 3°| 4 + 4 p < 1. P. Cosens. measurements. SC HO MB URGE'S DEER 57 Skull and Antlers of Schomburgk's Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum, presented by the late Mr. Rowland Ward. SCHOMBURGK'S DEER (Cervus [Rucervus] schomburgki). La-ong or La-on, Siamese. Allied to the preceding, but the antlers smooth, rounded, and more complex ; the brow-tine very long, frequently forked, and arising nearly at right angles to the beam, which is very short, compressed, and regularly forked, with each of the main branches about equally developed and again forking in a similar manner to terminate in long cylindrical tines. General colour uniform dark brown. Height at shoulder, about 3 feet 5 inches. Distribution. — Siamese territory east and west of the Menam River ; also Cambodia west of the Menam River south of Paknampho, and in swamps occasionally on the east ; in fact, chiefly the inland districts east of the Menam River in Northern Siam. 3° Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. j\.n Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 35 -32* Si I7J 1 3ii 29 11 +9 12+ II Siam . Do. . British Museum (Rowland Ward). Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3i* -3oJ 6i 24 27i 13 + 10 IO+ 12 Do. . Do. . Bombay Natural History Society. American National Collection 3°l 5 i5§ 33 10+ 10 Do. . British Museum. 29! 4f 2S| 3i§ IO+ 11 Do. . Do. 29i 6 i9i 27 6 + 7 Do. . J. Carr Saunders. 2Si 5i 1 1 29s 11 + 9 Do. . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection -28-s 5'25 9'5 2S-5 10 + 9 Do. . Indian Museum. 28 4^ 1 91 29I 10 + 6 Do. . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 27i 5! 20 27! 10 + 9 Do. . J. W. Ford. 26| 6i 18 3oi 10 + 8 Do. . J. C. Phillips. 26i 5i 23 32i 11 +9 Do. . G. L. Harrison. 20j 4 ill 20 6 + 6 Do. . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. - Owner's measurements The THAMIN or ELD'S DEER (Cervus [Rucervus] eldi). Although belonging to the same group as the two preceding species, this deer is readily distinguished by the peculiar form of the antlers. These are rounded and rough, with a long curved brow-tine, forming a continuation of the curve of the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle ; the beam unbranched for some distance, much curved, and finally forked, with the outer prong more subdivided than the inner. Height at shoulder, about 4 feet 3 inches ; weight, from 210 lbs. to 245 lbs. There are three races of this species. First, the Burmese thamin (C. eldi typicus), ranging from near Manipur through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, in which the antlers are rounded throughout, and the coat is uniformly umber-brown. Secondly, the Manipur thamin (C. eldi cornipes), in which the under surface of the fetlock is horny instead of hairy. Thirdly, the Siamese thamin (C. eldi plutyceros), from Siam and Hainan, in which the tips of the antlers are flattened with a number of small snags, and the coat is redder, with yellowish spots. Swamp-deer from the Central Provinces show a re- markable approximation in the form of their antlers to the present species, as shown in the figure on page 55. THAMIN 59 Length on outside c;rcum. curve not ference_ including brow-tine. 42 41 -41 40i 4oi 40 40 -395 39! J39§ -392 -39i -39 -39 3§§ 385 3H Tip to Widest Tip. inside. 37 37 36S 36S 36* 36o 36 36 36 36 36 35* 5 5* 5i 5 5 Si 51 5 5 5 5 7k 5 6i 6i 5 4l 44 5 6 4S 4i 44 Al 4i 4? 5 4i 5 4i 24 27i 30 252- 3°i 2lg 21 25i 20j 3lf 29| 212 22^ 41 251 24 2ll 295 20j 23l 16 22 22f 24* 23 295 25 3lf 224 29 36 36 34i 36| 28 32i 35* 3°i 36| 37 33 29 29i 365 32 3ii 37i 27 27 293 28I 31 3ii 33i 37 3ii Points. 3 + 2 5 + 5 5 + 7 7 + 6 6 + 5 5 + 5 6 + 5 7 + 6 6 + 6 20 (small points) 12 10+ IO 5 + 5 16+ 19 6 + 5 7 + 7 5 + 5 5 + 4 4 + 4 4 + 4 7 + 5 5 + 4 5 + 4 10 + 9 4 + 3 4 + 4 7 + 5 6 + 4 6 + 6 Locality. Owner. Burma . . A. H. Collins. Upper Burma . Maj.-Gen. O. E. P. Lloyd. Do. . Col. G. H. Evans. Do. . A. B. Roberts. ? C. B. S males. Upper Burma . Maj.-Gen. H. D'U. Keary. Do. . Col. H. Appleton. Do. . ' S. E. F. Jenkins. Burma . . Col. J. W. A. Morgan. Siam . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Burma . . Major E. W. M. Purvis. Do. . . Lieut. -Col. H. de H. Haig. Manipur . . Lieut. -Col. H. S. Wood. Lower Burma . • W. O. Hannyngton. Manipur Burma Pegu Burma Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Manipur Burma British Museum. British Museum (Hume Collection). P. Grace. G. R. Radmore. H. F. Hall. Major C. S. Cumberland. Capt. J. A. F. Field. Major L. E. Hopkins. Capt. M. E. Lloyd. H. Twyford. W. S. Powell. Capt. H. W. Marsden. Capt. L. P. Haviland. Duke of Bedford. L. G. Nunes. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Kyaikto, Lower J. W. Clough. Burma - Owner's measurements. Measured on front of antler from highest tip to tip of frontal tine 56J inches. 6o RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length 0:1 outside curve, not including brow-tine. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. -35* 5 29i 32 4 + 4 Manipur . R.E. Mess, Roorkee. _35 6 22 27 5 + 5 Burma Bombay Natural History Society 35 4i 23 30 5 + 4 Upper Burma . W. A. Conduitt. 34h 5 i6£ 24 6 + 6 Burma P. B. Vander Byl. 34i 4S 3ii 34i 10 + 7 Do. . W. 0. Hannyngton. 34g 5 24 32} 6 + 6 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. Owner's measurements. Skull and Antlers of Thamin. From a Burmese specimen. Extreme length of ri^ht antler the out- Circum- Tip to Widest Number of side curve, high- ference. Tip. span. Pi OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. Locality. 1 lwn< 1 . est point, to tip 56* i 28 37 13 Burma \V. F. Loftus-Tottenham 55.1 34i 42] 12 Do. Do. 55 7 28^ 384 12 Do. Col. < j. II. Evans. 55 5i y> 37 '5 Do. Do. 55 5 42 ■3 Do. Do. SAMBAR 61 Head of Sambar. The SAMBAR DEER (Cervus [Rusa] unicolor). The typical representative of the rusine group of deer, in which the antlers are rounded and three-tined, the bez and apparently the trez being wanting, and the summit of the beam forked. The relatively long tail is bushy, the tear-gland and the pit in the skull for its reception are large, and the upper ends of the nasal bones of the skull expanded. In the typical sambar the height reaches to 5 feet at the shoulder. Antlers large and rough, with the brow-tine given off at an acute angle to the beam, and the two terminal tines of nearly equal length. Hair coarse and shaggy, uniformly dark umber-brown, with some chestnut on the buttocks, in the adult. Face-glands very large, and capable of being turned inside out. Ears large, and the tail relatively long and bushy. Young uniformly coloured or spotted. 62 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Distribution. — The wooded districts of India, Ceylon, the Malay countries, the Philippines, Formosa, Bonin Island, and parts of China. -J.— INDIAN SAMBAR (C. unicolor typicus). Size very large, young uniformly coloured ; weight, about 600 lbs., when cleaned 415 lbs. A pair of antlers, from the Central Provinces, measured 48 inches along the curve inside ( = nearly 50 inches on outside curve); they were sent to Mr. A. O. Hume by Mr. R. Blewitt. Distribution. — The wooded districts of India and Ceylon. Length Circum- on ference Tip to Widest -r, ■ . i_ t- • -j Foints. outside above 1 lp. inside. Locality. Owner. curve. brow-tine. 5°£ 4S -471 7* 7 24 3Si Single shed specimen 28i 3 : 3 3 Bhopal Khandesh . Cent. Provinces . Col. H. H. Shahzada Obeidulla Khan. R. H. Madan. A. P. Perceval. -463 49 3-3 Do. R. Wordsworth. 46i 6i 36| 4ii 3 + 3 Do. Duncan J. A. Campbell. 46A 6i iS 29 3 + 3 United Provinces A. V. Willcox. 46^ -46$ 24i 45 3°l 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces . Garhwal British Museum (Hume Collection). R. M. Nash. 46 9 ? C. J. Lucas. 45i 7 171 28i 3 + 3 ? E. R. Loder. -45* 7.i 38 42i 3 + 3 Saugor, C. P. Lieut. -Col. R. W. Mapleton. 45 45 7- 7. i7:i 8 32^ 33l 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 ? Mayoghur, Cent. Pro- vinces ? British Museum (Dr. II. Falconer). Sir John Morris. I). K. Wright. : 45 4 5 44 i 9 8 6 ! u p by 26 22h Dr. Cent. Provinces . Orissa Provinces (?) ? Bombay Natural History iciety, 11.11. the Maharaja ol Tra- vancore. Heigliway | Lieut.-Col. 1". Jollie. 51 35i 3 + 3 ? I.. W. Rej " 44i 454 3 + 3 Kangeer Col. W. J. Morris. - Owi • 1 Tbi ■• a portion 1 ded in the Journaloj the B Natural History Society, iii. p. 2: 1 ..■ m shoi Vfr. R. Gilbert in the I entral Pi , but v, • . rrf- - • , Point lip. inside. Locality. 9i 24§ 3 + 3 Rewa". i9i 3if 3 + 3 Do. . Single horn 3 + 3 Do. . 17 28 3 + 3 Do. . 32 43 J 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces 2o| 29! 3 + 3 Do. 26^ 34! 3 + 3 Do. 38 43i 3 + 3 ? 24i 3° 3 + 3 Khandesh . 33 35 4 + 3 Cent. Provinces . 26| 34 3 + 3 ? 26 32i 3 + 3 Cent. Provinces . 23i 35* 3 + 3 ? i9i 23 3 + 3 ? Owner. Major C. F. Pinney. H. E. M. Davies. British Museum (Hume Collection). Sir P. E. Bates. J. H. Beckett. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. C. A. Mortimore. J. H. Beckett. A. Cumine. H. W. Seton Karr. Capt. C. P. Graham. A. H. Pollen. Capt. A. H. Bailey. > Capt. W. F. Reichwald. 64 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length Circuni- oii ference Tip to Widest p0;nts outside above Tip. inside. Locality. Owner. curve. brow-tine. 4*1 7 -s.i 34i 3 + 3 3 lion. Walter Rothschild. 41* 7h 27 3 + 3 Cent Province-. . Capt. Lord Charles Bentinck. 4ii H 3oi 36A 4 + 4 Do. . P. Jay. 4i| 5i 22 24i 3 + 3 Do. . Capt. W. O. Gibbs. 