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vanerts Shad enn * peoinvnleh HEY wigan ey ened aiid) eth path rit ea bi Metta ce a i Seis sigoenanaeey oni Pia cata aa Tete ru taen vir piper sf o bihtac on) den WO “ iaguegea ets zm Peabo babnwipe peri tt beep eryrre nt if TSititham star roruees Mb te 4 ni outset) ive hat il paren (has penitent rithelaahes 1 OMipnatapniaite waits ate wait peetegahed ca Mi) mauled ". paesatnenet sit mreramensairbee ws ips Ae eae a 149 Ageia ttre, eee eee igageneininer litasnocearecraniaats a alii mente y nit prbopbhvre ve easing by oven ia eaareestan ani th telaotiie ysiete i fathe hie es seinen pie on rt tf r 494 yee Cosh ee iran aera cet ne slebedarss-ore aw meetin Neh ite eee ve ven ty mar ‘ wihvotiniaveniienren es Haare aneayedunanraneereanseipucaysneasb tint?) iduawesianinebeininy rats ea Updo ooo Payee vr) y + ite revert ty) Nps br aie Sass hanwrshe pretty sign iantbabiersty abana opeteibeigel 2 ene horkriey ‘ greg Hy aE siete a robbie ne gawnt ods dai abla jou ibahatnvertens pad otsai| neahia ape ry bene ra fea ti mine ennnndiat pe rors bieaitee 7 wer pallasqunoeyoneial age fw ‘ Hh Kish acess eauaear® 4h “ue ber dip mt Eis sama aoe eit ried padakipedog aes L} slid syne? 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LT iteekehed ah 1 faa sits wayabeoreeaas #4 ware ae thin ti eaessongneny anid 4 : peated lh shat a avesoened How stb a’ wo ieguncieiriavall ih feds ty henaph ont? rir é 3 Prarrsay aban se oaneeat wanitie bis “ eamovaer ae ates i" Capen cuabetincr prectnt sianrh fetes f f + le Sematary hyscin Me Patiatctanattte sajeemtannye if ea : beliebter he HO Nah tities Neb i ines tip eave niece ts oe aH P OM bare yr sysanat ab th 4 asernainacsraatestiatng edes Canty rite et bers ‘ ingen ed 24 it Dba ae ial rato ieharartsyaet stv feds er cisions / ur veibiné patie “eitegeptel “a Bio ely at bee he ashy? cata ae Feet it ae nee ant sayeettt ae ih vi Lave ja nireibe aed ea ee De Hla: eons ratgeestepae peut? cat raseeil nebeiut Ne prry ak tt Ard iene api tame rat bot bed dak raped at PP sf BI a jeaaded soy fel Ae wap Lineyeeehheee LFA ahtbbaddbabeeae He Mt metre te ree) ia Hentai papenreein i ad pe be tebe Bae aa tod vs nie Jeph ehvr) ay Teeter tepet a Hag beet H singe iain poh aete jen ne Heat piety mt ay steaahes Uaekspetivoteal vente TIE ee ciaaanaatl dyin isbn pred b> papery seven Lab ephet jyratsas taitonnsaeehovee adel ae Linke nt Wye SOE ea ee aatareareneuqiael? ty reais ia mrpisvean nna omuaetennsy eet ee teint stn See ee hashati Lene thelsetiaBenRt THUR OR ET TT a ariei hints SAlldeapeernrent ret a ea ea dd Ho at hh peed aoa sasaenayte abe, miei dated Aen ate ke i rit bai sgrncsoe “~ epriyenanes alae iamavanrieanieeeehsants Hgcpaie eet Ht st ebiad sasnenea tient ier piishibraiisiehenehebngiheiated ee eaaterd raion ie nats + Aap wee hope +) sobre f deta oredr Pe risihndey fidedie i ie re ie psa jrpimonenrnenid isiabonaaaieeni ee Elicina . iia * nayatsiin aadne As. he obded| rnpateni nee ah upe Mundy mer eet saad iatedytaauaett i ebratt + pabebhe: ie Me ees iy aero palin bh arb he iret shih hi eweg etinnntt te frig itech ha re hedoed pe beled bop rod oni 4 sitet Aad be trp dtr Mabey hae rb ht javawaen da Lea eee ree Hebe: reyveaeb jeans he mn i ibe ier isoadeacdrgeiyyei¥i tim or ir prbieayet cits sea Seago ieee eat 4 jegsiay nha daty farkptabehlten Mins anih bh 03 " sii aaa dttst ab Hastie sro get Lat aro pias aes bap be oy rire } asacel ‘ rena 3et yer? Pavel vesnies vba Uh ieaegese 4 cieoaseonae the oe wert) 2 pb nub american taste {¥ ” a gee Seonaeyn jee jccsbob ey ea abr setamte the ee 3 a cla tnant ‘any gba pat dua ame ya aiden ai peda sibe suaeinen Nene + manta vinden Teak dene pune ames Weds aps ten eet abr et is Feemmaysver cad Fate % ie ne iB 2 = aye ite RECORDS of the INDIAN MUSEUM (A JOURNAL OF INDIAN ZOOLOGY) Vol. V, 1910. EDITED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. Calcutta: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. —_ 1910. — ELEY) tr} x ¥y , 2 \e v of 1 7. j y ; i ? mf rine see Oo Fe) aro Ae Dan K PRO 4 VAY Y 4h : 4 RELA SM ae BS ae } he phat Tih ‘eu ‘Maokay A ‘ ie Wee Ce Orly AN tee i me oe phy = ’ ' | , , Sky 7 om rT fas eae 4 EIST OF, AUTHORS: Alcock, A., F.R.S. Annandale, N., D.Sc. Beebe, C. W. Chaudhuri, B. 1. BSc. .. Coggin Brown, J., B.Sc. . Distant. Wei.) ae Eliot, GK CMG: Gravely, F. H., M.Sc. Henderson, J. R., F.L.S. On the classification of the Potamonidae (Telphusidae), p. 253. Notes on freshwater sponges, No. XII, p- 31.—Materials for a revision of the Phylactolaematous Polyzoa of India, Pp. 37-—An undescribed Burmese frog allied to Rana tigrina, p. 79.—An albino owl, p. 81 —Description of a new species of Scalpellum from the Andaman Sea, p- 115.—A new genus of Psychodid Diptera from the Himalayas and Travancore, p. 141.—The Indian barna- cles of the subgenus Smilium, with remarks on the classification of the genus Scalpellum. p. 145.—Description of a South Indian frog allied to Rana corrugata of Ceylon, p. 191.—Contribu- tions to the fauna of Yunnan, Part I, Sponges and Polyzoa, p. 197.—Notes on the Darjiling skink (Lygosoma sikkim- ensé), p. 201.—Cockroaches as predatory insects, p. 201.—Two barnacles of the genus IDychelaspis new to Indian seas, p. 213.—Note on slugs from the Eastern Himalayas, p. 214. Catalogue of the pheasants, peafowl, jungle fowl and spur fowl in the Indian Museum, p. 263. Description of a new species of Nema- chilus from Northern India, p. 183. Contributions to the fauna of Yunnan, Introduction, p. 193. Rhynchota Malayana, Part III, p. 313. Notes on Nudibranchs from the Indian Museum, p. 247. On a subspecies of Scutigerella unguiculata, Hanser, found in Calcutta, p. 157.— The distribution of the Oriental Scolo- pendridae, p. 161.—Alluaudella himalay- ensis, a new species of degenerate (#) cockroach, with an account of the vena- tion found in the genera Cardax and Alluaudella, p. 307. On certain species of Palaemon from South India, p. 277 (tn collaboration with Mr. George Matthat). il Contents. The Indian barnacles of the subgenus Smuilium, with remarks on the classification of the eo Scal- pellum On a subspecies of Soigorela tnguicnlata, Hance, found in Calcutta : The distribution of the Oriental BSsipped dae Notes on Decapoda in the Indian Museum— I.—The species of Gennadas Description of a new species of Nemachilus from Northern India ae Se Notes on the larvae of Toxorhynchites immisericors, Wik, Description of a South Indian frog allied to Rana corrugata of Ceylon ais Contributions to the Fauna of Yunnan— Introduction . Pacta: — Sponges and Polyzoa Miscellanea (pp. 20I—215) :— XXII. XXII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVIT. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. Notes on the Darjiling Skink (Lygosoma stkkimense) .. Cockroaches as predatory insects Note on Aedeomyia squammipenna, Arribalzaga Named specimens of Chrysomelidae in the Indian Museum Two barnacles of the genus Dichelaspis n new to Indian Seas Note on slugs from the Eastern Himalayas Part IV, DECEMBER. Notes and descriptions of Indian Microlepidoptera .. On some aquatic Oligochaete worms commensal in Spongilla carters On Bothrioneurum tris, Beddard _ Notes on Nudibranchs from the Indian Museum On the classification of the Potamonidae rea sidae) Catalogue of the Rese een sauele fowl a spur fowl in the Indian Museum din On certain species of Palaemon from South India Alluaudella himalayensts, a new species of degenerate (3) cockroach, with an account of the venation found in the genera Cardax and Alluaudella Rhynchota Malayana. Part III Page 145 157 161 173 183 187 Igt 193 197 201 201 202 202 213 214 217 233 241 247 253 263 277 397 313 LISTE \OF (PLATES. —_<>— Plates I—III (Holothurians) Plate IV (Hydroids) .. Plate V (Ophiuridae) .. Plate VI (Fish) Plates VII and VIII (Oligochaetes) Plates IX and X (Rats) Plate XI (Oligochaetes) Plate XII (Psychodidae) Plates XIII and XIV (Decapoda) Plates XV—XVIII (Prawns) Plate XIX (Nudibranchs) Plate XX (Cockroaches) Plates XXI and XXII (Rhynchota) Follow page 104 30 88 140 78 II4 240 t4d 182 306 252 312 338 VI. CONTENTS. ——-<>-— Part I, May. The Hydroids of the Indian Museum— No. I.—The deep-sea Collection i. a Notes on Freshwater Sponges— No. XII.—Description of a new species from Cape Comorin at te Descriptions of new shells in the collection of the Indian Museum from Burma, Siam and the Bay of Bengal Materials for a revision of the Phylactolaematous Polyzoa of India : Studies on the aquatic oligccnnen of the anaes An undescribed Burmese frog allied to Rana tigrina Miscellanea (pp. 81, 82) :— XIII. Notes on the occurrence of Vultury monachus in Calcutta An albino owl ae ** Matla bengalensis’’: a correction PART II, JUNE. Description d’Ophiures nouvelles provenant des der- niéres pera dex: eee ee *? dans l’Ocean Indien : Description d’ Holothuties eee. appartenant au Musée Indien Further observations on the races of Tndian rats Description of a new species of eels from the Andaman Sea Descriptions of five new species of marine shells foi the Bay of Bengal Notes on Fish from India and Persia, with ‘descriptions of new species .. Part III, SEPTEMBER. A new genus of Psychodid Diptera from the Hima- layas and Travancore : ae Page 31 BY) 59 81 82 83 89 105 115 117 123 I4I vi Jenkins, J. T.. D.Sc. Kemp, NS iyleie Koehler, R. Lloyd; Capt), Ra :B:s\-DiSc: Matthai, George, M.A. Maulik, S. Meyrick, E., F.R.S. Paiva, C. A. Preston, H. B., F.Z.S: Ritchie, J., B.Sc. Stephenson, Major J. Stuart-Baker, E. C., F.Z.S Vaney, C. ES EO . Notes List of Authors, Notes on fish from India and Persia, with descriptions of new species, p. 123. Notes on Decapoda in the Indian Museum, I. The species of Gennadas, p. 173. Description d’Ophiures nouvelles provenant des derniéres campagnes de ‘‘1’Inves- tigator”’ dans l’Ocean Indien, p. 83.— Description d’Holothuries nouvelles appartenant au Musée Indien, p. 89 (in collaboration with Prof. C. Vaney). Further observations on the Indian rats, p. I05. of Taces On certain species of Palaemon from South India, p. 277 (in collaboration with Dr. J. R. Henderson). Named specimens of Chrysomelidae in the Indian Museum, p. 202. Notes and descriptions of Indian Micro- lepidoptera, p. 217. Notes on the larvae of Toxorhynchttes immisericors, Wlk., p. 187.—Note on Aedeomyia squammipenna, Arribalzaga, p. 202. Descriptions of new shells in the collection of the Indian Museum from Burma, Siam and the Bay of Bengal, p. 33.— Descriptions of five new species of marine shells from the Bay of Bengal, Pa Liz. The Hydroids of the Indian Museum, No. I. The deep-sea collection, p. I. Studies on the aquatic Oligochaeta of the Punjab, p. 59.—‘‘ Matla bengalensis’’ : a correction, p. 82.—On some aquatic Oligochaete worms commensal in Spfon- gilla cartert, p. 233.—On Bothrioneurum ivts, Beddard, p. 241. on the occurrence monachus in Calcutta, p. 81. of Vultur Description d’Holothuries nouvelles appar- tenant au Musee Indien, p. 89 (in collaboration with Prof. R. Koehler). ESE HRRATA. Page 47, line 23. For ‘‘defected’’ read ‘‘ defective.’ oe Sie a2. 40. 9° Vertical’” vead** horizontal.” i> BGA, sie 5, GC. tshneata”” read. “°F. bilincata:. » 137, ,, 6.. ,, ‘*centimetre” read ‘‘ millimetre.’’ ,, 148, ,, 14from bottom. For ‘‘fine’’ read ‘‘ five.”’ 5, 224, ,, 14. For ‘‘ Endrosts lactcella’’ read ‘‘ Endrosts lac- teélla.’’ Pu2ZO3ms,- Is 35 Averolepia’> sead. *“ Acrolepia.”” »» 229, ,, 14 from bottom. For ‘‘ Orostega” read ‘‘ Opostega.”’ MEA: sax AW 56 Af » ‘* Pylactis’’ read ‘‘ Pyloetts.’’ van Hea Soyo Mehasy Oper mish eo - He at Ay Mae a Poe 5 OS Fatih pe Ag Sl atih wont Arsh SS UHoeriO ee Le stk Ee ; = ta A a HOR) et Wein ON 4 RTT Ce a Pee. ERED Oe et eC Se og ee | i : ee it it i eT a ee yib > Wan Tid) Re Ap ee be uN ShLpvyt ee ety Guay UpAs yt Syethr AL eh GE ie }Uan vy yt yashyQVOE 0S Fee tie, ch CPR SS. Mee CaS mJ q La | ¥ 4 sot. ** she ees ie Np eee FS 4 . rab Fis INDEX. —— o— N.B.—An asterisk (*) preceding a line denotes a new variety or subspecies; a dagger (+) indicates a new species; and a double-dagger ({), a new genus: in the case of synonyms the page numbers are printed in Italics. ] A | Page tAbgarus 313 ttypicus 314 Abirus andamansis 212 angustatus .. 212 Abramis microlepis .. 126 Acanaloniinae j 320 Acanthopsis aurata .. 126 linea so | UY Acanthopterygii 13h) LI 5038 Acanthotelphusa Pe Ply AG is GAS || Acomus erythrophthalmus TZ OOn|| pyronotus 267 Acrocercops convoluta 227 yAcrolepia nitrodes .. 229 pygmaeana 229 Aedeomyia squammipenna 202 Aegeriadae Sc 219 Aeolidiella 249 Aethalotus 314 : afzelii 314 +borneensis 314 Aetheomorpha nigropicta 206 Aétobatis flagellum .. 135 Afakia os 318 decisa -- 318 Aglaophenia oe Wa byaee | balei.. De 22 crispata 19 philippina 20 phoenicea 21 rostrata 22 secunda “ys 19 septata Sor Sp nt Ailia coila as 140 Alburnus doriae 126 eichwaldii .. 126 maculatus 56. Lewy Alcyonella benedeni .. 42, 47—49 | fungosa 50 44 Alluaudella ‘ 307, 308, 311 cavernicola 307, 309—3II thimalayensis 307—311 Ambassis baculis : 138 | ranga 138 | Amphibia 123 Amphichaeta 66 Amphioplus . 86 Amphiura oa Bk) ffamula .. 85, 86 Page Amphiura intermedia 86 praestans 86 Amphorina 249 Anabas scandens 138 Anacampsis nerteria 220 Anacanthini 132 Anodontostoma Su LOS octosulcatum 168, 170 Antenella 14 gracilis 14, 15 natalensis .. 14, 15 secundaria Gq dl, 1G _ Aoria bowringi 65 With nigripes 211 Aphelodactyla 0€ ae (Haplodactyla) molpadi- oides ote ee LOZ Apogon bifasciatus 131 Arfaka 318 decisa 318 Argusianus argus 274 Argyroploce aprobola 218 citharistis 219 illepida 218 Arius dussumieri 131 jatius eee 140 Arotrophora ombrodelta 218 Asanda 16S brevicornis .. 168, 171 Aspidolopha melanophthalma 207 rugosa .. 206 Astrotoma aC 33, 88 agassizi 88 bellator .. 88 mutrayi .. 88 frigens 86 vecors 88 Atella 330 cicatricosa 330 cruentata 331 gemmifera a0) 330 | Athene brama ae 50 Bil Atracis 330 conserta 330 ?fasciata 337 intercepta 336 puncticeps 336 pyralis 336 }rivularis 336 surrecta 330 Page Page Atracis surrecta var. a 336 | Calophasis ellioti So. By/ii vetusta 336 humiae vo, 271 Aulophorus palustris 74 | Calyptoblastea 4 Austenia annandalei 214, 215 | Cambarus 279 sikkimense var. main- Campanularia corrugata 2—5, II waringi 214 gracillima 8 {Australella 49 jutcea 8 lendenfeldi 55 mutabilis as aes Aves . 123 Sp. s- ss 3,10 fAvicula smithi 35 ?spinulosa Bus Campanularidae 3,4 Camptosomes 203, 206 B Capitella capitata 82 Capitellidae 82 Capoéta amir 127 Bagarius yarrellii oh BE} : Barbus amphibis 135,136 | Copetias coe pees ce | Caranx djedaba 136 er peide ee gallus 132 cyri Sc set EZO 3 - microlepis .. seu nn z7, Bipree oe miliaris 126 | , Saran ea ae 2 ee ore Be Carcharias melanopterus Ab tet i515 B atyke PBnse ° | Carchariidae Sc oo. ato Bathyplotes assimilis 92, 94 | Cardax 307, 308, 311 yeinctus 89, 91, 92, 94 wailleyi s07 aan natans ee 94 | Cassis 13 See povee eee a Catara 28 338, 338 Pee Oni philippinensis -. dS Ree Wages Be ais subdivisa | ess atrachidae 132 | pees Batrachus grunniens nash cee wen : aa z Belone strongylura .. ESE eT35 | eee eae : 8 Benthesicymus : 174, 179—181 > Raa ate Ae : mae r’C ee oe e Bidis iacennarue ne | Chaetogaster 50 64, 68, 234 pictula i. 887 diastrophus 36 punctifrons 338 | os eo, cs ?Bimeria vestita 249 | Poueilia S Oe eee pate ss Chanos salmoneus 131 B Athenalla a | Chatoessus chacunda 131 Borkhausenia pseudospretella 22 Nl Sheturbuja TSS 1315 1355 ee Bothrioneuron iris 241 | Pe Bothrioneurum iris .. 241—246 | Chorinemus moadetta ie zs ORES aes A 3 : | Chromodoris albopustulosa ? 247, 251, 2) dae ene Bougainvillidae Biba dl eae 5 oe Brachmia autonoma 222))| ther a iclephantons 222 pepalaelt a {Egillatrix abs Pee 252 brachyearpis | en 252 Beanchiodiilus semperi 59-02; 168,105 Chrysolophus amherstiae 272 : a a ictus 292 Brenthia elatella 226 ei some Age ee sa F . . ’ Brees potatoe cone? ae a Chrysophrys berda . 131. 135.36 reas ; hee datnia ate ed _ _ ttravancorica 144 eT 131, 135 oy De aaa 727 | Cicada pustulata ae) ood Cicadidae 316 tCircumdaksha Me 328 G trufos 9 arsa 328 ; Cirrhina ee 126 calantica 149 | afghana 126, 127 callichrous pabo 137 | mrigala 138 Page | Cirripedia At 150, 214 ¢Cladarodes a +» 229 fpeloptera ++ 230 Clupea alosa 40 138, 139 brachysoma .. So. en chapra PRM 1.0) finta 138, 139 ilisha aks 138, 140 lile oe SE Tae si longiceps pat EST sapidissima 138, 139 sindensis heh atayis variegata.. Srthale ey) Clupeidae : E40; 235, £38 Clytia johnstoni ye 6 Clytra insularis 207 lefevrei 207 orientalis 207 succincta ae 207 Clytrasoma palliata .. 207 Clytrinae Es Se 266 Cobitidinae 128, 138 Cobitis persa 127 Colasposoma affine .. 212 albovillosum 211 aureovittatum 212 auripenne 212 caeruleatum 211 downesi 211 metallicum 211 nitida . 212 ornatum as) 212 Colgar .. : 324, 325, 330 bistriguttata SAU USED calochroma 531 cicatricosa 331 conficita 33 cruentata - dol diversa 34 BS gemmifera 330 ocellifera $c 331 pustulata 331 quadriguttata 328 ?semilata ae 331 ?volens 334 tColgaroides sh 324 acuminata 325 teveretti 325 Colobesthes exaltata 329 falcata 322 rectilinea 332 Colochirus ate 98 violaceus IOI Colsa 5 338 matanga 338 Conchoderma So as Considia 338, 338 cavata ? .. 328 Coptocephala dimidiatipennis .. 208 dubia ae 208 Corbicula as 198 Cormeocephalus 164, 168 dentipes 164, 168, I71 dispar 169, D719) inermipes var. sarasi- nhorum 169, 171 169, I71 Cormocephalus philippinensis pygmaeus 164, 168, 171 Page 168, 170 rubriceps 164 westwoodi 164 Corynodes amethystinus 213 andamanensis 213 peregrinus 213 pyrophorus 213 pyrospilotus 213 sheppardi 213 undatus 213 Cosmopterygidae 223 Cosmopteryx asiatica 223 basilisca 223 hamifera 223 Cottidae .. as 132 Cratena .. .- 249 bylgia ee 249 Criocerinae it 203 Crioceris cruciata 206 impressa 205 quadripustulata 205 semicostata 205 semipunctata 205 Cristatella mucedo Boome ostel Cristatellidae 6 38, 39 Cromna centralis .. sae Oo chlorospila .. 824, 333—335 frontalis - 320 obtusa Bp (en) peracuta 392, 337 quadripunctata -. 24 surrecta 329 Crossoptilon manchuricum 267 Crustacea 22 Cryptaustenia succinea 215 Cryptocephalinae 208 Cryptocephalus analis =, 210 colon 210 deficiens «2 209 dimidiatipennis 209 interjectus 210 konbirensis 208 posticalis 208 pusaensis 2s 209 sehestedti -2 209 senarius 210 sexsignatus 209 sikhimensis 209 tricinctus 209 vittipennis ia) 209 Cryptolaria operculata 3,9, 10 tCryptolechia stomota 224 Cryptophlebia carpophaga 218 one 218 Cryptops 161, 166 doriae 166, 170 feae J 166, I71 inermipes .. 166, 170 loriae : ae LOG) modigliani .. 166, 170 Cucumaria st a OF ardens .. ay 160 ariana i 5 98 {digitata 89, 96, 97 timbellis 89, 97, 98 incurvata 1809166 Page Cucumaria inflexa 97, 99, 100 +mosaica 89, 98, 99 tperdita . 89, 99, 100 pigra -- I00 rapax 99, 100 Cucumariidae 89, 96, I01 Culex 187, 189 Cuthona ao 249 yannandalei .- 247, 248 Cybium commersonii : 12) Cyclica 203, 210 Cylindrotelphusa 259 Cynoglossus 36 129, 130 facinaces 130 bengalensis 130 | jdeltae .. 130 elongatus 130 lida 130 lingua 130 | puncticeps ? 361 UG Cyprinidae 124, 128, 135, 138 Cyprininae 35 IS Cyprinion kirmanense 128 Cyprinodon Bo Al +blanfordii 124, 125 dispar 127 }persicus [255126 fpluristriatus 125, 126 punctatus 125, 127 sophiae WAS, WAY Cyprinodontidae B23) atsik D Daksha 327 marginata 327 pryeri 327 Danio dangila 128 Decapoda 173—181 Deckenia 253, 254, 258 imitatrix 253 Deckeniinae 703° 255, 256, 258 Delphacinae : 337 Derbinae ; 36 SRS) Dero ic 6. AOE 7.1 i 76 digitata : 75 fureata 6s, 74, 75 incisa 56 76 palustris ae mega! schmardai 74—76 sp. 25 a Eviimeanes Obs eG tonkinensis 74, 236 vaga DEsvOue 36 ae $0 obturbans 188 Diagramma cinctum 131 Diapromorpha balteata 208 dejeani 207 melanopus 208 pallens 01 1208 quadripunctata .. 207 turcica 208 Diardigallus diardi 267 Diaulula sandiegensis 250 Dichelaspis 148, 213 Page Dichelaspis nierstraszi we 214 orthogonia ae he Dilocarcinus S60 253 Diphasia mutulata Sy ky Ll thornelyi 3, 13 Diplonema a: 141, 141 superstes 142 Diptera 141 Discognathus Sc 124 lamta . 124, 127.28 variabilis we LOT *Dolium varicosum .. 34 Donacia aeraria 203 recticollis 203 Donaciinae EZOS Doris 251 pustulosa ao) 2Kt (Staurodoris) pustulata 247, 251 verrucosa oon ee gee Drepane punctata 131 }Drillia ganjamensis 117 E Elacate nigra 132 +Elachista ithygramma 225 fnearcha 225 ae tah 225 Elachistidae 225 Elasmobranchii 135 Elidiptera pee 336 Elops saurus - Seats Elpidiidae 89, 95 Embia .. 307 Encephaloides armstrongi 154 Endrosis lacteélla 224 Engraulis malabaricus 135 mystax 135 telara 140 Enypniastes AS 5a) OS {?decipiens 89, 95, 96 eximia .. si OO +Epermenia chelyodes 228 Epicephala albifrons 227 {bromias 227 Epilobocera 253 Epimela indica : 207 +Epithectis oschophora 219 {telifera 220 Epizoanthus sp. 4 Equula blochii 136 brevirostris .. 132 edentula 136 fasciata 132 insidiatrix 132 Ereunetis xenica é Pa OO Erimetopus Ze QEA, 257g 5o Ethmostiginus Ht 163, 168 albidus 168, I71 bisulcatus 168, 170 platycephalus 163, 168, 170 pygomegas 163, 168, 171 rubripes 163, 168, 170 SP eo lOs spinosus 163, 168, 171 Page Page +Eucosma WCE 218 | Gargamella . 250 Eucosmidae 218 | Gazza aequliformis .. SAIL ES Budendridae a6 3 Gecarcinucinae 253—256, 258—260 EBudendrium ramosum 4 | Gecarcinucus 253, 254, 259 sp. 3. Gelechiadae Me 2ZLO Eumolpinae 210 | Gennadas 1 7 3, 174, 179—181 Eupalaemon 278 | talcocki 174, 176, 177 Euphanta ay 324 alicei i Sic} 180 chlorospila 324 | bouvieri -- 179 monoleuca 324 | carinatus .. 174, 179 munda .. 324 clavicarpus cna 17/5} +pokiana .. 324 parvus 175, 177 quadripunctata 324 pasithea -- 173 Eupodes Pe 203 {praecox .. -. 176 Eupyrgus 97 scutatus 174, 178 Euriplastes 96 | tsordidus . WOE REZ obscura 96 | Gennaeus albocristatus 207 Eurybrachys conserta 336 andersoni .. 269 intercepta 336 cuvieri — 269 surrecta 336 horsfieldi 268 vetusta 336 leucomelanus 268 Eurypelta modesta .. 212 lineatus 269 melanonotus 268 nycthemerus 269 F oatesi 269 swinhoii ae 209 Ficarasa 337 | Geotelphusa 253, 255, 257, 258 pallida 337 | enodis .. ay Oe simplex oe 337 | Gerres lucidus Wiig UBS Flata (Colobesthes) ee 327 | Globitelphusa 260 cruentata 331 | Glyphidodontidae 132 flaccida 321 | Glyphipterygidae 226 floccosa 321 | Glyptosternum pectinopterum 129 quadriguttata . . 328 fsaisii 128, 129 rubescens 321 | Gobiidae.. 132, 135, 136 subacuta .. 3820 | Gobius ee 134 Flatinae .. PA Nae Selly Tei Wl +chilkensis RZ0e bs7; Flatoides fasciatus Aaa) | giuris 137, 140 plagiatus 33d macropus a Bes) semialbus . 33d | striatus stone )5 simplex 337 | Gonothyraea = 5 Flatosoma Baim) longicyatha 6 comma 821 | Gracilaria octopunctata 227 +melichari 321 }scansoria 227 signoreti.. 321 | Gracilariadae 4 226 {Franciscus a 337. Gunomys bengalensis UIVG FOG fasciatus 337. Gymnoblastea : a 3 Fredericella 3 39 | Gynandrophthalma crassipes 206 australiensis 39 cunningtoni 39 | indica 39, 40 | H sultana .. 39 Fredericellinae 38, 39 | Halecium halecinum 10 Fulgora truncata 322 Halicornaria 22), 2A) Fulgoridae 313, 318, 320, 338 balei 3, 22, 23 var. flava 56 3} | flava .. 56 We G gracilicaulis 35023 hians 22, 24 Galloperdix bicalcarata 264 var, profunda 3, 24 lunulata 263 plumosa ote 5 spadicea ee 203) | variabilis 25, 26 Gallus gallus : 272, 273 Haplochilus melanostigma 135—137, lafayettii e373 140 ‘‘pseudhermaphroditus’’ 273 panchax £35, F360 sonnerati 0 273 | Hebellacalcarata .. eis i varius 373 ctateroides .. Sei ak PRS Page Hebella lata 7 Heliangara lampetis 221 ;macaritis 221 Hemidactylus flaviviridis 201 Heminodes unicolor .. 213 Hemirhamphus limbatus 135 Hervia 4 249 Heteroptera 313 Holoptilinae 315 Holothuria atra 5 IOI ocellata .. IOI tenuissima IOI Holothuriidae IOI Homoptera 316 Hyalinella 52 Hyalonema 153, 154 Hydroida a I Hydrotelphusa 253, 257, 258 Hygiops .. a aaa, Hypolobocera 253° 1 Iapyx .. 157 Tbla 3 145 | Idia pristis 2—5, 11 Idume 335 || plicata 335 Isometopinae 315 Issinae 318 Ithagenes cruentus 264. K {Kayania 334 volens 334 Kingsleya 253 L Labidostomis humeralis 206 Labyrinthici 45 138 Lafoéa fruticosa 8 gracillima sie | /BBEe var. benthophila 8 magna aS 5 serrata 3,9 Lafoéidae ree eS: {Lahoria a 59» 65 thortensis 59, OI, 03» 65 tLaspeyresia jaculatrix 219 Lates calcarifer 131 Lawana .. 325, 326 candida ee es exaltata 325 ytmodesta 326 optata 325 (Phyma) hyalina 326 Lebias punctatus 125 sophiae 125 Lecithocera itrinea .. 220 Ue ine a 220 Lema atkinsoni Page Lema bimaculata wen Od | coromandeliana zOd femorata 205 globicollis 203 impotens a zon: lacordairei So.) eu lateralis eet ezOd! lycaon san} 204: mandarensis 3 205 nigricollis ZO5 palpalis : ai 2x04! quadripunctata oie Oy. terminata 205 Lemuriana 317 apicalis S17, tconnexa ea ers iy Lepadidae 148, 213 Lepadocephalichthys g ountea sy aoe Lepas scalpellum eno Limnotelphusa 253, 258 Linguella we 24g qu adrilateralis 247 (Sancara) quadrilateralis 247 Liotelphusa 258, 260 + Lithocolletis conformis .. 226 Lollius ie 318 australicus 318 }pryeri 318 {t{Lombokia ae 323 yeveretti 323 Lophophorus impeyanus 266 sclateri 266 | Lophopinae 338 | Lophopodella at 41, ‘ga, 56 capensis 54 carteri 37, 54—50 thomasi we 54 Lophopus 373 40, 41, 54 | carteri an crystallinus a jheringi ob 54 lendenfeldi 41, 5d var. himalay- anus 55 Lophura ignita 267 rufa 267 Lutjanus johnii as 131 lioglossus .. 131 Lygaeidae 313 Lygosoma sikkimense 201 Lyonetia 230 Lytocarpus 13 os A annandalei 3, 15, 17 gracilicaulis Sonic pennarius 35) LS, UtA iLO philippinus 13035120 phoeniceus BOs med secundus zou gl M Macrobrachium 278, 280 Macrones aor 140 bleekeri var. ‘burmanicus 1 38 cavasius 137, 140 vittatus .. te 235 Mammalia ae Maotys guttifer ae venosus Margarya +Martesia delicatula Mantaccuihelas zebrinus ‘¢ Matla ’’ es pengalensis ” Melicharia ie luteimargo niveina quadrata tripars Merilia lunulata Mesothuria multipes Microlepidoptera Mimops orientalis Mindura alligata tconfusa interrupta . fsimiana Miopristis bimaculata ** Mocoa sacra ”’ Modiola evansi tjenkinsi Mogannia conica fmoultoni 195, 198 | 119, 120 138 t 82 | Rs 82 322, 323 Fy 322 322 Sue 322 322 206 | 100 217—232 Fea 166 166, 171 319 319 319, 320 320 320 206 201 36 36 317 317 317 Molpadia (Ankyroderma) musculus 101 musculus var. acutum 102 (Trochostoma) andaman- ensis IOI granulata 101 Molpadiidae Monopis dicycla ysertifera Monostaechas quadridens Mugil carinatus corsula cunnesius kelaartii klunzingeri oeur olivaceus seheli Mugilide Mus alexandrinus blanfordi decumanus hibernicus rattus vicerex Myliobatidae Myzomyia rossii N Naididae Naidium ate naidina ie 105, 106, 59, 64, 66, 70, 82, 233—235 97, 101 231 230 14 132 140 | 132 | EGY 132,530 136- 108, 113 113 135 189 189 65 aie 65 Nais 62, 64-66, 68—70, 233, 234, 239 Page Nais bretscheri : ee 235 communis 66, 235, 239, 240 *var. caeca Z22ERe226 var. punjabensis 235, 237: 239, 240 234, 236 235, 239, 240 var. punjabensis 66, 70, tpectinata variabilis 73, 234 + Nassa ariel 34 so ua Nemachilus St 183, 185 bampurensis bi eS kessleri .. Sh aey, tmackenziei 35 Tse) rubidipennis cess sargadensis 55 WAS savona .. 2S Neocatara ae Nia Siete! philippinensis ae 338 subdivisa So its {Neocromna a ES 20 bistriguttata 330 {Neodaksha an eazZS quadriguttata aa | See) Neomelicharia a Sf 3 sO calochroma 54 Sen conficita ois SGT consociata So EXO cruentata 330, 331 erubescens Sp SIO) marginalis 50) BSH ocellifera 50 Sign pustulata Bo BEL | Nephesa 56 ob, B32 albescens .. SD Bey amata a +. ddd amoena 2 ~. oa bistriguttata -- 330 bruinnea .. -- 332 calochroma So. Bel chlorospila .. -- 324 cicatricosa .. So Gt conficita .. 50 Bred consociata .. sc Gul) decolor Me 333, 334 deducta .. 50. ay gemmifera .. 55 Gail) grata 5 ee 332 intrusa a bo GBH) invasa ats e. dad longipennis .. 332 lutea ie 55) Beil marginalis .. 50) ari! monoleuca .. -. 324 obtusa ae a doo rectilinea .. me See rectimargo .. Hot 0332 rorida sie 332, 333 rosea 56 eens 32 roseigutta .. da Bowl tufilinea .. .. 334 tsandakanensis 55. SSE subjecta .. 4 is}) suffusa Bd a5 See: tripars Ac -. 322 truncaticornis -. 332 volens 56 .. 3834 Xil Page Spongilla (Euspongilla) proliferens 197 +(? Euspongilla) yuan ensis .. 197 philippinensis 197, 199 proliferens 199 +(? Stratospongilla) cog: inteeeee 198 jultima 31 y+yunnanensis 197, 198 Spongillidae 26 LOY, Squalius latus 127 | turcicus 126 | Squamipinnes : 131 +Stathmopoda anconias 223 Staurodoris oc 251 Stegomyia 30 18 7 189 fasciata .. 187, 189 Stegopoma 10 | Stephanella 5 1 ER) || Stolella ZOWRS) | indica 5 53 Stratospongilla 31 Symphyla 157 Synallactes aie : gI yanceps .. 89—9! Synallactidae ; 89, 90, 100 Synaptidae é LOZ Synaptura orientalis 132 Syrmaticus reevesi 271 Systomus alpinus 126 a Teleostei 137, 140 Telestes leucoides SQ LAS Telphusidae 50 253 Teras illepida ate 218 Tergipes ae 248 Teuthidae 131 Teuthis oramin 131 Thecocarpus 46 ey Therapon jarbua 131, 1355-130 puta bie 132, 035 quadrilineatus 131 Thordisa ah 250 : yannulata .. 247,-250 Thyroscyphus vitiensis 3, 7,8 Timyra dipsalea 220 toxastis 220 Tinea fuscipunctella .. 231 ynestoria 4 60 | Beh pachyspila 231 Tincidae 229 Tortricidae 218 Toxorhynchites 187 immisericors 187—190 Trachinidae 132, 136 Trachycormocephalus sen Los mirabilis... 164 Trachyuotus ovatus.. 132 Tragopan blythi 265 caboti 265 melanocephalus 265 satyra 264 Page Tragopan temmincki oe 265 Triacanthus brevirostris 136 Trichochrysea clypeata 200 vestita 211 Trichodactylinae Po, Avil, & 56, 261 Trichodactylus 55 253 fluviatilis 253 +Trichotaphe planata ene Triechphora cavata .. Be ii5) {Trophimaea 50 232 arenatella 232 Tropiduchidae 337 ?Tubipora repens 43, 45 | Tubularia fungosa .. me ce! Turnebus 31F Tylototriton verrucosus 19 U Ugyops _ Sei pictula 337 Umbrina macroptera 136 russellii 5 136 Uncinais (Ophidonais) uncinata 65 Uxantis ee So SSS consputa 335 plagiata 335 pyralis 33d semialbus 335 V Valdivia A 56 G3 Victorella bengalensis a ZOO Vultur monachus 81 WwW Wallago attu we on HKG) xX Xenophora pallida .. 60 HGS as +Yponomeuta temulentus 228 Ypsilothuria ate 97 Ypsolophus decusellus wie gee ianthes .. 223 Z Zelleria petrias are sje 220 K # . NY, ; eae sr Cae aa } ‘an eh ae At Pr r ie oe RL Tha oN ae, 2 rite eas ; Pier eR | Ki a y rent 4 ass ne Plt , } iy Shri! | ? 7. ip ney PA a ha eh zt Rene!) kgs : ¢ Pane agin ab 4 iit : ; J mia t Pre a) a PRICE : _ / abel , : foht : Re ULL VHA Diol 7 ly sf rit “en ‘ ut Cots Vid ’ / Pow ETE or} uli if . J voGg ut 3 he Fn { Mii oe pariah Md i : ‘ Hari line : a A OE ey | | 4 fy | ra ‘ ‘ Pilg) : ai) “ ‘ ' Fi ‘ 7 ah, , TTF 1? : 4 1 eterna | PP sei ; MBony ob} b s iL A) Oh MEALS Hay a _ ; ae r ~ , Henney! ry a <7 od : sh) ar - 7th 9 vi F Wor ae ; Psychodinae +Pteronotus annandalei Pterophoridae Ptilocerus fuscus ochraceus venosus Pucrasia macrolopha Purana yconspicua tigrina Pyloetis mimosae ophionota seminivora .. R yRana burkilli corrugata tigrina }+travancorica Rasbora daniconius .. Rathbunia Reduviidae Reptilia Rhynchobdellidae | Rhynchota Rhysida .. calcarata carinulata crassispina .. cuprea immarginata lithoboides .. longipes monticola nuda paucidens petersi rugulosa sp. | Ricania consentanea fenestrata yhewitti rosea | Ricaniinae Page Plumularia phoenicea ro secundaria 6 14 Plumularidae De By til Plutella maculipennis sen 220 Plutellidae 228 Poeciloptera acuminata 825 addita os oe bipunctata 329 calochroma B31 completa san ES, consociata 330 erubescens 330 extricata 332 luteimargo 322 niveina . 322 ocellifera aay OD, plana: .. 322 producta B29 rectimargo B32 rorida 33 suffusa .. . a2 umbrimargo es gos Pollicipedidae TAS m5) Pollicipes 145, 150 Polychaeta a 82 Polycheira (Chiridota) rufescens 103 Polynemidae Sa 131, 136 Polynemus plebeius .. tO tetradactylus WeMte i ZI6) Polyplectrum bicalcaratum - 274 eae ao Qype Polyzoa 37—57 197, 199 Pomacentrus sindensis oalea Potamiscus 257, 258 Potamocarcininae PAS. PAIS Potamocarcinus 253. 254 Potamon AIS, Divs Dinh, Ais (Geotelphusa) co AGH chilense 256 potamios 258 (Potamiscus) 20 | AIN7/ (Potamon) Pfc, PilSe) (Potamonautes) 5 257 Potamonautes eee ARI. 267, 258 Potamonidae 253—261 Potamoninae 253—260 | Pristina 62, Obpe7 On 3582 30n longiseta 233.0235 Pristipoma hasta TQsT eT ioe Onn Probopyrus Si KO) | Protankyra oe 102 | challengeri 102, 103 sluiteri 103 timida 103 Psettus argenteus 136 Pseudeutropuis garua 140 Pseudoclytra plagiata 206 | Pseudolema suturalis 206 Pseudorhombus arsius 132 Pseudotelphusa t Ba. Bash | Pseudotelphusinae 25 3, 255, 256, 260 Psiloscolopendra : = eELOO feae 169, I71 Psolus digitatus da OY Psychoda 143, 144 atrisquamis. 144 Psychodidae : I4I, 143 Rohtee belangeri cotio S Saccobranchus fossilis Sagra carbunculus femorata multipunctata Sagrinae .. Sancara quadrilateralis *Sapheneutis crocotricha I9I 315 123 138 337 , 167 La , 170 Bay fu p Leis 170 » 171 170 , 170 170 , I71 Be 168 163 319 339d 319 319 332 319 138 140 138 203 203 203 203 247 232 Scalpellum II5, 145, 148—150 acutum .. Bo iblsy.l bengalense 146, 147, I50, 153, 154 curiosum ie.) (AERO kampeni 153 laccadivicum 149, 150, 153 Page 7Scalpellum lambda 115, 116 longirostrum 154 rostratum aie MESS (Scalpellum) 115, 147, 149, 150 vulgare 150 (Smilium) II5, 145—155 acutum I51, 154 bengalense 151, - 153 peronii 150 scorpio 149 squamulifer- um PEO. TSE. sociabile Fee BAS squamuliferum 6, 147, 149—154 subflavum sey ae tAO velutinum ou aS Scaphiodon TOE el 2A 27, asmussi .. a D7 jbaluchiorum 124 capoéta .. 128 chebisiensis 127 gracilis .. 027, heratensis 127 irregularis 124 macrolepis 127 rostratus 127 socialis . 128 Scatophagus argus 131 Scelodonta dillwyni .. 211 indica 211 vittata ; 210 t{Schendylotis - 225 jchrysota 226 Schizothorax Ae 126 poelzami 127 rawlinsii 126 zaroudnyi 127 Sciaena albida 136 belengeri 131 cuja Sb) isa Sciaenidae 131, 136 Sciaenoides pama 140 Sclerodermi 136 Scolocryptops “e Be Gls broelemanni 166, 171 Scolopendra ‘ 164, 169 canidens -» 164 cingulata 165, 169—I7I gracillima 169, 170 indica 169, 171 morsitans 164, 169, 170 pinguis .. 169, I71 subspinipes 165, 169, 170, 172 var. dehaani' 165, 169, 172 var. hardwickei 166, : LGOy, 172 var. japonica 169 var. multidens 169 var. mutilans 169 var. spinosissima 169 valida 164, 169, 171 var. simonyi 169 Xi Page Scolopendrella ye) Scolopendridae 16I—172 Scombresocidae ae ERT p35 Scombridae sis) S)EBS2 Scopiastes 314 Scutigerella Se Ae Ly subunguiculata 157, 158 unguiculata 157, 158 *subsp. indica 158 {Scythris expolita 224 Sephena 334 albescens 335 consentanea 335 obtusa Ve, BOSS rufilinea 333, 334 rufomarginata 36 GB: spargula 334 subjecta 335 Serbana 313 borneensis 313 Serranus diacanthus 131 lanceolatus WL Sertularella polyzonias fe) var. cor- nuta 3, 9, I0, I5 var. graci- lis IO Var; to- busta .. II tricuspidata ac 2 | Sertularia mutulata .. ay 2 penunaria .. ei a) secundaria x 14 Sertularidae So Sin Sialoscarta 201 1338 cavata 338 concinna.. 338 krugeri Be, 645 Sillago sihama 132, 136 Silundia gangetica LAO Siluridae-. EZ Og TS Tis mkt Si yalh 3 7. 140 Simaethis fabriciana 226 orthogona 226 Siphothuria 97 tSkapana 315 jtypica 316 Slavina 62, 66 Solea sq. URS cyanea ae SUR'S elongata 3/1233 heterorhina 50. GSS: indica : 133 oculus sel 34. ovata el ss fsindensis 132, 133 umbratilis ao. Lge Sparidae E30, 135 Sphyraena jello 5O GZ Sphyraenidae en Spirochona 245 Spongilla Be Se bombayensis see ol carteri 233—235 clementis .. Bi LOO tcoggini 198, 199 Vili Page tNepticula oritis 229 Nodostoma concinnicolle 210 plagiosum 210 variabile 210 Nothris malacodes oe 223 Notopteridae oO 134, 138 Notopterus kapirat . 134, 138 Nuria danrica var. alta eka O Obelia 5 Ocnus ye. 96 Oecophoridae 224 Oligochaeta s9— 77, 82, 233, 239 +Oligophlebia amalleuta 219 Onebala agnatella 221 t+Opeas innocens 3 ayes Ophiocephalidae 128, 135, 138 Ophiocephalus gachua 127, 128 marulius 138 punctatus 3 238 striatus 135 Ophioglypha cle os clemens 84, 85 tpodica 83, 85 scutata 84, 85 y;Opogona chalinota .. » 230 flavofasciata 230 ;percnodes Ae BE0) +Opostega greeny ls 229 Ormenis .. 323 t?baramia .. 322 deducta 322 obtusa 323 Orthostoma 253 Oryxalen BGs GBP truncata Cy, sil || tOryxana 320 | lutea B21 subacuta .. Tees ZO Osteogeniosus militaris 135, 136, Igo Ostrea lentiginosa 56 Otocryptops : 166, 170 melanostomus 166, 170 var. cele- bensis 166 rubiginosus 166, 170, 171 Otolithus ruber See TEST Otostigmus ¥5 161, 167 aculeatus 167, 170 asper 167, 170 astenus . 167, 170 carinatus Fe 1 OX var.insulare 162 ceylonicus 167, I71 feae 167, 171 geophilinus 167, 170 insularis LO2 107 yr 70 longicornis 167, 170 metallicus LO MU AL morsitans 167, 171 multidens 167, 170 nemorensis 167, 170 niaseusis 167, 170 nudus 1075, 178 Page Otostigmus orientalis 167, 171 oweni 167, 171 politus 161, 167, 170 punctiventer 167, 170 rufriceps 167, 171 rugulosus 162, 167, 171 scaber 167, 171 sp. a) LOZ spinosus 167, 170 splendens 167, 171 sucki 167, 170 sumatranus 167, 170 tOxyptilus praedator Pa Zit vaughani 217 Oziotelphusa 260 P Pachnephorus bretinghami 212 Pagria kanaraensis 210 Pagrus spinifer : ve SE Palaemon 277— 280, 282, 287, 293, 296 alcocki 277, 291, 293. altifrons 296 brevimanus 56 29/7 carcinus 277, 281, 283, 285, 287, 295 coromandelianus Be yh danae O0 283, 284 dolichodactylus 280, 300, 301 fdubius 279, 280, 300, 301 idae 278, 279, 285—287, 289—292 lamarrei 301, 302 lanceifrons 287, 288 lar ‘ 290 malcolmsonii 279, 280; 283—285, et Bae mossambicus multidens .. ise +nobilii 295 petersii 300 potiuna .. esO2 rudis 277; 27855280" 291, 293, 295 scabriculus 278—280, 296, 298, 300, 301 tsulcatus .. 289, 292 sundaicus.. 285, 287289 tranquebaricus 277 weberi 284 ;Pandora perangusta 120 Pangasius buchanani 140 _ Paracryptops =e OG | weberi 166, 170 | {Paradaksha bie aS 7/ +meeki 327 | Paranais : 65 littoralis 65 Parapalaemon 50 | SS Parapotamon sie 257, 258 endymion 50 | SKS spinescens 258 Paratella oe 333 amata ee 333 Page Paratella decolor 333 intacta 333 invasa 333 iodipennis 333 subcincta .. 56 gS . umbrimargo 333, 334 Paratelphusa : 253, 254, 260 (Barytelphusa) 2) 200 blanfordi ee 250 (Globitelphusa) 260 (Liotelphusa) 260 (Oziotelphusa) 260 (Paratelphusa) 96 BESO (Phricotelphusa) 260 tridentata so | BEE Paratelphusinae 254, 255 Pavo cristatus 55) Bye muticus os 30, 7S ‘* nigripennis ”” 5 BIE Pectinatella ets 41, 54, 56 burmanica ahs 56 carterl) =: 237) DD davenporti ue OD gelatinosa 56 magnifica yee) 165 Pelopatides oe ote 95 confundens ox 95 ;dissidens 89, 94, 95 gelatinosus 5 mammillatus oe 95 mollis .. set 05 verrucosus 34 100 Penaeus ae 56) UG Pentatomidae sey | Percidae ; 135, 138 {Periacma ? tmnemonica 224 | Pericoma 143, 144 Periophthalmus koelreuteri onepbaz Periplaneta americana -. 202 Peritelphusa PAE also) | Peronea divisana eS Phalonia manniana .. sq PLY Phaloniadae Sanee ety Phasianus colchicus ao a 270 elegans... 4 P77 principalis komarowi | 270 principalis 270 shawi ; 270 soemmerrtingi scintillans 271 torquatus ct Oe/il Phlebotominae : I4I, 142 Phlebotomus ai og | WAS Phloeinae e: ba) SiS! Phricotelphusa 260 gageli 55. AGE Phromnia a eS | flaccida .. 56 82 floccosa .. aie, ESR hamifera .. -. 321 montivaga 50) Be pallida .. 5h, BU parmata .. a6 SU rubescens Serer an Phycodes minor 5) BE Phylactolaemata 37—57 Phyllidiidae 55) BLN Phyllyphanta 329, 330 Page *Phyllyphanta albidosparsa 329 producta 329 sinensis ce OY) Rhyinayeer ts .. 825 divisa a be Brey optata .. 329 tPhymoides BZOms27; yatromaculatus .. 327 | yrubromaculatus 326, 327 Physostomi a i, WES Ta Plagusia Ae seo) 234! bilineata .. ren hd: marmorata .. so) TL S¥l fobscura eG Ye Tayi Platycephalus insidiator 4 Use Platydoris 250 Platyptilia gonodactyla iy) Platytelphusa AB. Abi, QA Plectognathi ae xo EID) tPlectotropis biggiei se SS ptychostyla ant esi6} Pleurobranchaea ag ys morula 247 Pleurobranchus 2A, Pleuronectidae 130, 132 Pleurophyllidia 247 Plumatella 37: 40—42, 53, 54 allmani 43, 48, 49 var. diffusa .. 42 var. dumortieri 42 bombayensis 43, 50—52 coralloides 42, 45, 46, 48 diffusa 48, 49 dumortieri 48, 49 elegans .. 49 emarginata Ba. "42, 43, 47—50 var. javanica 50 fruticosa 42—46, 48 fungosa site Ee javanica 37, 42, 50, (?) 199 philippinensis 37, 50—52 polymorpha BEE var. caespi- tosa .. 49 var. fungosa 44, 45 princeps var. emargin- ata 47, 48 var. fruticosa 4, 46 var. muscosa 48 42— 44, 52, 53 var. densa 52, 53 var. prostrata 52, , 53 repens 37, 43—46, 49, 49, 52 var. fungosa 44, 45, punctata 4 stricta 37, 40, 46 tanganyikae 50, 51 | Plumatellidae a 38, 39 Plumatellinae eee? | Plumularia os 14 campanula var. 55D catharina Ne 14 var. 3¢ 13: fatta Abita ry. “oh abptae wt) By ee , 3 ane ¢ iv’ ire Bees ar Wea! ee aa jm oA se Wy, eh” an Hy Y odonmithe! cana ee . “ Ok ee Fatieattn ie ee, eee aaa » i A aos : ina im Len dyin r Se el tah ails to arse hs id a iis & 2 OA ey Sh te Mean y aves Perio Oe aes a , : what yaa ‘ OAS RDG a “mea bare i i ane Wo een iD alt ) o0e: Sie ee } Hae ie With be a! + 7 akin eM . eth } eit rm ; > 9 er ie ' d Omen MAL KONO S, Ma Late aie ve eee fam eee A a ia MSU Osun sAltbimers * ¥ : : y is if al ' ae } ; e 1 i , Mid iA Ch th] we MA, ESE) Oe hte PLT a re hoe , hy WEG NID 16 ih My Urb ant: dat rent in), y eed V1 a : ad PAY i hh eee ae titel ; ; i \ ae 5 al : , , ac , a - eo bg bidhitonit oi) ny \ i ‘ 4 : A vs Fiat i‘ ‘ i ff Peete ott, eA ve : 7 + ‘ rixtes 4 if tk * i r el ik § af } . a : Bint 4 , ‘eran i i S 1 rm i ' ; r ik oP \ * f; iit “4 “ | f q ‘ { i Ne 9 + r Li 1 Gy wT 1 t x } ia} ‘ ‘ <7 5 ORY " < i Ud Chek? . i Pat me iG ' : ‘ ae i : : ae ‘ yi a Wrote rcuLe rice’ is) Wiihis ye \ j ; n D ‘ vi ¥ i < Oy Pie i i rue | . ; 2 4 eatin whOY 1 las { ¢ ode recat, Be afi err e ae J ‘ Ff i x f ; a iy eb ' i w4 P i sS bs) ake Laat Bal are cy i ’ a ie ¥ ¥ r . y q R Pverdt iit ou A ¥ ‘i _ 4 Hy 7 lkoes iL : V j ea : ity Lag nf : a a yes we vO er 0 UA fae oe) ey Ly Vt / t if ‘ b y Fi ¢ ¢ De ; r : > “Ww } % & : - 7 ; Voneh va 7 arallay hing 5 Vee os ’ fan t i ; 5 ics ; bey ty Maye I en é ap Ravew toe ; > Jai ONG i ay, ; ae / ; > rf ce t Ox d oe Pte } ae to ae vy y eR WL i 2 \ Ute. p Brhuctne 1 t ¢ 4 ’ » * a) i a ota f &oi 4 tend Wi! : : nos tr n inte ; tii) hia es % : i ; ; rae Ot a) Ane f . itl t a" bE , " Hox ‘ i \ t ae _ iL foe kinh- oY DROUDS OF: THE-INDIAN MUSEUM. I.—THE DEEP-SEA COLLECTION. By JaMes Rircuie, M.A., B.Sc., Natural History Department, The Royal Scottish Museum. WAT Or TA oe ERRATA. Page 47, line 23. For ‘‘ defected’’ read ‘“‘ defective.”’ mae FE 2. de. Por.” vertical = read“ hoxizoutals . Mit as tees SE ene Along with the deep water species I have recorded a few specimens, chiefly from the neighbourhood of the Andaman Islands, regarding which no indication as to the depth at which they were obtained was given. But it appeared more fitting, since they be- long to the same series of collections as the deep Andaman speci- mens, to consider them here rather than with the shallow water forms. GENERAL NOTES ON THE COLLECTION. Morphological.—Under this head little of special interest has to be recorded. I must note, however, the occurrence, in the only species of A glaophenia found in the collection, of a peculiar and distinctive gonosome. Thisappears to be a modified type of cor- bula in which the protective leaflets, which are arranged in two tiers, bristle outwards from the body of the gonosome, while the gonangia are covered in and protected by delicate plates of chitin (See p16, pl. iv, fg.7). Oe ae ie wohl oe OP MIO Cane). BEN ae, a + tips i ‘palatial ei on . Ree bp Miners \ ae ; ©>\ She ) TRG Eg ean ae MeaBiiviioe ah haat rye ay Pk ey Dee albiisia fae ne Wwe a aR meg ‘ipymlth! ; ra rr ee, ES Mba vie} ti: hs ee sey bY ta Lod a es Ren ‘yee a 2hislaah cash aise Mens fo # ta neh - ; \ Se ; yy é ve hia a Wa, fi i . ¥ PPC dy) ; “fe 4 PCAN AST GF Deval Vale een ' as a < % ’ ye | i 5 . y ‘4 a! - ay : thy: ay : rau wa - vil ‘VJ i! i F vy a ¢ f THEE ets ate eae eee ! : y ae / wiy A is ; f ni vt a A ‘ a Beet Y i ‘ t Lbs te Y 1 .* bia , eee SAF R iC} iY, i ag ae ‘ | hia ) ip HES M Rf sa ‘ ‘ J ae J " ‘ P Se Chee Ge : ue ther ide ya y | ee Ree: (eer RA Beene mae. TEE bese SU Ratha aOR ds * 3 i hah 6 ee ie ‘geaninnea a ; Ta Misc Repro kort, | eh otek Ly af Ae ee 7 Seat OAS ion 5 + "Bs ir Di NEHA ; . ‘ is wy ‘ . an os : fi 02; \ Sas a FSSC UG OL &. f 5 és } own ean ks Navini bs MAME a ; ; wt he Vom SPL ie ee i) AL Bre Oh eh | Md = : Soy al eu lee. 4 iS bits ; wy WIL POIER A Dinos eke : ad Mabe ene ay DR ODS OF. LTH BslIN DIAN MUSEUM. I.—THE DEEP-SEA COLLECTION. By James Rircute, M.A., B.Sc., Natural History Department, The Royal Scottish Museum. INTRODUCTORY. This paper contains a first instalment of the description of the extensive collection of Indo-Malayan Hydroids in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. To the Trustees of the Museum, represented by Dr. Nelson Annandale, Superintendent of the Museum, I desire to tender my thanks for his kindness in entrusting to me the identification of the collection. Notwithstanding the unadvisedness of adopting a bathymetri- cal line of demarcation in dealing with so mobile a group as the Hydroida, in which many species occur at exceedingly variable depths, this instalment confines itself to those forms which have been found in the deeper waters of the Indian seas, and for these reasons: Few littoral specimens were present in the collections received from the Indian Museum, and it is deemed better to leave over the description of such forms until additional shore and estua- rine collecting—undertaken by Dr. Annandale—shall have made this section of the collection more representative. On the other hand the deep-sea collection seems to be already fairly complete. Along with the deep water species I have recorded a few specimens, chiefly from the neighbourhood of the Andaman Islands, regarding which no indication as to the depth at which they were obtained was given. But it appeared more fitting, since they be- long to the same series of collections as the deep Andaman speci- mens, to consider them here rather than with the shallow water forms. GENERAL NOTES ON THE COLLECTION. Morphological.Under this head little of special interest has to be recorded. I must note, however, the occurrence, in the only species of A glaophenia found in the collection, of a peculiar and distinctive gonosome. Thisappears to be a modified type of cor- bula in which the protective leaflets, which are arranged in two tiers, bristle outwards from the body of the gonosome, while the sonangia are covered in and protected by delicate plates of chitin (see p. 16, pl. iv, fig. 7). 2 Records of the Indian Museum. [Verve Notice has been taken of the more patent minimal variations which occur in the various forms, in the hope that the more stable defining of species may be thus forwarded. In describing the parts of the Plumularidz I have adopted in addition to the general term ‘ nematophore,’ originally used to signifv the organ as a whole, the Hincksian names sarcotheca and sarcostyle to differentiate the chitinous protection from its fleshy content. Since ‘ nematophore’ has been and still is used in the wide sense indicated above, it seems to me impracticable to restrict its meaning to the perisarc of the organ only, as advo- cated by Nutting (1900, p. 13), in spite of the fact that it has been loosely used in this way by systematists. There is the less reason to regret the impossibility, on account of the inappropriateness of the name as applied to a chitinous protection. Nor does it seem wise to complicate the terminology of the subject by the introduction of such terms as nematotheca and dactylothéque for a portion already sufficiently and excellently designated sarcotheca. Distribution.—From the bathymetrical point of view the col- lection is interesting as indicating for the first time the aspect of the Hydroid fauna of the deeper Indian waters. ”) length of ‘* horns 0°22 >) LOCALITIES: (a) Andaman Islands; depth 490 fathoms; Reg. No. 64/7 ; (b) 8 miles west of Interview Island, Andaman Islands ; depth 270—45 fathoms. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Distribution.—W orld-wide, but although the species has been recorded from the Red Sea (Kirchenp., 1884), from off Australia (Bale, 1884), and from Natal (Warren, 1908), it has not hitherto been found in Indian seas. Idia pristis, Lamouroux. PAmourouxs -j.0 Nik IOrO a diameter of aperture from side to side a a OT we Gonangium, length 3 oe, 3h OH Gy h es = maximum diameter 5 O27 1 This species has been named in honour of Miss Laura R. Thornely whose paper on the Hydroids collected by Professor W. A. Herdman off Ceylon has added much to our knowledge of the Indian members of the group. 14 Records of the Indian Museum. [MOEsaE A form of D. mutulata was figured by Miss Thornely (1904, pl. ii, figs. 64, 6B, p. 118), and was described as having hydrothecee which are ‘‘ smaller and less prominent [than on other D. mutulata specimens] and sometimes sub-alternate, and the gonothece on these have only a few spines near the top and are of smaller size.’’ This form appears to me to belong to the species described above. Miss Thornely’s specimens were found in the neighbourhood of Ceylon. LOcaLity : Growing on the root-like masses at the base of Lytocarpus pennarius, Andaman Islands. Collected by J. Wood- Mason. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Family PLUMULARID. Antenella secundaria (Linueeus). Linneus, C., 1788-1793, p. 38543; as Sertularia secundaria. Pictet, C., and Bedot, M., 1900, p. 27, pl. vi, fig. 7; as Plumu- laria secundaria. Only a few small colonies of this species occur in the collection. The characteristic minute sarcotheca which lies in the angle behind the hydrotheca is clearly present; the architecture differs in no detail from that of Atlantic specimens of this well-known species. No gonangia are present. It is not without considerable hesitation that I have transferred this well-known species from Plumularia to Allman’s genus, 4A xte- nella. But, while it seems absurd to place in distinct genera, forms the minute structures of which are so similar as are those of Plumularia catharina and Antenella secundaria, yet it is sufficiently clear that the simple hydroclade-stem is characteristic of a consider- able number of species, and therefore as a matter of systematic con- venience it appears reasonable that Antenella should be retained as a separate genus, or at least as a sub-genus of Plumularia, until the classification of the EKleutheroplean Plumularians has been placed on a basis more satisfactory than that which at present holds. Recent synonyms.