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RELiaUI^ BALDWINIAN^:

SELECTIONS

FROM THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE LATE

WILLIAM BALDWIN, M. D.

SURGEON IN THE U. S. NAVY.

WITH OCCASIO^AI, 3fOTES, A>'D A SHOUT BIOGRAPHICAt
MEMOin.

COMPILED BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M. D.

Mnnibus date lilia plcnis :
Purpureos spargam flores, animamque Sodalis
His saltern accumulem donis, et fungar inani
Munere.

PHILADELPHIA :

KIMBER AND SHARPLESS.

1843.

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[Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843, in the
Clerk's office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Penn-
sylvania.]

E. C. DARLINGTON, PRINTER,
LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA,

TO ASA GRAY, M. D.

My Dear Sir:

Among the various topics of
Botanical interest, discussed during your recent most
acceptable visit to this place, it was suggested by you,
that it was due to the memory and deserts of the late
Doctor Baldwin, that a notice of his zealous and inde-
fatigable labors, in the cause of American Botany,
should be prepared by some contemporary, who had a
personal knowledge of his worth, as a Man, — and who
might possess evidences of his extraordinaiy devotion
to that department of our Natural History.

You were pleased to intimate, that the advantages
vhich I had enjoyed, of a long acquaintance, and a
familiar correspondence with my lamented Friend,
might perhaps enable me to contribute something to-
wards the performance of that duty. Sensible as I was,
and am, of my inadequacy to the task, I will yet confess
to you that the suggestion touched a responsive chord in
my bosom. I had long felt, that the estimable character
of Doctor Baldwin — no less than his laudable exertions
as a Naturalist — gave him strong claims to the affection-
ate remembrance of every kindred spirit; while his rare
industry and sagacity entitled him to take rank with the
most deserving of our Pioneers in the field of American
Botany.

Strongly impressed with this feeling, — and having
waited for more than twenty years without seeing any

appropriate tribute to the memory of my friend, — I am
tempted to act upon your kind intimation; and, with
such materials as are in my possession, submit my hum-
ble offering with the best grace that I may.

The incidents in the life of Doctor Baldwin were
neither so remarkable, nor so numerous, as to require a
voluminous narrative. The Biographical Memoir will
therefore be brief. But I have availed myself of copi-
ous extracts from his correspondence, during the latter
years of his life, — which, unless I am misled by my own
appreciation of them, will, I think, be deemed more
satisfactory, and will better illustrate the true character
of the man, than any account which could be furnished
by the partial hand of friendship. They present a vari-
ety of intelligence, mixed up with passing remarks, and
characteristic sentiments, — and all uttered with a warm-
hearted frankness, and naivete, which remind one of the
charming Letters of old father Tournefort, from the
Levant.

The lively interest which attaches to the minutiae of
Auto-biography, is universally acknowledged: Yet it
seems to me, that the free, full, and confiding effusions
of the heart, — poured forth on every emergency as it
occurs, without the most distant idea of their ever being
seen by a third person, — present a more faithful delinea-
tion of the writer's mind, and of all its attributes, than
even the most ample details of self-written Memoirs. —
These Letters, moreover, will give the reader a tolera-
ble notion of the movements, and pursuits of Doctor
Baldwin — as well as of his indomitable perseverance
in his favorite studies — during the most interesting peri-
od of his life. The number of his Letters, too, — during
that period of infirm health, and manifold engagements,
will indicate the industry with which he applied himself.
I received from him upwards of fifty Letters, within the
last three years of his life — some of them of great

length ; — while his numerous other correspondents were
by no means neglected.

Nothing further appears requisite — either to a just
estimate of his intellectual energies, or to a due appre-
ciation of the amiable simplicity of his character. Ac-
cordingly, I have added little, except a few occasional
notes, (included within brackets, j explanatory of the
allusions in the Letters.*

To the lovers of Nature — and to the admirers of na-
tive worth — ^these characteristic /Remains of my excellent
Friend are respectfully inscribed, by

WM. DARLINGTON.
West Chester, Penn'a.

February 13, 1841.

*The notices of Dr. B.'s movements, and observations in Florida,
contained in his later correspondence, were so interesting to me,
that I suggested to him, while he was in that region — and on his
return to the North, urged the project, of his drawing up a more
complete account of the country, and its productions, in the form of
familiar Letters, with a view to pubUcation. After some hesitation,
he acceded to the proposition, — and had made some progress m the
work — as his health and engagements permitted — until it was finally
interrupted by the reception of orders to prepare for the Exploring
Expedition, under Major Loxg. The Sketch was, of course, left in
an unfinished state: But, having recently had access to the original,
I have ventured to transcribe and annex a portion of it to the other
Epistolary- remains. Tliis may serve to explain the repeated allusions,
in his correspondence, to the Floridian Letters.
1*

«»

m

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

WILLIAM BALDWIN— Son of Thomas Baldwin, a
respectable member of the Society of Friends, and an
approved Minister in that Society — was born in the
Township of Newlin, County of Chester, and State of
Pennsylvania, on the 29th of March, 1779. He received
no other than the common English education afforded
by the country schools, — which, at that day, were of
very moderate pretensions ; But he evinced at an early
age, an eager desire for knowledge,— -and, as one of the
readiest modes of gratifying that desire — by the oppor-
tunities afforded for study — he became, himself, the
teacher of a country school, in the vicinity of his birth-
place. After some time spent in that arduous and hon-
orable vocation, — which rather stimulated than satisfied
his appetite for scientific attainments,-— he turned his
attention to the Profession of Medicine, This Profes-
sion— so comprehensive in its scope, and which has
been aptly termed "the eye of all the Sciences," — was
admirably suited to one so accurate in his observations,
and so humane in his disposition, as William Baldw^in.
He accordingly became the pupil of Dr. William A.
Todd, then a popular and extensive Practitioner of Med-
icine in the Village of Downingtown, Chester County.
He attended his first course of Medical Lectures, at the
University of Pennsylvania, in the winter of 1802-3: at
which time I was his class-mate, — and first formed that
acquaintance with him, which subsequently ripened in-
to an intimate friendship, to be terminated only with

8

his life. The singular benevolence of his character, I
had an opportunity to experience soon after the forma-
tion of our acquaintance. Early in the course, it was
my misfortune to have a severe attack of disease, which
confined me for some time to my solitary chamber, in a
boarding-house. My class-mates, generally, had their
studies, or their amusements, to engage their attention ;
and even those who personally knew me, and professed
a friendly regard, probably never took a thought of the
cause of my absence from my seat. But not so with
my friend Baldwin. His sympathies with affliction
were always ready for action. He promptly sought me
out — devoted to me every hour he could command, in
the intervals of Lectures — and night and day, during
my illness, like a ministering angel, was hovering round
my bed with all the solaciftg attentions of the kindest
Nurse and Physician. Such acts afford the surest evi-
dences of real character, — and can be appreciated by
none so well, as those who have felt their soothing in-
fluences. At the conclusion of his first course of Lec-
tures in the University, young Baldwin returned to the
office of his Preceptor, in Downingtown. His straitened
means prevented him from returning, the ensuing win-
ter, to the University, and necessarily postponed the
period when he could receive the honors of the Institu-
tion,— to which he ardently aspired; although but few
country students, in Pennsylvania, at that day, had ven-
tured to do so. He therefore remained a year or two
longer with Dr. Todd, as an Assistant in his practice ; —
a portion of the time residing in the County of York, on
the west side of the river Susquehanna, — ^whither the
Doctor removed, in 1803.

While a resident in Downingtown — and subsequently
at his father's, in the vicinity, Baldwin had become in-
timate with the late Dr. Moses Marshall, — nephew and
heir of Humphry Marshall, the well-known author of

0

the ^^Arhustum Americanum" and founder of the Botanic
Garden at Marshallton. This gentleman was a respect-
able Botanist, and had materially assisted his uncle, —
both in the establishment of his Garden, and in the pre-
paration of his work on American Forest Trees and
Shrubs. In the society of Dr. Marshall, Baldwin had
his taste for the study of the vegetable creation first
awakened ; and the means of gratifying it were amply
afforded by the rich collection of indigenous plants,
then growing in the Marshallton Botanic Garden, This
circumstance undoubtedly gave a decided bias to his
future pursuits ; and illustrates well the happy influence
of such institutions, and opportunities, in developing
the latent powers and aptitudes of ingenuous Youth. —
He was also indebted — in common with many others, of
that day — for a portion of his Botanical zeal, to the late
Prof Benjabiin Smith Bakton, of Philadelphia, — ^who
did much in giving an impulse to the study of Natural
History, in the United States.

In the year 1805, although not yet an M. D. my friend
felt that he was competent to engage independently in
the practice of the healing art. He therefore sought
and obtained the appointment of Surgeon to a Mer-
chant Ship, which was about to sail from Philadelphia
for Canton, by the way of Antwerp. This was a novel
enterprise for a young Physician, who had been trained
in the habits of countiy seclusion, — and was calculated
to exhibit, in a strong light, the rustic naivete, and inex-
perience, of the fresh-water Surgeon. A gentleman
who sailed in the same ship (and whom I subsequently
met, in India,) — after pronouncing the warmest eulogy
on the professional skill, and amiable qualities, of the
Doctor, — Eissured me, among other characteristic anec-
dotes, that our Chester County Surgeon had taken so
little forethought concerning his new position, as actu-
ally to embark on that long and tedious voyage with
only three shirts in his wardrobe ! Nothing could be

10

more illustrative of the child-like simplicity of the man.
Such was the devotion and singleness of purpose, man-
ifested in all his undertakings, that he never seemed to
think of subordinate, or incidental matters ; and least
of all, of those relating to his own personal conve-
nience.

On his return from China, in 1806, he found his cir-
cumstances so much improved, that he could afford to
attend another course of Medical Lectures, — and thus
qualify himself for a Diploma. He accordingly entered
the University of Pennsylvania for the winter course of
1806-7, — passed his examination with credit, in the
spring, — and, on the 10th day of April, 1807, received
the degree of Doctor of Medicine, The title of his In-
augural Thesis, was, "A short practical Narrative of the
Diseases which prevailed among the American Seamen, at
Wampoa, in China, in the year 1805; with some account of
Diseases which appeared among the crew of the Ship New
Jersey, on the passage from thence to Philadelphia.^^

Having now obtained the highest honors of the first
Medical School in the country, Dr. Baldwin went to
Wilmington, in the State of Delaware, where he com-
menced the practice of his Profession ; and soon after-
wards was married to Miss Hannah M. Webstek, of that
Borough, — a lady of superior intellectual endowments,
and whose education had received a classical finish
quite unusual among American Females at that day. —
During his residence in Wilmington, Dr. B. employed
his leisure hours in the investigation of the Plants of
that vicinity : and, moreover, became engaged in a Bo-
tanical correspondence with the late Rev. Henry Muh-
lenberg, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which he kept
up with great interest, and advantage to himself, until
the death of that eminent and accomplished Botanist.*

•Having unexpectedly obtained possession of that correspondence
since the present notice was written, I am happy in being able to
insert the principal portion of it among these remains: and shall

11

Doctor Baldwin's constitution was always frail. —
There was an hereditary predisposition to Pulmonary
Consumption, which pervaded the whole family, — who
were all finally swept away by that insidious destroyer.
In the autumn of 1811, the Doctor's health became so
delicate that he determined to seek a refuge from the
severity of our northern winters ; and thereupon he re-
moved to the State of Georgia. He resided chiefly at
Savannah and St. Mary's. Here he found himself in a
new and most interesting field for Botanical research, —
in which he engaged with untiring zeal and persever-
ance. With a knapsack on his back, he made several
journeys on foot, and sometimes entirely alone, far
within the territory of the Indians : and such was his
gentle, inoffensive demeanor, among these Children of
the Forest, that he completely secured their good will,
and uniformly experienced from them the kindest and
most friendly treatment. His humane disposition pre-
disposed him to a favorable estimate of the Aboriginal
character: he sympathised deeply with the wrongs and
privations suffered by the native Proprietors of the Wil-
derness: and the result of his intercourse with them,
was a firm conviction that they were a race "more sin-
ned against, than sinning." This sentiment pervaded
all his conversation, and correspondence, — whenever
he had occasion to refer to these unfortunate tribes. —
Indeed, such was the benevolence of his nature, that I
can truly say, there was more unalloyed philanthropy —
more of the genuine "milk of human kindness" — in the
composition of Doctor Baldwin, than in any man it
was ever my happiness to know.

On the 18th of June, 1812, a few months after the re-
moval of Dr. B. to the South, war was declared between
the United States and Great Britain : and in the course
confess myself disappointed, if it do not endear the memory of loth
the amiable writers, to every true lover of the Science to which they
were devoted.

12

of that year, the medical services of the Doctor were
put in requisition by the Navy Department. Nothing
could be less congenial with his temperament, or with
those habits of peaceful thought and action induced by
his education, than the turmoil incident to a state of
war : But, the necessity of some employment by which
he could support his young and growing family in a
community of strangers, and his readiness under all
circumstances to minister to the sick and distressed, — ^to
say nothing of his patriotic feelings, which were always
ardent, — prevailed with him to accept the appointment
of Surgeon in the Navy of the United States.

The following extract of a letter from Mrs. Baldwin,
dated December 30, 1819, — addressed to the writer of
this, at the time an effort was being made, in Congress,
to procure a pension for the Doctor's family, — affords a
brief outline of his services during the war: — "In May,
1812, Dr. Baldwin went to St. Mary's, and acted a little
while (say two months) as Surgeon's mate with Dr.
Dandridge, — though he never had a commission, as
mate. Dr. Dandridge, died, — as you know the climate
is extremely unhealthy ; and two or three Surgeons had
died in succession in a very short time. After Dan-
dridge's death, the whole responsibility devolved on
him, without any mate to assist him. He then acted as
Surgeon, receiving Surgeon's pay. In October, he ob-
tained leave of absence to come on to Wilmington, and
hired a Surgeon in his place, — which the Navy rules did
not require of him, and for which he never received
any compensation. On his -way to Wilmington, he
stopped at Washington, and Paul Hamilton [Secretary
of the Navy] gave him a Commission, dated October
22, 1812. Some time after, there was another sent on
to hinn, at St. Mary's, signed by William Jones [then
Secretary] and dated 24th July, 1813. He was stationed
at St, Mary's two years and six months ; and for a con-

13

siderable part of that time he neither had mate nor lob-
lolly boy. The one resigned, and the other died: a
great many on the sick list — the weather extremely sul-
tiy — he scarcely had time to rest night or day, — not-
withstanding I did all in my power to assist him, in mix-
ing and putting up medicine. He was stationed two
years in Savannah." — During his residence at the
South, — and particularly while at Savannah, after the
close of the war, — he established an intimate corres-
pondence with Stephen Elliott, Esq. the distinguished
author of the Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia; to which work — as its pages amply testify—
he furnished copious and valuable materials.

Towards the end of the year 1816, Dr. Baldwin sent
his family to Wilmington, Delaware (the native place
of Mrs. B.) — while he remained at the South during the
ensuing winter and spring — chiefly engaged in explor-
ing the botanical treasures of East Florida. About this
time, a long-suspended correspondence with the writer
of this was resumed, — which was actively continujd
until the close of the Doctor's life. This correspon-
dence— or rather the Doctor's share of it, — of which a
large portion is hereto annexed, — affords a full and
faithful account of his movements ; and therefore leaves
but little to add to this hasty and imperfect Sketch.

Dr. Baldwin's reputation, as a Botanist, induced the
Government to selecthim, in 1817, to accompany Messrs.
Rodney, Graham and Bland, in the U. S. Frigate Con-
gress, on a mission to Buenos Ayres, and other South
American ports, for the purpose of ascertaining the
condition and prospects of the Spanish Colonists, who
were then struggling to establish their independence
of the mother country. He went as Surgeon of the
ship ; and the prominent incidental object of his ap-
pointment was to investigate the vegetable productions
of the places wliich might be visited during the voyage.
In the pcrfonnancc of this collateral duty — notwith-

14

standing the feeble state of his health — he was most as-
siduous, and eminently successful. Being a zealous
Republican, he also sympathized deeply with the Colo-
nists,— and, as his letters demonstrate, took a lively
interest in their efforts (which, alas ! have hitherto been
but too abortive) to establish a free and rational system
of government.

On his return from South America, in 1818, Dr. Bald-
win passed the remainder of that year chiefly with his
family, in Wilmington, — making occasional excursions,
forthe benefit of his health, among his friends in Chester
County. His time, when at home, was principally de-
voted to the examination and description of the new
plants he had collected at the South. These descrip-
tions, however, were never entirely completed, — except
a couple of papers which were published about that
time ; one in Silliman's Journal — and the other in the
American Philosophical Transactions. These labors
were finally interrupted, in the early part of the ensuing
year, by his appointment, as Surgeon and Botanist, to
accompany Major Long's Expedition up the river Mis-
souri. His health was totally unequal to this undertak-
ing: But, both he and his friends indulged the delusive
hope, that it might possibly be improved by such an
excursion, — and he embarked in it with all his charac-
teristic enthusiasm. His strength, however, failed him,
ere the expedition was fairly under way ; and he died
at Franklin, on the banks of the Missouri, on the first
day of September, 1819, in the forty-first year of his age.
His gentle spirit forsook its frail tenement, in a region
far remote from his anxious family, — and the wild flow-
ers of the West, for more than twenty years, have been
blooming on his lonely grave : But the recollection of
his virtues continues to be fondly cherished by every
surviving friend, — and his ardor in the pursuit of his
favorite Science will render his memory forever dear to

the true lovers of American Botany.

W. D.

CORRESPONDENCE

OP

DR. BALDWIN WITH DR. MUHLENBERG.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, [Pe/in'a.] January 7, 1811.

Sir : Will you forgive me, if I, as a stranger, intrude
upon your studies, and beg your acquaintance 1 Doctor
HiESTER, the present physician of the Lazaretto, informs
me that you are a great friend of Botany. I have been
the same for near forty years ; and have collected, of
American Plants in particular, whatever I could get.
The State of Delaware, alone, amongst all others, hcis
contributed nothing to my Herbarium ; and I am certain
it contains many new and curious plants. This, a for-
mer acquaintance of mine, Mr. Rafinesque, has in-
formed me of; and Mr. William Hamilton, of the
Woodlands, confirms his information.

I have seen part of Mr. Rafinesqtje's Catalogue, —
fimongst the plants he mentions, several were new to
me ; — ais Uniola paniculata, Zizania miliacca, Hydrocotyle
fioarioides, Hopea tinctoria, Sida rhombifolia, Astragalus
Carolinianus, Jacobaea tomentosa and lyrata, Helianthus
lanceolatus, Viola rotundifolia, Veratrum nigrum, Melan-
thium racemosuni, Blechnum Virginicum, <^c.

Mr. Rafinesque was rather too quick in naming the
plants, and may have been mistaken in some names ;
but it is very likely that you have many plants, hitherto
only discovered in the Southern States. Will you, my
dear sir, for love of the Science, receive my tender of a

16

nearer acquaintance I will send you whatever we
have in our parts, not common with you, — and you can
send me the plants not to be found here. All Grasses
and Crypto gamia are my favorites. Of grasses and
calamarious plants, I have about 320 different species ;
but still a few, even of Michaux's plants, are wanting:
In particular, his Zizania miliacea (the daviciilosa we
have,) a few Schoeni, and a few Carices. Water plants
you have in abundance — ^being so near the water: we,
at Lancaster, have but few.

Perhaps you have seen my Index Florae Lancastriensis,
printed formerly in the Philosophical Transactions of
Philadelphia. Choose amongst the plants there men-
tioned, and you are welcome to any. If you have any
Catalogue of your plants, pray let me have it; or take
your own choice, and favor me with specimens you
think curious, not described, or doubtful. Anything I
can do, to clear up the doubts, shall be done with
pleasure.

The plants we exchange, we will number 1, 2, 3, &:c.
This will make a future correspondence easy ; and our
mutual observations will be better understood. I pro-
pose to send whatever I have, to Philadelphia, to John
MussER, No. 140, Race Street, — who is an Inspector of
the Custom House, and will find many opportunities to
Wilmington. If you are pleased to direct your packets
to him, he will forward them with care to me, by the
mail coach, or other opportunity.

Much pleasure I anticipate, and some good for the
Science, from such a correspondence. Will you favor
me with an answer, when convenient! Accept my best
wishes for your health and prosperity ; and believe me
to be with great esteem,

Sir, your most obedient humble servant,

HENRY MUHLENBERG.
Dr. Baldwin,

At Wilmington, Del.

17

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. January 14, 1811.

My Dear Sir: The letter which you have honored
me with was received in due time ; but unavoidable cir-
cumstances have prevented my replying earlier.

