Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. —— — U. - BUREAU OF FORESTRY—BULLETIN No. 38. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester. Eee Pe 2 fp po, ¥ - — a THE REDWOOD -~ 1 A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD. —-- 2 eee _ By Ricwarp T. Fisner, Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry. IL THE BROWN ROT DISEASE OF THE REDWOOD. ; —. By Hermann von Scurenx, Bureau of Plant Industry. =: IE. INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD. 2 See Sarees = : By A. D. Horgrys, Division of Entomology. — : = = k MATT TAT fl “ne we il at ni , fi ) tn Ln tit 3 7 i uy : i eas aia Se VOR ¢ } feny a) vyee Pa ee * ‘ ' WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. | : 19038. 2 BUREAU OF FORESTRY. Forester, GIFFORD PINCHOT. __ = Assistant Forester, OVERTON W. PRICE. Assistant Forester, GEORGE B. SupwortTH. Assistant Forester, Orro LUEBKERT. Assistant Forester, WiLLiaM L. HALL. Bul. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. FRONTISPIECE. VIRGIN REDWOOD ALONG SOUTH FORK OF EEL RIVER. WES: DEPARTMENT ONG el @ Oem has BUREAU OF FORESTRY—BULLETIN No. 38 fee OW OOD. ASL OL TEM En DW OOD: By Ricwarp T. FisHer, Meld Assistant, Bureau of Forestry. Il. THE BROWN ROT DISEASE OF THE REDWOOD. By HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Bureau of Plant Industry. Ill. INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD. By A. D. Hopkins, Division of Entomology. mt ae | bat 7 Hy ave One By py — 4 PS “Seal Al arn ft WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING te OO OFFICE. LETTER OF TRANSMIMTAN, U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BuREAU OF FORESTRY, Washington, D. C., November 18, 1902. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript on ‘‘The Redwood,” by Richard T. Fisher, Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry, together with a discussion of ‘‘The Brown Rot Disease of the Red- wood,” by Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, of the Bureau of Plant Indus- try, and of ‘* Insect Enemies of the Redwood,” by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the Division of Entomology, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 38 of the Bureau of Forestry. In the summer of 1899 several prominent manufacturers of the Pacific coast requested that the Division (now Bureau) of Forestry make a study of the Redwood. They contributed $550 toward the expense of the work,.and offered the hospitality of their camps to the agents who should have it in charge. The Division put a party in the field, which in six months during the years 1899 and 1900 exam- ined nearly all the Redwood belt. Studies of old timber were made at Fort Bragg, Mendocino County; at Scotia, Humboldt County; at Ryan’s Slough, near Eureka; at Vance’s, on Mad River; and at Cres- cent City, Del Norte County. Second growth in small areas was studied at Crescent City, Trinidad, Eureka, and Arcata. For courte- sies received in lumber camps at these places acknowledgment is made. The illustrations, which include thirteen full page plates, four text figures, and two diagrams, are considered essential for a proper under- standing of the text. Respectfully i) GIFFORD PincHort, /orester. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. ~ ee CAPIN UB I TES A study of the Redwood, by Richard T. Fisher, field assistant, Bureau of JDGIRESUIE ep SS SE Se Booms Gu ae ere I A es ae a SCOMe Osun eISuiCamanary ee ee eC eela ce Ol ia ors Eg @onelusionsireacheduinyg thershudyaree a eee o-oo ee ee PME ROCINCHON oe cele Ace e See ee te ei eee eee gel ne ae ne ed HOKESix¢ CSCENDLIO Meare Verna ie ey eee ye NEI? EE eo ot The Redwood and the Big Tree distinct species......---.