—I am unable to find any character in Dr. E. Warren’s description and figures of Antenella natalensis, Warren (1908, p. 318), which could separate it from the Linnean species recorded above. A. natalensis is obviously a synonym of 4. secun- daria, In 1904 Miss Thornely described from Indian seas specimens of Antenella gracilis, Allman (1877), which ‘‘ resemble the branches of M[onostechas| quadridens exactly ’’ (p. 121). ‘These specimens, through the kindness of Miss Thornely and Professor W. A. Herdman, I have been allowed to examine. They differ from 4. gracilis, as described and figured by Allman, in possessing an exceedingly minute postcalycine sarcotheca, while in Allman’s species the superior median sarcotheca not only does not lie exactly in the angle between hydrotheca and internode, but it is equal in size to 1g10.! J. RitcHiE: Hydrotds of the Indian Museum. 15 the other median sarcothece. The specimens are examples of Antenella secundaria, not of A. gracilis. Locality: Climbing over Sertularella polyzonias var. cornuta, from 8 miles west of Interview Island, Andaman Islands; depth 270—45 fathoms. Distribution.—A. secundaria is a widely distributed though rather uncommon species, recorded from the Mediterranean Sea (Heller, 1868; Mark.-Turner., 1890); from the Atlantic Ocean. southwards from the shores of Britain (Hincks, 1868, as Plumularia catharina var.), and the Bay of Biscay (Pictet and Bedot, 1900; Billard, 1907 (1)) to the Azores (Billard, 1907), Madeira (Jaderholm, 1903), the north-west coast of Africa, and the Cape Verde Islands (Billard, 1907(1) ). Outside the Atlantic area it has been found in Indo-Pacific seas, from Natal (Warren, 1908, as A. natalensis), Ceylon (Thornely, 1904, as A. gracilis), Andaman Islands (present record), the Moluccas (Pictet, 1893), from Bass’ Strait and Williams- town in Australia (Busk, 1852, and Bale, 1884, as Plumularia campanula var.'), and from Japan (Stechow, 1907 and rgo0Q) Aglaophenia septata,’ Ritchie. (Piviv.. figs.6, 7.) Ripenie J. 1g0o.(2) 9p. 520. A single imperfect colony, 65 mm. high, with a straight, fas- cicled. unbranched stem, was obtained at a great depth near the Andamans. ‘The anterior tube of the fascicle is alone divided into internodes, which are separated by faint nodes, are of uniform lengths, and bear each a process upon which a hydroclade is set. The hydroclades are biserial, lying in two planes which meet at an acute angle on the anterior side of the stem. ‘They are alter- nate, project from the stem at an angle of 40°—45°, and are about 8 mm. long (the longest being 11 mm.). The hydroclades are divi- ded into regular thecate internodes each of which is partitioned by numerous strongly marked septa. Four septa generally spring from the posterior wall of the hydrotheca: a small one near the base of the supracalycine sarcothecee, two from the middle of the hydrotheca, and the fourth from a postero-basal position. In addition, three project from the anterior wall of the internode proximal to the hydrotheca : of these the distal is very characteris- tic for it is tilted upwards, and, as in Lytocarpus annandalei of this report, traverses the base of the median sarcotheca, cutting off its cavity from that of the internode, but for a hole which allows of the passage of the ccenosarc. The hydrothecee are rather distant, almost triangular in lat- eral aspect, very narrow at their base, and widening greatly towards 1 The identification of P. campanula var. with the above species is due to the researches of Dr. Billard who has examined Busk’s type specimens in the British Museum (Billard, 1909). 2 Septata—referring to the specific characters shown by the number and atrangement of the internodal septa. 16 Records of the Indian Museum. [Worsaiy the top. The margin has a prominent anterior tooth flanked by four distinct sinuations on each side. No intrathecal ridge exists, but the posterior wall bends inwards forming a rectangular bracket just above the base of the hydrotheca. The supracalycine sarco- thecee are large, almost cylindrical in shape, with a wide aperture, and an internal ridge projecting from a fold in their posterior wall. They slightly overtop the margin of the hydrotheca. ‘The mesial sarcotheca is short, only-about two-fifths the length of the anterior profile cf the hydrotheca, to which it is altogether adnate except. for a. spout-like tip. Its cavity is interrupted by two processes : a button of chitin projects into it from the wall of the hydrotheca a short distance before the sarcotheca becomes free, and a septum, already described in connection with the internodal ridges, trav- erses its proximal end. Three cauline sarcothecee occur on each stem internode. Two of these are large, resembling the mesial sarcotheca in shape, and have a posterior internal ridge: the first lies on the anterior and near the proximal end of the internode, the other lies on that side of the hydroclade-bearing process which faces the centre of the stem, while the third sarcotheca is a mere perforation with slightly raised lips on the anterior of the process itself. Gonosome.—Attached to the colony itself there occurred no reproductive body, but, entangled amongst the fibres at its base, a kind of corbula was found. This, in all probability, was really part of the colony, for no other Plumularian was contained in the same bottle, nor, in fact, were other Plumularians dredged at the same station. I shall describe it here on the supposition that gono- some and trophosome are one, a supposition which the similarity of their minute structures makes a virtual certainty. The main body of this peculiar type of corbula consists of a hollow cigar-shaped portion within which lie six spherical reproduc- tive masses in varying stages of development. Along the sides of this cylinder run two tiers of protective leaflets. Both the rows in the lower tier contain about Io narrow, tubular leaflets armed with up to 16 or 18 nematophores, arranged biserially. In the two higher rows 8 or 9 leaflets are present, but they are more strongly developed and more irregular in shape than the others, frequently broadening out into leaf-like form. They, too, bear marginal nematophores but the biserial arrangement is less definite and the position of the sarcothecee less regular. In structure the sar- cothecee correspond exactly to those which occur on the stem internodes. All the leaflets stand away from the gonangia-bearing cylinder, and all are recurved, those of the upper tier more markedly than those of the lower. The lower surface of the cylinder, that is, the part corresponding to the keel of a typical corbula, bears longi- tudinal chitinous ridges—prolongations of the bases of the lower leaflets. On the upper side the gonangia are protected by delicate plates of chitin, some of which arise between the bases of the leaflets of the upper tier and bend inwards over the gonangia, while others 1g10.] J. Rrrenie: AHydvords of the Indian Museum. rz project from chitinous ridges stretching across the top of the cylin- der from the bases of the leaflets. Measurements. Tube of fascicle, diameter oe aon 0 240727, mim. Stem internode, length .. 7 aw OF 552 0:03) 45, ie diameter ee ert 7—- Ol EOos. Hydroclade internode, length .. 22 0:03-0:04. 3 Hydrotheca, depth i se .« 0°390—0°43__,, 2 diameter at mouth .. me FO125—O125: 75 ‘““ Corbula,’’ length is rs e 4 a s greatest diameter .. a O50), 4; Locauity : Andaman Islands ; depth 490 fathoms. Reg. No. 64/7. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. While the general aspect of this species approaches that of Thecocarpus, I have placed it in the genus Aglaophenia on account of the gonosome, the protecting portions of which form a structure resembling a complex, open corbula, from the bases of the leaflets of which hydrothece are absent. By the gonosome and by the shape and positions of the inter- nodal septa in the hydroclades, together with the shape of the hy- drotheca, this species may be distinguished from the other members of the genus. Lytocarpus annandalet,! Ritchie. (Pl. iv, figs. 8—ro.) Ritehe, J. 1909 (2), -p: 527: This species is formed for a single colony obtained at one of the deepest stations from which the ‘‘ Investigator ’’ obtained Hydroids. The colony, which is of a very dark brown colour, is unbranched, 63 mm. in height, with a rigid stem which is fascicled for its whole length, and is traversed by several pale constrictions slanting from behind downwards and forwards—such as occur in the species of Thecocarpus. Only the anterior tube, which does not possess nodes, bears hydroclades. ‘These rest upon a short process from the stem, are close-set (separated by 0°5 mm.), alter- nate, and are divided into regular thecate internodes. The hydrothece are closely approximated, deep, and rudely ovate in outline. Their aperture faces upwards and outwards, at an angle of about 45° with the stem ; their profile is convex in the lower half, concave in the upper, while their margin bears a single prominent anterior tooth, and on each side four sinuations, of which 1 I have pleasure in naming this species after Dr. Nelson Annandale, Superintendent of the Indian Museum, whose enthusiasm has done much for the advancement of our knowledge of the Invertebrate Zoology of India. 18 Records of the Indian Museum. [Verve those second from the anterior tooth are somewhat larger than the others. The mesial sarcotheca is large, adnate for more than half the height of the hydrotheca, but with a scoop-shaped extremity free. The supracalycine sarcothecee are very large, reach just above the margin of the hydrotheca, and possess a huge aperture. They are cylindrical in shape but for a constriction about midway, which is associated with an internal ridge traversing part of their cavity from the posterior wall. The intrathecal ridge is little evident. Where present it is short, and projects into the lumen of the hydrotheca from a knob of chitin which terminates an angular in-bending of the posterior wall, situated a short distance above the floor of the cavity. The bases of the two sides of the angle are marked by well-defined ridges projecting from the posterior of the hydrotheca into the cavity of the internode, while a third posterior ridge arises just above the bases of the supracalycine sarcothecee. Another shorter ridge projects backwards into the proximal portion of the internode from its anterior wall. Two important and _ characteristic chitinous thickenings are associated with the mesial nematophore: one is a simple knob, projecting forwards from the hydrotheca wall into the nematophore cavity near its mid point, the other is a sinuous septum traversing the base of the sarcotheca and isolating its cavity from that of the internode, except for a small opening through which the sarcostyle passes. Occasionally from the convex surface of this hook-like septum a small chitinous ridge projects backwards (see lower hydrotheca, pl. iv, fig. 9). Two large scoop- shaped sarcothecee lie on the hydroclade-bear- ing tube at the base of each hydroclade, one proximal to the process on which the hydroclade rests, the other supero-lateral, on the side of the process which faces inwards. The process itself bears a small, anterior, tubular sarcotheca. Gonosome.—A few structures, apparently phylactocarps, are present, although unfortunately they are immature, or have lost their gonangia. They replace hydroclades on the lower portion of the stem, and are obviously morphological modifications of these, for they are divided into internodes each of which bears three regularly-arranged, scoop-shaped sarcothecee—one median and proximal, the others lateral and distal, in a pair (pl. iv, fig. 10). Each internode corresponds to a thecate internode, without the hydrotheca. No hydrotheca occurs on the proximal internode of the phylactocarp. No gonangia are present, but, as in other species, they no doubt assume the positions of the missing hydrothece. Measurements. Hydroclade-bearing tube, diameter .. 0°21 mm. Hydrocladial internode, length it AOBS sti, Hydrotheca, depth .. Vee ORO aiys diameter at mouth i nO2e Phylactocarp, length of internodes .. 0°27 rg10.]. J. Rrrcenie: HAydrotds of the Indian Museum. 19 Locatity: R.I.M.S. ‘‘ Investigator ’’ Station 241, lat. 10° 12’ N., long. 92° 20’ 30” E., between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; depth 606 fathoms. This is a very well-defined species, easily distinguished by the peculiar arrangement of its internodal ridges, by its large sarcothece, and by the sinuous margin of its hydrothece. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Lytocarpus pennarius (Linnzeus). (Bissiy sie. 11.) Linneeus, C., 1758, p. 813; as Sertularia pennana. Allman, J. G., 1883, p. 42, pl. xiv; as L. secundus, Kirchen- pauer.! This species is represented by a solitary much-weathered colony 56 cm. long, with a large basal mass of matted rhizoids ; and by a few unattached branches. While the specimens agree with Allman’s description, the following additional observations have been made. ‘The hydroclades spring alternately from the anterior tube of the fascicle, and sometimes reach a length of 18 mm., three times the recorded length of those in the ‘‘ Challenger ’’ collection. The hydroclade-bearing process is accompanied by three large, scoop-shaped sarcothecee, two of which are anterior— one on the process, the other proximal to it—while the third lies on the inner side of the angle between process and stem. The hydrothece agree closely with the description of Mark- tanner-Turneretscher (1890, p. 273). The margin bears a promi- nent anterior tooth, and about four indefinite sinuations on each side. The intrathecal ridge is short, slants upwards, and often terminates in a prominent knob, while the internodal ridges are much more insignificant than those in Allman’s figures. The mesial sarcotheca is adnate for little more than half the height of the hydrotheca and a connection exists between the distal portion of its cavity and that of the hydrotheca. The supracalycine sar- cothecze are asymmetrical, that on the side of the hydrotheca facing inwards towards the centre of the stem being very large and bowl- shaped, while the other has a diameter scarcely half that of its fellow (pl. iv, fig. 11). This difference may in part account for the discrepancy between the sizes of the sarcothecee as figured by Kirchenpauer (1872) and by Allman, the latter having figured the hydrotheca from the stem side, the former from the opposite. Not- withstanding, however, the hydrothece of our specimens, as did those of Marktanner-Turneretscher, agree more closely with Kir- chenpauer’s diagnosis of Aglaophenia crispata than with that of A. secunda, to which Allman referred his specimens. 1 The identity of the ‘‘ Challenger ’’ specimens with the Linnean species bas been established by Billard (1908, p. 3) after comparison of the former with the Linnean type specimen in the British Museum. 20 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vorsvs A few branches of a specimen also occur in the collection in an unlabelled bottle. The hydrothecz of these differ from those described above in being slightly more closely approximated, in possessing more distinct internodal and intrathecal ridges, larger cauline sarcothecee, a longer mesial sarcotheca jutting out more strongly from the hydrotheca, and a margin rising into a broad lobe on each side. They differ also somewhat in size,—see table below. The branches bear phylactocarps with sometimes as many as I4 nematoclades. The gonangia spring from near the bases of the nematoclades and are broadly ovate. Measurements. Andamans Unlabelled specimen. fragments. Hydroclade internodes, length .. | 0°28 mm. 0°22 mm. Hydrotheca, depth as SE Ot Oe & diameter at mouth | OPES & Se = Oe ee Gonangium, length ‘< ue OrOu are ts greatest diameter .. Pa OAC & | Locanity : Andaman Islands (collected by J. Wocd-Mason, Marine Survey). Distribution.—A distinctively Indo-Pacific species ; recorded from the South Sea, China Sea, Pelew Islands, by Kirchenpauer (1872) ; from the Philippine Islands by Allman (loc. cit.), from Singapore by Marktanner-Turneretscher (loc. cit.), and now from Indian waters. Lytocarpus philippinus (Kirchenpauer). Kirchenpauer, G. H., 1872, pp. 20, 45, pls. i, ii, vii, fig. 26; as Aglaophenia philip pina. Nutting. ©. C... 1900)p122 pl, soca figs. A= =7- A specimen in fragmentary condition represents this species. The minute structures are altogether similar to those of previous descriptions, but there is considerable variation in insignificant details. Thus while the lateral margin is, more generally perhaps, a single large lobe, as in Marktanner-Turneretscher’s figure of a specimen from the Red Sea (1890, pl. vi, fig. 15), sometimes it is divided into two distinct waves as in a Madagascar specimen figured by Billard (1907, fig. 18, p. 377). There. are also considerable differences in the size of the embayment which separates the anterior tooth of the hydrotheca from the median sarcotheca. 1910.] J. Rrveure: Aydroids of the Indian Museum. 21 Measurements. Hydrocladial internode, length .. ae 0°27 mm. Hydrotheca, width of lower portion .. o'10—o'I3 ,, 5 re Oth =>... bie OVER. he Mesial sarcotheca, length rs. OP 7ian s et ye DOL thee poRtion! OOSm —- Supracalycine sarcotheca, length st Oulrg-t LocaALity: Karachi. Specimen from Karachi Museum. Reg. No. 8210/9. Distribution.—The geographical range of this species is extra- ordinarily wide for a form so large—one, therefore, unlikely to be transported readily from one locality to another far distant. It has been found in the South Pacific Ocean, amongst the Society Islands (Tahiti; Jaderholm, 1903). Thence it spreads along the east coast of Australia (Pt. Stephens, Pt. Denison, Moreton Bay ; Bale, 1884, 1888) through Torres Straits (Kirkpatrick, 1890) to the East Indies (Pictet, 1893; Weltner, 1900) and South China Sea (Kirchenpauer, 1872). In the Indian Ocean it has occurred off Karachi (Jaderholm, /.c.; and present record), and off the African coast in the neighbour- hood of Madagascar (Billard, 1907 (2)). Ranging thence through the Red Sea (Mark.-Turner., 1890 ; Thornely, r908) and the Medi- terranean (Mark.-Turn., /.c.) it finally makes its appearance in the Atlantic, in the northern portion of which it has been recorded from Panama, Jamaica (Nutting, 1900), and Bermuda Islands (Congdon, 1907), and in the southern from Bahia (Nutting, /.c.). Lytocarpus pheniceus (Busk). Busk, G., 1852, vol. i, p. 398; as Plumularia phenicea. Bale, W. M., 1884, p. 159, pl. xv, figs. I—5 ; pl. xvii, figs. r—4; pl. xix, fig. 31; as Aglaophenia phenicea. A magnificent example of this species, 19 em. high, with a spread of 10 cm., was obtained in deep water off Interview Island. The stalk is expanded at the base, and for 10 cm. upwards is desti- tute of branches, but, beyond this, luxuriant growth occurs. The macroscopic and microscopic structures agree admirably with pre- vious descriptions, while of the many forms assumed by this exceed- ingly variable species the hydrothece of the specimens before me approach most closely those figured by Bale (1884, pl. xv, fig. r) from specimens originally described by Busk from Torres Strait. They differ, however, in having less pronounced internodal septa, and in having the median sarcotheca tilted further upwards, this latter feature having been singled out by Marktanner-Turneret- scher (1890, p. 276) in specimens from the Indian Ocean. A very evident second aperture is present on the superior interior surface of the lateral sarcothece. 22 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOR AV; Measurements. Hydrocladial internode, length ies 0°25 mm. Hydrotheca, diameter at mouth! .. Ole. Median nematophores, length os LOFTS 0-18 F Locatity : Eight miles west of Interview Island, Andaman Islands ; depth 270—45 fathoms. Distribution.—An Indo-Pacific species, which has been recorded from (1) Northern Pacific Ocean (Japan; Mark.-Turn., 1890, Stechow, 1907 and 1909: Hawaiian Islands; Nutting, 1905) ; (2) China Sea (Amoy ; Mark.-Turn., /.c.) ; (3) East Coast of Austra- lia (Port Denison ; Bale, 1884) ; (4) North Coast of Australia (Port Darwin ; Bale, /.c.: Torres Strait; Busk, 1852, Kirkpatrick, 1890) ; (5) East Indies (? Singapore ; Kirchenpauer, 1872, as A glaophenia rostrata) ; (6) Indian Seas (Mark.-Turn., /.c.: Ceylon, 7—Io fms. ; Thornely, 1904: Andaman Islands, present record). Halicornaria bale: (Marktanner-Turneretscher). GRiv iv ieai2 evar.) Marktanner-Turneretscher, G., 1890, p. 272, pl. vii, figs. 19, 20; as Aglaophenia baler. A very few fragmentary colonies of this species were found projecting from a sponge. One agrees closely with the original des- cription, but it is a fragment only 13 mm. in height, and from the delicacy of its structures appears to be a young specimen. Few differences, and these of no specific value in a genus where consider- able variation is the rule, distinguish our specimens from the Red Sea examples. Thus the median lobe of the hydrotheca is less long and less pointed, and occasionally a second indistinct lobe appears on the margin ; the median sarcotheca is somewhat longer, reaching clear of the edge of the hydrotheca; the hydrotheca is less markedly tilted forward ; and in our specimens the opening at the base of the hydrotheca, through which the ccenosare passed, is bordered by sharp chitinous spines, projecting into the hydrotheca cavity, which in profile give a pectinated appearance to the base of the cup. Prob- ably the basal pecten was overlooked by Marktanner-Turneret- scher, as it is difficult to be distinguished until the ccenosarc has been removed. ‘The upper margin of the intrathecal ridge, viewed from in front, is seen to be rudely pectinated. Although the gonosome is absent, the characters of the tropho- some warrant the transference of this species from Aglaophenia to the genus Halicornaria. It is closely related to H. Mans, Busk, 1852, from which it is to be distinguished by the strong convexity of its median sarcotheca (apparently a constant character), by its deeper hydrotheca, and by the position of the intrathecal ridge 1 Measured in the direction of the hydrocladia! axis. tgto.}| J. RircHm: Hydrotds of the Indian Museum. 23 which is situated at a greater distance from the base of the hydro- theca. Measurements of parts are placed, for the sake of comparison, alongside those of the variety recorded below. Locatity: Andamans, 1899: 60 fathoms. H. balei, var. fava, Nutting (?). (Piksiy. fie. 125i Nutting, C. C., 1905, p. 955, pl. xill, figs. 11, 12, as Halicornania flava. The remaining fragments of this species belong to colonies more robust in build, but with similar minute characters. Varia- tions in the number and prominence of the lateral lobes occur here also, the large lateral’ lobe being sometimes accompanied by a smaller. ‘The variety differs from the type however with regard to the compression of its hydrothece, for in the former they are so closely set that the lower part of the mesial sarcotheca of one depresses the upper margin of the hydrotheca immediately below it. I am unabhie to find characters sufficient to separate Professor Nutting’s Halicernaria flava from the compressed variety of H. balev, a species which, since he considered the chitinous projection within the mesial sarcotheca to be unique for the genus, Nutting had apparently overlooked. In our specimens, however, the stem nodes are irregular, bearing varying numbers of hydroclades, and in addi- tion to the two sarcothecx at the front of the base of each hydro- clade, a third is situated behind. Measurements. F. typica. V. flava. Stem, diameter .. s oP Ors mii 035 mm. Hydroclade internodes, leneth SSO SIee 022-0 24 Hydrotheca, depth, base totopmost point 0°25 ,, O22 - - width, wing to wing POZO is OF eo. Locatity : Andamans, 1899; 60 fathoms. Distribution.—The pe has been recorded only from the Red Sea (Mark.-Turn.) ; from the Bay of Bengal (present record) and from the Hawaiian Tslands (Nutting, 1905}. Halicornaria gracilicauits (Jaderholm). Jaderholm, E., 1903, p. 290, pl. xiv, fiss. 3, 4; as Lytocarpus gracilicaulis. A graceful species represented by a few fragments protruding from asponge. Although in an early stage of development the stem is already fascicled, and bears a single branch. The unjointed basal portion of the branch, to which Jaderholm refers, was indis- tinguishable, for although a ‘Tength in our specimens is destitute of 24 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vows ve hydrothecee or hydroclades, it is divided by faint nodes into four internodes each of which bears a single median sarcotheca on its anterior surface. The minute characters of the hydrothece agree exactly with those given by Jaderholm. It is worthy of note that in some of the hydrothecze the internodal septa at the base of the supracalycine nematophores and opposite the intrathecal partition are much more strongly developed than Jaderholm’s figure shows, while a third septum is occasionally visible stretching across the thecate inter- node close to its proximal end. One end of this septum rests on a knob of chitin projecting from the abcauline wall of the internode. In these details our specimens vary somewhat as did those described by Billard (1907 (2), p. 366). The gonosome is not present but through its occurrence in specimens described by him Billard transferred the species from Lytocarpus to Halicornarnia., Measurements. Hydroclade, iength .. ae oe I—3 mm. oe internode, length .. 0°29—0°33 _,, Hydrotheca, diameter ; sie O:Oliy a, = si of mouth, side to side tee, ORT —OL3= 1h A + © Ft ADACK to front .. 0o°08—o'1o LocaLity: Andaman Islands, 1899 ; 60 fathoms. Distribution.—This species has seldom been recorded, but its distribution appears to be Indo-Pacific, for it has been found off South Japan (Jaderholm, 1903); at Ternate, in Oceania (figured by Campenhausen, 1897, pl. xv, fig. 3); on the south-east coast of Africa, at Macalonga and Mozambique (Billard, 1907 (2) ); and the present record adds it to the fauna of India. Halicornaria hians, Busk, var. profunda, Ritchie. (Plein ties 12 4s) Bale, W. M., 1884, p. 179, pl. xiii, fig. 6 ; pl. xvi, fig.7, H. /uans, typicus. Ritchie, J., 1909 (2), p. 528. The longest of the few colonies in the collection was only 4 cm. in height, with monosiphonic, unbranched stem, divided into inter- nodes bearing generally two, occasionally three, alternate hydro- clades. Each hydroclade is divided into thecate internodes twice as long as broad near the stem, but gradually becoming longer and more slender as they recede from it, until at the distal end of a hydroclade their length may be to their breadth as four to one. The hydrothecee are deep, with a margin divided on each side into three lobes, of which the superior and the median are the rg10.| J. Rrrcwm: Hvydroids of the Indian Museum. 25 sharpest and the most pronounced, and an aperture lying at an angle of about 30° with the axis of the hydroclade. A stout intrathecal ridge, running backwards to the middle of the lumen, where it ends in an upturned thickening, marks the position of an anterior fold in the hydrothecal wall. Small chitinous points surround the open- ing through which the hydranth connects with the common ccenosarc. The mesial sarcotheca is very variable, its early stage, as seen in young colonies or on the distal ends of some hydroclades, closely resembling that of H. variabilis, Nutting (1900, p. 127, pl. xxxiii, fig. 7), for it stops considerably short of the intrathecal ridge ; while in its mature state it is adnate almost to the lip of the hydrotheca, projecting beyond the margin as a short free spout. Its most marked character in all stages is the concavity of its profile, and there is always present, more or less strongly developed, an internal chiti- nous projection almost on the level of the base of the hydrotheca. The supracalycine sarcothecee are small, not reaching to the margin of the hydrotheca, almost oval in outline, with a solitary wide superior aperture. The cauline sarcothecee are three in number, two on the stem anterior to the hydroclade and one posterior, almost in the angle above the hydroclade. In shape they resemble the supracalycine sarcothecee—none are bilobed, nor have any two apertures. Gonosome.—The gonangia, a funnel- or flask-like form of which has been described by Stechow (1907, p. 200; I909, p. 102, pl. vi, fig. 17), are present in numbers. They are unprotected and are borne on very short stalks, one at the base of each hydroclade. In shape they are saucer-like, convex beneath, concave above, and appearing as perfect disks when viewed from the anterior of the colony. Measurements. a | | Mature colony. Young colony. Hydroclade internode, length ae .. | 0°35—0'42 mm, | 0 39—0'43 mm. v 3 diameter at base ..| O°1I—O'I7 ,, | 007—O'IO ,, Hydrotheca, depth from base to highest teeth | 0°28—0'29 ,, | 0°25—0'27 ,, 3 diameter of lower portion Pa | O214=——O- 15 ye OrL i Orl2 =, Re vertical diameter of mouth ..| 0°20—0o'2I ,, | O°17—oO'I8 Gonangium, diameter of disk.. ae 55 | -upitoyorese yaaa. | Baa ea et. | A ee ee Locality: Andaman Islands, 1899; 60 fathoms. Distribution.—Previously recorded from ‘Torres Strait (Busk. 1852: Kirkpatrick, 1890). Type of variety in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Remarks.—This variety is distinguished from the typical form as figured by Bale, by the greater length of the thecate internodes compared with their diameter, the greater depth and more erect posture of the hydrothecz (to the former of which characters the name of the variety alludes), and the greater distance which separates the intrathecal septum from the base of the hydrotheca. The less 26 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL Vy prominent nature of the marginal teeth, and the smaller size of the colonies are variations of little significance. There is a similarity between this variety and some of the stages of H. variabilis, Nutting (1900, p. 127), but the latter species possesses very large bilobed cauline sarcothece. INDEX TO OTE AD Uru Chm by. Alder) salsa Allman, G. J., 1877 Allman, G. J., 1883 Allman, G. J., 1888 Armstrong, J., 1879 .. Bale, W. M., 1884 Bale, W. M., 1888 Bergh, R.S., 1887 Billard, A., 1907. (1)... Billard, A., 1907 (2) Billard, A., 1908 ‘“ A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham,’’ Trans. Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, vol. iit. ‘“ Report on the Hydroida collec- ted during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream, etc.,’’ Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. v, No. 2: ‘“ Report on the Hydroida. I, Plu- mularide,’’ Rep. Scient. Results Challenger”) Zool. wolavin ‘Report on the Hydroida: II, Tubularine , Corymorphine, Cam- panularina. s6ic.,!vbide. eviale XX1il. ‘ A description of some new species of Hydroids from the Indian Coasts and Seas,’’ Journ. Aszat. Soc. Bengal (N.S$.), vol. xlviii, pp. 98—103, pls. g—12. Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney. On some new and rare Hydroida in the Australian Museum col- lection,’’ Proc.. Linws Soc. Nas) Wales (2), vol. ili, pp. 745—799, pls. 14—2I. Goplepolyper (Hydroider) fra Kara Havet,’’ Dijmphna-Togtets zoolog.-botan. Udbytte, Kjoben- haven, pp. 329—338, pl. 28. Hydroides,’’ Expédit. sc. du ‘“ Travailleur’’ et du “* Talis- man,’’ vol. vili, pp. 153—243: Hydroides de Madagascar et du sud-est de |’ Afrique,’’ Avch. Zool. exper. et général (4), vol. vii, PP. 335-396, pls. 25, 20. ‘* Sur les Plumulariidee de la collec tion du Challenger,’’ Comptes ~ “ 1910.| J. Rircnre: Hydroids of the Indian Museum. 27 vendus de l’ Acad. des sc., Paris, 16 Nov. 1908, pp. I—3. Billard, A., 1909 A .. ‘*Sur quelques Plumulariide de la collection du British Museum,” zbid., 8 Feb. Igog, pp. 1, 2. Bonnevie, C., 1899 .. ‘* Hydroida,’’ The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876—1878, Zool., Christiania. Borradaile, I,. A., 1905 .. °° Hydroids,’’ Fauna and Geog. Maldive and Laccadive Archip., vol. ii, pp. 836—845, i pl. Busk, G., 1852 ats .. “An account of the Polyzoa, and Sertularian Zoophytes collected in the voyage of the ‘ Rattle- snake,’ on the coasts of Austra- lia, and the Louisiade Archipel- ago. ete,” Narrative Voy. H.M.S. ‘‘Rattlesnake,’’ App. 4, Hydroida, pp. 385— 402. Campenhausen, B. v., 1896 .. ‘‘ Hydroiden von Ternate,’’ Abh. Senckenberg. naturf. Ges. Frank- furt, vol. xxiii, pp. 297—3109, Dis. E5) Clatkers shy 387O. «5: ‘* Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream, etc.,’’ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. v pp. 239—252. Congdon, E. D., 1907 cfg Chen Elydroids. of: Bermudas’ Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. xlii, pp. 463—485. Flartiaiais, C1900: |," «. .. °° Revision der Sertularella-Arten,’’ Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamburg, vol. XV1, pp. I—143, pls. 1—6. Hartlaub,C., 1905 .. .. ‘* Die Hydroiden der magalheensis- chen Region und chilienischen Kuste,’’ Zool. Jahr., Jena, Sup- plement vi, pp. 497—714. Heller, C., 1868 a .. Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen des adriatischen Meeres, Wien, pp. I—88, pls. 1—3. J Hincks, T.H., 1868 .. .. A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes, London. Jaderholm, E., 1903 .. .. |. Aussereuropaische Hydroiden im schwedischen Reichs-museum,”’ Arkw for Zool. K. Svenska Veten- skapsakad, Stockholm, vol. i pp. 259—312, pls. 12—15. Jaderholm, E., 1905 .. .. Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, Bb] 28 Records of the Indtan Museum. Kirchenpauer, G. H., 1872 Kirchenpauer, G. H., 1884 Kirkpatrick, R., 1890 Lamouroux, J. V. F., 1816 Linneeus, C., 1758 Linnzeus, C., 1788—1793 Marktanner-Turneretscher, G 18go. Nittme, C°C; 19001 .; INuteine. CAC. 1g0K 23 Witting, C. Cy s1g05::: Pictet, C., 1893 Pictet, -'Co sand 1900. Ritchie, J., 1907 (1) ‘“Ueber die Histotre ‘“ American Bedot NE. [VOEve etc.,’’ Wissensch. Ergeb. schwed. Stidpolar-Expedit. , IQOI-03, Stockholm, vol. v, pp. I—41, pls. I—14. Hydroidenfamilie Plumularide, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehal- ter: I Aglaophenia,’’ Abh. na- turw. Ver. Hamburg, vol. v, part 3, pp. I—52, pls. 1—8. ‘* Nordische Gattungen und Arten von Sertulariden,’’ vik aris “eapesagte ee wae vie " ; ; f : . - ie We ‘See lise). 7 ges ROOTES Gur ye.) aides Tee ; 7 Seago bole ee a bes ths-: thir eees ie SPEER COVERT Gite on eee bax Pat roesa hat, RE sats ts % “ a ia) Mire Saas ae easing . ce ge Gey ees Stair EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fic. 1.—Hebella crateroides, Ritchie. Portion of colony, showing both trophosome and gonosome, X 35. 2.—Sertularella polyzonias, var. cornuta, Ritchie. Portion of branch with gonotheca, X* 25. 3.—Diphasia mutulata (Busk). Portion of stem with hydro- theese < 35: 4.—Diphasia thornelyi, Ritchie. Portion of stem with hydro- thece, front view, X 50. 5.—Diphasia thornelyi. Portion of stem bearing gonangia, seen partly from the side, X 50. 6.—Aglaophenia septata, Ritchie. Portion of hydroclade, x 45. 7.—Aglaophenia septata. Gonosome, X 13: br.l., branchlet. of lower tier; bry.up., branchlet of upper tier; gon., gonangium ; 7., ridge at base of upper leaflets pro- jecting over gonangia ; ch., chitinous plate. 8.—Lytocarpus annandalet, Ritchie. Portion of stem show- ing bases of hydroclades, * 35. g.—Lytocarpus annandalei. Portion of hydroclade, X 60. 10.—Lytocarpus annandalei. Phylactocarp, X 30. 11.—Lytocarpus pennarius (Iinn.). Portion of hydroclade, x 70. 12.—Halicornana bale, var. flava, Nutting(?). Portion of hydroclade, X 70. 13.—Halicornaria Mians, var. profunda, Ritchie. Portion of hydroclade with hydrothece at a late stage of develop- ments "70; 14.—Halicornaria hians, var. profunda. Portion of hydroclade with hydrothecee at an early stage of development, X 70. Plate IV. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. V, 1910. BemroseL*? Derby. James Ritchie, del i# ty Aoun Ste Ad Pere HS CR ee TOS ORI NEW SEEE LS IN fives nC Onley s, Cctel © Ne sO i THE INDIAN MUSE UM.~F ROseere RMAS SEAM Rousselet, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907, p. 254, pl. xv, figs. 9, 10. 40 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. V, statoblasts of specimens taken in Travancore were invariably oval, although varying considerably in proportions; but some of the statoblasts of those from the Bombay Presidency were distinctly kidney- or bean-shaped. In both localities the specimens were taken in November, but in different years. Those from Travancore (1908) were found to be undergoing a process of regeneration owing to the development of statoblasts 77 sztw, and only a few polypides were fully developed. Those, however, from Bombay (1909) were in a much more vigor- ous condition, although even in their case many of the polypides were not fully formed. It seems not improbable that F. idica is one of the species that dies down at the beginning of the hot weather, and is regenerated by the spreuting of the statoblasts, either in the old zocecia or on a new site, at the beginning of the Endian— “witer”” Subfamily Plumatelline. Key to the genera of Plumatelline t. Statoblasts without hooked processes. A. Zocecia cylindrical, not em- bedded in a gelatinous invest- ment. a. Zocecia arising directly from one another ; no stolon ; free statoblast oval .. Plumatella. a’. Zocecia upright, arising singly or in groups from a linear stolon ; free stato- blasts oval a .. Stolella. B. Zocecia cylindrical, embedded in a structureless gelatinous investment. Zocecia arising from a ramify- ing stolon ; statoblasts circu- Wait: % > sie .. [Stephanella| C. Polypides embedded in a hya- line syncecium that conceals the cylindrical form of the zocecia. c. Polypides upright their base far removed from that of the zoarium when they are expanded .. Lophopus. c’. Polypides recumbent for the greater part of their length at the base of the zoarium - .. [Australella]. 1 Australella, gen. novy.—Zocecia recumbent, aggregated into small linear groups, which are connected with each other by stolon-like lobes and embedded IgIo. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 41 2. Statoblasts armed (normally) with hooked processes. A. Processes confined to the ex- tremities of the statoblast ; zo- aria remaining separate through- out life oa .. Lophopodella. B. Processes entirely surrounding the statoblast ; many zoaria em- bedded in a common gelatinous investment so as to form large compound colonies .. ax Pecinatella: Those genera of which the names are enclosed in square brac- kets have not been recorded from India, while the occurrence of Lophopus in this country is doubtful. Plumatella is represented by at least four European species as well as by two peculiar, so far as is known, to the Oriental region. Of the latter, one has only been recorded from a single locality in the Bombay Presidency, while the other was originally described from Java. Lophopedella and Pectinatella are each represented in the Indian fauna by a single species ; that of the former genus occurring also in E. Africa and being specifically identical with a race found in Japan, while that of the latter is only known from India and Burma but has a very close Japanese ally. Genus PLUMATELLA, Lamarck. Zoarum recumbent or partially upright, branching freely, often in two planes. Zowcia cylindrical, arising directly the one from the other, sometimes upright, greatly elongated and aggluti- nated together ; at least the older zocecia in each zoarium commonly recumbent. Statoblasts frequently of two kinds, free and fixed ; the latter devoid of air-cells and fastened to the support of the zoatium ; the former surrounded by a well-developed ring of air- cells, without processes at the periphery, never more than about o°6 mm. in length, oval in outline. Polypide never with more than about 60 tentacles. Hardly any two authorities are agreed as to the number of species and varieties that should be recognized in this genus, and it is generally believed that the zoaria exhibit very great individual variation. Observations, however, carried out on a considerable amount of European material as well as a large Indian collection, make me inclined to believe that this is not the case, but rather that a considerable number of forms exist which breed remarkably true even in very diverse conditions. The fact that it is possible to recog- nize the majority of the well-established European ‘‘ species ’’ among in a structureless gelatinous mass. Statoblasts oval, without hooked processes, intermediate in size between those of Lophopus and those of Plumatella. Type Pehoeus lendenfeldi, Ridley, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., vol. Xx, p. 62 (1890). 42 Records of the Indian Museum. [Von. V, Indian specimens, as well as several of the varieties, would suggest that the type is preserved with considerable exactness, and this view is confirmed by the fact that several distinct forms are fre- quently found growing together in conditions so absolutely identical that their zoaria are intertwined.! Two better tests as to the distinctness of ‘‘ forms ’’ could not, in my opinion, be found ; but whether these *‘ forms ’’ should all be recognized as ‘‘ species’’ is another question. Personally I think that it would be inconvenient to adopt a course so extreme. I have been forced, therefore, to devise a test for distinguishing “species ’” frome. vatieties..”” Dhe-test: adopted: is-as -artincial as all such tests must be in the present unsettled state of biological knowledge. I have called those forms (7.e., groups of specimens) ““species,’’ the differences between which are so constant and so clear that it is possible to express the more important of them in the form of a key to the genus; while my “‘ varieties’’ are groups of specimens separated from those comprised in the nearest species by differences that do not appear to be altogether constant or are of a kind that cannot be represented easily in words or numbers. The question of ‘‘ subspecies’’ (7.e., local races) hardly arises as regards Plumatella, for there is little evidence that such races exist in the genus. Up to the present time I have been unable, owing to unfavour- able climatic conditions, to carry out direct biological experiments as to the effect of environment on the individual zoarium in the Polyzoa, but evidence obtained in the unnatural environment of an aquarium is usually unsatisfactory as regards such points, and I think that the facts stated above will at any rate make my position clear as regards the ‘“‘ species’’ and ‘‘ varieties ’’ des- cribed below. Key to the Indian species of Plumatella. Group I. (Repens group.) Ectocyst more or less rigid, pigment- ed or colourless; tip of the zoce- cia rounded when the polypide is retracted. 1. All the zocecia entirely recum- bent, having the aperture on the dorsal surface and a strong furrowed keel; ectocyst col- ourless and transparent ; free statoblast elongate =. . Pi javanica: 2. The younger zocecia as a rule forming long free branches, each with the aperture at the tips a furrowed keelymever a’ | In a pond in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens I have found the following forms growing together in this way :—P. /fruticosa (with the phase corallotdes), P. emarginata (with the phase benedeni), the varieties diffusa and dumortieri of P. allmani, P. javanica and P. punctata. IQI0.] N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 43 present ; ectocyst lightly pig- mented ; statoblasts elongate P. fruticosa. 3. Zocecia and ectocyst as in 2; free statoblasts broadly oval P. repens. 4, At any rate the older zocecia en- tirely recumbent, sometimes with the aperture on the dorsal surface, with a triangular col- ourless patch at the tip of the same surface; the ectocyst of the basal part of the zoce- cium densely pigmented ; free statoblast elongate .. P, emarginata. 5. All or nearly all the zocecia with , their bases recumbent but with their distal part free and turned upwards ; the ectocyst of the basal part translucent, roughened on the surface, that of the distal part colourless and smooth, the colourless part frequently passing into the col- oured part in the form of a V ; free statoblasts very variable in shape ae .. P. allmant. Group Il. (Philippinensis group.) Ectocyst rigid, deeply pigmented, tip of the zocecia abruptly trun- cated when the polypide is re tracted. Zocecia irregularly but strongly annulated ; with a strong fur- rowed keel on the basal part ; free statoblast elongate .. P. bombayensis. Group III. (Punctata group.) Ectocyst soft and flexible, much swollen; tip of the zocecia rounded. Ectocyst colourless ; zocecia with- out a furrow; statoblasts broadly oval, often asymmetrical in out- line a er .. P. punctata. a. Repens group. Plumatella repens, Allman (? Linné). ? Tubipora repens, Linné, Syst. Nat. (Ed. x), 1758. Piumatella repens, Aliman, Mon. Fresh Water Polyzoa, p. 93, pl.,v, figs. r—8 (1856). 44 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Plumatella polvmorpha, Kraepelin, Deutsch. Siisswass.-Brvozoen, pl. iv, fig. 119, pl. v, fig. 122, pl. vil, fig. 139 (1887). Plumatella repens, Braem, Bibl. Zool., vol. vii, p. 2 (1890). he ,, Loppens, Ann. Biol. Lacustre, vol. 111, p. 158 (partim) (1908). This species is distinguished rather by negative than by positive characters, and it is perhaps for this reason that I find it difficult at present to regard the form fungosa as more than a variety, although the latter appears to exhibit certain peculiarities even at a stage at which it has not assumed its most characteris- tic features. P. repens may be recognized by the following characters :— (1) The great majority of the free statoblasts in.any one zoatium are broadly oval in shape, the greatest width being at least + of the length. (2) Fixed statoblasts without air-cells are produced. (3) The zocecia, when-the polypides are contracted, are always round at the tip. They are never emarginate. (4) A furrowed keel is never present on the dorsal surface. (5) The pigmentation is never dense. (6) The zocecia are slender, and the ectocyst is never very stiff, although it is never soft and contractile as in P. punctata, the only species, except P. fruticosa, with which P. repens is likely to be confused. The first two of these characters will at once serve to distinguish P. repens from P. fruticosa, but it must be remembered that elongated statoblasts are occasionally found in the former species, although never in large numbers. ‘The swim-ring of the free statoblasts of P. repens is rarely much, if at all, broader at the sides than at the ends. Var. fungosa, Pallas. Tubularia fungosa, Pallas, Comment. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropol., vol. xii, p. 565, pl. xiv (1768). Alcyonella fungosa, Allman, op. cit., p. 86, pl. iii (1856). Plumatella polymorpha var. fungosa, Kraepelin, op. cit., p. 124, pl. iv, fig. 112, pl. viii, figs. r40—142. Plumatella fungosa (partim), Braem, op. cit., p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2. Plumatella repens var. fungosa, Loppens, op. cit., p. 161. The essential characters of this form seem to be (1) that the zoarium branches very profusely when still young and recumbent, and (2) that the ectocyst is surrounded by a gummy secretion. These characters cause crowding together of the zocecia, which are forced to assume an upright growth and finally, under pressure, a polygonal form in cross-section. Dense masses, often an inch or more in diameter, are thus produced, consisting of upright parallel tubes closely packed together. Specimens from Norfolk, which Dr. F. Harmer has been kind enough to send me, show the earlier stages IgI0.] N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 45 of this process, while others from Russia, received from the Geneva Museum, exhibit the actual transition. Dr. Kraepelin has kindly given me some fine German examples named by him P. polymorpha var. fungosa and including both young and old zoaria, and I have examined others from England and Italy. Although P. repens is here included in the Indian fauna, I am doubtful as to its having been actually found anywhere in the Oriental Region. The form recorded by Carter from the island of Bombay as P. repens was, as he himself recognized, the one described by van Beneden under that name and subsequently called P. stricta by Allman, who did not regard it as identical with Linné’s Tubipora repens. The variety fungosa has not been re- corded from India except by myself, and further experience both of Indian and European specimens proves that what I found was actually an extreme form of the coralloides phase of P. fruticosa. Plumatella fruticosa, Allman. Plumatella stricta, Allman, op. cit., p. 99, fig. 14. Plumatella fruticosa, zd., vbid., p. 102, pl. vi, figs. 3—5. Plumatella repens and P. stricta, Carter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), vol. iii, p. 332 (1859). Plumatella princeps var. fruticosa, Kraepelin, op. cit., p. 120, pl. vil, . fig. 148. Plumatella fruticosa, Braem, op. cit., p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 15. Plumatella repens, Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Benga!, 1907, p. 83. This species agrees with P. vepens in never having the zocecia emarginate or with a furrowed keel and in having the ectocyst neither deeply pigmented (naturally!) nor very stiff. The great majority, if not all of the statoblasts in every zoarium are, however, invariably elongate, the length being twice or nearly twice the greatest breadth. ‘The swim-ring, however, is as a rule not much broader at the ends than at the sides. Just as in P. repens an occasional statoblast may be found that is elongate, so in P. fruticosa an occasional statoblast may be found that is short and broad ; but in both species such cases are rare and must be regarded as abnormal ; they therefore do not affect the question of the specific distinctness of the two forms. The zocecia of P. fruticosa, although frequently stout, are invariably long, so that the branches are far apart from one another; there is often a simple keel, but with no trace of a furrow, on the dorsal surface of the proximal part of the zocecium. Young colonies are recumbent but with the tip of each zocecitm upturned, so that the aperture is terminal. In favourable conditions, however, horizontal or dependent branches, often of considerable length, are freely produced. The ectocyst is not sufficiently stiff to give much suppert to long upright branches, and the branches invariably collapse or droop if the zoarium is re moved from the water. The alimentary canal is rather less stout 1 If attached to dead wood they are apt to become stained. 