PAs Beer COR OEE ares ” ‘on cet dey abe ore getty ton ae eo then aghs wheats te ate le 9 < eon oo pe byte S26 i abeiatere aera ne \GASS Ohare at». oe it ot helathetg ter bere sth! ato RECORDS of the INDIAN MUSEUM (A JOURNAL OF INDIAN ZOOLOGY) Vol. XVI, 1919. EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR, | ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. eee eee Calcutta: PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR, ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, AND PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 1919. CONTENTS. a PART I. Published 22nd January, Igia. Page I. A preliminary note on some new species of Copepoda I II. Notes on the Indian Glow-worm [Lamprophorus tene- brosus (W1k.)] .. Ae 4h er TG III. Indian Land Planarians Ke AP x 29 IV. Studies on Infusoria, IT cH f =o war 3 V. Contributions to a knowledge of the chlepode Geo- philimorpha of India hp 3 on 45 VI. The Fauna of certain small streams in the Bombay Presidency eG a ee Prieto 10)0) VII. On a new species of Discognathus from the Kangra Valley oe ae ste oes Miscellanea :— Two interesting Albinos. .. oe Bo aloy/ Part II. Published 25th February, 199. VIII. A list of the dragonflies recorded from the Indian Empire with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Part II a .. 169 IX. The larva of Micromerus lineatus, Burm. od LOT, X. On the generic position of Helix distincta, Pir., of Siam By) e ts a) LOG XI. Description of a new species of Margaritanopsis (Unionidae) from the Southern Shan States, with notes on Solenata solentformis 7 ace 20S XII. Descriptions of three new Batrachians from the Garo Halls; Assam. . ee sis ta 207, Part III. Published 23rd April, 1919. XIII. On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India .. ae 200 XIV. Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory, No. 6. —Embryological and Developmental Studies of Indian Fishes .. af ap mena Ts XV. Some Gastropod Molluscs from the Gangetic Delta .. 241 Jb 1b d XXII. XXII. XO: XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVIII. XXVIII. XXITX. Contents. Part IV. Published 6th June, 1919. Descriptions of three male Mutillids from India No. III Report on a small collection of Fish from Putao (Hkamti Long) on the Northern Frontier of Burma Descriptions of Indian Beetle Larvae. Studies on the Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. The soft parts of some Indian Unionidae On the occurrence of a symmetrical species of Epts- phenus (Passalid Coleoptera) in Annam ee Descriptions of two new species of Diptera from Seistan, Eastern Persia oe as Miscellanea :— The tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus ee and Ixalus variabtlis : a correction .. Part V. Published 25th July, 1919. Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XII. Scopimerinae : Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, Assam .. Two new Scorpions from Southern India Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XIII. The Indian species of Macrophthalmus Part VI. Published 18th October, 1g19. A note on the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Chandi- pore, Orissa, with notes on Echiuroids On the generic position of some Asiatic Unionidae Contributions to the Fauna of Yunnan based on col- lections made by J. Coggin Brown, B.Sc., 1909-10. Part IX.—Two remarkable genera of freshwater Gastropod Molluscs from the Lake Erh-Hai The possible occurrence of Schistosoma ep One Katsurada in India Miscellanea :— On the genus Mysoria, Godwin-Austen Part VII. Notes on Indian Coccidae of the sub-family eee dinae, with descriptions of new species Published 12th December, 1919. Descriptions of four new Indian Odonata oe Notes on Freshwater Sponges. No. XVII No: 335 Page 259° 263 271 289 297 299 303 305 349 379 383 395 403 413 425 431 433 451 457 Contents. ili Page XXXII. Descriptions of new Indian Odonate larvae and exuviae a ays Se - 459 XXXIV. On Aelurophryne mammata, Gthr., an addition to the Batrachian Fauna of Kashmir - 469 XXXV. Records of Trigonalidae from South India on 4g LIST OF PLATES. Follow page Plate I (Frog and Fish) ee a és Plate II (Fish) : | Plate III (Fish and Repacaae ae ave 162: Plates IV—V (Mollusca) | Plates VI—VII (Sponges) Plate VIII (Beetle larva) irs oie eee oe Plates IX—X (Copepoda) ae oe i Epa oo: Plate XI (Planarians) aie be ee 40 Plates XII—XIII (Crustacea Despods) sh ws 948 Plate XIV (Beetle larvae) .. 5 aie =< 270 Plate XV (Mollusca) -3 ee ee -. 206 Plates XVI—XIX (Fish) es hes are 2, 240 Plate XX (Mollusca) bss 5G ys ee 2 5G Plate X XI (Scorpions) oe sie ae te 362 Plate XXII (Fish) : see eis 5-2 280 Plate XXIII (Dragonfly eevee) oo 34 en LOS Plate XXIV (Crustacea Decapoda) a a a3 2 $04 Plate XXV (Cercaria) z3 “6 os 430 Plates XXVI—XXXI (cacidae) - oe vs. 5450 Plates XXXII—XXXVII (Dragonfly larvae) < 0) 408 LIST OF, AUTHORS: ANNANDALE, N., D.Sc. The Fauna of certain small Streams in the Bombay _ Presidency . oe Some Gastropod Molluscs from the Gangetic Delta. (In col- laboration with Baint Prashad) The tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus pygmaeus and Ixalus vari- abilis : a correction Contributions to the Fauna of Yunnan based c on n collections made by J. Coggin Brown, B.Sc., Igog-10o. Part IX.— Two remarkable genera of freshwater Gastropod Molluscs from the Lake Erh-Hai. (In collaboration with Baini Prashad) “8 ie ae Notes ou Freshwater Sponges. No. XVII.—A new race of Trochospongilla latouchiana from China BOULENGER, G. A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Descriptions of three new Batrachians from the Garo Hills, Assam : a ove On Aelurophryne mammata, Gthr., an addition to the Bat- rachian Fauna of Kashmir a a BRUNETTI, E. Descriptions of two new species of Diptera from Seistan, Eastern Persia : oe CHAUDHURE Ball. DSc. F ikS°E Report on a small collection of Fish from Putao (Hkamti- Long) on the Northern Frontier of Burma Durr Ge Re iA: Description of three male Mutillids from India .. FRASER, Major F. C., 1.M.S. The larvae of Micromerus lineatus, Burm. Descriptions of four new Indian Odonata ; Descriptions of new Indian Odonate larvae and exuviae GHOSH, EKENDRANATH, M.Sc., M.D. Studies on Infusoria. II.—On two new species of Holophrya, Ehrbg. GODWIN-AUSTEN, H. H., F.R.S. On the generic position of Helix distincta, Pfr., of Siam Description of a new species of Margaritanopsis (Unionidae) from the Southern Shan States, with notes on Solenaia soleniformis On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India Ss On the genus Mysoria, Godwin- Austen ae3 457 207 469 299 27% 259 197 451 459 41 199 203 209 431 viii List of Authors. Page CRAVERY, EH, DSc: Descriptions of Indian Beetle larvae. III 263 On the occurrence of a symmetrical species of. Episphenus (Passalid Coleoptera) in Annam .. 297 A Note on the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Chandipore, Orissa a0 a me a Je) 305 GREEN, E. E., F.Z.S. Notes on Indian Coccidae of the sub-family Diaspidinae, with descriptions of new species .. Es ST 1) HENDERSON, J. Ro BG. GE Two new Scorpions from Southern India si oh S70 Kemp, S., B.A. Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum : XII.—Scopimerinae .. oat (305 XIII.—The Indian Species of Macrophthalmus egos LAIDLAW, F. F. CAS WVERAGeS., ake Cee. A List of te Drea Heche from the Indian Empire with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Part II Se ae at 28) SLO Paiva, C.A. Notes on the Indian Glow-worm [Lamprophorus tenebrosus (WI1k.)] be 23 lg Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, Assam ie «. . 349 PRASHAD, BAINI, D.Sc. On a new species of Discognathus from the Kangra Valley.. 163 Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory. No. 6.—Em- bryological and Developmental Studies of Indian Fishes. (In collaboration with T. Southwell) -- 215 Some Gastropod Molluscs from the Gangetic ‘Delta. (In collaboration with N. Annandale) .. ey eeam Studies on the Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. “No. 3.- The soft parts of some Indian Unionidae ie 425 List of Authors. SILVESTRI, F. Contributions to a knowledge of the gee ates limorpha of India SOUTHWELL, T., A.R.C.Sc., F.Z.S. Notes from the Beneat Fisheries Laboratory. No. 6.—Em- bryological and Developmental Studies of Indian Fishes. (In collaboration with Baini Prashad) STUART BAKER, E. C., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Two Interesting Albinos .. WHITEHOUSE, R. H., M.Sc. Indian Land Planarians .. ix Page 45 215 i e on Lis ae ng a Drea) cs ah Mi te eit INDEX. ———< > N.B.—An asterisk (*) preceding a line denotes a new variety or subspecies; a a double dagger ({) a new genus or sub- genus ; synonyms arte printed in italics. dagger (+) indicates a new species; A Page Aborichthys 114, 278 kempi ae yD. Oye Acanthaspis helluo .. Sos Aer Acanthopterygii : ; 272 Acanthus ilicifolius .. fr ees207, Acartia Toy Lbs U7; centrura I, IO tchilkaensis Ds 95, L7: southwelli Top los 07, spinicauda fe I tortaniformis NIRS TSA RG 07) Acartiella. . DIO) D7, plo tgravelyi 2, 10, TARE CheTOs 7) sho Page yAgriocnemis splendidissima 171, 178, 180, 182, 455 Agrion.. oe L7O REL lee Agrionidae : 169, 171, 195 Agrioninae a 195, 451, 467 Agrionini . AST Alasimodonta crispata aos Alphaeus .. a Sof Mees Amblyceps aA 272, 273 caecutiens Ae 56 EGS mangois Ag De Pes Pris marginatus ae ZR eNOS y;murray stuarti.. Qi 272 tenuispinis dc sae 275 tenuispents ae ere 276 Amphicnemis ae bg a) Ans Ampullaria Ae 117, 149 WEBS hoc sa [t7, 139, 149 winkleyi Bc 150 Ampullaridae Se 149 Anculosa.. ne 4M, 415 dissimilis nic 415 Anisoplia.. Se Sa0 ASE austriaca ef 265, 266 deserticola ae 252.265 fruticola Sc Ln 265 segetum 4c so ASE villica ab 321 266 Anisoptera a a 459 Annulella SC on eT Anodoninoscularis ., NT A08 | Anodonta cumingt .. $2 AOS | solentformis Se ei) MAK | Anomala biharensis .. 241) ) 270 elata .. < aR 266 frischii 50 266, 267 varians-elata .. Benn 200 vitis .. 50 sey 1-200 Anoplognathus 3 aaa E207, analis. . Ete ae 207; porosus oe ae 267 Antestia pulchra 38 tae S52 Antocha .. te ar 120 Aonidia crenulata .. fey et dentata ae ine RAAT tindica ne Boe tic. U.to) spinosissima ea ee eA Ar targioniopsis 6 AAT fttentaculata ae oe 4AO viridis ae ae AT kempi 17,18 tmajor Bho Wiehe h tyfk Sis minor Seon tts tortaniformis Ty tS Aceraius .. 297 Achatina .. 5 Pei OU fulica . ies Aciagrion 170, 184 approximans Jou lige hisopa 172, 184, 186 *hisopa occidentalis 36 186 folympicum 171, 184, 185 pallidum 172, 184, 186 ftillyardi ic L725187, Acridotheres tristis .. ie 167 Acrydiinae ae vs II! Acrocalanus similis .. a J Akysis 272 kurzit 275 Adoretus.. 265 caliginosus se 0270 lacustris 267, 269, 270 | versutus 269, 270 vestitus 267, 270 Aelurophryne mamumata 469, 470 | Aeschrocoris obscurus se WESC? Aetomylaeus nichofii . 233 Aglaia minutiflora .. 441, 446 Agriocnemis 170, 172, 184, 452, 454 td’abreui peas a! incisa “171, 178, 180, 182 lacteola 171, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 nana.. te IZ Deel 7O,LSO. tpieris 171, 178, 179, 180, 182 pygmaea ..171, 178, 180, 182 selenion ee 178, 180 Page Aphana pulchella 373 variegata 374 Apocaucus laneus 366 Arachnida 398 Aradidae . 362 Arca granosa 139 Archibasis 170, 194 ceylonica 172, 194 oscillans 172, 194 Argia 169, 172 Argiini ~ 451 Argiocnemis 170, 178, 180, 182, “45, 452 aborense 171, 182 fdyeri 451 tgravelyi Bs a cg lunulata 172, 182 nigvicans 182 obscura D2 eLOe rubescens ste 2a 8 yubiola 182 vubtiola intermedia 182 vubtola sumatvana 182 Ariophanta 202 Ariophanta (Nilghiria) ligulata .. 201 Arrup 46, 47, 85 pylorus se 47 Artocarpus integrifolia 443, 444 Aspidestrophus morio Aol.) SSM Aspidiotus ai ae 436 cyanophylli 45. clgfoy | hartii .. 439 rossi . 439 ftamarindi ; 439 Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) cainel- liae ae ; 439 +pseudocamelliae 438 Aspongopus chinensis prod 182355 Assiminea . . i 30-1 = 249), | beddomiana 249, 250, 251 | brevicula 249, 250, 251 francest Aap 2Cte) francesiae 249, 250, 251 scalaris od. AHO violacea 56 250, 251 Assiminea (? Cyclotrophis) fran- cesiae .. ue ez 5 On) Assimineidae 249 Aulacaspis ats Ser 436) | Aulacocyclinae bs Bias) Ao} Auricula 255 auris-judae ie 255 gangetica 255, 250, 257 layardi Soren Gy 4 socotrana a5 257 ttranslucens 256, 257 Auriculidae w255 B Badis Be 286 badis . 272, 286, 287 buchanani , 286, 287 };Bagauda cavernicola 366 splendens ; 366 {Balwantia : pene: 290, 292, 296 soleniformis : _.. 290; 291 Bambusa .. : a7 a 438, 4393 440 Page Barbus 125, 134, 135, 130, 283 carnaticus 4° é B35 dobsont 137 hamiltonii 135 jerdoni 137 *jerdoni maciveri. Re) SY/ kolus 125,135 wm clellandi sn Bisis; malabaricus 125, 135 mossul eas ~ mussullah 135, 136 putitora 135, 136 stoliczkanus 272, 283 ticto . 1255 135 totic yas 135, 130 Barbus (Puntius) stoliczhanus 283 Barilius bendelesis DE) 125 Batrachia . . DIS; lusssos Batrachopsis ae 470 Bensonia monticola .. 3§202 Bimeria fluminalis 395, 396 +Bipalium andrewesi oS 3ns4. +brunneus 50 3fy 35 diana.. 385855 ferudpoorense 29 floweri 32 giganteum 33 findica 39 proserpina 29, 30 smithi 29, 31 fsplendens 36 fsylvestre 37 Bithinella 248 canningensis 248 miliacea Ae 248 miliacea minor .. 249 Bithynia .. 209, 210, 211, 312, 213 costigera 209, 210, 431 costigeva curta 210, 211 kashmirensis tare 213 marginata gee 209) sulcata e2tO tentaculata 212, 213 | Borysthenes suknanicus eres 374: Bufo mammatus BS eZ lee) Bufonidae 469, 470 C oe Calanidae.. ab a I Calicnemis eximia Pat tols miniata 195, 465 pulverulans i akOs Callitettix versicolor.. 375 Callula variegata oO Calopteryginae _ 195, 463 Cancer sulcatus Sette g zo Cantao ocellatus 349. Canthesancus gulo 366 Cappaea taprobanensis 352 Capparis stylosa 439 Capsidae .. ‘ 371 Carbula crassiventris 352 Carcharias 238 dussumieri 235, 238 laticaudatus - Oi5ee 6 2b) melanopterus 235, 238 Carcharias walbeehmi Carcharias (Prionodon) Carcharidae ae Caridina Carissa carandas as Catacanthus incarnatus Cavernularia Cazira verrucosa : Cecyrina platyrhinoides Centrocnemis stali Centromeria simulata Centropagidae Centrotypus assamensis Cercariae Indicae Cercopidae aie Ceriagrion 170, 187, cermorubellum .. ycoeruleum 5 Fs coromandelianum 172, erubescens LZ. fallax .. melanurum olivaceum rubiae Cerianthus Cestracion blochii Chaetogaster Chaetopteridae Channa fburmanica formosana ocellata orientalis ; Chaoborus manillensis Chela boopis Chilopoda Geophilimorpha Chiloscyllium indicum griseum plagiosum ° Chimarrhometra orient alis Chimarrichthys Chionaspis acuminata ; acuminata atricolor yannandalei ycaroli fchir .. elongata litseae megaloba tspiculata {Chionaspis ee gudalura varicosa Chironomidae Chloroneura ois quadrimaculata . Chondrostoma mullya +Chrysocoris gavoensis grandis baro ornatus pulckellus stollii.. Cicadidae Cicindela biramosa 188, 188, 188, Li2s Sl72e Loos 5 GAS WS 189, 172, 435, Page Page 223 | Cicindela quadrilineata 398 235 | Cicindelinae ae 398 235 | Cirrhina reba : ae Pads tir | Clavactinia gallensis 396, 397 438 | Clavicornia oa 120 439 | Cletstostoma 330, 345 353 dotilliforme ae 345 396 linguiatum 308, 344 354 | pusilla by GBS 354 pusillum 338 367 tridentatum eo) 374 | Cletomorpha raja 5 359 1,2 | Cletus bipunctatus 359 375 punctiger 359 42° punctulatus 358 - 375 | Clinopodes 8I 190, 454 carniolensis 83 172, 188 | Cloresmus antennatus 357 189, 190 | Cobitidae.. 272 190, 191 | Cobitis bilturz 280 190, IQT bilturio 279 189, I91 bimucronata 279 189, I9I botia .. 279 189, 190 botya .. 280 190, I9I mooreh 279 ie 307 ocellata e270) 235, 236 scaturigina 279, 280 236; 238" |; Coccidae .. EAgG 141, 144 | Codiaeum.. Be a CANS) - 397 | Coelenterata 395, 396 284, 286 | Coleoptera e207 , 284, 286 | Colpura erebus 357 So AS funebris 357 286 ysulcata 357 286 | Compastes bhutanicus 353 I1z | Contradens 407 125 | Copepoda.. 1, 19 45 | Copera marginipes 404 222 | Cophophryne 469 222 | Corduliinae 459 222 | Coreidae : stee 356 364 | Corixa hieroglyphica jie TELS) 272 | Corixidae . 152, 156 436, 437 | Corvospongilla ultima spinosa 111, 158 . 438 | Cosmoscarta dimidiata 375 438 dorsimacula 375 434 egens 375 434 funeralis 370 435 | septempunctata . 375 438 | Cotalpa lanigera 267 438 | +Cotyloplana qa ea 34 438 | Cremnobates 148 437 | Cremnoconchus 109, 119, 120, 148, Aire. 212 436 | conicus canaliculatus 149 5) ey syhadrensis ANG), MOL, ley, ep 111, 120 | Crossochilus : T1555 G7, -. 195 | Crustacea . 396, 398 459, 406 | Crustacea Decapoda .. 305, 383 ; 131 | Crytotympana corvus eee 372 350) | Curcuma) =: : 439 350 | Cyclogomphus so Ziife) 350 heterostylus 459, 462, 463 350 minusculus 459, 462 350 verticalis 459, 462, 463 372 | Cyclopelta siccifolia . ae es 54 398 | Cyclops 2 XIV Page Cyclotrophis 249, 251 papuensis Bee Weiss Cydnus varians 351 Cylindrostethus 118 Cyprinidae 126, 272 Cyprininae _115, 272 | Cyprinoidea 5 e725 | Cyprinus lamia 120130, 003 al) putitora So. ESD semiplotus 280 Cystignathidae 470 D Dalcantha dilatata 354 Dalpada jugatoria 351 oculata 351 varia.. Sue | Danio d 283 | aequipinnatus 125, 272, 283, 284 micronema xe hezOR Darthula hardwicki .. B75 +Dasynus relatus 358 Decapoda 307, 308 Delavaya .. 415, 422, 423 rupicola 423 Dendrocalamus strictus 434 Diaptomus cinctus .. 30 I Diaspidinae 433 Diaspis 430 cinuamomi- -mangiferae 433 loranthi 433 Tosae .. 433, 434 Dicellophilidae . 46, 47 Diceliophilinae : 46, 48 Dicellophilus sa AG 48, 81, = anomalus c 83, 8 limatus is Didea 299, 300 jannandalei 299, 300 fasciata 299, 300 Dieuches uniguttatus a esis Dinaspis permutans 438 Dindymus lanius 361 rubiginosus . ees OL Dioxippe .. at 305, 330 cevatophora 56 ays) orientalis 347 pusilla 338 Diptera 299 Disargus striatus 45 Discoglossidae 470 Discognathus LIA, Dis. lO, tlyer less 129, 131, 163 blanfordii ya) UG borneensis Gh sy | }gravelyi 130; .1301133 imberbis 129, 131 jerdoni 129, 1305 Use as 2)yenOs +kangrae 163, 164 lamta I1t, 114, 116, 12h L129) 130, yeh 325 133, 134, 165 lamta rufus ae gio), firey macrochir 129, 130. 131 modestus 20 lO ma Moule ASUENS 13 00S ako, LoS pete 129,030, lakes 2 Page Discognathus quadrimaculatus I15, 117 yufus .. 30 130 variabilis Ac 116, 130, 131 Disparoneura ° 195 Dolichoplana feildeni os 32 Dorcus hopei 264 parallelopipedus . . ~ 0) #2624 Dostia : 241, 242, 243 cornucopia 242, 243 depressa ee ede {platyconcha 243, 244 violacea 242 Dotilla 305, 306, 309, 310, 311, 320, 3233 3245 See 335) 334, 335, 330 affinis. . 324, 328 planfordi 3003 325, 326, 330 brevitarsis 324, 334, 335 clepsydva 325, 328 clepsydrodactylus 308, 3255) 320 gain 333 fenestrata = 32552 Os S27 Seo intermedia 306, 308, 309, 317, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 398 malabarica 325, 326, 329 myctiroides 305, 320, 322, 325, 3206, i 327, 330 pertinax 325, 326, 329 profuga 324. 334, 336 sigillorum 308, 324 sulcata 324, 325, 326, 328, 329 wichmanni 325, 326, 320, 330, 333 Dotillidae. . bg 310 {Dotillopsis 305, 306, 309, 310, 324, REN 334, 336 brevitarsis 334, 335 PLOne 334s 336 Doto 305, 324 sulcatus 327, 328 E Echinodermata 397 Echo maxima 195 | Ectatops gelanor 361 | Ectrichodiinae 368 Ectrychotes cupreus . rat 8809 yrelatus ESOS Elaeodendron glaucum 448 Elasmomia granulipes 356 lasmostehus nebulosum 356 truncatulum Byer SICKO Enallagma a 170, 183, 184 cyathigerum a 171, 183 glaucum pelos malayanum 171, 183 maldivense 1i7fiiig, Vhes)s) parvum 7K, 178, 183, 184 Endobranchiae- : .2 S295 Enithares indica wc HGS tlactea TS 2eaUs5 paivana rie 156 templetoni 310 152, 156 {Eolymnium 410 Eoscarta semirosea 375 | Kotrechus kalidasa 364 Epallaginae ave 195 Ephydridae oe 300 XV : Page Page Epirodera impexa 367 | Gastromyzon 56 117 Episphenus 297, 298 | Gelasimus.. 307, 398 yannamensis 297 acutus Sc as 305 comptoni 297. Gelonium . oF 448 indicus .. 297 , Geophili maxillares .. 40 moorei 297, 298 | Geophilinae 105 neelgherriensis 297 | Geophilus insularis 55 Epophthalmia frontalis ha ARO maxillaris he : 61 Erethistes sje 2735-270 tenutculus ae 50 66 asperus 272, 276 | holst .. 50 85 Erithares tempeltoni.. 118 | |Geoporophilus ot tS Euassimineae 249 yangustus 106, 107 Euchlora frischii 266 | Gephyrea .. Se e350 Eucratonychinae 102 | Gerris a ah WAG, Wait Eucratonyx Ne 46, 102 | monticola “ee OF! meinertii 45, 102, 104 | orientalis 4 AB atoyl Euglyptosternum 126, 273, 274 Gerris (Limnogonus) tristan 364 lineatum ae : 126 | Glyptosternon 273, 274 saisii .. se 125, 126 sulcatus He 278 Eumenotes obscura .. 355 | saistt .. 126 Euphria submaculata .. 374 | Gnapholoryx velutinus 264 Euplax .. o¢ 3835 384 | Gobiidae hs) bosei .. 383, 384, 385, 301 | +Gobius bombayensis Get, WAL aes yo) leptophthalma he se, chilkensis ne = meets Euricania ocellus 374 viridipunctatus .. 138 Eurytrachelus reichei .. 264 Gomphinae ee 461 tityus. . 264, 263 | Gonibregmatinae a 98 Eusarcocoris montivagus 352 Goniobasis AI4, 421 Euspongilla 3 1¢g Gonopsis coccinea Nias EGS Eusthenes rubefactus _ 354 {Gorpis annulatus 370 Euterpe “5 | Graptostethus trisignatus 359 Evodia 438 +Gymnaspis ficus 441 Exithemus assamensis 353 yramakrishnae 442 +similis my 353 Gyraulus .. 431 Exobranchiae 291, 295 Exostoma 272, 277, 278 labiatum 277, 278 H vinciguerrae 72,277, 278 Halmopota mediterranea 301 salinarum yO! F +viridescens 300, 301 Bancstrata is te ae orientalis 304, Fenoutlia 414, 415, “416, 417, 420, 421, ae Bee 218 Bae arpactor marginellus 369 Bee mlaia ee oe ae | ee Sit 369 kreitneri 413, 416, 417, 422 ae aes Cer kreitneri bicarinata 418 ae 1 fae: ayensis: pea ee kreitneri carinata 418 eleomseria saitOsay = san ooe Ficus religiosa ae Heleocoris OG are 118 retusa a2 | aplieaatie ead tFiorinia fronteocontracta 447 \ Felix distincta id ¥ : oe odinae multipora A438 telgecius. 307 jplana : ae 447 Helopeltis cinchonae_ 372 jsapindi sie 448 Hemichionaspis chionaspif 438 saprosmae geloniae 448 | Hemi P ay ormis =o Forcipula .. oh 113 Hem aoe : Be Sena quadrispinosa Pe ee es irtipes ie 384 Fossarulus a ane i266 marae Bo Ege A hath Beer ower 199, 201, 202 Fulgora clavata 373 eg braae Ronge t Te 202 spinolae neptuna 199, 200 Tdioeeae 373 Hemisodorcus nepalensis See! ; 373 Himal Fulgoridae 37 t alagrion De 3 yexclamationis 453 G Himantaricum doriae a0 45 noe Himantariinae Se at 90 Garcinia cowa 445 Himantarium indicum 93, 100, LOI indica . 447 insigne ate gI Xvi Page Himantarium metnerti 104 Himantosoma ae . 46, 98 porosum oS 45, IOI typicum 45, 100, IOI *typicum bidivisa IOI, 103 *typicum tridivisa IOI, 102 Holophrya - 41, 42 jyannandalei é eA atra .. ee ao 42 tbengalensis fox 42 coleps.. 4c 2 curvilata 42 edentata 43 haplostoma 43 heterostoma 42 indica.. 42 lieberkuhnii we Se 42 marina he ee 43 multifiliis oe ae 41 nigricans Sic 36 42 oblonga Ac 43 ovum.. 42 pogonias 42 simplex 42 tarda. : 42 Homaloptera 115, 117 Homoeocerus concisus 357 simiolus 350 subjectus 356 Homogenae 291, 295 | Homoptera 349 Hoplistodera virescens 352 Hotea curculionoides. . 351 Hydra sis oi II2 Hydrobia (Belgrandia) miliacea oo) . Bias Hydrobia (Bythinella) miliacea .. 248 Hydrobiidae 246, 413, 414, 415, 416 | Hydrobioides is 50 UF nassa .. — 213 Hydrometra vittata .. T52e 063 Hydrometridae TUS, S25 sees O2 Hydrozoa.. ; aie 112 Hygia touchei 358 Hylica paradoxa 376 Hymenoptera é 471 Hypolophus sephen .. 231 Hypsanchenia hardwicki 2g TA: Hypsobia .. So | ee l Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 41 Ilyoplax 305, 309, 310, 336, 337 tenella bc oO Indonaia . 289, 296 Indoneura Me 195 Infusoria .. er fleets Insecta . 308 Iravadia 416 Ischnaspis spathulata e446 Ischnura .. £70, 07251735 L77s 178 fannandalei 171, 173, 174, 175, 177 aurora Soin UA aja, wigs elegans 171, 173, 174, 175, 183 forcipata : ee 17/3 7AlOe immst?. . 184 inarmata Biiy pike 173, 174, 175 {tKoratia .. Page Ischnura nurset 3¢ L727, pruinosa Fon) IG rufostigma 171, 173, 174, D755 170% 177 senegalensis ae pb ate {ahy NGPA Ixalus ote UES ie, WIS anuandalei 6 208 t+bombayensis Sisieiy Tye AL, NAVE 125 flaviventris At ston SRI fgaro.. ate 50 | GY/ glandulosus sou zis tkempiae 208 parvulus 208 variabilis 303 J Jassidae 376 Jullienia Be i carinata 414, 417, 418 fe. Zee distincta an 200, 201, 202 Krisna strigicollis .. 377 L Labeo ate SOM weit, | Labidocera pavo 60 as I | Labrus badis F 286, 287 Laccotrephes griseus. . 152, 154 ruber .. ore me 154 Lamellibranchiata .. 395 Lamellidens 2890, a2 293, 294, 299 consobrina s 152 mainwaringii Z > Se Rear marginalis : 139; ‘Ist, 293 marginalis cylindrica g-gn | Lamnonyx 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 82 83,85 augusticeps 49 castaneiceps ++ 45,75 cephalotes : 50, 55, 60 *cephalotes multispinata .. 60, 61 *cephalotes subinsularis 5 Bits Oi +diversidens 51, 76, 77 jdiversisternus 51, 81, 82 gigas OG SI, 69, 70, 72 *insularis orientalis 50, 58, 59 japonicus 49. leonensis a 62 maxillaris fae. 48, 51, 6i, 62 mirandus ae 51, 78, 79 +modestus 2 Bits é3; 75 punctifrons 45, 47, 49, 50, 5T. 52, : 53,55, 59, OF punctifrons heteropus 50, 535 54 punctifrons sulcicollis 50, 545 55 rubescens : a 69: rubriceps 51, 66, 67 smithi 51, 79; 80, 81 spissus « 45 515759 70> 78 tsubgigas + 50; 79, 71, 72, 73 +superior or 50, 63, 64. x Page *Lamnonyx superior pallida 50, 65 tahitiensis ; 51, 74 togensis on 55 yuncifer 50, 72, 73 Lamprocoris lateralis 351 roylii .. Vee SOIL Lamprophorus . 25, 28 tenebrosus : SG, 73) Lasiomiris albopilosus | 372 Ledra dorsalis 376 Lepidocephalichthys thermalis 126 Lepidocephalus : 2) LAS thermalis 125, 126 Lepidosaphes 5 alg I auriculatus 446 +meliae 445 pallidus 446 yretrusus 446 travancorensis 446 Leptataspis fulviceps 376 Leptaulacinae 263 tLeptocephalus milnei 215 vermicularis 216 Leptopsaltria samia .. 372 Lestes 56 464 Lestinae .. are 464 Leucaspis indica 449 japonica 56 449 salicis 449 Leuciscus aequipinnatus 283 lineolatus 4 283 Libellaginae 50 WiOs Libellulinae 459, 460 Tiimnaea .. Bg 139, 140 acuminata - 140, 142, 143, 144 *acuminata nana I4I, 142, 146 acuminata patula 140, I41 acuminata rufescens 140, 141 amygdalum 140, 428 andersoniana : 139 bowelli so. ibeto) chlamys - 140, 142, 143, 145 lagotis 50 | bg) mimetica 140 pinguis 3 144 shanensis AC 140 _ succinea 144 Limnaeae .. 14! Limnaeidae fe ao, - BETS) Limnocinda 109, 110, III, 112, 150 indica. . ‘ 109, 110, 151 Limulus molluccanus if 398 Lithoglyphinae ee 407 Lithoglyphus 414, 417 fuscus ats 416, 417 kreitnert 417, 418 liliputanus 416, 417 Lithotis 109, IIQ Litsea whiteana 5 LAS Littorina .. 120, 244, 245 conica vo e4s conica delicatula . 246 conica subintermedia 60 alg delicatula 244, 245, 246 intermedia o> 2a6 melanostoma 244, 245, 246 subintermedia 244, 245, 246 Littorinidae 109, SOD 120, 148, 244, 245 Page Lohita grandis Loranthus 50 : 34, cordifolius c Loxocephala aeruginosa Lucanidae.. oie tLychas albimanus hendersoni tricarinatus Lycorma punicea Lygaeidae Lymnea spina - subulata . telankhediensis . Lymnium . Macrochlamys ore indica 21, Macrogomphus annulatus 459, 461, Macrolininae 5c we Macrolinus ed Macropes excavatus . Macrophthalmidae Macrophthalminae 308, Macrophthalmus +310, 383, 384, affinis : 355, 3 bicavinatus 385, brevis. . 385, cayvinimanus 385, compressipes 50 convexus 5.0 385, 389, crinitus . 384, 385, 390, definitus depressus 385, 392, 30 35 desmavresti erato.. 384, 385, 3 gastrodes zo 385, grandidieri a inevmis 385, 389, japonicus me laniger 30 latifrons 384, 3 latreillei Ae pacificus 384, 385, pectinipes are podophthalmus pollent O10 punctulatus 384, sandakani a servatus simplicipes ob sulcatus 385, latipes 385, telescopicus 56 385, tteschi -. 385, 392, 393. tomentosus : 385, transversus 385, 386, VevVaUunrt 385 Macroscytus subaeneus ; Mainwaringia 50 paludomidea 251, Malcus scutellatus OIC Mangifera. . indica ie 3, Mayrgaritana vondembuschiana 403, 3601 437 433 374 264 379 380 380 374 359 431 431 431 Ato 449 405 XVili Page Margaritanopsis as 203, 204 Twoodthorpi sic i Zod! Margaron 291 Margaron (Monocondylea) vondem- buschiana 403 Margaron (Unio) bensont 291 Mastacembelus armatus 5 OE Matrona basilaris .. ag | AKR Mayoa modesta 132 Mecistocephalidae .. 46 Mecistocephalinae .. - 46, 47 Mecistocephalus Aga 48, 49, 81 anomalus 83 carniolensis 47 cephalotes 5 69 ferrugineus -» 47, 48 gigas .. c 69 guildingit 62 gullivert 62 heros .. : 55 heteropus : 54 indecorus . 85, 87 limatus AC 83 maxillaris ois 47 mivandus 78 parvus 62 ’ pilosus 60 punctifrons glabridorsalis Re vubriceps 66 smitht . 79, 87 spissus - 75,76 sulcicollis , 55 tahitiensts 74 tenuiculus 66 Medusa Toray Megalophrys 469 Megapodagrion 2 1Q5 Megethmus 46, 47 microporus 47 Megymenum parallelum 355 Melandeva ocellata .. Bu a7 Melania ; 145, 251, 252 jacquetiana Te LAG scabra 139, 146, 147 | tuberc ulata 139, 146, 147 variabilis 3 147 Melania (Mainwaringia) paludo- midea .. a6 Sot BARD Melaniidae : 145, 251, 414, 415 Melanoides é 30 B52 Melia azedarach 446 Membracidae 374 Menida histrio 354 varipennis 353 Meretrix meretrix 395, 307 Mesocanthus - 45, 94 albus .. 95 albus minuta ae 95, 96 {brevis xe - 95,97 {discretus 92 95, 98, 99 geminatus OD 90 ;perporosus 95, 97, 98 porosus oe a 90 Metrocoris Sic ae 118 nigrofasciatus .. 40 BOls Stalimey. Se TiC ous 2eenoH {Metrocoropsis 365 Page +Metrocoropsis femorata So, OS Mezira membranacea 362 Michelia champaca 445 Micromerus 198 lineatus 197 Micronympha aurora. é 175 rufostigma a 175 Microphtalma longifacies 265, 266 +Microvelia atromaculata nity eBO2 tlineatipes 36 362 Mictis gallina 356 tenebrosa 350 Mictyrinae x 307 Mictyris sie 307, 308 Miliusa indica Ss Tee AAG velutina ae 441 Mimusops hexandra .. go Avelii Mollusca ate 117, 397, 431 Molpastes haemorrhous bengalensis 167 Monocondylea : yon Monodontina 403, "404, 405, 400, 407 cumingi et AOS vondembuschiana_ 403, 404, 405, 407 vondembuschiana chaperi .. 404, 405, 406, 407 vondembuschiana inoscularis 408 Mononyx indicus 372 Mudalia Aol AEG Mustelus laevis 235, 238 vulgaris Ae) 42B5 Mutilla agnata 260, 261 dives .. 259, 260 fumipennis 2 ah R260: lilliputiana 260, 261 Mycetopus oe) eeZOlr Myctiris sulcatus As 328 Myiophanes greeni .. 306 Myliobatis nieuhofii .. Aa 238 tMysoria .. POA is, AA. AAT costigera ja - ZO costigera curta 210, 211, 212 tMysorella 431 Mytilaspis gloveri 434 N +Nabis assamensis_ .. Hon 7 mussooriensis .. 371 Naiadae re ee ei Nandidae .. be oa 272 Nanina siamensis C Ba OS) Nassa 252, 253, 397 denegabilis 253, 254 ennurensis : Bore RS *ennurensis depauperata 253, 254 orissaensis we 253, 254 ovissaensis ennuvensts 7) 25 Nassidae ti) age Naucoridae 152, 154 Naucoris sordidus 118, 152, 155 +Nectophryne kempi EZO7. maculata se te 207 Nemacheilus Ree 270 aureus é 279, 280 botia .. SC 272, 279 scaturigina Oo. 5 | Beto) Nemachilus hi 114 *Nemachilus anguilla xix Page | UAH nl 27. | Pelogonus marginatus | botia .. 125, Bae 279 botia aureus waz | botius .. a see 275 evezardi MES MA MALO, EIT montanus SG.) IMR savona awe L255 Loy uvophthalmus of Some 2 79 Nepidae 5.0 152, 154 Neretina cornucopia 242 Neretina (Dostia) cornucopia 242 Neritaeae Mitrulae 241 Neritidae .. 241 Nerium 445 Nerthus dudgeoni 360 +kempi 360 Neuroctenus affinis 362 Nevisanus nagaensis .. 352 Nezara viridula ass) || Nilautama typica 375 +Ninus turaensis 359 Nodularia .. 289 brandtii 407 contradens.. 407 japanensis en ACs Notonectidae Ba IEG, EG Notopterus chitala .. OMee 207 Nyctibatrachus pygmaeus eels 1303 Nysius ceylanicus 359 O Obelia 397 ‘spinulosa oe 396 Ochrophara montana San Pes 52 Ocypoda.. 5.0 305, 300, 307 ceratophthalma .. ao | BOW macrocera 398 Ocypode 310 Ocypode (Cleistostoma) “pusilla 338 Ocypode (Doto) sulcata 328 Ocy pode cca merahe globosa 312 Ocypodidae 305, 307 Ocypodinae 305, 308 Odonaspis penicillata | sll ego) simplex F AAO Odonata 169, 451 Oithona ae 2 Oligochaeta 121 Olyra 272 Oncomelania 422 Onomaus pompeus oes 371 Onychargia 169, 172 atrocyana 17 fie By] vittigera - 172 Onychogomphus lineatus ta A038 Onychotrechus NAA, W2u rhexenor 120, 152 vadda 120 Ophicephalidae 272 Ophicephalus apus 5 a, 280 Ophiocephalus gachua 125 else harcourt-butleri . een 138 stewarti 138 Ophiocephalidae may Ophrygonius 207 aequalis 297° Page | Ophrygonius cantori ny Syl cantori convexifrons a 264. Ophryophryne 469 | Orphnaeus brevilabiatus 45 Oryinae 56 88 Ostariophysi 36 271 P Pachydrobia 415, 423 Pachymerium D0 oi 47 Palaemon.. III Palamnaeus 380 fulvipes 381 gravimanus 381 +tristis 380 wroughtoni 381 Paludestrinidae 209 Paludina . Sp eet Paludomus 147, 251 annandalei 50 ial) obesa.. 117, 147, 148 tanjoriensis LAS Pamera pallicornis 361 vincta ys ee gL Panthous excellens .. sa 1 Ye Paracalanus crassirostris ac I {Paralibavius 368 ysingularis 368 Paranemobius pictus. . III Paraprososthenia 413, 414, 415, 416, 420, 423 gredleri 422 }{Paraprososthenia (Parapyrgula) coggini 413, 414, 415, 416, 421, 423 {Parapyrgula 414, 415, 420, 423 ‘Parastasia confluens . 266, 267 Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) ee quemouti III Parexostoma 272 Parlatoria 436, ‘442, 4A4 yartocarpi To Ae calianthina 445 pergandei 445 }vateriae 444 Parlatoria (Websteriella) atalantiae AAS tpapillosa 443 Paromius exiguus OO Parreyssia 150, 289, 292, 294, 296 corrugata III, 139, I51 ycylindrica reeIh 10Z{O)5 Avo) favidens ate 150, 292 Passalidae co | 5 AOE: Passalinae 263 Pectinaria. 397 Pelidonota punctata.. 267 +Pelmatoplana himalay ense 37 y+maculosa : 38 trotunda 35 sarasinorum 30 }striata 39 Pelobates. . ‘469, 470 Pelobatidae 469, 470 Pelogonidae 152, 154, 372 152, 154, 372 Pentatomidae oe Srna Page +Pentorya indica .. .. 38, 89 Percesoces ae 272 Perciformes 272 Perilampus aequipinnatus 283 affinis.. 283 ;Perittopus maculatus 363 Petalocephala latifrons 376 Phenacaspis = AZO Phyllopertha horticola 266, 267 Physa prinsepii So 431 Physopelta gutta .. sO Physunio . .200, 289, 294, 206 ferrugineus d 294, 410 Picromerus obtusus .. sc. SRéL Fimelodes Manggot 276 anisurus 275 asperus 276 indicus 276 mangots 275, 276 Pinus 436 Piper do. ABy Pirates arcuatus 120, 1525) 054 Placocephalus kewensis 50 32 Placodesmata nee as 46 Planorbis .. : 5 AG exustus ona 145, 428 labiatus xt 145 Planorbis (Gyvaulus) labiatus ee IST Platycava nasuta 131, 432 | Platycneminae 464 Platycnemis latipes dealbata 195 Plat ylomia similis 372 umbrata 373 Pleurocera elevatum . Sob eet Pleuroceratidae 413, 414,415, 416 Pieuroceridae AT3 Plotia 147, 252 Plumatella emarginata as Itt javanica cite ee Taran Pochazia guttifera 374 Podolestes 195 Poecilocoris hardwickii : 350 + Poecilogonalos fulvoscutellata 471, 472 {kerala 472, 473 Poecilogonalos (Lrigonalys) pulchella 471 Poeciloscytus longicornis 372 Poliaspis ao 436 Polychaeta 26 307 Polynoidae Sc 07 Polyporogaster 45, 90, 94 geminatus ae Aaa go indicus 45,91, 93 insignis 45, 90, 91, 93 fsinuatus 5c - O1, 62 tunetanus ie ats 90 Polyzoa ULIee3 tO Pomponia fusca 373 Pontellidae one 1,9 Priassus exemptus .. 353 Pristis cuspidatus 225 {Prolamnonyx - 47, 84 holstii Sc 47, 85, 86 }sauteri 2 eka ay 87 Prososthenia 414, 420 Protoneurinae oe AOR Protosticta 195 xx Page Protosticta gravelyi .. 459, 405 _ Pseudacanthinae 36 ee 263 Pseudagrion E70, 172; 191, 1945, 1968 australasiae aie ate 192 azureum ate oo | UG j+bengalense ale 172, 192, 183 bidentatum 172 decorum ae 172 hisopa ate ee CO. hypermelas 172, 192, 194, 467 microcephalum ..172,192, 193, 467 rubriceps = Al 72yalQ2 LOS mOy! Pseudecheneis 2 1272 272 27 AR 27S sulcatus Bic 272, 278 Pseudodiaptomus tts 2 fannandalei ‘ Alea ik sets binghami Be SA Yio hy 19) hickmani ss sia AO lobipes Liv Si Onan OeO ftollingeri 1, 250518 Pseudodon 289, 295, 206, 403, 404, 406, 407 aeneolus 404 cambodjensis Aon chapert a0 403, 404, 407 crebristriatus So). Zlop/ cumingtt 404, 408 ellipticum 404 inoscularis 404, 407 moreleti 295, 403, 404 nicobaricus Ag, eZ peguensis 407 resuspinatus é oeAOr: salvenianus 29 5, 296, 403, 404 thomsoni : Bre toy tumidus a 404 vondembuschiana 404, 407 zollingeri a aoe AO zollingeri angulosa 404, 407 Pseudodon (Pseudodon) 2905 Pseudogonalos harmandi 471 Pseudomphalae ate sie L249) Pseudophaea dispar .. Ec) los Pseudovivipara orc Boia ou Psidium .. 446 Psilorhynchus 114, “hrs, 116, 1 17, 127 balitora : 128 }tentaculatus 113, LIA, TL 7et 25 lee Psophis erythraea .. OO Ptevoplatea micrura 232, 239 poecilura We 232, 233, 239 Pteropsarion aequipinnatus 50 SS} Ptilomera laticaudata LLOs 152502546 365 Pycanum ochraceum.. 354 Pyrgula 413, sine et 422 Pyrrhocoridae 361 Pyrrhopeplus posthumus 361 R Rana 3 207 cyanophlyctis errs Oi, Wa, 15) garoensis ate 55 | BOY hexadactyla 122 limnocharis >C 121, 122, 124 limnocharis niligiraca 123 XxX1 Page *Rana limnocharis syhadrensis .. 113, TiS, 1205 123 pleskei te 70 pleskii 470 semipalmata 303 Ranatra OD 464 Rasbora daniconius .. 125 Rasborinae a 272 Reduviidae 152, 154, 366 Rhagovelia Br LS nigricans Sot, UGA, sei. S{sp2 Rheumatotrechus himalayanus 364 Rhinobatis columnae 226, 230, 234 Rhinocypha 195, 198 iridea .. oe lOs tRhodischnura ae L7Os 17/3 s0l7.7, nursei fit Lgie i Gag aig ntG hss Rhombunio 408, 410 Rhynchocoris humeralis : 353 Rhynchota 109, 113, 117, 118, 120, 152, 349, 371 Rhysota eo? Rihirbus trochtericus _ 370 | Ringicula .. so Bel apicata 254, 255 auriculata a5 | BRS yFeaeca 254 Ringiculidae 254 Riptortus linearis xo Se) Rissoidae .. 415, 416 Rutelinae .. aig 1 = ors Ss) Saiva cardinalis 373 gemmata 373 Salenomphalae 249 Salix : ons 449 | Sapindus trifoliatus as 448 Sastragala heterospila 355 ftrilineata 355 +Scadra castanea 367 fuscicrus 367 Scarabaeidae 265 Scelimena harpago III Schistosoma japonicum 425, 427, 428, bas 420 spindalis 56, Lio) Scoliodon .. BY 235, 236, 238 palassorah 23230312375 230 sorrakowah 225, 235, 236, 237, 238 walbeehmi 22a 22R 234s 236. 236, 238 Scopimera 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,310, 322, 323, 324, 336 crabricauda 310, 311 globosa 309, 310, 3IT, S125 354, 305s! 316, 322, 323 inflata <5 311, 387, 321, 322, 323, 324. investigatoris CU, GG, Gi, chile ; 319, 323 kochi ie: B73 225 3235 324 myctivoides 320 pilula’ 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316 tproxima 305, 306, 311, 317, 318, i 319 sigillorum 311, 323, 324 Page Scopimera tuberculata S12 ses: Scopimerinae 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 330, 336, 345 Semiplotus ie 130280 +cirrhosus 272, 280 modestus 282, 283 semiplotus 282, 283 Septaria 24T, 242 crepidularia e243 depressa 243 Serinetha abdominalis Bead Pee) Siluridae 115, 126 Siluroidea .. ee MV27E Sisor 273, 276 Sisoridae .. DR GX] Solen Sc een s300 Solenaia 204, 206, 289, 290, 291 soleniformts +. 203, 205, 290, 291 Somileptes unispina .. 279 | Spatha 291 | Sphaerona 396 Sphedanolestes mendicus 369 Spionidae.. 397 Spongilla alba no, carteri deem ohSs cinerea 158, 159 crateriformis Aa alts) geei Bo easy) gvavelyt 160, 161 indica. 160, I61 lacustris : 157 lacustris proliferens a lss tperviridis III, 158, 161 sumatrana 158, 160 *sumatrana centralis 158, 161 sumatrana gravelyi Or sumatrana indica a Or *sumatrana rivularis 158, 161 sumatrensis rivularis III Spongilla (Euspongilla) cinerea . 158 +perviridis 159 Spongilla (Stratospongilla) suma- tranaeee- 160 Spongillidae 156 Stenothyra 240 deltae.. 247 yechinata eA tsoluta 247, 248 Stratiomyidae wane a120 Striatella .. 2st 252 Succineidae 109, II9 Sycanus so ) SO +dubius 369 Syllidae 397 Syrphidae.. 299 Syrphus 209 annulipes 300 T Taeniocerus bicuspis. . eros Tamarindus : 438, 439 Tarebia a 6252 Taxus wallichiana 448 Teinobasis 184. Tetragenae 291 Tettiginae ren Page Tettigoniella ferruginea e376 inflammata 3k 4 eS76 leopardina ore ce 70 sikhimensis Hr Arty 1176) Thalassema 399, 401 branchiorhynchus 396, 399, 401 dendrorhynchus .. 401 PCO UyeCReS : eee 309, ‘400, 401 sabinum 400, 401 Thermagrion 189, 190 Tholymis tillarga Pe. 461 Tiberiodes ae 298 _Tipulidae .. 4¢ 30) WX) Tituria planata Bio er Ako 7O Tolumnia latipes ss oe esee Tortanus .. Fc 50 17 Tosena melanoptera .. ah 372 Tramea limbata As ste 2 400 Trigonalidae ae Ga GA Trochospongilla ae OAS: latouchiana a oo Ry! *latouchiana sinensis sa aly Trygon .. Ee 56 232 bleekeri ae Sor E19) kuhlii 220 Meal eee uarnak 50 230, 231 Tygarrup .. 47, 81 intermedius 48, 83 Tympanomerus 305, 306, 307, 308, 300, 310, 311, 334, 336, 337, 344, 345 ceratophora 336, 338, 348 deschampsi 306, 338, 339, 340, 344 | tfrater 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, | ; 345 Tgangeticus 338, 340, 345, 346, 3473 34 integer - 336, 337, 338 lingulatus 336, 338, 344, 345, 346 methypocoelis .. aR 338 orientalis 338, 340, 345, 340, 347, 348 philippinensis .. 337, 338 stapletoni 306, 336, 338, 339, 340, ; 344 pusillus 309, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, ; 345 | fstevensi 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345 U Unio 205, 404, 408, 409, 410 laosensis “Oc “eli203 littoralis we eos Unio marginalis cylindrica pictorum simonis solenitformis terminalis Unio (Eolymnium) terminalis Unio (Lymnium) terminalis Page 151 410, 411 - 409 204, 205 " 410 4it 410 Unio (Rhombunio) semirugatus 409, 410 Unionidae 111, Unioninae. . Upogebia .. Uruguaya.. V Valentia apetala compressipes Valvata minima Vangama steneosaura Vateria indica Vatica lanceifolia obscura Velocipeda aliena Vertomannus capitatus Vespidae .. a6 Vilius melanopterus .. Villanoranus dichrous Virgularia Virgus 5 Vorticella.. W Walsura piscidia Websteriella vateriae Xesta citrina distincta Xiphiagrion Zizyphus jujuba 50 Zoniagrion sie Zygaena .. se blochit oe Zygoptera. . te SL OES os 295 441, 444 150, 203, 289, 291, 295, 403 306 157 366 366 431 377 441 446 371 360 471 369 370 396 407 198 441 444 441 200, 202 200 199 179 438 453 235 235, 236 169, 463 ie ASP RELIMIUNAR Y= NOREE.O N. SOME NE W SPECIES OF COREL Om A. By Capt. R. B. SEyMouR SEWELL, B.A., I.M.S., Surgeon-Natur- alist to the Marine Survey of India and Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (With Plates IX—X.) The following species of Copepoda, hitherto unknown to science, were obtained in two collections. The first of these is a large and extremely interesting collection made by members of the Zoological Survey of India during their survey of the Chilka Lake.' The Copepoda present an interesting mixture of freshwater and true marine forms. I give below a list of the various species that I have been able to identify from the Chilka collection :—~ Family CALANIDAE. Genus Paracalanus, Boeck. Paracalanus crasstrostris (Dahl). Genus Acrocalanus, Giesbrecht. Acrocalanus similis, Sewell. Family CENTROPAGIDAE. Genus Pseudodiaptomus, Herrick. Pseudodiaptomus lobipes, Gurney. Pseudodiaptomus hickmant, Sewell. Pseudodiaptomus binghami, Sewell. Pseudodiaptomus annandalet, sp. nov. Pseudodiaptomus tollingert, sp. nov. Genus Diaptomus, Westwood. Diaptomus cinctus, Gurney. Family PONTELLIDAE. Genus Labidocera, Lubbock. Labidocera pavo, Giesbrecht. Genus Acartia, Dana. Acartia centrura, Giesbrecht. Acartia spinicauda, Giesbrecht. Acartia southwelli, Sewell. Acartia chilkaensis, sp. nov. l See Mem. Ind. Mus., Vol. V. 2 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, Genus Acartiella, Sewell. Acartiella major, sp. nov. Acartiella minor, sp. nov. In addition there were present examples of Cyclops, Euterpe, Oithona, and numerous Harpacticids and nauplii that I have up to the present been unable to identify. The second collection is a smaller one made by Dr. Gravely, Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, in the backwater at Cochin, and contained another new species of the genus Acartiella, namely A. gravelyt, sp. nov. It is particularly interesting to me to be able to record and describe three new species of the genus Acartiella; this genus was created by me (Sewell, 1914, p. 245) to accommodate two species from the Rangoon River estuary and the Gulf of Mannar res- pectively, and the occurrence of other species in such widely separate localities as Cochin and the Chilka Lake leads one to expect that the genus will prove to be represented throughout the brackish and estuarine waters of India. Family CENTROPAGIDAE. Genus Pseudodiaptomus, Herrick. Pseudodiaptomus tollingeri, sp. nov. (Plate X, fig. 8.) Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection and in a collection from Port Canning in the Gangetic delta. @ Yotallength——a-34mm: The proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 007:/410)'—==1G0: The head and rst thoracic segments are fused as are also thoracic segments 4 and 5. The anterior extremity presents a uniformly rounded forehead and the rostrum consists of two short stout spines. The posterior thoracic margin is armed with a single spine situated towards the dorsal surface and ventro-laterally there is a rounded projection fringed with hair. The abdomen consists of four segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :— 33:19: 19:9: 20 = I00. The first three segments are each furnished with a row of spines along the dorsal part of the posterior margin, and in addition the Ist or genital segment bears a transverse row of needle-like spines across the ventral aspect anterior to the genital opening, and two transverse rows of fine spinules on the dorsal surface. The furcal rami are symmetrical and bear five setae, of 1918. R. B. S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 3 g1d.] which the central or 3rd one is expanded proximally to form a spear-shaped base as in P. binghami °. Mature females carry a pait of egg-sacs each containing 7 or 8 ova. The 1st antennae.—When folded back the antenna reaches to the posterior end of the genital segment ; it consists of 21 segments, having the following proportional lengths :— Segments BSG CBS) BNC! ve ee ire Site ye 20) TE LON RT eeLArs Cher MO) eles * COPIAZT 10) 3126 124-2 S91 24e* 2Als 94 DAO Sgn 2= 104 2 OA. OF GOW » 4 8': tits) 8 UC) 8 AOS Aire AS 520 598 7 O1— 1OOO: The 2nd antenna has the form usual in this genus, but resembles that of P. hickmani in that it is armed with a row of fine spines on the termjnal segment of the endopodite. The maxilliped consists of the usual two basal segments anda terminal portion of five segments. Basal 1 is provided with a stout spine-like seta at its distal end. Basal 2 bears 3 setae on its margin and is armed with a palisade of needle-like spines. The ist pair of legs have the usual structure, both exopod and endopod being composed of three segments. Basal I is armed with a row of spines on its external margin about the middle of its length; exopod I bears a spine which projects as far as or a little beyond the distal end of the segment ; exopod 2 is unarmed; exopod 3 bears two needle-like marginal spines and a delicate end-spine which is not quite as long as exopod 2 and 3 together. The endopod reaches to a point a little beyond the middle of exopod 3. The 2nd pair of legs.—Basal 1 bears two transverse rows of spines on its outer margin and basal 2 bears a few scattered Spines externally. The 3rd patr of legs.—There is a row of spines on the proximal part of basal r, and a few spines distally on the same segment. Basal 2 bears three or four spines. The 4th pair of legs.—There is a transverse row of spines on basal 1 near the distal margin, but basal 2 is unarmed. The 5th pair of legs.—¥Fach consists of a three-jointed exopod only. The Ist segment bears a few small spines on its outer border about the middle of its length and is armed internally with an oblique row of spines. The 2nd segment is produced at its distal internal angle in a lamelliform process which terminates in a sharp point: externally there is a single small needle-like spine. The 3rd segment bears three spines and is produced externally in a bluntly rounded process: of the three spines, the outer is long and curved and in length is nearly equal to the whole limb; it is finely serrated along both borders: the middlespine is straight, about kalf the length of the outer one and is serfated on both margins: the inner spine is somewhat curved and is short and 4 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, stout with coarse serrations on its inner, and fine teeth on its outer border. Specimens from the Chilka Lake differ slightly from the above description, which is taken from Port Canning specimens. They are slightly smaller and on the 2nd segment of the 5th pair of legs there is a corona of fine spines on the external part of the distal margin. @. Total length = 1°20 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 638137, — aloo. The cephalo-thorax resembles that of the @. The abdomen consists of five segments: the Ist segment is short and unarmed : the 2nd and 3rd segments are armed with a complete circle of spines around the posterior margin and in addition bear a trans- verse row of spines on the ventral surface: the 4th segment bears only the distal ring of spines and segment 5 is unarmed. ‘The proportional lengths of the abdominal segments and furca are as follows :— 13920) Oe sje OF 2 ee OO, The furecal rami are symmetrical and bear five setae of which the 3rd resembles the others and is not expanded as in the? . The ist antennae.—That of the left side is unmodified as in the 2: the segments have the following proportions :— 1 9f 29H AER TORT SOs LOMO}: STs he Sie 3A pas pO 65:54:19: 32:38 222% 24:3 272272432547 50: 65: Ob. GSESOE VPS Ks) Bulle) S Boys ita ASA Ses lees Oi OL LOO: On the right side the antenna is modified to form a grasping organ: the segments have the following proportional lengths :— Segments Loe 2 ras Sede SOs Oy GakO} ae 2 Gage ire sneer On etme 75 GG a2)) TORVIO. 1O 2) 1l 08 | Ol 201830 Oe OA rCeaeIn On 1d. < 19.2 20-21. TLS htO5 cy LOOM — OOO: Segments Segments 13 to 17 are considerably swollen; segment 17 bears a tooth-plate that extends the whole length of its upper margin and overlaps the succeeding segment; segment 18 is armed with a tooth-plate that terminates distally in a sharp point; segment Ig bears two spine-like tooth-plates, of which the proximal is about half the length of the distal, and this latter ex- tends to the extreme limit of the segment. All tooth-plates are stained a brown colour. The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts, and swimming legs are as in the °. . The 5th pair of legs.—The right leg consists of four segments: the Ist segment (basal) is produced internally in an angular projection bearing at its internal angle a double process, the outer part rounded and the inner truncated and provided with a seta. Exopod 1 is produced at its distal-external angle in a prominent 1918. | R. B.S. SeEwELL: New species of Copepoda. 5 spine; exopod 2 is much dilated and bears a few spines on both internal and external margins; exopod 3 in shape closely resembles the corresponding joint in P. lobipes; about the middle ot its length it is dilated the dilatation being fringed distally with spines, and it terminates in a long curved simple process. The left leg consists of only three joints: of these the Ist (basal) bears a row of spines on its external margin and internally is produced into two processes which represent the remains of the endopod—the innermost is long and simple and the outer process is a broad flat plate terminating in two spines. Exopod 1 is provided with a row of needle-like spines on the proximal part of its inner margin, and externally it is produced at its distal end in a short stout spinous process, while the distal border is armed posteriorly with a row of spinules; exopod 2-3 (the terminal segment) bears a row of needle-like spines on the proximal part of its inner margin and externally it carries a large doubly-serrated spine; the terminal part of the joint is bent sharply on itself and terminates in three unequal processes. Pseudodiaptomus annandalei, sp. nov. (Plate X, fig. 9.) Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. N. Annandale, the Director of the Zoological Survey of India. 2. Total length = 1°18 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 7i.3 20 = 100. The head and first thoracic segments are fused, as also are thoracic segments 4 and 5: the forehead when viewed from above forms a sharply rounded prominence: the rostrum consists of two spinous processes. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is armed with a comb of 6-8 coarse curved teeth, and the last thoracic segment also bears laterally a doubie row of small spines. The abdomen consists of four segments; of these the Ist is very nearly symmetrical and is produced on either side in a large recurved spine, but there are no spines on the posterior margin; segment 2 is armed with a row of very smail spines on the posterior margin dorsally; segment 3 is armed with a corona of spines on the dorso-lateral part of the posterior border, which spines are somewhat larger laterally than on the dorsal surface. The furcal rami are symmetrical and bear five setae which are short and stout and the 3rd seta is much dilated: all the setae and the inner margin of the furcal rami are fringed with bristle-like hairs. The proportional lengths of the abdominal segments and furca are as follows :— AQ AGA TAS 04 623)— iO. 6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, Mature females bear two egg-sacs each containing 6-8 ova. The ist antenna when folded back reaches to the posterior end of the genital segment of the abdomen. It consists of 21 segments having the following proportional lengths :— Segments tee vps Sends DO ee 67 Se Oa slOM el ised ara ia el ee Syne OMe OHIBV VIG 2S che ite AVR 8 2eke ehes i 8 Mee One Os) GCM 2 ORS BF Wp shes it) SAOE Ail Wopagit pile Bye Sy = 1000. All the antennal setae appear to be bristle-like and devaid of plumose hairs. The 2nd antenna is similar to that of P. hickmant. The maxillipzd consists of two basal joints and an end portion of 5 segments. Basal 1 bears distally a stout serrated spine; basal 2 is fringed with a palisade of spines. The ist patr of legs.—Basal 1 is armed with a transverse row of small spines on its external margin, and a second row about the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of the segment; basal 2 also bears an oblique row of spines. The exopod and endopod are each of three segments; exopod I bears a small marginal seta that barely reaches to the distal end of the segment. The 2nd and 3rd pair of legs.—Basal 1 bears a transverse row of spines on the proximal part of the outer margin; basal 2 bears a longitudinal row of spines on its outer margin. The 4th pair of legs —Both basals are devoid of spines. The 5th pair of legs.-—Each consists of a three-jointed ramus : the Ist segment bears a row of spines on its outer surface: the 2nd segment is armed at its distal external angle with a single marginal serrated spine, and there is no trace of any internal lamelliform process such as is found in P. tollingeri and P. lobipes: the 3rd segment bears a small marginal spine and three end spines, of which the outer is by far the longest and stoutest and is serrated on both margins. o. Total length = r'o9 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—. 67e335=— 500: The male appears to differ very considerably from the female for the posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is totally devoid of spines, with the single exception of a small spine situated towards the dorsal end of the posterior margin. The abdomen consists of five segments having with the furca the following proportional lengths :— TL, 322 33207 275, OC Zin 100. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments are each armed with a com- plete circle of spines on their distal margins and in addition the 2nd segment also bears a transverse row of small spines on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The furcal setae are coarsely fringed as in the ¢, but the 3rd seta is not expanded: there is a very small dorsal accessory seta. 1918.] R. B. S. SEWELL: New spe cies of Copepoda. 7 The Ist antennae.—That on the left side is unmodified and has the following proportional lengths of the segments :— Segments Tee aise Aer Sen On ee eC On LOGE Tl, ce Tones EARS Dos TG): 5) 8 GIS GB ord ciel’ Ss we Ho) B19) 8 FIO) S SES Ho) GGG 5 OWS OES OF SEE 17:18:19: 20: 21. 47:55: 55:60:75. = 1000 The right antenna is as usual modified to form a grasping organ: the various joints have the following proportional lengths :— Segments W9§ 4 8 38 ah 8 BR OR oe G30) Fi) 8 10 i 9133.8 SVS Gi 8 GS Bibi 5 OS) 8G) 8 nOFG NLR SR Use Gy g —FOle uh exe me 6 aoe Gis Gps On a Gye 18 : 19 : 20-21. 128 LL 7s el OAT 1OCO! The ‘‘endabschnitt’’ consists of two joints only and the knee-joint lies between segments 18 and 19: segments 13 to 17 are swollen; segment 17 bears on its anterior margin proximally a rounded chitinous plate; segment 18 has a tooth-plate which extends for ? of the length of the segment; segment Ig bears two spine-like tooth-plates, the proximal being short and armed with curved teeth. The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts and swimming legs are similar to those of the ¢. The 5th pair of legs.—The right leg consists of three segments. Exopod 1 is produced internally in a spinous process and is armed with a transverse row of spines on its outer margin; exopod 2 is prolonged internally in a lamelliform plate bearing two spine- like processes, a proximal short and claw-like and a distal one much longer and straight; exopod 3 is curved, terminating in a sharp point and bears a single seta on its inner margin. The left leg consists of three segments; exopod I is produced internally in a large irregularly triangular plate; exopod 2 is produced inter- nally in a stout spinous process at the base of which is a short stout spine; exopod 3 bears a serrated spine on its outer margin and terminates in two sharp chitinous teeth. Pseudodiaptomus binghami, Sewell. Associated in the Chilka Lake collection with large numbers of P. binghami @ and a few examples of P. lobifes were several unknown males. The female P. binghamt was described by me from a collection made in the Rangoon River estuary, and I believe that the following form is the hitherto unknown © of this species : @. Total length = 0°86 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 64°5 : 35°5 = I00°0. The head and ist thoracic segment are fused, as also are thoracic segments 4 and 5. The forehead presents a uniform 8 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, rounded curve. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is armed towards the dorsal surface with a single spine. The abdomen consists of five segments, which have with the furca the following proportional lengths :— Il : 20 : 30.2 265, G-224) = r00r Segments 2, 3 and 4 are each provided with a ring of spines on the posterior margin. The furcal rami are symmetrical: the 3rd seta is not enlarged in this sex—a condition that is also found in P. annandalei and P. tollingert. The ist antennae when folded back reach to the posterior thoracic margin. The left antenna is unmodified and resembles that of the @. I give below the proportional lengths of the various segments, and, as in my original description the terminal joints were missing, I also give the proportional lengths of the various segments in the corresponding appendage of the female for purposes of comparison. Segments Tear Ser dis 5) Om 7c Ont iO mPeITO eel Tau Qnc) ak: mete ea iow el Of RAY DAILY Bev NRE SIY IRE) eh A LOO EIS log” BAe SS} Biss} 8 (oy £ Obs 39 ss) LOls) 2 On se 2 SON 22 2 ee Ok: 30 AO bOn mn ON Oa RmOnE KORA Aeon el ORBZOR Rate Go BS Baler g, 48 GSS Hh 4 7c) — oroop IAG) FCS 6S Ho) 8 GyNe 9/3) 3 Oop The right antenna is as usual modified; the various segments have the following proportional lengths :— Segments UES BB ai nt Ons: For 8 On On elias: 12st el Sys alae ea ba Onin EP aa ong MG G7 SVS Aone Ran Dane Dan QA eis! Wy 2 OF ¢ 18: 19 : 20-21 TOSI LOS ss el jal = 1000. Segment 17 bears a tooth-plate which overlaps the proximal end of the following segment; segment 18 bears a tooth-plate ; segment 19 bears two teeth plates. The tooth-plate on segment 17 is unarmed; that on segment 18 has rounded cusps and the tooth-plate on segment 19 bears spine-like teeth on its proximal portion only, the distal part being smooth. The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts and swimming legs are identical with the corresponding appendages of P. binghami @. The 5th pair of legs very closely resemble those of P. lobipes with which this form was associated in the collection. The right leg: basal 1 carries a rounded eminence on its margin; basal 2 bears a similar projection; exopod 1 is produced in a long spine which is serrated on its inner margin only ; exopod 2 is produced internally in a blunt chitinised tubercle; exopod 3 is curved and slender; its inner margin is produced about the middle of the length of the segment in a flattened plate, which at its upper angle bears a small rounded tubercle; below the tubercle the margin is armed with a series of small spines and above it the distal margin bears 3 teeth; beyond this plate the distal part of the 1918. | R. B. S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 9 segment is claw-like and is serrated on its margin. The left leg: basal I is produced in a long claw-like process, terminating in a point; exopod r bears a distal marginal spine; exopod 2 arid 3 forms a flattened leaf-like plate, broader than in P. lobipes and on the outer margin is a short sharp spine serrated on both borders ; the inner margin of the plate is smooth. Family PONTELLIDAE. Genus Acartia, Dana. Acartia chilkaensis, sp. nov. (Plate IX, figs. 1-5.) Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. oF Notallength = 0:75 min. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 74: 20'—= L00. The head and rst thoracic segment ate separate: thoracic segments 4 and 5 are fused. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is armed with a series of small spines. The abdomen consists of three segments; of these the 1st and 2nd are armed on the dorsal part of the posterior margin with a tow of minute spinules. The furcal rami are symmetrical ; the 2nd furcal seta is much longer but not any stouter than the rest; the 5th seta arises about half-way along the outer margin of the ramus. The abdominal segments and furca have the following propor- tional lengths :— 20 e LO 217 2 25) —— 200: The ist antennae when folded back reach to the middle of the Ist abdominal segment. The segments have the following propor- tional lengths :— Segments Ty oe2-On 7, OelOl es EI 2p 13s 04ee 15 a 1Ore 17s 13) 10) 8 HOG Air 2 BY Oee srs eS sees) 3012015158) ) 5 On 2 90) 2-550: 70s 5 a SW OO: DES DGS BOS Ny Ast OO) 44535 20i— lL OOO: Segments 16, 17 and 19 are all armed with a transverse row of minute spines on the distal part of the posterior margin. There are no spines on any of the basal segments. The 5th pair of legs.—These closely resemble those of 4. centruva ; the basal segment bears a long marginal seta, and the distal portion is dilated basally and is then produced in a curved spinous process with a small notch in the outer margin about the middle of its length. @. Total length = 0°70 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 75: 25 = 100, 10 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, The cephalo-thorax resembles that of the 2 . The abdomen consists of 5 segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :— LO 130 2.202460. 14-316, 00: The abdominal segments are all devoid of spines and the 2nd furcal seta is not appreciably longer than the others. The ist antennae.—This appendage when folded back does not quite reach as far as the posterior thoracic margin. The distal segments have the following proportional lengths :— Segments te) BWA Boils B 1X6) 9 5A? ites SF WOE O Baas BY) BeOS RSW 9 SDS SRR WE 9 Wop Segment 17 bears a spine-like tooth-plate which projects beyond the distal border over the following segment; segment 18 bears a palisade of fine needle-like spines on its anterior border; segment I9 bears two spine-like tooth-plates and carries a single long seta at its distal end. The 2nd antenna resembles that of A. centrura. The maxilliped resembles that of A. southwellt. The 5th paiy of legs.—The right leg forms the usual claw; basal 1 bears a stout seta; exopod 2 is produced internally in a roughly quadrilateral plate, and exopod 3 is curved and is armed with a spine on its inner margin and a terminal spine. The left leg: exopod 1 is produced internally in a rounded projec- tion from the base of which arises a seta; exopod 3 is curved and rounded at the top and bears a long seta on its inner margin. Similar examples of the o were obtained in both collections: it is interesting to note that the specimens from Cochin are somewhat larger than those from the Chilka Lake measuring 082 mm. in total length and furthermore the abdominal segments are armed, segments 2, 3 and 4 all bearing a row of minute spines on the posterior margin dorsally. As, however, the specimens agree in all other particulars, I am inclined to regard this as a local variation ; a very similar state of affairs exists in specimens of A. southwellt obtained from the Gulf of Mannar and the Chilka Lake. Genus Acartiella, Sewell. Acartiella gravelyi, sp. nov. (Plate TX, fis’ 7 > Plate xX, figs; 14 land5:) Several examples, of both sexes, were present in the collection from Cochin. 9. Total length = 1°4 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 62°3°37:2\— EGo; The head and ist thoracic segment are separate, as also are thoracic segments 4 and 5. 1918, | R. B.S. SEWELL: New spectes of Copepoda. se The anterior end of the head presents a uniformly rounded ‘‘forehead’’ and the rostrum is absent. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and unarmed. The abdomen consists of three segments, of which the 3rd is extremely short, so short that it gives the appearance of atwo-jointed abdomen. The furcal ramiare not symmetrical, that on the right side being the longer. The abdominal segments and furca have the following relative lengths :— Sore 35 kO 1 LOO: The genital swelling forms a well-marked projection on the ventral aspect of the Ist abdominal segment. The 2nd furcal seta is stouter and considerably longer than the rest; the 5th seta arises from the external margin, at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the segment, and there is a well-developed acces- sory dorsal seta. The 1st antenna when folded back reaches to the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment. As in other members both of this genus and of the genus Acartia, the proximal segments of the antenna tend to become fused together: as the line of demarcation between segments frequently runs in a spiral round the antenna, the least change in position gives a totally different length measurement for any given joint. SofarasI can make them out the following are the proportional lengths of the various segments in this species :— Segments Te 2) 2e4) 5-01 7 O-Ols LOMe ere 12 3 13-14 > 15 3 16 > 17:18: 19 : 20: Ree WHOS BY) BIAS Yo SO AS Fors GO 8 BW S Fae GE SESS GH Goes Bit 2D, 9 BXe gil 9 aie 53 - 40:55: 42: 21 = 1000. Segments 2 to 4, 5 and 6, 8 and 9g and 13-14 appear to be fused together and segment 15 is also partially fused with the preceding segment. Many of the segments bear oblique rows of fine hair-like spines on their posterior surface. The 2nd antenna has the same peculiar form as in A. tortani- formis (vide Sewell, 1912, p. 347 and pl. xxi, fig. 4). The mandible bears four teeth of which the Ist is separated by an interval from the remaining three as in A. torvtaniformis. The maxilliped very closely resembles that of A. tortaniformts : the end joint bears the same four spinous processes, but the basal segment is armed with a row of 10-12 small spines instead of four large ones. The ist paty of legs.—Each consists of a two-jointed basal portion, a three-jointed exopod and a two-jointed endopod. Ex- opod 1 and 2 are devoid of marginal spines; exopod 3 bears one long seta-like marginal spine and the usual end-spine. On the inner margins the segments of the exopod bear 1, 1, and 5 setae respectively. The 2nd patr of legs.—The exopod is three-jointed; exopod 1 bears a small marginal spine and one internal seta; exopod 2 has no marginal spine but bears one internal seta; exopod 3 bears a 12 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor. XVie marginal and an end-spine and carries five setae internally. The endopod is two-jointed Endopod 1 bears two and endopod 2 seven setae. The 3rd pair of legs.—The basal portion is two-jointed. The exopod consists of three joints; exopod 1 bears a claw-like marginal spine and one seta; exopod 2 has no spine and one seta; exopod 3 bears one marginal spine, one end-spine and five setae. The endopod is two-jointed, the joints bearing 2 and 7 setae respectively. : The 4th pair of legs.—The basal portion is two-jointed. The exopod consists of three joints; exopod 1 bears a claw-like mar- ginal spine and one seta; exopod 2 bears a claw-like marginal spine and one seta; exopod 3 bears a claw-like marginal spine and one end-spine, and there are 5 setae. The endopod is two-jointed ; the joints bearing 3 and 7 setae respectively. The 5th pair of legs.—Fach consists of a basal segment bearing an external seta, and as is usual in this genus a single-jointed exopod and endopod. The exopod is curved. and ends in a sharp point: about mid- way along its external margin is a single small spine, and the distal fourth of the inner margin is finely serrated. The endopod is about 4 the length of the exopod and also terminates in a sharp point, and on the distal part of the external margin bears four teeth. @. Total length = 1°16 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 64; 0943547 — 100.0; The head and thorax are the same as in the ¢. The abdomen consists of five segments and the furca: of the abdominal segments the anal is very short and the 2nd and 3rd are by far the longest. The furcal rami are very slightly asymmetrical, the right ramus being slightly the longer: the furcal setae are similar to those of the?. The proportional lengths of the segments and furca are as follows :— Eb? eso roe eee 2 OO: The ist antennae.— That of the left side is unmodified and re- sembles that of the female, though in several cases the segments are not as completely fused, thus rendering it possible to determine the lengths of individual segments :— Sores 0a eyo sp cle ON Aa SE Ce Olt Ce Oe 9 yg 0S” AA?> 103) 233) 2 82a 129360367: 127 gO 305 41 ene lomeaoo IQ”: 20 5:21 (32215 '23 5124) 5725- (LENO UES Ifo) S717 2 isos ZEB iitsy — > oor}, The right antenna is modified to form a grasping organ; the various segments have the following proportional lengths :— 1918. ] R. B.S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 13 Segments Ut 254t Sa One eae tO oer es 2 ee eA tel Oe a LOR Laem On LO-2iee ATT 2OLNS hla: Lon Lie +) Cee eeaueA Aas ces AA AEA TRE Tklns LOS) | 22-25. iso Tenors The knee-joint is situated between segments 18 and 1g and the ‘‘ endabschnitt’’ consists of two joints only. Segments 2 to 4 and 8 to 10 are fused; the 13th to 17th segments are somewhat dilated, though not markedly so; the 17th segment bears a tooth- plate which does not extend beyond the distal extremity of the segment; the rSth segment bears a tooth-plate and has two fang-like spines distally as in A. tortantformis, and the 19th segment has two tooth-plates. All the tooth-plates are furnished with fine teeth. The 2nd antenna, mouth-paris, and swimming legs are similar to those of the 9. The 5th patr of legs.—Each leg consists of a single ramus. The right leg possesses four segments; of these the basal one is produced distally in a pair of rounded wing-like flaps, which overlap the proximal part of the next segment; the 2nd segment carries a single seta on its external margin; the 3rd segment bears a single seta on its internal margin, and the 4th distal segment is pointed and claw-like and bears a single seta on its inner margin. The left leg consists of the common basal segment and three free segments; the Ist segment bears a single bristle externally ; the 2nd segment is armed with a small marginal spine distally on the external margin, and the terminal segment bears a single marginal spine on its external border, a small spine on its internal margin and terminates in two unequal spines. I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. F. H. Gravely, Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, by whom the collection from Cochin was niade. Acartiella major, sp. nov. (Plate IX, fig. 8 and Plate X, figs. 2, 3 and 6.) Numerous examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. 9. Total length = 1°41 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 67 : 33 = 100. The head and Ist thoracic segment are separate: thoracic segments 4 and 5 are fused. The head presents a rounded anterior surface, and the poster- ior thoracic margin is rounded and unarmed. The rostrum is as usual absent. The abdomen consists of three segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :— 30°: 3L.; 8::.22-== 100. 14 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, The 1st abdominal segment bears a slight rounded prominence posteriorly near the right border. The furcal rami are symmetrical, and the furcal setae are five in number, of which the 2nd is longer and stouter than the others. The ist antennae.—The proportional lengths of the various segments are as follows :— Segments 1: 24:5? 63 7. 18-9 MORAY sy T2-13 A Sel Ola! 7a cal Sean lOne VORP OEP NSVAR eR ul BPR IRB Alo SVN OOM Be 07 8 Tit 20 2Tey22 23d es. 84:54:44: 57 : 44 : 20 =I1000. There are oblique rows of hairs on segments 7 to 18 very like the rows of fine spines on the segments of the antenna in A. tortantformis. The 2nd antenna is of the same form as in A. tortaniformis. The ist and 2nd maxillae are as figured. The maxilliped terminates in the usual segment bearing four long spines, but on the margin of the Ist segment there are only 2 spines. The ist patr of legs.—This appendage closely resembles that of A. gravelyt but differs in that exopod 3 bears two fine hair-like marginal spines as well as the usual end-spine. The 2nd-4th pair of legs.——As in A. gravelyt. The 5th patr of legs.—Each basal segment carries a marginal seta; the exopod is long and curved, terminating in a sharp point; the inner margin is serrated along the distal 4, and on the outer margin is a single spine: the endopod is quite short, being only + the length of the exopod, and it bears 2 or 3 teeth distally on its outer margin. a. Lotaldength —= 1:25 mai. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— Oy So 3Gy = Ola The abdomen consists of five segments, having with the furcal rami the following proportional lengths :— ELS 2T NG 0 <5) 20 hOOs The furcal rami are not quite symmetrical, the right one being slightly the longer: the furcal setae are as in the? . The ist antennae.—That on the left side is unmodified as in the 2 and its terminal joints have the following proportional lengths :— Segments T1212213: 14:15:16: 17:18:19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25. Pp UN BV, SVL Cyl 2 Zs} 2 (oy) (ols) SG fo) BT) isis c¥oy 8 Tells) GYo). 8 aio), The segments are furnished with oblique rows of hairs as in the @. The right antenna is modified to form a grasping organ: segments 13 to I7 are somewhat expanded and the knee-joint is situated between segments 18 and 19. ‘The ‘‘ endabschnitt ’’ consists of two joints only; segments 19 to 21 and 22 to 25 are fused together. 1918. | R. B.S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 15 The proportional lengths of the end segments are as follows :— Segments 13°14: 15:16:17: 18 : 19-21 : 22-25. AB SAS YAU hasty 7 2.123). A1OO) 5 140; Segment 17 bears a tooth-plate that slightly overlaps the iollowing segment; segment 18 bears a tooth-plate and is armed with the usual two fang-like spines distally ; segment 19-21 bears two tooth-plates, both of them spine-like, the distal being much the longer and overlapping the next segment; segment 19-21 also bears two setae, a terminal one and a smali one about the middle of the length of the toothed surface. All tooth- plates are provided with fine needle-like teeth; on the proximal plates these are long, but on the distal plate of segment I9-21 they are very short. The 5th pair of legs —On the right side the basal joint is produced in a double fiat process, the outer division being sharply pointed and the inner one rounded and wing-like. Each leg con- sists of three segments having the form typical of the genus. On the right side exopod 1 bears a marginal seta; exopod 2 bears a single internal seta and exopod 3 terminates in a sharp point and bears a single seta on its inner margin. On the left side exopod I bears a marginal seta; exopod 2 carries a distal marginal spine, and exopod 3 bears one marginal spine and three end-spines. Acartiella minor, sp. nov. (Plate IX, fig. 6 and Plate X, fig. 7.) Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. 9. Total length = 1°14 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— O75 33 — 100: The head and Ist thoracic segment are separate and thoracic segments 4 and 5 are fused. The forehead presents a rounded curved surface and the rostrum is absent; the posterior thoracic margin is rounded and devoid of spines. The abdomen consists of three segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :— 31 220 = 20> 23 — 100; The furcal rami are asymmetrical, that of the right side being the longer; the furcal setae are as in A. gravelyt, the 5th seta arising from the external margin about the middle of the segment, while the 2nd seta is much longer than the rest. The ist antennac.—This resembles that of A. gravelyi ; when folded back it reaches to the middle of the Ist abdominal seg- ment. 16 Records of the Indian Museum. RViOL. avile The various joints of the antenna have the following propor- tional lengths :— Segments Eon12-4 215 6 617) sO TOMO 2A 5-16 07, eS Queer e 462101 929382 19: 3Ous14 3s) 501) 37 OO Ne m7 Onnc Bho mR Olas moe 21es) 223323 924 ee CAN TAS bors 43s 2Ol—tOOo: Segments 2 to 4,9 and 10, 12 to 14 and 15 and 16 are respectively fused together. There are no spines on any of the segments. The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts and swimming legs are as in A. gravelyt. The 5th pat of legs have the form typical of the genus. The exopod is unserrated and is 3 to 4 times the length of the endopod which is short and pointed and is unarmed. @. Total length 1°07 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 65345:—— loo: The head and thorax are similar to those of the @. The abdomen consists of five segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :-— TOpss2 Of shO 2 hOn-BOt: 226) — 100. The furcal rami are nearly, though not quite, symmetrical, the right ramus being slightly the longer. The ist antennag.—That of the right side is modified to form a grasping organ. The proximal segments are so irregularly fused that it is almost impossible to determine their limits of demarca- tion. Segments 13 to 17 are somewhat swollen, and the knee-joint lies between segments 18 and 19. The ‘‘ endabschnitt’’ consists of two joints. The proportional lengths of the distal segments are as fol- lows :— Segments ey SAL 8 GeleR OS uy hs) Geren 3 Ove AG AA) AT OO LOO LOS ere ns 4 = Segment 17 bears a tooth-plate that projects as a spine over the proximal end of segment 18; segment 18 bears a tooth- plate and two fang-like spines distally; segment I9g-21 bears two spine-like tooth-plates of which the distal is much the longer and projects beyond the end of the joint; distally, segment 21 bears a single long seta. All the tooth-plates are armed with fine needle-like teeth. The left antenna when folded back reaches to the hind end of the 3rd abdominal segment; it is unmodified as in the 9. The proportional lengths of the distal segments are as follows :— Segments T1212°13:14:15:16:17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22 + 23: 24 : 25. 132 33s 3802. 38 5 SS AGT SotOs ests oo OME eee The mouth-parts and swimming-legs are as in the @. The 5th pair of legs.—The basal segment is produced on the right side in a single stout conical process which overlaps the 1918. ] R. B.S. SEwEtL: New species of Copepoda. 17 proximal end of exopod 1. On the right side, exopod I is a stout segment bearing a single seta on its external margin; exopod 2 bears a rounded prominence on its inner aspect about the middle of its length, from the summit of which a seta arises; exopod 3 is curved, tapering to a point and bears a single seta on its inner border. On the left side exopod 1 bears on its inner margin distally a single small spiniform process; exopod 2 bears a single small marginal spine distally ; exopod 3 bears a small spine on its outer border, on the inner margin is a single small seta, and terminally are three unequal spines. The original species of the genus Acartiella, A. tortaniformis (Sewell) was discovered in a collection from the Rangoon River Estuary (Sewell, 1912, p. 346), and all these new species occur in similar localities where the water is brackish: it is interesting to note the association of Pseudodiaptomus binghami, Sewell, with Acartiella major and minor in the Chilka Lake collection, for the only other locality in which P. binghami has hitherto been found is the above-mentioned Rangoon River Estuary. The only truly marine form in this genus is Acartiella kempt, Sewell, which occurs in the Gulf of Mannar, and it is exceedingly interesting to note that this species in some respects tends to approximate to species both of the genus Tortanus, a purely marine genus, and of the genus Acartia in which many of the species are truly marine: thus in all other members of the genus the -2nd antenna has the peculiar flattened form which I described and figured originally in my description of A. tortantformis (Acartia tortantformis, Sewell, 1912, p. 346 and pl. xxi, fig. 4), but in Acar- ticlla kempi it presents the form commonly found in species of the genera Acartia and Tortanus; again the 5th pair of legs in A. kempr @ is different in form from the corresponding appendage of other members of the genus in that it possesses a long process on the segment exopod 1 of the right ieg, and further there is no process on the basal joint of the same leg, a condition that approximates to that found in the genus 7ortanus: as regards the length of the abdomen Acartiella kempt 2 nearly approximates to the genus Acartia. The known forms of this genus form a distinct series in respect of the proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen, and I give the varying proportions below together with the propor tion in two species of Acartta :— g Species. Cephalo-thorax. Abdomen. Acartiella tortamiformis .. I'5 I'O Acartiella gravelyt se £7 10 Acartiella major Acartiella ie oe vale Acarivella kempu : 2°5 1'0 Acartia chilkaensis + 2°85 I'O Acartia southwellt os 35 I’ 18 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, 1918.] I give below an identification table by means of which the various species of the genus Acarttella can be distinguished from each other :— I. g and 2. (a) 4th and 5th thoracic segments separate Sas (5) 4th and 5th thoracic segments fused = Ik. 3g and 9.9 (@)2nd antenna normal ; Acartia- like. TI! (6) 2nd antenna having ‘the flattened form typical of the genus ANOS (a) 5th leg: endopod 3 length of exo- pod and “both serrated... (6) 5th leg: endopod short, + length of exopod :— (1) Exopod serrated on inner margin (2) Exopod unarmed on inner margin : BEG: (a) Basal of right leg produced in a single process. (1) A short triangular plate (2) A long narrow process (6) Basal of right leg produced in two processes, one rounded and the other triangular A, gravelyt. vide II. A. kempt. vide III. A. tortaniformtis. A, major. A. minor. A. minor. A. tortaniformis. A. major. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE. Sewell, 1912.—‘‘ Notes on the Surface-living Copepoda of the Bay “of Bengal, I andwll.7-“cikecords oy, the Indian Museum, Vol. No. 29. Vil Patrted vs Sewell, rg914.—‘‘ Notes on the Surface Copepoda of the Gulf of Mannar.’’ Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. 1X, Part XXXY. EXPLANATION -OK PLATE xe Fic. 1.—Acartia chilkaensis, sp. noyv., 1st pair of legs. ~ 2nd-4th pair of legs. 3 maxilliped. 4 5th pair of legs @. 5. ? < 5 5th pair of legs o. 6.—Acarttella minor, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs o. 7 % gravelyt, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs @. 8 major, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs o. +) Ee So) ti hetaee at ot y ra iy 7D} Sha ee hy Vat Se a bie Ns : EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX. Fic. 1.—Acartiella gravelyt, sp. nov., 2nd antenna. be major, sp. nov., Ist maxilla. oF * is 2nd maxilla. eravelyi, sp. nov., maxilliped. oe f 5th leg @. major, sp. nov., 5th leg @. WI OPEYWDN minor, sp. nov., 5thleg ¢. 8.—Pseudodiaptomus tollingert, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs o. pues ey annandaler, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs @. Plate 71,1918 Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol.X¥ A.Chowdhary lith. RB Svo.del, it NOTES. ON THE INDIAN: CLOW-=W ORM POAMPROP HORUS. LENE BROSIUS (WW tk. ):| By C. A. Paiva, Asststant, Zoological Survey of India. [Read at the Fifth Indian Science Congress, Lahore. January, 1918. | (With Plate VIII.) The present paper is based on personal observations made during the months of August, September and October, 1917. Although the Indian glow-worm is quite common in most parts, especially during the rainy season, when snails, which form its natural food, abound, and although a good deal is known of the structure of larvae of the family and also something about their habits, no detailed account of the natural history of any par- ticular species of Indian glow-worm seems to have been recorded. As is well known, these creatures are entirely nocturnal in their habits and spend the entire day in a state of rest or sleep from which it is almost impossible to awaken them. As soon as the light begins to fade they wake up from their slumber and wander forth in search of food. In their natural surroundings they are probably obliged to search a good deal before they find their food, as those, which I have had under abservation, although supplied with a number of snails, always took some time before they secured a snail each. They can walk rather fast and when in quest of food the head is protruded as far as possible with the antennae, which are retractile, extended to their fullest extent. My specimens were kept in breeding cages 12” 10” X 8” made of wood with perforated zinc sheeting and glass sides and door. Snails were constantly supplied to them. Description of full-grown larva. Length 60.to 65 mm. greatest breadth 19 mm. Shining black, a rather broad yellowish ochraceous margin on the lateral areas of the thoracic and abdominal segments. The dorsal segments of the thorax and abdomen are composed of chitin- “ous, somewhat flattened plates, partially overlapping each other, that of the pronotum concealing the head. Head protrusible, shining black, flat above, with a deep, central, V-shaped emargina- tion bordered with light brown on anterior margin; mandibles dark red, their inner areas black, very robust, curved, rather bluntly pointed, not overlapping each other, but in the earlier stages these overlap each other to a great extent and are acutely pointed apically, base of mandibtes broad with a strong blunt 20 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vors SVE tooth on inner margin, just below this tooth on the upper, flattened part of the mandible there is a patch of dense, silky, recumbent, light brown hairs, ashallow groove on the inner margin of each mandible along its attenuated portion, mouth light brown with two brushes of silky hairs interspersed with a few spinose hairs, visible only from above. Antennae three-jointed, basal joint whitish, very stout, a little shorter than second which is longest, second joint whitish with a dark line on its inner area, third joint very short, light brown, a few stiff, brown hairs at the apex of the second and on the third joint. Eyes very small, situated a little within the lateral margins of the head, almost immediately behind the bases of the antennae. Pronotum black, with two longitudinally oblique, discal fasciae, broadened anteriorly and narrowed posteriorly, extending from the anterior margin to a little before the middle of the disk and the lateral margins broadly yellowish ochraceous, lateral and posterior areas of disk rugose, anterior margin rounded, lateral margins oblique, the sides slightly recurved, posterior lateral angles rounded, the posterior margin slightly concavely sinuate near middle, a narrow longitudinal sulcation on middle of disk which extends nearly throughout the dorsal! segments, a rather deep, oblique depression on each side of central area of disk; meso- and metanotum broader than pronotum, discally black and strongly rugose, with some pits or depressions, lateral areas similar in colour to those of pronotum, lateral margins almost straight, posterior margins very slightly concavely sinuate. Abdomen with the first seven segnients black, the greater part of their posterior lateral areas broadly yellowish ochraceous and their lateral and posterior areas faintly rugose, the posterior margins of the sixth and seventh segments are broadly concavely sinuate, their posterior lateral angles being obtusely rounded, eighth segment much smaller than preceding segments, black with a whitish patch on each antero-lateral area, ninth segment almost entirely black with a very fine pale yellow line bordering its posterior margin, which is almost semicircular, its lateral margins rounded. Underside black with the head beneath light brown, margined with black. Membrane connecting sternal seg- ments milky white. The ventral surface of each of the second ab- dominal segments to the ninth bears four longitudinal ridges, each ridge being furnished with a brush of short, stiff brownish hairs or bristles, which are easily broken off. A cluster of soft filamentous processes, which can be protruded at will, situated at the apex of the abdomen. The use of this appendage is explained on Dy 22: The first larva that attracted my attention was one brought by Dr. N. Annandale from Rambha, in the Ganjam district of the Madras Presidency in August, 1917. As soon as it woke up from its day’s sleep it protruded its head about a quarter of an inch beyond the pronotum and commenced walking quickly about the floor of the cage in search of a snail. On finding a snail it examined it carefully and if it found that the snail had retracted IgI8. | C. A. Patva: The Indian Glow-worm., ar itself into its shell it sat on the shell with its head towards the opening and waited till the animal emerged in order to find out what was on top of it. The moment the snail appeared the larva made a stidden grab at its body and if it succeeded in obtaining a firm grip it allowed its head to be dragged in by the snail until it could go no further, then it commenced its meal, at first coiling itself round the shell and then lying on one side with the shell between its legs. It moved its mandibles sideways continuously while it fed. This operation lasted till there was nothing left of the snail and sometimes occupied acouple of hours. Often when a snai! was on the move it was attacked by the larva, but either out of self-defence or from the result of a bite withdrew itself into its shell and secreted a quantity of frothy matter, which the larva invariably sucked up. This, however, did not prevent the larva from continuing its attack, for as soon as it cleared this frothy secretion it inserted its head into the shell, seized the snail, and gradually devoured it. Occasionally it threw out some part of the snail’s body, and in one instance I saw it come back to the spot where it had thrown out some refuse, as it were, and eat up what it had a moment ago apparently rejected. The number of small snails (Wacrochlamys indica) usually de- voured in one night was about four, but on one or two occasions I found two empty shells of a small-sized Achatina fulica besides four smaller shells. It is doubtiess the case that these creatures spend the whole night either eating or searching for food, for at half past four one morning I saw the larva walking about the cage with its luminous organ glowing very brightly as if it were looking for food. It may also have been possible that it was looking for a place of repose for the day. On the 17th August at about 8.30 p.m. after I had put out all the lights ! approached the cage stealthily, with a candle which I lit quickly. I found the larva standing with its forelegs resting on the side of a watch-glass containing water. Its head was exten- ded up to the water’s edge and its mandibles and palps were being moved rapidly to and froin the water. This went on for some time and though I placed the lighted candle inside the cage in order to watch it more closely, the larva did not seem to be affected. It oc- casionally thrust its head further into the water, movingit from side to side all the time. The manner in which the larva cleaned itself was very interesting. It usually rested its fore-legs on the receptacle containing water and protruded its head to its fullest extent into the water and moved its mandibles and palps rapidly to and fro. After some time it left the water and walked away a short distance where it lay on its side and rolled itself up. It appeared as if it were preparing to sleep after having had a drink of water. But this was not the case. It had been busy with its toilet. Having completed washing its mouth-parts in the water it now laid down to clean its body. It extended the filamentous appendage at the posterior end of its body, consisting of a number of soft, slender, retractile, sticky-looking objects which form Pa. Records of the Indtan Museum. [Vor XVI; a sort of brush when extended; this was pressed closely first against each ventral segment, being drawn in its expanded state across the segment. After each segment had been cleaned this organ was retracted only to be placed on the next and succeeding segments, until all, but the one bearing the organ, were cleaned. ‘This process of cleaning was applied to every part of the body in turn, always beginning from the anterior part First the centre of the ventral segments was cleaned, then the right and left. lateral areas. Having cleaned the underside it moved off to another spot where it remained in a standing position and cleaned the dorsal segments. The only segment it could not clean was the apical one of the abdomen as it could not be reached. After hav- ing finished cleaning its body thoroughly it went back to the water and appeared to drink, as its jaws and palps were almost station- ary. I left the cage in perfect darkness for a quarter of an hour. When I returned I found the larva perched on top of a small stone, which was lying at the bottom of the cage, apparently asleep. I left it thus for the rest of the night. By the morning of the 21st the larva had dug a round hole about an inch and a half in diameter in the soft earth at the bottom of the cage, adjoining a small stone on which I had seen it perched the night before. In this hole it coiled itself up and remained so for the rest of the day. During the night of the 21st it began to enlarge this hole and by the morning of the 22nd it had gone well under the earth. Through a small hole the larva could be seen. It was still in its larval state. All the snails in the cage were thrown away. At 7.15 p.m. the same day the larva commenced to close up the opening through which it could be seen and which had been used for the purpose of throwing out mud excavated from the interior of the hole. Small quantities of earth were held between the man- dibles and carried towards the opening. ‘The earth was gently stuck into the side at the bottom of the hole; gradually it was carried to the top of the hdle; on reaching the opening it was thrust with some force against the side, which caused the earth at the top to fall inwards, but just sufficiently to diminish the size of the opening. Continuing in this manner the larva succeeded in closing the opening entirely. It was now completely enclosed in its ‘*dug-out.’” By the morning of the 23rd it had gone further under the earth and could be seen asleep through a large opening a little distance away from the one which it had closed up the night before. Apparently it had spent the night either in in- creasing the size of its ‘‘ dug-out ” or in going further underground, the large opening having been made for the purpose of placing the excavated earth outside. At 7 p.m. on the 23rd it was still asleep. The light of a candle made it glow faintly, but it did not move. On the morning of the 24th it was in the same position as on the night before. At about 4 p.w. on the 24th it glowed for a short time. On the windows being opened it ceased to glow. By dusk it commenced to close up the opening, which was accomplished in the same manner as explained before. On 1918. | Cc. A. Parva: The Indian Glow-worm. 23 the 25th it could not be seen at all. On the 26th some earth was removed by me causing an opening through which it could be seen lying perfectly still on its side. In order not to disturb it I placed a small stone on top of the opening. On the 27th I touched the larva with a match stick, which it seemed to resent as it moved and glowed. The opening was left uncovered from 5 to 8.30 P.M. during which time it glowed continuously. Nothing took place on the 28th and 29th. On the morning of the 3oth the doors of the room were all closed and the room was in perfect darkness. I removed the stone which covered the opening and a faint glow was visible. which gradually died away. Noise of any kind, even talking, caused it to glow, though very slightly. In the evening I introduced ancther similar larva into the cage. This larva was sent by the Deputy Commissioner of Angul, Orissa. It appeared much larger than the other which had hidden itself in a ‘‘dug-out.”’ The Angul larva behaved in exactly the same manner as the one from Rambha, devouring snails every night, having no regard to size or species. Nothing of special interest happened till the 5th September, when I noticed an empty shell of Macrochlamys stuck at the entrance of the ‘‘ dug-out” in which the Rambha larva was. I removed the shell and found that the larva had changed its position and appeared to occupy more room than it had done during the past week or two inside its ““dug-out.” It also appeared as if it had eaten the snail, the shell of which was at the opening. Up to 6th September the two larvae were in one cage. On this day after dusk the larva from Angul walked about the cage and in its wanderings it came across the en- trance to the ‘‘dug-out” of the other larva. It stopped a while at the entrance, peered into the ‘“‘dug-out”’ and on seeing a light inside, it remained quite still with the anterior portion of its body almost covering the opening. The larva in the “ dug- out’’ glowed all the time, sometimes more brightly than at others. ‘This, however, did not scare away the Angul larva, whicl, after a while, began to make its way into the “dug-ovt.’’ Pre- suming that this would terminate in one larva eating the other, I pulled the Angul larva away. The other larva had in the meantime protected itself from attack by turning its dorsal surface towards the opening of the ‘‘ dug-out,’’ thus offering a hard surface to the Angul larva in case of attack, and also barring the entrance to the ‘‘ dug-out.’’ Once pulled away the Angul larva did not further attempt to enter the abode of the other larva although the opening was left open all night. As an alternative it seized a medium-sized Achatina fulica, this being the second specimen of that species which it had eaten during the Oth. On the 7th September the Angul larva was placed in a separate cage. Onthe evening of the 8thI found the hole, in which the Ram- bha larva had been, empty. It (the larva) had changed its skin, which I afterwards discovered, was its last but one moult, and now appeared much larger. On leaving its ‘‘ dug-out’’ it went forth in search of food. I had left a medium-sized Achatima in the 24 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XVI, cage and it was not long before it commenced devouring it. Inside the “ dug-out’’ were pieces of its cast skin, and on the side, at the furthest end, two of the largest dorsal plates were stuck hard up against it. On the gth there were no snails left from the supply put into the cages on the 6th. On the 10th some large specimens of Achatina were put into the cages. These larvae seemed to prefer the larger snails, but if they were unable to overcome these, they readily devoured the smaller ones. At about 9 p.m. on the roth the Angul larva was observed digging a hole in the soft earth at the bottom of its cage. ‘This was accomplished by small quantities of earth being carried between the mandibles and deposited some distance away from the hole. On the first night the hole was not completed, only a slight depression having been made in which the larva passed the night and where I found it on the morning of the r1th. After sunset on the 11th both larvae walked about their cages, presumably looking for food. The Angullarva did not devour any snails, but tried either to get under a very large Achatina or to get hold of its body but the snail was too tough to allow the larva to fix its jaws in its body. The earth at the bottom of the cages appeared very dry, so I poured some water on it and as soon as the larvae found everything around them in a moist condition, they each left off what it was doing. The Angul larva’s attempts having proved unsuccessful, it gave up attacking the large Achatina and be- took itself to its pit or depression where, after cleaning its body, it retired for the night by 9.30 p.m. ‘The Rambha larva took advantage of the water in its cage and began to clean itself. On the r2th this latter larva had managed to overcome a large Achatina, which it devoured. During the night the Angul larva had dug itself well under the soft earth. This was done in precisely the same manner in which the Rambha larva had done preparatory to moulting. Nothing worthy of note took place from the 13th to the 2oth, the Rambha larva continued to eat and the Angul larva remained hidden underground. On the 2Ist morning I made a small opening on the top of the *‘ dug- out ’’? in which the Angul larva was, and I saw it still in its larval state. I covered up this opening with a tin cover so as to shut out all light. At 7.30 p.m. I uncovered the opening and found that the Angul larva had cast its larval skin and the creature now appeared almost milk white, the only visible black spots being the stigmata situated on the segment containing the luminous organs. The insect was now very sluggish and though handled a good deal with a tea-spoon, in order to secure the cast skin intact, it did not attempt to protrude its head or even move its legs. It glowed very brightly when touched. This was the pupal stage. On the 22nd the pupa was in the same state and its glow was now continuous. It remained so till the 27th when it cast its pupal skin between 3 and 4 P.M. The pupal skin is quite different to the last larval skin. The last larval skin resembles the larva exactly, both in texture 1918. | C. A. Paiva: The Indian Glow-worm. 25 and appearance, while the pupal skin is quite flimsy and trans- parent throughout. Both these skins were carefully removed and are preserved in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. After casting its pupal skin the insect became quite sluggish and did not seem affected by being handled. It did not attempt to walk. It lay quietly on its side and glowed only when touched or when any loud noise was made. Its glow, however, did not last long. The Rambha larva continued to eat snails from the 23rd to the 27th, until it gradually decreased its food to a single snail a night. It now refused to touch even the smallest snail. At about 6-15 p.M. on the 28th the insect from Angul, which had now been transformed into an adult female Lamprophorus emerged from its ‘‘dug-out’’ and took up its position near one of the sides of the cage. Here it lay slightly on one side and turned up the posterior end of its body and glowed very brightly. Ona light being shone on its cage the glow of the insect gradually died out and it com- menced to walk round the cage. It made several attempts to get out of the cage, but finding no exit, it tried to get under a stone in the vain hope of finding an opening there. Seeing it so restless I placed the cage on an exposed window sill. Had there been any males of its species flying in the neighbourhood they would ce:tainly have been attracted to the cage by its bright glow, although the moon was shining brightly and the skies were clear. On the morning of the 2gth the female had got under a tin cover which was placed in the cage, and remained there for the rest of the day. Its milky colour had now changed to a very pale ochraceous on the middle of the first nine dorsal seg- ments, the margins of which were pale yellow. The dorsal plates now appeared more flat than rounded. The ventral surface remained creamy white. ‘The adult female cleans itself in the same manner as does the larva. Up to the rath October the female had walked about the cage every night exhibiting its light at intervals in different parts of the cage. On one occasion I opened the door of the cage and it immediately walked out. After going a short distance it stopped, turned up the posterior end of its body and began to glow very brightly. Having glowed for a few minutes it attempted to go further off, but I put it back into its cage and it kept on glowing at various parts of the cage. It ate nothing, although a number of snails were placed in the cage. A little water was put in the tin cover in the cage for the snails to drink. The next morning the female was found inside the water, apparently drowned. I rescued it and placed it under the tin cover, leaving no water in the cage. It remained very quiet and listless during the day, but by evening it had revived and was walking about the cage as usual. During the night, that is the night it strayed into the water, it had layed four globular, pale yellowish eggs measuring about 3 mm.in diameter. It continued to lay eggs every night up to the 14th. In all it laid fifteen eggs. These eggs were luminous and could with ease be counted at the bottom of the cage in pitchy darkness. The luminosity of the eggs 26 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, did not appear to last for more than one night. On the afternoon of the 14th the female appeared very sluggish and apparently lifeless. Its colour too had changed to a dark brown. The following is a description of the female taken immediately after death :— Dark brown. Dorsal segments greatly arched, shining, faintly, transversely rugose, especially on the lateral areas; posterior margins of the abdominal segments narrowly ochraceous; some large irregular patches on the disk of the meso- and metano- tum also pale ochraceous; lateral margins of all the dorsal seg- ments narrowly shining black; a distinct, short, central, longitu- dinal carina on anterior area of pronotum which is posteriorly bifurcate, and beyond this is a narrow central longitudinal sulca- tion continued to about the metanotum; the lateral areas of each dorsal segment with some shallow pits or depressions. Legs and underside dark castaneous, with the central discal area of the abdomen brownish ochraceous; apical margins of all the abdomi- nal segments clothed with a few short stiff, spinose hairs, which are very easily broken off; underside of femora and tibae of all the legs armed with short stiff yellowish hairs; apical joint of tarsi very long, as long as or longer than the remaining joints together. Antennae composed of six joints of which the basal joint is very stout, the second joint long, longer than the remain- ing joints together; these are very short and subequal in length; some stiff hairs on the antennal joints, the most conspicuous of all being two rather long ones at the apex of the second joint, and a single, long, curved one at the inner side of the apical joint; the palps are also hairy ; jaws large, strongly curved, overlapping each other, pointed apically, black and shining on their distal half and reddish-brown on their proximal half. Eyes small, blackish, situated at the base of the antennae. The larva from Rambha had eaten nothing for at least ten days. The earth at the bottom of its cage was damped and some water placed in a watch-glass. It was evidently very thirsty for it immediately went to the watch-glass and drank a good deal of water. During the night of the 11th October it tried to dig itself under the damp earth, but it did not make much progress. On the evening of the 12th it dug diligently for an hour or so until it made quite a deep pit. The excavated mud was carried in small quantities and placed first a little distance away from the hole and as the hole began to get deeper and the insect was able to get inside, it began to close up the entrance in the same manner as has been explained when referring to the Angul larva. It even- tually hid itself entirely from view and I left it so till the 24th October when I noticed a change had commenced to take place. The larva had begun to cast its final larval skin, but this it did in a very awkward and certainly unusual manner, for insect larvae do not, as a rule, cast their skins piece-meal. First the three dorsal plates of the thorax were cast off, then the first dorsal plate of the abdomen and so on till all the dorsal plates had been 1918. |] Cc. A. Paiva: The Indian Glow-worm. 25) got rid of. It seemed greatly affected when any light shone on it. On the 25th morning the ventral plates still appeared to be uncast. Something seemed to have gone wrong with this creature as it lay on its back till the 28th, glowing very gently when exposed to view, either during the day or at night, but its moult was not completed. On the 29th it had discoloured altogether and had no resemblance, as far as colouration was concerned, to the pupa of the Angul insect. Its glow even began to be very irregular and faint. It was still limp and I took it out of its “ dug-out.” Several pieces of its larval skin still adhered to its ventral surface, especially over the stigmata. This probably caused asphyxia and the creature eventually died. I cannot assign any other reason for its death. It had lived under the same conditions as the larva from Angul, in fact it had been so well fed that it grew to an enormous size and prior to its leaving off eating it looked almost cylindrical. From the very beginning this larva seemed to have had some difficulty in ridding itself of its skin when moulting. At its last but one moult its larval skin was cast pieceemeal, whereas in the case of the Angul specimen the larval and pupal skins were cast intact. A point worthy of note is that I had never observed these larvae to glow during the day if undisturbed, though kept, for the most part, in a semi-dark room. The admission of strong sunlight did not even affect them, but any sound, however slight, caused them to glow immediately. After dusk the larva, when in the ‘‘ dug-out,”’ glowed continuously all night and the rays of light passing through the opening of the ‘‘ dug-out”’ diverged to a great extent, reminding one of the rays of a search- light, for any object coming within these rays was enormously magnified. With regard to the glowing of the larva there is a difference in the use of the luminous organ when the creature is in the open and when it is in a hole. In the former condition it glows with both its luminous organs if it apprehends any danger, but in the latter state it only glows with that part which is upper- most and in a line with the opening of the ‘‘ dug-out,’’ the light being sufficiently strong to be seen at a great distance. The terminal sucker has been said to serve as an organ of locomotion, an organ of respiration, and an organ accessory to feeding. Of the first two there may be no doubt, but I have never seen a larva smear its head with any secretion preparatory to attacking a snail. Mr. C. J. Gahan says, ‘‘It is well known that Lampyrid larvae use the terminal sucker to clean their heads and limbs from the slime of the snail after having fed on the latter.’’ This, which seems to be its chief use, 1 have explained fully on page 22. The luminous organ, as far as I have been able to observe, is used chiefly as a means of defence in the larva and as a means to attract the males in the adult female ‘These larvae belong to that group of Malacoderms in which the female is larviform and the male is winged. Thelight emitted by these insects, both males and females, is not intermittent, but a bright steady glow. In that 28 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, 1918.] group in which the light is intermittent and subject to rapid dimu- nitions and increase of brilliancy, the males and females are both winged and are our true “‘ fire-flies,’ which are generally seen in swarms. Another very interesting point is the manner in which these glow-worms bury themselves underground. In both the specimens I had in captivity I noticed that they began digging at the middle of the cage. As soon as the insect got well underground it closed up the hole by which it entered and which had been used to throw out the excavated mud; it then gradually enlarged the burrow and extended it towards the further end of the cage until it met with an obstacle, in this case the wooden frame of the cage, which pre- vented further progress in a straight line. On meeting with this obstacle, the excavation was continued for a short distance to the left along the frame-work of the cage, where a comparatively large compartment was made, large enough to hold the insect in comfort and to allow perfect freedom of movement. Once the insect enclosed itself in this ‘‘ dug-out” all light was shut out as no opening was visible. For the purpose of observation I made openings in the ‘‘ dug-out”’ of both specimens and kept the light out by covering these openings with tin covers. From the fore- going observatiens I am inclined to believe that these insects, being entirely nocturnal in habits, dig burrows in which they spend their lives, resting in them during the day and coming out only at dusk in search of food. In captivity, when there is no hole for them to hide in during the day, they invariably seek some dark corner of the cage and partially bury their heads either at the side of the cage or alongside some object such as a stone or even a large shell. In these burrows they must also change their larval and pupal skins; but when the time for pupation arrives these burrows must be extended for some distance, the female or even the male must find its way out by making a fresh opening. These burrows must also be used by the females for resting during the day, for the Angul specimen always went back to its shelter under the tin cover and remained there all day, only coming out after dusk. I have compared the full-grown larva and the adult female which I have successfully bred from it, with larvae and females ot various species of Malacoderms from various localities in the collec- tion of the Zoological Survey of India and I find that my specimens agree with those of Lamprophorus tenebrosus (Wlk.) collected by Drs. N. Annandale and F. H. Gravely in Ceylon. This species, besides being known from Ceylon, has also been recorded from Pondi- cherry; Dharwar, ‘‘taken during the rains”; Madura; all re- corded by Gorham, Among the unnamed Malacoderms in the col- lection of the Zoological Survey of India there is a male Lampro- phorus collected by Dr. N. Annandale, at Balugaon, Puri district, Orissa (21-30-vii-1913). This specimen agrees exactly with males of L. tenebrosus from Ceylon in the above collection. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. Larva of Lamprophorus tenebrosus (W1k.). Fic. 1.—Full-grown larva. 2.—Head from above (enlarged). 3.—Left mandible, dorsal view (enlarged). ” 4.—Left maxilla, ventral view (enlarged). 5.—Labium, ventral view (enlarged). 6.—Hypopharynx, ventral view (enlarged). 7.—Mentum, ventral view (enlarged). 8.—Submentum, ventral view (enlarged). REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate VIII. WHY ANN ANY a \% D. Bagchi del. LARVA OF LAMPROPHORUS TENEBROSUS, Walk. a) fel dike ate en : ae a hay i i. oe aa, oe a wo * , : Rit Sot NED ASN. LE AsN UD Pal AGNEASRolgAG NEO: By R. H. WuitrenHouse, M.Sc., Professor of Zoology, Govern- ment College, Lahore. (With Plate XI.) INTRODUCTION., Until the present time the land planarians of India have been almost entirely neglected, while the Ceylon forms have been the subject of considerable attention ; but it is hoped that the begin- ning thus made will develop into a comprehensive treatment of these animals which flourish abundantly in all parts where mois- ture is plentiful. It was only to be expected that most of the collection would prove to be new; planarians, both land and freshwater, are strikingly local especially the latter ; dry areas of any great extent prove complete barriers to their dispersal. Previous records of Indian land planarians are rare, incom- plete and uncertain. Brpalium smithi (v. Graff) is described, but with no figure, in von Graff’s ‘‘ Monographie der Turbellarien— Landplanarien’’ 1899 and references are made there also to some three or four others which, however, must be regarded as doubtful. Reference might be made to the so-called Bipalium ferudpoorense (EK. P. Wright) and it is conjectured by Bell that Ferudpoor is a mis-spelling for Firozpur in the Punjab; but this is most un- likely, since Firozpur is in one of the driest and hottest parts of India, and scarcely a place likely to yield land planarians. The following account is purely systematic, but it is hoped before long to begin anatomical details of the various forms. a work which will do much to clear up any doubtful points; for colour patterns are frequently variabie, often due to the age of the specimens. At present it would be unsafe to make any general conclusions regarding distribution ; what is known in each case is stated when dealing with each species. Bipalium proserpina (Humbert). (Plate x hfs. 1 to-10) Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZEV 224%; ZEV 5793; ZEV BEok ‘ ZEV 6709 ° ZEV CS ZEV soe = ZEV Bice ts ZEV co This planarian was previously reported from Ceylon only, but its distribution is now found to be quite extensive in India, speci- mens having been taken at Tenmalai, Maddathoray (Travancore) 30 Records of the Indian Museum. [Wor Vie and Cochin in Southern India, North Bengal, Lebong and Kur- seong in the Eastern Himalayas, Naini Tal in Kumaon, Western Himalayas as well asin Ceylon. The specimen from Lebong may be doubtful since it is headless, but the trunk markings are characteristic of B. proserpina, and the doubt is lessened by the fact that the planarian fauna of the Eastern Himalayas is known to include this species. Thus B. proserpina will probably prove to be one of the most widely distributed land planarians in India. The species has been fully described by v. Graff in his mono- graph and repetition is unnecessary; however, an interesting feature of those collected is the extent of the variation of the colour pattern apart from the mere differences of shade. The typical colouration exhibits a pair of closely approximated central black stripes, which on the head expand into a crescentic patch broken only by a middle club-shaped extension of the thin pale stripe which separates the median black lines; and a prominent black band extending from the ‘neck’ and following the edge of the trunk to the extremity (fig. I). The variations involve such changes in the typical pattern as follow : The median lines may coalesce into a single broad band; associated with this, the central club-shaped expansion on the head remains, though it may be reduced (fig 2). The same two lines may be quite faintly shown, and indicated only as broken lines; with this variation, the head pattern remains characteristic (fig. 3). The median lines may be absent, and in this case the dark crescentic head patch appears as an unbroken tract (fig. 4). In some cases the median stripes may be more strongly marked than the laterals (fig. 5). The lateral bands may vary in breadth and usually are stronger when the median ones are weaker; and vice versa. The lateral bands may be split along their whole length to form a pair on each side (fig. 6). As regards the head pattern, the crescentic patch may be only faintly indicated (figs. 7, 8); and in one specimen with coalesced central lines, a forked design is produced, owing to the median lighter piece opening out anteriorly (fig. 9). Pelmatoplana sarasinorum (v. Graff). (Plate 21 figs 11 aiider2,) Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV 562°. Dr. Gravely records that a specimen of this animal from Ceylon was very dark above and paler beneath, with a dark mid-dorsal line. The preservative has doubtless removed some pigment and has also caused strong contraction of the body so that the dorsal surface has become concave; this latter feature is, however, undoubtedly not natural, the animal, in life, being practically cylindrical. 1918. ] R. H. WurItEHOUSE: Indian Land Planarians. 31 Its characters agree closely with v. Grafi’s specimens collected by M. Sarasin in 1883 in Ceylon. It is only half the size of the largest of those described by v. Graff, measuring about 36 mm. in length, and is unfortunately broken into two pieces. The upper side is brownish with a paler area along each side of the mid-dorsal line; the characteristically narrow ambulacral surface extends to “ the extreme anterior end round which are the fairly numerous eyes. Bipalium smithi (v. Graff). (Plate XI, figs. 13 and 14.) Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZHV £82; ZERV *792: W 23 - W 24, Historically, the most interesting land planarian collected in India is B. smitht, since it was the first described from this country with any degree of_certainty. The other few mentioned previous to 1914 were all vaguely described, and the accounts are practically useless. However, though he did not figure B. smitht, v. Graff describes it in his monograph and I have myself examined the specimen in the British Museum. The species has, I believe, been found at least four times since ; in its original home by Lord Carmichael and Dr. Gravely at Darjiling, and once by Major Bennett at Lebong in the same district. The British Museum specimen measures 60 mm. in length, but the specimens found since are somewhat smaller; the measure- ments of the largest complete specimen are :— Length of the body ae 21.) {AS ata Ts, Breadth of the body Pee: aS 6 mm. Breadth of the head lobe 3) ag Wiha Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. 2mm. Thickness of the body .. 3 mm. Position of the mouth from the an- terior end . Ree Macha Position of the genital opening from the anterior So e Saery) QOyin mE The specimen from Yebong is much larger, though incomplete, and is probably longer than the British Museum specimen. The dorsal colour is variable; the deeper layers of the skin contain a bluish-black pigment which is usually masked by a brown colour on the surface closely resembling a mucus, and which is undoubtedly more pronounced in spirit preserved specimens, Thus there may be a predominence of one or the other-of these colours and frequently a somewhat patchy appearance is shown. The best preserved specimen is distinctly dark, mostly blutsh- black, but paler on the head. The eyes form a diffuse black rim to the edge of the head lobe. Ventrally, the colour is definitely characteristic; it is light brown except for the ambulacral surface which, along the centre, is creamish brown, while each side has a bluish-green tinge. 32 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOLs Vee Bipalium floweri (v. Graff). (Plate XI, figs. 15 and 16). Indian Museum Collection” Nos) ZEV £222; | ZijV e222. ZEV £705, This is one of the larger land planarians of Ceylon; it was first collected by Mr. KE. E. Green at Punduloya, Rambodda, and the specimen is now in the British Museum. It has again been found by Dr. Gravely in Pattipola and on the Horton Plains at an altitude of 7,000 ft. One of the Patti- pola specimens is the largest yet collected, being 78 mm. long and 8 min. broad. The dorsal head pattern is characteristic; a prominent black band follows the periphery of the head lobe and parallel to this band is an orange stripe, which in turn is followed by another dark band which passes gradually into the dark brown colour of the trunk; the trunk colouring lacks pattern and is an even dark muddy brown. Ventrally, the general surface is somewhat paler than the dorsal side, especially on the head; the latter has a thin dark line at the extreme edge terminating at the angle of the lappets. The ambulacral surface is cream coloured and at the anterior end its raised central portion is a distinct light brown. Dolichoplana feildeni (v. Graff). (Plate Xi fiess17 aud 16:) Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £722. This species is most interesting from the fact that it is an exception to the general rule that land planarians are local in distribution, having been taken in Java, Ceylon and the Barba- does. As v. Graff remarks, except for Placocephalus kewensts, which is cosmopolitan, it is the only land planarian that is found in the Oriental and Neotropical regions. It was previously re- corded from Ceylon having been collected by Mr. E. E. Green and preserved in the British Museum. The Indian Museum specimens, collected by Dr. Gravely, were taken at Peradeniya, Ceylon, in June 1910; they are about the same size as Green’s specimens, measuring about 47 mm. in length and 3 mm. broad: the Javanese specimens are said to attain even a length of 300 mm. in the living condition, though the same individuals shrink to 77 mm. when preserved. It is therefore safe to assume that the Ceylon forms are capable of an extension to150 mm. ‘he species is described as being extremely active, exhibiting excessive contractions in its movements. There is some variety in the general colour; the Javanese type is said to be yellowish while those from Ceylon are, at least in the preserved state, dark brown, though in life the same animal may be distinctly light coloured. Six longitudinal black stripes are distinguishable; a pair of median lines, very closely approxi- 1918. ] R. H. Wurrenouse: Indian Land Planarians. 33 mated and very fine; and two pairs of lateral stripes, the inner pair of which are much the strongest of all. Ventrally, the brown colour is continued from the dorsal side, except for the ambulacral surface which is grey; in light coloured varieties this contrasts with the general surface as darker, but where the brown pigment is is marked, the ambulacral surface appears lighter in contrast. Bipalium diana (Humbert). (Plate XI, figs. 19 and 20). Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £722. Three specimens of this species, one only of which is complete, were collected by Dr. Gravely at Peradeniya, Ceylon. They are typical forms corresponding exactly with those already recorded from the same and other localities in Ceylon by a number of observers. Dorsally, it is brownish-grey with mottlings of black; a closely approximated median pair of black lines runs the whole length of the body, expanding on the head to a crescentic marking ; the pale stripe of ground colour between the median lines swells out to a club-shaped form on the middle of the head. The extreme edge of the head lobe is black with numerous eyes and the band between them and the black patch is devoid of mottling. On the ventral side, the colour is grey with a cream ambula- cral surface having a light brown centre. The species is easy to recognize in older specimens, though in the young forms it is said to have lateral dark bands along the body, which are lost in older animals, Bipalium giganteum (Whitehouse). Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV “%87. Previously recorded from Dibrugarh, Assam, this species was again taken in N.E. Assam at Tezpore by Major T. E. Spragge White. The tube contained three broken pieces of a specimen which is however still incomplete. Bipalium andrewesi, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 21 and 22.) Only a single specimen of this attractive planarian was taken by Mr. Andrewes on the western slopes of the Nilgiri Hills at an altitude of 2000-3000 ft. in August 1911. In build, the animal is small and sturdy with a comparatively small head lobe. Its measurements are as follows :— Length of the body = Wap a LOpUnIT: Breadth of the body - pe onirs) s00lh ool Breadth of the head lobe ey 4 mm. Breadth of the ambulacralsurface .. I mm. 34 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL..viy Position of the mouth from anterior end a ts Ae 6 mim. Position of the genital opening not distinguishable. The general ground colour of the dorsal side is a dark reddish- brown, though the markings upon it cover the greater part of the surface. ‘Three longitudinal black stripes run from the ‘ neck’ to the posterior extremity, a median broad band and a pair of less broad laterals at the edge of the body; all unite at the ‘ neck’ in a narrow black transverse band. ‘The head is slightly paler than the brown of the trunk, with a crescentic black band, which normally is probably continuous across the head, though in the specimen examined it is interrupted on the left side. The eyes are arranged along the extreme edge of the head lobe. Ventrally, the animal is a dull drab brown, with a darker shade at the outer edge and also next to the ambulacral surface ; this latter is very pale with a darker central stripe. The under side of the head is paler than the other parts and has a dark crescentic band corresponding to the black mark above. Cotyloplana nilgiriense, n. sp. (Plate! XT) fig.-23): Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £622 This is the second member of the genus to be found in India, and was taken in the Nilgiri Hills along with Bipalium andrewest. The measurements of the larger of the two specimens are :— Length of the body me (about) 12 mm. Breadth of the body ue Be eine 00900: Position of the mouth from anterior end be pe Shee SOs, Position of the genital aperture from the anterior end : g mm. Breadth of the aebalacral arraee (about) ‘5 mm. Above and below the creature is of a greyish colour with touches of brown in parts; dorsally there is a single median black line passing from one extremity to the other and tapering suddenly at the head, which is somewhat lighter in colour. Round the anterior extremity of the ventral surface of the head is a slightly raised and tairly thick ‘‘lip,” forming a type of sucker charac- teristic of the genus. The ambulacral surface is very narrow, appearing only as a pale line along the ventral side. Bipalium brunneus, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 24-26.) Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZEV *%72; ZEV £525. This handsome planarian was collected at Bagarkote in Kumaon in the Western Himalayas, and in the Cochin State, 1918. | R. H. WHITEHOUSE: /ndian Land Planarians. 35 S. India; it must therefore have a wide distribution in India and will probably be found in many other districts eventually. The following description refers in particular to No. ZEV #°2 from Bagarkote at an altitude of 3,000 ft. which is the largest specimen. Length of the body : ch. = OuaANA: Greatest breadth of the body ey Ost, Thickness of the body .. eae apes hl Breadth of the head lobe ae eOrnatid, Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. 3 min: Position of mouth from the anterior end ey erinlaan Position of the genital opening from the anterior aad 3 AB mouaale The ground colour of the dorsal surface is a warm rusty brown with three longitudinal dark stripes, a mediau and a pair of laterals. The median stripe is prominent and jet black, extendinz from the extreme anterior to the posterior extremity, and widening slightly above the pharyngeal and genital regions. The lateral stripes are of diffuse black pigment and broader than the median, extending from the ‘ neck’ to the posterior end of the body. The eyes are closely packed to form a thin jet black line round the edge of the head lobe; they are also found distributed generally over the head region. The ventral surface, except for the creeping area, is a dull rusty brown with a greyish outer edge along the whole length but not sharply marked off from the brown, The ambulacral surface is purplish-grey, the middle being raised into a ridge; the mouth and genital openings are prominent and from them respectively protrude the frilled pharynx and genital organ. The other specimen differs in minor particulars. No. ZEV ©°25 from near the Forest Tramway in Cochin State at an altitude of 300 ft. is 17 mm. long and its dorsal colouring is of the same pattern as that of the specimen described above, with the following exceptions: The lateral bands are jet black and not diffused ; the median line ends in a club-shaped expansion on the head, which is otherwise pale. These differences are such as may be met with in young specimens; it is characteristic of land plana- rians that stripes tend to disappear with age, a feature constantly illustrated in the case of Bipalium diana. Pelmatoplana rotunda, n. sp. (Plate XI, fig. 27). Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV °°" B. One specimen of this Geoplanid was procured along with Bipahium brunneus at Bagarkote in Kumaon, Western Himalayas, at an altitude of 3,000 ft., in June Ig14. The animal is small and very blunt at each end; in transverse section it is almost circular. Its measurements are:— 36 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Length of the body a3 ees espiaaace, Breadth of the body 4 oe ests iiatiae Thickness of the body .. Selec soy alle Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. I mm. Position of the mouth from anterior end xc Re ae Ger aab aul Position of genital opening from an- terior end.. ee else ee dadtaar The dorsal coloration is an even moderately light brown covering a deeper black pigment. The ventral surface is slightly darker except for the very prominent ambulacral surface, which is white with a fairly dark median line, and which extends from one extremity to the other. The eyes could not be distinguished with certainty, though on one side there is a somewhat paler circular patch in the middle of which one of a pair of eyes may be situated. Bipalium splendens, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 29-31.) Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV °°"; ZEV 275, This beautiful planarian is found at Kurseong in the Eastern Himalayas and Cherrapungi in Assam; the measurements of the larger specimen are as follows :— Length of the body ie ihe QO gmat Breadth of the body : meter syn edvae™ Breadth of the head lobe Sep easy Saab en). Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. rT mm, Position of the mouth from anterior end mire ice 45 mm. Position of genital aperture from an- terior end .. ae -. 54mm. The upper surface is flat while the lower is slightly arched; the head is flat and small being only a little wider than the ‘ neck ’ and narrower than the greater part of the trunk, the body tapers gradualiy towards the posterior end. Judging from the wrinkling of the body in the preseved animal, it would appear capable of considerably greater extension in life. The colour pattern on the upper side of the trunk consists of three longitudinal jet black lines, one median, and a pair of laterals, at the extreme edge of the body, on a ground colour which differs in the two specimens, in one a creamish yellow and in the other chestnut brown; at the pharyngeal region the median line widens to double its ordinary width, and a slight thickening also occurs over the genital region. The lateral lines, narrower than the median, cease at the ‘ neck,’ while the median one expands into a knob-like termination on the head. The whole of the upper side of the head has a deeper shade than the rest of the body r918.] R.H. Wuirenouse: Indian Land Planarians. 377 The eyes are not numerous and are placed round the edge of the head lobe rather more to the ventral side. Ventrally, the ground colour is similar to that of the dorsal side; the ambulacral surface is pale yellow, and on each side of it is a diffused black line, extending from the ‘ neck’ to the extreme posterior, the under side of the head is a little darker towards the outer edge. Pelmatoplana himalayense, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 32-34). Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV °742; ZEV #997; ZEV £594: ZEN Sto ZV 8737, This species is represented by three specimens, only one of which, collected by Dr. F. H. Gravely, is well preserved ; the other two were the first to be found, on 15th July 1907, at Kurseong, E. Himalayas, while Dr. Gravely’s specimen was taken in the same district between Darjiling and Soom on 14th June rota. All were taken at an altitude of 5,000-7,000 ft. The animal is a comparatively fragile creature, beautifully marked in black and brown stripes and of the usual Geoplanid form. The measurements are approximations only, since the ani- mal is much coiled and liable to break if uncoiling were attempted. Length of body a 2 ZB ata Breadth of body Bi. 4 mm. Breadth of ambulacral surface my I mm. Position of the mouth, about half-way along the body. Position of the genital opening, from mid-way to two- thirds the distance from the mouth to the posterior extremity. The colour pattern consists of five jet black longitudinal bands alternate with four narrow stripes of a median brown coloar ; of the black bands, the median is the broadest, the inner lateral somewhat narrower, while the outer lateral, at the edge of the body, is but a thin line. All the brown stripes are of similar width. As the anterior end is reached, the black bands gradually acquire a more or less equal strength and end abruptly and evenly at the posterior border of a brown collar encircling the neck region. From the collar forwards the head is of a dark grey colour, sufficiently dark as to make it impossible to distinguish the presence or absence of eyes. Ventrally, the colour is similar to the brown of the dorsal side, except for the ambulacral surface, which is white and slightly protuberant. Bipalium sylvestre, n. sp. (Plate XI, fig. 35 and 36). Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV ££25B. This planarian, of which one specimen only was taken in the Cochin State near the Forest Tramway, is a very dark form and 38 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vors 2a, only at the anterior portion can the markings be followed. ‘The measurements are :— Length of the body < + 50 nant. Breadth of the body Fe ca Sy tiata. Breadth of the head lobe ae 6 mm. Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. 2 min. Position of the mouth from anterior end i 3 28 min. Position of the genital opening not visible. The colour of the dorsal surface is a very dark brown; three longitudinal black lines are present, a median thin line reaching to the ‘neck’ and a pair of broader lateral lines at the edge of the body. These laterals are continued round the contour of the head a little removed from the edge and thickest near the lappets. On the head and alongside the lateral bands is a black mottling. Ventrally, the colour is a warm brown at the outer edge, gradually becoming paler as the ambulacral surface is reached; the latter is pale with a brown central line throughout its length, and it ends abruptly at the ‘neck.’ The under side of the head is darker than the rest of the ventral surface. Pelmatoplana maculosa, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 37 and 38). Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £7°5B. One specimen only of this planarian was found by Dr. Gravely at Pattipola, Ceylon. Its measurements are :— Length of the body ie oe els aii Breadth of the body oe gem Sys uch eal Breadth of ambulacral surface, about °75 mm. Position of mouth from anterior end 23 mm, Position of genital opening from an- terior end .. ne ae ve OL tim: The ground colour of both the dorsal and ventral sides must, strictly speaking, be regarded as a warm brown with heavy black mottlings on the dorsal surface. The mottling, however, is so dense as to make the dorsal colouring more easily described as black with irregular small brown splashes; these markings are dendritic, with a tendency to parallel arrangement with numerous cross connections. Extending from one extremity to the other is a median thin brown line, that is, a narrow portion of the grouud colour uninterrupted by black pigment. .The black marking is_ practically continuous on each side of the median stripe and also at each side of the body where the colouring of the dorsal and ventral surfaces is sharply marked off. No eyes can be distinguished. The ambulacral surface is pale and narrow, about one-fifth the width of the body, extending to both extremities; it is grooved throughout its length, with a darker pigment at the bottom of the 1918.} R. H. Wurrenouse: Indian Land Planarians. 39 groove, though it is difficult to say how much this may be due to the effect of the preservative. Pelmatoplana striata, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 39-41). Indian Museum Collection No, ZEV£702 Two specimens of this planarian were taken by Dr. Annandale at Maddathoray in Travancore from beneath rotten wood in the jungle in October 1908; both specimens are of about equal size, measuring 42 mm. in length and 5 mm. in breadth; the ambulacrai surface is very narrow being less than a millimetre broad. Neither the mouth nor the genital opening can be seen probably owing to the fact that there is a groove running along the middle of the ambulacral area, and the apertures being situated at the bottom are invisible. However, the pharyngeal swelling, 20 mm. from the anterior end. would place the mouth at about half way along the ventral side, with the genital opening not far away. No eyes can be distinguished. The general colour is a rather pale grey brown; six longitu- dinal dark stripes run from end to end; (I) a pair of closely approximated lines separated only by an extremely thin pale line; they are jet black and prominent; (2) an inner lateral, and (3) an outer lateral line on each side of equal strength and not much darker than the ground colour. Between the middle pair and the inner laterals is a pale creamy white area. Ventrally the colour is similar to the general colour of the dorsal side, except for the pale narrow ambulacral surface, which extends to both extremities. Bipalium indica, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 42 and 43.) Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZEV #582; ZEHV £885; ZEV 2705; ZEV 2728; ZEV 1282. This planarian has been found in Calcutta and at Coimbatoire in Southern India; it appears to be the commonest land planarian in the Calcutta district, and it will no doubt be found to have a somewhat extensive distribution in this country. From the number of specimens collected, the length of the body may be put down as from 30 mm. to 40 mm. and the breadth from 3 mm. to 5 mm.; the head lobe is a little wider than the trunk; the mouth is situated about half the distance along the body, and the genital opening roughly half way between the mouth and the posterior extremity. The dorsal colouration varies in different animals and in different parts of the same animal from a pale biscuit brown to a darkish dull brown; sometimes the body is distinctly patchy but usually the colour is even. There is an indication of a median pale stripe, but it is usually no more than an indication, except in 40 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, rg18.] dark specimens, since it becomes lost in the general colour ; at the ‘neck ’ however it is always well marked owing to the presence in this region of dark pigment in the form of an indefinite band with which the median stripe contrasts strongly. The dorsal side of the head is pale and numerous eyes can easily be distinguished along the edge; the eyes axe also crowded at the * neck.’ Ventrally, the colour is similar to the dorsal side, though usually paler; the ambulacral surface is white =e oe eee. EXPLANATION OF PEATE cE Fics. 1-9.—Bipalium proserpina. Variations in head and trunk Pic: +) 3) markings; Fig. 1 typical pattern. 10.—Bipalium proserpina. Ventral surface in the region of the mouth. The dark edge to the central pale am- bulacral surface is not always marked. 11.—Pelmatoplana sarasinorum, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 12.—Pelmatoplana sarasinorum, X 2. Ventral view of the atiterior end. 13.—Bipalium smitht, nat. size. Dorsal view of the entire animal. 14.—Bipalium smithi, nat. size. Ventral view of a portion of the trunk. Ambulacral surface cream, bordered with pale transparent green; rest rusty brown. 15.—Bipalium flowert, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 16.—Bipahum flowert, X 2. Ventral view of the anterior end. 17.—Dolichoplana feildent, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 18.—Dolichoplana feildem, X 2. Ventral view of a portion of the trunk. 19.—Bipalium diana, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. The lighter area round the median lines is not always present. 20.—Bipalium diana, X* 2. Ventral view of the anterior end. 21.—Bipalium andrewest, X 2. Dorsal view of the entire animal. 22.—Bipalium andrewest, X 2. Ventral view of the anterior end. 23.—Cotyloplana nilgiriense, X 2. Dorsal view of the entire animal. 23u. Cotyloplana nilgiriense, X 2. Ventral view of the an- terior end. 24.—Bipalium brunneus, nat. size. Dorsal view of the an- terior end. 25.—Bipalium brunneus, nat size. Ventral view of the an- terior end. 26.—Bipalium brunneus, nat. size. Dorsal pattern of the trunk. REC. IND. MUS: VOL. XVI, 1918: PLATE XI. s f Prag re i ® ~ lil 2 3 4 6 7 39 36 R. H. Whitehouse, del. Photo.-enzraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1918. INDIAN LAND PLANARIANS. Fic. 27.—-Pelmatoplana rotunda, X 2. Ventral view of the entire animal. 29.—Bipalium splendens, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end, 30.—Bipalium sblendens, X 2. Dorsal pattern of the trunk in the region of the pharynx. 31.—Bipalium splendens, X 2. Ventral view of the trunk. 32.—Pelmatoplana himalayense, X 3. Dorsal view of the an terior end. 33-—Pelmatoplana himalayense, X 2. Dorsal pattern of the trunk. 34.—Pelmatoplana himalayense, nat. size. Ventral view of part of the trunk. 35.—Bipalium sylvestre, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 36.—Bipalium sylvestre, X 2. Ventral view of the anterior end. 37.—Pelmatoplana maculosa, nat. size. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 38.—-Pelmatoplana maculosa, nat. size. Ventral view of the anterior end. 39.—Pelmatoplana striata, nat. size. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 40.—Pelmatoplana striata. Details of the dorsal pattern of the trunk. 41.—Pelmatoplana striata, nat. size. Ventral view of the an- terior end. 42.—Bipalium indica, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. 43.—Bipalium indica, X 2. Ventral view of the portion of the trunk. [Vi SLU Dil E'S- "ON = EN Po SiOsRtE AY air. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF HOLOPHRYA, EHRBG. By EKENDRANATH GHOosH, M.Sc., M.D. The genus Holophrya, Ehrbg. may be briefly diagnosed as follows :—Infusoria with cylindrical to spherical body entirely and uniformly covered with cilia arranged in close meridional rows. Cytostome antero-terminal or rarely slightly lateral, rounded or rarely slit-like. Cytopharynx generally present and without rod- apparatus, absent in a few species. Macronucleus one, sometimes two or numerous macronuclei. C.V. one or more, then either scattered or arranged in longitudinal rows. Division by transverse fission. Free-swimming, freshwater and marine. The above diagnosis does not include the species H. mutlti- filiis considered by Schewiakoff (5) to belong to this genus. Being parasitic and having a complicated life-history, it is left in a genus of its own under the name Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Fouquet. Holophrya bengalensis, sp. nov. The species may be diagnosed thus :—Cylindrical with rounded ends, slightly stouter posteriorly ; the cilia are long. Cytostome small and circular, at anterior end; cytopharynx absent ; macronucleus broadly fusiform and placed in the middle of the body near oneside; C.V. single, subterminal, placed close to one side. Tength 0°075 mm.; breadth 0°037 mm. A single specimen was found in vege- table infusion. Holophrya annandalei, sp. nov. The species may be diagnosed as follows :—Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, three times longer than broad ; cytostome antero-terminal and circular fie. 1.—Holophrya bengalen- in outline; cytopharynx a slight de- sis, Sp. nov. pression; ciliary striae faint; macro- nuclei two in number and spherical in shape, one placed in the middle on one side and the other towards the anterior end. C.V. single, placed at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the body on one side. Length o'15 to 0°22 mm. 42 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Several specimens were found in a vegetable infusion. Un- fortunately the drawing of the animal is lost. The species of Holophrya may be tabulated in the following synopsis :— a. Numerous C.V., one postero-terminal and others in 1-2 longitudinal rows. a!, 2 longitudinal rows of C.V.; macronucleus oval. bl, One ‘longitudinal row of C.V.; macronucleus tibbon-shaped ; body oval d aN ve one or 2, postero- -terminal or not. CaAVevone: a, C.V. central; a tuft of long cilia round the mouth; macronucleus elongated and curved 62. C.V. placed at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the body on one side; macronuclei two, spherical ; body cylindri- cal; cytopharynx a slight depression c2, C.V. posterior. a®, Ciliary striae oblique; body ovate; macronucleus ovate and subcentral. b*. Ciliary striae parallel to the long axis of the body. a*, Cytostome slit-like and lateral near the anterior pole; body rounded in front and pointed behind b+, Cytostome circular in outline and terminal or subterminal. a>. Cytostome wide and occupying the entire truncate anterior end ae the body. . Body elongately oval ; anterior end obliquely truncate; cyto- pharynx indistinct, with a few rods ; Paeeeaelene elongated and curved 65. Body oval; macronucleus long, cylindrical and twisted 65, Cytostome not so. a®, No cytopharynx. at. Body elliptical. a®. Macronucleus elliptical or spherical; body length 0035 mm.; C.V. posterior and terminal ce bei 68, Macronucleus — horseshoe- shaped ; body length 0°105 mm. a b7, Body cylindrical ; macronu- cleus fusiform in the middle of the body and lateral ; C.V. near the Deaeige end and lateral 56, With cytopharynx. ai, Circumoral cilia always direct- ed forwards; macronucleus with a ‘‘ binnenkorper.’’ 67, Circumoral cilia not so. a3. Body elliptical or spherical ; longitugdinal striae connect- ed by transverse lines; mac- ronucleus elliptical, — with trichocysts A. lieberkuhniz, Schout. H. coleps, Schout. (6) ? H. pogonias, Smith. AI. annandalet, n. sp. H. ovum, Ehrbg. . H.heterostoma, Beardsley. fH. tavda, Quenn. Hf. curvilata, Smith. H. simplex, Schew. H. indica, Bhatia (2) H. bengalensts, n. sp. H. atra, Svec. H. nigricans, Lauterb. Igo. | E. K. Guosu: Studies on Infusoria. 43 68. Body cylindrical ; no tricho- cysts; no transverse lines. a. Cytostome terminal ; cy- topharynx short and funnel-shaped. al9. Numerous macronuclei; length = 5 times the breadth 610, Single oval macronucle- us ;leneth > breadth. 6%, Cytostome lateral, near anterior pole; cytophar- ynx extending to middle of the body ; a single ellip- tical macronucleus : b'. C.V. 2, postero-lateral ; macronucleus big and oval; cytopharynx absent; body spherical to elliptical LITERATURE. AUR YN Nee Se H. oblonga, Maupas. H,. marina, Quenn. H. edentata, Schout. FZ. haplostoma, Andre. Andre.—Rev. Suiss. Zool. Vol. XXIV (1916). Bhatia.—Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol. XII, p. 177 (1916). Hamburger and Buddenbrock.—Nordisches Plankton, 191t. Kent.—A Manual of Infusoria, 1880-1882. Schewiakoff.—Mem. Ac. St. Petersbg. Vol. VII (i), p. 115. Schouteden.—Ann. Biol. Lacustr. Vol. I, p. 389 (1906). Ve CON RE BU tt O Noa. One kN O Wel DG. i On THe CHILOP ODA CE.O©P HEL, 1- MO: PH ASO) iUNg ele As By F. SInvestri (Portict, Italy). (With 39 text-figures.) The Chilopoda Geophilomorpha described up to date from India (including Burma) are the following :— Lamnonyx spissus, Wood. Burma. i castaneiceps, Haase. Andamans. 4 punctifrons (Newp.), from many localities. Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newp.), from many localities. Eucratonvx meinertit (Pocock). Mergui Archipelago; Burma, etc. Himantosoma typicum, Pocock. Mergui Archipelago; Burma. 5 porosum, Pocock. Burma. Disargus striatus (Pocock). Madras. Polyporogaster indicus (Mein.). Kulu. insignis (Mein.). Kulu. > Himantaricun dortae, Pocock. Burma. In the collection of the Indian Museum kindly sent me for examination by the Director of the Zoological Survey of India I have found specimens of 19 species or varieties, which are des- cribed in this paper with some others of the same genera or related genera of the Oriental and Malaysian regions preserved in my collection. The rich material of the genus Lamnonyx has permitted me to make a revision of the species and related genera of the group, and has shown that L. punctifrons, Newp. from India, or at least the form considered as such by me, is restricted so far as we know to the East of South India; L. insularis (Lucas), which is distributed through tropical Africa, extends its range to W. India and in a varietal form to South Pada and Malaysia; L. maxillaris (Gerv.) is a cosmopolitan species in tropical and subtropical regions and has also been introduced into hot-houses of Europe. The remainder of the species of the genus Lamnonyx have a restricted area of distribution. The genus Lamnonyx is represented in India by nine forms (species and varieties) out of 22 described up to date, and is a prevalent genus both for number of species and frequency of specimens. After Lamnonyx the genera Polyporogaster and Mesocanthus have respectively three and four species in India, while the first 46 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor, Saag has a species in North Africa and two in North-West Asia, and the second has a species in North Africa and one variety of the same represented in East Africa and West India. The genus Himantosoma is known up to date only from India and Malaysia and Eucratonyx from India and New Britain. Sublam. Ul CGH PLOP ALLEN ABs Geophilt maxtilares ex p. Gervais, Ann. Sc. nat. (2), VII, p. 178 (1837); lds: Apt. IN Gapagos ( 1o4 7). Dicellophilidae, O. F. Cook, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVIII, p. 61 et Nene ee Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst., XVIII, p. 207 (1903). Placodesmata, Mecistocephalidae, Verhoeff, Bronn's Klass. u. Ord. Chilopoda, pp. 270, 271 {1908). Mectstocephalidae, Brélemann, Arch. Zool. exp. (5) II], p. 307 et seq. (1909) ; Ribaut, Chilopoda, in Voyage Alluaud et Feannel en Afrique or. (IQII-1912), p. 17 (1914). Lamina cephalica longior quam latior, pedes maxillares magna pro parte haud tegens sutura frontali discreta. Antennae plus minusve attenuatae; labrum tripartitum parte media quam late- rales multo minore plus minusve bene unidentata, partibus late- ralibus margine nudo vel ciliato (setis instructo). Mandibulae laminis pectinatis in plerisque generibus numerosis, in gen. Avrup, Chamb. duabus, instructae. Maxillae primi paris subcoxis coalitis vel linea mediana divisis, malis utrimque duabus subaequalibus, integris parte distali attenuata, plus minusve arcuata, subhyalina. Maxillae secundi paris subcoxis coalitis vel linea mediana divisae, palpo (praeter subcoxas) 4-articulato articulo quarto unguiformi vel 3-articulato ungue nullo. Lamina basalis subtrapezoidea, angusta, partim quam lamina cephalica plus minusve angustior; lamina praebasalis indistincta. Pedes maxillares longi, bene armati, subeoxarum lineis chitineis nullis. Segmenta pedifera suprascutellis nullis, praescutello magno, sterna antica parte postica sat longa, gradatim angustiore in seg- mento sequenti intromissa et interne a margine postico usque ad medium sternum spissitudine longitudinali chitinea antice bifurcata vel non fulcro entosternali vel furca appellata, instructa sunt; sterna omnia poris ventralibus destituta. Segmentum ultimum pediferum subcoxis plus minusve inflatis et poris numerosis instructis, pedibus (subcoxis exclusis) 6-articu- latis, elongatis, ungue nullo. Appendices genitales plus minusve distincte biarticulatae. Pori anales duo. Segmentorum numerus uniusquisque speciei constans. Pulli ex ovo segmentorum numero adulti nascunt, segmenti praegenitalis subcoxis poris destitutis vel oe uno instructis, poris analibus magnis vel permagnis. Familiae huic genera haec pertinent: Dicellophilus, O. F. Cook; Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook; Megethmus, O. F. Cook; Arrup, 191g.) F. Smvesrri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. AT Chamb.; Prolamnonyx, Silv. (Tygarrup, Chamb. forsan = Dicel- lophilus, O. F. Cook.). CONSPECTUS GENERUM. t. Subcoxae segmenti praegenitalis (ultimi pediferi) per- magnae segmentum praecedente amplectentes .. Megethmus. Typus: MM. microporus (Haase). Luzon. 2. Subcoxae segmenti praegenitalis ad latera segmenti praecedentis haud vergentes. 3. Palpi maxillares ungue distincto instructt. 5. Lamina cephalica spina antica infera sub- laterali instructa is ... Lamnonyx. Typus : ih “punctifrons (Newp .). India. 6. Lamina eephalica spina antica infera sub- laterali destituta a ... Dicellophilus. Typus: D. limatus (Wood). 4. Palpi maxillares ungue nullo. 7. Mandibulae laminis pectinatis numerosis in- structae ; maxillae primi paris subcoxis coal- itis Pe ra ... Prolamnonyx. Typus: P. holstit, Poe. China; Japan. S. Mandibulae laminis pectinatis duabus_ in- structae ; maxillae primi paris subcoxis mediis GINISISie es i ye en ARKO: Typus: A. pylorus, Chamb. California. ON THE FAMILY NAME HERE USED. Newport in 1842 described the genus Mecistocephalus basing it upon the following species: (i) Meczstocephalus ferrugineus (C. Koch); (ii) M. maxillaris (Gerv.); (iii) M. punctifrons, Newp. etc. Newport did not indicate the type species of the genus, but O. F. Cook proposed to consider the first, viz. Mecistocephalus ferrugineus as the type, notwithstanding the fact that C. L,. Koch in 1847 erected the genus Pachymerium for this species. Follow- ing this rule O. F. Cook founded in 1895 the genus Lamnonyx for the reception of M. punctifrons and allied forms and the genus Dicellophilus for M. limatus (Wood) of California. On the basis of this arrangement O. F. Cook named the family Dicellophilidae from Dicellophilus. Pocock in 1898 considered M. punctifrons as the type of Mectstocephalus, after C. Koch had taken out M. ferru- gineus. Attems in 1903 refused in part to follow Cook and Pocock and considered, very wrongly, the species M. carniolensis as the type of the genus Mecistocephalus. This species was unknown to Newport, at any rate when he proposed the genus Mectstocephalus. Attems accepted the genus Lamnonyx with L. punctifrons as type species. and he therefore named the subfamily Mecistocephalinae. Verhoeff (1908), Brédlemann (1909) and Ribaut (1914) followed Attems, but gave the group family rank. Chamberlin (1914), with Pocock in 1898, noted that M. ferru- gineus having been removed from Mectstocephalus as the type of Pachimertum, C. Koch (1847), Mecistocephaius, Newport must remain with the type species M. punctifrons and not M. carniolensis , which was not included by Newport in the list. 48 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, I prefer in similar cases to follow the view of Cook, assuming as type of the genus the first species ascribed to it by the author of the genus; in my opinion, therefore, Mecistocephalus, Newport has M. ferrugineus as type species and cannot be included in this family, which takes its name from another genus proposed by Cook, viz. Dicellophilus. ON THE CHARACTERS FOR DISTINCTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. In this family good characters for the distinction of the genera are the form of the maxillary palps, the presence or absence of a spine on the underside of the anterior sublateral region of the epicra- nium, and the development of the subcoxae of the pregenital seg- ment. I couid not find any basis for the distinction of genera in the form of the teeth of the pectinate laminae of the mandibles, nor in the presence or absence of setae on the lateral parts of the labrum. Such characters have been retained as of great importance in the distinction of species, together with that of the relative length of the head, the number and form of the teeth of the maxillipedes, the form of the sternal furca, of the sternum and the number of pori on the subcoxae of the pregenital segment. I note that the relative length of the epicranium has its value, but not an absolute value, because it appears to me to be variable in some degree and sometimes very variable on account of mutation or aberration. I, therefore, think it is not to be considered of first importance and cannot serve for the distinction of species, if not observed in a good series of specimens. This view has been fol- lowed by me invariably and a case I consider as an aberration is briefly discussed in the description of Lamnonyx maxillaris. The colour also is very variable in the genus Lamnonyx and has, therefore, not been used by me for the distinction of species or of varieties. ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The genera of Dicellophilinae known up to date are especially distributed from Japan and China to New Guinea, Malaysia and india. Western North America has two genera with three species and Europe only one species, belonging to one of the North American genera, viz. Dicellophilus. Tropical Africa has a species, L. insularis (Lucas), which extends to India, and in some places L. maxillaris (Gerv.), which is actually tropocosmopolitan and has been introduced into the Canary Is. and into Madeira, Paris and Hamburg. South America, if we exclude Tygarrup intermedius, Chamber- lin, described as coming from British Guiana but collected in pots of plants in Washington, has only the tropocosmopolitan L. maxillaris. The centre of formation and distribution of genera and species of Dicellophilinae has certainly been somewhere between Japan, New Guinea and India. 19g1g.] F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 49 Gen. Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook. (Figs. I—X XIII). Mecistocephalus ex p. Newport, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842, p. 178; Id., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIX, p. 429 (1844); Wood, Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philad. XIII, p. 176 (1829); Meinert, Nat. Tidsskr. VII, p- 92 (1870); Zd., Pr. Amer. Phil. Soc. XXXII, p. 212 (1885) ; Cham- berlin, Bll. Mus. comp. Zool. Cambridge, Mass. LVIII, p. 209 (1914). Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVIII, p. 61 et 74 (1895) ; Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 210 (1903) ; Verhoeff, Bronn’s Klass. u. Ord. Chilopoda, p. 273 (1908) Ribaut, Chzlopoda, in Voyage Alluaud et Feannel en Sten or. (1QI1-1912), p. 17 (1914). Corpus postice attenuatum. Lamina cephalica longior quam latior, sutura frontali discreta, genarum angulo antico interno ad labrum in processum acutum producto, superficie antica infera sublaterali externa in spinam producta. Antennae attenuatae. Labrum tripartitum parte mediana angustiore, margine cetero nudo vel ciliato; mandibulae laminis pectinatis numerosis in- structae superficie externa nuda; maxillae primi paris subcoxos- terno medio diviso, mala externa et interna subaequalibus simplici- bus, parte proximali bene chitinea et setosa, parte distali curvata, incolori, nuda ; maxillae secundi paris subcoxosterno integro, palpo (ungue incluso) 4-articulato, ungue parvo vel perparvo. Lamina basalis subtrapezoidea, angusta, haud multo postice latior quam longior. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem superantes, sub- coxis et articulis 2-4 plerumque armatis. Tergita longitudinaliter bisulcata, praetergito segmenti primi pediferi perparvo obtecto, praetergitis ceteris magnis. Sterna antica sulco mediano a parte postica usque parum ante medium sternum pertinente integro vel antice bifurcato. Praescu- tellum (paratergitum) quam scutellum spiraculiferum majus, scu- tellis ceteris vide fig. I, 9. Segmentum ultimum pedigerum sterno bene evoluto, subcoxis poris numerosis instructis, pedibus (subcoxis exclusis) 6-articulatis, inermibus. Pori anales duo. Species typica: Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport. Habitat.—Regiones tropicales et subtropicales ; in hemisfaero australi etiam regiones temparatae. Praeter species hic a me descriptae, generi huic pertinent etiam: Lamnonyx angusticeps, Ribaut, Africa or.; L. japonicus (Mein.), Japonia. CONSPECTUS SPECIERUM HIC DESCRIPTARUM. A. Pedum paria 49. 1. Sterna antica sulco mediano postico c. ad dimidium sternum bifurcato impressa. 3. Sternorum anticorum furca (semper in seg- mento decimo considerata) angulum acutum formans .,. ot a: ... L. punctifrons (Newp.). 50 Records of the Indian Museum. a. Mandibularum laminae pectinatae denti- bus proximalibus quam distalibus parum diversis (a laminae dimidia parte ad basim gradatim parum minoribus). c. Mandibularum margo internus in- teger, capite longiore quam latiore c. ut 75:45; segmenti ultimi sternum trapezoideum ; d. Mandibularum margo internus brevi spatio serrato, caput, servata propor- ticne, parum latius et segmenti ul- timi pedigeri sterni latera minus convergentia ia Ace 6. Mandibularum laminae pectinatae denti- bus proximalibus quam distales multo minoribus 4. Sterna antica furca angulum subrectum vel obtusum formante. 5. Sterna antica furca angulum subrectum vel parum obtusum formante. 7. Labri margo nudus; mandibularum margo internus ad laminam primam integer vel subinteger; laminarum pectinatarum dentes proximales sat magni quam distales gradatim par- um minores var. Pedes primis paris quam idem formae typicae c. 1/4 lon- giores eC Labri margo totus breviter ciliatus ; mandibularum laminae tantum in apice dentatae, margine cetero setis brevissimis instructo. g. Pedes maxillares ungue ter- minali valde uncinato et denti- bus articulorum 2-4 etiam un- cinatis Fs. 10. Pedes maxillares ungue ter- minali moderate arcuato et dentibus articulorum 2-4 haud uncinatis 6. Sterna antica furca angulum valde obtusum formante. Labri margo submedianus setis bre- vibus instructus. 13. Segmentum ultimum pedifer- um sterno ante apicem paul- lum angustiore; mandibulae lamina prima 11-dentata 14. Segmentum ultimum pedifer- um sterno ante apicem multo angustiore ; mandibulae lam- ina prima 16-dentata ae 12. Labri margo submedianus nudus. 15. Mandibularum laminae pect- inatae dentibus proximalibus perparvis 16. Mandibularum laminae pect- inatae dentibus proximalibus quam distales parum minores. Te Ibe [VoL. XVI, punctifrons, s. str. punctifrons Vv. sulci- collis (Tom.?. L. punctifrons v. hetero- Ib. tN 4s pus, Humb. .insiularis, Lucas. . insularis Vv. ovien- talis, NOV. uncifer, Sp. NOV. . subgigas, Sp. Nov. . superior, Sp. Nov. . superior subsp. pal- lida, nov. cepha/otes, Mein. r9gig.] F. Smvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 51 17. Corporis longitudo ad mm. 40 ... a Lo maxtllaris (Getv.). 18. Corporis longitudo quam dicta(mm.4o0) major ..,. ZL. cephalotes v. subin- sularis, nov. Sterna antica sulco mediano antice haud_bifur- cato 1mpressa. 19. Corpus ad mm. 50; sternum segmenti ul- timi pediferi subtrapezoideum postice parum angustiore ; subcoxae ejusdem segmenti por- is numerosis instructae er ... L. rubriceps (Wood). 20. Corpus ad mm. 20; sternum segmenti ul- timi pediferi ante apicem angustiore ; subcoxae ejusdem segmenti poris paucis (c. 15) in- Stmictalen es ot ome ... L. modestus, sp. nov. B. Pedum paria minus quam 49. 21. Pedum paria 45. 23. Pedum maxillarium articulus secundus dentibus duobus armatus; sternum seg- menti ultimi pediferi trapezoideum sat latum a fe ... L. sptssus (Wood). 24. Pedum maxillarium articulus secundus dente uno apicali armatus sternum seg- menti ultimi pediferi angusto, lateribus gradatim parum convergentibus ... LL. diversidens, sp nov. 22. Pedum paria 47 iE a ... L. tahitiensts (Wood C. Pedum paria magis quam 4g. N 25. Pedum paria 51 ae .. L. gigas (Haase). 26. Pedum paria 57 ee ne ... L. diversisternus, sp. nov. 27. Pedum paria 59 ae i p00 oe SHADE. (CEOC))c 25. Pedum paria 65 a aa Soe Le muurandis (ROE): Lamnonyx punctifrons (Newp.). (Fig. I). Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 179 ; Id., Tr. Linn. Soc. XIX, p. 420, pl. xxxiii, fig. 17 (1845) ; Gervais, Jus. apt. IV, p. 310 (1847); nec auctorum. ? Corpus supra latericium plus minusve fusco variegatum, subtus testaceum, capite rufo, antennis pallide rufis et pedibus ochraceis vel melleis. Lamina cephalica c. 3/7 (75: 45) longior quam latior, sat grosse et sparse punctata lateribus.postice parum convergentibus. Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulo sexto duplo longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo etiam duplo longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-5 setis brevioribus et brevibus, articulis ceteris a sexto gradatim setis magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Labrum medium incisum unidentatum margine cetero integro vel vix lobulato; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 910, quarum prima 6—7-dentata, mediana 20-—30-dentata dentibus proximalibus gradatim parum minoribus, externe ad laminam ultimam proces- sibus duobus plus minusve profunde bifidis, margine interno ad laminam primam integro, angulatim aliquantum producto; maxil- lae primi et secundi paris vide fig. I, 7-8. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis coalitis parum latioribus quam longioribus, 52 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, antice incisione profunda et dentibus duobus obtusis instructis, articulo secundo externe c. I/3 quam interne longiore dentibus duo- bus obtusis, quorum inferior parum minor est, instructo, articulis duobus sequentibus dente parvo obtuso, ungue terminali longo bene arcuato, integro, ad basim tuberculi obtusi instar parum producto. Sterna furca typica angulo acutum formante et setis brevis- simis numerosis instructa. Fie. 1.—Laninonyx punctifrons: 1. caput et trunci segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. caput, praeter appendices, supinum;: 4. labrum; 5. mandibulae pars distalis; 6. ejusdem lamina pectinata submediana ; 7 maxillae primi paris; 8. maxillae Sacre paris: 9. sterni decimi latera cum tergiti parte et sterno; Io. ejusdem furca ; feminae pars postica supina. A= praetercitum,,-B — tercitum), © = Secale (paratergitum), D = scutellum spiraculiferum, E = postscutellum, F =furca sternalis, L = labrum, M = processus angularis genarum, N =spina infera antica sublateralis externa, Pe = pedis basis, R= praesternitum, S = sternum. Pedes primi quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium bre- viores ; pedes ambulatorii ungue terminali longo attenuato. Segmentum ultimum pediferum sternito trapezoideo, postice setis brevissimis instructo, subcoxis poris numerosis sat magnis et aliis sparsis parvis instructis, pedibus gradatim attenuatis, quam paris precedentis parum minus quam duplo longioribus. Pori anales sat magni. Pedum paria 49. I919.] F. Stuvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophtlimorpha. 53 Long. corporis ad mm. 80, lat. segmenti primi 2. Mas feminae similis, pedibus ultimi paris quam idem feminae parum crassioribus et parum magis setosis. Habitat.—India: Trichinopoli (Newton) ; Rangamati, Chitta- gong Hill Tracts, Bengal (Rk. Hodgart). On the nomenclature of L. punctifrons.—Newport described this species on specimens from Madras; from his time to the present day there have been referred to the same species specimens from other parts of Asia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Africa and America, but after an examination of many specimens I have been brought to consider as L. punctifrons, Newport, only the specimens Fic. I1.—Lamnonyx punctifrons v. heteropus: 1. caput et segmenta pri- mum et secundum trunci supra inspecta; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum subtus inspecta; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4 ejusdem lamina mediana; 5. pedes maxillares primi et secundi paris; 6. sterni decimi furca ; 7.-8. feminae corporis pars postrema supina. from Trichinopoli, a locality not far from Madras, and from a few other Indian localities. Specimens from some parts of India and from Malaysia, Africa and New Guinea appear different from that considered by me to be L punctifrons and are here described as distinct varieties or species. As Gervais, Lucas, Meinert and Humbert described species of Lamnonyx, incorrectly retained by Pocock, Haase and others as synonyms of L. punctifrons, I have revived the greater number of these species, giving their names to specimens from the localities from which the types were obtained. I note that this method is not correct without the examination of the type specimens, but I 54 Records of the Indian Museum. [| Vou, SViy think that it is preferable, when it is impossible to obtain the types for examination, to refer to old species of the same locality the specimens which appear to agree with them in the light of the des- criptions than to propose new names. Lamnonyx punctifrons (Newp.) var. heteropus, Humb. (ioe): Mecistocephalus heteropus, Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, XVIII, p. 10, pl. ii, fig. 4 (1865). Corpus ferrugineo-ochraceum dorso fusco marmorato, capite latericio. Fic. I11—Lamnonyx punctifrons v. sulcicollis: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4 mandi- bula; 5. ejusdem lamina mediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. sterni decimi furca; 8. maris corporis pars postrema supina. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior, superficie punctis parvis parum numerosis impressa. Pedes maxillares subcoxis aliquantum antice latioribus quam longioribus, dentibus typicis bene evolutis. Labrum unidentatum margine submediano convexo integro ; mandibulae margine interno ad laminam primam serrato, laminis 1919.]. F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimoy pha. 55 pectinatis 12, quaram prima 7-dentata, ceterae dentibus proxi malibus quam distales multo minoribus, medianae dentibus 25-30 instructae. Notae ceterae ut in L. punchifrons, Newp. Long. corporis ad mm. 85, lat. segmenti primi 3. Habitat.—Ceylon : Pattipola (Gravely) ; Horton Plains, 7,000 ft. (Kemp). Observatio.—Species haec a L. punctifrons (Newp.) mandibu- larum forma et a L.! cephalotes (Mein.) sternitorum furca angulum acutum formante distincta est. L. punctifrons (Newp.) var. sulcicollis (Témosvary). (Fig. III). Mecistocephalus sulcicollis, Yémésvary, Termész. Fiizet. V1, p. 162, tab. ill, fig. 3-4 (1882). Corpore luride ochraceum capite testaceo. Lamina cephalica et pedes maxillares parum latiora quam in forma typica ex Trichinopoli, mandibularum margo internus parum serratus, segmenti ultimi sternum lateribus parum minus conver- ventibus. Long. corp. ad mm. 58, lat. 2°6. Habitat.—Borneo: Irusau (coll. Silvestyt). Observatio.—Exemplum unum vidi, quod mihi aliquantum diversum ab exemplis ex Trichinopoli videtur et ut varietas con- siderandum. Lamnonyx insularis (Lucas). (Fig. IV). Geophilus insularis, Lucas, Myriapodes, in Maillard, Note sur l’ile de la Riunion, ed 2, Paris 1863, Annex N, pl. xxi, fig. 1. Loe ewes heros, Meipert, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXIII, p. 214 1886). Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Porat, Bihang Sv. Vet.-Ak. XX, Afd. IV, No.5, p.20 (1894) ; Silvestri, Ann. Mus. Genova XX XV, p. 484(1895) ; Broelemann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France VIII, p. 528 (1895) ; Saussure & Zehntner, Abh. Senckenb. nat. Ges. XXVI, p. 433 (1901); Saussure, Myr. Madagascar, p, 328, pl. xiv, fig. 14-146 (1902); Broelemann, Boll. Soc. ent. \tal. XX XV, p.118 (1903) ; Attems, ex p. Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 211 (1903); Silvestri, Mir. in ‘Jl Ruvenzort” Relag scientif. 1, p. 322 (1909) , Attems, in ‘‘ Voeltzkou’’, Rezse in Ostafrica 1903-1905, Wiss. Ergeb. III, p. 80 (1910) ; Ribaut, Myr. 1, Chrlopoda, p. 117, pl. i, fig. 9-12 et pl. ii, fig. 13-15 in ‘‘ Voyage Alluaud et Fean- nel en Afrique or. (1914)"’. ~ Lamnonyx togensis, O. F. Cook, Brandtia, p. 39 (1896) Pullus ! Mecistocephalus punctifrons v. glabridorsalis, Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XIII, p. 138 (1900). Corpus luride ochraceum vel ochraceo-testaceum, capita latericio dorso et lateribus immaculatis vel fusco plus minusve marmoratis, rare corpus totum cremeum capite fulvo-ferrugineo vel ferrugineo-latericio, antennis fulvo-ferrugineis, pedibus och- raceis vel cremeis. 56 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (12:7 vel 10: 5°8) longior quam antice latior, lateribus postice parum con- vergentibus, superficie praesentim postice grosse punctata. Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulorum longitudine et forma variabili, articulo sexto tam longo atque lato vel plerumque Fic. 1V.—Lamnonyx tnsularis: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejusdem lamina mediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris ; 7. feminae corporis pars postrema supina (figuras omnes exempli ex Africa occidentali: ins. Anno- bom), longiore (usque duplo) quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo c. duplo longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-4 setis brevibus, arti- culis ceteris setis brevibus et setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis coalitis parum (antice) latioribus quam longio- g19.] F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 57 ribus, dentibus typicis bene evolutis, ungue terminali attenuato, acuto, bene arcuato. Labrum medium tunidentatum margine cetero aliquantum con- vexo nudo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 10 praeter laminam externam obsoletam, quarum prima 6—7-dentata, mediana, 20-den- tata, maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. IV, 6. Sterna furca angulum subrectum vel parum obtusum formante et setis numerosis brevissimis instructa. Fic. V.—Lamnonyx insularis, pullus: i. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. sternum decimum; 7. corporis pars postrema supina; 8. eadem prona. Pedes primi paris quam secundi dimidio breviores (long. maxima mm. 1°20); pedes omnes hirtelli, ungue terminali robusto. Segmentum ultimum sternito trapezoideo postice ante apicem parum angustiore setis brevissimis praesertim postice pernumero- sis instructo, subcoxis poris numerosis parvis et aliis magis numero- sis perparvis instructis, pedibus parum attenuatis quam paris praecedentibus c. 1/3 longioribus brevissime setosis. Pori anales sat magni, sub appendicibus genitalibus obtectis. 58 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, Pedum paria 49; long. corp. mm. 40-90, lat. segmenti primi ad 3°6. Mas segmento ultimo pedifero, pedibus inclusis, quam idem feminae magis piloso. Pullus (fig. V) iam coloratus long. corp. mm. 13, lat. segmenti primi 0°68. Corpus ochraceum capite ferrugineo. Caput forma eidem adulti simile, pedum maxillarium dentibus omnibus evolutis ; segmentum ulitimum pediferum subcoxis poris nullis; pori anales magni. Y MEO: Wy Wy Hip Uppy) MY 77 ~. > PP o-) o~o oN “‘ Ce) TS Sted wets tet o ¥/ FEEDS 771, Vie pst vy\y ‘ Fic. Vi.—Lamnonyx insularis var. orientalis: 1. caput et segmenta pri- mum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4. mandi- bulae pars distalis ; 5. ejusdem lamina pectinata submediana ; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. furca sterni decimi; 8. pedis decimi pars distalis; 9. feminae pars postrema supina (figurae exempli ex Kavalai). Mandibulae laminis pectinatis 6, quarum prima 6-dentata, mediana to-dentata, maxillarum setis vide fig. V, 5. Habitat.— Africa tropicalis tota et insulae adiacentes. Exempla vidi ad Olokemeji (Nigeria), Aburi (Auris Costa), Segboroue (Da- homey), Victoria (Camerum), OQuifangondo (Angola), Boma (Congo), Asmara (Erythrea), Somalia et Toro (Africa orientalis); Ins. S. Thomé; Vista Alegre, Ribeira, Palma, Ins. Fernando Poo; Ins. Annobon. Exemplum typicum a Lucas descriptum ex ins. Réunion. Exempla ex India: Parambiculam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 It. 1919.] F. Supvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 59 (Gravely); Foot of the Nellampathies, Cochin State (G. Matthat): cum exemplis ex Africa notis omnibus bene congruunt. Observatio.—Species haec a L. punctifrons furca antica sternali angulum subrectum, vel parum obtusum (haud acutum) formante, poris subcoxarum segmenti ultimi pediferi minoribus bene dis- tincta est. Lamnonyx insularis (Lucas) var. orientalis, nov. (Fig. VI). Mecistocephalus punctifrons ex p. Haase, Abh. Zool. u. Anthr. Mus. Dresden 1, N. 5, p. 104 (1887); Silvestri, Ann. Mus. Genova XXXIV, p- 134 et 719 (1895). Varietas haec a forma typica differt pedibus primi paris quam idem L. insularis c. 1/4 longioribus (long. ad mm. 1°60), poris sub- WE Ve PAY if Fie. VII.—Lamnonyx insularis var. orientalis, pullus: 1. caput et seg- menta primum et secundum prona; 2 eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi paris; 6. maxillae secundi paris; 7. corporis pars postrema supina ; 8. eadem prona. coxatum segmenti ultimi pedigeri: parum majoribus (cfr. fig. VI, Pullus (cum matre ex Kavalai collectus) cremeus capite ochro- leuco, long. corp. mm. 13, segmenti primi lat. 0°70 eodem formae typicae similis (cfr. fig. VID). Habitat.—India: Kavalai (@ cum pullis 15), Cochin State (Gravely); Kobo, 400 ft. (Abor Expedition); Ootacamund, S. India 60 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, et Anamalais (Fletcher) ; Mergui; Port Blair, Andamans ; Sumatra: Si-Rambé (Modigliant). Lamnonyx cephalotes (Mein.) (Fig. VIII). Mecistocephalus ? pilosus, Wood, F. Ac. Nat. Sct. 1863, p. 43. Mecistocephalus cephalotes, Meinert, Nat. Tidsskr. VII, p. 100 (1871). Mecistocephalus? punctifrons, Attems, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburgh XXIV, p. 96 (1907). 2 Corpus testaceo-ochraceum vel plus minusve dilute ochro- leucum capite fulvo vel latericio. > NN \S 4 f iB i Fic. VIIl.—Lamnonyx cephalotes: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supira; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4. ejusdem lamina mediana; 5. sterni decimi furca. Lamnonyx cephalotes var. multispinata: 6. mandibulae pars distalis; 7. ejusdem lamina submediana. Lamina cephalica c. 3/8 longior quam latior, lateribus postice parum convergentibus. Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulo sexto c. 1/5 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo c. 3/5 longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris etiam setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis. 1919.] F. Sinvestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 61 Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat brevi superantes subcoxis coalitis parum antice latioribus quam longiori- bus, dentibus typicis bene evolutis, unguo terminali bene arcuato. Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero convexo nudo ; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 10, quarum prima 7-dentata, me- diana c. 4o-dentata, dentibus usque ad basim sistentibus et grada- tim ab apice ad basim minoribus instructa; maxillae primi et secundi paris eisdem speciei pracedenti similes. 3 Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. dimidio breviores; pedes omnes hirsutelli, ungue terminali longo, robusto, attenuato. Segmentum ultimum sternito trapezoidali, postice parum an- gustiore, brevissime persetoso, subcoxis poris sat numerosis et sat parvis, pedibus quam paris precedentis duplo vel parum magis quam duplo longioribus, postice parum attenuatis, hirtellis. Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 60, lat. segmenti primi 2°6. Habitat.—Exemplum descriptum in monte Tengger, Java (Friihstorfer) collectum fuit. Exempla minora ex eodem loco corpore ochroleuco. Exempla alia vidi ad Gedé, Java (Friihstorfer) collecta et ad Kalimpong, Darjiling, E. Himalaya, 600-4,500 ft. (Ff. 4. Gravely); ad Darjiling, 6,000-7,000 ft. (Id.); ad Singla, Darjiling, 1,500 ft. (Lord Carmichael); ad Hanoi (V. Demange); ad Tan-Moi, Tonkin (Frihstorfer). Observatio.—Species haec a L. punctifrons et a L. insularts furca sternorum anticorum angulum obtusum formante bene distincta est. Lamnonyx cephalotes (Mein.) var. subinsularis, nov. Varietas haec a forma typica mandibularum laminis pectinatis dentibus proximalibus quam distales parum minoribus differt. Habitat.—Ceylan: Madatugama (Madarasz); Sumatra: M. Singalan (Beccari); Mergui (Mus. Calcutta); Tonkin: Hanoi (Demange). Lamnonyx cephalotes (Mein.) var. multispinata, nov. Varietas haec a forma typica mandibularum (fig. VIII, 6, 7) laminarum partis proximalis superficie spinis minimis numerosis instructa distinguenda. Corpus ochroleucum vel ochraceum capite latericio. Long. corp. ad mm. 52, lat. segmenti primi 2-4. Habitat.—India: Rotung, 1,400 ft. et Upper Rotung, Abor Exped. (Kemp). Lamnonyx maxillaris (Gerv.). (Fig. IX). Geophilus maxillaris, Gervais, Ann. Sct. nat. (2) VII, p. 52 (1837) ; Lihss Atlas de zoologie pl. 55, fig. 4 (1844); Id., Ins. apt. 1V, p. 309, pl. 39, fig. 5 (1847). 62 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, Mecistocephalus guildingit, Newport, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIX, p. 429 (1845) ; Meinert, Nat. Tidsskr. (3) VII, p. 97 (1871). Mecistocephalus gullivert, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) XVII, p. 446 (1876) ; Id., Phil. Trans. CLXVIII, p. 500 (1879). Mecistocephalus punctifrons ex p. Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden |, N. 5, p. 104 (1887); ex p. Pocock, Ann. Mus. Genova XXX, p. 423 (1891) ; Latzel, Fahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. X\I, p.5 (1895); Broelemann, Bull. Soc. ent. France 1897, p. 136. Lamnonyx leonensis, O. ¥. Cook, Brandtia, p. 39 (1896). Mecistocephalus parvus, Chamberlin, Psyche X XI, p. 85 (1914). @ Corpus plus minusve dilute ochraceum capite latericio vel rufo-ferrugineo, antennis rufo-ferrugineis, pedibus corpori conco- loribus. Fig. [X.—Lamnonyx maxillaris: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejus- dem lamina submediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. sternum deci- mum; 8, feminae corporis pars postrema supina (fig. 1-8 exempli ex Kierpur) ; g. feminae corporis pars postrema supina (exempli ex Hawaii) ; 10. eadem pulli et 11. eadem juvenis (exemplorum ex Hawaii); 12, maris pars postrema supina ; 13. caput et segmenta primum et secundum; 14. eadem supina (figurae 12-14 exempli ex Andaman). ; Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior (63 : 34), lateribus postice parum convergentibus. Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo fere duplo longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris etiam setis brevioribus gradatim parum magis numerosis instructis. 1g19.| F. SiLvESTRI: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 63 Pedes niaxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio brevi super- antes, subcoxis coalitis parum latioribus quam longioribus, margine antico dentibus duobus sat parvis, articulo secundo dentibus duo- bus brevibus, articulo tertio et quarto dente perparvo, ungue terminali longo, attenuato, sat arcuato. Labrum medium incisum unidentatum utrimque integro, convexo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 5-6, quarum prima dentibus 6, quarta dentibus 9 subae- qualibus et dente parvo basali instructa, nec non appendici externa longa, plus minusve manifeste bifida, et appendici brevi apice varie partite compositae; maxillae primi.et secundi paris vide fig. IX, 6. Sterna furca ramis brevibus angulum obtusum formante et setis brevibus, praesertim postice, et setis brevioribus sat nume- rosis instructa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum magis quam dimidium minores; pedes omnes hirsutelli, ungue terminali atte- nuato, sat longo. Segmentum ulitimum sternito subtrapezoideo postice parum constricto setis pluribus brevissimis instructo, subcoxis poris parvis et aliis perparvis sat numerosis (subtus c. 20) instructis, pedibus gradatim parum attenuatis, quam paris praecedentis c. 1/3 longiori- bus, hirtellis. Pedum paria 49. Porianalessat magni. Long. corp. ad mm. 38, lat. segmenti primi 1°05. Mas feminae similis. Habitat.—Species haec in regionibus tropicalibus orbis terra- rum sparsa est et etiam in Ins. Canarie et in Parisiorum et Ham- burg calidariis. Exempla vidi ex India: Kierpur, Purnea distr. (femina long. mm. 28 cum pullis 18); Sadiya, N.E. Assam (Kemp) ; Samagooting, Assam; Puri, Orissa (Kemp); Mahé; Tri- chinopoli (Newton). Nuova Guinea: Simbang et Sattelberg (5770). Ins. Philippine: Manila. Samoa: Pago Pago (Sulvesirt). Hawaii: Hilo (Silvestrt). S. America: Cuba, Cuyaba, Brazil (Szlvestrz). Africa: S. Paolo de Loanda, Angola et Lagos, Nigeria (Szlves- tvt); S. Nikola, Ins. Capo Verde (fea). Aberratio.—Exemplum vidi ad Andaman collectum lamina cephalica (fig. IX, 13) magis quam duplo longiore quam latiore ; idem ut exemplum aberrans ‘‘ dolichocephalum ’’ considero. Lamnonyx superior, sp. n. (Fig. X). ? Corpus supra testaceum fusco dense marmoratum, subtus ochraceo-testaceum fuseo parum marmoratum, capite latericio, antennis pallide latericiis pedibus testaceis, segmento ultimo pedi- gero testaceo. Lamina cephalica c. 4/9 longior quam latior grosse et sparse punctata (postice praesertim). Antennae gradatim attenuatae, 64 Records of the Indian Museum, [WOn., Svar, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulis 1-4 setis brevibus, a quinto setis etiam brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat longo superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus, dentibus typicis brevibus, ungue terminali bene arcuato. medium obtuse unidentatum, margine cetero per partem sub- medianam breviter setoso et angulo interno acute producto; man- dibulae laminis pectinatis 14, quarum prima I1-dentata, mediana 55-dentata, dentibus basim attingentibus et ab apice gradatim Tabrum Ay Ry ANY) AINA (rn) SS se Fic. X.—Lamnonyx superior: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. ejusdem pars mediana et submediana magis ampliatae ; 5. mandibulae pars distalis; 6. ejusdem lamina pectinata sub- mediana magis ampliata; 7. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 8. sterni decimi furca; g. feminae corporis pars postrema supina. minoribus, mandibulae margine interno irregulariter et parum profunde serrato, margine externo ad laminam I4 ™@am appendici- bus duobus dentatis acuto; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. X, 7. Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante instructa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. dimidio breviores; pedes ambulatorii setis numerosis brevioribus et nonnullis brevibus in- structi, ungue terminali sat longo, robusto, attenuato. Segmentum ultimum sterno trapezoideo, postice praesertim brevissime persetoso, ante apicem paullum angustiore, subcoxis 1919.) F. Stnvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 65 bene inflatis poris parvis et poris perparvis numerosis instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes magis quam duplo longioribus, tenui- bus et attenuatis, hirtellis. Pedum paria 49; long. ad mm. rro, lat. segmenti primi ad ~ Habitat.—Nechal, W. Ghats, c. 2,000 ft.; Taloshi, Koyna Valley, c. 2,000 ft., E. side of Koyna Valley et Helvak, Koyna Valley, c. 2,000 ft., Satara dist. (F. H. Gravely); Palgad, Ratna- giri dist. ULE tip anit Fie. XIl.—Lamnonyx superior subsp. pallida: 1. pedes maxillares et segmen- tum primum pediferum supina; 2. labrum; 3. ejusdem pars mediana et submedi- ana magis ampliatae; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejusdem lamina pectinata submediana; 6. maxillae primi paris; 7. maxillae secundi paris; 8. palpi apex ; g. sternum decimum ; 10, feminae corporis pars postrema supina; 11. maris cor- poris pars postrema supina. Lamnony«x superior, Silv. subsp. pallida, nov. (Fig, XI). Corpus pallide flavum vel ochroleucum capite latericio an- tennis fulvis, pedibus corpore concoloribus. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior, punctis grossis praesertim in fovea mediana postice im- pressa. 66 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor: Vi, Antennae attenuatae, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis. Pedes maxillares marginem frontalem spatio sat magno supetr- antes, subcoxis coalitis subaeque antice latis quam longis, dentibus typicis robustioribus. Labrum medium obtuse unidentatum, margine cetero per partem submedianam setis brevibus instructo et angulo interno acute bene producto; mandibulae laminis pec- tinatis 9, quarum prima 16-dentata, ceterae dentibus ab apice ad basim gradatim minoribus, mediana dentibus c. 37 imnstructa; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XI, 6-7. Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. dimidio breviores, pedes ambulatorii hirtelli, ungue terminali elongato, attenuato, acuto. Segmentum ultimum pediferum sterno trapezoideo parum ante apicem angustiore, postice breviter persetoso, subcoxis poris parvis et praesertim perparvis numerosis nec non setis brevibus et brevioribus, numerosis brevioribus praesertim per marginem in- structis ; pedibus quam praecedentes c. duplo longioribus, aliquan- tum attenuatis. Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 45, lat. segmenti primi 170s Habitat.—Parambiculam, 1,700-3,200 ft., Cochin State (Ff. H. Gravely); Base of hills, Chakardharpur, Singbhoom dist., Chota Nagpur (Ff. H. Gravely); Kalka, Simla; Purulia, Manbhum dist., Chota Nagpur (Gravely); Dinapore, Bihar; Medha, Yenna Valley, Satara dist., 2,500-3,500 ft. (Gravely); Bababudin Hills, Mysore (Fletcher); Khondmal Hills, Angul dist., interior of Orissa, c. 1,500 fit. (fie Davior): Observatio.—Subspecies haec a forma typica magnitudine, colore et mandibularum lamina pectinata prima longiore et magis dentata et segmenti ultimi pediferi sterno ante apicem angustiore bene distincta est. Lamnonyx rubriceps, Wood. (Fig. XII). Mecistocephalus rubriceps, Wood, F. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1863, p. 42. Geophilus tenuiculus, C. Koch, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XXVII, p- 794 (1878). Mecistocephalus tenuiculus, Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden 1, N. 5, p. 103 (1887). Corpus ochroleucum medio dorse parum infuscato, capite fulvo-ferrugineo vel latericio. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longiore quam latiore, superficie sparse et grosse punctata praesertim postice. Antennae attenuatae articulis 1-6 setis brevibus nonnullis, articulis ceteris setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis in- structis, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam latiore, articulo ultimo duplo longiore quam latiore. ; 1919.) F. Sinvestri«: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 67 Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero integro, nudo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 9, quarum prima 6-dentata, me- diana 23-dentata dentibus ab apice ad basim gradatim parum minoribus ; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XII, 5. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat longo super- antes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus margine antico parum sinuato dentibus submedianis destituto, articulis ceteris dentibus typicis sat parvis, ungue terminali longo, bene arcuato dente basali infero parvo, supero sat magno coniico. Sterna antica sulco longitudinali postico exarata, furcae bra- chiis brevissimis, subnullis. a Fic. XIl.—Lamnonyx rubriceps: 1. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum supina; 2. labrum; 3. mandibulae pars distalis, 4. ejusdem lamina submediana; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. sternum decimum ; 7. femi- nae corporis pars postrema supina. Pedes primi paris quam secundi aliquantum minus quam dimidium breviores ungue terminali sat longo; pedes ceteri hir- telli ungue terminali sat longo, robusto. Segmentum ultimum pedigerum sternito trapezoidali ante apicem parum angustiore parte postica setis brevissimis vestita, subcoxis per superficiem internam parum latam brevissime setosis, cetero poris sat magnis et poris parvis numerosis undique instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. duplo longioribus, hirtellis. Mas corporis parte postrema quam eadem feminae magis setosa. -Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 50, lat. segmenti primi Qk 68 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voyr. XVI, Habitat.—Japan. Ins. Bonin (Univ. Tokio). Variatio.—Exempla numerosa ad Kosempo (ins. Formosa) a Cl. H. Sauter collecta vidi, quae notis omnibus cum exemplis ex Ins. Bonin congruunt corporis colore excepto, qui melleus vel luride melleus est per dorsum fusco variegatus et per caput tes- taceo-latericius vel latericius. Long. corp. ad mm. 60. Observatio.—Species haec a L. sectionis L. insularts, Tucas sternis tantum sulco postico mediano impressis facile distinguenda est. Fic. XIII].—Lamnonyx modestus: 1, caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedis maxillaris articali 2-5; 7. sternum deci- mum; 8. feminae corporis pars postica supina: 9. maris corporis pars postica supina; 10, eadem prona; II. et 12. juvenium corporis pars postica supina. Lamnonyx modestus, sp. n. (Fig. XIIT). Corpus melleum capite fulvo-testaceo. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (80: 45) longior quam latior, superficie sparse et grosse punctata. Antennae ali- quantum attenuatae, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, a septimo grada- 19t9.] F. Sinvestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimoy pha. 69 tim setis parum magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem parum superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus margine antico sinuato, dentibus submedianis parvis, articulis ceteris dentibus typicis sat parvis, ungue terminali sat arcuato, sat attenuato, acuto, haud longo. Labrum medium unidentattfm, margine cetero integro; man- dibulae laminis pectinatis 5-6, lamina mediana 7-dentata, dentibus subaequalibus ; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XIII, 5. Sterna antica sulco mediano postico antice haud bifurcato exarata. Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium breviores, pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali robusto, brevi. Segmentum ultimum pediferum sternito trapezoideo postice parte mediana valde angustiore, dimidia parte postica setis bre- vioribus numerosis vestita, subcoxis facie interna postica spatio sat angusto setis numerosis brevioribus vestita, poris inferis et lateralibus c. 15 instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. 2/7 longi- oribus, parum attenuatis hirtellis. Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 20, lat. segmenti primi I. Habitat.—Sattelberg, Nova Guinea, exempla nonnulla Cl. L. Biro in arboribus putrescentibus et sub foliis legit. Observatto.—Species haec ad L. rubescens, Wood proxima est, sed statura minore, sterniti ultimi forma et poris subcoxalibus segmenti ultimi pedigeri minus numerosis facile distinguenda est. Lamnonyx gigas (Haase). (Fig. XIV). Mecistocephalus gigas, Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden 1, N. 5, p. 105, taf. vi, fig. iii. Corpus melleum supra fusco variegatum capite testaceo-late- ricio ; superficie dorsuali brevissime setosa. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (8: 4'5) longior quam latior sparse et sat grosse punctata. Pedes maxillares flexi, marginem frontalem spatio longo superantes subcoxis parum antice (c. 1/8) latioribus quam longioribus, margine mediano anguste sinuato dentibus duobus parvis limitato, dentibus ceteris typicis sat parvis, ungue terminali bene arcuato attenuato acuto, tuber- culo basali parvo. Labrum medium unidentatum, parte sub- mediana aliquantum producta margine toto usque ad latera bre- vissime setoso. Mandibulae lamina prima pectinata parva 4- dentata, laminis aliis 26 apice dentibus 10-15 armato cetero mar- gine setis brevissimis instructo. Maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XIV, 6. Sterna antica furca angulum sat acutum formante instructa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/3 (vel parum magis) bre- viores. Pedes ceteri hirtelli. Segmentum praegenitale lamina ventrali trapezoidea ante apicem paullum angustiore, brevissime setosa, subcoxis multo in- 70 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor.. XVI, flatis poris parvis et perparvis obsessis, pedibus quam praece- dentes duplo longioribus, attenuatis, breviter setosis, poris anali- bus sat magnis. Pedum paria 51; long. corp. ad mm. 87, lat. segmenti primi 3°8. Habitat.—Feminas duas vidi a Cl. J. Steel ad Fife Bay, Nova Guinea Britannica, collectas. ; Vera an : Ay t 1) ji: ‘i SLL ses i 5 i Fic. XIV.—Lamnonyx gigas: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejusdem lamina submediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. sterni decimi furca ; 8. feminae corporis pars postica supina. Lamnonyx subgigas, sp. n. (Fig. XV). Corpus luride testaceum dorso infuscato, capite testaceo-late- ricio. coe Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior (3: 4°5), superficie sparsissime et grosse punctata, postice magis punctata. Antennae attenuatae articulis r 6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longio- ribus, margine antico medio anguste sinuato, dentibus submedianis sat parvis, dentibus typicis articulorum ceterorum bene evolutis, ungue terminali attenuato, acuto, bene arcuato. 1919.] F. Srivestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 7 Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero setis breviori- bus toto vestito; mandibulae laminis 15-20, quarum prima 6— 7-dentata, ceterae parte apicali tantum dentata, parte proximali tota setis marginalibus minimis vestita; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XV, 5. Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante impressa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium breviores, pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali elongato, at- tenuato. Fic. XV.-—Lamnonyx subgigas: 1. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum supina; 2. labrum; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4. ejusdem laminae submedianae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. sterni decimi furca; 7. feminae corporis pars postica supina. Segmentum praegenitale sternito longo, trapezoideo, ante apicem parum angustiore, parte postica magis setosa, subcoxis poro subpostico ventrali magno, nec non poris numerosis parvis et perparvis undique instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes duplo vel parum magis quam duplo longioribus, setis brevioribus vestitis. Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 60, lat. segmenti primi 2°5. Pullus (fig. XVI) long. corp. 17, lat. segmenti primi o'9o. Corpus luride melleum capite subtestaceo. Mandibulae lami- nis pectinatis 13, eisdem adulti similibus sed dentibus apicalibus 72 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, minus numerosis; pedum maxillarium unguis quam idem adulti aliquantum magis arcuatus. Segmenti praegenitalis subcoxae poris nullis vel poro uno magno instructae. Pori anales magni. Habitat.— Nova Guinea: Simbang, Sattelberg. Observatio.— Species haec ad L. gigas (Haase) perproxima est, sed segmentorum numero, statura, poro magno subcoxarum posti- catum, saltem ut species vel subspecies distinguenda est. Vp Ree ESN Fig. XVI.—Lamnonyx subgigas, pullus: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum suptna; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5, maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedum maxillarium unguis terminalis; 7. sternum decimum cum pedum pars proximalis ; 8. corporis pars postica supina: 9g. exempli alii corporis pars postica supina. Lamnonyx uncifer, sp. n. (Fig. XVII). Corpus melleum dorso multo infuscato, capite fulvo-ferru- gineo. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (100: 57) longior quam latior, superficie punctis paucis impressa; lamina basalis puncto magno mediano antico impressa. Labrum, mandibulae et maxillae eisdem speciei praecedentis similia sunt. Pedes maxillares subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus, margine antico medio anguste sed sat profunde sinuato dentibus submedianis magnis acutis, articulo secundo dentibus duobus magnis acutis uncinatis, articulo tertio dente un- 1919.] F. Stnvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 73 cinato parvo, articulo quarto dente uncinato sat magno armato, ungue terminali longo, attenuato, multo arcuato, acuto. Pedes primi paris quam secundi paru:n minus dimidium bre- viores; pedes ceteri hirtelli, ungue terminali longo, robusto. Sterna antica furca angulum subrectum vel parum obtusum formante impressa. Segmentum praegenitale sternito longo, trapezoideo, postice vix angustiore, fere dimidia parte postica setis brevissimis vestita ; subcoxis bene inflatis et poris numerosis magnis et parvis undique instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes parum magis quam duplo longioribus, parum attenuatis et breviter setosis. Fic. XVII.—Lamnonyx uncifer: 1. caput et segmentum primum pedi- ferum supina; 2. feminae pars postica supina; 3. pulli caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 4. eadem supina; 5. pulli labrum; 6. pulli mandibulae pars distalis; 7. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 8. pedem maxillarium unguis termi- nalis; 9. corporis pars postica supina. Pedum paria 49; long. corp. mm. 65, lat. segmenti primi 2°6. Pullus (fig. XVII, 3-9) long. corp. mm. 18, lat. segmenti primi 078. Ab adulto differt mandibulis laminis pectinatis 13 instructis, pedibus maxillaribus ungue terminali magis arcuato, vix crenulato et articulis tertio et quarto dentibus destitutis, seg- menti ultimi pediferi subcoxis poris destitutis, poris analibus per- magnis. Habitat.—Nova Guinea: Moroka (m. 1,300) ; feminam cum pullis vidi a Cl. L. Loria collectam. Observatio.—Species haec a L. subgigas pedibus maxillaribus ungue magis arcuato, dentibus articulorum 2-4 uncinatis bene distincta est. 74 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Lamnonyx tahitiensis, Haase. (Fig. XVIII). Mecistocephalus tahitiensis, Wood, F. Ac. Nat. Sct. Philad. (2); p- 43 (1863); Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden I, N. 5, p. 101, taf. vi, fig. 108 (1887). Lamnonyx tahitiensis, Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 212 (1903). Corpus luride testaceum dorso fusco parum variegato, capite badio vel corpus ochraceum capite latericio. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (75: 43) longior quam latior, sparse et grosse punctata praesertim postice. An- tennae attenuatae articulis I-7 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris Fic. XVII]—Lamnonyx tahitiensis: 1. caput et segmenta primum et se- cundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. palpi maxillares articuli 2-5; 7. sternum deci- mum ; 8. feminae pars postica supina; 9. eadem lateraliter inspecta; 10. juvenis pars postica supina; 11. pulli pedis maxillaris articuli 2-5; 12. pulli pars postica supina. etiam setis brevioribus numerosis instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio parvo superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus, margine antico medio sinuato, dentibus submedianis acutis parvis, articulis ceteris dentibus typicis bene evolutis, ungue terminali attenuato, sat arcuato, acuto. Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero simplici, nudo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 7, quarum prima 5-dentata, me- diana 10—12-dentata dentibus parum diversis, externa 3-—4-den- tata: maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XVIII, 5. Sterna antica sulco longitudinali mediano postico, antice haud vel vix bifurcato, instructa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi fere 1919.) F. Stnvestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 75 dimidio breviores; pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali brevi, robusto. Segmentum praegenitale trapezoideo, postice aliquantum an- gustato et dimidia superficie postica setis numerosis brevibus ves- tita, subcoxis poris inferis et lateralibus 15-20 parvis et sat parvis, facie interna per spatium latiusculum setis brevioribus vestita, pedibus parum attenuatis quam praecedentes parum minus quam duplo longioribus. Mas postice quai femina parum magis setosus. Pedum paria 47; long. corp. ad mm. 30 (secundum Haase ad 50), lat. segmenti primi 1°15. Pullus (fig. XVIII, 11-12) long. mm. 7, lat. segmenti primi 0°55. Corpus pallide testaceum capite sublatericio, pedum max- illarium articulus tertius et quartus dentibus nullis; segmenti praegenitalis subcoxae poris nullis; pori anales sat magni. Hatbitat.—Exempla nonnulla vidi ad Sattelberg, Nova Guinea, a L,. Biro collecta (Mus. Budapest) et alia a me ipso ad Loftus, N. S. Wales, Australia. Observatio.—Species haec a L. castaineceps, Haase saltem sta- tura, pororum numero subcoxarum segmenti ultimi pedigeri dis- tincta est; a L. modestus segmentorum numero, ungue pedum maxillarium longiore, sterniti segmenti ultimi pedigeri minus an- gustata bene distincta est. Lamnonyx spissus, Wood. (Fig. XIX). Mecistocephalus spissus, Wood, F. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2) V, p. 43 (1863); Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden I, N. 5: p. 101 (1887); Silvestri, Fauna Hawatensis III, p. 326, pl. xi, fig. 5-7 (1904). Corpus melleum vel umbrinum dorso acAio praesertim plus minusve fusco variegato, capite fulvo-ferrugineo vel testaceo. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (76: 42) longior quam latior, superficie punctis numerosis impressa. Antennae attenuatae articulis 1-6 setis brevibus et brevioribus, articulis ceteris setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero simplici nudo ; man- dibulae laminis pectinatis 8, quarum prima 7 dentata, submediana 14-dentata dentibus ab apice ad basim parum minoribus; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XIX, 5. - Pedes maxillares subcoxis parum, antice, latioribus quam longioribus margine antico medio parum profunde sinuato, denti- bus submedianis parvis, articulo secundo dentibus duobus sub- aequalibus sat magnis, articulis tertio et quarto dente singulo parvo, ungue terminali longo, sat arcuato, acuto, tuberculo basali sat distincto. Sterna sulco mediano, aliquantum longe a margine antico incipiente, exarato. Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium breviores ; pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali longo, acuto, parum arcuato. 76 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Segmentum praegenitale sternito brevi latiusculo trapezoideo postice brevissime setoso, subcoxis poris parum numerosis sat magnis et parvis subtus et externe instructis, pedibus quam prae- cedentes c. 1/4 longioribus, hirtellis. Mas feminae similis. Pedum paria 45; long. corp. ad mm. 56, lat segmenti primi 2°5 Pullus long. corp. mm, 16, lat. segmenti primi o°84. Corpus cremeum postice stramineum capite ferrugineo. Pedes maxillares (fig. XIX, 9) articulo secundo tantum dente apicali instructo, ungue terminali vix crenulato. \ Ss fan — SY Fic. XIX.—Lamnonyx spissus: 1. caput et segmentum primum et secun- dum prona; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum supina; 3. labrum ; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedis maxillaris articuli 2-5; 7. feminae pars postica supina; 8. maris pars postica supina; g. pulli pedis maxillaris articuli 2-5; 10. pulli corporis pars postica supina. Segmentum praegenitale (fig. XIX, 10) subcoxis poris nullis. Pori anales sat magni. Habitat.—Is. Hawaii: Kilauea ( ? achala, Maui, 5,000 ft. @ et pullum legi); Hale- I Lamnonyx diversidens, sp. n. (Fig. XX). Mecistocephalus spissus, Pocock, Ann. Mus. Genova XXX, p. 424 (1891) ; Silvestri, An. Mus. Genova XXXIV, p. 15 (1894); Attems, Mtt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg XX\V, p. 95, fig. vili-ix (1907). Corpus melleum vel isabellinum dorso fusco variegato, capite fulvo-ferrugineo vel testaceo. 1919g.|_ F. Sirvesrri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 7 Lamina cephalica c. 2/7 longior quam latior, superficie medi- ana praesertim sparse et grosse punctata, Antennae attenuatae, setis ab articulo sexto gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus. Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero integro, nudo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 8-10, quarum prima 6-dentata, mediana dentibus 16 ab apice ad basim gradatim parum minoribus; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XX, 5. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis patum antice latioribus quam longioribus, articulo secundo tantum dente mazno (rare dente parvo) apicali armato, articulo tertio dente nullo vel subnullo, articulo quarto VW Viy Diiihiyp “hare YT?) YU Fic. XX.—Lamnonyx diversidens: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. pedes maxillares et segimentum primum pediferum supina ; 3. lab- rum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedis maxillaris articuli 2-5; 7. sternum decimum; 8. feminae pars postica supina; 9. Maris pars postica supina. dente parvo tubercoliformi, ungue terminali bene arcuato acuto, basi inermi. Sterna sulco longo mediano parum longe a margine antico incipiente impressa. Pedes paris primi quam secundi fere 1/3 bre- viores, pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali robusto. Segmentum praegenitale sternito longo lateribus aliquantum convergentibus, ante apicem paullum angustato, parte postica setis numerosis instructa, subcoxis poris numerosis sat magnis et non- nulis parvis undique instructis et per superficiem internam posticam setis numerosis brevissimis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. 1/3 longioribus, attenuatis, breviter setosis. Mas feminae similis. 78 Records of the Indian Museum. PVOD.7 eva ; Pedum paria 45; long. corp. ad mm. 55, lat. segmenti primi 2°06. Habttat.—India: Bagarkote, 8,000 ft, Kumaon, W. Him- ~ alayas (Tytler); Darjiling distr. , 7,000-8 ooo ft., E. Himalayas (Lord Carmichael); Painsur, above Lohba, 3,000 ft., Garhwal W. Him- alayas (Tyiler); Birch Hill, Darjiling, 6,000-7,000 ft. (Lord Carmi- chael); Senchal, Darjiling distr., 8,000 ft. (Lord Carmichael) ; Dat- jiling, 7,000 ft , E. Himalayas (Gravely) - by side of stream at Nagabevar, 10,000-10 500 ft., Kashmir (H. L. Bion); Dungagali, 8,000 ft., Hazara distr. (Fletcher) ; Assam-Bhutan Frontier, Mang- aldai distr. (S. W. Kemp); Simla, W. Himalayas, 7000. ft. GMs Annandale); Theog, Simla hills, 5,000 ft. (N. Annandale); Kat- mandu, Nepal; Kobo, 400 ft., Abor Expedition, in rotten wood (Kemp); Rotung, 1,400 ft., Abor Expedition (M. de Courcy) ; Renging, 2,100 ft., Abor Expedition. Observatio.._Species haec a L. spissus, \Vood pedum maxil- larium articulo secundo dente uno (nec duobus) apicali plerumque magno armato, segmenti ultimi pediferi sternito longiore, nec non capite parum breviore et latiore facile distinguenda est. Lamnonyx mirandus (Poc.) (Fig. XXI). Mecistocephalus mirandus, Pocock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XV, p. 352 (1895). Corpus ochraceum capite testaceo-latericio. Lamina cephalica duplo longior quam latior, superficie punctis sparsissimis perpaucis et perparvis, postice sulcis duobus sub- medianis brevissimis punctatis impressa. Antennae attenuatae ab articulo quinto setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus instructae. Labrum cata dentatum margine cetero ad dentem mediaino acute aliquantum producto et toto setis brevissimis sat numerosis instructo, mandibulae laminis pectinatis 15, quarum prima per- parva 5-dentata, ceterae dentibus proximalibus perparvis, mediana dentibus c. 35; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. X XI, 5. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis sublaevigatis parum antice latioribus quam longio1ibus, margine antico medio parum sinuato, dentibus sub- medianis parvis, articulo secundo dentibus duobus sat magnis instructo, articulis tertio et quarto dente perparvo tuberculiformi, ungue terminali attenuato, sat arcuato acuto ad basim inermt. Sterna antica sulco mediano postico profundo impressa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/3 breviores, pedes omnes hittelli ungue terminali robusto. Segmentum praegenitale sterno trapezoideo parum pone med- ium aliquantum angustiore setis numerosis brevissimis instructum, subcoxis bene inflatis undique poris crebris sat parvis instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. duplo longioribus, crassiusculis setis brevissimis vestitis. 1919.) F. Sirvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 79 Pedum paria 65; long. corp. ad mm. 82 (secund. Pocock ad gg), lat. segmenti primi 3. Habitat.—Mares duos vidi alterum ad Kankan, Formosa, alterum ad Shushu, a Cl. H. Sauter collectos. Exempla a Cl. Pocock descripta ad Great Loo-Choo col- lecta erant. Fic. XXI.