I feel myself under great obligations to Dr. Hiester,
for the respectful manner in which he has made mention
of my name to you, — as I rejoice in the prospect of a
nearer acquaintance with a gentleman whose celebrity, as
a practical Botanist, is so well established in the scien-
tific world. I anxiously hope that your expectations
may not be formed too highly respecting me, — as I am
a mere tyro in Botanical Science : and with the Gramina
and the Cryptogamia I am the least acquainted.

When I attended the Botanical Lectures of Professor
Barton, in the year 1806, I derived but little informa-
tion respecting these two vast and important families of
plants; and was induced to consider the investigation
of the former, in particular, as extremely difficult. But
last spring, while engaged in giving a popular course of
Lectures on this charming science, I found it necessary
to attend more particularly to the grasses ; and then it
was, that I regretted, most sincerely, my want of an ac-
quaintance with you. I had seen your Index Florae Lan-
castriensis, but I sought in vain to obtain it, — and was
informed that all the early volumes of the Philosophical
Transactions were sold. Nothing but the necessity of
attending closely to my professional engagements, after
having taken a hasty tour through the Peninsula, could
have prevented me from riding to Lancaister, in order to
avail myself of your extensive information, and to pro-
cure, if possible, your Flora. Judge then, my dear sir,
of the happiness you have conferred upon me, by solic-
iting my correspondence; and rest assured, that how-

18

ever indifferently qualified I may be for fulfilling your
request, I shall serve you with an ardent and a heart-felt
zeal.

I have a Catalogue, — ^but it is too imperfect for your
inspection: But when the season of blossoms again ar-
rives— should I be favored with life and health — I will
endeavor to transmit to you, in regular succession, the
plants of my vicinity that you may be interested in ;—
and in the mean time, when opportunity offers, I will
send you some old specimens. I hope I shall be able
to send some of the plants you have mentioned, as dis-
covered and named by Mr. Rafinesque ; and perhaps
some others that escaped his notice. This indefatigable
Botanist has, perhaps, independent of his new discove-
ries, unnecessarily changed some of the Linnaean
flames.*

Not having your Index, &c., I cannot make a proper
selection from it: But few of your grasses, however^
would come amiss. Some species of the following
Genera I think you possess, which I should be glad to
receive, viz : Cynosurus, Festuca, Poa, Cyperus and
Stipa. I have a species of Xyris, and I think the Aira
cristata, and a species of Milium, in my collection,— as
well as some species of Schoenus. We have a species
of Ranunculus which does not appear to be described:
and it may not be known to you that the Ranunculus
Lingua of Linn, [doubtless R. Flamtnula, L.] grows
abundantly in our marshes. A large species of Orobanche,
which I take to be the O. major of Linn, is to be found
on the Brandywine, within a mile of the borough. — I
shall be very happy to see the Muhlenbergia ; and would
thank you also for a specimen of the MarsJiallia, and the
Hydrastis Canadensis.

I am so unfortunate as not to be in possession of

* [A practice which he most wantonly and mischievously perse-
vered in, to the end of his days.]

19

MiCHAUx's works, — although I am acquainted with a
considerable number of his plants. I procured Tur-
ton's Linnaeus last spring; but was much mortified to
find that, although it was published as late as 1806, it did
not contain a single plant of Michaux. — I shall furnish
you with a number of plants that are to me doubtful ; but
which may nevertheless be described, — as I have never
yet been able to avail myself of all the aid necessary to
prosecute the Science of Botany to advantage :* But,
viewing you in the light of a Preceptor, with the advan-
tage of your correspondence, I shall renew my studies
with redoubled ardor ; and perhaps you can inform me
where to obtain your Index &c. and other works, calcu-r
lated to facilitate my progress in this delightful branch
of Natural History.

That your useful life may be extended, and that every
blessing may attend you, is the sincere wish of

Sir, your sincerely affectionate friend,
WILLIAM BALDWIN.
H. Muhlenberg, D. D.

Lancaster, Pa.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, January 18, 1811.
Dear Sir : I was exceedingly pleased to see by your
letter, that you are willing to accept my offer of a

* [The young American Botanists, of the present day, can have
but a faint idea of the privations, and disadvantages, under which
the students of that Science labored, in our country, at the date of
this letter. Nothing but a perfect enthusiasm in the pursuit, could
in any degree supply the want of that aid which is now within the
reach of all.]

20

nearer acquaintance ; and I anticipate much pleasure
on both sides.

Willingly would I send you my Index Florae Lancas-
triensis, but I have it only in the Transactions. If I can
get a printer, I have a MS ready several years, contain-
ing in two fciscicles — I. a Catalogue of the hitherto
known Phanerogamous Plants of N. America, in col-
umns containing the Linnean and English Names,
Calyx, Corolla, Fruit, Habitat, and time of flowering.
II. The Cryptogamous Plants. I daily add to it, and
think it might be useful.

You have, no doubt, a number of new plants. Your
Ranunculus Flammula I have seen — though scarcer with
us : the other one I wish to see, — as also your Milium,
Aira cristata, and whatever you find dubious, or new.
Extremely happy I would be, if we could make a few
excursions together. The sight of the living plant is
more satisfactory than a dried specimen, or the best
description. If you wish to know Grasses, send what-
ever you find, numbered, — keep the same number in
your Herbarium, and in one year you will know the
most of them. It is the same with Mosses and Lichens.
They seem to be a difficult order; but are soon known.
The study of them is very pleasing.

I make a beginning to send you Grasses, numbered, —
of each genus one species, to get the habit. They are
chiefly American ; but a few exotics I had to add, where
the genus was wanting with us.

The Hydrastis Canadensis, L. we have in plenty. The
root is yellow, and might prove to be a valuable dye.
It is easily propagated by the root ; but with difficulty
by the seed. The Marshallia, if I read the name rightly,
is a southern plant, — of which I have an unique, indif-
ferent specimen. Walter describes it by the name of
Athanasia. Michaux names it Persoonia. Marshallia is
Schrebek's, and the oldest, name. We ought to be

21

jealous for our American names. Why should we have
the trouble of finding, and other nations the honor]

You have, no doubt, many water plants, — especially
Confervae. Those are very little known, and need a
close examination. For Mosses, the present season is
best. They are best distinguished when the operculumis
ready to fall, and the peristoma beginning to show itself.
The Lichens we can often find at the fireside ; and I have
gathered a good number, just before I put the wood in
the stove, or on the fire.

For this time, I send my small packet of 53 Grasses
to Philadelphia, in hopes that it can be conveyed to
Wilmington, either by a travelling friend, or by the
stage. Do you know of any better opportunity 1

With the sincerest esteem I remain,

Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servant,

H. M.

P. S. As you have not Michaux, I will extract, from
his Flora, his Grasses, — marking such as I have not seen.
[As a matter of curiosity, those species, in the list, which
were then unknown to Dr. M. are here enumerated: viz.
Eriophorum Hudsonianum, Alopecurus aristulatus, Paspa-
lum plicatulum, Schoenus ciliaris, Fuirena scirpoidea,
Stipa juncea, Tripsacum cylindricum, Aira melicoides,
Festuca poaeoides, F. diandra, Briza Canadensis, Avena
striata, Zizania miliacea, Z. jluitans, Manisuris granul-
aris, Juncus melanocarpus, Carex scirpoidea^ C. suhulata,
Sparganium angustifolium.l

22

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. February 19, 1811.

Dear Sir: This will be delivered to you by Dr. A-
Perlee, a medical gentleman of high respectability,
whose object in visiting Lancaster is to look out for a
permanent establishment in his profession. Any ser-
vice, therefore, which you may render him, I shall
gratefully acknowledge.

I received your valuable communication on the 14th
inst. which is far from being compensated by the little
return I now make you. I can only console myself
with a hope, that during the ensuing spring and summer
I shall be able to remunerate you, in some degree, by
transmitting fresh specimens of all the Grasses, as well
as other plants, which I may procure. In the Aira cris-
tata, I believe I have been mistaken, — as well as in
some others ; but am happy to find that some of the
genera which you have transmitted, I had previously
investigated with success. I cannot send you the Mil-
ium until I procure a fresh specimen. In this, also, I
may be mistaken, — as it had done flowering when I
met with it last season. I wish likewise to obtain fresh
specimens of all the species of Ranunculus that I have
not met with in Pennsylvania ; which I shall transmit
together.

I have many more dried specimens to send ; but have
not leisure, at present, — as the bearer is waiting to dei
part. They shall therefore be sent, on the first oppor-
tunity. I was likewise laboring under a pneumonic
affection when I received your packet, — ^from which I
have not yet recovered.

I am your obliged friend.

W. B.

*

28

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, February 22, 1811.

Dear Sir : I had the pleasure to receive your letter,
and the dried specimens, by Dr. Perlee. The Doctor
pleases me much, and I wish him much success. In
Lancaster we have at least a dozen of physicians, good
and bad ; and if it were not for the neighboring country,
they would not make a living. I recommended Harris-
burg, — where lately the chief physician hcis died, and
very often diseeises prevail.

The plants you were pleased to send, I have looked
over. They are, a few excepted, also natives of our parts.

I will be extremely obliged to you for any dubious or
new specimens. You have in Sussex, the Hopea, — also
a Nyssa denticulata (Peperidge) which I long to have in
my Herbarium.

There are, now and then, wagons from here which go
to Wilmington ; but I believe the safest and cheapest
way, is by vessels passing between Wilmington and
Philadelphia.

I enclose in my letter 25 Cryptogamia, comprising
the different Genera of Mosses, according to the system
of Hedwig, — now generally received. I took only na-
tives, and chiefly the most common. If you wet them
with a few drops of water, they will get alive and show
their habit plainly. I do not doubt you have them all
growing near Wilmington. Lichens may follow another
time, if you choose to study this class.

I hope you have recovered entirely from your late
complaint, and will favor me with a continuance of your
correspondence. I beg to be remembered to Mrs. Bald-
win. Dr. Perlee informs me she is a great Botanist
and Entomologist; which gave me sincere pleasure.
I remain with true esteem, dear sir,

H. M,

24

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. March 30, 1811.
Dear Sir: I have just understood that my letter and
package of the 15th inst. still remain at Mr. Musser's,
awaiting a safe conveyance ; and that Mrs. Muhlen-
berg is in the city, but about to return to Lancaster. —
Having another package in readiness, I send it up im-
mediately, that both may go on safely together.

I feel almost ashamed, my dear sir, to trouble you
with so many specimens, — with which I dare say you
think I ought to be better acquainted : but my experi-
ence in the investigation of plants, of course, has not
been great. Relying, therefore, upon a continuance of
that liberality which you have already so gratifyingly
manifested towards me, I sincerely hope by my indus-
try to make you ample amends, hereafter.

I wish you would hasten the publication of your Bo-'
tanical work, alluded to in your letter of the 18th Jan-
uary. I have sent to New York for Michaux^s Flora,
and have some hopes of obtaining it. In anticipation
of your Lichens, I have been making collections of this
family of plants, — which are, in all probability, as nu-
merous here, as about Lancaster.

Is the Zizania clavulosa of Michaux, which you sent
me, the same with the aquatica of Linn, which covers
our marshes here — or is it another species 1 — The Spar-
ganium ramosum, I think Dr. Barton calls erectum ; but I
know not fromwhat authority.lt grows abundantly with us.
Is the enclosed specimen of Scutellaria the lateriflora
of Linn"! And is it the same with that contained in the
package accompanying this letter T In a late number
of the New York Medical Repository, this plant is re-
commended as a preventive of the Hydrophobia, (with
a drawing,) under the name of Scutellaria galericulata,
L. which I think is incorrect.

Mrs. Baldwin joins me in wishing that you may long
live to cultivate the Science of Botany. W. B.

25

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, April 8, 1811.

Dear Sir: Your two letters, and packets, No. II. and
III. were handed to me three days ago; and had, for
want of an opportunity, a long passage. I hasten to
acknowledge the receipt, and to return my best thanks
for the valuable presents, — although I am not able just
now to return some of the specimens which you have
marked as uniques; as I am engaged during this week
before Easter with olficial business so much, that not an
hour remains to make up a parcel of Lichens, and other
plants, for you. The first leisure and opportunity I
have, it shall be done with pleasure. In answer to your
letters, I only mention that the Sparganium erectum, L.
is by late Botanists — especially Willdenow — now di-
vided into two species ; a, ramosum, and h, simplex. We
have both growing very often in company.

The Scutellaria, enclosed in the letter, is the same
with that contained in the package ; and is certainly the
laterijlora, L. which has sometimes Jlores oppositi, axil-
lares. Some of your Carices cannot with safety be de-
termined, because the specimens are too young. They
ought to be gathered when the fruit is half ripe. We
have great plenty ; and near 50 of ours are well figured
by Mr. Schkuhr, in his work de Caricibus. 1 wish very
much to see whatever you can find of the genus.

When you make up another packet, pray continue
the numbers. This will make our correspondence more
easy; and we can refer to the numbers whenever
doubts arise — or amendments, or supplements are
necessary.

I have looked over your specimens but once ; and
will give you my opinion, as far as I can give it. * * *

[A few, only, of the remarks on the specimens are
3

26

here retained: such as are believed to be stillinterest-
ing to American Botanists.]

Packet II. No. 1. is cei'tainly a Melampyrum ; but dis-
tinct from M. Americanum, of Michaux, which seems to
be your I, No, 8. The latter has yellow seeds, 4, your
II, No. 1, black seeds, 2-4, with broader leaves ; very
near to M. pratense, L. Pray send more, with flowers.
No. 4, '■'■Schoenus ?" Scirpus planifoUus, mihi ; not yet des-
cribed. No. 16, ^^ Cerastium, from the Barrens, Chester
County." A new species, which I have named lanatum:*
I wish to see more, with the capsule. Packet III, No.
13. '■'■Bartonia, of MarsJialU" is Streptopus, Mx. UvU'
laria, Pers.

Should, after closer examination, any alteration oc-
cur to me, I will inform you. I mark such as I have
not already in my Herbarium, (and which I wish to get
by your kindness,) with a N. B. and whenever opportu-
nity happens, I will return to you what you desired, —
with some other plants.

In the mean time, I remain with unchangeable es-
teem, and my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin,
Sir, your sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DE MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. April 22, 1811.
Dear Sir : I received your valuable communication

*[This Cerastium — which, in Chester County, is chiefly confined
to the Serpentine rocks — is the C. villosum of MuHt. Catal. and
Flora Cestrica: C. oblongifolium of Torhet & Gray's N. Amet-
ican Flora.]

27

of the 8th a few days ago ; and herewith transmit to you
another packet (No. IV.) which I fear will turn out as
little interesting as the former.

Some of the information that you have requested will
be found accompanying the package.

Veronica hederifolia is doubtless a native. It is abund-
ant in some of the hedges in our vicinity ; and heis been
flowering (if I do not greatly mistake) since some time
in March. Has it not been recognized as a native 1

Letters and packages between Wilmington and Phila-
delphia are conveyed with the utmost facility, either
by land or water, free of expense. The greatest diffi-
culty appears to be between the city and LancEister.

I am sincerely your obliged friend,

W. B.

DE. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, April 23, 1811.

Dear Sir: According to my promise, in my last letter,
I have prepared 25 Lichens in small specimens for you.
They are from Europe ; and therefore not all indigenous
in our country. In winter, I collect, near the fire-side,
our Lichens on the fire-wood; and I dare say you
would find the most of them in the same manner. Many
of ours are not yet described ; but we may expect to
find the greater portion either in the new edition of
Linnaei Species of Willdenow; or in the Licheno-
graphia of Acharius ; to both I have sent whatever I
could collect in our pai-ts ; i. e. about 130 species.

My observations on your packets, II and III, you will
have received long before this by the mail: April 8,

28

the letter was written. I find, after a second examina-
tion, no reason to alter any name; but repeat my
wishes to have another and better specimen of some
numbers. * * * *

If your time and circumstances would permit, I would
be extremely much obliged to you for a catalogue of
such plants as you have seen in your excursions, — or as
you have in your Herbarium. I would then know bet-
ter which plants are to be exchanged. Any plant you
have not, and I have, should be sent ; and I would men-
tion to you which of yours are not with us. The Jerseys
opposite to you, and Sussex, contain many southern
plants. I intend to make an excursion into the Jerseys
when I come next to Philadelphia — i. e. the first and
second week after Whitsuntide, when our Synod meets
at Philadelphia : Probably some hours in the day may
be left for an excursion.

A gentleman from Savannah, Mr. Oemler, wished to
call on you, on his return from Philadelphia to Savan-
nah by land. He is a valuable correspondent. Has he
ever called 1

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, and
believe me to be with unchangeable esteem and friend-
ship,

Sir, your most obedient, &c.

H. M.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, April 30, 1811.
Dear Sir: Your packet and letter, dated April 22,
came to Lancaster April 26, and gave me much plea-
sure. The garden plants, being chiefly -uniques, I did

29

not examine closely. Indeed, I leave them to Botanists
who see them living, and have plenty of specimens.—
Our native plants are my favorites; — although I sow,
every year, a number of foreign plants, for comparison.

I will wait for an opportunity, and send your uniques
back to Philadelphia, I have put your specimen of
Scirpus retrofractus, and a specimen of Commelyna
longifolia, in the packet.

If you can get leisure, I will thank you very much for
a catalogue of your plants, — that I may send you such
from our neighborhood, as may be new in your parts. —

Allow me one general remark: Your specimens are
rather small and imperfect. I may, therefore, here and
there, be mistaken : Should I find any mistake, I will
inform you.

The 23rd of this month, I sent your former packet
back, and added 25 Lichens. They are from Europe ;
but almost all, also, natives of North America. I expect
the Jerseys contain a great many new species. If you
look at your fire-wood, you will find the most of them*
This year, I purpose to look for Confervae, — which have
been overlooked entirely, in our Floras. Your water
plants I wish very much to see. For all your favors, I
return you my best thanks ; and remain, with unchange-
able esteem.

Sir, your most obed't, &c.,

H. M.

DR. BALDAVIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. May 3, 1811.
Agreeably to your request, I send you as perfect a
catalogue of our Plants as I am at present capable of.

30

[This catalogue enumerates about 550 species ; and
mentions a number, then undetermined by Dr. B.]

Such is my poor catalogue ; which, imperfect as it is,
is at your service. I shall add to it as fast as possible.
It is indeed my wish, and will afford me great pleasure,
to serve you to the best of my abilities, in any way that
you will please to direct, for the advancement of Botan-
ical Science.

I am, &c.,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. May 7, 1811.
Dear Sir : Your obliging letter of the 30th April, came
to hand the 2nd inst. following; but I did not receive the
packet, and letter accompanying it, until yesterday : —
having requested Capt. Bush, who commands a packet
boat from this place to Philadelphia, to call upon Mr.
MussER for it. It may not, perhaps, be known to Mr.
Musser, that the opportunities from Philadelphia to Wil-
mington are daily, if sought for. I ask pardon for trou-
bling you with so many imperfect specimens. It was
owing to my former want of attention in not collecting
them with care ; and also to the confused state of my
Herbarium: Hence, I have sent you specimens, both
of garden plants, and others, which I found, after you
had named them, I had once been familiar with. I beg
pardon, also, for sending you so many foreign garden
plants, which I ought to have investigated myself, — but
which, as I had the specimens without knowing what
they were, and indeed without knowing from whence
many of them were obtained — I sent to you. I am

31

aware that your time is important and precious. I am
sorry that you have been at the trouble of returning so
many specimens — many more, indeed, than I expected,
or had marked. * * * My present package
was chiefly put up before I received either of your com-
munications. It, however, contains but few uniques;
and hereafter, as my Herbarium is now better arranged,
and I shall take care to procure double and better spe-
cimens, such inconveniences will not be experienced.
Package IV. 140, from a re-examination, I have found
to be Daphne Mezereum. 141, and 142, 1 have never seen
in gardens. They grew spontaneously in the islands in
the south of China, from whence I plucked them, with
my own hands, in 1805. Specimens of them, with a
great many others, (as well as native plants) principally
uniques, are safe in the hands of Dr. Bakton. I saw
many plants, even in this part of China, which are com-
mon here : — as different species of Scutellaria, the Lau-
rus Sassafras, &c. &c.

Good specimens of all the plants you have mentioned
shall be forwarded in season. The Melampyrum will
soon be in flower. The Ranunculus dehilis, Raf. is be-
ginning to flower. My catalogue has been drawn up
hastily, and is very imperfect. I have no doubt but
there are many plants with which I am acquainted, that
are omitted from not being in my list, nor Herbarium ;
but such as I discover I will inform you of. I have
omitted most of our Forest trees, — not having attended
much to them and the Grasses, &c.