46 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, than in P. vepens. Among Indian specimens of P. fruticosa two varieties can be distinguished :— Var. Ahas the branches long and composed of many zocecia, while the zocecia themselves have a diameter at the broadest part of nearly half a millimetre. The ectocyst is tinted of a delicate brownish colour. Var. B (Allman’s Plumatella stricta), on the other hand, has much more slender zocecia (greatest diameter about 0°35 mm.), and its branches are sparingly produced and short, consisting of not more than three or four zocecia each. ‘The ectocyst, except when stained by contact with rotting wood, is practically colourless. A third form, the P. corallovdes of Allman, occurs frequently in India but must be regarded merely as a phase directly due to en- vironment. When the zoarium of P. fruticosa becomes overgrown by a freshwater sponge, as is frequently the case, the zocecia are forced by the pressure of its growth to assume an upright direction and often reach a considerable length without branching, in order that their apertures may be on the surface of the sponge. Asa rule, however, they are not exactly parallel to one another, and they never assume a polygonal form in cross-section or become aggluti- nated together. Frequently, moreover, they give rise to branches on the surface of the sponge, even after reaching a considerable length. Zoaria may be found in which the proximal (7.c., the oldest) part is free and has the typical form of P. fruticosa, while the younger parts, being embedded in a sponge, have assumed the form of P. corallovdes. P. fruticosa is a common form in India, especially in Lower Bengal. I have examined specimens of var. A from the island of Bombay, from Igatpuri in the W. Ghats, from Lahore in the Punjab (Major J. Stephenson, I1.M.S.), and from Calcutta and other places in the Ganges delta. Form B I found growing in abundance in Shasthancottah lake in the plains of Travancore (some of my specimens from that locality being embedded in gelatinous masses formed by a colonial rotifer and having assumed to some extent the coralloides characters), and in a jungle stream at the base of the W. Ghats in the same State; I also obtained specimens at Igatpuri, and at Kawkareik in Lower Burma. Specimens collected in a pond at Darjiling (alt. 6,900 feet) by Mr. R. Kirkpatrick and now in the British Museum, probably also belong to form B of this species but are in too bad a condition of preservation to make a definite statement possible. Indian specimens of var. A agree well with a specimen from Germany sent me by Dr. Kraepelin labelled Plumatella princeps var. fruticosa, while examples of the corvallotdes phase from Calcutta and elsewhere in Bengal closely resemble a specimen of this phase from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. In some of the Calcutta tanks P. fruticosa grows with great luxuriance. It is only found, so far as my experience goes, during 1gt0o. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 47 the cold weather, beginning to flourish in November and dying down again about March. I have not seen resting statoblasts. in this species. Plumatella emarginata, Allman. Plumatella emarginata, 4i/man, op. cit., p. 104, pl. vii, figs. 5—10. Alcyonella benedeni, zd., ibid., p. 89, figs. 5—II. Plumatella princeps var. emarginata (partim), Kraepelin, op. cit., p.- 120, pl. iv, fig. 108. p!. v, fig. 123. Plumatella emarginata, Braem, op. cit., p. 9, pl. i, figs. 12, 14. Plumatella emarginata (partim), Annandale, op. cit., p. 89. The main characters of this species, which is remarkably con- stant, are the following :—- (1) The zocecia are slender and nearly cylindrical, often quite straight, never dilated at the tip, often (in young or poorly developed colonies) adherent to the support of the zoarium by their whole length. The distal part of each zocecium is never strongly bent upwards when the base is recumbent. (2) The aperture is frequently situated on the dorsal surface of the zocecium rather than at the tip. (3) The ectocyst is stiff. It is deeply pigmented at the base of each zocecium but colourless at the tip. (4) The ectocyst is defected on a triangular area situated at the tip of each zocecium on its dorsal surface,! the apex of the triangle, which points away from the aperture, being frequently produced as a furrow running along the middorsal line of the zocecium. The defective area is hyaline, but the furrow is never very deep. (5) The statoblast is invariably elongate (not less than 14 times as long as broad), and (the capsule being small and relatively short) the swim-ring is usually much narrower at the sides than at the extremities. (6) In well-developed zoaria part of each zoarium is usually flat and recumbent and part upright, the upright part consisting of branches ramifying in one plane. (7) The main axis of the branches forms an angle less than a right angle with that of the zoarium, and is approxi- mately straight. In this species the distinction between the dorsal and the ventral surface of the zocecium is often retained, even in the case of entirely free zocecia, more clearly than it is in allied forms, the ventral surface keeping its flattened appearance. ‘The coloration is characteristic. The basal part of the zocecium varies from a fairly pale brown to nearly black in tint, but is always opaque and contrasts with the white tip, which is by no means coterminous with the emargination. 1 This is what is meant by calling the zocecium emarginate. e 48 Records of the Indian Museum. [ VOIAENS Both free and fixed statoblasts are produced in considerable numbers. In Lower Bengal at any rate, most well-developed zoaria as- sume, sooner or later, the form described hy Allman undet the name Alcyonella benedem. ‘This is apparently due to the fact that the growth of the zoarium is vigorous, that proper space for its expansion, in the general absence of large areas of attachment of a suitable kind, cannot be found in a horizontal plane, and that the organism is therefore crowded. Profuse branching takes place and the branches are closely pressed together and forced to assume a vertical direction. The individual zocecia affected become elongated, although not to the same extent as in P. repens var. fungosa; they do not lose their power of branching, that is to say, of producing daughter zocecia; no gummy substance is secreted.! The masses formed are, therefore, analogous to those of the corallotdes phase of Fe, fruticosa rather than to those of P. repens vat. fungosa. P. emarginata is a common species in the East. I have mvself found it abundant in Calcutta and the neighbourhood, and also both in Upper and in Lower Burma (Rangoon and Mandalay), in the Malay Peninsula (Jalor in the Patani States) and in Lower Siam (Tale Noi, Lakon Sitamarat). Indian specimens agree with a German one sent me by Dr. Kraepelin as typical of his Plumatella princeps var. emarginata. ‘The species is usually found in ponds, adhering to solid objects either at the bottom or on the surface, such as stones, logs of wood or large woody seeds ; it flourishes in ) the cold weather, but small feeble colonies, with the majority of the polypides dead, may sometimes be found during the “ rains (July to September). Plimatella alimant, Hancock. Plumatella allmani, Hancock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), vol. v p. 200, pl. v, figs. 3—5 (1850). Plumatella diffusa, Letdv, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 261 (1851). Plumatella diffusa, P. allmani, and P. dumortieri, 4/l/man, op. cit., pp. 105, 106, 108, pl. viii, figs. I—5. Under the name Plumatella allmani 1 here group several forms that have been practically ignored by recent writers on the Phy- lactolemata, except perhaps Jullien, whose synonymy cannot be elucidated without an examination of the specimens on which he worked. These forms, however, seem to me to deserve, together. specific rank, being related to P. emarginata but invariably dis- tinguishable from that species. It is possible that they include more than one species, but the different forms~ here described must be regarded for the present as varieties. The essential characters in which P. allman: differs from P. emarginata, the only form with which confusion is likely, are the following :—- y 1 Kraepelin’s P. princeps var. muscosa is not identical with ‘‘Alcyonella benedent.’’ IQIo. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 49 (1) The zocecia are stout and relatively short ; they are never straight or flat, but invariably have the proximal or basal half horizontal and the distal half bent vertically upwards. (2) The basal half in the great majority of the zocecia is adherent, and the aperture is always terminal. (3) Vertical branches are rarely formed and never consist of more than three or four zocecia. (4) The base of each zocecium is usually tinted, but not very deeply ; it is invariably rough on the external surface, while the distal part is smooth, colourless and hyaline. (5) The free statoblast is very variable in shape and is often much broader (relatively) than that of P. emarginata. Although well-developed specimens of this species often look to the naked eye extremely like the benedent phase of P. emarginata, examination with a lens invariably reveals the characteristic differ- ences in the coloration of the ectocyst and the growth of the zoarium. _ The following varieties may be distinguished .— Var. A. (P. allmani, Hancock.) The zocecia in this variety are always more or less distorted and are usually broader at the tip than at the base ; some or all of them are strongly emarginate and have a well-developed furrow. They are never densely pignfented as a whole, but in the older specimens obtained at Bhim Tal in the W. Himalayas there is a band of dark pigment round the middle of each zocecium. ‘The zoarium is never of great extent. I have found every gradation between this form as figured by Hancock and Allman’s P. elegans. Var. B. (P. dumortieri, Allman.) This variety differs little from var. A, but the zocecia are much more regular in shape. Allman state$ that the statoblast is like that of P. repens but figures it as distinctly elongate. Var. C. (P. diffusa, Leidy.) The growth of this variety is much more vigorous than that of the other two, and the zoaria frequently cover large areas on logs of wood and stones. The zocecia are stouter and more strongly curved in outline ; they are often closely pressed together, so that a resemblance to the phase benedeni is produced. The base of each zocecium is usually of a yellowish brown colour, but I refer to the variety with some doubt a fragmentary specimen from Bulandshahr in the United Provinces (Major H. J. Walton, I.M.S.) in which it is practically colourless. Even in this specimen the separation of each zocecium into two distinct regions is quite clear. The variety closely resembles Kraepelin’s figures of his Plumatella polymorpha var. cespitosa, except that the statoblasts differ in shape (Deutsch Stisswass.-Bryozoen, part i, pl. v, figs. 126—128). Resting stato- blasts are produced. 50. Records of the Indian Museum. [Von. V,. Although these three varieties cannot be regarded as local’ races, seeing that they occur in Europe or North America as well as in India, they are not usually found together. I have only seen var. A in Bhim Tal, a W. Himalayan lake several miles in length,. and var. B in a tank in Calcutta, in a small lake at Kawkareik in Lower Burma and in a pond at Kurseong (alt. c. 5,000 ft.); but var. C is common all over N. India. Major J. Stephenson, I.M.S., has sent me specimens from Lahore, while I owe to Mr. R. Kirkpatrick and Capt. F. H. Stewart, I.M.S., specimens taken on different occasions, in a small pond at Gangtok in native Sikhim (EK. Himalayas). I have myself found the variety growing in great abundance in the environs of Calcutta and at Rajshahi on the R. Ganges about 150 miles north of Calcutta. On one occasion I discovered a small colony in the Zoological Gardens. at Alipore, growing on a brick side by side with P. emarginata. Plwnatella javanica, Kraepelin. Plumatella javanica, Kvraepelin, Mitth. Nat. Mus. Hamburg, vol. XXili, p. 143, figs. I—3 (1906). Plumatella emarginata vay. javanica, Loppens, op. cit., p. 163. This is a much more constant species than the last, related to. P. emarginata but distinguished by characters that vary little. These characters are the following :— (1) The zocecia are entirely and invariably recumbent, so. that the aperture is always on the dorsal surface. They are very long and narrow and produce daughter zocecia sparingly, so that linear series without lateral branches are sometimes formed. The emargination and furrow are strongly developed. (2) There is never any trace of pigment in the ectocyst,. which is markedly transparent and delicate; the external surface is smooth. (3) The capsule of the statoblast, which is elongate, is large as compared with the swim-ring. Dr. Kraepelin has very kindly sent me one of the types of this species, and I have found other specimens among Prof. Max Weber’s collection of sponges from Java. P. javanica is common in Calcutta, and I obtained specimens in a canal near Srayikad in Travancore In a freshwater sponge collected by Prof. Max Weber in Natal there are the remains of a zoarium that may belong to this species. b. Philibpinensis group. The type of this group is Kraepelin’s Plumatella philippinensis from the Philippines, and the only other species definitely known to belong to it except P. bombayensts is Rousselet’s P. tanganyike from Central Africa. The group would therefore appear to be essentially a tropical one. TOTO. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 51 Plumatella bombayensis, Annandale. P. bombayensis, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, p. 169, figs. 1, 2. Zoarium. ‘The whole colony is recumbent but branches freely -and at short intervals in a vertical plane, so that the zocecia become ‘crowded together and the branches sometimes overlap one another. The zoarium often covers a considerable area, but growth seems ‘to be mainly in two directions. ‘Zoecia. The walls of the zocecia are thick, stiff and densely pigmented; the external surface, although not very smooth, is always clean; a flat membrane, which is apparently an extension of the ectocyst, frequently extends between different zocecia and ‘branches. The two most noteworthy characters of the zocecia are (I) their truncated appearance when the polypide is retracted, and (2) the conspicuous, although often irregular external annulation of their walls. The tip of each zocecium, owing to the fact that the tentacular sheath is soft and sharply separated from the stiffened wall of the tube, terminates abruptly and is not rounded off gradually as is the case in most species of the genus ; sometimes it expands into a trumpet-like mouth. The annulation of the -external surface is due to numerous thickened areas of the ectocyst that take the form of slender rings surrounding the zocecium ; they are most conspicuous on its distal half. On the dorsal surface of the base of each zocecium there is a conspicuous furrowed keel, which, however, does not extend to the distal end; the latter is -oval in cross-section. The zocecia are short and broad ; their base is always recumbent, and, when the zoarium is attached to a stone, often seems to be actually embedded in the stone ; the distal part turns upwards and is. free, so that the aperture is terminal ; the zocecia of the older parts of the zoarium exhibit the specific -characters much more clearly than those at the growing points. Polypide. ‘The lophophore bears 20 to 30 tentacles, which are long and slender; the velum at their base extends up each tentacle in the form of a sharply pointed projection, but these projections do not extend for more than one-fifth of the length of the tentacles. Both the velum and the tentacular sheath bear numerous minute tu- bercles on the external surface. The base of the stomach is rounded, and the whole of the alimentary canal has a stout appearance. Statoblasts. Both fixed and free statoblasts are produced, but not in very large numbers. The latter are broadly oval and are ‘surrounded by a stout chitinous ring, which often possesses irregular membranous projections ; the surface is smooth. The free stato- ‘blasts are small and moderately elongate, the maximum breadth as a rule measuring about 2 of the length ; the ring of air-cells is not very much broader at the ends than at the sides ; the dorsal ‘surface of the central capsule is profusely tuberculate. The outline ‘of the whole structure is somewhat irregular. This species is perhaps no more than a variety or a local race of the African P. tanganytke and is closely related to P. philippinen- sis; from the former it differs mainly in its darker and more stronglv 52 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, anntlated ectocyst, while it may be at once separated from P. philippinensis by the fact that the latter’s zececia are smooth and polished and show no trace of annulation. Habitat. As yet only known from Igatpuri Lake, which is situated in the Western Ghats about 60 miles N. E. of the island of Bombay at an altitude of about 2,000 feet. Habits. I found this species common in the lake in November, 1907 and 1909. The largest zoaria were growing on the lower sur- face of stones, but a few were found attached to the stems and leaves of water-plants. The latter, however, did not appear to be in a very flourishing condition and were all small; their pigmentation was not so dense as that of the colonies on the stones. Probably P. bombayensis is a species that flourishes during the “‘ rains,’ for even the most vigorous colonies appeared, in November, to be dying ; there were patches among them in which the polypides had disappeared from the zoaria, and sometimes the zoaria had decayed, leaving the fixed statoblasts to mark their former position. c. Punctata group. This group comprises Jullien’s genus Hvalinella (1893) and probably consists of a single species. . Plumatella punctata, Hancock. Plumatella punctata, Hancock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), vol. v, Pp. 200 np wv hes: 6, 7 and pl. ii, fig. I. Plumatella punctata, Allman , Op. cit. , p. 100. ,, Kraepelin, Deutsch. Stisswass. -Bryoz oen., p. 126, pl. 1V , figs. TES, ION ply, hes. 124 195: pl. vii, figs. 153, 154. The most striking character of this species is the nature of the syneecium. Although the zocecia retain their tubular nature to a very considerable extent, the ectocyst is so soft and as a rule so much inflated that this character of the zocecia is masked, and frequently the zoarium appears to represent an almost uniform flat area rather than a branching structure. The movements of the polypides, moreover, affect the ectocyst directly, and it is drawn together by the contraction of the muscles in a way that does not occur in other species of the genus. There is therefore no difficulty in recognizing living specimens ; but preserved ones are often apt to be confused with P. repens. The statoblasts are, however, often even broader than is the case in that species, and even in badly shrunken specimens the ectocyst is always thicker. The zocecia are colourless or nearly so, either hyaline or translucent. In Europe Kraepelin has recognized two seasonal forms as varieties under the names prostrata and densa, the former being found in summer, the latter in autumn. In var. rostrata the zocecia are elongated and entirely hyaline, with the external sur- face nearly smooth, whereas in var. densa they are much stouter 1910. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 3 n and more closely crowded together, and have the ectocyst distinctly clouded and the external surface tuberculate. Var. densa has also bigger and broader statoblasts than var. prostrata. In the Indian race the degree of transparency of the ectocyst is somewhat variable, but the surface is, in all the specimens I have seen, slightiy tuberculate and the method of growth resembles that of var. densa. There appears to be a difference as regards the number of tentacles, for while European specimens are said to have from 40 to 60, speci- mens from Calcutta have from 30 to 40. The statoblasts of Indian specimens resemble those of var. densa in being broad, but are rather smaller ; they are frequently somewhat asymmetrical in outline. Fixed statoblasts have not been found. I have, as yet, only found P. functata in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, where it is common in ponds in which a slight in- filtration of brackish water may be suspected. It flourishes during the ‘‘ rains’’ and the cold weather, but I can detect no difference between specimens taken in July and others taken in January. Genus STOLELLA, Annandale (1909). This genus is closely allied to Plumatella and especially to the punctata group, from which it is probably derived. The young zoarium closely resembles that of P. punctata, and it is only after several zocecia have been produced that the characteristic mode of growth becomes apparent, leng processes being given out from the base of certain zocecia so as to take the form of a stolon, and all the zocecia assuming an upright position. Stolella indica, Annandale. Stolella indica, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. i1, p. 279 (1909). This species is often found growing in close proximity to Pluma- bella punctata, from which even young zoaria may be readily distin- guished by their strong emargination and furrow. The upright position of the older zocecia and the false stolon that separates the little groups of zocecia in well-developed colonies are, of course, clear diagnostic characters. I have never seen a zoarium with lateral or vertical branches. he free statoblasts are variable in length ; they are usually elongate as a whole, but the capsule is neatly as broad as long and the swim-ring is exceedingly narrow on both faces at the sides. The fixed statoblasts, which are produced in considerable numbers, are very variable in proportions. The chitinous ring surrounding them is stout and is surrounded in its turn. by a narrow membranous ring indistinctly ornamented with a reticulate pattern. The surface of the capsule is smooth. The tentacles possess a short and feebly festooned velum at the base. S. indica is common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta during the ‘‘ rains’’ and has been taken by Major Walton at Bulandshahr in the United Provinces. 54 Records of the Indian Museum. , VOLV, Genus LopHorus, Dumortier. The punctata group of Plumatella is to some extent intermediate between Lophopus and the typical species of its own genus, but in Lophopus the tubular character of the zocecia is still further masked by the development of the syncecium, which takes the form of a gelatinous vertical sack. The polypides are invested in this sack in an upright position, as is most clearly seen when they are fully expanded. Their lowest point is separated by some little distance from the base of the zocecium, except when the whole organism is very strongly contracted. The free statoblasts resemble those of Plumatella but are much larger ; fixed statoblasts are not formed. Only two species of Lophopus can be recognized, namely L. crystallinus (Pallas) and L. jheringi, Meissner. The former occurs in Europe and North America and has the statoblasts of an oval shape with the extremities much produced ; the latter has only been found in Brazil and has the statoblasts irregularly polygonal or almost circular. It is doubtful whether any species that really belongs to Lophopus occurs in India, for the species found by Carter in Bombay must be placed in the genus Lophopodella, while there is no information available regarding a form said to occur in Madras. Genus LOPHOPODELLA, Rousselet (1904). There has been much confusion between this genus and Lopho- pus, but a recent examination of living specimens, which I was able to keep under observation for some weeks, shows me that I was wrong in regarding the two as identical. Rousselet’s genus may be distinguished by the following characters :— (1) The polypides are arranged in the syncecium in such a way that they radiate from a commoncentre. When fully expanded they do not stand upright but recline with their main axis at a tangent to the base of the syneecium, from which they are not far separated. (2) The statoblasts normally bear at either end a series of delicate chitinous processes each provided with several pairs of minute hooks. From Pectinatella the genus is distinguished, (1) by the fact that different zoaria do not become embedded in a common jelly, and (2) by the structure and position of the chitinous processes of the statoblasts. Three species of Lophopodella may be distinguished. I. Extremities of the statoblast produced .. L. capensis. II. Extremities of the statoblast convex or sub- truncate tes a L. carter. III. Extremities of the statoblast concave .. L. thomas. _ 1 Miss I. B. J. Sollas, ‘‘ A new freshwater Polyzoon from §. Africa,’’? Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), vol. 1i, p. 264 (1908). 1910. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 55 Ali three species occur in Africa, but L. cartert was dis- covered in Bombay and is represented in Japan by what appears ‘to be a local race. Lophopodella cartert (Hyatt). Lophopus sp., Carter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), vol. iti, p. 335; pl. viii, figs. 8—15 (1859). ? Lophopus sp., Mitchell, Quart. Journ. Micros. Sct. (3), vol. it, p. 61 (1862). Pectinatella carteri, Hyatt, Comm. Essex Inst., vol. iv, p. 203 (1865). Lophopodella carteri, Rousselet, Journ. Quek. Mucr. Club, 1904, p. 47, pl. iii, figs. 6, 7. Lophopus lendenfeldi, "Annandale (nec Ridley), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1907, p. 92, pl. i1, figs. I—4. Lophopus lendenfeldi var. himalayanus, id., Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. 1, p-143, figs. 1,2. Lophopus carteri, zd., ibid., vol. ii, p. 171, fig. 3. The characteristic features of the zoarium of this species are obscure unless it be examined either in a healthy living condition or preserved with the polypides fully expanded. The general form ot each zoarium as viewed from above is circular or oval, with more or less distinct lobate projections, which become more conspicuous when the animals are strongly contracted. The centre of the struc- ture, owing to the arrangement of the polypides, appears to be practically empty when the polypides are expanded, so that the whole has a ring-like appearance. Viewed from the side it resembles alow mound. The gelatinous parts are colourless, but the stomach has a greenish tinge. The tentacles are long and slender but much shorter than those of Australella lendenfeldi ; they usually number about ninety. The shape and proportions of the statoblast vary -considerably, but the extremities are never concave. The number -of chitinous processes is not constant, and their degree of develop- ment varies even in specimens from the same locality. The form described by me as Lophopus himalayanus is dis- tinguished by the small number of its tentacles and the absence or abortive condition of the processes on the statoblast. This form, however, must be regarded merely as an abnormality in which the polypides are stunted and the statoblasts retain immature characters. I have recently received typical specimens of L. carter: from Bhim “Tal, in which the abnormal form was originally discovered. Pectinatella davenporti, Oka, of which Dr. Oka has been kind enough to send me specimens, is certainly, as Loppens indicated,’ a form of L. carteri, the range of which, therefore, extends from E. Africa to Japan. In India, however, the occurrence of the species is sporadic. It was originally found in Bombay and is common in Igatpuri Lake ; possibly it occurs at Madras. It is usually found ‘either on the lower surface of stones or among gelatinous green algze ‘on the stems of plants. 1 “ Les Bryozoaires d’eau douce,”’ ’ Ann. Biol. Lacustre, vol, iii, p. 166 ( Decr. $1908). 56 Records of the Indian Museum. | EMOEENE Genus PECTINATELLA, Leidy. The structure of the individual zoarium of this genus agrees closely with that found in Lophopodella, but in fully mature colonies a large number of zoaria secrete a common investment or basal | membrane of a gelatinous nature, so that compound colonies, often of gigantic size, are produced. The statoblast is entirely surrounded by chitinous processes, each of which bears at its extremity a pair or a small bunch of hooks. Three species of Pectinatella can be distinguished, P. magnifica from N. America and the continent of Europe, P. gelatinosa from Japan, and P. burmanica from Bengal and Lower Burma. They may be distinguished as follows :— I. Statoblast circular, surrounded by processes which are much longer than the hooks at their tips . P. magnifica. II. Statoblast somewhat irregular j in alings but nearly circular ; the processes not or barely longer than the hooks = .. P. burmanica- III. Statoblast subquadrate ; processes as in IT P. gelatinosa. Pectinatella burmamca, Annandale. Pectinatella burmanica, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. i, p. 174 (1908). | Zoarva circular or oval, sometimes constricted in the middle owing to approaching division, of large size, embedded in large numbers in a greenish jelly of considerable thickness. the com- pound celonies often measuring a yard or more in length and several inches in diameter. Polypides large, the free part measuring when fully protruded about 5 mm. Tentacles numbering about 90, slender, moderately long, tuberculate ; the velum at their base narrow, never strongly festooned. Statoblast almost circular but invariably a little irregular in outline, measuring about 1°75 mm. in diameter, provided with a complete ring of very short chitinous projections each of which bears a pair of hooks at the tip. ‘The hooks normally bend back- wards in a wide arc and nearly touch the edge of the statoblast ; sometimes they are distorted or abortive. Young zoaria resemble those of Lophopodella carter: both in general structure and in histology but may be distinguished, even before the secretion of the common jelly, by the large size of the polypides and the green colour of the syncecium. I described P. buymanica from a statoblast found in March ina lake at Kawkareik in Lower Burma, but later in the year (October) discovered mature colonies growing in great abundance in the Sur Lake near Puri in Orissa. They grew on the stems of rushes, which they completely encased. Both larvee and statoblasts were being given out in lerge numbers. 1910. | N. ANNANDALE: Phylactolematous Polyzoa. 57 In concluding these notes I have to thank the many colleagues who have assisted me with specimens and information. For Indian examples of the Phylactolemata I am indebted to Major H. J. Walton, Major J. Stephenson and Capt. F. H. Stewart of the Indian Medical Service, and to Mr. R. Kirkpatrick, to whom I must also express my thanks for assistance as regards exchanges with the British Museum. The named European specimens sent me by Dr Kraepelin and Dr. W. Michaelsen from Hamburg have proved ex- ceedingly useful, while I cannot express my admiration too strongly as regards the exquisite preparations given me by Mr. C. Rousselet. I owe to Dr. F. Harmer’s generosity some valuable specimens and am indebted to Prof. Max Weber, Dr. Oka, Mr. T. Evans and the authorities of the Geneva Museum for others. Last but not least the Trustees of the Indian Museum are entitled to my gratitude for the liberality with which they have allowed me to travel in India and Burma. This paper is merely a preliminary attempt to classify the Indian representatives of a very difficult group. It will, I hope, be followed by the publication of a more ambitious work. I need, therefore, hardly say that criticism will be most valuable, especially on the part of those who have a practical acquaintance with the Phylactolemata of Europe and N. America. tt et tt ee tee er ee ee ee © * ers sand het i RTT oer i sys ibigt ut hath posaand is ace niin cai oe / ! ae N doskie gS? : ade ee ieigets, P eae Viarestaraetic Seth Oe aga EPR A MOTT, RANE SRR ee eBay yep Uae TO ous Phot ft ify ak r via Sennee a2) i ¥: . ia) ie) a a | = J a © oD. ea oe —Pipaeigtir(® jie ra ba. Cs SR ae. Veale ds Was LE TOW Pe < 4 / eae i iy) sh tts Howse haat Nest) Ae fe CORE - Are ‘a, ‘ e , . oo fsb EXPLANATION OF PHATE Viilt N Fic. 1.—Reproductive organs of Nats variabilis, var. punjabensts, +) »> 9) +) ’ as seen in longitudinal section. The figure is diagram- matic, and in order to show all organs, is compiled from several successive sections. 2.—Portion of clitellum of the same, as seen in surface view under oil-immersion lens. 3.—Anterior part of body of Chetogaster orientalis, to show reproductive organs; clitellar area lightly shaded. The living animal represented as seen by transparency, obliquely from the ventral surface. 4.—Middle region of the body of the same, showing an early stage in the development of the genital organs. Ovary and testis present, but not the spermathece; clitellum not developed. The organs of the other side were not seen. . At. = attfium ; cl.ep. = clitellar epithelium ; c.m, — citcular muscular layer; cy.—crop; /. = funnel of vas deferens; g.s. = genital sete ; /.m.—longitudinal muscular layer; o., ol. = ovaries; oes. = cesophagus; os. — ovisac; ova = ova; ph. = pharynx: pv. = prostate; s. —sete, sp., sp. = septa; sp. 4/5, sp. 5/6, sp. 6/7 = the septa between the segments thus indicated ; spth. = spermatheca ; spth!. = posterior extension of spermatheca into sperm- sac ; spz. = spermatozoa entering funnel of vas deferens ; spz'. = spermatozoa in body-cavity ; s.s. = sperm-sac ; st. = stomach; ¢.— testis: v.d. = vas deferens; y. = yolk of tipening ova; o = male aperture. 5.—Anterior part of body of Dero sp.: d.s.o—d.s.3 = dorsal sete of fifth to eighth segments; g/.—= glands surrounding cesophagus ; tut. = intestine; m. = mouth; oe. — ceso- phagus; #2. = pharynx; pr. — prostomium; v.s.2 — v.s.8 = ventral sete of second to eighth segments. 6.—Lymph corpuscles in body-cavity: a and b, with large yellowish droplets; c, with white refractile particles. 7.—Blood-vessels of hinder end of body of Dero sp.: al.= outline of ventral wall of alimentary canal; by. = branches of ventral vessel to intestine; d.v. = dorsal vessel; v.s. = ventral setal bundles; v.v. = ventral veggel. ww Plate VIII. - Rec.Ind. Mus,,Vol.V. 1919. BS 5 aes ; . brs = i i \ Sta ! i i 4 TER B, SALES = TGs eece sew eeee ee ew ee : LS} rs BO) TS S Gila = = —_ f YP NSAID. SB ¢ mame EHO) Oe! = 7 : = “ = re! nD i eae 14" a —— Le a ; ~AGY ey Kia uy 7 ay, re He uh 4 cy 1 e) t 7 i - here : View UNDESCRIBED vozgeamee Profondeur 446 brasses. ‘Trois échantillons. Tous les exemplaires sont en mauvais état; ils sont déformés et les teguments sont en partie arrachés. Ils ont tous une colora- tion rose. Le corps est large et aplati; sa longueur est comprise entre I10 et 150 mm. et la largeur varie de 40a 50mm. Ja face ventrale, aplatie, forme une sole limitée par une bordure marginale (pl. i, fig. 11); la face dorsale est convexe et présente de nombreu- ses papilles. Ia bouche, ventrale, est située a 10 ou 15 mm. en arri¢re du bord antérieur; l’anus, dorsal, s;ouvre a Io mm. du bord postérieur et il est entouré par quelques grosses papilles. Le long du radius médian ventral court une gouttiére qui s’étend de 1 1907, W. K, Fisher, ‘‘The Holothurians of the Hawaiian Islands,’’ p. 688, pl. Ixxii, figs 1, a—k: Pyroceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. xxxii. 1910.| R. KorHiEret C. VANEY: Description d’Holothuries. 93 la bouche a l’anus et dans la région postérieure de laquelle on distingue une dizaine de petits appendices disposés sur deux rangées plus ou moins alternantes (fig. 11). Parfois lon retrouve encore, en avant de cette région, quelques petits pédicelles éloignés les uns des autres; toutefois, dans l’un des exemplaires, ces pédicelles médians ventraux semblent faire complétement défaut. De part et d’autre de la gouttiére sont disposés de nombreux pédicelles, dont quelques-uns forment une ou deux rangées presque contigués 4 la dépression et dont les autres sont disposés vers le rebord marginal en quatre ou cing ratigées ; ces deux groupes se réunissent, soit vers leur région postérieure ot ils forment des appendices de plus petite taille, soit vers la région médiane du corps, grace a un certain nombre de pédicelles plus ou moins irréguli¢rement disséminés. La bordure marginale, qui entoure tout le pourtour de la sole ventrale, se décompose en trois régions: d’abord une collerette péribuccale formée par une quarantaine de lobes a contour arrondi, puis par une bordure marginale formée, elle aussi, d’une qua- rantaine d’ appendices a base élargie, bien séparés les uns des autres dans la région antérieure mais se soudant ensuite par leurs bases: l’ensemble constitue ainsi une bordure festonnée dont chaque lobe est parfois surmonté par une petite papille. Enfin, a la suite de cette bordure latérale, vient une collerette terminale & contour ovalaire, formée par treize paires de lobes dont quelques- uns sont surmontés d’une papille trés gréle. Ia face dorsale présente, a une certaine distance du bord, de nombreuses papilles irréguli¢rement diss¢minées et a base élargie. Les téguments ont une consistance gélatineuse; ils sont mous et épais, et, chez quelques exemplaires, les corpuscules calcaires ont été attaqués ou méme complétement dissous par les liquides conservateurs. Dans la paroi du corps, les corpuscules, tres nombreux, com- prennent surtout de petits corpuscules turriformes a base tétra- radiée (pl. i, fig. 14); au centre de la base s’élévent quatre courts piliers réunis l’un a4 l’autre par un ou deux étages de travées transversales ; le sommet des tourelles est couronné par quelques grands piquants. Les bras de la base s’élargissent a leur extrémité périphérique et cette partie élargie présente une ou deux grandes ouvertures. Entre ces tourelles, on distingue quelques corpuscules en C (pl. 1, fig. 16). Les papilles dorsales renferment des corpuscules turriformes (pl. i, fig. 13 @ et b) et des batonnets arqués (pl. i, fig. 15) dont Vextrémité est munie de quelques petits piquants. Les pédicelles ventraux renferment une plaque terminale, quelques corpuscules turriformes, des corpuscules en C et surtout de forts batonnets a surface un peu rugueuse. Ces bdtonnets sont tantdt simples (pl. i, fig. r2c) tant6t plus ou moins ramifiés (pl. i, fig. 12 a et 0). Les échantillons sont totalement éviscérés et par conséquent nous ne pouvons donner aucun renseignement sur l’organisation 94 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL..Vi, interne. L,anneau calcaire parait faire complétement défaut, Les bandes musculaires ont prés de 10 mm. de largeur et leur coloration est marron. Rapports et différences.—lLe B. roseus offre, comme le B. phlegmaticus Sluiter, et le B. natans (Sars), des pédicelles dans la région postérieure du radius médian ventral; mais, ainsi que cela arrive dans cette derniére espéce, ces pédicelles médians ventraux peuvent faire défaut. Le b. roseus se distingue du B. natans par ses papilles ir- réguli¢rement disposées et par la forme de ses corpuscules calcaires ; c’est aussi par la forme de ces derniers qu’il se distingue du B. phlegmaticus. La disposition des pédicelles ventraux du B. voseus rappelle celle que nous avons décrite chez notre b. cinctus: mais ces deux especes différent entre elles par leur bordure marginale, par la disposition et le nombre des papilles dorsales et par la forme des corpuscules calcaires. Les corpuscules du B. roseus rappellent aussi ceux du B. assimilis Koehler et Vaney; mais la répartition des pédicelles ventraux et la structure de la bordure marginale est bien differente dans les deux espéces. Pelopatides dissidens, sp. nov. (PIY ii ie-2n0:) Station. 315. Lat N.10°6% Long. H.92% 20% | Protondenn 705 brasses. Un échantillon. Le corps est aplati; la face ventrale et la face dorsale sont legérement convexes. On remarque sur le pourtour du corps une bordure trés développée atteignant parfois 10 mm. de largeur; la région antérieure offre un contour arrondi et la région pos- térieure se termine en une pointe arrondie. I,exemplaire mesure I10 mm. de longueur et 35 mm. de largeur. I,’anus est dorsal et s’ouvre au sommet d’une légére proéminence; il n’est pas terminal car il precede immeédiatement la bordure dont nous venons de parler et qui a 7 mm. de largeur a ce niveau. La bouche, ventrale, est située a 10mm. en arriére du bord antérieur; elle est entourée par un cercle de 20 (?) tentacules courts et massifs dont la partie distale présente trois a quatre mamelons trés saillants. Les pédicelles sont localisés sur le radius médian ventral (pl. 111, fig. 10); ils sont au nombre de trente-six et disposés sur toute la longueur du radius en deux rangées plus ou moins alternes ; un des pédicelles postérieurs se trouve placé en dehors de Valignement. Ces appendices, quoique rétractés, sont trés apparents et tres gros et leur diamétre atteint 4 mm. La bordure marginale a un contour festonné: elle est formee par la soudure d’appendices latéro-ventraux, mais elle n/’offre aucune trace de pédicelles. L/exemplaire est éviscéré et il ne présente ni vésicule de Poli, ni anneau calcaire. Jes muscles longitudinaux sont trés larges et 19g10.] R. KOEHLER et C. VANEY: Description d’Holothuries. 95 de couleur marron. Il reste un organe arborescent s’étendant trés en avant dans la cavité générale; il est d’un noir violacé et offre de nombreuses ramifications latérales. Rapports et diffévences—Malgré l’absence de _ corpuscules caleaires, nous considérons ce Pelopatides comme nouveau. II appartient au groupe des Pelopatides dont le radius médian ventral offre des pédicelles sur les deux tiers postérieurs.! Il se rapproche du P. confundens Théel, par sa bordure a con- tour festonné, mais il s’en éloigne par la forme du corps, par l’ab- sence de papilles dorsales et par le trés grand développement des pédicelles médians ventraux. Le P. dissidens se distingue du P. gelatinosus (Walsh) et du P. mollis Koehler et Vaney, par la forme de la bordure latérale et par l’absence d’appendices dorsaux. ELPIDIIDES. Enypniastes (2) decipiens, sp. nov. (Pie iit tig 5.) seatione 322. - at. Nii tr? *26% 30%. Long, H. 92% 537 457: Profondeur 378 brasses. Un échantillon. L’exemplaire est en mauvais état de conservation: un grand nombre de tentacules et de pédicelles sont enlevés et les teguments sont en partie pelés. Le corps présente une face ventrale aplatie qui se prolonge, en avant, par un voile trés développé (pl. ili, fig. 1); la face dorsale est convexe et fortement plissée transversalement. Ie corps proprement dit est blanchatre, le voile est violacé, les pédicelles et les tentacules sont d’un noir violacé. Le voile fait tout autour du cercle tentaculaire une saillie trés forte, qui peut atteindre, en avant, prés de 40mm. Ilse compose de trois parties: une médiane formée de quatre a cing papilles soudées entre elles en une membrane a bord festonné et deux latérales constituées chacune par quatre a six papilles dont le bord libre présente parfois des digitations assez marquees. Les portions latérales se soudent a la partie médiane par leur région distale seulement : le voile présente ainsi une paire d’ouver- tures latérales. Ia bouche est ventrale. Elle est entourée par un cercle de vingt (2?) tentacules, en majeure partie détruits et de couleur noir- violacé. En arriére du cercle tentaculaire, la face ventrale présente une rangée marginale d’une vingtaine de pédicelles noir-violaceé, qui se continue sur tout le pourtour de la sole en ne s’interrompant 1 C’est par suite d’une erreur d’impression que nous avons classé le P, mammillatus dans cette catégorie (Holothuries recueillies par l’ ‘‘Investigator’’ dans l’Océan Indien: Wes Holothuries de mer profonde, p. 30). Cette espéce. comme d’ailleurs nous l’indiquons a la suite de sa description, appartient bien aux formes de Pelopatides dont les pédicelles restent localisés dans le tiers pos- térieur du corps. g6 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, qu’au niveau de l’anus. Les pédicelles postérieurs sont trés rapprochés les uns des autres et de plus petite taille que les pédicelles antérieurs. L/anus est terminal et largement ouvert La face dorsale est fortement plissée et les téguments sont en partie arrachés; en arriére du voile, nous ne trouvons pas trace d’appendices dorsaux. Les corpuscules calcaires font défaut. Le tube digestif ne présente qu’une seule courbure peu marquée. Rapports et différences—la présence de vingt tentacules rapproche cette espéce de l’ Enypniastes eximia Théel, et de notre Eurtplastes obscura. Nous pensons que, jusqu’a nouvel ordre, notre Holothurie doit plutdt rentrer dans le genre Enypniastes que dans notre genre Eurtplastes, car le corps est aplati et son voile s’étend en avant dans le prolongement du plan ventral. D’autre part, notre espéce se distingue de |’ E. eximia par la forme du voile qui est tout-a-fait caractéristique; |’ Enypn'astes (2) decipiens ne semble pas non plus avoir de papilles dorsales. CUCUMARIIDES. Cucumaria digitata, sp. nov. (Pl. 11, fig. 11—17.) Station 355... Lat. N. 217-407; 50".- Long. E.50° 48-.Pito- fondeur 492 brasses. Quatre échantillons. L’aspect extérieur des exemplaires est trés variable: le plus grand, qui a 35 mm. de longueur, est recourbé en forme d’U, avee la branche buccale plus courte que la branche anale (pl. ii, fig. 16); il rappelle ainsi la Cucumaria incurvata R. Perrier; les autres individus, dont la longueur varie de dix a quinze milli- métres, ne présentent qu'une faible incurvation et leur bouche est tantot dorsale, tantét terminale (pl. ii, fig. 17). La couleur des quatre exemplaires est d’un gris noiratre. Les pédicelles sont toujours localisés sur les radius, mais leur mode de répartition est aussi trés variable. es radius du bivium en renferment toujours un nombre beaucoup moins grand que les radius du trivium; sur les radius dorsaux, les pédicelles, assez écartés les uns des autres, sont disposés en une seule rangée, qui est continue dans la région postérieure du corps ; sur les radius du trivium, ces appendices sont inégalement répartis sur deux rangées, l’une des rangée; étant toujours prépondérante. Il y a done une tendance a la dispozition connue dans 1’ancien genre Ocnus. Les tentacules, au nombre de dix-huit (?), sont de simples tubes coniques de 2 mm. de longueur et ils ne fournissent aucune ramification latérale. Le tégument parait couvert d’écailles ; cet aspect tient a la présence de nombreuses plaques plus ou moins imbriquées, dis- posées en deux couches superposées ; dans la couche superficielle, les plaques ont des travées plus gréles que dans la série profonde. Igto.| R. KOEHLER et C. VANEY : Description d’ Holothuries. 97 Ces plaques (pl. ii, fig. 13), circulaires, présentent un grand nombre de perforations; leur réseau porte un certain nombre de tubercules disposés ca et la. Les pédicelles renferment des baton- nets aplatis, munis de quelques ramifications latérales qui peuvent se souder entre elles et limiter ainsi des cavités dont le pourtour est parfois tuberculé (pl. ii, fig. 15 et fig. 12a et 5). Les tenta- cules renferment des corpuscules en forme de batonnets aplatis, présentant une série linéaire de perforations dont le pourtour est garni de nombreux tubercules (pl. 11, fig. rI). L,’anneau calcaire est trés gréle et mesure I mm. de hauteur; il est constitué par dix piéces en forme d’accent circonflexe, les pieces radiales étant plus développées que les interradiales (pl. ii, fig. 14). La vésicule de Poli, unique, est grisdtre et sa longueur atteint 5 mm. Le canal madréporique est trés court; la plaque est petite dans l'un des exemplaires, tandis qu’elle est de grande taille chez un autre. Tous ies viscéres sont grisdtres. Les organes génitauy sont censtitués par une houppe de nombreux tubes simples. Rapports et diffévences.