—Lamnonyx mirandus: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. pedes maxillares supini: 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. maris corporis pars postica supina; 7. eadem prona. Lamnonyx smithi (Poc.) (Fig. XXII). Mecistocephalus smith, Pocock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XV, p. 351 (1895). Corpus ochroleucum capite testaceo-latericio. Lamina cephalica c. 1/10 longior quam latior, superficie grosse et sparse punctata postice sulcis submedianis brevioribus punctatis impressa. Antennae attenuatae ab articulo sexto setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus instructae Labrum medium unidentatum, margine cetero subrecto, nudo ad dentem medianum acute producto; mandibulae praeter lami- nam obsoletam externam laminis 6, quarum prima 5-dentata, 80 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor,.“SoVal. mediana rI1-dentata dentibus proximalibus parum minoribus; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XXII, 5. ; Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio magno superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus, superficie sparse et grosse punctata, margine antico medio anguste sinuato, dentibus submedianis acutis sat parvis, articulo secundo dentibus duobus obtusis sat magnis armato, articulis tertio et quarto dente parvo tuberculiformi instructis, ungue terminali bene arcuato, attenuato, acuto, basi vix inflata. NA pal NES 1eaveN Vivian Fic. XXI1.—Lamnonyx smithi: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediterum supina; 3. labrum ; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedis paris decimi pars distalis ; 7. feminae pars postica supina; 8. eadem prona. Sterna antica sulco prefundo postico mediano impressa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi ¢c. 1/3 breviores, pedes omnes ungue terminali longo, attenuato, acuto. Scgmenium praegenitale sterno longo, parum lato, trapezoideo, subcoxis poris sat numerosis parvis et perparvis, lateraliter et supra antice instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. duplo longi- oribus sat gracilibus, attenuatis, setis brevioribus numerosis in- structis. 1919.| FF. SirvEstri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 81 Pedum paria 59; long. corp. ad mm. 32 (secund. Pocock ad mm. 80) Jat. segmenti primi I-4o. Habitat.—Formosa: Kosempo (H. Sauter); exempla typica ex China ad Da-laen-Saen et Wo-Lee Lake, Ningpo. Lamnonyx diversisternus, sp. n. (His SOcitn): @ Corpus melleum capite latericio. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longiore quam latiore, superficie sparse et grosse punctata postice sulcis duobus submedianis punctatis impressa Antennae attenuatae, ab articulo sexto setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio magno su- perantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus super- ficie punctis parvis sparsis impressa, margine antico medio anguste sinuatum, dentibus submedianis parvis, articulo secundo dentibus duobus sat magnis armato, articulis tertio et quarto dente per- parvo tuberculiformi instructis, ungue terminali attenuato, sat arcuato, acuto tuberculo parvo basali acuto. Sterna antica sulco profundo postico impressa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/3 breviores, pedes omnes hirtelli ungue terminali longo attenuato. Segmentum praegenitale trapezoideo valde angustato, sub- coxis bene inflatis, interne postice spatio sat lato breviter setoso, cetera superficie poris sat parvis numerosis sed haud crebris subtus et lateraliter instructa, pedibus quam praecedentes duplo longiores, attenuatis, setis brevibus numerosis instructis. Pedum paria 57; long. corp. ad mm. 34, lat. segm. primi 130) Habitat —Japonia: Kamatura (coll. Silvestyt). Observatio —Species haec a L. smithi segmentorum numero et segmenti ultimi pedigeri sterniti forma praesertim bene distincta est: Gen. Dicellophilus, O. F. Cook. (Fig. XXIV). Clinopodes ex p. C. Koch, Syst. Myr. p. 184 (1847). Mecistocephalus ex p. Memert, Nat. Tidssky. VII, p. 92 (1870). ia Die Myr. Ost.-Ung. Mon. I, p. 160. Dicellophilus, O. F. Cook, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVII, Beorlet: 74 (1895). Mecistocephalus, Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 208 (1903). a Verhoeff, Bronn’s Klass. Philop. p. 272 (1908). Chamberlin, Pomona F. Ent. lV, p. 053 (1912). 2 Tygarrup, Chamberlin, Bull. Mus. Zool. Cambridge, Mass. LVIII, joo ZIG). Corpus postice attenuatum. Lamina cephalica aliquantum longior quam latior, sutura 8&2 Records of the Indian Museum. [Wor Sova; frontali discreta, genarum angulo antico interno ad labrum in processum acutum producto, superficie infera antica sublateral externa spina destituto. Labrum tripartitum parte mediana angustiore, acuta; mandi- Fic. XXII1.—Lamnonyx diversisternus: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. pedis decimi pars distalis; 4. corporis pars postica supina; 5. eadem prona. bulae laminis pectinatis nonnullis, superficie externa laterali pilosa ; mayillae primi et secundi paris ut in gen. Lamnonyx, palpi ungue terminali breviore. Lamina basalis subtrapezoidea ad basim longior quam latior. 1919.]_ F. SiILvEsTRI: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 83 Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem superantes vel fere superantes. Tergita longitudinaliter bisulcata, praetergita magna. Sterna antica sulco mediano abbreviato instructa, praesterna media divisa et in segmentis anticis 2-15 spatio sat lato disjuncta ; praescutellum (paratergitum) quam scutellum spiraculiferum multo majus. Segmentum ultimum pedigerum sterno bene evoluto, subcoxis poris numerosis instructis, pedibus (subcoxis exclusis) 6-articulatis, inermibus. Pori anales duo. Habitat.—Europa et America septentrionalis. Species typica: Mecistocephalus lin:atus, Wood. Observatio.—Genus hoc a gen. Lamnonyx. O. F. Cook lamina cephalica spina sublaterali infera antica destituta et lamina basali aliquantum latiore facile distin zuendum est. Generi huic species pertinent: Mecistocephalus limatus, Wood, Nord West America; M. anomalus, Chamberlin, Nord West America ; Clinopodes carniolensts, C. Koch, Europa; forsan Tygar- rvup intermedius, Chamberlin, British Guiana. Dicellophilus anomalus (Chamb.) (Bic DeXEy’).. Mecistocephalus anomalus, Chamberlin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1904, p- 655; /d., Pomona Fourn. Ent. 1V, p. 653 (1912). Corpus ochroleucum capite latericio-ferrugineo. Lamina cephalica c. 1/3 longior quam latior, lateribus postice aliquantum convergentibus, superficie punctis sparsis postice secun- dum lineis submedianis subseriatis impressa. Antennae longius- culae, attenuatae, articulo sexto duplo longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo 5/8 longiore quam latiore articulis 72 ad ul- timum setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Labrum medium unidentatum, margine cetero breviter ciliato paullum sinuato; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 5, quarum prima 5-dentata, mediana 14-dentata, dentibus subaequalibus, margine interno ad laminam primam acute producto, margine externo ad laminam quintam processibus setiformibus 3-4 apice integro vel bifurcato aucto, superficie laterali externa setibus brevioribus ves- tita; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XXIV, 5. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus superficie punctis perparvis sparsissimis, margine antico medio sinuato et dentibus duobus submedianis parvis instructo, arti- culo secundo dente apicali sat magno tantum armato, articulo tertio dente tuberculiformi perparvo, articulo quarto dente tuber- culiformi parvo instructo, ungue terminali bene arcuato, attenuato, acuto et dente basali sat magno instructo. Sterna antica sulco mediano pustico impressa. 84 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor XWiks Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/3 breviores, pedes omnes hirtelli ungue terminali longo, attenuato. Segmentum praegenitale sterno subtriangulari postice parum lato, rotundato, dimidia parte postica setis brevissimis vestita, subcoxis interne postice spatio latiusculo setis brevissimis vestito, superficie cetera subtus et lateraliter poris numerosis parvis et per- parvis nec non poro sat magno infero submediano instructis ; pedi- bus quam praecedentes c. 3/7 longioribus, parum attenuati setis brevioribus numerosis instructis. Mas pedibus ultimis parum crassioribus. Fig. XX1IV.—Dicellophilus anomalus: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona: 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis ; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. tergiti decimi pars cun scutellis lateralibus et sterno: A =praetergitum, B= tergitum, C = praescutellum, D =scutellum spiraculiferum, E= postscutellum, F =furea;, P'=pes;. R= praestemmum) | si— sternum ; 7. feminae corporis pars postica supina. ‘tl Pedum paria 43; long. corp. ad mm. 60, lat. segmenti primi 2°4. i Habitat.—Exempla descripta a me ipso ad Lebanon, Oregon U.S.A., collecta fuerunt; Cl. Chamberlin ad Monterey Bay et Oroville, California, exempla typica legit. Gen. Prolamnonyx, nov. (Fig. XXV et XXVI). Corpus postice parum attenuatum. Lamina cephalica aliquantum longior quam latior sutura fron- tali reticulo microscopico, aliquantum minus distincto quam in 191g.]_ F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 85 genere Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook, indicata, genarum angulo antico interno ad labrum in processum auctum producto, superficie antica sublaterali externa spina destituto. Labrum tripertitum, parte mediana parum latiore quam in genere Lamnonyx; mandibulae laminis pectinatis nonnullis in- structae; maxillae primi paris coxosterno integro malis simplicibus ut in Lamnonyx ; maxillae secundi paris subcoxosterno medio linea diviso, paipo 3-articulato ungue destituto. Lamina basalis ad basim latior quam longior, aliquantum minus lata quam eadem generis Lamnonyx. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontaiem superantes. Tergita longitudinaliter bisulcata, praetergita sat magna, praetergito segmenti primi pediferi excluso quod perparvum est et inter latera laminae basalis postice vix manifestum. Sterna antica suleo profundo postico impressa, praesterna media divisa et in segmentis 2-12 aliquantum disjuncta; praescu- tellum (paratergitum) magnum quam _ scutellum spiraculiferum majus, postscutellum scutello spiraculifero subaequali, scutella cetera vide fig. XXV, 8. Segmentum ultimum pedigerum sterno bene evoluto, subcoxis ' poris numerosis instructis, pedibus, subcoxis, exclusis, 6-articulatis inermibus. Pori anales duo. Species typica: Geophilus (?) holstit, Pocock. Observatio.—Genus hoc ad genus Lamnonyx proximum est, sed lamina cephalica breviore et spina antica sublaterali destitu- tum, lamina basali aliquantum latiore, labri parte mediana parum latiore. palpo maxillari ungue destituto bene distinctum est; a gen. Dicellophilus maxillae primi paris subcoxosterno integro, maxillae secundi paris subcoxosterno diviso et palpo maxillari ungue destituto; a gen. Avrup, Chamberlin mandibulis laminis pectinatis numerosis et maxillis primi paris subcoxis coalitis dis- tinctum est. Prolamnonyx holstii (Poc). (Fig. XXV). Geophilus (?) holstit, Poceck, Ann. Nat. Hust. (6) XV, p. 352, pl. xi, fig. 1, 1a (1895). Mecistocephalus indecorus, Attems, Zichy’s Dritte astat. Forschungsreise II, p. 287, tab. ix, fig, 8-10 (1901). Corpus ochroleucum capite ferrugineo. Lamina cephalica c. 3/11 longior quam latior, superficie sparse punctata et postice sulcis duobus submedianis parum profundis impressa. Antennae attenuatae ab articulo septimo setis gradatim parum magis numerosis et brevioribus instructae. Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero integro nudo ; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 7, quarum prima 5-dentata, mediana 14-dentata, dentibus ab apice ad basim subaequalibus; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XXV,5. Pedes maxillares paullum antice latioribus quam longioribus, margine medio an- 86 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, guste sinuato, dentibus submedianis bene evolutis acutis, articulo secundo c. 2/5 externe longiore quam ad basim latiore dente uno apicali magno armato, articulis tertio et quarto inermibus, ungue terminali attenuato, sat arcuato, subacuto, ad basim dente tuberculiformi aucto. Sterna antica sulco mediano, aliquantum longe a margine antico incipiente, impressa, sparse et breviter setosa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/4 breviores, pedes am- bulatorii omnes hirtelli ungue terminali sat longo, robusto. Fig. XXV.—Prolamnonyx holstii: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedis maxillaris articuli 2-5; 7. sternum deci- mum; 8. tergiti decimi pars cum scutellis lateralibus et sterni pars: litterae ut in figura praecedente ; 9. maris pars postica supina; 10. eadem prona. Segmentum praegenitale sternito trapezoideo, postice parum magis setoso, subcoxis poris c. 20-25 subtus et per latus externum instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. 2/7 longioribus, crassius- culis, gradatim attenuatis. Mas feminae similis. Pedum paria 41; long. corp. ad mm. Ig (—33), lat. segmenti primi 0°8 (—1°'5). Habitat.—Japonia: Kamatura; exempla a me descripta haud bene adulta sunt. Exemplum typicum a Pocock descriptum ex Ashinoju, Japonia, et exemplum typicum ab Attems ut Mectstoce- 1919.] F.SiLvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 87 phalus indecorus descriptum (long. corp. mm. 32, lat. 1°5) ex Peking, China. Prolamnonyx sauteri, sp. n. (Fig. X XVI). Mecistocephalus smitht, Pocock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XV, p. 251 (1895). Corpus (capite incluso) ochraceo-testaceum. Lamina cephalica fere 2/7 longior quam latior, superficie sparse et sat grosse punctata, postice sulcis duobus submedianis parum profundis punctatis impressa. Antennae attenuatae ab Fig. XXVI.—Prolamnonyx sauteyt: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prono; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris ; 6. palpi maxillaris apex; 7. pedis maxillaris arti- culi 2-5? 8. feminae pars postica supina; 9. maris pars postica supina ; 10. cadem prona. articulo quarto setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus in- structae. Labrum medium edentatum (an semper ?, exemplo uno abser- vato) margine cetero subrecto, nudo; mandibulae laminis pec- tinatis 8, quarum prima 6-dentata, mediana 14-dentata, dentibus subaequalibus; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XXVI, 5. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem parum superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus superficie punc- tis sat numerosis impressa, margine antico medio parum sinuato, dentibus submedianis perparvis, articulo secundo dente apicali 88 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, tantum armato, articulis tertio et quarto inermibus, ungue termi- nali sat arcuato, attenuato, acuto basi inermi. Sterna antica sulco profundo postico instructa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/4 breviores, pedes omnes hirtelli ungue terminali, brevi, robusto. Segmentum praegenitale sterno longo trapezoideo, postice rotundato et setis magis numerosis brevioribus instructo, subcoxis undique poris numerosis sat magnis et nonnullis parvis instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes fere duplo longioribus, crassiusculis gradatim attenuatis, setis brevibus numerosis instructis. Pedum paria 41; long. corp. ad mm. 47, lat. segmenti primi 2 Mas feminae similis, segmento ultimo pedigero subtus parum magis setoso. : Habitat.—Formosa: Kosempo (H. Sauter). Observatio.—Species haec a specie praecedenti magnitudine et praesertin pedum maxillarium unguis basi inermi et segmenti ultimi pedigeri sterno longiore facile distinguenda est. * Sabian ORYINAE. Gen. Pentorya, O. F. Cook. Pentorya indica, sp. n. (Fig. XXVIT). Corpus -antice et postice parum attenuatum, pallide fulvum. Iamina cephalica subsemilliptica, aliquantum ad basim latior quam longior, minute et sparse punctata. Antennae breves, quam lamina cephalica minus quam duplo longiores, aliquantum de- pressae et attenuatae. Labrum integrum margine serratim pectinato et lateraliter dentibus nonnullis magis attenuatis et inter sese aliquantum re- motis instructo; mandibulae lamina dentata et laminis pectinatis 8 arnatae; maxillae primi paris subcoxis externe processu palpi- formi sat longo instructis, mala externa haud distincte divisa et processu palpiformi brevi instructa, mala interna quam externa parum minori; maxillae secundi paris palpo, ungue incluso, 4- articulato, ungue margine interno et margine supero interno setis pectinis instar dispositis instructo. Lamina basalis brevis perlata, lateribus parum convergenti- bus; lamina praebasalis indiscreta. Pedes maxillares flexi mar- ginem frontalem attigentes, subcoxis latis et brevioribus, lineis chitineis nullis, margine antico vix sinuato, inermi, articulis sequentibus inermibus, ungue terminali longo, attenuato, bene arcuato. Segmenta praetergito sat parvo, tergito (posttergito) poris nonnullis submedianis et aliis sublateralibus, ut fig. XNVII, ro demonstrat, instructis, inter praescutellum et tergitum parascutello 19g19.] F. Strvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 89 integro subrectangulari externo et parascutellis duobus internis, quorum anticum quam posticum minus est, instructa ; praescutel- lum et scutellum spiraculiferum poris sat numerosis instructa; stigmata longa; sterna primo excluso, quod area parva porosa in- structum est, areis quatuor anticis, quarum externae minores sunt et areis duabus posticis latis instructa; parasterna etiam antice et postice area porosa aucta; praesterna parva media valde augus- tata. Fic. XXVII.—Pentorya indica: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem prona; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi paris; 6. maxillarum secundi paris dimidia pars; 7. palpi maxil- laris pars apicalis subtus inspecta; 8. ejusdem unguis supra inspectus; 9. seg- menti 40! pars lateralis; 10. segmenti roo! pars lateralis extensa cum dimidia pars tergalis et dimidia pars sternalis; 11. corporis pars postica prona; 12. eadem supina. A = praetergitum, B=posttergitum, C = praescutellum, C!-C* = parater- gita; D =scutellum spiraculiferum ; P = pedis basis ; R = praesternum ; Si ster= num; S'-S?= parasterna. Segmentum ultimum pediferum sterno breviore, lato, lateribus convergentibus, margine postico truncato, subcoxis parvis, poris nullis, pedibus in exemplo typico haud integris, subcoxis exclusis, articulis quatuor forsan articulo ultimo tanto abrupto et a me verisimiliter 5-articulatis et inermibus consideratis, quare species haec ad genus Pentorya, O. F. Cook a me relata est. Pedum paria 141; long. corp. mm 186; lat. corporis 5°5. Habitat.—South India: Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills (Beddome), go Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Subfam. HIMANTARIINAE. Polyporogaster, Verh. (Figs. XXVIJI—XxXX). Polyporogaster, Vethoefl, Zool. Anz. XII, p. 364 (1899); Attems, Zool. Fanrb. XVIII, p. 182 (1903); Verhoeff, Bronn’s Klass. u. Ord. Chilo- poda, p. 201 (1908.) Corpus antice et postice paullum attenuatum. Lamina cephalica aliquantum latior quam longior sutura fron- tali haud distincta, pedes maxillares obtegens. Antennae plus minusve attenuatae. Labrum integrum, sinuatum medium laeve, lateraliter parum profunde dentatum; mandibulae lamina dentata et laminis pec- tinatis tribus instructae; maxillae primi paris mala interna parva simplici, mala externa biarticulata processibus palpiformibus nullis : maxillae secundi paris palpo (praeter subcoxis) 4-articulato, arti- culo ultimo unguiformi, brevi subtus ad basim processibus duobus brevioribus setiformibus aucto. Lamina basalis latior, perbrevis, lateribus parum convergenti- bus, lamina praebasalis obtecta. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem haud attingentes, subcoxis lineis chitineis manifestis antice inermibus, articulis sequentibus etiam inermibus, ungue terminali sat longo. Tergita haud distincte sulcata praetergito sat magno, parater- gito primario (praescutello) magno, secundario parvo, scutello spiraculifero quam praescutello (paratergito primario) minore, scutellis ceteris vide fig. XXVIII, 3. Sterna praeter sternum praegenitale area porosa instructa, praesterno medio plus minusve manifeste diviso. Pedes ungue semplici, parum curvato, seta basali brevi in- structo. Segmentum praegenitale sterno sat parvo, subcoxis sat parvis, supra fovea interna, poris numerosis instructa, auctis, subtus et lateraliter poris nullis, pedibus, praeter subcoxas, 6-articulatis, ungue nullo; maris pedibus quam idem feminae crassioribus. Appendices genitales biarticulatae. Pori anales nulli. Pedum paria ad 95. Species typica: P. tunetanus, Verh. Tunisia. Praeter speciem typicam species quatuor asiaticae mihi notae sunt, ita distinguendae: 1. Sternorum area porosa (ad medium corpus) c. 1/3 sterni latitudinem aequans vel minor. 3. Area porosa dicta c. sterni dimidium latitudinem aequans 333 ae of .. P.geminatus, | Silv. 4. Area porosa dicta c. 1/3 sterni latitudinem aequans. 5. Segmenti ultimi pediferi sternum parvum subtrapezoideum ; pedum paria 69-75 ... BP. instgnis (Mein.) | Polyporogaster geminatus = Mesocanthus geminatus, Silv., Zool. Anz. XVIII, p. 179 (1895), Transkaspien: Askabat. Mesocanthus porosus, Sseliw., Turkenst. Stan. Obsch. Antrop. 1 Etn. XXXVI, p. 217 (1881), Turkestan, generi Polyporogaster etiam pertinet. 1919.]_ FF. Stivestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. gI 6. Segmenti ultimi pediferi sternum sat magnum, transverse subrectangulare, postice aliquan- tum sinuatum ; pedum paria 81-97 Po) E. sinuatus, sp. i. 2. Sternorum area porosa (ad medium corpus) c. 3/5 sterni latitudinem aequans ts: ... P.indicus (Mein.) Fic. XXVIII.—Polyporogaster insignis: 1. caput et segmentum primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. segmenti 20! pars lateralis extensa (litterae ut in fig. praecedente); 4. sternum 40"; 5. sternum 4o¥™ exempli alii ; 6. feminae corporis pars postica supina; 7. maris corporis pars postica prona ; 8. fovea pororum segmenti ultimi pediferi multo ampliata: A = praetergitum, B = posttergitum, C = paratergitum, G = subcoxa; g. maris pars postica supina. Polyporogaster insignis, Mein. (Fig. XXVIII). Himantarium insigne, Meinert, Pr. Am, phil. Soc. XXXIII, p. 227 (1885). 92 Records of the Indian Museum. [VWor. Xvi; @ Corpus antice parum postice parum magis attenuatum, testaceo-latericium. Lamina cephalica aliquantum latior quam longior lateribus anticis convexis. Antennae quam laminae cephalicae latitudo minus quam duplo longiores, basi contiguae, cetero gradatim at- tenuato, articulo sexto c. 1/3 latiore quam longiore, articulo ultimo ce. 1/3 longiore quam ad basim latiore. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio magno haud attingentes, subcoxarum parte detecta c. duplo latiore quam longiore, antice vix sinuatis inermibus, articulis sequentibus omni- bus inermibus; primo fere duplo ad basim latiore quam externe longiore, margine interno quam externus fere dimidio breviore, articulis 22 et 3° brevioribus, articulo 4° attenuato, sat arcuato, integro, acuto. - Sternitum primum area porosa parva, sternita cetera area porosa transversali gradatim majore, in medio corporis fere ster- niti latitudinis tertiam partem aequante, antice paullum convexa, postice parum concava. Pedes breves articulo penultimo quam praecedens paullum longiore, ungue robusto spina basali breviore. Segmentum praegenitale ster- nito angusto, trapezoideo, @ pedibus quam paris praecedentis aliquantum longioribus et multo crassioribus, subcoxis supra (sub- tergito) fovea magna poris glan- dularibus numerosis instructa auctis, articulis ceteris brevibus et latis, articulo ultimo apice convexo, Pedum-= parias 2 obo oa 75e long. corp. mm. 72, lat. 2 5. Habitat.—N.W Kashmir; Bij- nor, United Provinces. Exempla typica a Cl. Meinert descripta ad Kulu collecta erant. Polyporogaster sinuatus, sp. n. (Fig. X XIX). @ Corpus pallide ochraceum. Sternitum primum area porosa patva (poris c. 25), sternita cetera area porosa transversali subme- Fic. XXIX.—Polyporogaster sin- diana, antice ONS Se postice uatus: I. sternum 40"; 2, feminae Concava, tertiam partem sternit1 corporis pars postica supina. latitudinis occupante instructa. Segmentum praegenitale, ster- nito brevi, lato, subrectangulari postice parum sinuatum, pedibus 1g1g.] F. Stivestr1: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 93 quam paris praecedentis paullo crassioribus, subcoxarum poris superis numerosis. Pedum paria 81-97; long. corp. mm. 95, lat. 2. Halitat.—N. Baluchistan (Maynard and MacMahon). Observatio.—Species haec a Polyp. insignis (Mein ) segmento- ruin numero, sterni segmenti ultimi pediferi forma et sternorum area porosa magis concava distinguenda est. Fic. XXX.—Polyporogaster indicus: 1. labrum ; 2. mandibulae pars distalis ; 3. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 4. palpi maxillaris apex subtus inspectus; 5. sternum 404%; 6, sternum 402™ exempli alii; 7. pedis apex ; 8. maris corporis pars postica supina; 9, maris alii corporis pars postica supina. Polyporogaster indicus (Mein.) (Fig. XXX). Himantarium indicum, Meinert, Pr. Am. phil. Soc. XXXIII, p. 228 (1885.) 2 Corpus testaceo-latericium Sternitum primum area porosa parva, sternita cetera area porosa transversali submediana gradatim majore, in medio corpore c. 3/5 sterniti latitudinem occupante antice paullum convexa, postice parum concava. 94 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. XVE, Segmentum praegenitale sterno transverse subrectangulari vel lateribus parum convergentibus, pedibus quam paris praecedentis parum crassioribus et parum longioribus. Segmenti praegenitalis sternitum fateribus parum conver- gentibus, pedibus quam paris praecedentis multo crassioribus et fere duplo longioribus. Pedum paria 69-83; long. corp. ad mm. 85, lat. 2:2. Hanmtat.—India: Hurdwar, United Provinces; heog, Simla Hills, 8.000 ft. (Annandale); leh, Ladakh; Murree, W. Hima- lavas (S/oliczka); Kiari, Naini Tal distr; Karwarpani, sal for- ests; W. Dun; Kalka, base of Simla Hills, 2,400 ft.(@ p.p. 77); near Badrinath, British Garhwal, 10,600 ft. (4. D. Imms, 12 75, Io7I, I juvenis 77); Bagarkote, 8,ooo ft., Kumaon, W. Hima layas. Exempla a Cl. Meinert descripta ad Kulu a Rev. Mr. Carleton collecta erant. Gen. Mesocanthus, Mein. (Figs. XXXI—XXNXIV). Mesocanthus, Meinert, Naturh. Tids. VII, p. 34 (1870); Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 206; Verhoeff, Bronn’s Klass. u. Ord. Chilo- poda, p. 294 (1908). Corpus angustum antice parum, postice parum magis attenua- tum. Lamina cephalica latior quam longior, pedes maxillares ob- tegens, sutura frontali indistincta. Antennae attenuatae. Labrum sinuatum, medium laeve, lateraliter parum profunde dentatum ; mandibulae lamina dentata et laminis pectinatis qua- tuor instructae; maxillae primi paris mala interna triangulari, mala externa integra processis palpiformibus nullis; maxillae se- cundi paris pa!po (praeter subcoxas) 4-articulato, articulo ultimo ungul/ormi perparvo, nudo. Lamina basalis perlata, brevis, transverse subrectangularis, lamina praebasalis obtecta. Pedes maxillares subcoxis lineis chi- tineis manifestis, margine-antico et margine interno articulorum sequentium inermibus, ungue terminali sat magno et sat arcuato. Tergita sulcis indistinctis, praeter sito sat magno, paratergito secundatio parvo, paratergito primario magno quam scutellum spiraculiferum multo majus, scutellis ceteris vide fig. XXXI, 7. Sterna a primo ad penultimum area porosa instructa, praesterno medio plus minusve manifeste diviso Pedes ungue terminali parum arcuato et utrimque seta brevi basali instructo. Segmentum praegenitale sterno parvo medio profunde sul- cato vel non, tergito lato, subcoxis poris destitutis, pedibus, prae- ter subcoxas, 6-articulatis ungue destitutis crassiusculis, in mare crassioribus. Observa‘to.—Genus hoc a gen. Polyporogaster, Verh. segmenti ultimi pediferi subcoxis supra poris haud instructis distinctum est. 1919.) F. Smnvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 95 Appendices genitales biarticulatae. Port anales nulli. Pedum paria ad oI. Typus: Mesocanthus albus, Mein. CONSPECTUS SPECIERUM. 1. Sternum primum poris destitutum, sterno segmenti ultimi pediferi medio sulcato ate ... MM. albus v. minuta, Broélem. 2. Sternum primum poris instructum, sterno segmenti ultimi medio haud sulcato. 3. Area porosa in medii corporis sternito quam eorumdem srernitorum latitudo parum minus lata; corporis pedum paria 81 ee ... M. perporosus, sp. n. 4. Area porosain medii corporis sternitis quam eorumdem sternitorum latitudo c. 2/5 minus lata. 5. Corporis pedum paria 69-73; corpus parum angustum .. #odeseretus;, spon: 6. Corporis pedum paria 57- 50; corpus angustius re 0 Me Gredisuspt. Mesocanthus albus, Mein. var. minuta, Brol. (Fig. XX XI). Brélemann, Joll. Soc. ent. ital. XXXV, p. 116 (1903). The characters of the species are comprised in that of the genus and demonstrated by the figures. The variety is certainly distinct from the typical form, as represented by M. albus, Mein. from Tunis (North Africa), espe- cially on account of the number of legs, which reach 85-73 in specimens from Erythrea and 71-79 in specimens from India, in- stead of 87-91 as in specimens from Tunis. The specimens preserved in the Indian Museum and referred by me to the named form are the following: 2 @ near Bombay, pp.75; I ¢ Nowgong, Central Provinces, p.p. 77, long. corp. 57, lat. 14; 1 @ Kach, W. India, p.p.79; 1 #7, Beyt, Dwarka, Ka- thiawar, p.p. 73; I 2 near stream, Dakar Hill near Junagadh, Kathiawar, pp. 81; 1 @ Khas, Satara distr., c. 3,700 ft, p.p. 75; 2,¢% Sasan, Kathiawar, p.p. 71 and 73. Mesocanthus brevis, sp. n. (Fig. XXXIJ). Corpus luride testaceum capite parum obscuriore. Lamina cephalica aliquantum ad basim latior quam longior. Antennae basi contiguae gradatim attenuatae quam lamina cepha- lica longitudo fere duplo longiores. Pedes maxillares flexi margi- nem frontalem spatio sat longo haud attingentes, articulis inermi- bus, articulo ultimo unguiformi arcuato, acuto. 96 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Sternitum primum area submediana transversali porosa parva instructum, sternita cetera area porosa transvetsali submediana antice late convexa postice media plus minusve concava c. 3/5 sterniti latitudinem occupante instructa. Pedes breves, articulo sexto quam quintus 1/3 longiore (ungue terminali robusto). Segmentum ultimum pediferum lamina sternali brevi, trans- Fic. XXXI.—Mesocanthus albus v. minuta: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 5. palpi maxillaris pars distalis; 6 sternum 40¥™; 7. segmenti 40! pars lateralis (litterae ut in fig. XXVII1); 8. maris corporis pars postica supina; 9. eadem prona. verse subrectangulari, ad basim fere duplo latiore quam longiore, pedibus quam paris praecedentis vix longioribus et vix crassiori- bus. @ Segmentum ultimum pediferum lamina ventrali subtrape- zoidea parum ad basim latiore quam longiore, pedibus quam paris praecedentis multo crassioribus et aliquantum longioribus. Pedes paria 2 57-59, & 57; long. corp. mm. 35, lat. I. 1g19.] F. Srivestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 97. Habitat.—Tambi, Koyna Valley, Satara dist., c. 2,100 it. (F. H. Gravely). Fic. XXXI1.—Mesocanthus brevis: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. urosternum 4oum; 4. feminae corporis pars postica supina; 5. maris corporis pars postica supina. Mesocanthus perporosus, sp. n. (Fig. XXXII). Corpus latericium, antice parum, postice parum magis atten- uatum. 98 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Sternitum primum area porosa trasversali parva, sternita cetera area porosa gradatim latiore, in medio corpore quam ster- niti latitudo parum minus lata (—c. 11/14). Segmentum ultimum pediferum sternito brevi, lato, transverse subrectangulari, pedibus quam paris praecedentis haud crassiori- bus paullum longioribus. Pedum paria 81; long. corp. mm. 70, lat. 3°5. Habitat.—Simla, W. Himalayas (N. Annandale). Mesocanthus discretus, sp. n. (Fig. XXXIV). Corpus colore et forma eidem speciei praecedenti simile. Sternita area porosa submedi- ana transversali c. 3/5 sterniti latitudinis occupante et postice sinuata instructa. Segmentum ultimum pedifer- um sternito brevi, transverse sub- rectangulari, pedibus quam paris praecedentis aliquantum longiori- bus et parum crassioribus. Segmenti ultimi pediferis pedes crassiores. Fic. XXXIII.—Mesocanthus per- ‘oie ase PR a he ee : porosus: I. sternum 404"; 2. maris ee : s ? . 2 pars postica supina. Habitat.—Almora, 5,500 ft., Kumaon (Paiva) ; Siripur. Observatio.—Species (vel subspecies) haec a praecedente cor- pore minus angusto pedum paribus magis numerosis distincta est. Subfam. GONIBREGMATINAE. Gen. Himantosoma, Poc. (Figs. XX XV—XXXVIT). Himantosoma, Pocock, Ann. Mus. Genova XXX, p. 428(1891); Attems, Zool. Fahrb. XVIII, p. 286 (1903); Verhoeff, Bronn’s Klass.u. Ordn. Chilopoda, p. 274 (1908). Corpus paullum antice, parum postice attenuatum. Lamina cephalica parum latior quam longior, partem lateralem posticum pedum maximallarium spatio perparvo haud obtegens, sutura frontali male distincta. Antennae haud attenuatae vix crassatae, 1919.) F. Strvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 99 Labrum integrum appendice setoliformibus longis instructum ; mandibulae margine distali tantum pectinato; maxillae primi paris subcoxis haud coalitis, mala interna parva, mala externa biar- ticulata articulo primo perbrevi et supra enterne processu palpi- formi ut subcoxa instructo instructa; maxillae secundi paris subcoxis coalitis palpo, praeter subcoxam, 4-articulato, longo an- trorsum ad frontis marginem directo articulo ultimo subunguiformi interne pectinato. Lamina basalis perbrevis, lata, capitis latitudinem paullum SEES PM UD URS L _ REARS . See Fic. XXXIV.—Mesocanthus discretus: 1. feminae urosternum ovum; 2, feminae corporis pats postica supina; 3. maris sternum 40"™ ; 4. maris pars pos- tica supina. superans, lamina praebasalis obtecta. Pedes maxillares flexi mar- ginem frontalem haud superantes, lineis chitineis subevanidis margine antico et articulis ceteris inermibus, ungue terminali magni, attenuato. Tergita haud distincte sulcata (an semper ?), praetergito sat magno, praescutello magno, scutello spiraculifero sat parvo, scu- tellis ceteris vide fig. XXXV, 7. Sterna praesterno medio diviso; sternum primum area porosa parva postica, sternita cetera area porosa submediana parum lata et area porosa postica latiore inter- rupta vel non instructa. 100 Records of the Indian Museum. {Voy. XVI, Pedes ungue simplici, attenuato, parum arcuato et seta basali breviore instructo. Segmentum praegenitale sterno sat parvo, subcoxis aliquan- tum inflatis poris praesertim per superficiem inferam et superam internam numerosis parvis et perparvis, pedibus, prater subcoxas, 7-articulatis ungue incluso. Appendices genitales biarticulatae. Pori anales asunt. Typus: Hzmantosoma typicum, Poc. 22, CS OI AR nS = oT RNS eit MSS: uy =e Say SS ey \ 4 Yy Fic. XXX V.—Himantosoma typicum: 1. labrum; 2. mandibulae pars dis- talis ; 3. maxillae primi paris; 4. maxillarum secundi paris dimidia pars; 5 palpi maxillaris pars distalis; 6. sternum decimum; 7. segmenti decimi pars lateralis (litterae ut in fig, XX VII); 8. pedis decimi pars distalis; 9. maris corporis pars postica supina: 10. eadem prona. Himantosoma typicum, Poc. (Fig. XX XV). Himantarium indicum, Pocock, F. Linn. Soc. XXI, p. 289, pl. xxiv, fig. 3 (1887) nec Himantarium tndicum, Meinert. Himantosoma typicum, Pocock, Ann. Mus. Genova XXX, p. 429 (1891). @ Corpus luride ochraceum. Lamina cephalica fere 1/4 post- ice latior quam longior; antennae parum attenuatae. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem parum superantes ungue terminali perlongo, attenuato, parum arcuato. Sternum primum area porosa parva postica, sterna cetera area porosa antica mediana subrotunda et area postica perlata in parte submediana attenuata instructa. 1919.] F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. IOI Segmentum ultimum pediferum sterno subtrapezoideo, sub- coxis poris parvis numerosis subtus interne et antice, supra interne instructis, pedibus quam paris praecedentis aliquantum crassiori- bus et paullum longioribus. Pedes paria 63; long. corp. mm. 45, lat. segmenti primi 1°30. Habitat.—Mergui Archipelago. The description is based on a specimen in very poor condition preserved in the Indian Museum, originally referred by Pocock, on the suggestion of Meinert, to Himantarium indicum and sub- sequently taken by the same author as type of Himantosoma typicum. I have seen another specimen from Orissa and one from Sumatra: Si-Rambé, which present little difference from H. typi- cum, and ate considered for the present as varieties. Himantosoma typicum, Pocock. var. tridivisa, nov. (Fig. XXXVI). Himantosoma porosum, Silvestri, Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIV, p. 719 (1895) nec Himantosoma porosum, Pocock, thidem, XXX, p.31 (1891). 9 Sterna a secundo ad penultimum area porosa transverse subovali et area porosa postica in parte submediana interrupta in- structa. Superficies subcoxarum segmenti ultimi pediferi poris paucis inferis c. 18 sparsis et poris c. 8 superis instructa. Pedum paria 59; long. corp. ad. mm. 22, lat. segmenti primi 0°75. ; Habitat.—Sumatra: Si-Rambé. Observatio.—Varietas haec a forma typica area porosa postica tridivisa et poris subcoxarum segmenti ultimi minus numerosis et etiam subtus postice sparsis distincta est. Ab Him. porosum, Poc. poris subcoxarum segmenti ultimi minus numerosis saltem diversa est. Himantosoma typicum, Poc. var. bidivisa nov. (Fig. XX XVII). @ Corpus testaceo-latericium capite et segmentis duobus an- ticis testaceis, medio dorso fascia longitudinali angusta subtestacea, ventre umbrino, corporis parte postica subochracea. Sterna asecundo ad penultimum area porosa antica mediana subrotunda vel subelliptica et area postica media divisa instructa. Segmentum ultimum pediferum subcoxis poris praesertim subtus interne c. 18 et poro nonnullo sparso, nec non poris c. 25 supra interne instructis. Pedum paria 79; long. corp. mm. 45, lat. segmenti primi 1°10. Habitat.— Barkul, below 1,000 ft., Orissa (Gravely). Observatio.—Varietas haec a forma typica sternorum area postica porosa bidivisa et segmenti ultimi pediferi subcoxis poris minus numerosis bene distincta est. 102 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Subfam. EUCRATONYCHINAE. Gen. Eucratonyx, Poc. (Fig. XX XVIII). Eucratonyx, Pocock in A. Willey, Zoolog. Results, Loyalty Isl. etc. p- 66, pl. vi, fig. 2-2c (1898); Attems, Zool. Fahrb. XVIII, p. 1917 (1903); Verhoeft, Bronn’s Klass. u. Ord. Chilopoda, p. 288 (1908). Corpus paullum antice et parum postice attenuatum. Fic. XXXVI.—Himantosoma typicum v. tridivisa: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. palpus maxillaris; 4. sternum decimum ; 5. feminae corporis pars postica supina; 6. eadem prona. Lamina cephalica latior quam longior pedes maxillares obte- gens, sutura frontali (saltem in E. meenerti) indistincta. Antennae 191g.] F. StnvEstri: Indian Chilopoda Geophiltmor pha. 103 attenuatae. Labrum integrum precessibus dentiformibus, sat longis, per marginem lateralem magis attenuatis instructum ; mandibulae margine ipso per partem brevem internam dentato, per partem ceteram majorem pectinato sed haud lamella dentata et lamella pectinata distinctis instructo; maxillae primi paris mala externa biarticulata articulo primo supra externe processu palpi- formi instructo, subcoxis etiam externe processu palpiformi in- structis; maxillae secundi paris subcoxis coalitis, palpo (sub- coxis exclusis) 4-articulato, articulo ultimo longo unguiformi setis marginalibus et setis inferis pectinis instar seriatis instructo. Fic. XXXVII.—Aimantosona typicum v. bidivisa: 1. caput et segmenta 1-3 prona; 2. caput et segmenta primum et secundum supina; 3. sternum deci- mum; 4. maris corporis pars postica supina; 5. eadem prona. Lamina basalis postice laminae cephalicae latitudinem subae- quans, brevissima lateribus parum convergentibus, lamina prae- basalis plus minusve manifesta. Pedes maxillares flext marginem frontalem spatio sat parvo haud attingentes, subcoxis aliquan- tum antice latioribus quam longioribus antice inermibus, lineis chitineis distinctis, articulis 2-4 brevibus, ungue terminali longo. Tergita praetergito sat magno, paratergito (praescutello) quam scutellum spiraculiferum majus scutellis ceteris vide fig XXXVI, 8. IC4 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor sVir Sterna a primo ad penultimum area porosa lata postica et a secundo (saltem in E. metnertt) in corporis parte anteriore areis parvis subanticis lateralibus et areis parvis (antica et postica) per parasterna instructa, in corporis parte posteriore etiam poris medianis sparsis. Praesterna parva parte mediana subnulla lineari. Pedes corporis partis anticae unguis seta basali longa, plus minusve latiuscula et ungue ipso parum vel multo curvato. Segmentum praegenitale subcoxis plus minusve inflatis poris numerosis parvis praesertim subtus et supra interne distributis 1n- structis, pedibus praeter subcoxis 6-articulatis, ungue nullo. \ Fic. XAXVIII.—Eucratonvx meinerti: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis ; 5. maxillarum primi et secundi paris dimidia pars; 6. palpi maxillaris pars apicalis ; 7. pedum maxillarium unguis; 8. segmenti decimi latera et sternum totum (litterae- ut in fig. XXVIT); 9. pes paris decimi; 10. pes paris 50!; 11. maris corporis pars postica supina; 12. eadem prona. Appendices genitales biarticulatae. Pori anales nulli. Pedum paria ad 123. Typus: Eucratonvx meincrtt (Poc.). Eucratonyx meinerti (Poc.). (Figs XXX VLE) Himantarium meinerti, Pocock, ¥. Linn. Soc. XXI, p. 280, pl. xxiv, fig. 1; /d., Ann. Mus. Genova XXX, p. 426 (1891): Eucratonyx metnerti, Pocock, in A. Willey, Zool. Results, Loyalty /s/. etc., p. 66 (1898). 191g.) FF. Srtvestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 105 Corpus ochroleucum capite parum obscuriore. Lamina cephalica fere 1/4 latior quam longior. Pedes miaxil- lares ungue longo bene arcuato et macroscopice crenulato. Lab- rum, mandibulae et maxillae vide fig. XX XVIII. Sternum primum area porosa parva transversali submediana, sterna sequentia corporis partis anterioris area porosa lata sub- postica et poris nonnullis subanticis sublateralibus, sterna corporis partis posterioris etiam poris nonnullis medianis sublateralibus sparsis instructa; parasterna antice et postice area porosa parva etiam instructa. Pedes corporis partis anterioris ungue terminali parum ante mediam longitudinem infra exciso et ab excisione ad apicem gra- datim attenuato parum arcuato, seta unguis basali quam unguis parum longiore lata, apice latiore, spatuliformi unguis apicem complectente; pedes ceteri ungue ad basim parum lato et grada- tim attenuato paullum arcuato, seta basali attenuata quam unguis breviore. Segmentum praegenitale sterno vix trapezoideo subaeq‘te longo atque ad basim lato, subcoxis sat inflatis parum ante prae- tergitum pertinentibus, poris parvis numerosis praesertim supra et subtus per partem anticam internam, cetera superfie poris parvis sparsis, pedibus quam praecedentes circa duplo longioribus haud attenuatis setis brevioribus vestitis. Pedum paria @ 103-109, @ 111-128; long. ad mm. 130, lat. segmenti primi 1°90. Habitat—Exempla vidi (2 p.p. 111, ~ 109) ex Little Coco Is- land, Andamans. Species iam nota erat ex Mergui Archipelago (Sullivan Island), Great Coco Island, Reef Island (Tavoy), Moul- mein et Palon, Burma. Subfam. GZOPHILINAE. Gen. Geoporophilus, nov. (Hes SX) Corpus angustum autice haud, postice parum angustius. Lamina cephalica subquadrata, pedes maxillares obtegens, sutura frontali indiscreta. Antennae attenuatae; labrum triparti- tum, parte mediana quam laterales minore profunde, pectinis in- star, dentata, partibus lateralibus dentibus paucis longis, angustis, acutis gradatim minoribus armatis; mandibulae margine pectinato simplici; maxillae primi paris mala externa biarticulata articulo primo supra externe processu palpiformi sat longo, ut subcoxae angulus externus, instructo, mala interna sat magna, simplici - maxillae secundi paris palpo, praeter subcoxam et ungue incluso, 4-articulato, ungue terminali subtus interne aliquantum excavato et per margines internos (superum et inferum) pectinato. Lamina basalis fere duplo postice latior quam longior trape- zoidea, pedum maxillarium latera haud obtegens, lamina prae- basalis obtecta. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem haud 106 Records of the Indian Museum. [ Vor. XVI, attingentes, subcoxis antice dentibus duobus armatis, articulis ceteris inermibus, ungue terminali attenuato margine interno maxima pro parte minute crenulato. Tergita bisulcata praetergito magno, paratergito (praescutello) magno: quam scutellum spiraculiferum majore scutellis ceteris vide fig. XXXIX, 8, praesterna antica media subdivisa, cetera integra, sterna a secundo ad 45"™ areis parvis duabus lateralibus inter sese poris nonnullis conjunctis vel non et areis duabus parvis (altera antica, altera postica) super parasternum instructa, a seg- mento 45° ad 884m poris lateralibus anticis gradatim minus nu- merosis vel nullis et poris anticis parasterni aliquantum magis Fic. XXXIX.—Geoporophilus angustus: 1. caput et segmenta tria prona ; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. palpi maxillaris pars distalis ; 7. pedum maxillarium unguis; 8. segmenti 40! sternum latera et tergiti pars (litterae ut in fig. XXVII); g. sternum gov; 10. pedis 50! pars distalis; 11. corporis pars postica prona, 12. corporis pars postica supina. numerosis, sterna postica area porosa lata postica et parasterna area porosa sat magna parum convexa antica et area porosa parva postica instructa. Pedes ungue terminali longo seta basali antica minima et seta basali infera breviore instructo Segmentum ultimum pediferum subcoxis subtus et supra an- tice et interne poris glandularibus sat numerosis instructis, later- aliter et postice poris destitutis (saltem in specie typica), pedibus in exemplo typico haud integris, forsan 6-articulatis et forsan ungue destitutis, articulis sistentibus (praeter subcoxam) quatuor quorum secundus, tertius et quartus elongati poris minimis glan- dularibus per superficiem inferam totam distributis instructo. 1g19.| EF. Sitvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 107 Pori anales adsunt. Pedum paria ad 107. Species typica: Geoporophilus angustus, sp. n Observatio.—Genus hoc ad gen. Pleurogeophilus, Verh. ali- quantum proximum est, sed palpi maxillaris ungue pectinato pe- dum maxillarium lineis chitineis nullis et pororum ventralium distributione saltem distinctum. Geoporophilus angustus, sp. n. Corpus ochroleucum totum. Pedum paria 107; long. corp. mm. 55, lat. segmenti primi 0°80. Characteres ceteri vide generis descriptionem et figuras. Habitat.—Sumatra: Indragiri (Burchard). SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INDIAN GEOPHILIDAE. Haase, E. Die indisch-australischen Myriopoden. I. Chilo- poda.—A bh. Mus. Dresden, 1886-87, No. 5. Pocock, R. I. Report on the Myriopoda of the Mergui Archi- pelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson.—j]. Linn. Soc. XXI (1887), pp. 288-290. Report upon a small collection of Centipedes sent from Madras by Mr. E. Thurston.— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) V (1890), p. 248, ple xg ite 24% Report upon two collections of Myriopoda sent from Ceylon by Mr. E. E. Green and from various parts of Southern India by Mr. Edgar Thurston.—/J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. VII (1892), pp. 1-12. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXXII. On the Myriopoda of Burma. Pt. 2. Report upon the Chilopoda collected by Sign I. Fea and Mr. E, W. Oates.—Ann. Mus. Genova (2) X (1891), PP- 423-432. Vb tee KAUN A OFF (CE Rea aS Neo Ni nek. 1, Sate AMOS. TN... BoE BOM Bean PRES FE Dien NGwve By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F'.A.S.B., Director, Zoological Survey of India. (With Plates I—VII.) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction a The Limnocnida pool at Medha The fauna of mountain streamlets at Khandalla The fauna of damp rocks at the edge of waterfalls at Khandalla Frogs from streams in the Bombay Presidency Freshwater fish, mostly from the Satara and Poona districts Freshwater molluscs from the Bombay Presidency. By N. Aenea dale and B. Prashad Aquatic and semi-aquatic Rhynchota from the Satara and Poona districts. By C. A. Paiva Sponges from the Satara and Poona districts and from Chota (Chutia) Nagpur egy) Se oh Oi FO res Ll bo INTRODUCTION. The notes embodied in this paper are based primarily on collections made in the course of a tour in the Satara and Poona districts in February and March, 1918. The chief localities at which these collections were made were Medha in the Satara dis- trict (alt. ca. 2,000 feet) and Khandalla in the Poona district (alt. ca. 2,500 feet). The former place is situated on the river Yenna or Vena, a tributary of the Kistna or Krishna, in a valley among the easternmost spurs of the Western Ghats; the latter on the hillside about a mile and a half east of the well-known pass Bhor Ghat. From Medha the Zoological Survey of India already pos- sessed large collections of aquatic invertebrates made by Dr. F. H. Gravely and Mr. S. P. Agharkar. My main object in visiting Medha was to obtain further information about the freshwater medusa Limnocnida indica, which was originally discovered there by Mr. Agharkar; while Khandalla was selected as a suitable spot at which to study the fauna of the small mountain torrents of the Bombay Ghats. It is a locality well known to conchologists as the home of the interesting genera Lithotis (Succineidae) and Cremnoconchus (L,ittorinidae). So far as Limnocnida was concerned the results of my tour were purely negative, but even so they are not devoid of interest, for they prove beyond doubt that the medusa must have a fixed IIo Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor. vale or resting stage in its life-history, perhaps with the structure of a minute hydroid, or more probably encysted in a form that would not be recognizable with our present knowledge. The most interesting results obtained in the streamlets at Khandalla were those bearing on adaptation to environment in fish and molluscs. Notes resulting from a tour of the kind cannot be exhaustive, but our knowledge of the biouomics and environment of the aqua- tic fauna of India is still in its preliminary stage, in which it 1s, in my opinion at any rate, worth while to publish notes of the kind, even at the risk of being superficial. I must be held wholly responsible for all statements made in those sections of the paper in the superscription of which no author’s name is given. I. THE LIMNOCNIDA POOL, IN THE YENNA RIVER AT MEDHA. The Yenna or Vena is a stream of a type very common in hilly districts in Peninsular India. In the wet season it may be described as a small river in which deep pools alternate with rapids obstructed by rocks of irregular shape. In dry weather, however, the pools shrink considerably, while the rapids are re- duced to a mere trickle of water or even disappear altogether, leaving the pools completely isolated. The bed of the stream is for the most part rocky, with gravelly reaches ; but in the pools it is covered with a layer of mud and vegetable debris. As in all the smaller tributaries near the source of the Kistna, the water contains an abundance of very finely divided silt never com- pletely deposited, and is, therefore, opaque and brownish. After heavy rain it is further contaminated with red mud, from the Mahableshwar plateau, that seems to be particularly inimical to animal life. The pools are practically devoid of aquatic vegeta- tion. ‘The temperature of the water of the pools must rise to a considerable height in the hot season; at other times of year it is strictly temperate. The pool in which Limnocnida indica was originally found is, including the gorge at its upper end, about 50 yards long and a stone’s throw across; its width must varv slightly with the sea- sons. A photograph of it is published by Gravely and Agharkar in Rec. Ind. Mus. VII. In March the water is 7 to 12 metres deep, but must be considerably deeper in the ‘“‘rains.”” In March there is very little current, as the rapid above the pool is then small and feeble. A tall man could stride across the outlet. The rocky bottom is very irregular; in the lower part of the pool it is covered with a fairly deep layer of gravel mixed with mud, but in the upper part, which is the deepest, there is only a sparse coating of small pebbles and vegetable debris. A large irregular rock rises far above the surface in the lower part and a foot-bridge spans the upper part at a considerable height above the water. It is impossible, owing to the opacity of the water, to see the 1QI9Q. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. LEE bottom of the pool. Except algae, which are scantily represen- ted, there is no living vegetation. The fauna of this pool is chiefly a bottom fauna. The bare rock of the sides is covered for considerable areas by the hard black encrusting sponge Corvospongilla ultima vat. spinosa and by the much softer and rather thinner green species Spongilla pervi- ridis and S. sumatrensis var. rivularis. The Polyzoa Plumatella javanica and P. emarginata occur sparingly on the cleaner parts of the rocky basin and also on the lower surface of loose stones. In the mud and dead vegetable matter a small white dipterous larva of the family Chironomidae is abundant, while in the more gra- velly spots thick-shelled Unionids (Parreyssia corrugata and P. cylindrica, sp. nov.) are not uncommon. For some inches above the bottom Entomostraca, chiefly Copepods and Daphnids, are abundant and with them occur the larvae and pupae of the Core- thrine Culicid Chaoborus manillensis.' None of these arthropods commonly rise to the surface, on which the only zooplancton taken in my nets consisted of the statoblasts of Plumatella. Sur- face-haunting fish such as Barilius bendelests are scarce in the pool, but bottom-haunting forms, notably Discognathus lamta and Gobius bombayensis, aie numerous ; a large proportion of the fish bore the glochidia of Unionidae on their fins at the time of my visit. Small prawns of the genera Caridina and Palaemon are not uncommon, and the crab Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) jacquemonti burrows in the mud at shallow points near the shore.’ The facts known about the life-history of Limnocnida are as follows :—they are taken mainly from the papers referred to in a footnote below.’ L. indica has been found only in the smaller streams of the upper Kistna river-system, and only in pools situated as described above. It has been observed only in the months of April and May ; in places where it is abundant in these months it has been proved to be completely absent in February, March and October, ! Both larva and pupa of this fly are modified in correlation with life near the bottom instead of at the surface, the larva in its very small air-sacs, the pupa in several structures, particularly in its balloon-like breathing trumpets, which are sufficiently bouyant to keep it in an upright position but not to raise it to the surface. See Baini Prashad, Rec. Ind. Mus., XV, pp. 154-156 (1918). 2 I may refer briefly to two small but remarkable Orthopterous insects common at the edge of the pool, vzz. Scelimena harpago (Serv.) and Paranemo- bius pictus, Sauss. The former is an Acridiid grasshopper of the subfamily Acrydiinae (or Tettiginae) and is amphibious in habits, flying, diving and swim- ming with equal ease. [I hope on some future occasion to discuss the peculiar modification of its hind legs by means of which it can cling to rocks under water. The Paranemobius is a brachypterous, long-legged cricket which runs, as often sideways as forwards, with great agility on the shady sides of dry rocks at the edge of water. It is widely distributed in India (Kashmir to South India) and is always found in this position. I have to thank M. L. Chopard for this identification. 8 See Annandale, ‘‘ A Preliminary Description of a Freshwater Medusa from the Bombay Presidency,’ Rec. Ind. Mus., VU, p. 253 (1912): Gravely & Aghar- kar, ‘‘Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Limnocnida indica,’ Rec. Ind. Mus., Vil, p. 399 (1912); Agharkar, ‘‘ Further Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Jimnocnida indica,” Rec. Ind. Mus., \X, p. 247. Fr2 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, and is stated by natives of these places (who are well acquainted with it under the names “ water-wheels”’ or ‘‘ water-flowers’’) to be absent at all other times of the year. In the pools it feeds on minute crustacea, which are probably always to be found in abundance at the bottom, near which the medusa spends most of its time. All attempts either to breed the animal in captivity or to discover what becomes of the species when the medusa is not present have hitherto failed. Investigation of the latter point is rendered difficult at Medha by the inequalities of the rocky basin of the pool. I found that a heavy dredge invariably caught in projections of the rock, but succeeded by careful manipulation in dragging a D-net over the bottom and in bringing up pebbles and vegetable debris from it. I could detect no organism of a coelenterate nature in this matter; nor could I find any trace of a parasitic or quasiparasitic stage ou or in any of the fish. molluscs or cristaceans of the pool. The structure of the stream and of the su~rounding country renders it almost impossible that the medusa could be introduced periodically ; at other localities it appears in bodies of water completely isolated at the time of its appearance. We know that it is killed off annually by the red mud brought down from higher up stream in the first summer freshets. We know also that sexual reproduction is active immediately before this occurs, and evidence that asexual budding ever occurs is altogether lacking. I am sure no ordinary hydroid, if at all abundant, could have escaped my notice in the investigations I undertook at Medha, while Mr. Agharkar’s experiments at the same place had equally negative results. The most probable explanation seems to me to be that the hydrozoon remains for the greater part of the year in an encysted condition and that the medusa becomes fully developed in favourable conditions of temperature, as soon as the hot season is fully established. The uniou of ova and spermatozoa probably gives rise to planulae of the type usual in hydroids. Probably those planulae which are produced in the earlier part of the brief season of activity develop directly into medusae, bu: there may be a short-lived hydroid generation. Those planulae, however, which have not undergone further development at the time when the water is rendered unfit for the activities of the medusa by the freshets, perhaps become encysted and lie on the bottom until conditions favourable for active life return Their cysts may be very minute and have no definite characters by which they could be recognized. I know of no case! in the Hydrozoa precisely parallel, but that of the encysted embryo of Hydra is similar and encystment is a phenomenon of such common occurrence itt many diverse groups of freshwater invertebrates that it would not be at all surprising to find it in Limnocnida. l In Annulella, an anomalous hydroid from the brackish water of the Gangetic delta, an encysted resting stage has been described.. See Ritchie, Rec. Ind. Mus., XI, p. 552, pl. xxxa, fig. 9 (1915). 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. II3 II. THE FAUNA OF MOUNTAIN STREAMLETS AT KHANDALLA. The hills at Khandalla are fairly steep and almost bare or at any rate devoid of heavy jungle. Numerous small streams tush down them, falling over many cliffs and rocks and thus forming cascades and waterfalls, some of which are of a con- siderable, even a great height. The streams are for the most part very small indeed, nowhere more than a yard or two across and in the deepest pools not more than a foot or two deep. This description applies to their conditions in the dry season; in the rainy season they must be small but raging torrents, the biologi- cal investigation of which would be difficult. In the following notes I discuss the true aquatic fauna of these streamlets; the fauna of damp rocks at the edge of the waterfalls will be con sidered separately. It is impossible at present to give anything like a full account of the fauna of auy body of water in India, because it inevitably includes among its members a large proportion of insect larvae even the adults of which are imperfectly known, if known at all. This is particularly unfortunate in the case of small torrents, the insect larvae of which are almost without exception highly modified and adapted forms. In present circumstances, however, it is perhaps best to ignore the curious flattened Ephemerid and other larvae that play an important part in the natural history of the streamlets at Khandalla, and also the aquatic and semi-aquatic beetles which, though never of large size, are by no means un- common in the water or at the edge. Mr. Paiva’s co-operation has made more satisfactory reference to the Rhynchota possible. I shall do no more than mention here that Anopheline larvae are abundant in small pools and that the adults rest in large numbers on damp rocks shaded from the sun and standing in the water. It will be remembered that my observations were made in March, when there was very little water in the streamlets. Batrachta.—The only frogs observed at the edge of the streamlets were Rana limnocharis syhadrensis and Ixalus bombayen- sts, both of which were fairly common under stones. The /xalus was also found in the cracks between the narrow strata of the rocks over which little cascades fall in the streamlets. These cracks often make it possible to strip off slabs of stone by the exercise of a little force, and when this is done the frogs appear flattened against the parent rock, with their pupils strongly contracted. With them there is abundant food, particularly in the form of earwigs (Forcipula), which greatly favour such situations. When the streamlets become broader owing to natural or artificial ob- structions in comparatively level areas Rana cyanophlyctis is abun- dant round the margin. I found no tadpoles of any species. Fish.—Three species of fish, all very small, make their way into the smallest pools in the streamlets. They are Nemachilus evezardt, Discognathus nasutus and Psilorhynchus ientaculatus. All of these, and especially the two last, are modified forms. 114 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. Vay The loach resembles other small species of its genus in general structure but has the processes between the two nostrils on each side of the head prolonged into regular barbels. This feature does not occur in any other Indian species of Nemachilus but is present in the closely allied genus Aborichthys, which is found in hill streams in Assam and north-eastern Burma. The modifications exhibited by the Discognathus and the Psilorhynchus are of a more extreme and more clearly adaptive nature. Many species of Nemachilus, with their ventral mouth, swollen suctorial lips, glandular skin, flat ventral surface and small size are well fitted to live in rapid-running water among rocks, to which they are able to adhere and over which they can crawl even when the surface is not entirely submerged ; but other species of similar structure live in ordinary rivers. The two species of Psilorhynchus are inhabitants only of streams in or near Indian mountains, and are modified accordingly. The Bombay species does not differ from its Himalayan congeners to any important degree in this respect. It has been generally assumed that the genus Fic. 1.—Vertical section through the mouth of Discognathus lamta. b.c. = buccal cavity. 1.7.= lower jaw. /./.= anterior free portion of lower lip. m.d.= mental disk. «.7.= upper jaw. w./.= upper lip. Discognathus has had a similar history, but though Psilorhynchus may be a more primitive form of Discognathus, there is something to be said for another view. The main if not the only generic peculiarities of Discognathus lie in the structure of its mouth and lips (fig. 1). The jaws are of semicircular shape, firm and bony, with blunt edges and covered with soft integument; they are directed downwards and can be tightly closed together with their margins in contact. The upper lip is a deep but delicate fold covered with minute papillae, mobile and probably sensitive. It entirely conceals the upper jaw, to which it is not attached. The lower lip bears much the same relation to the lower jaw so far as its anterior part is concerned, but the free portion is shorter; posteriorly it is much enlarged and flattened and bears in its centre a relatively large transversely oval or nearly circular pad, which can be elevated by muscular action and so produce a partial vacuum, thus forming an organ of adhesion. The mouth of Psilorhynchus is essentially similar, except that the pad is entirely absent or represented, as in P. fen- 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. II5 taculatus, by a slight swelling. From the more normal species of Discognathus the genus is further separated by the structure of the pectoral fins, which are greatly expanded, entirely horizontal in position and with their rays broad, flat and sparingly branched. The chest is also flat, devoid of scales, highly muscular and, with the pectoral fins, capable of adhering tightly to flat or uneven surfaces. ‘The other generic differences are trivial or inconstant : Discognathus may have two or four barbels or none, Psilorhynchus two or none; the two lips are joined together by a fold in Dzscog- nathus, separated by a groove in Psilorhynchus. In the Indian species there is no difficulty in separating the genera, but both in India and Africa forms occur that are intermediate in one way or another. Boulenger! in describing the Nilotic species of Dzscog- nathus says: ‘* Aberrant Cyprininae adapted for living in torrents and mountain rivers. The mental disk by which they are enabled to fasten themselves to stones varies greatly in its degree of development, and is so reduced in some specimens of the species described below as D. quadrimaculatus as to be almost indistinguishable. Such specimens might be referred to the genus Crossochilus, Van Hasselt, were it not for the more reduced gill-openings, which do not extend to the lower surface of the head, the isthmus being much broader than in the related genera.”’ The resemblance between D. quadrimaculatus and Pstlorhyn- chus seems to me to be very close indeed, both in the structure of the mouth and as regards general facies. There is no resemblance, however, in the structure of the pectoral fins, and the lips are continuous in the African fish. If we have in this African species a close approximation to Psilorhynchus, we have among Indian forms a still closer resemblance in the modification of the pectoral fins and chest in one or possibly two species of Discognathus. This is the case in D. nasutus. Here again, however, we have a difference as well as a resemblance, for the pectoral fins in D. nasutus differ from those of all species of Psilorhynchus in that all the rays except the outermost ones are branched, though sparingly so, whereas in Pstlorhynchus several of the outer rays are simple or nearly so. Resemblances between the mouth-parts in these fish are perhaps. more important genetically than those between the fins, both because they are more exact and because we find similar modifi- cations in the fins of other unrelated genera (such as Homaloptera and even some Siluridae) that also live in mountain streams. The latter resemblances are, therefore, without doubt convergent. It will be as well, however, to inquire a little further, before coming to any conclusion, what are the normal modifications in the 1 The Fishes of the Nile, p. 180 (1907). See also the same author’s Fresh- Water Fishes of Africa, I, p. 343 (1909). 116 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor. XVI, clearly specialized genus Discognathus and in what way these modifi- cations are actually utilized. With the structure of the mouth in Discognathus I have dealt to some extent. The Western Asiatic forms (D.variabilis and D. lamta var. rufus) closely resemble the Indian forms in this respect, and so does the one species (D. borneensis) known from the Malay Archipelago. I have been able myself to observe both the typical D. lamta and its Syrian race under natural conditions in ex- ceptionally favourable circumstances. Neither of these forms lives habitually in mountain streams; both affect the pools of streams and rivers and even isolated masses of still water; they are what we may call normal forms of the genus with well-developed mental suckers and with the pectoral fins and chest comparatively little modified. My observations on the Syrian fish were made in a walled fountain at the Lake of Tiberias, those on the Indian form in the Inlé Lake in the Southern Shan States. Moreover, in the literature on other species of the genus I can find no statement that would justify, so far as most species are concerned, the belief that the genus is like Pszlorhynchus, essentially a mountain one. Blan- ford ' took the types of D. blanfordit in a stream which he describes as a torrent, and Max Weber? states that D. borieensis lives in mountain streams. All the other species are recorded from rivers or lakes. Discognathus Jamta, in both its races, feeds on small organisms that are tightly fixed to rocks or other hard objects. Its manner of feeding isthis. Having fastened itself, usually in a more or less vertical position with the head uppermost, to a rock or post by means of its mental disk, it selects suitable food with its lips, bites it off with its jaws and sucks it into its almost horizontal buccal cavity. When the food in its reach is exhausted, it relaxes its adhesive organ and by means of an almost impercep- tible movement. of its tail, thrusts itself slightly upwards. The disk then takes hold again. In Palestine I experienced this process by bodily sensation on placing my bare feet in the water of the fountain. ‘The fish invariably attached themselves and it was possible to feel the action of the disk fixing itself, the znovements of the lips and the nibblings of the jaws, which were not sharp enough to pierce the human skin. Psilorhynchus apparently feeds in the same way but clings rather by means of its pectoral fins and flattened, highly muscular chest, which can probably be rendered concave by muscular action. Discognathus nasutus has both means of attachment strongly developed. It is noteworthy that in D. blanfordii, so tar as cau be seen from Boulenger’s figures, the fius and chest have a considerable resemblance to those of D. mnasutus, while those of the other African species, which apparently live in comparatively still water, resemble those of D. lamta. The Bornean species also | Discognathus lamta, Blanford, Geol. Zool. Abyssinia, pp. 460-461 (1870). > Indo-Australian Fish, Ul, p. 228 (1916); see also Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus., XXIV, p. 4, figs. 25, 26 (1902). 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. IL7 resembles D. nasutus in this respect, so far as can be judged from published figures. Taking all these facts into consideration and further remem- bering that the peculiar structure of the pectoral fins found in Psilorhynchus is also found in Homaloptera and to a still greater degree of specialization in the Bornean genus Gastromyzon,' I am of the opinion that the resemblance between Psilorhynchus and Discognathus is to a large extent due to parallel evolution. In the species of the latter genus that live in comparatively still water (z.e. in the majority of species) it is superficial, while in those species that live in hill torrents convergence has certainly taken place. I am inclined to think, therefore, that both Psilorhynchus and Discognathus have been derived from a genus like Crossochtlus or probably Labeo, but that their evolu- tion took place independently, and that whereas the chief factor in the case of Psilorhynchus was rapid-running water in a rocky stream-bed, in Discognathus the primary factor was a peculiar mode of feeding. The close resemblance between such forms as P. tentaculatus and D. nasutus is due, if this be so, to secondary convergence. The resemblance between D. quadrimaculatus and Crossochilus may or may not be due to a real genetic relationship, while that between the former and Pszlorhynchus, close though it seems at first sight, cannot becloser at most than that between distant cousins, so far as descent is concerned. Molluscs.—The only mollusc found in the upper parts of the streams at Khandalla was Ampullaria nux. As we have pointed out in our systematic notes on the Mollusca collected on my tour, this species is modified for its peculiar habitat in respect to two characters: (1) its small size and (2) the curious development of the inner lip of the aperture of the shell. It is the only species of Ampullaria that I have seen in anything but still or at most very sluggish water. The columellar callus of the shell is a flat- tened ridge nearly two millemetres broad, and this ridge forms with the outer lip a continuous margin of attachment, enabling the shell to come into much closer contact with the rocks to which the animal attaches itself than is the case with the shells of more normal species that crawl on water-weeds. Only one living indivi- dual was seen, though broken shells were not uncommon in the streamlets and it is probable that A. mux, like many other species of its genus, conceals itself in the dry season. The one individuai was attached to the rocky margin of a small pool densly shaded at all times of day and supplied by a small but perennial waterfall. Paludomus obesa was found in some abundance in the same streams, but in a small plain where it was not shaded and had lost for a short distance its peculiar character as a mountain streamlet. It was feeding on algae covering stones. Insects.—As I have already stated I can deal only with the Rhynchota of the streamlets. These fall from a bionomical point 1 See Weber, /ndo-Australian Fishes, II, p. 3, fig 1 (1916). 118 Records of the Indian Museum. (VOLS XVI, of view into three categories: (1) surface forms, (2) mid-water forms confined to still pools, and (3) bottom forms that can live in rapid running water. The list of species collected in the stream- lets at Khandalla is as follows ; I have distinguished the names of those that belong to the first category with an *, those of the species of the second category with a ¢ and those of the species of the third category with a §. Rhagovelta nigricans.* Heleocorts elongatus.§ Ptilomera laticaudata.* Naucorts sordidus.§ Metrocoris stalt.* Evithares templetont.t Even in dealing with the Rhynchota I think it will be better to defer a detailed discussion until it has been possible to investi- gate the structure of Indian aquatic insects more completely. I shall merely point out that the Hvdrometridae of running water, in India at any rate, usually differ from those that live on the surface of pools and have either extremely long legs and bodies, as in Cylindrostethus, or else have the body short and rounded like that of the marine species, as in Metrecoris; while the species of Heleocorts are flattened and smooth and are thus well adapted to cling tightly to stones or to make their way beneath and between them. Such small, short-legged surface forms as Rhago- velia live at the edge of the stiller parts of the streamlets and are not perceptibly modified. III. THe FAUNA OF Damp ROCKS AT THE EDGE-OF WATER- FALLS AT KHANDALLA. Where the small streamlets near Khandalla are precipitated over the sheer basaltic cliffs that abound in the neighbourhood waterfalls of different heights are formed. The larger of these, where the water drops for some hundreds of feet, are practically inaccessible, but many smaller ones can be readily investigated in which hundreds of feet are represented by tens and the amount of water is by no means great. The fauna of these waterfalls is of considerable bionomic interest, but what I have said in reference to insects of small streams has even greater forcehere. The fauna of the actual falls is perhaps exclusively entomological, its most conspicuous mem- bers being certain moth-larvae that spin their flattened cocoons on the rocks and certain caddis-worms that make bag-shaped reticu- late snares of such strength that the water pours right through without breaking them. At the edge of the falls, however, at any rate in the dry season, a much larger and more varied fauna has established itself where the rock is kept wet with spray and the growth of algae is thus encouraged. Here again insects predominate, but other animals also occur. Batrachia.—Ixalus bombayensis 1s not uncommon in cracks in the damp rock, and Rana limnocharis syhadrensis may be found under stones at the bottom of the falls. 1919. ] N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. I1g Molluscs.—Two species of molluscs, both belonging to highly peculiar genera probably of very limited range, have been des- cribed from the edge of the waterfalls at Khandalla. These are Cremnoconchus of the almost exclusively marine family Ljittori- nidae and Lithotts of the semi-terrestrial pulmonate family Suc- cineidae. Our knowledge of both these interesting genera is due primarily to the work of the late Dr W. T. Blanford.! In March Lithotis was entirely absent from the cliffs from which it was described. Its absence in the dry season is additional evidence for the belief that, like other members of its family, it is an air- breathing mollusc that can only exist in damp surroundings. In dry weather it probably conceals itself and aestivates. Cremno- conchus syhadrensis, on the other hand, was found in great abundance, but only at places where the cliff was shaded from the midday sun and supported a growth of the peculiar dull green filamentous alga on which it feeds. Some individuals were in an active condition, crawling and feeding in the spray of the falls; others, in drier places, were apparently quite torpid and had their opercula tightly closed. A number of individuals in both states were placed in jars of water. Some were prevented from reaching the surface. These were drowned in 24 hours, dying partially ex- panded. Others, placed ina jar with flat sides and only half full of water, crawled out after a short time. Their movements could be observed with great nicety through the glass. They moved upwards slowly. When out of the water the shell was closely applied to the glass except where the tentacles protruded in front, the ventral surface of the body-whorl being in contact with it as well as the rim of the aperture. The opening of the branchial cavity was patent, but was relatively small and had asomewhat lunate form. It could be easily seen that this cavity was full of water, and the animal took with it a film of water that surrounded the shell on the glass. After it had been moving about for some hours this film grew smaller and finally disappeared. The orifice of the branchial cavity was then shut, the foot retracted and the operculum closed. The mollusc remained for days in this condition, absolutely im- mobile, and probably would have so remained until it had been soaked with water. Although the glass on which it crawled was quite clean, it opened its mouth and thrust out its radula from time to time, as though trying to scrape off its food, so long as it remained active. Fig. 3, pl. IV, which shows the film of water, the open branchial orifice, etc., was drawn from a specimen brought alive but torpid to Calcutta and revivified by being placed in water. Cremnoconchus seems, therefore, to be in a sense a water- breather, incapable of obtaining its oxygen direct from the air, but also incapable of obtaining it from water in the manner usual ! Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) XII, p. 184 (1863), and (4) ITI, p. 343 (1869). For Lithotts see also Gude, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moll., 11, p. 457 (1914) ; for Cremnoconchus, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1871, p. 108. 120 Ktecords of the Indian Museum. [VOL Sov i. in aquatic Prosobranchiate molluscs. It possesses both a gill and a branchial chamber with a small orifice that can be completely closed. The branchial chamber, however, is not transformed into a lung and is apparently never filled with air; breathing is effected by the absorbtion of atmospheric oxygen through a thin film of water. Cremnoconchus belongs to a family (the Littorinidae) of which other forms are maritime, rupicolous or even arboricolous and more or less amphibious. According to Pilseneer,! the bran- chial cavity of some species of Littorina, though not transformed into a lung like that of Pulmonates and though containing a gill, is filled with air when the animals are out of the water, and with water when they are submerged; while other species of the same genus ‘‘ménent ordinairement une véritable existence de Pul- moné.”’ The physical modifications of the breathing apparatus found in Cremnoconchus are not very greatly different from those found in Littorvina, but they are different and have a different function. In the former genus the branchial cavity is more of a closed chamber; the structure of the gill,?. though essentially similar, is somewhat more simplified, its vascular outgrowths are less developed and the osphradium is still more reduced, having become papilliform instead of ridge-like. The small size of the branchial orifice and the completeness with which it can be closed are adaptations correlated with life in circumstances in which pro- longed periods of desiccation occur. In these periods the animal is in a state of coma and probably requires little fresh oxygen, but the gill must be kept wet. Insects.—The insect fauna of damp rocks at Khandalla is a rich one. In little ledges in which masses of damp algae grow or dead leaves accumulate numerous dipterous larvae of the families Tipulidae,? Chironomidae and Stratiomyidae occur, with small beetles belonging to the Staphylinidae, the Clavicornia and other groups. In cracks in the rocks the earwig Forctpula quadrispinosa and the Reduviid bug Pirates arcuatus ate not un- common, while Tettigine grasshoppers frequently alight on the algae coating smooth surfaces. I shall, however, say nothing of these, but merely draw attention to the great abundance of two species of water-bugs, Hebrus bombayensis and Onychotrechus rhex- enor. The former runs about on the damp alga and takes readily to flight. It was also found on the surface of water at Medha, and exhibits no particular modification for life on rocks. Onycho- trechus is a genus which, so far as my experience goes, is always found either on damp rocks or on the surface of small rocky streams.* It differs from its nearest ally Gerris, which always t Pelseneer, Avch. de Biol., X1V, p. 356 (1895). 2 Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1871, p. 108, fig. 1. 5 An adult fly of this family found beneath a stone on a ledge in one of the waterfalls has been identified by Mr. Brunetti as a new species of Antocha. f + Mr. Green’s remarks on O. vadda, Dist. (quoted by Distant on p. 147 of Vol. V of the “Fauna” volumes on the Rhynchota) would apply equally well to O. rhexenor at Khandalla. 191g. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 121 lives on the surface of water, and asa rule, though not invariably, of still water, in the structure of its feet, more particularly of those of the two hinder pairs of legs. On these feet there is in Gerrits a pair of slender, almost bristle-like claws, which are situated at the tip of the limb; some distance in front of thei, on the lower surface, there is a large bristle, but there is no definite empodium and the whole structure is degenerate. In Onychotrechus the claws are real claws, of a horny consistency, curved. towards the tips, sharply pointed and flattened from side to side; they are separated from the extremity of the limb by several strong bristles and small processes perhaps of a sensory nature ; similar processes also occur just behind the claws, and between them protrudes a coiled band-like empodium. These structures deserve a more detailed examination. I refer to them here merely to indicate that the foot is modified in this genus to enable it to cling to slippery surfaces, while in Gerris,! which apparently does not use the claws of its hinder legs at all, they are degenerate. There is less difference between the anterior feet of the two genera, both of which probably use them for grasping prey, but even in these feet the claws of Onychotrechus are much stronger and larger than those of Gerrits. These facts are illus- trated in figures 8 and g on plate III, drawn on the same scale from insects of approximately the same size. Oligochaeta.—Small white worms of the family Naiadae are abundant in damp algae on the cliffs. The fauna of these cliffs, where they are wet with the spray of waterfalls, includes, therefore, highly modified forms among both the Mollusca and the insects. ‘The latter are still imperfectly known, but there is every reason to think that a proper entomo- logical investigation of the waterfalls would have great biological interest. IV. Some FrRoGS FROM STREAMS IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. Only three species of frogs were found at the edge of the streams investigated at Medha and Khandalla. They are Rana cyanophlyctis, an undescribed race of R. limnocharis for which I propose the subspecific name syhadrensis, and an undescribed species of Ixalus, which I have called J. bombayensis. Both new race and new species are abundant in the Bombay Ghats. ‘The Ixalus has been found in the North Canara, Satara and Poona districts, the race of R. limnocharis in the two latter and also in the Nasik district; neither form is known to occur at altitudes below 2,000 or above 4,000 feet. ! | have seen a species of Gerris clinging to rocks at the edge of the Bhavani river by means of its anterior claws. It could not, however, run about on the shppery surface. 122 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Rana cyanophlyctis, Schneider. This frog, one of the commonest species in the plains of India, is found only in the immediate neighbourhood of water. It is equally at home in puddles of rain-water, ponds and streams, but does not frequent the smaller mountain streamlets. So far as my own observations go, it is the only species that skips over the surface of the water as R. limnocharis is sometimes stated, I believed incorrectly, to do. The habit was first noted in litera- ture by the Emperor Babur' in the year 1525-1526. R. hexadac- tyla may have the same habit when young, but when full grown is probably, as Dr. Henderson points out in a letter, too heavy an animal.? R. cyanophlyctis is frequently seen in wells and in pools with a steep margin. In such conditions it floats on the surface of the water, but when a resting place is available it usually sits at the edge. When disturbed it gives a short leap, horizontally Fic. 2.--Hind foot of R. cyanophlyctis (enlarged). rather than upwards, and strikes the surface of the water with its short, broad, slightly cup-shaped and stoutly webbed hind feet (fig. 2) at such an angle that it is again propelled forwards through the air for some inches; it then again strikes the water in the same way, and the manoeuvre may be repeated as many as seven times. When the impetus is exhausted, as it usually is after a couple of yards or at most 10 feet—the Emperor’s observation was not strictly accurate—the frog dives obliquely forwards to the ‘ He says in his ‘‘ Memoirs,’’ ‘‘ The frogs of Hindustan, though otherwise like those others (Tramontane) run 6 or 7 yards on the face of the water.’ See The Memoirs of Emperor Babur, translated by Annette S. Beveridge, fasc. Gil Pp. 503 (1918). 4 Since this was written I have been able to observe R. hexadactyla in Madras. The adult usually sits among weeds in the water, where its ‘bright green colour conceals it to some extent. When disturbed it dives through the weeds but if they are too thick it skips feebly two or three times. 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombav Streams Fauna. 123 bottom. If this be soft it burrows into it with its fore feet, impel- ling itself forwards at the same time by vigorous kicks of its hind legs. It makes its way more or less completely into the mud or sand but does not attempt to go downwards. After remaining buried or half buried for a few minutes, it backs from its tempo- rary burrow and rises cautiously to the surface. If no danger threatens it then swims ashore. I have often seen a frog dive direct into the water from a stone or rock and then leap out and skip two or three times. When living at the edge of a stream it dives against the current, and often has difficulty in reaching the bottom. Its swimming stroke is, however, very powerful; it is the only frog with the habits of which I am acquainted that habitu- ally swims upstream. R. cyanophlyctis is abundant at the edge of the Yenna at Medha and also at that of ponds and of the larger streams, where they traverse fairly level ground, at Khandalla. It evidently prefers pools or streams of which the bottom is soft. It appears rapidly in isolated temporary pools and must make its way over- land by night; I have never seen it except at the edge of water by day. Rana limnocharis, subsp. syhadrensis, nov. This is a dwarfed race akin to the subsp. ntligivaca but of much smaller stature and with the hind limbs as a rule shorter. The first finger hardly extends beyond the second; the hind feet are as in the typical form except that the webbing is slightly less extensive and the tibio tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye or a point between it and the tip of the snout. The dorsal surface is grey with black spots sometimes with a reddish suffusion; a narrow pale mid-dorsal line is often present ; the ventral surface is white; with the whole of the throat black in the adult male. The length does not exceed 3°5 cm. Measurements in millemetres. (type) oe Snout to vent a 27 315 Length of head .. GME 12'5 Width of head .. ee O.5 Ti Snout : ee AGS 6 Kye ine se yc 3°4 Interorbital breadth BRS 0) 3 Tympanum Ks Me Le 2 Fore limb ae ee ety 16 Ist finger Bee "| 5 2nd finger os Bre eas te) 4°5 Hind limb a SA aay 45'8 Inner metatarsal tubercle ay G8 Middle toe he ee eles GA 2 12 124 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL XVI, Type-spectmen.—Rept. No. 19764, Z.S.1. (Ind. Mus.). Geographical Range.—This little frog is abundant in the hills and elevated valleys of the middle region of the Bombay Presi- dency. I have examined specimens from several places in the Satara district at altitudes between 2,000 and 4,000 feet; also from Khandalla (2-3,000 feet) in the Poona district and from: Igatpuri (2,000 feet) in the Nasik district. Apparently the typical R. limnocharis is absent from these localities. Ixalus bombayensis, sp. nov. (Piaterlesieaan). Tongue with a free pointed papilla, often inconspicuous, in the anterior part of the median line. Snout rounded, as long as or a little longer than the orbital diameter; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; eye very large and prominent; tnteror)i- tal space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum small, hidden. Fingers free; toes not more than one third webbed; disks and sub- articular tubercles moderate; a fairly large but by no means prominent oval inner metatarsal tubercle; outer toes slightly fringed. The hind limb being carried forward along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin more or. less distinctly rugose' above, bearing small, scattered pointed warts or (ubercles ; upper eyelid tubercular; throat and chest smooth ; belly coarsely granular; a fold from the eye to the shoulder; a low ridge, sometimes broken up into a series of tubercles, on the mid- dorsal line of the head. The adult male with a very large gular pouch. Colouration variable; dorsal surface dark brown or grey speckled with black, sometimes almost entirely occupied by a large dicebox-shaped mark of pinkish buff edged and speckled with black ; a dark pale-edged cross-bar often present between eyes ; sides dark, spotted and blotched with dull yellow; a large black and lemon-yellow mark in front of the groin in adults; limbs pale grey more or less irregularly cross-barred with black ; hind part of thighs mottled with black and dull yellow; ventral surface greenish-yellow suffused with black. Length not exceeding 3 cm. Type-spectmen.—Rept. No. 18782, Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.), from Castle Rock. Geograthical Range.—Hills of the Bombay Presidency from N. Canara (Castle Rock) to the Satara (Khas) and Poona (Khan- dalla) districts at altitudes between 2,500 and 4,000 feet. The species is closely allied to J. flaviventris, Boulenger, i In the specimen figured on pl. I it is smoother than usual. This specimen is the only fully developed adult male in the series examined. 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombav Streams Fauna. 125 whose description of that species I have followed closely, italiciz- ing the more important differences. I have examined a large series of specimens. I. bombayensis is common at Khas (where it occurs with I. glandulosus) and Khandalla; Mr. Kemp found a single speci- men at Castle Rock. It is evidently nocturnal in habits and in the daytime its pupil is often reduced to a very narrow transverse slit. It hides under stones in damp places at the edge of small streams and in cracks in rocks kept wet by the spray of water- falls. V. NOovTES ON FRESHWATER FISH MOSTLY FROM ‘THE SATARA AND POONA DIsTRICTS. Fish of the following species were collected in the Yeuna at Medha in February and March :— Euglyptosternum saistt (Jen- kins). Lepidocephalus thermalis (C. Barbus malabaricus, Jerdon. Barbus kolus, Sykes. Barbus ticto, Day. & V.) Rasbora daniconius (Ham. Nemachtlus botia (Ham. Buch.). Se Biel): Barilius bendelisis (Ham. Nemachilus savona (Ham. Buch.). Buch ). Danio aequipinnatus (McCl.). Nemachilus anguilla, sp.nov. Chela boopis, Day. Psilorhynchus tentaculatus, Mastacembelus armatus (La- sp. nov. cép.). Discognathus lamta (Ham. Ophiocephalus gachua, Ham. Buch.), Day. Buch. Cirrhina reba (Ham. Buch.). Gobius bombayensts, sp. nov. About several of these fish, having put on record their occurrence in the head waters of the Kistna, I have nothing fur- ther to say. In small hill streamlets at Khandalla I obtained three species of fish :—Nemachilus evezardi, Day; Pstlorhynchus tentaculatus, sp. nov. and Discognathus nasutus (McCl.). These I have already discussed at some length (pp. II3-I17). In addition to my own collection I have before me some interesting specimens of Barbus from the Satara district, sent me by Mr. C. D. McIver of the Public Works Department, a very keen student of the local fish-fauna. To these I shall refer, and with them to an interesting specimen of the same genus recently sent to the Indian Museum from Gauhati on the Brahmaputra by Mr. T. R. Phookun on behalf of the late Chief Commissioner of Assam. I shall also discuss the Indian species of the genus Discogna- ihus, so far as the material at my disposal permits me to do so. 126 Records of the Indian Museuin. [MOLs evils Family SILURIDAE. Euglyptosternum saisii (Jenkins). 1910. Glyptosternum satstt, Jenkins, Rec. Ind. Mus. V, p. 128, pl. vi fig. 6. A specimen from the Yenna (Vena) River at Medha in the Satara district agrees well with the type-specimens from Pares- nath in Bihar except in being much larger; its total length is [20 min: In general facies the species resemble Euglyptosternum rather than Glyptosternum and I find that both in Dr. Jenkin’s specimens and in my own microscopic horny teeth are scattered on the palate. They are, however, attached to skin and not to the bone and are not arranged in any definite manner. The tooth-band on the upper jaw is natrow as in Glyptosternum. I have examined the palate of E. lineatum and of several species of Glyptosternum and cannot discover any trace of scattered teeth. Iamily CypRINIDAE. Lepidocephalus thermalis (C. and V.). 1889. en thermalis, Day, Faun. Brit. Ind., Fishes, Fi ee Weber! has shown that the clumsy generic name by which this fish and its congeners were known to Day may be abbreviated to Lepidocephalus. L. thermalis is characteristic of Peninsular India and Ceylon as distinct from the Indo-Gangetic finer syeteins, It is not un- common in the Yenna River, Nemachilus evezardi, Day. (Elateml nies 2 2a) 1878. Nemachilus evezardi, Day; Fishes of India, II, p. 613, pl. cliii, fig. Ie 1889. Ne Vaicilas evezardt, Day, op. cit., p. 220. Hitherto known from a single specimen (now in the Indian Museum) from a stream near Poona, this little loach is actually one of the commonest species in small streamlets in the Bombay Ghats. I obtained numerous specimens at Khandalla in the Poona district and my assistant Mr. J. W. Caunter collected others at Khas in the Satara district, while Mr. KE. A. D’Abreu of the Nagpur Museum has recently sent me one from Pachmhari in the Central Provinces. AJl these places lie between 2,000 and 4,500 feet above sea level. The species is stated by Day to differ from all other Indian species of its genus in possessing a pair of nasal barbels. These ! Indo-Australian Fishes, 111, p. 27 (1916). 1gIQ. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 127 are merely prolongations of the processes that always occur between the two nostrils on either side of the head. The coloura- tion of the fish varies considerably in different parts of the same streamlet. When the bottom is sandy the dark bars or spots on the sides are much less strongly marked than where it is of a dark colour. At Khandalla I found N. evezardi with Discognathus nasutus and a new species of Pszlorhynchus in hill streamlets nowhere more than a few feet in breadth. It frequented small pools, taking the place occupied by N. montanus in similar streamlets in the Eastern Himalayas. Nemachilus savona (Ham. Buch.). This loach is common in many of the smaller rivers of Penin- sular India and the Indo Gangetic plain. I obtained several specimens from the Yenna River at Medha. In fresh specimens the head and forequarters are of a rather bright olivaceous green, obscurely mottled ; the posterior part of the body is of the same colour but with a variable number of pale vertical bars, which vary greatly in breadth but are always nar- rower than the green interspaces. A purplish black band em- braces the posterior extremity of the caudal peduncle and there is a black spot at the root of the dorsal fin in front. This fin is opaque white with seven longitudinal rows of small black spots, while the caudal has similar rows of black spots arranged verti- cally. Nemachilus botia (Ham. Buch.). 1878. Nemachilus botia, Day, op. cit., p. oe PE clvi, fig. 5. (889. Nemachilus botius, Day, op. cit., p. This fish is perhaps the most aidely diemapated of the Indian species of the genus. It occurs in small streams all over northern and central India and also on the Shan Plateau, and is not absent from the Kistna as Day thought. Specimens from Medha agree with Day’s var. aureus in that the lateral line disappears behind the dorsal fin, but the number of rays in that fin seems to be variable. Nemachilus anguilla, sp. nov. (Elaten ly tise 35 -plate LIL, fies ir), DSEO(2/8) Po 135 V8. “A Oa): Habit elongate, shallow and somewhat compressed; total length 53 to 5% times that of head, 43 that of caudal fin, about g times the greatest depth of the body. Head narrow, conical ; snout bluntly pointed, with 6 slender and rather short barbels, the rostral pair of which extend backwards almost as far as the anterior border of the eyes, while the outer maxillary pair almost 128 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, reach their posterior border. Lips greatly swollen, corrugated ; the upper lip with two short, stout digitiform processes in front ; the lower lip interrupted in the middle line, with two or three longi- tudinal ridges on either side; mouth entirely ventral. Eye large and prominent, situated dorsally near the middle of the length of the head. : Pectoral fins long and narrow, extending backwards about 2 the distance between their own roots and those of the ventrals ; ventrals narrow, extending backwards about the same distance towards the anal; anal very short, a little deeper than the body ; dorsal short, a little higher than the body, with its upper margin nearly straight but sloping rapidly downwards and backwards ; caudal very long, deeply emarginate, with the two halves pointed. Scales small, absent from the head, hardly distinguishable on the ventral surface of the body. Lateral line complete or nearly so. Natural colouration.—Head and body dull golden yellow : tip of snout scarlet ; numerous transverse bars of dark olive green, usually broader than the interspaces, across the back; a row of large blackish spots or blotches running along the mid-lateral line and sometimes coalescing, extended on to the caudal fin. Fins yellowish ; dorsal with an anterior scarlet border and caudal broadly edged both above and below with the same colour. Red markings evanescent. I have examined three specimens, the largest of which is 57 mm. long. Ty pe-specimen. —F 2922, Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.). Locality.—Yenna River at Medha, Satara district, Bombay Presidency. Psilorhynchus tentaculatus, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 4, 4a; plate Ill, fig-2): D:%9-10) (3/6-7).. P25: 9~V.05- AvO(2/A)e" Le). a7e= Mactan A very distinct species, distinguished from Ps. balitora by the possession of a pair of rostral barbels, by the fact that the dorsal fin commences immediately above the ventrals, etc. Size small; back moderately elevated; ventral surface flat. Total length 5 to 54 times length of head, about 5 times length of caudal fin and 44 to 5 times greatest depth of body. Eye 2% to 34 times in length of head. A pair of short barbels on the snout. Upper lip long, fringed, plicate; lower lip bilobed, covered with minute tubercles. Five outer pectoral rays undivided, flattened ; pectoral not nearly reaching root of ventral when adpressed; ven- tral a little longer than in P. balitora, with a small fleshy append- age at its root in the male; anterior border of dorsal imme- diately above that of ventral; the last undivided dorsal ray con- siderably shorter than the first branched ray; caudal bilobed, the lobes rounded. Lateral line complete, running along caudal peduncle. The pharyngeal bones very slender; their teeth long, IQty. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 129 narrow and pointed, rr in number, arranged in three rows, 2 in the outer row, 5 in the middle row and 4 in the inner row, grouped close together on a very distinct outward protuberance of the bone ; the two outer teeth less sharply pointed than the others. The air-bladder well developed and distinctly divided into two parts. Head and body dark purplish-grey or black, paler immediately above and below mid-lateral region; ventral surface white; oper- culum strongly iridescent, edged with white behind; a black hori- zontal bar or spot on the caudal peduncle edged with white posteriorly ; fins whitish ; dorsal more or less infuscated and with a black spot on each branched ray, caudal with its central part infuscated and with a vertically oval black spot at its base. My largest specimen is less than 45 mm. long. Type-spectmen —F. 9695/1, Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.). Distribution.—Abundant in small hill-streamlets at Khandalla in the Poona district (2-3,000 feet), less common in the Yenna River at Medha in the Satara district (2,000 feet). Genus Discognathus, Heckel. (Plate II, figs. 1-3). 1868. Discognathus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. VII, p. 68. Both the name and the species of this genus have been sub- jected to many vicissitudes and the Indian forms are still imper- fectly known The earlier writers on Indian ichthyology, notably Buchanan and McClelland, described a considerable number of so- called species that would now be placed in the genus, but they paid little attention to sexual differences or individual variation and their descriptions were too brief to be definitive. Day in his Fishes of India (1878) and his volume in the Fauna of British India (1889) recognized three species, D. lamta (Ham. Buch.), D. jerdont and D. modestus. Giinther, however, in his British Museum Catalogue (1868), though he also recognized three Indian species, gave them different names and different definitions: he called them D. lamta, D. macrochiy and D. nasutus. Jenkins (Rec. Ind. Mus. III, p. 291: 1909), with Day’s specimens before him, was of the opinion that they represented a single species, possibly with local varieties, while I pointed out in 1913 (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, n. s. IX, p. 36) that a considerable number of forms occurred in different parts of the Indian Empire that were at least worthy of racial distinction. In the meanwhile Vinci- guerra! had not only discussed the form he believed to be Buchan- nan’s Cyprinus lamta but had also described a very distinct Burmese species under the name D. imberbis. Finally, in the early part of the present year, 1 was able to provide evidence that two distinct species occurred in the Southern Shan States and that one of them was the D. lamta of Day (Rec. Ind. Mus. XIV, p. 45). l Aun. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova (2) 1X (X XIX}, pp. 275-280, figs. (1889). 130 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Since I discussed the collection from the Inlé Lake I have had an opportunity of examining a large series of fresh and well pre- served specimens of the two commonest Indian forms from the Deccan and elsewhere. The names most convenient for these two forms are D. lamta, Day and D. nasutus (McClelland). I give Day and not Buchanan as the author of the former, because it is impossible to be sure as to the species to which Buchanan first applied the name Cyprinus lamta ; his original figures in the lib- rary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal cast no light on the subject. A great deal of the uncertainty about the Indian species of the genus has arisen from the fact that the marked and constant structural characters which separate these two forms are to some extent concealed by bad preservation of specimens. The essential differences between D. lamta and D. nasutus (= D. modestus, Day ) are correlated with the fact that whereas the former lives in the pools of larger streams in or near the plains or even in upland lakes, the latter is an inhabitant of mountain torrents. In D. lamta, although the fish can cling to vertical surfaces by means of its mental disk, the abdomen is not flattened, the pectoral fins are set obliquely on the sides of the body and the rays are not greatly flattened or expanded. In D. nasutus on the other hand the fins and chest are modified to form an organ of adhesion, as is well shown in fig. 2a, pl. Il. Unless great care is exercised in preserving specimens of D. lamta, however, the ventral surface collapses and though the structure of the pectoral fins remains of course unchanged, their relations to the chest and to one another are distorted. The form I describe here as D. gravely is allied to D. lamta, from which it differs in outline, in the shape of the head and in the form of the mental disk. The form Day called D. jerdont seems to me to be distin- guished from D. lamta by characters which are quite apparent when adult specimens are compared.! They lie mainly in the shape and proportions of the body and the relative size of the head and eye. D. macrochiy (McCl.) from Assam is evidently allied to D. nasuius, but may be distinct. Two forms of the genus occur in Syria and Mesopotamia. One of these (D. rufus, Heckel) I regard as a variety of D. lamta, while the other (D. variabilis,* Heckel) differs from all the Indian forms in having only one pair of barbels. A form has been des- cribed from Southern Arabia and the Punjab Salt Range the male of which bears a forwardly directed tubercular appendage on the 1 Since this paper was written I have examined a good series of fresh specimens from the Bhavani River at the base of the Nilghiris. They fall definitely into three species, two of which are distinguished from all those included in my key by the possession by the adult male of a conical tuberculate process between the nostril. I hope to discuss this new material shortly. 2 This species also occurs in the Helmand basin, possibly within the limits of the Indian Empire. See Tate Regan, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, (n.s.) Il, p.8 (1906). 