----------- Distiibunonkortme Redwoodsss-2 4 -ce- oe oa eee ee oe el See ClimateyandEtoportap liver seat ese eee eT ea a Silva cell buae latays eS me earn Wye miner emine Res eS Pa Dds BE NSM eORVOOGNS ODE as seyret eee Weer! LA al nk AE Dep Re cay. Oo Cybele ties sre ren aly the SN aa eae iene Be eee @haracterisuicstotgpnie ined woody. sere eae ane ote aes ee ee eee Pleieht aMnGmalamlieletee ers ete ere se aN ry See Ue io Age of the Redwood .....- eta pes dete a cea I coe LIE 2 HOEMMAN Gee MELO MIME Ibe ree eta eon aa he Siar eran uL Tats ne cia 8 SOlsmMoistune the mrt TeGuUisite =o. 42842 S224 2. Soe ee oe Rhesedwoodsolloweubhewtogse: a2 ey es a es Se aes aes enero ualiiveotme Ene wOOdu Varies 2.0080 9825 oe ee eS The large Redwoods outnumber the small ones .-.-..-----..-.------ Reproduction by suckers and by seedlings .....--.-.-.----------- 5 Natel dao igre dwOodsstan dss tae ae eam 2s i See alee Noleraneesorshade-cndurine qualitiess. 252052252502. 252 Si ee: BMemATes: Olet Meee Gy KOUG TOnestie t,o 52 ee ee ee RS Windaceldomeauproots) the Redwoods 2.2-4.2.52 225.2 35265. 2oe fee SYS CLGI OS! TTY TTT Ore eS a as a a ee Se ra a se a HhunMoering ss Lyselistory andvextent . 0 28 n ae oS eee es bse e IERCSCHGODErALlON Smart rem ace ns eee a a el So Pe Mart hibiesO mat heawOOdr 2m eames ee hie 2h ee oe \ONSCSIS! SDT I SEC I OYE G totes mR eM a ae ea a ee Pestao lasluenmle ioe rere Cee eee ey ene A 2 Se eh ae Msn LeaL Me mUM DS CTICOCS Haas es Se ene Se SS oa a Soe isle POcsiuciMmesumperino methods. 4-42.22 Dacca cen ses sete cence Cut-over lands: possibility_of second growth ...-.....+.2..---------- ete Kiovenbkersecondsorowi tien see ee es en eee ce sla ee Re Metre LAAT ke bmMeCedsaly ee meee cee | ek a A ON ea Se APstiidiveois second-crowth: Redwood! 22 i22ce 22222. 2 2. Ge ns. 22 nese bhienrachaterescent City. wa5 ee ee SOs eee ae ees ractsratpeure kavancwAr ca tage eens s2 se eS oes teas ett eS The Redwood’s fight for the ground -.--.- Ape eatery Eee ee ee thestract.atyerinidad. 3-2-2 tee fees CE ee etree oe COMCO CO OO CON NT ST NTN 4 ; CONTENTS. A study of the Redwood—Continued. Cut-over lands—Continued. A study of second-growth Redwood—Continued. The. val watromsur ve ysis ase ae eee ey ete er Ae Elow: the talblesiwene sma ex 2ry= is se ieee eter eee eee Where the tables! apply ret perce one nee eee ee @onclustons so) 5 Se Ae Ril fa ep Belcan ek ey fe Thre simiplestimanagement tteynestye eae ate te ee Wihatione, company has donesse= 4 eee ee eee The Brown Rot Disease of the Redwood, by Hermann von Schrenk, Bureau Of Plant Tinduistry his 20s te See an Siler ee a en ee ee Deeay an Redwood poles ise 3 VM sae ae Wet eneee eee eee eae a eer a pea meen Insect Enemies of the Redwood, by A. D. Hopkins, Division of Entomology . The Sequoia vegerinian, or Redwood pitch worm ( Vespamima sequoie# Hy. 1 Ch is Li ie en ge ee eh Wea eat Nae Ca eR le Piraeus sh ee The Redwood bark-beetle (Phlwosinus sequoie Hopk.) .-..--.-------- erin diy sho iri el aoa Fes Mies ae ao ag ee Lawson’s Cypress bark-beetle (Phlwosinus cupressi) ....-.----------- sR eras ye aries oS hE se ae a te gy Parasites eo Nee URE Le CM AAUE i TAN se UP etd SN eater The Monterey Cypress bark-beetle (Phlwosinus cristatus Lec.) .-.--- Immunity of Redwood from attack by termites or white ants -......---- TABLES. TABLE de" Redwood’ Slope tes 65020 yy i en i a Ae ee ees ela a a 2... Redwood: Hate oe ae el ete sya ea iota Fe See pee mR ne 3. Valuation survey, of second-crowth Red woodess= 955552 e4e" = ese 4. Merchantable volume of Redwood timber... .2.---2.:255---22------ 5.) Merchantable yield ot Redwood) penacresss4s25 eee ae ee eee 6; Pile length) of Redwoods 22125222 Ni GG Nau ect 2 UE ete ep ele eee 7. Width of sapwood and diameter of heartwood ...-...-...---2:22.- Page. 38 39 PLATES. . Page. WVirgin-Redwood along South Fork of Hel River:..--.---5.2-:-.--)-- Frontispiece. Puate J. Fig..1.—Redwood Slope, South Fork of Eel River. Fig. 2.