4li 6 12* *3i 3 + 3 Do. . Lieut. -Col. T. M. Ward. 36| 6| 35i 32 Spreac S + 6 , 49i- Do. Hon. J. Best. (See illustra tion. ) Ceylon Specimens. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference above brow-tine. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Owner. 32i H 24 26} 3 + 3 A. R. Hay. 3ii 5 20 17 4 + 3 Lieut. -Col. G. E. Hale -30 8? 2li I9l 3 + 3 J. Ryan. 29 41 25 22j 3 + 3 Earl Cairns. 27i 4i i6| 20 3 + 3 A. M. Naylor. Owner's measurements SAMBAR 65 Frontlet and Antlers of Malay Sambar. Drawn from a Burmese specimen in the British Museum. B — MALAY SAMBAR (C. unicolor equinus). This local race is nearly as large as the Indian sambar, but the antlers are generally shorter and thicker, with the hind or inner tine of the terminal fork much shorter than the front one, and arising as a spur from the inner hind margin of the beam, of which the front tine forms the direct continuation ; the brow-tine is also generally longer. General colour of coat of adult darker, usually a light ring round the eyes, the ears smaller, often with a white margin, and the tail very bushy. Young spotted. The distributional area extends from Assam and Cachar through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Siam, Hainan, Borneo, and perhaps Sumatra. F 66 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to rip. Widest msiue. Points. Locality. Owner. 33 ; 28I 3° 5 + 5 Burma D. H. M. Boyle. 5i 26 27} 3 + 3 Cochin China . II. R. IT. the Due de Mont 3^ 5 32 i 33i 3 + 3 Do. pensier. Do. 31 OS Mi i8i 3 + 3 ? G. Monteath. 3i Si 26.}; 26i 5 + 5 Burma E. M. Alexander. 3oi 6i I7i I9l 7 + 7 Borneo . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 3o£ 4l 20^! 21.1 3 + 3 Do. . British Museum. 29a 51 15} 14 3 + 3 Do. . P. Grace. 5i 18 20 3 + 3 OWNER'S: Do. . MEASUREMENTS J. H. Dauber. 42 S 28 Upper Burma . H. Shaw Dunn. 34v 83 20| 25i 3 + 3 Do. A. L. Bacon. 32i 7h 24J 27i 3 + 2 Burma . Major-Gen. O. E. P. Lloyd. 32 7k 20| z33 Upper Burma . H. L. P. Walsh. V\ 6 24f 26 3 + 3 Do. B. Lentaine. 30L 5J 275 I30 3 + 3 Burma . 1 Outside. Col. G. H. Evans. C— FORMOSAN SAMBAR (C. unicolor swinhoei). This race is very closely related to the preceding, from which it is distinguished by its shorter head, concave profile, longer limbs, and certain differences in colour ; the lower part of the legs being brownish or whitish yellow, and the bushy tail black all round. It is confined to the island of Formosa. Length on out- side Circum- ference. •| ip to j iP. Point«. Owner. 9 3 + 3 liritish Museum. '7 42 5 1 hike of Bedford. '7 4 104 Sir Edmund ' \. Loder Bart 16 3 + 3 Bi ni h M m. SAMBAR 67 D.— LUZON SAMBAR (C. unicolor philippinus). Nearly allied to the two last, the height at the shoulder being probably from 33 to 35 inches, the build stout and massive, with the hind-quarters specially elevated, and the form that of a small Malay sambar. On the head is a blackish streak starting from over each eye to form a line down the middle of the face separated by a band of pale fawn from a moustache-like dark mark on the muzzle. Distribution. — The island of Luzon, in the Philippines ; introduced into the Marianne Islands, specimens from which have been described as a separate species under the name of C. mariannus. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 21 4i 5h 3 + 3 Luzon . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart i9§ 5i 7* 4 + 4 Do. . British Museum. iS§ Si 14I 4+3 Do. . Do. E. — BASILAN SAMBAR (C. unicolor nigricans). Smaller than the last, the height at the shoulder in a mounted specimen in the British Museum being 27 inches. Detached antlers indicate, however, larger animals. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. curve. 13! 4i I2| 3 + 3 Basilan Island 134 4i I If 3 + 3 Do. Owner. British Museum (A. H. Everett). Do. F— SZE-CHUAN SAMBAR (C. unicolor dejeani). A large race from North-western China, with very massive antlers, which show a tendency to develop small supplemental snags. Length on Circum- Tip to Widest p_;nt_ outside ference. Tip. inside, curve. Locality. 31 .-.r.3 22 i\\ 3 + 3 N.W. China Hon. Walter Rothschild. Paris Museum (type). Owner's measurements 68 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of Javan Rusa. From a specimen in the collection of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. The RUSA DEER (Cervus [Rusa] hippelaphus). General form, coat, and colour sambar-like ; but the ears smaller, the tail thin, the hairs on the back banded with coloured rings, and the under-parts, chin, and inner sides of buttocks whitish. Antlers com- paratively slender and only moderately rough, with the brow-tine medium or short, and making a large acute angle with the beam ; the hind or inner tine of the terminal fork much longer than the front or outer one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the front or front outer surface of which the brow-tine arises as an off- shoot ; the two antlers enclosing a lyrate space. Young, uniformly coloured. There are two races of this species — one the Javan rusa (C. hippelaphus typicus) of the approximate size of a red deer, and the other the Moluccan rusa (C. hippelaphus violuccensis\ from Celebes and RUSA DEER 69 the Moluccas, said to be smaller, and without a distinct mane on the neck or tuft to the tail. A. — JAVAN BUS A (0. hippelaphus typicus). outside curve. 37h 37h -36 35i 35i 34h 34 234 33i Circum- Tip to Widest po;nts_ ference. lip. inside Locality. Owner. 51 5 4l 4i Al 5 5 4i 16 i6| iii 22§ i7i 17:, .19I 17 3 + 3 Java . . . His Majesty the King. 3 + 3 Do. . . . British Museum. 3 + 3 Mauritius (introduced) Admiral Sir William Kennedy 3 + 3 Java . . . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 3 + 3 Do. . . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. Do. Do. Rodriguez (introduced) Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 3 + 3 Java 3 + 3 Do. Owner's measurements. l Weight, 269 lbs. i7i 22} 3 + 3 14 16^ 3 + 3 12 25h Vice- Admiral Sir Colin R. Keppel, R.N. J. C. Phillips. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. (See illustration, p. 68. ) Duke of Bedford. B. — MOLUCCAN EUSA (C. hippelaphus moluccensis). Length on outside curve. 36J 274 Sf Circum- ference. 41 4l 4 Tip to Tip. l8£ 14A 54 Points. 3 + 3 3 + 3 Locality. Batchian Owner. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Duke of Bedford. British Museum (A. R. Wallace). 7o RECORDS OF JUG GAME Frontlet and Horns of Chital. Shot by the Hon. J. Best. The CHITAL or AXIS DEER (Cervus [Axis] axis). This beautiful species is distinguished from all the other members of the rusa-like deer, except the Philippine spotted deer {C. alfredi), by the body being profusely spotted with white at all seasons and all ages ; the general colour of the upper-parts being light rufous fawn, with a dark stripe from the nape to the tip of the tail and a black band on the muzzle. Height at shoulder, from 36 to 38 inches ; live-weight estimated at about 200 lbs. Antlers supported on short pedicles, long, slender, and moderately rough ; the brow-tine making nearly a right angle with the beam, and the front tine of the terminal fork, which forms the continuation of the beam, much the longer. The Ceylon chital (C. axis zeylanicus) has relatively small and light antlers, and also differs somewhat in coloration from the large typical race of Central India. There is also a small continental form (C. axis mim Distribution.- India and Ceylon. ' r< umfer- ■ above 39 4i 'Si ilily. Tit. inces Jubbulpore Lady Eileen Elliol l . Pope. CHITAL 7i th on Circumfer- utside urve. ence above the first point. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. 3§i 4 25 5 + 5 Mandla . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. -384 38 42 4l I94 18 3 + 3 3 + 3 Asirgarh Jungle, Lieut. -Col. M. Cust. Central Provinces East Berar . . Brig. -Gen. F. H. Whitby. 38 441 20 4 + 4 Do. Major-Gen. H. D'U. Keary. 38 44 22 4 + 4 ? Col. A. Pollock. 372 31 19 3 + 3 Siwalik Hills . Major B. R. M. Glossop. 374 37* 44 44 24| 21 4+4 4 + 3 Bassim, C.P. . British Museum (Hume Col- lection). Major A. D. Greenhill-Gardyne. 37i 44 i6| 4 + 5 ? Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 3ll 44 17 4 + 4 United Provinces A. Courthorpe. -374 44 I2f 4 + 4 ? J. C. Phillips. 37i 4 214 3 + 3 Central Provinces . A. P. Jack. 36| 4 20| 41-4 Do. . J. A. McKee. 363 364 44 44 20 25 5 + 5 4 + 3 Do. Berar Hon. J. Best. (See illustration p. 70.) . C. H. Seely. 351 4 I9l 3 + 3 Central Provinces . Major G. T. M. Bridges. 354 44 1 84 4 + 4 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 354 4 124 5 + 5 ? G. W. Hatch. 354 4 324 3 + 3 ? Capt. R. Tudor Owen. 354 3i 19 3 + 3 ? Col. H. Denys. -35 -3 174 3 + 3 Ceylon . . R. Wilson. -344 4f 194 3 + 3 Do. . F. J. S. Turner. -344 3 + 3 Do. . G. A. Burney. -33s 4A I4iV 3 + 3 Do. . . J. P. Ireson. -33* ,18 3t~£ -20 -i9l 194 igi 19* 19* 19 >-i8 18 Circum- ;rence above brow-tine. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 3i 12* Burma . Col. G. H. Evans. 3i 20 Do. . J. C. Phillips. 3i 6| Do. . British Museum. -.3 J4 22^ ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 3i is* Pegu . Major-Gen. E. M. Norie. 31 22| ? Major W. Anstruther Gray. 3i Nepal . Bombay Natural History Society. 41 i7i ? J. Whitaker. 3 9i United Provinces . J. Nugent. 3* 16 Burma . Meerut Indian Museum (Capt. R. C. Beavan). Major W. Q. Winwood. 3^ 3i 13§ 16 Dudla Swamp, United Provinces ? Major W. E. Stobart. Col. A. Short. 