1QIQ. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 131 head, but no specimens of this form are at present in Calcutta The only species known from the Malay Archipelago is D. borneen- sis, Vaillant, which has larger scales than any Indian species. Key to the Asiatic forms of Discognathus at present described. I. No barbels. L.L. 44 of, 5 ... D.imberbis. II. Two barbels. L.L. 38-40 Ras Rec * .... B. variabilts. Ill; Four barbels. L.L. 28 ee ee ... D. borneensts. 1V. Four barbels. L.L. 32-36. A. Pectoral fins entirely horizontal, with their rays broad and flat; chest flat, without scales. 1. Pectoral fins longer than head, their tips extending nearly to base of ventrals ... D.macrochir. 2. Pectorals hardly longer than head, their tips not approaching the base of the ven- tralse. oe ze ... D. nasutus. B. Pectoral fins set obliquely on the sides of the body; chest convex, with scales. 1. Pectoral fins longer than head, their tips approaching the base of the ventrals ; eye much nearer margin of opercle than tip of snout; 2nd dorsal fin-ray slender .... D. gravelyt. 2. Pectoral no longer than head, not approach- ing base of ventrals ; eye near middle of head ; 2nd dorsal fin-ray stout. a. Posterior barbels longer than ante- rior; pectorals directed backwards and upwards, arising some distance . from ventral surface ... 0 ADS lantaievar rufus. 6. Barbels subequal, anterior pair usual- ly alittle longer; pectdtals directed backwards and a little downwards, arising immediately above ventral surface. z. Length’of-head 5 to 53 times in total length ; dorsal pro- file convex in adult male... D. lamta (s.s.) 71. Length of head 6 to 6% times in total length; dorsal pro- file nearly straight in adult male - pe Da yeraont. Discognathus lamta (Ham. Buch.), Day. (Plate II, figs. 1, 1a). 1841. Chondrostoma mullya, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XI, p. 350. 1889. Discognathus lamta, Day, Faun. Brit. Ind. Fish., 1, p. 246, fig. 87. 1909. Discognathus lamta, Jenkins, Rec. Ind. Mus., III, p. 291 (in part). 1913. Discognathus lamta, Annandale, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, (n.s.) 1X, PasOy Heart 1918. Discognathus lamta, id., Rec. Ind. Mus., XIV, p. 45. The form to which I give this name is certainly the D. lamta of Day, but there is some doubt as to whether Buchanan's Cyprinus lamta was not rather the form called D. modestus by Day and Platycara nasuta by McClelland. In any case, as the point cannot be settled satisfactorily, it is best to accept Day’s nomen- clature so far as D. /amta is concerned. Records of the Indtan Museum. (VOLE cva. ion Ww wo in this species the abdomen is naturally convex (it is apt to collapse in preserved specimens) and the pectoral fins are set on the sides of the body a short distance above the ventral surface and somewhat obliquely. These fins, though sometimes as long as the head, are usually a little shorter; the distance between their tips and the base of the ventrals is about $ their own length; they are not greatly expanded and only the outermost ray is simple and flattened. The eye is variable in size even in specimens from precisely the same locality, but its length is usually contained at least very nearly 5 times in the length of the head: its upper border is situated considerably below the upper profile of the head. The upper profile of the body is arched. A broad but shallow depression runs across the snout of the adult male a little in front of the eyes and the region immediately in front of and behind it is covered with prominent tubercles. D. lamfa is common in the river at Medha, where it is captured in considerable numbers for food by fishermen using cast-nets. Specimens are very similar to those recently obtained _ in the Shan States (op. cit., 1918), but perhaps a little darker in colour. The largest collected is 152 mm. long. The sides and back of the head and body are dark olivaceous green. Traces of a darker mid-lateral stripe extending on to the caudal fin can be detected, and of a small dark spot just behind the upper angle of the opercle. The free border of the opercle is paler and the ventral surface vellowish. The fins are pale olivaceous. Discognathus jerdoni, Day. 1889. Discognathus jerdoni, Day, op. cit., p. 247. This species is distinguished from the former by the following characters :-— (a) The head is relatively smaller. (b) The eyeis as a rule larger in proportion to the head. (c) The pectoral fin is much shorter than the head and its tip is further removed from the root of the ventral fin. (d) The body is less elevated, the dorsal and ventral profiles being nearly parallel in the adult male. I can detect no real difference in the scales and fin-rays. Discognathus nasutus (McClelland). (Plate IT, figs. 2. 2a). 1839. Platycara nasuta, McClelland, As. Res. 1X(2) (/nd. Cypr.), p. 300, pl. Ivit, fig. 2. 1871. Mayoa modesta, Day, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal (2)XL, p. 108, pl. ix, fiew2. 1889. Drscognathus modestus, Day, op. cit., p. 247. 1890. Discognathus lamta, Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Genova (2)1X, p. 270, fig. Ig1g.! N. ANNANDALE. Bombay Streams Fauna. 133 McClelland’s figure is a somewhat exaggerated presentiment of an adult male of this form, which must be accepted as specifi- cally distinct in that it exhibits quite definite and constant struc- tural modifications. It differs from D.lamta in the following characters :— (a) The head is flattened and depressed in such a way that the upper border of the eye is practically co-termi- nous with the upper profile. The whole of the upper profile is straight and horizontal. (b) The abdomen is flat, and the chest is both flattened and expanded. (c) The adhesive organ on the lower lip is much larger. (d) The pectoral fins are enlarged and expanded, being always longer than the head and separated when adpressed from the ventrals by a distance less than half their own length. They are set on the body horizontally at the junction of the ventral and lateral surfaces and form with the chest an organ of adhesion. (e) Several of the outer pectoral rays are simple and flat- tened. (7) The whole of the dorsal and lateral surfaces is nearly black, the ventral surface dead white. (g) The length rarely if ever exceeds II0 mm. This species is found only in small hill streamlets. It occurs in the Himalayas, the hills of Assam, the Western Ghats, the hills of the Central Provinces and. probably those of Burma. Vinciguerra’s figure cited above seems to represent this species rather than D. lamta, but probably he had examined specimens of both. Discognathus gravelyi, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 3, 32). Having now been able to compare good series of well-pre- served specimens of D. lamta from districts so far apart as the Shan States and the Deccan, and having found certain differential characters quite constant, I no longer hesitate to describe the new species referred to in my recent account of the fish of the Inle Lake (Rec. Ind. Mus. XIV, p. 45: 1918). It is distinguished from D. lamta by the different shape and the larger size of its mental disk, by the different shape of the head, by its larger scales and apparently also by difference in the formulae of the fin-rays. Wero/8). P. 14..-V.8.. A72/s\ao Late sels: The total length is 52 times the greatest depth of the body and a little more than 5 times the length of the head. The length of the eye, which is large and prominent, is contained a little more than 44 times in that of the head. The snout is some- what produced and in the adult male there is a deep but narrow 134 Records of the Indian Museum. DViOL AVA transverse groove just behind the tip. The dorsal profile slopes abruptly from a point a little in front of the dorsal fin to the tip of the snout and, although the head is not flattened, the upper border of the orbit is practically co-terminous with its upper surface ; behind the dorsal fin the profile is highly convex. The upper lip is very broad, the lower lip greatly enlarged, the mental disk large and subcircular ; the fringe of the lower lip broad, with the margin semieircular. In the adult male there is a semicircle of glandular openings beneath and behind the eye. There are four short barbels, those at the angle of the mouth being particu- larly small. The ventral surface is convex and the scales extend all over the chest. The pectoral fins are longer than the head and broad in proportion, but they are lateral and oblique. They ex- tend backwards almost as far as the base of the ventrals, but their rays are not flattened and expanded. The ventrals are also large and almost reach the anal when adpressed. The caudal is deeply forked and the upper lobe is a little smaller than the lower. The dorsal is short ; its unbranched rays are slender and not at all ossified, but the second is longer than the head. Colouration.—Head and body purplish-brown, with a darker mid-lateral streak and a dark horizontal lunate mark on the caudal peduncle ; ventral surface slightly paler ; pectoral fins infuscated, with pale edges; other fins pale yellowish clouded towards the base with a dusky brown. The only specimen I have seen, an adult male, is 112 mm. long. Type-spectmen.—F 9694/1, Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.). Locality.—Stream at He-Ho, Yawnghwe State, Southern Shan States, Burma: alt. 3,800 feet. The type-specimen was taken with typical specimens of D. lamta. Genus Barbus, Cuvier. There are few genera among the freshwater fish that have received greater difference of treatment from different ichthyolo- gists than this. Day in his works on Indian ichthyology recog- nizes three subgenera or groups of species, while Boulenger in his ‘‘ Fishes of the Nile’’ and in his recent monograph of the fresh- water fishes of Africa divides the genus into a number of sec- tions for which he does not provide names. Weber, on the other hand, in the third volume of his ‘‘ Indo-Australian Fishes ”’ recognizes a number of distinct genera among the species placed in Barbus by other authors, but denies the occurrence of Barbus s.s. in the Malay Archipelago. So far as specific limits and defini- tions are concerned there is still much confusion among the Indian species, and this is the case not only with rare and incon- picuous forms but even with some of the largest and most con- picuous. Indeed, there is no group in which confusion is greater than that of the Mahseer so familiar to Indian sportsmen. IQI9Q. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 135 I have not the material to attempt a revision of the Mahseer group, specimens of which are difficult to preserve in large series on account of their size, but two species have recently come to my notice which it seems justifiable to rescue from the oblivion of synonymy as they possess differential characters of a marked nature and likely to be constant. These species are Barbus putv- tora (Ham. Buch.) and Barbus mussullah, Sykes. That Hamilton’s mossul and Jerdon’s hamiltonii differ in some respects from the forma typica of Barbus tor the collection in the Indian Museum provides abundant evidence, while specimens from the upper Kistna seem to differ from any of these; but the question whether the differences should be considered specific or merely racial must be left to be answered with more extensive experience. Another group of species in which confusion exists so far as the Indian forms are concerned is that popularly called Carnatic Carp. It is, indeed, doubtful how far this designation has any scientific basis, for certain species so called have no more than a distant resemblance to Barbus carnaticus (Jerdon). I have nothing particular to say about the species of Barbus (B. malabaricus, B. kolus and B. ticto) that I obtained at Medha myself, but Mr. McIver has sent me specimens of three species from the Kistna near Satara that are of considerable interest. Two of these may be called Mahseer, while the third is known locally as the Carnatic Carp. Barbus tor (Ham. Buch.). (Plate III, figs..3, 3a). It is not yet possible to discuss the races or species of the Mahseer, of which six or seven probably exist in different parts of the Indian Empire, in a satisfactory manner. Specimens sent me from the Kistna River near Satara by Mr. McIver certainly differ both from the north Indian and the south Indian forms and probably represent an undescribed race, which has only 3 rows of scales above the lateral line and 12(3/9) dorsal fin-rays. Mr. McIver informs me that it grows to a large size. Barbus mussullah, Sykes. (Plate III, figs. 4, 4a). 1841. Barbus mussullah, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc., London Il, p. 356, pl. Ixi, fig. 4. Sykes’s description of this fish is inadequate and his figure inaccurate, but he refers to and illustrates one trivial but appa- rentiy constant character that gives me confidence in identifying specimens sent by Mr. McIver. This character is the presence under the eye of a group of small tubercles not confined to one sex and visible with the aid of a lens in quite young fish. A more important differential character, not recognized by Sykes but shown in his figure, is, however, to be found in the 136 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor 2aVve= structure of the mouth, the opening of which is much more oblique than in any race of Barbus tor. The extremity of the maxillary lies directly under the middle part of the eye. This feature is well shown on plate III. There are 13 (3/10) dorsal and 8 (3/5) anal fin-rays ; 25-26 scales in the lateral line, 4 rows of scales above it and 3 below. B. mussullah is common in the upper Kistna, where it occurs with the local race of B. tor. The Maharatta fishermen of Satara never fail to distinguish the two species. B. tor they call Kudis : B. mussullah, Masund:. Mr. McIver, to whom I am indebted for this information, bas caught a specimen of the Masundi 21 \bs. in weight. Barbus putitora (Ham Buch.). (Plate III, fig. 5). 1822. Cyprinus putitora, Hamilton, Fishes of the Ganges, p. 303. Having received some time ago a large Barbus from Gauhati in Assam that was evidently related to but distinct from any of the races or species at present included under the name Barbus tor, I have made a careful examination of it and have compared it with the specimens labelled by that name in the collection of the Indian Museum. From these specimens it differs not only in shape and proportions but also in having only two undivided rays in the dorsal fin and only 15 rays in the pectoral fins. As these characters are given by Hamilton among those proper to his Cyprinus putitora, I have little doubt that our specimen is identi- cal with that form and must be called Barbus putitora. It may be redescribed as follows :— DD 10-11,(2/6-9) Parse" VieOe SA aH(2/5) le 27 ee Clee The habit is stout and though the body is somewhat com- pressed it may almost be described as subcylindrical ; its depth is contained only a little more than 4 times in the total length. The length of the head is contained between 4% and 4? times in the total length and is thus distinctly less than the greatest depth of the body. The snout is blunt and very little declivous; the length of the part of the head in front of the eye is about 32 of that of the part behind the eye. The upper profile of the head and body is feebly arched, the curve of the lower profile a little more marked. The mouth is protrusible and nearly horizontal : the posterior end of the maxilla isin front of the eye; the lower jaw is shorter than the upper. The lips are thick and fleshy but not produced forwards ; the lower lip is slightly retroverted in the middle line. There are 4 barbels; the anterior pair is much shorter than the posterior; the latter extend backwards to a point under the middle of the eyes. The nostrils are a little nearer the eyes than the tip of the snout. The eyes are rather small, their diameter being contained about 7? in the length of the head. The cheeks are quite smooth. All the fins are rela- tively small. The dorsal is short and about ? as deep as the 191g. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 137 body. The first dorsal ray is stout and bony but short, the second, which is also bony, tapers to a fine point and is about = as long as the head; it is quite smooth. The anterior root of this fin lies immediately above that of the ventrals. The pecto- rals are particularly small, their length is between % and ? that of the head. The ventrals, from which they are widely separated, are considerably shorter; their tips do not quite reach the vent. The anal is distinctly pedunculate. The cauda! peduncle is well differentiated but less than twice as long as deep; it is strongly compressed. The caudal fin is short ; its upper lobe is distinctly sharper and more produced than the lower lobe. The scales are very large; sometimes notched in front. Their exposed parts are marked with delicate longitudinal striae. The lateral line is rather obscure. The only specimen of this fish that I have seen was sent trom sauhati on the Brahmaputra by Mr. T. R. Phookun. It is 115 em. long and is preserved stuffed, its number in our register being F 9654/1. Barbus jerdoni, Day. (Plate II, fig. 4, var. maciver1, nov.). 1889. Barbus jerdont, Day, op. crt., p. 312. 1889. Barbus dobsont, 1d., bid. As Day himself suggests in his Fushes of India (p. 568), the two forms included in the above synonymy are merely varieties or local races of the same species. The only constant difference that I can find between the specimens in his own collection are that the body is considerably deeper in B. dobsoni than in B. jerdont and that there are more scales below the lateral line in the former. Mr. McIver has sent me specimens from the Kistna River near Satara that represent a third variety, which has the following differential characters :— D113 (4/9).- Aj 8(G/5)a. 333.5 Ly. tr. 53/35- Depth of body 32 to 4 times in total length; length of head about 52 times in total length ; diameter of eyes 34 times in length of head. The body is brownish above and the caudal, dorsal and anal fins are tipped with black. The specimens I have examined are small (not more than 151 mm. long), but Mr. McIver tells me that the form attains a weight of 20 to 25 lbs. I propose for it the name var. macivert. The Maharatta name at Satara is purge; Mr. McIver refers to the fish as the ‘‘ Carnatic Carp of the Krishna.” Type-specimen of variety.—F 9576/1, Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus ). Family OPHIOCEPHALIDAE. Ophicephalus gachua, Ham. Buch. This widely distributed species, of which specimens were taken in the river at Medha and in artificial ponds at Khandalla, 138 Records of the Indian Museum. EVOLA avd is much more variable in the number of its dorsal and anal fin-rays than published descriptions indicate. The Assamese form O. stewartt, Playfair, and my own recently described O. harcourt- butlert from the Southern Shan States may ultimately prove to be no more than local races. In both of these the number of vertical fin-rays is variable. In O. harcourt-butleri' there are from 28 to 38 in the dorsal fin and from 16 to 25 inthe anal. Dr. Chaudhuri tells me that in a series of O. stewarti from Shillong he finds the cor- responding numbers to be 34 to 39 and 22-27. In the typical O. gachua the variation is at least as great as in the latter, but it will be better to defer a more precise statement until good series are examined from numerous localities. Family GOBIIDAE. Gobius bombayensis, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 5). A small species resembling G. viridipunctatus, Day, but with fewer vertical fin-rays and without enlarged canine teeth; allied to G. chilkensis, Jenkins,’ but with a much longer snout and smaller caudal fin. ),°6-1/ 7-85. P. 17-18.) “Aga 7.. plese. 28220) wala atege Size small; habit slender, slightly compressed. Total length about 4} the length of the head and about 5} the greatest depth of the body. Dorsal profile slightly arched. Caudal peduncle distinct, rather more than twice as long as deep. Head coarse ; snout blunt, rather short, less than 3} as long as the part of the head behind the eye, nearly twice as long as the eye. Mouth large, slightly oblique ; the posterior extremity of the maxilla situated below the middle of the eye; lower jaw very slightly longer than the upper ; teeth small; tongue notched in front, without teeth. Eye large and prominent, its length contained 5 times in the length of the head. Dorsal fin low, with none of the rays elongate. Colouration.—Pale yellowish, irregularly blotched with black. Anterior dorsal fin infuscated, with a rather deep whitish border ; posterior dorsal with three longitudinal rows of small dark spots; other fins irregularly infuscated, the caudal with obscure and irregular vertical dark bars. The largest specimen examined is 42 mm. long. Type-spectmen.—F¥ 9698/1, Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.). Locality.—The species is not uncommon in the Medha river at Satara. L Rec. Ind. Mus., XIV, p. 54, fig. 2, pl. ii, fig. 7, pl. iv, figs. 16, 17 (1918). "Kec. Ind. Mus., Vp: 137; spl. Wa, niee 2: 191g. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 139 VI. SomME FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS FROM THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., C.M.Z.S., Director, Zoological Survey of India, and B. Prasuap, D.Sc., Superintendent of Fisheries, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The molluscs discussed in these notes are for the most part common species of wide geographical range. ‘This makes it the more necessary that their differential characters should be under- stood, exact localities put on record and the precise environment which each affects described. Unfortunately nothing was known as to the anatomy of the commonest Indian freshwater molluscs when Preston’s volume in the official Fauna of British India was written, and very little attention was paid by him even to published records of locality. Two of the species we have to consider are of particular interest on account of their habitat. They are Cremnoconchus syhadrensis, a Littorinid which lives on inland cliffs at the edge of waterfalls, and Ampullaria nux, which, unlike other Indian species of its genus, frequents small hill- streams. The following species were taken in the river at Medha:— Melania tuberculata, M. scabra, Parreyssia cylindrica, P. corrugata and Lamellidens marginalis. Ampullaria nux and Cremnoconchus syhadrensis were found on the hill-side at Khandalla. We also discuss specimens from ponds at Khandalla, and from reservoirs in the Satara fort, at Karla in the Poona district and at Igatpuri in the Nasik district. We may note here, though the fact is perhaps of archaeo- logical rather than malacological interest, that single valves of Arca granosa are occasionally found inthe Yenna. They are invariably pierced in the umbonal region and probably served as ornaments for some jungle tribe which has now disappeared or become civilized and ceased to affect such primitive decorations. Family LIMNAEIDAE. Genus Limnaea, Lamarck. Preston, in his volume in the official Fauna of British India, gives descriptions of twenty-eight Indian species and varieties of this genus, but (although he describes L. bowel/i,a Tibetan mollusc not found within the limits of the Indian Empire), he makes no reference to the peculiar forms of L. /agotis' long known to occur in Kashmir, the Kangra Valley and Baluchistan, or to L. ander- soniana,” which Nevill reported from the Shan States of Burma as well as from Western China. One of us has recently added two | See Nevill’s Hand List, pt. I, pp. 234, 237, 239 (1889); also Hanley and Theobald’s Conch. Ind., pl. lviui, fig. 7 (1876). - 2 Nevill, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, (ii) X1.VI1, p. 26 (1877), and L, p. 142, pl. v, §: 9- 140 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XVI, further species! from the Shan States to the Indian fauna, namely L. shanensis. of which several extinct phases as well as the living form have been described; and the highly peculiar L. mimetica. The shell is extraordinarily plastic in Limnaea and it is of great importance that the genitalia, the radula and the structure of the upper jaw should, whenever possible, be examined in the identification of the species. In the genitalia we find the most constant differences in the relative lengths of the different parts of the main ducts, in the form of the penis-sheath and in the presence or absence of the spermathecal duct. Limnaea acuminata, Lamarck. (Plate V, fig. 1). 1890. Limnaea acuminata varr. patula and rufescens, Von Martens, Conch. Mitth. I, pp. 75, 76, pl. xiv, figs. 1-3. We confine this name to the forms in which the outer margin ot the aperture of the shell is regularly curved, thus excluding both L. chlamys, Benson and L. amygdalum, Troschel. The radula (fig. I) is rather broad. The lateral teeth have three distinct cusps ; there are about nine rows of lateral teeth on each side of the central tooth, but there is no very abrupt difference between the lateral and the marginal teeth, of which there are at least twenty rows on each side. The central tooth is practically unicuspid, and the single cusp is narrowly produced. ‘The lateral teeth are very broad, their central cusp is not much larger than the two lateral ones, which are subequal; the outer lateral cusp is considerably nearer the base of the projecting part of the tooth than the inner one. The marginal teeth have from three to six rather short and blunt cusps, the outermost of which is situated near the base of the projecting part. The central piece of the horny upper jaw is broad and strongly convex, but hardly beak-like; it is of a dark brown colour. The genitalia are of normal type. The duct of the herma- phrodite gland is short and coarse, never much longer than the gland itself, it does not appear to be swollen at the point at which the male and female ducts diverge. In the male duct the part between the prostate and this point of divergence is slightly longer than that between the prostate and the proximal end of the penis-sheath, which is of considerable length, sausage-shaped and rather narrow. ‘The albumen and accessory glands are rather large in the specimens examined; they arise close together and are situated much nearer to the uterus than to the hermaphrodite gland. The oviduct is very short; the uterus is elongate and narrow ; and the spermatheca, which is pear-shaped when fully mature, is almost sessile. 1 Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., XIV, pp. 107-109, pl. x, figs. 5, 8, 9, pl. x1, figs, 2, 3,4 (1918). TQIQ. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 141 This species was found in considerable abundance at Khan. dalla in pools containing an abundant aquatic vegetation but largely of artificial origin and formed by the damming of small hill-streams. The shells bear a close general resemblance to Von Marten’s figure of the var. patula, but vary considerably in the breadth of the body-whorl. Most of the adult specimens are not more than about 19 mm. long and about 10 mm. broad. Occasionally, how- ever, very much larger and broader individuals occur in the ponds. The shells of such individuals are always eroded on the surface and have the apex more or less eaten away; if complete they would be about 30 mm. long and 18 mm. broad. The aperture of the shell is relatively large (about 21 mm. by It mm.}. Such shells are evidently those of aged individuals which have survived the vicissitudes to which most of their contemporaries have succumbed. The Oligochaete worm Chaetogaster was frequently observed on this molluse at Khandalla. The species is one of the commonest of the Indian Limnaeae, and has been found in many parts of Peninsular India and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Limnaea acuminata var. nana, nov. (Platesl Ve oie. = pla-V. fie." 2). The shell of this form (pl. IV, fig. 1) is very small, rather thick, of a blackish colour and with the longitudinal striae very strongly developed. In outline it somewhat resembles the var. rufescens, Gray, as figured by Von Martens in the paper cited above, but the spire is relatively longer, the body-whorl more swollen, the columellar callus coarser and the aperture narrower and somewhat curved inwards posteriorly. Measurements of type-specimen. Length a a pkey Oi utik Lid Breadth e os oop oy TED Length of aperture oth oo Orminm: Breadth of aperture = . gumme Shells of this size are sexually mature. The radula (fig. 2, pl. V) differs from that of the typical form mainly in the greater irregularity of the shape of the teeth. Even in parts which are quite unworn the cusp of the central tooth is irregular and often asymmetrical. The cusps of the lateral teeth are shorter and the inner cusp is relatively smaller. In the marginal teeth the second and the innermost cusps are considerably enlarged. The central piece of the horny upper jaw is narrower, paler in colour and apparently less convex than in the forma typica. The genitalia (text-fig. 3) agree precisely with those of the typical form. : 142 Records of the Indian Museum. [ VoL: Savas Type-specimen.—No. M 11397/2 in the register of the Zoo- logical Survey of India (Indian Museum). Locality.—Khandalla, Poona district, Bombay Presidency ; altitude 2,500 ft., March, 1918. We have thought it convenient to give this form a varietal name as the characters are constant in the series we have exam- ined. We believe, however, that its peculiarities are due to the unfavourable conditions in which the individuals were living. They were found at the side of the railway line in a small ditch not more than a couple of feet wide and three or four inches deep. The bottom was muddy and there was a considerable but epheme- ral vegetation of semi-aquatic plants. Some of the shells possess a kind of varix (pl. iv, fig. 1) across the middle of the body-whorl ; this we believe to be probably due to a temporary cessation in shell- production at a time when the water in the ditch had completely 3 Fie. 3.—Genitalia of Limnaea acuminata var. nana. Ac. G.=accessory gland. Al. G.=albumen gland. H. G.=hermaphrodite gland. P.=prostate. P. S.=penis-sheath. Sp.=spermatheca. U.=uterus. dried up, and the animal had buried itself deeply in the mud, as molluscs of this genus do in periods of drought. The ditch was situated within a few hundred yards of the ponds in which the typical form of the species was found. Limnaea chlamys, Benson. (Plate V, fig: 3). 1836. Linnaea chlamys, Benson, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, V, p. 744. 1876. Limnaea chlamys, Hanley and Theobald. Conch. Ind., pl. Ixix, figs. 5, 6. The radula and genitalia of this form seem to us sufficiently different from those of L. acuminata to justify specific separation. The shell may be distinguished by the obliquity of the body-whorl and by the peculiar curvature of the outer margin of the aperture. The measurements of a specimen are as follows :— 1919. | N ANNANDALE: bombay Streams Fauna. 14 3 J Length ar at Dae Gamcebagy Breadth : Be sige Qin, Length of aperture ons =p) Oyraaysnl, Breadth of aperture a So opachene The radula (pl. V, fig. 3) is very similar to that of L. acumi- nata, except that the central cusp of the lateral teeth is consider- ably longer, all the cusps of these teeth sharper, and in there being a second internal cusp resulting in four cusps in all; the fourth cusp is situated at a lower level than the others. The cusps of the marginal teeth are more regular and have a distinctly pectinate appearance. The central tooth is trilobed and distinctly asvmmetrical. 1G. 4.—Genitalia of Limnaea chlamys, Benson. lettering as in fig. 3, p. 142. Sp. D.=spermathecal duct. The central part of the horny upper jaw is broad, but the outer margin is iess convex than in L. acuminata; its colour is paler than in that species. The genitalia (text-fig. 4) of this species differ from those of L. acuminata mainly in the much greater length of the proximal part of the male duct and the hermaphrodite duct; in the posi- tion of the accessory and the albumen glands, which are situated close to the junction of the male and female systems rather nearer the hermaphrodite gland than the uterus, and in the con- siderable length of the spermathecal duct, which is as long or nearly as long as the spermatheca. The penis-sheath is also thicker. 144 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, A large series of specimens was obtained in one of the artifi- cial ponds in the old fort on the hill-top immediately above the town of Satara. The bottom of this pond, which is shallow, is rocky but covered with a growth of minute green algae on which the molluscs were apparently feeding. The shells are all small and fragile, of a pale but bright yellowish colour, and with the microscopic sculpture less marked than is usually the case. The Oligochaete worm Chaetogaster was abundant on these molluscs also. Limnaea pinguis, Dorhn. (Plate V, fig. 4). 1876. Limnaea pinguis, Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind., pl. Ixx, LS. 75 Opal O: Two individuals of this form were found among:-a large series of L. acuminata from the ponds at Khandalla. ‘The shells of Fic. 5.—Genitalia of Limnaea pinguis, Dorhn. Lettering as in figs. 3, 4, pp. 142, 143. these two specimens are rather narrow and of sinall size; the longitudinal striae are very well developed and the shell is very pale in colour. L. pinguis may prove synonymous with L. suc- cinea, Desh. The measurements of one of the specimens are as follows :— Length zs Fs Sie Sec ed aes Breadth ae on Be Gah ocb ie Length of aperture a > 9225-1. Breadth of aperture Exc Re 6°5 mm. 19tQ. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. . 145 The radular teeth (fig. 4, pl. V) are coarser in this species than in the other two we have discussed. The central tooth is small, often distinctly asymmetrical and with either two or three lobes. The lateral teeth have three distinct cusps, but the inner- most is strongly curved and bends outwards towards or even beneath the median cusp! in a very characteristic fashion; the central cusp is much larger than the outer one. There are only about six rows of lateral teeth. The marginal teeth have a con- siderable number of cusps the outermost of which is much coarser and nearer to the base than the others, especially towards the edge of the radula. The middle piece of the horny upper jaw is broad and coarse and of a dark brown colour; the cutting edge is nearly straight. In this species the genitalia (fig. 5) closely resemble those of L. chlamys, but all the ducts are shorter and the distal part of the male duct is hardly longer than the proximal part. The sperma- thecal duct, although distinctly present, is much shorter than the spermatheca. Genus Planorbis, Geoffroy The Indian species of this genus are still very imperfectly known. The large collection of shells belonging to the Indian Museum has recently been examined by M. L. Germain of the Paris Museum but the transmission of the manuscript of his report upon it has been delaved by the war. Planorbis exustus, Desh. 1918. Planorbis exustus, Annandale, Rec. (nd. Mus. XIV, p. 111, pl. Hi HSS.ol yt 1a This is certainly the most abundant species as well as the largest commonly found in the plains of India. It is, however, scarcer as arule in hilly country. A young specimen was obtained in the ponds at Khandalla. Planorbis labiatus, Benson. 1915. Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus, Preston, Faun. Brit. Ind. Freshw. Moll., p. 119, fig. 5. A specimen from the ponds at Kkandalla agrees well with Preston’s figures of the type-specimen. Family MELANIIDAE. Genus Melania, Lamarck. Two species of this genus were found in abundance at the edge of the Yenna River at Medha, and at other ae in the The innermost cusp is much larger and more distinct irom the median cusp in a specimen from Madras Terceented by the late Prot. Gwatkin) than in the one we have figured. [ts outward curvature is, however, just as strongly marked and characteristic. = 146 Records of the Indian Museum. [Mors xavier Satara and Poona districts. They are M. tuberculata and M. scabra, perhaps the two commonest and the most widely distribu- ted of the Indian species. Melania tuberculata (Miiller). (Plate V, fig. 5). 1918. Melania tuberculata, Annandale, Rec. /nd. Mus. XIV, pp. 114, ELS, spl-oxil, shies: 02: In the paper cited one of us has recently discussed the varia- tion and plasticity of the species. Shells from the Yenna River are of the typical form but pale in colour, with the reddish mark- ings very conspicuous. Specimens from the Igatpuri Take, an artificial reservoir situated at about the samme altitude in the Nasik district, are a little stouter and have the sculpture deeper; they are as a rule still paler and have the reddish marks even more conspicuous, but there is a tendency for the older whorls to be blackened. Several individuals of a dwarfed type were found living in a small ditch at Khandalla with L. acuminata var nana, they resemble the form from the pools of brackish water at Port Canning figured (fig. 6f) in the paper cited above. They are darker in colour than others from the same district, but this appears to be due largely to a deposit formed on their surface. Most of the Medha shells are not more than 25 mm. long, but occasionally larger individuals of a somewhat more elongate type occur. We give measurements of the largest shells from each of the three localities; none of them are much eroded. Length Breadth Length. Breadth. of of aperture. aperture. (25> mim.* 8-7 2m.) 8:8) mimi 473. mame Meee ee eed CHE onh ones COM cosa en Huh ious sy te sinus) Igatpuri. ss. 22) min eo at 72 Orin Ayo maa Khandalla .. 16° “mim, -5°4 qmnt=5°2 tm. 3") mm. We figure the radular teeth (fig. 5, pl. v) of a specimen from Igatpuri. They are of the type normal in the genus, and differ ‘according to Heude’s figure) from those of M. jacquetiana, Heude,' a closely allied species if not a mere variety from China, in hav- ing more numerous denticulations on the central tooth. They also show minor differences from Jickeli’s figure of a North African specimen.* The species was found with M. scabra in the Yenna River on mud in still pools. It was particularly abundant on shelves of rock covered with mud. ‘ Heude; Mem. Hist. Nat. Chinois, |. Moll. D’Eau Douce, p. 163, pl. xliii, fig. 57 (1890). ® jickeli, N. A. K. Leop-Carol. Ak. Naturf. XXXVIT (1, pl. im; fig. 7 (1874). IQIQ. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 147 Melania scabra (Miiller). (Pilate: Vowie.0): 1874. Melania scabva, Brot, Melaniaceen in Martini und Chemitz, Conch.-Cab. (Ed. Kuster), p. 266, figs. 14, 15. Brot places this species in the group or subgenus Plotia, in the definition of which he writes ‘‘ Anfractibus superne angulatis et spinulosis.”” This applies exactly enough to most young shells, but, as Brot’s own figures show, the spines and even the angula- tion of the whorls disappear with age, and are not equally de- veloped even in all young specimens. In our series from the Medha River all intermediate stages are represented. In this locality the shells reach a large size, but at Karla in the Poona dis- trict a series of dwarfed shells was collected at the edge of a small partially artificial reservoir situated at the base of the hill in which is the well-known Buddhist cave monastery. Shells from the two localities do not differ in shape or sculpture. We give measurements of two fully developed specimens from each locality. In all cases the apices are somewhat eroded. Length Breadth Length. Breadth. of of aperture. aperture. Mecano 29°73 mime 1332. mm-s* 12°06 mm. 82 mm: 29-2 mine i2"Rimina: El > mm, -7 imine eee §i7 mm. 86mm. 83mm. 54 mm. os 16: O niin = ocyemims. -- O21 mm. 5°39 nia The radula (fig. 6, pl. v) differs little from that of M. tuberculata. Though rarely as abundant as M. tuberculata and M. varia- bilis, this species has a wide range in the Indian Empire and as far east as New Guinea. There are specimens of the typical form in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India from Calcutta ; Chaibassa, Chota Nagpur; the foot of the Garo Hills, Assam; Madras (many localities in the eastern districts), Bangalore (3,000 feet); Nemunangad, Travancore; Simla; Matelle, Ceyion ; Kawkareik, Amherst District, Tenasserim, etc. Genus Paludomus, Swainson. The distribution of the genus in Peninsular India is somewhat peculiar. Numerous species have been described from the hill- streams of South India, and also from those of Ceylon on the one hand, and of Assam and Burma on the other. From the central and northern part of the Peninsula, however, only one species (P. obesa) is known, though many apparently suitable streams are to be found. Paludomus obesa (Phillipi). (Plate Vi ,.fie.7): This mollusc was found in considerable abundance on stones covered with algae in a small stream at Khandalla. The stream 148 Records of the Indian Museum. [.V.Or,-¢5e Vale was one of those which rushes down the hill-side, but the moiluse only occurred where it broadened out and its currents became less strong as it crossed a small plain. We figure (fig. 7, pl. v) the radular teeth of a specimen from Khandalla. P. obesa seems to be the most widely distributed of the Indian species. It was described from the Bombay Deccan, but one of us collected a large series some years ago at Courtallum in South India. These specimens were examined by Mr. Preston, who, however, with his habitual indifference to geography, makes no reference to them. It was noted at the time that they replaced P. annandalei, Preston, an abundant species on the ledges above waterfalls on the western side of the Western Ghats at Tenmalai, where the railway crosses that range, as soon as the eastern water- shed was reached. The range of P.obesa may, therefore, be des- cribed as consisting of the western part of the Indian Peninsular area, properly so called, as distinct from the Malabar Zone to the west and the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north. Khandalla, how- ever, lies technically within the limits of the Malabar Zone. We regard this species provisionally as distinct from P. tanjoriensis, etc., see Blanford, Trans. Linn. Soc., XXIV, p. 173 (1863). b] Family LITTORINIDAE, Genus Cremnoconchus (Blanford). 1863. Cremnobates, Blantord, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) XII, p. 184, pl. iv. 1869. Cremnoconchus, Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) II, p. 343. 1871. een eee Stoliczka, Proc. Asitat. Soc. Bengal, p. 108, S. I-4. 1878. Cee Blantord, Fourn, As. Soc. Bengal, XX XIX (ii), DOs 1887. eon a Fischer, Conchyliologie, pp. 708-709. We have no doubt that Blanford and Stoliczka were right in referring this genus to the family Littorinidae. Blanford says (loc. cit. 1863): ‘* Every character of shell, operculum and animal with the one exception of the pulmoniferous sac admits of the position I have assigned to it amongst the Littorinidae.’’ As Stoliczka has shown, the gill is present, and the branchial cham- ber is less like that of the Pulmonata than Blanford imagined. The osphradium is present, but much reduced and almost papilli- form (pl. iv, fig. 3). As to the origin of the genus, which lives on inland cliffs kept moist by the spray from waterfalls, we can add nothing to Blanford’s statement. ‘‘ No question can exist as to the Western Ghats having been formed from a marine cliff in comparatively recent geological times. Whether Cremnobates be a lineal descendant of the Littorinas or Fossars then inhabiting the coast may perhaps not be an unfair subject for speculation.’’ A species has since been described from French Indo-China, ! but the shell differs considerably from that of the Western Indian forms, and nothing is known of the soft parts. | Bavay et Dautzenberg, Fourn. de Conchyliologie, XI.VIU, pp. 116, 4.49, pl. x, fig. 10 (1900). 191g. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 149 Cremnoconchus syhadrensis (Blanford). (Plate IV, figs. 2-4). Two types of shells occur in a large series from the cliffs at Khandalla. The commoner of these agrees well with Blanford’s figure (op. cit., 1863, pl. iv), but in a few specimens the upper sutface of the body-whorl is flattened and grooved much as in the same author’s var. canaliculatus of C. conicus. We have nothing to add to Blanford’s description of the external characters, but his account of the branchial chamber is incorrect. As shown in fig. 3, a well developed gill is present. The orifice of the chamber bears a certain resemblance to that of the Pulmonates and can be completely closed. It appears, how- ever, that the cavity is always filled with water and not air (see p. 119), and the roof is not highly vascular. The radula (fig. 4, pl. iv) is that of a typical Littorinid. It is very long and narrow, but the tooth-formula is in our opinion 1.2.1.2. 1. All the denticulations are very broad and rather blunt. Khandalla appears to be the original locality of this species, and Blanford states that it is only found in the Western Ghats, in the neighbourhood of Bombay. Family AMPULLARIDAE. Genus Ampullaria, Lamarck. Only a single species is represented in the collection. Ampullaria nux, Reeve. (Plate V, fig. 8). 1850. Ampullaria nux, Reeve, Con. Icon., X, Ampullaria, pl. xxviii, igs. 132a, b. Reeve in describing this species noted the peculiar develop- ment of the columellar callus, which forms a flat ridge nearly 2 mm. in diameter. This and the small size of the shell are probably correlated with the unusual habitat, for A. mux, unlike any other species of the genus with which we are acquainted, inhabits small mountain streamlets, in which it is important for it to be able to cling as tightly as possible to smooth rocks in rapid-running water. A single living specimen was obtained on the hill above Khandalla ; it was clinging to the rocky margin of a small pool immediately below a waterfall. Numerous more or less broken shells were observed in the same streamlets. We figure the radular teeth of this specimen (fig. 8). The operculum is long, rather narrow (13°3 mm. long by 85 mm. in a shell with the apex eroded 21 mm. long), thin and slightly transluscent. The inner margin is practically straight, the outer margin strongly convex; its horny epidermis is thin and of a T50 Records of the Indian Museum. [Worn Exvig brownish colour; the nacre outside the muscular scar is tinged with lilac. The sculpture of the scar somewhat resembles that on the operculum of A. winkleyi (Pilsbry) ,' being concentrically striate on the columellar side. Hanley and Theobald record this species from Bhor Ghat, which is within two miles of Khandalla; we have seen a series of dead shells from a small stream at Igatpuri in the Nasik district. Family UNIONIDAE. A large number of fish, belonging to several distinct species, from the Limnocnida pool at Medha were found to have glochidia of this family embedded in their fins. Unfortunately in the present state of our knowledge it is not possible, except in a few cases recently dealt with by one of the present authors, to identify larval Indian Unionidae. Genus Parreyssia, Simpson. This genus is represented in our collection by two species from Medha, one of them a common form, the other apparently new. Parreyssia cylindrica, sp. nov. (Plate TVs, figs. 647): A small species closely allied to P. favidens (Benson), but with a much broader and lower shell than any of the varieties of the latter. Shell moderately small and thick, transverse-ovate, sub-cylin- drical, with the umbo rounded and by no means prominent in un- worn shells; dorsal margin nearly straight, anterior margin broadly rounded. Umbonal region sculptured with numerous low corrugated ridges which tend to run together to form V-shaped prominences ; towards the posterior margin of the shell these ridges are transverse and curved; they extend downwards in a more or less distinct fashion, and even in old shells can be traced almost to the lower margin. Periostracum coarse, irregularly striate transversely, of a brownish colour, darker in older shells than in young ones, not at all polished. Nacre with a strong rosy-pink tinge. Hinges much as in P. favidens but less strongly developed. Pseudocardinal teeth prominent, strongly ridged, divided on both valves by a deep groove which slopes forwards and downwards. Lateral teeth slender but prominent, of considerable length, oblique, slightly arched; two on each valve, a vestigial tooth present in the form of a low ridge below the anterior part of the main lateral tooth on the right valve. Muscular impressions strongly developed, oval ox sub-circular. l Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.:Philadelphia, LIII, p. 189, pl. v, figs.°2, 3 (1901). 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. I51 The measurements of four specimens are as follows :— Length. Height. Thickness. I 44 mm. 25°5 mm. 18°4 mm. 2 35° mm 2I mm. 13°2 mm. 3 oo -22°5 mm: 13°6 mm. 9’'4 mm. 4 17-2 mm. IO mm. 6°9 mm. Type-specimen.—No. M 11398/2 in the register of the Zoologi- cal Survey of India (Indian Museum). Locality.—Yenna River, Upper Kistna watershed, at Medha; common, with P. corrugata, in the pool in which Limnocnida indica occurs. Parreyssia corrugata (Miller). This species is even commoner in the Yenna River at Medha than the former one. The shells, which are much eroded, vary greatly in shape, some being much broader and less tumid than others. The external sculpture is always strongly but irregularly developed. The colour of the periostracum is dull brownish or greenish, and the nacre has a strong salmon-pink tinge. The measurements of three specimens from Medha are as follows :— Length. Height. Thickness. I 43°2 mim. I9g'I mm. 29°5 mm. 2 Sree ey gue oe iv 17°4 mm. 28°4. mm. 3 30) = ita, 14°6 mm. 23°I mm. Genus Lamellidens, Simpson. This genus is represented in the collection by two varieties of the commonest Indian species, L. marginalts. Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) There is a single small valve of this species, in rather bad condition, from the Medha River. Lamellidens marginalis var. cylindrica (H. and T.). (Plate IV, fig. 5). 1876. (Unio marginalis var. cylindrica, Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind., p. 20, pl. xliv, fig. 1. We assign to this variety with some doubt a series of shells from the Igatpuri reservoir in the Nasik district (alt. 2,000 feet). On the whole they resemble the figure in the Conch. Ind., but are considerably smaller and have the anterior margin less broadly rounded and the posterior dorsal margin a little more elevated. The shell-substance has a distinct salmon-pink tinge and the epi- dermal membrane is translucent olivaceous with obsolescent dark radiating lines. The outline is very like that of L. mainwaringi, Preston, but the valves are much more inflated, there are differ- 152 Records of the Indian Museum. [ VoL. xvae ences in the dentition and the colour of the nacre is totally different. The outline is broader than that of L. consobrina (Lea), the shell much thinner, the epidermis paler, the pseudo-cardinal teeth smaller and less prominent and the laterals straighter. The measurements of four shells are as follows :— Length. Height. Thickness. I 56°5 mm. 30 mm, 18°7 mm. 2 53°4 mm. 28°6 mm. 18 mm. 3 52 mm. 27°6 min. 18. mim. 4 <5. '5L-O mim. 27°5 mm. 17°8 mm. ‘“ Not uncommon in shallow muddy bays,many specimens found in damp mud (after a night’s light rain) in a drying creek. Some of these were a considerable distance from water, but they were in an active condition. These individuals were observed lying hori- zontally dorsal side uppermost in shallow and narrow grooves in the mud some four or five inches long and not quite deep enough to contain their shells. Probably they had been buried deeper in the mud and had come to the surface owing to the rain. When placed in a jar of mud they sank to the bottom and there lay horizontally ”’ (field notes’. VII. AguaTIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA FROM THE SATARA AND POONA DIstTRICTs. By C. A. Paiva, Assistant, Zoological Survey of India. Specimens of the following species were collected by Dr. N. Annandale in the course of his tour :— Fam. HEBRIDAE. Fam. NEPIDAE. Hebrus bombayensis, sp. nov. Laccotrephes ruber (Linn. ). Fam. HYDROMETRIDAE. Laccotrephes griseus, Guer. Hydrometra vittata, Stal Fam. NAuCORIDAE. Rhagovelia nigricans (Burm.). Onychotrechus rhexenor, Kirk. Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardw.). Metrocoris stali (Dohrn.). Fam. REDUVIIDAE. Pirates arcuatus (Stal). FAM. PELOGONIDAE. Pelogonus marginatus (Latr.). Heleocoris elongatus, Montand. Heleocorts obliquatus (Spin.). Naucoris sordidus, Vist. Fam. NOTONECTIDAE. Enithares templetoni (Kirby). Enithares lactea, sp. nov. Fam. CoRIxXIDAE. Corixa hieroglyphica, Dut Family HEBRIDAE, Hebrus bombayensis, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 6). One specimen from surface of a small pool at the edge of the river at Mecha, ca. 2,200 feet, Yenna Valley, Satara district, 27-11- q-iii-1918 and five specimens found running and flying on vertical IgIQ. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 153 rocks covered with damp algae at the edge of a waterfall at Khandalla, ca. 2,500 feet, Poona district, 6-10-i1i-1918. The description is taken from two carded specimens from the latter locality. Black with greyish-white and golden pubescence; apical margin of head, a spot before each eye and the basal margin more or less greyishly pubescent; antennae ochraceous, apically darker, first joint stout, longest, shorter than any two joints together, second joint shortest, widened at apex and tapering towards bise, third and fifth joints subequal, longer than fourth, the three apical joints slender; head slightly tumid above, gently sloping towards the apex; lateral projections at bases of antennae pointed ; disk of vertex with two shallow longitudinal grooves united posteriorly and extended as one to basal margin of head; prono- tum with two shallow depressions on each anterior lateral area, and a central longitudinal depression on disk; a line of deep punctures on each side of the central depression and also on the basal margin of the pronotum; the depressed portions of the pronotum in fresh specimens are greyishly pubescent; scutellum with its basal area gibbous, beyond which it is foveate as far as apex; a short central longitudinal carina on depressed portion; clavus and corium covered with short golden pubescence; a large subtriangular patch at base of clavus and three spots on membrane arranged in a triangle, white or greyish-white; the outer spot on the membrane transverse, widening inwardly, the eee two near the inner margin are rounded ; legs ochraceous. Length 1°75—2 mm. Type. No. 8048/H.I..in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Family HyDROMETRIDAE. Hydrometra vittata, Stal. One specimen from a small pool at the edge of the river at Medha and another from the edge of a waterfall at Khandalla. A very common species and probably found all over India. Rhagovelia nigricans (Burm.). Two apterous specimens from under a rock at the edge of a stream at Khandalla. As far as the Indian fauna is concerned this species has been recorded from Travancore and Ceylon and it is represented in our collection from Pinjore, Patiala State, base of Simla Hills, W. Himalayas; Tura and Ganool River, Damalgiri, Garo Hills, Assam ; Sanjai River, Chakradharpur, Chota Nagpur, 8-1o-ii-18, “In large numbers under the shelter of a rock in the stream. N.A.’’ We have also specimens from the mouth of the Jordan, Tiberias, and the plains of Gennesaret, Palestine, collected by Dr. Annan- dale. It appears to be very widely distributed. 154 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor 2VE Onychotrechus rhexenor, Kirk. (Plate IIT, figs. 8, 8a) A number of specimens were found running and leaping on vertical rocks covered with damp algae at the edge of a waterfall, and two specimens were taken from a rocky stream at Khandalla. This species has hitherto been recorded only from S. India; Kanara (colln. Distant). Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardw.). Three specimens from the surface of small streams at Khan- dalla. Metrocoris stali (Dohrn). A number of specimens from the surface of small pools at the edge of the river at Medha and two from small rocky streams at Khandalla. This and the preceding species are widely distributed. Family REDUVIIDAE. Pirates arcuatus (Stal). Three specimens from under stones at the edge of a stream, Khandalla. Not an uncommon species. Family PELOGONIDAE. Pelogonus marginatus (Latr.). One specimen from the edge of a stream at Khandalla. Within our limits the distribution of this species extends from Nepal to Ceylon and from Bombay to Burma. Family NEPIDAE. Laccotrephes ruber (Linn.). One specimen from a small pool at the edge of the river at Medha. Laccotrephes griseus (Guer.). One specimen from same position and locality as the last. Both these species have a very wide distribution. Family NAUCORIDAE. Heleocoris elongatus, Montand. A number of specimens from small rocky streams at Khan- dalla. ‘‘ Very abundant, running about on and under stones below water and swimming when disturbed. N. A.”’ IgI9Q. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 155 Recorded from Paresnath, 2,500 feet, iv-og, Bihar; Mathe- ran, Bombay and ‘‘Indes Orientales.’’ Also obtained by Dr. Gravely from the following localities in the Bombay Presidency :— Pophli, Vashishti Valley, Ratnagiri district, c. 400 ft., I-2-v- 1912; Tambi, Koyna Valley, Satara district, c. 2,100 ft., 24-26- iv-I912; and Nechal, W. Ghats, Satara district, c. 2,000 ft., 30- iv-IQI2. Heleocoris obliquatus, Montand. A number of specimens in various stages of development from small pools at the edge of the river at Medha. Also found clinging to the lower surface of stones in stream, Sanjai River Chakradharpur, Chota Nagpur. Previously recorded from Bombay and Lower Burma. This species was also obtained by Dr. Gravely at Medha in April, 1912. Naucoris sordidus, Dist. A single specimen from a small rocky stream at Khandalla. This species has been recorded from the Calcutta tanks, and from Kerumaadi, S. end of Vembanaad Lake, Travancore, 6-xi-08 (INGA) Family NOTONECTIDAE. Enithares lactea, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 7.) Described from a single specimen from a small pool at the edge of the river at Medha, Satara district. Head, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra milky white; vertex of head tinged with pale orange yellow, a somewhat large orange yellow spot just below apical margin of vertex; a faint, shallow, longitudinal groove within the margin of each eye, not extending beyond the middle of the vertex; eyes greyish, with light purplish reflections, converging towards their bases; length of vertex about equal to its greatest breadth at apex, shorter than the pronotum, which is shining almost smooth and with a few, very minute, scattered punctures; foveately excavate an- terior pronotal angles more or less fuscous; length of pronotum at centre less than half its greatest breadth; scutellum much broader at base than long, with a distinct transversely impressed line near basal margin; corium nearly as long as head, pronotum and scutellum together ; embolium tinged with very pale yellow, a dull fuscous spot at its basal angle; body beneath dull white; two small contiguous spots on centre of face, lateral margins of face below eyes, margins of clypeus, linear markings on trochan- ters and on the hind femora beneath, and segmental spots on underside of connexivum dark castaneous; ventral longitudinal carina of abdomen fringed with long black hairs, a fringe of paler hairs on lateral margin of abdomen; intermediate femora with a 156 Records of the Indian*-Museum. PVT. eevee strong tooth near apex, hind tibiae about twice the length of the hind tarsi, deeply grooved beneath with a fringe of fine black hairs inside groove; hind tarsi also fringed with black hairs beneath. Type. No. 8064/H.I. in the collection of the Zoological Sur- vey of India. This species is very closely related to E. indica and EF. paivana from which it differs chiefly in the total absence of any black markings on its upperside; the transversely impressed line near the base of the scutellum is sufficient to differentiate it structurally from any allied form. Enithares templetoni (Kirby). Three specimens from small pools at the edge of the river at Medha, and three from small rocky streams at Khandalla. ‘‘ Dives under water and clings to stones some inches below the surface. N.A.’’ Evidently a very widely distributed species. Represen- ted in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India from various localities in the Western Himalayas, Bombay Presidency, Ceylon and Southern Shan States. Family CoRIXIDAE. Corixa hieroglyphica, Du. A number of specimens from small pools at the edge of the river at Medha. VIII. SPONGES FROM THE SATARA AND POONA DISTRICTS AND FROM CHOTA (CHUTIA) NAGPUR. I have already discussed Spongillidae from the Satara district in my paper on the sponges of the Malabar Zone (Rec. Ind. Mus. VII, pp. 383-397: 1912) and have referred to specimens from the Poona district in an earlier paper (tbid, V1, pp. 225, 226: I9QII); but when I wrote these papers I had not visited the districts myself, and observation of sponges in the natural surroundings 1s always important. The species that inhabit the beds of rocky streams are of particular interest, and I am now able to compare those that do so at Medha with those found in a very similar stream at Chakradharpur in Chota Nagpur near the centre of Peninsular India. I have not yet found any sponge in a small mountain torrent such as those at Khandalla, in which food is probably deficient ; but when these streams are dammed to form ponds in which aquatic vegetation grows up, sponges soon make their appearance. So far as my experience goes, Spongillidae that grow on the rocks of Indian streams are always encrusting forms. Massive sponges would be in danger of destruction in floods, and although 1919. | N. ANNANDALE: Bombay Streams Fauna. 157 the lax branches of Spongilla lacustris may be observed hanging in the water of placid streams such as the Isis at Oxford, the only branched form from running water that I can call to mind in the tropics is the South American Uruguaya, in which the skeleton is of coralline hardness. In the creeks of the Gangetic delta Spongilla alba may seem to be a branched form even when the water is moved by sluggish currents. It is not really so, but an encrusting sponge covering the roots or stems of grasses. The sponges of Indian streams vary considerably both in external appearance and in internal structure. As a rule they are either of a vivid leaf-green colour or of a dense purplish-brown or black. They may be either soft or extremely hard; they usually spread over considerable areas, but are sometimes confined to pockets in the rock. Their colour, whether black or green, is due to the presence of large numbers of minute organized bodies in their cells. These bodies probably represent in all cases a stage in the life history of a microscopic alga, but whether the green corpuscles are all specifically identical we do not know, and no investigation has been made of the purple corpuscles which cause the darker colour. Black or brown sponges occur together with green ones and though their colour has no generic significance, it appears to be, in spite of its quasi-parasitic origin, of specific importance. All the green sponges from rocky streams with which I am acquainted have a peculiar type of circulatory system that is often to be found in thin encrusting sponges, not only among the Spongil- lidae but also in several marine Tetraxonid families. In this type the pores, which are usually of relatively large size, are arranged in more or less circular groups immediately over the mouths of relatively wide inhalent canals, which run vertically downwards to near the base of the sponge, giving off lateral channels which convey the incoming water to the ciliated chambers. The exhausted water returns through other channels of similar calibre to the surface of the parenchyma, where it enters relatively wide horizontal canals that ramify immediately below the dermal membrane, which forms their roof. Each system has an osculum situated near the centre of these ramifying channels. It is never of large size and is always protected by a conical dermal collar, which is highly contractile and disappears in preserved specimens. This type of circulatory system is found among marine sponges that encrust rocks in shallow water and is by no means peculiar to green species; among the Spongillidae it is also found in almost colourless lacustrine species that grow near the edge of lakes on the lower surface of stones. Its development has no taxonomic significance but appears to be correlated with growth in the form of a thin layer on smooth surfaces in situations in which there is considerable movement in the water and danger from the accumu- lation of silt. I collected specimens of the following species in the Satara and Poona districts and in Chota Nagpur :— 158 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOLE Dowie Spongilla lacustris var. proliferens, Annand. .. Artificial pond at Khandalla Se cinerea, Carter a, av 2 oiotreatis sii) mear Chakradharpur S. perviridis, sp. nov. of .. Stream at Me- dha; rocky ar- tificial pools in Satara fort and at Karla in the Poona district. S. crateriformts, Potts .. ate o« +) (Artificial 1,000. ft. 65-x-19Or5) (2.1 2) Abrew). 2890 H.1. 766,229, Castle Rock, N. Kanara District, Oct. 1916 (S2\Kemp). 4377/F1. In these spirit specimens the brilliant colouring is well pre- served. To Selys’ account of the male it may be added that the anterior margin of the prothorax is blue, as are also the sides of segment 10 of the abdomen. In all the males segment 8 of the abdomen is entirely blue, save for the black basal mark. Ris (doc. cit.) has recorded the species from New Caledonia. ae: Ischnura inarmata, Calvert. Ischnura tnarmata, Calvert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philadelphia, 1&098, pp. 147, 148, text-figs. 1-2; Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., XII, pp. 131-132, 1910. 8 6d, 6 2 2 normal; 8 2 2 heteromorphic. Jhelum Valley, Kashmir, Cap ae (HL. Pease)’. This very handsome insect is common in Kashmir in the Jhelum Valley at an elevation of about 5,000 ft. above sea-level. I have no doubt but that the orange-coloured females first noted by Morton belong to it (Trans. Ent. Sue Lond., 1907, p. 307). Ischnura elegans has been recorded from Kashmir by Morton (loc. cit.). It is of course a common Palaearctic species. Ischnura rufostigma, Selys. Micronympha rufostigma, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 143 (4890). Tschnura rufostigma, Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, p. 344, pl. xvi, fig. 5 (1914), and XII, p. 130 (1916). In addition to the Abor Expedition specimens I have examined one female from Bengal. The males differ from that described by de Selys in having the whole of the dorsum of segment 8 black, not merely the distal half. ‘They differ from the closely allied species described below (I. annandalet} in having segments 2 and 7 entirely orange. Ischnura annandalei, sp. nov. 7466, 4 292, JInlé Lake, Shan States (NV. Annandale). ADULT MALE. Head.—Upper lip yellow with black lines at base. Ante- clypeus yellow. Post clypeus black. Genae and frons as far as base of antennae yellow, including the basal joint of the antennae. The rest of the dorsal surface of the head black, with a very small pair of greenish-blue post-ocular spots. 176 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor, XVJs Prothorax.—Dorsal surface black, with a narrow yellow collar anteriorly ; ventral and lateral surfaces yellow. Thorax.—Dorsally black, with narrow green-blue antehumeral bands. Sides green-blue with a small black mark at the upper end of the second lateral suture. Abdomen.—Segments 1-2 pale blue-green, but 2 changing to orange at its apex. On the dorsum of I is a square bronze-black mark; on the dorsum of 2 is a bronze-black mark shaped in most of the specimens like a wine-glass with a stout short stem, the “foot’’ of the glass resting on the apex of the segment, the “brim ’’ on the base. In two of the males however the ‘‘ bowl”’ of the glass is larger and the “‘ stem ’’ practically absent Segments 3-6 are bright orange, each with a fine black ter- minal ring ; 7-10 are jet-black. Apical tubercle of 10 well marked, ending in a pair of small pointed processes directed backwards, and a little downwards. Anal appendages yellowish-brown; the upper pair very short, directed downwards and each ending in two minute digitations of which the inner is the larger. Lower pair longer, tipped with black at their apices, stout at the base, each rapidly tapering to a fine point which is incurved, so that together they resemble the horns of a bullock. The appendages bear a very close similarity to those of L. rufostugma, Selys. They differ chiefly in that in the latter species the upper pair are relatively a little larger, the digitations more equal and a little more divaricate, whilst the lower pair ate not so sharply incurved. Legs yellowish-white, distal ends of femora marked with black ; spines and tarsal claws black. FEMALE. Head much as in the male, but ground colour duller; the post-ocular spots obsolete, at least in the adult; the occiput, over which in the male the black of the vertex extends, is in the female yellowish- brown. Prothorax as in the male. Thorax, ground colour yellowish-brown; dorsum with a broad bronze-black, medium band, succeeded by pale whitish-yellow antehumeral bands. These are not enclosed by lateral black bands, as in the male, but lie in contact with an ill-defined red-brown humeral area which fades gradually into the paler brownish-yellow lateral colouring. The humeral suture itself is matked with a very fine black line. Abdomen orange-brown; each segment with a broad, dorsal band of bronze-black running longitudinally. Legs as in the male. It is perhaps more correct te say that the post-ocular spots in the female are not enclosed behind by black colour than to speak of them as obsolete. 191g. | F. F. Larpiaw: Indian Dragonflies. 177. I. rufostigma and I. annandaleit are obviously very closely allied to each other, and form a small section of the genus characterized by the orange abdomen of the males and the com- plete absence of any blue marking. Types, ~ ¢@, will be returned to the Indian Museutn. Genus Rhodischnura, nov. Venation that characteristic of 7schnura. Abdomen of male shorter and stouter relative to the size of the insect than that of a typical Ischnura. Adult male without post-ocular spots; apex of tenth abdominal segment of male widely excavated dorsally, the excavation bounded on either side by a small tubercle. Type,— Rhodischnura nurset, Morton. The single species contained in this new genus is so distinct from other [schnuras that, admitting the disadvantages of de- fining a genus on sex characters, I feel justified in emphasizing this distinctness by the erection of a new genus for the species. The male must be a strikingly beautiful insect, with its abdomen coloured rich red, lernon yellow and violet black. The specimens I have seen were taken by Dr. Hankin at Agra. Rhodischnura nursei (Morton). Ischnura? nurset, Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, pp. 306-307, pl. xxiv, figs. 4,5, 6. FEMALE. Head.—Uppe: lip white, as is the ante-clypeus. Post-clypeus bronze black. Frons white, with a slight reddish tinge, to beyond the level of the base of the antennae; the three basal joints of these marked with brownish-white in front. A pair of small blue post-ocular spots project into the black transverse band run- ning across the vertex, but are not enclosed posteriorly by it. Occiput brownish- white. - Prothorax bronze black, anterior lobe and sides of middle lobe white; posterior prothoracic margin simple. Thorax.—Dorsum shining black, with broad yellowish-white antehumeral bands; sides and under surface greenish-white. Abdomen, ground-colour reddish-white, with a broad metallic black band on the dorsum of each segment. Segments 3-7 with a very narrow basal ring of white, 8 with an apical ring but no basal *ring. In 10 the black colour does not reach the apex of the segment. Legs white, with a black mark on the dorsal surface of each femur. Venaiion, pterostigmata of fore-wings appreciably longer than those of the hind-wings. Veins reddish in colour. I have been puzzled by a female specimen from Madras taken by Dr. Annandale on the Cooum River. The specimen is identical in every respect with that described above save that the arculus 178 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy XVI, lies distinctly beyond the level of the second antenodal nerve, the pterostigmata are a trifle more oblique and the ground-colour has rather a bluish tinge. Were it not for the position of the arculus I would not hesitate to regard the specimen as an ex- ample of R. nursez. Some weight, however, must be allowed to the position of the arculus and for the moment the position of the specimen must remain doubtful. Genus Agriocnemis. No fewer than six species of this genus occur within the limits of the Indian Empire, and four of them have not been recognized outside its bounda1ies; the other two species are widely spread. Members of the genus are the smallest of existing dragonflies, rivalled in India in this respect by Enallagma (?) parvum, Selys, only. As in the case of Ischnura some species have dimorphic females. ‘The genus is divisible into groups most easily charac- terized, unfortunately, by sexual characters of the males. A. Upper lip metallic in colour; females dimor- phic, upper pair of anal appendages of male longer than lower pair ie .. A. pygmaea (Ramb.). Upper pair of anal appendages of male shorter than lower pair cE mi A, INCISH, SElYSs B. Upper lip not metallic. 1. Upper anal appendages of male pro- vided with a downwardly directed spur. | females not dimerphic ? Legs white, segments 8-10 of ab- domen white A. lacteola, Selys. Legs marked with bleck, segments 8-10 pale blue’... ... A. plerts, sp. NOV. (Formosan species) ... ... (A. selenion, Ris.) Females unknown A. nana, Laidlaw. 2. Upper anal appendage ‘of male not provided with spur Fe ... A, splendidissima, sp. nov. As in Ischnura the pterostigmata of the fore-wing of the male differ in colour from those of the hind-wing ; but in this case they are similar in shape. Agriocnemis lacteola, Selys. A. lacteola, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 158 (18¢0); Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, pp. 347, 348, (1914). 2 66, Kierpur, Purneah district, Bihar, 7-1x-15 (C. Paiva). 860/H.t. These two specimens are not quite identical with the type as described by de Selys. In the first place the post-ocular spots are distinctly joined to the transverse lines on the occiput. Secondly there is no white spot on the prothorax; and lastly the femora are entirely without black bands (see fig.). 1 See figure of A. nana, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, pl. xvi, fig. 10. oe 1Q1Q. | F. F. LAiLaw: Indian Dragonflies. 179 The general agreement is, however, so close that I have little hesitation in referring them to the Selysian species. Like the species described next below, A. lacteola has the upper anal appendages, which are each provided with a strongly developed ventral spur, directed downwards, and having an acute apex. The ground colour of the body and abdomen is bluish-white, there is no differentiation of the ground colour of the terminal segments of the abdomen such as characterizes A. pieris. The specimens are identical specifically with those taken on the Abor Expedition. The type of A Jlacteola, Selys, is from Bengal. I have no doubt but that the present specimens are conspecific. with Selys’ type. Agriocnemis pieris, sp. nov. 5466:,2 2%, Talewadi, Castle Rock, N. Kanara District, Bombay, O ct. 1916 (S. Kemp). -4387/H.1. MALE. Head.—Lower lip white; upper lip, ante- and post-clypeus, genae and frons pale blue, with a fine black line at the base of the post-clypeus. Vertex and occiput velvety black, with pale blue post-ccular marks, linear in shape; connected by a narrow creamy-white line across the occiput. Eyes.—Upper third black ; lower two-thirds white. Antennae, basal joint pale blue; the rest black. Prothorax, anterior lobe white, middle and posterior lobes black ; a small white spot on either side of the middle lobe in one specimen ; the posterior lobe with a median, rectangular, slightly bifid projection, much as in A. lacteola, Selys, edged with white. Under surface white. Thorax, dorsum velvety black as far as first lateral suture, with narrow pale yellow antehumeral bands; sides and under surfaces white, with a fine black line at the upper end of the second lateral suture. Abdomen.—Segments 1-7 white, marked with black as fol- lows :— (1) With mark covering the whole dorsum of the segment. (2) With longitudinal black band expanding basally and apically to form terminal black rings, and widened in rectangular fashion just behind the middle of the segment. (3-6) With black basal and apical rings, and with an ar- row-like longitudinal mark, the head of the arrow directed forwards. On segment 5 the ‘‘shaft’’ of the arrow is much reduced. (7) Is without the apical ring and the head of the arrow mark is reduced whilst the distal half of the segment has a bluish tinge. : Segments 8-10 are pale blue. 180 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Anal appendages.—Upper pair pale blue, as long as segment 10, somewhat finger-shaped. a little incurved. Each carries a downwardly directed projection, not visible when seen in profile in the natural position. The projection ends in a sharp point. Lower pair minute, conical, not visible in profile. Legs white, posterior surfaces of femora with longitudinal black bands. Pterostigmata, fore-wings gray white, hinder wings darker. Post-nodal costal cross veins 5 or 6. FEMALE Head, prothorax and thorax much as in the male, but the ground colour is distinctly greenish-white. Abdomen pale blue, with a broad longitudinal black band on the dorsum of each segment, widening a little before the apex of the segment, then narrowing again to meet a black apical ring on each of segments 3-7. Segments 8-10 black above. ‘The blue of the abdomen is of a deeper shade than in the male. Legs as in the male but the black on the femora is darker. Anal appendages blue. The males show a certain amount of variation in the extent of the black markings on segments 6 and 7 of the abdomen. They are readily distinguished from the males of the species I have identified as /acteola, Selys, by the white abdomen tipped with pale blue on segments 8 and ro, and by the extensive black marks on the legs. Ris has lately described a species A. selenion from Formosa. Unfortunately his account published in Berlin (Supplementa Ento- mologica, Berlin, No. 5) is not available to me. I have been able to see a copy in the Natural History Museum for a short time. To judge from the figure of the anal appendages it must be allied to A. lacteola. Lastly, A. nana. Laidlaw, from the Kachin Hills has again very similar appendages although the colouring is different and segments 8 and ro are black. It should be noted that the upper anal appendages of this group are extremely like those found in the genus Argiocnemuis. A. lacteola may be taken as the type of a group within the genus which includes A. fievis, and perhaps A. nana and A. selenion as well. This group may ultimately prove worth generic sepa- ration from such species as A. pygmaea and A. incisa. A. pierts seems to be a western species and A. Jacteola an eastern, so far as India is concerned. Agriocnemis splendidissima, sp. nov. 2 22,246, Talewadi, nr. Castle Rock, N. Kanara dist., Bombay (S. Kemp). 4378/H.1. (Male and female types). Length of abdomen, ~ 17 mm., 9 16 mm.; of hinder wing og. LO sanheg eee machaals I9IQ.] F. F. Laiwiaw : Indian Dragonflies. 181 MALE. Head.—\ower lip white, upper lip pale blue; rest of head black, including the antennae, but a pair of circular post-ocular spots are blue, and inside these on either side a small cunei- form mark. Prothorax black, the posterior lobe with a rectangular projec- tion somewhat similar to that found in A. lacteola. Thorax.—Dorsum black to level of first lateral suture, with a very narrow pair of blue ante-humera! bands. Sides rich blue with a broad black band somewhat irregular in outline on the secend lateral suture. Under surface black. Abdomen.—Segments 1, 2 black marked with blue laterally. Segments 3-7 blue marked with black. Segments 8-10 black ; 3-7 have each a black dorsal band occupying the whole length of the segment; this band is pointed apically. In each of these segments, moreover, the distal third of the band is expanded over the sides of the segment and encloses a lateral blue murk. Anal appendages.—Upper pair black, margined with white, rather fonger than segment I0, curved inwards to meet at their free extremities, somewhat hollowed out internally and hooked downwards at the lip. Legs black, posterior surfaces of tibiae with white. FEMALE. The specimens that I take to be the female of this species have the upper lip, the post- and ante-clypeus of an olive-brown colour, the frons and occiput black except for a comma-shaped blue post-ocular spot and a fine transverse creamy white line across the occiput, uniting the spots. Prothorax black above, yellowish-white below. Dorsum of thorax black, with a pair of fine yellow ante- humeral bands. Sides greenish-white, with a black line along the second lateral suture. Abdomen, ground colour bluish-white. Each of the segments has a longitudinal black mark covering the dorsum of the segment, On each of segments 2-7 this mark is narrowed basally and widened apically, narrowing again immediately before the apex when it joins a narrow black apical ring. Segments 2, 6 have a transverse gray-black mark extending downwards and forwards from the widest point of the expansion of the dorsal black band antero-laterally. Legs black, femora with a yellowish-white anterior band, tibiae with posterior band of the same colour. The second male from Talewadi is immature and imperfect. The ground colour is a dull greenish-white. The males from Chalakudi are evidently recently emerged. The anal appendages are exactly similar to those of the adult male. The general colour is a buff white, no pattern developed. At first sight they are very similar to young examples of A. lacteola, with which I originally confused them. 182 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, This very striking new species seems at present to stand rather remote from its congeners. It differs from the members of the Jdacteola group in the characters of the anal appendages, the upper pair being without a ventral spur so far as I can determine, whilst it resembles them in having a non-metallic upper lip. For the present it may well be allowed to stand as the sole representative of a distinct group within the genus. Types @ @ of A. pieris and of A. sphlendidissima, n. spp., will be returned to the Indian Museum. Lastly one may remark that whilst A. pygmaea (Ramb.) is well represented in the Museum collection by specimens from Northern and Peninsular India, A. zucisa, Selys, is not included from any locality west of Assam; the collection has in addition to a specimen taken on the Abor Expedition, one from Rangoon and one from the Inle Lake, S. Shan States (7215/H.1). All three are males. For synonymy of A. pygmaea see Ris’ paper referred to in the Supplementa Entomologica, No. V. Genus Argiocnemis. See Ris, Abhand. Senckenb. Naturj. Gesellsch., Bd. XXXIV, p. 517 (1913). The upper anal appendages of the male, at least in the case of Argiocnemis rubescens, Selys, bears a very strong resemblance to that of A. lacteola, Selys, and its immediate allies, as do the appendages of the form I have called A. obscura from Upper Assam. The spur is not visible without a partial removal of the appendages. I have not been able to re-examine the type of A. aborense, Mihi, to determine whether the spur is present in it also. Ris (loc. cit.) has come to the conclusion, suggested by Selys, that the following names are all synonyms of A. rubescens, Selys, A. rubtola, Selys and var. intermedea, Selys, race sumatrana,Kriiger , A. lunulata, Selys, A. nigricans, Selys. The position of A. obscura, Laidlaw (Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, p- 346, 1914) is uncertain. A. aborense, Laidlaw (loc. cit., p. 347) is certainly distinct. I have not seen any specimens belonging to the genus from Peninsular India, and have not enough material to determine satisfactorily the status of specimens that I have for examination. But I am inclined to believe that one or more of these specimens from the Malay Peninsula are specifically distinct from A. rubes- cens, Selys. A minor character which I have noticed in all specimens of Argiocnemis that I have examined is perhaps worth note. It is that the dorsum of the thorax is almost entirely devoid of the hairs which are so numerous in some genera. 1919. | F, F. LAiptaw: Indian Dragonflies. 183 Genus Enallagma. Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. Enallagma cyathigerum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 145 (1890) ; Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1907, p. 307. Many specimens ¢$ and 9 from the Jhelum Valley, Reehane 5,000 ft. Also recorded by Morton (lec. cit.) from Kashmir. This species aud /schnura elegans, Van der Linden, are the only British Agrionids known to occur within the limits of the Indian Empire. Of the other Indian species, FE. malayanum, Selys, belongs to a section of the genus represented in Tropical Africa by some five or six allied species; E. maldivense, Laidlaw, belongs to the same group. The last species Enallagma? parvum, Selys, is an isolated Species with no near relative. Enallagma malayanum, Selys. 9 Enallagma ? malayanum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 147 (1890). Enallagma malayanum, Ris in Schultze’s Forschungsreise im west u. peniral Sudafrika 1903-1905: Denkschr. der medizin.-naturwiss. Gesellsch., Bd. XII, 1908, pp. 310-313. 2¢66,1 ¢, Nagpur, C.P., 1,000 ft., Sept. 1916 (E. D’ Abreu). The female of this species has not yet. been described. The single specimens of this sex taken by Mr. D’Abreu has a large, ventral, apical, spine on segment 8 of the abdomen. The colour pattern of the head, prothorax and thorax is as in the male, but the ground colour is yellowish-green instead of blue. The abdomen also is vellowish-green with a broad black, dorsal band on segments I-9Q. Enallagma maldivense (?), Laidlaw. f? Enallagma ? maldivense, Laidlaw, in “The Fauna and eee of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes,’ ‘volaiepe 2 221. I had an opportunity some time ago of re-examining the five specimens of this form. Unfortunately all are so dilapidated that they are useless for critical purposes. I can say, however, that they are true Enallagmas, considerably larger than E. malayanum, Selys, in size agreeing with EF. glaucum, Burm., an African form, widely spread and found in Réunion. The measurements are :— E. maldivense @ , abdomen 24 mm., hind-wing 18 mm. E. glaucum ¢ , abdomen 22 mm., hind-wing 17mm. (Cape specimens, vide Dr. Ris.) The Maldive Islands’ specimens do not agree precisely in colouring with E. glaucum, Burm. More material is required to settle the position of the insect. (See Ris in Schultze’s For- schungsreise 1m west u. zentral Siidatrika, 1903-1905: Denkschr. der medizin -naturwiss. Geselisch., Bd. XIII, 1908, fig. 310-314.) 184 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL xv ie Enallagma ? parvum, Selys. Enallagma? parvum, Wirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 147 (1890); Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1907, p. 307. pl. xxiv, figs. 13, 14. Ischnura immsi, Laidlaw, Entomologist, 1913, pp. 236-237, text-fig. 1g, Darjiling, alt. ca. 7,000 ft., vi-vul-16 (E. Brunettz). Recorded by Morton from Deesa, Gujerat: and by Selys from ‘India. The typ2 specimen of Ischnura tmmsi, from Sonder Bhandara in the Central Provinces, is in the British Museum. In size this tiny species equals the small forms of :A griocnemis. It is probably deserving of generic separation from the true Enallagmas. The female bas not been described and I have not seen an example. Genus Aciagrion (Selys). A character which is constant for all the species of the genus that I have been able to examine, but one which I have not seen noted, is that the pterostigma of the fore-wing is slightly though distinctly larger than that of the hinder-wing, in both sexes, its outer margin being at the same time rather more oblique. Aciagrion is, I think, very closely related to Enallagma and may be regarded as a specialized off-shoot from that genus, to some extent replacing it in the Oriental region. It is not, so far as I can judge, allied to the Amphicnemts-Teinobasis series even nearly so. Aciagrion olympicum, sp. nov. (Text-fig. 1.) Aoég, 2 99, Sureil, Mangpu, Darjiling district, 5,000 ft., iv-v-17 (S. W. Kemp). Length of abdomen, @ 34 mm., 9 32 mm.: of hind-wing, G2 2 tik Waa 2 eel 13 post-nodal nerves on fore-wing, pterostigma whitish-brown, darker in the centre. This fine new species is, so far as I know, the largest of the genus. It has a very remarkable colouration, a soft brown- grey ground with brown black markings. It thus resembles rather A. pallidum, Selys, than A. hisopa, Selys, in the latter species the abdomen being conspicuously marked with blue. MALE. Head.—Upper lip pale brown, with a fine black line at its base, Ante-clypeus brownish-white with a black line running transverse- ly across its summit. Post-clypeus and frons brownish-white to a level just beyond the base of the antennae. Vertex and occiput rich brownish-black; with a pair of large oval post-ocular spots of whitish-brown, united across the occiput by a narrow band of the same colour. Posterior surface of head brownish-white. Eyes.—Upper pole gray-brown, separated by a darker belt rQI9Q. | F. F. Larpnaw: Indian Dragonflies. 185 from a brownish-white zone. ‘This again is separated by a dark belt from a gray-brown equatorial zone, the lower part of the eye being brownish-white deepening in hue towards the ventral pole. Prothorax.—Dorsal surface rich brown-black, margined in front and at the sides with gray-brown; under surface brownish- white. Thorax.—Dorsally brown-black with broad gray antehumeral bands, sides gray, with a small black mark at the top of the second lateral suture. The mid-dorsal carina is also lined with gray-brown, ventral surfaces grayish-white. Abdomen.—Segments I-2 gray above, brownish-white below. The second segment has a very fine longitudinal line mid-dorsally, which is black; on the apical half of the segment the line widens suddenly to form a small, rather pentagonal mark of the same colour, which does not touch the apex of the segment. The Pie. 1.—dcragrion olympicum, sp. nov. black line and mark are outlined by a very fine margin ot whitish- brown colour. Segments 3—7 are brownish-white below, marked above with a broad, brownish-black band longitudinally. This band widens considerably at the apical end of each segment so as to form a dark ring round the apex of the segment, just incomplete mid-ventrally. The extreme base of each of the seg- ments is surrounded by a very narrow white ring. Segments 8-10 blue-grey above, pale beneath. The apex of segment Io dorsally is deeply emarginate. Legs.—Pale brown, the posterior surfaces of the femora and anterior pair of tibiae black, as are also basal and apical marks on the posterior tibiae, the tarsal segment and the cilia. Anal appendages.—Gray-brown tipped with black. Seen in profile the upper part is about two-thirds the length of the tenth segment, nearly square, the distal side emarginate. Lower pair shorter, conical, tapering rapidly, and directed upwards at the apex. 186 Records of the Indian Museuin. [VoL. XVI, The appendages in general beat a close resemblance to those of A. pallidum (Selys). (See Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, pl. xvi, fig. 4.) FEMALE. Colouring as in the male, except for the following :— Dorsum of segment rt of abdomen black. Segment 2 has a broad black dorsal band running longi- tudinally the whole length of the segment widening a short distance before the apex of the segment, and narrowing to a point at theapexs Segment 8 has a black dorsal mark shaped like the head of a spear, the point directed forwards, not touching either ex- tremity of the segment which, like 9-10, is otherwise gray. Segment 9 has a basal black mark, bifid posteriorly on the dorsum, occupying nearly half the length of the segment. Types @ @ will be returned to the Indian Museum, Aciagrion pallidum (Selys). Aciagrion pallidum, Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, X (xxx), 1891, pp. 80 and 81; Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus,. VIII, p. 234, pl. xvi, fig. 4. 15 66, 10 2 2, Nurbong, Darjiling dist., bottom of Mahanaddi Valley, March 1914 (A. Stevens). O°9, Nagpur, C.P., 1,000 ft. Dee. -1915,( 2a D Abven). © 280i/ibial « ?, Mormugao, Portuguese India, Sept. 1916 (S. Kemp). 4369/H.1. , 2 2 3, Talewadi, Castle Rock, N. Kanara District, Oct. 1916 (S. Kemp). 4378/H.1. WrHnN To Selys’ account it may be added that in the adult female specimens the abdomen is of a dull orange brown colour above; black marks occur only on segments I-2 and the extreme base of 3, whilst segments 1-6 have a very fine black terminal ring and 7-10 are browner aud darker than their predecessors. Aciagrion hisopa (Selys) 2? race occidentalis, nov. Pseudagrion? hisopa, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 153 (1890). Aciagrion hisopa, Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, X, (xxx), 1801, p: 82. 1 6, Castle Rock, N. Kanara Dist., Bombay, Oct. 1916 (S. W. Kemp). 2 2 9, Parambikulam, Cochin State, S. India (7. H. Gravely). 14,1 9, Trichur, Cochin State (/.. H. Gravely). These specimens cannot I think be separated specifically from examples of A hisopa from Burma, as described by de Selys. The two males that I have seen are, however, characterized by having a black triangle on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment, with its apex directed towards the hinder end of the segment, and extending for nearly the full length of the segment. This mark does not occur so far as I know on Burmese speci- mens and if constant is of enough importance to separate two races. 191g. | F. F. Laiwiaw: Indian Dragonfites. 187 Aciagrion tillyardi, sp. nov. 3466,1 ¢, Cheerapunji, Assam. Length of hind-wing 7 17°5mm., 2 17°5mm.; of abdomen, GF ZAy ya tes C2275, Tt MALE. Head.—lLower surfaces yellowish-white. Upper lip dark brown, fading to black at the base. Ante- and post-clypeus black. Frons gray-blue to a point just above the base of antennae. First joint of antennae grav-blue, the rest black. The remainder of the anterior and upper surface of the head black, with a linear gray-blue post-ocular mark on either side, joined by a fine, trans- verse line of the same colour across the occiput. Posterior surface black. Upper pole of eyes black, the remainder olive-gray, with indications of a narrow, dark zone a little distance below the black pole. Prothorax.—Metallic black above, under surfaces yellowish- white. Thorax.—Dorsal surface metallic black, with a pair of narrow gray-blue ante humeral bands; sides gray-olive, paler beneath. A bdomen.—Metallic black above, greenish-white below ; a very fine apical ring of greenish-white, incomplete in the mid-dorsal line, on segments 4-6. Segments g-Io gray-blue, 10 metallic black; its dorsal posterior border emarginate. Anal appendages.—Black; upper pair about one half the length of the roth segment, their upper and lower margins parallel and equal in length, the posterior margin slightly concave; lower pair much shorter, conical and directed upwards. Legs.—Grayish-white. The posterior surfaces of the femora, the articulations and spines black. Venation.—Pterostigmata brownish-black ; on the fore-wing covering one cell, on the hinder wing about half a cell. Twelve antenodal costal nerves. FEMALE. There is a distinct enlargement of the abdomen from segments 7-10. Colouring as in the male with the following exceptions :—(i) the upper lip is of a paler brown and (ii) segments 8 and 9, like the rest of the abdominal segments, are black above. The posterior margin of the prothorax is in both sexes regu- larly convex. Types @ and 2 will be returned to the Indian Museum. Genus Ceriagrion, Selys. Until about five years ago only a small number of species were recognized as belonging to this genus. Within that period, however, a considerable number of new species have been dis- 188 Records of the Indian Museum. [ Vil): 2a ie, covered or discriminated. The males of the genus, so far as Indian species are concerned, are better known and more easily characterized than females. In addition to slight venational differences, which are noted below, the males have as distinguishing characters colour and the structure of the anal appendages. By the employment of these characters it is possible to subdivide the genus with groups which appear fairly natural. In the following table I have given a list of the males of all species that I know of as occurring within the limits of the Indian Empire :— A. Ab rises at level of Ac. I. Colouring more or less uniform, without any marked pattern on thorax and abdomen. Lower anal appendages projecting backward about as far as upper pair and in general directed upwards. a. Upper pair cylindrical or digitiform, in some species a little decumbent at the apex. Excision of posterior dorsal margin of segment 10 of abdomen moderately wide, about as wide as distance between upper aa eee species, or length of abdomen 3 38 mm ; colour of abdomen cn blue, wings tee tinged with yellow hae ... C. coeruleum, sp. nov. 2. Large species, length of abdomen in &S about 38 mm; colour of abdo- men olive-brown, wings not tinged with colour. Upper appendages nearly as long as segment 10, with an inferior hook-like tooth at the extremity. Lower appendages not so long as but well separated from upper appendages, directed as much backwards as upwards ... C. olivaceum, Laid- law. Thorax olive-brown, abdomen scarlet- red ; lower appendages longer than upper pair, incurved at the apex ; abdomen about 32 mm. in length... C.-erubescens, Selys. 4. Small species, length of abdomen 26-28 mm.; colour of abdomen orange- yellow. Lower anal appendages larger than upper, directed upwards and tapering to their apices; exci- sion of segment 10 small andshallow C. vudbzae, Laidlaw. 6, Upper anal appendages, seen from above, inflated, nearly touching each other, with small internal tooth; excision of segment 10 very wide, Colour of abdomen lemon- = yellow ,.. i sae ... C. coromande- : lianum (Fabr.). [l. 4 abdomen with strongly contrasted colour pattern. Lower anal appendages at least half as long again as upper pair; abdomen bright red, segments 4-7 black re 3 ante .. C. cermorubellum (Brauer). 1919. | F. F. Laiiaw: Indian Dragonflies. 189 B. Ab rises before level of Ac. (See note under C. melan- uvum.) 4 abdomen white, segments 7-10 marked with black. I. Upper anal appendages nearly quadrate, not half as long as segment 10. [ower pair stout, directed upwards ie as ... C. melanurum, Selys. II. Upper anal appendages elongate, more than half as long as segment 10; lower pair tapering, directed backwards S se a en Confallax, INS. (See also Rec. Ind. Mus., XII, pp. 132-135, 1916). Ceriagrion coeruleum, sp. nov. 1g, Pashok, Darjiling distr., E. Himalayas, 2,000 ft., May-June, 1916 (F. H. Gravely). 1414/H.t. Length of hind-wing 27 mm., of abdomen 38 mm. Ab rising from Ac. Pterostigmata dull brown, extreme base of wings tinged with saffron, 12 antenodals on the forewing. The colour may be described as uniformly delicate blue on the dorsal surfaces, fading to a yellowish-white ventrally. Segments 9 and to of the abdomen are marked with brownish- black; g has a rather nebulous cruciform mark of that colour and the whole of the dorsum of f0 is so coloured. The legs are yellowish-white with black spines. The superior anal appendages are brownish-black, the lower pair yellowish-white, with black extremities. The apical margin of the tergum of the tenth abdominal segment has an angular excision, about one-third of the length of the segment in depth. The anal appendages are very similar to those of C. olivaceum, the upper pair are about two-thirds as long as segment 10, directed horizontally backwards, truncate, with a downwardly projecting point at the apex. The lower pair are a little longer ; relatively slightly stouter than in C. olivaceum. 2 unknown. This fine species is chiefly remarkable for its colouring, which is strikingly different from that of other unicolorous members of the genus. It is, I think, undoubtedly related to C. olivaceum more closely than to other species. C. coeruleum is further of interest as it is, so far as I know, the only Asiatic species in which the wings are tinged with colour ; in addition to the basal saffron the whole wing has a faint yel- low hue. Mr. H. Campion has very kindly examined the unique ex- ample of this species and has given me his opinion on it. He suggests that the transverse ridge across the frons is not so well defined as in typical Cerzagrion, and thinks that this and the colouring are to be regarded as reasons for not referring this species to Cerviagrion. He suggests a possible relationship to an African genus Thermagrion of Forster, but adds that as the female of the present 190 Records of the Indian Museum. [VouL. XVI, species is unknown and as Thermagrion is known only from a female specimen, more information is necessary. He admits the close similarity between the anal appendages of C. coeruleum and C. olivaceum. Personally, I think that the frontal ridge of C. coeruleum is at any rate sufficiently marked to suggest that we have to deal with a true Ceriagrion. As to the colour it seems to me that the difference between C. coeruleum and C. oltvaceum is less than that between the latter and a crimson-bodied species, such as for example C. crubescens, Selys. The specimen will be returned to the Indian Museum. Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabr.). (Text-fig, 2.) Ceriagrion coromandelianum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 134 (1890) ; Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., X11, pp. 132-135, 1916 (larva). See also Ris, Abh. Senckenb. Ges. XXXIV, p. 520 (1913). Spirit specimens, showing the colouring to all appearances as brilliantly as in the living insect, enable me to give the following account of the male. Head.—Upper lip, post- and ante-clypeus lemon-yellow, frons gray-yellow up to level of anterior ocellus, and extending obliquely upwards and inwards from the eyes to enclose the posterior ocelli. Vertex and occiput bright golden-brown. This colour is delimited from the eyes and from the gray-yel- a low of thefrons by exceedingly fine ce black lines. The eyes are uniformly ea | pale olive-green. g The thorax and prothcrax are uni- Sel eal formly olive-green of a less iritense Fic. 2.—Ceriagrion coroman- tone than the eyes. On the dorsum it delianum (Fabr.). takes on a slightly brown tinge; be- Apex of abdomen from above. low it fades to greenish-white. Abdomen uniformly lemon-yellow, as are the legs; the latter have black spines. Anal appendages lemon-yellow, darker towards their apices and tipped with black. Ceriagrion rubiae, Laidlaw. (Text-fig. 3.) Ceriagrion rubiae, Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., XII, pp. 132-133 (1916). 1 ¢, Castle Rock, Talewadi, N. Kanara District, Bombay (S. Kemp). 4379/H.1. The type specimen was taken at Chalakudi in Cochin State. I have deposited a paratype in the British Museum, which pos- sesses a splendid set of this genus. ‘a ee ot) IQIQ. | F.F. Laryaw: Indian Dragonflies. IgI In my account of the type I stated that the apices of the lower pair of anal appendages lie internally to the upper pair. Inthe present specimen they lie imme- diately below them. This species, the smallest Indian representative of the genus, is prob- ably a local development of the stock from which C. erubescens, Selys, is derived. I have seen no Indian examples of the latter, but Selys (Odonates de Burmanie, p. PE Fie. 3.—Certagrion rubtae, Laid- 1891) has recorded the occurrence : ae of a red-bodied form from Burma, Apex of abdomen. which he regards as a race of C. coro- mandelianum, under the name C. erubescens, Selys, now regarded as a distinct species. (See Ris, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., XXXIV, PP. 520-522, pl. xxili, figs. 13-14; I913). Ceriagrion fallax, Ris. Ceriagrion fallax, Ris, Entomol. Mitterl., 111, 2, pp. 47-48, fig. 2. Ceriagrion melanurum, Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, X (xxx), p- 520 (1891) ; Ris, Abh. Senckenb. Ges... XXXIV, p. 520. Until distinguished by Dr. Ris this species was confused with the following (C. melanurum, Selys). Selys’ record of C. melanurum from Burma (loc. cit.) appears, from his note on the anal appendages, to refer to this species. Ceriagrion melanurum, Selys (pars). Ceriagrion melanurum, WKirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 154, 1890; Ris, Ento- mol. Mitterl., Bd. III, 2, p. 44-47, fig. 1 (1914); Maclachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xvi, p. 374 (1896); Kruger, Stettin. Entom. Zett., 1898, p. 120. 246 46,2 2, Foot of Elephant Hill, near Yawngwhe, S. Shan States, 6-iii-17 (F. H. Gravely). 7166/H.1. These four specimens are all very immature, and of uniform pale gray-brown colour. For some time I was unable to determine their proper position in the genus. Mr. H. Campion has very kindly examined them for me, and suggests that they are referable to this species. They are, however, scarcely typical. The point of origin of Ab is scarcely different from that occurring in C. coromandelianum (Fabr.) for example, it is perhaps just perceptible before Ac. The appendages of the male agree with Ris’ figure. The species occurs in Moupin, Shanghai, Sumatra, Japan. Genus Pseudagrion. In at least three, possibly four, of the Indian species the males have ‘ recognition-marks,’ probably of sexual importance, at the tip of the abdomen. 1g2 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy XVE, In P. rubriceps, Selys, and to a lesser extent in P. bengalense, nom. nov., in which the upper anal appendages are black, the large excavation at the apex of segment Io is bright blue. In P. hypermelas, Selys, and in P. microcephalum (Ramb.) the ‘ recogni- tion-mark’ consists of an area of blue colour on the shelf-like projection found on the inner side of the upper anal appendages. In old males of P. hypermelas this mark tends to become ob- scured. One other Indian Agrionine possesses a similar colour on the upper anal appendages of the male, viz. Ischnura forcipata (Laid- law), For notes on Indian species of this genus see Rec. Ind. Mus., XII, pp. 21-25 (1916). Pseudagrion bengalense, nom. nov. (Text-fig. 4.) Pseudagrion australasiae, Selys MSS.; Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., X11 pse23) (ONO): The two specimens of this species which I have seen are both males from Calcutta. According to a recent paper by Dr. Ris (Supplementa Ento- mologica, No. 5, Berlin) the true Race? Pseudagrion australasiae of ; the synopsis is a local race of P. rf - macrocephalum found in Austra- lia and parts of the Malay Archi- pelago. This race probably does not occur in India, and the two specimens examined (one of them labelled by Selys himself as P. aus- tralasiae) are quite different from the Indian examples of P. microcephalum taken with one of them. In general appearance it must be admitted that the two species, P. microcephalum, Selys and P. bengalense, are very much alike. The differences may best be shown in tabular form :— Fic. 4.—Pseudagrion bengalense, nom. nov. Apex of abdomen. P. bengalense o. P. microcephalum o. Size. Abd. 30 mm.; hind- Abd. 27°5 mm.; hind-wing wing 20°5 mm. (and 18 mm. in general a more ro- bust species). Head. A broad black band Narrow transverse band of transversely across black at level of posterior the frons from level ocelli, black mark on either of base of antennae side of anterior ocellus. Dor- to level of posterior sum of head mainly blue. ocellus. Dorsum of head mainly black. | 1919. | P. bengalense o. Protho- Blue markings very rAax. small. Thorax. Mid-dorsal and antehumeral bands broad. Abdomen. Segment 8 with apical spines only black. Segment 10 with dorsum entirely black. Anal ap- Upper pair about pendages. half length of seg- ment 10. No inner shelf. Lower pair marked with black. Venation. Antenodals 11 (fore- wing). Ab rises at Ac. Costal margin of quadrangle of fore-wing two-fifths length of anal mar- gin. Pterostigma brown- ish-black. F. F. Laipiaw: Indian Dragonfiles. 