—Red- wood Slope, Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mountains.-...-.-..........- 8 II. Fig. 1.—Redwood Flat, alluvial benches, South Fork of Eel River. hig ——Redwood Wat; Crescent; City): 222322. ek 8 Ill. Fig. 1.—Typical forms of mature Redwood, Crescent City. Fig. 2.— Characteristic sprouting of broken Redwood ...............----- 8 IV. Fig. 1.—Sprouts of one season’s growth, Crescent City. Fig. 2.— Sprouts.ouoO.osvears Olds Crescent (Oily ssc 622 ae ane see se 8 VY. Fig. 1.—Sprouts 25 years old, Crescent City. Fig. 2.—Mature sprouts OVI SUM GNM Oe Is CLESCCM i, OLb Vi aes oan sane are oe ee ere | 16 VI. Redwood logging. ‘‘Fallers’’ making the undercut. Caspar, Mendo- GINO MG OU een Seer ges UUM CL NS Leer) oye 2 16 VII. Redwood logging. The yarding donkey and yarding crew, Caspar, INFem Moco n@.o tin byes a eee te antes ans oc ere ee oh Poss Oe 16 VIII. Fig. 1.—Logged slope on Big River. Fig. 2.—Slope similar to fig. 1, showing subsequent reproduction of Fir and Redwood.-..-.--- 16 IX. Fig. 1.—Second-growth Redwood at Eureka, 30 to 35 years old. Fig. 2.—Second-growth Redwood at Mendocino, 40 to 45 years old --- 24 X. Sections of Redwood logs, showing brown rot: Fig. 1.—Distribution of pockets of diseased wood. Fig. 2.—Pockets of diseased wood BITE APIO VONDSU SUE ES ed, PRR AS NEI 5 7 oe iy Cs UA et are At ae ON nde ee 24 XI. Tangential section of Redwood log affected with brown rot....-..- 24 NED VWiorkeomkheckwood bark-beetles ta. san se ok ee ee eds 24 TEXT FIGURES. iGo leebercdywiood ibark-Deelle 22s Skene ie er Ae eke 34 eciesbawcon.s Cypress bark=beetles< 5.0 522s. ein ke shes l dente 30 3. Work of the Lawson’s Cypress bark-beetle in twigs of living trees -- - - 37 “Phe Monterey Cypress bark-beetle ..- 2.22. -i 22222 s222522-+-2++2-2 +2 39 DIAGRAMS. DinGramsloLere nt-onva basis Of age? .. 222522252 2--8l 23.0 fs ee Sh eats t ee 25 Bem DAT CLCLZOMNAIOASIS Ol av ey nae eee ee eo a ee ee 26 PUES eA OUN'S: lee ce by. 6) © 1). NSS UNE OE AN SOs I IDNA OXON Sy By RicHarp T. FIsHER, Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry. SCOPE OF THE STUDY. This study concerns itself with young second-growth Redwood rather than with mature trees; with lumbered areas rather than with the virgin forest. Where attention is given the old forest and methods of lumbering, it is only that a better knowledge may be gained of sec- ond growth and how to deal with it. An attempt is made to answer the question whether it would prove profitable to hold cut-over Redwood lands for future crops. To save the young growth when the old timber is lumbered and to protect the cut-over lands from fire can not be done without cost. The problem, then, more plainly presents itself: Does the Coast Redwood reproduce itself well enough, grow fast enough, and can it be protected cheaply enough to make it profitable to hold the lands? CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY THE STUDY. The following facts have been determined: That the Redwood reproduces itself abundantly by sprouts on cut- over lands, and occasionally by seed; That in thirty years, in a fair soil and a dense stand, it will produce trees of 16 inches diameter, 80 feet high, yielding 2,000 feet board measure per acre; and : That after careful lumbering under favorable conditions it does pay to hold cut-over Redwood lands for future crops. INTRODUCTION. In order to deal with a tree so as to make it produce as much wood as possible in the shortest time, it is necessary to know a great deal about its silvicultural habits. This includes a knowledge of its soil and moisture requirements, the climate and altitude it prefers, its nd ( 8 THE REDWOOD.. ability to grow in the shade, and, most important of all, its rate of growth under different conditions. Serious difficulties He in the way of obtaining such knowledge of the Redwood. If fully exposed, the tree makes