3i i6i Burma . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. 31 i8| ? H. C. V. Hunter. 3i 18 Upper Burma Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 61 19 Ganges Khadir Lieut. -Gen. Sir R. Pole-Carew. 2a I2| Burma D. H. M. Boyle. Owner's measurements. 1 Ten points. The BAVIAN DEER (Cervus [Hyelaphus] kuhli). A small deer allied to the hog-deer, standing about 27 inches at the shoulder, of light build, and of a uniform brown colour, without a dark stripe down the back. Distribution. — The Bavian Islands, between Borneo and Java. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. IOs Points. 3 + 3 Owner. British Museum. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Fallow Deer. The FALLOW DEER (Dama vulgaris, or Dama dama). Antlers normally without a bez, but with a trez-tine, above which the beam is pal mated, with numerous snags on the hind edge. Coat spotted with white in summer (except in the black breed), with a black - bordered white area in the neighbourhood of the long tail. Height at shoulder, about 3 feet; weight, about 140 lbs. clean.1 The original distribution includes Greece, Spain, Portugal, Anatolia, Rhodes, Sardinia, Minor, Northern Palestine, and North-western Africa, but the species has been introduced into Great Britain and some other countries. In Spain wild fallow abound in Estremadura, especially in the province of Caceres ; in Asia Minor they are found along the south coast as far a^ Adana, and at one spot in the interior ; whether they still exist in North Africa is doubtful. 1 FALLOW DEER 75 Length on out- side curve. 32 Circum- ference. 4* Tip to Tip. 18 Spread inside. 28 Points. 12+ IO Width of Palm. Si Locality. Woburn Owner. Duke of Bedford. -3ii 31 281 ? Ernest Ritter von Wisely. \3i -3°i 5 5 ioJ 20j 30 13+II 7 5 ? ? Sir Victor Brooke's Collec- tion. J. C. Phillips. 2 30 43 231 261 IO + 9 4i Drummond Castle J. G. Millais. 30 3l 22^ 12 + 12 Uppark, Sussex . J. E. Harting. 3° 4 194 24 II + II 6 Douglas M'Douall. -3° 29! 4l 4h 22 22j 37 outside 25^ l6+ IO 9 + 8 7 5 Drummond Castle ? J. G. Millais. Capt. H. T. Timson. 29i 5 284 13 + H 7 Petworth, Sussex J. G. Millais. 29i 4l 24s 10+15 Drummond Castle Earl of Ancaster. 29? 41 14+ 11 8 Woburn Duke of Bedford. 29i 4s 193 16+ 15 New Forest Hon. G. Lascelles. -28| 63 29h 20 63 Bohemia W. Winans. -284 4 1 Si 23 9 + 8 53 Essex . W. H. Wilson. 28J 4i 18 243 8 + 6 4 New Forest . E. Festus Kelly. 3-28| 4 i4i 26 10+ 11 6 Woburn Duke of Bedford. -284 428| 28i 5-28 5 4 43 4± 30 (Span 34) outside 23 26 26 22 19 18 + 15 23 6 6i Otago,New Zealand (Introduced) Colebrooke . ? Surrenden Park . Rev. W. C. Oliver. Sir Victor Brooke's Collec- tion. Sir Philip Brocklehurst, Bart. W. Winans. 274 4i i53 20| 8 + 9 43 Windsor Sir Charles Wakefield. 27i 4 23 10 + 8 England J. Carr Saunders. 26I 33 12 17* 10 + 7 ? British Museum. -264 4i 234 2C4 9 + 7 51 Perthshire A. Basil Brooke. 26 33 H 232 7 + 7 5 ? G. L. Harrison. -26 25I 5 05 20| I3l ,-,3 234 232 10+ 10 13 + 12 42- 5 Tasmania. (Intro- duced) ? T. W. H. Clarke. T. G. A. Moncrieffe. 625i ■7 3 173 24i 10+ 10 6 Surrenden Park . W. Winans. 25 33 193 8 + 8 Epping Forest E. N. Buxton. 25 -24 3i 3h 151 27 aii 10 + 10 23 4 Northamptonshire Surrenden Park . H.H. the Maharaja of Bikanir. W. Winans. - Owner's measurements. 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais {British Deer and their Horns). 2 Weight of antlers, 8 lbs. 1 oz. on skull ; no lower jaw (Millais. British Deer). ■i Weight dressed, 165 lbs. 4 Seven years old : as he fell, 237A lbs. ; iq8 lbs. cleaned. 5 Weight, 218 lbs. 6 Weight, 222 lbs. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Mesopotamia!! Fallow Deer. From a specimen in the British Museum. The MESOPOTAMIAN FALLOW DEER (Dama mesopotamica). Larger and brighter coloured than the ordinary fallow deer, with the spots near the middle of the back tending to form longitudinal stripes, and the tail wholly white. Antlers of a totally different type, being somewhat expanded at the origin of the trez-tine (which is large, and situated some distance above the short brow-tine), but at the summit only moderately flattened, and breaking up on the hind border into several snags. Weight, about 24 stone, clean. Distribution. — The mountains of Luristan in Mesopotamian Persia and part of Asia Minor. Length ■- Circum- Tip to Spread Points side ferem e. I ip. inside. curve. 36* 1 6 v 29 4J 21* nh 2°i 5 14 24i Width of Palm. Locality. Owner. 12+15 5! Karabogha, Asia F. E. Whittall. Minor 10+ 11 5£ Asia Minor . . Do. 9 7 ... Do. 6 +• 5 Luristan Mts. ■ 1M'-1|I . Paris Museum (Abbe; David). Sir Edmund ' '•. Loder, Bart. GIANT IRISH DEER 77 Skull and Antlers of extinct Giant Irish Deer (Irish Elk). The GIANT IRISH DEER (Dama(?) gigantea). (Commonly called " Irish Elk.") An extinct deer, probably standing at least 6 feet at the shoulder, with the antlers enormously expanded, and carrying several large tines on the front border, of which the one above the trez is the longest ; the brow-tine being often flattened and forked. In its typical form this magnificent deer occurs in the Prehistoric deposits of Ireland, England, and probably some of the western districts of the Continent. In the skull the vomer is welded to the adjacent bones. The following specimens are Irish : — o , t^- Length round Length of Spread Tip ;,fside of both antlers to Tip ft. in. IO 2 ft. in. 5 H 9 9 9 9 9 3 9 2 8 ii 8 io 8 io 5 io 5 9 5 io Circum- ference across skull. above burr. ft. in. 9& IO 12 5 II 12 IO I3i i3 5 io 13 6 ii 9k . 9\ 12 5 IO Width of Palm. I9i 20 17 21* 2I5 24 17 17 iS Points. Owner. 19 British Museum. 12+ 11 Hon. Walter Rothschild. 13 + 10 J. G. Millais. 1 1 + 1 1 Viscount Powerscourt. 15+13 Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 12 + 10 Duke of Westminster. Mrs. Graham Lloyd. 9 + 9 Viscount Powerscourt. 12 + 1 1 Duke of Westminster. 10 + 9 G. C. Whitaker. ;8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. c , •,.• Length round Length of Circum- \r;j,u„r Spread .lip inside of both antler, ference p ,1m Points' 0wner- P" antler. across skull, above burr, ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. II 9 - io 9^ 18^ ... Public Library, Dublin. ii 6 ... ... ... 20 ... Marquis of Londonderry. ii e 63 9| 17 11 + 11 Dublin Museum. II 3 7 5^ 12^ 19J 17 Mrs. Donaldson-Hudson. II ii 6 9i 9| i6i 23 Sir Peter Walker, Bart. 10 44 69 13 10 12 20 ... Earl of Bessborough. 93 ... ... iof 12 7 + 7 Duke of St. Albans. 92 1 1 10 10^ 22J 9 + 9 Dublin Museum. The MILU or PER.E DAVID'S DEER (Elaphurus davidianus). This deer differs from all the preceding groups by the peculiar form of the antlers, which rise in the plane of the forehead, and fork at a comparatively short distance above the burr, the front prong of the fork again dividing, while the hind prong is long and straight. The bushy tail is longer than in any other deer, and the neck of the male is maned. There is a gland on the outer side of the upper half of the hind cannon-bone, but none on the hock. The colour is uniformly tawny in the adult, but spotted in the young. Height at shoulder, about 3 feet 9 inches. In captivity the antlers are frequently shed twice a year. In the structure of the bones of the feet the milu resembles the red deer group, to which and the barasingha it is considered by Mr. R. I. Pocock to be allied. Mr. Pocock considers that the front prong of the main fork represents the brow-tine of the red deer groups. Distribution. — Probably northern China or perhaps Kashgaria ; re- corded in a fossil state from Japan. Unknown in the wild state, and apparently now represented only by the herd at Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. J.ength 1 1 i|. to •Ii,,. Widesl inside. Locality. < twner. 34 & 23^ ' 5 7 Woburn . Smithsonian Institution. Si 25i 21 17 y Mess of 19th Punjabi Infantry, 32? 18^ s 1 8 Pekin . Sir Edmund ('•■ Lodei . Bart. '32 7h Wob . Duke of Bedford. i| tdi , head measures 32J i MILU DEER 79 Head of Milu Deer. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. curve. -31 6 31 6i 274 31 4l 23 -3°S 5 35tV 3° 51 24! 29h 54 -294 6| 29 28i 51 20^ 28| 6* 27 5£ 20| 26i Si 16 x*5 5 22 4l Widest inside. Points. 3 + 3 3 + 3 7 + 6 Locality. Owner. American National Collection. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum (Duke of Bedford). 35T\ 11 + 10 Imperial Park, Pekin Paris Museum (Type specimen). G. L. Harrison. Duke of Bedford. Major W. Anstruther Gray. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Duke of Bedford. British Museum. Royal Scottish Museum. Duke of Bedford. Do. 1 Back tine measured 28 inches from beam of antler. 3 + 2 ? 5 + 5 ? 3 + 2 ? 3 + 3 ? 8 + 8 Woburn . 6 + 5 Do. . 8 + 7 Do. . 