193 J) P. microcephalum o. Blue markings large. Mid-dorsal and antehumeral bands narrow. Segment 8 with well marked terminal black ring. Segment 10 blue with large black mark not covering dorsum entirely. About equal in length to seg- ment 10. Well marked shelf on either of the upper append- ages, on their inner side coloured white. Lower pair whitish. Antenodals 10 (forewing). Ab rises distinctly before Ac. Costal margin of quadrangle of forewing rather less than one- third length of anal margin. Pterostigma yellow-brown. The fact that these two forms live side by side, as well as the striking differences in the anal appendages of the male, strengthens the view that they are distinct species in spite of their very close general similarity. The type of P. bengalense will be returned to the Indian Museum, Pseudagrion rubriceps, Selys. Pseudagrion rubriceps, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 153 (1890); Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., X11, pp. 24-25, fig. 2 (1916). 3 ocd, Nagpur, C.P., 1,000 ft., 8-12-1915 (E. D’ Abreu). In these males the ground colour of the dorsum of the thorax is an olive-brown. On either side of the black mid-dorsal carina is a fine stripe of olive-brown enclosed within the black colouring of the mid-dorsal band. Segments 8, 9, 10 are bright blue, but 8 has a broad black dorsal band, wider posteriorly. The excavated part of segment 10 is likewise bright blue, making the ce end-on’”’ appearance of the segment very striking, and serving perhaps as a recognition mark. The upper anal appendages are black, and the lower pair greenish-white. The upper pair have each a strong internal tooth directed upwards lying at about the middle. The lower pair when viewed 194 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor sxevals directly from behind show a deep cleft running from above down- wards near the inner margin. The inner tooth of the upper append- age is not visible when the appendage is viewed from the side and is not shown in my figure of the anal appendages of the species (occt. 4 A = 7 x4 os - s A W 7 i F F i . a i ' ' - aR.’ F i 2 \ la fo ate. whe ti ia “ite oERMGART ade tiae ied 7 al > E TOA } ket pice is tone SHB 4 sarati get dill ; : i a ; evil “ f i nl : ! : h 4 rT ) i“ vs a i 4 : | 4 I é 5 ; ye : ne oes ee) po Ah RS ak , j ¢ cx As v & 5 i Me “ ; ; f i 4 7 f i - ! oe % r Dit \ ’ x i 4 { ’ ~ « F9 a ae : ea , , Pa | j§, . ae ahr | w = ’ 7 A i a - 7 _ Mii SCREP TEON $1 Olin 7 Haken) EN WW BATRACHIANS FROM THE CARO HILLS. ASSAM. By G. A BoULENGER, £L.D., DiSc., FACS: Dr. N. Annandale has kindly submitted to me for study and description, examples of four new Batrachians obtained in the Garo Hills, by Mr. and Mrs. S. W. Kemp. Descriptions of three of these are here given, the fourth, Rana garoensis, being reserved for a monograph of the genus Rana which is shortly to be published in the Records of the Indian Museum. Nectophryne kempi, sp. nov. Head moderately large, broader than long, flat above, distinct from ‘ neck’ ; snout short, truncate at the end, feebly projecting beyond the mouth ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region nearlv vertical, slightly concave; nostril near the tip of the snout ; inter- orbital region broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers moderately elongate, much depressed, with feebly dilated, truncate tips, } webbed; first finger about 3 the length of second ; subarticular tubercles indistinct. Hind limb short, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the shoulder ; tibia 2 the length of head and body. ‘Toes 3} webbed, the tips broadly rounded but not dilated ; subarticular tubercles small, flat; two small metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. Upper parts rough with granules and small round tubercles ; a rather prominent, elliptic parotoid gland ; lower parts granulate. Blackish brown above, dark brown beneath ; lower surface of fore limb and thigh yellowish; a large round yellowish spot on each side of the breast, at the base of the arm. From snout to vent 34 millim. Two specimens from above Tura, 2,500 ft., obtained by Mr. Kemp. WN. maculata, Mocquard, from Kina Balu, Borneo, was the only Asiatic species known in which the tympanum is completely hidden, but it is distinguished from the toad here described by a very slender form. Ixalus garo, sp. nov. Snout truncate, scarcely projecting, a little shorter than the diameter of the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region slight- ly oblique, concave ; nostril equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout, interorbital region broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, one-thrid the diameter of the eye. Fingers short, free; toes short, webbed at the base; discs of 208 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy XVI, Ig19.] fingers and toes large, quite as large as the tympanum. The tibio- tarsal articulation reaches the eye; heels overlapping when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body ; tibia } the length of head and body. Skin smooth above; a glandular fold from the eye to the shoulder; throat smooth; belly granulate. Greyish above, with a large sharply defined dark brown hourglass-shaped blotch covering the head from between the eyes and the back; loreal and temporal regions dark brown; limbs with dark cross- bands ; lower parts greyish, dotted with white. From snout to vent 13 millim. A single specimen was obtained by Mr. Kemp above Tura. The nearest ally of this species is J. annandalei, Blgr., from the Kurseong Himalayas, which differs in the pointed and very pro- minent snout and in the smaller digital discs. Ixalus kempiae, sp. nov. Snout rounded, scarcely projecting, a little shorter than the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis indistinct ; loreal region oblique, feebly concave; nostril equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital region broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingersshort, free ; toesshort, webbed at the base; discs of tingers and toes large. The tibio-tarsal articu- lation reaches the tip of the snout; heels overlapping when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body; tibia 1 times in length of head and body. Upper parts with small warts; throat smooth; belly granulate. Greyish above, with small blackish spots; a blackish cross-band between the eyes and a )(€-shaped marking on the back; limbs with irregular blackish cross-bands ; upper lip with vertical dark bars; throat and belly whitish, spot- ted and marbled with brown. From snout to vent 17 millim. A single specimen, obtained by Mrs. Kemp above Tura. Closely allied to I. parvulus, Blgr., from the Karin Hills, Burma. Distinguished by the longer hind limb. ~~ SS SES" aS" Spit .ON LHe SUPPOSED OC CURR» NCEOF He VEO CEN GH NUS (OS Sake U EUS REGEN SEN el Nepae Ae By Lr-Cov. H. H. Gopwin-AustEn, F.R.S. In the Fauna of British India, Mollusca, Freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda, Mr. H. B. Preston, on page 78, places Bithynia costigera, Kiister (= marginata, Chm.) in the fossil genus Fossar- ulus, following Geoffrey Nevill in his ‘‘ Hand-List,” Vol. II, p. 42, with a ?. Having recently been looking over Indian species of Bithynia in my own and the Natural History collection this generic position has been brought into question. It appeared to me to be so impossible that a fossil genus of Miocene age and European habitat should be still living in Peninsular India. I sought Mr. Bullen Newton’s kind help, and he was able to not only show mea Fossarulus but the type of the genus from Dalmatia quoted by G. Nevill. whe first glance cleared up a great deal, and showed how great was the difference between the Recent and Fossil shells, in every important character. It is surprising that Nevill came to the conclusion he did in 1884. He may have had grounds at the time for doing so, certainly at the time he was at work he did not have in Calcutta the type shell of Fossarulus to refer to. Mr. Preston has perpetuated Nevill’s determination, when the means of verifi- cation were close at hand in the Natural History collection. To show the difference in question I give the original des- cription of both the genus and its type. Fam. PALUDESTRINIDAE. Fahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wien, XIX, p. 361, pl, xii, figs. 7a—c. ‘ Fossarulus novum genus. ‘esta parva, subglobosa, rimata, ‘‘longitudinaliter nodoso-costata; apertura late ovata, superne et ‘ad basin effusa; peristomate continuo, incrassato, duplicato.” “Type Fossarulus stachei, Miocene, Dalmatia. ‘“Schale annadhernd kugelig, fest, mit einer Nabelspalte ‘““versehen, aus 4 stark gewolbten Umgangen bestehend, von wel- “chen der letzte fast 2 der Gesammthdhe einnimpt; obere Win- ‘“dungen mit 3, die letzte mit 5 kraftigen, geknoteten Langs- ‘“‘rippen verziert; Naht vertieft; Mundéffnung breit eiformig, ‘‘oben und unten mit einem kleinen Ausguss; Mundrander stark ‘“‘verdickt, doppelt, zusammenhangend. Gréssenverhaltniss des ‘““abgebildeten Exemplares: Héhe 7 mm. Durchmesser 5 mm.” 210 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL.2x Vir, Bithynia costigera is a small shell differing considerably from the common, widely spread, smooth form in having ribbing on the whorls: vide figure in Conchologia Indica, plate 151, fig. 10. The generic distinction is indicated even on shell character and is also to be expected in the animal, which should be examined. It does not occur in Bengal as stated by Preston. At least I have never met with specimens from the Gangetic delta. It isa common shell in Peninsular India, recorded by Nevill in his Hand-List from Karnul, Conjeveram and S. India (30) ex. W. T. Blanford and Madras Museum collections; also from Ceylon (30) ex. K. L. and F. Layard coll., together with a subvar. curta, G. Nevill, ob- tained by him at Bangalore. The Blanford collection presented to the British Museum contains specimens from South India named B. sulcata, Eyd. and Soul. As it was so important that the animal of Bithynia costigera should be examined I asked my friend Dr. N. Annandale if he could Fic. ta.—Fossarulus stachet, Neumayer. (Enlarged from Neumayer’s original figure). MiG. 16.—Mysoria costigera (Kiister) var. curta (Nevill). (Enlarged photograph (x 4) of shell from type locality). help me. This he has not only been able to do, but he has most kindly had photographs and drawings made of the shell, radula, and operculum, together with an enlarged photo of Neumayer’s original figure of Fossarulus stachei, which now illustrates this paper,—for which I thank him much.! I cannot do better than give in full the result of his examina- tion of specimens he had collected at Bangalore, the original locality of var. curta, Nevill; for they add much to the value of this communication, and confirm my idea we are dealing with a new genus of freshwater shells very distinct from Btthynia. For this the name Mysoria seems applicable, if it has not been used | Since this was written I have obtained fresh specimens of J/. costigera in the neighbourhood of Madras. The animal, so far as appears on a superficial examination, does not differ from that of Bithynia except in having shorter ten- tacles. As, however, I am just starting on a long journey I have not been able to make a detailed examination. I hope that Col. Godwin- Austen will do this later and publish the results. N, Annandale, 8-x-1918. 1919. | H. H. Gopwin-Austen : Fossarulus in India. 2i1 before. This interesting species has a limited range in Southern India, which was a land surface in pre-Cretaceous times, during which its early development possibly took place. Mysoria, gen. nov. Type: Bithynia costigera, Kiister, var. curta, Nevill. Range. South India and Ceylon. Shell perforately rimate, ovately conical or depressedly coni- cal, solid, longitudinally striate, having 3 markedly birate ribs above with 2 below the periphery, aperture sub-circular, continu- ous; peristome simple, somewhat thickened on the columella side. Operculum not like that of Bithynia. Calcareous, not very thick, sub-circular or broadly ovate, centre concave, nucleus small with indication of spiral origin Radula. Centre tooth quadrate with a centre cusp and 3 or 4 adjacent. JL,ateral tooth elongate, narrow at base gradually widen- ing toa many cusped straight edge. First marginal of same length, aw é Fic. 2.—Mysoria costigera (Kuster) var. curta (Nevill). Operculum, x 8. a. Internal view. b. External view. narrower, edge finely serrate; 2nd same length, narrow throughout, edge rounded, finely serrate. Touching Dr. Annandale’s reference (see below) to the genus Cremnoconchus there is certainly in C. syhadrensis, W. Blf. from Bombay a very curious resemblance, so much so that an examina- tion of its radula and other parts of the animal is much wanted, although William Blanford gave a very good account of it, it re- mains to be properly dissected. I am in hopes Dr. Annandale! will be able to do this, and better define the position of this genus, with its peculiar amphibious habits. Under date 15th June, Calcutta, Dr. Annandale writes to me: ‘“T have examined the radula and the operculum of my specimens of Bithvnia costigera var. curta, and enclose a note upon them. Have you noticed the extraordinary superficial resemblance be- 1 Since this was written Dr. Baini Prashad and I have published notes on and figures of this species. See Rec. Ind. Mus. XVI, pp. 148, 149, pl. iv, figs. 2-4 (1910). N. Annandale, 16-11-19. 212 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy. XVI, a») tween the species and Cremnoconchus. ..’’ and proceeds to describe the var. curia. ‘ ze “TNC Delay |) SC SOs ern HAN SUUDUUIS 60) He “UU Mie Mie Sell) wRUCUUUT Zr cee a ee ULI OUT Pata | TN “UM | sw O,e x S.S || “uu O.2 | mon 2 | ‘uw Sz | mm g.bxz.S | ‘wu g.t | ‘wwdvr| “Al lantoow riers I oooqiee iS auToeTO HN |) VeoRoor Corie ly Sle 1a}IWeIC] | ‘oes-y]OA “Apoq at ‘QVAIL "Uydud] ll P 4 le y18u9] | SAT fo oman) 2) 3 Stee peoH ; [210.1 ae suoIsuawiq | WNWIxeyy ase1s 220 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Stage III.—This is a much more advanced stage than the last one. Some of the larvae have already hatched out while others are still enclosed in the egg-capsule. In hatching, the free posterior portion of the body and the tail (both of which are well developed) are the first to come out of the egg-capsule. The head and the rest of the body, with the large yolk-sac, are then separa- ted out by violent movements of the tail. Some of the larvae show the body still enclosed in the egg-capsule but have the tail protruding. In this stage only a part of the head is free, the rest is very closely applied along the ventral surface to the yolk-sac, as shown (to some extent) in fig. 7. The mouth is present as a distinct, horizontal slit and the opercular limits are also marked, specially on the ventral surface. The head, which has not developed to any great extent as yet, is broadest in the region of the hindbrain. This latter structure is well developed, and shows the large cerebellum getting marked from it. The pectoral fins are just appearing and the continuous dorso-ventral fin has, besides increasing in size, begun to show rudiments of the fin-rays, in the caudal region. The supporting elements of the fin-rays {or pterygiophores) are already well developed. There is nothing particular to note about the sense organs except that the external narial opening is well developed. The gill slits are well advanced and the arches show traces of the development of gill filaments on them. The air-bladder is elongated and sac-like, measuring about I°2 mm. in length, it shows no constriction. Stage IV (fig. 8).—The mouth, which was ventral in the last stage, has, owing to the separation of the head from the yolk- sac and the better development of the middle portion, shifted to a position far forward and is now more or less anterior. The head is becoming marked off as a prominent structure owing to the special development of the optic lobes and the cerebellum. The eyes are now partly enclosed in the optic capsuies and do not protrude as much as in the last stage. The pectoral fins are better developed and the fin-rays are making their appearance both in the pectoral and in the anal fin-portion of the dorso- ventral fin. The yolk-sac is being gradually absorbed and has become transformed from a rounded to an ovoidal structure. The gill filaments are better developed and even gill-rackers are developing on the arches. The outline of the jaws is also indicated. Stage V (fig. g).—This stage, except for showing the beginning of the dorsal fin, is very near the last one. The various organs, however, are better developed and there is a distinct increase in size. Stage VI.—This stage has still a fairly massive yolk-sac. It shows the operculum quite separated as a flap on either side and forming the posterior limit of the head. The flexure of the brain is better marked, and the medulla oblongata is much better 1919.] T. SOUTHWELL & B. PraAsHap: Studies of Indian Fishes. 221 developed. The eye has become still more .enclosed in the capsule. In the skull, the:jaws are already nearly complete, the enveloping bones and the teeth are beginning to be laid down. In the vertebral column the body of the vertebrae, the neural and the haemal arches are formed in the anterior part of the body region but not further in the region adjoining the tail. So far as the fins are concerned, this is the first stage in which the fin- rays have begun to make their appearance in the region of the dorsal fin, though the basal pterygiophores could be distinguished in this situation even in the last stage. In the anal and the caudal fins the rays are already quite well developed and the limit between these two fins is also just indicated by the direction of the fin- rays. The. alimentary canal, the liver, and the air-bladder are better developed. In the gills, the filaments are larger and are present on all the four gill-arches. Stage VII (fig. 10).—This is the most advanced stage in the collection and shows no trace of an external yolk.sac. The general colour is milky white in the preserved state. Irregularly scattered chromatophores of the usual shape and of a brownish colour are present on the head and on the abdominal portion; none, however, can be distinguished in the tail region. No scales are developed as yet, but in sections of a portion of the body-wall, scales can be distinctly seen developing in the scale-sacs. There is still a continuous fin-fold, in which the dorsal fin is distinctly marked off about the middle of the animal, and it has well devel- oped finrays. The thin covering of the fins is still directly in continuation of the original dorso-ventral fin, which latter has become greatly reduced posterior to the dorsal fin but is fairly broad anteriorly. The pectoral fins are much larger and have fully developed fin-rays. The yolk-sac is entirely withdrawn into the body-cavity and is not visible externally. Unfortunately, the condition of the material at our disposal does not allow of a des- cription of the internal yolk sac, as the structure may now be termed. The operculum is quite well developed, its posterior boundary lies a little behind the middle of the distance between the snout and the anus. In the operculum, the opercular, pre-, inter- and sub-opercular eiements are marked off, and ossification has commenced. Five branchiostegal rays are already formed and traces of three others can also be seen. ‘The anus lies at a distance of about one-third the total length from the anterior end. The eye is contained about four times in the head length and its distance from the snout is equal to its diameter. The external narial opening, which is seen as a distinct aperture in this stage, is situated near the middie of the distance between the eye and the snout. In the skull region also, ossification has commenced, but the stage is too young to show the various elements. All the jaw- bones are, however, well developed and teeth are present on the maxillaries, dentaries, vomers and palatines. A few can also be seen on the urohyals. In the body, the irregular myosepta are to be distinguished 222 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor XV only in the middle region. The alimentary canal is very short and shows only the beginning of the stomach and the pyloric caecae. The liver is better developed. The chambers of the heart are becoming more consolidated and the air-bladder is distinctly notched about the middle. The gills are much better developed. The kidneys can be distinguished as faint thickenings, but no genital organs can be satisfactorily identified. III. THe EGG-caASE OF CHILOSCYLLIUM GRISEUM. CPS is a) In 1914, Sundara Raj contributed to the ‘‘ Records of the Indian Museum,” Vol. X, pp. 318-319, a note on the breeding habits of Chilosevllium griseum, Mill. and Henle. In his note a description of the egg-case of this dogfish was included. The egg-cases were laid in the marine aquarium at Madras in January 1913. Unfor- tunately the figure accompanying the note is very poor and, fur- ther, is inserted wrong side upwards. Moreover, the egg-cases obtained by one of us differ in certain important characters from those described from Madras. We have, therefore, thought it ad- visable to give a detailed descriptive account, and a good diagram of the egg-case of this fish. Through the courtesy of Dr. N. Annan- dale, Director, Zoological Survey of India, we were able to com- pare our specimens with one of the Madras specimens, now in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India (Indian Museum, Calcutta). A few words regarding the nomenclature of the Indian species of the genus Chiloscvllium would not be out of place here. Day in his ‘‘Fushes of India,” p. 726, pl. clxxxviii, fig. 3 (1878 ), and later in his ‘‘ Fauna o} British India, Fishes,” Vol. 1, pp. 34-35; fig. 14 (1889), recognized only a single species, viz. C. indicum (Gmel.), with C. griseum, Mull. and Henle and C. plagiosum (Bennet) as synonyms. Tate Regan in his revision of the dog- fishes ' came to the conclusion that the three species are quite dis- tinct. The same view was further confirmed by Garman’? and has also been found by us to be quite sound. Sundara Raj in his paper describes the egg-cases as belonging to C. griseum = C. indicum of the ‘‘ Fauna” not saying, however, that the two are distinct species. We are indebted to Dr. B. L. Chaudhuri, Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, for the confirmation of the identification and for help in working out the synonymy of the species. The two egg-cases on which the following description is based were obtained in the Gangetic Delta at Port Canning, Bengal, in March rg18, from a gravid female. Each oviduct contained a | Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, pp. 347-364, pls. xi-xill. 2 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, XXXVI, p. 66 (1913). 1919.] T. SOUTHWELL & B. PRAsHAD : Studies of Indian Fishes. 223 single fully developed egg-case, besides a large quantity of yellow- ish fluid secretion surrounding a number of eggs. The egg-cases when fresh were of a light yellowish colour. The specimens preserved in spirit are dark yellow, the margins being still darker, whereas the sides are brownish. It is of a quadrangular shape, much broader in the middle than at the ends. Two of the four sides of this quadrangular structure are very much narrower than the other two, and hence the longer sides, instead of being straight, curve inwards near the two ends, and in a contracted specimen, seem to meet each other. In the middle, the egg-case is much thicker owing to the egg and the yolk contents. Near the upper and lower edges the two surfaces of the chitinous case meet and are united to form a flat surface, which in contracted specimens is wrinkled. The four angles are prolonged into small thin filaments, which, compared with those of the Euro- pean species of dogfishes, are rudimentary structures, and would be of little use for the attachment of the egg-cases to foreign objects in the sea after these have been laid. But another structure of a different type, and probably more suited to the conditions under which these fishes live, has been developed. Attached to one of the longer sides is a very long (134 mm.) and thick cord ofa silky material. Where it joins the eggit broadens out and is attached along a large area on the side. It then gradually tapers to a cylindrical cord. This long cord would be very useful for moor- ing the egg-cases to any object at the bottom of the sea. A few strands of a white colour also arise from two places on the oppo- site side. The two specimens are of the same size, the measurements of one of these are as follows :— Maximum length... 36 «+ 2 OOS ania ; breadth: - =. a | Qi leis - thickness fe Se - KO" Ss Tani IV. InrrRA-UTERINE EMBRYOS. In this part of the paper we have given descriptions of the intra-uterine embryos of a number of Indian Elasmobranchs. In addition to the material described we had before us a number of em- bryos as to the specific identification of which we are not certain. These, however, were found to be of great use in elucidating certain general conclusions which are given at the end of this paper. Scoliodon walbeehmi, Bleeker. (PIE XVIL, figs: L, 25.45. 7.andsee) 1889. Carcharias walbeehmi, Day, Faun. Brit. Ind., Fishes, 1, p. 10. 1913. Scoliodon walbeehmi, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, XXXVI, p. 112. In the young embryo 106 mm. long the head is not at all elongate and the snout much less pointed than in the adult. The 224 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, snout measured from the mouth is just equal to the length of the mouth. The mouth is slightly narrowed forwards. The extent of the labial folds which are poorly developed is nearly the same on the two jaws. The distance of the nostrils from the point of the snout is approximately the same as that from the mouth, and the distance between the two nostrils is much less than the length of the mouth. The eyes are large and prominent, much longer than half the length of the mouth and the distance from the nostril or even the width of the gill-opening. The gill-openings are of the same shape as in the adult. The ventrals, second dorsal and the anal fins are of the same type as in fully grown specimens. The pectorals have their outer margin slightly curved and the posterior nearly straight and not at all showing the characteristic appearance of the fins a the adult. The anals in a male embryo of the size noted have stout elongated claspers not reaching the tip of the fins. ‘The caudal fin is broad in the region of the sub-caudal lobe, where there is a distinct notch; a second notch is situated posteriorly at a short distance from the tip. The placental cord is attached at a point in line with the anterior edge of the pectoral fins and midway between them (feo 1): The colour of the specimens preserved in spirit is slightly greyish with traces of brown on the fins. Measurements :-— Total length .. a3 ia. £064 ma. Snout to caudal pits Hi: Po a7 Ord santas Snout to fifth gill-opening ie 52078 Mie Snout to mouth Rs ae 10°6 mm. Length of placental cord .. ox 65 mm. Placental cord.—The nomenclature of the parts, the appendi- cula and other points about the external structure are dealt with in the general section at the end of this paper. Here we will, however, describe the internal relations with the Hoga organs and the histological structure The placental cord after entering the body of the embryo is seen to censist of an artery and a vein, the outer wall of the cord is not to be seen inside the body. The artery, which is thinner in diameter, passes through the mesentery and, as shown in fig. 2, joins the dorsal aorta. The venous branch, after a short course, opens into the portal vein. The placental cord as seen in a transverse section (fig. 7) consists of an artery and a vein surrounded by four main channels, and on the outside surrounded by a wall formed of epithelium two to three cells thick, and having a thin connective tissue lining inside. The wall of the channels mentioned above is also formed of connective tissue. The outer wall of the placental cord is raised into elongated tubular processes, the appendicula; the structure of these is dealt with further on. 1919.] ‘I. SouUrHWELL & B. PRASHAD: S/udies of Indian Fishes. 225 Two specimens of embryos of this fish were obtained from an adult shark trawled in Portugal Bay, Ceylon, on the 27th of February, Igtr. Scoliodon sorrakowah (Cuv.). (Pl. XVII, figs. 6, 9) and-1o0-) 1889. Carcharias la‘icaudatus, Day, Faun. Brit. Ind., Fishes, 1, pp. 9, 10, 18ers We 1913. Sule sorrakowah, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, XXXVI, p. IIo, In embryos 135 mm. long the head is slightly depressed, the snout is long, gradually narrowing anteriorly and a little rounded at the end. The distance of the snout from the mouth is much longer than the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening. The nostrils are much nearer the mouth than the snout. The mouth is a little wider than long, rounded in front and with feebly developed labial folds on the lower jaw, none on the upper. The teeth are not fully developed. Fins.—The pectorals are much longer than wide and do not reach the origin of the first dorsal; they have the hind margin nearly straight. The base of the first dorsal is much longer than the distance between the ventral and the anal, and is nearly equal to that between the anal and the caudal; it ends slightly in front of the ventrals. The base of the second dorsal is much less than that of the anal. The caudal is well developed with a large sub- caudal lobe. ‘The claspers in male specimens are feebly developed rods. The attachment of the placental cord is of the same type as in S. walbeehmi described already. Colour.—The back is of a bluish-grey colour, lighter on the sides and with the ventral surface whitish. Measurements :—- Total length ~ oe eee aoban Snout to caudal pits eegi2 + Titiai: Snout to fifth gill-opening .. 36 mm. Snout to mouth .. ; sie I2I mm. Length of placental cord sa) OSL Banhiey. Yolk-sac placenta Se Lk 5 iid - >< O nit. The above description is based on a well developed specimen out of a large series obtained at Puri, Orissa, during the months of June and August, rq18. There are some younger embryos as well but these do not show any special peculiarities. Pristis cuspidatus, Latham. 1909. Pristis cuspidatus, Annandale, Wem. Ind. Mus., U1, pp. 5, 6. : The external characters of the embryos before us, which were collected by one of us from off the coast of Ceylon, have been 226 Records of the Indiam Museum. [Vor. 2evV 5. dealt with at length by Southwell! and later by Hussakof.” The embryos were all presented to the Colombo Museum, Ceylon, and we are indebted to the Director of the Museum for kindly sending two of them to us. We are thus able to add a few notes about the internal anatomy and especially the disposition and connections of the yolk-stalk. The liver is yellow-ochre in colour and consists of a large undivided right lobe and a much larger left one, which is divided into two. ‘The gall-bladder is small and lies embedded in the left inner lobe of the liver at its upper end; the bile duct after receiving the branches from the liver-lobes opens dorsally into the colon close to its commencement. The stomach is large, of a pale yellowish colour and lies on the left side partly covered by the liver; in the specimen dissected it was found to be quite empty. The duodenum is small and of a bluish-green colour. The colon, which is very large and has a well developed spiral valve, lies on the right side. The contents of the colon were found to be a large quantity of partly digested yolk, which is received from the large internal yolk-sac. The internal yolk-sac lies dorsal to the colon and opens into it close to its commencement. The rectum is bent on itself and has a large pear-shaped gland opening into it dorsally. The specimen dissected was a female, and had well developed kidneys and oviducts, but only a trace of the ovary was to be seen. As has been described above there is a large internal yolk-sac connected with the colon internally. This internal yolk-sac is only an enlargement of the end of the yolk-stalk after it enters the body of the embryo, and forms a sort of reservoir for the yolk from the external yolk-sac before its transference into the colon. Unfortunately the external yolk-sac in both the specimens was cut off and so the relations of the blood vessels of the sac and stalk can not be fully described. At the inner end, where the yolk- stalk enters the body of the embryo, a single artery and a vein were seen. ‘The artery passes dorsally and becomes connected with the dorsal aorta, while the vein enters the hepatic portal vein. ‘The other relations are probably the same as are described further on for Rhinobalis columnae. Rhinobatis columnae, Bonaparte. (Pl. XVIII, figs. 1-6.) 1832-41. Rh. columnae, Bonaparte, Fauna Jtalica, Pesci, No. 152, plate. i909. Rh. columnae, Annandale, op. cit., pp. 14-15. Annandale in the paper cited above has discussed the name, etc., of the Indian species. We have before us two stages of very different ages,—one of a shark-like form and the second in which the embryos resemble the adult in general shape, though still 1 Spolia Zeylanica, VI, pp. 137-139, 1 pl. (1910). 2 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXX1, pp. 327-330, figs. 1, 2 (1912). 1g1g.] T. SOUTHWELL & B. PRASHAD: Studies of Indtan Fishes. 227 showing certain embryonic characters. We wilf treat of these stages separately. I. Shark-like form (fig. 1)—We have two specimens of this stage, one a male and the other a female. Unfortunately in both cases nearly the whole of the yolk-cord and the yolk-sac are miss- ing. The embryos have a large number of branchial filaments coming out of the gill-openings ventrally. The eyes are large and project on the sides of the head ; the interorbital distance is much longer proportionately than in the adult. The snout is very small and rounded instead of being pointed as in the adult. The mouth owing to the snout hanging forwards comes to lie in a depression. The spiracles are situated just behind the eyes and have a slightly ovoid outline. The nasal openings have all the valves as in the adult. The branchial region is only slightly in- flated. The pectoral fins are attached laterally by a very small base behind the branchial region, but the anterior edge is already growing forwards to unite with the snout to form the disc. The pelvic fins are very small and so are both the dorsal fins. The claspers in the male specimen are merely flat lobes of skin. The tail-fin is not well developed as yet. There is nothing special to note regarding the internal anatomy of this stage; the various points of interest are dealt with further on in the description of the more advanced specimens. Measurements of the male specimen :-— Total length .. 2.) ~36°5 maa Maximum breadth of the pectoral fiS. 5,2 2 rane Length of the pectoral fins >) SQR2 amar Distance of the pectora! fins from the snout x: 7°38 mm. Snout measured foam the month Per ey airit Interorbital distance an oo a ORO init Tail ey Bae . 6) 22s reais II. Stage with adult form (figs. 2, 3).—The snout is not at all pointed and is rather acutely rounded; its length is contained less than six times in the total length; the distance between the outer angles of the nostrils is a little more than half that between the mouth and the end of the snout. The anterior nasal valve is produced far beyond the internal margin of the nostril but does not reach the valve of the opposite side; there is a large valve arising from the outer angle which is connected with a similar valve from the posterior margin. The valve from the posterior margin has in addition a small lobe arising from its inner surface and covered by the anterior nasal valve. The back is slightly arched owing to the large and swollen branchial region. The pectoral fins are evenly rounded and do not possess the straight margin so clearly shown in Bonaparte’s excellent figures of the adult (op. cit); the breadth across the widest part of the pectoral fins is contained a little more than three times in the total length, 228 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL 2cVF, The pelvic fins have a rounded tip and do not show the shape characteristic of the adult. In the male specimens the claspers have developed into small rod-like structures, arising at a point about 2 the length of the fins from the base, and have slightly named apices. ‘The pelvic fins are at this stage proportionately much smaller than in the adult; they arise more ventrally and their tips do not reach the base of the first dorsal; the distance between their tips and the base of the first dorsal being a little less than that between it and the second dorsal. The rostral ridges are broadly separated. The back is quite smooth but small tubercles ate just indicated along the mid-dorsal line, others are scattered in two rows parallel to the middle and a few are also to be seen round the orbits. The mouth is slightly arched. The teeth are very minute; those along the inner and outer margins of both the jaws are much larger than the others, which are to be seen all over the jaws. The roof of the pharynx also has a large number of small denticles. The colour of specimens in spirit is dark yellowish; the fins are much lighter and appear of a creamy colour; the membrane connecting the snout with the pectoral fins is light yellow; the ventral surface and the yolk-stalk creamy. The yolk-sac, how- ever, is dark yellow. Measurements of a female specimen :— Length ea) Soka basaaal ° Maximum breadth OL themmtise = 26> mim: Length of snout measured from the mouth eho 20" 5) uta tans Distance between the nostrils T2°5 mm. Length of the yolk-stalk .. EO) yo Laktie Yolk-sac ia zal ngoy “mime Sz Ona. Internal anatomy (fig. 4).—We do not propose dealing with the internal anatomy at length; a few of the outstanding features of general interest alone are described. In the pharynx fairly large semilunar openings of the spiracles are to be seen on either side, ‘The oesophagus is small, the stomach is long, having the usual U-shaped form, with well developed longitudinal folds on its inner walls and a thick valve at the pylorus. The duodenum is very short and, Jike the oesophagus and stomach, quite empty. The colon is very large and has a fully developed spiral valve; the internal yolk-sac opens into it dorsally very near its anterior end on the right side. The colon is full of yolk granules. The rectum is a much thinner tube and has a large rectal gland. In the cloacal region of the rectum the oviducts and ureters also open (fig. 4). The liver and the gall-bladder are fully developed. The former is brownish but the gall-bladder is of the usual greenish tinge. ‘Ihe pancreas and spleen are of a dark yellow colour. The single ovary is as yet poorly developed. The internal yolk-sac is an ovoidal structure lying slightly 1919.] T. SOUTHWELL & B. PRASHAD : Studies of Indian Fishes. 229 dorsai and to the right of the colon; it is connected with the external yolk-sac through the yolk-stalk and internally with the colon as has been described above. Histology of the yolk-stalk, etc. (figs. 5, 6).—As seen in a trans- verse sectionothe yolk-stalk is nearly circular, with a fairly thick wall bounding a spacious internal circular cavity. The thick wall (fig. 6) is formed of :— (i) A single layer of very flat epithelial cells of epiblastic origin. (ii) A fairly thick mesoblastic portion, many-layered and with a large number of blood vessels,—both arteries and veins, arranged near the inner periphery in a circle; all the blood vessels are full of blood corpuscles. The cells forming this portion are more or less polygonal with slightly wavy walls and with a small nucleus. (iii) The innermost hypoblastic layer consisting of a single layer of flat epithelial cells. The wall of the yolk-sac is also formed of the same three layers, but the mesoblastic portion is not so thick and the hypo- blastic layer is indistinguishable in some places. The blood vessels as ascertained by dissection and serial sections were found to unite with one another, the arteries with arteries and the veins with veins, until, near the point where the yolk-stalk enters the body of the embryo, only a single large artery and a single vein are to be seen. The connections of these blood vessels with those of the embryo are as follows : the artery opens into the dorsal aorta and the vein joins the hepatic portal | vein. The exact arrangement of the finer blood vessels on the yolk-sac could not be followed. The contents of the yolk-sac and the stalk were minute, nearly circular yolk granules. The arrangement of the blood vessels and the connections of the yolk-sac point to a double mode of absorption of its contents, viz. (1) the direct transference of the yolk granules into the colon through the yolk-stalk, and (ii) through the blood vessels. The above description is based on specimens obtained by dis- section from two female specimens trawled at the south end of Periya Paar on the coast of Ceylon, on 23rd of February, rort. There are nine well preserved specimens besides some in poor condi- tion. The two young shark-like embrvos were also obtained from the same locality on the 8th of December, 1910. ‘The disc of the parent fish measured about 2 feet 10 inches in breadth and there was -a single embryo in each oviduct. Trygon kuhlii (Muller and Henle). (Pl, XIX, fig. 1.) 1909. Trygon kuhlit, Annandale, op. cit., pp. 34, 35- As shown in fig. r the outline of the disc of the single female embryo before us is a quite regular curve, not at all angulate. 230 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Anteriorly, owing to the pectoral fins not having grown forwards sufficiently to meet in the middle, there is a very distinct notch on either side separating the fins from the rounded papilla-like tip of the snout. The disc is only slightly longer than broad and the specimen still possesses the original shark-like form, except that the pectoral fins are better developed though not quite lateral in position even yet. The head at this stage is a prominent struc- ture projecting far above the level of the fins, particularly in the region of the fore- and mid-brain. The eyes are large and prominent, hanging outwards. The spiracles are large, broad and. more or less semicircular openings, situated one on either side of the head in a lateral rather than a dorsal situation. The other gill- slits, with the large elongated branchial filaments springing out of them, are situated on the ventral surface, but, owing to the thin and transparent skin, can be seen through it from the dorsal surface. The branchial region is only slightly inflated. The number of gill-filaments is very large. Only a few, however, are shown in the figure for the sake of clearness; one of these measured over 50 mm. in length. The skin is quite smooth without any tubercles either on the disc or the tail. The pectoral fins show distinct fin-rays. The tail has a rather thin continuous fin- membrane on the dorsal and ventral surfaces; on the distal half it is better developed on the ventral than on the dorsal side, but there are no fin-rays to be seen. The yolk-sac is rather small and the yolk-stalk has the same structure as has been described in detail for Rh. columnae (p. 229). The specimen preserved in spirit is of a white colour except for the pectoral fins, which have a brownish tinge. The yolk-stalk is of the same colour as the embryo but the yolk-sac is yellowish. Ventrally the embryo appears brownish owing to the colon shining through it. Measurements of the female specimen :-— Length of the disc So 42O) Leman Maximum breadth of the disc... 26 mm. Interorbital distance ae 55 mm. Snout (measured from the mouth) a sa 5°3 mm. Mouth to vent = =) 23° 4, seat age ay = + O60 2.mi, Yolk-sac u Pet LO! ann Dyn 7e ate Yolk-stalk au Sree Coho e vabanty Internal anatomy.—The colon is the largest of. all the parts of the alimentary canal and lies on the right side; it has the volk-stalk opening directly into it on the dorsal side, there being no internal yolk-sac. Inembryos of T. bleekeri the duct, according to Alcock ,! opens ventrally, but in the specimens of this species and of 7. uarnak dissected by us it opens dorsally. The duode- lL Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 1X, p. 425 (1892). al i 1919.] ‘I. SourHWELL & B. PRASHAD : Studies of Indian Fishes. 231 num and the stomach both contain large quantities of coagulated material of the nature of a secretion from the uterine glands of the mother and probably absorbed through the large spiracles. The rectal gland, it may be remarked, is a very large elongated sac opening distally into the rectum. The lobes of the liver, of which the left one is the largest, are of a yellow colour. The gall-bladder is a small and thin-walled sac with very little secretion in it. The ovary is not to be distinguished in this stage. Only a single female specimen of this species was obtained, from a large female trawled at Periya Paar on the coast of Ceylon, on the 7th of February, IgriI. Trygon uarnak (Forskal). 1909. TZ. warnak, Annandale, of. cit., pp. 22-24, fig. 2. The embryo is slightly more advanced than that of T. kuhlii described above. The disc has assumed a more definite form, the pectoral fins having grown further forwards; otherwise the shape of the disc and head is very similar. ‘The fins-rays also are better developed. The skin is thicker and a few tubercles along the mid-dorsal line are to be seen. ‘The colour is slightly brownish. The measurements of the male specimen are as follows :— Length of disc .. ee 2572 I, Breadth of disc hee ZO.) Tim. Interorbital distance ee Oe TT. Snout (measured from the mouth) re Scat Gy tee 00 5018 Mouth to yent ~.. So a7 aaaa yan Shei) ise ie 25. unin. Yolk-sac a eepeke, Tai til;, loya7 im oa Yolk-stalk Ane 5 0 2) eraabaale Branchial filaments.—The specimen has only a few small fila- ments coming out of the gill-slits ventrally. We have only a single male specimen before us, though three were obtained from a large female trawled on the 4th of March, 1910, at Portugal Bay, Ceylon. Hypolophus sephen (Forskal). (PIE XTX; fig. 2.) 1916. Hypolophus sephen, Chaudhuri, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, pp. 409-410. Chaudhuri in the paper cited above has given measurements, etc., of two embryos from the Chilka Lake. The specimen before us, also from the Chilka Lake, need not, therefore, be discussed at length ; we only mention a few additional facts on the external characters and the internal anatomy. 232 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL x VE, The embryo is certainly more advanced than those of either of the two species of Trygon described above, even though it shows a large number of filaments hanging out of the gill-slits. (The branchial filaments, the yolk-sac and the yolk-stalk are not shown in the dorsal view of this specimen, fig.2). The pectoral fins have developed further on the two sides, but the papilla of the snout separating them is quite distinct. The pectoral and pelvic fins have well developed fin-rays. The claspers are as yet only flap-shaped structures. The tail has a distinct fold of skin forming a fin-membrane. The general shape of the body has become more like the rays in that the head does not protrude so much and the body is more depressed to form a flat disc. Internal anatomy.—The colon is relatively smaller as is also the rectal gland. The stomach and the duodenum both contain a large quantity of coagulated material of the same nature as in T. kuhlit. The connection of the yolk-stalk with the colon is also similar. Pteroplatea poecilura (Shaw). (Plea hos. 32737.) 1909. Pteroplatea micrura, Annandale, op. cét., p. 39. 1913. Pteroplatea poecitlura, Garman, op. cit., pp. 412-413. As Garman has shown in the paper cited above the name of this Indian species must be P. poecitlura, the name P. micrura being confined to the West Indian form. In the single embryo (fig. 3) before us, the lines of union of the pectoral fins with the snout are still indicated and the fins have not as yet met in front. The eyes do not protrude so much, the spiracles (fig. 3a) are comparatively smaller than they are in the younger stages figured by Wood-Mason and Alcock,' and the appearance of the embryo is more like that of the adult. There are no branchial filaments at this stage and the yolk-sac and the yolk-stalk are already absorbed to a very large extent. Measurements of a female specimen :— Length of disc : 73, mm. Maximum breadth of disc .. 115 mm. Interorbital distance Pe Pe. Reavong Snout se Se | ke eit Mouth tovent .. Tepe eke) rye 10 001 aaa ae Sa ier NOS aim: Yolk-sac ‘ oO 1R AMIN K Avmim: Yolk-stalk SE =: (evcnan eels There is a single specimen of this stage before us. It was dissected out of a large adult specimen trawled in Portugal Bay, | Proc. Roy. Soc., XV.1X, p. 359, pls. vil, viil (1891). rg1g.] TI’. SourHwELy & B. PRAsHAD: Studies of Indian Fishes. 233 Ceylon coast, on 7th November, 1910. There was a single speci- men in the right oviduct. This specimen, though evidently much older than the ones described by Wood-Mason and Alcock, has a vestige of a yolk-sac and yolk-stalk, whereas the specimens described by these authors had no trace of a yolk-sac or yolk-stalk (p. 364, loc. cit.). Aetomylaeus nichofii (Schneider). (Pl. XIX, figs. 4, 4a.) 1909. Myliobatis nieuhofit, Annandale, op. cit., p.51. 1913. Aetomylaeus nichofiz, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, XXXVI, p. 436. 1916. Aetomylaeus nichofit, Chaudhuri, of. cit., V, p. 413. This is a very interesting stage in that it is slightly more advanced in the absorption of the yolk-sac and the yolk-stalk than the embryo of Pteroplatea poectlura described above. Only the anterior part of the head can be said to be distinct from the disc (figs. 4, 4a). A horn or tentacle nearly 2 mm. in length projects slightly in front of the spiracles and below the eyes. The rostral fin has a fringe along its posterior margin. The shape of the spiracles is very characteristic (fig. 4a) and brings into mind the peculiar modification brought about for the large trophonemata from the mother’s uterus pouring their secre- tion into the pharynx. The upper margin of the skin which forms a covering over the spiracles is raised upwards and forwards. The abdomen is very much swollen ventrally owing to the large colon, which can be seen through the skin. The dorsal fin arises just at the origin of the tail. The claspers in the male specimen are small rod-like structures tapering to a point at their free end; they measure 6 mm. in length. The body is quite smooth. The yolk-sac and the yolk-stalk have already been very largely absorbed. The embryos have a brownish colour. In one of them a dark brown line at a little distance from the margin of the disc and closely following its outline is very distinctly to be seen. The long tail has a deep chocolate colour banded with yellowish rings, ventrally its distal portion is entirely yellowish. Measurements of a male specimen :— Breadth of the disc , fie emo, Mouth to vent .. oo 47a ae Length of snout .. rs 85 mm. Rostral fin ee ie Lip 4 7) mam: Interorbital space ad 2 LOTS mae Size of spiracle .. Nis 7 Sho: iti OS Om. Masts 3% ‘i Nek Sahiny nat Diameter of yolk-sac | oh I'5 mm. Yolk-stalk a aft o°4 mm. 234 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Internal anatomy.—The only features worth noting are :—(1) The very large colon with a well-developed spiral valve. The colon measures 2I mm. in length; on being slit open it was found to be filled with yolk granules. Lying dorsal to and opening into the colon is (ii) the large internal yolk-sac. It is connected with the small external yolk-sac through the yolk-stalk. The stomach was quite empty. (iii) The rectal gland is a large structure, (iv) The liver is comparatively small. The specimen dissected was a male and shows the male organs, but not fully developed. Leydig’s organ is not quite developed, the vas deferens is also small and not so convoluted. Two specimens, a male and a female, were obtained from a large fish trawled in Portugal Bay on the 16th of February, IgIo. THE YOLK-STALK AND THE PLACENTAL, CORD. A few remarks about these structures will not be out of place here. In the sharks, as will be shown further on, the placenta is purely of the nature of a yolk-sac placenta, in some more highly evolved than in others. The arrangement and relations of the blood vessels in the yolk-stalk of the Batoids, e.g. in Rhinobatis columnae, are of a type essentially similar to that of the sharks. In the more highly advanced or evolved forms of placenta of sharks such as Scoliodon walbeehmi, the channel of the yolk-sac is obliterated in the later stages of development, owing to there being no yolk to absorb and the channel in the yolk-stalk being therefore unnecessary, and further owing to the blood vessels having developed to a much greater extent. The yolk-stalk now becomes the placental cord and instead of the channel in the yolk-stalk there is now a large artery and a large vein. The cavities of unknown function lying next to the blood vessels des- cribed in the account of the structure of the placental cord of Scoltodon walbeehmt may possibly be the remains of the original channel. Another point worthy of note is that the connection between the yolk-stalk and the intestine of the embryo must be stopped before the transformation of the yolk-stalk into the placental cord takes place. As in the earlier stages of the develop- ment of the sharks there is a yolk-sac and a yolk-stalk, the stage where there is a direct communication between the yolk-sac and the intestine must exist even in forms that later on have a placental arrangement. Unfortunately we have no material of the very young stages of these sharks at our disposal that would support these theoretical conclusions. In their descriptions of the embryos, some authors have designated the yolk-stalk of the aplacental Batoids the umbilical cord. This apparently is a misnomer, as in view of what has been stated above, though the yolk-stalk or the stalk of the yolk-sac is transformed in the sharks into the placental cord on the develop- ment of the placenta, the converse is never true. In the Batoids with the condition of aplacental viviparity the yolk-stalk has 1919.| IT. SOUTHWELL & B. PRASHAD: Studies of Indian Fishes. 235 persisted as such, and not resulted from a retransformation of the placental cord into a yolk-stalk. Further, the condition of aplacental viviparity amongst the Batoids is to be derived directly from that in the oviparous Elasmobranchs and not that in the viviparous forms with a placental development. In fact, there are two distinct lines of development from the oviparous con- dition. (i) Viviparity with the development of a placenta, (ii) apla- .cental viviparity. The correct name, therefore, for the structure in these aplacental viviparous Batoids is the yolk-stalk or the stalk of the yolk-sac. THE APPENDICULA OF SOME OF THE INDIAN CARCHARIDAE. We have thought it necessary to deal with these structures asa whole in the various species that we have had a chance to examine. Johannes Miiller' in his admirable résumé of all that was known up to 1840 regarding the uterine structures, etc. in the Sela- chians does not mention any such processes in the text, or show any of them in the beautiful figures of the various species at the end of his paper. The species dealt with by him are Mustelus laevis, Mustelus vulgaris and Carcharias (Prionodon) sp. Alcock * is the only author, so far as we know, who has given an account of these structures, and it is to him that we owe the very appro- priate name of appendicula. He described these structures for Zygaena blochit as follows :—‘‘ The placental cords, which were much more delicate, were uniformly covered, except at the extreme foetal end, with flattened, leaf-like, bilobed or trilobed appendicula, from one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch in length, each lobe being one-eighth of an inch broad.’’ For the embryos of the other two species (viz. Carcharias melanopterus and Carcharias dussumiert), also described in the same paper, no appendicula are mentioned as being present on the placental cord. There are no other references to these structures in the literature consulted. We have examined the embryos of the following species : Scoliodon sorrakowah, S. palassorah, S. walbeehmi and two other species of Scoliodon, the specific identification of which we are not certain, and of a Cestracion sp. The results of our study of these structures show that there are at least four different types of appendicula in the species studied. Type (i).—In a single specimen of Scoliodon sp. collected from the coast of Ceylon the placental cord is very long, measuring about Ig cm. The placenta is of the usual arborescent type and is attached to a portion of the uterine wall which was preserved along with the embryo. The placental cord is fairly thick, 5 mm. in diameter exclusive of the appendicula; its wall is thrown into 1 Abhand. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1840, p. 188. 2 Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, XIX (ii), p. 51 (1890). 5 According to Garman, Joc. cit., p.155, Cestvacion is the correct generic name for what has until recently been known as Zygaena. 2306 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor evr. folds, which, as shown in pl. xvii, fig. 3, become quite separated here and there to form small flat processes. These processes seem to be the starting point for the formation of the more highly evolved types of appendicula described further on. Type (ii).—In Scoliodon walbeehmi the appendicula are of a more advanced type. As seen with the naked eye the whole sur- face of the placental cord is raised up into small tubuiar processes (pl. xvii, fig. 4). The processes or appendicula measure I°4 mm. in length and -3 mm. to 5 mm. in breadth. The appendicula on being examined with the microscope are seen to be small flattened processes, broad at their free end and gradually narrowing to the point of attachment. Some of them as shown in the figure (where they are shown magnified 25 times) have notches anteriorly in posi- tions where division might have taken place. With the low power of the microscope the wall of the appendiculum, which is formed of many layers of epithelial cells, appears of a much darker colour. There is, however, in the appendicula of this type no vessel of any kind such as that mentioned by Alcock (lec. cit.) for Z. blochit. Otherwise the appendicula of Z. blochii are very near those of this type. Type (iii)—There are two embryos of a species of Scoliodon before us from Madras preserved 7m situ in the uterus of one side. The placenta in this species is of a type intermediate between the simple one found in S. sorrakowah and the more highly evolved arborescent one of S. walbeehmi. The placental cord, which measures 72 mm. in length, is thickly covered with appendicula. The appendicula as shown in pl. xvii, fig. 5 are elongated, much branched structures; the branches arise from a main axis and the further branching is more or less dichotomous. ‘The appendicula are about 15 mm. in length, but not more than *25 mm. thick. Each of the daughter branches is swollen at its extremity. No vessels can be seen in preparations of this type of appendicula. Type (iv).—In S. sorrakowah and S. palasorrah the appendi- cula are elongated threads, simple or forked at a distance from the point of origin (pl. xvii, fig. 6); they measure up to 60 mm. in length. ‘The appendicula in these two species have the same structures as in the other three types, except that there is a blood vessel in each. The placenta in the forms with this type of appendicula is the least highly evolved, being a true yolk-sac placenta, formed by the processes jutting out from the surface of the yolk-sac and embedding themselves in the uterine wall It will be clear from what has been stated, that we can trace a nearly complete series in the evolution of long tbread-like single or branching appendicula from mere projections on the wall of the placental cord. It may also be noted here that the appen- dicula may be present or absent in nearly related species of the same genus; for example, though they were described by Alcock (loc. cit.) for Cestracion blochit, they are absent on the placental cord of a foetus of another species of Cestvacion, from the collec- tions of the ‘Golden Crown’ from the Bay of Bengal. It should tg1g.] T. SOUTHWELL & B. PRASHAD: Studtes of Indian Fishes. 237 also be borne in mind that though we have a nearly complete series from small projections on the wall of the placental cord to long thread-like appendicula, this does not give us any clue as to the evolution of these structures ; nor does it indicate any relation- ships between the various forms; because in the species with the best- developed appendicula the placenta is of the most primitive and least evolved type and vice versa. Indeed, this last-stated fact seems to show that the forms with a less highly organized type of placenta requiring some other mode of absorption of food have developed these additional structures. The appendicula, if this is so, would be more of the nature of acquired or adaptive structures than indications of any genetic relationships. Histological structure.—As seen in longitudinal! sections (pl xvii, fig. 8) the wall of the appendicula is found to be formed of three to four layers of more or less polygonal cells; the core of the finger-shaped processes is filled up by loose connective tissue, which reaches up to the walls of the channels in the placental cord. In the connective tissue portion stellate cells can also be distinguished here and there. Function.—Alcock, with some doubt, considered the appen- dicula to be of the nature of lymphatic glands, provided the channels of the placental cord be considered as lymphatices. Their structure and various grades of development, and the blood vessels in the appendicula of S. palasorrah and S. sorrakowah, to- gether with the grades of development of the placenta, tend to show that they might, like villi, serve in absorbing the food material secreted by the uterine wall of the mother. This secre- tion, as was seen in the case of the specimens at Puri, surrounds the embryos completely, just as the amniotic fluid does in the mammals. PLACENTA. Having already dealt with the placental cord we will now record a few observations about the placenta in some of the Indian sharks that we have seen, besides adding some notes about the forms previously described. It may be stated at the outset that the placenta in ifecd forms is of the nature of a yolk-sac placenta. When all the yolk in the yolk-sac has been absorbed, nourishment must be obtained by the embryo from the maternal uterus. This is done in a variety of different ways. In the earlier stages in the aplacental forms the branchial filaments are probably of use in absorbing the nutritous secretions of the uterus in which the embryos are lying. Later on special processes or trophonemata are developed from the uterine wall and these, entering the spiracles of the foetus, pour the nutri- tious secretion into the alimentary canal of the embryo. In the pla- cental forms the yolk-sac is utilized for the formation of a placenta and the connection of the yolk-stalk with the intestine becomes obliterated ; the blood vessels on the other hand become specially enlarged and nourishment is taken to the embryo directly through 238 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, the circulation of blood. We have been able to distinguish three distinct grades in the development of the placenta in these forms :— (i) In S. sorrakowah and S. palasorrah we have the least modi- fied type of placenta. As shown in pl. xvii, fig. 10, it is the original yolk-sac of the typical rounded to slightly ovoid form. At its lower free extremity it has a number of small protuber- ances which, as seen in pl. xvii, fig. G, are embedded in the maternal uterine tissue and form a very simple type of yolk-sac placenta. (11) A placenta of a slightly more advanced type is the one mentioned by Muller, of. cit., in his description of the placenta of Mustelus laevis and a species of Carcharias, where there is a distinct placenta-like interdigitation of folds of the yolk-sac, and these villi-like projections fit into corresponding depressions in the uterine mucous membrane of. the mother like the cotyledons of the ruminant placenta. (iii) In a specimen of Scoliodon sp. from Ceylon the yolk-sac has practically disappeared as such, and in its place we find that the placental cord broadens out into a flattened structure showing traces of division and transformation into an arborescent mass. The placenta in the two specimens of Scoltodon from Madras is still simpler than this, and is of a character intermediate between that of the second type and the one found in Scoliodon from Ceylon. This type when fully evolved is a fairly large arborescent structure formed by the continued subdivision of the distal extremity of the placental cord and the remains of the yolk-sac. The blood vessels in the placental cord also divide again and again to supply the various subdivisions of the placenta, which is a highly vascular structure. The placenta is in close connection with a flat highly vascular portion of the maternal uterine wall. Tach embryo is connected by a separate placental connection with a separate part of the uterine wall. This type is found in Scoliodon walbeehmi (pl. xvii, fig. 1, shows a side view of only the foetal placental por- tion with the embryo and the placental cord), and has been shown by Alcock to occur in Carcharias melanopterus, Cestracton blochti and Carchartas dussumiert. BRANCHIAL FILAMENTS. In the earlier stages of the intra-uterine embryos of many Batoids large numbers ef delicate and much elongated branchial filaments protruding out of the branchial openings of the embryos have been described by many authors. In the course of our studies we also have found these to be present in a number of species from which they had not been recorded previously. These filaments are the greatly elongated gill-processes which issue out of all the branchial slits ventrally except for the spiracles, and are so numerous as to form about one-third of the whole volume i i pn 191g.] ‘I. SOUTHWELL & B. PRAsHAD: Studtes of Indian Fishes. 239 of the embryo in Pteroplatea micrura.' In the more advanced em- bryos, however, the branchial clefts are tightly closed and there are no filaments, those which were formerly present having ap- parently atrophied. These structures, it thus seems, are present only in the earlier stages of the embryonic existence. The structures have been called by many different names ‘such as branchial or gill-filaments (Wood Mason and Alcock)’, external gills or gill-filaments (Wood-Mason and Alcock)? and trophonematous filaments (Chaudhuri).* The name external gills or gill filaments suggests that they function as gills and may lead to wrong conclusions being drawn as to their. being homolog- ous with or even analogous to the external gills of Amphibia. On the other hand the name trophonematous filaments would lead one to think that they were structures for the absorption of nutriment. But as the name trophonemata has been used by Wood-Mason and Alcock for the ‘‘ narrow, strap-shaped nourishing processes” of the uterine wall of Batoids, we do not think it desirable that the same or an essentially similar name should be given to processes of the embryo. In our opinion the name branchial filaments is the most suited, as, besides shawing their origin, it does not suggest or imply any function for these struc- tures. The branchial filaments have been already described in the descriptions of the various embryonic forms, their histological structure has been admirably treated by Alcock in his description of the ‘‘ Embryonic History of Pteroplatea micrura”’ (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, pp. 3, 4, 1892), and we have nothing to add to that account. As to their function, Alcock in the paper cited above con- sidered them to be of use for absorbing the nutriment in the yolk- sac of the embryo. ‘Their very elaborate vascular supply, on the other hand, points to their being of the nature of respiratory structures, possibly in addition to their being of use in the absorp- tion of yolk and the free secretions of the maternal uterine wall. d SUMMARY. In the general observations we have described certain struc- tures developed by Elasmobranch embryos during different periods of their intra-uterine existence. These structures result in very definite changes in the modes of obtaining nourishment, and may be summed up as follows :— I. In the placental forms, in the earlier embryonic stages, there is no placenta and the yolk-sac functions as such. Later on, 1 Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), X, p. 2 (1892). The correct name of the fish according to Garman as stated previously is ?. poectlura. 2 Proc. Roy. Soc., XLIX, p. 363 (1891). 8 Proc. Roy. Soc., L, p. 204 (1891). + Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 409 (1916). 240 Records of the Indian Museum, [VoL. XVI, 1919. ] with the development of the placenta by the modification of the yolk-sac, nourishment is obtained directly from the blood of the mother through the blood-vascular system. In some cases addi- tional structures or appendicula are developed on the placental cord, and these probably absorb the secretion of the uterine wall in which the embryos are floating. II. In the aplacental forms the volk-sac persists as such through a greater part of the embryonic life and the yolk in it is directly taken into the alimentary canal with or without the inter- mediation of an internal yolk-sac; possibly, as has been suggested, the branchial filaments also help in its absorption. In the earlier stages, when the branchial filaments are present, these help in the absorption of the secretion of the uterine glands. The blood vessels in the mesoblastic portion of the yolk-sac are also of use in absorbing the nourishment contained within it. During the later stages of development special processes are developed in some cases from the maternal uterine wall and these processes or trophonemta, entering the embryonic spiracles directly, pour the secretion into the pharynx of the embryo. It may also be men- tioned here that during the embryonic portion of the life-history the stomach does not function as such, but merely acts as a channel for the transport of food to the colon, where absorption mostly takes place. re ga a ee en ee EXPLANATION: OF (PLATE, XVik Fic. 1.--Lateral view of Leptocephalus milnet; same size. 2.—Lateral view of Leptocephalus vermicularis; same size. +) 3 —Dorsal view of the head-region of L. vermicularts ; much enlarged. >) Notopterus chitala. Fics. 4-6.—Three stages of embryos in the ege-membranes. Fic. 7.—Embryo with the head still attached to the large volk-sac. ,, 8—Embryo of stage IV. ” o aes ” 33 e9 V. KO >) ” ”’ dy een a Rec. Ind. Mus.,Vol. XVI, 1919. Plate XVI y ; yyy yy) KE Ss en srt 44, nee ~ 4 Sheet NSS SINS SSE cal | CEE ; / / 7 , X LF} Uf WY) ff is My LLL. LLLLL SS IY pS Siri Aff B.P. & D. Bagchi del. A. Chowdhary lith. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. Fic. 1.—J,ateral view of an intra-uterine embryo of Scolzodon walbeehmi. 2.—Diagram of a dissection of an embryo of S. wal- beehmi from the ventral surtace to show the con- nections of the blood-vessels of the placental cord. x x4. 3.—Appendicula of type (i) with a part of the placental cord of a specimen of Scoliodon sp. from Ceylon. 4.—Appendicula of type (ii) found on the placental cord of S. walbeehmi. X 25. 5.—Appendicula of type (iii) found on the placental cord of Scoliodon sp. from Madras. 6.—Appendicula of type (iv) found on the placental cord of Scolioden sorrakowah. 7.—Transverse section of the placental cord of S. wal- beehmi as seen with the low power of the micro- scope. 8.—A longitudinal section of an appendiculum of S. wal- beehmi, highly magnified. A portion of the uterus of S. sorrakowah opened out to show the disposition of the yolk-sac placenta. g. 10.—The yolk-sac placenta and the placental cord of S. sorrakowah separated out to show the protru- berances on the yolk-sac. Plate XVII. 1919. s., Vol. XVI, ——_s .Chowdhary 1 ith. ws A BP. & A.Chowdhary del. —— EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. Rhinobatis columnae. Fic. 1.—Dorsal view of a very young intra-uterine embryo; the yolk-sac and the yolk-stalk are not shown. * 14. 2.—Dorsal view of an embryo of a much later stage 3.—Ventral view of the above; the tail is not shown. 4.—Diagram of a specimen dissected from the ventral side to show the relations of the yolk-stalk, etc. x Is. 5.—Transverse section of the yolk-stalk as seen with the low power of the microscope. 6.—A portion of the above highly magnified to show the constitution of the wall. ec: iad. Mis. Vol.XVI, 1919". B.P & A.Chowdhary del. if nM EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. Fic. 1.—Ventral view of an embryo of JT. kuhlii; only a few of the gill-filaments are shown. 2.—Dorsal view of an embryo of Hypolophus sephen; the yolk-sac, yolk-stalk and the branchial filaments are not shown. 3.—Ventral view of a specimen of Pteroplatea poecilura. x &. 3(a).—Lateral view of the head of P. poectlura. 4.—Ventral view of a specimen of Aetomylaeus nichofir. Ke 8: 4(a).—Lateral view of the head of A. michofit to show the characteristic shape of the spiracle. 5.—An egg-case of Chiloscyllium griseum. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XVI, 1919. Pilate sa B.P. &A.Chowdhary del. A.Chowdhany lith. xv SOMMER, CAS TROPOD MOLE Usts FROM EE GAN Gant TC ° DE eae By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Director, Zoological Survey of India, and B. Prasuap, D.Sc., Superintendent of Fishertes, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. (With Plate XX). The molluscs described or discussed in this paper live in the waterways of the Gangetic Delta or lead an amphibious existence on their shores. A large proportion of the species that do so in the delta have already been described by Benson, Stoliczka, Blanford or Nevill, or by more than one of these authors, to all of whom we owe invaluable information about the brackish-water fauna of the Indian estuaries. It is much to be regretted that Nevill did not live to complete his Hand List of the Molluscs in the Indian Museum, in which work almost alone exact data as to localities are to be found. We hope later to discuss the invertebrate fauna of the lower part of the delta as a whole; for the present we will consider only those Gastropods about which we have some- thing new to say from a strictly taxonomic point of view. We have figured the radular teeth of most of the species dis- cussed, but it has seemed to us unnecessary to give elaborate descriptions of these teeth. Our figures, if they are as correct as we believe them to be, should prove much clearer than any written description. We have to thank Babu D. N. Bagchi for the accuracy with which he has drawn the figures under our super- vision. The figures of the shells have been prepared with equal care by Babu A. C. Chowdhury. We have also to thank Mr. T. Southwell, Director of Fisheries, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, for the facilities that he has given us in collecting specimens. The majority of those on which we base the following notes were collected by Mr. S. W. Kemp and our- selves on a recent trip from Calcutta to Khulna on board the Bengal Fishery launch ‘‘ Kitty.’’ Family NERITIDAE. Genus Dostia, Gray. 1840. Dostia, Gray, Syn. Contents Brit. Mus. 1879. Neritaeae Mitrulae, von Martens, Neretina in Chemitz’s Conch. Cab., pp. 16, 37. ers 1915. Septaria, Preston, Faun. Brit, Ind., Freshwater Moll., p. © (in part). 242 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, This genus seems to us to be well characterized by the follow- ing features :— (i) The spire is vestigial, but distinctly lateral and spiral. (ii) The shell has no wing-like lateral projections. (iii) The columellar plate extends as a transverse septum along the aperture of the shell for at least half its length. (iv) The operculum is semicircular and completely exposed. Preston (of. cit.) includes species of Dostia in Septaria, Feétr., but this genus differs in the still more reduced spire, which is hardly coiled and does not project at its base beyond the body- whorl; in its much narrower columellar plate, and specially in the fact that the operculum, which is nearly square, is concealed in the muscles of the foot. We are convinced by a study of specimens from a number of different localities that at least three distinct species can be dis- tinguished in the Gangetic Delta alone, and that none of these are synonymous with the true D. violacea (Gmelin). Two of these species have already been described by Benson, but we can find no record of any form with which the third can be identified. Dostia cornucopia (Benson). (Plate XX, fig. 2a). 1836. Neretina cornucopia, Benson, Fourn. Astat. Soc. Bengal, V, p. 748. 1867. Neretina (Dostia) cornucopia, Blanford, /bid.. XXXVI, pt. 2, p. 60, pl. xii, figs. 23-25. In this species the shell is relatively large, porcellaneous, thin and high. The columellar plate extends very little more than half way across the true mouth of the shell, z.e. the part occupied by the operculum when the soft parts are retracted. The peri- ostracum is pale olivaceous, sometimes with well-defined transverse. zig-zag black lines. The collumellar plate is blackish and there is a blackish margin to the true mouth of the shell. The differences between shells from the Irrawady Delta and those from that of the Ganges noted by Blanford are not constant. The operculum is relatively short, its breadth being two-thirds of its length. The lateral projection is stout and blunt, but of considerable length. Its distinctive features in other respects can be seen from our figures. We have examined specimens of this species from the upper part of the Gangetic Delta, from that of the Irrawady, from the Patani river on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula and from Cochin-China. Blanford says that in the Irrawady Delta D. cornucopia is usually found on tree-trunks covered at high-tide by brackish water. In the delta of the Ganges, however, it seems to occur chiefly, if not exclusively, at the edge of creeks of fresh or almost fresh water near the upper limits of tidal influence. The species is, however, scarce in Bengal. 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 243 Dostia depressa (Benson). (Plate XX, fig. 20). 1836. Benson, op. cit., p. 748. 1868. Blanford, of. cit.. p 60. 1915. Septarta crepidularia and S. depressa, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., XI, p. 480. The shell of this species differs from that of D. cornucopia in being as a rule narrower in proportion to its length, in having the true mouth still smaller, in the smoother edge of the columellar septum and in colour. The shell substance is rather thicker and has a yellowish tinge. The columellar plate and the outer lip are tinged more or less deeply with orange or coral-red, but this tint is somewhat evanescent. The periostracum is brownish, sometimes Text-FiG. 1.—Radular teeth of Gangetic species of Dostta. (a) D. depressa, Benson. (b) D. platyconcha, sp. nov. with transverse greenish lines, aud occasionally marbled with green. When the periostracum is worn away, the surface of the shell is whitish with transverse zig-zag pink or purple lines and stripes. The operculum differs from that of D. cornucopia in being rela- tively broader, in having the lateral process ionger and more pointed, and in other characters shown in our figure. We have seen this species from the deltas of the Ganges and the Irrawady, where it is usually found in slightly brackish water. It is common on the banks of the Hugli about twenty miles below Calcutta. Captain R. B. Seymour Sewell, I.M.S., has recently sent ts specimens from swampy pools at Calicut on the 244 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XVI, Malabar coast, and from a small stream twenty-eight miles east of that place. We figure (fig. 1a) the radula of a specimen from the Hugli. Both the lateral and marginal teeth differ considerably from those of the next species; the marginals being considerably smaller and having the denticulation stronger. The differences between the laterals are of a very complicated nature, and will be understood best by a reference to the figures. Dostia platyconcha, sp. nov. (Plate SOG; fest ec). This species differs from both the other Gangetic forms and from all others of the genus known to us in its much thinner and more transluscent shell, its depressed form and non-protruding spire. Its lateral profile is regular and forms an arch, less than a semicircle ; the spire hardly pretrudes beyond the anterior margin of the body-whorl. The spire though very minute is, however, distinctly lateral and spiral. In ventral view the shell is broadly oval, slightly truncated posteriorly. The upper part of the shell is invisible or practically invisible in this view. The columellar plate is separated from the lower margin of the shell, and extends considerably more than half way across its true mouth. The margin is irregularly and minutely crenulated. The posterior lip is very broad below the anterior margin of the true mouth of the shell. The dorsal surface is marked with well defined and regular transverse striae; minute longitudinal striae can also be detected with a strong lens. The periostracum is dull olivaceous green with minute black specks and with obscure longitudinal rays. The interior of the shell including the columellar plate has a faint glaucous tinge and is very highly polished. The operculum is rather short and instead of bearing a single prominent lateral process has two short rather broad tubercles one of which may be obscure. We figure the radular teeth (fig. 10). Type specimen : 113*° in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Localhity.—The species is not uncommon in the lower parts of the Gangetic Delta, on bushes at the edges of creeks containing brackish water of considerable salinity. Family LITTORINIDAE. Genus Littorina, Férussac. A number of species of this genus lead an amphibious or almost terrestrial existence on the banks of the waterways in the lower part of the Gangetic Delta. At present we will deal with only three of these, namely L. melanostoma, Gray, L. subinter- media, Nevill and L. delicatula, Nevill. 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD : Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 245 Littorina melanostoma, Gray. 1882. Litovina melanostoma, Weinkauft, ‘‘ Die Gatt. Litorina’’ in Che- mitz’s Conch. Cab., p. 41. 1887. Littorina melanostoma, von Martens, Fourn. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXI, p. 170. This is by far the commonest of the Gangetic Littorinidae. It occurs in large numbers on grass and bushes exposed at low tide, but submerged when the tide rises. The geographical range extends to the Malay Archipelago. We figure the radular teeth (fig. 2a); their most remarkable feature is the assymetrical form of the inner lateral tooth. Littorina subintermedia, Nevill. (Plate XX, fig. 3). 1884. Littovina conica var. subtntermedia, Nevill, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus., Il, p..149. This form appears to be less like L. conica and the true L. intermedia than Nevill thought, and we think it best to regard b. C. TEXT-FIG. 2.—Radular teeth of Gangetic species of Littorina. (a) L. melanostoma, Gray. (b) L. subintermedia, Nevill. (c) L. delicatula, Nevill. it as distinct. The shell is much thinner than that of either of Philippi’s species, and has a slightly transluscent appearance. It is also narrower and more conical, and the sculpture is more deli- cate. The columella is narrow, but has a very distinct spindle- shaped depression upon its surface. The body-whorl is hardly angulate. The colour of all the shells we have seen is pale-yellow- 246 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOEL.| XVI, ish profusely spotted with dull purplish-brown. The spots are transversely elongate in the lower parts of the whorls, and often alternate with shorter spots of a whitish colour. Towards the upper part of the three lowest whorls the dark marks tend to take the form of longitudinal streaks nearly as broad as the pale interspaces. The most striking feature of the radular teeth (fig. 2b) is that the central cusp of the central tooth is very large, with a dis- tinct lateral cusp on either side ; the thicker more prominent part of the former extends right across the cusp and occupies more than one half of its area. Most of the denticulations of all the teeth are transversely striate. The species is only known from the lower parts of the Gan- getic Delta. Littorina delicatula, Nevill. (Plate 2OX> fige4)k 1884. Littortna*conica var. delicatula, Nevill, op. cit., p. 150. The shell of this form is thinner than that of any other spe- cies of the genus we have examine, and is always very brightly coloured when fresh. The colours, however, as Nevill has noted, are somewhat evanescent. The columella is shorter than in L. subinteymedia and the longitudinal depression upon it is much less well defined. The body-whorl is distinctly angulate in adult shells owing to one of the ridges being much more strongly devel- oped than the others, but as this ridge is situated not very far from the anterior margin of the whorl, it is not found in young shells. We figure the radular teeth (fig. 2c). The central tooth is smaller than in the other two species we have discussed ; its cen- tral cusp somewhat resembles that of the central tooth of L. melanostoma, but is much smaller, and has the membranous mar- ginal portion less well developed. ‘The inner lateral is much more symmetrical. This species, like the last, is apparently endemic in the lower parts of the Gangetic Delta. The two are often found together on trees and bushes far above high-tide mark. ‘They seem to be very largely terrestrial in habits. Family HYDROBIIDAE. Genus Stenothyra, Benson. This is one of the most characteristic genera of the upper estuarine waters of South-eastern Asia. It is often found in fresh water, but rarely in places permanently unaffected by tidal influence. Both the species here described are from water that was quite fresh at the time of their capture, but is slightly brackish at other seasons. 1919.| N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD : Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 247 Stenothyra echinata, sp. nov. (Plate Xexe ties ss) The shell is small, solid, transluscent and pale in colour. It has a very regular conoidal form except that the ventral surface of the body-whorl is flattened and the anterior part narrowed. The apex is pointed but not acutely. There are 54 whorls. The suture is not deeply impressed, but is oblique and irregular ; the whorls of the spire increase gradually and evenly. The body- whorl is broad ; in dorsal view it appears to be transverse and almost quadrate, but as seen from below it is truncato-ovoid, the truncation being posterior. The mouth of the shell is very small and oblique; it has a regularly oval form. Its rim projects little and the shell is not umbilicate. The whorls of the spire are appa- rently smooth, but are covered with a deposit in the specimen ex- amined, The penultimate whorl and the one behind it bear a single spiral row of sharp, flattened, horny spines, which are direct- ed towards the apex and slightly inwards; they have a golden yellow colour. The body-whorl is sculptured with the spiral punctured lines common to most species of the genus. The operculum is thin and horny, of the normal paucispiral type. Measurements of type-shell (in muitlimetres). Teme tlae eee ane oe eee 4ee Breadth of body-whorl oe eee eS Length of spire (dorsal view) ie 7 aeseO Breadth of spire (dorsal view) As ane Length of aperture... i Mey tee Breadth of aperture .. i. erate MO, Type-specimen: M **45* in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Locality.—A single specimen was found among semi-aquatic vegetation at the edge of the river Pussur at Khulna, July 22nd, 1918. The most characteristic feature of the shell is the row of spines on the basal part of the spire. Otherwise it is very like that of S. deltae (Benson), specimens of which were found with it, but it is much smaller, narrower and less inflated in the body- whorl and the mouth is a little larger and relatively narrower. Stenothyra soluta, sp. nov. (Plate XX, fig. 6). The shell is of moderate size, thick, globose, with the spire flattened, concave at the apex (fig. 3); the whorls are very distinct 248 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor.. XVI, and swollen and the body-whorl relatively short and stout, not at all flattened on the ventral surface. The suture is barely impressed. There are three and a half whorls. The aperture is large, oval, rounded poste- riorly, very prominent, and with the peristome thick and somewhat plicated con- centrically. There is no um- bilicus. The periostracum is olive-green, opaque; the surface is smooth, but not highly polished; minute longitudinal striae and still more minute transverse TExt-F1G. 3.—Stenothyra soluta, sp. nov., view of the shell-whorls as seen from above. striae are present, but punc- tured lines are entirely absent. Measurements of type-shell (tn millimetres). Wengen eee ee os shoo AE Breadth of body-whorl 2°83 Length of spire (dorsal view) tee 5 Breadth of spire (dorsal view) om SeameaAl Length of aperture... se iptane 10 Breadth of/aperture™ .~ mS Sere Type-specimen: M '+4*2 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Locality.—A single specimen was found in flood refuse at the edge of a creek in the Gangetic Delta at Basanti, July 20th, 1918. The species is distinguished by the looseness of its spire, its swollen whorls, the flattened apex, and the absence of punctured spiral lines; the peristome is well developed. Although the shell has a somewhat abnormal appearance, we know of no species to which it could be assigned as an aberration. Genus Bithinella, Moquin-Tandon. So far as we have been able to discover, only one species of this genus has as yet been found in India. This species 1s con- fined to brackish water of considerable but variable salinity. Bithinella miliacea (Nevill). 1880. Hydrobia (Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, XLIX; p. 161, pl. vi, fig. 7. 1884. Hydrobia (Bythinella) miliacea, Nevill, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus., Il, p. 52. E 1907. Bithinella canningensis, Preston, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) X1X, p. 216 (fig. in text). 191g.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PrasHapD : Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 249 We have compared Nevill’s types with Preston’s, and can find no difference. The species appears to be very variable and the varieties described, or rather named, by Nevill in his Hand- list are possibly mere individual variations. The var. minor, however, may be worthy of varietal nomenclature. The species is very common among weeds in pools of brack- ish water at Port Canning. Family ASSIMINEIDAE. Genus Assiminea, Leach. 1887. Assimtnea, Bottger, Fahrb. deutsch. Malalakozool. Ges., X1V, p. 158. 880 2? Assiminea, Heude, ‘‘ Moll. Terr. Mem. Hist. Nat. Chin.,’’ I, p. 82. 897. Assimtnea, von Martens in Weber’s Zoo, Ergeben. Neiderl. Ost.- Luda Ven Pa 2 tee eee Bottger in his monograph of the genus arranges the species alphabetically , among the Chinese forms Heude recognizes three herd TEXxT-FIG. 4.—Radular teeth of Gangetic species of Assiminea. (a) A. brevicula (Pfr.). (6) A. beddomiana, Nevill. (c) A. francesiae (Gray). divisions, which he calls Euassimineae, Pseudomphalae and Salenomphalae; while von Martens. discussing the species of the Malay Archipelago, divides the genus into two groups, Cyclotrophis and Assiminea, s.s., which is distinguished from Cyclolrophis by the presence of a sharp rim at the inner edge of the umbilicus of the sheil. We have here to consider three species, two of which [A. brevicula(Pfr.) and A. beddomiana, Nevill] belong to Asstminea, s.s., while the third [A. f/rancesiae (Gray) ] perhaps represents Cyclotrophis but may ultimately call for generic distinction. 250 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Assiminea brevicula (Pfr.). 1887. Assiminea brevicula, Béttger, op. ctt., p. 163. 1897. Assiminea brevicula, von Martens, op. cit., p. 213. Further references will be found in the papers cited. We have nothing fresh to say about the shell or the living animal. We figure the radular teeth (fig. 4a), they are not unlike those of A. violacea as figured by Heude,! but the upper part of the central tooth is still more constricted, its cusp is larger, and it has four basal denticulations on each side; the denticulations of the lateral teeth are also better developed. ‘The species is very common on mud between the tide-marks in the lower part of the Gangetic Delta. Its distribution extends from the estuaries of the Ganges to those of Central China. Assiminea beddomiana, Nevill. 188i. Asstminea beddomiana, Nevill, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, L (i), p. 158, pl. vii, fig. 3. The animal is very like that of A. brevicula, but the radula differs considerably (fig. 40), in that the upper part of the central tooth is not constricted, the denticulations at its base are feebly developed and its cusp is smaller. The denticulations of the lateral teeth are also less well developed, and those of the marginal, which is more symmetrical, are much smaller and more numerous. This species occurs with A. brevicula, but is much less abun- dant. It is only known from the estuaries of the Ganges and the Irrawady and from intermediate localities. Assiminea (? Cyclotrophis) francesiae (Gray). (Plate Xe fis .-7),. 1887. Assiminea francest, Bottger, op. cit., p. 170. The shell of A. francestaz2 is, as Bottger points out, extremely variable. We do not think that the different forms named by Nevill as varieties or sub-varieties should be regarded as distinct. At some localities, however, notably at the edge of the river Pussur at Khulna, many adult shells have a number of ridges or varices running across the lower part of the body-whorl and probably rep- resenting periods of aestivation. The radula (fig. 4c) differs considerably from that of the two species we have just discussed, and also from that of 4. scalaris, Heude, which on shell characters alone comes in the same group.” The chief differences are: (a) there is a minute but elongate bifid L Op. cit., XXI, fig. 4c. 2 See Heude, op. cit., XXJ, fig. 5. We have examined a radula of this species and find that while there are small variations in the denticulation of the teeth, the general outline as shown in Heude’s figure is correct. 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Gangetic Delta Molluscs, 251 tooth interpolated between the two laterals on either side; the den- tal formula thus being 1.3 1.3.1. instead of 1.2.1.2.1. (b) The central tooth is quadrangular and broadly transverse; it has three stout subequal cusps and a pair of extremely large denticulations arranged side by side at each side of its base. (c) The denticula- tion of both the lateral teeth is very coarse but short. (d) That of the marginal tooth is similar to and intermediate between that of A. brevicula and A. beddomiana,; there is besides on the outer margin of the tooth a peculiar pointed, but! apparently membran- ous process. It is possible that this species may have ultimately to be recognized as a distinct genus, but we have no information as to the radular characters of the typical species of Cyclotrophis— C. papuensis (Albts.), which was found on the south coast of New Guinea. As we have shown above, those of the Chinese A. violacea, which would be assigned to this group on shell characters alone, are quite different from those of A. francesiae. Family MELANIIDAE. Genus Melania, Lam. Sub-genus Mainwaringia, Nevill. 1886. Mainwaringia, Nevill, Hand-List Moll. Ind. Mus., \1, p. 2806. Although Nevill refers to the only known species as a ‘‘ new generic type,” he places it as a sub-genus of Melania, a view with b. Vexr-ric. 5.—Radular teeth of Matnwaringia paludomidea, Nevill. (a) Teeth viewed from above. (6) Lateral view of marginal tooth. which we agree. His statement that it is intermediate between that genus and Paludomus seems to be based on the form of the operculum, and perhaps on the consistency of the shell. Both Blanford,! however, and the Sarasins® have shown from different points of view that the former can hardly be regarded as of great generic importance in the Melaniidae. The form of the shell differs little from that of Melania, and we are of the opinion ! Trans. Linn. Soc., XX1V, pp. 166-167 (1864). 2 Die Susswasser Moliusken von Celebes, pp. 5-9 (1898). 252 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor. XVI, that the only known species is a depauperated form modified in accordance with an amphibious life partly spent in water of con- siderable salinity. The sub-genus may be redescribed as follows, using Nevill’s terms to a large extent:—Melaniidae with imperforate, conically produced shell; its spire turretedly acuminate; shell-substance thick and almost porcellaneous, but becoming much thinner in the lower part of the body-whorl; columella strongly arched, not greatly incrassate, outer lip sharp; external surface decorated with deep-cut spiral striae; a thin epidermis present, bearing minute scattered hairs or chaetae. Operculum horny, extremely thin, paucispiral, with the nucleus eccentric. Animal differing from that of the groups Plotia, Striatella , Melanoides, and Tarebra in the following characters :—Foot pointed and produced into a short filamentous process behind; a distinct mid-dorsal groove on posterior part of the foot extending on to the terminal process. Radula (fig. 5a) like that of Melania, but without a distinct cusp to the median tooth and with marginal teeth of peculiar form (see figure 50). Type: Mainwaringta paludomidea, Nevill. Distributton.—Only known from the lower parts of the Gan- getic Delta. Melania (Mainwaringia) paludomidea, Nevill. (Plate XX_ fig. 8). Nevill’s description of the shell, which is quoted by Preston on p. 37 of his volume in the ‘‘ Fauna,’ needs no elaboration. The animal has the characters noted above. Its foot is rather small; the tentacles are very long, slender and tapering, with the eyes situated on distinct prominences at their base externally. The snout is prominent, blunt and slightly notched in front. The foot and tentacles are transluscent white, suffused with black pigment above; the snout is brownish. The branchial chamber resembles that of Melania, but the branchial folds are exception- ally deep. The osphradium is well developed and ridge-like. The species is not uncommon between tide-marks in the lower parts of the Gangetic Delta. At low-tide it adheres tightly by means of a gummy secretion to the trunks of trees, and particularly to the upright aérating roots of mangroves. When placed in water it emits a bubble of air and immediately becomes active. It would seem, therefore, to breathe air while in a comatose condi- tion at low-tide, but never to be active while doing so. Family NASSIDAE. Genus Nassa, Lamarck. The small species of this genus that occur in brackish water on the coast of India, all of which have recently been described by Preston, seem to form a very distinct little group, in which 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 253 the radula is somewhat simplified, while the shell is remarkable for its small size and elongate form. These species are—N. dene- gabtlis, N. orissaensis and N. ennurensis, to all of which we refer in the following note. Nassa ennurensis, Preston. 1916. Nassa ortssaensis var. ennurensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., XII, Da 20, SS. 2, 20. This form appears to us to be specifically distinct. In addi- tion to the differences between it and the typical iN. orissaensis noted by Preston, we may draw attention to a very distinct fea- ture, well shown in his figures, in the shape of the mouth of the Shell, near the posterior extremity of the inner border of which there is always a blunt tooth in fully adult shells of N. ennurensis, while no such projection ever occurs in N. orissaensis. The typical form of the former, which reaches a length of over Io mm., has | aia (CO Sh PA oe Texr-Fic. 6.—Radular teeth of brackish water species of Nassa. (a) N. ovissaensis, Preston. (b) N. denegabilis, Preston. (c) N. ennurensis var. depauperata, nov. been recorded from the outskirts of Calcutta by Preston. A smaller form with a rather broader aperture, and a much thinner shell is common in the lower part of the Gangetic Delta. For this form we propose the name :— var. depauperata, nov. (Plate XX, fig. 9). We have already stated the characters by which the shell ot this form can be distinguished. The animal is very like that of N. orissaensis,' but differs in the following characters : (a) The foot is proportionately narrower and a little more deeply notched posteriorly, the two posterior lobes being distinctly pointed. (6) The anterior processes of the foot and also the tentacles are | See Annandale and Kemp, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 343, fig. 1. 254 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, rather longer and more slender. (c) The siphon is shorter than the shell. The whole animal is transluscent white, there is a tinge of pale grey on the siphon and the dorsal surface of the foot. The eyes are small but quite distinct. The radula (fig. 6c) is very similar to that of N. denegabilis (fig. 6b) and N. orissaensis (fig. 5a); all of which we figure. The lateral teeth have two distinct branches, which are quite smooth. N. orissaensis var. depauperata lives in creeks of brackish water (sp. gravity corrected to 15°C. I'OII75-1I'01725) on a muddy bottom at a depth of 4-6 fathoms. It crawls with ex- treme rapidity both in water and on damp surfaces, and can float adhering shell downwards to the surface film by means of the foot. Type-specimen: M **4** in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Locality.—Kaikal Maree near Port Canning, Gangetic Delta ; 17th July, rgr8. Family RINGICULIDAE. Genus Ringicula, Deshayes. 1844. Rengicula, Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, XII, p. 97. 1875. Ringicula apicata, Nevill, Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, XLIV, (ii), ee1OTs 1878. ee Morelet, Fourn. de Conch., (3) XVI (xxvi), pp: 113-133, pls. v—viil. 1878. Ringicula (Anatomie de 1.’animal), Fischer, /did., pp. 114-115. 1884. Ringicula, Watson, Fourn. Linn. Soc. London, XVII, p. 201. Ringicula caeca, sp. nov. (Plate XX fig: 10). The shell is small, very solid and of the usual shining white colour. ‘he spire is narrow, conical and sharply pointed, about half as long as the body-whorl, which is relatively broad and nearly square. The main axis of the shell occupies a line much nearer the inner than the outer margin of this whorl, which pro- jects inwards at an angle from the base of the spire. The suture is impressed and the whorls somewhat flattened outside it. The mouth of the shell is contracted but relatively long, extending back- wards at an acute angle with the main axis to a point at about four-fifths the length of the body-whorl. The lips are very thick. The outer lip runs nearly straight for the greater part of its length, and turns inwards somewhat abruptly, but at an angle less than a right angle, in front; at the point at which it does so it bears a broad oval prominence. The outer callus extends about half way up the outer surface of the shell, and is strongly corrugated. The siphonal notch is well developed, but not very prominent. The columella is oblique and has three very prominent folds ; the posterior fold is very broad, the median fold ridge-like and 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PrRASHAD: Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 255 the anterior fold intermediate. The columellar callus is well developed. ‘The surface of the shell is polished, shining and some- what opalescent, but is partly covered by a thin blackish-brown deposit. There are two fine but clear-cut spiral ridges on the whorls of the spire, extending on to the upper part of the body- whorl, the central region of which is quite smooth. At the base of the body-whorl there are five other still finer spiral ridges, which are more closely approximated behind than in front. Measurements of type-shell (in muallimetres). ength, §~.: ee rests, Breadth of body-whorl Te oO Breadth of spire at base (dorsal view) Ares 6) Length of spire (dorsal view) a Seay G0) Length of aperture .. i See Breadth of aperture .. as ren Oa5 The living animal is devoid of external pigment and is of much the same shade as the shell. ‘There are no eyes. The foot is relatively small, broadly rounded behind, expanding in front into a flattened, bluntly pointed almost triangular process on each side. The cephalic disc is large and extends over the anterior part and the lateral margins of the shell; in front it is notched in the middle line, and it is expanded at each side into a broad flattened process like that of the foot, but larger; the posterior margin is nearly straight, but folded in the middle line in such a way as to form an incomplete siphon, which, however, hardly projects at all. | Type-specimen: M 1*48* in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Locality.—Creek at Kaikal Maree, near Port Canning, Gan- getic Delta, from a muddy bottom in 4—6 fathoms: specific gravity of water (reduced to 15°C) 1°01725. The shell resembles that of R. apicata, Nevill, in some res- pects, but is larger and has the body-whorl much broader, the mouth more contracted and the lateral callus much more strongly developed. The animal differs from that of R. aurviculata as figured by Fischer (Man. Conch., p. 36, fig. 322, 1887) in being devoid of eyes, in the different shape of its foot and cephalic disc, and in its much less well-developed cephalic siphon. Family AURICULIDAE. Genus Auricula, I,am. At least three species of this genus, to which we give a some- what broad application, occur commonly in the lower parts of the Gangetic Delta, namely—A. auris-judae, Lam., A. gangetica, Benson, and the form we describe below. Benson, Stoliczka and 256 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Nevill seem to have regarded this last as a dwarfed form of A. gangetica, but it appears to us to be perfectly distinct. Auricula translucens, sp. nov. (Plate XX, fig. 11). The shell is small, exceptionally thin, colourless, transluscent and (without the periostracum) semi-hyaline; the periostracum is thin and of a pale greenish olivaceous tint. The shape is elongate-ovate; the apex is bluntly pointed; there are 53 or 6 whorls, but the apical whorl is usually eroded. The spire is short, less than a third as long as the body-whorl in dorsal view. Though the whorls increase gradually and evenly, the suture is narrowly impressed ; it is not markedly oblique. The body-whorl is long and narrow, distinctly spindle-shaped and almost pointed anteriorly; its inner profile is regularly arched, but its outer pro- file, proceeding from behind forwards, first slopes outwards and backwards for a short distance, then runs almost straight back- wards for the greater part of its length, and finally becomes con- cave and slopes inwards to the anterior extremity. The mouth of the shell is long and narrow, extending backwards for nearly six- sevenths of the length of the body-whorl, curving inwards posteri- orly and tapering to a point ; anteriorly it is very narrowly rounded. The margin of the outer lip is thin, but there is a slight and per- fectly smooth ridge running parallel to it just inside the mouth, and the anterior margin is slightly thickened. Only two columellar folds are visible; they are not very prominent and are situated in the anterior third of the aperture. The external surface of the shell is marked with fine longitudinal, rather widely separated curved striae, and with much finer and more numerous transverse striae ; it is also minutely and lightly pitted. The pits or punctures are much larger and deeper on the posterior part of the body-whorl and on the spire than on the anterior two-thirds of the former. The inner surface is highly polished, iridescent, and microscopi- cally transversely striate. Measurements of shells (in mtllimetres). Type. Length of shell 6 Le OI5 nO saab Greatest breadth of body-whorl .. 