Mr. Oemler called on me yesterday, and started for
Baltimore this morning. I was highly pleased with him,
and made arrangements for corresponding. He will be
of infinite service to Mrs. Baldwin, — in her prosecution
of the science of Entomology ; and has agreed to ex-
change Insects with her. I am extremely obliged to
you for the Lichens ; a few of which are familiar to me,

32

although I was unacquainted with their specific charac-
ters, and had attended but little to them. With senti-
ments of the highest esteem, and regard for your wel-
fare and prosperity, I remain affectionately yours,

W. B.

N. B. Can you not, when you come to Philadelphia,
extend your excursion to Wilmington] No trifling
circumstance would prevent me from bearing you com-
pany, either into the Jerseys, or on this side the Bay. I
should highly prize your company, were it only for a
few hours. Mrs. B. sends her best respects to you, and
would rejoice in seeing you. Excuse me, if I once
more request you to hasten the publication of your Bo-
tanical work : I would almost insure you immediate and
ample remuneration. A love for Botanical Science is
fast progressing in our happy country. Imperfect as
my knowledge of Botany is, I am engaged in giving
lectures, — principally to young ladies, who are ena-
mored with the study. I think I could readily obtain
you a dozen of subscribers here.

Forgive this long letter, and the freedom I take. I
write, too, in great haste.

W. B.

DE. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, May 22, 1811.
Dear Sir : Your packet, containing specimens from
No. 195-285, with the letter dated May 7, arrived safe on
the 18th inst., and gave me great pleasure. Receive my
thanks for the catalogue of the plants in your neighbor-
hood. Our Floras are much alike : however, there will
remain some difference, — as you have the Delaware and,

33

the Jerseys near, and I the Susquehanna which brings
many plants from the westward. Looking over your
catalogue, I find the following as strangers to our parts,
at least to my Herbarium : viz. '■'■Arahis tenella," — '■^Alis-
Tna, different from Plantngo,^'' — ^'■Andromeda palustris," —
'■'■Asdcpias undulata,^'' — ^'■purpiirascens,^' — "a species very
large," — "another," — '■'Anthemis, one different from Co-
tula," — ^^Euphorhia canescens," — '■''Galium asprellum,"—
*^Gentiana, a beautiful species," — "Hibiscus Virginicus,
2 vars." "Myrica Gale,'' — '■'Magnolia, different from
glauca,'' — ^'Nyssa denticulata.'" Probably we may differ
sometimes in names ; and by exchanging the plants we
will be certain. Will you be pleased to send me those
mentioned, whenever you can spare any specimen'? —
All the others mentioned in your catalogue, I have in
my Herbarium. I have no doubt you will discover ma-
ny other plants this summer, — especially if you turn
your attention to Grasses, and the Cryptogamia. Your
situation for Confervae is excellent. My method to pre-
serve these, is this. As soon as I bring them home, I
put them in water, and stir them about until they are
clean and well spread ; then I run a clean stiff paper
under them in the water, raise them out, and lay the pa-
per slanting to let the water run off until the paper is
dry ; then I write the time of finding on the paper. My
collection is but small. Mr. Oemler has promised me
to collect whatever he can find at Savannah, and the
sea shore. He will prove an excellent correspondent
to us. I have examined your specimens, and have re-
packed your uniques, and shall send them by the first
opportunity to Philadelphia. Here and there I have
added some plants which I did not find in your cata-
logue,— or when your specimen was not clear enough
for me. I will try to give you my opinion on them,
with the old reserve — errors excepted; and shall be
glad to hear your doubts, or emendations. Whenever I

■A'."''

34

Vish to see a better specimen, or another, I add N. B.

I will hardly be able to extend my excursion to Wil-
mington, in June, — ^being pressed by business ; although
I wish exceedingly to see you personally. An excur-
sion of a few hours, in a good situation, would explain
more than a dozen letters.

Pray have you specimens of any of Lewis's plants'?
I have tried every method to get a sight of them, — but
in vain. My friends at Philadelphia have denied me the
pleasure of seeing them in flower. I would wish to add
them to my catalogue, without any description ; — leav-
ing that to the compilers of Lewis's work. I am afraid
the description will be made in England, and Lewis's
work will come too late. Perhaps you can get the spe-
cimens from Mr. M'Mahon, or Dr. Barton. — This let-
ter I will forward by the mail ; and the packet whenever
an opportunity offers to Philadelphia.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, and
believe me to be,

Sir, your most obedient humble servant,

H. M.

P. S. I shall be at Philadelphia from the 9th to the
13th of June.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. May 27, 1811.
Pear Sir : Your valuable letter of the 22nd, and the
packet containing Commelyna Virginica, and my
uniques, have been received ; for which you are entitled
to my warmest thanks. I am preparing you another
packet ; but whether it will reach you before you leave

35

Lancaster for Philadelphia, is uncertain, — as I have nu-
merous engagements to attend to.

It is my intention, while you are in the city, to send
you (possibly I may be the bearer myself,) the Ranun-
culus debilis, Raf. Melampyrum, &c., in a tin Ccise, in a liv-
ing state, for your investigation. — I have no specimens
of Leavis's plants ; but will most cheerfully use my en-
deavors to obtain them.

I have just received a letter from Major Thomas M.
FoRMAN of Rose Hill, Sassafras neck, Maryland, en-
closing a specimen of Solanum dulcamara. The Major
hcis not infoi'med me whether he obtained it from Sassa-
fras, Maryland, or in Delaware State, near New Castle,
where he spends a great part of the summer: but it is
native.

Having the advantage of your correspondence, I de-
vote every leisure hour to Botany ; and shall extend my
collections as much as possible, for your sake — who
have done so much for the Science, — as well as for my
own, who am anxious to tread in your footsteps.
I am your obliged friend, &c,

W. B.

P. S. Mrs. B. who returns you her compliments, is
engaged in catching Butterflies, I shall be highly grati-
fied with the specimens you are about to transmit.

The following list [says Dr. Baldwin, in his MS.
notes,] was delivered by myself to Dr. Muhlenberg, in
Philadelphia, on the 11th June. I add it, with his re-
marks for the sake of convenient reference. I enjoyed
in the company of this venerable, enlightened and
benevolent man, the sweetest intellectual pleeisure. —
Had a short but interesting excursion with him on the
morning of the 12th, toward Germantown.

36

[The following remark, concerning Carex squarrosa,
L. is extracted from the list referred to — as an interest-
ing little incident in the history of that species. It is
now frequently met with; and, in some localities, is
even abundant.]

303. Carex squarrosa. Frequent applications have
been made to Dr. M. from Europe for this species of
Carex, and he has in vain sought for it from different
parts of the United States, until it was concluded that
no such plant existed. » * » *

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmingto7i, Del. June 25, 1811.
Dear Sir : Since I had the pleasure of seeing you in
the city, the necessary cares of life have prevented me
from making you an earlier return for the attention with
which you honored me; and I apprehend the present
package will not be very interesting. I send you the
best specimens I possess of the Carex squarrosa ; but it
is to be met with in abundance, at a little distance. I
have only time to return you my best wishes, — as the
bearer of this letter is waiting to convey it, along with
the package, to Philadelphia. W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDAVIN.

Lancaster, July 2, 1811.
Dear Sir: Your packet arrived safe, yesterday. Re-
ceive my best thanks for it. Such observations as occur

37

at the first perusal, I will add. Should any others be
made when I put the new or dubious ones to their
classes in my Herbarium, a future letter may contain
such observations. * • *

"289. Physalis''^ — viscosa, Mxl Pennsylvanica, Willd.
hardly of Linn. Has the plant a disagreeable smell,
the fruit a good one 1 I wish to see more. We have
only two native species here. * *

"300. Thalictrum cornuti?'' Specimen imperfect. —
We have three — dioicum, polygamum, and one without
name, with a disagreeable smell — -Jloribus dioicis, cer-
nuis, — flowering in June, after dioicum, and before
polygamum. * ♦ * »

"318. Impatiens''—fulva, mihi. We have another,
sulphurea, mihi [pallida, Nutt. Torr. & Gray.] — and 2
vars. alba and purpurascens, — all different, I suppose,
from noli tangere, L.

"319. Euphorbia" — maculata, Schrebcr Sz Smith — parvi-
flora, Sprengel. What Schreber calls hypericifolia,
Sprengel calls maculata. No. 319 is not in the Herb-
arium of Linne.

"328. Aster corymbosus ?" with some doubt. Their co-
species, run into one another so much, that there is no
certainty — macrophyllus, corymbosus, and cordifolius. I
have them now in my garden. [See Toerey & Gray —
who retain the three, as distinct species.] * * *
I mark such as I wish to see again, and arc new to
me. With unchangeable esteem and sincere friendship,
I remain. Sir, your very affectionate

H. M.
4

38

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. July 7, 1811.
Dear Sir : Yours of the 2nd, came safe to hand on
the 4th, for which you are entitled to my sincere thanks.
I have this day put you up a package, in great haste,
which will be delivered to you by Joseph Mendenhall,
a near relation to Mrs. Baldwin, who starts this after-
noon for the western country. He will be accompanied
by a boy, who will return again from Lancaster to Wil-
mington— by whom you may write, should it be conve-
nient.— Mrs. B. sends her compliments to you, and is

very impatient to hear from Mr. of Baltimore ;

who has not yet forwarded the catalogue of Insects.
Most affectionately yours,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, July 8, 1811.

Dear Sir : I am this moment returned fi'om an after-
noon's excursion, and find unexpectedly a packet from
you. I thank you sincerely for your instructive speci-
mens. Your last packet I have looked over, since,
more than once ; and find no alteration necessary. The
Galia remain something uncertain: circaezans, Mich,
has commonly a smooth — sometimes a hairy stem :
puncticulosum is always hairy, and always has folia punc-
tata. Your garden Cress I will examine another time.
What we cultivate in gardens, is exactly Lepidium
sativum, L.

As I look over your specimens, I will add the names
as far £is I can do it at first sight — reserving the usual
errors excepted.

"337. Asdepias decumbcns? Is the decumien.i, and

tuberosa, the same plantl" 337 is certainly Asdepias

tuberosa, L. He took the description of decumbens from

Gronovius, without having the plant in his Herbarium.

• ••••••

Your young friend is waiting for my letter: I must
therefore conclude. Remember my best respects to
Mrs. Baldwin, and believe me to be with unchangeable
esteem and affection,

Sir, your very sincere friend and humble servant,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. July 16, 1811.

Dear Sir : I received your letter of the 8th, on the
10th, which, as usual, gave me much satisfaction ; and
for which I return you my thanks. I have sent you, in
this packet, several plants that I have not seen before, —
as Arabis, Lemna, &c. But, for want of more leisure, I
have also sent you a number that are very common : of
which, however, I may not have all the names correct. —
I have opened a book according to your plan, in which
I can, with the utmost facility, enter my descriptions,
and notes, of any plant I meet with, under its proper
class; and find it of great importance, as it will render
me familiar with botanical language.

I wrote lately to my friend, Dr. Shattuck, of Boston,
and inquired for Professor Peck and his Botany; but
have not yet received an answer.

Mrs. Baldwin sends her best respects to you, and
begs that if you write to the Entomologist in Baltimore,
(whose name I cannot recollect,) you will put him in

40

mind of his promise to send us his catalogue of insects.
Have you heard from Mr. Oemler, since his return to
Savannah 7
I am, most sincerely and unchangeably,

Your friend,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, July 27, 1811.

Dear Sir : Last evening I had the pleasure to receive,
by the stage, your letter and packet, for which receive
my best thanks.

My friend in Baltimore, who promised you the cata-
logue of Coleoptera, had, immediately after his return,
a severe attack of an apoplectic stroke, — from which he
is, by the blessing of God, now recovered. If you ad-
dress a line to him, he no doubt will fulfill his promise.
Address to the Rev. Daniel Kung, at Baltimore.

I have, after my last, looked over your numbers 337,
378, and found hardly any thing to add. * * *

Since my last, I have received an excellent new work
upon Lichens, by Acharius, and some other Botanical
works ; but not any continuation of Willdenow, although
it was sent off from different quarters. Remember my
best I'espects to Mrs. Baldwin.

I remain, with sincere regard.

Sir, your most obedient,

H. M.

41

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. August 2, 1811.

Dear Sir : Yours of the 27th was duly received, for
which you have my hearty thanks. I hope the present
packet will be received in an undamaged state, and that
some of the specimens will be interesting to you. I
expect in a short time to receive a number of specimens
from Kent county, where, I am certain, a number of
plants are to be found that do not grow in our vicinity.
Whatever I can procure shall be sent to you ; for I wish
most anxiously to remunerate you, in some way or
other, for your obliging favors.

I received a letter, a few days ago, from Dr. Shat-
TTICK of Boston, who, in reply to my inquiries respecting
Prof. Peck, informed me that he was not to be relied
upon as a correspondent, and that he has had no ac-
count, lately, of his promised publication of the American
Genera, &c. I have written to the Rev, Daniel Kung,
who I hope has perfectly recovered from the alarming
disease which you iiiform me he was atBicted with, after
his return from the city.

Was the Asdepias (No. 402) the same which you saw
in Philadelphia 1 I had (through mistake, I presume,)
arranged it in my Herbarium under the name of A. lauri.
folia, of MiCHAUX. Mentha arvensis (403) and Canaden-'
sis, I suppose, are not one plant. As described in my
Species Plantarum, it appears to come much nearer to
arve7isis than Canadensis. I received, a few days ago,
a single specimen of a beautiful Orchis, from Chester
county : — spike veiy long — spur long— Jloivers purple —
leaves oval, broad. It seemed to come nearest to cili-
aris.* You are, perhaps, familiar with it..

•[Dr. B. had omitted to notice that 0-. tiliaris has not "purple,"
but bright orange-cohred flowers. The species here alluded to, was
4*

42

August 3. Since writing the above, last evening, I
have received the promised catalogue, accompanied by
an obliging letter, from the Rev. D. Kung; and am
happy to learn that he is able to attend to his official
duties.

With sentiments of warm esteem,
I remain, &c.,

W. B.

DR, MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, August 20, 1811.

Dear Sir : Your packet, and letter dated Aug. 2, arri-
ved safe on this morning ; and I hasten to acknowledge
both, lest you should think I have been late in answering.

The plants were all in good order, and gave me much
pleasure. Should you receive any from Kent, or from
Boston, you will add much to the obligations I owe you
already, if you let me share in them.

From Massachusetts, or any rocky sea-shore, I expect
to see Fhici and Confervae, — which have never been in-
vestigated and added to the American Flora. I have
quite lately received some from the Jersey sea-shore.
They were a fine and new sight for me. If laid in water,
they recover their figure very well.

Your Asdepias (402) you had, I think, at Philadelphia.
It is in the Herbarium of Linnaeus, without a name ;

doubtless, what has been generally known, in this country, by the
name of O. fimhriata; but which Dr. A. Grat has recently ascer-
tained to be the true and original O- psycodes, of Linn. See Sil-
liiman's Journal, vol. 38, p. 310, for an exposition of the remarkable
confusion in which several American species of Orchis, or Habenaria,
have been hitherto involved.]

43

and agrees nearest with laurifolia, of Michattx, — though
a bad name. He must have seen it ; as it grows also to
the southward, — where he seems to have examined very
closely. With us, it is scarce.

Mentha (403) we have, in different and strong varie-
ties. Smith would have it to be his gracilis. Schkeber
named it sativa. The stamina are exserta and inchisa, —
and I still think our verticillate Mentha is arvensis ; — and
perhaps, also, borealis, Mx. and canadensis, L.

I know a fine purple Orchis, which Willdenow has
received from me, and named incisa. It is probably the
same. Kis Jissa and Jimhriata, Ait. have likewise purple
flowers. Compare the characters:

1. Jimbriata — "labello tripartito, laciniis cuneiformibus
ciliato-fimbriatis, pctalis lateralibus ovatis dentatis,
cornu filiformi clavato germine longiore. AV."

2. incisa — "labello tripartito, laciniis cuneiformibus
inciso-dentatis, intermedia emarginata, petalis laterali-
bus obtusis subdentatis, cornu subulato adscendente
germinis longitudine. W."

3. fissa — "labello tripartito, laciniis cuneiformibus
dentatis, intermedia biloba, cornu filiformi apice clavato
adscendente germine longiore. W." [See Gray in Sill.
Journ. 1. c] The real Orchis ciliaris varies with yellow
and white flowers ; and is your 464. * » *

Since my last, I sent to Messrs. Olof Swartz and
AcHARius a great number of Mosses and Lichens which
are still dubious to me, and hope they will arrive safe in
Sweden, and return a clear answer. I have desired
them to send to me whatever they can spare of Fucus
and Conferva. They are both extremely well versed in
Cryptogamia.

From one of my old correspondents, the Rev. Mr.
Denke, amongst the Indians in Fairfield, Canada, I have
received a promise of all Canada plants not to be found

44

in our parts; and a full account of Indian medical
plants, with which he is well acquainted. I anticipate
much pleasure and use in this renewed correspondence.
Mr. Oemler, at Savannah, has not yet answered my let-
ter, written to him some time in May.

My collection of sweet water Confervae is getting
strong. I only take one sixteenth of a sheet to put them
on, and they look extremely delicate. It would be a
lady's occupation. Only throw the Conferva in water-
spread it well — run the paper under, take up the Con-
ferva, and pin it to a wooden wall until the paper is dry.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, and
believe me to be with great esteem and real affection,
Sir, your most obedient and sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. August 27, 1811.

Dear Sir : I received with great pleasure your com-
munication of the 20th, and hasten to make you a feeble
return. Of your N. B's I send you this time a good spe-
cimen of No. 23, [packet III.] which I hope you will be
able to investigate. I took a ride of 6 or 7 miles in or-
der to procure it. * * *

I have received no specimens from Kent, — but pre-
sume there are some in store for me. From Boston, I
fear it will be difficult to obtain them : But, whatever I
obtain, from any quarter, shall be shared with you. I
am happy to hear that your correspondence is extended
far and wide, both in the old and new world ; and I have
no doubt but a grateful posterity will amply reward you

45

for the result of those labors, which you seem inclined,
at present, to withhold from the public.

"With esteem and gratitude, I remain dear sir.
Your obedient and humble friend,

W. B.

DB. MITHLENBEBG TO DK. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, September 4, 1811.

Dear Sir : Your packet and letter dated Aug. 27, came
safe to Lancaster last evening. Receive my best thanks
for both. They have added to my Herbarium several
valuable plants. I hasten to give you my observations, —
although I had no time to compare some of them with
my Herbarium. I can always give you my curas poste-
riores in a future letter. Your last packet \vas just added
to my Herbarium when this came. I found little to add
to my former observations, except 457 is something dif-
ferent from our common Rudbeckia laciniata. 472 is
Stachys hyssopifoUa, Mx. — very different from my tenui-
folia. 478 is not Festuca diandra — the calyx is too ob-
tuse : but what it is, I could not discover by the imper-
fect specimen. » * * Your 490 is not Hedysarum
obtusifolium, Willd. but rotund if olium, Mx. canescens,
Willd. not of Linne. [See Torr. & Gray, sub Desmod.]
The Hcdysara are very superficially described ; and
without the lomentum (legumen, L.,) not to be distin-
guished.

Your present numbers are — as much cis I can judge
at first sight : —

507. Trachynotia cynosuroides, Mx. formerly Dactylis,
L. pistillum 1, is the distinction from Dactylis.

513. Oryzopsis, Mx. I had named it Milium nielano-
carpon.

46

531. Polygala verticillata. I could never distinguish,
specifically, the one with a reddish flower, from the
white. Is not your No. 23, (packet III.) Polymnia
Uvedalia 1

558. Hedysarum paniculatum, Willd. not of Mx. which
has linear leaves. I mark, as formerly, the plants which
I wish to see in more perfect specimens, — whenever
you have leisure to collect them.

Quite lately I had a visit from a Mr. Shitll, who now
lives at Marcus Hook, as Inspector of the Customs. He
has an excellent botanical eye, and promises to send me
a number of Marcus Hook plants, which, according to
his description, seem to be new; — especially a blue-
flowering water plant, different from Pontederia — with a
narrow leaf: also, a white sweet-scented flower — the
plant smelling like Ananas. Should you have any busi-
ness at Marcus Hook, I beg leave to recommend him
and his Herbarium to your notice. He mentions, also,
a Cane, in Dr. Tilton's garden. What is that] Does
it ever flowcrl I wish to be certain whether we have
two diiferent species of Cane. I have three in my gar-
den,— one, very large : this flowers very late, and seems
to be the Arundo Donax. I have also the Maiden Cane,
probably the Arundinaria, Mx. — and Butler's Cane:
But the two last have never flowered, and remain small.

I am sorry that my Massachusetts correspondents
hardly ever answer a letter, and that nothing can be got
from them. Indeed, there is but one Doctor Baldwin
amongst my correspondents — who is indefatigable. —
How shall I thank you enough, for your packets !