—Par la forme des tentacules, la Cu- cumaria digitata rappelle la C. inflexa que nous avons fait connaitre dans un mémoire antérieur (Holothuries recuetllies par l ‘‘ Investigator” dans ’Océan Indien: I1, Les Holothuries littorales, Calcutta, 1908, Pp. 35) et elle nous offre ainsi un nouvel exemple de Cucumaria ne présentant pas les tentacules arborescents caractéristiques des Dendrochirotes. Les tentacules sont, en effet, simplement coni- ques et ils ont la forme que l'on observe chez le Psolus digitatus Ludwig, et les Ypstlothuria, ainsi que chez certaines Molpadiideés (Eupyrgus et A phelodactyla). Les differences de forme que présentent la C. digitata sont une nouvelle preuve que le genre Siphothuria, proposé en 1886 par Edmond Perrier et basé surtout sur la courbure du corps, ne peut- étre maintenu ; d’ailleurs Rémy Perrier a déja discuté longuement la validité de ce genre et nous renvoyons le lecteur a son mémoire (Expéditions Scientifiques.du‘ Travailleur”’ ct du ‘* Talisman,’’ Holo- thuries, p. 497). C’est de la C. inflexa Koehler et Vaney, que la C. digitata se rapproche le plus par la forme des tentacules et par la structure des plaques calcaires des teguments, mais les batonnets calcaires des pédicelles et des tentacules ont une forme bien differente. Cucumaria tmbellis, sp. nov. (Pl. iii, fig. 2—5.) / Siationsss5- cats Ni ar 40° 50’. Longs 259° 48": Pro- fondeur 492 brasses. Un échantillon. Le corps est légérement incurvé du cdté dorsal et les extré- mités sont arrondies (pl. iii, fig. 4); la longueur est de I2 mm. et le diamétre de 5 mm. Dans le trivium, les pédicelles sont localisés sur les radius, ot ils sont disposés en une double rangée longitudi- nale qui s’arréte a une faible distance de l’anus. Sur le bivium, 98 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, les pedicelles se trouvent disséminés a la fois sur les interradius et sur les radius, mais ils paraissent plus nombreux sur ces derniers. L, ouverture anale est entourée par cing dents calcaires. Les teguments sont d’un blanc grisdatre et ils renferment de nombreuses plaques calcaires imbriquées. Ces derniéres ont des contours arrondis et elles présentent généralement quatre grandes ouvertures (pl. iii, fig. 5); certaines d’entre elles offrent un plus grand nombre de perforations. Les pédicelles renferment des plaques calcaires allongées suivant un de leur diamétre ; leur por-' tion moyenne, élargie, est losangique et elle présente quatre grandes ouvertures (pl. iii, fig. 3a, b et c). L’anneau calcaire a un milli- métre et demi de hauteur: il se compose de dix piéces terminées en pointe en avant; les pointes des piéces interradiales sont plus faibles que celles des radiales. En arriére, chaque piéce radiale se continue par deux prolongements dont la longueur ne dépasse pas Lomi pl eit. Ae. 2), Rapports et différences—La Cucumaria imbellis se distingue facilement des autres espéces par les plaques perforées du tegument qui ne supportent pas de tourelles, par la structure des batonnets des pédicelles, par la forme de l’anneau calcaire et par la présence de cina dents anales. Les badtonnets des pédicelles ressemblent beaucoup a ceux de notre C. aviana, mais les téguments de cette espece renferment des tourelles massives. La disposition des pédicelles sur les radius du trivium de la C. imbellis rappelle beaucoup ce qu’on observe chez les Colochirus, mais les prolongements postérieurs de l’anneau calcaire éloignent notre espéce de ce genre. Cucumaria mosaica, sp. nov. (Pl. 11, fig. 1—5.) station 292. Lat: N. 26° 20’. Long. E. 53°54’. Profondeur 53 brasses. Un échantillon. Le corps, incurvé en forme de V, est aplati latéralement; les extremités s’atténuent progressivement: et elles sont relevées du cote dorsal (pl. ii, fig. 4). La longueur de l’exemplaire est de I2 mm., sa plus grande hauteur, située dans la région médiane, est de 4 mm. 5 et son épaisseur atteint 4 mm. environ. Tes radius sont legérement saillants et l’on remarque des pédicelles sur toute leur longueur oti ces appendices sont localisés. Tes radius du trivium présentent un plus grand nombre de pédicelles que ceux du bivium. Les teguments sont rigides: iis renferment un grand nombre de plaques calcaires arrondies et a surface externe convexe qui forment extérieurement une espéce de mosaique; les pédicelles émergent entre les granulations. es plaques sont plus ou moins imbriquées; elles sont de grosseur variable, des plaques de petites dimensions se trouvant intercalées entre des plaques deux et méme trois fois plus grandes. Chacune d’elle résulte Igt0.] R. KOEHLER et C. VANEY: Description d Holothuries. 99 de la superposition de deux ou trois couches formées de trabécules anastomosées dont la plus superficielle est la moins développée (plea fig... BE) Les pédicelles ventraux renferment des corpuscules en forme de biscuit, le plus souvent incurvés, et offrant genéralement trois perforations : une centrale et deux terminales (pl. ii, fig. 3a et d). Au centre de certains de ces corpuscules s’éléve un arceau limitant deux ouvertures superposées (pl. 11, fig. 2 a, b, et c.). T/anneau calcaire posséde une région antérieure rigide ayant un demi-millimétre de hauteur et présentant dix pointes en avant ; en arriére, il offre dix prolongements radiaires de 2 mm. 5 de longuéeur et composés chacun d’une seule série d’articles (pl. 11, fig. 5). Nous ne pouvons fournir aucune indication sur lorganisation interne, tous les viscéres étant absents. Rapports et diffévences—La Cucumaria mosaica rappelle notre C. rvapax, mais elle s’en distingue nettement par l’absence de tubercules sur les radius. Cucumaria perdita, sp. nov. (Pl. iti, fig. 6—09.) Station 356... Lat:N. 17° 597. Tong. Be 57° 227 30 deur 156—200 brasses. Deux échantillons. 4/ Profon- Les deux exemplaires sont blanchatres et leurs dimensions sont presque identiques. Le corps, légérement incurvé, a la forme d’une cornemuse et il rappelle notre Cucumaria inflexa; ila 22mm. de longueur, 10 mm. de largeur et 13mm. de hauteur dans sa partie moyenne; les deux extrémités sont un peu relevées du cdété dorsal. Les pédicelles sont disposés en deux rangées qui sont assez serrées sur les radius; ils sont en plus grand nombre sur les radius ventraux que sur les radius dorsaux. Dans les espaces interradiaux, se montrent quelques pédicelles disséminés sur le trivium ; ces pédicetles, tout en restant assez espacés les uns des autres, sont beaucoup plus nombreux sur le bivium. Vers les extremités antérieure et postérieure, les rangées radiales sont trés marquées et saillantes et elles donnent un contour pentagonal aces régions terminales. La paroi du corps renferme des corpuscules turriformes (pl. ii, fig. 9g a, b,c,d,eetf). Les tourelles sont peu élevées ; elles se terminent par une couronne hérissée de quelques tubérosités peériphériques et qui surmonte un arceau formé par deux courts piliers; ceux-ci reposent sur une base quelquefois incurvée. con- stituée par une plaque arrondie ou ovalaire percée d’un grand nom- bre de perforations dont le diamétre est assez variable. Les pédicelles dorsaux renferment des corpuscules turriformes a base allongée, présentant une portion médiane élargie a quatre perforations et supportant, en son centre, l’arceau de la tourelle ; cette base se continue suivant son grand axe en deux prolonge- 100 Records of the Indian Museum. [Wore ments plus étroits, qui s’élargissent a leur extrémité et offrent alors une ou deux perforations (pl. iti, fig 7a, b, c et d). Les pédicelles ventraux possédent des corpuscules calcaires en forme de plaques allongées, quelquefois incurvées, assez sembla- bles aux bases des corpuscules turriformes des pédicelles dorsaux, mais ces plaques ne présentent jamais d’arceau central sur leur partie médiane élargie ; celle-ci offre quatre ouvertures de dimen- sions différentes: deux grandes et deux petites (pl. ili, fig. 8a, dD, c,d et é). Les tentacules sont au. nombre de dix, dont huit sont opales- cents et offrent un contour trés déchiqueté; les deux autres, ven- traux, sont de plus petite taille. IL, anneau calcaire a 6 mm. de longueur ; il présente une partie antérieure qui se prolonge en avant par dix pointes: les pointes radiales sont plus développées que les interradiales. Cet anneau est constitué par un grand nombre de plaques polygonales soudées les unes aux autres; il atteint I mm.5 de hauteur et il se continue en arri¢re par dix prolongements radiaires constitués chacun par plusieurs plaques soudées entre elles (pl. iii, fig. 6). Les muscles rétracteurs sont courts. Ia vésicule de Poli, unique, a une longueur de6mm. Lecanal madréporique, unique,a I mm. de longueur et il est légérement infléchien avant. Les organes génitaux sont consti- tués par un faisceau de nombreux tubes simples, de couleur blanc jaunatre et localisés surtout dans la moitié antérieure du corps. L’autre moitié renferme les organes arborescents dont la couleur est également blanc jaundatre ; ceux-ci présentent des ramifications latérales nombreuses et courtes. Rapports et différences.—La Cucumaria perdita rappelle, par sa forme extérieure, notre C. inflexa, mais elle s’en distingue par ses pédicelles disséminés sur les interradius ; de plus les corpus- cules calcaires sont bien différents. Par la structure des corpuscules caleaires, cette nouvelle espéce se rapproche de nos Cucumaria rapax et ardens, mais la forme de V’anneau calcaire s’écarte de celui que nous avons décrit dans ces deux espéces. II rappelle celui de notre C. pigra, mais les corpus- cules médusiformes de cette espéce ne se retrouvent pas dans ia C. perdtia. ESPECES DEJA CONNUES. SYNALLACTIDES. 1. Mesothuria multipes Ludwig. Station or.) WatiN. 24047530) Wong. iH. 6272" 30”. Profondeur 1,000 brasses. Deux échantillons. 2. Pelopatides verrucosus Koehler et Vaney. Station 327. Lat. N.17°7’ 30”. Long. EF. 94° 5’ 30”. Profondeur 41g brasses. Deux échantillons. 1910.| R. KOEHLER et C. VANEY : Description d’ Holothturves. 101 HOLOTHURUDES. 3. Holothuria atra Jager. Iles Nicobar He as ip Deux échantillons. 4. Holothuria ocellata Jager. Provenance inconnue a ss Deux échantillons. 5. Holothuria tenuissima Semper. Provenance inconnue - B's Un échantillon. CUCUMARIIDES. 6. Colochirus violaceus Theel. 24 février 1909. COétes d’Orissa. ‘Trawler ‘‘ Golden Crown.’’ Pro- fondeur 20 brasses. Quatre échantillons. MOLPADIIDES. 7. Molpadia (Trochostoma) andamanensts (Walsh). Station299. Lat.N. 23°43’. Long. E.58° 51’ 30”. Profondeur 1,299 brasses. Un échantillon. A mTZOO: Rs BURRS ,, 60° 26’. Profondeur 1165— 1,375 brasses. Un échantillon. Ata GLS: Pee WEE) 1.) 92948745. \ Profondeuri 1,500 brasses. Un échantillon at SOO: iar 30 ee Cg beAts. Etotondeur sr,053 brasses. Un échantillon. Mir = 832% eres RO aes, ~ 92 40 4. Profondeur 279 brasses. Un échantillon. 8. Molpadia (Trochostoma) granulata (1udwig). Station 913. at. N. 15° a1. Long. KH. 92°48" 45°. Profondeur 1,500 brasses. Deux échantillons. g. Molpadia (Ankyroderma) musculus (Risso). Station 290. Lat. N. 24°53’. Long. E.57° 43’. Profondeur 733—833 brasses. Un échantillon. Bee 20 Pegs 30; 2." 57° £5. se rorondeur 68g-——700 brasses. Quatre échantillons. ae 200 oe 23° Ar eOOL! 2 4. 58-52 30. > Profondeur 1,299 brasses. Un échantillon. Ae BO! 2 20°1GA5 08° 55, Jom, Erolondeur 1 054— 1,051 brasses. Deux échantillons. ea O Rw dIS 2030 4, O5ue20r Profondeur 960 brasses. Un échantillon. 3 aes ES suse 004 }, 1Q2420%: Profondeur 705 brasses. Six échantilons. 102 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Station 316 Lat. N. 5° 43’ 30” Long. E. 80° 05’ 30”. Profondeur 1,500 brasses. Deux échantillons. 79° 19’ 30”. Profondeur 1,085 brasses. Quatre échantillons. Re aa TIO yh sateen OZ — <-73° 406. sbrotondenunaaeia brasses. Deux échantillons. 22% Sere o4 Ose ~~ 80° ;2257 4 Profondeunt 06a brasses. Un échantillon. 3 92°53 45. -erotondeur 376 brasses. Quatre échantillons. eS Ye Osles yy 93° 25425 Profondeur: 77643 brasses. ‘Trois échantillons. 318 pic tO Sy 222 ok 20-30. sien ASST we eel FO 33). 04° 45-30"... Protondeura41g brasses. Un échantillon. re 30° ee on 37 09° 809-) » Profondeur ase brasses. Deux échantillons. ego. eons ~55 73° - 52° 38° 307) “Profondenn535 brasses. Deux échantillons. Pee SOON wea kd 4 e308 ;, »' 50° 33’ 15”. Profondeur 674 brasses. Un = échantillon. Eee OO Bes ee seke (Oe RAG aa o Profondeur 385 brasses. Trois échantillons. i=453.463 \ eRAS O8e Aa” 330 50° 00%RK5”. Profondeurss x0 brasses. ‘Trois échantillons. 10. Molpadia (Ankyroderma) musculus (Risso) var. acutum, Koehler et Vaney. Station 331. Lat. N- 11°46" 30 .- Long. Bh. 93° 16°. Profondene 569 brasses. Deux échantillons. 11. Aphelodactyla (Haplodactyla) molpadioides (Semper). 21 Septembre 08. Balasore Bay. B.F. Trawler ‘‘ Golden Crown.” Un échantillon. Aout 08. Off Orissa Coast... ,, °° Golden Crown.” Deux échantillons. Octobre 408... Off Piri. ‘* Golden Crown.” dd ) Deux échantillons. Les échantillons ont tous été conservés dans le formol et la plupart sont dépourvus de corpuscules calcaires. SYNAPTIDES. 12. Protankyra challengeri ' Théel. Station 310. eivat: Ner3> 207,307. long. F..952:20 4, Prorondeun 960 brasses. Un échantillon. _ 1 8. Lyman Clark a montré que la Protankyva challengeri était une forme trés polymorphe et il lui réunit un certain nombre de Pyotankyva abyssales 1910.] R. KOEHLER et C. VANEY : Description @’Holothuries. 103 13. Polychetra (Chirnidota) rufescens (Brandt). Sans provenance .. ar a Un échantillon. antérieurement décrites comme espéces distinctes; parmi elles se trouve notre Protankyra timida. Nous nous rangeons volontiers a la maniére de voir de Lyman Clark en ce qui concerne 1’extension a donner a la P. challengeri; mais nous sommes d’avis de conserver, a titre de variété, notre P. timida, car elle offre des caractéres assez différents du type de Théel. Nous rattachons donc a la Pyotankyra challengeri une Synapte venant de la Station 310 par 960 brasses de profondeur. Ses téguments renferment des plaques anchorales dont la structure est assez analogue 4 celle représentée par Théel, mais la poignée des ancres posséde des digitations trés développées et les batonnets accessoires sont allongés, légérement arqués et ils rappellent par leur forme ceux du Pyvotankyra sluitert Fisher. ~~ ee te nisce % aes ate % Rinighirnes a Eoth He Banh ye tule e “ts Pi coe ee aa Mibowh re roi Ns: shuts ei tea tyes 3 na Met be a hire tne fl ath t= 73 MPLS T34 M3 P15 oer ie : ih - Pe 19? ay Ard hoes A 741 Vy z mittrt “4 12 EF as a a, as =: ey ete: eee ariel ean 1D ISO ] Me iti Soh SCRA fs re epictrliscs) Ss) lveearst ite SHOT: wht: hblgt th: ohyri de oh a dy aot i ‘ wis a 78 rg 8 Aes SN ahs b simans ed ce % Pa) ea) shoe tf kr 4 13 i 7 ju G tt ry Sie! S if roe | ’ YY Ty 02 =n , s aa Af oe a, - EXPLICATION DE LA PLANCHE II. Frc, 1 a4 5.—Cucumaria mosaica, sp. nov. Fig. 1.—Plaque a trois réseaux superposés de la paroi du corps. Gr.= 330. 2, a, b et c-—Corpuscules des pédicelles ventraux, vus de céte. Gr.—330. 3, a etb.—Corpuscules des pédicelles ventraux, vus de face. Gi — 320: 4.—Individu entier vu de cété. Gr.—4. 5.—Portion de l’anneau calcaire. Gr.—rI. 3) +) 9) 3) Fic. 6 a 10.—Synallactes anceps, sp. nov. Fig. 6.—Individu entier vu par la face ventrale, trés légére- ment réduit. 7.—Individu vu par la face dorsale, trés legérement réduit. 8.—Base d’un corpuscule turriforme. Gr.—330. 9, a et b.—Tourelles réduites a une seule tige des corpus- cules turriformes. Gr.—175 pour a et 330 pour b. ,, 10.--Batonnet des pédicelles ventraux. Gr.=175. Fic. 11 @ 17.—Cucumaria digitata, sp. nov. Fig. 11.—Batonnet des tentacules. Gr.—55. 12, a et b.—BAatonnets des pédicelles lateraux. Gr.—=330. 13.—Plaque de la paroi du corps. Gr.==55. 14.—Portion de ’anneau calcaire. Gr.=5. 15.—Batonnet des pédicelles ventraux. Gr.=55. 16.—Individu fortement incurvé. Gr. 4 environ. 33 ”) +) 17.—Individu faiblement incurvé. Gr.— 4 environ. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. V, 1910. xz Sy MY ON 2a a NESE ( SAA eee oS On ae a aa = ra ¥ S RYO oyncle od CANT SRR «= RSS) Miaeeniuanena ts, ERIS OS ae WE VIR OT NY CA ESAS i PERE OR, oy panne te PCOS OANA aad RARE ie Recut ania icoleaeate nae VEO TOK Saez6! q RECN NE WBA IES IA KU CEE EERE VQ LATA MES ee see rise caiarmasmeclennes Mara satere Pe PAY ry, Auct. cel. Plate II 15 Ges sc) Fa) Engraved & printed by Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, 1916, ee he? ST EXPLICATION, DE LA PLANCHE. “ITT: Fic. 1.—Enypniastes (2?) decipiens, sp. nov., vu par la face ven- trale; legérement réduit. Fic. 2 @ 5.—Cucumaria tmbellis, sp. nov. Fig. 2.-Portion de I’ anneau calcaire. Gr.—24. » 3,4, 6 et c.—Corpuscules des pédicelles. Gr.—330. 4.—Exemplaire vu de cote. Gr.—=4. >, 5--—Plaque de la paroi du corps. Gr.—=330. Fic. 6 a4 9.—Cucumaria perdita, sp. nov. Fig. 6.—Portion de l’anneau calcaire. Gr.=5. 7, a.—Corpuscule des pédicelles dorsaux, vu de cote. Gr. 250. 7,6, c et d.—Corpuscules des pédicelles dorsaux. Gr.=175. 8, a, b,c, d et e.—Corpuscules des pédicelles ventraux. Cr 175, 9, a,b,c, d, e et f.—Corpuscules turriformes des teguments de la face dorsale:- Gr—=175. Fie. 10.—Pelopatides dissidens, sp. nov., vu par la face ventrale, legérement réduit. ») 7) 9? 99 9? Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. V, 1910. Plate III, = FOO0 000 NIA AWE RUNSET Ny RN anes RR aati Minx agiveys R Sy A VOC PAY sic eS Gy eM Ne is NY Ka by vaya nrg AMAA ASS Auct. del. Engraved & printed by Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, 1910, a Mate fee oe URE ERS Oto. BR VA LT ONS. ON THE RACES Orr. T NDT A IN® (ROAETS». Dy RK. LLOvD, (MBs. DSc. Professor’ of Biology, Medical College, Calcutta. In a recent number of the Records of the Indian Museum (vol. iii, pt. I, 1909) I brought forward some evidence in favour of the opin- ion Prat discontinuous variation plays an all-important part in the production of new races. ‘The observations on which this evidence was based were made upon some thousands of common house rats, which had been captured in many parts of India. The subject may be summarized as follows :— It was found that the common house rats of India are, in a broad sense, of one species. It is not possible to find any sure cri- terion by w hich a house rat caught in the Punjab can be distinguished from one caught in Bombay or Bengal: but taken indiv idually , the rats of any particular town are sometimes different from one another, especially in the kind and distribution of the pigment which determines their coat colour. Some of the differences, to which I refer, are of such magnitude that those specimens w nich exhibit them, can be distinenished from one another even at a distance of thirty yards in a “ean light. The common house rats of India are of the type long known by the name of Mus vattus ; they are usually of a dull pow n colour which is somewhat lighter on the ventral surface. In many Indian towns, thousands of house rats have been captured for sanitary purposes, and there is no doubt that the whole-coloured brown type is predominant. But sometimes other varieties are found along with the common kind. Of these other varieties, the commonest by far is one in which the fur of the whole ventral surface. of the belly, breast, throat and chin is pure white, the whiteness being sharply defined from the brown colour of the sides. Another less common variety is wholly black. In another variety the tail is partially white, in others there is a white patch on the forehead, or a white line on the breast. The ev fence for discontinuous evolution lies in the manner in which these varieties are distributed among the multitude of brown whole-coloured rats. In some towns, rats were caught in such large numbers that it was possible to ascertain the constitu- tion of the rat population. It was found that the varieties occurred among the others in small groups, which were in some cases large enough to occupy two adjacent houses to the exclusion of other rats. The constitution and circumstances of some of these ‘family groups ’’ was ascertained, but it was not possible to dis- cover the method of their origi It is an assumption to suppose 106 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vorseve that these varieties appeared in the first case as the offspring of normal self-coloured parents ; even if, as I believe, we are justified in making the assumption, there is no evidence to show whether the normal parents produced successive and entire litters of ab- normal offspring, or an occasional ‘‘ black sheep’’ from time to time. Judging from events which have been recorded from time to time it seems that the latter is the more likely supposition. The following statement will illustrate the way in which the question often presented itself: While in Madras City I had, during three days, the opportunity of seeing more than a thousand common house rats, and as a result of a somewhat cursory examina- tion, I concluded that all were of the common brown whole- coloured type of Mus rattus ; but from among them I picked out two which had a pure white line in the middle of the breast. The con- clusion that one naturally jumps to is that these two, or their parents, or a near ancestor which showed the same peculiarity, must have been the offspring of normal parents. Although this conclusion is not supported by any actual evidence, it appears to be sound because we cannot find any other explanation. But even if we regard their primary origin as uncertain, there is no shadow of doubt but that these abnormal rats sometimes occur in groups which may occupy two or more adjacent houses from which the normal rats have been displaced. It is this particular point which I wish to emphasize. The question was first placed beyond doubt in the case of the black variety of Gunomys bengalensis which was found in Rangoon. Twelve rats of this kind were caught in two adjacent houses, and no other rats of any kind entered the traps set in those houses during the time of their capture. It is certain that the black variety of G. bengalensis is not a common rat in Rangoon, and it has never been found except in Rangoon. During the year of my visit there, rats were being caught at the rate of four thousand a day. Before these twelve peculiar rats were captured, others like them had been brought very occasionally to the collecting stations, but it was not until nearly six months after the capture of the twelve, that two others were obtained. There is apparently no reason why these black rats should not have increased in numbers until they occupied ten or a hundred houses. Their success or failure would of course be decided in the stress of that competition which occurs among all living things. Finally, there is a probability that established races such as are recognised by taxonomists as ‘‘ good species ’’ have arisen in the way indicated: because the characters upon which these species have been defined, are in some cases exactly the same as those which are found in the abnormal individuals or sports which occur along with the normal rats of India. For example, the character of albiventralism is a peculiarity of many well-known species of the Mus vattus group. A more striking example is pre- sented by those species of rats in which the terminal third of the tail is white. The species Mus blanfordi, which is found in the hills of Madras, possesses this character, as do other species which have 1910. | R. E. Luoyp: The Races of Indian Rats. 107 been recorded from the Philippines. Rats possessing this same character have lately been met with in three separate parts of India. The circumstances of their capture show that they were not wander- ing members of an established race, but sports which have suddenly appeared among the common whole-coloured rats. I have repeated the chief arguments of my last paper in a more decided manner: as it was said, perhaps with some truth, that they were indicated rather than expressed therein. Moreover, other observations have since been made which afford confirmation. These will now be dealt with. Observations made at Poona. These are of special importance because of their accuracy. Most of the rat-killing measures in India have been undertaken in order to prevent plague ; to destroy the animals in large num- bers has been the chief endeavour. But at Poona the destruction was carried out systematically by the Plague Commission, as an experiment. In the interval between the 26th May, 1908, and 22nd May of the following year, 45,487 rats were caught in Poona. They were not purchased indiscriminately from the town folk, but were captured in the following manner: Every night a large number of traps were set in certain houses of the town; each trap was labelled with the address of the house in which it was placed; next morning the traps were examined and _ those containing rats, in all to the number of 100 or more, were taken to the laboratory. Each rat then became the subject of various observations, which were recorded in a serial register. The points observed were those which might help the Commission in its task, such as the number of fleas on each rat, the pathological con- dition of the rat, the state of pregnancy, etc. For the biologist, it is most fortunate that any peculiarity of the outward appearance of the rats, as well as the place of residence of each one of them, were included among the records. Case 1.—The house rats of Poona as a class have no special peculiarities ; they are on the average slightly smaller than the rats of Bombay and some other cities ; they are of the whole-coloured brown type, but are much less variable than those of Bombay City, where the black and the white-bellied varieties are comparatively common : indeed, they were almost of daily occurrence among the two or three hundred common rats which were being caught at that place. At Poona, however, among all the forty-five thousand rats which were caught during the year, there was not a single black one and there were only nineteen of the white-bellied variety. Of these nineteen I was able to obtain three, which were caught while I was at Poona. This was not due to chance, but to the fact that traps were specially set on my behalf in those houses from which white- bellied rats had previously been captured. The white-bellied rats of Poona are exactly like the common ones, except for the one peculiar character which renders them 108 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, conspicuous ; so Conspicuous are they among the others that it is the custom of the Plague Commissioners to refer to them for con- venience as Mus alexandrinus as a nominal distinction from the common Mus rattus. This is in accordance with the modern use of the word ‘‘ species,’’ for two animals which appear different from one another at a glance are usually considered to be of different species. The name M. alexandrinus, as used in this particular case, might, however, be regarded by a systematist as calling for correction ; it is, therefore, preferable to use the term white-bellied variety. The map, plate x, shows exactly how far this variety is established in the city of Poona ; it must be remembered that forty- five thousand whole-coloured rats have been taken from the city at large and that there is scarcely a house which has not contributed to the total. The nineteen white-bellied rats were caught in nine houses ; four of these were contiguous and two others are separated from them by the width of a street. Six of the houses therefore form a distinct focus of habitation for rats of this special variety. The other three houses form another centre, perhaps more than one, which is situated about 250 yards further south. The following table is an extract from the register and shows the order in which the rats were caught. The reality of the foci became gradually recognised as the trapping was continued in every part of the city. House. Reference to map. W.B. rats. Raiwar 380 I 3 33 - 2 - 963 3 2 1146 4 I 8 IIQI 5 2 a. 5s) 6 2 381 7 2 s: 382 8 3 <5 379 9 2 1g The serial numbers I to 9 refer to the order of capture of the tats and indicate the particular houses on the map. ‘he focus which is represented by the six houses, 379—382, 553, 963, Raiwar, contributed fourteen rats, but this fact does not give us a true idea of the size of the colony ;—if two or three rats are caught in a house their companions become wary and avoid the traps. In all probability this particular colony numbered a hundred or more individuals. We therefore arrive at the following conclusions: Poona is a large town with a rat population of a million or more. The nature of this population has been fairly sampled by subtracting 45,000 of them from all parts of the city ; the rats are for the most part sf the whole-coloured brown type, but established in the heart of the city is a colony of white-bellied rats which contains in al! 1910. ] R. E. Lnoyvp: The Races of Indian Rats. 109 probability a hundred or more individuals ; this is inferred because six adjacent houses are known to contain them. and, so far as could be ascertained, no others. The question now arises as to how this state of affairs came about. The progenitors of the colony were either born in the city from normal parents or they are migrants of another race which arrived from without. In my opinion it is unnecessary to discuss the probability or possibility of the founders of the colony creeping unobserved into the heart of the town or arriving there in corn sacks, since we do not know whencesoever they can have come. There is no extensive area in India which is inhabited by a pure race of white-bellied rats. They are to be found in isolated groups side by side with the commoner whole-coloured rats in several parts of the Peninsula, especially in the south-eastern part of Madras, but there is no particular centre from which they can have migrated. Case 2.—It was mentioned previously, that rats are occasion- ally found which are marked with a pure white line in the middle of the breast. The same kind of sport has been noticed in Bombay , Madras, Nowgong and Calcutta. At Poona I obtained four half- grown rats which were caught together in a trap. All of them have this breast mark, they are exactly in the same stage of ado- lescence and are obviously of the same litter ; an adult rat showing the same character was caught in another trap close by. These rats are shown in the photograph, plate 1x. This case helps to prove that, however such a character originates, it is passed on to all the members of a litter in the succeeding generations, and by analogy it helps us to understand how the group of white-bellied rats which were established in the six contiguous houses came into being. There is no apparent relation between the white breast mark, as a character unit, and albiventralismassuch. Intermediate forms, showing a widening and lengthening of the breast line and bridging over the gap between the two extremes, were not found in Poona. In some parts of India, for ‘example in Simla, rats have been found which are marked with variable patches of white on the abdomen (zbid., pages 37, 38). The white breast line appears to be a definite character, not only among Indian rats, but among those of other countries. The species ‘* Mus hibernicus ’’ was established to commemorate a group of black rats which was found in Ireland. It has been shown that this species is a melanotic variety of Mus decumanus plus a white breast line. The published illustration of the skull of the Irish rat might indeed have been drawn from any Mus decumanus such as is common in Bombay and Calcutta. A white breast line occurs in animals other than rodents, for example in dogs. Nains Tal. A second visit to this place has enabled me to confirm the previous conclusions (2b7d., pages 38, 89), but in one respect to correct them. Since plague preventative measures were not in foree a+ IIO Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Naini Tal, it was difficult to obtain the rats in large numbers , this state of things was a cause of error in one direction. The previous conclusions may be summarized as follows :— (1) The rats of Naini Tal differ from those of the plains in the following respects :— ; (a) they have on the average shorter tails ; (b) their fur is longer and more plentiful and is of a greyer Bhat (c) they are white-bellied, but a few of them are not quite pure in this respect ; in most of them every hair of the ventral surface is white in its whole length, as is usually the case in white-bellied rats ; but in a few of them the ventral hairs are light grey as regards the proximal half. (2) A-special class of rats was discovered in ten specimens which were caught in some adjacent buildings on Ayapata Hill. These are exactly the same as the others except as regards the colour of the tail. The tail of a rat is usually pigmented in its whole circumference, but in these the lower surface is pure white and devoid of all pigment, the upper surface is deeply pigmented in a variable area, in only one of them did it extend to the tip, inthe others it extended to the middle of the length of the tail, in others not quite so far as this point, while in others it extended beyond it. A second and more thorough investigation of the Naini Tal rats amply confirmed these first impressions, but showed that the range of the Ayapata race was much more extensive than was at first supposed ; but there is no doubt of the distinction between the two classes, nor is there any doubt that the distinction lies only in the colour of the tail. The enquiry into the relative distribution of the common or black-tailed class and the Ayapata class with the bicolored tails, which was carried out in May of last year, will now be dealt with. The result may be summarized as follows :— (1) Any one house contains rats of one or other kind, not of both; there is one exception to this rule in the case of the house, Dalhousie Villa. (2) The largest masses of buildings, such as the bazaars and shops which are situated at either end of the lake, contain black-tailed rats. (3) Isolated buildings distant from and above the level of the lake generally contain white-tailed rats. (4) But two buildings which are separated from one another by a few yards only may contain rats of the different kinds. IQI0. | R. E. Luoyvp: The Races of Indian Rats. III The distribution of the two kinds of ratsin Naini Tal, so far as it has been ascertained, is shown in the following table which shows the numbers captured. Cheena. | A Sher -ka - danda De SS alt. 7877 ag. « F f. Ay apata. alt. 7-721 + mile. Map of Naini Tal showing places at which rats were caught. Designation Black-tailed White-tailed. on map. _ rats. rats. North Bazaar Ss £5 A. Many O South Bazaar Many Assembly rooms Hotel Metropole Government House Dalhousie Villa Priory Lodge Sherwood Ramsay Hospital Ayapata House Derham House Old Govt. House oe gh etre toblesl (lions 000000 N HW OO WHwWN HUB BOOO OO 3 ipa Tre Records of the Indian Museum. [Vom vs We can only speculate as to how this state of things came about. At the present day Naini Tal is a large cantonment lying among the Himalayas at an altitude of 6,500 feet ; it communicates with the plains by a cart road about 30 miles in length ; it con- tains some hundreds of well-built houses. ‘The principal masses of buildings are the north and south bazaars, which are situated at either end of a lake. The lake is surrounded on all sides, except at its southern end, where it overflows toward the plains, by a circle of hills, the highest points of which, such as Cheena and Ayapata, are more than 1,000 feet above the level of thelake. Upon the inner slopes of these hills most of the larger houses are situated. Without detailed reference to the history of Naini Tal we may say briefly that practically the whole cantonment has come into being within the last hundred years. A century ago there was prob- ably a small hamlet or two on the shores of the lake, the inhabi- tants of which held very occasional intercourse with the plainsmen. The rat population of Naini has grown to its present condition in even measure with the growth of the town. If we speculate as to how they came to be as we find them, we may perhaps be inclined to some such explanation as the following. The white- tailed: race are the original inhabitants, but the black-tailed rats are invaders from the plains which have established themselves in the central parts of the town and forced the others to occupy the more distant outlying houses. It may be supposed that the daily arrival of carts carrying stores from the plains is sufficient to explain how the supposed invasion was effected. In my opinion however this invasion hypothesis may be rejected for the following reasons :—Both classes of the Naini rats resemble one another and differ from the lowland rats in the quality of their fur and in having shorter tails. The two classes of Naini rats differ from one another as classes in the colour of the tail only and in no other res- pect. Individual specimens of either class might be captured and produced as evidence to show that this is an erroneous statement, but an inspection of even as few as ten of each class would, I feel sure, convince most people that this statement is correct. The essential facts of the case as they appear to me are as follows .— ' (1) There are, living in the same limited area apparently under the same conditions, two classes of animals which differ from one another in one obvious character only. (2) These two classes are segregative, 7.e from one another. they live apart 5) If we enquire as to how this state of affairs came about, we shall best find the answer by considering the case of the white- bellied rats of Poona which differ from the common rats of that place in one character only (albiventralism) and are found apart from the common rats. 1 See The Zoologist, (3), xv, p. 1, January 1801. IgI0. | R. E. Luoyp: The Races of Indian Rats. 13 If we examine the two classes of Naini rats strictly from the point of view afforded by the theory of gametic factors, we must suppose that the Ayapata class are not all exactly alike in their gametic constitution. For example, among the twenty-seven rats of this class, which have been caught, are two specimens in which the dorsal pigment of the tail extends to the tip. These are, as regards tail coloration, exactly like the well-known species Mus vicerex of Kashmir and several other species of other places. I have had the opportunity of examining at least twenty specimens of M. vicerex. ‘The tails of all of them are exactly like these parti- cular two of the Ayapata race. If we are to explain the facts in terms of the theory, we must suppose that these two differ from the others of the Ayapata race but resemble the rats of Kashmir as regards that part of their gametic constitution which determines the pigmentation of the tail. These two were caught along with others of the Ayapata race, and it is almost certain that they are closely related by birth to them (zbid., page 40). The tail of one of these rats is shown on plate ix (second from above). Comparison between Indian and English Rats. Through the kindness of the Curator of Zoology of the British Museum, I have had the opportunity of examining a brown and a black specimen of Mus rattus and a Mus decumanus which were caught in England. I can find no difference between them and Indian rats of the same species. In conclusion, I must express my great obligations to Captain J. Kunhardt, I.M.S., who was in charge of the Plague investigations at Poona, and also to Colonel A. E. Ward for his kind help during my visit to Naini Tal. ee ee a ee ee i ee - ae. ‘ty ee oe Ex A Po eae NESTED ef ats Satria ¥ en BEE i vat ae Beebe Seat ge Pt aaa ee yt ig te He aS PSHE: ms Roi Pe el Ea eee et et ee. : EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Above.—Itter of four young rats and an adult, which were caught at Poona. All of them have a white breast mark. The four young ones are of the same litter but it is uncertain whether the large one is their parent or not. Below.—Tails of rats caught in Naini Tal. The uppermost is the tail of a common rat and is equally pigmented in its whole circumference. The second from above is pigmented in the whole of the dorsal surface. In the other four the dorsal pigmentation extends up to or not quite so far as the middle. The length of the hair is variable, and has not been studied. Rec. Ind. Mus Vol. V. 1910. Pirate ie oor. SOT LLL j sah ee Bemrose I*4 Derby. - ¥ aie tie + east e eae 28 .< F. = =. a . es nee, if eay 4 rR iG ‘ ye sae) as $ , 8 ‘ 4 : e pees 7 : . * * ate mae : > 1 ‘ 9 ev ad ¥ a a A te OP vay ks : ai ias) ; : 4 5 2 - 5 in - os nA ; ¢ : a ee f “ Aye : bp Prasat ‘ a! ‘h i " aR) “ , . . . nd a ap. z , a a : a a ye A, RMT EA Ries i aes = tel m3 4 a a of us te vw : = ‘ r a 2 . weap nm : Mg : e ‘ nw . a be : 4 y ; : - = be , rs - Fae = Se) By af 5 é sie apy 35) me yr ; Lb 2) 7% tear & : 3 este EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. The circular area marked off by a dotted line in the centre of the map is shown on a larger scale at the side. The circular black areas indicate the particular houses which are mentioned in the text: Rec -Ind.Mus., Vol.V, 1910. Plate 4% CITY of POONA Scale 500 Yards=\Inch. From Bombay To Sholapur Kumbhar VesDharan oo? acl Bo N wm U Ge 4 he — rr janleny| Jirvar =. \ oat a \ H ve OS Som bf \ess * abe ee iq = Y ae o ale Hee Puch t i Spy SerrerrtONwOr A NE WesePh ClES OF SCAPPELLUM. FROM OPH E ANDAMAN SEA. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., Superintendent, Indian Museum. The species of Scalpellum here described was taken by the R.I.M.S. ‘‘ Investigator’’ in 1906. It belongs to the subgenus Scalpellum, if I am right in thinking that the genus as defined by Darwin should be subdivided into two subgenera, namely, Smilium, to include the more primitive forms, which have com- plemental males with well-developed mouth parts, alimentary system and cirri, and Scalpellum, the males of which are more or less sack-like and degenerate. Scalpellum lambda, sp. nov. CAPITULUM narrowly and somewhat irregularly ovate (the carinal margin being much more strongly curved than the occlu- dent), laterally compressed, bearing fourteen imperfectly formed, thin, smooth, translucent valves, eight of which have the form of a Greek lambda. PEDUNCLE shorter than the capitulum, cylindrical; rather slender, expanded at the base, armed with numerous narrow transverse plates arranged in alternating series. VALVES. Carina arched, narrow ; its umbo subterminal ; its dorsum concave with clearly defined borders; its sides slightly convex outwards; its base not expanded ; its apex almost in contact with the carinal margin of the terga, which extends above it for some distance. Tergum s-shaped, with a prominent tooth on the carinal margin just above the point at which the apex of the carina approaches it; the carinal branch long and narrow, sloping gradually towards the carina ; occludent branch stouter and much shorter, its tip overlapped by the apex of the scutum. Scutwm shaped some- what similarly, but with the occludent branch much stouter and with a vertical ridge running nearer to its lateral than its occludent margin. Upper laius also of a somewhat similar form ; its carinal branch stouter and longer than its scutal one. Carinal latus, viewed from the side resembling the upper latus reversed, the fork of the \ pointing backwards and downwards instead of sloping upwards towards the occludent margin of the capitulum ; the two carinal latera viewed from behind taking the form of a pair of small transverse isosceles triangles, which cover the base of the carina and are in close contact at their bases. Inframedian latus 106 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. V, 1910.] irregularly triangular, the broadest part being the uppermost one. Rostral latus saddle-shaped, rather deep, its chief concavity being in the margin opposite the inframedian latus, with which it is almost in contact. Rostrum small, quadrangular, broader above than below. APPENDAGES, etc. Jf irsi cirrus rather long, widely separated from the second ; the anterior branch longer than the posterior by nearly two joints and about half as broad as that branch in the middle ; the hairs on both joints numerous and stout. The other cirri moderate, densely haired. Anal appendages slender, filiform, tapering, extending well beyond the junction of the rami of the sixth cirrus, having about eight joints, of which the second is much the shortest and the first the longest; the distal joint bearing at its tip two plumose bristles, of which the posterior is shorter ; a similar bristle issuing from the vosterior side of the inferior margin of the penultimate joint. Penis absent. MouryH parts. Labrum not bullate. Outer maxilla short and broad. Palp conical, with a few stout, short hairs at its apex. Maxilla narrow, with a shallow incisure near the centre of its free edge ; external to the incisure two or three stout bristles and on its outer margin a much shorter one; internal to it five or six bristles of various sizes, their bases being on a lower level than those of the external bristles. Mandible with four teeth including the inner angle; the outermost tooth slightly larger than the second and by no means widely separated from it; the two innermost teeth close together, the fourth being small and sharp, pectinate on its outer margin and bearing a row of short hairs on its inner margin. Several specimens of this species were taken by the “Tnavestigator at Station 972 (wat-13°>) 54: 15-- Nv Lons94 a2 15’ E.), at a depth of 643 fathoms. S. lambda 1s closely related to S. curiosum, Hoek, from which it may at once be distinguished by the form assumed by the bases of the carinal latera as viewed from behind and by that of the carina as viewed from the side. EES EeeSOSeeeSeSSeeeeESOeeSeree 3. GF DES CRE PTLONS OF BG EseN BW SPECIES OF MARINE SHELLS FROM jee blvosOrr. Ba NG ALY bye. Be PRESTON , ff :Z.S: Dyillia ganjamensts, sp. nov. Shell elongately fusiform, shining, white, stained, especially on the latter half of the last whorl, with chestnut; whorls 11, the first two smooth, painted with a spiral, chestnut band, the re- maining whorls faintly, distantly, spirally striate, and sculptured with coarse, wavy, sub-nodulous, transverse coste, lower half of last whorl and base of shell somewhat coarsely, spirally ridged ; sutures lightly impressed ; columella somewhat broadly expanded, Fic. 1.—Dyrillia ganjamensis, sp. NOVs elongate, descending vertically, spreading above into a coarse, thick, well-defined, whitish callus; labrum acute, erect, vari- cosely thickened behind; sinus broad, but not deep; aperture elongate, narrow ; canal recurved. Altitude Xe oS SEOs 50 may Diam., major Age 6 iS : minor pated St fish tinct Aperture, alt. Ey 2; rs diam. I Hab.-—Ganjam Coast, Madras Presidency, 24—30 fathoms. 8. F. Trawler “‘ Golden Crown.’’) Type in Indian Museum (Reg. No. M. *47*). 118 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL Ne Nassa ariel, sp. nov. Shell small, acuminately ovate, yellowish white, stained and narrowly banded with pale reddish brown; whorls 8, the first three convex, smooth, the remainder flattish, shouldered above, sculptured with fine, spiral striae, crossed by coarse, smooth, closely-set, transverse costule, a single, very narrow, incised, spiral groove appearing on the upper portion of the whorls; base of shell bearing six coarse, spiral grooves ; sutures well-impressed ; perforation barely perceptible, almost concealed by the reflexion of the columella ; columella reflexed, white, polished, slightly ex- cavated above, strongly, spirally grooved below, diffused into a thin, ill-defined callus which reaches the lip above and bears an elongate denticle situate just below the point of insertion of the labrum with the whorl above ; labrum varicosely thickened, bear- ing a number of very elongate, closely-set denticles which run some distance into the interior of the shell; aperture irregularly ovate ; canal somewhat broad. Altitudes. 7°25 mm Diam., major By ten - ie minor Sct PEST Eek Aperture, alt. Basie s diam. I +) FIG. 2.—Nassa ariel, sp. nov. Hab.—Balasore Bay. (B. F. Trawler ‘“ Golden Crown.’’) Type in Indian Museum (Reg. No. M. *822). Pteronotus annandalet, sp. nov. Shell fusiform, pale reddish brown, painted with indistinct bands of chestnut ; bearing throughout the entire length three foliaceous varices, the first two of which are produced into hollow spines below ; remaining whorls 9}, presenting an almost scabrous appearance, sculptured with fine beaded striz and transverse nodulous coste ; sutures impressed, coarsely and distantly cren- ellated by the apices of the transverse cost; columella slightly curved, white, expanded; the margin almost erect and extending above into a thick, shining, well-defined white callus, bearing an 1910. ] H. B. Preston: Descriptions of new shells. 11g indistinct nodule above; labrum nearly continuous, reflexed, whitish, with three very distant chestnut spots, the result of the termination of the colour bands ; aperture oval, a notch appearing at the point of contact of the outer lip with the parietal wall: canal elongate, closed, anteriorly recurved. Fic. 3.—Pteronotus annandalei, sp. nov. Altitude eb oi JO5 sim, Diam., major et? ee He minor tans 25 x Aperture, alt. nei ae diam. Santee iS dd”) Hab.—Off Gopalpore, 30—38 fathoms. (B. F. Trawler ‘‘ Gol- den Crown.’’) Type in Indian Museum (Reg. No. M. *725). A very handsome species which is easily separable from other members of the group by its graceful form combined with the curiously nodulous sculpture ; owing to the chipping away of part of the foliaceous varex behind the aperture, the measurement of the greatest diameter quoted above must be considerably greater in a perfect specimen. Martesia delicatula, sp. nov. _ Shell irregularly rhomboidal, widely gaping anteriorly, pure white, thin ; both valves anteriorly swollen, depressed towards the 120 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. V, middle and bluntly produced posteriorly, sculptured with distant, sinuous, concentric, very slightly foliaceous ridges, between which occur delicate, concentric striz, and crossed anteriorly by radiate beaded ridges. the terminations of which project beyond the ventral Fic. 4.