a surprisingly rapid growth; if suppressed, it may exist for a hundred years with but slight increase in diameter, only to take on new life when again exposed and to grow like a sapling. The Redwood forest is so dense that, according to the methods now in use, to lumber it is to annihilate it. Since the reproduction starts up under conditions entirely different from those that prevailed in the old forest, its rate of growth will vary. It is evident that the rate of growth of young timber can not be fore- casted from that of old trees, and that trees, to furnish material for yield tables, must have been growing under the same general conditions as those trees to which the tables are to be applied. The old Redwood will inevitably be cut. Occasionally, it is true, parks and recreation grounds may preserve, on small areas, examples of this wonderful forest growth, but generally the Redwood must be lumbered on account of its commercial value. Since it is with the Redwood as a timber tree that the present study is concerned, the question of preserving it for its beauty is necessarily outside the pur- pose of the discussion. . But while the old forest must be lumbered, it is important that the lumbering should be less destructive to the young trees. Difficult as logging is among the great Redwoods, it need not mean the total destruction of the forest. Better methods than those now in use must soon be found possible and profitable. In support of this prediction may be cited the case of the Mendocino Lumber Company, an accornt of whose operations is given in this bulletin. This company has fur- nished very valuable lessons in Redwood forest management, and has gone far to solve the problem of providing for second growth on Red- wood lands. By exercising care in cutting, it has secured splendid stands of second growth on land which, had it been lumbered by the ordinary methods, would be now almost valueless. FOREST DESCRIPTION. THE REDWOOD AND THE BIG TREE DISTINCT SPECIES. The Redwood of California (Sequoia sempervirens) belongs to a genus of which the Big Tree (Sequoia washingtoniana) is the only other species now alive. Both are allied to the Cypress (Zaxodium distichum), and their lumber is often called by the same name, but they are botanically distinct from each other. They do not even occupy the same situations. The Big Tree occurs in scattered bodies on the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada, while the Redwood forms dense forests on the west slopes of the Coast Range. PLATE | ture. pt. of Agricul Bul. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U.S D ig * ® was ae a REDWOOD SLOPE, SOUTH FORK OF EEL RIVER 1 FIG. Fig. 2.—REDWOOD SLOPE, BIG BASIN, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS PLATE Il. Bul. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. SOUTH FORK OF EEL RIVER. , ALLUVIAL BENCHES, —REDWOOD FLAT Fia. 1 REDWOOD FLAT, CRESCENT CiITy? Fia. 2 om 9 ere ta - } ta Pos fs jf meeon > pee RSS ose eee : e poe rf eee Peer ote iit SYM IRSA GN yeeros Sdn eterna einen | Sad) snr l= ” Shs cot. PLATE III. Bul. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 4 Ae ‘ ne ; - 41, NR) FiG. 1.—TYPICAL FORMS OF MATURE REDWOOD, CRESCENT CITY. FiG. 2.—CHARACTERISTIC SPROUTING OF BROKEN REDWOOD, Bul. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. FiG. 2.