6 + 4 Do. 4 + 3 Do. . - O wner's measurements. So RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Indian Muntjac. The MUNTJAC or BARKING DEER (Cervulus muntjac). This species is the typical representative of a genus of small Indo- Malay deer differing widely from all the foregoing groups. The antlers, which do not usually exceed half the length of the head, have a short brow-tine and an unbranched beam, and are supported on long skin-covered pedicles, continued downwards as convergent ridges on the forehead, whence the name of rib -faced deer. Tufts of bristly hair occupy the position of the antlers in the females. The muzzle has a large naked portion, and although there is generally a pair of glands on the face, there are none either on the hock or the cannon- bone. The young may be spotted, but the adults are uniformly coloured. The range of the typical muntjac, which is one of the reddish- coloured species, extends from Ceylon and India through Burma to China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java. Reeves' muntjac (C. reevesi), from China and Formosa, a smaller species, is also reddish, as is Sclater's muntjac (C. sclateri) of Central China, and the Sze-chuan C. lachrymans ; C. bridgemani, of Central China, is darker ; in the Tenasserim muntjac {C. fecE) and the larger hairy-fronted muntjac ( C. crinifrons) of Eastern China the general hue is dark purplish sepia- brown, with white on the buttocks and under surface of the tail. The average- height of the male of the typical species at the shoulder is from 20 to 22 inches, and the weight about 38 lbs.; a female stands about 20 inches and weighs about 32 lbs. Several local races of the ordinary muntjac doubtless exist. The typical form (C. muntjac typicus) is the Javan animal ; the Burmese race has been di tinguished as C. muntjac grandicornis, while the Indian form is known as C. m. vaginalis, and the Siamese as C. m. curvostylis. MUNTJAC The antlers of the name Muntiacus is Burmese race are large and massive, often used in place of Cervulus. The earlier Length on outside curve of antler from burr to tip. Circumference above burr. Tip to Tip. Locality. -IO§ Java '-9h 44 5 Singapore . H 3 2| Java -88 3S « Do. x7f 4i 31 Lombok . 7§ 3 3 Siwalik Hills 7§ 2i 1 4 U. Burma 27i 3i 3^ Lombok . 7 3s 44 Burma -6f 2f 2i Perak 6| 2* 3 Ranikhet . 6| 2* 3i Java . 6* 2I 3* Nepal 6* 31 2| Buxa Duar -6i 2| 3i Namba Forest, -6i 2| 3i Ranikhet . -6| Garo Hills Owner. H. Van Son. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. M. Maxwell. Dr. Albert von Stephani. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Major W. E. Stobart. L. H. Baker. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Maj.-Gen. H. D'U. Keary. Perak Museum. Surgeon Lieut. -Col. B. W. C. Deeble. J. C. Van Son. British Museum (B. H. Hodgson). Capt. A. O. Creagh. Assam Lieut. -Col. H. S. Wood. Col. E. T. Taylor. D. H. Allen. CENTRAL CHINESE MUNTJAC (Cervulus lachrymans sclateri). About equal in size to the last, with the upper part of the head and fore-neck bright yellow and the body browner than in muntjac. The lower portion of the front of the fore-legs is blackish brown. In the typical C. lachrymans, of Sze-chuan, the head is orange brown, and the limbs are brownish fawn. Weight of male 38 and female ^6 lbs. Distribution. — Central Chin a. Length on out- side curve of longest antler. Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. 51 5 1\ 2 3l 3 China Anghwei, China Comdr. the Hon. R Bridgeman, R.N. British Museum. 0. B. 3S 2 I| 1-1 ,3 3 3i Tungkuan Shan, China Ningpo Do. C. Comdr. the Hon. R. Bridgeman, R.N. British Museum Swinhoe). Dublin Museum. O. (R. B. - Owner's measurements. 1 Determination provisional. 2 Weight 37 lbs. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Skull and Antlers of Muntjacs in the collection of Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. The HAIRY -FRONTED MUNTJAC (Cervulus crinifrons). Length on out- \f- side curve of Circumference. Tip to Tip. longest antler. Locality. I', 44 Ningpo Owner. British Museum. REEVE'S MUNTJAC (Cervulus reevesi). Length on out- :urve of < Circumference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. it antler. 4i 2i Shed ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 3^ 2| 3i ? Comdr. the Hon. R. 0. B. Bridgeman, R.N. 21 2i 3i Feng Luang Shan Do. BRIDGEMAN'S MUNTJAC (Cervulus sinensis = bridgemani). Length on out- side curve of Circumference. Tip to Tip. ntler. Locality. 5 2 3 Feng Luang Shan '34 3 3 China »l| n [| Nyankingon the Y >i on 1 China Determination provisional. Owner. Comdr. the Hon. R. O. B. Bridgeman, R.N. Capt. II. L. Archer- [ioublon. Comdr. C. L. Lambe, R.N. REINDEER OR CARIBOU 83 Antlers of Woodland Caribou. From a specimen in the British Museum. The REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus). Distinguished from all other deer by the presence of antlers in both sexes ; those of males being complex, with the brow-tines palmated and often unsymmetrical, and the bez, or second tine, also generally expanded. The muzzle is hairy, the ears and tail are short, and the throat has a fringe of long hair. The coat is very thick, and typi- cally dark cinnamon-brown in colour above, with the limbs, a flank- band, and some of the under-parts darker, the neck lighter, and more or less white in the region of the tail, on the under-parts, and fetlocks. In R. t. montanus the whole neck and lower surface are chocolate- brown, but in most American races there is some white in these regions, and R. t. pearyi, of Ellesmereland, is almost wholly white. The false or lateral hoofs are unusually large and spreading ; and there is a patch of long white hair covering a gland on the hock, but none on the hind cannon-bone. Glands between main hoofs. Height at shoulder reach- ing to 4 feet 10 inches (Newfoundland). Hinds weigh between 224 and 280 lbs. Reindeer inhabit the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres, in Europe including Scandinavia, Lapland, and Northern Russia ; their southern limit varies from 5 2° to 54° N. latitude, while they extend to between 8o° and 8i° northwards. S4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Numerous local forms of reindeer are recognised. The more important are : (i) the Scandinavian reindeer (R. tarandus typicus) of Sweden and Norway, which is rather small with moderately expanded antlers ; (2) the larger Finnish reindeer {R. t. fennicus), distinguished by the more vaulted nasal bones ; (3) the woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) of the forest districts of Arctic America, characterised by its large size and the short, Antlers of Woodland Caribou from Nova Scotia. From a specimen in the British Museum. much-palmated antlers, in which the brow-tines form huge " shovels," one generally much larger than the other ; and (4) the Barren-Ground reindeer (R. t. arcticus), from the open country north of the forests in America, nearly related to the Scandinavian reindeer, and characterised by its small bodily size, and the great length and simple form of the antlers, in which, except on the brow-tine, there is scarcely any palma- tion. The reindeer of Siberia and Novaia Zemlia, which approximate to the American types, have been named R. t. sibiricus and R. t. pearsoni. Names have been given to numerous American local forms, some of REINDEER OR CARIBOU 85 which tend to connect the Barren-Ground with the woodland type. The Greenland caribou {R. t. grcenlandicus) is of the Barren -Ground type, but all the rest are nearer the woodland form. Among these, the Newfoundland R. t. terrce-novce has antlers of a very complex type ; R. t. montanus and R. t. osborni are mountain-races, probably pass- ing towards R. t. stonei and R. t. granti of Southern Alaska, which have somewhat longer antlers, and thus approach the Barren-Ground type, although they are large animals. Reindeer have brow-tined antlers, but otherwise appear to be related to the American deer. .4.— AMERICAN SPECIMENS. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. 62 5i 40 50| 21 + 17 Hudson's Bay Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 59 H 29i 4°2 11 + 9 Yukon . Hon. M. Egerton. 58 6 27i 41 11 + 12 Cassiar . R. Hayne. 58 5i 4°i 45 20+14 Labrador H. Hesketh-Prichard. J57§ Si 13! 13 + 7 Arctic America British Museum. 57i 51 29i 36| 18+10 Yukon . F. C. Selous. 57 5* i6| 26£ 20 + 9 N. of Davis Strait Capt. C. R. E. Radclyffe. 551 6| 25 35 23 + 15 Cassiar . Col. L. Parry. 2 551 55i 8 6 28 44 (outside) 43 26+18 13 + 10 Alaska . Stikin River . American National Collection (Reed Collection). P. Niedieck. 55 6 43 48 12 + 14 Cassiar . F. C. Selous. 55 6 21 35 12 + 10 Do. W. A. Conduitt. 55 6* 19 40 19 + 21 Do. F. H. Bailey. 54i 51 37J 44i 16 + 13 Yukon . Sir A. Armstrong, Bart. 54 6 28 3if 18 + 14 Do. S. R. Vereker. 54 51 3i 38i 13 + 16 Cassiar . Lord Osborne Beauclerk. 54 H 29 37 22 + 11 Alaska . Hon. J. C. Lister. 54 4S 48 52 21 + 14 Canada . D. F. Mackenzie. 53i 54 37 45* 24+ 14 Labrador K. V. Painter. 53 4i 48S 54 12 + 11 Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 52£ 5i 15 26i 17 + 12 N. Canada J. Talbot Clifton. 1 K t. arcticus. 2 R. t. osboiyii. 86 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Mr. Hesketh-Prichard's 49-Pointer. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 52 51 28^ 31 15+13 E. Yukon J. Todd. 52 5 32} 37 12+ II Cassiar . Lord Hindlip. 52 S\ 6 29 15 + 20 N. Canada E. E. P. Cuncliffe. 5ii 6k 33 33 12+ 12 Cassiar . F. C. Stern. 44 4°i 48g 17+14 Hudson's Bay Sir Edmund G. Loder, Part. 5' 5i 27 29i IS + IS Yukon . A. I). Pass. 5i 6i 25i 3»i 20+17 Cassiar . P. N. Graham. 5' 6 36 40.I l6+ II Do. II. C. Wilson. 5' 6 A 333 40 i IO + 8 Do. J. S. Shepherd. 5' 6 32 36i 15+ 12 Do. M. W. Ward. 5i 51 29! 3H 15+12 Do. Capt. tin- 1 Ion. C. II. Douglas Pennant. 50} 4i 3'i 38 i IO + 9 Do. ' ol. II. Appleton. REINDEER OR CARIBOU on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 50 H 24 35 16+13 Cassiar . Viscount Lascelles. 5° Si 27 38 12 + 11 Barren Grounds A. Barclay Walker. 49i 5! 254 361 13+12 Cassiar . R. Beaumont. 49i Si 3S 42i 15+15 Do. . . C. II. Young. 49i 5 30 32 19+15 Labrador H. Hesketh-Prichard. 49i 6| 26 . 43 l8+I2 Newfoundland St. George Littledale. 