—Martesia delicatula, sp. nov. . margin; umbones rather large and prominent; dorsal margin notched just behind the umbones, then abruptly rounded ; ventral margin excavated anteriorly, rounded posteriorly ; anterior side descending obliquely, angled below; posterior side bluntly rostrate ; interior of shell white, polished, showing the scupture through the thin shell. Long. sie ..) 25°25 stata Waits. ao J Ogee Hab.—Mouth of the Devi River, Orissa Coast, 23—25 fathoms, in sodden wood. (B. F. Trawler ‘‘ Golden Crown.’’) Type in Indian Museum (Reg. No. M, #7). Pandora perangusta, sp. nov. Shell small, white, depressed, curved, elongate-lunate ; right valve concentrically striate with lines of growth, depressed towards the ventral margin, bearing two rather coarse, elongate carinz dorsally and towards the posterior side, the space between these being at frequent intervals marked with transverse ridges; left valve not very convex, concentrically striate with two similar carine to those on the right valve; umbones small, not prominent : dorsal margin curved posteriorly, sloping anteriorly ; ventral Fic. 5.—Pandora perangusta, sp. nov. margin rounded ; anterior side angular above, descending obliquely below ; posterior side elongately, posteriorly rostrate. 1910. | H. B. Preston: Descriptions of new shells. L2E Long. ae sr he See ee Lat. ce 5 ae oe Hab.—Off the Devi River, Orissa Coast, 17—20 fathoms. (B. F. Trawler ‘‘ Golden Crown.’’) Type in Indian Museum (Reg. No. M, #°5 A pretty little species whose exceedingly narrow form and depressed appearance at once differentiates it from any others of the genus. 50; Numerous large black blotches on coloured side S. umbratilis. (2) 3D.-77, 28. 54. Coloured side yey dark olive. : ee 5. cvaned, 1 Journ. As. Soe. ‘Bene., vol. ‘Isiii, pt. 2, 1894, Pp. 131, pl. vil, fig. 3: 2 Fishes, pl. Xv, fig. 4. 134 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOLSWs b. More than 85 rays in dorsal fin. D. 98. Complicated ocelli on col- oured surface a 6) Ds WOCULUS: Plagusia obscura, sp. nov. DOA Nise, By OO, COs lle oe Length of head 43 times, height of body 4 times, in total length, inclusive of the caudal. Eyes, 9 diameters in length of head, one diameter apart. Lips fringed. Nostril on coloured side small, that on blind side tubular and well developed. Two lateral lines on the coloured side separated where widest apart by 16 rows of scales. Scales ctenoid on both sides. Colour dark brown, much darker than in C. bilineata. Each scale lightest in centre. Length of specimen 15°9 cm. This species differs from P. marmorata in the smaller number of dorsal and anal fin rays and the body coloration, while from P. bilineata t is distinguished by the number of scales between the lateral lines on the coloured side and by the proportion of the body height to the length. Synopsis of the Indian species of Plagusia. A. ‘Two lateral lines on coloured side sepa- rated by 16 or 17 rows of scales. a. WD. gg-106, A. 75-86. Body marbled P. marmorata. b. D. 94, A. 80. Body not marbled .. P. obscura. B. Two lateral lines on coloured side sepa- rated by 13 or 14 rows of scales. D. 96-102, A. 70-74. 5 .. P. bilineata. V.—A LIST OF FISHES FROM LAKE CHILKA, TOGETHER WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF Gobius. The following list comprises two collections, one made by Mr. Hodgart, Museum collector, in the neighbourhood of Gopkuda Island in August 1907; the other by myself near Satpara in December 1908. Satpara lies at the landward extremity of the narrow channel which connects Lake Chilka with the sea, whereas Gopkuda is far removed from the entrance. On the way to the Lake (December 8th, 1908) three specimens of fish were purchased in the bazaar at Balgaon (B. N. Railway). These were identified as— NOTOPTERIDE. Notopterus kaptrat. IgI0. | J. T. Jenkins: Fish from India and Persia. 135 GOBIIDZ. Gobtus strtatus. OPHIOCEPHALID#. Ophiocephalus striatus. In the following list of thelake fish the letter G indicates that the fish was caught near Gopkuda Island, while S indicates Satpara. Elasmobranchii. CARCHARIID#. Carcharias\melanopterus. S. MYLIOBATID. Aétobatis flagellum. S. Physostomi. SILURIDA. Macrones vittatus. S. Osteogentosus militaris. S. CYPRINIDZ. Barbus amphibius. G. CLUPEID. Clupea lile. G. Chatoessus nasus. G. S. Elops saurus. G.S. Engraulis mystax. G. ie malabaricus. S. SCOMBRESOCIDE. Belone strongylura. S. Hemirhamphus limbatus. 3. CYPRINODONTID. Haplochilus panchax. G. % melanostigma. | Acanthopterygii. PERCID. Gerres luctdus. S. Pristipoma hasta. S. Therapon jarbua. S. >» puta. Se SPARIDA. Chrysophrys berda. G. 5. a sarba. G.S. 136 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, POLYNEMID. Polynemus tetradactylus. G. S. :. plebeius. S. SCLEANIDA. Umbrina macroptera. § * russellir. G. Sciena albida. G. CARANGIDA, Equula blochi. S. » edentula. G.S. Caranx tre. G. », Gedaba. S. Gazza equliformis. S. Psettus argenteus. S. TRACHINID. Sillago sthama. S. GOBIIDZE. Gobius chilkensis, sp. nov. G. MUGILIDA. Mugil klunzingert. S. bees OCUP so GS: ». Olevaceus. G. 5) SCHELE IS: Plectognathi. SCLERODERMI. Trniacanthus brevirostris. G. S. At Gopkuda purely freshwater species such as Barbus ampli- bius, Haplochilus panchax and H. melanostigma occur. These are not represented at Satpara. In March 1909 trawling was carried on on the Bengal Govern- ment vessel the ‘‘ Golden Crown ” off the entrance to Lake Chilka in depths of about 27 fathoms on a muddy bottom. On comparing the fish obtained in these hauls with those from the lake, one finds that there are four species common to the three lists, namely Chatoessus nasus, Chrysophrys berda, Equula edentula and Tytacanthus brevirostris; while there are five other species found both in the sea off the lake entrance and at Satpara, but not at Gopkuda Island. ‘These are Umbrina macrop- tera, Caranx djedaba, Polynemus plebeius, Therapon jarbua and Pristipoma hasta. It is certainly rather curious that while purely marine forms were obtained together with freshwater species from Gopkuda, typical estuarine types such as Osteogeniosus militaris should not have been found there. Ig10. | J. T. Jenkins: Fish from India and Persia. 137 Several female specimens of Haplochilus melanostigma were obtained which were carrying a mass of egys attached to the ab- domen (see pl. vi, fig. 7). The average number of eggs so attached is from 30 to 36. ‘These are affixed by a number of slender filamen- tous processes given off from a central ligament which protrudes from the external genital opening. Eacheggis about a centimetre in diameter and the shell, which is quite distinct from the egg proper, has on its external surface a number of minute processes (see fig. 7a). Gobius chilkensis, sp. nov. (Pl. vi, fig. 2.) Dri-5— 1-7, P14, Vo 1-4, Ac 6, Co28. Length of head 6 times, of caudal fin 4: times, height of body 54 times, in total length. Eye-diameter equal in length to snout and interorbital space and 34 times in length of head. Interorbital space slightly concave. Width of head ? of length, height also ? of length. Upper jaw the longer, cleft of mouth extending to middle of orbit. No canine teeth. Pre- opercle minutely serrated. Spines in first dorsal fin variable. Posterior extension of 2nd dorsal and anal ray very variable, in some instances reaching nearly to origin of caudal. Caudal rounded. Colour pale yellow, margins of scales black. Dorsal and caudal spotted in bands. Pectoral colourless. Ventral sometimes colourless, sometimes with black rays. Anal colourless, but mem- brane with minute black spots. Locality.—Lake Chilka, Gopkuda Island. This species comes near G. giuris, but differs in that the lower jaw does not project and in that the snout is not elongate. The posterior extension of the ventral is also much more marked in G. giurvis. There are twelve specimens in the collection and their measurement in millimetres from the tip of the snout to the extre- mity of the tail is respectively 44, 42, 42, 41, 40, 39, 36, 32, 25, 2G. 2k ardyrg: VI.—SomE FIsH FROM UPPER BURMA. Two collections of Burmese fish have recently been added to the Indian Museum; one was purchased by Dr. Annandale in the market at Mandalay (March 1908), while the other was obtained by Mr. J. Coggin Brown of the Geological Survey of India at Bhamo, Upper Burma, in January 1909. Some of the specimens in the latter collection were obtained from a tank (T), others from the Irrawaddy River (R). TELEOSTEI. Physostomi, SILURID. Callichrous pabo. Mandalay. Macrones cavasius. Mandalay. 138 Records of the Indian Museum [Vor ¥, Macrones bleekeri var. burmanicus. Bhamo (T) Saccobranchus fossilis. Bhamo (T). CYPRINIDA. Rohtee belangert. Mandalay. Cirrhina mrigala. Mandalay. Nurwva danrica var. alta. Mandalay. Bhamo (R). Rasbora daniconius. Bhamo (R). Barbus tetrarupagus. Bhamo (R). COBITIDINA. Lepadocephalichthys guntea. Mandalay. CLUPEIDA. Clupea variegata. Mandalay. NOTOPTERID&. Notopterus kapirat. Mandalay. Acanthoptery¢gii. PERCIDA. Ambassis baculis. Mandalay. vanga. Bhamo (R). +” RHYNCHOBDELLIDZ. Mastacembelus zebyrinus. Mandalay. OPHIOCEPHALID As. Ophiocephalus marulius. Mandalay. punctatus. Bhamo (T). ) LABYRINTHICI. Anabas scandens. Bhamo (T). Of the above Barbus tetrarupagus and Lepadocephalichthys guntea have not previously been recorded from Burma though their distribution in India is wide. VII.—THE SPAWNING OF THE HILSA. During 1909 I was able to examine Hilsa (Clupea ilisha) at various places in the province of Bengal. Unfortunately, through circumstances over which I had no control, the investigation into the spawning habits of this fish was suspended at a time when it seemed probable that its spawning grounds would be located. The results of the investigation are appended here for the benefit of anyone who may care to follow up the question. There can be no doubt whatever that the Hilsa, like the American and European ‘‘Shad’’ (Clupea sapidissima and C. alosa and /finta), is an anadromous fish, that is, it ascends the rivers from the sea in order to spawn. The spawning places and habits of the 1910. | J. T. Jenkins: Fish from India and Persia. 139 American Shad (C. sapidisstma) are now well known! and artificial hatching of this fish is extensively practised in the United States. Nothing is known of the details of the spawning of the European Shad (C. alosa and finta)* or the Indian Hilsa. Recently the ripe eggs of the Hilsa have been obtained in the Madras Presidency by Mr.-Wilson of the Madras Fisheries, but so far as one can ascertain they were not obtained on the natural spawning grounds, but at a weir which dammed up the stream and so prevented the upward migration of the fish. The diameter of the eggs is not given. In Bengal it appears that the Hilsa move up the rivers in the rains and down towards the sea on their return journey from December to February. Spent Hilsa are abundant in Lake Chilka in December. Since they are full of roe in the rains and spent from December to February, it follows they must have deposited their spawn in the rivers. Adult fish were examined between the middle of June and the 8th October. From the 17th to 21st June specimens were obtained in the Calcutta markets and examined in the Museum. ‘These fish were from Sara Ghat (in the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam). The males even at this period of the year had ripe sperm- atozoa but no female was obtained either ripe or spent. ggs from the females were examined in normal salt solution and the diameter of the eggs was found to be 0°5 mm. Subsequently visits were paid to Sara Ghat, Rajmahal, Khulna, Bagherhat, Monghyr and Kooshtea in the order named and live fish were examined and search made as far as practicable, with a fine-meshed net, along the banks of the river for the fry of the Hilsa. In the following table the diameter of the eggs, and the condi- tion of the reproductive organs of the males at each of the above- mentioned places is shown :— Place: | mate Average diameter of Condition of | eggs in mim. testes. Sara Ghat se | June 25 a 0°66 fs Rajmahal .. | July 5—7 bs 0°6 Ripe. Hooghly at Calcutta Aug. 20 aus O'4 as Khulna -- | Aug. 23 we 0°59 me Bagherhat ae | Atig: 125 ae ae Immature. Monghyr Seale D2 2——25) oe 0 68 Ripe. Kooshtea .. | Oct. 7—8 ee 0°68 Ripe | See J. A. Ryder, Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1885, No. 13, pp. 523—533; pls. xiv—xxii, 1887. _.> But see P. P. C. Hoek, Tijdschrift d. Nedevlandsche Dievkund. Veveeniging., Leiden, 1888, Supplem. deel ii, pp. 313—17, taf. vi, figs. 6—8 (young stages of C. alosa), and KE, Ehrenbaum, Wissenschaft. Meevesuntersuch. Anst. Helg., Bd. i, S. 5463, taf. ii, figs. g—15, 1894. P. P. C. Hoek, Verlag v. d. staat. d. nieder- dandische Zeevischeyijen over 1896. Bijlage v. Rapport over het visschen met Ankerkuilen bes. p. 290, ff., pls. ii—iv (young of C. alosa and C. finta). 140 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, 1910.] A few females purchased in Calcutta on September 14th and al- leged to be from Goalundo had eggs of the average diameter of 0°58 mm. At Monghyr aspent female was obtained on September 23rd. In the ovary of this fish were a few large dead eggs which had escaped extrusion in the spawning act. These eggs measured og mm! (The egg diameter of the American Shad after ex- trusion is given as 7; of an inch, approximately 1°8 mm.) The egg membrane in all probability expands in contact with water, so the egg of Clupea ilisha may approximate in diameter to that of the American Shad. At Rajmahal a careful search was made along the banks of the Ganges for Hilsa fry but none were obtained. The young of the following species were identified :—Wallago attu, Mugil corsula, Pseudeutropurs garua and Haplochilus melanostigma. At Monghyr a quantity of undersized fish was obtained from the market and identified. The following species were present :— Gobius giuris, Engraulis telara, Barbus sarana, Rohtee cotio, Silundia gangetica, Ailia cotla, Wallago attu, Macrones cavasius, Pangasius buchanani, Bagarius yarrellit, Macrones aor, Sctenoides pama and Clupea chapra, A single specimen of the Hilsa (Clupea tlisha) 6 cm. long was obtained. It would appear that the Hilsa spawns in the Ganges somewhere above Monghyr and careful investigation should be carried on during September and October in suitable localities above that place. VIII.—-PARENTAL CARE IN SILURIDA. During the prosecution of the Bengal Government’s enquiries into the fishery resources of the Sunderbuns two instances of parental care in Siluridee were met with. On August 22nd shrimp- trawling was tried in the Culputtoa River (to the eastward of Kaliganj, District of Khulna), and in one of the hauls a specimen ~ of Arius jatius was obtained with the young inside the parent’s mouth. On examination, this fish, which turned out to be an adult male, had four young fish thus sheltering. Subsequently when fishing with drift nets off Fraserganj (to the eastward of Saugor Island) near the sea face, an interest- ing series of the developing eggs of Osteogentosus militaris were obtained. ‘These fish, which were also males, were taken on the night of November 12th, and my attention was first drawn to them owing to their ejecting their eggs when liberated from the meshes of the net. Subsequently three individuals were obtained with the eggs 7m situ. These eggs, which are of the size of marbles, showed a series from the first stages of development to those in which the young is well marked off from the yolk. A series has been mounted for exhibition in the public galleries of the Museum. 1 For an account of the growth of the intraovarian ova and the appearance of the spent ovary in Teleostei see J. T. Cunningham, ‘‘ On the Histology of the Ovary and of the Ovarian Ova in certain Marine Fishes,’’ Quart. Journ. Mic. Science, vol. xl, 1897-98, pp. to1—163, pls. 2—4. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 1.—Scaphiodon baluchiorum, sp. nov., X 2. 2.—Gobius chilkensis, sp. nov., X 2. 3.—Cyprinodon blanfordii, sp. nov., * 2. 4.— - persicus, + Ae: — e. pluristriatus, sp. nov., * 2. 6.—Glyptosternum saisit, sp. nov., nat. size. 7.—Haplochilus melanostigma, @ , with eggs. larged 16 times, 7a. gg en- Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol. V. 1910. Plate Wi A.C. Chowdhary, del. Bemrose Lt? Derby Milica N We Ge NUS OF PSYCHODPED DIE: THRASE ROM THE HIMALAYAS AND TRAY AN CORE. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Indian Museum. The genus described below is represented in the collection of the Indian Museum by specimens of two species. One of these species I attributed in a former paper to the fossil genus Diflonema, which it resembles as regards the structure of the antenne and the male genitalia. The venation of the wings is, however, so distinct that it seems necessary to recognize it as representing a new genus, which I have named Brunettia in honour of Mr. E. Brunetti, who has done so much to increase our knowledge of the Indian Diptera. BRUNETTIA, gen. nov. Diplonema, Annandale (nec Loew), Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. iv, p. 39 (1910). Heavy moth-like Psychodide with broad, thickly-scaled wings, which are held in a horizontal position during repose ; second longitudinal vein with three branches, which originate close together near the base of the wing ; fourth longitudinal vein with two forks. Mouth parts not forming a proboscis; palpi long, with 4 joints. Antennz with 15 joints, of which two form the scape ; each of the first 12 joints of the flagellum bearing a couple of stout S-shaped cheete as well as fine hairs. Eyes strongly emar- ginate. Male genitalia of complicated structure; the inferior appendages bearing numerous racket-shaped spinules ; a chitinous intromittent organ present. Habitat. Darjiling district (E. Himalayas) and Travancore (S. India). Brunettia differs from Diplonema, Loew,' not only in its much broader and heavier wings but also in having three branches instead of two to the second longitudinal vein. The palpi also appear to be longer. In respect to venation the wing is to some extent intermediate between that of the Phlebotomine and that of the Psychodine. The lowest branch of the second longitudinal vein is, however, less distinct from the other two than is the case in the genera of the latter family. The male genitalia, moreover, 1 ‘Zu der Offentlichen Priifung der Schiiler des Ko6niglichen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Gymnasium zu Posen,’’ Dipt. Beitr., i, 7 (1845). 142 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. V5 agree in their complexity with those of the Phlebotomine, and the female genitalia in the absence of the horny ovipositor. Brunettia may therefore be placed provisionally in the Phleboto- mine. Brunettia superstes (Annandale). Diplonema superstes, Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iv, p. 353 (1908). 7, @. Total length 3 mm.; expanse of wings 8 mm. Colour sooty black with a strong white refulgence ; the first joint of each tarsus partly white, the extent of the white portion varying with the incidence of light. Antenna with 15 joints; the basal joint cylindrical, the second almost discoidal, these two (the scape) covered with scales ; each joint of the flagellum except the last bearing, in addition to a broad basal band of hairs, a long, stout S-shaped cheeta on Male genitalia of Brunettia superstes, from above. either side; joints of the flagellum spindle-shaped, the distal end of each smooth, devoid of hairs; the last joint bearing hairs only, produced at the tip into a minute, cylindrical, blunt process covered with exceedingly fine pubescence. Palpi 4-jointed; the first joint short, the others longer, subequal; the whole organ covered with flattened hairs, which gradually take the form of scales towards the base of the second joint. Wings broadly heart-shaped ; the convexity of the anterior margin pronounced and irregular; the length to the greatest breadth as 4 to 3; the alula large, elongate, bearing a dense tuft of long hair; the disk covered with overlapping, spatulate scales, which are narrower near the margins than at the centre and base ; the veins clothed with a double row of hairs ; the marginal fringes long on both margins; a tuft of very long hairs at the posterior basal angle. Subcostal vein practically obsolescent ; base of first IQIO. | N. ANNANDALE: A new genus of Psychodide. 143 longitudinal vein approximating to the stem of the second, the two branches of which arise close together, the second fork being practically opposite the anterior fork of the fourth longitudinal vein ; the bases of the second and third and of the fifth and sixth longitudinal veins united ; the third vein reaching the margin at a point posterior to the tip of the wing; the fourth nearly straight ; the sixth almost as long as the fifth. Abdomen covered with bristling hairs; thorax covered with similar hairs mixed with scales; front bearing a dense tuft of semi-erect scales. The male genitalia can now be described in detail, for it has been possible to examine specimens preserved in spirit: to give a satisfactory account of their structure from dried specimens is very difficult. The arrangement of the appendages, etc., is clearly shown in the text figure, which is drawn from a specimen mounted in canada balsam. A represents the supergenital plate (last abdominal tergite), which is thin and membranous, trans- verse, subtriangular, with the apex slightly emarginate. At either side it becomes chitinized and bending downwards and inwards gives rise to a very stout cheta (E), which bends outwards and slightly downwards. ‘This structure does not appear to be homologous with any in the genitalia of Phlebotomus, Psychoda or Pericoma. On either side, at a lower level, how- ever, there is an appendage (C) evidently homologous with the superior appendage of these genera. It consists of two joints the proximal of which is stout in form and somewhat conical, while the distal joint is flattened and membranous, its sides being sinuous and its tip truncate or very broadly rounded. There are three or four short sensory hairs at the tip, but otherwise the appendage is naked ; its integument is thin. The subgenital plate (B) projects as a narrow triangle; its integument is rather thick and bears a minute pubescence. The inferior appendages (D) are borne at the base of the subgenital plate. In the dried specimen they appear to be short and rounded, but they are actually elongate and pointed, with the tips curved upwards and forwards. They bear numerous long hairs and spatulate spinules, each of which (fig. 17, pl. xii) has a fringe of minute spines round its flattened extremity. These spines are all turned inwards towards one surface of the spinule. The intromittent organ (F) consists, as in Phlebotomus, of a pair of narrow flattened chitinous valves closely pressed together. the fissure between them being vertical, with a pair of delicate chitinous filaments that can be thrust out between them. The form of the organ in this species is narrowly conical. The original specimens were taken at an altitude of about 5,000 feet at Kurseong during the ‘‘ rains’’ (July) on a window- pane and on the upper surface of a fern-frond. They rested with the wings spread out quite flat. I have recently (June, IgIo) taken other specimens at the same place. They were running erratically on the leaves of Caladium in dense jungle at dusk. 144 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. V, 1910.] Brunettia travancorica, sp. nov. 2. Total length 1°5 mm.; expanse of wings 4 mm. Colour jet-black with a slight metallic sheen, which is most conspicuous on the lower surface of the wings; nine small white spots at the edge of the wings, each consisting of a tuft of white hair-like scales and situated at the tip of a vein; first tarsal joints white ; a tuft of long white hairs on each side of the mesonotum just in front of the wings; some of the hairs on the abdomen grey or white in a reflected light. The verticels of hairs surrounding the antennez rather less com- pact than in B. superstes and the S-shaped chztz more slender. Wings heart-shaped, the maximum breadth being rather more than 3 of the length; the convexity of the anterior margin much less pronounced and more regular than in B. superstes ; scales little different from those of the wing of Bb. superstes; a very long marginal fringe on the posterior border only; anterior fork of second longitudinal vein distinctly nearer the base of the wing than that of the fourth longitudinal vein; third longitudinal vein reaching the tip of the wing. Habitat. Base of Western Ghats, Travancore, S. India: a single female taken by myself in November, 1908. Lack of material makes it impossible to give a fuller descrip- tion of B. travancorica, which may be distinguished from B. super- stes at a glance by its smaller size and by the white spots on its wing. It will be noted that the two species differ from one another in the character that distinguishes Psychoda from Per- coma, namely, the position of the apex of the third longitudinal vein. I think, however, that they must be regarded as con- generic. ADDENDUM— A third species of Brunettia has recently been taken by Mr. — E. E. Green and Mr. F. H. Gravely at Peradeniya in Ceylon. Psychoda atrisquamis, Brunetti, from Calcutta also belongs to this genus.—N. A., 24-vili-Io. EE EEEOEOOEeOESeESOSOS OS OOS HX PLANATION “OF: PUALE 2crk Brunettia superstes and B. travancorica. Fic. 1.—Brunettia superstes (9 type), X II. ye} 1a.—Head of B. superstes as seen from above, X 75. The posterior part of the head has been denuded of scales but the pits from which they arise are shown. Only the first four joints of the antennee are represented. 1b, 1c, 1d.—Antenna of B. superstes (a): 1b = whole an- tenna, X 75; Ic = first three joints of the flagellum, X 150; 1d = two distal joints, X 150. te.—Halter of B. superstes (magnified). 1f.—Venation of B. superstes, X 16. Ig, 1h.—Scales on wing of B. superstes, XK 240: fig. Ih represents scales from the centre of the wing ; fig. Ig scales from near the margin, illustrating the transi- tion between hairs and scales. 17.—Spinule from inferior appendage of male genitalia of B. superstes, X 720. 2.—Bruneitia travancorica (2 type), X 19. (The palpi of the specimen are concealed.) 2a.—First two joints of flagellum of antenna of B. travan- corica ( @ ) (enlarged). 2b.—Venation of B. travancorica, XK 30. With the exception of figs. 1, Ie, 2 and 2a, all the figures are drawn from preparations mounted in canada balsam. = - uae Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol. V.,1910. Plate XI. Thx 240. D.N Bagchi. del. BRUNE TIA: Sen nov (. Psychodidae.) Bemroseltd Derby. win this TN Ean PARNA CEES oO JhEE SUBGENUS SMILIUM, WITH REMARKS ONITHE CEASSTIFICA TION OF THE GENUS SCALPELLUM. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Indian Museum. A full account of the Indian representatives of the family Pollicipedidze must be defeired until opportunities of investigating the littoral fauna of the coasts of India have occurred, for at present our knowledge of this fauna is meagre as compared with that of the fauna of the deeper parts of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. In the meanwhile the species of the genus Sca/pel- lum may be discussed with some degree of confidence, because, with one exception, they are only found, in Indian seas, at depths greater than 100 fathoms, and because it is now some years since any species not previously represented in the collection of the Indian Museum was obtained by the “‘ Investigator.’’ The present paper, so far as individual species are concerned, deals only with the forms that in my opinion should be placed in the subgenus Smilium, but the facts that must be taken into consideration in discussing the subdivision of the genus as a whole are treated in some detail. DWARF MALES IN SCALPELLUM. Perhaps the most remarkable fact about the genus Scalpel- lum is that its species possess dwarfed and otherwise degenerate males, which live as parasites or rather semi-parasites on the capi- tulum of the much larger female or hermaphrodite. Probably these males occur in the case of all species of the genus, but they are not always to be found and may, perhaps, only be produced at certain seasons or in certain generations. It is curious that they are in- variably absent in the closely allied genus, Pollicipes. I do not propose to deal with the minute structure of the dwarf males in either of the genera (Scalpellum and Ibla) in which they occur, for my friend Captain F. H. Stewart is doing so in the case of several species in a much more detailed manner than I could have hoped to do ; but I may point out certain characters in the males that are of systematic importance. As will be seen (p. 150), two subgenera of Scalpellum are re- cognized in this paper, their recognition depending to a consider- able extent on the structure of the male. In the more primitive subgenus (Smilium) the larger individuals appear to be invariably 146 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL.V, hermaphrodite, that is to say to have the organs of both sexes well developed and functional. The males attached to them re- semble young hermaphrodites, so far as external appearance goes, in a more or less accurate manner. Asa rule they have the capi- tulum and the peduncle distinctly separated, and bear calcified valves on the former, the peduncle being devoid of calcareous plates The capitulum, however, never bears more than six valves (viz., a pair of terga, a pair of scuta, a carina and a rostrum), and even these may be occasionally absent. The external anatomy Fic. 1.—S. bengalense, male, x ca. 52: A. =antenne ; A.P, = anal append- ages ; M. = mouth parts; P.=penis; Sc. =scutum; 1—6 = cirri. of the body of the male closely resembles that of the young herma- phrodite, differing from that of the adult mainly in the follow- ing characters :—(1) the cirri are shorter and less distinctly curved, with the bristles and hairs fewer and exhibiting less differ- entiation ; (2) the mouth parts are more primitive, the labrum being relatively smaller, the teeth of mandible less distinctly separated and often fewer, the bristles on the maxilla more alike. If the maxilla is notched, this character is less evident in the male than in the hermaphrodite. The male has a well-developed penis, 1g10.]_ N. ANNANDALE: Barnacles of the subgenus Smilium. 147 which often, if not always, differs in shape from that of the her- maphrodite. The alimentary canal is furnished with both a mouth and an anus, and is certainly functional. ‘These characters are better seen in the male of S. bengalense than in that of any other species with which I am acquainted, because the body of the male of this species, owing to the peculiar shape of the capitulum, can apparently be thrust out of the capitulum further than is usually the case without interfering with the relations of the different parts. An outline drawing of this form is therefore reproduced in text fig. 5. In one respect, however, the male of S. bengalense differs con- siderably from that of allied forms, namely, in the degeneracy or absence of the capitular valves, never more than four of which (two terga and two scuta) are present. In more typical species, such as S. squamuliferum, the shape and relative positions of the BIG =e squamuliferum, male, x 52. valves appear to be very constant and to afford sound diagnostic characters. The external shape of the capitulum and peduncle is also characteristic, In the less primitive species of the genus comprised in the subgenus Scalpellum, the male is far more degenerate. In exter- nal shape it is usually ovoid, with no trace of a peduncle. ‘There is rarely any trace of valves, but the whole surface is covered with minute hairs or spines as in the males of Smilium. At or near the end opposite to that by which the animal is attached to the capitulum of the female or the hermaphrodite—for in this sub- genus the larger individuals appear to be in the case of some spe- cies exclusively female—there is an aperture, which is usually circular in outline. From this aperture the generative products are given out and, at any rate in some cases, the tips of the cirri can be protruded. ‘The cirri, however, are much more degenerate 148 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. V, than is the case in the more primitive species. The mouth parts and anal appendages have completely disappeared and even the penis is absent; the alimentary canal is a mere rudiment, without mouth or anus. Such males are of course incapable of feeding, whereas those of Smilium apparently nourish themselves in the manner charac- teristic of the Cirripedia, that is to say by wafting minute living organisms to their mouth by means of the cirri and then either masticating them or swallowing them whole. Specific characters are less strongly marked in the case of the more degenerate males than they are in that of the males of Smz- lium, but the nature of the armature is often characteristic, and certain species (¢.g., S. velutinum) could almost be distinguished by an examination of their males alone, on account of peculiari- ties in the spines with which the males are invested. The exact shape of the more degenerate males is, however, a dangerous character on which to lay great stress in classification or specific diagnosis, for it is very liable to be distorted by pres- sure or by the methods of preservation commonly adopted. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN SCALPELLUM AS RE- GARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF VALVES. A fact that has caused some confusion as regards the taxo- nomy of Scalpellum has recently been brought to light by the researches of Hoek and Pilsbry ; I mean the fact that in certain species certain hermaphrodites and females have the capitular valves incompletely developed, so that the valves appear as mere skeletons. Such individuals may conveniently be called ‘‘ incom- plete,’’ while more normal individuals may be called ‘‘ complete.” Incompleteness of the valves is usually accompanied by a thicken- ing of the membrane in which they are embedded and consists mainly in an excavation of one or more margins of the larger paired valves and of a reduction in the size of the latera and carina. Just as in Dichelaspis it is often possible to trace the outlines of the fine primitive valves of the Lepadide on the membrane of the capitulum even in species in which the valves themselves have almost disappeared as calcified plates, so in incomplete forms of Scalpellum the outlines of twelve or more large valves can be seen, with the calcified plates occupying only part of their area. The nature of the reduction, however, resembles that seen in Conchoderma rather than that found in Dichelaspis. It is per- haps noteworthy that the reduction of the valves in the dwarf males of Scalpellum is again of a different nature, an actual re- duction in number taking place, and that the valves in these de- generate individuals differ from those found in typical Lepadide in including a rostrum, a valve that is never found in that family. The six valves of the dwarf males of Smilium apparently represent the six essential valves of the genus Scalpellum, for there is a stage 1910.] N. ANNANDALE: Barnacles of the subgenus Smilium. 149 in the development of the females or hermaphrodites of many species in which these six valves are at any rate very much more conspicuous than any others, it they are not actually the only valves represented. Incompleteness, however, is much more common in the subgenus Scalfellum, if it is not actually confined to that subgenus, for species like Scalpellum (Smilium) scorpio, in which the valves are embedded in very thick membrane, do not exhibit incompleteness in the sense in which I have defined the term. In the young hermaphrodites or females of those species of Scalpellum in which incompleteness occurs, at the stage at which all the valves have already made their appearance, the valves are practically normal, and it is only as maturity approaches that their margins become strongly excavated. As regards variation in the development of the valves one other point may be noted, viz., the rudimentary character of the subcarina and the rostrum in some otherwise normal individuals of species in which they are habitually present. These two valves are rightly considered to be of great importance in the taxo- nomy of the genus, but it must be noted that even in some spe- cies of Smilium (e.g., S. squamuliferum, otherwise a very constant species) the subcarina is often very minute andstill more often completely concealed beneath the membrane. In some species of the subgenus Scalpellum, on the other hand, the rostrum. which is always small, may be present or absent, and even the subcarina, which is normally absent in this subgenus, occurs as a minute rudiment in some individuals of S. laccadivicum, of which my S. subflavum is evidently no more than a ‘‘ complete’”’ variety. SUBDIVISION OF THE GENUS SCALPELLUM. Considerable difference of opinion has been held at different times, and, indeed, is still held, by different authorities as regards the subdivision of the genus Sca/pellum (sensu Darwinio). Darwin’s great work must be taken as the foundation of all scientific study of the Cirripedia, but it must be remembered that he was only acquainted with a very small proportion of the species of Scalpel- lum now known, and that even as regards the few species he had examined he did not express a dogmatic opinion. Before he wrote his Monograph (1851) Gray and other authors had already des- cribed several genera wholly or in part synonymous with the forms he called Scalpellum. Pilsbry! has recently (1908) revived two of these genera, namely, Calantica and Smilium, and has also raised several other groups in the genus to generic or subgeneric rank, basing his conclusions partly on the external form of the dwarf male and partly on the position or presence of certain valves in the female or hermaphrodite. Hoek and Gruvel, on the other hand, _! “On the classification of Scalpelliform Barnacles,’’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 104. 150 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. while differing as regards details of classification, agree in recog- nizing only the genus Scalpellum, which they subdivide in differ- ent ways. Gruvel’s classification (1905) was, indeed, based on that set forth by Hoek in the ‘‘ Challenger ’’ Reports (1883) ; but the latter author has recently published a new one in his account of the Cirripedia of the ‘‘ Siboga’’ (1907). Taking into consideration the great difference in external form between the males of such closely allied forms as Scalpellum squamu- liferumand 5. bengalense, and the variation displayed by the valves in certain species, notably S. squamuliferum and S. laccadivicum, I find it possible to recognize only two groups of species that can be called subgenera It is impossible to regard them as distinct genera, because no one character of importance can be stated to be con- stant in either of them, although the sum of the characters of each differs from that of the characters of the other. These two groups may be called Smalium and Scalpellum. The former is undoubt- edly the more primitive and includes several species that come very close to Pollicipes, while the latter consists of forms that have undergone a considerably greater amount of specialization. The two subgenera may be defined as follows :— SMILIUM, Gray. Rostrum and subcarina as a rule well developed in the herma- phrodite, but the subcarina sometimes absent; anal appendages usually with one joint, sometimes absent. Dwarf males with well-developed capitulum, cirri, mouth parts and alimentary canal. TyPE Smilium peronit, Gray. SCALPELLUM, Leach. Subcarina absent or represented by a mere rudiment ; rostrum often absent, never large or prominent ; anal appendages as a rule with several or many joints. Dwarf males with the appendages and alimentary canal degenerate and the capitulum not distinct from the peduncle. Typr Scalpellum vulgare, Leach (= Lepas scalpellum, Vinne). Both these subgenera are represented in Indian seas, Smilium by three species and Scalpellum by at least twelve. Subgenus SMILIUM. Key to the Indian spectes of the subgenus. I. Capitulum of hermaphrodite about half as broad as long. A. Peduncular plates in the form of rods set obliquely in the mem- brane and forming complete circles round the peduncle .. S.squamuliferum. rgt0.| N. ANNANDALE: Barnacles of the subgenus Smilium. 151 B. Peduncular plates in the form of flat, transversely oval discs on the surface of the membrane, never completely surrounding the peduncle - .. S. bengalense. II. Length of capitulum of hermaphrodite much more than twice the breadth. Peduncular plates in the form of imbricating, upwardly directed scales .. t .. S. acutum. Scalpellum (Smilium) squamuliferum Weltner. S. squamuliferum, Weltner, Sitz-Ber. naturf. Freunde, 1894, p. 80, figs.; Annandale, Illustr. Zool. ‘‘ Investigator,’ Crust. (En- tom.), pl. ii, fig. 4 (1907), and pl. iii, figs. 4—6 (1908). CAPITULUM compressed, irregularly ovoid, the carinal margin being more strongly arched than the occludent, which, except for the projecting rostrum, is nearly straight and slopes outwards from above. Valves 15, moderately stout, white, imbricate, feebly striated vertically, with the lines of growth well marked, covered by a thin but opaque brownish, minutely hairy membrane, the tips projecting upwards. Carina simply and not very strongly arched ; its dorsum convex ; its sides concave (especially above) ; with strong outer and inner ridges; the umbo apical, situated well above the centre of the terga. Swbcarina triangular, not very prominent, variable in size, often small and as a rule entirely concealed beneath the membrane. Rostrum large, narrowly tri angular, curved and prominent, strongly ridged in front. Terga narrowly rhomboidal, pointed above, with the main axis slanting outwards from the carina; the sides forming the upper angle straight, shorter than those forming the lower angle, which are arched. Scuta subequal to the terga, which they resemble in shape; their main axis vertical; the upper part of each ‘valve slightly retroverted ; the occludent margin longer than any of the other sides. Upper latera resembling the scuta but of as a rule about half the size, variable, however, in this respect. mnframe- dian, carinal and scutal latera triangular, more or less completely concealed beneath the membrane; the inframedian latera much larger than the others PEDUNCLE variable in length, covered with complete undulat- ing rings of calcareous plates embedded in thick membrane. These plates take, individually, the form of minute rods embed- ded more or less obliquely in the membrane ; the outer extremity is slightly inflated and bears a small pit. Sometimes they are almost completely concealed in the membrane and the rings they form appear to consist merely of raised ridges on the surface of the peduncle. Crreti, ete. Cirri delicate, not very long or strongly curved, densely fringed on the anterior margin but with the posterior 152 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOrus Ny bunches of hairs feebly developed, especially on the 4th, 5th and 6th cirri. First cirrus long, slender, tapering, with the two rami nearly equal; both margins densely fringed. Anal appendages barely reaching the junction of the rami of the 6th cirrus, with one joint, compressed, bluntly pointed at the tip, which bears an irregular tuft of long slender hairs ; the whole surface minutely pilose. Penis long, slender, contorted. A pair of delicate oviger- ous lamelle depending from the dorsal surface of the abdomen. MourtH PARTS. Labrum produced and pointed. Mandible with 5 teeth; the Ist longer but no broader than the 2nd, the outer margin of which is somewhat irregular at the base; the 4th and 5th close together, forming the inner angle ; the 5th notched at the base both externally and internally; the whole structure covered with minute hairs. Mavxilla with a very broad but shallow excavation, which occupies the greater part of its free margin; none of the bristles very stout or long ; the exact outline variable. — Length of capitulum Ns 26 mm. Breadth of capitulum ee Too Length of peduncle .. a: 26—A44 ,, MALE with the peduncle very short and stout, distinctly separated from the capitulum, which bears six calcified valves. The capitulum pointed above, broad in comparison with its length, minutely hairy. Jergum broadly triangular, with the base of the triangle rounded and the apex pointing directly down- wards. Scutwm much larger than the tergum and more narrowly triangular ; the apex pointing upwards; the outlines somewhat sinuous. Carina triangular, with rounded base, not quite so broad (viewed from behind) as the tergum and only a little longer, not reaching upwards as high as the upper margin of this plate ; the base slightly lower than that of the scutum and above the apex of the rostrum. Rostrum of about the same length as the tergum, rather broader than the carina and with the base pro- duced toa point. Cirvvi and penis well developed ; anal append- ages present ; mouth parts resembling those of the hermaphrodite in miniature except that the labrum is not produced and the inner teeth of the mandibles are not so distinctly separated. SYSTEMATIC REMARKS. ‘This species is remarkable on account of the possession by the hermaphrodite of ovigerous appendages, which depend from the dorsal surface of the abdomen in the form of a pair of delicate filaments placed one behind the other (I/lustr. Zool. “ Investigator,’ Crust: (Entom:), pl. ii, fig. 4). “lhe male belongs to the type most commonly found in the subgenus. DISTRIBUTION, etc. S. squamuliferum has been taken by the ‘“Investigator’’ at many stations in the Andaman Sea and off the south of India, while the British Museum possesses a speci- men from Singapore. Gruvel’s statement that the species occurs in Japan is apparently due to a miscalculation of latitude and longitude (Mon. Cirrh., p. 56). tg10.] N. ANNANDALE: Barnacles of the subgenus Smilium. 153 The bathymetrical distribution is a wide one, ranging from a little over 100 fathoms to nearly I,900 fathoms. Specimens are most abundant on the glassy filamentous spi- cules by means of which sponges of the genus Hyalonema are anchored in the mud. They also occur, however, on the stems of Antipatharians and even on shells of living molluscs, e¢.g., on that of Xenophora pallida. ‘The species is markedly gregarious, a fact that may be due to the larve undergoing a considerable part of their metamorphosis in the egg. S. squamuliferuin is by far the commonest species of Pedun- culate in the deeper parts of the Bay of Bengal, and the speci- mens in the Indian Museum considerably outnumber those of all the other Indian Pollicipedide put together. In fact, the species is one of the few (so far as this family is concerned) of which it is possible to say that a satisfactory series exists in any museum. It is therefore unfortunate that it is one which does not, except in two particulars, exhibit any very marked tendency to variation and is apparently of limited geographical distribution. Two features in which its characters are the least constant are the length of the peduncle and the size of the subcarina. Compared with such species as S. laccadivicum, it may be described asa constant species. In the neighbourhood of Singapore and in the Gulf of Siam it is replaced by S. kampent, which, however, is a much less constant species and inhabits comparatively shallow water (30—50 fathoms). But S. rostratum, also a form that has not been found at great depths, replaces S. kampeni in the eastern parts of the Malay Archipelago; it appears to be a fairly constant species. Scalpellum (Smilium) bengalense, Annandale. Scalpellum bengalense, Annandale, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xvii, p. 395 (1906), and Jllustr. Zool. ‘* Investigator,’ Crust. (Entom.), pl. 1, fig. 5 (1907) (young form). “~ Subsequent additions to the collection prove the type speci- mens of this species to have been immature. The adult herma- phrodite resembles S. squamuliferum very closely both as regards external structure and as regards anatomy, but may be recognized by the following characters :-— (1) The membrane covering the valves of the capitulum is transparent and of a yellowish colour. (2) The peduncular plates take the form, viewed from without, of small, transversely oval, flat bodies, and never surround the peduncle in complete rings or form ridges on its surface. (3) There are no ovigerous lamelle. (4) The peduncle is never much longer than the capitu- lum. 154 Records of the Indian Museum. — [VoL. V, The MALE, however, is completely different in external form and may be described as follows :— Peduncle long and slender, merging gradually into the capi- tulum in such a way that the whole body has a vase-like shape. Capitulum entirely without calcified valves, or with a pair of amorphous scuta, or occasionally with minute terga in addition to such scuta. Cuirv and anal appendages well developed, resembling those of the male of S. sguamuliferum. Penis bluntly rounded at the tip, which is armed with several stout hairs. SYSTEMATIC REMARKS. ‘The great external difference between the males of S. sguamuliferum and S. bengalense—species so closely allied that the hermaphrodites alone might almost have been con- sidered specifically identical—is a remarkable phenomenon and renders it impossible to regard the external form of the male or the structure of its capitular valves a matter of much systematic importance. The absence of ovigerous lamelle in the herma- phrodite of the one species and their presence in the other is also a noteworthy feature. The structure of the appendages, etc., of the males of the two species, however, as distinct from the external form, is not dissimilar, and the presence of ovigerous lamelle is a rare character in the genus. The male is variable not only as regards the armature of its capitulum, but also as regards size and the length of the cirri. DISTRIBUTION, etc. This species has been taken both in the Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian Sea at depths varying from about 70 to over 500 fathoms. On one occasion it was found in consi- derable numbers on the carapace of crabs (Encephalotdes arm- strongt), while a few individuals have been taken at greater depths attached to the stems of horny corals. Scalpellum (Smilium) acutum, Hoek. Scalpellum (Smilium) acutum, Hoek, Siboga-Exped., ‘‘ Cirripedia Pedunculata,”’ Monogr. xxxia, p. 64, pl. vii, fig. I (1907). Scalpellum longirostrum, Gruvel, Cirrh. du ‘‘ Travailleur’’ et du ‘« Talisman,” 1902, p. 70. There is a single small specimen of this species in the collec- tion of the ‘‘ Investigator,” taken at a depth of 490 fathoms off the Andamans. It is attached to the anchor-filaments of a sponge of the genus Hyalonema and is probably immature. The species has been so clearly defined and portrayed by Hoek that no further description is needed. I may say, however, that the Indian specimen is almost exactly intermediate between the form originally described by Hoek in the ‘‘* Challenger’? Reports and that subsequently called Scalpellum longirostrum by Gruvel, and I have no doubt that the two forms are specifically identical. S. acutum has a very wide range in the deeper parts of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 19t0.