Mr. Oemler mentioned three gentlemen in Baltimore,
who were great lovers of Botany — Mr. De la Foullay,
Drs. Wilkes and Smith. Could we not get those gentle-
men to let us have some of the Baltimore plants'? I
have been there several times, but had no leisure to

47

make any excursions. In general, I thought Baltimore
an excellent situation for a close observer.

Some time before November, I expect to be at Phila-
delphia, to introduce my youngest son to Dr. Rush, and
the other Professors, as he intends to study medicine
with Dr. Rush. I expect to make some valuable addi-
tions to my Herbarium, from Mr. Lyon's and M'Ma-
hon's gardens. In my neighborhood, little new can be
found.

I conclude this scrawl with my best respects to Mrs.
Baldwin, and remain, with unchangeable esteem and
friendship.

Sir, your most obedient servant,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Wilmington, Del. Sept. 23, 1811.
Dear Sir : You will readily excuse the delay of this
packet, as well as its want of importance, when I inform
you that since I wrote last, I have lost a dear and only
brother. He died of pulmonary consumption, from
asthma, (to which he had been subject from an infant,)
the 5th instant, — the day preceding the receipt of your
last valuable communication. I have also been severely
afflicted, myself, with a bowel complaint, bordering
upon dysentery.

• ••••••

I am not acquainted with Mr. Shttll of Marcus Hook.
His "blue-flowering water plant" I have heard of, — as I
have no doubt it is the same that was sent to me some
time ago ; but the bearer (a small boy) unfortunately

48

lost it by the way. It was found within a mile of this
borough, at the junction of the Brandywine with the
Christiana, I will wait upon Mr. Shull the first oppor-
tunity. The taTie^ in Dr. Tilton's garden, is from Caro-
lina, and has never flowered. I will inquire further
respecting it, the first opportunity.

I am extremely glad tc have added to your Herbarium ;
and be assured, my dear sir, I feel myself abundantly
compensated for my packets, by the friendly manner in
which you so promptly condescended to give me the
information I require. But I must now, also, inform
you with regret, that our correspondence is likely to be
interrupted, at least for a time. My health having be-
come extremely delicate, and having hardly recovered
from the pulmonary attack I had, last winter, I dread
the consequence of remaining in a climate so cold, the
ensuing inclement season ; and am therefore preparing
to spend the winter at the southward. My intention is
to sail from Philadelphia for Charleston, about the first
of November. Whether I shall remain in Charleston,
or go further south, I have not yet determined. But, my
friend, wherever I go — should I be favored withhealth,
I will attend to our favorite pui-suits, and share with you
the result of all my discoveries.

You speak of being in Philadelphia, some time before
November. If you will be so good as to inform me
when, I will endeavor to meet you there, and bring on
some specimens, if I have time to collect them, — and
beg you to favor me with letters to some of your friends
in the south. I remain yours &c.

W. B.

49

P. S. I am not acquainted with Mr. De la Foullay,
nor Dr. Wilkes, of Baltimore: But Dr. Smith, of that
city, called at my house a few days ago, when I was from
home, and left word that he would call again, on his re-
turn. He told Mrs. Baldwin that he had a "smart" col-
lection of plants. I shall, therefore, make arrangements
with him, — should he be so good as to call again. — The
purple flowering Orchis, which I spoke of in a late let-
ter, appears to be the Jimhriata — from the character
which you have given of it, in your letter of August 20.
I forgot, also, to inform you, that I have seen but one
Zizania.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster,, October 11, 1811.

Dear Sir: Receive my best thanks for the new
packet which arrived here a few days since, and which
I have looked through with a great deal of satisfaction.
Some of the plants are dubious to me, — especially the
ill-described Hedysara, species or varieties ; but I will
do what I am now able to do. A future day will allow
more ; and I may, in another letter, make supplements.
I know (except Aster J no genus harder to get certain,
than Hedysarum. Michaux has made two genera of it : —
Lespedeza, with calyx 5— parted, and a capsule with one
seed, — while Hedysarum has Calyx suhlahiatus, lomentum
articulatum. WiLLDENOw has kept the old name, and
only made Lespedeza, or Tournefort's Onohrychis, for
a subdivision. I wish very much to have all Hedysara
alive ; and I beg you, therefore, to enclose in a future
packet, such Hedysara seeds as we have not here, —
if you can get them without too much trouble. * *

Since my last, I have received a jfine collection of
New York plants, by my son who was there ; and some
5

50

maritime plants from Dr. S. L. Mitchill, — and have a
promise of more.

The Lichens and Mosses I sent to the veteran in Botany,
Olof Sw^artz, have arrived safe ; and he has returned a
satisfactory answer, — confirming my names. I will
collect, this winter, supplements. Some time next
week, or week after next, I intend to be in Philadelphia.
Have you had an opportunity to see Mr. Shull, at
Marcus Hookl My best respects to Mrs. Baldwin. —
Neither from Mr. Elliott, nor Mr. Oemler, have I
received any letter in a very long time.

Adieu, my dear sir. I remain, with great esteem,
Your very sincere friend and humble servant,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Philadelphia, November 1, 1811.

My Dear Sir: I have just arrived to secure my pass-
age to Charleston, S. C, but shall not sail for a week or
more. With this you will receive a small packet, put
up amid the hurry of preparing for my journey ; but for
which I may receive, most probably, an answer before
I sail. A number of the specimens are from the neigh-
borhood of Washington (Maryland) — and were brought
to me by a friend of mine, whom I requested to collect
for me.

I was mistaken in the account I gave you of Dr. Til-
ton's Arundo. It has flowered for several years ; and
I have procured a specimen of it for you, — ^but forgot to
bring it with me, this morning. I lately called on Mr.
Shull, at Marcus Hook, and procured a few specimens
from him, — most or all of which, I think, you have seen.
One, however — a Syngenesious plant, and odorous — is
entirely new to me. I have but a single specimen of it.
And now, my dear sir, I have only to request, that if I

51

can be of any service to you, while in the southern
States, you will inform me in what way. I go first to
Charleston: from thence to Savannah, and probably
further south. Should you wish to write to any of your
southern friends, I would be happy to be the bearer, and
to render you all the service in my power.

I am, dear sir, yours,

W. B.
N. B. If you should write by me, you might direct to
the care of Mr. Musser, — where I can readily obtain
whatever you send.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, November 4, 1811.

Dear Sir : This evening I had the pleasure to receive
your letter of November 1, and the packet. I hasten to
return you an answer, for fear of coming too late. In
one I'espect, I shall be very sorry for your departure, —
because I shall lose, at least for some time, your instruc-
tive and pleasing correspondence ; — indeed, the only
one that was regular and uninterrupted since its begin-
ning. But your love of Science, and excellent eye for
Botany, and natural history in general, promise so much
for a future day, that you go with my best wishes for a
safe voyage, and a happy return. May I expect that,
even at a distance, you will remember a friend who is
obliged to stay in these parts ?

I shall be extremely obliged to you for any letter from
the southern parts, — and for every information you
give me.

Here are some of my wishes.

"When at sea, you will have an opportunity to see ma-
ny marine plants, and species of Fwcms and Conferva:
pray gather whatever you can get.

52

At Charleston, you will have an opportunity to see the
Botanical Garden, and a number of plants — especially
those left by Michaijx. Any observations fit to eluci-
date MicHAUx's Flora, will be instructive to the Botanical
public. The same elucidation we want for a number of
plants mentioned in Bartram's Travels. Bartram has
none of them left in his Garden ; and if you would take
his travels along, you could inform us which plants he
meant.

Should you come to Beaufort, in South Carolina, there
is that excellent Botanist and Entomologist, Stephen
Elliott, Esq. He is, like yourself, indefatigable ; has
seen and examined a great many Plants, Minerals
and Insects ; is communicative, and just the gentleman
we look for. I intended, in my very next letter, to
mention your name to him, as a most valuable corres-
pondent. Should you see him personally, I am con-
vinced you would be entirely pleased with one another.
I expect every day a promised packet from him ; and
then I will inform him of your voyage to the south-
ward. Perhaps he is now at the seat of the Legislature,
Columbia, S. C.

At Savannah, you will find our mutual friend, Mr.
Oemler. I have written two letters to him, without re-
ceiving an answer. Mr. Elliott informed me, in his
last letter, that he had not yet returned to Savannah.
This is probably the reason of his not answering. Tell
him how anxiously I wait for a favorable answer ; and
persuade him, if possible, to let me have a sight of his
European Confervae. I wish you to examine them,
yourself, very closely.

At Savannah you will have an opportunity to see that
excellent man, Mr. Abbott, — whose drawings of Geor-
gia Insects and Plants, are so justly admired. I wish to
have your opinion on the new drawings he has made
for the library, at Savannah.

53

Should you, in your travels, come to the Natchez, there
is a Mr. Henry Moore, a native of Lancaster, who, in
company with his brother, is in trade, — but likewise at-
tends to Botany, and every branch of natural history : —
a most valuable man, who, in his travels, has made ma-
ny valuable discoveries.

Without doubt you will find many other valuable gen-
tlemen, who are unknown to me. Remember me to all
such ; and try to open communion and correspondence
with such. By joining hands, we may do something
clever for the Science. Mine, indeed, begin to get old
and stiff, — but the heart still beats high, and wishes that
others may do what was left undone. Away with all
jealousy. * * * » »

Wishing you every success in your travels, and a
happy return, I remain, with affection and unchangeable
esteem, your sincere friend and humble servant,

H. M.

P. S. Pray keep a Journal of all the plants you see
in fiowei' — known, or unknown. It is of great ser-
vice, as a Calendarium, to find the difference of the
climate ; and a help to remember the whole of your
journey.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Charleston, S. C December 6, 1811.
My Dear Sir : I am happy to have it once more in
my power to make you some small return for your ex-
cellent favor of the 4th of November last, — which came
to hand in due time. The recommendations and in-
structions contained in this letter, I value as of the
highest importance to me, — and only regret my un-
worthiness to receive: But the liberal and dignified
sentiments you have expressed, towards the close of it,
with which, unfortunately, too few are actuated — excited

54

my sensibility almost to tears; and the spontaneous
wish of my heart is, that you may yet have many years
to live, an honor and a blessing to your country.

I am happy to inform you, that I have already found
my health improved, and am able to take much active
exercise.

The forests are here clothed in green, — and consist
principally of "Live Oak" ( Quercus virens,J and Pine
( Pinus palustris, L.) with a few "Hickories" ( Juglans )
and "Black Oaks" (Quercus nigra, and Q. tinctoriaj:
the leaves of the Hickories, alone, (different species,)
having assumed a yellow, autumnal hue. It has only
been within a few days that the "Pride of China" ( Melia
AzedarachJ has in general shed its leaves. Many of the
young trees of this genus, however, are still green ; and
none of the garden plants, — nor indeed any others, with
the exception of the Hickories before mentioned — the
Zantlioxylon, and a species of Rhus (I believe Rhus
vernix,) — appear to have been injured by the frost.*
There have been but two scanty white frosts, this sea-
son. Many plants are still flowering: — a complete list
of which I hope to make out, — and most of them will
be contained in the packet accompanying this letter —
along with a few dried specimens from the Herbarium
of Mr. Noisette, a French gentleman who formerly had
the care of the Botanic Garden. This garden, from
which I had promised myself much, is almost in ruins :
and the garden of Michaux is a perfect desolation, —
from which I can only obtain some few dried specimens
that were procured from it, and are preserved by Mr.
Noisette. They talk, however, of reviving the Botanic
Garden, — and have actually purchased six acres for that
purpose, about two miles from the city ; and have sold
the old garden, which is a barren spot, for such an ad-
vanced price as to gain one thousand dollars.

*Many of the SliruLs, however, are Eiergnens.

66

I have agreeably to your request, remembered you to
Mr. Noisette, — Mr. Shecutt, author of the Carolina
Flora,* and a few others, — who appear to have at least
some zeal for Botany; and from whom I hope we
shall hereafter derive advantage.

The garden is, at present, under the care of a com-
mittee of the Medical Society, — not one of whom, un-
fortunately, is a practical Botanist. Dr. Magwood, a
very worthy gentleman, has the particular superintend-
ence of the garden — appears to be much interested in
it — and has agreed to correspond with me.

I do not expect, my dear sir, to receive answers to my
communications, prior to my return home. I shall then
be very happy indeed to hear from you, and to have
your observations in connection, on the specimens
transmitted.

In a few days I shall set out for Savannah; and from
thence it is my intention to go on to the Creek Nation, —
having a letter from Dr. Ramsay to the Hon. B. Haw-
kins, Superintendent of Indian affairs. I have received
the kindest attention from Doctors Ramsay, Gough,
Wilson, and others in Charleston, — to whom I had let-
ters from Doctors Rush, Mease, &c.

With sentiments of unalterable esteem,

I remain, my dear friend, yours sincerely,

W. B.

N. B. You may expect to hear from me, whenever I
can have it in my power to serve you.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Savannah, December 23, 1811.
My Dear Sir : I hope that before this time you have

*A work which, owing to pecuniary embarrassments, he was
obliged to leave unfinished.

56

received my letter and packet from Charleston, I
should have put you up another, here, had it not been
for the diificulty and uncertainty of conveyance, at this
season of the year. I have lost no time in making col-
lections,— all of which, that are interesting, you shall
hei --after see, if I should be so fortunate as to return
home. A number of plants are even still in flower, in
sheltered situations, — although we have had some se-
vere fi'ost. Among these are some species of Aster,
Gentiana, Lamium ample xicaule, Viola primulaefolia, and
Hoiistonia serpyllifolia.

My health has much improved ; and I have spent a
week in this city very agreeably, in the society of a
number of gentlemen to whom I have been introduced,
but more particularly with our mutual friend, Mr. Oem-
LEK, who deservedly takes the lead, here, as a Natu-
ralist.*

I have looked over, with great pleasure, the interest-
ing drawings of the amiable Mr. Abbott. Those at the
library are much more accurate than some others of
older date, — as they have been recently executed under
the inspection of the more scientific Oemler. They
are, as far as I am qualified for judging, exquisitely
beautiful and scientifically accurate. * ^N *

I have not seen Mr. Elliott, which I regret exceed-
ingly ; but must avail myself of that pleasure on my
return this way, if such should be my destination.

Having been furnished with letters from Dr. Ramsay,
Gen. C. C. Pinckney, and others, to Col. Havv^kins, Super-
intendent of Indian Affairs, in the lower Creek Nation, I
am anxious to proceed on thither, — where I am told I can
spend the remainder of the winter in peace and security,
Avithout incurring a heavy expense. I feel anxious,

*[In a note, at a sulisequent period, Dr. Baldwix expresses his
regret at being under the necessity of changing his opinion of this
gentleman.]

57

also, to see the natives of our country ; — to become ac-
quainted with their plants, and obtain such other infor-
mation as may be interesting. The Colonel, I am told,
is a man of science ; and I hope to interest him in our
favor.

Nothing but want of ability, my dear sir, will prevent
me from fulfilling your wishes in every respect, and
contributing my fee]?le mite for the advancement of
Botanical Science, while wandering about in search of
health, far from my dear little family. I keep a journal,
as you recommended ; but it will contain little of im-
portance. With sentiments of warm esteem, I remain

Your obliged friend,

W. E.

P. S. I have a printed catalogue of the plants in the

Botanic Garden, at Charleston. I will copy it for you,

should you desire it, at some future period. The whole

number of plants is only 494.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MTTHLENBERG.

Savannah, January 28, 1812.
Dear Sir: You will not expect a letter, at this time,
from Savan7iah, — as I informed you in my last of my
intention to go on to the Creek Nation: But I have,
perhaps, been better employed, — having since paid a
visit to the Le Contes, in Liberty county, — and spent
some time with Mr. Elliott, at his plantation on the
great Ogechee. I have no time, at present, to descant
upon the knowledge and virtues of these worthy men ;
as I am in great haste to put you up a small packet to
send by Mr. Kin, who sets out immediately for Charles-
ton, and has promised to deliver this safely to the care
of Mr. Musser, on his arrival in Philadelphia. The
Mosses I send you, are only part of my collection, — not

58

having time to put up more. Most of these were col-
lected near the sea coast, on Wilmington Island, — from
which place I have just returned. As I hope you have
received my packet from Charleston, by the ship Penn-
sylvania, I beg that you will connect the numbers of
that with this, — as I cannot, at present, lay my hands on
the corresponding numbers, and have forgotten where I
left off. I remain with sentiments of warm esteem, &c.

W. B.
I shall probably set out for St. Mary''s, in a few days.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Creek Agency, on Flint River, April 20, 1812.

Lat. 32° 39' N. Long. 84° 20' W. of Greenwich.

My Dear Sir : As I have found it impracticable to
transmit to you any specimens, I will endeavor to make
amends for this deficiency, by giving you a catalogue of
those plants which have fallen under my observation,
since my arrival in this country, as they have appeared
in flower; and I shall embrace the earliest opportunity
of forwarding the specimens, corresponding with the
numbers herewith sent.

I sent you a small packet of Mosses from Savannah,
on the 28th January, by your friend Mr. Kin, — which I
hope you have received, along with the letter that ac-
companied it. Instead of going on immediately to St.
Mary's, as intimated in that letter, I put my original plan
in execution, and sat out for the "western wilds," on the
first of February; whither I arrived on the 21st of that
month, and commenced the following Calendarium
Florae.

Feb. 21. Fragaria Virginiana in full bloom, in the
garden of Col. Hawkins. * » * #

Feb. 24. A Pentandrous shrub, growing in clusters in

59

high land (Pine barrens, &c.) about two feet high.
Flowers appearing in numerous racemes at the ex-
tremity of the branches, of a yellow color: no appear-
ance of leaves. Note. — This shrub is a Rhus. * *
Feb. 27. Salix — "Dwarf Willow" in flower : catkins
very short. Tliis is the Micco Hoyenejau, — "King Phy-
sick," or "Great Medicine," of the Muscogee Indians
(Creeks;) and has been in use among them from the
earliest times, as a tonic medicine. They use the root,
bruised, in a watery infusion. When used freely, it be-
comes emetic. ******

Feb. 29. Viola pedata in flower, at Fort Hawkins, on
the 16th. The Pine barrens, in many places, are cov-
ered with the Viola pedata, varying in color, from the
brightest blue to the clearest white, and frequently
variegated with the most brilliant purple. Flowers very
large. •*•***.

March 3. Cercis Canadensis, or "Red-bud," beginning
to flower. Indian Corn may now be planted.

March 8. Tri7Zi«m sessiZe beginning to flower: and in
great abundance. *****

March 11. Bignonia sempervirens, L. [Gelsemium niti-
dum, Mx.] flowering. This plant may be seen [in
flower!] eveiy month in the year, in the mai'itime parts
of Georgia.

March 14. Anona triloba? in flower: of very humble
growth, in this country. [This is probably the dwarf
species, now called Uvaria parvijlora, ToRR. & Gray.]

March 16. Amaryllis Atamasco flowering. It is the
"Swamp Lily" of the Georgians; and is called Toonau
by the Creeks, who use its bulbous root as an article of
food, in times of scarcity. Although most abundant
about water courses, I have seen it on the highest ridges.

Aesculus Pavia, "Buck-eye," in flower, and very
abundant. The root of this furnishes a soapy substance,
peculiarly adapted to the washing of flannels and silks.

60

March 21. Sisyrinchium. — Roots fibrous, yellow, and
extremely pungent. It is considered, by the Creeks, to
be an infallible Emmenagogue ; and is used by the Che-
rokees as an emetic. It is verdant throughout the year.

March 23. Lonicera semper virens in flower; and very
abundant.

March 24. Arundinaria macrosperma, Mx. "Cane," a
small variety, in flower. This plant, which is so rarely
seen flowering, I am informed, may be made to flower,
by wounding, or by transplanting it.

Cornus Jlorida in flower : Involucrum often very large.

March 27. Triticum hybernum, "Winter Wheat," shoot-
ing out heads. »*»***

March 31. Two quarts of ripe Strawberries ( Fragaria
VirginianaJ gathered this evening.

This must suffice for the present; but I hope to give
you the remainder shortly. You will pardon the imper-
fections of this catalogue, when I inform you that I have
not a single systematic work to refer to, and am obliged
to depend altogether upon memory in my investigations ;
which is very embarrassing to a student who hardly un-
derstands the language of Botany.