49 64 25 34l 22+l8 ? Sir W. Bass, Bart. 49 6 26 274 26+15 Yukon . H. B. Alexander. 49 5i 26J 3i4 19+19 Do. . L. Cadbury. 4S4 64 29 36| 20+I8 Do. . J. Todd. 4§i 4l i9i 264 24+ 12 Do. . R. H. Milvain. 474 64 40I 381 15 + 14 Itcha Mts., B.C. W. Neilson. 47i 51 24I 34 22+ l8 ? C. II. Wilkinson. 4&4 5i 32l 351 l8+I2 Cassiar . Major J. F. Church. 46i 64 164 28 32 British Columbia J. Turner-Turner. 46i 54 384 394 I3 + IO Newfoundland T. P. Miller. 464 54 M 41 20+ l6 Do. Major G. H. A. Ing. 464 4i 26 32 n + 8 Do. J. T. Lewis. 46 44 244 3i4 15 + 15 Do. Capt. H. L. Cottingham. 46 5i 26| 35 15 + 12 Do. H. Charrington. 46 54 28| 3i4 10+ 10 Do. R. II. Venables Kyrke. 454 54 3ii 334 13 + 12 Do. F. C. Williamson. 45 51 184 374 17 + 18 Cassiar . J. M. Hanbury. 44l 5* 294 29 + 26 Do. . J. G. Millais. 444 54 i8| 3i n+8 ? Major J. E. Piatt. 444 51 2o£ 264 10+ 12 Newfoundland W. R. Greene. 44l 54 34 37 Do. C. H. Akroyd. 44 5i 3i4 37 16 + 13 ? Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 44 51 24J 324 17 + 21 Newfoundland J. G. Millais. 44 54 i8J 30 18 + 13 Do. Admiral Sir William Kennedy 44 51 19 264 17+14 Do. Capt. A. G. Allgood, R.N. 434 5 29J 3i 18 + 10 Cassiar . Sir Cavendish Boyle. 88 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 43* Si 20* 30 22 4-19 Newfoundland A. Alexander. 43 Si 17* 22^ 154-12 Do. Major C. Hilder. 43 Si 2l£ 29i 104-8 Cassiar . Major R. H. Morgan. A2h n 33+ 3Si 224-18 Do. . R. Gordon Smith. 42i Si 263 30| 234-13 Yukon . A. Benitz. 42* n 2Si 35* 24 4-15 Newfoundland Lieut. H. C. Rawson, R.N. 42 64 24 3if 174-14 Do. T. A. Armstrong. 42 4* 14 20$ 7 + 7 Quebec . Capt. the Hon. G. H .Douglas Pennant. 42 5h 36i 393 204- 12 Newfoundland Q. C. Colmore. 42 51 3S 41- 104- 10 Do. E. C. Russell. 42 6* 20^ 30A 13 + 12 Do. G. C. Whitaker. 4ii 5i 15! 25I 18 + 15 Do. Prince Nicolas Ghika. 4li 5i 27 30i 16 + 18 Do. Capt. F. Blacker. 4i 5i 25i 28^ 144-13 Do. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 41 6 35 33 20 British Columbia Lieut. -Col. C. C. Ellis. 41 5 28^ 32 14+17 Newfoundland S. H. Whitbread. . 4£ 28J 304 16+I4 12 + 9 Do. Do. British Museum (Natural History). Dublin Museum. 43 54 29 30! I4+II Do. Hon. Walter Rothschild. 39 Si 264 27 6+ 11 Bought at Tashkend . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 1 R. t. osborni. 2 R. t. groenlandicus. 3 R. t. stonei. i R. t. arcticus. 5 R. t. terrce noz'K. 9o RECORDS OF BIG GAME C— SCANDINAVIAN RACE. Length on out- side Circu in- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. »6o 53 38| 41* 22+15 ? Sir V. Brooke's Collection. 5Si 41 24i 354 7 + 7 Norway . Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. 57} 51 25 39i 16+19 Do. . Do. 55} 5} 32 37* 17 + 15 Do. . r. B. Vander Byl. 551 6i 3S 43* 18 + 8 Sundal Fjelds, Nor- Capt. Gerard Ferrand. 54* 4l 33} 4°| 15 + 13 way Norway . J. H. Thomas. 54* 4l 324 4i* 18 + 13 Do. . H. Hunt. 54 4l iS 32 10 + 5 Do. . G. C. M. Dewhurst. 54 4* 28| 35 10 + 7 Do. . R. Persse. 54 5 22 4i| 16+ 11 Do. . Kenneth M'Douall. 531 4* 26 35* 12 + 8 Do. . J. M. Hanbury. 53 5 Do. . . ' . J. G. Millais. 53 4! 39* 53} 15 + 10 Do. . A. Alexander. 53 5 "} 35} 16+12 Do. . H. Hunt. 53 4* 3o| 42* 12 + 8 Do. . R. L. Scott. 52* 4f 20} 5o} 19+13 Do. . C. M. Black. 52* 4i 22J 41 10 + 9 Do. . A. D. Pass. 5ii 4l 30 39} 16 + 16 Spitzbergen G. A. Shenley. 5i 4* 3i 39* 14 + 8 Norway . H.R.H. the Due d'Orleans. 5i 4i 3ii 40* 12 + 6 Do. . F. C. Selous. 5i 4* lOh 36J 12 + 9 Do. . A. Churchill. 5o| 43 24 29 16+13 Do. . H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe 5° 4? 27A (outside) 40* 11 + 10 Do. . Coburg and Gotha. Sir II. Seton-Karr. 5o 4} 3 5Y 4O.I 12 + 9 Do. . J. C. Maxwell. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS 59i 4*1 11 + 14 Norway . R. L. Scott. 59i 7 38 44 15+ 16 Do. . J. Whitaker. 59 58 4* 6 42£ 3° i 46 (outside) 37 7 15 33 Do. . Do. . H. J. Klwcs. S. Ratcliff. 52i. 5 27 3°J 26 1 Do. . Perished antlers. Abel ( 'li.-ipman. REINDEER OR CARIBOU 9i Extract from a letter of Mr. J. G. Millais, 14th August 1907 : — " For the purpose of comparison with other local races of reindeer I give the measurements of the twelve best specimens of Newfoundland caribou which I have obtained in the island. In all scientific accounts dealing with the measurements of reindeer antlers no notice is taken of the size of the large brow-shovel, a matter of great importance in determining the respective merits of individual heads. Mere length of antler is not everything in judging the qualifications of deer heads, whilst in this species in particular we must consider beam, span, number of points, symmetry, and size of the large brow-tine, a feature which adds so much to the general character. Length on outer curve. Circum- ference above bez-tine. Breadth of brow-tine on anterior margin from base to top front point. Widest inside. 46 5i 14 31 46 6 14 3° 43 7 i6£ 35 42 6 161 34 42 Sh 15 3i 40 5 IS* 32 40 5i IS* 39 38 5i 15 28 38 5* 18 31 37* 6| i.7i 33 36 ' 7 i6| 29 36 H 13* 38 Points. Locality. 45 Tamnapegawi Lake, 1906. 35 Upper Gander, 1905. 36 Shoehill Ridge, 1906. 44 Upper Gander, 1903. 31 Resequit Hills, 1906. 38 Upper Gander, 1905. Picked up. 25 Do. 1905. 35 Do- !9°3- 35 Millais's Lake, 1902. 32 Migwell's Brook, 1905. 49 Upper Gander, 1903. 32 Resequit Hills, 1906. " The points of reindeer are difficult to count. No point should be included that does not fulfil the old watchguard or powder-horn test, unless it may be a clean blunt snag at least half an inch from the main horn. " The Germans count everything as a point upon which a torn piece of paper will rest, but we regard all small excrescences that do not fulfil the old British conditions as of no account. For instance, Captain Cartwright's famous '72 point Labrador head,' which I have recently traced, and on which he counted every prominence, has in reality 53 points." 92 RECORDS OF BIG GAME The ROEBUCK (Capreolus caprea). (Also known as Capreolus capreolus?) Roebuck may be recognised by the rudimentary tail, and the medium- sized antlers rising close together and almost vertically from the head, without a true brow-tine, and regularly forking at a point about two- thirds the total length, with the posterior prong again subdividing, so that the number of points is usually three. There is no gland or tuft on the hock, but one on the upper part of the outer side of the hind cannon-bone. In the European roe the height at the shoulder is about 26 inches. In winter the coat is dark speckly brown with a large white rump-patch, but in summer foxy red, with little or no white behind. As in the Japanese sika, the white hairs of the winter rump-patch expand under the influence of excitement to form a large disc. The range embraces the greater part of Europe as far as the southern Caucasus, Palestine, and perhaps Persia. In the typical Scandinavian roebuck there is a yellowish tinge in the winter coat, which is wanting in the greyer Spanish C. c. canus ; the Transylvanian C. c transylvanicus differs from both by the distinct whitish throat and neck patches, while the British C. c. thotti is dis- tinguished from all three by the face being darker than the body. ,ength on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. 13 4 I4l Germany . Ml 6i Forfarshire m* 4l 9 Servia II§ 6 Monymusk, N.B. lIIl Orton, Speyside HrV 6 6 Perth 11 7l Ross-shire 11 3i 6i Dorset 11 5A 71 Ross-shire 1 11 28 8S Germany . 11 7h 61 Sligo, Ireland . 11 31 61 Ballindalloch . log 2.f 41 S.-W. Russia . iog 2§ iol Austria iol 61 6 Ballindalloch . \o\ 34 51 Inverness . 1 Recorded by J. G. Millais (British Deer and their Horns). Owner. Viscount Powerscourt. J. G. Millais. Viscount Powerscourt. Sir Arthur Grant, Bart. Sir J. Macpherson Grant, Bart. J. G. Millais. H. M. Warrand. F. Gordon Scott. H. M. Warrand. Viscount Powerscourt. Sir Josslyn Gore Booth, Bart. G. B. Macpherson Grant. Count Bobrinskoy. J. R. Luchsinger. Sir J. Macpherson Grant, Bart. C. Macpherson Grant. 2 Abnormal (Perauque). ROEBUCK 93 Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. \o\ 4 6i Austria . H.R.H. the Due d'Orleans. I of 3ts 5 Inverness-shire * . J. Hamilton Leigh. \o\ 3i 64 Do. E. G. Fraser-Tytler. \o\ 3i 2 Perthshire . J. G. Millais. \o\ 3 !»4 ^4 Austria R. Persse. 10 -3 2? 4s Russia . H.R.H. Prince Arthur of Con naught. 10 4i Ross-shire . J. J. de Knoop. IO 4 4l Glenmoriston . . J. Hamilton Leigh. 9^ 5 5 Dorset . J. E. Harting. 9l 31 Si Spain A. de Zuleta. 9l 3* 4 Hampshire . J. Hamilton Leigh. 93 H Sligo Sir Josslyn Gore Booth, Bart. 9l 4l Aberdeenshire . . E. S. Hervey. 9l 3 6i Scotland . . A. M. Yule. 9f 71 New Forest Hon. Gerald Lascelles. 9i 3 3i Scotland . Col. Ralph Vivian. 9i 3i 2§ Spain R. de la Huerta. 9* 3 ii Scotland . G. L. Harrison. .94 2| 3i Caucasus . . P. H. Thomas. 91 2* 6i Scotland . . K. M. Chance. 9 ,3 24" 2| Do. G. L. Denman. 13 6| H Germany . I2| ->3 44 Austria 12J Perthshire 12. II 6.12 5-4 Hungary . "ft 4l Scotland . II 4l Austria ioj 34 34 Bohemia ioj Beaufort, Ross 10 2i 44 Ross-shire IO 2| 51 Findrac . IO 4 3f Spain 91 2| 40 Bohemia . 9l 3i 5 Spain i Found dead. 2 Recorded by OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. . Lieut. -Col. J. Marriott. R. Moncrieff. Count Wenkheim. . Duke of Bedford. Duke of Ratibor. H.S.H. Prince Alexander of Thurn and Taxis, shire. . J. G. Millais. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. . E. C. P. Hull. . Jose de Irruele. H. S.H. Prince Alexander of Thurn and Taxis. . Abel Chapman. 