—SPROUTS 6 TO 8 YEARS OLD, CRESCENT CITY. A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD. Y 4 DISTRIBUTION OF THE REDWOOD. The Redwood is popularly thought to occupy a strip of country 10 to 30 miles wide, from the Oregon line to the Bay of Monterey, but these boundaries do not cover its actual distribution. Two thousand acres of Redwood, in two separate groups, are growing in Oregon along the Chetco River. South of the Chetco a continuous Redwood belt begins. By way of the river valleys and lowlands it increases its width from 10 miles, at Del Norte County, to 18 or 20 miles, and keeps on unbroken to southern Humboldt County. Here, for about a township, it thins out, but becomes dense again 6 miles north of the Mendocino line, and after entering that county widens to 35 miles, its greatest width. The Redwood belt ends in Mendocino County, but isolated forests of the species are growing in sheltered spots as far south as Salmon Creek Canyon, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, Mon- terey County, 12 miles south of Punta Gorda, and 500 miles from the northern limit of the tree along the Chetco River. CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY. The climate and topography that have brought about this limited distribution of the Redwood deserve attention. North and south along the coast, in nearly parallel ridges, lie the mountains of the Coast Range, steep and rising to altitudes of 1,000 to 2,000 feet. A few large rivers and many smaller streams cut through them to enter the sea, and along their courses in places are broad bottom lands and gentle slopes. West of the Coast Range the climate is even and mod- erate, with a range from just below freezing to 80° F., and a yearly average of from 50° to 60°. Snow lies on the tops of only the high- est ridges. Thirty to 60 inches of rain falls in the autumn and winter, and in the summer sea fog bathes the coast. But east of the moun- tains, less than 50 miles from the sea, he hot interior valleys, never visited by the fog, parched and rainless in the summer, and wet only occasionally by the winter rains—conditions too unfavorable to permit the growth of the Redwood. SILVICULTURAL TYPES. _ The Redwood may be considered in two types—Redwood Slope and Redwood Flat. It passes from one to the other as the ground becomes steep and dry or level and moist, and admits other species wherever the situation satisfies their requirements. THE REDWOOD SLOPE. The common type is the Redwood Slope (PI. I). It occurs on the steep sides of the Coast Range, and is a mixture of Redwood, Red Fir, Tanbark Oak, and White Fir, with an occasional Madrofia or Hemlock. 10 THE REDWOOD. % The Redwood is the predominant tree in the mixture, and the Red Fir ranks next. The composition of the forest is shown in the following table, which is constructed from surveys taken in six localities. Scotia and Dyer- ville, since they showed similar conditions, were thrown together. In accordance with the custom of the country, timber with a diameter of 20 inches breasthigh is classed as merchantable. TaBLeE 1.—Redwood Slope. rees 4 to 19 | 2 At Ss Ss H 5 = S . ° Trees 4inches and inches in di-| Trees 20 inches and overin over in diame- ter breasthigh. | wen breast- diameter breasthigh. Locality and species. | Average | Percent- | Average | Percent-| Average | Percent- Average number, ageof | number}; ageof | number; ageof diameter of trees | each | of trees | each | of trees each breast- per acre.) species. | per acre.| species. | per acre.) species. high. CRESCENT CITY. | } Heels? ae | Inches. ent O@k asta eae eee eee 35: 24 37 | 33.11 50 | 2.13 7 26 Redwood 22s. a=. eee 32.71 34 | 9.73 15 |"e 22508) 79 71 Whiter so) = ones 15. 25 16) 1411] 21 | 1.14 | 4 30 Red Birt ss.cia-w0 see Ss ceon eae lite, 7206.3 7 4.43 Tilo pe 638 9 | 56 Tanbark: Oakes 2552 Sees 4.94 | 5 4.89 | 7 | SOD Weare 21 Sprucet ees. 7 nears ee .78 | 1| DU e ee | 21 | 1 29 —————— + ee ee ee, ee DO tail teatro Ny tenes: 95.98 | 100 66. 84 | 100| 29.14 100: ee VANCE’S Bare Taal sae el pee hy ek Ss tee Red wood; 9 se eee 25.44 | 40 5. 94 17 19.50 68 105 Hemlock svas scree a ee Hoss i 37 19. 50 56 3.75 13 32 iWihite Hire 2.0.0 see seen [emt ae Se, 23 9.31 27 5.56 19 35 Otel Ne ee eee | 63.56 100| 34.75 100! 28.81 100°} 2a RYAN’S SLOUGH. | Redwood sna eee 52.24 | 66| 24.43 | 79; 27.81 57 | 81 WhitelRine