I left Savannah, indisposed in body and dejected in
mind, and came to this country on foot, — determined to
try the efficacy of severe exercise, along with the diffi-
culties that attend this mode of travelling in a wild
country, upon my feeble constitution ; and have suc-
ceeded beyond my expectation, — enjoying, at present,
a comfortable state of health. The kind reception I
have met with from Col. B. Hawkins, Superintendent
of Indian Affairs, in this Department, claims my warm-
est acknowledgments ; and from his talents and industry
as a man of science, we may calculate with confidence
upon his aid in future, — as he has cheerfully promised

61

lo collect, and send on, cither dried specimens, seeds,
or roots, as may be required.

I shall be able to add to this Flora, a register of the
weather. The Agency is situated on the banks of Flint
river, and on the lorcest stratum of the Granite ridge, or
commencement of the Alleghany mountain. The
country here is beautifully diversified into gently swell-
ing hills, narrow vales, and numerous streams of water.
The shores of these waters are very fertile, — abounding
in oak, beech, and poplars of enormous size. About
nine miles north easterly, we find the dividing ridge be-
tween the waters that enter the Atlantic through the
medium of the Alatamaha, and those which, falling into
Flint river, roll on to be lost in the gulf of Mexico.
Although the appearance of the country, for the greatest
part of the way between the Ocmulgee and Flint river,
docs not seem to merit the high and florid character
which the venerable Bartram has ascribed to it, — as it is
principally Pine barren, diversified with "ridges of low
swelling hills" covered with Black Jacks fQuercus nigra, J
yet, to the romantic, sentimental traveller, who con-
ceives himself in a vast wilderness, the occasional ap-
pearance of an extensive lone meadow has a most
charming eff'ect, amid the otherwise dreary, naked for-
est. But even the Pine land, in the vicinity of the
A o-eraci/, produces excellent wheat, — and becomes much
more fertile as we advance to the westward. At the
distance of one mile, in this direction, we get out of
the region of the long-leafed Pine (Pinus palustris, L.,)
when the Oak land, mixed with the short-leafed Pine,
commences.

The Hydrangea quercifolia, which Bartram found at
"Sweet-water Brook," about six miles north easterly
from this place, is very abundant — even on the highest
hills, — and will soon be in flower. On the fertile shores
of the river, I have seen it more than ten feet in height.
6

62

The Hypericum aureum is also abundant. The Chionan-
thus Virginica? is here only a humble shrub, — attaining
to the height of a few feet ; and is found almost exclu-
sively on the highest hills. It is now in flower. The
flower of the Halesia diptera differs very materially from
that of H. tetraptera, — and has certainly no business in
the Class Dodecandria, where, I believe, Linnaeus has
placed the genus. The corolla is divided into 4 distinct
petals ; stamina very uniformly 8, completely coalesced
for near two-thirds of their length. But I have no room
to add more ; and therefore remain, with the most pro-
found respect, your sincere friend and servant,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Savannah, May 26, 1812.

Dear Sir : Meeting with Mr. , who has just re-
turned from Burke County, where he has been procur-
ing burr stones, and who sails this day for Philadelphia,
I send you on, in haste, four small packets, without hav-
ing time to select or retain duplicates. All of them (ex-
cept a parcel in which you will find a short note, signed
S. BoYKiN,) I collected in the neighborhood of Mil-
ledgeville, when on my way to the Creek Nation, in the
beginning of February. They consist, of course, prin-
cipally of Mosses and Lichens. No. 1, was collected and
put up by Dr. Samuel Boykin, an amiable and enter-
prising physician and naturalist, whom I am proud to
recommend to your attention. He resides in Milledge-
ville, and will be happy to hear from you,

I have just come on, in haste, from the Creek Agency,
and am on my way to St. Mary''s, where I shall proba-
bly spend the summer, — having accepted an appoint-
ment, there, in the surgical department. My collections

63

made in the Creek Nation, still remain at the Agency,—
to be forwarded in boxes to this city ; from whence they
are all to be sent on to Philadelphia, to the care of Mr.
MrrssER, subject to your order.

I regret the confusion that has been unavoidably pro-
duced in our correspondence ; but which, I hope, will be
coi-rected, should I live to return. In the meantime, I
must beg that you will write to me, and, if possible, re-
duce our correspondence to regularity again, — indepen-
dently of those packages which I now send you, and those
which you are to receive from the Agency. When I
hear from you ^t St. Mary's, my packages shall be put
up upon our former plan.

I am, in great haste, my dear sir, ever yours,

W. B.

P. S. I still hope to return, and reside in Wilmington ;
but the state of my health, and some other circumstan-
ces which I cannot now detail, have induced me to re-
main a while in this country. Since I wrote last, I have
been at the Coweta town, on the Chatahoochee river.^
There are certainly two species of Hydrangea in this
country.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, June 18, 1812.

Dear Sir: I am extremely happy to see by your last
letter, dated Savannah, May 26, that you are returned
in safety and health from the Creek Nation, — and that I
have a place mentioned within the reach of the mail,
where I can address an answer to your letters. I have
received them all, and return you my best thanks for
each of them. Each was very pleasing and instructive
to me. * * • • •

You are now at St. Mary's, — an excellent situation to

64

elucidate Bartram's Travels. If you have a copy, pray
let me have your observations on his dubious plants,—
especially on such as are without a scientific name. *
* There is a famous root, called, at Augusta and
Milledgeville, ''Black-roof'* — ^lughly recommended in
dropsy, and almost every disease. What may it be "J
and could you persuade Dr. Boykin to get me some
seed, — if the plant is not known 1 I wish, likewise, your
opinion on Cane: Have we more than one species 1
And what is the real Coontia, of the Indians 1 Is it Smi-
lax laurifolia,j — or do you find it figured in Catesby, or
elsewhere 3 Lately I received a packeVfrom our excel-
lent friend, Mr. Elliott, which I have not yet examined,
closely : Amongst the plants is an Euphorbia, — proba-
bly the one you mention with a red flower. It is new
to me. Anything you are pleased to send to me will
be exceedingly welcome. That you may gain daily
strength and good health I wish sincerely.
I remain with unchangeable respect,

Sir, your most obedient humble servant,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, September 19, 1812.
My Dear Sir: Your interesting letter of the 18th
June, was received on the 11th of July, and has added
much to the obligations I was already under. I have
long waited an opportunity to make you some return ;
and am at length happy to inform you that I have put
you up several small packets, and sent them on board

[* Pterocniilon pyrnoslachyum, Elliott & DC]

[fThe "Coonlia' was afterwards ascertained to be the Zamia
pumila. See subsequent correspondence.]

65

the Schooner Trimmer, Saunders, of Philadelphia, —
who has been detained for a week, in consequence of
equinoctial gales and head winds. They are directed to
the care of Mr. Musser ; and hope they may be re-
ceived,— as I have retained no duplicates of many of
them. They have mostly been collected in the imme-
diate vicinity of this place, — from Cumberland, Amelia,
and the shoi*es of Florida.

Such has been the nature of my engagements, — par-
ticularly since I received your letter — that it has been
impossible for me to attend to Botany with any kind of
success ; — a circumstance that I regret extremely, in
this land of flowers, at a season of the year in which it
has been so little explored by the Botanist. But my
zeal has not in the least abated ; and in the midst of
sickness and confusion, by which I have been sur-
rounded, and by which my life has been in danger, I
have never failed to pluck the flowers, — although I
have been obliged to throw them aside in such a care-
less way, without having leisure to make notes, that
many of them, I fear, will be inevitably lost. To put
up my packages for you in the usual way, or to con-
tinue my Calendarium Florae has been utterly out of the
question. But, if what I send on should only arrive
safely to your care, I shall be satisfied, — as I know you
will share with me liberally, when I return. My Calen-
darium, however, was continued up to the time of my
leaving the Creek Nation, — and for a little time after my
arrival here. This shall be copied for you, as soon as
circumstances will permit.

I am hearty ; but my health is delicate. I shall pro-
bably return, in October, to look after my family and
affairs in Wilmington, — but shall, perhaps, return again
immediately to St. Mary's ; — as I have much reason to
dread the elTects of a northern winter. For years have
I been struggling on the brink of the grave. Should

66

travelling and a temperate climate restore me, I shall, I
hope, be humbly thankful : But should these means fail,
may I quietly submit to go the way of all the earth !

Should I return by way of Savannah, I will bring
with me Mr. Oemler's Algae. Of Bartram's dubious
plants, I fear I shall obtain but few. The Hibiscus fam-
ily are now beginning to flower. I have just obtained
a beautiful little species from Florida, and have obtained
a pretty correct drawing of it;* along with a number of
other plants that are new to me ; — all of which shall, as
early as possible, be submitted to your inspection. I
have met with some beautiful species of Ipomaea on
Cumberland Island, — drawings of which I hope to ob-
tain, and might have obtained before now, had it not
been for the indisposition of Miss Greene, youngest
daughter of the late celebrated General Greene, —
whose knowledge of Botany, peAaps, exceeds that of
any other lady in America ; though, like myself, she is
in want of books to enable her to prosecute the study to
advantage.

The Orchis ciliaris, Mx. is the famous "Rattle Snake's
master," of the Florida Indians. They employ the
root, both internally and externally, for the bite of this
venomous reptile ; but, I fear, with poor success. The
Creek Indians employ a different plant, or plants, for
this purpose, — which they call by the same name. Two
different plants were pointed out to me, while in the
western country, — both known by the name of "Rattle
Snake's master." Neither was in season for investiga-
tion, during my stay there : but I take one to be the
Agave Virginica, — and the other, a species of Eryngium.
Colonel Hawkins, or Dr. Boykin, will probably send
me specimens of both. Dr. Wray, of Augusta, writes
me that the '■'■Black rooV belongs to the Class Syngenesia;\

*It is Hibiscus Virginicus, — as I liavc >-ince ascertained.
["("It is the Pttrocaulon pychoslachijvm, EU. & DC]

67

is in flower during the months of September and Octo-
ber— and is found in abundance at a place called
"Cracker's neck,*' — about fifteen miles from Augusta
on the South Carolina side of Savannah river. He says
he will spare no pains to obtain it. Dr. Boykin has seen
the plant — informs me that it is found on Ogeeche — that
he will procure it, if possible, — and has been informed
of its efficacy in the cure of Dropsy.

I am not satisfied that there are two species of Cane
C Arundinaria, Mx. ;) but must reserve what little infor-
mation I can give, for a future opportunity. The root
which furnishes the Coontia, of the Creeks, is certainly
Smilax ;* but I have had no opportunity of referring to
Catesby, — nor to any other work — to ascertain the spe-
cies. I hope, however, to obtain good specimens of it.

I correspond with our excellent friend, Mr. Elliott:
but regret exceedingly that I shall disappoint his expec-
tations, as well as yours.

That long life and health may be yours, is the wish of
your sincere friend and servant,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Philadelphia, October 31, 1812.

Dear Sir: I did expect, when I left St. Mary's, to
have leisure to visit you, in Lancaster, before I returned,
to the South, — but am very sorry to inform you that it is
impracticable ; — as a schooner is now ready to sail, —
which perhaps affords me the only safe conveyance for
months to come, and the winter, which I dread, is ap-
proaching.

With this, I send you Mr. Oemler's Algae, — which he

[*Afterwarils ascertained to be — nol Smilaz, but — Zaniia pumila.
See letter of May 27, 1817.]

68

is very choice of; and which he expected, when I left
Savannah, would be delivered by me. I also send a few
drawings of Georgia and Florida plants, for your in-
spection,— some of which, I hope, will prove new and
interesting.

The packages which were sent by the schooner Trim-
mer, I am sorry to inform you are returned to St. Mary's;
the captain, on his arrival in Charleston, having changed
his destination. But I hope they will not be lost, — as I
have written to a friend, in St. Mary's, to secure them.

I am very anxious to have our correspondence once
more established upon a regular footing; and shall,
perhaps, be able to transmit some packages (franked)
through the medium ot a friend in Washington.

Should you deem those drawings interesting, I hope
to have it in my power to procure many more, — and
also to have more leisure to attend to the execution of
them. Circumstanced as I have been — with scarcely a
moment's leisure, and without a book to refer to — I
hope you will excuse my want of method, and my ne-
glect of furnishing you with notes.

Along with the Algae, you will find a drawing of a
Marchantia; a specimen of Asclepias Curassavica ; a na-
tive species; and a species of CoUinsonia. These are
mine ; and were left in the packet through mistake : But
they will be safe under your care.

With sentiments of warm esteem, I remain, my dear
sir, your friend and servant,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, November 9, 1812.
Dear Sir : Ever since I had the pleasure to receive
your friendly letter, dated September 19, at St. Mary's,

69

I have anticipated the joy I would have by the packet
with the Trimmer, and still more by a personal inter-
view. In both points you deserve my best thanks, for
your good will and intentions. Circumstances will pre-
vent the fulfilment ; and we ought to learn to bear dis-
appointments.

Your promised Calendarium, I wish to see veiy much.
Perhaps it may come in a future letter; and should you
be able to send the packet, it will always be a great and
pleasing addition to my Herbarium. Mr. Elliott informs
me, that the famous "Black root" is Conyza pycnostachya,
Mx. ( Gnaphalium undulatum, Walter.) Mr. Oemler's
Algae gave me great pleasure. I send them back to
your care, — after having looked over them with some
attention. We have but few of them. My collection
of American Fuci and Confer oae is but small ; and I
long to get more, from such friends as live near the sea
shore. I add to Mr. Oemler's packet, such as are com-
mon in our parts. May I expect some of the southern
ones, by your kindness 1

Is the Hibiscus, you mention in your former letter, the
same with the one figured in the drawings? Bartram,
in his travels, mentions a number of Hihisci, and other
plants, which I do not know.

Remember me respectfully to Miss Greene, — whose
character I have heard with pleasure. Any thing I can
do for this amiable young lady, shall be done with sin-
cere pleasure. Are some of the drawings from her
hands! I also return the drawings with great thanks.
They have convinced me that the southern States con-
tain many new, and hitherto undescribed, plants. Sev-
eral of the drawings will want an addition of the Calyx,
Stamina, Pistillum, Capsula, Receptaculum, and Pap-
pus,— especially the new plants. I have examined
them pretty closely ; and will give you my opinion can-
didly, with the usual proviso, errors excepted ; and with

70

the excuse for errors, that I could not look again. * *
1 mark such as I wish to have in a dried state, with N.
B. and I beg you will give me all the information you
can, on the unknown plants. Have you shown the
drawings to Mr. Elliott 1 He is an excellent judge, in
every case. So is our friend William Bartram. You
have, no doubt, his Travels ; and are enabled, by tra-
velling through his classic fields, to elucidate his des-
criptions, and dubious plants.

If you remain any time yet at Philadelphia, pray do
not leave it without seeing two most excellent Botanical
friends I much esteem ; Zaccheus Collins, and Correa
DE Serra, lately from Europe.

And now, my dear sir, (if I am not to see you this
time, personally,) I recommend you to the protection
of the Almighty. May you arrive safe at St. Mary's,
have constant health, and a long life full of content-
ment; and may our correspondence continue with
pleasure and instruction on both sides.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, (does
she go with youl) to Mr. Elliott, and Mr. Oemler. I
remain with unalterable esteem.

Sir, your sincere friend,

H. M.

P. S. My son-in-law, Henry Huffnagle, takes the
packet to Philadelphia, and will return in a few days to
Lancaster. If you have time pray drop a line in return,
and let me know the vessel's name in which you go,
and the exact time.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, March 20, 1813.
Dear Sir : I owe you an apology for neglecting so
long your excellent letter of the 9th of November, last.

71

The hurry I was in, at that time, to arrange my af-
fairs in Wilmington, made me less attentive than I
should otherwise have been : but I should have i-eturncd
you an immediate answer, had I not been under the im-
pression that I had nothing to communicate, worthy of
your attention. It was not until too late, that I perceived
your P. S. requesting to be informed of the exact time
of my sailing, and the vessel's name. It appears that I
also neglected to inform you, that Mrs. B. and our little
family were to bear me company. This information is
almost out of season ; but I may still inform you, that
we sailed from Philadelphia in the Brig Hetty, on the
23rd of November, and did not land in Savannah until
the 27th of December following, nor reach St. Mary's
until the 3rd of February. But, through the blessing
and protection of that Divine Providence to whom you
had the goodness to recommend us, — after buffeting
long the stormy seas, — we reached our destined port in
health and safety.

I am putting you up a packet, to be sent by General
Thomas M. Forman, — who resides at "Rose Hill," near
Georgetown cross-roads, eastern shore of Maryland.
He will leave Savannah about the first of April, by land;
and may be depended upon for transmitting, carefully,
the packet to Mr. Musser. I have jus;); received a letter
from my friend Hoff, of Charleston, — wherein he in-
forms me that the packet, mentioned in my letter of the
19th of September, last, had arrived in safety ; and that
he had sent it on to the care of Mr. Musser by the Far-
mer''s Fancy, together with a letter of advice to you. I
hope they have been i-cceived.

I have remembered you to Miss Greene. She is
doubling her diligence, in the pursuit of Botany, — and
will likewise unite her exertions with Mrs. Baldwin, in
attending to Entomology. None of the drawings were
executed by her hand; but two of them, viz: Sesamum

72

Indicum, and Mespilus arhutifolia, — were drawn by her
sister, Mrs. Littlefield. The others were all drawn by
Mrs. Clark, wife of Major Archibald Clark, the Post-
master in this place.

The Sesamuin Indicum is not a native ; but is now
found growing spontaneously in the old fields of Cum-
berland. Gen. FoRMAN intends to introduce it into the
States of Delaware and Maryland, — where I encouraged
him to hope it might succeed.

Respecting the fruit of the Mespilus arhutifolia, Mr.
Le Conte informs me that he has never seen the fruit
black, in this country, — ^but uniformly red. He considers
it, however, in every other respect, to be the same plant,
and calls it only a variety. I have not heard a word
from Mr. Elliott, since my arrival in this countiy, —
and suppose that he must be much engaged in his new
office, in Charleston. I wrote to him, from Savannah,
in January last.

The remainder of my Calendarium shall be speedily
transmitted. I send you a very few Algae, — not having
had an opportunity to collect them. My best endeavors,
however, shall always be used. The Hibiscus men-
tioned in my letter of September 19, is the one fig-
ured in the drawings. No. 23. It is probably, as you
suppose, H. Virginicus, L. I have had the misfortune
to lose Bartram's Travels, in Savannah, — and I have
not been able to procure another copy. I have sent to
France, to obtain Michaux's Flora, kc, which I hope
will come over safe. The specimens which I left at the
Creek Agency, I expect shortly to receive, via Darien.
Possibly they may be sent on for you, by Gen. Forman.

I anticipate more leisure than heretofore, to attend to
Botany, should I be favored with health, — which, at pre-
sent, is promising: and I most heartily wish, with you,
that our "correspondence may continue long with plea-
sure and instruction on both sides."

73

Mrs. Baldwin joins mc heartily in wishes for your
health and happiness. I remain with affectionate re-
gard, my dear sir, your oblisred friend,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, March 31, 1813.

Dear Sir : I sit down to fulfil my promise of trans-
mitting to you the remainder of my imperfect Galenda-
rium Florae, kept at the Creek Agency.

April 1, 1812. Convallaria racemosa flowering. Note :
There was a little snow fell this day, on the Oconee,
twelve miles above Milledgeville^ Many of the more
delicate native plants were injured hy the frost, at the
Agency; particularly the Amorpha frutitosa.

Aprils. Agrostemma Githago (Cockle) in flower,
among the wheat.

April 7. Triticum (called Early -May Wheat) in flower.

April 8. Liriodendron tulipifera in flower.

April 17. Robinia pseud-acacia in flower. The foliage
on the forest trees appears now, in general, to be per-
fect: But, while some of the Oaks have full-sized
leaves, others are just formed.

April 18. Melia Azedarach (Pride of China) flowering.
This is the universal ornamental tree, in the southern
country ; and has even found its way into the wilderness.

Ap7-il 20. Mitchella repens in flower.

April 21. Silene ?* This has been transmitted to you,
No. 903. A most beautiful plant, found on. Flint river.
The whole plant is viscid — 8 to 10 or 12 inches in height ;
stem and leaves hairy, of a pale green ; peduncles ter-
minal and axillary; 5 of the stamens arranged beauti-

[•This is, doubtless, the Silene fmhrlata, Baldw. in Ell. not of
Sims; now the S. Baldwinii, Nutt. DC. & Torr. & Grav.]

7

74

fully between each of the 5 petals — the other 5 in the
centre ; styles shorter than the stamens, stigmas simple ;
anthers twin ; petals gradually widening to the extremity;
and terminating with the most singular and elegant
fringe, — each petal ornamented internally with a hairy
margin : width of the flower 2^ inches.

April 22. Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass) in flower,
in the garden. It grows here, most luxuriantly — attain-
ing to the height of more than 5 feet, and spreading
greatly. It ought to be cultivated generally, in this
country. ******

I find I have not room to finish, here, — and will there-
fore go on, in future ; and also give you a Calendarium
from St. Mary's.