2 Recorded by J. G. Millais (British Deer and their Horns). 94 RECORDS OF BIG GAME MANCHURIAN ROEBUCK (Capreolus bedfordi). Rather larger than the European species, with the antlers small and slender, the winter coat less brown, and the cheek-teeth taller. Distribution. Length on outside curve. 13! 12 "I 10 j \o\ 9i Circum- ference. 4i ik 31 31 -Manchuria and Shen-si ; the Kan-su roe has been separated as C. melanotis. Tip to Tip. n 7 Si 5 7i Locality. Mongolia W. Kan-su Shen-si W. Kan-su Do. S. of Minusinsk Owner. G. N. Atkinson. H. F. Wallace. K. K. Horn. G. Fenwick Owen. II. F. Wallace. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. Head of Tien Shan Roebuck. The ASIATIC ROEBUCK (Capreolus pygargus). Paler and larger than the typical species, the height at shoulder being 30 to 34 inches ; the ears shorter and more hairy, the white rump- patch larger, and the antlers longer and more rugose with numerous knotted snags or " pearls." ASIATIC ROEBUCK 95 Distribution. — From the northern Caucasus, the Altai, and mountains of Turkestan to Eastern Siberia. The typical representative is the Altai roebuck. The Tien Shan race {C. p. tianshanicus) has antlers somewhat different in form and more branched. In one type of this race the antlers diverge widely, with 4 or 5 tines each, but in a second the divergence and the number of tines are less. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. *i7f 4 124 Tien Shan Hon. Walter Rothschild. 17 4l I2| Do. . Col. C. B. Wood. 1 6i 34 8| Upper Yenisei Valley . J. Hamilton Leigh. *i6 44 16 Tien Shan . R. F. Glyn. 16 41 12 ? Viscount Powerscourt. iSl 3S i6i Siberia Count Bobrinskoy. *i5l 44 134 Tien Shan . J. V. Phelps. *i5f 31 12 Do. . Capt. C. M. Threlfall. *i5f 5 95 Do. . J. H. Miller. *i5i 44 1 84 Do. . E. W. Dixon. '*i5h 3* 14 Do. . Capt. J. N. Price Wood. *i5l 34 15 Do. . P. F. Hadow. *i5l 44 i6§ Do. Capt. the Hon. G. H. Douglas Pennant. **5h 5 iif Do. . P. B. Vander Byl. i5i 54 8 Siberia Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. isi 34 11 Do. ... Major W. Anstruther Gray. *i5i 44 11 Tien Shan Lord Osborne Beauclerk. *iSi 4 12 Do. . T. P. Miller. 15 3* 11 Do. . C. H. Bury. *iS 4 104 Do. . Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld. 15 3a 15 Altai Royal Scottish Museum. 144 •23 3a 154 Do. ... . J. Hamilton Leigh. i4i 4 15 Do. . Duke of Bedford. 14* 34 I2g Tien Shan . B. Chew. Hi 4 IO Do. . Col. A. H. Hussey. Hh 34 i5i Do. . Major A. D. Greenhill Gardyne. *Hh 3i i34 Do. . W. R. Read. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. hi8A 154 ISA 4^ 6| Tien Shan 4§ 12J Siberia . 1 Circumference of burr. - Carl Hagenbeck. J. C. Phillips. T. D. M. Cardeza. * Tien Shan race. 96 RECORDS OF BIG GAME 'ik.. Skull and Antlers of Alaskan Elk. From a specimen in the possession of the Duke of Westminster. The ELK or MOOSE (Alces machlis). Elk are the largest members of the deer tribe, and distinguished by their ungainly form, long limbs, broad, produced, and flabby muzzle (all of which, except a small triangular patch below the nostrils, is covered with hair), the presence of a pendulous hairy organ (the so- called " bell ") on the throat of the males, and the form and position of the antlers in that sex. The latter are set on the skull with their bases at right angles to the middle line of the face, and have neither brow nor bez tines. Usually the antlers expand after a short distance into a broad palmation or " shovel," carrying a number of snags on the outer border. In young elk each antler is divided in a fork-like manner into a small front and a larger hind portion. The main hoofs are long and pointed, and the lateral pair large ; there is a gland and tuft of hair both on the hock and hind cannon-bone, the latter being situated high up. The tail is very short. From birth to old age elk are uniformly coloured ; the general tint of the hair, which is long, coarse, and somewhat brittle, varying from yellowish grey to deep blackish brown above, with the legs lighter, and being usually darker in the American than in the European race. The height varies from 5 feet ELK OR MOOSE 97 9 inches at the shoulder in Scandinavian examples to as much as 6 feet 9 inches in the Alaskan race ; the weight from 900 to 1600 lbs., that of the antlers being from about 60 lbs. to 100 lbs. The antlers of American elk are more expanded and carry more points than European specimens. Elk inhabit the forests and marshy districts of Scandinavia, Eastern and Northern Russia, and the Altai ; and in America (where they are invariably known as moose) at the present time are found in Alaska, Montana, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. In some localities Scandinavian elk not unfrequently show little or no palma- tion of the antlers, and thus approximate to the East Siberian form. Elk appear to be nearly related to roebuck. Greatest width. 741 72 70 68 671 66 66 651 65i 64 64 63* 63^ 63 63i 62| 62jj 62 591 59i 59 Length to longest tine. 44 47i 46 47* 43 44 42 42 44i 47 451 45 37 49i 46 46£ 3H 48 45 .4.— AMERICAN and ALASKAN machlis americanus and A. m. Tip to Breadth r, • . T v. Tip. of palm. Polnts- Locahty. (A. Circum- ference above burr. 12 ELK gigas). Owner. 45 13! 15 + 13 Alaska 9i 9 9 11 7\ 8| io£ 9 7\ 71 8| 74 9l 7 7z yi\ i6£ 20+17 Do. 42! 15 14+14 Do. 44^ 13 14+H Do. 48 15 15+12 Do. 50 12 12+ 11 Do. 42 19^ 19+17 E.Yukon 52 ... 20+21 Alaska 13+10 New Brunswick 39! 14 14 + 20 Alaska 40 13 16+16 Do. 43 22 19+15 Do. 41 15 15 + 13 Do. \6\ 16+15 Peace River 39i x5l 12+12 Yukon 47 14J 16 + 8 Alaska . 46 14 14+13 Quebec . 35 21 18+16 Alaska 40 13 9+10 Cassiar 39J 17 14+ 11 Alaska 37 \2\ 13 + 12 Do. Capt. C. R. E. Radclyffe. Duke of Westminster. R. F. Glyn. Prince Nicolas Ghika. P. B. Vander Byl. Capt. C. R. E. Radclyffe. F. C. Selous. Capt. C. R. E. Radclyffe. F. II. Cook. Prince Nicolas Ghika. W. H. Welsh. Hon. Walter Rothschild. David Davies. J. G. Millais. F. C. Selous. Capt. the Hon. F. E. Guest. Col. J. Caswell. Lord Elphinstone. P. N. Graham. W. F. Wailes-Fairbairn. Sir H. Lennard, Bart. H 98 RECORDS OF BIG GAME ene-th toCircum- Greatest , ° ference Tip to Breadth width, above Tip. of palm. idth. 58| sH 57l 57i 57i 571 57i 57 57 561 56| 56i 56 56 55i 55 55 54l 54i 54i z78i 277i 75 75 • 74* 74 73i 71* 111 7ik 7i 369i tine. 36| 45 431 38 36 41 35 40h 45 41 39i 43 38| 41 42I 42| 39! 431 36i 40I 42 41 : 1 49 burr. 6^ 71 6^ 8 6| 8i 61 8 Si 8 73 7i 71 8 8i 81 7 8 6| 71 7i 10I 91 91 361 42 35 21I 381 35 37 35 38 43l 37 371 30I 33 39 361 361 40 4ii 35 36 Points. Locality. Owner. 9 9 + 9 Cassiar . . Lord Osborne Beauclerk 15! 14+14 New Brunswick E. C. Russell. Hi 14 12 II 1 I .', 13 + 11 Do. 18 + 15 Canada . 12+ n Cassiar 1 1 + 1 1 Maine 10+10 Yukon 13I 12+11 i3i 10 + 9 12 11 + 14 14+ 1 1 Maine Alaska Cassiar 134 II 15 12J 13 7* 10+12 Cassiar 15+ 11 Manitoba. 16+14 Cassiar 14+12 ? 9 + 7 New Brunswick 11 10 + 8 Cassiar . *7i 16+14 Alaska 9 J 12+ 11 Cassiar 13 9 + 9 New Brunswicl n§ 12+ 11 Alaska 50 OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS Yukon 17+17 23+19 23 16 I7f 24+14 20 + 20 18+16 17! 18+16 ioi 21 26 Alaska Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 1 Skull and antlers weighed 91 lbs. 2 Weight of antlers an Lieut.-Col. W. H. Greenly. C. H. Akroyd. W. A. Conduitt. T. D. M. Cardeza. A. D. Pass. J. S. Braithwaite. Hon. J. Cunliffe- Lister. Major J. F. Church. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. C. H. Young. J. B. M. Thompson. R. L. Fenwick. Hon. M. Egerton. Major J. C. B. Statham. Col. L. Parry. L. Cadbury. J. S. Shepherd. A. C. Bell. Sir Robert Harvey, Bart. Field Museum, Chicago. P. Niedieck. American National Collec- tion (Reed Collection). Canadian Pacific Collection. Chicago Academy of Science. American Museum of Natural History. C. F. Periolot. Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. American National Collec- tion. Do. J. C. Phillips. H. C. Thompson. d skull, 77 lbs. ; no lower jaw. Height at shoulder, 6 ft. 8 in. ? ; skull and antlers, 68 lbs. ; estimated weight, 1700 lb AMERICAN AND ALASKAN ELKS 99 T eno-th r Circum- Greatest ,e ■=> . ° ference Tip to Breadth _ . longest _,._„_ rr,f_ _f_.i_ Points width. 69 682 6Si 67 67 66 64i 55 49 45* 3§1 47s above Tip. of palm burr. II ? 37 21 II 36 Locality. 21 21 Alaska J5i x4+r4 Do. 17 Owner. . F. B. Tolhurst. . P. Niedieck. ... ... 16 17 New Brunswick Dr. Munro. 8J 4Si I2 18+ 11 Alaska . . F.T.Colby. 23 Do. . . J. H. Whitehouse. 9^ 44 14 28 New Brunswick S. Decatur. S§ 454 15^ 31 ? Grahamstown Museum. ,5.— EUROPEAN ELK (A. machlis typicus). The Ural Elk has been distinguished as A. m. uralensis. Greatest width. i^engtn Ionges tine. 48| 3°i 48 3i 48 32 471 3°4 146 3°i 444 3oJ 244 3i| 43l 29 43s 32 43k 251 Circum- , ° . ference Tip to Breadth _ . lol?Seilt above Tip. of palm. P™"ts- burr. 52 32 7 511 33 H 49 46 32h 7h 45 3i 7 43i 28J 6 44 344 Locality. 5 4 + 4 Norway . 3g 10 + 9 Do. 85 37l ill 10 + 9 Nr. St. Peters burg 6| 32! 9 10+10 Norway 61 43 iol 15 Do. 7| 29-^ 10 9 + 8 Do. 7i 35 io4 11 +8 Stuttberg. 7^ ... ioj 24 Norway . 6 ... 9^ 7 + 8 Russia 5i 35 3 6 + 6 Norway . OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS 9 9 + 9 Norway 36i I5i 10+10 Do. 35 6 8 + 8 Sweden 7l 33 XI1 10+10 Do. 28 ... 17 Do. 33^ 11 12 + 10 Lithuania Owner. Capt. W. W. Pitt-Taylor. G. J. Van Heek. Prince E. Demidoff. D. W. Stobart. Abel Chapman. Sir Victor Brooke's Collec- tion. O. Greaves. Sir Peter Walker, Bart. British Museum (Sir Edward Caley). F. H. Nye. H. J. Elwes. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. J. A. M'Mullen. Capt. Gerard Ferrand. S. Ratcliff. Prince Radziwill. 1 Estimated weight, 1260 lbs. 2 Estimated weight, 973 lbs. clean. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Antlers of East Siberian Elk, from the Hon. Walter Rothschild's specimen. C— EAST SIBERIAN ELK (A. machlis bedfordias). This race shows a marked tendency to absence of palmation in the antlers, which usually have four or five large tines on each side. Certain antlers from East Siberia are, however, distinctly palmated, but appear to differ somewhat in form from ordinary European specimens. t i Circum- Greatest . ° ference Tip to width. . • ° above Tip. tme- burr. 42j 37i 3°i 26I 3i4 7h Point?. Locality. 28 6 + 5 Siberia 37 4 + 3 Do. 32 5 + 4 Do. Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum. Hon. Walter Rothschild. WHITE-TAILED DEER Head of White-tailed Deer. Shot by Mr. G. Graham-Clarke. The WHITE -TAILED DEER (Mazama [Odocoileus] virginiana). Exclusive of the wapiti, all the deer of America are distin- guished from those of the Old World, except elk and roebuck, by the structure of the bones of the feet, as they also are by the form of the antlers, which are either regularly forked or spike-like. In the white-tailed deer the antlers are large and complex, with a long sub-basal snag, and the front prong of the main fork developed at the expense of the hind one, and carrying a number of snags on its upper surface. Tail long. A gland-tuft on the hock, and a small cylindrical white one with a black centre near the lower end of the hind cannon- bone. Colour of upper-parts chestnut in summer and bluish grey in winter, with the under surface of the tail and the buttocks pure white. Typically from Eastern North America, where the height at the shoulder reaches to 3 feet 1 inch, but represented by numerous races in other parts of the continent, which gradually decrease in size and complexity of antlers towards the south, where they extend to Peru, Bolivia, and Guiana. Weight of a specimen of the typical race shot by Mr. Selous, 12 st. 7 lbs. Mazama is the oldest name for the American deer, and may be 102 RECORDS OF BIG GAME employed if all are included in one genus. If they are split up, Mazama is the title for the brockets, while the white-tail and its allies may be called Odocoilens, a name originally based on a fossil tooth of the typical species. A.— NORTHERN RACES (M. virginiana typica, etc.). This typical race inhabits Virginia, its range including eastern N. America from Ontario and Maine to Florida, and westward to the Missouri. In Canada and New England it is replaced by the larger and greyer M. v. borealis ; and there are several other races in the States. Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 271 51 Single antler 16 N. America . British Museum. 27i Si 9k 19 8 + 6 New Brunswick . G. Graham -Clarke. ( illustration. ) 275 4S Hi 19 6 + 6 N. America . British Museum. 26| 4l 9i 20 20 Do. ... Major James Grant. 26| 51 4l i7i 13 + 13 Ontario W. S. Browne. 26 41 51 18 8 + 7 Maine .... T. D. M. Cardeza. 26 4l 9 1 61 6 + 6 ? C. A. Kitson. 251 4i 9 19 11 Maine .... H. S. Wellcome. 25 5 "4 6 + 10 ? British Museum. 25 5 6§ 19 6 + 5 E. Kootenay, B.C. Col. A. Charlesworth. 242 44 I2§ iSi 6 + 6 ? J. Carr Saunders. 23! 4i 71 i8i 4 + 4 New Brunswick W. H. Lindsay. 23i 4k 6g 17 6 + 5 Do. . . . Capt. E. C. Hamilton. 23 5 5 16 6 + 6 British Columbia . J. Turner-Turner. 23 4* 14 20J 7 + 5 Canada .... J. A. Douglas. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. 32| 6 8 20J 17 + 15 Michigan J. C. Phillips. 29 6 18 + 24 Maine . American National Col lection. 27i 184 19 + 19 Missouri Berlin Museum. 25 5i 6| 231 10 + 9 Michigan Wilson Potter. 24 6^ 12 16 7 + 6 Alberta N. J. Dinner). 24 4i 1i9* 18 Nebraska G. B. Grinnell. 23I 6 12 i6| 5 + 4 Wyoming 1 Spread. Col. J. J. Harrison. (See WHITE-TAILED DEER 103 Head of Mexican White-tailed Deer in the Collection of "Major W. Anstruther Gray. £.— MEXICAN WHITE- TAIL (M. virginiana lichtensteini). This is one of the smaller races of the species, the height at the shoulder ranging from about 33 to 36 inches, and the antlers being usually smaller and simpler than in the northern race. Distribution. — Mexico. In Northern Mexico this race is represented by the Texan M. v. texana, and in the extreme south by M. v. tolteca, which does not turn red. The Central American specimens entered below belong to other races. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest t, ■ . T ■ .. n..,„„ side ference. Tip. inside. Pomts- Locality. Owner. curve. I3s 3i 6§ u| 3 + 3 Sonora . . . British Museum. i3i 31 7 11* 4 + 4 Venezuela . . Hon. Walter Rothschild. n| 3 4i 9i 3 + 3 Costa Rica . . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 8i 21 4l 6g 3 + 4 Mexico . . .Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. 1 81 9^ 5 + 4 Sonora . . . J. C. Phillips. 16I 4i I4l 4 + 4 Rio-FrioMts., Mexico Pio Noriega. 14 3h 9 Sonora . . . Major W. Anstruther Gray. io4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Mule- Deer. The MULE -DEER (Mazama [Odocoileus] hemionus). Antlers with a much shorter sub-basal snag than in the white- tailed deer, beyond which the beam is directed outwards for a short distance, and then curves upwards to form a regular fork, both prongs of which are usually equal, and generally subdivide so as to form five points on each side. Ears large and heavy ; tail short and small, naked below basally, with a black tip. Gland-tufts on hock and cannon-bone coloured like the leg ; the latter of these elongated and situated on the upper half of the cannon-bone. General colour of upper-parts yellowish tawny in summer, brownish or rufous speckled grey in winter, with a brown horse-shoe mark on the forehead. Height at the shoulder, 3 feet 3 or 4 inches in the typical form. Weight (exceptional), ly stone 2 lbs. (F. C. Selous). Distribution. — The greater part of North America westward of the Missouri, extending from British Columbia to California. There are several local races, among which the South Californian M. hemionus peninsulce is one of the smallest. MULE-DEER 105 Head of Mule-Deer from Colorado, in the possession of Mr. H. A. James. Length on out- side curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. 34 5 18 2I| I9 + l8 Wyoming . J. G. Millais. 3°§ 55 18I 24i 5 + 5 ? W. Moat. 30 28| 51 4i i3l 41 r7| 17 5 + 5 White River, Colorado Wyoming II. A. James. Ford G. Barclay. 28^ 5 i8| 21 6 + 4 British Columbia . J. Mel. M'lver Campbel 28! 24i White River . Major Maitland Kirwan. 28 5 20 23i 7 + 6 Wyoming . J. Hall. 28 4i 22^ 24I 6 + 6 Do. . H. A. C. Darley. 27I 6 1 Si i9± 9 + 6 British Columbia . G. Wrey. 27h 51 Ml 24i 6 + 5 Do. . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 27i 5 Hi 24S 6 + 5 Do. C. W. Janson. 27! 4i iSi 26^ 5 + 5 North America . T. L. Fisher. io6 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Length n out- side urve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. 27 5i x94 2l| 6 + 5 North America . Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart 27 si I9i 22| 5 + 5 British Columbia . D. H. Crake. 26| 43 I9l 20j 5 + 5 Wyoming Ernest Farquhar. 26J 5 iSl l8J 6 + 5 British Columbia T. P. Kempson. 261 51 174 12 Wyoming Lord Rendlesham. 26J 6* i3i 18 5 + 4 British Columbia . A. H. Goodall. 26 5 154 194 4 + 4 Do. . J. V. Colby. 254 4i I2| i6| 5 + 5 Sierra Nevada . P. Grace. 25* 54 211 8 British Columbia . Sir Peter Walker, Bart. 25i 4* 27 29 5 + 5 Wyoming . Lieut.-Col. G.J. Fitzgerald. 25i 44 19 20 5 + 5 Do. . A. H. Pollen. 25i 5 74 i9i 8 + 6 ? W. A. Warren. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. 324 6 26! 44s 25 B. Columbia . H. Whiting. 32 6 26 21 + 19 Wyoming . C. R. F. Lutwidge 3°i 64 i8i 30 12 + 11 Alberta . N. J. Dinnen. 294 51 25 25i 8 + 5 Montana . . J. C. Phillips. 29 64 294 8 + 6 Do. E. S. Cameron. BLACK-TAILED DEER 107 The BLACK-TAILED DEER (Mazama [Odocoileus] columbiana). Nearly allied to the mule-deer, but of inferior size, with relatively smaller ears and finer hair ; but specially characterised by the shorter gland and tuft on the hind cannon-bone, and the larger and longer tail, of which the upper surface is black and the lower mostly white. Distribution. — Western North America, from Alaska, British Columbia, and Vancouver to California. The Alaskan race {M. c. sitkensis) has the upper surface of the base of the tail coloured like the back ; in the Californian M. c. scdphiotus the general colour is paler and the ears are larger. Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. Owner. curve. 27 Si 13 20f 5+5 ? R. H. Venables Kyrke. i9i 4i 14 l6J 3 + 3 S. California . . Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. 22 4i J22 Vancouver Clive Phillipps-Wolley. 21 5 1 Si 15 5 + 5 N. E. California . H. C. Nelson. 20^; 5 17 17 5 + 7 Do. A. E. Leatham. 194 16 si 33 H 21 i4i 5 + 5 5 + 3 ? British Columbia 1 Outside. Sir W. Gordon dimming, Bart. W. T. Hornaday. io8 RECORDS OF BIG GAME Frontlet and Antlers of Marsh-Deer. The MARSH -DEER (Mazama [Blastoceros] dichotoma). Antlers without a sub-basal snag, forking regularly, with both prongs again dividing, and the upper one usually more complex than the lower. Ears large, with white hair internally. Hair long and coarse, reversed on the withers for a short distance. General colour of upper-parts bright rufous chestnut in summer, browner in winter ; legs black from the knees and hocks downward. No gland on hind cannon- bone. Size, approximately that of a red deer. Although ten is the usual number of points, sports are common. Distribution. — From Brazil to the inner wooded districts of Argentina. Length on out- Circum- Tip to Widest t> • side ference. Tip. inside. rolnts- curve. Locality. Owner. 