3°6 | 3-4 | 3°5 Breadth of spire at base of 2 2asa lee atlas Length of spire ie ston ty Arie ea a beelee Length of aperture .. 2, 102 soa Oss Greatest breadth of aperture FpeeOn| 165 einS The animal is white and transluscent, with a brownish tinge on the tentacles. The foot is rounded, slightly emarginate in front and rounded behind. The tentacles are long and slightly inflated at the tips, which are often invaginated when the animal 7919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD : Gangetic Delta Molluscs. 257 is crawling. The eyes are visible as small black spots at the base of the tentacles. The upper jaw, which is very conspicuous in the living animal, is fully cornified and lunate in form; there is a broad transverse thickened median region, the anterior and posterior regions being almost membranous. The radula is narrowly tongue-shaped (fig. 7a), and bears about 60 transverse rows of teeth; these rows are practically straight. There are about 27 longitudinal rows; the dental formula being 7°6°1°6°7. ‘The central tooth (fig. 7) is minute, with a single cusp, which is nearly symmetrical and ob- QBUOe. TEXT-FIG. 7.—Radula of Auricula translucens, sp. nov. (a) Radula as a whole. (5) Radular teeth further enlarged. scurely trilobed. The laterals are similar but much larger, and the marginals differ from the laterals in having the cusps narrower, simpler and directed somewhat inwards. Type specimen: M+*4** in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Locahty.—A single living specimen of this species was taken in a creek at Basanti in the Gangetic Delta. In the collection of the Zoological Survey there are also a number of specimens from Port Canning which had hitherto been confused with A. gangetica. The shell resembles that of A. socotvana, Smith, in sculpture and texture, and that of A. /ayardi, H. Adams, in shape. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. The line drawn next to or between the different views of the shells shows the actual length of the specimen, Fics. 1a, 1b, 1c.—Dostia platyconcha, sp. nov., shell of the type- specimen. ,y 2-—Opercula of the Gangetic species of Dostia, Xx 2. (a) D. cornucopia (Benson). (b) D. depressa (Benson). (c) D. platyconcha, sp. nov. The opercula are drawn from actual specimens. That of D. platyconcha is always smaller than those of the other two species; but that of D. cornu- copia is not always smaller than that of D. depressa. », 3-—Littorina subintermedia, Nevill, shell of a specimen from the Gangetic Delta. ,, 4.-—Littorina delicatula, Nevill, shell of a specimen from the Gangetic Delta. 5, 5-—Stenothyrva echinata, sp. nov., shell of the type-specimen. 6.—Stenothyra soluta, sp. nov., shell of the type-specimen. 7,—Lateral view of an expanded living individual of Assv- minea francesiae (Gray). 8.—Melania (Mainwaringia) paludomidea, Nevill, shell of a specimen from the lower reaches of the Gangetic Delta. 9.—Nassa ennurensis var. depauperata, nov., shell of the type- specimen. 10.—Ringicula caeca, sp. nov., shell of the type-specimen. d) ”” t1.—Auricula translucens, sp. nov., shell of the type-specimen. REC. IND. MUS VOL XVI, ILS )ILS): PLATE XX. A. ©, Chowdhary del. MOLLUSCA OF THE GANGETIC DELTA. Photo-engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Galeutta, 1919 Mele DE SCREP TIONS OF “LHe eM ALE Me Usa ly TDS: EF RO M: —TeN Fras By G. R. Durt, B.A., Assistant to the Imperial Entomologist. Mutilla dives, Sm. o. Head, thorax and legs black, abdomen varving from ferru- ginous to dark castaneous, the apical segments almost black ; the joints of the flagellum and the tarsi castaneous. Pubescence glittering silvery white, short and thick on the face, front, posterior margin of the prothorax, and propleurae ; very dense and matted on the median segment ; short and thin on the scape and the basal joints of the flagellum; on the apical joints of the abdominal segments it forms transverse bands which are entire on the two basal segments and abraded from the middle on the third and the following segments; long and erect hairs behind the vertex, on the sides of the thorax, on the legs and the basal abdominal segment. Head coarsely punctate, punctures visible only on the portion between the eyes and the ocelli, front above the base of the an- tennae raised, face between the lower portions of the inner orbits and the sides of the clypeus scooped out ; the clypeus above bear- ing two longitudinal keels which are blunt at the apex. Mesonotum above deeply punctured, punctures with a tendency to run into longitudinal striae, the disc with a median longitudinal carina above and four parallel grooves, two on each side of it, those nearer to the carina running across the entire length of the mesonotum and the outer ones over the posterior half only. Scutellum excavate at base, rising to a prominent tubercle posteriorly ; median segment depressed below the surface of the postscutellum, somewhat flat above, only very slightly sloping towards the sides from the middle, which is consequently raised a little and appears like a medial longitudinal carina, apex truncate ; metapleurae covered with large and shallow punctures. Abdo- men above shining, sparsely punctured, punctures getting closer laterally. Wings dark fuscous with a purple effulgence, basal third clear hyaline ; there is a faint white streak in the first cubital, a sharper one in the second cubital, and a spot in the second discoidal cell of the forewing. Length 12—15 mm. Expanse 18—23 mm. Described from 10 specimens. Hab. Punjab, Lyallpur (G. R. Dutt and T. B. Fletcher) ; Bihar, Chapra (Mackenzie). 260 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, In the Pusa collection we had a few examples of this species from Chapra in the box of unidentified Mutillids. It could not be referred to any previously described species, but came very close to Mutilla fumipennis, described by Bingham in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XII, p. 118, pl. A, fig. 6. Mr. Fletcher brought a few more specimens of it from Lyallpur in August IgtrI. On referring to the Pusa collection again, I was struck with the fact that we had this undescribed male Mutillid only from localities from which we had Mutilla dives 2. Water on in September rgrr when I went to Lyallpur I netted this spe- cies ‘‘in cop’’ with Mutilla dives 2 and this settled the question definitely. Mutilla lilliputiana, Andre. o. Head, thorax, legs, base of the first abdominal segment and the apical two segments black, the remaining segments red; the pttbescence on the front, vertex, pronotum, sides of the scutellum, and the base of the median segment golden ; on the face, sides of the clypeus, along the outer orbits of the eyes white, few erect hairs on the mesonotum, and the scutellum brownish, erect hairs forming somewhat ill-defined bands on the apical margins of the basal five segments, ferruginous. Head, thorax, and abdomen punctured, punctures on the head, scutellum and abdomen fine, deep and coarse on the meso- notum, large and shallow on the median segment which appears consequently widely and strongly reticulate. On the clypeus a very distinct tubercle is noticeable. On the posterior half of the mesonotum there are two longitudinal grooves present, the second abdominal segment bears a prominent transversely compressed gib- bosity above, the median segment is rounded posteriorly. Wings fusco-violaceous, paler towards base ; a white streak is visible in the first, second and third cubital cells and a spot in the second discoidal cell of the forewing. Length 7—10 mm. Expanse 14—18 mm. Described from one specimen. Hab. Coorg, Pollibetta (1. B. Fletcher). Mr. Fletcher captured two males “in cop’’ with M. lillipu- tiana females at Pollibetta in October 1915. Mutilla agnata, Andre. o. Closely resembles M. lilliputiana, Andre, with the difference that it is a bigger insect and has the pubescence on the posterior margin of the pronotum short and dense and richer in colour, the mesonotum bears a medial longitudinal carina in addition to the parallel grooves; the median segment is obliquely truncate, the basal portion very widely and strongly reticulate, bearing two parallel carinae in the middle, reaching up to the verge of the truncated portion of the segment ; the clypeus without any tubercle, the basal portion of the third, fourth and fifth abdominal seg- IgI9.] G.R. Durr: Three Male Mutillids. 261 ments transversely aciculate; white streak in the 3rd cubital cell shorter in length. Length 13 mm. Expanse 25 mm. Described from a single specimen. Hab. Coorg, Sidapur, 3,000 ft. I have ascribed this male to this species with some hesitation, because it was not taken “‘in cop.”’ There are only two points in favour of this conclusion ; the first is that a few M. agnata 2 were found in the same locality about the same date; and the second is that this species looks very muchlike Mutilla lilliputiana #. And as the female M. agnata very closely resembles the female M, Jilli- putiana (the resemblance has been noted by Bingham also; vide Fauna India, Hymenoptera, Vol. I, p. 11), it is possible that the male which looks so much like the male M. lilliputiana may be the male M. agnata. LP LOLOL LOLLIO0FEOQOO OOo MVE DESCRIPIIONS OF -ENeois N BEETLE LARVAE.—III!! By F. H. Gravety, D.Sc., Asst. Supdt., Zoological Survey of India. (With Plate XIV.) In this paper Lamellicorn larvae only are dealt with. The Passalid larvae have been identified solely by their association with adults. In all other cases pupae or newly emerged adults with their cast larval skins have been examined. PASSALIDAE. For bibliography and descriptions of other larvae see Gravely, 1916, pp. 138-145, pl. xx, figs. I-4. The importance of the anus in the classification of Passalid larvae appears hitherto to have escaped attention. In the Aula cocyclinae (pl. xiv, fig 1) and Leptaulacinae the lower margin is deeply cleft, and this appears to be the case in the Pseud- acanthinae and Passalinae also, though different observers describe it in somewhat different terms. In the Macrolininae, on the other hand, both lips are as a rule entire (pl. xiv, fig. 3), the only excep- tion known to me being Macrolinus; in this genus (pl. xiv, fig. 2) the cleft found in other subfamilies, though not actually present, is represented by a distinct suture. Taeniocerus bicuspis, Kaup. Plexiy, fies 1: Locality.— Assam: above Tura, Garo Hills, 3,500-3,900 It. Four larvae, about 18-22 mm. long, collected by Mr. 5. W. Kemp. The head bears a single hair behind each antenna. All three thoracic segments bear two hairs on each side, arising close tozxether, one behind the other, at the level of the stigmata ; aad tue first bears an additional hair about half way between these hairs and the stigma The first nine abdominal segments all bear one hair on each side above the level of the stigmata, and a second is present above these on the last three or four segments and some- 1]. ‘The Larvae and Pupae of some beetles from Cochin.’ Rec. Jnd. Mus. XI, 1915, pp» 353-306, pl. xx—xxi. Il. ‘Some Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae from India and Borneo.’ Ree. Ind. Mus. X11, pp. 138-175, pl. xx-xxil. 264 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, times on segments further forward as well. The tenth abdominal segment bears three hairs on each side, one about on a level with the transverse portion of the anus, one above and one below this. No other hairs of any sort are present on any part of the body. Ophrygonius cantori (Percheron) s. sir. Bi xiv; figs 3" Localities.—Darjiling District: Pashok, 5,000 ft. and Sureil, 5,000 ft. A number of larvae, varying in length from about 18 to 45 mm., have recently been collected. They are indistinguishable from those of the subsp. convexifrons previously described (Gravely, Ig16, pp. 141-142); but the larger series shows that there are commonly 3 (not 2) dorsal hairs on all segments from the second thoracic to the ninth abdominal and that the pairs of ventral hairs on the thoracic segments are often undifferentiated from the hairs beside them. LUCANIDAE. I am unable to distinguish any. of the following from the larvae of Dorcus parallelopipedus, Linnaeus, described by Schigdte (Natur- hist. Tidssk. IX, 1874, pp. 345-349, pl. xvii, figs. 1-10, pl. xix, figs. 14-15), apart from the fact that in all the claws are spined, the tibiae are not bituberculate and the anterior margin of the clypeus is not concave. Hemisodorcus nepalensis, Hope. Locality.—Darjiling District : Sureil, 5 ,oo0 ft. Numerous larvae about 20-80 mmm. long, found in. association with a macrognathous male pupa and larval exuvium. A female of Dorcus hopei, Saunders, was found in the same stump. Eurytrachelus reichei, Hope. Locality.—Darjiling District: Pashok, 5,000 ft. Several larvae about 30-60 mm. long, found in association with a male pupa and larval exuvium and with adults, none macrog- nathous. Eurytrachelus tityus, Hope. Locality.—Darjiling District : Pashok, 5,500 ft. One macrognathous male pupa and larval exuvium. ink Gnapholoryx velutinus, Thomson. Locality.—Darjiling District : Pashok, 5,000 ft. Five larvae and two pupae, found in association with adults, two of which were found with their larval exuviae. An adult male - 1919. | F.H. Gravety: Indian Beetle Larvae. 265 and female of Eurytrachelus tityus were present with them. The larvae vary in length from about 20-50 mm. The spines on the legs are somewhat less stout than in the three preceding species. SCARABAEIDAE. RUTELINAE. Perris has given a key to a number of Lamellicorn genera, including A doretus (‘‘ Larves de Coléoptéres,’’ Paris 1877, pp. 98-103, reprinted from Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, XXIII). For Ohaus’s account of the habits of American Rutelinae, with notes on larval structure, see Stet. Ent. Zeit. LX, 1899, pp. 230- 245; LXI, 1900, pp. 175-202 and 267-273. The larvae of the following Rutelinae have been described !. Works marked with an asterisk are not available in Calcutta. Anisoplia austriaca, Herbst. 1908. *Krasiliscik, I. M. ‘“‘ Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Erorterung der Frage tiber das Vermogen der Micro- phtalma longifacies, Rond., Larven des Anisoplia aus- triaca und einiger anderer Lamellicornia anzustecken.”’ Kisinev Trd. Obsc. jest. 1, 1904-1908, pp. 358-395. 1g09. *Golovianko,Z. ‘ Kurze Angaben tiber Anisoplia austriaca und deren Bekampfung.” Lesn. zurn. XXXIX, 1909, Pp. 1340-1343. : I9gi2. *Bragina, A. P. ‘‘Zur Biologie und Morphologie des Getreide-Laubkafers.” Choziajstvo Kiev. VII, 1912, PP. 303-310, 357-304. Anisoplia deserticola, Fisch. 1909. *Golovianko, Z. ‘‘ Die Lebensweise der Laubkafer im Forst von Chrenov, Gouv. Woronest.’’ Tyrd. lesn. opyty. del Ross. XXI, 1909, pp. 1-56 (Anisoplia larvae, PP- 33-35). Anisoplia fruticola, Fabricius. 1909. *Golovianko, Z. ‘‘ Kurze Angaben tiber Anzsoplia austriaca und deren Bekampfung. Lesn. zurn. XXXIX, 1909, Pp. 1340-1343. 1830. *Bouché, P. F. ‘‘Naturgeschichte der schaedlichen Garten-Insekten,’’ 1830, p. 21. Anisoplia segetum, Herbst. 1909. *Golovianko, Z. ‘‘ Die Lebensweise der [T,aubkafer in Forst von Chenov, Gouv. Woronest.’’ Trd. lesn. opyty. del Ross. XXI, 1909, pp. 1-56 (Amisoplia larvae, PP. 33-35). 1 See also below, p. 270, note. 1908. £730. 1874. IgI0. 1869. 1874 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Anisoplia villica. *Xambeu. ‘‘ Moeurs et Métamorphoses d’Insectes II.’’ Echange, 1892, supplement, 46 pp. (p. 76). Phyllopertha horticola, Linnaeus. *Bouché, P. F., ‘‘ Naturgeschichte der schaedlichen Garten-Insekten,’’ 1830, p. 19. *Kollar, V. ‘* Naturgeschichte der schaedlichen Insekten,”’ 1937) 4Du205, * 2? Entomologist, VI, p. 62. Schipdte, J. C. ‘‘ De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum Obser- vationes; Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie.’’ Natur. Tidsskr. IX, 1874, pp. 226-376, pl. vili-xix (Phyllopertha horticola, pp. 307-310 and 362, pl. xii, figs. 8-14, pl. xix, figs. 6-7). *Krasiliscik, I. M. ‘‘ Experimentelle Utersuchungen zur Erérterung der Frage iiber das Vermégen der Microph- talma longifactes, Rond., Iarven des Antsoplta austriaca und einiger anderer Lamellicornia anzustecken. Kuisin- ev Trd. Obsc. jest., 1, 1904-1908, pp. 358-395. Anomala frischii, Fabricius. Frisch, J. L. ‘* Vom Weinblat-Keper, oder Julius-Keper.”’ Beschreibung von allerley Insecten in Teutschland 1V, Berlin, 1736, pp. 28-30, pl. xiv, figs. 1-4. Schipdte, J. C. ‘‘ De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorun obser- vationes: Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie.” Natur. Tidsskr. IX, 1874, pp. 226-376, pl. viii-xix (Euchlora frischit, pp. 304-307 and 36r, pl. xii, figs. 1-7, plese, shig5)- Anomala elata, Fabricius. Lefroy, H. M. ‘“‘ Life-Histories of Indian Insects—Coleop- tera I.’ Mem. Dep. Agric. Ind. II, 1908-1912, pp. 139-163, pl. xili-xix (Anomala varians—elata), pp. 143-146, pl. xiv. Anomala vitis, Fabricius. *Mulsant, E. & Mayet, V. ‘‘ Description des Métamor- phoses de |’Anomala vitis.’” Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (1.s.) XVI, pp. 277-281. Parastasia confluens, Westwood. Schipdte, J.C.‘ De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum Obser- vationes: Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie.” 1919. | F. H. GRAVELY: Indian Beetle Larvae. 267 Natur. Tidsskr. 1X, 1874, pp. 226-376, pl. viti—xix (P. confluens, pp. 294-296 and 261, pl. x, figs. 1-10, pl. xix, fig. 3). Pelidonota punctata, Linnaeus. 1870. *Riley, C. V., “Insects Injurious to the Grape Vine.” Amer. Ent. & Bot. V (2), 1870, p. 295, fig. 185. Cotalpa lanigera, Linnaeus. 1869. Lockwood, S. ‘‘ The Goldsmith Beetle and its Habits.”’ Amer. Nat. IT, 1869, pp. 186-102, figs. I-2. 1870. Lockwood, S. ‘‘ Destructiveness of the Larva of the Gold- smith Beetle.’’ Amer. Nat. III, 1870, pp. 49-50. 1879. *Saunders, W. .Canad. Ent. XI, pp. 21-22. Anoplognathus analis, Boisduval, and A. porosus, Dalman. tg0l. Froggatt, W. W. ‘‘ Cockchafer (A noplognathus) Grubs des- troying Strawberry Plants.” Agric. Gaz. N.S. W., XII, rg0r (1902), pp. 473-476, 5 text-figs. Adoretus vestitus, Boheman. 1915. ‘*Friederichs, R. ‘‘ Ueber Adoretus vestitus, Boh, als Schadling im Samoa und seine friiheren Stande.’’ Zettschr. Wiss. Insbiol. X, pp. 41-47, figs. Adoretus lacustris, Arrow. Pl. xiv, figs. 5-6. Locality.—Salt Lakes near Durgapur, Calcutta. Three larvae varying from about 30-40 mm. in length, and a number of pupae and adults with cast larval skins. They were found about a foot ' above the water’s edge in lumps of firm clayey soil that were falling away from a narrow banked-up footpath separating two pieces of brackish water. One of the larvae was found among roots of Acan- thus ilicifolius in very wet, and doubtless salt, mud at the water’s edge, but no others and no pupae or adults were found at this level. The larvae closely resemble those of Advretus vestitus des- cribed by Friederichs, and those of Anomala frischit and Phyllo- pertha horticola described by Schipdte in their general characters. They are greyish in colour. The head resembles that of Phyllopertha horticola, having hair- bearing punctures sparsely scattered all over it. The antennae are slenderer than in that species, the basal joint being spherical, the second (first of Schigdte) three times, the third five times and the | Kindly lent by the Imperial Entomologist, Pusa, 268 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, fourth three times as long as broad. ‘The fourth joint is prolonged distally on the posterior or inner side into a slender conical process. The fifth joint is slightly shorter than the fourth, broadest a 1**tle beyond the middle, bluntly pointed distally. A pair of pigmented ocelli is present immediately behind the antennae. The mandibles appear broad from in front, but very narrow from the side. They are convex in front and concave behind and are strongly arched distally. There are three terminal teeth on the left side and two on the right, the most ventrally situated being apical in each case. The left molar tooth is a large hollowed cusp with two transverse ridges, the distal of these uniting with the anterior margin to form a distinct denticle and the proximal unit- ing to form a large spine. The anterior margin of the cusp is very strongly elevated. The right molar tooth consists of two distinct cusps, of which the distal is triangular with the angles raised into small denticles and the proximal is broadly L-shaped, its most proximal portion being very strongly produced in the same plane as the mandible. The lobe of the maxilla bears a stout and somewhat conical terminal spine with two similar but smaller spines, united at the base, in a line with it on the inner side. The inner margin bears a row of strong spines, followed on the dorsal surface by others which become weaker and disappear towards the base on the outer side. ‘The ventral surface bears two rows of spines distally between the rows on the inner and outer margins, the distal spine alone being specially stout in the outer row, and the distal and penultimate in the inner row. The stridulatory spines are “”-shaped. The maxil- lary palps are mounted on a broad protuberance and are four- jointed. The first joint is short and broad, more or less transverse. The second is narrower, and perhaps a little more than twice as long as broad. The third resembles the second but is perhaps a little shorter. The fourth is about as long as the second but tapers slightly at both ends. The labial palps are two jointed, each joint being about twice aslong asbroad. The labium is set with long spines in front of the palps and bears a pair of very long hairs between them. There is a pair of similar hairs on the membrane between the labium and the mentum. There is a spine on each side of the mentum near the posterior margin. The legs bear long and slender spines below, which tend to be more or less filamentous on the proximal joints but stronger on the distal ones. ‘There area few long hairs, not very definitely arranged, between the anterior legs; there is also a line of them between the legs on each of the two remaining thoracic segments and across the lower surface of each of first nine abdominal seg- ments, becoming sparser behind. The thoracic segments are each divided into three transverse ridges above, and each of these ridges bears a line of long hairs. The first abdominal segment is undivided above, and bears a line of similar hairs mixed with slender spines of a darker colour. 1919.] F, H. GRAVELY: Indian Beetle Larvae. 269 The next five segments are divided into three ridges above, each ridge bearing a broad band of these hairs and spines. The seventh abdominal segment consists above of an anterior ridge resembling in all respects the ridges of preceding segments, and an extensive posterior flattened area divided across the middle by a somewhat indistinct groove, and more or less covered with hair which is longest in two places, in front of and behind this groove respectively. The eighth and ninth abdominal segments resemble the seventh, except that the anterior ridge is absent, and that the groove divid- ing the flattened area is distinct, especially in the eighth segment. The tenth abdominal segment bears a large oval hairless area above, bounded by a fine dark line which is incomplete behind, and surrounded by dense and moderately long hair (pl. xiv, fig. 5). Ventrally the posterior border is set with long erect spines, bent over backwards at the tip. This border is terminated on each side by a small patch of slender hairs, and there are a few scat- tered spines and hairs further back. The eleventh abdominal segment is hairless and scarcely exposed above; below it is covered with long erect spines bent over backwards at the tip, the lower margin of the anus bearing a line of long slender hairs. Adoretus versutus, Harold. Blea, ie <4. Locality.— Museum compound, Calcutta. Numerous larvae, about 7-30 mm. long. ‘They were found, together with pupae and adults with larval exuviae, in flower-pots in which cannas were growing. The larvae of A. versutus resemble those of A, Jacusirts in gene- tal appearance, except that they are of a pale yellowish colour, The head is much less hairy than in larvae of A. lacustris, especially towards the vertex, and the clypeus is somewhat deeper. The antennae are somewhat shorter, and the distal prolongation of the fourth joint is blunter. The mandibles resemble those of A. /acustrts in their general structure, but the distal denticle of the triangular cusp on the right mandible is very weak, and the second cusp, though strongly elevated, is not strongly produced proximally, being in consequence less distinctly L-shaped and more or less transverse to the man- dible. ‘he rest of the mouthparts closely resemble those of A. lacustris, but the palps are somewhat shorter and stouter. The legs and body up to the ninth abdominal segment closely resemble those of A. lacustris, except that the hair and spines on the dorsal surface are weaker and less numerous. ‘The tenth ab- dominal segment resembles that of A. /acustris below, except that the spines are much shorter. It is sparsely hairy all over above, the hairs being most numerous and mixed with small spines near the 270 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vo1. XVI, 1919.] posterior margin (pl. xiv, fig. 4). The eleventh abdominal segment resembles that of A. lacustris in form. Its ventral spines resemble those on the preceding segment. The anus is bordered below by a line of hairs as in A. /acustris and is bordered above by a line of small spines Such as are found on the dorsal surface of the preceding segment. The larva of this species appears to be particularly close to that of A. vestitus and, in the absence of specimens of the latter, I am unable to distinguish between them. Both appear to be sepa- rated from A. lacustris by the structure of the right mandible and by the vesture of the ninth and tenth abdominal segments. Note.—Since the above was written illustrations of the life- histories of Anomala biharenis, Arrow and Adoretus caliginosus, Burmeister, have been published by Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher (Sct. Rep. Agr. Res. Inst., Pusa, 1917 18, pl. x-xi), who has lent me a specimen of the latter larva for examination. Apart, possibly, from the mouth parts, which are not exposed, this larva closely resembles TExt-F1G.—Adoretus caliginosus, tenth and eleventh abdominal segments of larva from above. that of A. versutus. ‘The chief difference is found on the dorsal surface of the tenth abdominal segment (see text-fig.). The fine line separating the mid-dorsal area of this segment from the rest is very distinct, as in A. lacustyis, but it is abruptly bent inwards on each side behind as in A. versulus and the area is distinctly transverse. The tuft of spines situated on each side obliquely behind this line are slightly denser and longer than A. verswuiits. Prot Ne ee ore HXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Fic. 1.—Taentocerus bicuspis, Kaup; larval anus. 2 —Macrolinus andamanensts (Stoliczka); larval anus. 5» 3-—Ophrygonius cantor (Percheron) ; larval anus 4.—Adoretus versutus, Harold; posterior end of larva from above. 5.—Adoretus lacustris, Arrow; posterior end of larva from above. 6.—Adoretus lacustris, Arrow; larval mouth-parts, with mandibles forced wide apart to show structure more clearly. 3) Rec. Inv. Mus.,Vot. XVI. 1919. PLATE XIV. wy syleti (Y D.Bagchi del Photogravure_ Survey of India Offices, Caleutta,1919 INDIAN BEETLE LARVA®. Meare ky Uae MAGEE. REPORT ON A: SMALE COL CLEON Gh b> or ROM, PUL AO: (HER ANE er ONG) ON THE-NORTHERN FRON EEE RE OR BUR MEA. By B&. CHAUDHURT, b.A., D:Sc. (Edin.), PICS EES Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (With Plate XXII.) The fish described or discussed in this paper were recently collected by Dr. Murray Stuart of the Geological Survey of India. The collection though small and not including any specimens of large size is of considerable interest. No fish has hitherto been reported from the extreme northern corner of Burma, and several interesting new forms are represented, the most remarkable of which is an undescribed species of the genus Channa, which, though known from both Ceylon and China, has not hitherto been discovered in the eastern parts of the Indian Empire. In Dr. Stuart’s collection there are altogether twenty-one specimens, all from mountain streams in the Putao Plains (Hkamti Long of the old maps) on the northern Frontier of Upper Burma. These plains are entirely separated by very high mountain ranges from the watersheds of the Brahmaputra system (including the Dihang and the Lohit) of the Assam and Tibetan Frontiers on the west and the Mekong system (Yunnan) on the east. The Sen-Ben-Ti, the Nam-Yak and the Nam-Ti-Sang mentioned in the text belong to the Irrawaddy system. The twenty-one specimens examined belong to twelve species, which fall into eleven genera representing five different families. Except in three or four instances all the species, belonging to quite unrelated families, have developed some kind of adhesive or sucking apparatus—an interesting instance of convergence or plasticity in the formation of specialized organs of a similar nature in a restricted environment. LIST OF SPECIES OBTAINED. Sub-order OSTARIOPHYSI. Division STLUROIDEA. Family SISORIDAE. Amblyceps murray-stuartt, Chaudhuri, sp. nov. ., mangots (Hamilton Buchanan). 272 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor. XVI, Erethistes asperus (M’ Clelland). Exostoma vinciguerrae, Regan. Pseudechenets sulcatus (M’Clelland). Division CYPRINOIDEA. Family COBITIDAE. Aborichthys kempt, Chaudhuri. Nemacheilus botia (Hamilton Buchanan). Family CyPRINIDAE. Sub-family CYPRININAE. Semiplotus cirrhosus, Chaudhuri, sp. nov. Barbus stoliczkanus, Day. Sub-family RASBORINAE. Danio aequipinnatus (M’ Clelland). Sub-order PERCESOCES. Family OPHICEPHALIDAE. Channa burmanica, Chaudhuri, sp. nov. Sub-order ACANTHOPTERYGII. ‘Division PERCIFORMES. Family NANDIDAE. Badis badis (Hamilton Buchanan). DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. Genus Amblyceps, Blyth. Amblyceps murray-stuarti, sp. nov. (Plate XAT fiesta 02) The family Sisoridae! consists of small cat-fishes found in swift mountain streams in Northern India, Burma, Tibet and China. In most of the genera (e.g. Pseudechenets, etc.) a sucking- disk, made up of folds or plates of skin, is formed on the region of the chest. The disk enables these fishes to resist the force of the water. In some genera plates or lobes of skin about the mouth serve the purpose of a sucking organ. The following Indian genera are included in this family :-— Amblyceps, Olyra, Akysis, Chimarrichthys, Exostoma, Parex- | Jordan, A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Vol. If, p. 184. 1919. | B. L. CHAUDHURI: Fish from Burma. 273 ostoma, Erethistes, Glyptosternon, Euglyptosternum, Pseudecheneis and Szsor. The generic character ‘‘ caudal fin being’ forked”’ of the genus Amblyceps has to be modified. The genus was orginally founded on a single species (A. mangots) with a forked tail-fin. In the new species, however, as well as in A. marginatus, Giinther,' from mountain streams running into the Min River, in the province of Sze-chuen, China, the caudal fin is square-cut. Nor is the generic character ‘‘ no adhesive thoracic surface”’ strictly true of this new species as there appears to be about thirteen loose folds of skin over the posterior part of the chest continued to the anterior portion of the abdominal region. These folds are likely to possess some adhesive function. Instead of founding a new genus on these slight differences it is considered reasonable to extend the definition of Amblyceps so as to include these three closely related species in the genus, which the author very graphically alluded? to as “‘ cobitis looking siluroid.”’ The head, which is depressed and is broader than high, slopes rapidly down to a spatulate snout. The dorsal profile is almost straight from the point of orign of the rayed dorsal fin, which is small and slender, to the anterior end of the low and long adipose dorsal fin; the ventral profile is, however, straight throughout. The body is broad and round from behind the head to the anal open- ing, posterior to which it is highly compressed. The eyes and the head are covered with soft skin; the eyes are very small and are placed in the anterior part of the head with two parts of its length in front and three parts behind, the interorbital distance being contained about five times in the length of the head. There are two nostrils on each side quite close to each other, the posterior one almost reaching the front of the eye and having a barbel attached to the front wall. The mouth is wide and anterior and the opening is horizontal, the upper jaw being slightly longer than the lower. The teeth on the jaws are villiform, arranged in the upper jaw in a broad crescentic band and in the lower jaw in a straight narrow band. The margins of the lips are slightly fringed in both. There are altogether eight barbels. The maxillary barbels have flat and expanded roots with loose dilated flaps and are as long as the head. ‘The nasal and the outer mandibular barbels are equal to each other, and are two-thirds the length of the head. The inner mandibular barbels are about half as long as the head. The gill openings are wide and continue up to one-third of the depth of the body on the dorsal side all the way from the notch below the chin in the ventral aspect; the gill membranes from two sides unite in front of a slender gular plate-like structrue at the middle point between the two roots of the outer mandibular 1 Pratt, To the Snows of Tibet Through China, p. 245, pl. u, fig. A. 2 Blyth, Proc. Astat. Soc. Bengal, XX VII, p. 282. 274 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, barbels. The number of branchiostegal rays is twelve; they are concealed under soft thick skin. The pectoral and the pelvic fins are low, small and narrow, covered with soft skin. The pectoral fins, which are situated immediately behind the gill openings, are very low and are on a level with the ventral surface. The small pelvic fins are on the ventral surface and arise slightly anterior to and enclose the anal opening which is placed on a slightly raised cushion, the fins reaching beyond it. Immediately behind the cushion of the anal opening there is a deep fossa inside which is the slender anal papilla so common among the siluroids. At about the middle of the interval on the ventral surface, between the roots of the pectoral and pelvic fins, the loose skin appears to be folded into twelve or thirteen corrugations which may be considered as a rudimentary structure analogous to the adhesive disks found in some of the genera (e.g. Pseudecheneis, Glyptosternon, Euglyptosterum, etc.) belonging to this family. The pelvic fins reach beyond the fossa behind the anal opening, but do not reach the anal fin which is high and long. The caudal fin is flat and well spread out, but is sub-truncated. Some very short and compact fin-rays continue round the caudal peduncle to a slight extent along both the ventral and dorsal edges. The colour in spirit is brownish-black abeve and lighter below. The maxillary barbels are white-tipped and the nasal and the inner mandibular barbels are dusky white. The measurements of the specimen in hundredths of total length without the caudal fin are as follows :— Length of body in millimeters Bo pow Depth of body expressed in hundredths of length eS Depth of caudal peduncle ,, f - A Beau ike Length of head a Ya 5 Be Soe tuts Depth of head at occiput a i te Es satel Width of head “s = 4 i cir aun Width of interorbital space _,, an rr be 5 Length of snout ee 2 ON so) Distance from end of snout fo acarcat fin a aA aoe ee Distance from end of snout to root of pectoral fin ,, Fe ERTS Distance from end of snout to root of pelvic fin in hun- dredths of length : 44°5 Distance from end of snout to anterior root of anal fin in hundredths of length —... te i 63 Distance from last anal ray to root of caudal fin in hone dredths of length aay DE: Height of longest dorsal ray in hundredths of length i eegeTOL Height of longest analray — "5, rh i rf Sere iil Length of caudal fin aS ‘ 8 Es Peelers) Length of pectoral fin a ; 5 or f Length of pelvic fin i As Sete ry Me 74 Length of adipose fin Te Depth of adipose fin i ae an an ae 4 Base of anal fin ae Me a sa) Meee eyes Number of rays in dorsal fin As Bas ve TS Number of rays in anal fin ar ae eS: Number of rays in pectoral fin ite sae Spey) Number of rays in pelvic fin ne Spe iy een, Number of long rays in caudal fin im ad ne o2@ IQI9. ] B. L. CHAUDHURI: Fish from Burma. 275 The single spines of the dorsal and of the pelvic fins are round, smooth and hyaline, but that of the pectoral fin is flat and striated. The species superficially resembles Amblyceps marginatus Gtinther, collected by Mr. Pratt in mountain streams running into the Min River in the province of Sze-chuen in China, but it differs in possessing a shorter head, in being of a lesser depth, in having the upper jaw longer instead of shorter than the lower jaw, in having a longer adipose dorsal and shorter barbels, in having corrugated folds of skin on the ventral side, and also in the posi- tion of the fins and in proportions. ‘The colouration is also differ- ent; in particular the new species does not possess the broad whitish border round the margins of all the fins. It resembles A. marginatus in having a subtruncated caudal, and a short pelvic fin not reaching the anal. The widely distributed Indian species Amblyceps mangots (H.B.)—hitherto the sole representative of the genus in the continent of India—differs from the new species in having a prominent lower jaw, a divided caudal fin, longer barbels with non-dilated roots, a smooth ventral surface, a shorter and higher adipose fin and in the number of fin-rays as well as in pro- portions. The type specimen is 8r mm. in length without the caudal fin and is entered in the register of the Zoological Survey of India under No. 9736/1. It was collected by Dr. Murray-Stuart of the Geological Survey of India from a mountain stream in the Putao Plains on the northern Frontier of Upper Burma in the month of February, 1918. Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton Buchanan). 1822. Pimelodus mangois, Hamilton Buchanan, Fish. Ganges, pp. 1g9 and 1842. Pipeleaic anisurus, M'Clelland, Calcutta fourn. Nat. Hist. Art See pesos: 1842. Pimelodus indicus, Id., tbid., p. 584. 316 1853. Pimelodus mangois, Bleeker, Verh. Batavia Gen., XXV, p. 58. : 1858. Amblyceps caecutiens, Blyth, Proc. Astat. Soc. Bengal, XXVII, . 282. 1860. np viyeebs tenuispents, Id., ibid., NXIX, p. 153. : 1864. Ambilyceps caecutiens, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, p--190. 1864. Amblyceps tenuispinis, Id., ibid. 1864. Amblyceps mangois, Id., tbid. 1869. Amblvceps mangots, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 524- 1871. Akysis kurszit, Day, tbid.. p. 704. as 1877. The Mangoi, Hamilton Buchanan, Stat. Ac?. Bengal, XX, p. 60. 1877. Amblyceps mangois, Day, Fish. Ind., p. 490, pl. cit, fig. 6, and pl. exvii, fig. I. - 1889. Amblyceps mangois, [d., Faun. Brit. Ind. Fish. lp: 123; fig. 52. 1890. Amblyceps mangois, Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. ctv. Stor. Nat. Genova (Sens 2) LX, p00: : ; ; 1893. Amblyceps mangois, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (ser. 6), XII, . 200. 1913. Aapiens mangots, Chaudhuri, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, p. 252. Two figures, one in outline from above and the other a side view in colour, are in existence on plate ix of Hamilton Buchanan’s 276 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Manuscript Drawings ' now in the possession of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The name ‘‘ Pimelodes Manggoi’’ appears on the back of this plate in Hamilton Buchanan’s handwriting. Subse- quently he said of this very fish, ‘‘ The Mangoi is a small very ugly Pimelode”’? in his manuscript reports on the statistical enquiry of Bengal districts in which he was engaged from 1807 to 1813. As the type of his P. mangois has been lost, or at least cannot be traced, and as the description in the Fishes of the Ganges is not illustrated, this manuscript drawing is of additional value, as it is the protograph of the species. The type specimens were found in tanks in Northern Bihar and also probably in the R. Kusi near Nathpur. There are only two specimens in the collection. They mea- sure 41 mm. and 38 mm. in length. Both were secured from hill streams in the Putao Plains. Distribution.—Fresh waters of India and Burma usually on or near the hills, including the Himalayas from Kangra to Dar- jiling, Ludhiana, the Jumna (for some considerable distance from the hills), Bihar districts, a stream south of Yembung (Abor coun- try), Nampandet (Southern Shan States), Pegu and Moulmein ; also the Cabul River at Jelellabad. Genus Erethistes, Muller and ‘Troschel. Erethistes asperus (M’Clelland). (Plate xX XL figs: 25°20. -2)),. 1844. Pintelodus asperus, M'Clelland, Calcutta fourn. Nat. Hist. Art. Sct., IV, p. 404, pl. xxiv, fig. 2. ; 1864. Hara aspera, Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, p. 180. 1873. Hara aspera, Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1V, p. 125. It was Giinther who first pointed out that the genus was allied to Sisor.® The original description of the species by M’Clelland is very defective, and his figures even more so. M’Clelland also miscalculated the number of barbels, mentioning only six in place of eight, probably disregarding the nasal barbels which are not very conspicuous. Gtinther’s corrections and additions, though not of greatimportance, enable one to recognize the species. Any attempt at redescription, however, should be postponed till specimens can be obtained from the neighbourhood of Chusan. M’Clelland also made a mistake in assigning this freshwater fish to estuaries.* The species has not been found previously within Tndian limits. . Two specimens were obtained from Tanja, measuring 33 mm. and 31 mm. respectively. The smaller one is, however, damaged. Three figures of the larger specimen are supplied and the actual ' Chaudhuri, Vem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 444 and foot-note. 2 Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, XX, p. 60. % Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, pe2o3: Se * M’Clelland, Calcutta fourn. Nat. Hist. Art. SiGea pal Vy a 05. IgIQ. | B. L. CHaupHuRI: Fish from Burma. 277 measureménts of both specimens are given below for reference. The mouth is inferior. ‘The lip is lobate and reflected and spreads continuously round the mouth so as to form a broad flat sucker. ‘Fhe teeth in the jaws are villiform in broad bands. The bases of the maxillary barbels are dilated; the mandibular barbels are short, round and thick, the surface of these barbels being studded with closely set tubules. The posterior nostril is slit-like, while the anterior one is round and terminates in a funnel-like structure. There are four or five bony tubercles in a horizontal line on each ' side near the gill-opening below the dorsal spine. The chest is coriaceous with slight corrugations. The body is dark brown in colour, with two white broad transverse stripes made up of white blotches. The anterior band is at the end of the dorsal fin, and the posterior one nearer to the root of the caudal. The pectoral and the pelvic fins are grey marked with black blotches; the caudal fin is greyish-brown. ‘The maxillary barbels are annulated in white and brown while the mandibular barbels are white. Measurements of specimens :-— Total length (without caudal fin) in millimeters... 33 31 Length of head including opercular flap ng S65 UO LL Depth of body 5 a alo 9 Depth of caudal peduncle ” - 4 Sie Length of snout “3 10 Sys) Depth of head at occiput ” sey tO 6 Width of head " SSC a8: Width of interorbital space 3 ect ee Sa) From tip of snout to anterior limit of dorsal fin ,, a oy AO Height of dorsal spine ” 6 5 5, of longest dorsal ray 8 5 1_ength of pectoral fin ) je) oF of pelvic fin " 6 6 Base of anal fin ss 415 AS Height of anal fin Sh 6 6 From tip of snout to root of pectoral fin oe 8 8 From tip of snout to root of pelvic fin AP Boye s0y From tip of snout to anterior end of anal fin _,, 22 22 From tip of snout to anal opening 0 2I 21 Number of rays in the dorsal fin 1 eS As rh », pectoral fin aa os Ey AIF 3 a »» pelvic fin au Sarees 8 os 9 oeeanalonn Exe Rae TiOe- 1:9 Distribution.—Upper Burma (N. Frontier) ; China (Chusan). Genus Exostoma, Blyth. Exostoma vinciguerrae, Regan. 1890. Exostoma labiatum (non M’Clelland), Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (ser. 2), IX, p. 252. 1905. Exostoma vinciguerrae, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7), XV, p. 184. There are two specimens in the collection, one measuring 56 mm., from the Putao Plains and another measuring 45 mm. from the Nam-Yak river at Tanja. The smaller specimen is damaged | and distorted. From the measurements, etc. of the bigger specimen 278 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor.. VE, it appears to be Exostoma vinctguerrae, a species (a single specimen) which was first collected by the late Leonardo Fea in the Khakhyen (Kachin) Hills, Upper Burma, but was wrongly identified by Vinciguerra as E. labiatum (M’Clelland). Vinciguerra mistakenly thought that it extended the distribution of EF. labiatum, which was known only from Upper Assam (Mishmi). The type of MClelland’s FE. labiatum is in the British Museum (Griffith’s collection). In both the specimens the under surface of the flat spines of the pectoral and pelvic fins is finely striated, suggesting adhesive properties. Distribution.—Upper Burma: Khakhyen Hills and Putao Plains. Genus Pseudecheneis, Blyth. Pseudecheneis sulcatus (M’Clelland). 1842. Glyptosternon sulcatus, M’Clelland, Calcutta Fourn. Nat. Hist., Il, p. 587, pl. vi, figs. 1, 2 and 3. 1860. Pseudechenets sulcatus, Blyth, Proc. Astat. Soc. Bengal, p. 134. 1864. Pseudecheneis sulcatus, Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, p. 264. 1877. Pseudechenets sulcatus, Day, Fish. [nd., p. 500, pl. cxvi, fig. 1. 1889. Pseudecheneis sulcatus, ld., Faun. Brit. Ind. Fish., J, p. 107, fig. 1890. Pseudecheneits sulcatus, WVinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (ser. 2), IX, p. 252. 1913. Pseudecheneis sulcatus, Chaudhuri, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIM, p. 255. There is one specimen from the Putao Plains measuring 93 mm. in length without the caudal fin. The barbels on the ventral side are short and thick and their surface is broken up into tubules. The lips are lobulated and expanded with a suctorial mouth. The spines of the pectoral and the pelvic fins are flat and expanded and are covered with thick skin. The under surface of these flat spines is finely striated, converting these fins also into an addi- tional adhesive apparatus. ‘The conspicuous adhesive disk on the chest is oval and is made up of sixteen thick and broad transverse folds with a broad margin; posterior to this apparatus the skin over the anterior portion of the abdomen is loose and corrugated ° in finer folds. The gill-opening is not entirely confined to the dorsal side as in Exostoma, but continues just a little on the ventral surface to the border of the transverse folds. Distribution.— Darjeeling ; Khasi Hills; Yembung (Abor country); and Khakhyen (Kachin) Hills, Upper Burma. Genus Aborichthys, Chaudhuri. Aborichthys kempi, Chaudhuri. 1913. Aborichthys kempi, Chaudhuri, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, p. 245, pl. vu, figs. 1, ta and 16, There are two specimens in the collection, measuring 82 mm. and 80 mm. in length, obtained from hill streams near Tanja. The two specimens differ slightly from one another and from the 1919. ] B. L. CHaupHuURI: Fish from Burma. 279 type in colouration and some other particulars. The ground colour of the body of the longer fish is greyish-white. The ob- liquely transverse dark bands anterior to the dorsal fin are very narrow, but those below the fin are broader and posterior to the dorsal fin the stripes are replaced by irregular blotches. The ocellus at the upper corner of the root of the caudal fin is intensely black. The colour of the two limiting bands of alternate black and white round the free border of the caudal fin is somewhat diffused. In the smaller specimen the colour of the upper side of the head is not marbled, as is usually the case in the species, but is of a uniform dark brown, and the ground colour of the body is dirty brown to black, ‘There are no transverse stripes on the sides in front of the dorsal fin. Below the dorsal fin and in front of the pelvic fins there are some dark but faint transverse stripes, very narrow and of diffused colouration. There are no transverse stripes behind the dorsal fin. The caudal fin has two' bright white bands, both broad, one at the root and the other just interior to the terminal black band round the free end of the fin. The ocellus at the upper corner of the root of the caudal fin is just as in the longer fish. ‘The dorsal fins in both the specimens bear three black bands made up of black dots. This fish may belong to a distinct race if not a new species. Distribution.—Egar stream, between Renging and Rotung, the Dihang River near Yembung and the Sirpo River near Renging in the Abor country; mountain streams in the Garo Hills, Assam ; and similar streams near Tanja, Putao, in Upper Burma. Genus Nemacheilus, Hasselt. Nemacheilus botia (Hamilton Buchanan). 1822. Cobitis botia, Hamilton Buchanan, Acct. Fish. Ganges, Pp. 350; 394+ 1822. Cobitis bilturio, Id., tbid., pp. 358 and 395. : 1846. Cobitis bilturio, Cuvier and Valenciennes, /Hzst. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, P- 35: 1846. Cobitis botia, Id., ibid., p. 72+ 1839. Cobitis bimucronata, M’Clelland, Asiat. Researches, XIX, pp. 304 and 433, pl. li, fig. 4. 1839. Cobitis scaturigina, Id., ibid., pp. 308 and 443, pl. lin, fig. 6. 1839. Cobitis ocellata, Id., 1bid., p. 439, pl. li, fig. 6. 1839. Somileptes unispina, Swainson, Lardner’s Cab. Cyclop. Nat. Hist. (Fish. Amph. Rep.), Ul, p. 311. : 1841. Cobites moorveh, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Saas Ulbsps 300: 1853. Cobitis botia, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXV, p. 70. 1853. Cobitis bilturto, Id., ibid. 1863. Cobitis botia, Bleeker, Versl. Akad, Amsterdam, XV, Pp. 42. 1868. Nemachilus urophthalmus, Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VII, p- 348. 1868. Nemachilus botia, Id., tbid., p. 349. 1869. Nemacheilus botia, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 382. 1877. Nemacheilus botia, Day, Fish. Ind., p. 614, pl. clvi, fig. 5. 1877. Nemacheilus aureus (var.), /d., ibid., p. 614, pl. clvi, fig. 4. 1889. Nemachilus botius, Id., Faun. Brit. India, Fish., 1, p. 227- 1893. Nemachilus botia, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 6), ole Pp- 203. 1918. Nemachilus botia, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., X1V, p- 35+ 280 Records of the Indian Museum. [ Vor,. Savile There is only one specimen measuring 72 mm. in length with- out the caudal fin, collected from a stream near Tanja. The preorbital has no projection wholly free and movable nor is it entirely concealed by the skin, but there is a narrow concave slit or groove just underneath it, commencing from below the middle of the eye and reaching to about the middle of the snout. The eyes are in the middle of the head and the anterior root of the dorsal fin is equidistant from the tip of the snout and the root of the caudal fin. The distance of the vent from the snout is sixty-one in hundredths of its length without the caudal fin. The caudal fin is almost square-cut and slightly emarginate. The ground colour of the body is dull grey or dirty white with fourteen broken-up transverse bands of dark brown above the lateral line and seven or eight wedge-shaped transverse markings below it, alternating with the bands above. There are four transverse dark brown bands on the caudal fin instead of five, and these bands are rather wavy and not at all oblique or > shaped as is usual in the species. It approaches nearer to the variety N. aureus, Day than to the typical form. M’Clelland’s figures, vzz. figs. 4 and 6 of plate li and fig. 6 of plate liii, are only imperfect reproductions of three figures in plates numbered 49, 50 and 53 of the manuscript drawings of Hamilton Buchanan.! These figures are labelled Cobztis bilturz, Cobitis botya, and Cobitis scaturigina in Buchanan’s handwriting. The name on plate 53 of the collection of MSS. drawings in the possession of Asiatic Society of Bengal, however, has been inadver- tently cut off by the binder. Giinther considered N. scaturigina to be a doubtful species of the genus.” Distribution.-—Punjab; Sind: Poona; Madras, as far south as the R. Kistna; Orissa; Bihar; Bengal; Assam; Burma, Southern Shan States and North-Eastern frontier ; Ceylon. Genus Semiplotus, Bleeker. Semiplotus cirrhosus, Chaudhuri, sp. n. (PlateOXOXe, fissoo 3a.) Bleeker, who founded the genus Semiplotus on a single Assamese species, Cyprinus semiplotus, M’ Clelland, attributed to the genus among several other characters the possession of a knob at the symphysis and the absence of barbels. ‘The new species, however, has two maxillary barbels and is without any knob at the symphysis of the lower jaw. In all other respects it so very naturally fits into the genus that it would be going against all sound principles not to include it. The practice of multiply- ing the number of genera should, as far as possible, be discour- aged, as it only makes the path of systematic study unnecessarily difficult. ' Chaudhuri, Mem. Ind. Mus., V, p. 444 (foot-note). 2 Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VII, Pp: 347+ IgIQ. | B. L. CaaupHuRI. Fish from Burma. 281 The fish is broad and deep with a round belly and thick head. The dorsal profile is highly convex: from the anterior root of the dorsal fin it suddenly slopes towards the snout, which is broad, blunt and moderately round and thick; the posterior portion of the dorsal profile runs in a more gentle curve to the caudal peduncle where, about the middle of the peduncle, it is slightly con- cave. Beyond this the curvature is again convex to the upper corner of the root of the caudal fin. The ventral profile, with its lowest point at the root of the pelvic fin, nearly corresponds to the curvature of the dorsal profile but with less abruptness in the frontal portion from the root of the pelvic fin towards the lower jaw. ‘The curvature from this point is still less convex than the dorsal profile, towards the caudal peduncle. The mouth is terminal and inferior, and its opening is wide ; the upper jaw is thick and deep with a movable upper lip; the lower jaw is extremely thin with a horny or cartilaginous plate with a little prominence in the middle. On the broad and obtuse snout there is a row of open pores four in number, two on each side. The maxillary extends nearly to below the front of the eye and there are two maxillary barbels. On each side below the preorbital there is a narrow slit. The eye is nearly in the middle of the head and the diameter of the orbit is contained nearly three times in the length of the head. ‘he latter is contained three and two-third times in the total length without the caudal fin. The length of the barbel is equal to that of the snout, which is slightly less than the length of the orbit. The gill openings are almost restricted to the sides and the gill membranes are conflu- ent with the skin of the isthmus; the surface underneath the lower jaw and below the neck from the chin to the isthmus appears to be in part corrugated; immediately below the lower jaw it is somewhat fleshy and spongy probably with adhesive function. . The height (the greatest depth at the anterior root of the dorsal fin) is.contained two and four-fifth times in the total length without the caudal fin and the least depth of the caudal peduncle is contained nearly seven times in that length. The anterior end of the dorsal fin, though nearly equidistant from the tip of the snout and the root of the caudal fin, is slightly nearer to the snout. There are thirteen scales in front of the dorsal fin and ten between the last ray at its posterior end and the root of the caudal fin. ‘There are three spines, all entire, and twenty-five branched and divided rays. The length of the longest dorsal ray is contained about four times in the total length. The distance between the tip of the snout and the superior root of the pectoral fin is contained three and a half times and the length of the fin about four times; there are altogether fifteen rays in the fin which almost reaches the root of that of the pelvic. The tip of the snout and the root of the caudal fin are nearly equidistant from the root of the pelvic fin which has nine rays; the length of the rays is contained five times in the total length 282 Records of the Indian Museum. [Von eVie and they reach as far as the vent; the ends of these rays are soft, thin, slender and almost silky. The anal fin has two spines and nine rays and there are seven scales betwen the last anal ray _and the root of the caudal fin; the height of the anal fin is con- tained seven times in the total length. The caudal fin is deeply lobed and contains twenty long rays; the length of the longest rays of the borders is contained three times and that of the short middle rays seven times in the total length; the lobes of the caudal fin are equal. The scales are fairly large and are nondeciduous. There are thirty-three perforated scales in the lateral line, which is complete and runs concave to the dorsal profile from the gill opening to below the end of the dorsal fin and thence straight about the middle of the fish to the root of the caudal fin. Below the ante- rior root of the dorsal fin there are seven transverse rows of scales above the lateral line and five transverse rows between the lateral line and the mid-ventral line. There are four rows of scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin. The number of scales round the narrowest part of the caudal peduncle is eleven. Measurements in hundredths of total length without caudal fin :— Depth of body we oe See QOs5 Depth of caudal peduncle te me cn alas Length of head eet see be, Pee a20i8 Depth of head Soe aac ve ee, LLEO Width of head Ks ves Seema, Length of snout ae = = oe eS Wimncter of orbit ae & os Ans 0'7 Width of interorbital space Dee | Width of mouth 2p) Length of maxillary poe Length of barbel ae Distance from tip of snout to anterior root of dorsal fin 48°78 Height of longest dorsal rays 44 24°60 Distance from tip of snout to root of pector al fin 20°27 Length of pectoral fin .., 24°6 Distance from tip of snout to root of pelvic fin” Si Length of pelvic fin : 19°5 Distance from tip of snout to vent. 68°3 Distance from tip of snout to anterior root of anal fin Bee Height of longest anal rays 17 Length of caudal peduncle 17 Width of root of caudal fin 18 Length of longest rays of caudal fin 2Ary ie ength of shortest middle rays of divided ci audal fin 14°6 Total length without caudal fin in mm. 4I The colour of the body of the fish in Sune is Hee blue, but lighter in tne belly. The upper edge of the orbit is black and the dorsal edge and the upper side of the head are dark; the fins are dull white with dark edges. There are only two other species belonging to the genus: S. semtplotus (MW Clelland) from Assam and Burma and S. modestus, Day, from the hill ranges near Akyab. The new species differs considerably from both of them in possessing barbels, and in not being provided with a knob at the symphysis of the lower jaw— two characters which originally were thought to be of generic im- 1919. ] B. L. Caaupuuri: Fish from Burma. 283 portance as already noticed. The species agrees with S. semzplotus in having the last osseous spine smooth and entire, and differs in this respect from S. modestus, in which the last spine is serrated ; on the other hand it agrees with the latter in having the lateral line concave to the dorsal profile and not almost straight as in S semiplotus. It has on the snout a row of pores like S. semzplo- tus, but the number of pores is four in place of eight in S. semui- plotus. ‘There are differences in proportion and colouration also. Both the previously known species are denizens of hilly tracts, though examples of S. semiplotus have been found as far down as Goalpara in the valley of the Brahmaputra. Griffith, however, observes that smaller examples of S. semiplotus are usually found near rapids. The adhesive apparatus below the chin, and further posteriorly down to the isthmus, is very interesting and significant of the habits of the new species if not of the genus. There is only one specimen, the holotype, collected by Dr. Murray Stuart in February 1918, from a hill stream in the Putao Plains (Hkamti Long of the old maps), Upper Burma. It is entered in the register of the Zoological Survey of India under No. 9747/1.” Genus Barbus, Cuvier. Barbus stoliczkanus, Day. 1869. Barbus m’cleliandi, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 619. 1871. Barbus (Puntius) stoliczkanus, Id., Fourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XL, p. 328. 1877. Barbus stoliczkanus, Id., Fish. India, p. 577, pl. exliv, fig. 8. 1889. Barbus stolicskanus, Id., Faun. Brit. Ind. Fish., p. 326. 1893. Barbus stoliczkanus, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 6), XII, p- 202. 1918. Barbus stolicskanus, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., X1V, p. 35. There is only one specimen measuring 38 mm. collected in a hill stream near Tanja. The anal fin is rolled on itself and looks like a tuft at the free-end. The colouration is very well preserved. The first name cited above is preoccupied.! Distribution.— Burma (Pegu, Moulmein, Shan States and Putao Plains). Genus Danio, Hamilton Buchanan. Danio aequipinnatus (M’Clelland). 1839. Perilampus aequipinnatus, M’Clelland, Asvat. Researches, XIX, P- 393, pl. Ix, fig. 1. 1853. Leuciscus aequipinnatus, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXV, p. 66. 1858. Leuciscus lineolatus, Blyth, Fourn. Astat. Soc. Bengal, p. 219. 1860. Pertlampus affinis, Id., 1bid., p. 163. 1868. Danto micronema, Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 282. 1868, Pteropsarion aequipinnatus, Id., tbid., p. 285. 1877. Danio aequipinnatus, Day, Fish. Ind., p. 596. pl. cl, fig. 6. 1889. Danto aequipinnatus, ld., Faun. Brit. Ind., Fish., 1, p. 356, fig. 111- 1890. Danio aequipinnatus, Vinciguera, Ann. Mus. Civic. Stor. Nat. Genova (ser. 2), IX, p. 304. ! Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVI (1842), p. 390. 284 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, 1893. eee aequipinnatus, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 6), > De 202: 1913. Danio FES Ors Chaudhuri, Rec. Ind. Mus., VII, p. 252. 19017. Danio aequipinnatus, Annandale, Note on Fisheries Inlé Lake, p. 3. 1918. Danto aequipinnatus, Id., Rec. Ind. Mus., X1V, pp. 35, 211. There is only one specimen, from a hill stream in the Putao Plains, measuring 56 mm. ‘There are a series of rows of small wart- like beads on and around the chin and below the neck. ‘The body is more dusky than usual; the colour appears to have faded though some of the longitudinal stripes are conspicuous. ‘There is a round white blotch on the upper anterior corner of the opercle. Distribution.— The Himalayas (Darjiling) ; Assam (Garo Hills, Naga Hills, Sadiya, Yembung); Burma (Tenasserim, Shan States) ; Deccan; and Ceylon. Genus Channa, Gronovius. Channa burmanica, Chaudhuri, sp.n. (Plate XXII, figs. 4, 44, 40). The body is round in front but is very much compressed be- hind the vent, which is situated about the middle. The dorsal profile from the anterior root of the dorsal fin slopes gently to the snout. ‘The ventral profile, which is more convex in the region of the lower jaw than the upper, continues parallel to the dorsal profile as far as the vent, behind which both profiles continue in a straight line but converge towards the caudal peduncle, about the middle of which there is a slight concavity in both. The height of the body at the anterior end of the dorsal fin is contained six and a half times in the total length without the caudal fin, and the width at the same region six and one-fourth times ; the height about the middle of the caudal peduncle is contained ten and a half times and the width at the same part twenty-six and a half times in the total length. The head is wide and is greatly depressed; its length is con- tained nearly four times in the total length without the caudal fin, The depth at the occiput is eight times and the width of the head six and one-third timesin the total length. The opening of the mouth continues behind the orbit; the length of the maxillary is contained ten and three-fifth times and the width of the mouth eight and five-sixth times in the total length. The eyes are placed far forward: the diameter of the orbit is equal to the length of the snout and is contained five and three-fifth times in the length of the head. The interorbital space is very flat and its width is twice as long as the length of the snout. There are two nasal tubes over the tip of the snout, slightly longer than half the diameter of the orbit. The gular plate is rather long and narrow, rounded in front and notched behind, its length being contained six and a half times in the total length and its breadth five times in the width of the head. Round the gular plate on the margin of the gill membranes, which continue close to the chin, IgIQ.] B. L. CHAupDHURI: Fish from Burma. 285 there is a series of openings of mucuous glands, the largest of which is far forward and is directly under the chin. The surface of the posterior portion of the gular plate has slight corrugations which may possess some adhesive function; in places on it, as well as on the edge of the gill membrane round it, there are coriaceous patches which probably help the fish to stick against the force of the current. There are fifteen scales in front of the dorsal fin (7.e. from the snout to the anterior end of that fin), and six scales between the hind margin of the orbit and the pre-opercle; there are the same number of scales between the last ray of the dorsal fin and the root of the caudal. ‘The number of rays in the dorsal fin is thirty-eight, none of which are divided; the height of the longest ray (which is the seventh from the fast) is contained eight tinies in the total length. ‘The distance between the tip of the snout and the root ot the pectoral fin is contained three and a half times in the total length, and the length of the pectoral fin five times. The latter has twelve flat rays. The anal fin commences one scale behind the vent and has twenty-eight undivided rays; the seventh ray from behind being the highest—nearly as high as the highest ray in the dorsal fin. The length of the caudal peduncle is equal to its height; there are nine scales between the last ray of the anal and the root of the caudal and eighteen scales round the caudal peduncle. The caudal fin is fan-shaped and consists of twelve rays; the middle rays are the longest; their length is contained nearly six times in the total length and they are just twice as long as the height of the root of the caudal fin. There are fifty-one scales in the lateral line of which fifty scales are perforated ; the line bends down after twelve scales and then, with one unperforated scale intervening, continues to the root of the caudal with thirty-seven perforated scales. In the transverse series there are three rows of scales above the anterior twelve per- forated scales and seven rows below this and above the mid-ventral line. In the posterior portion of the lateral line there are four transverse rows above and five and half rows below. ‘There are twenty scales in the mid-ventral line between the posterior end of the gular plate and the vent. Measurements in hundredths of total length without caudal fin :-— Depth of body ee: “Se sean os Depth of caudal peduncle . as ere VOP Ss Length of head ee bes eee eZ Ors Depth of head Width of head Length of snout Diameter of orbit ; Width of interorbital space Distance trom tip of snout to anterior root of dorsal fin Height of longest dorsal rays ae Distance from tip of snout to root of pectoral Filipe: = oP) S) 1D Anunokt BD —N~) N HU OW ty Length of pectoral fin Re ue ne eieeali7) Distance from tip of snout to vent ee ie 40 Distance from tip of snout to anterior root of anz i fin pe 500d: Height of longest anal rays i sis eee h ais 286 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Length of caudal peduncle nat ails na lOWS Width ef cauda! peduncle ae ste ee ich: Length of longest rays of caudal fin... oe nad 417, Height of root of caudal fin : AS Sit ORS Total length without caudal fin in mm. oe so0 OL) The colour of the head and of the sides is dark brown; the ventral surface is dull white. In the young there are transversely oblique stripes of a deeper shade on the light brown or grey colour on the sides of the body. The pectoral fin is alternately variegated in bright white and black broad bands with an annular white zone round the black root of the fin; the caudal fin is alternately banded in white and black in their transverse stripes. There is no ocellus in the upper corner of the root of the caudal fin; the extreme ends of all the rays of the dorsal and anal fins are tipped with pure white. This is the first time that any fish belonging to the genus Channa is reported from the Indian continent. The only species hitherto known from the Indian Region is Channa orientalis, Bloch and Schneider,! which is found in Ceylon and China. ‘Two other names in the same genus (C. ocellata, Peters® and C. formosana, Jordan and Evermann’*) are in all probability synonyms of one another and priority decides for C. ocellata. Ophicephaius apus, Canestrini,* is in reality a Channa and differs very little from C. orientalis. Channa burmanica differs widely from these two hitherto known species in proportions, in the number of rays in the fins, in the arrangement and number of scales in the lateral line and other parts, as well as in colouration. There are altogether four specimens in the collection, two of which, measuring 106 mm. and 79 mm. in length, are from the bed of the Sen-Bin-Ti, which further down becomes the Nam-Ti- Sang; the other two measure 45 mm. and 43 mm. in length; one its from a hill stream in the Putao Plains (Hkamti Long). The larger of these two is very much damaged. The specimen 106 mm. long from the river Sen-Bin-Ti is the holotype, and is entered in the register of the Zoological Survey of India under No. F 9755/tr. Genus Badis, Bleeker. Badis badis (Hamilton Buchanan). 1822. Labrus badts, Hamilton Buchanan, Acct. Fish. Ganges, pp 70 and 368, pl. xxv, fig. 23. 1853. Badis buchanant, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen, XXV, p. 106, pl. ii, fig. 3. 1861. Sadis buchanani, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, p. 367. 1875. Badis buchanant, Day, Fish. Jnd., p. 128, pl. xxxi, fig. 6. 1876. Badis buchanant, Bleeker, Arch. Neerl. Sc. Nat., XI, p. 318. 1877. Galpuri (Labrus badis), Hamilton Buchanan, Guae Acct. Bengal XX, p- 40. 1 Bloch and Schneider, Syst. /ch., p. 496, pl. xc, fig. 2 (1801). 2 Peters, Monat. Preuss. Akad. Wissen. Berlin, 1864, p. 392 (1865). 8 Jordon and Evermann, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXV, pp- 316, 331 and 33 fig. 11 (1903). * Canestrini, Archiv. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. Genova, 1, p.77, pl. iv, fig. 7 (1861). 1919] 1877. 1880. 1890. 1912. TOS. B. L. Coaupuurti: Fish from Burma. 287 Dhalo (Labrus badis), /d., tbid., pp. 87 and 97. Badis buchanani, Day, Faun. Brit. Ind. Fish, Il, p. 80, fig. 38. Badis buchanant, Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civic. Stor. Nat. Genova (Gers 2));, ps 166; Badis badis, Sewell and Chaudhuri, /nd. Fish. Prov. Util., JO, 12s fig. 6. Baebodis Chaudhuri, Rec. Jud. Mus., VIII, p. 256. There are only three specimens in the collection, two of which are damaged. Their lengths without the caudal fin are 25, 26 and 29 mm. ‘They were collected from hill streams in the Putao Plains. Distribution.—Fresh water of the hills and plains of India and Burma. e : —* . 2 ‘ gS r - es Re, ‘* . ‘ A . ‘ s es ’ ‘ =e >, re Fm = Mend oem ae = ia ear ~ Z - r neo oe Pe a «Qty, OL ae Peyeayt ’ es ie eae cee R bag + 4 a Bi it Ve Pp magic , ites) Meee See a a ae e > to ts ¥ Pe 4 a eae ‘ne: even rae sited Ta owe ae ee ‘ — te a = 2 "* , i - < 5 i Z a = Sow * 7 . J EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. Fic. 1.—Amblyceps murray-stuarti, Chaudhuri, sp. nov. ree cS a a dorsal view of head. oe, SUE ventral view of body. eee —Erethistes asperus (QP Clelland). ae PIE a », ventral view of head and body. oo PGs ps », upper and lower jaws, % 4. ,, 3-—Semtblotus cirrhosus, Chaudhuri, sp. nov. eas Ae i ventral view of head and ehest;* <2 ,. 4-—-Channa burmanica, Chaudhuri, sp. nov., X 2. Ags = 3 dorsal view of head, x 2. AD: ms ke ventral view of head and body, 2 REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. PLATE XXII. FISH FROM PuTAO (HKAmtTI LONG). A. Chowdhary del. Photo.-engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1919 Sik ShU DIES “ON DHE. AN Aer OtlNesOr INDIAN MOLT USCA 3. ‘THE SOFT PARTS OF SOME INDIAN UNIONIDAE. By B. PrasuaD, D.Sc., Officiating Director of Fishertes, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Calcutta. Ortmann ! writing in 1911 about the glochidia of the Unionidae summed up in the following sentence, “‘I have no doubt that this finally will be a very important systematic criterion, but unfor- tunately we do not know the glochidia of a single Asiatic species.”’ Since then I have in two papers? described the structure of the marsupia and glochidia of the Indian genera Physunto, Parreyssia, Lamellidens and Indonaia. ‘The results of my work have amply justified Ortmann’s criticism * of Simpson’s classification,* in which shell-characters alone were utilised to a large extent for the classification of the Naiades. On studying the soft parts of the animals of the genera Physunto, Lamellidens, Parreyssta and Pseudodon it was found that the position assigned to those genera, from shell-characters only, was quite wrong, while two new genera Indonaia and Balwantia had to be established for the Indian species hitherto included in the genera Nodularia and Solenaza respectively. In my second paper I included a description of the soft parts of the animal of Indonaia, but refrained from discussing these in the other genera as Dr. Ekendranath Ghosh was engaged in a study of the comparative anatomy of some of the forms. His results, however, which were published in a recent paper,’ are far from complete from the point of view of the systematist and many important details are neither mentioned in the text nor shown in the figures. In the present communication I have, therefore, tried to ratify these omissions for the genera dealt with by Ghosh, and have in addition given descriptions of the animals of the genera Parreyssia and Pseudodon. In dealing with the various genera I have discussed their position in both Simpson’s and Ortmann’s classifications, and at the end of the paper I have given a key for the identification of these genera based on the soft parts of the animals. 1 Ann. Carnegie Mus., VALI, p. 239 (1911-12). es ? Rec. Ind. Mus., XIV, pp. 183-185, pl. xxii (1918), and rbid., XV, pp. 143- 149 (1918). ate 3 Mem. Carnegie Mus., 1V, pp. 279-347, pls. IXxxvii-Ixxxix (1911). s Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, pp. 501-1075 (1900). & Rec. Ind. Mus., XV, pp. 109-123, pl. xvi (1918). 290 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL Sev Balwantia, gen. nov. Ghosh (loc. cit.) has recently described the gross anatomy of the species Solenaia soleniformis (Benson) in a comparative way only. Godwin-Austin and Annandale! have since added valuable notes on the habits and burrows of the animal and this discussion of the habits has brought out interesting facts about the use of the very large and well-developed foot. On comparison of the anatomy of the Indian species with that of the other known species of the genus Solenaia, Conrad, it was found that the former differs materially from the others and must be separated as a dis- tinct genus. The question of the name of this genus is discussed at length below. Animal :—In accordance with the greatly elongated condition of the shell, the animal (fig. 1) also is drawn out in the antero- posterior axis, as are organs like the gills, palps, foot, etc. The gills are eight to ten times as long as broad, the inner pair being a little wider than the outer. The inner lamellae of Text-ric. 1.-Animal of Balwantia soleniformis. An. =analaperture; Br. = branchial aperture; #7. = foot; 7.G.=inner gill; O.G. = outer gill; P.=palp; Sa. = supra-anal. the inner pair are attached to the abdominal sac along more than half of their anterior portion ; posteriorly the lamellae of the two sides unite with one another to form the diaphragm, which extends on either side up to a ridge of the mantle that separates the branchial from the anal aperture. Other attachments of the gills are the same as in some of the more primitive genera, viz. the outer lamellae of the outer pair of gills are attached to the mantle of either side, while the inner lamellae of the outer pair are attached to the outer lamellae of the inner pair. All the four gills are marsupial and are used for the development of the glochi- dia. The free margins of the gills do not swell up when the gills are filled with glochidia. ‘The water-tubes are simple, formed of 17-20 gill-filaments each; the number in each gill, however, is variable. The placentae are of the shape of inverted triangles. The palpi are very large elongate-elliptical in outline; the axis of 1 Rec. Ind. Mus, XVI, pp. 204-206 (1919). 1919.] 3B. Prasuap: The Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. 291 attachment is rather short. The foot is very large and has a well developed musculature. ‘The mantle has a very much thickened entire margin; near the branchial aperture it has a few papillae developed on its edge. The branchial aperture is large, with two to three rows of large conical papillae; its margin is of a yellowish- brown colour. ‘The anal aperture is about half the size of the branchial; it is quite smooth and much lighter in colour. Separating the branchial from the anal is a well-developed ridge of the mantle; in the living animal the ridges of the opposite sides, meeting each other in the middle, would form a continuation of the diaphragm and completely separate the branchial from the anal aperture. The supra-anal is slightly larger than the anal, while the mantle connection between it and the anal is much larger than either. The glochidium (fig. 2) may be said to be suboval in outline, with a nearly straight hinge line. It measures -26 mm.X‘2I mm. Systematic positton :-—The species was originally described by Benson ! as Anodonta solentformis. Lea’? considered it to be a Margaron and redescribed it as M. (Unto) ben- sont. Hanley and Theobald,’ dif- fering from both authors, included it in the African genus Spatha. Fis- cher, * after an elaborate discussion .. Silas E ; 3 ‘ - : Text-riG. 2.—Glochidium of Bal- of the whole situation, assigned it to wantia soleniformis, X 75. the genus Mycetopus. Simpson® in his monograph separated it from the genus M ycetopus and included it, with a number of species from China, Siam, South Eastern Asia and a doubtful one from Australia, in the genus Solenaia. Preston® has, following Simpson, described it as S. solentformis (Benson) ; some of his references to the previous works, however, are in- correctly cited. The animal of the Indian species is quite different from that of a species of Solenaia described by Fischer (doc. cit., p. II). I have, therefore, found it necessary to separate the only known Indian species as a new genus, for which the name Balwantia is proposed. : Simpson was right in including the species in the sub-family Unioninae and in the group Exobranchiae, but made a mistake in assigning it to the subgroup Homogenae, because, as has been described above, this species carries the glochidia in all the four gills and should be placed amongst the Tetragenae. Following the later and more natural classification of Ortmann (loc. czt., pp. 224-225) the genus will be placed in the family Unionidae, Swainson, as restricted by Ortmann, and in the sub-family Unioninae. 3 Conch. Ind., p. 5, pl. ix, fig. 1 (1876). 4 Fourn. Conchvliol., XXXVIII, pp. 11, 94 (1890). » Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, p. 656 (1900). ® Faun. Brit. Ind., Mollusca, pp. 132-134 (1915). 292 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor rr, Parreyssia, Conrad. Ortmann! has described the animals of this genus and of Lamellidens. 1 have unfortunately not been able to see the original papers but have consulted his later publication,* in which he has given a fairly complete résumé of his first paper. The animal (fig. 3) may be described as follows :—The gills are three to five times as long as broad. Anteriorly the outer pair of gills is alittle shorter than the inner, so that the margin of the latter projects beyond that of the former. The inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills are connected along more than three fourths of their length to the abdominal sac; the posterior one fourth part. unites with the lamella of the opposite side to form the diaphragm ; other connections of the gills are the same as in Balwantia des- cribed already. All the four gills are marsupial. The margin of PG. TEXT-FIG. 3.-—Animal of Parreyssta favidens, reterence lettering same as in hg. I. the gills, even when full of glochidia, is quite sharp. The water- tubes are simple and the placentae are slightly compressed, elongate structures. The palpi are well developed, sub -triangular with a broad base, along which they are attached to the abdominal mass and have the free outer angle rounded. The mantle has a slightly thickened entire margin. The foot is very large, occupying about half of the shell cavity. The branchial aperture is large with three rows of small pointed papillae of a light brown colour. The anal is less than half the size of the branchial and is marked off from it by a feebly developed ridge of the mantle. The supra- anal is of the same size or a little larger than the mantle connec- tion between it and the anal. The glochidia * are semi-circular or semi-elliptic. | Nautilus, XXIII, pp. 130-142 (1910) and XXIV, pp. 103-108 (1911). 2 Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, pp. 222-365 (1011-12). » lec. Ind. Mus., XV, pp. 145-146 (1918), may be consulted for details. 1g1g.| B. PrasHaD: The Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. 293 Lamellidens, Simpson. The animal (fig. 4) may be described as follows :—The gills are much broader in the posterior than in the anterior half of their length, and the inner pair is broader than the outer through- out. The inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills are attached to the abdominal mass along more than half of their length anteriorly, and posteriorly they are united with one another to form the diaphragm. Only the outer pair of gills are marsu- pial,’ the entire length of the gills being filled up with glochidia and the margin of the gills remaining sharp even when they are quite full of glochidia. The water-tubes are simple, and the placentulae are flat elliptic plates, thick and broad above, thin and tapering below. The palpi are rhomboidal with the angles rounded, and are attached along one of the longer sides. The margin of the mantle is entire and slightly thickened beyond the pallial con- Trext-FiG. 4.—Animal of Lamellidens marginalis, reference lettering same as in fig. 1. nection. The foot, which is elongate, is not very large. ‘The branchial aperture is comparatively large with two to three rows of well-developed pointed papillae, and is of a brownish colour. The anal is very much smalier than the branchial and has a row of small papillae along the margin. In continuation of the attach- ment of the diaphragm to the mantle of each side is a feebly developed ridge separating the branchial from the anal aperture. The supra-anal is a little larger than the anal and of about the same size as the mantle connection between the two apertures. The glochidia are semi-elliptic in outline. ! For further details about the marsupium and glochidia see p. 145 of my second paper (Rec. Ind. Vus., XV). Unfortunately there is a typographical error in the statement about the margins of the gills, which reads ‘ sharp and distended 4 instead ‘ of sharp and not distended.’ 204 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Physunio, Simpson. Ghosh (loc. cit., p. 112) has described the gills of the animals of two species of this genus, but the structures are variable. The animal (fig. 5) may be described as follows :—The gills are much broader in the anterior than the posterior half and the outer pair is much smaller in breadth than the inner, so that the latter projects below it ali along. The attachments of the gills are similar to those in Parreyssia and Lamellidens, except that the portion of the inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills, which is attached to the abdominal sac, is much less than half their length. Only a portion of the outer pair of gills is marsupial, a small anterior and a much larger posterior portion of them remaining unmodified for res- piratory purposes; the marsupial part is formed by 11-17 simple water-tubes. The free margin of the marsupial part of the gills in this genus also remains sharp.'! The outlines of the placentulae oF Sa. Text-FIG. 5.—Animal of Physunio ferrugineus, reference lettering same as in fig. I, cannot be definitely described, as the glochidial membranes are very loosely attached to one another and a compact structure is not formed. ‘he palpi are triangular with the apex rounded and attached by a broad base. The margin of the mantle is feebly thickened and is entire. ‘The foot is comparatively small in pre- served specimens, though it is an important organ for burrowing in the mud.2 Dr. Annandale tells me that it is capable in life of considerable expansion. ‘The branchial aperture is about one and a half times as large as the anal, and its margin has three rows of elongated tubercles. The mantle ridge separating the branchial from the anal aperture is well developed, but small, owing to the diaphragm extending to very near the margin. The mantle con- ! Detailed description of the marsupium, etc., is given in my paper Rec. /id. Mus., XIV, pp. 183-185 (1918). 2 See Annandale, Rec. /nd. Mus., XIV, p. 141 (1918). To1g.] B. PRAsHAD: The Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. 295 nection between the anal and supra-anal is of about the same size as the anal and the supra-anal also is not much larger. The glochidia are semi-circular. Pseudodon (Pseudodon), Gould. Deshayes and Julien! published a fairly good figure of the animal of P. morelett, Crosse and Fischer, but gave no description ; the figure also, owing to its being drawn from the lower surface, does not show some important details. Simpson from this figure described (loc. cit., p. 834) the animal as follows: ‘‘ Animal having the branchiae wide and rounded behind, becoming narrow in front; palpi enormously long, apparently slender, pointed behind where they project free for some distance, mantle thin with slightly thickened border, faintly papillose behind, there seeming to be but little distinction between anal and branchial openings ; anal opening apparently smooth.” Unfortunately no more in- TrExt-ric. 6.—Animal of Pseuwdodon saluventanus, reference lettering same as in fig. I. formation can be got from Deshayes and Julien’s figure and such im- portant points as the presence or absence of a supra-anal, the mantle connection between the anal and supra-anal and even the distinction between the anal and branchial apertures cannot be made out. Simpson placed P. moreleti in the section Pseudodon, but the animal of P. salventanus described below differs materially from that of the other known species of this section, and as P. salvenianus is the type-species of the section Pseudodon, it seems that the whole grouping requires revision. In Simpson’s classification the genus is included amongst the Endobranchiae, but the marsupium in P. salvenianus, at any rate, is formed by all the four gills and hence it should be included amongst the Exobranchiae, Homogenae. In Ortmann’s classifica- tion it will be included in the family Unionidae and the sub-family Unioninae. | Nouv. Arch. du Mus., X, pl. v, fig. 3 (1874). 296 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor XVI, rgr9.] The following description of the animal (fig. 6) is based on a few small spirit specimens in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, collected by Dr. A. R S. Anderson in the year 1808 at Ve-Bu, Tenasserim, Burma. The gills are rather broad; the inner pair being all along broader than the outer, more so in the anterior half than in the posterior. The inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills are attached to the abdominal sac along the anterior third only; posteriorly they are united with one another to form an elongated diaphragm extending to very nearly the margin of the mantle. The marsu- pium is formed by all the four gills, which have a sharp free margin. The water-tubes are simple and the placentae elliptical. The triangular palpi are not very large. The free margin of the mantle is entire and only slightly thickened. The foot is compara- tively small. The branchial opening is large with well developed papillae. The anal aperture, owing to the absence of a mantle connection, is fexr-riG. 7.—Glochidium of — yery large and extends to the point Pseudodon salvenianus, X75: “nena JEae supra-anal Sula be; ie is papillose only in the lower one-fourth of its extent. The ridge of the mantle separating the branchial from the anal is very small and poorly developed. The glochidia (fig. 7) are sub-circular, measuring ‘Ig mm. X ‘18 mm. SYNOPTIC TABLE FOR THE VARIOUS GENERA. . No supra-anal aperture ron ... Pseudodon. a A distinct supra-anal separated from ‘the anal by a mantle connection 1. Marsupium formed by all the four gills. e a. Gills 8-10 times as long as broad = ... Balwantia. b. orn not more than 5 times as long as broad. . Inner pair of gills much broader than outer through- out their length Indonaia |, 2. Inner pair of gills nearly as broad as the outer except in the anterior part .. > Parveyssiae Il. Marsupium formed by the outer pair ‘of gills only. a. Entire length of the outer pair of gills marsupial Lamellidens. b. Gills modified for marsupial function only near the middle. of the outer pair... = a8 ... Physunio, ! See also Ortmann, Nautilus, XXXI, pp. 128-131 gies. I have been able to consult all original papers by Ortmann since this paper was sent to press. a a ae ae ees en a 8 < -ON- THE OCCURRENCE One Sv iM = METRICAL SPECIES OF EPESPHEN US (PASSALID COLEOPTERA) IN ANNAM. By F. H. Gravetry, D.Sc., Asst. Supdt., Zoological Survey of Inata. Of the four species of Episphenus already described, E. mooret is symmetrical and appears to be confined to Ceylon, where it is not very abundant. E. comptonz is slightly asymmetrical and is much more abundant in Ceylon, to which island it also appears to be confined. E. neelgherriensis and E. indicus are more markedly asymmetrical, and appear to be confined to the Indian Peninsula, where both are abundant. In Annam, as in other parts of tropi- cal Continental Asia, east of the Gangetic delta, Episphenus is replaced by the allied genera Ophrygonius and Aceratus, in whose most highly specialized forms asymmetry is even more pro- Head of Episphenus annamensis ( X 4). nounced. ‘The occurrence of a symmetrical species of Episphenus in Annam is therefore somewhat remarkable. An almost sym- metrical species of Ophrygonius has, it is true, recently been des- cribed! from Tonkin, but the hair on the sides of its elytra and its horizontally divided left anterior lower tooth, as well as traces of asymmetry, clearly show that it has been derived from one of the highly asymmetrical species transitional between the more typical species of Ophrygonius and the genus Aceraius, and not from a primtive symmetrical species like Episphenus moore: and the species which I have now to describe. Episphenus annamensis, n. sp. Four specimens collected by Mr. C. Boden Kloss in Southern Annam in 1918, and presented by him to the Indian Museum. Length 33-37 mm. | O. aequalis, Mem, Ind. Mus. VII, 1918, p.88, fig. xi (1). 298 Records of the Indian Museum. |Vou. XVI, 1919. ] This species differs from E. moorez, the only other symmetrical species of the genus known, in having six instead of five well- developed antennal lamellae, all somewhat short and stout. The cephalic ridges between and in front of the frontal tubercles are absent. The frontal tubercles are situated as in Episphenus, not as in Tiberiodes (also symmetrical) from Assam and adjoining the hills. The central tubercle is more strongly elevated than in FE. moorez, with shorter parietal ridges. The punctures and hair on the lower surface of the prothorax are very feebly developed. The large punctures on the posterior intermediate areas of the metasternum are somewhat shallower than in E. moorei, and the puncturing of the grooves on the elytra is less coarse. ROD S.C REP TIONS LOR DP WO oN Wees be CIES On] TE RA ERO Me ShaesiAeNe Aol aby Nagel 1B Re SAG By E. BRUNETTI. In a small collection of Diptera made in Seistan by Dr. N. Annandale and Mr.5. W. Kemp in November and December, Ig18, there are two undescribed species of which the material justifies the publication of diagnoses. These two species are here described at the request of Dr. Annandale, in order that he may refer to them in a forthcoming report on the aquatic fauna of Seistan. Family SYRPHIDAE. (?) Didea annandalei, sp. nov. Seistan, E. Persia. Long. 8 mm. Almost intermediate between Didea and Syrphus. Head. Fronsand face bright chrome yellow; former with short stiff black pubescence, latter with softer pale yellow hairs; antennae orange, upper side brownish ; arista orange ; mouth border brown- ish. Eyes quite bare; occiput black, entire margin with fringe of whitish hairs ; vertex with stiff black hairs ; ocelli ruby red. Thorax shining black; dorsum without trace of median grey stripes on anterior margin, wholly with quite whitish pubescence ; side margins distinctly yellowish ; pleurae mainly shining black, with whitish pubescence: mesopleura aeneous with yellowish pubescence. Scutellum wholly rather dull yellow with all yellow- ish pubescence. Abdomen with yellow spots as in D. fasciata, Macq., except that the fifth segment is wholly orange yellow except at middle of base. Belly yellowish ; an indistinct black mark about middle of each segment. Legs, except the black coxae, wholly yellow. Wings with 3rd longitudinal vein barely dipped. Described from a single ” from Nasratabad, Consulate Gar- den, Seistan. The specimen is in the collection of the Indian Museum. The present specimen possesses two out of the three charac- ters which may be regarded as typical of Didea, namely the general facies due to the shape and size of the abdominal spots, and the ridged edge to the abdomen, but it lacks the third and equally important character of the considerably dipped third vein, 300 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI, as in annandalet it is barely as much dipped as in Syrphus annu- lipes, Zett. of Europe. This latter species has hairy eyes. Didea is supposed to have almost but not quite bare eyes, and wholly black antennae, both characters appearing to me weak as generic ones. The present species differs from fasciata by the nearly wholly orange fifth abdominal segment, the entirely yellow legs (excepting the coxae), the absence of greyish stripes on the thoracic dorsum and by its yellowish side margins, the whitish pu- bescence on the thorax and pale yellowish on the scutellum. Family EPHYDRIDAE. Halmopota viridescens, sp. nov. Seistan, E. Persia. Long. about 3+ mm. Head broad, transverse, a little broader than thorax. Frons and face extremely broad, occupying, seen from the front, fully three fifths of the head; frons very flattened, face strongly projecting, seen from above almost semicircular; cheeks broad, forming a conspicuous hind angle to lower part of head in profile ; the whole head sharply cut off horizontally at the mouth border. Proboscis with large labella, appearing like a large lower lip, the whole mouth exceedingly frog-like. Eyes comparatively small, bare. Frons greenish-grey, shining ; ocellar triangle barely elevated, yellowish, with a weak upper pair of erect bristles and a much stronger lower, proclinate pair. Vertical bristles long and strong, inner pair con- vergent, outer pair divergent; post vertical bristles absent. Three pairs of strong fronto-orbital bristles, placed near eye-mar- gins, with a weaker bristle above the Ist and between Ist and 2nd (making five in all) nearly equidistant. A linear depression on frons and face near eye-margins, making the eyes appear a trifle bulging. Antennae short, ash grey; Ist joint very short, 2nd thick, bluntly triangular, 3rd as long as 2nd, bluntly conical ; arista bare, moderately long, black, distinctly plumose on upper side only. . Face ash grey, with a row of distinct bristles from side to side, a little below eyes and antennae, following the curvature of these organs ; a second row of similar bristles, though longer ones, on mouth border, dwindling in point of size towards sides. Entire face with minute black stiff hairs; a slight greenish-grey tinge to extreme upper part of face immediately below antennae. Proboscis and labella brownish-grey ; occiput grey with short pale pubescence. Thorax subquadrate, a trifle longer than broad, moderately arched, greenish-grey, a little shining, with whitish dust. Five pairs of dorso-central bristles, long and strong; two humeral {perhaps three) of unequal size; two notopleural; apparently three supra-alar. A perpendicular row of stiff hairs, directed backwards, on hind margin of mesopleura. Scutellum with one bristle towards middle of side margin and one long apical one. Abdomen greenish-grev with short stiff black pubescence. Igt9Q.] E. BRUNETTI: New Diptera from Setstan. 301 Legs. Coxae and femora black, grey dusted; tips of latter narrowly, and remainder of legs brownish-orange ; stiff black hairs on tarsi. Pubescence of legs black, meagre. Wings greyish, a little yellowish at base; halteres dull orange. Described from 3 specimens, apparently ~ @ (two in indiffer- ent condition), taken on the surface of a watercourse, Chilling, Seistan, 20-xii-18 (Annandale and Kemp). These specimens are in the collection of the Indian Museum. The present species does not quite fulfil the generic characters of Halmopota, owing to the presence of the row of very conspicuous bristles directed downwards from the lower edge of the mouth border, and which Becker distinctly states should not be present. There is also no prominent bristle on each side of the face near the lower angle of the eye. Apart from these points viridescens agrees remarkably closely with Becker’s figure of the head in profile.! Specifically the present species differs from the European salinarum, Bouche, by the greenish (not velvet black) frons and abdomen and also by the blackish (not reddish) femora. From the only other known species, mediterranea, Lw., it principally differs (in addition to the above two characters) by the third and fourth veins not being convergent towards the tip. It is rather smaller than both the known species. 1 Berl. Ent. Zeits. XLI, pl. v, 4 (1806). a MIS CERULAN BA, BATRACHIA., The tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus pygmaeus and Txalus variabilis: a correction. In a recent number of the “‘ Records of the Indian Museum ”’ (Vol. XV, p. 21, pl. 1, figs. 5, 5a) I described and figured a tadpole which I believed to be that of Nyctbatrachus pygmaeus. I was, however, led astray by a break in my series of specimens, and while the young frog to which I referred was undoubtedly a Nyctibat- rachus, those tadpoles in which the characteristic structure of the mouth remained were larvae of Jxalus variabilis. I have been able to substantiate this fact by a recent examination of a large num- ber of fresh specimens in the Nilgiri Hills. The posterior part of the tail in this tadpole is often quite black, while the anterior part is dull yellow more or less spotted with black. The colouration is, however, variable. The larva of Ixalus variabilis is the commonest Ranid tadpole in hill-streams round Coonoor and Kotagiri in April. The true tadpole of Nyctibatrachus, of which I have now ob- tained specimens, is, curiously enough, very like that of Rana semtpalmata (op. cit., p. 20), which it resembles in having no horny teeth on its mouth-disk. J am sending my specimens, with those of a number of other species, to Dr. G. A. Boulenger for description, having been forced by stress of other work to give up all herpeto- logical studies for the present. N. ANNANDALE. Pete MO ro. -ON CRUSTACEA pie AO 1) A WN IEE TN DAN: MUS BU Me XII. SCOPIMERINAE. By STanLEy Kemp, B.A., Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. Plates, XiIt. This subfamily of Ocypodidae comprises a number of very small crabs found on the sea shore or in estuaries and backwaters. Four genera have hitherto been recognised :—Scopimera, de Haan, Dotilla, Stimpson (= Doto, de Haan), Ilyoplax, Stimpson and Tym- panomerus, Rathbun (= Dioxtppe, de Man). A fifth is here described under the name Dottllopsis. The range of the subfamily extends from the southern and western coasts of Africa and the Red Sea to the Banda Sea, the Philippine Is. and Japan. Its headquarters appear to be on the Indian coasts on which all the genera except the problematical Ilyoplax occur. Including the new forms here described thirty species of Scopimerinae are now known: of these I have seen twenty-one. Eighteen species are known from the Indian coasts and of these T have seen all but one and the types or paratypes of thirteen. The Scopimerine crabs are of small size as compared with the Ocypodinae. ‘They are all littoral or estuarine and strictly amphi- bious in habits. Unlike Ocypoda the coastal species live only in sheltered bays on the shores of which surf never breaks. The species of Dotilla and Scopimera burrow in damp sand between tide-marks and different forms are as a rule restricted to different levels on the beach. For example, both in Mormugao Bay on the west coast of India and at Tuticorin on the south-east coast Scop- imera proxima and Dotilla myctirotdes occur, the former inhabiting the zone near high-water mark, while the latter is to be found near low-water mark. Tympanomerus burrows in rather stiff clay or muddy sand, while Dotillopsis affects estuarine mud of the softest consistency. All the species construct small oblique burrows, from which they remove the sand or mud in little pellets. This is done as often as the tide sinks and exposes the area in which they are living. In nearly all cases the pellets are disposed with some care, in such a way that one or more pathways are left clear on the surface round the mouth of the burrow. The pathways themselves are smoothed and apparently hollowed out by the crab. The 306 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, arrangement of the pellets gives the burrow a very characteristic appearance, enabling it to be distinguished at a glance from that of young Ocypoda and other forms of similar habits. The crabs are gregarious and sometimes occur in very large numbers. Beaches occupied by them can occasionally be recognised at a considerable distance by their freshly raked surface. Little is known as to what occurs in these communities at high tide, but as they are very seldom obtained in nets hauled on suitable ground near the shore it is probable that they remain in their burrows. When the tide is out they may often be seen sitting at the mouths of the burrows or in the pathways leading to them, but seldom if ever wander further afield. Each crab or pair of crabs keeps rigidly to its burrow. The habits of the Indian species of Dottllopsis seem to be somewhat different from those of the other genera because the mud in which it burrows is too soft to retain a definite impression. It is often impossible to distinguish its holes, though it appears to excavate them in the same way. The dense tomentum on the walking legs in this genus and in certain species of Tympanomerus is probably an adaptation to life on muddy ground. Most of the species of Dotilla and Scopimera live on the sea- shore. A few make their way into backwaters, where the water is brackish or of very variable salinity, but the environment in such situations is as a rule unfavourable. ‘The crabs usually fail to reach their normal size, and in species in which there are marked structural differences between the sexes, the males seem unable to attain their full development. Most species of Tympanomerus are found in estuaries, often near or even beyond the extreme limit of tidal influence. Both species of Dotillopsis are essentially estuarine, but the Indian form has been found in a small backwater near the open sea as well as a considerable way up the Gangetic delta. No species has been found at any great distance from the coast, but T deschampsi and I. stapletom are able to live on the banks of large rivers at places wheie the water is always fresh. T. stapletont is said to have destroyed a dynasty of kings in Eastern Bengal by burrowing through the embankments their people had constructed and so letting brackish water in to the rice-fields. In examining the Indian species of Scopimerinae I have met with instances of dimorphic forms in the female as well as in the male sex. In Dotilla intermedia two perfectly distinct types of adult male exist which differ conspicuously in the structure of the first segment of the abdominal sternum and chela and in the form of the copulatory appendage. Scopimera proxima presents still more interesting features, for it exhibits dimorphism of the female— a phenomenon not, I think, hitherto noticed in Decapod Crustacea. The dimorphism in this instance is to be found in the form of the abdomen and is very peculiar in that the scarcer and more aberrant form of female has characters approximating closely to those of the male. The remarkable point is that in this form the sides of IQ1Q. | S. Kemp: Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 307 the abdomen are constricted as in the other sex. We have thus a female possessing a male character that can hardly be called secondary, for it can be demonstrated without difficulty that the purpose of the constriction in the male abdomen is that of per- mitting the copulatory appendages to remain exserted, while the abdomen is folded against the carapace. This paper was almost completed before I became acquainted with Dr. Tesch’s report on the Catometope crabs obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, published in 1918. In this report (pp. 40 e¢ seq.) willbe found a summary of the characters of the genera and species of the Scopimerinae and full descriptions of certain forms. My own work thus to a great extent covers the same ground as that traversed by Tesch, but there are considerable differences in our treatment, and, apart from the new species I have to intro- duce, an independent consideration of the subfamily will, I believe, have its uses. Tesch gives to the subfamily the name Mictyrinae and includes in it Latreille’s Mictyris, usually placed in a separate family. This view is not supported by any discussion and, having examined both the species belonging to Latreille’s genus, I am unable to give my adherence to it. Mictyris differs from the members of all other Catometope families in a number of very important features. Apart from the absence of defined orbits and the extraordinary disposition of the third maxillipeds, the mouth-parts differ widely from those of all genera of Ocypodidae with which I am acquainted, while in the possession of an unpaired accessory branchial orifice at the extreme posterior end of the carapace the genus is unique among Decapoda.! 