| N. ANNANDALE: Barnacles of the subgenus Smilium. 155 Darwin, C. roe, “PP. Ci: Weltner, W. Gruvel, C. Gravel. C: Annandale, N. Hoek P: PC. Pilsbry, H. A. LITERATURE CITED. A Monograph of the Cirripedia, I— Lepadide, 1851. Reports on the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ Cirripedia, vol. viii, Zoology, 1883. ‘*“ Zwei neue Cirripedien aus dem indischen Ocean,” Sztz. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1894, p. 8o. Cirrhipédes du ‘* Travatlleur’’ et du ** Talisman,” 1902. Monographie des Cirrhipédes, 1905. ‘“Preliminary report on the Indian stalked Barnacles,’’ Ann. Mag. Nat. - Hest. = (7), xvii, p:-.380 (1906); and IJilusiy. Zool. RI.M.S. “ Investigaior,’’ Crust. (Entom.), pt. i, pls. i, ii (1907), pt. 11, pls. iii—v (1908). Siboga-Expeditie, “ Cirripedia Pedun- culata,’’ Monogr. xxxia, 1907. ‘“On the classification of Scalpelli- form Barnacles,’’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philadelphia, 1908, p. 104. Seve ON: NinSUB-SPECIES, OF .SCULIGEREDLA UNGUICULATA, HANSEN, FOUND TEN CA CWT 1A: By F, H. GRAveLy, M.Sc., Assistant Superintendent, Indian Museum. When hunting for insects under pieces of brick round the Museum tank between March 10 and March 19 of this year (1910), I was fortunate enough to find, close to the water’s edge, six specimens of a little white centipede which proved to belong to the interesting genus Scutigerella, and to Hansen’s Venezuela species unguiculata (Hansen, 1904, pp. 34—36, pl. ii, figs. 2a—2k). The only previous record of any specimen of Symphyla from the Museum compound—or indeed from Bengal—was made by Wood-Mason (1876, p. 175), who ‘‘ exhibited specimens of a species of Iapyx which he had recently found amongst the decaying leaves and fungi at the foot of a bamboo-clump in his own garden at Calcutta,’’ and mentions as one of the creatures found in asso- ciation with it ‘“‘ a species of the very remarkable genus Scolopen- dvella.”’ ‘This record appears to have been made in the month of August when the ground would be much wetter than in March, and as the few remaining bamboo-clumps in the garden are at present much too dry to harbour Symphyla at their base, it seems reasonable to suppose that this so-called ‘‘ Scolopendrella”’ was in reality the species of Scutigerella—this genus was not yet established when Wood-Mason wrote—which now occurs beside the tank. Its present distribution round the tank appears to be extremely limited, however, for it has only been found near the north-east corner, although I have carefully searched for it along all four banks. Since writing the above I have also found a few specimens in the drier neighbourhood of the rubbish-heap near the north-east corner of the tank. The only named species of Symphyla previously known from India is Scutigerella subunguiculata, Imms, which was found at a height of about 9,000 feet up in the Himalayas in the native state of Tehri Garhwal (Imms, 1908). ‘This species, as its name suggests, is very closely allied to S. unguiculata, and it is curious to find that the Calcutta specimens depart from the typical form of the latter in the direction of this Himalayan species. Thus, though the two species may be most easily distinguished from each other by the form of the claws of the twelfth foot, in the Calcutta 158 Records of the Indian Museum [VoL. V, specimens this foot bears a distinct front seta! (see text-figure) ; the size of the Calcutta specimens (up to 4 mm.) is rather greater than that of any of Hansen’s numerous specimens ; and the sinus on the posterior margin of the penultimate segment is perhaps hardly as great as in the type. On account of these differences between the Calcutta specimens and the type the for- mer may be regarded as belonging to a local race for which I propose the subspecific name idica. A. B: iG A. Claws of twelfth foot of S. unguiculata, Hausen (after Hansen). B. Claws of twelfth foot of S. unguiculata (indica). C. Claws of twelfth foot of S. subunguiculata, Imms (after Imms). All drawn to one scale (diain. x 330 about). The shape: of the claw of S. unguiculata (indica) may be almost identical with that of S. uwnguiculata (s. sty.) : but the distinct front seta is always present. The known geographical distribution of the two Indian species is— Scutigerella unguiculata. Venezuela: La Moka (type ; Hansen, 1904). India : Calcutta (sub-species zmdica; new record).’ Scutigerella subungutculata. India: near Dhanaulti in Tehri Garhwal (Imms, 1908). LIST OF PAPERS REFERRED TO. 1876. Wood-Mason, J. ‘‘ Exhibition of forms of Arthropoda new to India,” Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1876, pp. 174-5. 1 Hansen says of these claws in S. unguiculata (loc, cit., p. 35), ‘‘the front seta is rather weak,’’ and in his figure no seta can be clearly distinguished by its size as the front seta. In the Calcutta specimens this seta is quite as distinct as in Imms’s figure of the same claws in S. subunguiculata. 2 This Indian sub-species of Scutigerella unguiculata I have recently found in abundance in Ceylon, both in the Kandy district (1,500 ft. and upwards) and at Pattipola (6,000 ft.). Probably it is widely distributed throughout the island and Mr. Green tells me that he has seen a similar looking little centipede at Pundaloya (4,000—5,000 ft.) and on the top of Namunakuli Hill (6,600 ft.). IQIo. | F. H. Graventy: A Centipede from Calcutta. 159 1904. Hansen, H. J. ‘‘ The genera and species of Symphyla,” Q. J. M.S. (N.S.), xlvii, 1904, pp. r—ror, pl. i—vii. 1908. Imms, A.D. ‘‘On a new species of Symphyla from the Himalayas,” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxx, 190g, pp. 252—255, pl. xxxi. MV ee LE bah RS UTI ON: sO ORTENTAL SCOLOPENDRID ZZ. By F. H. Gravety, M.Sc., Assistant Superintendent, Indian Museum. WITH A LIST OF THE SPECIMENS IN THE COLLEC- TION OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM, COMPILED FROM DATA SUPPLIED BY Dr. KARI, KRAEPELIN. The Scolopendride in the Indian Museum have recently been identified by Dr. K. Kraepelin who, however, published no report upon them as they all belonged to well-known species. At the suggestion of Dr. Annandale, therefore, I have prepared a list, drawn up in the order adopted by Dr. Kraepelin in his “‘ Revision der Scolopendriden’’ (Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, xx, 1902, pp. I—276), with the object of recording their distribution. The page-number given after each genus and species is a reference to the place of its description in this ‘‘ Revision.’””’ The number given in brackets after each locality refers to the number of specimens in the collection. ‘The names of localities enclosed in square brackets are those of places not in the Oriental Region. When that of a genus or species is similarly enclosed no specimen of it is recorded in Dr. Kraepelin’s “‘ Revision’’ from this Region. List of the Scolopendride in the Collection of the Indian Museum. Genus Cryprops, Leach; p. 32. nC. sp. (doubtiul): W. Himalayas: Bhim Tal, 4,500 ft., Kumaon (1). Genus OTOSTIGMUS, Por.; p. 97. 2. O. politus, Karsch; p. 109. W. Himalayas!: Matiana, c. 8,000 ft., Simla hills (1). E. Himalayas!: Sureil, 5,000 ft., Darjiling district (1). Assam : Dikrang valley. 1 The western frontier of Nepal has been taken as the division between E. and W. Himalayas. All records from Nepal, Naini Tal, Almora, etc., have been regarded as Himalayan unless definitely known to belong to the Terai. 162 340 4. 5. Records of the Indian Museum. L[VouL. V, O. insularis, Haase; p. 112. E. Himalayas: Ghumti, 1,800 ft., Darjiling district (1). [Found since the collection was returned by Dr. Kraepelin. I am responsible for this identification. | O. rugulosus, Por.; p. 115. Little Andaman (9). Lower Burma: Tavoy (5); Mergui Archipelago (3). [By an oversight the Mergui specimens were not sent to Dr. Kraepelin. They were originally described by Mr. Pocock in the ‘‘ Mergui Expedition Results,” vol. i, pt. 1, 1889 (reprinted from Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi), as O. carinatus var. insulare, Haase. Kraepelin raises this variety to specific rank: and he also gives as one of the synonyms of O. rugulosus, Por., the O. cavinatus of Pocock’s ‘‘ Myriopoda of Burma” (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xxx, p. 112). A comparison of the Mergui specimens with the O. rugu- losus identified for us by Dr. Kraepelin reveals no specific difference between the two, whereas the finely grooved polished terga of all these specimens are in striking contrast to the strongly ridged granular terga of our specimen of O.¢msularis. The confusion appears to have arisen from the difficulty, often experienced in examining centipedes, of distinguishing fine grooves on the terga from ridges. | O. spp. (doubtful). W. Himalayas: Murree, Punjab; Theog, Simla hills. Bombay Presidency : W. Ghats. Assam: Dikrang valley. Burma: Upper—Kakhyen hills ; Irrawady, 2nd defile. Lower—Pegu ; Tavoy ; Upper Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula: Penang. Genus RuysibA, Wood; p. 139. R. immarginata (Por.); p. 143. W. Himalayas: Naini Tal (1). E. Himalayas: Nepal—Chitlong, Little Nepal Valley (23); Pharping (1); Gowchar (1). Darjiling district—Darjiling (3); Sureil, 5,000 ft: (1): Punkabasi (2). Central Provinces : Nowgong (2). Bengal: Calcutta (3); Narail, Jessore (2); Ranigunge (5) ; Tinpahar (3); Sahibgunge (12). Assam : Samagooting (12); Dilkoosh, Cachar (1). Burma: Lower—Rangoon (1) ; Moulmein (2). Upper—Pudupyu (3). Malay Peninsula: Penang (3). Andamans: Port Blair (1); ‘‘Andamans’”’ (6). 1910. | F. H. GRAVELY: Oriental Scolopendride. 163 7. R. nuda (Newp.); p. 144. Lower Burma: Pegu (2). 8. R. longipes (Newp.); p. 148. United Provinces : Lucknow (2); Chandan-Chowki (1). Nepal Terai: Dekkat-Bhuli (2). Bengal : Calcutta (4+-a number of young); Ranigunge (2). Ceylon : Paradise (r1).! Lower Burma: Moulmein (3). Malay Peninsula: Penang (1); Johore (1). Andamans (3). [Mauritius (2). ] g. Rk. spp. (doubtful). E. Himalayas: Kurseong, 5,000 ft., Darjiling district. [Found since the collection was returned by Dr. Kraepelin. I am responsible for this identification. ] United Provinces : Bijnor ; Kichha Bombay Presidency : Poona. Travancore: Maddathorai, at the western base of the W. Ghats. Andamans. Genus ETHMOSTIGMUS, Poc.; p. 155. 10. E. pygomegas (Kohlr.); p. 158. FE. Himalayas: Darjiling district—Darjiling (3). Dafla Hills—Harmutti (4); ‘ Daflas’’ (3); = Burroi, at base of hills (2). Assam: Garo hills (1); Dikrang valley (7); Silcuri, Cachar (2) x SCachar’* (8): ‘Sibsaear (3). Burma: Lower—Pegu (1); Pagae, Tavoy (1). Upper—Nampong, Kakhyen hills (2). Narcondam Island (1). Nicobars (1). ED Berubrtpes (Brat.) 3 ps LOX, FTorres Straits: Murray Island (1); N. S. Wales (2).] 12. KE. platycephalus (Newp.); p. 162. lower Burma: Upper Tenasserim (1); hills dividing Burma and Siam (I). 13. E. spinosus (Newp.); p. 163. Madras Presidency : South Arcot (4). 14. E. spp. (doubtful). Madras Presidency : Chevroy hills. [Galilee : Mt. Tabor. ] 1 There is a Paradise estate in the Kurunegala district of the N. E. Province; but it is conceivable that the label is an incorrect copy of some contraction of Peradeniya, where the specimen may have been collected by someone working at the laboratories of the Royal Botanic Gardens. 164 Records of the Indian Museum. [-VOnseV, Genus CORMOCEPHALUS, Newp.; p. 184. Ehee Codentt pes s POC. 10k: Bengal: Calcutta (1); Paresnath, 4,000—4,500 ft., Chota Nagpur (1). 16. C. pygmaeus, Poc.: p. 192: E. Himalayas : Punkabari, Darjiling district (1). Bengal: Calcutta (2); Chakardharpur, Chota Nagpur (3). Assam : Silcuri, Cachar (1). Lower Burma: Tavoy (1). [17. C.rubriceps (Newp.) ; p. 108. New Zealand (1).] [18. C. westwoodi, Newp.; p. 200. N. S. Wales (1).] [Genus TRACHYCORMOCEPHALUS, Kraepelin ; p. 218. 19. TI. mirabtls, Poc.; p. 219. FE. Arabia (1).] Genus SCOLOPENDRA (L.), Newp.; p. 223. 20. 9. valida; Ljuc.; p.234: Punjab: Rawal Pindi (1). Sind : Karachi (2). Rajputana: Ajmere (2). Malay Peninsula: Johore (4). [Persia : Bushire (1).] [21. S.canidens, Newp.; p. 248. Galilee : Mt. Tabor (6).] 22. S. morsitans, I,.; p. 250. W. Kashmir: Chitral (4); Malakand (1). W. Terai: Naini Tal district—Joulasal (1); Rausali (1); Bhura (1). Almora district—Dugari (3) ; Melaghat (3). E. Himalayas: Punkabari (5). Sind : Cutch (30). Punjab: Delhi (68) ; Dera-Ghazi-Khan (3). Rajputana : Ajmere (3); Jeypore (1). United Provinces: Hurdwar (48); Bhanwar (1); Buzru- Kurme, Basti district (1); Allahabad (2; recently received ; my identification). Bombay Presidency : Poona (2); Mahableshwar (2). Central Provinces: Chanda (1); Sambalpur (2) ; Nowgong (1). Bengal: Calcutta (9); Ranigunge (8); Tinpahar (1); Sing- bhum (1); Gmatia, Birbhum (1); Rajshahi (1) ; Berhampore (4); Bettiah, Champaran (1); Chakar- dharpur, Chota Nagpur (2). EK. Bengal and Assam: Rajshahi (1); Samagooting (2); Dil- koosh, N. E. Cachar (8): Sibsagar (1). IgIo. | F. H. GRAVELY: Oriental Scolopendrida. 105 Madras Presidency: Anantigiri, Vizagapatam (7); Waltair (6); Ganjam (2); Ramnad (4); Coimbatore (He Gopkuda Island, Chilka Lake (r1). Burma: Lower—Rangoon (I); Moulmein (3); Peou i(2) Tavoy (1); Upper Tenasserim (2). Upper—Mandalay (2) ; Pudupyu (1). Malay Peninsula: Johore (2); Penang (7); Perak (2): Andamans: Port Blair (1); ‘‘Andamans”’ (4). [Baluchistan : ‘“N. Baluchistan” (10). Afghanistan (4). Persia : Bushire (1). Mauritius (1). | 23. S. cimgulata, Latr.; p. 254. Malay Peninsula: Johore (1). Andamans (1). [Galilee : Mt. Tabor (2).] 24. S. subspinipes, Leach ; p. 256. Madras Presidency : Cochin (r). Ceylon : “‘ Paradise’’? (1). Lower Burma: Rangoon (1). Malay Peninsula: Johore (2). Singapore (I). Sumatra: Sinkip Island (z). Javar(e): Hongkong (1): with right anal leg as in var. dehaant. 25. S. subspinipes var. dehaani, Brdt.; p. 260. W. Himalayas: Naini Tal (r). K. Himalayas: Punkabari, Darjiling district (3). Madras Presidency : Ootacamund, Nilgiris (3); Upper Goda- WELYA( 1): Bengal: Calcutta (11); Chinsura (1); Barrackpore (2); Seram- ‘ pore (I); Barrakur (2); ‘‘ Bengal ’’ (2). Ky. Bengal and Assam: Dacca (1) ; Silcuri, Cachar (2) ; Dilkoosh, Cachar (3); Jettinga River, N. Cachar hills (5): pe CACHa to 7r( Fr): Burma: Lower—Moulmein (1); Prome (1); Amberst (3) ; Upper Tenasserim (12); Ye-bu, Tenasserim (1) ; Dawna hills (1); Hills dividing Burma and Siam (2); Pegu (3); Kyuk Phyu (1); “‘ Tavoy”’ (12); Samuading, Tavoy (1); Egaya, Tavoy (1); Mintao, Tavoy (1); Pagae, Tavoy (3); Cheduba Island (3) ; Mergui Archipelago (8). Upper—Tsagain (1). Malay Peninsula: Penang (9); Johore (9). Sumatra: Deli (z). Java (I). 1 See footnote, p. 163, 166 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vom Andamans: Port Blair (20); ‘‘Andamans”’ (38); Little Anda- man (4). Nicobars (20). 26. S. subspinipes var. hardwicket, Newp.; p. 262. Madras Presidency : S. Arcot (1). Distribution of Oriental Scolopendride. Selecting the records from the Oriental region notified by Dr. Kraepelin in his ‘‘ Revision’’ and incorporating with these those of the above list and in a few other papers referred to separately, we have the following distribution recorded for Oriental species :— Genus Cryprops, Leach. C. fee, Poc.—Burma (Palon). . modighant, Silo—Sumatra. . nermtpes, Poc.—Christmas Island; ? Burma . doria, Poc. (=C. lorie, Silv.')}—Burma (Palon, Shwegoo, Carin Berge, etc.); Sumatra?; Java; New Guinea. . spp. (doubtful)—India (W. Himalayas, Madras Presidency 6,000 16, alt.2): Gre Fe). Gs) Genus PARACRYPTOPS, Poc. P. webert, Poc.—Flores ; Java. Genus Mimops, Kraep. M. orientalis, Kraep.—China (Prov. Schensi). Genus OTocRYPToPS, Haase. O. rubiginosus (I, Koch)—China; Japan; N. America (Min- nesota, Indiana). O. melanostomus (Newp.)—From the Philippines over Java, Celebes, Halmaheira, etc., to New Guinea; from Central America (Porto Rico, St. Vincent in the W. Indies) through Venezuela and Brazil to Argentina (Rosario). var. celebensis , Haase—Celebes. Genus SCOLOCRYPTOPS, Newp. S. broelemannt, Kraep.—China (Chou-San). — 1 See C. Attems, ‘‘ Javanische Myriopoden,’’? Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamb., XXIV, 1906 (1907). 2 2? See Krsepelin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, x, 1904, p. 244. 1910. | F. H. GRAVELY: Oriental Scolopendnide@. 167 Genus OrostTicmus, Por. _ aculeatus, Haase—Java ; Tonkin. . nudus, Poc.—India (Madras Presidency). . politus, Karsch—India (W. Himalayas, E. Himalayas, Assam); Burma; Sumatra; China (Tientsin, Tsingtau, Peking); New Guinea; Australia.! . ceophilinus, Haase—Java ; Timor. . ceylonicus, Haase—Ceylon ; Burma. . scaber, Por.—Burma?!; Malay Peninsula *; Siam; Nicobars; Cochin China!; China. insularis, WHaase—India (FE. Himalayas—Bhutan! and Darjiling district); Ceylon ; Philippines ; Seychelles. . longicornis (T6m.)—Borneo. . asper, Haase— Philippines ; Marianne Islands.! . sumatranus, Haase—Sumatra. . punctiventer (Tém.)—Sumatra!; Borneo ; Philippines.! . astenus (Kohlr.)-—Philippines; Marianne Isles; Caroline Isles; Samoa; Solomon Isles; New Caledonia'!; New Guinea; Australia ; Seychelles. O. rvugulosus, Por.—Burma (Tavoy); Siam; Andamans ; Seychelles '; Mauritius. O. owent, Poc.—Burma (Mergui Archipelago). O. spinosus, Por.—Burma (Tenasserim); Java; Borneo; Algeria. O. fee, Poc.—Burma. O. sblendens, Poc.—India (Madras Presidency). O. suckt, Kraep.—Borneo. O. niasensis, Silv.—Sumatra (Nias Island). QO. morsitans, Poc.—India ; Burma; Ceylon. O. rufriceps, Poc.—India (Madras Presidency). O O O O VSS SS OCmen oS x ~ . nemorensis, Silv.—Sumatra ; Java. . orientalis, Por.—India (Bombay Presidency, Madras Presi- dency 6,000 ft. alt.!) ; Seychelles. . metallicus, Haase—Ceylon ; Sumatra!; Sangir Island. . multidens, Haase—Sumatra; Java; Borneo!; Celebes ; Mentaway Island. Genus Ruysimpa, Wood. R. immarginata (Por.)—India (W. and E. Himalayas, Central Provinces, Bengal, Assam, Madras Presidency 6,000 ft. alt.1); Ceylon?; Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra? ; Borneo*; Andamans ; Philippines. R. nuda (Newp.)—Ceylon; Burma; Siam*; Banda; Austra- lia; Paraguay.! 1 See Kraepelin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, x, 1904. 2 See Flower, Journ. Straits Asiatic Soc., No. 36, July, 1901. 8 See Pocock, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vil, 1892-93, p. 139. 4+ See C. Attems, ‘‘ Javanische Myriopoden,’’ Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamb., xxiv, 1906 (1907). 168 Vane Vy AAA E. sy Oy by by Records of the Indian Museum. [Morsay . carinulata, Haase—Malay Peninsula!; Sumatra; Celebes ; New Guinea; Thursday Island; Australia. . calcavata, Poc.—Siam* ; Cambodia. . monticola, Poc.—Borneo. . longipes (Newp.)—Entire tropical zone of Australia, through Malaysia, Burma, India (United Provinces, Nepal Terai, Bengal) and Ceylon to E. and W. Africa (also Madagascar and Mauritius) ; Mexico; Central and South America. . paucidens, Poc.—India (Madras Presidency) ; Somaliland. . lithoboides (Newp.)—India (Madras Presidency”) ; China. . cvassispina, Kraep.—India (Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency *). . peterst (Por.)—India (Bhutan’*) ; Cape Colony. . cuprea, Kraep.—India (Bhutan). Genus ETHMostTIGMUS, Poc. pygomegas (Kohlr.)—N. India (throughout EF. Himalayas and Assam); Burma; Narcondam Island ; Nicobats. . albidus (T6m.)—Singapore. . bisulcatus (Tom.)—Siam ; Java; Borneo. : PAIS (Bret es —China; Java; New Guinea; Solomon Isles*; Thursday Island: Australia (Queensland, Sid- ney, ere )--Dasmania.* . platycephalus (Newp.)—India (Madras piecdene Burma ; Java; Molucca; New Guinea; New Britain. E. spinosus (Newp.)—India (Madras Presidency); Ceylon ; yy Burma (Thagata, Carin Berge). Genus ANODONTOSTOMA, T6m. . octosulcatus, Tom.—S. E. Borneo (Matang, Bendjermasin). Genus ASANDA, Mein. . brevicornis, Mein.—India (W. Himalayas, Madras Presi- dency”) ; Andamans; Socotra; Somaliland? ; Arabia.? Genus CORMOCEPHALUS, Newp. . dentipes, Poc.—India (Bengal). . philippinensts, Kraep.—Philippines. . bygmeus, Poc.—India (EK. Himalayas, Bombay Presidency, Bengal, Assam, Madras Presidency); Burma. \ See Flower, Journ Straits Asiatic Soc., No. 36, July, 1901; WM. carinulaia, Haase, includes R. vugulosa, Poc., according to Kraepelin. 2 See Kraepelin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, X, 1904. IQIO. } YD / Y, Ss) F. H. GRAVELY: Oriental Scolopendride. 169 . dispar, Por., var. savasinorum, Haase—Ceylon (Newara Eliya). [C. dispar, Por., from S. Africa (Transvaal, Kaffera- ria); Madagascar. | . nermipes, Poc.—Ceylon. Genus PSILOSCOLOPENDRA, Kraep. . fee (Poc.)—Burma (Carin Berge). Genus SCOLOPENDRA (L.), Newp. valida, Luc.—India (Punjab, Sind, Rajputana); Malay Peninsula; Canary Isles; Syria; Arabia; Djibuti:; Socotra; E. coast of the Persian Gulf. [var. stemonyt, Att., Abd el Kuri Island off C. Guar- dafui. ] . pinguts, Poc.—Burma (Carin Berge). Se gracillima, Att.—Java. morsttans, I,—Occurs in all lands of the tropical and temperate zones ; centred in the Oriental and African regions. cingulata, Iatr.—Malay Peninsula; Andamans; S. Europe; Asia Minor ; Syria; N. Africa and in E. Africa as far south as Tanga in German FE. Africa (introduced ?); Madagascar!; Brazil.} . subspintpes, Teach—Occurs in all lands of the tropical and temperate zones with the exception of those round the Mediterranean Sea where it is replaced by the allied S. cingulata; centre of distribution the Oriental region, where a series of varieties have been evolved. var. dehaant, Brdt.—Chiefly from Sumatra, Java, Malay Peninsula, the whole of Further India (Burma. Siam, Anam) to China and India. var. hardwicket, Newp.—India (Madras Presidency): Cey- lon ; Further India; Nicobars; Malay Archipelago. var. spinosissima, Kraep.—Philippines. var. mutilans, 1,. Koch—China; Japan. var. multtdens, Newp.—Sumatra!; Java?; Tonkin!; China: Japan. [var. japonica, I,. Koch, Japan. | . indica, Mien.--India (W. Himalayas, Punjab, etc.). The region regarded as ‘‘Oriental’’ in drawing up the above list extends from the western boundaries of Sind, the Punjab and Kashmir to the eastern shores of Java, Borneo and the Philip- pines ; and all the Chinese species have been included. The centre of distribution of the Oriental Scolopendridz seems undoubtedly to be the Malay Archipelago, 33 (excluding the 1 See Kraepelin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pavis, X, 1904. 170 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL.-V, species from Singapore which is here regarded as belonging to the Malay Peninsula) out of the known 66 specifically identified forms occurring in these islands. Of these 33 species 14 are known from no other locality, nine of them—Cryftops modighani, Otostigmus longicornis, O. sumatranus, O. suckt, O. niasensis, O. nemorensts , Rhystda monticola, Anodontostoma octosulcatum, and Scolopendra gracillima—being confined to the Sumatra-Java-Borneo group of islands, one—Otostigmus punctiventery—being common to these and to the Philippines, one—Cormocephalus philippinensis—being res- tricted to the Philippines, and three—Paracryptops webert, Otostig- mus geophilinus and O. multidens—extending beyond the Oriental region to Flores, Timor and Celebes, respectively. Of the remain- ing 19 species found in the Oriental section of the Malay Archi- pelago, the distribution of 2 seems to extend eastwards only— that of Otostegmus asper from the Philippine to the Marianne Islands ; and that of Otocrvptops melanostomus from the Philippines and Java to Porto Rico and Argentina, though no records have yet been made between N. Guinea and Venezuela. It is perhaps worth noting here that the only other species of Otocryptops included in the above list of Oriental species, O. rubiginosus, has a parallel distribution further to the north, extending from China through Japan to N. America where, however, it has apparently only been recorded from the states of Minnesota and Indiana— more than half way across the Continent. There are I0 species found both east and west of the Malay Archipelago. Of these Scolopendra morsttans occurs throughout the tropical and tem- perate zones; S. subspinipes shares the same extensive area with the closely allied S. cingulata which replaces it entirely round the Mediterranean Sea; and Rhysida longipes occurs throughout the tropical zone, being found in India as far north as the Nepal Terai but not in the Himalayas. Otostigmus poliius is found from China and the Eastern Himalayas to Australia; Cryptops dorie from Burma to New Guinea; Rhysida nuda from Burma and Ceylon to Australia (also in Paraguay); Rhysida carinulata from the Malay Peninsula to Australia; Ethmostigmus platycephalus from Eastern India (Madras Presidency) and Burma to New Britain; and FE. rubripes from China and Java (no intermediate records as yet) to Tasmania and the Solomon Isles. And Ofostzg- mus astenus, which extends from the Philippines to New Caledonia and Australia, has in addition been recorded from the Seychelles. Of the 7 remaining species occurring in the Malay Archipelago one—khysida tmmarginata—occurs throughout India, Burma and Oriental (not eastern) Malaysia ; one—Otostigmus insularis—in the Philippines, E. Himalayas, Ceylon and the Seychelles ; four— Otostigmus aculeatus, O. spinosus (found also in Algeria !), Ethmo- stigmus bisulcatus and Cryptops inermipes—have only been found in the Burma-Cambodia region on the mainland (there appears to be some doubt, however, as to the occurrence of Cryptops inermipes there at all) and in the Sumatra-Java-Borneo group of islands of the Archipelago; and the seventh—Ofostigmus IQIO. | F. H. GRAVELY: Oriental Scolopendride. 171 metallicus—occuts in Sumatra and Sangir Island and also in Ceylon. Of the remaining 33 Oriental species 4 are known from the Malay Peninsula, and 13 others from the Burma-Cambodia-Anda- man region. Of the 4 Malay species one—Ethmostigmus albidus—is only known from Singapore. Another—Scolopendra cingulata—also occurs in the Andamans but is otherwise unknown from the Oriental region; it occurs, however, on the one side in Brazil, and on the other in Madagascar, E. Africa and the districts bordering the Mediterranean Sea in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scolopendra valida is found in north-west India (excluding the Himalayas), Persia, Syria, Arabia, Socotra and the Canary Islands, and Otostigmus scabey occurs in the Nicobars, Burma, Siam and China. Of the 13 additional species found in Burma, etc., one— Khysida calcarata—is known from Cambodia and Siam only, and five —Cryptops fee, Otostigmus oweni, O. fee, Pstloscolopendra fee and Scolopendra pinguis—from Burma only. Otostigmus ceylonicus occurs only in Burma and Ceylon, O. morsitans and Ethmostigmus spinosus in these two countries and in India. E. pygomegas extends from the Nicobars and Burma through Assam and the Eastern Himalayas ; Cormocephalus pygmaeus is probably to be found all over India and in Burma. And there are two species which have a more scattered distribution, Otostigmus vugulosus occurring in Siam, Burma and the Andamans, the Seychelles and Mauritius; and Asanda brevicornis in the Andamans, Madras Presidency of India, Arabia, Socotra and Somaliland—a distri- bution allied to that of Scolopendra valida described above. There are 2 species which appear to be peculiar to China— Mimops ortentalis and Scolocryptops broelemanni. The distribution ot Otocryptops rubiginosus which is confined in the Oriental Region to China has been referred to above. Another 2 species—Cormo- cephalus dispar var. sarasinorum and C. inermipes—are confined to Ceylon, C. dispar (s. str.) being however only found in Madagascar and S. Africa. The remaining 11 species are all Indian. Otostigmus nudus , O. splendens and O. rufriceps are only known from the Madras Presidency ; Rhysida crassispina from the Madras and Bombay Presidencies; and Otostigmus orientalis from these two districts and the Seychelles. Cormocephalus dentipes is recorded only from Bengal, Rhysida cuprea from Bhutan and Scolopendra indica from the W. Himalayas, Punjab, etc. Rhysida lithoboides occurs in India and China, R. paucidens in India and Somaliland and R. peterst in India and S. Africa. It would be futile to attempt to draw any far-reaching couclusions from the above records, for it is almost certain that many species will eventually be found in fresh localities as soon as these can be thoroughly examined. A few noteworthy facts may, however, be briefly noted here. As stated above, the Oriental Scolopendridee seem to be centred in the Malay Archipelago. Species found in the ‘‘ Oriental’’ 172 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. V, 1gto.] portion of this Archipelago (excluding the three which occur in all longitudes) are found to extend eastwards through Polynesia and Central America to Porto Rico and Argentina; southwards to Tasmania; northwards to China; and westwards practically not beyond the boundary of the Oriental region, though one species occurs in Socotra and one, otherwise not known west of Burma, has been found in Algeria. Thus they appear as a whole to have a much wider distribution over the islands to the east than over the mainland to the west. Again excluding the three most widely distributed species, we find that only two species are common to the Philippines and to the Sumatra-Java-Borneo group, the former having three addi- tional species and a local variety of Scolopendra subspinipes, and the latter twenty-seven additional species. Thus these two groups of islands will probably be found to form separate zoogeographical subdivisions of Oriental Malaysia so far as the Scolopendridz are concerned. With regard to the mainland it is almost impossible to draw any satisfactory conclusions on account of the scrappy nature of our information. Several forms appear at present to have a very erratic and scattered distribution. Records of the altitude at which specimens were found are particularly scanty and very badly needed. It is not surprising to find that the habitat of several species occurring in the Archipelago extends into Burma. A few of these range through Assam to India and China, and there seems to be a tendency for such species to extend parti- cularly along the Himalayas. As might well be expected, too. Further India and the Indian Peninsula (India Proper) have each several species which are not found in the other. It may be noted moreover that in the Indian Peninsula Scolopendra_ sub- spintpes (s. str.) and its var. hardwickei appear to be confined to the extreme south, var. dehaant being the dominant form in the northern parts. RNC eNO ao) Ne wy CA PO ly Aol No Ene INDIAN MUSEUM. I.—THE SPECIES OF Gennadas. By STANLEY Kemp, B.A., Assistant Superintendent, Indian Museum. (Plates xiii and xiv.) Among the vast collection of Decapods which has been made by the ‘Investigator’ thirteen examples of the genus Gen- nadas occur and, although the majority of these specimens have already been mentioned by Alcock,! it has now become necessary to submit them to revision. In Igor, when Alcock wrote, the characters by which the many closely-allied species of this genus were determined had not been fully appreciated and our knowledge of the extra-Atlantic forms was limited almost entirely to the wholly inadequate treatment which Spence Bate accorded them in his ‘ Challenger ‘ Report. Recently Bouvier has published a most valuable account? of the Atlantic species in which he draws attention to the importance of several characters which had previously been overlooked and, now that the ‘Challenger’ collections have been revised on the same lines,? the determination of the material preserved in the Indian Museum presents a task of no great difficulty. In the following descriptive notes all the more important characters suggested by Bouvier have been employed. It seems, however, that the Oriental species of the genus form a much more homogeneous group than those found in the Atlantic and, apart from the petasma and thelycum, little can be found which is of real systematic value. Useful indications are afforded by the antennular peduncle, the antennal scale and the second maxilla, but in other respects, such as the proportions of the mandibular palp and the respective lengths of the joints of the first three } Alcock, Desc. Cat. Ind. deep-sea Macrura, 1901, p. 45. 2 Bouvier, Rés. Camp. Sci. Monaco, fasc. xxxiii, 1908, p. 24. 5 Kemp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1909, p. 718. From the list of species of Gennadas given at the end of this paper (p. 728) two Pacific forms, G. clavicarpus and G. pasithea, are unfortunately omitted. Preliminary descriptions of these two species, which were obtained by the ‘ Siboga ’ expedition, have been given by Dr. J. G. de Man (Notes Leyden Mus., xxix, 1907, p. 144). Both are, I believe, distinct from the ‘ Challenger ’ species and from those here described, but, until figures of the petasmata and thelyca are published, it is impossible to be quite certain. 174 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, pairs of peraeopods, a considerable amount of variation is some- times to be found. Three of the species in the collection are regarded as new, an interesting variation in the petasma of G. scutatus, Bouvier, is noticed and a fresh description is given of G. cavinatus, Smith, a remarkable form which combines in one species the characters both of Gennadas and of the allied genus Benthesicymus. The number of specimens examined is unfortunately small and this is doubtless due to the fact that the ‘ Investigator’ collections were made almost entirely by means of trawls fishing on the bottom. The species of Gennadas, as far as is at present known, are entirely pelagic in habit and their occasional appearance in bottom hauls is explained by the fact that they are sometimes caught while the net is being hauled to the surface. All the species mentioned in this paper possess podobranchs on the first three pairs of peraeopods and are in consequence members of the genus Gennadas, sensu stricto. The measurements given represent the total length, and were taken from the apex of the rostrum to the tip of the telson, with the animal extended as nearly as possible in a straight line. Gennadas alcocki, sp. nov. (Plate xiii, figs. 5-8.) St. 111.—Bay of Bengal, 12° 50’ N., 90° 52’ E., 1,644 fathoms. One male, 36 mm. St. 103.—Bay of Bengal, 15° 14’ N., 81° 9’ E., 1,260 fathoms. One female, about 25 mm. St 108 Off (Cs Comorin,, 7° 4° N. 767 347 15 Eb 043 fath= oms. One male, 34 mm. St. 309.—Near the Andaman Islands, 10° 9’ N., 93° 2’ 15” E., 765 fathoms. One male, 34 mm. The rostrum is well elevated above the dorsal carina of the carapace and bears the usual small tubercle behind the dorsal tooth. The antennary and infra-antennary angles are acute and the branchiostegal spine is small but evident. The cervical and post-cervical grooves of the carapace are well marked; dorsally, the distance between them is only about one-fifth of the distance from the post-cervical groove to the hinder margin. The median carina is visible throughout the length of the carapace. The second joint of the antennular peduncle, measured dorsally, is fully two-thirds the length of the ultimate joint. The antennal scale (fig. 7) is a little more than three times as long as wide; the outer margin is somewhat convex and termi- nates in a spine which extends beyond the narrow apex of the lamella. The ultimate joint of the mandibular palp varies in length, but is, in all cases, shorter than the greatest width of the basal joint. In the second maxilla the anterior lobe of the internal 175 S. Kemp: Notes on Decapoda. 1gI0. | ; Sa Greer < than at the base an ape eae der at the apex t inias, Lhe hee peers adjacent lobe of the ou ares Wiics wee Bs hie Nenad is narrow and bears from three apex of tne He oh rail ee Peace ail pea the third joint of the endopod 1 In the 5 $s ay pone istal margin. ; ines on its inner dista ter than bears five stiff Rea first pair of ee eer eis The carpu : re than ha : ly a little mo : ighths the length the chela and is on ir the chela is seven-elg nd pair : or shorter than, merus. In the seco ius) is equal to, : d the dacty d carpus are of the of the carpus an . ir the merus an p 1 the third pair ittle more than half, the ee ja is half, or a little more than the nts ste Beue saa the dactylus is a trifle shorter length O : 1 all : Te liv carinate and a palm. ie minal somite alone is dorsa sith the exception ES a aoee te on the abdominal Bees phe of the telson en are blunt and Umea a de ne tio setae, of fo) four or five pa ginal : ts tour 5 t margin = eae le is the longest, between sates pe : lance to that ot spines. bears some resemb ae heat The petasma (figs. 5, ) b he dissimilarity which oe Scale b t udging by the ‘ . h nte? nadas parvus, DU é cters, more especially in the amt the two gard to the other c me se Acs (sae Pence manner. The and ae Ua ny rtt- anne: The The meg ; mite) alone is (ormeay ith spines conspicuous; the sixth so {with SP is furnishec telson is squarely truncate at the apex and is i like — ai a ae ree S)eis most peculiat and utterly unl e pe a . ) : ohlv triangular in 1 position each of the two halves 1s aaa ers one oP fee nd is provided with bwO eae Bead directed inwards, ee ; 1 and inferior aspect and one, curve its dista cee oats i In place of the inner margin. f ises close to the superior : rear the line o nie all pleats, which are usually found 1 numero b) = IQIo. | S. Kemp: Notes on Decapoda. 177 single large fold involving nearly one-third of the whole plate. When this fold is opened out the structure presents the appearance shown in fig. 3. Gennadas sordidus, sp. nov. (Plate xiv, figs. I—3.) St. 193.—North of the Laccadive Islands, 15° 11’ N., 72° 28’ 45” E., 931 fathoms. One male, about 20 mm. St. 194.—Off the Laccadive Islands, 13° 47’ N., 72° 3’ 45” E., 8g1 fathoms. One male, 24 mm. St. 198.—North-east of Ceylon, 8° 55’ N., 81° 17’ 30” E., 764 fathoms. One male, 184} mm. The rostral crest does not differ appreciably from that of the preceding species. The antennary and infra-antennary angles are acute, the former being bluntly rounded and the latter sharp; the branchiostegal spine is very small. The distance between the cervical and post-cervical grooves, measured dorsally, is less than one-fifth the distance from the post-cervical groove to the hinder margin of the carapace. The mid-dorsal carina is inconspicuous behind the latter groove. The second joint of the antennular peduncle is very short; measured dorsally, it is less than half the length of the ultimate joint. The antennal scale is widest at the base; it is three times as long as wide and the outer margin terminates in a very small spine which does not extend as far forwards as the lamellar portion. The ultimate joint of the mandibular palp is shorter than the greatest width of the basal joint. In the second maxilla (fig. 3) the anterior lobe of the internal lacinia is short, not wider at the apex than at the base, and is little, if at all, narrower than the adjacent lobe of the external lacinia. In the latter lacinia the anterior lobe is about one and a half times as broad as the poste- rior. ‘The endopod is furnished with three curved spines near the narrow apex. The third joint of the endopod of the first maxillipede is about one and a half times the length of the second and the basal joint bears two or three stiff spines on the inner distal margin. In the first peraeopods the chela, which is about as long as the carpus, 1s about two-thirds the length of the merus. The chela of the second pair is two-thirds the length of the carpus and the. dactylus is equal to, or a trifle shorter than, the palm. In the third pair the carpus and merus are exactly the same length; the dactylus is as long as the palm, the whole chela being about half the length of the carpus. The median spines on the abdominal sterna are not prominent ; the sixth somite alone is dorsally carinate. The apex of the telson has much the same form as in G. alcocki. The petasma (figs. I, 2) is a rather complicated structure and is of much the same type as that of G. parvus, to which G. sordidus 178 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, is evidently very closely allied. The most distinctive character which it possesses is the spoon-shaped portion which is directed forwards from the middle of the distal margin of each lobe. Gennadas scutatus, Bouvier. (Plate xiii, figs. 9, 10.) Gennadas scutatus, Bouvier, Rés. Camp. Sct. Monaco, xxxiii, 1908, p. 42, pl. vil. Gennadas scutatus, Kemp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1909, p. 727, pl. Iexy: ie 2. St. 108.— Off C. Comorin, 7° 4’ N., 76° 34’ 15” E., 1,043 fath- oms. One male, about 29 mm. St..109.--Off C. Comorin,,7° 1° N., 78° 21 E.,. 738: fathoms: One male, broken. With the exception of the petasma, these specimens agree closely with the example obtained by the ‘Challenger’ in the N. Pacific (Kemp, Joc. cit.). They differ from Bouvier’s description and figures in the following particulars :— The ultimate joint of the mandibular palp is fully as long as the width of the basal joint. In the second maxilla (fig. 9) the anterior lobe of the internal lacinia, though not wider at the apex than at the base, is widely separated from the posterior lobe and 1s nar- rower than the adjacent lobe of the external lacinia. The third joint of the endopod of the second maxillipede is a trifle wider than in Bouvier’s figure. The chelae of the third pair of peraeopods are longer; in one specimen they are three-fifths the length of the carpus, while in the other they are a trifle shorter, but still con- siderably more than half the length of the carpus. The petasmata of the two specimens are as nearly as possible identical and, considering the great uniformity of outline which these structures usually present, show a considerable amount of divergence from the type. The principal points of difference, as will be seen by comparing fig. 10 with Bouvier’s text-figure,! con- cern the development of the large median distal lobe. This is truncate and furnished with a small pointed process on the out- ward side in the type, while in the present specimens it is sharply pointed and the small process is entirely absent. Gennadas scutatus is now known from the Atlantic (Bouvier), from the Pacific (‘ Challenger’) and from the two localities men- tioned above. When more extensive collections have been made, it will be possible to determine whether, in these widely distant localities, there really exist distinct races of this species, differ- ing from one another in the form of the petasma, or whether there is in this respect merely an exceptionally large range of variation. | Bouvier, Bull. Mus. Océanog, Monaco, No. 80, 1906, p. 11, fig. 13. IgIo. | S. Kemp: Notes on Decapoda. 179 Gennadas bouvieri, Kemp. Gennadas bouviert, Kemp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1909, p. 726, pl. Ixxiv, figs. 1—4; pl. Ixxv, figs. 6 and 7. St. 198.—North-east of Ceylon, 8° 55’ N., 81° 17’ 30” E., 764 fathoms. One female, about 25 mm. This specimen agrees closely with the description of the type. The only important difference lies in the proportional length of the joints of the third pair of peraeopods, where the merus is only very slightly shorter than the carpus. Except for the fact that no spermatophores are inserted, the thelycum its practically identical with that figured in 1909 (pl. xxv, fig. 6). G. bouviert was found by the ‘Challenger’ west of Manila and north of New Guinea. Gennadas carinatus (Smith). (Plate xiv, figs. 4—9.) Benthesicymus ? carinatus, Smith, Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1882, 1884, p. 396, pl. x, figs. 6 and 7. Gennadas carinatus, Alcock, Desc. Cat. Ind. Macrura, 1go1, p. 46. Gennadas carinatus?, McGilchrist, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hrst., March, 1905, p. 236. St. 128:-—Off, Cy Comorin, .6° 58° N.,..77° 26 50) E: fathoms. One male, 130 mm. St. 306.—Off Travancore, 9° 20’ N., 75° 24 One female, 148 mm. , 9O2 / E., 930 fathoms. This large species is of great interest and, although the two specimens in the Indian Museum have already been recorded by Alcock and McGilchrist, a fresh description drawn up on the lines of Bouvier’s recent work may be found useful. I have followed Alcock in placing the species in the genus Gennadas, though, in point of fact, it is almost exactly intermediate in character between that genus and Benthesicymus. In habit, however, the two genera appear to be quite distinct, for Gennadas, as far as at present known, is entirely pelagic, whereas Benthesi- cymus lives on the bottom. Now in carinatus the joints of several of the appendages are greatly flattened and expanded and closelv resemble those of the former genus, and this modification, which is doubtless correlated with a free-swimming existence, has induced me to retain the species in its present position. Alcock has, indeed, suggested that it might be best to regard Gennadas as a subgenus of Benthesicymus, but from a_ practical point of view this cannot be recommended. It must be remem- bered that it is only in the present case that any difficulty arises in allocating the species to one or other genus. 180 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Although the two specimens, on which the following account is based, are very macerated, all the appendages are represented with the exception of the last three pairs of peraeopods. The rostral crest (fig. 4) is elevated well above the dorsal carina of the carapace and differs from that of all other known species of Gennadas in having the superior margin, between the apex and the small dorsal tooth, strongly convex. This margin also appears to lack the usual fringe of setae which occurs in the other species. The antennary angle of the carapace is rectangular, but the infra-antennary, as in Bouvier’s Gennadas alicet, is entirely absent. The branchiostegal spine is prominent. The cervical and post-cervical grooves are rather strongly marked. Dorsally they are widely separate, the distance between them being at least one half the distance from the post-cervical groove to the posterior margin. The mid-dorsal carina extends the whole length of the carapace but is blunt posteriorly. The eyes are large and appear to have been deeply pigmented in life; the conical process on the dorsal surface of the stalk is quite unusually small. The second joint of the antennular peduncle is, measured dorsally , fully as long as the ultimate segment and is articulated to it by its entire margin and not merely by the inferior edge as in other species of the genus. The dilated portion at the base of the upper flagellum is as long as the two proximal joints of the ped- uncle. The antennal scale is unfortunately incomplete in every case. It was evidently little more than twice as long as wide and the very broad apex of the lamella appears to have extended far beyond the spine which forms the termination of the convex outer margin. The ultimate joint of the mandibular palp (fig. 5) is longer than the greatest width of the basal joint. In the second maxilla (fig. 6) the anterior lobe of the internal lacinia is not wider at the truncate apex than at the base, and is not so broad as the adjacent lobe of the external lacinia. The endopod has almost exactly the same form as in Benthesicymus and bears from ten to fourteen curved spines on its external aspect near the apex. In the first maxillipede (fig. 7) the exopod is provided with a terminal lash as in typical Benthesicymus and the third joint of the endopod is about twice the length of the second. The merus of the second maxillipede (fig. 8) is twice as long as wide and its anterior prolongation (the part which extends forward beyond the insertion of the carpus) is less than one-fifth the entire length of the segment. The dactylus is provided with a single apical spine. In the first pair of peraeopods the carpus, which is about the same length as the chela, is two-thirds the length of the merus. In the second pair the carpus is as long as, or a little shorter than, the merus, the chela is only a trifle more than half the length of the carpus and the dactylus is about as long as the palm. IgI0. | S. Kemp: Notes on Decapoda. 