25 S\ i8| 2li 5 + 4 Paraguay . Hon. Walter Rothschild. 24^ 5 16 18 5 + 5 Do. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. 24i 6^ 21 20j 6 + 5 N. Argentina . J. Todd. 23! Si i5f i6i 5 + 4 Paraguay British Museum. 23i 6 191 12 Do. . G. R. Stuart. MARSH-DEER 109 Length on out- side Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Widest inside. Points. Locality. curve. 22§ 51 i7i i8| 7 + 6 Paraguay 22§ 6i 20 20J 5 + 5 Brazil 22§ 51 25 28 Argentina 22£ 4* i8| 1 8i 4 + 3 Do. 21* 5* 22 i6| 6 + 6 Paraguay 211 6 131 4 + 4 Do. . 2l£ 5 I2| 16 5 + 5 Do. . Owner. Hon. Walter Rothschild. Sir Victor Brooke's Collection. A. Vans-Agnew. G. L. Harrison. S. Pulley. H.R. H. the Due de Montpensier. Admiral Sir William Kennedy. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. 25I 5 22J ... 6 + 7 Paraguay . . Dr. Albert von Stephani. 22| 7^ ... 15I 6 + 6 Argentina . . Kenyon Slaney. 22^ 6| 26 25 5 + 5 Do. . . Sir Edward G. Loder, Bart, Skull and Antlers of Chilian Guemal, shot in Patagonia by Mr. H. Hesketh Prichard. RECORDS OF BIG GAME The PAMPAS DEER (Mazama [Blastoceros] bezoartica). A small deer nearly allied to the last, but with the front prong of the antlers simple, and the hind one divided. A whorl in the hair on the middle of the back and another at the base of the neck, so that the hair of the withers is directed forwards for a considerable distance. Colour of upper-parts light reddish brown, under-parts and lower surface of tail white ; upper surface of latter black. Height at shoulder, 30 inches. Distribution. — -Brazil to Northern Patagonia, in open districts. :ngtn or outside curve. ' Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Points. Locality. Owner. 151 3h 5 6 + 7 Argentina Col. Heber Percy. 14! 2% i3i 3 + 3 Do. British Museum. I4l 3 rof 3 + 3 Do. E. M. Crosfield. i4i 3 11 3 + 3 ? Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. 14 4i "i 3 + 3 Paraguay . Admiral Sir William Kennedy. T->1 l3? 42 8 3 + 3 Do. . R. A. Cooper. 13 Z\ I2§ 3 + 3 ? W. Livingstone-Learmonth. " The PERUVIAN GUEMAL (Mazama [Hippocamelus] antisiensis). Together with the closely allied Chilian guemal, this species constitutes a group of deer characterised by the antlers forming a single fork. There is no gland -tuft on the hind cannon-bone, the short tail is rather bushy, and the hair coarse and brittle. Owner. A. Y. Hardy. Hon. Walter Rothschild. British Museum (H. Whitely). W. Buchanan Smith. Distribution. — Tl ie high Andes, Length on outside Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. Locality, curve. Ill 43 6 Bolivia, 13,000 ft. IO 3g 8 Ecuador 9h 71 4l Tinta, South Peru 85 31 5 N. Argentina GUEMAL AND BROCKET The CHILIAN GrUEMAL (Mazama [Hippocamelus] bisulca). Distinguished from the last by its superior size (shoulder-height 39^- inches) and more uniform colouring, as well as by several details connected with the latter. Distribution. — From the Chilian Andes to the plains of Patagonia. Length on outside curve. Circum- ference. Tip to Tip. tt3 zl 94 \o\ 3§ 7* -11 3 4 -4f i| 4i Locality. Owner. Patagonia . . . . H. Hesketh Prichard. ? British Museum. Chili J. C. Phillips. Do. . . . . - . American National Collection. - Owner's measurements. The WOOD -BROCKET (Mazama nemorivaga). The brockets are some of the smallest deer included in the genus Mazama, of which they are the typical representatives. They are recognisable by their simple spike -like antlers, the tufted crown of the head, and, in many, although not all, cases the radiation of the hair of the face from two whorls, which causes that on the nose to be directed downwards. The most widely distributed species is the red brocket (M. americana} or M. rufd), other species being the nearly allied M. zetta of Colombia and M. sheila of Venezuela, M. tenia of Guatemala, and the small M. simplicomis. The present species is distinguished by its small size (height at shoulder about 19 inches), its pale pepper-and-salt brownish or grey colour, the streak on the forehead, and the absence of a gland and tuft on the hock. Distribution. — Guiana, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, and Trinidad. Length on front of horn. Girth. Tip to Tip. Locality. Owner. -4l ?3 04 4 Trinidad .... Dr. Percy Kendall. 4l if 2 Do Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. -3 2i 2 Do. .... - Owner's measurements. Dr. Albert von Stephani. 1 In previous editions this name was applied to the white-tailed deer, a usage which has been recently shown to be inadmissible. RECORDS OF BIG GAME Head of Musk-Deer. The MUSK-DEER, or KASTURA (Moschus moscMferus). She-lu, Chinese. Kashira, Kashmiri. From all living deer except the Chinese water-deer this species is distinguished by the absence of antlers, the function of which is dis- charged in the male by long upper tusks. The tail is rudimentary and the fur coarse and brittle, while the lateral hoofs are very large. The males have a glandular pouch which secretes the musk from which the species takes its name. Height at shoulder about 20 inches, at rump 22 inches. Distribution. — The forest-districts of the Himalaya as far west as Gilgit, at elevations of 8000 feet or more in summer, to Tibet, Siberia, Western China, Amurland, and Corea. Length of Tuslc T ,-. _ . -j .Locality. Owner, on outside curve. J wwuci. 4 Kashmir Lieut.-Col. H. C. Tytler. exposed from gum 3! Gurhwal Capt. G. W. Burton. 3 Do. British Museum (Hume Collection). 3 Amurland ...... British Museum. 2\ Kashmir Sir Edmund G. Loder, Bart. OWNER'S MEASUREMENTS. 4 Ta Chin lu M. Mitchell. 3g Chitral Capt. J. T. H. Lane. 1\ Do Dr. Albert von Stephani. 3 Upper Kumaon Capt. K. Channer. GIRAFFE 113 Skull of Transvaal Giraffe. Presented to the British Museum by the late Mr. Rowland Ward. The GIRAFFE (Giraffa camelopardalis). IhuJila, Swazi. Indhlulamiti, Zulu. Tuthla, Basuto. Luomba ningo, Chilala. Intutiva, Chila. Ngabi, Mas a war a. Girt, or Halgiri, Somali. Kameel, Boer. Nyama marakiti, Asenga. Vakwnin deft, Hausa. Zaraff, Sudani. The long limbs and neck, the peculiarly formed head, and the blotched or netted hide, render giraffes distinguishable at a glance from all other living ruminants ; with none of which, except the okapi, they have any very close affinity, although their nearest relatives are the deer. So great is their distinctness that, with the okapi, they constitute a family by themselves — the Giraffidcs. One of the most marked peculiarities of the giraffes is to be found in the horns, of which the largest pair rise from the head between the ears, and are covered during life with skin. They are never shed ; and in the adult are immovably united to the bones of the skull, although separate in young animals. In addition to these, there is a more or less distinct third horn, or boss, situated on the forehead between the eyes, as well as a rudimentary pair at the back of the head, or occiput. Giraffes have a long, extensile tongue, hairy lips, and broad, low-crowned cheek- I ii4 RECORDS OF BIG GAME teeth. There are no tusks in the upper jaw ; and in the outermost pair of lower front teeth the crown, as in the okapi, is double, or bilobed. Lateral hoofs are wanting. Among the local races of the species, the Nubian giraffe, G. c. typicus, is a pale-coloured animal with a large front horn and white legs ; and from this the Kordofan G. c. antiquorum differs by the smaller and more numerous spots on the upper part of the legs. The Baringo giraffe, G. c. rothschildi, is characterised by the black spots of the old bulls and the jagged markings of the cows ; and the Taposa G. c. cottoni is allied. The Nigerian G. c. peralta, the palest of all, is close to the Nubian. The Congo G. c. congoensis combines the presence of a third horn with fully spotted legs ; this being also the case with the Kilimanjaro G. c. tippelskirchi, in which the markings have an irregular star-like form and the legs are more or less spotted. The races with fully spotted legs and a more or less rudimentary front horn include the Angolan G. c. angolensis, the North Transvaal G. c. wardi, and the South African G. c. capensis. The SOMALI GIRAFFE (Giraffa reticulata) The Somali giraffe (for which the name netted giraffe would be appropriate, were it not that it has a double signification) may be described as a dull, liver-coloured animal with a coarse network of narrow white lines dividing the ground-colour into a number of large, irregularly quadrangular and sharply defined patches. The head and upper part of the neck are, however, spotted, while the ears and the legs from the knees and hocks downwards are white. Apparently this type of colouring is specially adapted for render- ing the animal inconspicuous when in covert. Estimated maximum height. ft. ins. ft. ins. .4.— NIGERIAN RACE (G. c. peralta). At shoulder. Locality. Owner. (J-16 4 no N. Nigeria .... The late Capt. G. B. Gosling. £.— EASTERN RACES (G. c. rothschildi, etc.) Estimated maximum height. At shoulder. Locality. Owner. ft. ins. ft ins. 19 3 British East Africa . Col. J. Caswell. 19 0 12 O Do. . T. P. A. Holford. d -18 7 South-east Africa F. Vaughan Kirby. GIRAFFE Estimated maximum height. At shoulder. Locality. ft. ins.