1 In nearly all Brachyrhynchous crabs water is normally drawn into the branchial chamber through an aperture at the base of the chelipeds and is ex- pelled through the buccal cavern between the endostome and the distal ends of the outer maxillipeds. In Mictyris and in certain Ocypodid genera, all of which are amphibious in habit, accessory passages to the branchial cavity are to be found, The external orifices of these passages are rendered conspicuous by reason of a thick fringe of short hairs which doubtless serves to prevent the intrusion of particles of sand. ; In Ocypoda and Gelasimus the orifice of the passage takes the form of a hairy-edged pouch situated between the bases of the 2nd and 3rd walking legs. From this pouch a channel passes upwards to the branchial cavity either through a gap between the upturned margins of the coxae (very conspicuous in QO. ceratophthalma) or through an aperture behind their fused edges. In Heloecius similar pouches exist between both the rst and 2nd and between the 2nd and 3rd walking legs. Of Scopimerine genera Scopimera possesses an accessory branchial passage with the orifice placed between the bases of the ist and 2nd legs, and similar passages also exist in certain species of Tympanomerus, the orifices being found between the bases of the rst and 2nd, 2nd and 3rd and (sometimes) the 3rd and 4th walking legs. The unusual structure of the branchial opening at the base of the chelipeds in Mictyris has been described by Alcock, who does not, however, refer to the accessory passage also found in this genus. The orifice of this passage differs from that of all the Ocypodid genera referred to above in being unpaired. It is situated at the extreme hinder end of the animal and is bounded dorsally by the short posterior margin of the carapace and ventrally by a strong transverse ridge on the first abdominal segment, both upper and lower borders being heavily 308 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, I am of the opinion that the resemblances between Mictyris and the Scopimerinae are convergent rather than genetic and I cannot believe that the two have had a common origin distinct from that of the Ocypodinae and Macrophthalminae. Apart from the position of Mzictyris I differ from Dr. Tesch on a number of points of lesser importance.! With more material before me than was at his disposal I believe that I have been able to discover generic characters of more constant value than those utilised by him on p. 41 of his report. In the possession of tympana, curious membranous areas found on the meral segments of the legs and sometimes on the thoracic sterna, the Scopimerinae differ from all other Decapoda ; in some of the genera, however, they are ill-defined and in certain species of Tympanomerus they are altogether absent. The sub- family may be distinguished from the Ocypodinae by the presence Aap ener, 1 Endopod of second maxilliped. a. Scopimera globosa, de Haan. b. Tympanomerus gangeticus, sp. nov. of a fully formed pleurobranch above the base of the second walking legs and from the Macrophthalminae by the more oblique position and rudimentary character of the antennules and by the greater breadth of the interantennular septum. fringed with short hairs. From the slit-like opening thus formed a narrow channel passes forwards on either side to the branchial cavity, On placing a living specimen of Gelasimus acutus in a bowl of water and introducing a little coloured fluid at the base of the chelipeds I found that the fluid was immediately drawn in and expelled in the ordinary way through the upper part of the buccal cavern. I failed, however, to demonstrate that the accessory openings were similarly used in submerged individuals, even though an attempt was made to inject the fluid into the pouch, and think it probable that they are employed only for taking in air. The presence of the fringe of hairs suggests that they are inhalent rather than exhalent. | For instance I regard Dotilla sigillorum as a species of Scopimera, D. clepsydrodactylus as a synonym of D. ¢tntermedia and Cleistostoma lingulatum as a species of Tympanomerus. 1919. ] S. Kemp: Noles on Crustacea Decapoda. 309 In recent years a large number of specimens of Scopimerinae have been added to the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Weare indebted to Lt.-Col. C. R. Stevens, I.M.S., for a most valuable series from Karachi, comprising examples of several new and scarce forms. Lt.-Col. H. J. Walton, I.M.S., has contributed further specimens of Dofttlla blanfordi, hitherto known only from the types, and Mr. J. Hornell, a small but interesting collection from Tuticorin. I have to thank Dr. F. H. Gravely for a very long series of Dotilla intermedia from the Orissa coast, material which has enabled me to demonstrate the existence of dimorphism among the males. Dr. J. G. de Man has kindly sent me examples of Tympanomerus pustllus, Dr. Nakazawa and Dr. Bruno Parisi specimens of Scopimera globosa. Excluding I/yoplax, which cannot be recognised with certainty until the type species has been rediscovered, the genera of Scopi- merinae may be distinguished by the following characters :— I. Penultimate segment of 2nd maxilliped greatly ex- panded, with ultimate segment applied to it laterally as a narrow strip (text-fig. Ia). A. Aconspicuous brush of hairs, indicating the posi- tion of the accessory branchial orifice, between bases of ist and 2nd walking legs; 4th segment of abdomen not overlapping sth, nor with a brush of hair at its distal end ; abdomen of male with 4th or 5th segments constricted, the 5th occa- sionally linear. [Lateral walls of carapace usually without conspicuous sculpture. | .. Scoptmera, p. 310. B. No brush of hairs between bases of walking legs; 4th segment of abdomen ov erlapping 5th and witha thick brush of hair at its distal end in both sexes ; abdomen of male not constricted. [Lateral walls of carapace with deep convolute sculpture’ ... .. Dotilla, p II. Penultimate segment of 2nd maxilliped not expande ed, with ultimate segment attached terminally (text-fig. 1b). [4th segment of abdomen not overlapping sth, “gt with a brush of hair at its distal end.} . Lateral walls of carapace with deep convolute sculpture; upper surface strongly sculptured ; 4th segment of abdomen of male remarkably expanded, nearly 3 times as broad as fifth ... Dotzllopsis, p. 334. B. Upper surface and lateral walls of carapace not conspicuously sculptured ; 4th segment of abdo- men of male not remarkably expanded though it may be broader than 5th ae ... Tympanomerus, to 4. o>) The tympana are well-defined and usually conspicuous in Scopimera and Dotilla, ill-defined in Dottllopsis and ill-defined or absent in Tympanomerus. The merus of the third maxilliped is longer than the ischium in Dotilla and Dotillopsis and longer than or equal to the ischium in Tympanomerus ; in some but not all the species of Scopimera the ischium is longer than the merus. A dense tomentum is found on the first three walking legs in Dotillopsis and similar but less extensive patches of hair are found in certain species of Tympanomerus. 310 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL.. xVi5 The genera exhibit rather complex inter-relations. In the form of the abdomen and in the possession of hairy-edged pouches indicating openings into the branchial cavity Scopimera is related to Tympanomerus, while Dotilla and Dottllopsts agree in the deep sculpture of the upper surface and side-walls of the carapace. On the other hand Scopimera and Dotilla resemble each other and differ widely from Doftillopsis and Tympanomerus in the structure of the ultimate segments of the second maxilliped. The genus Ilyoplax, which was described in 1858,! is based on a single species, J. tenella, ‘‘ found at Whampoa, China, along the banks of the Canton River (brackish water), living in holes in the mud, exposed at low water.’’ The fact that the meral segments of the legs possess tympana indicates that the genus must be referred to the Scopimerinae. Stimpson compares it with Macrophihalmus and remarks that it forms “‘ a connecting link between the Macro- phthalmidae and the Dotillidae.’’ Tomy mind it is unquestionably a very close ally of Tympanomerus and I strongly suspect that it will prove to be synonymous with that genus. This, however, cannot be accurately determined until J. tenella has been re- discovered, Genus Scopimera, de Haan. 1833. Ocypode, subgen. Scopimera, de Haan, in Siebold’s Faun. Fapon., Crust., pp. 5, 24 1852. Scopimera, Milne- aaa Ann. Seis nat., - Zool., @) svi Pe hase 1g00. Scopimera, Alcock, Fourn. Astat. Soc. Bengal EIS 9300: 1918. Scopimera, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’ Exped. 1, pp. 41, 45. The species may be distinguished by the following charac- ENS) 1. Ischium of third maxillipeds longer than merus. A. Mid-dorsal surface of carapace with large symmetri- cal puckers or vesicles; chela with strong carina near inferior border; last three segments of abdomen of male racket-shaped, the 5th linear, very much nar- rower than 6th or 7th a .. S. crabricauda. B. Mid-dorsal surface of carapace not conspicuously puc - kered ; chela with inferior border rounded; 5th seg- ment of abdomen of male not linear, little if at all narrower than 6th and 7th. 1. Tympana on meral segments of walking legs not divided by a ridge. a. Lateral border of carapace defined by a crest throughout its length; upper surface strongly granular; chelipeds of adult male little more than twice length of carapace .. S. globosa. b. Lateral border of carapace defined by a crest only in its anterior half; upper surface feebly granular; chelipeds of adult male usually quite three times length of carapace, on a Pebula. 2. Tympana on meral segments of walking legs (except for that on upper surface of last leg) divided longitudinally ey a narrow et 1 Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia X, p. 98 (1858), and Smithson. Misc. Coll. XLIX, p. 100 (1907). 1919. | S. Kempe: Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. CLE a. Antero-lateral portions of carapace much in- flated and separated by an abrupt declivity from outer orbital angles; 4th segment of male abdomen anteriorly emarginate, not constricted, 5th longitudinally channelled; abdomen of female with convex lateral margins .. S. investigatoris. b. Antero-lateral portions of carapace not greatly inflated, sloping gently to outer orbital angles ; 4th segment of male abdomen much constricted anteriorly, 5th not channelled; abdomen of female with concave lateral margins 2S: PrOxUma; Il. Ischium of third maxillipeds shorter than merus. [Chela with strong carina or row of granules near inferior border. | A, Ischium and merus of outer maxilliped studded with coarse tubercles. [Merus about twice as long as ischium ; carpus of male cheliped without tooth at inner angle. | S. kocht. B. Ischium and merus of outer maxilliped smooth, or nearly so. 1. Upper surface of carapace sculptured ; merus of third maxilliped three times as long as ischium ; carpus of male cheliped ?... = = », Upper surface of carapace without evident sculp- ture; merus of third maxilliped only a little longer than ischium; carpus of male cheliped with a tooth at inner angle . .. S. inflata. S. sigillorum. The species fall into four groups. Firstly the very highly specialized S. crabricauda which differs widely in the form of the male abdomen from any other species of the genus. Secondly S. globosa and S. pilula which are normal forms. Thirdly S. investigatoris and S. proxima, allied to the foregoing but distin- guished by the presence of a ridge which bisects the tympana on the walking legs, and fourthly S. kochi, S. sigillorum and S. inflata which, though true Scopimeras, show athnity with Dofilla in the proportions of the merus and ischium of the third maxillipeds and in the presence of a certain amount of sculpture on the lateral walls of the carapace. The brush of hairs between the bases of the first and second walking legs is very conspicuous in all the species of the genus that I have seen. A similar character is sometimes found in Tympanomerus, but occurs between the bases of other legs as_ well and is always much less easily detected. S. crabricauda, S. pilula, S. investigatoris and S. proxima are Indian species. Scopimera crabricauda, Alcock. 1900. Scopimera crabricauda, Alcock, Fourn. Asiat. Soc .Bengal LXIX, p. 370, and /llustr. Zool. R.J.M.S. * Investigator,’ Crust., pl. 1xiii, figs. 5, 5a, 50. In addition to the particulars given by Alcock it may be noted that in both sexes on the inner face of the chela there is a large blunt ridge, dorsally convex, extending from the base of the fixed finger to the carpal articulation. There are three finely serrate carinae on the fixed finger; the outer and inner reach only a short 312 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, distance on to the palm, but the median traverses its whole length, running externally a little above the lower border. Two additional males of this scarce species, recently obtained by Lieut.-Col C. R. Stevens, I.M.S., are considerably smaller than the large male examined by Alcock; the carapace of the larger is only 5 mm. in length and 8°3 mm. in greatest breadth. 1183 Karachi. A. O. Hume and Two. TyYPEs. F. Day. 9849 Karachi. C. R. Stevens. Two. Only these four specimens are known. Scopimera globosa, de Haan. Plate Sid shies 22: 1835. Ocypode (Scopimera) globosa, de Haan, in Siebold’s Faun. Fapon., CKUSE., Pa 53) Pleemiliasn Sera Oo: 1852. Scopimera globosa, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. nat., Zool. (3) XVIII, P- 153: 1858. Scopimera tuberculata, Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Sct. Philadelphia X, p- 98. 1894. Scopimera globosa, Ortmann, Zool. Fahrb., Syst., VU, p. 747. 1898. Scopimera globosa, Woelbel, in Wiss. Evgebn. Reise Grafen Béla, Széchenyt tn Ostasten, p. 572. 1902. Scopimera globosa, Doflein, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. XXI, p. 668. 1907. Scopimera tuberculata, Stimpson, Smiths. Misc. Coll. XLIX, p. 102. 1918. Scopimera globosa, Tesch, Decap. Brachyur. ‘ Siboga’ Exped. 1, p. 46, plea ig: 1918. Scopimera globosa, Parisi, Atti: Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. LVII, p. 97, text- fio, 2) The carapace is more than one and a half times as broad as long and its depth is slightly greater than its length. The upper surface is widest posteriorly, but the lateral walls slope outwards as well as downwards, the widest point being between the bases of the second pair of walking legs. The distance between the outer orbital angles is a little greater than the length. The upper surface is covered with a ve.y regular microscopic pitting, which gives it a dull appearance, and bears numerous smooth and shiny tubercles. The tubercles are most distinct on the lateral parts of the upper surface and on the branchial regions they tend to form transverse and oblique rugae; above the base of the last leg there is a clearly marked curved and serrulate ridge. On either side of the gastric region there is a conspicuous indenta- tion from which shallow puckers or grooves radiate forwards, out- wards and backwards. ‘The gastric and cardiac regions are partially separated from one another by a very inconspicuous transverse furrow ; their lateral boundaries are sharply defined. The front is bluntly pointed and narrow, its breadth between the bases of the eyestalks being little more than a filth the extra- orbital width. The edges of the front are raised and on each side there is a low granular ridge which curves inwards proximally, the 1919. | S. Kemp: Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 313 two almost meeting between the bases of the eyestalks. The central portion is depressed and smooth with a low longitudinal ridge or elevation. The orbits have a strong dorsal inclination, the greater part of the cavity being visible in dorsal view. The upper border is sinuous and slopes obliquely backwards; it has a smooth raised tim and terminates in a blunt extra-orbital tooth. ‘The lower border is sharply denticulate and strongly curved. On the floor of the orbit there is a fine beaded ridge which runs outwards from the base of the eyestalks and meets the lower border in the outer third of its length. The lateral margin of the carapace is defined as a sharp crest extending from the orbital tooth to the base of the last legs). ites finely crenulate throughout and fringed with short setae. Both above and below the crest there is a smooth longitudinal groove. The side-walls of the carapace are finely granular and setose. The endostomial margin almost touches the basal segments of the antennules and antennae, the epistome consisting merely of a median triangular plate bearing a sharp transverse catina. ‘The expanded penultimate segment of the second maxilliped (text--fig. Ia, p. 308) is not covered with long hairs as in S. pilula. The third maxillipeds bulge strongly. The ischium is longer than the merus and its breadth is a little greater than its length. The merus is nearly twice as broad as long and the suture between it and the ischium is decidedly oblique. ‘The ischium is smooth except for some obscure granules postero-externally’ and for a raised line fringed with setae near the antero-lateral angle. There is a deep groove on the merus near its lateral border and on the inner side of the groove some low granules. A short blunt ridge runs to the articulation of the carpus. Antero-internally the surface of the merus is smooth and concave, with the margin reflected upwards. The chelipeds of the male, if straightened, would be rather more than twice the length of the carapace. The merus has a tympanum on its outer side, in breadth about half that of the seg- ment, and another, larger and less well defined on its inner surface ; except for the tympana the segment is closely granular. ‘The carpus is also granular and its upper surface is less than twice as long as broad in males. The three edges of the merus and the inner and outer edges of the carpus are rounded, not crested as in S. pilula. The chela is a little longer than the carapace and is nearly three times as long as high; its height near the carpal articulation is fully three quarters its greatest height. Both upper and lower borders of the palm are rounded and the entire surface, both within and without, is closely covered with squamiform granulation. The fingers are longer than the upper border of the palm, but shorter than its total length ; each is glabrous with four longitudinal, finely serrate carinae. Except near the tip the prehensile edges of the fingers bear small teeth, a group on the dactylus a little behind its middle point being rather larger than the others. 314 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOLS eva, The first and second walking legs are nearly three times the length of the carapace; the fourth pair is little more than two- thirds their length. The meri are expanded and bear very large tympana on both upper and lower surfaces. The dactyli in all four pairs are dorsally flattened ; in the first three pairs they are a little longer than, in the last pair nearly one and a half times as long as the propodus. Except for the dactyli all the segments of the walking legs are finely granular and bear long scattered black bristles. In the abdomen of the male (text-fig. 2) the first three segments are short and broad. The fourth and fifth segments, taken together, are about as long as broad at base; in their proximal half they are deeply constricted, the least breadth being about half the length of the two combined. The suture between the fourth and fifth ¢as segments is deficient, not meeting the TExt-riG. 2.—Scopimera lateral margin on either side; it may be globosa, de Haan. seen as a fine, anteriorly concave. groove Abdomen of male. crossing the narrowest part of the constric- tion. The sixth and seventh segments are each broader than long, The carapace of a large male is about 8°7 mm. in length and I4 mm. in greatest breadth. I have not examined any females. I agree with Koelbel that Stimpson’s S. tuberculata is synony- mous with S. globosa. Miiller’s record from ‘Trincomali' is almost certainly erroneous and probably refers to S. pilula. °7§+ Kisarazu, Tokyo K. Nakazawa. Four. Bay. 2519 Yokohama. Mus. Milano (B. Parisi). Five. De Haan gives no precise locality for the specimens he des- cribed. Other records are Sagami Bay (Ortmann, Doflein), Naga- saki (Ortmann), Simoda (Stimpson) and Hongkong (Koelbel). Scopimera pilula, sp. nov. Plate Sn ie. i 21887. Scopimera globosa, Miller (mec de Haan), Verh. Ges. Basel VIII, p. 475. This species is very closely allied to S. globosa, differing only in the following particulars. The carapace is similar in shape to that of S. globosa and exhibits a shallow depression on either side of the gastric region. The puckers radiating from this depression are, however, much less 1 Miller, Verh, Ges. Basel VIII, p. 475 (1887). 1919. | S. Kemp: Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 315 conspicuous and the entire upper surface more smooth. ‘There are tubercles, most evident laterally, but all are smaller than in S. globosa and they do not tend to form transverse rugae. There is, however, a granular elevation near the extra-orbital angle and a protuberance near the base of the last pair of legs. The lateral border, defined in S. globosa as a sharp crest running the whole length of the carapace, is deficient. It is visible for a short distance behind the orbital angle and the side-walls beneath it are longitudinally grooved, but further back it is altogether wanting, the side-walls in the posterior half of the carapace meeting the upper surface without interruption. The front is slightly broader than in the allied species and is minutely nicked at the apex. The distal edge is thickened and behind it there is a large circular and completely circumscribed depression. There is a beaded ridge on the floor of the orbit as in S. globosa, but it is shorter and meets the lower orbital border at about its middle point. The basal segnients of the second maxillipeds bear very long woolly hairs which entirely conceal the distal segments when the appendage is normally flexed. The outer maxillipeds closely resemble those of S. globosa, but the merus is without granules and its sculpture is much less conspicuous. The chelipeds of the adult male are very much longer than in S. globosa; in adults they are fully three times the length of the carapace. The edges both Of PF thes mers and ‘carpus aremerested. ) Ihe \carptisiis proportionately much longer than in the allied species, the upper surface being more than two and a half times as long as broad. The ses- TEXT-FIG. 3.—Scopimera pilula, sp. nov. ment is transversely rugu- Chelavot male: lose above, not simply granu- lar, The length of the chela (text-fig. 3) is distinctly greater than that of the carapace and differs in shape from that of S. globosa ; the greatest height of the palm is about twice its height at the carpal articulation. The length of the dactylus is only about two-thirds that of the upper border of the palm. On both outer and inner surfaces the palm is covered with very fine granules which are arranged round small interspaces so as to give a reticulated ap- pearance. The ridges on the fingers are similar to those of S. globosa, but the cluster of enlarged teeth near the middle of the inner margin of the dactylus is much more conspicuous. In the female the cheliped is only about twice the length of the carapace; the carpus is proportionately much shorter and the chela shorter, with fingers longer than the upper border of the palm The limb in consequence bears a close resemblance to that of male S. globosa, but the borders of the merus and carpus are crested. 316 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL VE, The first and second walking legs are about two and a half times the length of the carapace and are thus a little shorter than in S.globosa. In other respects the legs show little difference: the merus is expanded, of similar proportions and bears large tympana. The abdomen of the male (text-fig. 4a) is similar to that of the allied species but the fourth and fifth segments are a little longer than their basal breadth and are less deeply constricted; the breadth at the narrowest point is a little more than half the length. The sixth segment is about two- thirds as long as broad and the seventh nearly twice as broad as long. Inthe female (text-fig. 4b) the segments from the first to the fifth increase regularly in length ; a b. the fifth is about twice as broad TEXxT-PriG. 4.—Scopimera pilula, as long and a shade wider than sp. nov. the fourth. The lateral margins a. Abdomen of male. of the abdomen are very slightly >. Abdomen of female. concave. In all the females the pleopods are covered with a thick felted growth which under low magnification resembles colonies of small Polyzoa and is usually extruded in bunches between the ab- domen and the sternum. ‘The growth in reality consists of stalks and broken shells of eggs from which the young crabs have escaped. In large males the carapace is about 7°0 mm. in length and I0o°'6 mm. in greatest breadth. The females are a little smaller. In a young male from the vicinity of Tuticorin with carapace 37 mm. in length the chelipeds do not show the characteristic sexual development, though they are normally developed in an individual from the Burma coast with carapace 4:0 mm. in length. The Tuticorin specimen appears to be abnormal and the collection of further specimens in the same locality might prove of interest. There can be little doubt that Miiller’s record of S.-globosa from Trincomali refers to this species. 9850-2 Backwater at Pamban, S. Kemp, Feb. 1913. Many. Ramnad dist., S. India. 7 9853 Small lagoon near Tuti- J. Hornell, Feb. 1918. One. corin, S. India. of34 Paway (Pawe) I., Mergui ‘Investigator,’ Feb., Two. Archipelago. 1QI4. The types are from Pamban and bear the number 9850/10, Zool. Surv. Ind. Scopimera investigatoris, Alcock. 1900. Scopimera investigatorts, Alcock, Fourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XIX, p- 369, and //lustr. Zool. ‘Investigator,’ Crust., pl. Ixiii, figs. 4, 4a, b. 1919. | S. Kemp: Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. er7 This species and S. proxima differ from all other members of the genus by the fact that the tympana on the meral segments of the walking legs, except for that on the upper surface of the last pair, are longitudinally div- ided by a narrow ridge; the tympana on the merus of the ‘cheliped do not share this character. The two species may be con- ' , ’ I : ‘ j hie aan i p? ao 4 i ( . “ we. ; reeves 3 tas a ry 4 #1 y t a te > i (ey i w* vF ' i ‘ ; j , ; cal ‘i ia 3 ce ~ MMT. RoVNCHOTA FROM PME es BO HEUESe ASSAM By C. A. Paiva, Assistant, Zoological Survey of India. (Plates XXXIV-XXXVI). [In this paper Mr. Paiva gives an account of a collection of Rhynchota (excluding the smaller Homoptera) made in the Garo Hills between June and October, 1917, by Mrs. Kemp and myself. The specimens were for the most part obtained in two localities : at Tura, the headquarters of the Garo Hills district, at an alti- tude of 1,200 to 1,500 ft., and on the summit of the ridge imme- diately above Tura at altitudes varying from 3,500 to 4,000 ft. Although these two localities are less than five miles distant from each other there are marked differences in the fauna. The differ- ences are no doubt due mainly to the change in altitude, but may to some extent owe their origin to the different nature of the country in the two localities. In the neighbourhood of Tura the Garos have made extensive clearings for cultivation and the country consists of open land and low scrub interspersed by patches of ancient forest. On the range above Tura no cultivation has ever been attempted and the hills are entirely covered with high tree- jungle, often almost impenetrable in its density. As might be expected, it is from the latter region that the more interesting forms were obtained. Mr. Paiva has found in the collection a considerable number of forms hitherto known only from the Eastern Himalayas and has described as new two genera and eighteen species. Among the latter is a very curious caverni- colous Reduviid recently obtained by Mr. R. Friel, I.C.S., in the Siju Cave on the borders of the Garo Hills and Mymensingh dis- tricts.—S. W. Kemp.]| Family PENTATOMIDAE. Cantao ocellatus (Thunb.). Five specimens from above Tura, 15.vii-3I.vili.Ig17; three specimens from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1Q17. Those collected in July and August are dark reddish ochra- ceous, while those collected in October are pale yellowish ochraceous in colour. Found all over India. 350 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy. XVI, Poecilocoris hardwickii (West.). Two specimens from above Tura. Common in the Hills of Assam. Chrysocoris grandis (Thunb.) var. baro (Fab.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vil.1Q17 ; two specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Skkim, Assam, Burma, extending to Java. Chrysocoris stollii (Wolff). One specimen from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1917. Universally distributed. Chrysocoris pulchellus (Dall.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.Vil.1917. This evidently rare species was originally described from Sylhet, Assam. A larger, but similarly marked, form comes from Ceylon. Hitherto the only specimen in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India was one from Trincomalee, Ceylon, collected, prohably by Mr. E. IE. Green, in November, 1906. Chrysocoris garoensis, sp. nov. Described from two specimens, one from Tura, I,400 ft., x.1917 and one from above Tura. Closely resembling C. ornatus (Dall.) from which it differs in the number and position of the spots on the scutellum and in the colour of the abdomen. Head dark purplish with the apices of the lateral lobes bluish- green and in one specimen slightly purplish-red ; antennae and ros- trum black ; pronotum purplish-red with the anterior margin shining green in the centre, eight bluish-black spots arranged three near anterior margin, three largest on disk of posterior area, and one at each posterior lateral angle ; scutellum purplish-red with a spot at the centre of basal margin, one large, central, almost rounded spot on disk and six spots arranged in pairs, bluish-black, a distinct callos- ity at base of scutellum ; pronotum with a fine, short, central, longi- tudinal carina on disk, extending from the centre of the middle anterior spot to about the middle of the central posterior spot ; scutellum with a distinct, central, longitudinal carina extending through the centre of the large discal spot, this carina is con- nected with the basal spot of the scutellum by a fine bluish- black line ; underside of head purplish, appearing bright green in certain lights; sternum bluish-black ; abdomen beneath pale ochraceous with a small basal anda large apical spot black, stig- matal spots rounded, bluish, lateral margins bright orange ; legs purplish. 1919.) C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 351 Length 15 millim., breadth between pronotal angles 89 millim. Type No. 8368/Hr in the collection of the Zoological Sur- vey of India. Lamprocoris lateralis (Guer.). Three specimens from above Tura. Not uncommon in the hills of Assam and Burma. Lamprocoris roylii (West.). Five specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Nepal, E. Himalayas and hills of Assam. Hotea curculionoides (Herr.-Sch.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.vii.I917. India, Burma and Ceylon. Aspidestrophus morio, Stal. One specimen from above Tura. The genus Aspidestrophus was not hitherto represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India and was recorded only from the Naga Hills, Assam and Java. Cydnus varians, Fab. One specimen from above Tura. A fairly common species. Macroscytus subaeneus (Dall.). One specimen from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1g917. Found all over India and Burma. Dalpada oculata (Fabr.). One specimen from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1gt7 and two from above Tura. Common in Assam. Dalpada jugatoria, Leth. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vii.Ig17. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Dalpada varia, Dall. One specimen from above Tura. Found in Bhutan and Assam. Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Nevisanus nagaensis, Dist. Four specimens from above Tura, ‘‘common on tree-trunks. SW 1 KOs This species was not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India and was known only from the Naga Hills. Ochrophara montana, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. The only other specimens in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India are those from Chanda, Central Provinces, about which there is an interesting note on the damage they do to bam- boo seed crops, in Vol. I, p. 147 of the “‘ Fauna of British India, Rhy nchota.”’ Recorded also from the Naga Hills and Burma. Cappaea taprobanensis (Dall.). Three specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, N. Khasi Hills, Assam, S. India and Ceylon. Tolumnia latipes (Dall.). One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., x.1917. Found in Sikkim, Hills of Assam, Trivandrum and Burma. Aeschrocoris obscurus (Dall.). Seven specimens from above Tura. As widely distributed as the preceding species. Eusarcocoris montivagus, Dist. Five specimens from above Tura, I5.vii—31.vili and 1x.19I7. Same distribution as the two preceding species. Carbula crassiventris (Dall.). Three specimens from above Tura. This species was not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Bhutan, Naga Hills, Assam and Burma. Hoplistodera virescens, Dall. One specimen from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Naga Hills and Burma. Antestia pulchra (Dall.). Five specimens from above Tura, 15.vii-3I.vili and 1x.1917. Found in Sikkim and Burma. 1g19.] C.A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 353 Exithemus similis, sp. nov. One specimen from above Tura, Ix.19I7. Resembling E. assamensis but differing from it in the absence oi the linear, levigate fascia on the anterior area of the pronotum and head ; the scutellum is not paler in hue on its central disk, but is concolourous and evenly punctured throughout and has two small, almost contiguous, black spots near the centre of disk ; the abdomen is pale yellowish ochraceous and the black fascia on the lateral area is less distinct, and extends to the apex of the fifth abdominal segment, a large, longitudinal, black fascia oc cupies the centre of the remaining apical segments ; there is no large, black spot on the femora beneath a little before the apex, the apices of the tibiae and tarsi are brownish ochraceous ; the antennae are pale ochraceous with the apices of the second and third joints narrowly, and the apical halves of the fourth and fifth joints brownish-black. Length 12 millim.; breadth between pronotal angles 7°5 millim. Type No. 8369/H1r in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Compastes bhutanicus (Dall.). Four specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Bhutan, Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Priassus exemptus (Walk.). One specimen from above Tura. Known from the Naga Hills and Tenasserim. Rhynchocoris humeralis (Thunb.). One specimen from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1g17 and one specimen from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Catacanthus incarnatus (Dru.). One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500ft., 15.vi-15.Vii.1917. Almost universally distributed. Nezara viridula (Linn.). One specimen from above Tura. Common all over India, Burma and Ceylon. Menida varipennis (West.). Three specimens from above Tura, I5.vii-31.viii and ix.1917 ; occurring in Sikkim, Khasi Hills and Tenasserim. 354 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Menida histrio (Fabr.). One specimen from above Tura. At present recorded only from Calcutta, Bangalore and Burma. Cecyrina platyrhinoides, Walk. Three specimens from above Tura. In these specimens the dark brown ochraceous colour given by Walker in his description of the species is replaced by shining black, the pale ochraceous and pale luteous markings on the vari- ous parts of the body are present but are less distinct; in one specimen, probably a male, the femora of all the legs and the inter- mediate and posterior tibiae are medially banded with red; the second and third joints of the rostrum are also red. This species is apparently confined to Assam. It was not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Cazira verrucosa (Westw.). Two specimens from above Tura, ix.17, and one from Tura, L;400Ut., X 1017. Found all over India and Burma. Picromerus obtusus, Walk. Four specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Naga Hills, Assam and Burma. Eusthenes rubefactus, Dist. Two males and two females from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi- I5.Vii.Ig17 ; also one specimen from above Tura. The latter is dark brown above and pale ochraceous on the underside and legs. It is partly deformed, the lateral margins of the pronotum being asymmetrical. This is evidently an im- mature male. A common Assamese species. Pycanum ochraceum, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Dalcantha dilatata, Amy. and Serv. Three specimens from above Tura. Probably only known from Assam. Cyclopelta siccifolia (Westw.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-E5.Vil.1917- Found all over India, Burma and Ceylon. 1919.] C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, 355 Aspongopus chinensis, Dall. Three specimens from above Tura. Common in Sikkim and Assam. Megymenum parallelum, Voll. One specimen from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and the Andamans. Eumenotes obscura, West. One specimen from above Tura. Previously recorded from Sikkim and Burma. Gonopsis coccinea (Walk.). One specimen from above Tura, ix.1g17. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Sastragala heterospila (Walk.). One specimen from above Tura, ix.1gI7. This species was not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Recorded from the Western Himalayas and the_ Nilgiris. Apparently very widely distributed. Sastragala trilineata, sp. nov. Bly xocxiy,,, fig. de. Described from a single specimen from above Tura. Head ochraceous with four longitudinal series of punctures, two discal and two marginal, two small, triangular, black spots on basal margin, antennae pale ochraceous with the fourth and fifth joints slightly fuscous; rostrum luteous, its apex black ; pronotum ochraceous, coarsely but sparingly punctured, anterior area levigate a little behind the anterior margin, posterior lateral angles spinously produced, acute, the spines dark castaneous, between the posterior lateral angles a broad castaneous fascia occupies the basal portion of the pronotum, and on the middle of the fascia there are three pale ochraceous, longitudinal fasciae, giving the central area a paler appearance; sternum pale ochrace- ous ; scutellum light brownish on the basal area, the apical half luteous with a pale fuscous transverse band just before the apex ; extreme basal angles black, the basal area and the apical half sparingly but strongly punctured; corium luteous, irregularly punctured with a few dark castaneous punctures which are most dense on the disk and at the apical angle; connexivum ochrace- ous, marked with black at the segmental angles; the apex of 356 Records of the Indian Museum. — [Vou. XVI, the sixth abdominal segment broadly black; underside of abdo- men and the legs pale ochraceous, the latter with the apices of the femora, tibiae and tarsi pale fuscous. Length 7 millim., breadth between pronotal angles 4°5 millim. Type No. 8370/Hr in the collection of the Zoological Sur- vey of India. Elasmostethus nebulosum, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. Hitherto known only from the Naga Hills. Elasmostethus truncatulum (Wa’'k.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.vii.19Q17, and two from above Tura. This and the preceding species were not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Recorded from Darjiling and Sibsagar, Assam. Family COREIDAE. Helcomeria spinosa (Sign.). One mature and one immature specimen from above Tura, 2,500 and 3,900 ft., respectively, 15.vii—31.viii.1917. Recorded from Sikkim and Assam. Elasmomia granulipes (Westw.). One specimen from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim. Mictis tenebrosa (Fabr.). Two specimens from above Tura. Occurring in Sikkim, the Khasi Hills, Assam and Burma. Mictis gallina, Dall. Two specimens from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vii.IQ17. Recorded from Burma. Homoeocerus subjectus, Walk. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.Vii.1917 and one specimen from above Tura. Within our limits, known only from Assam. Homoeocerus simiolus, Dist. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.Vii.1917. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma, 1919.] C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 357 Homoeocerus concisus, Walk., var. a. One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vii.Ig17. Recorded from Sikkim and Burma. Cloresmus antennatus, Dist. One specimen from above Tura, 3,500-3,900 ft., ix.1917. This specimen agrees in every respect with Distant’s des- cription of the species, but it is much larger, being 16 millim. in length. Hitherto known only from Sikkim. Colpura erebus, Dist. Three specimens from above Tura Recorded from Sikkim and the Naga Hills. Colpura funebris, Dist. One specimen from Tura, £,200—1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.vii.1917. Recorded from Sikkim and Assam. Colpura sulcata, sp. nov. Pll xv oer, Described from one specimen from above Tura. Black with ochraceous and reddish ochraceous markings, and some very fine, short, golden hairs above and beneath ; extreme base of first joint and the apical joint of the antennae (excluding base), the ocelli, tubercles behind eyes, two lateral spots on basal margin of head, anterior, lateral and posterior margins of prono- tum, two irregularly shaped marks on disk and a short longitu- dinal line on posterior margin of pronotum, apex of scutellum and costal margin of corium, reddish ochraceous ; annulations to femora and tibiae of ali the legs, those on the posterior femora very broad, veins on the basal area of membrane, transverse linear fasciae at incisures of connexivum, the apex of the first joint and the bases of the second, third and fourth joints of the rostrum ochraceous; some black spots on the pale areas of the femora; a lateral series of segmental spots and four spots at base of abdomen beneath dull black, those on the fifth, sixth and seventh segments larger and more distinct; membrane with a few irregular greyish marks; corium brownish ochraceous with a large dull black spot near inner angle followed by a small, indis- tinct ochraceous spot ; pronotum with its margins slightly reflexed, two short, oblique pits or depressions on centre of anterior area and a shallow longitudinal discal sulcation which extends to the basal area; rostrum very long, extending to the apical margin of the fourth abdominal segment, first joint passing base of head, 358 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, shorter than any of the remaining joints, which are subequal, a somewhat deep, longitudinal sulcation on disk of abdomen beneath extending to the apical margin of the sixth segment. Length 16°5 millim., breadth between pronotal angles 5 millim. Type No. 8371/Hr in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hygia touchei (Dist.) var. Three specimens from above Tura. These specimens differ from the typical form in being black instead of piceous brown; the legs are entirely black with no ochraceous markings. Recorded from Sikkim. Dasynus relatus, sp. nov. Described from three specimens from above Tura. Brownish ochraceous, thickly and darkly punctate; corium purplish ; membrane fuscous brown, its basal angle darker ; anten- nae black, the apical joint ochraceous with the base narrowly black ; legs and underside ochraceous; antennae with the first joint slightly incrassated towards apex, first and second joints equally long, longer than the third and fourth, which are subequal; head a little longer than breadth between eyes, with a few minute scattered black punctures, which are most dense in a central longitudinal groove situated between the ocelli; apex of head broad, pale ochraceous; rostrum ochraceous, its extreme apex black, extending to base of mesosternum; pronotum densely punc- tate, the lateral margins narrowly black, posterior pronotal angles prominent, obtusely angulate and slightly recurved, disk of pronotum with a pale, faint, central, longitudinal carina, posterior marginal area of pronotum with a somewhat deep, transverse sul- cation; scutellum brownish ochraceous, its apex pale and impunc- tate, the anterior area deeply punctured, transversely rugulose ; coriaceous portion of hemelytra blackly punctate, outer portion of corium purplish, remainder brownish ochraceous, costal mar- gin of corium ochraceous; abdomen above reddish ochraceous, the lateral margins of the sixth and the greater part of the apical two segments dull black; connexivum ochraceous; a small black spot on the lateral areas of the meso- and metasterna and a similar spot near the middle of the lateral areas of the second, third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments below. Length 17-21 millim., breadth between pronotal angles 6-8 millim. Type No. 8372/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Cletus punctulatus (Westw.). One specimen from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim and the hills of Assam. 19g19.] C.A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 359 2) Cletus bipunctatus (West.). One specimen from above Tura. Common throughout India, Burma and Ceylon. Cletus punctiger (Dail.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., vii-—viii.1g17 and two from above Tura. Recorded from Murree; Bengal and Burma. Cletomorpha raja, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Riptortus linearis (Fab.). Three specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vii.Ig17. Distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon. Serinetha abdominalis (Fab.). One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,590 ft., 15.vi-15.vii.1g17. Apparently a common Indian species. Family LYGAEIDAE. Graptostethus trisignatus, Dist. Two specimens from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1917 and five from above Tura. Recorded from the Assam Hills and Burma. Nysius ceylanicus (Motsch.). One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.vii.19Q17. A very common and widely distributed species. Ninus turaensis, sp. nov. Described from a single carded specimen from above Tura. Head dark, clothed with fine white pubescence; eyes very dark purplish-red ; antennae ochraceous, the basal and apical joints darker in hue, first joint stout, shortest, second longest, third and fourth joints much shorter than second, subequal, fourth in- crassated; pronotum brownish, densely pubescent on anterior area, the brown colouration on the posterior area in the shape of the letter M; scutellum, clavus and base of corium clothed with white pubescence, a spot at the apex of clavus near the inner angle of corium, a small linear mark near outer margin of corium a 360 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, little beyond base and the apex dark castaneous, a small impunc- tate, hyaline depression near apical area of clavus and a larger similar depression on disk of corium near the inner angle; mem- brane hyaline; legs ochraceous, claws of tarsi black. Length excluding membrane 2°5 millim. Type No. 8375/Hzr in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Macropes excavatus, Dist. Four specimens from above Tura. Known only from Shillong, Assam. Malcus scutellatus, Dist. Three specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Assam, Sikkim and Ceylon. Nerthus kempi, sp. nov. Pleven 2 Described from one carded specimen from above Tura. Shining black, elongate. Base of first joint of antennae, basal margin of pronotum, central longitudinal fascia on apical area of scutellum not extending to base, basal marginal area of first and third segments of connexivum, basal third of intermediate and posterior femora, and a more or less distinct central annulation to posterior tibiae, yellowish ochraceous; clavus brownish ochraceous, with the scutellar margin black, and two longitudinal series of black punctures on marginal areas; basal half of corium semi- hyaline, its veins, costal margin and the apical area broadly black ; membrane shining, bronzy; head, pronotum, scutellum and sternum densely punctured, the pale areas on the pronotum and scutellum almost impunctate, a small, foveate depression at the centre of the basal margin of scute!llum ; femora slightly incrassate, antennae with the first joint very short, second joint longest, third longer than fourth. Length 11 millim., breadth between pronotal angles 3 millim. The colour of the corium, connexivum and legs distinguishes this species from N. dudgeont, Dist. Type No. 8376/Hr1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Vertomannus capitatus, Dist. Four specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Assam and Burma and represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India from the Darjiling district. Paromius exiguus (Dist.). One specimen from above Tura. Apparently widely distributed. 19gtg.} C.A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 361 Pamera pallicornis (Dall.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.viii.1917. Recorded from Assam, Sikkim, Burma and Shillong. Pamera vincta, Say. One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.viii.1917. Universally distributed. Dieuches uniguttatus (Thunb.). One specimen from Tura. A very common and widely distributed species. Family PYRRHOCORIDAE. Lohita grandis (Gray). Four specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft. , 15.VI-T 5. Wiligee and two from above Tura. A fairly common species, also found in the plains. Physopelta gutta (Burm.). Four specimens from above Tura. : Common in the Darjiling district. Recorded from Assam, Burma and Ceylon. Ectatops gelanor, Kirk. and Edw. One specimen from Tura, 1400 ft., x.1g17. This species was not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Recorded only from Karenee, Burma. Dindymus lfanius, Stal. Five specimens from above Tura. Recorded from the Naga and Khasi Hills, Assam, and Burma. Dindymus rubiginosus (Fabr.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vii.1917. A common species in Assam. Occurring also in Malabar and Burma. _Pyrrhopeplus posthumus, Horv. One specimen from above Tura, Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. 362 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Family ARADIDAE. Mezira membranacea (Fabr.). Three specimens from above Tura. An abundant species. Neuroctenus affinis, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. Not previously known to occur in Assam. Family HYDROMETRIDAE. Rhagovelia nigricans (Burm.). Two specimens in alcohol, one from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., vi-vii.17 and another from the Ganool R., Damalgiri, Garo Hills, ay Ailes 7 Recorded from the Southern Palaearctic Region and the Mas- carene Is. Microvelia lineatipes, sp. nov. Ply xxxiv, fig. 2: Described from four carded specimens from Damalgiri, Garo Hills, ix.1917. Head and pronotum piceous; lateral margins of head and greater part of pronotum with silvery grey pubescence; a fine, central, longitudinal sulcation extending from near base of head to apex; antennae castaneous, second joint longest, remaining joints subequal; a short, pale reddish ochraceous fascia near anterior margin of pronotum medially interrupted with black, some long black hairs near anterior lateral pronotal margins, lateral angles prominent ; hemelytra fuscous, a long streak some- times broken near inner margin of clavus, another on basal area of corium, three spots inconstant in size placed transversely across the middle of membrane, a long streak, sometimes broken up into spots, near inner margin and a somewhat elongate spot at the middle of apical area of membrane greyish-white ; legs ochraceous, apical half of claw joint of all the tarsi, apices of fore tibiae and a longitudinal streak on the anterior part of all the femora, inwardly black, femora and tibiae of the legs hairy; underside dull black, densely pubescent, a spot beneath lateral pronotal angles and the connexivum beneath dark reddish ochraceous. Length 2°3 to 2'5 millim. Type No. 8377/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Microvelia atromaculata, sp. nov. Pil Ssoxa va hie oe Described from five carded specimens from Damalgiri, Garo Hills, 1x:1917. 191g.) C. A. Parva: Rhvynchota from the Garo Hills. 363 Head and pronotum dull black ; apex of head, anterior margin and posterior portion of lateral angles of pronotum, reddish ochraceous ; lateral margins of head and anterior area of pronotum greyishly pubescent; antennae ochraceous, apices of first and second joints and the whole of the fourth joint fuscous, second joint shortest, fourth longest, first and third subequal in length, third joint very slender; pronotum with a transverse patch produced narrowly backwards but not reaching basal margin, situated im- mediately behind the ochraceous fascia on anterior margin and two almost contiguous spots at basal angle jet black; hemelytra pale brownish, a longitudinal streak on clavus connected with a small spot at basal angle of corium, a large spot on disk of corium, a large, furcate mark near base of membrane, a rounded spot near apical angle of corivm, a series of linear spots on inner margin and a large subrectangular spot on apical area of membrane greyish white ; legs pale ochraceous, apices of tibiae and tarsi infuscate; underside black, greyishly pubescent. Length 1°75 millim. Type No. 8378/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Perittopus maculatus, sp. nov. FEU DOS aileayA ls Described from six carded specimens from above Tura, Garo Hills, 3,500-3,900 ft., 15.vii-31.vili.r9g17. Also found in a well in dense jungle above Tura, 3,800 ft., 15.vii-31.viii.17. Macropterous form —Bright reddish ochraceous, with a large patch on each antero-lateral margin of pronotum black ; the entire insect covered with erect hairs, those on the disk of the pronotum very short ; head globosely arched, almost perpendicularly deflected anteriorly, a short longitudinal sulcation between eyes; antennae shining black, inserted below the eyes on a level with the clypeus, first joint stout, curved outwards, longer than any of the remain- ing joints, second and fourth subequal, slightly longer than the third, first three joints with long black hairs on inner margins; pronotum about as long as broad, lateral margins strongly sinuate, lateral angles broadly prominent, basal angle subangulate, disk moderately raised, minutely punctured, anterior margin depressed behind head, the whole surface covered with hairs which are most conspicuous on the lateral areas; hemelytra reddish-brown, with the claval margins and the basal and apical margins of corium black, clothed with short greyish hairs; membrane dusky grey, body beneath bright ochraceous, an irregular lateral fascia extend- ing from the metasternum to the sixth abdominal segment black : legs bronzy black, coxae, trochanters, anterior femora and the bases of the intermediate and posterior femora pale ochraceous. A pterous form.—Similar in colour to the macropterous form ; lateral and basal angles of pronotum rounded; a slight transverse impression between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pro- 364 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, notum ; the black patch on the antero-lateral area more distinct and rounded; pronotum not so long as in the macropterous form; abdomen above black as far as the sixth visible segment, remain- ing segments bright reddish ochraceous, the entire surface very hairy. Length 2 millim. Type No. 8379/Hr1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Gerris (Limnogonus) tristan, Kirk. A single specimen from a stream in dense jungle above Tura, 3,800 ft., 15.vli-3I.vill. 1917. A very common and widely distributed species. Chimarrhometra orientalis (Distant). 1879. Halobates? orientalis, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 120. 18709. ) ‘5 Id. (gen. ?) Sec. Yark. Miss., Rhyn., p. 12, feel) 02 1896. Chimarrhometra orientalis, Bianchi, Annuaire Mus. St. Pétersd., pogie 1904. & re Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhy., WU, p. 190. 1908. Rheumatotrechus himalayanus, Kirkaldy, Canad. Ent., XL, Pp: 452. 1910. Gerris monticola, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) V, p. 141. 1910. 3 be Id., Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhy., V (Appendix), . 142 1910, Rheumatotrechus himalayanus, Kirk., Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind. Rhy., V (Appendix), p. 151. One winged and five apterous females from the same locality as the preceding species. The generic position of this species is doubtful. It has evidently been described under various generic and specific names by different authors. Distant himself has described it under two different genera. He based his original description on the structural character of the basal joint of the anterior tarsi but there appears to be a misunderstanding on this point. The male genitalia form a very good character for distinguishing the genus. Distant’s description of Gerris monticola was taken from a macropterous female, while that of Halobates ? orientalis was taken from an apter- ousmale. We have in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India the type of Halobates ? orientalis as well as the co-types of Gerris monticola. There is no doubt that Kirkaldy’s species is the same as G. orientalis. It is common in Himalayan streams. Eotrechus kalidasa, Kirk. One apterous specimen from above Tura. This species was not hitherto represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. I have no doubt that the speci- men is specifically identical with the winged form described from Karenee, Burma, by Distant. rg1g.] C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 365 Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardw.). Four apterous specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi— 15.Vii.1QI7. Genus Metrocoropsis, nov. Type: Metrocoropsis femorata, Paiva. Distribution : Assam, Garo Hills. Head subquadrate, as long as broad at base; lateral margins strongly concavely sinuate at junction of eyes, apical and basal margins convex; antennae four-jointed, first joint longest, almost as long as the remaining three together, third joint shortest; eyes large, posteriorly extending over the lateral angles cf the pronotum ; pronotum much longer than broad; hemelytra passing abdominal apex ; anterior legs very robust in male, anterior femora much incrassated withtwo distinct teeth situated on the underside, one a little beyond middle and the other near apex, anterior tibiae almost as long as antetior femora, much stouter than the tibiae of the other legs, anterior tarsi with the basal joint much smaller than the second joint ; intermediate and posterior legs very long ; in the female the anterior femora are simple. Allied to Metrocoris, but differing in the presence of the teeth on the anterior femora. Metrocoropsis femorata, sp. nov. Pi socxiveie.°5,. Described from five specimens from a stream in dense jungle, above Tura, 3,800 ft., 15.vii—31.vill. 1917. Head, pronotum, underside and legs ochraceous; antennae (excluding base of the first joint), a large patch on head between eyes, anterior and lateral margins of pronotum (excluding anterior angles), a central longitudinal fascia to pronotum extending from anterior margin to a little before basal angle, a broad curved fascia on each side of the central one, in some cases united anteriorly a little before middle, but not reaching basal angle, a few linear marks on intermediate and posterior acetabula, four longitudinal fasciae on anterior femora, the uppermost widest, the anterior tibiae and tarsi and two small rounded spots at the bases of the intermediate and posterior femora black ; intermediate and posterior legs fuscous brown. Length including membrane 8°5 millim. This species resembles Metrocoris nigrofasciatus very closely, but is easily separated from it by the markings on the pronotum and the anterior femora, etc. Type No. 8381/Hr1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. 366 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL.2Svile Family REDUVIIDAE. Myiophanes greeni, Dist. One specimen from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.19Q17. Not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Recorded only from Ceylon. Bagauda cavernicola, sp. nov. Piaoom) fig. 3: Six specimens in alcohol from the Siju Cave, Garo Hills: Assam, xi.1917 (R. Friel). Castaneous brown; constricted area of pronotum extending to the anterior half of the posterior lobe, a large rounded spot on corium at base of membrane, bases of anterior coxae, apical halves of anterior femora, the anterior tibiae (excluding base and apex), prosternum, a spot on the disks of meso- and metasterna, inter- mediate and posterior coxae, apices of intermediate and posterior femora, bases of intermediate and posterior tibiae creamy white ; abdomen beneath paler than above; membrane pale fuliginous ; other structural characters as in B. splendens, Dist. Antennae mutilated in type specimen. Length excluding membrane 16 millim. Type No. 8547/Hr in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Apocaucus laneus, Dist. One specimen from above Tura. Hitherto known only from Kurseong, Darjiling district, E. Himalayas. Canthesancus gulo, Stal. One specimen from Tura, 1,200—1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vii.1g17 and two from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Valentia apetala (de Vuill.). Three specimens from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., 15 vi-I5.vil.19Q17 Known only from Sylhet, Assam. Valentia compressipes, Stal. Two specimens from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vil. 1917. Recorded from Burma. Psophis erythraea, Stal. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.Vi-I5.Vil. 1917 and two from above Tura. 191g.] C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 367 Not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological: Survey of India. Recorded from North India. Centrocnemis stali, Reut. One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.Vi-15.vil.IQ17 and three found on a dead tree above Tura. 3,000 ft. Recorded from Darjiling district, E. Himalayas and Assam. Epirodera impexa, Dist. Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.vil.I917. Not previously represented in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hitherto known only from Burma. Acanthaspis helluo, Stal. Three specimens from above Tura. Apparently confined to Assam. Scadra fuscicrus, Stal. Three specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Burma and Ceylon. Scadra castanea, sp. nov. Pip xxxv fig. a: Described from two specimens from above Tura. Head light brown, collar, pronotum, scutellum and legs castaneous; antennae black, longly pilose, the base of the first joint pale ochraceous; pronotum shining, glabrous, constricted a little before the middle, a deep, central longitudinal furrow extending from the anterior margin to a little beyond the middle of the posterior lobe, a longitudinal depression on each lateral area of the posterior lobe extending from the impression at the constriction to the posterior basal margin, with the exception of the central longitudinal furrow, the other furrows on the pronotum are transversely impressed ; scutellum strongly depressed on disk, the apical spines curved inwards; hemelytra dull black, the basal angle of the corium andasmall triangular patch on its apical margin ochraceous, sometimes tinged with red; connexivum dilated, obliquely reflexed, marked alternately with orange yellow and black; sternum black ; abdomen beneath black, centrally carinate, a pale ochraceous line on the middle of the apical margins of the first three basal segments, and a greenish-yellow patch on the basal lateral angles of the second, third, fourth and fifth segments ; legs with the coxae, trochanters, apices of the femora broadly, bases and apices of the tibiae and the tarsi ochraceous. 368 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Length 13°5 millim. Type No. 8382/H1r in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Genus Paralibavius, nov. Type: P. singularis, Paiva. Distribution: Assam, Garo Hills, Head deflected in front of eyes, its apex acuminate, central lobe tuberculous, eyes large, postocular area tumid, distinctly narrowed behind, forming a short cylindrical collar; antennae 7- jointed, inserted nearer the eyes than the apex, first joint long, passing apex of head, about as long as head, its apex incrassated, second joint longer than first, the remainder smaller and slender ; pronotum slightly, transversely constricted before middle, cen- trally, longitudinally impressed, the impression not reaching the basal margin, anterior lobe tumid, faintly sculptured on disk, minutely tuberculous on lateral areas, posterior lobe with a shallow impression on each lateral area, where it is transversely striate: scutellum with three spinous angulations, the outer ones curved inwards, the central about two-thirds as long as the outer, disk with a large depression; hemelytra about reaching apex of abdomen; abdomen a little broader than hemelytra; a strong, acute spine at the posterior angle of each segment of the connexivum ; femora slightly incrassated towards apex, two rows of minute, tuberculous spines on the underside of the femora and tibiae of all the legs, anterior tibia with a short spongy furrow at apex. Readily distinguished from the other genera of the Ectri- chodiinae by the spinous projections of the connexivum. Paralibavius singularis, sp. nov. Plixxxviigic2% Described from a perfect specimen from above Tura. Head, anterior lobe and lateral margins of posterior lobe of pronotum, base and lateral margin of corium and connexivum pale reddish ochraceous; antennae black, extreme base of first joint ochraceous; disk of posterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum and legs castaneous; membrane dull black ; Length 8 millim. Type No. 8384/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Ectrychotes relatus, sp. nov. Pla exsoxaye nt 8.23: Three specimens from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft. 15.vi-I5.vil.1Q17 and three from above Tura. Head, lateral margins of posterior pronotal lobe, scutellum, bases of clavus and corium, connexivum and legs reddish testa- tg1g.} C. A. Parva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 369 ceous ; antennae longly pilose, black, first joint brown, its extreme base pale ochraceous; pronotum, excluding the posterior lateral margins, and base of scutellum cupreous; hemelytra black, a very deep black patch on clavus and disk of corium, the lateral margins and the apical area of corium reddish-black; connexivum marked with black on the third, fourth, fifth and s!xth segments; ster- num blackish; abdomen beneath reddish ochraceous, with the segmental sutures and large, lateral patches on each segment united to form a broad band, black; apices of the anterior and intermediate tibiae black; anterior and intermediate femora very faintly, and the posterior femora very distinctly, annulated with black at about middle; a narrow black annulation near base of posterior tibiae. Length 13 millim. Type No. 8385/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Closely resembling /.cupreus. Vilius melanopterus, Stal. Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.Vii.19Q17. Recorded from Assam and Burma. Harpactor marginellus (Fabr.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.Vii.1G17 and two from above Tura. Recorded from Assam, Burma and Aden. Harpactor nigricollis (Dall.). Four specimens from above Tura. Found in Bhutan, Sikkim and Burma. Sphedanolestes mendicus (Stal) var. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vli.1917. Recorded from Assam and Burma. Sycanus ? dubius, sp. nov. Described from a single specimen from above Tura, 2,500 ft., Vill.1917. Head, antennae, anterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, mem- brane, body beneath, legs, and large rounded spots on the dilated connexivum shining black; antennae with the fourth joint very dark brown, the first joint longest, about as long as the anterior tibiae; head a little longer than pronotum; rostrum with the second joint longest; anterior lobe of pronotum small, centrally impressed near base, posterior lobe luteous, smooth, the lateral angles nodulosely subprominent; scutellum without a raised 370 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voyu. XVI, tubercle or spine; clavus and corium dull black, margins of the dilated connexivum broadly brownish ochraceous, anterior tibiae outwardly spined before apex, coxae and trochanters of the anterior legs and the coxae of the intermediate and posterior legs dull reddish. Length 28°5 millim. Type No. 8386/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Iam not sure of the gemeric position of this species. It appears to belong to Sycanus, but the posterior lobe of the pronotum is not rugosely punctate and the anterior tibiae are outwardly spined before the apex. Villanovanus dichrous (Stal.). Two specimens from above Tura. Known only from Assam. Rihirbus trochantericus, Stal. One male and one female from Tura, 1,500 ft., viil.Ig17. A very variable species with a wide distribution. Panthous excellens, Stal. Six specimens from above Tura. Recorded only from Assam. Gorpis annulatus, sp. nov. Pl xxv, fig; 4). Described from a single carded specimen from above Tura. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and legs pale luteous; some light brown linear marks on vertex of head; antennae ochraceous, the apex of the second joint black; disk of anterior lobe of pronotum variegated with brown, its anterior and lateral margins and two indistinct patches on the posterior lobe brown, the latter rugosely punctured; scutellum with a black spot at centre of basal margin; hemelytra fuscous brown, the lateral margins of the clavus, the costal margin of the corium, medially interrupted, and all the veins luteous, a transverse patch a little beyond middle and the apex of the corium blackish, apical half of membrane hyaline ; legs with two large black patches on the outerside of the anterior femora, two indistinct annulations to intermediate and posterior femora and a slight annulation to intermediate and _ posterior tibiae near base fuscous; membrane passing abdominal apex. Length including membrane Io millim. : Type No. 8387/H1 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. 1919.| C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. ByBs Nabis assamensis, sp. nov. PIP Xxxhy slo 0: Described from one carded specimen from above Tura. Head fuscous brown, a black V-shaped mark on disk extend- ing from anterior margin of eyes to base of head; antennae black, extreme bases and apices of first and second joints, two annulations to second joint, third joint (excluding base) and fourth joint (exclud- ing apex) ochraceous; pronotum with a greyish sericeous patch on disk of anterior lobe, widening posteriorly and extending from anterior margin to the transverse impression, the lateral margins and an elongate spot on the central area of the anterior lobe just before the transverse impression black; posterior lobe brownish mottled with ochraceous; scutellum black; hemelytra fuscous brown, thickly mottled with ochraceous; a large patch at apex of corium, and a linear mark at base of inner margin of membrane creamy white, a small black spot on disk of corium, some small spots on apical margin of membrane ochraceous ; connexivum black with transverse ochraceous spots ; legs brownish, mottled and annulated with ochraceous, some small, round, black spots on the femora; anterior and intermediate tibiae with a distinct row of small spines on the underside ; tarsi brownish annu- lated with ochraceous; underside black; first joint of antennae longer than head, second joint longest, third slightly shorter than second, fourth shortest. | Length 9°25 millim. Type No. 8388/H1r in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Closely allied to N. mussoortensis, Dist. Velocipeda aliena (Dist.). Four specimens from above Tura. Recorded only from Burma. Family CAPSIDAE. Owing to the war it has not been possible to consult descrip- tions of various new species. It is, therefore, not advisable to describe specimens which do not agree with any of the described forms in the Fauna volumes of Rhynchota. The remainder of this paper will therefore consist cnly of those species which have already been recorded by Distant. Onomaus pompeus, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Assam and Burma. and Records of the Indian Museum. [MOT exe Vay Lasiomiris albopilosus (Leth.) var. Two specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Burma and Ceylon. Helopeltis cinchonae, Mann. Three specimens from above Tura. Recorded from the Darjiling district and British Bhutan. Poeciloscytus longicornis (Reut.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vil.1917. A widely distributed species. Family PELOGONIDAE. Pelogonus marginatus (Latr.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.Vil.I9Q17. Found nearly all over India, Burma and Ceylon. Mononyx indicus, Atkins. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft , 15.vi-15.vil.1917, two specimens from above Tura. A common E. Himalayan species. Family CICADIDAE. Tosena melanoptera (White). Two specimens from above Tura. Common in the Himalayas and U. Burma. Cryptotympana corvus (Walk.). One specimen from above Tura, ‘‘common with Tosena mela- noplera. —Si Weak . Recorded from the EK. Himalayas and the Nilgiris. Leptopsaltria samia (Walk.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.Vil.1917, and three from above Tura. Recorded from N. India and Sikkim. Platylomia similis (Dist.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.1917. Recorded only from Sikkim and Assam. 191g.] C. A. Paiva : Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 373 Platylomia umbrata (Dist.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,400 ft., x-IgI7. Found in Sikkim, Assam and Burma, Pomponia fusca (Oliv.). Four specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-L5.vil. 1917 and six from above Tura. “‘ This species differs in note from very closely allied form from Tura, 1,300 ft. Its call is a harsh monoto- nous drone, whereas the species at 1,300 ft., though it begins in similar style, after a short period changes to an ear-splitting screech) 3. 000rt.,, vil.1917. S:W, Ke Occurring in Assam and the Nilgiris. Family FULGORIDAE. Fulgora viridirostris (Westw.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.vii. 1917. Recorded from Assam, Jumna Valley and Burma. Fulgora spinolae (Westw.). Three specimens from above Tura. ‘‘ Not uncommon at 3,000 ft. with F. clavata, often found on the same tree. S. W. K.” Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and Mysore. Fulgora clavata, Westw. Five specimens from above Tura. ‘‘ Not uncommon at 3,000 ft. Several specimens sometimes found on single trees to which they return after disturbance. S. W. K.” Fairly common in Sikkim and Assam. Saiva gemmata (Westw.). One specimen from Tura, 1,400 ft., x. 1917. Distributed throughout the E. Himalayas, extending to Assam. Saiva cardinalis (Butl.). Four specimens from above Tura, 2,500 ft., I-Io.viii.17. ** On mossy tree-trunks, very inconspicuous. Only seen at 2,500 ft. See eee a Recorded from Nepal and the Darjiling district. Aphana pulchella (Guer.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,400 ft., x.17. Recorded from Sikkim, Assam and the Andamans. 374 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vo,. XVI, Aphana variegata (Guer.). One specimen from above Tura, 2,500 ft., vili.17. Very widely distributed, extending from the Darjiling district through Assam and Burma to Cochin China. Lycorma punicea (Hope). Two specimens from above Tura. Apparently confined to Assam and China. Euphria submaculata (Westw.). One specimen from above Tura, ix.17. Recorded only from the Darjiling district, E. Himalayas. Loxocephala aeruginosa (Hope). One specimen from above Tura. Extending from Garhwal in the Kumaon Hills to the hills of Assam. Centromeria simulata, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura, ix.17. Known only from Assam. Borysthenes suknanicus, Dist. Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., vil—vill.17. Recorded only from Sukna, 500 ft., E. Himalayas. Melandeva ocellata, Dist. One specimen from above Tura. . Recorded from the Khasi Hills in Assam and from Momeit, Burma. Pochazia guttifera, Walk. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.Vi-I5.vil.17. Extending from the Darjiling district through Assam to Burma and ‘Tenasserim. Euricania ocellus (Walk.). Six specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim and Assam; also found in China and Japan. Family MEMBRACIDAKE. Hypsauchenia hardwicki (Kirby). One specimen from above Tura. A common East Himalayan species ; recorded also from Nepal, Assam and Burma. 1gig.] C. A. Patva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 375 Nilautama typica, Dist. Four specimens from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vil.17. Recorded from ‘‘India’’ and Tenasserim. Centrotypus assamensis (Fairm.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.vii.17. Found in Sikkim, Assam, Burma and Tenasserim. Darthula hardwicki (Gray). Three specimens from above Tura. ‘On twigs, 3,gooft. Each specimen found sitting on clutch of eggs. Tail raised to perpendi- cular position when irritated. S. W. K.”’ Recorded from Nepal, Sikkim, Assam and Burma. Family CERCOPIDAE. Callitettix versicolor (Fab.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-I,500 ft., I5.Vi-I5.vil.17. Extending from Kashmir to Sikkim and Assam as far as Burma. Eoscarta semirosea (Walk.). One specimen from above Tura. Found in the EK. Himalayas and Assam. Cosmoscarta egens (Walk.). Twelve specimens from above Tura. Common in the Darjiling district and Assam. Also recorded from Karenee, Burma. Cosmoscarta dimidiata (Dallas). Three specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.Vi-15.Vil.17. Recorded from Sikkim, the Bhutan Duars and Assam. Cosmoscarta dorsimacula (Walk.). One specimen from Tura, I,400 ft., x.17. Widely distributed, extending from the Kangra Valley to Assam. Cosmoscarta septempunctata (Walk.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vii.I7, and one from above Tura. Not uncommon in the Darjiling district and Assam ; also found in Burma. 376 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voxu. v1, Cosmoscarta funeralis, Butl. One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vil.17. Recorded from the Khasi Hills, Assam. Leptataspis fulviceps (Dallas). Two specimens from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-I5.Vil.17. and three from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam and Burma. Family JASSIDAE. Tituria planata (Fab.). One specimen from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.Vii.17. Recorded from Calcutta, Nepal, Darjiling district and Tenas- serim. Petalocephala latifrons (Walk.). One specimen from Tura, 1 ,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vul.17. Widely distributed. Recorded from the Bombay Presidency, the Darjiling district and Assan. Ledra dorsalis (Walk.). One specimen from above Tura. Occurring in Sikkim and Assam. Tettigoniella ferruginea (Fab.). Two specimens from Tura, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-I5.vii.17. A very common and widely distributed species. Tettigoniella leopardina, Dist. One from Tura, at light, 1,200-1,500 ft., 15.vi-15.vii.17. Recorded from Upper Assam and Tenasserim. Tettigoniella inflammata, Dist. One from above Tura. Only known from Margherita, Assam. Tettigoniella sikhimensis, Dist. Two specimens from above Tura. Recorded from Sikkim. Hylica paradoxa, Stal. One specimen from Tura, I,200-1,500 ft., I5.vi-15.vii.17. Recorded from the Darjiling district, Burma and Tenasserim. tg19.] CC. A. Parva: Rhynchota from the Garo Hills. 257 Vangama steneosaura, Dist. One specimen from Tura. Recorded from Bhim Tal, Kumaon Hills, Dehra Dun and the Darjiling district. Krisna strigicollis (Spin.). Two specimens from above Tura. A very widely distributed species. - ME Ae genal ot bit pee wi 3, stn stein sate . ie ag Commege (ts “sadt iat: hie? (can giaem Sebel seeripee jareure zi ge | Lae Shi ee | 2 eect ~ hb OR = ry > ; ia tel J AY / » * a? r a Pr * ay ; ys ( : 4i4 aT ft ¥ \ e i" »! & - . wi . - ry? y a * 5 é S _ jad v - : 1 a st - \ { ~ <= = ? “ “4h —_ Laer , a t - ; . Liq : oy ’ i Gee if A & ‘ ‘ +e ‘ } f 1 oe iL ieee 4,0 04@ 4 * ne + e : a ; ri ' A ‘As of be ~ & uF § 7s - ber a Chesvonts) LS. Ate rae , ; Th a) eee e 7 (‘ef 1} wee ee er ae 7 ° “ | Myles qaealata, Srias y tat es PIES OS here Pi t-wee UA) Dee She ee 4 z , . $ - EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV. 1.—Sastragala trilineata, sp. nov. 2.—Microvelia lineatipes, sp. nov. 3.— atromaculata, sp. nov. 4.—Pertttopus maculatus, sp. nov. 5.—Metrocoropsis femorata, gen. et sp. nov. 6.—Nabis assamensis, sp. nov. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate XXXIV. JHE ie PO PR seepage AS D. Bagchi del. RHYNCHOTA OF THE GARO HILLS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV. Fic. 1.—Scadra castanea, sp. nov. 2.—Paralibavius singularis, gen. et sp. nov. 3.—Ectrychotes relatus, sp. nov. 9 3° REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate XXXV. D. Bagchi del. RHYNCHOTA OF THE GARO HILLS. Bist Reig he, 2 ? - w f : ‘ * A . Le ie 4 ’ a: oF I ae a a - im EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fic. 1.—Colpura sulcata, sp. nov. ”) +» 23 2.—Nerthus kempi, sp. nov. 3.—Bagauda cavernicola, sp. nov. 4.—Gorpis annulatus, sp. nov. XXXVI. Plate XXXVI. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. D. Bagchi del. RHYNCHOTA OF THE GARO HILLS. Meier WOeNEW SCORPIONS (ene S Out He RN EN DLA: By J. R. Henperson, M.B., C.M., C.I.E., Formerly Superintendent, Madras Government Museum. Plate XXI. The scorpions which form the subject of this note were ex- hibited at the meeting of the Indian Science Congress held at Madras in January, 1915, but have not been described till now. Lychas albimanus, n. sp. Plate XT, figs. 1, 2. Habitat.—Three specimens found under logs, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet in the Teak Forests, Cochin State, by Dr. F. H. Gravely and Mr. B. Sundara Raj, M.A., in September, 1914. ‘The following description has been drawn up from only one of these specimens, an apparently adult female. Colour black with brownish mottlings, the last three terga with yellowish spots and mottlings. Tail paler especially towards its distal end, the vesicle yellowish. Chela black with the excep- tion of the band which is white (becoming yellow in spirit); the fingers black. Legs pale brownish, with the femora and patellae black. Carapace finely granular, the granules being most strongly developed towards the anterior margin. Terga finely granular, with a single median keel on each, which, however, is poorly developed on the last tergum and the latter carries two well-developed lateral keels in addition. Sterna smooth, except the last which is faintly granular and carries two indistinct keels on either side of the middle line. Tail about five times as long as the carapace, faintly granular ; keels well-developed, granular ; vesicle faintly granular below ; spine beneath the aculeus triangular, pointed, and placed at the end of a median granulated ridge which traverses the undersurface of the vesicle. Chelae practically smooth, but with granular crests on the humerus and brachium; hand smooth, about the same width as the brachium ; digits in contact, not sinuate, the movable one slightly longer than the carapace ; outer series of teeth on the movable finger 6, inner series 5. 380 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Legs faintly granular ; the tibial spurs much longer than the neighbouring hairs. Pectinal teeth 21. Measurements.— @ Total length 41 mm., carapace 4°5 mm., tail 21 mm., underhand 3 mm., movable finger 5 mm., width of hand 2 mm. Type-specimen : No. 242° in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. This species, which is chiefly characterised by its white hand and the pronounced granulation of the anterior portion of the carapace, appears to be related to L. tvicavinatus, Simon, and L. hendersoni, Pocock. From the former it is distinguished by the fact that all its terga except the last have only a single carina ; in the latter species the colouration is entirely different, the hand and fingers both being yellow. Palamnaeus tristis, n. sp. Plate XOX], figs. 3,/4. Habitat.—Tirupati Hills, North Arcot District, two males. Venkatagiri Hills, Nellore District, two females and one young male. This species was discovered in September, 1904 by my former pupil and assistant at the Madras Christian College, Mr. S. K. Sundara Charlu, M.A., who made a large collection of scorpions from the Eastern Ghats and other parts of the Madras Presidency. The specimens recorded above were found at elevations of between 2,000 and 3,000 feet, inhabiting short burrows, the entrance to which were, as is usually the case in the species of Palamnaeus, covered by a large stone. Mr. Sundara Charlu informed me that in some cases the burrow also afforded shelter to a small frog—Callula variegata, Stol. Colour greenish-black, the legs sometimes paler than the rest of the body ; vesicle reddish-yellow. Carapace on the whole smooth and polished, slightly granular towards the sides. Terga smooth and polished, slightly granular towards the sides. Sterna smooth and polished, the last one without a crest. Tal about three times as long as the carapace ; all the seg- ments polished, particularly above, and slightly granulated ; keels of the first three segments smooth, of the fourth and fifth seg- ments slightly denticulate. Vesicle wider than high, about as wide as the fifth segment, with four tuberculate crests below ; a well-defined groove on each lateral surface. Chelae with the humerus and brachium both slightly longer than the carapace; humerus coarsely granular above and at the base below, with the anterior margin rather strongly denticulate ; brachium strongly ridged above and very slightly granulated ; 1919.) J. R. HENDERSON: New Scorpions from S. India. 381 hand with the outer portion of its upper surface vertical and crest- ed, the upper crest or finger-keel forming the outer border of the hand as seen from above and stopping opposite the articulation of the mobile finger; hand covered above with large smooth tubercles of varying size and shape, which are specially aggregated to form three well-defined hand ridges in addition to the finger-keel, vzz. an inner and an outer ridge continued on to the immobile finger where the tubercles disappear, and a third intermediate shorter ridge which stops short of the immobile finger ; the three ridges all commence at the posterior margin of the hand; in addition to the keel of the underhand, which is smooth, there are three slight- ly tuberculate ridges on the undersurface of the hand, and this surface is rather coarsely tuberculate towards the inner margin ; the fingers are faintly granular particularly below. Legs practically smooth. Pectinal teeth 17-18. Measurements.—-v Total length 116 mm., carapace I9 mm., tail 60 mm., humerus 21 mm., brachium 21°5 mm., underhand 18°5 mm., movable finger 21 mm., width of hand 13 mm. Type-specimen: No. 2422 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, The above description is taken from an adult male. In the female the hand is much broader, more finely granulated, and the three ridges on the upper surface of the hand are much fainter. The length of the tail as compared with that of the carapace is practically the same in both sexes. This species resembles P. gravimanus, Pocock, in the presence of longitudinal ridges or crests on the upper surface of the hand, but in other respects is very different. It appears to be most nearly related to P. fulvipes, Koch, and P. wroughtont, Pocock, which both have the outer portion of the upper surface of the hand defined above by a distinct ridge. I had the opportunity some years ago of comparing specimens of the species just described with the types of P. wroughtoni from Belgaum, Bombay Presidency, preserved in the British Museum. This last species, which is of smaller size, has a much wider hand and the crest on the outer border of this joint is not so well-defined. The part external to this crest is flatter and more vertical in the new species, which is also characterised by the well-marked longitudinal ridges on the upper surface of its hand ; the underhand is granular in the new species, while it is smooth in P..wroughtont, 5 “a . 20S ite ne pore ‘ ’ EXPLANATION OF PLATE Lychas albimanus, n. sp. Fic. 1.—Arm and hand from above. 5, 2.--Vesicle and aculeus from side. Palamnaeus tristis, n. sp. Fic. 3.—Arm and hand from above. ». 4.—Hand and fingers from below. XXII. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate XXI. D. Bagchi del. SOUTH INDIAN SCORPIONS. SSS SEE TEXxT-F1G. 1.—MMonodontina vondembuschiana, var, chaper’, hinge and muscle-scars, umbo compressed, beak sculpture consisting of concentric zig-zag lines ; shell practically smooth except for lines of growth ; hinge- line straight (fig. I); a single smooth cardinal tooth (T) in each valve, that of the right valve situated just in front of the umbo and fitting in front of that of the left valve ; lateral tooth represent- ed by a feebly developed ridge in each valve, its posterior limit having a triangular brownish scar containing a prolongation of the hinge-ligament ; the two anterior muscle-scars prominent, uniting with one another and having very irregular outlines; posterior muscle-scars very faint and separate; nacre bluish, somewhat iri- descent with a brownish marginal line running parallel to the border at a little distance from the edge. The animal of the Sumatran form (fig. 2) has the inner pair of gills very much wider than the outer throughout their entire length. ! Malakol. Blatter, X1V, p. 13 (1867). 406 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, The inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills are attached to the abdominal sac only along one-third of their anterior length, while the posterior two-thirds is quite free until the lamellae of the oppo- site sides meet each other a little behind the posterior margin of the abdominal sac and unite to form the diaphragm. The outer lamellae of the outer pair of gills are united with the mantle all along. The diaphragm is complete and is formed only by the gills, there being no mantle connection between the branchial and the anal apertures, though the mantle-wall of the opposite sides is slightly drawn in. The palpi are well developed, rather ellipsoid in outline, with a narrow base of attachment to the abdominal mass and further attached along one half of their posterior margin to the mantle. The anterior margin of the gills is separated from the palps by a small gap. The branchial aperture is large with two to three rows of elongated papillae ; the anal is a little more TeExtT-FIG. 2.—Animal of M/. vondembuschiana, var. chapert. An.=anal aperture ; By.= branchial aperture; /.=foot; 7.G.= inner gill; O.G. outer gill ; P, palp; Sa. supra-anal. than two-thirds the size of the branchial and is quite smooth ; the supra-anal is much smaller than either and is separated from the anal by a small mantle connection. ‘The foot is fairly large. A comparison of the above description of a form of the genus Monodontina with that of Pseudodon described in my former paper (loc. cit., p. 295) shows that the two genera differ from each other in the following respects :— 1. The inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills of Monodontina are free from the abdominal sac along two-thirds of their length, while in Pseudodon they are attached all along. 2. ‘There is a distinct supra-anal in Monodontina, but owing to the absence of a mantle connection in the position between the anal and supra-anal of other genera there is no distinction be- tween the anal and the supra-anal in Pseudodon. 3. The analis quitesmooth in M onodontina, whereas its lower part is papillose in Pseudodon. 1919. | B. PrasHAD: Asiatic Unionidae. 407 4. The foot inthe genus Monodontina is a much better de- veloped structure than in Pseudodon. Relationships.—Frierson! in discussing the relationship of Pseudodon resuspinatus, von Martens, says that the outline and sculpture are very like that of the genus Virgus, while specimens of Nodularia (probably brandtiit from Japan) show a very close kinship to Pseudodon in the teeth and general facies. I do not, however, think that the comparison is quite correct for the sculp- ture of Virgus (vide Simpson, Joc. cit., p. 852) is quite different from that of any of the species of Pseudodon that I have seen, and also from that of the species that I now assign to the genus Monodontina. ‘The hinge also is quite different in the two genera. The above remarks apply with equal force to the comparison made by the same author between Nodularia (probably brandtiw) and Pseudodon, for the hinge and teeth in the group of Nodularia japanensis, to which N. brandti belongs, are very different from those of Pseudodon and Monodontina. Monodontina, on the other hand, seems to have a rather close relationship with the group of Nodularia contradens, which Haas (loc. cit., p. 173) has recently separated into a distinct genus Contradens. Monodontina vondembuschiana (Lea). 1900. Pseudodon vondembuschiana, Simpson, op. cit., p. 836. 1910. Pseudodon vondembuschiana, Haas, op. cit., pl. xliv, figs. 4, 5. A number of specimens of the typical form are present in the collection of the Zoological Survey, from Sarawak, and one speci- men from the Philippine Islands (presented by the late Mr. W. Theo- bald). Mr.H. B. Preston also identified some shells (No. M2227) from Pegu as P. vondembuschiana, although he does not mention this species in his volume in the ‘ Fauna of British India.’ ‘These last- mentioned specimens, however, do not even belong to the genus Monodontina; they are rather specimens of Pseudodon crebristriatus and P. peguensis. Var. chaperi (de Morgan). 1885. Pseudodons chapert, de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, X, pa423, pl bx fig. 1. 1900. Pseudodon chapert, Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, p. 838. Both de Morgan and Simpson considered this a distinct spe- cies. The large number of specimens of different ages received from Sumatra, however, show beyond doubt that it is no more than a variety of M. vondembuschiana. P. zollingert, var. angu- losa of Mousson (doc. cit.) also seems to me to be no more than a variety of that species. Indeed, it is probably identical with the var. chapert, but it is impossible to express a definite opinion on this point without further material. The record of the occurrence of this variety in Sumatra greatly extends its range, for it was previously known from 1 Nautilus, XXIV, p. 97 (1911). 408 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XVI, Cambodia and Siam only. It probably occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, the freshwater molluscs of which are little known. Var. inoscularis (Gould). 1844. Anodon inoscularis, Gould, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., 1, p. 160. 1900. Pseudodon inoscularis, Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, p- 837. There are two specimens of this form in the collection, one labelled ‘‘ Tenasserim’’ and another ‘‘ Tenasserim river.”’ It differs from the typical form in the shell being much smaller and more depressed, the posterior wing rather broader, the surface smoother and the cardinal tooth better developed. Monodontina cumingii (Lea). 1850. Anodonta cumingit, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 199. 1900. Pseudodon cumingit, Simpson, op. cit., XXII, p. 837. A single specimen from Cambodia in the collection belongs to this species. A point worth noting about M. cumingit is that the origin of the cardinal tooth is exactly in line with the upper margin of the shell. II. SuB-GENERA OF UNIO FROM THE NEAR East. The specimens on which this part of the paper is based were collected by Dr. Annandale in 1912 in the Lake of Tiberias.'! The entire collection of molluscs from this area was reported on by Preston,” but nothing was said by him about the anatomy of the various forms; further, the identifications of the two forms treated of in this paper are not correct in view of later work. One of the species belongs to Germain’s recently proposed subgenus Rhom- bunio,®? while I have found it necessary to give a new subgeneric name to the other species. Annandale* also has pointed out the great confusion that exists regarding the nomenclature of the vari- ous species of the genus Unto from Palestine, but I am unable to go into the question further owing to insufficient material of the . related forms. I have, however, adopted Germain’s plan of divid- ing the genus Unio into subgenera instead of groups as Simpson’ had done, because Germain’s idea conduces to a clearer under- standing of the relationships. Rhombunio, Germain. Germain proposed this subgenus in 1911 (loc. cit.) for a group superficially resembling that of Umo lttoralis group. According ! For further details about locality, etc., reference may be made to Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, 1X, p. 17 onwards (1913). 2 Ibid., pp. 465-476, pl. xxvii (1913). ®° Bull. Mus. D' Hist. Nat. Paris, XVII, p. 67 (1911). + Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, XI, p. 459 (1915). & Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXII, p. 679 onwards (1900). —<—— . 1g19.] B. PrRASHAD: Astatic Unionidae. 409 to him this subgenus differs from Unio, s.s. in both shell charac- ters and the soft parts. He stated in his paper that the account of the subgenus would be published later, but so far no such account has appeared. In Dr. Annandale’s collection there are three specimens of Unio (Rhombunio) semirugatus preserved in spirit; these were identified as Unio stmonts by Preston. One of the three specimens is a gravid female. The following description of the soft parts of the sub-genus is based on this material. Corresponding to the shape of the shell the gills (fig. 3) are fairly broad but rather short; the inner pair being much broader than the outer, particularly in the anterior half. There is only a very small gap between the anterior margin of the gills and the posterior margin of the palpi. The outer lamellae of the outer pair of the outer gills are attached to the mantle all along their length. The inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills are free from the abdom- Text-F1G. 3.—Animal of Unio (Rhombunio) semirugatus, reference letter- ing same as in fig. 2. inal sac except for a very short distance near the extreme ante- rior end; posteriorly the lamellae of opposite sides unite to form the diaphragm. ‘The diaphragm is formed entirely by the gills, the mantle taking no part in its formation. The outer pair of gills alone are marsupial, but in these also a very small anterior and a much smaller posterior portion of each is not modified for a marsu- pial function. The margins of the marsupial gills are quite Sharp even when the gills are charged with glochidia. The water- tubes in the gills are simple but well developed. The septa in the outer pair of gills are very crowded in the female, but in the male the arrangement is practically the same as in the inner pair of gills. The palpi are ellipsoid, attached to the abdominal sac along their base, and along nearly half of their posterior margin to the mantle. The branchial, anal and supra-anal openings are as is usual; the mantle connection between the anal and the supra-anal being near- ly equal in length to the supra-anal and slightly larger than the anal, while the branchial is much larger. The branchial bears 410 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, three to four rows of elongated papillae at its edge, while the mantle covering also in this region is crenulate. The anal is smooth and so is the margin of the mantle below the branchial. The glochidia (fig. 4) are very like those of Physunio ferrugi- neus ' in outline, but have the hooks much better developed. They mea- sure °23 mm. X ‘Ig mm. The animal of this sub-genus differs from that of Unio, s.s., as TrExt-rF1G. 4.—Glochidium of Unio described by Ortmann,” in having (Rhombunio) semirugatus, x 75. the whole organism of a much more compact type, the gills much shorter and broader, in the different shape of the palpi, the extent of the marsupial region and the very different shape of the glochi- dium. Eolymnium, sub-gen. nov. This new sub-genus is proposed for the species Unio terminalis» Bourguignat, and its allies. A large number of specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Annandale from the Lake of Tiberias in October, Igt2. Simpson (/oc. cit., p. 689) includes this species in his group of Unio pictorum (Linn.), the type of the section Lymnium, and Ger- main has followed him in calling the species Unio (Lymnium) termt- nalis. ‘The soft parts of Unio terminalis, however, are very different from those of U. pictorum as described by Ortmann (Joc. cit., pp. 274- 275). Ihave, therefore, found it necessary to separate U. terminalis into a distinct sub-genus. Reference here might also be made to the interesting controversy started by Thiele * regarding the validity of the generic name Unio. Haas 4 took objection to his statement and expressed the opinion that the name Unio could not be re- placed by Lymnium, because Bruguiére’s name had priority over that of Oken. Ortmann,® who has recently summed up the whole situation very well, has come to the conclusion that Lymnium is nothing more than a synonym of Unio as restricted by Bruguiére. The animal (fig. 5) of the sub-genus Eolymnium may be des- cribed as follows :—The gills are elongate but relatively shorter than in Unio pictorum. ‘The inner pair of gills is much broader than the outer throughout their length and the free region of the inner lamellae of the inner pair of gills is also much larger than in U. pictorum; the other attachments of the gills are similar to those described for Rhom- bunio. ‘The outer pair of gills, except at the extreme anterior end, is marsupial, as was ascertained by cutting sections. The palpi are similar to those of U. pictorum except that they are more pointed | Rec. Ind. Mus., X1V, p- 184, pl. xxu, fig. 10 (1918). 2 Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, PP. 273-275 (1911-12). 3 Nachr. Bl. deutsch. Malakozool., XLII, P+ 29 (1909). * Ibid. pp. 68-72 (1900). ® Nautilus, XXV, pp. 88-91 (1911). 191g. | B. PRASHAD: Astatic Unionidae. AIT at the tip. The branchial aperture occupies nearly the whole of the curved posterior end of the shell and hence the anal is placed higher above; it is separated from the anal by a distinct notch and has three rows of elongated papillae on its margin. The anal is about half the size of the branchial and is smooth; it is separated from the supra-anal by a mantle connection a little more than half Text-FiG. 5.—Animal of Unto (Zolymnium) terminalts, reterence lettering same as in fig. 2 the size of the anal and very much smaller than the supra-anal. The foot is rather poorly developed. The glochidia are unknown, as none of the specimens are gravid. This sub-genus comes near the group of U. pictorum, but differs in the general shape of the animal, the shape and size of the gills, the relations of the branchial, anal and supra-anal apertures, and in the poorer development of the foot. SS ESEOOESEeOESEereE ree eee Ween CONTRIBUTIONS TO, LE Bar SONA OFZYUNNAN BASED ON COLLECTIONS NEAR AB ye ja COGCGCEN BROWN.“ ‘Bas ce I909-IQI0.! Part IX. Two REMARKABLE GENERA OF FRESHWATER GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS FROM THE LAKE ErRuH-HAI. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Director, Zoological Survey of India, and B. Praswap, D.Sc., Offg. Director of Fisheries, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Numerous fossil shells from the Miocene beds of Eastern Europe have been assigned (somewhat doubtfully we agree with Fischer’) to the family Pleuroceratidae or Pleuroceridae, but this family is usually believed to be confined in a living condition to North America. In the collection of molluscs made by Mr. J. Coggin Brown of the Geological Survery of India in Yunnan some years ago, we find numerous specimens of two species which we think may find a place at least provisionally among the Pleuro- ceratidae more conveniently than elsewhere. One of these species has already been described more than once, and has been placed by three different authors in three different genera of Hydrobiidae. Its proper name is Fenouzlia krettneri (Neumayr). The other species has not, so far as we can discover, been as yet described. It is impossible to separate it generically from the living and fossil Burmese and Chinese genus recently described by one of us under the name Paraprososthenia. It has, however, such marked concho- logical differences that we propose for its reception a new subgenus. We have named it Paraprososthenia (Parapyrgula) coggint in allu- sion to the name of its discoverer and to the Pyrgula-like appear- ance of the shell. . The precise locality at which both species were found is Shan- kuan at the north end of Erh-Hai. ‘They were living on stones at the edge of the lake at a spot liable to strong wave-action. The shells of Paraprososthenia coggint and Fenoutha krettnert are very different in shape, that of the former being elongate and strictly conical, while that of the latter is trochiform. They resemble one another, however, in the structure of the mouth, which is pyriform with a continuous peristome and a thin, slightly everted outer lip, and is slightly produced posteriorly but broadly rounded anteriorly. Neumayr in 1880 placed F. krettnert, on ! Former papers in this series were published in Vols. V-VII of the Records of the Indian Museum (1910-1912). 2 Man. Conchyl., p. 705 (1887). 414 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. SVT, shell-characters, in the genus Lithoglyphus. He was acquainted with the peculiarities of the radula to which we will refer later, but did not consider them of generic importance. In 1889 Heude erected a new genus (enouilia) for what we believe to be the same species. He was apparently ignorant of Neumayr’s description and called the form F’. bicingulata. This species was described for the third time in 1904 by Fulton under the name Jullvenia carinata. The shell is very like that of Lithoglyphus but differs in the shape of the mouth (which is not shown quite correctly in Neumayr’s figures) ; from Judlienia it differs in its thin outer lip. The genus Pavaprososthenia, or rather the only known recent species, was identified by Neumayr with the fossil genus Prosos- thenia. ‘The latter is only known from the Miocene beds of Eastern Europe, while the living species inhabits Lake Tali Fu, in which P. coggint was also found. ‘The fossil shells differ, however, in their thick outer lip and the resemblance is probably conver- gent. The subgenus Parapyrgula resembles the recent and fossil genus Pyrgula of Central Europe and the eastern Mediterranean basin in shell-characters, but has not quite the same type of sculpture and again differs in the distinctly pyriform shape of the mouth. Except inits very small size and delicacy of structure it closely resembles the shell of the N. American Gontobasis, the most prolific in species of the Pleuroceratid genera and the only one of which the geographical range extends to the Pacific coast of North America. This resemblance in the outward form of the shell between Parapyreula and Goniobasis would not be sufficient in itself to establish family identity, and in Fenoutlia evidence of the kind is weak, depending as it does on a much less marked resemblance between the shell and that of Anculosa. ‘The operculum of the two Chinese genera might equally well belong to the Hydrobiidae, to the Melaniidae or to the Pleuroceratidae. It is only when we examine the radulae that definite affinities begin to manifest themselves. According to Troschel’s! figures the radulae of the Pleuroceratidae resemble those of the Melaniidae rather than those of the Hydrobiidae. The central tooth is smail and transverse and its disc is without latero-basal denticulations or other projec- tions. The tooth on either side of the central tooth differs greatly from the two outermost teeth and the dental formula would seem to be 2. 