181 The rudimentary exopods, mentioned by Smith, are visible only in the case of the female specimen. The merus of the second maxillipedes and the ischium and merus of the third maxillipedes and first three pairs of peraeopods are greatly expanded as in typical Gennadas. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal somites are dorsally carinate. The telson is much longer than in other species of Gennadas, being only a little shorter than the outer uropod. It bears four pairs of lateral spines in its distal third and is sharply pointed apically. The petasma (fig. 9) consists of a pair of simple leaves, as in Benthesicymus. The thelycum has been well described by McGilchrist in the following words: ‘‘ Between the bases of the fourth pair of legs a prominent central papilla stands. Towards this papilla a hairy process passes inwards and backwards from the base of each of the third pair of legs and from the base of each of the fourth pair of legs a tongue-shaped process projects inwards and backwards posterior to the papilla. The papilla thus stands in the centre between the tips of these four processes.” Apart from the type, only the two specimens mentioned above are known. Smith’s example, which was found off the east coast of the United States, 39° 44’ 30” N., 71° 4’ W., in 1,022 fathoms, measures only 74 mm. in length and is thus only about half the size of those from the Arabian Sea. ales Oe? Va jsney EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. Gennadas praecox, sp. nov. 1.—Antennal scale, X 8. 2.—Right-half of the petasma, folded naturally, X 16. 3.—The same unfolded, x 16. 4.—Second maxilla, 16. Gennadas alcocki, sp. nov. 5.—Leit-half of the petasma, X 16. 6.—The apex seen from the other side, X 30. 7.—Antennal scale, X 8. 8.—Thelycum, X 16. Gennadas scutatus, Bouvier. 9g.—Part of the second maxilla, x 70. 10.—Left-half of the petasma, X 30. ' mee. Ind Mus, Vol. V, ISIC. Plater 2 {-4.Gennadas praecox. 5-8.Gennadas alcocki. 9,10.Gennadas scutatus. nes iP) EXPVANATION ORE AE ery Gennadas sordidus, sp. nov. 1.—Left-half of the petasma, X 22. 2.—Apex of the petasma of another specimen, showing the lobes reflected in a different manner. 3.—Second maxilla, X 20. Gennadas cartnatus (Smith). 4.—The front part of a female specimen seen laterally, « rd. 5.—Mandibular palp, x 3. 6.—Second maxilla, X 32. 7.—First maxillipede, X 3%. 8.—Endopod of the second maxillipede, x 33. 9.—Right-half of the petasma, * 5}. (ore. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. V, 1910. JPN Bee) IN, 1-3.Gennadas sordidus. 4-9 Gennadas carinatus. SV ti sbDe SCRLPal LON OF A NEWS PE CEE S OF NEEM ACEP EOS FROM > NORTHERN NSD FIC AS. By B. L,. CHaupHurt, B.A., B.Sc., Assistant Superintendent, Indian Museum. Nemachilus mackenziet, sp. nov. Biel ia ba hoe On Ae Ps.O-7 "©. Toe Length of head 4, height of body 4#, length of caudal 34 to 4 and the distance of cloacal opening from the root of caudal 34 in the total length. Breadth of body 12 in its height. Head.—Upper profile a straight line from nape of neck to behind the nasal pits, from which point it curves and suddenly slopes down. Shape of head cylindrical, being almost of equal height and breadth, both of which measurements are contained 14 times in the length of head. There is a small slit or depression on each side in front of the eyes which in the male is bordered by a ridge extending like a small pad to below the eye on each side. where it terminates in a small rounded knob-like hanging flap. Eyes comparatively large, being 3} to 4 diameters in the length of the head, 13 to 1} in the length of the snout and 1 to 12 diameters apart; the intraorbital space nearly flat. Barbels.—6 in all, 4 rostral and 2 maxillary: the outer rostrals are the longest, reaching below the hind margin of the eye and the maxillary reaches beyond them; the inner rostrals reach below the anterior margin of the orbit. Lips rather thin for the genus. The ends of the suctorial band meet at the middle of the lower lip. The ends are slightly expanded and curved up, thus making the lower lip look inter- rupted medially. No spine-like process projecting from the middle of the lower lip. Fins.—The dorsal is in advance of the middle point as well as of the ventral fin. There is a short thick appendant in the angle between the outer margin of the ventral fin and the body. ‘The length of the pectoral fin is contained 12 in the interval between pectoral and ventral fins while the lengths of the ventral and anal fins are contained I# and 1+ in the intervals between the ventral and the anal and the anal and the caudal, respectively. The outer margin of the caudal is rounded and is bilobed, being divided by a notch in the middle. Shape of body.—Slightly compressed. ‘The anterior end of the root of the dorsal fin is the highest point, the upper profile is almost a straight line with a slight concavity behind the dorsal fin 184 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. V, as the hinder part of the body gradually tapers a little towards the root of the caudal fin. The ventral profile is somewhat curved, with the convexity downwards, the lowest point being the anterior root of the ventral fin. Lateral line —Complete, generally follows the curvature of the ventral rather than that of the dorsal profile ; in the anterior one- third it slightly curves downwards then upwards to reach the upper corner of the opercle. Scales of moderate size, all over the body except on the head. Atr-bladder very much reduced and enclosed in paired osseous capsules placed dorsally behind the gills. Colour.—Head down to the level of the eye dark brown or grey with black patches and spots interspersed irregularly. Body above the lateral line dark brown or grey divided by obliquely transverse thick black bands looping round the back and extending to below the lateral line, the interspaces being often quite as broad as the bands; 5 to 6 such bands in front of the dorsal fin, 4 to 6 below the fin and 5 to 6 behind it. The ground colouring of the sides of the abdomen below the lateral line is of lighter brown to pale yellowish white dashed with silver ; the part of the sides immediately below the lateral line is characteristically marked with 12 or 13 wedge-shaped blackish brown or grey inverted-cone- like markings the apices of which reach some distance below the lateral line, along which the bases of these cone-shaped markings run. These markings appear to be in reality the intercepted terminals of the transverse bands mentioned above. The interspaces between the cones are broader than the breadth of their bases. About the middle of the interspaces a fainter and narrower series of grey or pale brown interrupted markings are noticed which are detached below the lateral line, and disappear above the apices of the cones. These faint markings make the darker cones still more conspicuous. Fins: the dorsal fin is pale brown or grey with five or less black or brown bands made up of spots; the caudal is also pale brown and is banded with six black or brown convex curves in some (one Naini Tal and one Champaran specimen) and wedge-shaped in others (Saran and Champaran specimens). The convexity of the curves and the apices of the cones, as the case may be, always pointing outwards (posteriorly). The pectoral, ventral and anal are not banded but are pale yellow to dull white, being somewhat similar to the lower abdomen. There is a black ocellus on the upper border of the root of the caudal fin. Secondary sexual characters.—There are two male secondary sexual characters to be noticed in the type specimens from Cheriya- dhang (U. P.), firstly, a slit-like deep groove in front of the eye which bends round a small knob-like rounded flap of skin protrud- ing below the anterior one-third of the orbit, the ridge above the groove appearing slightly swollen and cushion-like; secondly, there is a kind of padding and thickening on the upper surface of the pectoral fins, where, on the padding, minute hooked denticular outgrowths are noticed. 1910. ] B. L. CHAUDHURI: A new species of Nemachilus. 185 Two specimens (of which one is a sexually mature male measuring 7°5 cm.) were obtained by a Museum collector in a small stream at Cheriyadhang near Kathgodam and one at Jaulasal, in the Naini Tal district (U. P.), at the base of the W. Himalayas. Seven specimens were collected by Mr. Mackenzie from the Jharai and the Jamwari Nadi near Siripur in the district of Saran (Bengal), and two specimens (the bigger being a sexually mature female measuring 7°4 cm.) were obtained by Mr. Walker from a jhil at Purnahia (P. O. Ghorasan) in the district of Champaran. There is some superficial resemblance between this new species and N. rubtdipennis, which is reported only from Tenasserim (Burma), and the type of which is in the Indian Museum collec- tion. From N. rubidipennis the new species differs in many important characters, especially in the shape of the head; also in the number of fin rays, shape and markings of caudal fin, propor- tional lengths of barbels and in several other particulars. nilale, “Be , S ith 4 as, ees se Paes . Orne =) CES i kelee Noon Soro Dib? of, AiR Viae tO a FOL O- MHeYoON GH ES TMMESE RICORS, OW © K: By C. A. Paiva, Assistant, Indian Museum. In the course of a ‘‘census”’ of the mosquitoes of Calcutta that is being undertaken by the Indian Museum, I have been able to make the following notes on the larve of Toxorhynchites tmmisericors, Wlik., which are very common in some parts of the fringe area of the town, especially in the months of June and July. Large numbers of the larve and pup of this species have been found in earthen pots. Mr. E. E. Green of Ceylon, in his paper on the development of this mosquito, on p. 161 of the Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii (1905), mentions that its larva is carnivorous and feeds on the larve of Culex. He mentions also that the larva feeds on others of its own species, the largest and strongest being the only survivor. Mr. Green never found more than one larva at atime. The breeding places where he discovered these larvee were hollow stumps of the giant bamboo and small pools in the angles of the branches of other trees. Larve of Toxorhynchites have not yet been found in such places in Calcutta, but in earthen pots not only single individuals have been found, but as many as nine and ten together. In such cases no larve of any other mosquito have been found. As it was suspected that the larvee must have devoured those of Stegomyia fasctata that are usually common in earthen pots, and to prove that Stegomyia larve were palatable to them, on the 16th July, 1910, a number of Stegomyia larvee were introduced into a bottle containing about half a dozen T. tmmisericoys larve. Not a minute elapsed after the former larvee were put into the bottle, before each 7. immisericors larva had seized one of them and was devouring it with apparent relish. The way the prey is seized seems interesting. It must first be remarked that the larve of T. immisericors are very sluggish and cannot swim very fast. Mr. Green mentions that although he watched a larva of T. immisericors seizing a Culex larva he was unable to see the exact method of catching the larva. He, however, discovered that the falcate lamellae, which are situated on each side of the head, were the organs of prehension. Each of these lamella, according to Mr. Green, is minutely toothed at its extremity. The mode of capture, as has been noticed in the specimens kept under observa- tion in the Indian Museum, is as follows :— The larvee of IT. immisericors lie quietly at the surface of the water, with their bodies generally in a vertical position, and the 188 Records of the Indian Museum. [VornsVe Stegomyta larvee move about quite rapidly. The moment a Stego- myia larva comes swimming about near a larva of T. immisericors, the latter makes a slight, sharp, sideward jerky movement of the head. which enables it to seize its prey, if within reach. The captured larva struggles for some time to extricate itself. The large larve are not always successful in catching the Stegomyta larvee, as it often happens that the Stegomyra larvee are quite prepared for the attack, and any slight movement on the part of their enemy is sufficient warning to make them sink below “catching range.’ Larve of T. tmmisericors have been seen to devour each about half a dozen Stegomyia larvee within an hour. The Stegomyta larvee do not leave their enemies in peace. They get near the body of the larger larva, especially the hind portion, and keep nibbling at the bristles that grow on each abdominal segment. This seems to annoy the other larva and with a jerky movement of its body it disperses the Stegomyia larve, which come back swimming over its head. The first Stegomyta larva that comes within reach is instantly seized and sucked quite dry. The empty larval skin is then rejected by the larva of T. immisericors by a backward movement of the forepart of the body. This empty skin seems to be sought for by the other Stegomyra larvee, who devour it quite greedily. So occupied was one Slegomyia larva in devouring one of these empty larval skins that it did not notice that it had drifted towards a larva of T.immisericors. As soon as the former came within reach, the larva of T.immisericors seized it and killed it. Many Stegomyia larve are killed by the larve of T. immisericors simply because they come and annoy the larger larve when they are resting quietly at the surface of the water. The larve of 7. immisericors do not usually only suck the larvee of Stegomyia. When they are hungry they generally eat them up entirely. In the course of one night dbver one hundred Stegomyia larvee, besides three larvee of JT. immisericors, were eaten up by three other larve of T.immisericors. In the evening of the Igth July, Igro, the same three larve were left in a finger- bowl of water with about twenty Stegomyia larve. Evidently during the night two of these larve of JT. immisericors had pupated, and the third larva, after it had finished all the Stego- myia larve, and finding nothing to eat the next morning, seized one of the pupz and had sucked it nearly dry by Io a.m. The pupa was seized on the left side of the head, nearer the eye, but between the eye and the respiratory syphon. The larva had got such a firm hold of it that it had some difficulty in getting rid of the empty case. It wriggled about a great deal, till at last it was able to cast away the empty pupal case. Although it had had such a large supply of food at Io A.m., it was again ready for some more. At II A.M. some twenty larve of Desvotdea obturbans, from a cess-pool, were introduced into the bowl, as well as another larva of T. immisericors, which had been starving all the previous night. Within a couple of minutes each Ig10. | C. A. Patva: Notes on Mosquito Larve. 189 larva of 7. immusericors had taken possession of a Desvordea larva. They could not eat these larve as fast as they ate the Stegomvia larve, and although the greater portion of one Desvordea larva had been sucked quite dry, its head and tail wriggled about as if it (the Desvoidea larva) wanted to extricate itself from the clutches of the other larva. In most cases the Desvotdea larve are seized just behind the head, which renders them helpless to attack their enemies, as these larve, too, have been observed to eat other mosquito larve. The larve of 7. immisericors will eat any mosquito larve. Larvee of Culex and Mvzomyia were also put into the bowl together with eleven additional larve of T. immusericors in different stages of growth and evidently hungry, for they seized whatever came in their way first. One small larva of T. tmmi- sericors did not take more than a minute to finish.a larva of Myzomyia rossii. On the evening of the 20th July, Ig1o, over fifty larvee consisting of Culex, Desvotdea and Myzomyia were placed in the same bowl, with twelve larve of T. immusericors. By 10 A.M. of the following day there was no trace of a single living larva of any of the three kinds in the bowl. Moreover, a large larva of T. emmvsericors had also been half eaten by another of nearly the same size as itself. I have preserved it in this con- dition in alcohol, as well as another larva of T. zmmisericors in the act of devouring a Desvotdea larva. One peculiarity about the larve of JT. «mmusericors and their selection of their prey with regard to its size, is that if various sizes of larvee are placed in the receptacle in which they are, the larger larve of T. immisericors will first devour all the other large larvee of other mosquitoes, leaving the smaller ones to the last. The smaller larve of T. immuusericors will seize those of the smaller kind, but they do not hesitate to tackle a Desvotdea larva, although they are very slightly bigger than Desvoidea larve themselves. I have not yet observed a larva of T. :mmisericors devour another of its own kind when there is a plentiful supply of other larvee in the receptacle in which it is. In fact it seems to be its last resource when no other larve can be had. Otherwise, when the larvee of T. immisericors are confined to small receptacles of water, they will eat any kind of larve they get. They display no choice with regard to their food, and as they are carnivorous in habit, they will readily eat whatever larvee come in their way. If five or six specimens of this larva are put each into a pot or pan containing water and in which there are mosquito larve, it will be found that within one night all the other larve will be devoured. The carnivorous larvee seem to be plentiful enough round Calcutta and may also be found within the limits of the town itself, as adult specimens have been found in numbers in a garden centrally situated in Calcutta. It has been found, as is shown by these notes, that the larvee of T. «mmusericors feed greedily on the larvee of Stegomyia, and as S. fasciata, the yellow fever mosquito, is very common in earthen 190 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOUL. V, IQ10.| pots round Calcutta, one is justified in assuming that T. Immseri- cors plays an important part in its destruction, in a manner which would be of great moment in the event of yellow fever being intro- duced into this country. ee a OR er eb ON sO A'S: O UH PND AN Pee Arh eD. LO, wANA CORRUGATLA Onn ae aver, O: IN; By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Indian Museum. Rana travancorica, sp. nov. No glandular lateral fold. Vomerine teeth in two stout al- most transverse groups behind the level of the choane ; lower jaw with a pair of small tooth-like prominences in front ; no free papilla on the tongue. Head large, flat; snout short, rounded, without canthus rostralis; upper eyelid very narrow: eyes prominent, turned upwards; tympanum hidden. Fingers short, blunt, first not extending so far as second ; toes short, ending in small but distinct disks, three-quarters webbed ; subarticular tu- bercles small ; no outer tubercle ; a broad tarsal fold. Hind limbs stout ; the tibio-tarsal articulation barely reaching the ear. Skin of back corrugated, with strong but somewhat irregular transverse plaits ; skin of throat longitudinally plicated. Dark grey above, obscurely spotted with a darker shade; a pale cross-bar between the eyes sometimes visible; throat and lower surface of thighs profusely clouded with brown. Male without vocal sacs. Length from snout to vent 40 mm. (1 inches). This species evidently represents in Travancore the Ceylon species R. corrugata, from which it may be distinguished by its very much stouter vomerine teeth, less fully webbed hind feet, Shorter hind legs and more strongly corrugated dorsal surface. I have examined several specimens taken by Mr. R. Shunkara Narayana Pillay of the Trivandrum Museum in April and May, 1909, at Eathancaud and at Anachardie in the Ariankavu Range near Shencottah on the Madras frontier. Mel COhMrints wal TONS TO. THEA UNA. OF NA hehe: N-abeee yD ON COLLLECELONS MAD EeB vel COGEIN. BR OWN; BiSer I909—IQ1I0. INTRODUCTION. By J. Coccin Brown, B.Sc., F.G.S., Geological Survey of India. The collections which form the subjects of these reports were made for the most part in the western districts of the province of Yunnan, in the years Ig0g-IgIo. Yunnan is the most westerly province of the Chinese Empire, and comprises an area of about 150,000 square miles lying roughly between the 21st and 29th degrees of latitude north of the equator, and between the 98th and the 1o6th degrees of longitude east of Greenwich. It is bounded on the west by Burma, on the south by Tongking, on the east by the provinces of Kuang-si and Kwei-chou and on the north by the province of Ssu-chuan and by Tibet. The whole province is exceedingly mountainous, and its western part is sculptured by a series of great rivers, the Shweli, Salween, Mekong, and upper waters of the Black and Red rivers of Tongking. ‘The basins of these rivers are separated by high mountain ranges, which towards the north-west often attain a height of 15,000 to 20,000 feet whilst the lowest river valleys have an elevation of about 7,000 or 8,000 feet. Orographically this region is connected with Western Ssu-chuan and Tibet, and it is not surprising to find a Tibetan mammalian fauna extending into it.1 The climate is colder here than in other parts and snow is liable to fall at any time. Many of the mountain ranges are bare, but large forests of fir, cedar and other trees exist in places. Towards the south the heights decrease, until in the extreme south the tops of the hills run down to as low as 5,000 feet, and the bottom of the river valleys are sometimes below 2,000 feet. At the same time there are many exceptions to this rule and peaks of over 11,000 feet are known in the south-west. Further to the east the country opens out, and becomes more plateau-like, there are larger stretches of level ground and the ascents to the hill tops are not so steep or extended. At the same time it must not be supposed that this part of the province is not mountainous, though it is less so than the more western parts. Large plains of 1 See ‘* On the collection of mammals brought from Yunnan by Prince Henry of Orleans,’’ by E. de Pousargues. Appendix B in ‘‘ From Tonkin to India,’’ by Prince Henrid’Orleans. English translation by Hamley Bent, London, 1808. 194 Records of the Indian Museum. Vor. Ve fluviatile and lacustrine origin, often containing lakes and sur- rounded on all sides by mountains, prevail over this area and have been estimated to comprise one-fifteenth part of the province and to contain nearly half of the population. The general elevation of the plains may be taken as 5,500 feet with the mountain tops reaching another 3,000 or 4,000 feet above them. The climate of these regions is excellent. During the dry season which lasts from November to May, there is no great heat. In the winter months frost is common at night, but snow rarely falls and all through the day the weather is usually bright and pleasant. The general precipitation of the rainy season, which lasts from June to September, is high, though the actual rainfall varies much locally. Long intervals of fine weather are, however, frequent enough in the rains. The plains of the west are all intensely cultivated, highly organised systems of irrigation bring the water from the mountain sides on to the fields, and incident- ally prove a means of destruction of the young fish, which are swept down on to the fields and easily secured by the people. The principal crop is rice, which is reaped in October, after which the fields are planted again with the winter crops of poppy, wheat, beans and peas. Maize, hemp, sesamum and other oil producing seeds, tobacco, and in the warmer parts, sugar-cane and tea are also grown. Many of the mountain ranges have been denuded of all large trees, and are now covered with grass and bracken, forming admirable breeding grounds for pheasant, part- ridge and other game birds, though these are largely kept in check by foxes and various birds of prey. In the more isolated mountain districts, the slopes are covered with pine woods, and further southwards with trees of a more tropical kind. A recent writer has well remarked, ‘‘ To a traveller accustomed to the vast jungles of Burma, Yunnan would appear a bare country, but it would seem well wooded when compared to the barren hills of the north-west frontier of India.”’? Evergreen tropical forests exist in the extreme south-west, but further north along the frontier they give place to the evergreen temperate forests which characterise some parts of the Northern Shan States and of the Kachin Hills. In the extreme east of Yunnan and also in small isolated areas about the Burma-China frontier, limestone plateaux are found, which are dry and barren, owing to underground circulation of the water. The border between the hilly areas of Upper Burma and Yunnan is purely a political and administrative one, ethnographi- cally there is little difference between the indigenous tribes on either side, whilst the classical researches of Anderson have shown that the fauna is much the same. In the same way, north-western Yunnan belongs to the Tibetan region, and southern Yunnan has nothing to distinguish it geographically from those parts of the Southern Shan States and Upper Tongking which it adjoins. ! See ‘‘ Yunnan, the link between India and the Yangtze,’’ by H. R. Davies, Dp: sles IQIO. | J. Coccin Brown: The Fauna of Yunnan. 195 Mammals are by no means common in Yunnan owing to the destruction of the forests and food supplies, and to the extermina- tion of the larger species by hunters. Few opportunities for collecting them arose. Fishes are plentiful in the larger rivers and lakes, in the smaller streams they are rare, owing to the enterprise of the Chinese. Lake Erh-hai, from which various specimens were obtained, is a picturesque sheet of water 30 miles long and from 5 to 7 miles broad, bounded on the east by low bare hills, and on the west by a narrow but highly cultivated plain which quickly gives place to the Ts’ang Shan mountains rising to 14,000 feet above the sea. This plain contains the city of Ta-li Fu (Long. 100° 5’, Lat. 25° 42’), at an elevation of 6,900 feet above the sea. Along the greater part of the western shore the fields come down to the water’s edge, but in places the waves beat up on to extensive shel! banks which are largely made up of the remains of Margarya. Water-weeds flourish for many yards out from the shore and provide food and shelter for various forms of aquatic life. Fish are very plentiful and fleets of junks are always engaged in netting them. In the shallow waters near the shore, the smaller kinds are caught by the aid of a trained diving bird which appears to be a kind of cormorant. The fishing industry is in the hands of the Minchia, a tribe of aborigines who inhabit the T'a-li Fu plain. All round the shore wading birds find their food, while ducks of many kinds are to be seen on the waters. In the outlet of this lake near Hsia-kuan almost the only sponges found in Yunnan up to the present, are to be obtained. They con- sist of small rounded or irregular growths of a brilliant green colour, which grow on pieces of stone, wood or old shells. In Western Yunnan insect life is not very abundant, probably on account of the temperate climate, but further southwards a great variety prevails. Few reptiles were seen, the specimens which were obtained coming mainly from the rocky lava-covered downs of the Tengyueh district. Batrachians are common on the flooded fields in the early part of the year. The Salamander Tylototriton verrucosus, Anderson, is common in damp ditches and old walls around Tengyueh. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. N. Annandale, Superin- tendent of the Indian Museum, who supplied me with a complete collecting outfit and through whose kind offices I was given a grant of Rs. 500 to meet expenses, without which it would have been impossible to have carried out this work. 196 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOEANe LIST OF PRINCIPAL PLACES AND DISTRICTS FROM WHICH SPECIMENS WERE COLLECTED. ; . Elevation Name. District. pe feeds (feet above ; ; sea level). Bhamo BA -. | In Upper Burma | 97° 13’ 24° 15’ | 361 | Tengyueh |. 98° 33” 257 2! 5,365 Yung-chang Fu a Bete beeen 3 25 “77 5,400 Chu-tung = .. | Yung-ping Hsien 99° 26’ 25°27’ | 5,500 Yang-pi a ae mate 99° 53° PL) Hy 5,200 Hsia-kuan ot .. | Tali Fu a | TOO! 910! 25° 35’ 6,700 Ta-li Fu mee Ee ames peEQO aem5 4 25°42’ | 6,800 Yunnan Fu... a shee TO2 lain Di ok 6,400 Shan Kuan ... .. | Tali Fu oy. j| ShOOP HED? Dig IrEy 6,800 Pu-piao ce .. | Yung-chang Fu .. | 98° 58’ 25iees 4,600 Ma-chan-kai .. .. | Tengyueh al 98° 30’ Py PAOY 6,000 Pe-lien ee .. | Tengyueh Atlee verge 25° 11’ 5,800 Ku-tung-kai_.. -. | Tengyueh .. | Very close to Ma- 6,000 chan-kai. Lung-ling ss cee eae 98° 43’ 24° 37° 5,100 Lahsa as os | eee lf RO7e 53. 24° 25’ 4,500 1,o-po-ssu-chuang or Mong ays Cys WI | eS aie 5,100 Hum. Mong Wan or Lung-chuan 4966 97° 59’ 24° 20’ 3,100 Man Hsien | OFetA Sta 24a SO. 2,800 Nan Tien or Mong Ti .. | yore 98° 22’ | DAMIR OG 3,800 Mong Hsa a zfs AME 9992 inn 28 43" | 45550 Mong Pan... 3 vee Hero" 247 al) age 7 einen Lu-shui-ho ua .. | Hui-li Chon (in the | 102° 3’ | 26°15’ | 6,200? province of Ssu- | chuan). | | Kuan-ping ee -- |) Lunlung! Chouys: HiGOr she a) 125 5a. 7,100 Ta-lu 29 | | Wang-pe Linge | ji tOo ss! 209375 7 ,800 Ta-shui-chai_ .. Ae eee A village in the Lo-po-| 3,900 ssu-chuang valley. Wei-vuan Ting 6 or LOO™ AAT 4[ 2376307 3,200 Yun-Chou “es = eet TEO% 10” 4|, 240277 8 ooo | | Ssu-mao oe a0 eee HORS a BO ANS? 4,900 | Ching-tung Ting ote aoc MOO e057 ee 7 3,900 SSS Note.—With the exception of the two places noted, all the localities are situated within the province of Yunnan. 1910.]} N. ANNANDALE: The Fauna of Yunnan. 197 PART I.—SPONGES AND POLYZOA. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Indian Museum. SPONGES. 1. Spongilla (Euspongilla) proliferens, Annandale. A small dried specimen on a piece of stick from a lake full of weeds at Mong Pan (alt. 5—6,000 feet), W. Yunnan. This species was also taken by Mr. Coggin Brown at Prome in Upper Burma. 2. Spongilla (2? Euspongilia) yunnanensts, sp. nov. Sponge hard, coherent, light, forming small rounded masses of a dull greenish colour (dry); the surface smooth ; no branches ; the oscula conspicuous, level with the surface, circular, of moderate size, with well-defined borders; the external mem- brane adhering closely to the sponge, stretched over a con- es eee OS res I MOE a OE a ME Bie Fic, 1.—Skeleton spicules of Spongilla yunnanensis, Annand. siderable part of each osculum ; an ill-defined basal chitinous membrane present. Skeleton moderately loose, not very regular; the radiating fibres well defined but slender; the transverse fibres distinct, situated somewhat widely apart; a considerable amount of spongin present. Spicules.—Skeleton spicules (fig. 1) smooth, sharp, moderately slender, measuring on an average 0°246 X0'016 mm., as a rule nearly straight but not infrequently bent at an angle. No flesh spicules. Gemmules not observed. Habitat.—South outlet of Lake Ta-li Fu (Erh-hai), Yunnan, W. China; alt. 6,900 feet. Specimens taken at the beginning of March, Igto. It is always dangerous to describe specimens of Spongillide without gemmules as the types of species, but S. yunnanensts resembles S. philippinensis so closely in general structure that the two species must be closely allied. The former is distinguished by its smooth spicules and stronger skeleton. The type specimen measures 35 X 35 X 40 mm. and is attached to a small stone. 198 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, 3. Spongilla (? Stratospongilla) cogginiz, sp. nov. Sponge not very hard, fragile, tomentose, of a brilliant green colour, forming irregular masses of moderate size, occasionally with short flattened branches; the oscula inconspicuous, usually situated in depressions on the surface ; external mem- brane closely adherent to the sponge; a well-defined but delicate chitinous basal membrane present. Skeleton close but not very coherent, forming an almost regular net-work with comparatively small meshes; radiating and transverse fibres of almost equal diameter ; very little spongin present. Spicules.—Skeleton spicules (fig. 2) moderately stout, measuring on an average 0°272X0'02 mm., pointed or rounded at the ends, as a rule straight or nearly straight; their surface minutely but not closely spined, the spines straight, becoming closer and slightly longer near the extremities, which usually Fic. 2.—Skeleton spicules of Spongilla coggini, Annand. terminate in a single spine of larger size than any of the KESt: Gemmules of moderate size, few in number, flattened at the base, dome-shaped above, with a central indentation or concavity ; their chitinous coat thin and brittle, covered by a delicate outer membrane in continuity with the basal membrane of the sponge; no granular or cellular pneumatic coat; no foramen ; no gemmule spicules. Habitat the same as that of S. yunnanensis, together with which this species was taken. The specimens of S. coggimt vary considerably in size, but the largest does not measure more than 50X 40X38 mm. There area great many of them, the majority being evidently complete. Many small stones and dead Corbicula and Margarya shells are included in their substance. I can find no trace of microscleres, but the gemmules seem to be fully formed, their outer coat being covered with diatoms, organic débris and small fragments of silica appar- ently of natural shape. IgI0. | N. ANNANDALE: The Fauna of Yunnan. 199 S. coggint is evidently a close ally of S. clementis, which was discovered, together with S. philippinensis, in Lake Lanao in the Philippines. S. clementis, however, has smooth skeleton spicules and the gemmule is armed with microscleres. It is interesting that the two sponges found in Lake Ta-li Fu should be so like the two from Lake Lanao, but our knowledge of the fauna of both lakes is still incomplete. POLYZOA. ? Plumatella javanica, Kraepelin. A dried specimen from Mong Pan, taken together with the specimen of S. proliferens referred to above, appears to belong to this form, which is common in northern India and Burma. OO a OO a Od MISCELLANEA. REPTILES. NOTES ON THE DAaRJILING SKINK (Lygosoma stkkimense).— On several occasions during the ‘‘ rains’? I have found small lizard’s eggs hidden in little pockets in the damp moss on tree-trunks near Kurseong, without being able to assign them to any species. There can now be no doubt that their parentis Lygosoma stkkimense. As most skinks are ovoviviparous, the fact is interesting. Two clutches of four eggs each were found at an altitude of 4,700 feet inthe last week of June. Those of one were allowed to become dry, and shrivelled up. The embryos in them were in an early stage of development. The other clutch was brought alive to Calcutta and apparently lived for about a fortnight, without hatching. The eggs were dissected on July 12th and found to contain per- fectly formed little lizards, dead but not decomposed. They had a stiff but not calcareous white shell and measured 10 mm, X 6 mm., the ends being equally rounded. ‘The young lizards had bright red tails and measured about 37 mm. when stretched out. I may here state that I obtained last year a specimen oi Stoliczka’s ‘‘ Mocoa sacra,’’ the type of which is in the collection of the Indian Museum, from the top of Paresnath Hill in Chota Nagpur. An examination of the two specimens, which must have been found in closely adjacent spots, shows beyond a doubt that the species they represent is identical with Lygosoma stkkimense, as Boulenger stated it to be. But I have been able to obtain no evidence of the occurrence of this lizard in any locality inter- mediate between the Himalayas and Paresnath, which is separated from them by the whole breadth of the Ganges valley but is the only mountain in Bengal proper that reaches an altitude of over 4,000 feet. N. ANNANDALE, Superintendent, Ind. Mus. INSECTS. COCKROACHES ‘AS PREDATORY INSECTS.—As actual records of cockroaches acting as predatory insects appear to be rare, the following note has some biological interest. On the evening of June oth, during a heavy downpour of rain, numerous termites flew into my dining room in Calcutta and were borne to the floor by the currents of air set up by the electric fan. As they lay struggling many of them fell a prey to a lizard (Hemuvdactylus flavi- viridis), while others were devoured by cockroaches (Periplaneta 202 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor =e americana). Each cockroach stood over one of the termites with its legs spread out and firmly planted and, seizing the struggling insect in its jaws, began to gnaw the abdomen. If disturbed the cockroach carried the termite away in its mandibles, making no use of its legs in seizing, holding or carrying the prey. Some- times the whole body except the wings was devoured, sometimes only the abdomen. The termite lived for a considerable time after being attacked. N. ANNANDALE, Superintendent, Ind. Mus. NOTE ON A!deomyta squammipenna,' ARRIBALZAGA.—At the latter part of December, 1909, I paid a visit to Bhogaon and Katihar in the Purneah District, N. Bengal, and while I was engaged in examining the trunks of old mango trees in quest of Ascalaphid larve, my attention was attracted by some small insects which took to flight on the tree trunks being touched. I could not at first discover what these insects were, as I could not notice anything moving about on the portion of the bark before me. After a closer examination I discovered that several specimens of the above species of mosquito were resting on the bark and as their colour so much resembled the dirty colour of the tree bark, it rendered it difficult to see them. Apparently they took shelter on these old trees as a kind of protection from any injury. I exa- mined younger trees with the bark comparatively smooth, but failed to find any specimens. Although these mango trees are quite close to a house I found no specimens in the house at Bhogaon, neither by day nor at night. Mr. Theobald states that it inhabits houses and bites, but according to Dr. Lutz it has not been observed to sting in South America. I found 6 females and 8 males resting on mango tree trunks at Bhogaon and 4 males resting on a wall inside a house by day at Katihar. All these specimens agree with the specimens in the Indian Museum collection which have been examined by Mr. Theobald. They also agree with Theobald’s description. This species has previously been recorded from British Guiana, Brazil, Argentine, Madras, and Perak (Theobald), and the Museum possesses two 2 specimens, one from base of Dawna hills, Lower Burma, “‘taken in bungalow,” 2-iii-o8 (Annandale), and the other at light on board ship, 4 miles off Tuticorin, S. India, 25-v-08 (C. Paiva). This species appears to be rare in India. C. Palva, Assistant, Ind. Mus. NAMED SPECIMENS OF CHRYSOMELIDA) IN THE INDIAN MusrEumM.—By request of the Superintendent I have examined 1 Theobald, Monogr. Culicid., ii, p. 219 (1901). IgI0.] Miscellanea. 203 the Chrysomelide belonging to the divisions Eupodes, Campto- somes and Cyclica in the collection of the Indian Museum, and have drawn up the following list. In preparing it I have fol- lowed Jacoby’s volume on the Chrysomelide of the “‘ Fauna of British India,’’ and have not attempted to identify the species not referred to therein. It is to be hoped that the list, though not exhaustive, will be of some use to students of geographical distribution by placing in their hands a catalogue of named speci- mens in the collection of the Indian Museum. The numbers quoted after the name of each species are those of the ‘‘Fauna’’ volume on the Chrysomelide. EUPRODES. Subfamily SAGRIN&. Sagra femorata, Drury (1). Locality.—Mysore State, S. India. It is distributed throughout India and China extending to Borneo and Java. Sagra carbunculus, Hope (8). Localities. —Mungphu and Kurseong, E. Himalayas (Lynch). Also recorded from Sylhet, Assam. It is apparently confined to N. E. India. Sagra multipunctata, Jac. (10). Locality.—Sibsagar, Assam. Jacoby records this species from Bhamo, Upper Burma. Subfamily Donacné. Donacia eraria, Baly (12). Geographical distribution.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Penin- sula, (?) Japan. Jacoby doubts whether this insect has in reality the great geographical distribution attributed to it by Baly. All the speci- mens in the collection of the Indian Museum are from Calcutta. These were caught at light, 10-xii-07;(Mus. collr.). Donacta recticollis, Jac. (14). Locality.—Calcutta, 10—20-iii-o7 and 25-vi-07 (Mus. collr.). Also recorded from Berhampur District in Bengal. Subfamily CRIOCERINA:. Lema globicollis, Baly (32). Locahtties.—Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron). Ranchi (W. H. Irvine) (det. Jacoby). Mandar, Bengal (det. P. Cardon). Allaha- bad, United Provinces, 14-viii-og (Lord). 204 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Lema lacordairet, Baly (38). Localtttes.—Sibsagar, Assam (S. E. Peal). Calcutta, 7-vi-07 (Mus. collr.). Yunnan (? J. Anderson). Jacoby records it from Southern India, Malabar and Burma. Evidently this species has a wide geographical distribution. Lema coromandeliana, Fabr. (41). Localities —Calcutta. Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron). The Andamans (det. Jacoby). Some of the Calcutta specimens were obtained in October and November 1907 (Mus. collr.), and some in March rgo07 (N. Annandale). Also recorded from Ceylon, Sumatra and Java. Lema atkinsont, Jac. (46). Locality.—Khulna, Lower Bengal, 10-i1i-07 (J. Caunter). Jacoby records it from Mungphu in Sikhim. Lema falpalis, Wacord. (50). Locahty.—The Andamans (det. Baly). Also recorded from Bengal, Western India, Sumatra and Java. Lema tmpotens, Lacord. (65). Localities.—Calcutta. Kurseong, E. Himalayas (det. Jacoby). It has not been recorded from any other locality. Lema lycaon, Jac. (84). Locality —Dum-Dum, near Calcutta, 29-viii-og (Lord), Also recorded from Belgaum, Bombay. Lema lateralis, Jac. (90). Locality.—Siliguri, base of EK. Himalayas, 29-vi-06. It has not been recorded from any other definite locality. Lema bimaculata, Baly (103). Locality —The Andamans (det. Baly). Apparently confined to the Andamans. Lema quadripunctata, Oliv. (104). Localities.—Sibsagar, Assam (S. E. Peal). Darjiling, E. Himalayas. N. Borneo. Tavoy. Dunsiri Valley, Upper Assam (Godwin-A usten). 1910. | Miscellanea. 205 Also recorded from Ceylon, Burma, the Andamans, Sumatra Java. Lema femorata, Guérin (105). Localitics.—Khasi Hills, Assam (1,000 to 3,000 ft.). The range of this species extends to Sumatra and Borneo. Lema terminata, Lacord. (110). Localities. Calcutta. Ranchi, Chota Nagpur. Also recorded from Coromandel. Lema mandarensis, Jac. (132). Locality.—Mandar, Bengal (det. P. Cardon). Also recorded from Mahé in Malabar. Lema nigricollis, Jac. (134). Localities. E. Himalayas. Also recorded from Assam ; Ruby Mines, Burma. Sikhim (EF. T. Atkinson). Buxar Duars, base of Criocerts tmpressa, Fab. (139). Localtties.—Calcutta, I-vi-og. Purneah District, Bengal. Paresnath, W. Bengal, 4,000 ft., 12-vi-og (Annandale). Rajmahal, Bengal, 6-vii-og (Annandale). Siliguri, base of E. Himalayas, 18-vii-o9. Damukdia Ghat, Bengal, 22-vii-og. Cachar and Sib- sagar, Assam (S. E. Peal). Khasi Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). Dunsiri Valley, Upper Assam. Sikhim. Sureil, Darjiling (Alcock). Yunnan. Shan Hills, Upper Burma (J.C. Brown). The Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also recorded from China, the Malay Archipelago includ- ing the Philippines, Siam and Ceylon. Crioceris semtpunctata, Fabr. (140). Locality —Dehra Dun, base of W. Himalayas. Also known from Ceylon and Java. Crioceris semicostata, Jac. (148). Localtty.—Lebong, Darjiling, E. Himalayas, 5,000 ft., 1-x-08 (H. M. Lefroy). . Jacoby records it from Manipur only. Crioceris guadripustulata, Fabr. (150). Locahtttes.—Sikhim. Sibsagar, Assam, August 18 (S. E. Peal). Also known from Tenasserim, Siam and Java. 206 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOEANe Crioceris cructata, Guér. (154). Locality.—The Nilgiris. This species has not yet been recorded from any other locality. Pseudolema suturalis, Jac. (160). Locality —Mandar, Bengal (det. P. Cardon). Also known from the Nilgiris. CAMPTOSOMES. Subfamily CLyTRIN#. Labidostomis humeralis, Schneider. Locality. Afghanistan. All the specimens in the Museum collection are from Afghan- istan. Mentlia lunulata, Fabr. (177). | Locality.—Bangalore (J. Cameron) (det. Jacoby). Also known from Madras, Coromandel. Miopristis bimaculata, Jac. (178). Localtty.—Pusa, Bengal (Pusa coll.). Recorded by Jacoby from Chapra, Bengal. Pseudoclytra plagiata, Duviv. (181). Localitty.—Mandar, Bengal (det. P. Cardon). Also recorded from Madras. Gynandrophthalma crasstpes, Duviv. (199). Locality —Konbir, Bengal (P. Cardon). It has been recorded from Konbir only. A specimen labelled ‘‘ type” is in the Museum collection. Astheomorpha nigropicta, Letev. (223). Locality.—Calcutta, I-vi-09. Also known from Mandar, Bengal; Tranquebar, Kanara, Belgaum and Ceylon (det. Jacoby). Aspidolopha rugosa, Jac. (246). Localtty.—Mungphu, Darjiling district. 3 Has not been recorded from any other locality. IgI0. | Miscellanea. 207 Aspidolopha melanophthalma, Lacord. (254). Localities.—Calcutta, I-vi-09, 20-ii, II-iii, 4-ix, 1907. Purneah, N. Bengal. Khulna, Lower Bengal, I1-viii-o7 (J. Caunter). Raj- mahal, 3I-vii-o7. Siliguri, base of EK. Himalayas. Also known from Tenasserim. Epimela indica, Duviv. (257). Locality.—Mandar, Bengal (P. Cardon). Also recorded from Konbir-Nowatali, Tetara. The specimens were probably identified by the author of the species. ‘ Clytrasoma palliata, Fabr. (264). Localities.—Bangalore, S. India, 28-viii-76. Kulu, W. Hima- layas. Maldah, Bengal. Jhelum Valley (det. Baly). Clytra succincta, Lacord. (267). Localtties.—Waltair, Madras (E. P. Stebbing). Mysore, Ban- galore (J. Cameron). Karachi (W. D. Cumming). It has also been recorded from Bengal; the range extends to China and Java. Clytra lefevret, Jac. (271). Localitty.—Mandar, Bengal (P. Cardon). Also known from S$. Bombay, Kanara, the range extending to the Nilgiris and Malabar. Clytra insularts, Lefév. (272). Locality.—The Andamans. It has been recorded from the Andamans only. Clytra ortentaiis, Letév. (275). Locality.— Bangalore, S. India. Known from Bangalore only. Probably identified by the author of the species. Diapromorpha quadripunctata, Jac. (287). Locality.—Lahore, Punjab, 8-v-08 (N. Annandale). Also known from the Nilgiris, Kanara, Travancore and, Ceylon. Diapromorpha dejeant, Lacord. (288). Localities —Soondrijal, Katmandu and Chonibal in Nepal. Sikhim. Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 4,500 ft., 25-ix-07. Also recorded from Coromandel and the Malay Archipelago. 208 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Diapromorpha melanopus, Lacord. (291). Localities —Calcutta. Rajmahal, Bengal, 5-vii-og (Annandale). Hughli, Bengal, 6-ix-og (J. B. Richardson). Kankandiggi, Sundur- bunds, 21-viii-og (J. T. Jenkins). Berhampur, Bengal. Birbhum, Bengal. Mungphu and Kalimpong, Darjiling district. Also recorded from Siam. This species is a pest of the mango and Litcht. It is also a well-known tea pest in Assam, Cachar and Sylhet. Diapromorpha pallens, Oliv. Locality.—Sikhim. As the specimens were identified by Baly, I include this species in the list. Diapromor pha turcica, Fab. (293). Localities.—Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron). Mysore, 4-xi and 6-x, 1876. ‘Trivandrum, Travancore, 13-xi-08 (Annandale). Jacoby records it from Ceylon. This species is apparently confined to Southern India and Ceylon. Diapromorpha balteata, Lacord. (294). Locality.—Madras. Recorded from Southern India only. Ceratobasis nair, Lacord. (296). Locality.—Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron) (det. Jacoby). Also known from Bombay, Malabar and Nilgiris. Coptocephala dimidiatipennis, Baly (300). Localities.—Jhelum Valley, Kashmir. Assam (det. Baly). Coptocephala dubia, Baly. Locality.—Murree, W. Himalayas (det. Baly). For description and other notes see Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. u, p. 406 (1908). Subfamily CRYPTOCEPHALINA. Cryptocephalus posticalis, Jac. (345). Localitty.— Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron) (det. Jacoby). Cryptocephalus konbirensis, Duviv. (346). Localities —Konbir and Mandar in Bengal (det. P. Cardon). 1910. | Miscellanea. 209 Cryptocephalus stkhimensis, Jac. (355). Locality.—Darjiling, E. Himalayas, 7,000 ft , 8-viii-og (J. T. Jenkins). Jacoby records it from Sikhim. Cryptocephalus pusaensis, Jac. (374). Locality.—Pusa, Bengal (Pusa coll.). Recorded from no other locality. Cryptocephalus dimidiatipennis, Jac. (397). Locahty.—Lebong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 ft. Also recorded from Mungphu in Sikhim. Cryptocephalus deficiens, Suffr. (400). Locality.—-Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 4,000 ft. 6-ix-og (An- nandale). : Also known from Assam (Doherty). This species is attracted to light. Cryptocephalus sehestedti, Fabr. (404). Localittes.