Your friend and servant,

W. B.

P. S. Since my last letter was written, I have received
my specimens, from the Creek Agency, in tolerable
order. I immediately put up a small packet of them,
and sent it to Savannah, — hoping it might arrive in time
to be taken on by Gen. Forman. » * *

The fruit of Aesculus Pavia is used, by the Creeks, to
intoxicate fish. The Asarum Virginicum is called, by
the Creeks, Luchau loohe Thlucco — signifying '•'■Large
Turtle Liver.'''' I am not certain that it is considered as
important by them, as a medicine: But it is much es-
teemed by the whites.

Along with the specimens fi-om the Agency, Colonel
Hawkins was so good as to send me roots oi Hydrangea
quercifolia, Hypericum aureum, and Hales'ia diptera, —
with a pint of the seeds of the last; — all of which I hope
will flourish. I am about to try the efficacy of the
'■'■Black root,"'' in a bad case of general dropsy, I find
plenty of the root, here.

75

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, April 9, 1813.

Dear Sir: As I have just put you up another packet,
which shall be forwarded the first opportunity, — I go on
with my Calendarium Florae.

April 22, \S\2. Iris versicolor 'n\ ^owcx '. varying, here,
in color, from a deep blue to almost clear white.

April 2.5. Droseralongifolial (spathulata, of Le Conte;)
very delicate ; scape not 3 inches ; leaves long, hairy;
scape many-flowered ; petals 4, broad, clear white.

A^/-i7 25. Galega Virginiana [Tephrosia, Pers.] in
flower.

April 27. Ilea Virginica in flower.

April 28. Rhus radicans do.

April 29. Kalmia latifolia in full bloom.

April 20. Datura Stramonium,

May 1. Spigelia Marilandica in flower.

May 3. Mollugo verticillata — in cultivated grounds.

May 4. Ceanothus Americanus, Viburnum acerifolium.

May 5. Phlox maculata, Bartsia coccinea.

May 12. Wheat ripe ; Solanum tuherosum'm.'bloom.

May 18. Aristolochia Serpentaria. There is another
species, with very long, lance-linear leaves.

May 20. Sambucus Canadensis, Phytolacca decandra.

May 23. Pontederia cordata, Saururus cernuus.

May 23. Conyza pycnostachya,M.x. [PferocawZon, Ell.]
"Black root."

May 26. Samolus Valerandi.

May 26. Rhexia lutea ? flower white ; but, in drying,
turns yellow.

May 30. St. Mary's. Achillea MiUefoHum in flower.

June 7. Verbena hastata in flower.

June 20. Tripsacum dactyloides.

June 29. Erigeron Canadensis. * * *

This is the end of my imperfect Calender for 1812.

76

But I hope to make out one more perfect, this season.

From May 4, to 10th, inclusive, was a journey to
Coweta, on Chatahooche, and back again to the Agency.
When I send the specimens, I can add some more par-
ticulars. May 17, to 23d, inclusive, includes my j ourney
from the Agency to Savannah, — and from thence to St.
Mary's,— where I arrived on the 30th, having had but
little opportunity of botanizing on the road. — April 19.

Since writing the above, I have sent off the packet
above mentioned, via New York, in the schooner Spar-
tan, Capt. Chase, — who, I presume, has sailed before
this time, from Savannah. I directed it to the care of
Dr. MiTCHiLL, — who I hope will forward it with care,
should it reach him in safety. But I have the mortifica-
tion to inform you, that the packets which I sent to
Savannah, to be carried on in safety by Gen. Forman,
were not received in time, — owing to the shameful neg-
ligence of the gentleman to whom they were intrusted,
who forgot to deliver them until too late. They have
been returned to me carefully, by Dr. Kollock; and
to-morrow will be put on board of a schooner, Capt.
M'CoBB, who will sail immediately for New York.
They, also, are directed to the care of Dr. Mitchill;
and, as the schooner will be under Spanish colors, will
be likely to pass unmolested. I shall put you up a
packet, every opportunity, — and collect as much as
possible. It is now a gay and delightful season, in this
department. In my next, I shall commence a Calenda-
rium Florae for this season. Along with it, I keep a re-
gister of the weather, the prevailing diseases, &c.

Mrs. B. joins me in wishes for your health and happi-
ness. I am yours sincerely,

W. B.

77

DR. MT7HLENBERG TO DR. BALDAVIN.

Lancaster, April 20, 1813.

Dear Sir: I was overjoyed to see by your letter, da-
ted March 20, at St. Mary's, that you had arrived in
safety, with Mrs. Baldwin, at your destined port. I had
often inquired in vain after you, and felt very uneasy.
Neither Mr. Oemler, nor Mr. Elliott, returned any
answer to my inquiring letters : However, I have seen
in the papers, that the Hetty had arrived at Savannah.
Our times are so, that we must expect to be disappointed
very often, — especially if letters or packages are sent by
vessels.

Your packages, by the Farmer^s Fancy, have never ar-
rived,— although a letter of notice, from Mr. Hoff, came
to BIr. MussER. If I I'emember rightly, a schooner of
that name, as a packet from Charleston, was burnt at
Lewistown, by the British, — and but very little saved. I
am exceedingly sorry that such valuable specimens
should be lost, — and still hope to recover something. I
daily wish for the safe arrival of General Forman, and
your succeeding package ; probably 1 may hear from
him, when I go on a proposed visit to Philadelphia, in
the beginning of next May.

Your second letter, dated March 31, has just come to
my hands. How shall I sufficiently thank you for your
trouble, in copying your Calendarium Florae held
amongst the Creeks? It gave me great pleasure ; and I
wish with all my heart you may find leisure to send me
the continuation, — and whatever you can add, at St.
Mary's. Our Flora, in the year 1812, began, March 18,
with Alsine media [Stellaria, Sm.]. 26, Poa annua. April
3, Anemojie hepntica. 4, Hydrocotyle bipinnata [Erigenia
bullosa, Nutt. T. & G.] Tussilago Farfara. My standard
plants, Morus rubra. May 22, Robinia pseud-acacia, Juno

6. That is very late : other years, May 20, or 27. In

7*

78

this year, 1813, the Flora began, March 20, with Hydro-
cotyle hipinnata, and Alsine media. In your Calendarium,
I find a number of plants which I would be very glad to
see. » * » The Thlaspi Bursa Pastoris I take to
be a native [sedquere ? W. D.] The Orobanche Americana
is with us, also, on the roots of trees. If you let it stand
in water, it turns the water black ; and probably will be
useful for a black dye, or as an astringent. Rubus, or
common Blackberry, is more villosus, Hort, Kew. than
fruticosus. You have another Blackberry to the south-
ward, as well as in the Jerseys — -foliis ternaiis, obovalis,
subtus tomentosis — figured in Abbott's Insects, — which
is not yet in the system.* When your specimens by
General Forman arrive, I will add a number of queries,
and desire your information. You are in a real Para-
dise, for plants. I have asked you, already, concerning
some plants, figured, in your neighborhood, where the
flowers were not plain enough, * * *

I have been, last winter, pretty clear of rheumatism,
but had to beware of every excursion. My correspon-
dence with Mr. Collins, was brisk ; He is a very valu-
able correspondent. Mr. Lyon has returned from
England, and confirms the death of WiLLDENOw.f Mr.
CoRREADE Serra, the excellent Botanist from Portugal,
is still at Philadelphia ; but intends to return to Europe,
next June.

Dr. Barton, it seems, has published the first 8 classes
of his Flora, — but has sent all the copies to England;
and none are left for the American Botanists, who want

[*This is probably the Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh, Torr. & Gray, &c.]

[fThe tardiness with which intelligence was then communicated
across the Atlantic, contrasts remarkably with the expedition of this
era of Steam Packets. Professor Willdenow, the intimate cor-
respondent of Dr. MuHtEs BERG, had been dead upwards of two years,
at the date of this letter.]

79

a Flora most. My Catalogue has lain two years with
the printer, W. Hamilton ; and, after all my spurring,
is printed to Monadelphia. He will only print 400 copies,
for fear of losing too much. If you have any informa-
tion, or specimens, in the preceding classes, they would
still be very acceptable. The Algae are now my favorite
study. Unluckily, I am at a distance from the sea
shore, — and depend entirely on the kindness of my
friends. Whatever you can find, will be a great acqui-
sition to me.

I am very sorry that you lost Bartram's Travels : they
contain much,but imperfect information. So Walter. —
Pray, have you examined the southern species of
Pinus ? — and, what is Pinus glabra, squarrosa, and lutea,
of Walter 1 Walter has, also, two species of Zizania :
(a) aquatica, panicula effusa,Jloribiis supra masculis, Infra
foemineis. This I take to be our common "Water Oats,"
— ^the clavulosa, of Mx: — (h) palustris, paniculata, Jloribus
infra 7nasculis, supra foemineis. This I do not know.
You have certainly two species, at the South ; and you
will be the best judge to decide,— as you have seen the
clavulosa. I still admire, and collect, whatever is Grass :
but, hitherto, 1 have but one Zizania,

You mention that our mutual friend, Elliott, is at
Charleston; — pray, in what office 1 His last letter to
me was dated Dec. 26 : — when he had not received mine,
of Dec. 3. I wrote again, January 15, but have received
no answer. Probably he is engaged in public business,
and from home. Should you write to him, pray remem-
ber my sincere esteem for him. He is a most excellent
friend, and a very valuable correspondent. Have you
observed, in your travels, an Octandrous plant, which
Mr. Elliott discovered, — and which, in my catalogue,
I have named Elliottia racemosa ] I wish to have infor-
mation concerning the fruit, — whether it is a Capsula,
or Bacca. Mr. Oemler had the shrub, once, in his gar-

80

den. From Harmony, beyond Pittsburg, I received,
last fall, several valuable roots. They are now in good
order, — and being partly new, please me much. Have
you a plant, near St. Mary's, called "May Jerries," — used
for pies — ^habit of a Rhamnus? And have you seen
Baetkam's '■'■Physick Nut" (Indian Olive, Conjuror's
Nut,)— ^awZe S-pedali ; foliis oppositis, ovatis, acutis ;
drupa axillaris olivaeformi ? Lyon says it belongs to
Dioecia Tetrandria. Bartram has, also, a Tallow Nut,
Wild Lime, I do not know ; a Malva paniculata, and
voluhilis ; and several Prwni.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin; and,
if possible, to Miss Greene, — who has so nobly under-
taken to assist an absent friend, with the riches of Flora.
Mr. Hamilton, often mentions her name to me.

In anxious expectation of seeing the specimens soon,
which you have sent — and a continuation of your letters,
I remain unchangeably, sir, your most obedient servant,
and sincere friend, H. M.

P. S. Directly after my visit to Philadelphia, I will do
myself the pleasure to write you a long letter, — with
every information I can get, there, from Coreea, Col-
lins, Bartram, (John is dead, William still alive,)
M'Mahon, Lyon, and others. W. Hadiilton, I hear, is
alive, — but lost to the Science. Whether I shall find
our other friend. Dr. B. at home, or in a humor to speak
upon the science, I do not know.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, May 15, 1813.
Dear Sir: Your letter, dated the 20th ult. came regu-
larly to hand. I am sorry that the specimens by the
Farmer's Fancy are lost, — as they consisted of a great
part of my collections made last summer; and of which

81

I retained but few duplicates. Some of them I believe,
were new, or doubtful, — particularly a little species of
Plantain, found near Augusta — Plantago ( linearifolia )
unknown to Mr. Elliott;* and a little plant, — habit
Melanthium, — ^but the germ appears different; found on
Ocmulgee, ice. . » * * •

I opened my Cahndarium Florae, here, the 10th of
February ; when the peach trees and cultivated straw-
berries appeared in flower: also, a Tetradynamous
plant, very common in this country, which I am not
able to make out, satisfactorily.!

Feb. 15. Centaurella oerTut. I saw this plant in flower,
last year, in January, — near Savannah.

March 3. Gelsemium nitidum (yellow Jasmine.) This,
also, may be seen in flower almost every month ; but
particularly in autumn, winter and spring.

March 15. Pinus palustris. I have paid so little at-
tention to the Pines, that I am unable to answer your
queries respecting them ; but will do my best, hereafter.

March 19. Rubus villosus (common Blackberry) in
flower.

March 23. Salvia lyrata, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Quercus
virens, Lonicera sempervirens.

March ^. Robinia pseudacacia. Poly gala lutea.

March 26. Anona triloba. Tradescantia Virginica.

March 29. Olea Americana. Cnicus horridulus ?

March 31. Vaccinium frondosum. Ophrys spiralis.

I rejoice sincerely that you have at length published
a part of your extensive and interesting Catalogue. —
Surely 400 copies will very soon be distributed. A num-
ber of copies, I am certain, would be taken here. I long
to obtain one. Willdenow's Linnaeus, and Michaux

[*Probably the Plantago interrupta,PoiT. & Ell. !tpars!Jlora,Mx.]

[j-Aflerwards ascertained, by Dr. B. to bo the Erysimum pinna.
turn, Walter. Sinymbrium canescens, Nutt. Torr. & Gray.]

83^

on the American Oaks, have been forwarded to me by
land ; but they have not reached me, and I fear will get
lost by the way. They were obtained for me, by M'Ma-
HON, in Philadelphia.

I am surprised that Dr. B. should send the whole of
his work to England, — nor can I guess his motive. Pos-
sibly, when you see him, he may be in a humor to in-
form you. * * *

By the same mail that brought your letter, I had the
melancholy intelligence of the death of Dr. Rush. The
loss of such a man is not easily repaired. And Will-
DENOW, too, is gone !

I have not yet heard from Mr. Elliott. He has been
elected President of a Bank, in Charleston.

I have made out to find a copy of Bartram's Travels,
which I have borrowed: But I have not the Flora of
"Walter. — Your long letter will be gratefully received.
To all your requests I will attend as faithfully as possi-
ble: and for all your kindness, attention and trouble, in
furnishing me with so much valuable information, per-
mit me to return my warmest thanks, — while I remain
most sincerely your friend and servant,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, May 17, 1813.

Dear Sir : Your letter of April 9 and 19, arrived safe,
much to my satisfaction. Receive my best thanks for
the Calendarium of your Flora, in continuation of the
first part, — acknowledged by me in a letter which went
from here, April 20.

The promised packets are, I am afraid, all lost. The
first, by the '■'■Fancy, ''^ I suppose was burnt at Lewistown.
The others, by the way of New York, are, at least, not

0^ 4

arrived. I have written to Muhlenberg & Schmidt,
merchants of New York, to inquire. If your packets
are directed to them, they will come safe. If they are
lost, my loss will indeed be great. So many new plants !
I am afraid water carriage will be tried in vain. Per-
haps something may be done by land. I formerly re-
ceived specimens of small Mosses, from Carolina, fas-
tened with a small piece of wafer, or glue, to the inside
of a letter, without raising the price of the letter. Per-
haps something might be done in the same manner. —
Seeds might be sent, loose, if out of the capsule.

If you can find time to continue your Calendarium,
pray oblige me with it. Nothing can be more useful
than such a calender. I suppose six weeks may be the
difference of the climate. If you add the color of the
flower, and a short description, of the new plants, you
will oblige me still more. * * *

Grasses remain my favorites ; and whatever you find
to be different from ours will be a valuable acquisition
to me. Seeds, only a few of each sort, would make no
bulk, — if yor can expect they will vegetate, and stand
our climate.

Since my last letter, I have been at Philadelphia; but
I had constant rain, and but little opportunity to see
my friends, or any garden. Dr. Barton is well. Mr.
Lyon now returned: his nui'sery is excellent, and very
rich in southern plants. He has two kinds of Euo?iymus,
different from ours; — one with very narrow leaves;*
from Cumbeiiand Island, — the other, near atropwpur-
eus. Is your new one constantly viridijlorus? He
has three kinds of Philadelphus — two very villous.

Mr. M'Mahon I did not see. I spent my leisure time
with Mr. Zaccheus Collins, — an excellent Botanist,
who has seen and examined many plants.

Of Michaux's Tree description, nothing has arrived

[* Probably E. angvslifolius,Pvjisii, Tonn. & Ghat.]

84

lately. I wish much you could see this, and give your
opinion on it, — especially on his Nyssa. We have only
one, here — the sylvatica, or villosa ; the others are from
the south. How many have you seen, in your travels!
I repeat my wishes for an explanation of Waltek's dif-
ferent species of Pinus and Zizania.

By a letter received lately from Mr. Elliott, I see he
would be in future at Charleston, — which will be a new
and wide field for him. You are both happy in being
at the sea shore ; but you may expect a little trouble,
during these times. May you both be preserved by the
protection of a kind Providence.

Should your packets arrive, I shall have the pleasure
to see a number of new and valuable plants to me, and
to write fully my opinion on them. Our season, this
spring, has been rainy ; the Calendarium much like 1808.
May 14, Morus, as a standard plant, began to flower.
Rohinia has not yet flowered. Prunus Virginiana
(vera, nee serotina,) began May 11. So Mespilus me-
lanocarpa. You have a Prunus, in Georgia, jlorihus
racemosis, foliis pubescentibus ; have you seen itl

I am very sorry that you have lost Bartram's Travels,
at Savannah. Much is to be explained ; and you would
be able to do it, now, in a very satisfactory manner.
Probably you have seen almost all his dubious and new
plants. William is still alive; John, his brother, is gone.
*******

I drop the pen for fear of tiring you too much ; but
not without assurances of my unchangeable esteem and
friendship, — and my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin. I
remain, dear sir, your most obedient humble servant,

H. M.

85

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, June 1, 1613.
Dear Sir: I ani happy to inform you, that one of your
packets addressed to Dr. Mitchill, containing numbers
806 — 923, has arrived here on the same day with your
letter dated May 15. The other packet I expect every
day, — as it has arrived also at Philadelphia. Dr. Mitch-
ill gave each to my son, of the house of Muhlenberg
& Schmidt, merchants at New York. They are very
willing to forward any packet to me, if the intercourse
remains open. Receive my grateful thanks for your
kindness.

The continuation of your Calendarium pleases me
much, and I thank you in particular for it. If you can
possibly add, with dubious plants, a number of speci-
mens, it will be of great use to me. To show you the
difference of the climate, I mention a few of the plants
common to us :

Fumaria aurea, Feb'y 20. At Lancaster, April 20.

Prunus domestica, March 1. "

Viola palmata, "4. "

Mespilus arhutifolia, " 10. "

Mortis papyrifera, " 17. "

Ruhus viUosus, " 19. "

Orniihogalumumbellatum,^^ 23. "

Rohinia pseudacacia, " 25. "

Geranium Carolinianum, " 28. "

Almost tioo months difference: Perhaps the plants will
be nearer, when warm weather comes. Our first phane-
rogamous plant, was Hydrocotyle hipiniiata, March 20,
the next, Ahine media.

I mark a few^ plants from your St. Mary's Calendarium,
which I would be glad to know closer:

'■'■March 4. Helianthus ?"' Has it any thing like Chry-
sogonum Virginianum, which you sent from the Creek
Agency "J 8

"

19.

((

26.

May

13.

(i

13.

i(

25.

((

22.

((

24.

it

29.

86

'''March 5. Rubusy Our Pennsylvania Dewberry is
R. trivialis, Willd. and Michaux. Another southern
Dewberry, is flagellaris, Willd.

March 7. Antirrhinum arvense.

March 23. Bignonia crucigera — if it is not capreolata, Mx.

March 26. Anona grandijlora. I have no specimen
except triloba.

You mention a Plantago linearifolia, which I shall be
very glad to see. Mr. Z. Collins discovered a similar
one, three miles from Philadelphia, which seems to be
more than a variety of maritima.

What I have seen in my last visit to Philadelphia, I
mentioned to you in my last letter, dated May 17, when
I also wrote to our mutual and excellent friend, Mr. El-
liott. Since that time, nothing material has happened,
except that I received an affectionate letter from Mr.
Oemler, at Savannah, with 12 different sorts of seeds
from his garden,^chiefly Hibiscus. They were sown
immediately. I will now add what I know of your spe-
cimens, after first and second sight, and before I had
time to add them to my Herbarium. When a closer
comparison shall be made, should I then find any thing
new, I will mention it in a future letter : and I beg you
will candidly inform me, where you find an amendment
necessary, or remaining doubts.

The plant No. 1, figured, I wish to see. We have a
Poly gala corymbosa, Mx. cymosa, Walter. Can it be thati
My Catalogue is now in the Gynandria, — going on very
slow. Whenever it is finished, certainly I will send you
a copy. You will find much to add ; but a beginning
must be made. Dr. B. will have an opportunity to
criticize. If only the science gains, 1 am satisfied. I
hope to see your other packet soon, and will hasten to
write again. Health and prosperity attend you. My
best respects to Mrs. Baldwin. H. M.