1. 1.1. 2. The lateral tooth is characterized by the large size of the central denticulation. According to Stimpson’ this feature is characteristic of the family asa whole, but Walker * in his recent synopsis of the N. American freshwater molluscs lays stress on the absence of basal denticulations on the central tooth. l Das Gebiss der Schnecken I, p. 109, pl. viii, figs. 7-9 (Berlin: 1856-63). 2 For an account of certain features of the anatomy of the Pleuroceratidae see Stimpson, Amer. Fourn. Sci. (1) XXXIII, pp. 41-63 (1864). 8 In Ward and Whipple's Fresh-water Biology, p. agt (New York: 1918). 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Fauna of Yunnan. 415 The radulae of Fenoutla and Parapyrgula are very similar in general structure. They differ from those of all Melaniidae, Pleuro- ceratidae, Rissoidae or Hydrobiidae we have examined or seen figured (except the (?) Hydrobiid Delavaya, Heude') in that the cusp of the central tooth is a simple elongate plate. This tooth is otherwise like that of the Hydrobiidae and Rissoidae, with latero- basal denticulations as in many genera of these families. The lateral and marginal teeth, however, resemble those of the Ameri- can Pleuroceratidae, especially in the great enlargement of one of the denticulations of the laterals. As a whole the radula of these two Chinese genera is, therefore, intermediate in structure between that of the Hydrobiidae or Rissoidae and that of the American Pleuroceratidae, but it is no more different from the latter than the radulae of some genera of Hydrobiidae are from one another. Fischer ? regards the presence or absence of latero-basal denticula- tions on the central tooth as a subfamily character, but this distinction is not accepted by all malacologists. When the soft parts of Fenouila are examined its real diver- gence from the Hydrobiid type becomes apparent. From this type it differs in the shape of its head, in the position of its eyes and above all in the complete absence of a copulatory organ in the male. ‘The distal part of the genital system, especially in the male, is also simpler, the intestine is more capacious and the gill- filaments are longer, extending almost completely across the dorsal wall of the branchial chamber. Unfortunately the anatomy of the Pleuroceratidae is imperfectly known, but the absence of a copulatory organ is well established in all the genera that have been examined. We have satisfied ourselves that this organ is also absent in males of Fenouilia diagnosed by a microscopic examination of the gonad. Stimpson’s figure of the living Ancu- losa dissimtlis shows clearly that the eyes are situated just behind the cleft between the tentacles and the head, and this is precisely their position in Fenouilia. ‘The latter also differs from all the Hydrobiidae of which we have particulars in that the head is spindle-shaped, with a distinct neck. Whether this is the case in the Pleuroceratidae we have no information. Stimpson states that the only visible difference between the sexes in Anculosa (= Mudalia) is the presence of a groove on the right side of the body of the female between the tentacle and the base of the operculiferous lobe of the foot. We think that we have detected a similar groove in female specimens of Fenouilia, but they are too much contracted to permit a dogmatic statement. Of Paraprososthenia we have examined only dried specimens of P. (Parapyrgula) coggini. So far as we can say, they resemble those of Fenouilia preserved in spirit, but we rely in placing the | Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 1, p. 172, pl. xxxili, figs. 8, 9, 10, 10a. See also Bavay and Dautzenberg (Fourn. de Conchyl., \.X, p. 37: 1912), who regard Delavaya as a subgenus of Pachydvobia and ascribe to it several species from the Mekong. 2 Man. Conchyl., p. 724 (1887). 416 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, two genera together rather on the resemblance between the radulae than on other anatomical grounds. The conclusion we derive from the above observations is that the genera Fenouilia and Paraprososthenia are not Hydrobiidae but resemble the Pleuroceratidae, within the limits of which they may be included provisionally, rather than any other family. LL Uo aoe fl [7 £9 SD [PLT Fig. 1.—Radulae of Hydrobiidae and (?) Pleuroceratidae from China and Europe. . Lithoglyphus fuscus, Zieg. from EK, Europe. . Lithoglyphus liliputanus, Gredler, from the Tong-Ting Lake, China. . Fenouilia kreitnert (Neumayr) from Erh-Hai Lake, China. . Pavaprososthenia coggini, sp. nov. from the same lake. CO “esi Their possible relationship to the Rissoidae cannot be discussed in a satisfactory manner owing to lack of anatomical information about that family. Some relationship to forms like those included in the genus Zvavadia, Blanford, is not impossible, but the position of that genus is also doubtful. It is found in brackish water, chiefly in the estuaries of the Ganges and Irrawaddi and also in the backwaters of the West Coast of India. 1919.| N. ANNANDALE & B. PrasHAD: Fauna of Yunnan. 417 Neumayt! in describing F. kreitneri alluded, as we have already stated, to the peculiar form of the central tooth, but did not regard this character as of generic importance and placed the species in the genus Lithoglyphus. ‘This genus is made the type of a subfamily by Fischer,” who describes the Lithoglyphinae thus: “Pied simple; plusieurs denticulations basales; verge simple ou fourchue; opercule corné, spiral ou subspiral.”’ ‘The only other species from China ascribed to Lithoglyphus is L. lliputanus, Gredler, of which there are specimens (apparently cotypes or paratypes) in the Museum collection. We have extracted the tadula from one of these and find it differs little from that of the European L. fuscus. The radular teeth of L. fuscus have been figured by Troschel. Our preparation differs from his figure only in having the chief denticulation of the lateral tooth relatively larger. We figure the teeth of L. iiputanus and L. fuscus for comparison with those of F. krettnert. Genus Fenouilia, Heude. 1880. Lithoglyphus, Neumayr, Wiss. Ergebn. Reise B,. Szechenyi Il, p- 055. 1889. Fenouilia, Heude, Fourn. de Conchyl. XXXVIILI, p. 46. 1890. Fenouilia, id., Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois |, p. 172. The only known species has experienced some vicissitude of nomenclature at the hands of three authors who have described it under as many generic and specific names. Heude described it as Fenouilia bicingulata, gen. et sp. nov., while Fulton called it Jullienia carinata. We have been able to compare specimens named by Fulton with topotypes of Neumayr’s species. Heude’s original description of the genus (1889) ran as follows :— Testé trochoided, imperforata ; operculo corneo, pauct- spivali, nucleo basali. Animali probabiliter rissoino. Tater (1890) he added, raduld 3. r. 3., lamina media integra, lateral pauct- dentatd. So far as it goes, this is a correct description of the shell, operculum and radula, except that we read the dental formula 2.1.1.1.2. Heude, moreover, published in 1890 some good figures of the soft parts drawn by Rathouis, and most of these we have been able to substantiate by dissecting specimens from Mr. Coggin Brown’s collection. Our examination of specimens diagnosed as male by a microscopic examination of the gonad shows that the vas deferens ends in a simple pore the margin of which is not even invaginated. ‘he peculiarities of the head and branchial chamber to which we have alluded are also clear. Fenouilia kreitneri (Neumayr). 1880. Lithoglyphus kreitneri (with varr.), Neumayr, of. cit., p. 055, pl. IV, figs. 7-8. 1889. Fenouitllia bicingulata, Heude, op. cit., p. 40. { Wiss. Ergeben. Reise B Szechenyi iI, p. 655. 7 OR" Ctte;| Ps 724. 3 Op. cit., I, p. 105, pl. vil, figs. 12, 12a. 418 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, 1890. Fenourllia bicingulata, id., op. cit., p. 172, pl. xxxili, fig. 11. 1904. Fullienia carinata, Fulton, Fourn. Malac. XI, p. 52, pl. iv. The species has been described from three different lakes in Yunnan, as Lithoglyphus kreitnert from Erh-Hai (Tali Fu Lake), as Fenouilia bicingulata from Lake Hai Si in the same district and as Jullienia carinata from Yunnan Fu Lake (K’un-Yang Hai) some distance further east. The specimens we have examined are from the first and the last of these lakes. The shells from Erh-Hai are smaller and apparently thinner than the types of the species from the same lake and also than those named by Fulton Jullienta cavinata and there is less variation among them than was the case in Neumayr’s specimens. Several of them, however, possess a varix across the body-whorl as in Heude’s type specimens of F. hicingulata. We see no reason to think that specimens from the three lakes represent more than one species. It is unnecessary for us to redescribe the shell, but for convenience’s sake we give a translation of Neumayr’s description. “Shell small, blunt, conico-ovoid, stout, dextral, non-um- bilicate, consisting of four whorls sharply separated by an im- pressed suture; upper whorls convex, but the last flattened. Shell sculptured with stout growth-lines and with 1-2 spiral keels; base flattened. Mouth shortly ovoid, pointed and strongly contracted above, strongly recurved below; peristome continuous; inner lip swollen, outer lip- quite sharp. Shell covered with an olive-green epidermis.” Neumayr also describes in the same place two varieties, cart- nata and bicarinata, the names of which practically explain them- selves. Our specimens belong to the form carinata. We have examined a number of specimens in spirit. They are fairly well preserved, but brittle and contracted. The oper- culum is relatively large, very thin, horny, of a pale yellowcolour, tegularly ovoid, broadly rounded anteriorly and bluntly pointed posteriorly. It has an extremely delicate narrow colourless inner border Its sculpture is obscure, but it is possible to detect the nucleus situated near the inner anterior border and surrounded by a spiral of two or three whorls, above which curved lines radiate onwards to the base of the membranous inner margin. The ex- ternal surface of the operculum is thickly covered with diatoms in all the specimens examined. The foot appears to have been broad in proportion to its length, bluntly pointed behind and truncate in front, with a broad lobular antero-lateral process on either side. The operculiferous lobe was relatively large. There is a sharply-defined narrow trans- verse groove running across the sole a short distance behind the anterior margin In a contracted specimen diagnosed by micro- scopic examination of the gonad as female, a distinct longitudinal groove runs along the right side of the body from just behind the tentacle to the base of the operculiferous lobe. When the animal was expanded this groove may have had a vertical or nearly verti- cal direction. 1g919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRAsHAD: Fauna of Yunnan. 419 The head is distinctly spindle-shaped, bluntly pointed in front and tapering to a short contracted neck behind. The snout is of moderate length. The mouth is a longitudinal slit, entirely ven- tral in position except when the head is much contracted, with tumid, corrugated lips The tentacles are rather stout but taper to their apex. They are situated rather far back on the head. The eyes are very large and prominent, though sessile. They seem to have a peculiar construction, being covered with integu- ment except for a minute pinhole in the centre. The retinal cup is relatively large, deeply pigmented and of an oval shape. The situation of the eyes is peculiar, for they are situated one at the base of each tentacle just behind the point at which it diverges from the head. The edge of the mantle is smooth and pale, the remainder being deeply stained with black pigment. The mantle is ample and its margin is free all along the outer end of the branchial chamber, which is relatively large. The gill consists of numerous narrow but rather deep ridges, which run almost completely across the roof of the chamber and are not differentiated at either extremity. The osphradium is well developed and ridge-like. The mouth opens into a short conical muscular pharynx, which is rather shorter than the buccal mass. The muscles of this mass are large and powerful, forming a well developed bulb. The horny lateral jaws are situated inside these muscles, forming in contraction a thin longitudinal plate at either side of the radula. They are merely cornified and pigmented patches on the sides of the alimentary canal, with ill-defined outlines and with an obscure- ly squamous structure. The radula is narrow and-of moderate length. The central tooth is relatively large and of transverse form. Its lower margin is sinuous and its lower lateral angles are pointed. The cusp is broadly rounded at the tip, considerably narrower and shorter than the disk. There are three latero-basal denticulations on each side, each pedunculate. The lateral tooth is hardly at all bent but consists of a relatively narrow slanting basal part anda broad upper part bearing a broad, downwardly directed lobe on its disk. The main denticulation is triangular, but rather bluntly pointed. It occupies rather less than a third of the free margin and has two or three small denticulations on either side. The inner marginal tooth is not much broader than the outer and has its denticulation, of which there are a considerable number, smaller and sharper. Neither marginal is much narrower below than above, both begin to taper a short distance above the base. The outer marginal has an elongate triangular membrane on its outer margin. ‘The oesophagous is rather long, narrow, cylindrical and sinuate. he salivary glands, situated at the posterior end of the buccal mass, are small and their ducts short. We have not been able to trace the alimentary canal further inwards. The intestine is a relatively capacious tube which opens by a simple pore on the edge of the mantle on the right side, running along the outer edge of the branchial cavity. The faecal pellets it 420 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, contains are of large size, very compact and somewhat spindle- shaped. The most remarkable feature of the anatomy lies in the fact that there is no intromittent organ in the male. The lower part of the oviduct and of the vas deferens is alike a simple tube opening near the anus on the right side of the body. We have satisfied our- selves of this fact by dissecting a considerable number of specimens, of which we have also examined the gonads microscopically. Unfortunately the condition of our material renders it impossible to investigate the genitalia further. Heude (of cit., 1890, pl. xxxiii, fig. I1e) reproduces a figure of the central nervous system drawn by Rathouis. It shows the whole structure as being compact with rather short commissures. The optic nerves are, however, long. The otocysts are situated just in front of the supracesophageal ganglia. Each otocyst, as we have satisfied ourselves, contains a single circular otocyst. Imperfect as is this description of the anatomy of Fenoutlia, it is sufficient to prove its wide divergence from the Hydrobud type. Genus Paraprososthenia, Annandale. 1919. Pavraprososthenia, Annandale, Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind. 1 (3), pp. 209-240. This genus, although it closely resembles Prososthenia, Neu- mayr, from the Miocene beds of Eastern Europe in form of shell differs in sculpture and in the structure of the lip, which is thin and somewhat expanded instead of thickened and contracted. Nothing is known of the soft parts, radula or operculum, but the shape of the shell and the structure of its mouth are so close to those of the new species here described that we think they must be united, notwithstanding certain obvious differences, as sub- genera of a single genus. For the new subgenus we propose the name Pavapyrgula in allusion to the resemblance, probably quite superficial, between the shell and that of Pyrgula from central Europe and the eastern parts of the Mediterranean basin. Parapyrgula, subgen. nov. The shell is elongate, narrow, strictly conical, with the base rounded and somewhat produced. Its substance is delicate and fragile but not very thin. There isa very delicate periostracum. The suture, which is sometimes almost obsolete externally, has a peculiar involute structure owing to each whorl growing over and pressing closely round the base of the one preceding it. The shell is imperforate. Its mouth, which is not very oblique, is of moder- ate size and of distinctly pyriform outline, slightly produced pos- teriorly. The peristome is continuous and there is a rather thick columellar callus, but the outer lip is thin. The only prominent sculpture is a single smooth spiral ridge on the body-whorl. The operculum resembles that of Fenouziza. The radula is also similar to that of that genus, but the denti- culations of the teeth are for the most part longer and more 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Fauna of Yunnan. 421 pointed. ‘The cusp of the median tooth is simple and it bears several large latero-basal denticulations at each side. This tooth is not so high as in Fenoutlia and has the base emarginate. The inner lateral tooth is relatively broad. Type-species. Paraprososthenta coggint, sp. nov. Distribution. Only known from the lake Erh-Hai, Yunnan. In outline and general structure the shell of this subgenus resembles, as we have already noted, the North American Pleuro- ceratid genus Goniobasis. ‘The size is, however, much reduced and the structure of the shell more delicate. The structure of the suture resembles that of Pleurocera clevatum, Say, shells of which we have examined. Paraprososthenia (Parapyrgula) coggini, sp. nov. The shell is narrow and elongate, sharply pointed at the apex and not at all expanded at the base. It is about twice as long as Fic. 2.—Shell of Paraprososthenia (Parapyrgula) coggini, sp. nov. broad. ‘The shell-substance is translucent bluish white like opal- glass, the periostracum pale yellow; but all the specimens exam- ined are covered with a dense growth of diatoms which gives them an almost furry appearance. There are 74 or 8 whorls, but the terminal whorl or half-whorl is minute and slightly depressed. The other whorls increase gradually and evenly. The suture is oblique and linear when not obliterated externally. It is sometimes accompanied by a low flattened spiral ridge, which runs above it. The spiral ridge on the body-whorl is narrow but slightly flattened and not very prominent. The minute sculpture of the shell consists of numerous longitudinal and transverse striae. On the body-whorl fine longitudinal grooves are also sometimes disposed at fairly regular intervals, but they are often obsolete. The mouth of the shell is large, 15-12 times as long as broad and a little more than 4 as long as the whole shell. Anteriorly it is rounded and a little produced, while posteriorly it has a subcanaliculate structure. The callus is moderately developed, the outer lip strongly arched 422 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, and the columella curved. The main axis of the aperture forms an acute angle with that of the shell. Measurements of shells (in millimetres). A (type) B S D Length of shell a O73 5 65. 200 Maximum diameter of shell 5 Ae Bee ao Length of spire (dorsal view) 6 BoB), Ale VAS Length of aperture... 3°4 2°54 2A. eae Breadth of aperture 22 22 Ne lay We have extracted the dried animal froma shell. It seems to resemble that of Fenouilia but is much shrivelled. The operculum is ovoid, thin, horny, of a dark brown colour and resembles that of F. kveitnert in sculpture. We have already pointed out certain characters in which the radula differs from that of Fenourlia. The following is a more precise account of the differences. ‘The central tooth is low in proportion to its breadth, its base is produced at either side and sharply pointed but broadly and rather deeply concave. The cusp is very large, extending downwards far beyond the base of the tooth. The lateral tooth is bent in such a way that the narrow basal part makes an obtuse angle with the broad upper part. The main denticulation of this tooth is very large, occupying nearly half the free margin. ‘The inner marginal tooth is much broader than the outer marginal and its denticulations are blunt. The triangu- lar membrane on the outer margin of the outer marginal tooth is short and confined to the upper third. Type specimen: M 11598/2 in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Locality. Erh-Hai (Tali Fu Lake), Yunnan, W. China, alt. 6,700 ft. The shape and structure of the shell are so like those of Paraprososthenia gredleri (Neumayr) from the same lake that we do not consider a complete generic separation possible in the present state of our knowledge. It must be remembered, however, that we know as yet nothing but the shell of P. gvedlert. ‘The resem- blance in the shell to that of Pyrgula, Cristofora & Jan (of which the anatomy seems to be equally unknown) is probably quite superficial. If we are right in thinking that the anatomy resembles that of Fenouilia, as the radula undoubtedly does, there can be no relationship to Oncomelania, Gredler (= Hypsobia, Heude), the soft parts of which, according to Heude,! are of the Hydrobiid type. In considering the value of the radula as a guide to affinities, however, it must be remembered that the same author (op. cit., pl. xxxiii, fig. 8) figures the teeth of Delavaya (which also appears to be of the Hydrobiid type and is regarded by Bavay and Dautzenberg on shell-characters as no more than a subgenus | Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois 1, pl. xxxiti, figs. 1-7 (1890). 1919.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Fauna of Yunnan. | 423 of the undoubted Hydrobiid genus Pachydrobia, Crosse & Fischer) as being not unlike those of Fenouzlia in certain respects. ADDENDUM. Just as this paper was going to the press to be printed off, I received through the courtesy of the Rev. Father Courtois, S.J., a small but valuable collection of Chinese shells from the Zi-Ka Wei College. It includes specimens of Delavaya rupicola, Heude, apparently cotypes. These shells could not be separated generi- cally from Paraprososthenia coggini on conchological grounds, but they seem to be specifically distinct. If Heude’s figures are correct, there are considerable differences in the radula and possibly the anatomy, and should our species prove to be so closely related to D. rupicola as it appears to be on shell-characters, the subgeneric name Parapyrgula will have to give place to Delavaya, of which Paraprososthenia will become asubgenus. The relationship between Fenouilia and these forms may therefore be less close than we thought, for no great reliance can be placed on apparent resem- blances in the soft parts of dried specimens. I doubt in any case that Delavaya is really congeneric with Pachydrobia. 20th September, 1919. N. Annandale. xox, THE POSsiBEs OCCUR RE MCE Oy SCHIST OSOMA JAPONICUM, KATSURADA IN INDIA. By R. B. SEvyMOuR SEWELL, F.A.S.B., Capt. 1.M.S., Surgeon- Naturalist to the Marine Survey of India and Offg. Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (With Plate XXV). During the past few months I have been engaged in investiga- tions directly or indirectly connected with the introduction into India of the African and Mesopotamian forms of the human-infect- ing Schistosomes. These investigations are a continuation and elaboration of those begun by Mr. S. W. Kemp ;! in the course of them I have undertaken the systematic examination of large numbers of freshwater molluscs in various parts of India and have discovered numerous cercariae hitherto unknown. Most of these belong to groups that have little interest to others than zoologists, but quite recently I have discovered in one of the tanks in the Calcutta area a cercaria that is a true Schistosome and that seems likely to have considerable practical importance from a medical point of view. I have therefore decided, having found it possible to give a full description, not to delay publication of my results in this respect. The cercaria is, as far as it is possible to judge from the very detailed description and clear figures published by Cort,’ and the further particulars given by Faust*, morphologically indis- tinguishable irom that of Schistosoma japonicum, Katsurada, a very important parasite of man in China and Japan. Cercariae Indicae xxx. This type appears to be a true Schistosome and is almost identical, if not absolutely so, with Sch. japonicum. ‘The cercaria is a small one and is a feeble swimmer, as viewed in a watch glass. It appears to move tail first, dragging the body behind it, by vigor- ! Kemp and Gravely, /nd. Fourn. Med. Res. (in the press). 2 Cort, W. W. ‘The cercaria of the Japanese blood-fluke, Schistosoma japonicum, Katsurada.’”’ Univ. Californ. Publ. Zool., Vol. XVIII, No. 17, pp. 485-507, 3 figures in text: Berkeley, 1919. 8 Faust, E.C. ‘Notes on South African cereariae. Yourn. of Parasito- logy, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 164: Urbana, 1919. 426 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, ous lashing of the tail. Under a cover slip it only makes feeble progress owing to the fact that its anterior end appears to be not a true sucker but an organ devised for penetrating the host tissues. The body is frequently bent from side to side and is cap- able of a very great degree of extension and retraction. Further- more, the anterior end forms a protrusible snout which is some- times thrust out to form a round papilla and from time to time is retracted within the anterior end of the animal, thus forming a depression which at first sight might be thought to be the cavity of an anterior sucker. The animal has a marked tendency to shed its tail while under observation. Owing to the extreme degree of extension and retraction of the animal it is difficult to get the exact measurements in the live state. So far as my observations go the measurements of the cercaria are as follows :— When the body is extended it measures 0°1g6 mm. in length x 0°025 mm. in breadth and when contracted 0°090 mm. X 0°050 mm. The tail seems to be capable of a certain degree of exten- sion and varies in length in different specimens from 0°186 to 0°221 mm, The furcal rami are short and are capable of extension and contraction, having in a contracted condition a wrinkled appearance. They vary in length from o0:07r to 07096 mm. The body is comparatively transparent and in consequence it is very easy to make out the details of the structure. ‘The whole of its surface is covered by minute spines which extend as far forward as the limit where the body-wall joins the sides of the anterior sucker-like structure. The tail is rather more sparsely covered with spines that appear to be slightly hooked and are com- paratively large and both furcal rami are armed with spines along the margins. The anterior sucker-like structure is pyriform in shape and measures 0°043 mm. by 0°032 mm. when the animal is in the state of retraction but during the extension of the body this pyriform mass becomes considerably longer and narrower. Behind the point wnere the body-wall joins the anterior “ sucker ’’ the wall of this latter organ is thick and is provided with a strong layer of circular muscle-fibres. Internally the great bulk of the organ is filled with a granular mass, the head gland, while laterally and posteriorly are a number of small parenchymatous cells, also granular in appearance: the ducts from the cephalic glands, of which there are five on each side, enter this pyriform structure on its ventro-lateral aspect and pass forwards to open at the tip of the protrusible snout. Each duct is tipped at its orifice by a hollow conical spine of which there are ten in all. The acetabulum is small and is situated about 1 the distance from the posterior end of the body, its external opening is Y-shaped, the two limbs of the Y pointing forwards and one limb backwards: it measures in diameter o°014 mm. Its external surface is covered with a number of fine spines and it is capable of some degree of protrusion and retraction but normally forms only a small projection on the ven- tral aspect. 1919.) R. B.S. SEWELL: Schistosoma japonicum in India. 427 The most obvious feature in the body is the large group of five pairs of cephalic glands that occupy the posterior 4 to 2 of the body. ‘These glands are pyriform in shape and each cell has a wide and conspicuous duct that runs forward to enter the head gland as noted above. These cells appear to be of two kinds. The anterior two pairs are coarsely granular while the posterior three pairs are finely granular, and each possesses a large and conspicuous nucleus. Cort (/.c., p. 501) makes no mention of any such differentiation in the cephalic gland cells of Sch. japonicum. He states that all five pairs of cells possess acidophilic cytoplasm, as is also the case in the present species. The ducts belonging to the two groups of cephalic gland cells can also be distinguished ; those from the three posterior pairs are large and lie ventrally in a U-shape, while those from the anterior two pairs are small and are situated side by side in the opening of the U on the dorsal side. The alimentary canal is extremely reduced. The mouth opens ventrally by a small orifice situated far forward just in front of the junction of the body-wall with the head-gland. A narrow intes- tine passes backwards as far as the anterior two pairs of cephalic glands and there is no trace whatever of any pharynx. The excretory system is of the typical Schistosome type and agrees exactly with Cort’s description of the excretory system in Schistosoma japonicum. Three pairs of flame cells are situated in the body. Of these the anterior pair is situated laterally, external to the ducts of the mucin-gland canals about midway between the head-gland and the anterior pair of cephalic gland cells. The second pair of flame cells is situated in the interval between the coarsely granular and finely granular cephalic gland cells, rather to the lateral side ; while the posterior pair of flame cells is situated opposite the last pair of cephalic glands. A small excretory blad- der is situated at the extreme posterior end of the body and from this two wide canals pass forwards and outwards, reaching as far forward as the anterior margin of the acetabulum; they then curve backwards and divide into anterior and posterior branches. The main canal is in two places somewhat dilated and each dilation contains a vibratile flagellum of the same type as the flagella of the flame cells but longer and narrower. The presence of these extra vibratile structures is important as one is very liable at first sight to confuse them with true flame cells and thus to consider the number of flame cells to be five pairs instead of three. The anterior and posterior “collecting tubules”’ each divide into two branches running to the flame cells. The second branch from the posterior “ collecting tubule ’’ leaves the body and passes into the tail to the fourth pair of flame cells that is situated on either side of the caudal excretory tube close to the root of the tail. The caudal tube enters the posterior end of the bladder by a typical “islet ’’ opening: at the posterior end of the tail the tube bifur- cates, a branch passing along each fork to open to the exterior in a cup-like depression situated at the extreme tip of the ramus, Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, 428 The genital gland forms a mass of small round cells situated ventrally and immediately behind the posterior margin of the acet- abulum. In addition to this group of cells there is along the posterior and lateral border a series of five or six large round cells with clear protoplasm and a small granular nucleus. It would seem probable that these large cells represent the rudiments of the testes, while the central mass of small cells represents the rudiments of the ovary. The cercariae develop in elongate sausage-shaped sporocysts. In some cases, however, the sporocysts appear to be more or less oval or pyriform. Each sporocyst contains two or three mature cereariae; occasionally some of the cercariae appear to become encysted either in the sporocyst or in the substance of the liver outside. In these cases the cyst is of an elongate oval shape and has a thin clear wall, the cercaria lying within the cyst in a partially extended state and not, as is the case in most encysted forms, curled up into a spherical ball. The cercariae appear to reach the full development within the sporocyst before leaving it to enter the host’s liver tissue. The liver of an infected snail is of a yellowish brown colour and has a mottled appearance owing to the sporo- cysts appearing on the surface. The host. The cercariae develop in either Planorbis exustus, Desh. or in a form of Limnaea amygdalum, Troschel, in a tank in Russa Road South, Tollygunge, Calcutta. Size. Body. Tail trunk. Furca. Oval sucker. Mucin glands. Mucin ducts. Duct openings. Germ cells. Parthenita. | Present species. OO) 196 wu xX 50 p- 186 — 221 uw K 25 pu. 71 — 90 uw. 32 « X In transverse diam, X 43 w in length. | 5 pairs of pyriform cells with large nuclei and with gra- nular acidophilic cyto- plasm ; the anterior two pairs coarsely granular and the posterior three pairs finely granular. Very thick. At anterior end of protrusible snout; capped by five pairs of hollow, piercing spines. Clustered mass of cells just behind antabulum along the postero-lateral margin 5-6 large round cells with granular nuclei. Sporocyst. Sch. japonicum, 100 — 210 X 66 p. 150 w X 20m. 75 Me 33 win transverse diam. X 54 uw in length. 5 pairs of pyriform cells with large nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm. Cort makes no mention of any difference in the various cells. Very thick. At anterior end of protrusible snout ; capped by five pairs of hollow, piercing spines. Clustered mass of cells just behind antabulum. Sporocyst. In the accompanying table, adapted from Faust (/.c., p. 167), I have given the main characters of the present type and of the cer- catia of Schistosoma japonicum in parallel columns. ‘The present form appears to be very slightly smaller as regards the body and a trifle longer in the tail, but owing to the degree of contractility I919.] R. B.S. SEWELL: Schistosoma japonicum in India. 429 possessed by the animal these differences are of so slight a character as to be negligible and the difference in shape between my examples and the figure given by Cort of Sch. japonicum is of no importance in so protean an animal; the differentiation of the cephalic gland cells in the Indian form into coarsely-granular and finely-granular cells is a physiological rather than a morphological difference. The occurrence of animal-infecting forms of Schistosome in India has been known since the researches of Montgomery '—and the finding of a cercaria, stated to be that of Schistosoma spind- alis, Montgomery, has been recorded by Glen Liston and Soparkar,? but as no details of structure are given by these authors it is im- possible to compare their specimens with the present form. The final test of the identity of this form with that of Schis- tosoma japonicum lies in the similarity or otherwise of the adults and experiments are now being carried out to obtain the fully-grown sexual stage of this parasite, 1! Montgomery. ‘Observations on Bilharziosis among animals in India.” Fourn. of Trop. Vet Sci., Vol. 1, p. 16, 1906. 2 Glen Liston and Soparkar. ‘‘ Bilharziosis among animals in India. The life-cycle of Schistosomun spindalis.”’ Ind. Fourn. of Med. Res., Vol. V, p. 567, 1918. j x Bey vj AQ u nyt AY, Ricoh sth und 1 ae alt, niidite Niwa mel 5 ae pitt eli aid See theta yl 2 oul aiouin 58) 41 SETAE WO VOWUAVATTY & Weaver wie vey 's- ey 1 ara ini a s(eLr' a Heh’ 5 tah) Mag) ry abet (sia a hE ‘a™ i i 1 {\au ve Liisi ® a: a Phyties © an j 7 ory va vu gti =: 2 ae ie sec Wl eine et st Caen 4 ‘ Dries & eens oi fing “4 tutte a Ri Wiph a EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. Fic. 1.—Cercariae Indicae xxx; the whole animal, ventral view. 2.—Cercariae Indicae xxx; the body enlarged, ventral view hollow. AS} 3.—Cercariae Indicae xxx; the hollow boring spines capping each mucin duct. 2) EXPLANATION OF LETTERING. ac = intestine: bs = boring spines: cgs= coarsely granular cephalic-gland cells : cgs' = finely granular cephalic-gland cells: #/= flame cells : f’ = flagellae working in the main excretory tubes *: g= gonad (ovary) : hg. = head-gland : mgc = mucin gland canals: ps = posterior sucker. * These are shown much larger than is actually the case for purposes of clearness. They are actually much smaller than the flame cells. ee Plate XXV. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. rr 8 | 1 | ° ale CG MRS RAIA i Ea) 9 fo} Oo ° oy 22 ° iis HAHA ° Veet 2 © gen ° ° {eee a TST PH Brea Q 2) ay © ° o 2 Gs A HI o°9 0 90 0 aL lle fo x oo SQN Ty RoiBis-. del: TYPE XXX CERCARIAE INDICAE ia ac . : J “ wo a 7 1 a r 5 vl — 6 7 ~ + i 1 F, sh F « ¥ ] ' & ! ’ i ' a = se ; ; = , ; \ : — ai - ‘ - a 5 i 7 F e 7 a 7 . * MISCELLANEA. MOLLUSCA. On the Genus Mysoria, Godwin-Austen. This was described in the Records of the Indian Museum, Vol. XVI, pt. iii, April 1919; type Bzthynia costigera, Kuster. I find the name is preoccupied, Mr. G. K. Gude has kindly pointed this out tome. It has been used for a genus of the Insecta, Zoological Record, 1893, p. 248. I have therefore to propose in lieu the title Mysorella. In connection with this genus Dr. Annandale in a recent letter dated 4th June alludes to species of Valvata from the intertrappean beds of Nagpur. It is interesting we had come independently to the same opinion. When looking at Plate XIV, Geology of India by Medlicott and Blanford my attention was called to the figure of the species multicarinata placed in Valvata, and which appeared much more likely to be a Mysoria or rather a Mysorella. Valvata minima! it would be necessary to see in its fossil state, it is so small, and only one view of it is given The generic position of many species on this plate appear to me very doubtful, particularly those of Lymnea subulata, telankhe- diensis and spina, those assigned to Paludina and even Physa prinsepit. It would be most interesting to examine the fossils ; this I hope to do, should they be represented in the Natural History Museum. They certainly require critical examination. They belong to a very distinct molluscan fauna and further close search in beds of this age would no doubt yield many more species. It is apparent very much has to be done in these intertrappean beds, with their distinct, widely separated vertical horizons. Very re- cently I met Capt. B. G. Gillett who was employed before the war constructing a reservoir near Khandala and was returning to Bombay. He told me he had noticed fossil shells in the sections excavated and promised to look them up and collect specimens. H. H. Gopwin-AvusteEn, Lt.-Cor. Nore, 9th July, tg19. i IT have recently examined specimens of ‘ Valvata’’ minima and believe them to belong to Gyraulus.—N. Annandale. » Bee? NOLES ON. INDIAN COCCID As er Tee SUB=-FPAMTILY DIAS PIDINAE, WITH DE SOR EPELONS OF NEW SPECIES: By BE. ERNEST GREEN, F.E.S., F.Z.S. (Plates XXVI—XXXI). Since the publication of my last enumeration of Coccidae from the Continent of India (‘ Mem. Dep. Ag. Ind.’ Ent. Ser., II, No. 2, Ap. 1908), many fresh records have accumulated, including a considerable number of undescribed species. The present paper deals with those belonging to the sub-family Diaspidinae. describ- ing the new species jand listing others that have not previously been recorded from India. Of the fifty species now added to the Indian list, twenty are here described for the firsttime. It is only to be expected that, in such a vast and (in this respect) unex- plored region, we can have touched no more than the fringe of the subject. Every fresh parcel that I receive discloses one or more novelties. ; I am indebted to T. V. Ramakrishna Aiyar, of the Agri- cultural College, Coimbatore, for repeated consignments of valu- able and interesting material. I have also had the privilege of examining collections from the Indian Museum, from the Agricul- tural Research Institute (Pusa), from the Forest Zoologist (Dehra Dun) and from the Poona Agricultural College. Diaspis cinnamomi-mangiferae, Newst. (PE SEXVI, fig, 1a): Female puparium thin, semitranslucent, whitish, circular. Dried insect pallid: probably yellowish in life. Form similar to that of D. rosae: the thoracic area broad, the abdominal area con- stricted. Pygidium with median lobes smaller, narrower, and less divergent than in rvosae. On Mangtfera indica: Bangalore (Ramakrishna, No. 114). Diaspis loranthi, Green. (Pl SOXEViI; ficere): On Loranthus cordifolius: Paresnath, Bihar, 4000 ft. (Ind. Mus.No. 71). Differs from vosae in the larger, more prominent and more rounded median lobes, which extend far beyond the lateral lobes. Dr. Annandale writes of this species, ‘‘It has perhaps 434 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL Vas some economic importance, for it was strictly confined to the Loranthus upon which it was found in some abundance, and species of Loranthus have been known to doserious damage to forest timber in the Himalayas. I could find no trace of the Coccid on the tree on which the Ioranthus was growing.” Diaspis rosae (Bouche). (PIF XX VE tig Lb=}): On Loranthus sp.: Ootacamund (coll. E.E.G ). On Hemigy- vosa: Courtallum, Tinnevelli District (Ramakrishna, No. 141). D. rosae varies considerably in the size of the median lobes ; but they are always more or less pointed at the outer extremity, and searcely project beyond the lateral lobes. Figs. b to f repre- sent examples of rosae from different localities, showing a gradual increase in the size of the median lobes. Chionaspis annandalei, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI, fig. 2a--c). Puparium of female sordid white, pellicles castaneous. Form elongate, straight or slightly curved, very narrow ; underside with a ventral scale enclosing the insect and ova, except for a narrow median slit which remains open—as in Mytilaspis glovert. Tength 2to 2.5 mm. Greatest breadth 03 mm. Male puparium pure white, with a rather indistinct median carina: pellicle castaneous. Length 1°25 mm. Adult female (fig. 2a) elongate, linear; the cepalo-thoracic area occupying more than half the length of the body. Pygidium (fig. 2b) with six prominent lanceolate lobes, of which the median are slightly the largest: the two lateral lobes are situated close together on each side, but are separated by a considerable interval from the median lobes. All the lobes have radices extending far back into the pygidium. ‘There is a conspicuous marginal pore between the median lobes, one in the space between the median and lateral lobes, and others at intervals on each side beyond the lobes. Squames spiniform. Anal and genital orifices near the base of the pygidium. There are no circumgenital pores. The oval dorsal pores are numerous and conspicuous, and are arranged as shown in the figure. Length r to 1°5 mm. Nymphal pellicle (fig. 2c) with a well otal division between the thoracic and abdominal areas. On stems of Dendrocalamus strictus. Paresnath Hill, 2500 t., Bihar (N. Annandale, 10-iv-19090). Chionaspis caroli, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI, fig. 3a-b). Puparium of female snowy white; smooth; pellicles fulvous. Form elongate, moderately dilated behind. Owing to the position 1919. ] E. E. GREEN: Indian Coccidae. 435 taken up by the insect (on the extreme margins of the leaves), the sides of the puparium are turned down, clasping the edge of the leaf (see fig. 3a). Average length 2 mm. Male puparium (see also fig. 3a) white; narrow elongate ; transverse section lenticular; without any trace of carinae ; attached by the anterior extremity only, the rest of the scale tilted up from the leaf. Average length 1°5 mm. Adult female narrow in front, widest across the abdomen, increasing in width up to the segment immediately preceding the pygidium. Lateral margins of abdominal segments moderately produced. Pygidium (fig. 34) rounded. Median lobes very small, inconspicuously dentate on free edge: first lateral lobes duplex, the inner lobule large and conspicuous, with rounded entire margin, the outer lobule small and bluntly pointed, other lobes obsolete. Squames spiniform, tubular, unusually long and slender. Circum- genital glands in five groups: median group with from 10 to I2 pores, upper laterals 15 to 17, lower laterals 14 to 16. Oval dor- sal pores in short diagonal series on the pygidium and on the pre- ceding two segments; other similar pores on margins of remaining abdominal segments, and—occasionally—on the margins of the thorax. Length 1 to 1°25 mm. On leaves of tea plant: Darjiling (C. B. Antram). The female insects disposed along the recurved edge of the leaf; male puparia in small groups on the undersurface of the leaves. The species is well characterized by the exceptionally small median lobes. Although the male puparia are not carinated, I consider that the insect bears closer relationship to the genus Chionaspis than to Lepidosaphes, in which it might otherwise be included. Chionaspis chir, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI, fig. 4a-e; Pl. X XVII, fig. 5/). Puparium of female snowy white; smooth and _ shining ; pellicles reddish, often partially obscured by a layer of white secretion : long-ovate or pyriform, rather strongly convex in trans- verse section. Average length 2°75 mm. Breadth I'4 mm. Male puparium not observed. Adult female (fig. 4a) oblong ovate, narrower in front, broadly rounded behind. Anterior spiracles with a small group of para- stigmatic pores. Lateral area of meso-thoracic and of the first three abdominal segments with numerous minute circular pores. Pygidium (fig. 5/) with evenly rounded margin, broken by four con- spicuous pore-beariug prominences on each side: the extremity (between the innermost pair of marginal pores) varying—often asymmetrically—in almost every individual examined. In the most symmetrical form (fig. 4d), there is a small median conical point followed, successively, on each side, by a prominent lanceo- late process, a broad tridentate process and an irregularly falcate 436 Records of the Indian Museum. [ Vor. Soya: process. The tridentate processes are probably homologous with the ustial median lobes. The lateral lobes are possibly represented by a minute process immediately caudad of the second marginal pore. In one example (fig. 4c) all of the median processes have been suppressed, leaving the margin—at this part—irregularly sinuate. Squames represented (if at all) by a few minute projections to- wards the base of the pygidium. Circumgenital glands in four groups: the upper lateral group with from 13 to 17 pores, the lower laterals with from 34 to 41 pores. Dorsal oval pores numer- ous, large and conspicuous: in regular series following the contour of the suppressed segments. Anal orifice near the base of the pygidium. Length 1°5 tc 2 mm. On ‘Chir Pine’ (Pinus sp.): Almora, Kumaon, U.P. (coll. Forest Zoologist, Dehra Dun.) It is with considerable hesitation that I have assigned this insect to the genus Chionaspis. The characters of the covering scale, and most of those of the insect itself, suggest its affinity to Maskell’s genus Poliaspis. But that genus was founded especial- ly to contain species possessing more than five groups of circum- genital pores, of which this insect has four only—an unusual number in any Diaspidine genus, except Parlatoria and Aspidiotus, with neither of which can this species be associated. Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) gudalura, n. sp. (PIEXXVily fe 6070): Puparium of female (fig. 6a) circular, the larval pellicle pro- jecting beyond the margin; slightly convex above. Colour clear white, the pellicles castaneous. Average diameter 2 mm. Male puparium white: strongly tricarinate. Length approxim- ately I mm. Adult female ovate ; length approximately equal to twice the breadth. Pygidium (fig. 6b) broadly rounded. Median lobes occupying a slight median depression; their bases united, their distal edges divergent, without serrations or indentations. Lateral lobes duplex, prominent; the first laterals distinct, the two lobules of approximately equal size; the second laterals in the form of thickened marginal prominences, the inner lobule with an oval dorsal pore at its base. Squames spiniform. Marginal spines inconspicuous. Anal orifice central. Circumgenital glands in five groups, with numerous pores; median group 16 to 25; upper laterals 30 to 42, lower laterals 29 to 28. Oval dorsal pores con- spicuous, in broken longitudinal curved series. Length 1°5 mm. Breadth approximately 0°75 mm. Massed on the stems of a large species of Bamboo. Gudalura, Nilgiris (coll. F. E. Green). This is one of those species which reveal the close affinity between the Phenacaspis section of the genus Chionaspis and the Aulacaspis section of Diaspis, the chief distinction between which 1919. ] BK. E. Green: Indian Coccidae. 437 appears to be that in the former the larval pellicle is ultra- marginal, while in the latter it is intra-marginal in position. Chionaspis spiculata, n. sp. (PISSE VI, fee 7a-d?-8e,*f). Puparium of female (fig. 7a) elongate and very slender ; straight, parallel-sided, posterior extremity tapering abruptly to a point, exuviae fulvous, secretionary appendix white, sides slop- ing upwards to a median ridge which extends the whole length of the puparium. Length 2°25 to 3mm; breadth approximately 0°25 mm. Male puparium not observed. Adult female (fig. 7d) long and narrow, more than half the length occupied by the thoracic area. Pygidium (fig. 8e, /) with- out the usual chitinous lobes ; but with a terminal series of long- ish acuminate processes (7 or 8 on each side) of which the median two are longer and stouter than the others. ‘These processes are possibly homologous with the tubular squames of other species, but do not appear to be associated with any glandular ducts. Circumgenital glands in five groups, the upper three forming a more or less continuous arch : average number of pores,—median 2, upper laterals 4, lower laterals 7 to 8. Dorsal pores large and conspicuous (see fig. 8/), sausage-shaped, placed transversely. Diagonal series of similar -pores on each side of the abdominal segments, Anterior spiracles with 3 or 4 parastigmatic pores. Length I to 1°25 mm. Nymphal pellicle (fig. 70) narrow, acuminate behind: the posterior extremity (fig. 7c) with six prominent, slender, acumi- nate processes. On foliage of Bambusa sp. Peria Ghat, N. Malabar, 2000 ft. (Ramakrishna, No. 126-part). This is a very distinct insect, quite unlike any other known species. It is placed provisionally in the genus Chionaspis, pend- ing the discovery of the male puparium. Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) varicosa, Green. (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 9). Green," Cocc., Ceylon; Vi, p. 146, pl. L. (1899). On Loranthus, Dodabetta, Nilgiris (Ramakrishna, No. 74), and on Piper sp. Coorg, Sidapur (Ramakrishna, No. 62). The Indian form (fig. 9) has the median lobes rather more strongly divaricate than in typical examples from Ceylon, and shows a single spiniform squame on the margin of the fourth space, in place of the group of three or four that occur in the same position in typical examples. The female puparium, also, is longer and narrower than in the type, and does not exhibit the conspicuous raised lines that characterize examples from Ceylon. 438 Records of the Indian Museum. [ VoL. XVE, Chionaspis acuminata, Green. On Evodia. Peria Ghat, North Malabar, 2,000 ft. (Rama- krishna, No. 127-part). Chionaspis acuminata var atricolor, Green. On Tamarindus and Carissa. Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, Nos. 124 and 147). Chionaspis elongata, Green. On Bambusa sp. Ootacamund (coll. E. E. Green). Chionaspis litseae, Green. On ‘Ghumti.’ Darjiling District. (Ex coll. Ind. Mus.). Chionaspis megaloba, Green. On Zizyphus jujuba. Pusa(T. B. Fletcher, No. 44). Hemichionaspis chionaspiformis, Newst. On ‘ Wild Indigo.’ Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, No. 122). Dinaspis permutans (Green). On Evodia. Peria Ghat, 2,000 ft., N. Malabar (Ramakrishna, No. 127-part). Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) pseudocamelliae, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 10). Puparium of adult female ochraceous (when on the twigs or the upper surface of the foliage), whitish (on undersurface of foliage): pellicles darker ochreous, occupying the greater part of the area of the scale. Form irregularly circular, slightly convex above. Diameter 0°75 to I mm. Male puparium slightly paler in colour: ovate. Length 0-75 mm. Adult female broadly ovate: bluntly pointed behind. Pygi- dium (fig. Io) with a single median pair of large prominent lobes, their inner edges converging and rather closely approximated, their free edges sloping steeply and indented at one or two points. Squames very slender and inconspicuous, spiniform, obscurely pectinate outwardly: the three or four outermost squames each on a slight prominence. Marginal spines long and conspicuous. A well-marked claviform paraphysis running inwards from the outer edge of each median lobe. Anal orifice ovate; distant from the posterior extremity by about a quarter the length of the pygidium. No circumgenital pores. Oval dorsal pores conspicuous: in two irregular series on each side. Length 0°5 to 0°75 mm. IgI9Q. | E. E. GREEN: Indian Coccidae. 439 Thickly clustered on the smaller twigs and on both surfaces of the leaves of Capparis stylosa. Ittige, Bellary District (Rama- krishna. No. 64). The species differs from camelliae in the nature of the squames, which are not broadly pectinate, as in that species, and in the greater number and size of the oval dorsal pores. The puparia, also, are quite distinctive. Aspidiotus tamarindi, n. sp. (BI XXVIM. fis. 114a,"8). Female puparium irregularly oval or subcircular, flattish. Colour stramineous, ochreous, or pale castaneous, the darker exam- ples being situated on the upper surface of the leaves. Diameter 2 mm. Male puparium small; oblong oval, slightly narrower behind. Colour rather paler than that of the female scale, occasionally whitish. Length 0°75 mm. Adult female (fig. 11a) evenly turbinate, without any indica- tions of abdominal segmentation. Pygidium somewhat produced : the margin (fig. 115) with six prominent, somewhat narrow lobes 5 all the lobes with a translucent band across the base ; the median lobes are markedly indented on each side; the lateral lobes inden- ted on the outer side only. Squames very thin and delicate, the distal extremity of each deeply fringed ; those in the interlobular spaces ligulate ; the ultra-lobular squames (of which there are six or seven on each side) broader, and acutely pointed at the inner edge. Anal orifice small, circular, approximately central. Circum- genital glands in four groups; the upper groups with 7 OL Oh and the lower with 3 or 4 pores. Numerous slender filiform ducts communicate with inconspicuous marginal (and ? dorsal) pores. Length I to 1°25 mm. On Tamarindus. Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, No. 26—part). Crowded on both surfaces of the leaflets Male puparia inter- mingled with those of the females. Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Sign. On ‘Ceara Rubber.’ Nilgiris, 2,000 ft. (Ramakrishna, No. 53- part). Aspidiotus hartii, CkIl. On Curcuma. Poona (HM. H. Mann, No. 34). Aspidiotus rossi, Mask. On Carissa carandas. Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, No. 36). On ‘ Pomegranate.’ Bilaspore, C.P. (T.B. Fletcher, No. 38). Odonaspis penicillata, Green. On Bambusa. Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, No. 134-part). 440 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, Odonaspis simplex? (Green). On Bambusa. Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, No. 134-part). Aonidia indica, n. sp. (PSSXVALT She erzaeio): Puparium of female circular, moderately convex, the median area usually depressed or slightly concave; secretionary margin very narrow, the centre of the scale usually bare. Colour pale castaneous, the secretionary margin grayish brown. Diameter approximately o°5 mm. Male puparium larger; broadly ovate; the larval pellicle nearer one extremity. Colour dull grayish brown. Length 0°75 mm. Adult female circular, the pygidium slightly prominent. Pos- terior extremity of pygidium (fig. 12a) somewhat truncate; with eight small rounded or slightly indented lobes, the median pair largest, the others decreasing 1n size to the outermost. Between the lobes are some delicate fimbriate or truncate squames, and there are three or four similar squames beyond the outermost lobe, on each side. Anal orifice relatively large, near the posterior ex- tremity. Length approximately 0°5 mm. Posterior margin of nymph (fig. 12) with six prominent lanceolate lobes, the median pair slightly indented on each side. There are also six large and conspicuous semilunar marginal pores. On undetermined plant. Museum Compound, Calcutta (N. Annandale). Aonidia tentaculata, n. sp. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 134-d). Female puparium flattish, dull castaneous, consisting of the large, naked nymphal pellicle upon which is superimposed the smaller larval pellicle—of a darker shade of brown. The nvmphal pellicle is of the peculiar form shown at fig. 13a, the thoracic area widely expanded, subcircular, the narrow parallel-sided abdominal area projecting posteriorly. The substance of the pellicle is dense- ly chitinous, with a markedly granular structure, and with con- centric series of irregularly oval clearer spaces. There is a sharply defined narrow marginal border. The posterior extremity of the pellicle (fig. 13b) exhibits six well defined lobes, of which the median pair is very small and slender, the others broader and hastate in form. The intervals between the lobes are occupied by broad ligulate squames, and there are three obscurely dentate squames immediately exterior to the outermost lobe. The margin beyond the lobes is deeply incised at seven or eight points, and there are seven conspicuous lunate pores on each side. Length Imm. Width of thoracic area I mm., of abdominal area 0°3 mm. Adult female (fig. 13c) with thoracic area broadly crescentic ; the projecting pygidium tapering to a sharp point, its distal se 1919. ] E. E. GREEN: Indian Coccidae. 441 extremity with a marginal series of sixteen long and slender spathu- late processes (fig. 13d) , beyond which is a single strong marginal spine on each side. Three small blunt projections on each side probably represent rudimentary pygidial lobes. Length 0°75 mm. Breadth 0°75 mm. On Vateria indica. Quilon, Travancore (Ramakrishna, No. 146-part). Associated with Websteriella vaieriae. The species is well characterized by the remarkable spathu- late tentacle-like processes on the pygidium. Aonidia crenulata, Green. On Vatica lanceifolia. ‘‘ Makum Forest, Assam ”’ (Lindinger). Aonidia dentata, Lindinger. On Walsura piscidia. “‘ Kamlekum Hill, India ’’ (Lindinger), Aonidia spinosissima, Lindinger. On Mimusops hexandra, ‘“ Central-India’’ (Lindinger). Aonidia targioniopsis, Lindinger. On Miliusa velutina. ‘‘ Burma’’ (Lindinger). Aonidia viridis, [indinger. On Aglaia minuttflora. Travancore (Lindinger). Gymnaspis ficus, n. sp. (BE XXIX, fig. 14a, 0). Puparium of female consisting of the swollen nymphal pel- licle, sometimes with a superimposed larval pellicle: very broadly ovoid, strongly convex. Colour ochreous yellow, the centre with a dark patch where the colour of the dried insect shows through the semitranslucent scale. Lengtho’6 mm. Breadth 05 mm. Male puparium oblong: consisting of the yellowish larval pellicle at the anterior extremity, and a white secretionary appen- dix. Strongly convex on the anterior half, depressed behind. Length o75 mm. Breadth 05 mm. Posterior margin of nymphal pellicle (fig. 14a) with six narrow lanceolate, prominent lobes: the median pair strongly indented on each side, the lateral lobes indented weakly on the inner but more strongly on the outer side.’ Two large and conspicuous lunate pores on each side, situated in the interlobular spaces, and two or three similar but smaller pores beyond the lobes. Squames broad and deeply fringed. 1 The lithographic artist has not reproduced quite correctly the outline of these marginal lobes. 442 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL,. XVI, Adult female subcircular or broadly oval. Rostral apparatus very large and conspicuous. Pygidium (fig. 145) rounded, the margin serratulate at the extremity. A denser chitinous area surrounds the anal orifice and extends to the genital region. On Ficus retusa. Kollegal, Coimbatore (Ramakrishna, No. 22). Gymnaspis ramakrishnae, n. sp. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 15a@-/). Female puparium consisting of the enlarged nymphal pellicle alone, the larval pellicle almost invariably becoming detached during the later growth of the nymph. The nymphal pellicle (fig. 15c, d) is broadly oval in outline, with a sharply defined pygidial area, in front of which the disc of the dorsum rises ab- ruptly into a rounded dome-like protuberance. A lateral view (see fig. 15d) is suggestive of the shape of one of the shrapnel helmets used by our troops during the recent war. Length ap- proximately 0°5 mm. The early nymph (fig. 15e) is of the same contour, but shows no sign of the dorsal elevation. The pygidial area is strongly demarked, and recessed into the abdominal segments. The pygi- dial fringe (fig. 15/) is like that of a typical Parlatorsa, with six small but prominent lobes and broad fimbriate squames. Adult female (fig. 152) subspherical; the pygidial area slightly projecting, weakly chitinized and with its inner boundary ill defined. Rostral apparatus large and conspicuous. Pygidium (fig. 15) with two very small tricuspid lobes which are recessed into the margin. Between the lobes is a single prominent median process, and there are two similar processes (? modified squames) immediately exterior to each lobe. Anal orifice comparatively large, approximately central. Length 0°25 to 0°3 mm. On undersurface of leaves of Hemigyrosa, disposed —princi- pally —along the prominent veins. Courtallum, Tinnevelli (Rama- krishna, No. 140). Parlatoria artocarpi, n. sp. (Pl SOI “fie 210): Puparium of female castaneous, with a blackish medio-longi- tudinal vitta ; broadly ovate; consisting of the nymphal exuviae alone, without any secretionary appendix. Nymphal pellicle un- usually large. Length o°8 to og mm. Male puparium narrower and slightly longer; larval pellicle dull greenish-olivaceous ; appendix white. Wength 1 mm. Adult female entirely concealed beneath the large nymphal pellicle. Of normal form; broader across the metathoracic area. Pygidium (fig. 16) with six prominent tricuspid lobes. : @ 7 4 i my Ba ieee = ah 7 “a os Pe : vs oa 7 ¥ i ; wal “a “ee ; rs oie SLL Oe a we 2.) Se edi af i] | Anat . . f2h4) 4 = 7 bag jan r ey 3° aM “ss i. vy P 2 e x EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. Fic. 9.—Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) varicosa, Green. Pygidium of adult 2, X 280. 5, 10.—Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) pseudocamelliae, n. sp. Pygi- dium of adult 2, X 450. »» I1.—Aspidiotus tamarind, n. sp. a. Outline of adult ?, X 30. 6b. Pygidium of @, X 280. », 12.—Aonidiaindica,n.sp. a. Posterior margin of nymph, x 280. 0. Pygidium of adult 2, X 280. cas ia Cree Joep U9I2ds) qT Plate XXVIL ili ec. Ind. Mus.,Vol. XVI, WebNS) EXPLANATION OF PEATE SOCee Fic. 13.—Aomnidia tentaculata, n. sp.. a. Nymphal pellicle, * 50. b. Margin of posterior extremity of nymph, X 450. c. Adult female, X 50. d. Posterior extremity of adult @, X 450. 14.—Gymnaspis ficus, n. sp. a. Posterior margin of nymphal pellicle, X 280. 6. Pygidium of adult 2, x 280. 15.—Gymnaspis ramakrishnae, n. sp. a. Adult @, X I00. b. Pygidium of adult @, X 450. c. Nymphal pellicle, from above, X 50. d. Nymphal pellicle in profile) x 50. e. Nymph, X i100. f. Nymph, posterior extremity, X 450. 16.—Parlatoria artocarpi,n. sp. Pygidium of adult 2 , x 280. +) bP) +) a Dab é ae AL Plate 7 ee. Ind Mus. Volxvi, 1919. yu Ave ypmoug’ v ‘Jap US281IDN WA EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. Fic. 17.—Parlatoria (Websteriella) papillosa,n. sp. a. @ pupari- um, X 30. 06. 2 puparium, X 30. c¢. 2 puparium, side view, X 30. d. Adult 2 ,xX130. e. Thoracic margin of adult ¢ , X 450. f. Pygidium of adult 9 , X 450. g. Posterior extremity of nymphal pellicle, X 450. ,, 18.—Parlatoria vateriae, n. sp. a. Nymphal pellicle, x 50, b. Nymphal pellicle, posterior extremity, X 450. c. Adult 2, X 50. d. Adult 2 , posterior extremity, X 450. e. Adult 2, antenna, X 450. », 19.—Parlatoria calianthina, Berl. and Leon. adult 25 xX 250: ,, 20.—Lepidosaphes meliae, n. sp. a. Marginal area of second and third abdominal segments, X 220. 0. Secre- tory spines from 2nd segment, X 450. c. Pygidium of adult @ (opt. sect.), X 220. Pygidium of Plate 2: Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XVI, 1919. Oy Areypmoyy' VW S o SS) Sea) See = 5 pe en i ee ee a ee ne ne mmm wee Mg CEO GLB) EXPLANATION -OF PRADE. ox xa. Fic. 21.—Lepidosaphes retrusus, n. sp. Pygidium of adult ¢ , X 450. 22.—Fiorima frontecontracta, n. sp. a. Adult 2, X 8o. b. Pygidium of adult 2, X 450. c. Nymphal pel- licle, X 30. d. Posterior extremity of nymphal pel- licless 450: 23.—Fiorinia plana, n. sp. a. Pygidium of adult 2, X 450. b. Posterior extremity of nymyhal pellicle, X 450. 24.—Ftorinia sapindi, n. sp. a. Nymphal pellicle, xX 30. b. Posterior extremity of nymph, X 450. c. Frons of adult 9, X 450. d. Posterior extremity of adult 2, X 450. Udy ALeypMoug’ W : 7270p UseID HW Hy AK Ses Plate XXxI: Pe Ie me ee He He ee tM eee me et ee ' ‘ ’ ' , . ’ ’ ‘ ' ‘ ' i ‘ : ’ ’ Oo ' 1 ' ‘ 1 ‘ ' 1 ' ' ’ 2 ' t ' ’ ‘ ' ' ’ 5 ’ ' ' ' t 1 1 ) ’ ’ ‘ 1 ' ' : ’ ‘ ' ' ' 4 Rec.Ind. Mus.,Vol. XVI, 1919. we Re re ee eee ey 3 wy Moe he say SCR PTLONS OF FO Ry Wea wW PNG DAeAON - ODO NAT A: By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.S. All four of the new species belong to the subfamily Agrioninae, two belonging to the tribe Argiini and two to the tribe Agrionini. Species of the former tribe are easily distinguished from the latter by the relatively shorter petiolation of the wings. Genus Argiocnemis. Argiocnemis gravelyi, sp. nov. i @, Saugor, Central Provinces, India, 19—30-3-19 (F. H. Gravely), 1326/H2. Female. _ Head.—Eyes olive green above, greenish yellow beneath; labium and clypeus flesh coloured, the former with a small, trian- gular, black mark at its base and the latter with three black spots about its middle ; remainder of head black, with no markings. Prothorax black, with a sky-blue collar anteriorly and two similar coloured spots on each side, the anterior of which is much the largest. Thorax black on the dorsum; a broad, humeral, black line, enclosing between it and the black of the dorsum, a greenish fascia, which is itself traversed by an irregular, black line, incomplete anteriorly. Below the humeral line, the sides pale sky-blue with a minute dot and black streak posteriorly. Tergum spotted with blue. Legscreamy white, streaked with black on the extensor surfaces. Wings very shortly petiolated ; ac falls on to ab nearer the first antenodal nervure than the 2nd and ab meets the border of the wing opposite the rst antenodal. Postnodals 7 and 6 respec- tively in the two wings. Stigma olive brown. Abdomen sky-blue, paler anteriorly and deepening markedly in the last three segments. A broad, black fascia runs the whole length of the dorsum as far as segment 8, where it is continued on to the dorsum of segment 9 as a tongue-like process which does not attain to the apical border ; tenth segment entirely blue, as also are the anal appendages. Length of abdomen 22 mm. Length of hind-wing 15 mm. Argiocnemis dyeri, sp. nov. ia, old bed of Nerbudda, North of Babai, Hooshangabad Dist., Central Provinces, India, 15-3-19 (F. H. Gravely). (A 452 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, single male of this insect was also taken by myself at Poona, I-4- 1g, in Mr. Thistleton Dyer’s compound, near the Moolah River. I have named it after Mr. Thistleton Dyer, who is a son of the emi- nent Kew botanist.) 1325/H2. Head black; labium and clypeus sky-blue ; two pyriform, blue, postocular spots; eyes deep sea-blue above, greenish beneath. (In Mr. Gravely’s specimen the postocular spot is enclosed on one side only, but in my own specimen the spots are present on both sides.) Prothorax blue marked with black in a somewhat elaborate pattern. The black, which is bordered all round with blue, narrowly at the sides and posteriorly, encloses a small, blue geminate spot at its middle, and a larger, subdorsal spot each side. Thorax sky-blue, with narrow, dorsal and humeral, black lines. Legs pale blue, streaked with black on the extensor surfaces. Wings as in the first mentioned species; the petiolation of the wings is extremely short; ac falls on to ab opposite the Ist antenodal nervure. Postnodals 8 and 7 respectively in the two wings. Stigma pale sepia or cinereous. Apex of wing closely reticulated. Abdomen blue marked with black, as follows:—a black spot on the basal half of segment I and a transversely linear, triangular spot on its apical border, followed distally by a blue annule. A broad, black, dorsal fascia on the 2nd segment, extending from the apical to the basal border, connecting up at the former with a black annule. Segments 3 to 7 with a black, dorsal streak expanding apically and pointed basally, where it fails to attain the basal border of segment. Apically these streaks are connected with black annules ; eighth and ninth segments all blue but with an apical row of fine, black spines ; tenth segment blue, with a small, hour-glass shaped, black spot on the dorsum, Anal appendages very minute and simple, the inferior scarcely visible. Length of abdomen23 mm. Length of hind-wing 16-17 mm. It is possible that these two insects are the sexes of a common species of Argiocnemts, but after a careful comparison of the two I do not think that this is so. Genus Himalagrion, gen. nov. The genus has some of the features of Agriocnemis but differs chiefly in its large size, in the large number of postnodals and in the position of the arc, which is opposite the 2nd antenodal nervure. Node placed at the junction of the middle and basal thirds of the wing, quadrilateral irregular, its distal angle sharply acute, no intercalated sectors, stigma short, rhomboidal, ac midway between the two antenodals, ab present, commencing just proxt- mal to ac, arc opposite the second antenodal, Cu2 normal, post- nodals numerous, reticulation moderately close. IgI9g. | F.C. FRASER : New Indian Odonata. 453 The venation is identical with Zoniagrion, Kennedy, but there the resemblance begins and ends, there being no bifid, dorsal elevation on the roth abdominal segment of the male, nor spine on the ventral surface of segment 8 in the female. Himalagrion exclamationis, sp. nov. 470%, 4 2 2, Sitong, ca. 4,000 ft., near Manghphu, Darjiling Dist., 6-7-18 (S. Kemp). 1314H2. Male. Head black, marked with wedge-wood blue as follows :—large, subtriangular, postero-internal ocular spots; a blue fascia across the vertex and clypeus in front of the anterior ocellus; the whole of the labium except for a black, basal border which extends on to the anteclypeus. Eyes dark brown above, pale olivaceous beneath, the two colours being sharply contrasted at the equator of the eyes. Prothorax black marked with wedge-wood blue of which there is a fine, blue collar anteriorly and an irregular patch laterally. Thorax matt black marked with the same coloured blue as sharply defined streaks and spots as follows:—a blue, humeral stripe, broadest anteriorly and constricted at the junction of its middle and posterior thirds, the sides broadly blue and traversed low down by an irregular, black stripe which begins at the base of the posterior trochanter. Tergum and bases of wings spotted with blue. Legs pale blue, the femora streaked with black on the exten- sor surfaces and the tibiae similarly on the flexor surfaces. Abdomen: Ist segment blue marked with an irregular, black streak, which runs obliquely backwards from the dorsum to the ventrum, a black annule incomplete on the dorsum, apically ; 2nd segment blue with an irregular, oblong, black marking on the side, which fuses with a black, apical annule. A triangular, black mark on the posterior part of the dorsum, somewhat like a blunt atrow-head, looking forward; 3rd segment blue with a broad, black annule just in front of the apex and a narrow one at the apical border, lower part of sides and ventrum black; 4th segment similar but the apical annules have fused, enclosing a mere speck of blue laterally ; 5th segment similar but the blue spot is absent and the annules have extended forward, especially on the dorsum, where there is a triangular projection into the blue, basally the apical, black annule of the 4th segment has extended slightly on to the dorsum of the 5th; 6th segment entirely black save for a fine blue, basal annule, incomplete on the dorsum; 7th segment black, its dorsum marked for the posterior three fourths with blue, this marking narrowing from behind forward and with a lateral indentation at the apical end; 8th and 9th segments entirely blue, but in some specimens the 8th has a finely stippled, black, lateral line; 1oth segment black marked laterally with a small, blue spot 454 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, and presenting a narrow, halla notch on the dorsum, posteriorly , which is blue. Anal appendages. Superior shorter than the roth segment and also than the inferior, slightly bifurcate in profile; inferior nearly as long as the roth segment, broad at the base and narrowing rapidly to form a robust hook which is curved strongly down and inwards. Female. Very similar to the male, but the blue markings on the abdo- men much less extensive. Head, prothorax and thorax scarcely differing from that of the male. Abdomen. The oblique, black marking on the Ist segment covers the basal half of the dorsum ; the triangular, black marking on the dorsum of the 2nd segment extends forwards as far as the base and encloses between itself and the lateral marking a blue, hook-shaped marking ; the 3rd to 6th segments are black and each has a sharply-defined streak and dot on the sides, resembling a note of exclamation; the 7th may or may not have a faint indi- cation of a similar marking; 8th segment black, with an apical, blue annule, confluent laterally with a largish, blue spot; goth blue, marked basally with a black spot shaped like a coronet, and in some with a fine, dorsal, triangular, apical, black spot ; ‘Toth segment entirely blue. Anal appendages very small, black. Wings as for genus; postnodals 14; stigma black, covering one cell; length of hind-wing 22 mm. Length of abdomen 32 mm. The position of the are and the shape of the anal appendages suggest Certagrion but there is no ridge on the frons and the colour scheme is totally unlike anything seen in that genus, in fact I know of no parallel to the clear-cut, cameo-like effect of the markings in this beautiful insect, at least not in the subfamily Agrioninae. Genus Agriocnemis. Agriocnemis d’abreui, sp. nov. i 2, Lamta, Balaghat Dist., Central Provinces, India, 1,300 ft., 23-3-18. (E. A. D’ Abreu.) Head black, marked with sky-blue, post-ocular spots and a blue streak across the vertex in front of the anterior ocellus; labium blue, the base narrowly black; anteclypeus blue, traversed by a fine, black line with a pointed projection at its middle, directed forward ; eyes deep olive green above, paler beneath. Prothorax black, with two small, blue, subdorsal spots in front. Thorax sky-blue, the dorsum and a broad, black, humeral fascia black ; the tergum spotted with blue. Legs pale blue, streaked with black on the extensor surfaces. Abdomen blue, marked with black as follows :—the dorsum broadly black throughout its whole length, the black on each segment from 2 to 7 expanding at the apical end and then con- tracting again to join an apical black ring; black, lateral streaks 19I9.] F.C. Fraser: New Indian Odonata. 455 on the same segments, broadest apically and becoming obsolete basally. On the 2nd segment this streak joins up with the black on the dorsum basally, and on the 7th similary but apically. Blue annules follow the ist, 7th, 8th and gth segments. No spine on the ventral surface of segment 8. Wings : postnodals 6 ; arc distal to the 2nd antenodal; ac falls on to ab about midway between the two antenodals ; stigma light brown, covers half a cell. Length of abdomen 15 mm. Length of hind-wing ro mm. The specimen bears a slight resemblance to A. splendidissima, Laidlaw, but the insect is a more robust species. The lateral abdominal spots are not connected up with the dorsal black, except on the 7th segment, and lastly the head markings are quite different. ST SOE. roa Oe aren eer XXXII. NOTES ON FRESHWATER SPONGES. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Director, Zoological Survey of India. No. XVII.—A NEW RACE OF TROCHOSPONGILLA LATOUCHIANA FROM CHINA. In my recent account of the freshwater sponges of China I assigned specimens of Trochospongilla from Soochow to T. latou- chtana, mihi, but pointed out that there were differences in the proportions of the gemmule-spicules. Mr. Gee has since sent me a large number of additional specimens, in which the differences are so constant and so marked that I now think they are worthy of nominal distinction. Trochospongilla latouchiana subsp. sinensis, nov. 1918. Tvochospongilla latouchiana, Annandale, Mem. As. Soc. Bengal 1V, p- 203. The sponge appears to have formed small cushions of a greyish colour on sticks or water-plants, but is imperfect in all the specimens examined. The skeleton is compact and contains a considerable amount of horny material by means of which the spicules in the vertical spicule-fibres are fastened together tightly. These fibres are well defined and vary considerably in thickness. As a rule, however, they are not very thick. They are connected transversely by an irregular network of single spicules and bundles of spicules joined together at the nodes by horny substance. The sponge is frequently so intermixed with that of Spongilla geew' that it is impossible to separate the two species, and confusion is liable to occur unless the spicules are carefully sorted out. The skeleton spicules are very like those of T. /atouchtana” (s.s.) but are rather more slender and more subject to the slight irregu- larities of outline. They vary considerably in size and proportions but are always quite smooth. ‘The gemmule-spicules are minute. As arule the outer rotule is slightly smaller than the inner one. The former is rather deeply concave andits margin is very slightly sinuous. ‘The upper end of the shaft is conspicuous as seen from above but the surface of the rotule is not sculptured. The differ- ent rotules do not overlap on the surface of the gemmule. The shafts of these spicules are relatively slender and at least as long as | Annandale, op. cit., p. 202 (1918). 2 Annandale, Faun. Brit. Ind., Freshw. Sponges, etc., p. 114, fig. 23A. 458 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL. XVI, 1919.] the diameter of the upper rotule. The gemmules are small, sub- spherical but somewhat produced round the single foraminal aperture. Measurements :— Diameter of gemmule . tO "20K 0228" | mitt: Length of skeleton spicule i, , 0°22 [Or =o Diameter of skeleton spicule .. oO°'OI-O'0I2 ,, Length of gemmule-spicule 12007012) — O01 5-5, Diameter of lower rotule ~ =, O° OL2Z —O10T Saks, Type-specimen.—No. P 25 Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.) dry. The race differs from the forma typica mainly in the longer shaft of the gemmule-spicules and the greater concavity of their upper rotules. ee SOC IW DiS CRP ALON SOF. NE W.- LN Dyan ODON ATE, LARVAE - AND “i XUVIAE- By Major F. C. Fraser, /.M.S. (With Plates XX XII—XXXVIIJ). The following descriptions of Odonate larvae have been made from specimens sent to me through the kindness of Dr. N. Annan- dale and from others collected by myself. The former were mostly collected by Messrs. S. Kemp and F. H. Gravely. The latter were collected around Poona and the types or paratypes have now been sent to the Indian Museum. Only two specimens of Epophthalmia were collected and one of these has since been partly destroyed, the perfect specimen going to the Museum. Very little has been written on individual Odonate larvae and not more than Io per cent of the Indian forms have hitherto been described. Still less is known of their habits. As more descriptions become available, they may be expected to throw considerable light on the phylogeny of the race, and if only for this reason, are valu- able. That this is so, is aptly illustrated by the descriptions of the three species of Cyclogomphus and by noting the close similarity of two of them,—C., verticalis and heterostylus,—to Macrogomphus annulatus. This similarity is much greater than that between the two species and a third,—C. minusculus, and raises doubts as to whether they are placed correctly. The curving and cupping of the antlered lobes of Epophthalmia foretells the evolution of the cupped mask of the Libellulines. One has only to web in the spaces between the elongated teeth to obtain such a mask. This bears out the theory that the Libellulinae are an offshoot of a Corduline stem. Other suggestive structures are the triquetral caudal gills of Chloroneura quadrimaculata and the cleft middie lobe of Pyo- tosticta gravelyt. SYSTEMATIC. Suborder ANISOPTERA. Subfamily CORDULIINAE. I. Epophthalmia frontalis, Selys. (Plo xxxii, fie. 13 pl. xxxiv, fie. 22) Poona, 7. 4. 19, 1512/H2. Length 33 mm. Length of hind femora 16 mm. Length of abdomen 24 mm. Mask deeply cupped and curved to cover the 460 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, face as in Libellulinae. The cup formed by the interlocking of the long, spinous jaws of the lateral lobes, in a way similar to the inter- locked fingers of two hands. Base of mask extending as far back as the mid pair of coxae. Lateral lobes long and curved, antler- like, furnished with 6-7 long, spinous teeth, the proximal 3 or 4 of which are half the length of the distal and the most distad furnished with a small, moveable hook on its inner side (pl. xxxiv, fig. 2). Antennae long and filiform, 7 segments. Eyes stalked, crab- like in appearance but not retractile, moderately small in compari- son to the size of the head. Synthorax saddle-shaped and bulky. Abdomen tumid, strongly carinated dorsally, the carina consisting of a row of backwardly imbricated spines, one on each of segments 5 to 9; spinous prolongations to the sides of segments 8 and 9. Legs very long and spidery, naked. Hab.—Running streams amidst curtains or masses of water- weed. Subfamily LIBELLULINAE. 2. Tholymis tillarga, Hagen. (Pixxx. fies 2 -) pl. xcxive ne. I.) Poona, 9. 5. 18, 1513/H2. Length 26 mm. Length of hind femora 13 mm., of the hind leg 22 mm. Length of abdomen 15 mm. Mask typically Libelluline, the lateral lobes meeting flush, by the close interlocking of bordering rows of small saw-like teeth to the number of 11. Mask deeply cupped (pl. xxxiv, fig. 1). Antennae long and filiform. Eyes bluntly conical, the func- tionating part comparatively large. Posterior to the eyes, the head bears some coarse hairs. y Synthorax stout, abdomen tumid, not carinated on the dor- sum, the sides of the segments finely spined and ending posteriorly in stout spines, these being very long and robust on the last three segments. Internally the terminal spines are finely fringed with longish hairs. Apical border of all segments finely fringed with — short, even hairs. Anterior and middle pairs of coxae clothed with long, coarse hairs. Femora with 3 rows of minute, widely-spaced spines. Hab.—Conceals itself amongst masses of coarse water-weed.: Usually breeding in small tanks, disused granite quarries which have filled with water being favourite spots. 3. Tramea limbata, Kirby. (Pi. xxxti, fier 3 lt sexocty nl Se5) Poona, 4. 5. 18, 1514/H2. Length of body 26mm. Length of hind femora 13 mm., of hind leg 32 mm. Length of abdomen 17 to 18 mm. Similiar to the last in most respects but of heavier build. 1919. ] F. C. FRASER: Odonate larvae and exuvtae. 461 Mask typically Libelluline, very deeply cupped, lateral lobes with interlocking teeth to the number of 16. These teeth pigment- ed at the tips and turned sharply in so that the apposition of the lobes is not so flush as in fa/lavga. Mid lobe moderately straight, slightly crenate along the border and fringed with coarse hairs (pl. xxxiv, fig. 3). Antennae long and filiform, 7 segments. Eyes small and shaped as horn-like processes which project markedly out from the sides of the head. Two or three coarse hairs posterior to the eyes and a largish, horn-like process at the posterior, outer angle of the head. Trunk stout, abdomen tumid, markedly carinated, the carina- tion made up of a row of stout, backwardly directed spines, one on each segment, to the number of 6 and each overlapping the ensuing segment. The last four segments with stout spines on the postero-lateral corners and segments 7, 8 and 9 with smaller, but robust spines situated mesially on the borders. Legs very long and spidery, naked. Hab. —Similar situations to the last. Subfamily GOMPHINAE. 4. Macrogomphus annulatus, Selys. (Pl. xxxiii, fig. 3; pl. XXXIV, figs. 4, 4a.) Poona, 1.8.19, 1515/H2. : Length 49 mm. Length of hind femora 75 mm. Length of abdomen 39 mm. Mask typically Gomphine, very flat, oblong, the basal half constricted, mentum square, lateral lobes kukri-shaped, jaws armed with five robust teeth on the inner border and a long, moveable hook on the outer. No setae. Mid lobe straight, not projecting, minutely crenate along its border (pl. xxxiv, figs. 4 and 4a). Eyes globular, comparatively large. Headsmall. Antennae short, club-shaped, 4 segments, coated with coarse, short hairs. Synthorax narrow, wing-cases very narrow, triquetral, ab- domen tapering towards the anal end, cylindrical, not carinated, greatly elongated, especially the last two segments, the gth being furnished with a robust, backwardly directed spine on the mid-dorsum. Legs very short and robust, adapted for digging, the femora and tibiae strongly curved and the former furnished with a long fringe of hairs on the extensor surface. Hab.—Burrows in mud, in running streams. The fringe of hairs on the femora serve to collect flocculent debris which fur- ther conceals the insect. The syphon-like end of the abdomen projects from the mud and thus permits the easy inspiration of clear water for purposes of respiration. 462 Records of the Indian Museum. fVoL. XVI, They emerge from the water about the 2nd week in August, often in great numbers and then fly inland for long distances. Finally the imago comes to rest in low growing trees, on the terminals of branches on the leeward side of the trees. Babul trees seem to be their special selection in the Deccan and about the end of August very few of these trees can be found that have not one or two occupants. 5. Cyclogomphus heterostylus, Selys. (Pl. xxxiti, fig. 1-5 pl. xxxiv, figs. 5, 52.) Poona, 10.90.17, 15160/H2- Length 21 mm. Length of hind femora 445 mm. Length of abdomen 15 mm. Mask very broad, almost square, the base constricted, very flat, the outer surface coated sparsely with short hairs. Mid lobe straight, not projecting, fringed with longish, fine bristles, the lateral lobes somewhat similar to those of annulatus but without a marked, kukri-like bend at the tip, the inner border furnished with blunt, molar-like teeth, the outer with a iong, robust, move- able hook (pl. xxxiv, fig. 5 and 5a). Antennae clubbed, four segments, the last minute. Head comparatively larger than in annulatus. Abdomen tapering slightly, more torpedo-shaped and the end segments not prolonged as in annulatus. The 8th and gth seg- ments with a robust, mid-dorsal spine projecting back from the apical border, the roth segment very short, unspined, the 7th to oth segments with short spines laterally. Legs moderately short (rather shorter than shown in pl. Xxxilil), the femora bearing the same fringe of hairs as seen in annulatus. Hab.—Found in running streams crawling on the surface of muddy bottoms or rocks. 6. Cyclogomphus verticalis, Selys. Poona, 17.8..10, 0517/2: Length 21mm. Length of hind fenlaes 4.5mm. Length of abdomen 15 mm. Almost exactly similar to the last. Differs by having blunt, mid-dorsal spines on all abdominal segments except the 9th and roth, the latter segment is more than twice the length of the same segment in heterostylus. ‘This segment also hollowed on the upper surface. Mask scarcely differing from that of heterostylus. 7. Cyclogomphus minusculus, Selys. (Pl. xxxiii, fig. 2; pl. xxxiv, figs. 6, 6a.) Poona, 9. 8. 19, 1518/H2. Length of body 15 mm. Length of hind femora 5 mm. Length of abdomen Io mm. Ig19Q.| F. C. FrAsER: Odonate larvae and exuviae. 463 Mask very flat, the mentum slightly rounded, the base fur- nished laterally with a projecting, robust spine and 4 spinous hairs posteriorly, its sides bearing 7 short spines and the antero- lateral corner bearing a single, stout spine, lateral lobes without any armature whatever save for a short, moveable hook. The inner border finely crenulate, the outer bearing two small spines at its base, the mid lobe projecting somewhat like that of an Agrionid, its border finely crenulate and fringed with short, stiff hairs. The outer surface of the mask coated sparsely with short hairs (pl. xxxiv, figs. 6 and 62). Head triangular, the fore part projecting well in front of the eyes which are rounded and somewhat large. Synthorax small, wing-cases short, flat and broad. Abdo- men very broad and greatly depressed as in fact is the whole body of the larva. Dorsal spines on all segments except the last. The three last segments spined laterally. Legs robust, femora short, tibiae comparatively long, naked except for a few scattered hairs. Hab.—Lies buried in the mud near the borders of running streams. Emerges in considerable numbers about the end of August. 8. Onychogomphus lineatus, Selys. Poona, 023. 18. Length of body 25 mm. Length of hind femora 5 mm. Length of abdomen 17 mm. . Almost exactly similar to verticalis. Differs only in its larger size, the short 1oth abdominal segment, which is not hollowed out above and is similar in size to that of heterostylus. Differs from the latter in having mid-dorsal spines on the same segments as in verticalis. Hab.—As for C. verticalis and C. heterostylus. Suborder ZYGOPTERA. Subfamily CALOPTERYGINAE. g. Matrona basilaris, Selys. (Pl sony: fig.-1 3, pli xxvii, fig. 2) Shillong, 4,500-5,000 ft., in streams, Khasi Hills, Assam, 16- 20.4.18, N. Annandale, 1320/H2, 1321/H2. Length 36 mm. Length of mask 6 mm. Length of caudal appendages II mm. Head small, eyes globular, antennae typically Calopterygine, the 2nd segment greatly elongated and pigmented on the outer side. This band of brownish pigment is continued across the head and synthorax on to the wing sheaths. Ocelli visible in the last stage. Synthorax long and narrow. Wing-cases flat, leaf-like, vena- tion well marked. Abdomen very long and narrow, tapering very 464 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI, slightly. Caudal appendages triquetral, very long, the middle one considerably shorter than the lateral and lying in a vertical plane. Legs long and slim, spidery, no armature. Mask typically Calopterygine ; middle lobe very deeply cleft, the terminal halves minutely crenate on the outer borders, where they engage with the outer lobes, the ends with a small spine at the tip and the extreme edge curling over, the edge of the curled part furnished with minute teeth, 2 setae on the inner surface ; lateral lobes with a long moveable hook, 2 setae situated just below it and 3 long robust spines of which the middle is the smallest, inner border minutely crenate where it engages the border of the middle lobe. Mask extends back as far as the hind coxae (pl. xxxvii, fig. I). Hab.—Generally concealed amongst debris, dead twigs, etc., or lying under cover of rocks. Movements sluggish. The insect is apt to be mistaken for a Ranatra to which it bears a close resem- blance. Subfamily LESTINAE. 10. Lestes sp. (PIE xxxy,, fic. 25 plaxxxvul, fis. 2) 20.) Jor Pokhri, Darjiling Dist., E. Himalayas, 6.8.18, S. Kemp, 1316/H2, 3 larvae. Mask typically Lestine, very much elongated, very narrow, mid lobe projecting very slightly, 6 setae on either side of the mid- dle line of the inner surface, lateral lobes foliate and branched, a moveable hook supporied on one of the branches, from which spring 3 setae (pl. xxxvii, figs. 2 and 2a). Head relatively large, eyes globular, antennae filiform, wing- case long and narrow, flattened, abdomen elongated, cylindrical, each segment bearing a lateral spine. Caudal appendages 9 mm. long, spatulate, oar-shaped, of even width, flattened, crossed by broad bands of pigment. Tracheal vessels branching at right angles to the main vessel. Legs long, armature 4 rows of fine spines on the femora. Hab.—Running streams. Found on water-weeds or clinging to roots. Subfamily PLATYCNEMINAE. Il. Copera marginipes, Ramb. (Pl. xxxy fg. 2) pk 3-—Macrogomphus annulatus, Selys. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate XXXiIll. ~ \ = Y =, 2 \ i, Z > Sy Ni p LL z GA ry ie FIG. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV. 1.—Mask of T. t/larga, Hagen. ‘The dotted outline re- presents the head, the heavy outline, the mask. Seen from the side. 2.—Mask of Epophthalmia frontalts, Selys. 3.—Mask of T. lambata, Kirby. Seen from the front. 4.—Mask of M. annulatus, Selys. 4a.—Lateral lobe of same. 5-—Mask of C. heterostylus, Selys. 5a.—Lateral lobe of same. 6.—Mask of C. minusculus, Selys. 6a.-—Lateral lobe of same. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate XXXIV. HG. 3 ed EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV. 1.—Matrona basilaris, Selys. 2.—Lestes sp. 3.—Copera margimpes, Ramb. 4.—Protosticta gravely, Laidlaw. Plate XXXV. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Ls wives o_4 ETS ope: es 2 é ° = i? rt aia =} = 3 Ee Ro F: < a NR: Bao} ws i —7¥, li Ata? want Way EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI. Fic. 1.—Pseudagrion hypermelas, Selys. 2.—Pseudagrion microcephalum, Ramb. 3) 3.—Chioroneura quadrimaculata, Ramb. > 4.—Calicnemis mimata, Selys. 9) REC. IND. MUS., VOL, XVI, 1919. Plate XXXVI. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII. Fic. 1.—Mask of M. basilaris, Selys. 2.—Mask of Lestes sp. 2a.—Lateral lobe of same. 55 3.—Mask of P. hypermelas, Selys. 4.—Mask of C. quadrimaculata, Ramb. 5.—Mask of C. miniata, Selys. 6.—Mask of C. marginipes, Ramb. »» 7-—Mask of P. gravelyt, Laidlaw. REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919. Plate XX XVII. MOXLW. ON ABREUROPHR YN EV MSA MIM AAS Cre. AN ADDETION TO°> THE BATRA CHIAN FAUNA OF KASHMIR. By G. A. BoutencER, LL.D., F.R.S., Hony. Foreign Correspon- dent, Zoological Survey of India. When in the Ladakh Valley, Kashmir, in August I9g17, my son Captain C. L. Boulenger found, at an altitude of 12,000 feet, under a stone, a single young toad, measuring 25 mm. from snout to vent and still bearing a stumpy vestige of the tail. This toad was at first a puzzle to me. Its vertical pupil, combined with the absence of teeth, suggested the curious forms, annectant to the Bufonidae and the Pelobatidae, which I have described under the names of Cophophrync! and Ophryophryne.” 1 am now convinced that it is the young of the toad described by Giinther® as Bufo mammatus, from the Kham Mountains in the Chinese province of Sze Chuen. Giinther’s specimens were, as he admitted, in a poor state of preservation, and the shape of the pupil could not have been recognized. But an examination of the vertebral column anid of the pectoral arch, which I have been able to make on one of the type specimens in the British Museum, shows the sacral vertebra to have unusually strongly dilated transverse processes and to articulate with the coccyx by a single condyle, as in Pelobates and Megalophrys, with both of which it agrees also in the structure of the pectoral arch (precoracoid strongly curved, sternum with a long bony style), thus confirming my first impression as to the affinities of the Kashmir specimen. Bufo mammatus, for which I now pro- pose the generic name Aeclurophryne, in allusion to the cat-like pupil, is closely allied to Cophophryne, differing from it in the absence of a notch in the posterior border of the tongue, which is oval in shape; the tympanum is present, though hidden under the skin, and the eustachian tube moderately large. We are therefore now acquainted with three closely related generic types filling the gap between the Pelobatidae and the Bufonidae, and it may appear a moot point as to which of the two families they should be referred. As I am more and more losing faith in the importance of the presence or absence of teeth as a family character, I would suggest an alteration of the definition of 1 Ann. and Mag. N. H. (5) XX, 1887, p- 400. 2 Op. cit. (7) XII, 1903, p. 186. 3 Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb., 1896, p- 10. 4 Cf. Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6) I, 1888, p. 188. 470 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vot, XVI, r919.] the Pelobatidae so as to include these toothless forms. Although the definition will then be very vague indeed, the group will at least be expressive of the natural affinities of its constituents, which may be described as lowly forms approaching the Discoglossidae and leading on the one hand to the Cystignathidae (through Batra- chopsis, Blgr.), on the other to the Bufonidae. ADDENDA. Since this note was written, Dr. Annandale has submitted to me two specimens of a toad from high altitudes in Kashmir, sent to him quite recently by Mr. F. J. M. Mitchell, as representing the adult of the tadpole described by him in these Records, XTII, 1917, p. 417, figs. 1, 2, as that of Rana plesket, Gthr. I have no doubt Mr. Mitchell’s suggestion is correct, and as the toads belong to Aelurophryne mammata, the resemblance of the tadpole to that of Pelobates, with which I had been struck on reading Dr. Annan- dale’s description, is accounted for, and affords a confirmation of the systematic position assigned to Aelurophryne. [I have to thank Mr. F. J. Mitchell for sending me further specimens of the tadpole which I recently described as that of Rana pleskit, and also of the adult which he believed, on my identification of the larva, to belong to that species. It was quite clear from the most superficial examination of the adult that it was not Rana plesk. Almost at the same time as I received these specimens from Kashmir I also received from Dr. Boulenger the manuscript of his paper on Aelurophryne. ‘This coincidence led me to re-examine all the material in the Indian Museum referred to Rana pleskit, which includes specimens from Tibet named by Dr. Boulenger as well as those collected in that country by Capt. F. H. Stewart (Rec. Ind. Mus. II, p. 345) and the tadpoles from Kashmir described by me in Rec. Ind. Mus. XIII, p. 417. The eye was concealed in most of the specimens, but I found that on dissecting off the lower eye-lid of some very young exam- ples which had just lost their tails, the pupil appeared to be slightly vertical though it was contracted to so small a speck that its shape was hard to see, while in other young specimens it was certainly not vertical. I still had very great difficulty in dis- tinguishing the two forms on any other external character, as the examples of neither were in good condition, but Mr. Mitchell’s series of beautifully preserved tadpoles and young of the species common at high altitudes in Kashmir, leaves no possible doubt that I had confused the young of Rana pleskit with those of Aelurophryne, and that the tadpole which I ascribed to the former really belongs to the latter. N. Annandale.| ox Vs RECORDS OF TRICONALI DALY PROVE. S.OUCE EH. EN DEA: By T. V. RAMAKRISHNA AyvaAr, First Asst. to the Government Entomologist, Madras. The Trigonalidae form a very small family of parasitic Hy- menoptera and very little is on record regarding these interesting insects. As far asis known of the few European and American forms, the members of the family appear to be parasites or hyper- parasites on species of Vespidae. So far as I know there is only a solitary example of this group of insects that has till now been recorded from the Indian Continent, and that is Pseudogonalos harmandi, Schulz, collected in Darjiling before 1907. In the Genera Insectorum volume on this family the author Schulz records three others from Burma and none from any part of India except the one noted at Darjiling. As such the following records might be of some interest. In 1917 two undoubted specimens of this family were collect- ed from South India. But their presence as representatives of this rare group was found out only when I was recently sorting out our Hymenoptera collection. These twoforms have certain general resemblances to the Burmese species described by West- wood in the Transactions of the Entomological Soceity for 1868, p. 327, under the name of Poecilogonalos (Trigonalys) pulchella, but both are different in certain features and as such are, I believe new forms. Their general features are as below :— 1. Poecilogonalos fulvoscutellata, n. sp. Head large, subquadrate, distinctly broader than thorax, ver- tex and frontal region closely punctured. Eyes large and situated sufficiently apart from each other. Antennae long and filiform. Ocelli clear; clypeus slightly emarginate ; mandibles large and each provided with three well-developed teeth. Prothorax large, broader than long ; punctured in the same way as head. The anterior lateral region is drawn out into a flattened raised structure in front of the wing tegulae. Scutellum promin- ent, more or less spherical and gibbous. Median segment con- vex with the punctures at the basal region running into fine longi- tudinal striae ; there is a short tubercle at each lateral angle of the base of the metanotum. Legs well developed ; two spurs on the hind tibiae.. The abdomen is ovoid inshape. The first segment is small and triangular, the second largest, the posterior segments smaller and 472 Records of the Indian Museum. [VorL. XVI, curved downwards, the second and third segments finely punc- tured. General colour dark with brown and yellow markings. Head. Ground colour dark ; the mandibles except the teeth, one oval spot on each side of the clypeus, one small spot at base of each antenna, the inner and outer orbits of the eyes (the outer somewhat broadly), a minute spot in front of the anterior ocellus, and the lateral margins of the occiput yellow. Antennae ferruginous; the scape and distal end of the flagellum slightly darker. The face, front and occiput dark in colour but the latter has a V-shaped reddish- brown mark, the two limbs of the mark diverging towards the eyes on each side of the ocellar region. In addition there is also a fulvous red streak on each side of this V-mark, and there is a faint small reddish spot just behind and between the two posterior ocelli. Thorax. Prothorax dark ferruginous, two somewhat conical spots at the base near the head one on each side of the mid- dorsal line, the anterior lateral flattened region, and one prominent mark on each pleura yellow. Scutellum completely fulvous yellow. ‘Three transverse lines on the post-scutellum (all three in a iine but not touching each other, the middle one being longer and broader), two large irregularly oval spots on median segment one on each side of the median line, one small spot at the mesopleural region under the wings, and two slightly larger spots at the meta- pleural region also yellow. The legs—coxae black with yellow mark, trochanters fulvous ; femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish to ferruginous brown. Abdomen. The abdomen is dark ferruginous brown. Onesmall triangular spot on the first segment near its junction with the second, a transverse stripe on its ventral side, a broad transverse band at the distal region of the second segment and similar ones on the following segments yellow ; those on the posterior segments are broadly interrupted at the medianline. There is a tinge of reddish- brown on the second and third segments in front of the yellow band. Wings fuscotransparent with a fuscous spot at the radial region. Tegulae yellowish. Length 8 mim. Pulney Hills, 3600 feet, Madura district. Collected by P. Sus- ainathan ; May 1917. 2. Poecilogonalos kerala, n, sp. Though in some features this insect is similar to the above species from the Pulneys there are some marked differences which are as below. It is quite different in general form and colour from Poeczlo- gonalos fulvoscutellata. ‘The head is very broad and appears shining and gibbous, although on closer examination it is found punctured very finely. The mandibles are prominent and show four big teeth. The dorsal grooves on the pronotum are some- 1919Q.] T. V. R. Avvar: S. Indian Trigonalidae. 473 what more prominent. The tubercles in the median segment are less prominent. There are also colour differences. The general colour in this case is bright reddish-brown. The face and a narrow region of the front just above the antennae black; except the ocelli which are black the front and vertex are reddish-brown. The mandibles except the teeth, inner and outer orbits of eyes, one spot at the base of each antennae and a narrow portion along the poste- rior lateral region of occiput yellow ; antennae reddish-brown. Prothorax reddish-brown. One dark spot onthe median line and one yellow spot on each side of the former, all three situ- Poecilogonalos kerala, n. sp. x 6. ated at the base close to the head. The anterior lateral flattened portion yellow. Scutellum black with a narrow yellow spot on each side of it. The three yellow lines on the post-scutellum and the other yellow marks more or less similar to the previous species. There is a reddish tinge predominant at the sides of the thorax in this species. Iregs—coxae and trochanters brownish yel- low, femora brown, tibiae ferruginous brown and slightly fulvous at the base, tarsi ferruginous. Wings. Costalcell slightly narrower in this species. The second and third cubital cells shorter and broader than in the last species, 474 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, 1919.] and the boundary veins of these and adjacent cells different in arrangement. Fuscus spot on wing clearer; tegulae ferruginous. The face, cheeks, sides of thorax and abdomen clothed with more of whitish glistening pubescence. Length 8 mm. Santhanathode, Western Ghats, Malabar district. Collected by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar ; 7-10-1917. These insects are easily mistaken for small bees and likely to be overlooked. ‘There is no doubt several other forms will be met with in South India in course of time, when it will be possible to get more information regarding this very little-known family of insects. etts it, ee picts i eon ACS va | 02355 SS ——— vig | : sh ae : at ey ’ ‘thy wiht Baath % reve oye cae + . wer a ~ aS of a v Sérbebadsaendatbet Mesbadnial Sinner ne ne ane uavereasicones ounpnpsuousbansyrusvenreniisdse1e eit . aan oye sl ory gee ar ae orn sR eee ne ~ mere wih Te