—Madras (Pusa coll.). Goalbatham, E. Bengal, 1o-vil-0g (kk. A. Hodgart). Puri, Orissa, 21-i-08. Bandal, Hughli, Bengal, 5-vii-o8 (C. Paiva). Dum-Dum, near Calcutta, 29-vii-o0g (Lora). Also recorded from Southern Bombay, Nilgiris, Malabar and Ceylon. Cryptocephalus vittipennis, Suffr. (407). Locality.—-Calcutta (det. Jacoby). Also recorded from Mussoorie, W. Himalayas, 7,500 ft., and Patna district in Behar. Cryptocephalus tricinctus, Redtenb, (410). Locality.—Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 ft., 21-v-06 (Annan- dale). Also recorded from Kashmir and Mussoorie, 7,500 ft., W. Himalayas. Cryptocephalus sexsignatus, Fabr. (425). Localtties.—Calcutta, 27-vi-o8 (J. B. Richardson). Patna district, Behar. Rajmahal, Bengal, 31-vii-o7, Gopkuda Island, Lake Chilka, N. E. Madras, 7-viii-o7. Siliguri, base of E. Hima- layas, 30-vi-o6. Bangalore, S. India. Also recorded from Ceylon. 210 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, Cryptocephalus analis, Oliv. (433). Locality.— Kulu, W. Himalayas (det. Baly). Also recorded from Bengal, Nilgiris, Coromandel, Tranquebar. Crypiocephalus colon, Suffr. (445). Locality.-—-Pegu, Burma. Also known from Assam, Siam. Cryptocephalus senarius, Suffr. (452). Locality.—Igatpuri, Western Ghats. Also known from Surat and Kasara. Cryptocephalus interjectus, Baly. Localities.—Southern India. Jhelum Valley and Murree, W. Himalayas (det. Baly). For description and other notes regarding this species see Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, p. 406 (1908). CY GEICAS Subfamily EUMOLPINA. Nodostoma concinnicolle, Baly (538). Locality.— Jhelum Valley (det. Baly). Also recorded from Mandar in Bengal and Kashgar. Nodostoma plagiosum, Baly (543). Locality.—Murree, W. Himalayas (det. Baly). Also recorded from the Khasi Hills, Assam, and Kashgar Nodostoma variabile, Duviv. (583). Locality.—Mandar, Bengal (P. Cardon). Also known from Sikhim and Kurseong, E. Himalayas. Pagria kanaraensis, Jac. (637). Locality.—Caleutta (det. Jacoby). Also recorded from S. India, Belgaum, Bombay and S. Kanara. Scelodonta vittata, Oliv. (675). Localities.—Berhampur, Bengal. Maldah, Bengal. Rajmahal, Bengal, 6-vii-og (Annandale). Tavoy. The Andamans (det. Jacoby). It has been recorded also from Bombay and Cochin China. IQI0. | Miscellanea. 211 Scelodonta indica, Duviv. (678). Localities —Calcutta. Mandar, Bengal (P. Cardon). Konbir, Bengal. Scelodonta dillwynt, Stephens (680). Locality.—Rajmahal, Bengal, 6-vii-og (Annandale). Jacoby records it from Tenasserim, Borneo and Singapore. Trichochrysea vestita, Baly (690). Locality.—Sikhim (det. Baly). Also known from the Khasi Hills in Assam, Bhamo in Burma, and Tenasserim. Trichochrysea clypeata, Jac. (694). There is a single specimen in the Museum collection which has no locality. Jacoby records it from Bhamo. Aoria nigripes, Baly (701). Locality.—Nongpoh, Khasi Hills, Assam. Also recorded from Malabar, Burma, China, Sumatra. Aoria bowringt, Baly (703). Locality.—The Andamans (det. Baly). Also known from Nepal, the Khasi Hills, Burma, Sumatra and Northern China. Colasposoma albovillosum, Duviv. (768). Locality.x—Mandar, Bengal (P. Cardon). Also known from Konbir, Tetara, Bengal. Colasposoma downest, Baly (772). Localities —Sikhim. Darjiling, E. Himalayas. Bangalore, S. India (det. Jacoby and Baly). Also recorded from Burma. Colasposoma metallicum, Clark (779). Locality.—Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron) (det. Jacoby). Also recorded from Southern Bombay, Bhamo in Burma, the Andamans and Penang. Colasposoma ceruleatum, Baly (781). Localities.—Sibsagar, Assam. Dunsiri Valley, Upper Assam. Maldah, Bengal. Also known from Southern Bombay, Ceylon, Burma and China. 212 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOERAN. Colasposoma ornatum, Jac. (791). Localities.—Calcutta, 16-vii-o7. Maldah, Bengal. Nagpur, Central Provinces. Also known from Belgaum, Southern Bombay. Colasposoma auripenne, Motsch. (792). Localities —Pusa, Bengal. Calcutta and Maldah, Bengal. Southern India. The Andamans. The distribution extends to Burma, the Malayan subregion, Hong-Kong and China (det. Baly). Colasposoma aureovittatum, Baly (793). Localtties.—Sikhim. Darjiling, E. Himalayas. Jacoby records it from Assam. A variety recorded from the Andamans in the collection has been identified by Baly. This species extends from N. E. India to the Andamans. As specimens of the following two species were determined by Jacoby I include them in the list, although they are not described in his volume of the ‘‘ Fauna ”’ series. Colasposoma nitida, Fabr. Locality. Bangalore, S. India (J. Cameron) (det. Jacoby). Colasposoma affine, Lefev. Locality —Ranchi, Chota Nagpur (W. A. Irvine) (det. Jacoby). Abirus angustatus, Letev. (795). Locality.—Southern India. This specimen was probably identified by the author of the species. Abirus andamansis, Letev. (798). Locality —The Andamans. This specimen was also probably identified by the author of the species. Pachnephorus bretinghamt, Baly (801). Locality.—Calcutta (det. Jacoby). Also known from Bhamo in Burma, and Sumatra. Eurypelta modesta, Fabr. (806). Locaitties.—Calceutta. Murshidabad, Bengal. Also known from Mysore. 1gI0. | Miscellanea. 213 Corynodes pyrophorus, Parry (852). Localtties.—Sikhim (de Nicéville). Darjiling, E. Himalayas. Sibsagar, Assam (S. EF. Peal). Rungpo in Sikhim, 1,400 ft., 6-ix-09. Also recorded from Nepal, Burma and China. Corynodes undatus, Oliv. (854). Locality.— Rangoon, Burma. The range of this species is from Burma, Siam, Malacca, Penang to China. It has not been recorded from India. Corynodes peregrinus, Fuessly (855). This species is distributed throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam and Malacca. Corynodes amethystinus , Marshal! (856). Locality.—Igatpuri, Western Ghats, Bombay. Also known from Kanara, S. Bombay, the Nilgiris and Wal- lardi in Travancore. Corynodes pyrospilotus, Baly (858). Locality.—Upper Tenasserim (det. Baly). Jacoby records it from Siam. Corynodes sheppardt, Baly (861). Locality.—Mercara, Coorg. Also recorded from the Nilgiris and Kanara in Bombay. Corynodes andamanensts, Lefev. (874). Localtty.—The Andamans. Heminodes unicolor, Duviv. (889). Locality.—Mandar, Bengal (P. Cardon). Also known from Bombay and Burma. S. MAULIK, Temporary Assistant, Ind. Mus. CRUSTACKA. Two BARNACLES OF THE GENUS Dichelaspis NEw TO INDIAN SEAS.—In my recent account of the Indian Lepadide (Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. ii, p. 98) I described ten species of the genus Diche- laspis as having been obtained in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian 214 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoOL. V, Sea. Two additional species have since been taken in the Bay, namely, D. orthogonia, Darwin, and D. nierstraszt, Hoek. Both these species are fully described and figured in Hoek’s account of the Cirripedia Pedunculata taken by the ‘‘Siboga’”’ Expedition in the Malay Archipelago (1907). My specimens of D. nterstraszt, which through the kindness of Prof. Max Weber I have been able to compare with some of Hoek’s original specimens, were found on the stem of a hydroid brought ashore in a seine-net on the beach at Puri on the Orissa coast. A single specimen of D. orthogonia accompanied them, while another specimen of that species was recently dredged by the ‘‘ Investigator ’’ off the coast of Burma in a depth of between 40 and 50 fathoms. Both species are common in the Malay Archipelago, and I have recently received specimens of D. orthogonia from Mr. J. J. Simpson, who took them on the coast of Portuguese East Africa. N. ANNANDALE, Superintendent, Ind. Mus. MOLLUSCA. NOTE ON SLUGS FROM THE EASTERN HIMALAYAS.—As a result of a recent visit to Kurseong, situated at an altitude of 4,700—5,000 feet in the Darjiling district, the following notes were made. My visit took place in the latter fortnight of June, during the rainy weather usual at that time of year. Austenia stkkimense var. mainwaringt, G. A. I found this form common on the leaves of shrubs in the jungle in the morning and evening. The colour of the living animal, which measured 25 mm. in length when fullv extended, was almost black with a faint marbling on the shell lobes and occasionally with a thin brownish line on the right edge of the right shell lobe ; the sole slate-grey. The visceral hump was very distinctly separated from the foot behind and appeared laterally angulate when viewed from the right side. The fresh shell was whitish and opaque at the apex, glassy and faintly tinged with brown elsewhere. The foot behind the visceral hump was relatively longer than it is in specimens preserved in spirit. Austenia annandalei, G. A. Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind., vol. ii, pt. xi, p. 288, pl. 128, figs. 15, 15a; pl. 130, figs. 1—1d (1910). Two specimens of this species, which is probably by no means scarce, were obtained. One was found with its tentacles retracted, adhering tightly to a garden wall in a shady place during the day, the other was crawling in a ditch by the side of the road at dusk. 1910. | Miscellanea. 215 The latter was brought, the day after its capture, to Calcutta alive, but died in the act of ovipositing on the day of its arrival. Thirteen eggs were produced, but more were contained in the oviduct They were covered with a pure white translucent mem- branous shell clothed with a mucilaginous coat and were ovoid or pear-shaped, the natrower end bearing a short filament in the position of a stalk. When laid each egg had a large depression on one side, but the concavity disappeared in formalin and the egg became turgid and plump. In this condition it measured, without the terminal filament, 6 mm. X 5 mm. The shape of the living animal when in a state of repose is well shown in the accompanying figure. The upper tentacles were iong and slender and the shell was almost entirely concealed. The At A AEE T ES PATTIE Py im Tae A ne 7 Austenia annandalei in the act of oviposition, x }; with single egg, x 2. colour was a dark slate-grey more or less distinctly marbled with black, the shell lobe sometimes having a brownish tinge; the sole was paler grey than the upper surface and the edge of the foot was marked vertically with white; the tip of the tentacles was white. ‘The colour of the shell was different in the two specimens, being brownish in one (as in the type), but distinctly greenish in the other. Cryptaustenta succinea (Rve.). This species was common in roadside ditches during the fall of rain. ‘The animal was of a whitish colour, which darkened on the shell lobes and the tip of the foot to grey. N. ANNANDALE, Superintendent, Ind. Mus. eye BoM vr i cet 17 eit] NOTH SYN D DESCRIPTIONS OF END TAN MECRO-LE:PIDOP TER A ii He OH VRICK, A.) EROS: The specimens on which the following notes and descriptions are based were submitted to me by the authorities of the Indian Museum, and the types of the new species are in the collection of the Museum, but cotypes of the majority are also in my own collection. PTEROPHORIDAE. Oxyptilus praedator, n. sp @. 12mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, metathorax and undersurface white. Palpi slender, curved, acute, dark fuscous mixed with whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous, white beneath, except towards apex. Forewings cleft from 2, segments moderate, second dilated posteriorly, termen of first sinuate, of second concave , bronzy-blackish ; some very undefined light suffusion towards base of first segment, and a faint whitish-fuscous subterminal line on both segments: cilia whitish, with two blackish patches on termen of each segment, dark fuscous on posterior half of both segments above and beneath, with two black scale-teeth on dorsum in middle and before cleft. Hindwings blackish, third segment very short and slender ; cilia rather dark grey with rosy reflections, on dorsum of third segment with a very small black scale-tooth close before apex. Sukna, E. Himalayas, 500 feet, in July (Annandale); one specimen. Apparently nearest to O. vaughani from Ceylon, but that species has a broad white band on basal portion of abdomen. Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff. Darjiling, E. Himalayas, 7,000 feet, in August (Paiva); two specimens, apparently in no respect different from European. I have it also from Rawalpindi. PHALONIADAE. Phaloma manniana, F.R. Bosondhur, Khulna district, Ganges delta, at light, in August (Jenkins); I have it also commonly from Ceylon. There is some individual variability, but no constant difference from the Euro- pean form ; it is a very wide-ranging insect. 218 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOLE Vi, TORTRICIDAE. Peronea divisana, Walk. Phagu, Simla Hills, 9,000 feet in May (Annandale). EUCOSMIDAE. Eucosma balanoptycha, n. sp. @# 9. 12-I4mm. Head and thorax grey or brownish, thorax ‘more or less irrorated wirh dark fuscous. Palpi moderate, porrected. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, in 7 without fold, apex obtuse, termen abruptly sinuate-indented beneath apex, then rounded, somewhat oblique; dark grey, sprinkled with whitish specks; costa marked with groups of very fine oblique alternate whitish and dark fuscous strigulae: a trapezoidal blotch of whitish irroration on dorsum beyond middle ; a more or less marked dark stria from middle of costa to tornus, angulated in middle, where it forms a small spot ; upper end of ocellus indicated by some whitish suffusion edged by an irregular black line, between which and costa is a subterminal series of short black marks; a round dark fuscous apical spot edged with whitish: cilia grey sprinkled with blackish and whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; dark fuscous, darker posteriorly ; longitudinal hyaline patches in and beneath cell towards base ; in @ beneath an elongate subdorsal glandular patch of dense dark fuscous scales, extending from near base to tornus, and an elongate blackish dorsal patch alongside; cilia fuscous, darker toward base, tips whitish-tinged. Puri, Orissa coast, in October (Annandale); Konkan, Bombay (Young); Maskeliya, Ceylon, in June (Alston); three specimens. Argyroploce tllepida, Butt. (Teras illepida, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1882, 42; Arotrophora ombrodelta, Low., Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, 1898, 48; Cryptophlebia carpophaga, Wals., Ind. Mus. Not., iv, 106, pl. vii, 1; Crvyptophlebia illepida, Wals., Faun. Haw. 1, 681, pl. x, 23-25.) Calcutta, bred from litchi fruit in June, and at light in August (Annandale). Having obtained a series of the Hawaiian form, I find it is identical with Australian, Indian, and South African examples ; the larva feeds in various fruits. Areyroploce aprobola, Meyt. Puri, Orissa, in October; Quilon, Travancore, in November (Annandale). This widely distributed insect is doubtless attached to some garden tree or plant. 1910. | E. Meyrick: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 219 Argyroploce citharistis, Meyr. Quilon, Travancore, in November (Annandale). Laspeyresia jaculatrix, n. sp. o” ?@.10-Ir1mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous. Palpi whitish, sprinkled with light fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, segmental margins whitish-sprinkled. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; rather dark fuscous, tips of scales whitish; costa marked with groups of two or three very fine oblique whitish strigulae; a median dorsal patch of four slightly curved rather oblique whitish strigae, not reaching half across wing; two angulated purplish-leaden transverse striae posteriorly, of which the lower halves margin the ocellus, contain- ing four or five short fine black dashes: cilia whitish-fuscous. with two dark fuscous shades. Hindwings dark fuscous, towards base whitish and thinly scaled; cilia whitish, with dark fuscous sub- basal line. Calcutta (Annandale); Pusa, Bengal, bred from beneath bark of Dalbergia sissu, in February, May, and June (Lefroy); nine specimens. AEGERIADAE. Oligophlebia amailleuta, n. sp. @. 12mm. Head and thorax dark shining prismatic-bronze- Palpi short, white. Antennae dark bronzy-fuscous, simple. Ab- domen short, dark fuscous, segmental margins of 1, 2, and 5 partially white, apex white, beneath white. Legs dark purplish- fuscous ringed with white, middle and posterior pairs with whorls of long projecting bristles at middle and apex of tibiae, and at apex of two basal joints of tarsi. Forewings very narrow, dilated towards apex, costa sinuate, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; purple-blackish ; six whitish interneural streaks beyond cell, not reaching termen: cilia grey. Hindwings hyaline: veins blackish ; a blackish terminal line; cilia grey. Paresnath, W. Bengal, 4,000 feet, in April (Annandale); one specimen. GELECHIADAE. Epithectis oschophora, n. sp. 7 @. 810 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face whitish, crown sometimes suffused with whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint with several whorls of greyish scales with black bases, ter- minal joint with two blackish rings. Abdomen grey, apex whitish. Forewings lanceolate, acute-pointed ; 9 out of 6; brownish, more or less irrorated with dark fuscous; stigmata cloudy, dark fuscous, plical obliquely before first discal: cilia greyish, with scattered black scales towards base. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey. 220 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor.2Ve Calcutta and Purneah district, Bengal (Paiva); Maskeliya (Pole), Diyatalawa (Fletcher), Ceylon; from March to August, seven specimens. An inconspicuous insect. Eptthectts telifera, n. sp. @ 13mm. Head, antennae, and thorax whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint externally with a dark fuscous streak. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex acute, termen slightly sinuate, very oblique; whitish, with some scattered fuscous and dark fuscous specks; a line of blackish irroration along fold from 4 of wing to beyond middle; a similar line from middle of disc to apex: cilia whitish, at apex with a black basal mark and two dark fuscous lines, on costa with a fuscous basal line. Hindwings and cilia grey-whitish. Darjiling, 6,000 feet, in September, at light (Brunetti); one specimen. ; Anacampsis nerterta, Meyr. Calcutta, in September, at light (Paiva). Timyra toxastis, Meyr. Tenmalai, W. Ghats, Travancore, in November (Annandale). Timyra dipsalea, Meyr. Katihar, Purneah district, N. Bengal, in October (Paiva). The female (not previously described) differs from the male in having the palpi simple, and hindwings wholly fuscous. Lecithocera itrinea, Meyr. Tenmalai, W. Ghats, Travancore, in November (Annandale). Lecithocera triophthalma, n. sp. @. Irmm. Head and thorax purplish-fuscous, sides of crown tinged with ochreous-yellowish. Palpi dark fuscous, extreme apex of second joint pale ochreous. Antennae rather dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather strongly oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked; rather dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with whitish-ochreous ; stigmata represented by round blackish spots edged with whitish- ochreous, plical beneath first discal; an indistinct whitish-ochreous subterminal line, indented beneath costa, forming a wedgeshaped inwardly oblique mark on costa; cilia fuscous, base barred with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings pale fuscous; cilia pale fuscous tinged with yellowish. 1910. | E. Meyrick: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 22% Tenmalai, W. Ghats, Travancore, in November (Annandale) ; one specimen. Heliangara macaritis, n. sp. @¢ @.13-I4mm. Head and palpi bright deep orange. An- tennae dark fuscous, base orange. Thorax deep shining coppery- purple. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; bright deep coppery-purple: cilia concolorous. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. Goalbathan, E. Bengal, in July (Hodgart), Konkan, Bombay (Young); two specimens. Nearly allied to H. lampetis, but dis- tinguished by the dark antennae, and absence of yellow dorsal patch of forewings. Onebala agnatella, Walk. Trivandrum, Travancore, in November (Annandale). Brachmia gradata, n. sp. ¢” @. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-bronze. Palpi bronzy-whitish, terminal joint with a dark fuscous line. Abdomen light fuscous, and tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, somewhat sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen rather strongly sinuate, oblique; 2 and 3 short-stalked, 8 and 9g out of 7; dark fuscous ; a whitish streak above middle from 4 to 4, surmounted by an ochreous-yellowish streak extending to beyond it; three oblique white streaks from anterior half of costa, first two running into the yellowish streak, third to beyond its apex ; a white oblique striga from costa close beyond this; an ochreous-yellow line from apex of discal streak very obliquely inwards to fold; an undefined irregular streak or line of pale ochreous suffusion beneath fold ; an oval whitish ring beneath middle of disc, and a patch of whitish irroration beyond this; three short white strigulae from costa posteriorly ; terminal area ochreous-yellowish, cut by a straight transverse leaden- metallic line rising from last costal strigula ; adjoining this line is a small well-marked black spot anteriorly towards dorsum, and another in middle posteriorly reaching termen beneath apex : cilia ochreous-whitish, on costa dark fuscous, with a white basal line, and forming an apical projection, on termen bronzy-shining, with a metallic-grey basal shade, beneath apex with a dark fuscous patch beyond this. Hindwings grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, with a grey subbasal shade. Kurseong, 5,000 feet, E. Himalayas, in September (Annan- dale); Khasi Hills, in August and September, common; fifteen specimens. Belongs to a group of closely allied species, requiring attention to details; a characteristic point of this species is the arrangement of the two black spots adjoining the metallic sub- terminal line. 222 Records of the Indian Museum. VoL. V Brachmia elephantopa, un. sp. 7 @. 16-21 mm. Head and thorax dark slaty-fuscous, crown sprinkled, with pale specks. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint externally dark fuscous, except towards apex, terminal joint some what longer than second, towards apex usually with a few dark fuscous scales. Antennae dark fuscous in ~ simple. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft in @ whitish-ochreous. Posterior tibiae fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 connate with 7; dark slaty-fuscous ; stigmata cloudy, black, plical beneath first discal, both often more or less elongate: cilia dark fuscous, tips lighter. Hindwings and cilia fuscous. Bhogaon, Purneah district, N. Bengal, in March (Paiva) ; Konkan, Bombay (Young); Coorg, 3,500 feet, in September (Newcome); Nilgiris, 3,500 feet, in March, April, and August (Andrewes); twenty specimens. b Brachmia sigillatrix, n. sp. 7” @. 11-I2mm. Head, palpi, and thorax deep ochreous- yellow, partially tinged with brownish. Antennae grey, ciliations ino I. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Posterior tibiae whitish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 connate with 7; deep ochreous-yellow, irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion ; stigmata black edged with white, plical obliquely before first discal: cilia ochreous- yellow. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish. Ernakulam, Cochin State, Malabar coast, in November (Annan- dale); Karwar, Kanara, in August (Maxwell); three specimens. Brachmia autonoma, Meyt. Ernakulam, Cochin State, Malabar coast, in November (An- nandale); Bhogaon, Purneah district, N. Bengal, in September and October (Paiva). I described this originally from the Chagos Islands, but expressed the anticipation that it would be found in India. Trichotaphe planata, n. sp. @. 18mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous tinged with flesh-colour. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous, except apex, scales roughly expanded above towards apex, terminal joint longer than second. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; 9 out of 7; light greyish- ochreous tinged with flesh-colour; costal edge ochreous-whitish ; stigmata dark fuscous, discal nearly approximated, plical obliquely before first discal: cilia ochreous-whitish partially suffused with IQIO. } E. Meyrick: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 223 pale brownish, with traces of darker bars. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approximated towards base; grey; cilia light grey. Dharampur, Simla Hills, 5,000 feet, in May (Annandale) ; one specimen. Nothris malacodes, Meyt. Trivandrum, Travancore, at light, in November (Annandale). Ypsolophus tanthes, Meyt. Quilon and Shencottah, Travancore, in November (Annan- dale}. Ypsolophus decusellus, Walk. Calcutta, in September (Annandale); one example, yellower than usual. COSMOPTERYGIDAE. Cosmopteryx astatica, Stt. Museum compound, Calcutta, in July (Annandale). Cosmopteryx bastlisca, Meyr. Sukna, E. Himalayas, 500 feet, in July (Annandale). Cosmopteryx hamifera, Meyr. Sukna, E. Himalayas, 500 feet, in July (Annandale). Stathmopoda anconias, n. sp. o” @. 10-r1 mm. Head and thorax dark shining bronze, face whitish-bronzy. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint more or less suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins purple-grey edged anteriorly with coppery, on sides white. Tibiae with whorls of long bristles at origin of spurs. Forewings lanceolate, widest at 1, thence narrowed to acute apex; dark purple-bronze, sometimes with indigo-greenish reflections; base narrowly blackish; a rather narrow orange-yellow fascia at 4, strongly edged with black ; an orange-yellow elongate longitudinal mark in disc about 2, preceded and followed by black suffusion reaching costa, connected anteriorly with a shorter orange-yellow mark on termen; asmall white costal spot or mark above posterior extremity of this, sometimes confluent with it: cilia fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous. Puri, Orissa, in October (Annandale); Pusa, Bengal, in De- cember (Lefroy); Peradeniya, in February (Green) : Trincomali, in June (Fletcher), Ceylon. 224 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. V, OECOPHORIDAE. Scythris expolita, n. sp. 7 ?.i1rmm. Head, palpi, antennae and thorax dark fus- cous-bronze, palpi moderately long, rising above vertex; antennal ciliations in 7 3. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, beneath with last four segments and half preceding one suffused with whitish- ochreous, in @ somewhat less strongly. Forewings lanceolate, acute, neuration normal; shining dark bronzy-fuscous, hardly perceptibly purplish-tinged towards apex: cilia concolorous. Hind- wings 4, cilia 3; 5 absent; rather dark fuscous: cilia fuscous. Kurseong, EK. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in July (Annandale) ; Ukhral, Manipur, 6,400 feet, in August (Pettigrew); two speci- mens. Endrosts lactcella, Schiff. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in July (Annandale); Darjiling, 7,000 feet, in August (Paiva). Borkhausenia pseudospretella, Stt. Darjiling, 7,000 feet, in August (Paiva). Periacma (2) mnemonica, n. sp. 9. 13-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark purplish- fuscous. Abdomen rather dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; 7 to costa; dark purplish-fuscous; a large pale whitish- ochreous oblique transverse blotch rather before middle, reaching costa but not dorsum; a small cloudy ochreous-whitish spot on costa before ?: cilia dark purplish-fuscous. Hindwings dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia bronzy-fuscous. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annan- dale); Khasi Hills, in August ; two specimens. In the absence of the o the generic position is not fully assured, but is probably COFFEEL: Cryptolechia stomota, n. sp. @ 9. II-I2 mm. Head pale ochreous or whitish-ochreous, sometimes somewhat marked with fuscous suffusion. Palpi whitish- ochreous, second joint with appressed scales, sprinkled with blackish, terminal joint with blackish median band. Antennae whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous, shoulders dark fuscous. Abdomen greyish, anal tuft of o whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 7 to costa; pale ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous; a dark fuscous blotch on base of costa ; stig- mata dark fuscous, plical obliquely before first discal; a semioval 1910. ] EK. Meyrick: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 225 dark fuscous blotch on costa somewhat beyond middle; a trian- gular dark fuscous tornal spot, and a dark fuscous apical blotch, sometimes confluent on termen: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings grey; cilia pale grey. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annan- dale); Khasi Hills, from August to October ; Coorg, 3,500 feet, in May and September (Newcome); Nilgiris, 3,500 feet, in August (Andrewes) ; Matale, Ceylon, in August (Pole); eleven specimens. ELACHISTIDAE. Elachista ithygramma, n. sp. @ @.7-8mm. Head ochreous, sides broadly whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint with several whorls of pale ochreous whitish- tipped scales. Thorax ochreous, with two white stripes, lateral margin of patagia white. Abdomen grey, on sides and beneath ochreous-whitish. Forewings lanceolate, acute; ochreous, with four white longitudinal streaks, more or less sprinkled throughout with grey ; first streak along costa from 4+ to apex, second from base above middle to or near termen beneath apex, third along fold throughout, fourth along dorsum and termen throughout; an indistinct small blackish dot between second and third towards termen; a few blackish scales at apex: cilia whitish-ochreous, base ochreous, round apex sprinkled with dark grey points towards base. Hindwings grey; cilia pale whitish-ochreous tinged with grey. Quilon, Travancore coast, in November (Annandale); four specimens. Apparently allied to EL. thallophora from New Zealand. Elachista nearcha, n. sp. x @.8&gqmm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, palpi shorter and straighter than usual. Abdomen light grey, segmental margins whitish. Forewings lanceolate, acute; white; plical stigma repre- sented by a thick elongate black mark, second discal by a short fine black dash ; an oblique fascia of brownish irroration crossing wing before second discal stigma, and a less marked inwardly oblique fascia from costal extremity of this across plical stigma to dorsum ; a more or less developed apical patch of brownish irrora- tion: cilia white, round apex sprinkled with brownish towards base, and with a median line of dark fuscous points. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia pale grey. Puri, Orissa, in October, at light (Annandale); Calcutta, in April ; two specimens. SCHENDYLOTIS, n. g. Head smooth ; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae #, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpj moderate, slender, smooth-scaled, slightly curved, porrected, 226 Records of the Indian Museum. {Vo1. V, terminal joint shorter than second, acute. Maxillary palpi obso- lete. Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled, with whorls of expanded bristles at origin of spurs. Forewings with 2 from towards angle, 4 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9 and 10 from near angle, Ir absent. Hindwings 3, lanceolate, cilia 4; transverse vein absent between 4 and 5, 5.and 6 stalked. I denuded the undersurface of one pair of wings of the unique specimen, and satisfactorily ascertained the neuration. Schendylotis chrysota, n. sp. 9.7mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish, patagia golden- metallic. Forewings lanceolate, acute ; bronzy-blackish ; a trian- gular golden-metallic spot on base of dorsum, not reaching costa ; golden-metallic fasciae at 4 and }, furcate on dorsum, white on costa, with violet reflections in disc; a white discal dot between these: cilia dark fuscous, with a golden-metallic basal streak on termen. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annan- dale); one specimen. GLY PHIPTERYGIDAE. Phycodes minor, Moore. Rajmahal, Bengal, in July (Annandale). Simaethis orthogona, Meyr. Rajmahal, Bengal, in July (Annandale). Simaethis fabriciana, 1. Simla, 7,000 feet, in May (Annandale). Brenthia elatella, Walk. Puri, Orissa, in October (Annandale). GRACILARIADAE. Lithocolletis conformts, n. sp. @” @. 6-7 mm. Head pale ochreous. Thorax bronzy-ochreous sprinkled with whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings lanceo- late ; bronzy-orange-ochreous, sometimes tinged with fuscous; a short fine indistinct whitish median basal dash; two slightly curved narrow shining white rather inwardly oblique transverse fasciae at and 4, anteriorly blackish-edged, slightly approximated towards costa, second sometimes slightly angulated in disc; a similar fascia at #, interrupted in middle; an inwardly oblique 1910. | E. Meyrick: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 227 short silvery-whitish mark from costa before apex, edged with some blackish scales: cilia greyish or greyish-ochreous, with two or three rows of blackish points. Hindwings and cilia grey. Kasauli, Simla Hills, 6,300 feet, in May (Annandale); three specimens. Epicephala bromias, n. sp. @.7mm. Head ochreous-whitish on crown, frontal hairs dark grey beneath, face white. Palpi white, second and terminal joints each with extreme apex and a median dot black. Antennae white ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, very narrow, moderately pointed ; dark fuscous ; a light fuscous streak along dorsum from base to tornus, upper edged suffused with white, thrice indented, and margined by a black plical streak ; a whitish streak partially suffused with light fuscous extending on costa from + to middle and thence running as a slender line to above tornus, edged anteriorly with blackish suffusion: an angulated white line from ? of costa to tornus, nearly preceded on upper half by a fuscous line edged anteriorly with blackish suffusion, its apex angulated backwards above extremity of preceding line from costa; a short black mark along termen, edged above with white, apical area above this streaked with blackish: cilia light fuscous mixed with whitish, round apex with two or three rows of black points. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey. Calcutta, in May (Annandale); one specimen. Epicephala albifrons, Stt. Calcutta and Purneah district, Bengal; W. Ghats, Travan- core ; in October and November (Annandale). Acrocercops convoluta, Meyr. Parasnath, W. Bengal, 4,300 feet, in April (Annandale) ; Kurseong. FE. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annandale). Gracilaria octopunctata, Turn. Darjiling, 7,000 feet, in August (Paiva). Gracilaria scansoria, n. sp. @. 10mm. Head and thorax lilac-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi pale ochreous, suffused with blackish towards apex of second joint, and on terminal joint, except towards base. Antennae whitish ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Anterior and middle femora and tibiae blackish tarsi white with black dots at apex of joints, posterior legs whitish. Forewings very narrowly elongate, moderately 228 Records of the Indian Museunt. [VoL.V; pointed; pale brownish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous, slightly lilac-tinged: costa and dorsum shortly strigulated with blackish irroration; a pale brassy-yellowish spot on costa at 4 reaching half across wing, anterior edge convex, well-defined, posterior edge suffused: cilia grey, round apex pale ochreous with several dark fuscous lines. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey. Phagu, Simla Hills, 9,000 feet, in May (Annandale); one specimen. PLUTELLIDAE. Epermenta chelyodes, n. sp. 7 @. 811mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Abdomen whitish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, acute: 7 and & stalked; white, with scattered blackish scales; two undefined oblique patches of pale ochreous suffusion from dorsum near base and before middle, marked with black scales on dorsum ; more or less irregular pale ochreous suffusion towards middle of disc, sometimes forming a defined patch beyond middle ; a small blackish spot on middle of costa: apical third variably more or less suffused with blackish irroration, including a roundish pale ochreous patch anteriorly: cilia grey, on costa and at apex mixed with blackish, beneath apex and at tornus with whitish base, on dorsum whitish with three small blackish scale-teeth. Hindwings dark grev; cilia whitish, on apical half of termen grey, above apex with a dark grey patch. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in July (Annandale) ; Khasi Hills, in September and October; Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell); five specimens. Zelleria petrias, Meyr. Simla, 7,000 feet, in May (Annandale). Y ponomeuta temulentus, n. sp. @”. I2 mm. Head and thorax dark grey suffused with reddish-brown. Palpi dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, oblique; 7 and 8 stalked; dark grey, strewn throughout with small undefined suffused black spots, veins partially suffused with red-brown ; an irregular white patch in dise about +; an irregular white spot on costa beyond middle; some scattered white scales in disc ; an irregular transverse white mark from tornus reaching half across wing; an irregular white terminal streak running round apex: cilia red-brown, base sprinkled with white. Hind- wings dark fuscous ; cilia reddish-fuscous. Theog, Simla Hills, 8,000 feet, in May (Annandale); one specimen. IgIo. | E. MEyRIcK: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 229 Arcrolepia nityodes, n. sp. 7”. I1mm. Head and thorax brownish mixed with black. Palpi brownish, suffusedly banded with dark fuscous irroration. Antennae fuscous ringed with black. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen almost straight, very oblique ; light brownish, with a faint violet tinge, irregularly mixed and striguiated with black; costa marked with longer black strigulae ; » a dorsal patch of three white strigulae before middle; a whitish line from 3 of costa to tornus, margined anteriorly by a blackish- fuscous patch on upper half; three white strigulae from costa between this and apex; a small blackish spot towards termen in middle: cilia whitish-grey, with two blackish-grey lines. Hind- wings ovate-lanceolate, pale grey, suffused with dark grey towards termen and apex; cilia grey. Parasnath, W. Bengal, 4,300 feet, in April (Annandale); one specimen, Allied to the European pygmacana, but I have a Ceylon species still more like the European form, though certainly distinct. Plutella maculipennis, Curt. Purneah district and Rajmahal (Annandale), Bengal. TINEIDAE. Nepticula ovitis, n. sp. @. 5mm. Head and eyecaps pale whitish-yellow, antennae and thorax dark leaden-fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore- wiugs lanceolate ; blackish; a rather broad little oblique shining white fascia beyond middle: cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. Phagu, Simla Hills, 9,000 feet, in May (Annandale); one specimen, in fine condition. Orostega chalcophylla, un. sp. 7 ¢. 7-10 mm, Head and eyecaps shining whitish, some- times ochreous-tinged, antennae ochreous-grey. Thorax shining bronze. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings rather broad-lanceolate ; shining bronze, with greenish or purplish reflections, variable in depth of colouring: cilia pale bronzy-ochreous. Hindwings and cilia grey or dark grey. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annan- dale); Khasi Hills ; six specimens. CLEADARODES, meee Head smooth, with rough frontal tuft ; ocelli present ; tongue absent. Antennae *, in @ simple, basal joint dilated into a large oblong eyecap. Labial palpi moderate, filiform, drooping. Maxil- lary palpi rather long, several-jointed, filiform. Posterior tibiae 230 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOE-AVE with series of bristles above. Forewings with 3 absent, 4 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings under 3, linear, cilia 6; 3 absent, 4 absent, 6 absent. Differs from Lyonetia mainly by the well-developed maxillary palpi. Cladarodes peloptera, n. sp. o”. 7-8 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous, face ochreous- whitish. Palpi and antennae whitish. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings narrowly lanceolate, acute ; glossy greyish-ochreous, with a purplish tinge: cilia pale greyish- ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-grey. Calcutta, at light, in June (Paiva); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet, in September (Newcome); three specimens. Opogona chalinota, n. sp. @7@. 7-10 mm. Crown and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. fillet, face, and antennae ochreous-white. Palpi ochreous-white, second joint with a dark fuscous streak externally on upper half from base to near apex. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings lanceolate ; dark fuscous-bronze ; a white line crossing wing about 2; a whitish-ochreous apical spot: cilia fuscous, round apex whitish-ochreous. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey. Puti, Orissa coast, in October (Annandale); Pusa, Bengal, bred in March from larvae feeding in dry stems of Polypodium quercifolium (Iefroy); Colombo, Ceylon, in August (Green); five specimens. Opogona percnodes, n. sp. o @. 12-15 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark purplish- fuscous, fillet and face shining pale whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, externally dark fuscous. Antennae fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous. Forewings lanceolate, acute; glossy dark fuscous, with purplish-bronzy reflections: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; cilia dark fuscous. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, from July to September (Paiva); Maskeliya, in May (Pole), Diyatalawa, in August (Fletcher), Ceylon ; eight specimens. Opogona flavofasciata, Stt. Calcutta, in June and September (Paiva). Ereunetis xenica, Meyr. Calcutta, at light, in August (Annandale). Monopts sertifera, n. sp. @ @. I12-13mm. Head and thorax yellow, palpi, patagia, and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, 1910. ] E. Meyrick: Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. 231 costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, oblique; 9 and 10 short-stalked; dark purplish-fuscous mixed with blackish, strewn with small leaden-bluish dots; a suffused round subhyaline spot in middle of disc; an irregular bright yellow streak along dorsum from base to tornus, edge emarginate beneath discal spot; a bright yellow blotch beyond discal spot, almost reaching costa; an irregular bright yellow apical spot extending along upper half of termen, more or less produced anteriorly into irregular streaks on lower part of wing ; all these yellow markings are more or less edged with ferruginous suffusion : cilia bright yellow, on costa dark fuscous, except towards apex. Hindwings bronzy-grey ; cilia whitish-grey. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annan- dale); Khasi Hills: four specimens. Monopts dicycla, Meyr. Bred from larvae destroying woollen cloth, Calcutta, in Sep- tember (Annandale). Tinea fuscipunctella, Haw. Kurseong, 5,000 feet, in July (Annandale); Dharampur, Simla Hills, 5,000 feet, in May (Annandale). Tinea pachyspila, Meyr. Trivandrum, Travancore, in November (Annandale). Tinea nestorva, 1. sp. @. 17-Igmm. Head and antennae yellowish-white. Palpi dark fuscous. ‘Thorax rather dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen pale brassy-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; pale greyish-ochreous, more or less tinged and sprinkled with fuscous ; base suffused with dark fuscous, extending as a narrow streak along costa to 2; a small undefined spot of dark fuscous suffusion on end of cell: cilia light ochreous, sometimes tinged with fuscous. more whitish towards tips. Hindwings grey, with brassy-yellowish and purplish reflections ; cilia grey-whitish, sometimes infuscated towards base. Phagu, Simla Hills, 9,000 feet, in May (Annandale); Dal- housie, Kashmir, in May; two specimens. Pylactis mimosae, Stt. Calcutta, at light, in July (Annandale). I have now ascer- tained that seminivora, Wals., and ophionota, Meyr., are both synonyms of this. 232 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vou. V, I9rt0.] TROPHIMAEA, n.g. Head loosely rough-haired; ocelli present; tongue absent. Antennae 4, in @ moderately ciliated, basal joint clothed with long dense hairs projecting in front in a broad tuft. Labial palpi moderate, porrected, clothed with long rough projecting scales beneath, second joint with several projecting lateral bristles. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs. Forewings with 1) furcate, 2 rather remote from angle, 3 and 4 connate from angle or 4 absent, 7 absent, 9 absent, 11 from or beyond middle. Hindwings 2, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 14; 2-7 separate, parallel, or 4 and transverse vein between 3 and 6 some- times absent. Trophimaea arenatella, Walk. Kurseong, E. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in September (Annan- dale). Sapheneutis crocotricha, n. sp. v7. 1I4-17mm. Head with tolerably appressed scales, ochre- ous-yellow, face sometimes mixed with fuscous. Palpi short, loosely scaled, yellowish mixed or suffused with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 2. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Fore- wings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, oblique; 8 and g stalked; purplish- fuscous, suffusedly and indistinctly strigulated with darker fuscous, veins and costa darker-suffused : cilia purplish-fuscous, sometimes with pale greyish-ochreous basal line. Hindwings rather dark fuscous, purplish-tinged ; cilia light ochreous-fuscous, basal half suffused with purplish-fuscous. Kurseong, EF. Himalayas, 5,000 feet, in July (Annandale) ; N. Coorg, 3,500 feet, in November (Newcome) ; two specimens. MOO bia ON. oc OME AQUATIC OLIFEGOCHAE LE WORMS COMMENSAL IN SPONGILLA CAR EERT. By J. STEPHENSON, M.B., D.Sc. (Lond.). I recently received from Dr. Annandale, of the Indian Museum, a specimen of a form of Spongilla cartert, Bwk., taken at Bheemanagar, Travancore, and sent by the authorities of the Trivandrum Museum to Calcutta. The specimen was stated to contain a number of aquatic Oligochaeta, and it was these which I undertook to examine. The worms were found to be very numerous; they could be obtained in numbers by teasing any small fragment of the sponge, and could be picked out from the disintegrated portions of the sponge at the bottom of the bottle. Thirty-eight specimens taken at random were prepared and mounted for microscopic examination; some were mounted un- stained in glycerin and potash, some unstained and some stained in balsam. A first inspection showed that there was one specimen of Pristina longiseta, Ehrbg., and that all the rest belonged to the genus Nats. As was to be expected, a certain number of the specimens were distorted in shape, and others had their dorsal setae entirely or almost entirely broken off. The rest were classified under the high power into three groups, as follows :— (i) Forms without eyes, with obviously forked needles in the dorsal bundles. (ii) Forms without eyes, with dorsal needles showing only a very fine forking, or in which forking was not evident. (iii) Forms with eyes. All the individuals of groups (ii) and (ili), and a number of those of group (i) (which were the most numerous), were submitted to detailed examination with the oil immersion lens. As is well known, the usual mode of reproduction in the Naididae is the asexual, by fission. Sexual reproduction seems, in the majority of forms, to take place only at certain seasons of the year, and is comparatively rare; consequently the sexual organs have as yet been described only in a minority of the forms included in this family. It can hardly be doubted that descriptions of these organs, if they could be obtained, would give very great help in the task of discriminating the various species. | 234 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. ¥, Signs of asexual multiplication were found frequently enough in the present specimens. There were no chains of two or more still unseparated animals; but a number of the individuals ex- amined had evidently been recently separated, as shown by the blunt or square, sometimes obviously lacerated prostomium, and the small size of the ventral setae of segments ii—v; these last, it may be said, are new productions in the zone of budding, and hence are when first developed smaller than those of the segments posterior to them. But unfortunately none of the specimens examined in the present instance showed any sign of sexual organs; and it is necessary therefore to fall back on other structures, and specially on the characters of the setae, in order to find marks capable of being used for purposes of diagnosis. As a matter of fact the current diagnoses of the known species of this and many other genera of the family are still based very largely on the setae; and the following accounts, though necessarily incomplete, have there- fore the merit of affording a possibility of comparison with previously described forms. The association between the worms and the sponge may be called a commensalism.