87

P. S. I enclose a new genus, of Willdenow, from
Carolina, — a water Moss — Azolla CaroHniana. Have
you ever seen it]

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, June 5, 1813.

Dear Sir : Your letter of May 17, is now before me ;
and I hope that you have before this time received mine
of the 15th. It is with extreme regret I learn that my
packets, via New York, had not been received. Both
the vessels arrived safe in New York, after uncom-
monly short passages. It is now two weeks since I
heard of the arrival of M'Cobb, who carried the last
packet. Both Chase and M'Cobb promised most faith-
fully to deliver them to Dr. Mitchill. They were
endorsed to you, and directed to the care of Dr. Sam-
uel L. Mitchill, New York,— and to Mr. Musser, in
Philadelphia. It will be a pity, indeed, if they are lost,
after having reached in safety their destined po"rt. But
we must indeed submit to disappointments ; they seem
destined to befal us, here below. On your account,
more than my own, I regret these fi'equent miscarria-
ges,— as you cannot readily have the plants replaced.

On the 22d of May, I forwarded you another packet,
by land,— commencing with number 982, and ending
with 1044. This was sent by Mr. Edwards, of the U.
S. Navy, — who will make some little stay in Washing-
ton ; after which, he goes to Philadelphia, — and he has
promised to deliver the packet, himself, to Mr. Musser.
I shall now send you a few plants, in the mail, through
the favor of Langdon Cheves, Esq. Washington.

I have not leisure, now, to add- much to my Calenda-
rium.

April 2. Xanthiu7n strumarium in flower.

April 4. Vaccinium stamineum, Viburnum dentatum.

April 9. Portulaca oleracea.

April 13. Argemone Mexicana, Hopea tinctoria,

April 15. Mitchella repens.

April 19. Andromeda Mariana — very beautiful, here.

April 25. Saururus cernuus.

April 28. Andromeda paniculata.

April 30. Sambucus Canadensis,

Your several requests shall be complied with to the
utmost of mv power. I have observed the Polygala, of
which I gave you a short description in my last letter,
to be sometimes branched ; and I have since seen it
also 3i feet high. Mr. John Le Conte informed me a
few days ago, by letter, that he has known this plant for
a long time,— and that he calls it P. praealta. I believe
I shall be able to furnish you, before long, with a spe-
cies still larger — spicafa, Jlore alio — in Florida. * *

In great haste, I reinain, my dear sir, W. B.

TO THE HON. LANGDON CHEVES, WASHINGTON CITY.

Dear Sir: I take the liberty of sending, enclosed to
your care, some Blarine Plants, &c., for Dr. Muhlen-
berg,— which I beg you will have the goodness to for-
ward, and greatly oblige your sincere friend and servant,

W. BALDWIN.

P. S. The British have lately burned several packa-
ges which I sent on, via Charleston and Philadelphia,
in the mouth of the Delaware.

dr. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, June 11, 1813.
Dear Sir: I embrace a moment to put you up a few
more specimens, and to write you a few lines.

89

My white-flowered Sisyrinchium seems to differ mate-
rially from both yours. It is Spatha diphylla, subacquali,
Jloribus long tore ; scapo alato, ratnoso. Root fibrous, yel-
low and acrid.* We have two blue species here ; —
one of which does not appear to differ from the white
one, in any respect, except the color of , the flower.

Of Zizania, I see none yet. Miss Greene has just
procured for me a singular Tetradynamous plant, order
'Siliculosa, — with a curious 4-sided, jointed Silicle. It is
much branched; stem succulent; leaves very fleshy,
tasting like cabbage. f Of Pinus and Nyssa, I am yet
unable to give you any definite account. My speci-
mens of Euonymus I cannot now lay my hands on, —
and cannot say whether the flowers are uniformly virid,
or not. I hope before long to have my Herbarium bet-
ter arranged, and my notes reduced to some kind of
order. Like my preceptor, Di*. B. I have too many
irons in the fire. I am always in too much of a hurry ;
and perhaps have my notes respecting a single plant
scattered over half a dozen pieces of paper. J A few
days ago, I met with a beautiful species of Asclepias, on
the Florida side of St. Mary's (Pine barren) : stem sim-
ple, slender, about 18 inches: leaves opposite and
alternate, linear; umbel terminal, supporting a few
lilac-colored flowers on long capillary peduncles [Po-
dostigma pubescens? 'E.\\.'\. * * * *

I shall conclude by adding a little of my Calendar.

May 2. Conyza pycnostachya [Pterocaulonl in flower,
Lepidium Virginicum.

[*This was probably nothing more than a vaiiely ol'-S*. Bermu-
diana," Ell.]

[fDoubtlcss the Bunias CukUe,L. Cakile maritima, Scop. T.& G.]

[tThis was, to a remarkable extent, the practice of his Botanical
"Preceptor, Dr. B.'' — and must have been attended with much in-
convenience,— if not with some confusion.]
8*

90

May 3. Phytolacca decandra, Passijiora incarnata.

May 5. Chamaerops serrulata. The young shoots of
this plant are far more delicious than the "cabbage tree"
{Chamaerops Palmetto). The low land round St. Mary's
is covered with this vegetable.

May 8. Magnolia glauca, Eupatorium foeniculaceum.

May 11. Hydrocotyle ficarioides [repanda, Pers.T.Sc G.].

May 17. Xyris Jupicai, Mx. Kalmia hirsuta, Bartr.
Verbascum Thapsus.

May 23. Polypremum procumbens. "Black-berries"
ripening.

May 24. Callicarpa Americana in flower.

May 27. Plantago major.

Mzi/ 30. "Water Melon" in perfection. * *

The month of April was very dry. May, a sufficiency
of rain, and delightful weather. Mean temperature, in
April, 72° — range of temperature, from 52° to 88°. —
Mean temperature, in May, 74° — range, from 58° to 90°.
The weather is now becoming sultry. The mercury
stood this day, at 3 P. M. at 91° in the shade of a back
Piazza.

Accept my best thanks for your attention to my hasty
letters, and the valuable information you always return
me. Mrs. B. and Miss Gkeene also send their best
wishes to you. We are all anxious to obtain your Cata-
logue, could we devise a safe mode of conveyance.

With undiminished esteem, I remain my dear sir,
Your friend and servant,

W. B.

P. S. June 12. I have this moment received a letter
from our valuable friend, Mr. Elliott, — who, having
got through the fatigue and difficulty of removing his
family, and embarking in a new occupation, again
turns his attention to his favorite pursuit, — and again
offers his interesting correspondence.

91

DR. BALDAVIN TO DK. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, June 19, 1813.

Dear Sir : To make up, as well as I can, for losses,
I send you on again a few more specimens, by mail. I
send you also a few seeds. The Scirpus is found in
moist situations. It is called, I believe, "Wire grass,"
in this country. I continue my Calendar.

June 1. Vitis — "Small Winter Grape," in flower.

June 2. Trichostema dicliotomum. "Wild Cherries,"
{Prunus Virginiana) ripe.

June 1. Erigeron Canadense in flower.

June 13. Senecio Meracif alius, Cicuta maculata.

June 17. Clethra alnifolia.

I should be glad if you would share Avith Mr. M'Ma-
HON such seeds as I may send you, that you can spare.
He was very kind in furnishing me with garden seeds,
when I left Philadelphia ; and without which I should
have had a poor garden, here.

The weather is noAv very sultry and dry : the mercury
has been for several days at 92° at 3 P. M., and at mid-
night, above 80°. Such warm nights are not common,
here, — unless the wind has blown long from the Avest-
Avard. It has been S. E. for several days.

Since I began my letter, the mail has arrived, and
brought me your excellent favor of the 1st of June; —
for Avhich accept my best thanks, — and rest assured that
no exertions of mine shall be Avanting, to compensate
you for your trouble.

I hope in a very little time to put you up a large
packet, Avhich I flatter myself Avill reach Ncav York in
safety (unless blockaded,) as it goes in a Spanish ves-
sel, and Avill probably sail in 3 or 4 Aveeks. I haA-e
Avritten to Augusta for specimens of the Plantago Uneari-

92

folia, — which is now in season, — and which I hope will
be received.

May every blessing attend you : and that long life and
health may be yours, is the sincere wish of your friend
and servant,

W. B.

TO THE HON. LANGDON CHEVES, WASHINGTON.

Deae Sir : If I intrude upon you too much, by my
frequent packages, or you are put to inconvenience in
any way, pray be so good as to inform me.

I am, dear sir, &c.

W. B.

DU. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, June 22, 1813.

Dear Sir : Your letter dated June 5, arrived safe this
day, and is a new proof of your friendship to me. Re-
ceive my best thanks for it, and the fine specimens en-
closed. Perhaps we can continue the correspondence
in the same way, as long as the Session continues.
Probably you have received my letter sent from here,
June 1, in which I acknowledged the receipt of your
specimens 807 — 923. They were all in good order, and
I gave you my opinion on them as well as I could ; and
I find no reason yet to alter my opinion. Perhaps I
may when I put them up in my Herbarium, and com-
pare them more closely.

On the 14th of June I had the satisfaction to receive
your other packet, numbered 924 — 981, which had been
carried to Reading, where I found it. I have not yet

93

found time to examine the plants with accuracy : How-
ever, I will give you my opinion as they appear to me,
at first and second sight.

"926," Sarracenia nmior, Walter, adunca, Hort. Kew.
[yariolaris, Mx. T. & G.].

"927," Avena glumosa, Mx. distinct, I think, from
spicata, L.

"939," Daliharda fragarinides, Mx. (]) but our Penn-
sylvania plant has folia tevTiata \_Waldstcinia lobata, Torr.
& Gray.].

"940," Trillium cernuum fverumj I see for the first
time.

"950," Mespilus aestivalis, Walter, an Crataegus glan-
dulosa,Mx'] nee Willd. [see Torr. & Gray, under Cratae-
gus, sp. 12 &: 14.].

"908," Phlox pilosa, L, ncc Mx. sed forsan aristata.

The rest of the numbers, sent by land, are not yet
arrived. Mr. Musser is now at Lancaster, and will re-
turn to Philadelphia in a few days, — when I hope to
receive them, on their arrival, in safety. I add the
names of the Cryptogamia, enclosed in the letter, as
far as they occur to me at first sight; deferring some
more observations for a future letter. * » *

I shall be extremely glad to see the new plants of Mr.
Le Conte, — who appears to be a very close observer.
Indeed, a fine constellation of Botanists has risen in the
southern states. You are warmer, and shine brighter,
than those in the north.

Utricularia is a very interesting genus, and deser\'es
a close examination. So Asdepias. Of Aletris, I have
but two species; — Xhc farinosa, L. figured by Willde-
Now, in his Hort. Berol. and the aurea, Elliott. — Is the
Juglans anomala the same with Lyon's "Leather coats 1"

You have heard, no doubt, that Mr. W. Habiilton has
gone from us. He departed in the beginning of this

94

month. What will become of his Garden, is not known.
It was almost a wilderness since some time. There is
now a great Entomologist in our parts lately from Paris,
— a Mr. EscHER. Probably he may travel to the south-
ward, and may call at Charleston, Savannah, and St.
Mary's. I have told him that he will find great riches
in your parts.

I conclude with my best wishes for your health, and
beg to be remembered to Mrs. Baldvv^in, — and remain
with unchangeable respect.

Sir, your sincere friend,

H. M.

P. S. Is the Polygala praealta, Le Conte, the plant
Jig. 1, in the drawings'! and how is it different from P.
corymbose, Mx. cymosa Walter 1 Caule inferne simpUci,
summitate ramosa ; jloribus luteis, imberhibus. Your Cal-
endarium for April pleases me very much. O ! that I
could see some of the plants !

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, June 29, 1813.
Dear Sir: Last evening I had the pleasure to receive,
by the kindness of Mr. L. Cheves, your interesting let-
ter of the 11th and 12th of this month— with 14 numbers
enclosed. I thank you sincerely for the continuance
of your letters and specimens. Very soon after you
sent the letter, you will have received mine dated June
1, in answer to yours of the 15th of May, and your
numbers 806 — 923, Also my second letter of June 22,
in answer to numbers 924—981, and 1045—1057. The
packet by Mr. Edwards, from 982—1044, has not yet
arrived ; but as all the others came safe, I do not doubt
it will arrive, and add much to my Herbarium.

95

Your CaUndarium pleases me very much ; and I beg
you will continue it, at least for one year. I have
marked a few numbers, unknown to me — of which 1
would be glad to know more. * * *

Aletris—fiore alho. What Willdenow in his Hort. Be-
rol. has figured as Wurmbea bullata, is the true Aletris
farinosa, Linn.

You have a number of Asdepiadae, unknown to me.
I class them in three subdivisions :

1. Nectariis corpusculo aequalibus — 8 species.

2. Nectariis corpusculo longioribus — 4 do.

3. Nectariis corpusculo brevioribus — 2 do.

Some, corpusculo sessili ; some stipitato ; some acornia
(3), — the most corniculata.

To keep your observations in order, and always at
hand, I recommend to open a Book, in 8 vo. allowing
for every dubious plant one page, — adding the day
when you found it, and solum. In the beginning, anowt/-
mus •will be often necessary: in a short time you may
add the proper name.

In your Journal, refer to your Monographia, page — .
If we live, we can add every year supplements. If we
die, our observations will be of use to others. The Mon-
ographia should range thus: — Caul. Ram. Folia. Flor.
Cal. Cor. Stam. filam. anth. Pist. Caps. Sem. Rad.

In looking over your specimens, when I added them
to my Herbarium, I found hardly any change neces-
sary, except —

"No. 884." Has exactly the flowers of Rhus aroma-
ticum. Are the leaves /er/ifisial

"926." Sarracenia — is minor, Walter; but not vario-
laris, Mx. [See Torrey & Gray ; who suppose them to
be identical.]

"939." Is a Dalibarda. Are the leaves always lobata,
or also ternata ? The D. fragarioides does not agree
well with your specimen. [This was probably the D.

96 ♦

lobata, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. the Waldsteinia lohata, of
Torr. & Gray.].

"964." Prunus. Is this a native] It is not Caroli-
niana, Mx. rather occidentalism Willd. figured in Catesby.
What is the color of the fruit] * * *

The plant you mention as nearly allied to Brassica, is
unknown to me, — except it be Cakile maritima; which
grows all along the sea shore, from Carolina to New
York. Your Uniola I wish to see. You will remember
that Linnaeus mixed two species under paniculata : the
one growing near our inland rivers is now named lati-
foUa, Mx. and Persoon ; the other, growing on the sea
shore, maritima, Mx. and Persoon. This last is the
largest we have ; and very distinct from gracilis, Mx, —
and also from spicata, L. which is Festuca disticho-
phylla, Mx.

I am very happy to hear that Mr. Elliott is now set-
tled, and intends to give his leisure hours to Botany. I
have not yet received an answer to my last letter, dated
May 17. Some of the seeds, sent to me by Mr. Oemler,
have vegetated. Cleome pentaphylla, sown May 20, is
now in flower. The rest are Hibisci; and I hope to see
them also flowering before frost.

My best respects to Mrs. Baldavin, and Miss Greene.
Let me soon have your observations on the names I at-
tempted to give to your plants. You see them alive,
and can decide best. I remain with unchangeable
esteem, Sir, your sincere friend,

H. M.

P. S. Whenever my catalogue is finished, I will send
a copy immediately. It goes but very slowly.

97

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DE. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, July 6, 1813.

Dear Sir: I thank you sincerely for the continuation
of your Calendarium, and the specimens you sent in
your letter, dated June 19. They arrived here last
evening. Your correspondent at Washington merits
my best thanks for his speed in transmitting whatever
he receives from you. Part of the seeds I have put in
the garden, already ; and I will not forget to transmit
whatever I get to Mr. M'Mahon. He deserves encou-
ragement ; and will be of great use to our country, in
the Botanical way.

By reading your Calendarium, I am often in spirit
with you, and admire the riches of your present abode.
You will oblige me much by adding the color of the
corolla, in your different plants, — especially the new
ones. Amongst your June plants, I have marked all
your Grasses different from ours. * * *

If you can get Seeds of any new plants, I would be
extremely much obliged to you for them. Aniiuals will
probably flower, if perennials die in our winter. * *

" 864," comes nearest to Vaccinium Myrsinites. Lyon
has it by that name. All the Vaccinia are difficult; and
can hardly be distinguished, except by seeing the living
plant, — and especially the /rwiY. * * »

The weather has been so excessively hot, and the
season so rainy, that I could make but few excursions,
this year. We have just begun our wheat and rye har-
vest. Our fields promise a very good crop. My little
garden, in which I cultivate a number of N. American
plants fi'om other parts, gives me daily some entertain-
ment: But, how little can a small garden contain !

From Mr. Elliott I have had no letter, lately. I
begin to fear that my last letter to him, addressed to
Charleston, has miscarried again, — as several others
9

98

have, — for which I am very sorry. Will you mention
this, when you write to him 7 My letter was dated May
17, 1813, and went the same time with one addressed to
you. You will have received, before this, my other
letters, of June 22 and June 29. Both went by mail.

What you sent by Mr. Edwards, has not yet arrived.
By the way of New York, I am afraid I shall receive
nothing, — as the British have extended their blockading
system to New York, and are very strict. God send us
soon a good and honorable peace !

Remember my respects to Mrs. Baldwin. May you
continue in good health, and be always happy.
I am, unchangeably.

Sir, your most obedient and sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, July 13, 1813.

Dear Sir : Just after I had gone through the speci-
mens sent by Mr. Edwards — which arrived safe last
Friday — your letter of June 26 was handed to me; of
which I hasten to acknowledge the receipt.* My last
letters, of June 22 and 29, will have arrived probably
about this time. Sincerely I thank you for the continu-
ance of your correspondence ; and in particular of the
Calendarium and specimens. * * » •

Should you find an opportunity to send me some
seeds of Annuals, or others, not known here, I will be
very much obliged to you. The living plant shows by
far more than any dried specimen.

I now come to the numbers of the letter, and of the
Edwards packet :

[*Dr. Baldwin's letter of June 26, consisted chiefly of a list of
the plants contained in the package, with accompanying i.otes.]

99

"809." Parmelia, I think is new; viridis would be
a proper name, — or chlorophylla., — but the latter we have
already. It comes near to Lichen centrifugus, which
we have on rocks. Acharius has Lichen as an order, —
divided into many Genera. Parmelia is when the thallus
has leaves, and a Scutella with a tnargo discolor: his
Lecidea has a Scutella margine concolore.

"880." Parmelia herbacea — a small variety. I think,
with us, it is the largest Lichen we have, — and spreads
above afoot in circumference.

"1086." 'Poll/gala pubescens, mihi. MiCHAUX makes it
a co-species of P. Sejiega f rosea; J but they seem very
distinct.- [It is P, grandijlora, Walt. & Torr. & Gray.]

The packet sent by Mr. Edwards.

"1001." Smilax hastata, Willd. Bona nox, Mx. The
j-eal Bona nox is different.

"1008." Commelyna erecta, mihi, CaroUniana, Walter
and Willd, angustifolia, Mx,

"1043." Poly gala nana, (variety of lutea,) Mx. I
take it for the true viridescens, L. [See Torr. & Gray.]
*******

I have no answer yet from our good Mr. Elliott.
How may he bel Remember my best respects to Mrs.
Baldwin. She is right, in Bignonia capreolata. Mar-
shall made the first mistake, in naming it crucigera. I
am with great esteem.

Sir, your affectionate and sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, July 29, 1813.
Dear Sir : Your valuable letters, of June 22 and 29
and July 6, came to hand in regular succession, for

100

which I beg you to receive my best thanks, — while I
again endeavor to make you some return. I am highly
pleased to find that you attach some importance to my
imperfect communications : and I anxiously hope that
I may improve by the interesting instruction which you
take so much pains to return to me, — so that I may
make you better amends.

The excessive heat and drought of the season, — ^with
the rains that have followed, — together with the increas-
ing duties of my profession, have rendered my Calen-
darium Florae, for the present month, veiy barren ; and
also prevented me from continuing my correspondence
so regularly, through the medium of our patriotic friend,
Mr. Cheves, in Washington, — to whom I shall return
our joint thanks, for the promptness with which he has
served us.

I will first attend to some of your queries,

Polygala praealta, Le Conte, is fig. 1, in the drawings ;
and I do not see that it differs from corymbosa, Mx. &c.

Sarracenia vartolaris, of Mx. I have in my Herbarium.
It is, I think, the most beautiful of all the family, that I
have seen.

939. Dalibarda — Leaves, of all I have seen, lobata.

964. Prunus — native, » * * *

Most of the doubtful plants shall be forwarded by
land, in a packet I am now putting up to send by Lieut.
Sevier, of the U. S. Marines, — who will travel very
slowly with his company, but I hope safely. * •

I go on with my Calendarium, such as it is ; and shall
continue it to the best of my ability, — not only here,
but wherever I may go,

July 1. Andropogon purpurascens in flower.

July 7. Malva rotundifolia, Teucrium Canadense.

July 8. Epidendrum Magnoliae, Muhl. in high perfec-
tion. A friend of mine in this city [W. Gibson, Esq.]
who is very fond of plants, at my request, early in the

101

spring, secured this plant with a bandage, round the
body of the Mella Azedarach. It is now flowering, al-
though planted in an inverted position — top down ! I
mean, by inverted position, that the roots which, on the
Magnolia, had taken a perpendicular direction down-
ward, were, on the Melia, inverted, — and hence the
flowers have shot in a direction downward.

July Id. Marshall iaangustifolia, Clinopodiumincanum,

July 25. Bartonia paniculata.

July 29. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Apocynum cannabi'
num.

July 31. I have written to Mr. Elliott, and informed
him of your not hearing from him, — agreeably to your
request.

I also sent oflf a packet, yesterday, by Lieut. Sevier,
of the U. S. Marines, to be delivered with his own hand
to Mr. MussER, — commencing with No. 2023, and end-
ing with 2108. His setting out several days earlier than
I expected, prevented me from putting up as many spe-
cimens as I intended, and forced me to be in too much
of a hurry: But, as he will go by the mail coach, you
may expect to receive them much earlier than I at first
expected, when I began this letter.

I have a chance, also, of putting you up another
packet, to send by Mr. Austin, of the Marines, — should
I find leisure to attend to it. He will leave St. Mary's
in two days.

Yours of the 13th inst. arrived last evening, and is
now before me. How shall I thank you sufficiently for
your constant and regular attention to mc 1 The speci-
men of Uniola which you have transmitted, is the one I
have put down paniculata, L. and is found on the sea
coast. But I have another, found in the same situations,
which appears in some respects to differ from it, and
grows much taller. I found it on Amelia, last year;
and am waiting to obtain good specimens for you.

9*

102

"When the paniculata was in perfection, this new one
was just shooting its elevated panicles. The one I send
you, enclosed, is very different, — and is found along
with gracilis, on fresh water. There seerns, also, to be
yet another, — which, however, may be only a variety
of gracilis. I will send all.

"Nos. 1019, 20, & 21." [Specimens of Glycine, L.
Rhynchosia, T. & G.] ought surely to be distinct spe-
cies. "1019" I would call rotundifolia, — or perhaps
simplicifolia would be still better: "1020" tomentosa:
and "1021" erecta, or racemosa. This last is erect, and
attains to the height of 3 or 4 feet. But I ask pardon
for my presumption, and leave it for your age and ex-
perience to decide. [Torkey & Gray reduce them to
vars. o{ Rhynchosia tomentosa.'\

With sentiments of warm esteem and gratitude for
your abundant favors, I once more subscribe myself,
Your devoted friend,

W. B.

P. S. Mrs. B. sends her hearty respects to you. We
expect to visit Cumberland, shortly, — where we shall
see Miss Greene. Her brother, Nathaniel Greene,
is here. We take our little daughter, Maria, to the
Island for her health, — as she has been very ill of a
fever. I shall also visit Amelia, if possible ; and in the
fall, St. Augustine, I hope.

TO THE HON. LANGDON CHEVES, VITASHINGTON CITY.

Dear Sir : Once more I take the liberty to avail my-
self of your generosity. Permit me to tender you the
thanks of Dr. Muhlenberg, along with my own, for the
promptitude with which you have served us, in trans-

103

mitting a number of specimens ; — some of which turn
out to be new, — and others, not heretofore described
with sufficient accuracy.

I have the honor to be sir, most sincerely your friend
and servant, W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St Mary's, August 7, 1813.

Dear Sir: I hasten to write you once more before
the adjournment of Congress, and to inform you that
on Monday last I put you up some additional speci-
mens, to be sent on after Lieut. Sevier by the hand of
Serg't Austin, — who was to have followed on that day,
and overtake him in Savannah, or Charleston. But I
am sorry to inform you that Austin has not yet left
Point Peter; and I have been unable to ascertain
whether he can still proceed, so as to overtake Sevier,
or not. Should I learn in time that Sevier will wait
for him, I may yet add the remainder of my doubtful
specimens, — a considerable number of which I have
still by me.

I am getting my Herbarium arranged as fast as possi-
ble ; but a season of the year has now arrived in which my
attention must necessarily be devoted to the sick. My
little daughter remains very unwell; and some cases of
bilious fever, of a high grade, have just appeared.

Beside all this, we have some reason to apprehend
an attack from the enemy, who are hovering on our
coast. The troops (1,000 in number, under the com-
mand of Brig. Gen. Thomas Pinkney,) are nearly all
leaving us, for some other post, further North ; and ex-
pectations are entertained that the flotilla, to which I
am attached, may likewise be shortly removed to Sa-
vannah, or Charleston. The removal of the army, in

104

particular, at a period when commotions have again
broke out in East Florida, — and a portion of the Creek
Indians (through the influence of the British,) have be-
come hostile, — has filled us all with serious apprehen-
sions.

I beg you will correct a ridiculous mistake in the
numbers of my last letter, in which I have made a most
preposterous transition from 1099 to 2000! through haste
and inadvertence. Tlie numbers contained in the last
packet were from 1109 — 1178. I now send you 1179 —
1191. I remain, my dear sir,

Most respectfully,

Your devoted friend,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, August 24.th, 1813.

Dear Sir: I thank you sincerely for your letter of
the 29th and 31st of July, which arrived here, by the
kindness of Mr. Cheves, a few days ago. He deserves
our best thanks for his assistance in forwarding your
packets with speed. We will have now to depend more
on the mail, or travelling friends, — as all intercourse by
sea is stopped. No other packet — as Mr. Musser is
now with all his family at Lancaster: However, in a
week's time he returns to the city, and will look for the
gentleman you mention.

The heat has been with us, also, almost intolerable ;
and every excursion was forbidden to me. except to my
garden, — where I had the pleasure to see several of Mr.
Oebiler's plants : among them, Cleome pentaphylla, Ga-
linsoga parvijlora, and Hibiscus diversifolius, have flow-
ered,— and others promise to flower before frost. Pray,
are the mentioned plants native or imported 1

105

I thank you for the observations on former numbers.
Of Prunus, 964, I wish to know more. It cannot be
Caroliniana, foliis sempervirentibus ohlongo-lanceolatis
serratis ; but either occidentalis, or sphaerocarpa, Swartz
(non Mx.). How may the drupa be! Occidentalis has
racemos laterales ; sphaerocarpa, racemos axiUares; both,
folia perennantia, eglandnlosa, integerrima.

Your Calendarium for July has several plants new to
me. *♦♦»♦♦*

Whenever you mention the sea shore, or an island, I
lament that I never had the opportunity to see the
many Fuci and Confervae which might be seen and
gathered in such a situation. Try to persuade your
friends to do it. The Confervae, when thrown into wa-
ter, and gathered on paper, surpass any drawings: but
it should be done with a nice, lady's hand. In England,
it is now done especially by the ladies.

The specimens enclosed in the letter were very wel-
come— ^but naturally in part imperfect, where the genus
contains many species. The Panicums will therefore
remain partly dubious, until we have more specimens.
I will do what lies in my power.

"1097." Uniola (only less than our common) lati-
foUa, Mx.

"1101." (Your 2001) Paspalum virgatum^ Walter, vix
Linn.

"1114." — Panicum microcarpon, mihi; — perhaps niti-
dum, Mx. which I do not know. * » *

You see I have changed your numbers from "2000 —
2022." Even 1122 is a great number for such a short
period.

My Catalogue is now printed, except the preface.
When complete, I will look for an opportunity to send
you and Mr. Elliott a copy. A number of your plants
came too late for an insertion ; and you will have to
assist me in filling up vacant places, for the time of

106

lowering, and the color of the corolla. A second edi-
tion will have many emendations.

Your number 1027 is very different from Rumex
Acetosella; and I wish that you would inform me
whether it has ^ores dioicos, and radicem perennem.

To-day, I had the pleasure to get personally ac-
quainted with Dr. Cleaver, on his return from Har-
mony, beyond the Ohio, to Philadelphia. He remem-
bers you with great esteem, and is a warm friend of
Botany, — and promises to forward to me whatever he
finds curious and dubious. In health he is rather want-
ing. I enclose the spike of a southern grass, which I
had several years in my garden. It is said to grow in
Carolina, and is received in the system by the name of
Festuca unioloides, Willd. because it has the habit of
Uniola. Did you find the same, in your excursions'?

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin and
Miss Greene. I have quite lately received a friendly
letter from Mr. Elliott, and shall answer it in a short
time. With unchangeable sentiments of esteem and
gratitude, I remain, dear sir, your sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, September 6, 1813.
Dear Sir: Your packet, by Lieut. Sevier, was
handed to me a few days ago, — and directly after,
your letter arrived with numbers 1179 — 1191 ; for both,
receive my best thanks. About this time my answer to
your last letter will have come to your hands. It was
dated August 24. You will find that I altered the num-
bers 11 instead of 20 — and 12 instead of 21. Your
numbers from 1179 to 1191 will have (b) to distinguish
them from the same numbers in the former collections.

107

Such little mistakes often happen, when wc are in a
hurry. I will now give you my opinion on your num-
bers,— as far as I can judge from the specimens.

"1124." Hypericum aureum, Bartram, frondosum, Mx.

"1129." Kalmia ciliata, Bartr. hirsida, Mx.

"1137." Vitis rotundifolia, Mx. verrucosa, mihi.

"1168." Scleria oligantha, Mx. not paucijlora, Willd.

"1173." Asclepias N. S. fconnivens, mihi.)

"1182." Anona grandijlora, Bartr. obovala, Willd.
• »»»•»»

Often I might have added the Qu. am I right ] I
add it now ; and beg you will inform me of your doubts,
and my mistakes. You have the living plants; I, only
dried, and sometimes imperfect, specimens. To such
as I wish to see again, N. B. is added, — or your obser-
vations are wanted.

In my last letter I mentioned my great desire for wa-
ter plants, — Fucus and Conferva, — and for some Filices,
mentioned in Michaux, and not to be found here, viz :
Vittaria angustifrons, Blcclinum serrulatum, Adiantiim
nigrum, Acrostichu?n aureuin, and. Psilotum Floridanum.
Probably you will discover some new ones.

Have you made any observations for the elucidation
of Bartram's Travels? and in explanation of the
figures not yet explained — Nos. 16, 28 and 30]

I beg you may give me the pleasure of seeing your
Calendarium continued as long as possible : at the end
of the season, we may compare notes.

Our mutual fi'iend. Dr. Isaac Hiester, continues to
send me the plants of Reading. Hitherto, of 279 speci-
mens, only one was new to me, — Polygonum cilinode,
Mx. Perhaps we will have better luck in future.

My best respects to Mrs. Baldwin. Wishing you
health and prosperity, I remain with great esteem and
affection, sir, your most obedient and sincere friend,

H. M.

108

P. S. What I chiefly wish to see explained, in BaH-
TRAM's Travels, is
Asclepias fragrans, p. 19. Rajania, 136.

IsitpediceUata,'Waltet'i Cucurbita peregrina, 13T.
Malva coerulca, 35, 327. Anonymos volubilis, 436.

Mimosa procumbens, 24. Ixia coelestina, 155.

Pancratium Jluitans, 35. Crinum ; White Lily, 59.
Physic nut or Indian Olive, 4. Zamia pumila, 162.
Tallow nut, Wildlime,94:, 114. Hydrastis, 364.
Hibiscus, 104, 105. Arborescent aromaticVine436:

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MXTHLEl^BERG.

St. Mitry'S; September 15, 1813.
Dear Sir: Your valuable letter of the 24th ultimo,
found me in mourning for the loss of my dear little
Maria, — who died on the 18th with Hydrocephalus inter-
nus, after great apparent suffering for eleven days.
This dear little object of my fondest affection, who has
now left forever this troubled scene, had completed her
fifth year; and was, even at this infantile age, a most
interesting companion to rne. After three months
tuition, since our arrival here, she had learned to read,
not having known the alphabet before; and was more
fond of her book than of play. Many a time she has
collected flowers to send to Dr. Muhlenberg, — and as
often requested me to inform him that she had found
them. Although I bow to this afflicting dispensation of
the Great Disposer of events, and admit that it may even
be in mercy, — I have found it the most severe : and the
loss of a father, a brother, and a sister, whom I dearly
loved, was not a loss like this! Slie was daily improv-
ing in every thing calculated to please, and to inspire
the most flattering hopes of the fondest parents ; and my
attachment to lier was increasing in proportion.

109

"I loved her much; but now I love her more:
"Thus blessings brighten as they take their flight."
I once expected to have gone before her. To have
left this mortal scene would then have been more pain-
ful: now, to anticipate the period when I shall follow
after, is mixed with something joyful. — You, my dear
friend, will please to excuse this short, melancholy di-
gression, from the subject of our correspondence ; —
You, — whose holy oiRce it is to dispense the benign
doctrines of the Saviour of men, who came to heal the
broken-hearted, — will not, I know, be offended at such
reflections.

^eptemhcr 24.

And must my lettei: totally consist of a detail of sor-
rows and misfortunes 1 Immediately after writing the
above, I was sent for to visit a patient in great affliction,
twenty miles distant, at the south end of Amelia Island.
I went prepared to collect all I could, in this flowery de-
partment; but was disappointed from the state of the
weather, — which, early the next niorning (16th) after
my arrival on the Island, exhibited tokens of a storm.
During the fore part of the day, the wind was variable,
with frequent showers of rain, and some thunder. In
the afternoon, it gradually increased to a gale, with the
wind about North-east, accompanied with much rain. I
was in a house, — Considered the strongest on the Island,
inhabited by a Capt. H. with a large family, — situated
on the Sound, and in sight of the Bay of St. John's. At
10 P. M. the gale had increased so much that our safety
became precarious, — as the house was cracking to its
foundation, and most of the negro dwellings, corn and
cotton houses, were already blown away. In this situ-
ation, we abandoned the house, and retreated (men,
women and children,) with great difficulty to a kitchen,
which, being low, was considered the only place of
10

110

safety. Shortly after the house was evacuated, one of
the chimneys fell, and most of the windows, and all of
the outside doors, were blown away. A little after mid-
night, the wind abated ; but it was only to excite more
fearful apprehensions of what was predicted to follow, —
and which in a little time took place. The wind sud-
denly shifted to the S. W. and blew (if possible) with
redoubled fury. Such was the transcendent force of
the wind, — accompanied with torrents of rain, — that, in
assisting to prop up the kitchen, (which we had little ex-
pectation of saving,) I was blown off, — or, at least suf-
fered myself to be carried before the wind, until I got
hold of some piles of wood that had been driven into
the ground for a domestic purpose. Here, it was with
the utmost difficulty that I could maintain my hold, and
prevent my face from being lacerated with the sand
and shells, that were driven by the wind in hori'ible con-
fusion. The rain, all the time, came down in such tor-
rents, and was driven in such a manner, as to resemble
the waves of the sea. It was impossible to retreat, and
I remained in this situation for about an houi*, — when,
the wind abating a little, I scrambled back to the kitchen
(having been almost given Up for lost); which, though
much wrecked, still remained on its foundation. After
3 o'clock, the wind gradually abated. But what a
dreary scene of desolation did the light of day present !
Almost every neighboring house was torn down, or
miserably wrecked. Whole families had spent this
dreadful night unsheltered from the raging storm. Not
a flower was to be seen ! Not an ornamental tree left
standing! The Cotton and Rice all destroyed !

In returning, I had to pass through a low, rich Ham-
mock, consisting principally of Live Oak, but mixed with
other Oaks, and the great Magnolia grandijlora. Thou-
sands of these were all prostrate, blocking up the way ;
and it was with the greatest difficulty and hazard I could

Ill

penetrate at all, — being frequently under the necessity
of dismounting from my horse, to cut loose from Grape
vines. Green briars, &c. Nearly the whole forest was
also under water ; and in some places up to the saddle,
so as almost to swim the horse. Passing out of this into
Pine Barren (consisting exclusively of Pinus palustrisj,
every tree, of any importance, was prostrate !

I had next to learn, that in Fernandina (the Capital,)
28 houses were blown down, and every vessel in the
harbor ( — one brig excepted — that had dragged on
shore with 5 anchors, and when the wind shifted, drag-
ged back again,) on dry land! It is, however, wonder-
ful to relate that no lives were lost. I had yet to learn
the fate of St. Mary's, — where all my hopes and fears
were centered. Here, on the morning of the 18th, I wit-
nessed a similar scene of destruction ; — and what was
infinitely more melancholy, Gun vessel. No. 164, had
sunk, and 20 of her crew perished, — while the Revenue
Cutter shared the same fate, with the loss of 2 men. —
The harbour was clear, while the city and adjacent
shores were filled with shipping. I had the satisfaction,
however, to find that my little family were safe ; they
having taken shelter at a neighbor's house, in my ab-
sence. But I am truly sorry to inform you, that my
collection of specimens has suffered much, and many
of them are entirely destroyed; — among which, are
some of the most rare from the Creek country, that
cannot readily be replaced. Had I been at home, they
could have been saved, with care. The oldest inhabi-
tants, here, observe, that this gale has not been
paralleled since their memory, — even in this land of
hurricanes. But it appears not to have been extensive.
I learn that in St. Augustine, but little of it was felt;
and that in the opposite direction, its ravages did not
extend beyond Darien, on the Alatamaha.

Thus circumstanced, my dear sir, — and having also

112

many sick and wounded to attend, — I feel in a paoy
condition for writing any thing that will be interesting
to you, at this time., I send you, however, a small spe-
cimen of the Uniolay mentioned in my letter of the 39th
July. Is it the same with (Festuca unioloidesj the one
you sent enclosed] I have not been able to procure
any fresh specimens; and I consider the one I send you
as rather toO: young.

I am very glad to hear that your Catalogue is pub-
lished, at last; and rather than fail to receive it in time,
I must beg that you will send it by the mail, — the post-
age of which I will most cheerfully pay. Or, should
you not send it on immediately in this way, it may be
sent through the hajids of Mr. Cheves, after the meeting
of Congress. But I should be glad to receive it before.
I received a letter from Mr. Cheves, dated the 2d of
August, — wherein he expressed the pleasure it gave him
to aid us in our correspondence. It gives me pleasure
to hear from Dr. Cleaver, and to be remembered by
him. The recollection of those happy days, when I at-
tended medical lectures with him, and others, is like a
pleasing dream. I wish it were in my power to realize
such days again.

Mr. Oemler's plants, which you have mentioned to
me as flourishing in your garden, are, I believe, all
exotics. Cleome pentaphylla^ however, might be taken
for a native, — as it is found growing spontaneously
about the suburbs of Savannah, and is likewise in this
place. The Canna glauca is called, in Florida, "Wild
Sago." The root of this plant has been substituted for
"Arrow root" (Maranta arundiTutcea, ) — and I am told
cannot be distinguished from it. The latter is raised
and manufactured, here.

I have not seen Miss Greene for some time. The
house she resides in, though covered with copper, has
been uni-oofed in the gale ! Mrs. B. is well, and is now

113

on a visit to Fernandina. It will be some time before
many flowei-s appear in the vicinity of this place, — such
have been the destructive effects of the gale.

As soon as an opportunity offers, I will send you spe-
cimens of the Epidendrum Magnoliae. The Rumex
(1027) appears to be dioicous. I am not certain about
thereof; but will attend to it further. I considered it
very different from R. Acetosella. I found, yesterday,
on Amelia, Crinum 1 spatha diphylla, triflora.

I remain most affectionately yours,

W. B.

DK. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, November 18, 1813.
My Dear Sir : Your letter of the 15th and 24th Sep-
tember, last, arrived here in the middle of October, —
with the distressing account of the hurricane, and the
severe loss of your good and amiable Maria. I feel
sincerely for you; but we must be satisfied with the
ways of Providence. "Maria has chosen that good
part, which shall not be taken away from her." Since
that time, I have been with you often, in spirit, intend-
ing to write, — but have been hindered from time to
time ; and have been waiting to hear whether you had
received my Catalogue, — which I had sent to you be-
fore the arrival of your letter, viz : September 29, by
mail. I wish it may not have miscarried. You will
find that a number of your plants came too late for in-
sertion. Some of them were entirely strangers to me.
Will you give me your additions and corrections, — and
try to get me such as are marked (f ) — or entirely want-
ing] Do not forget to mention if the plants are not
natives, — but only naturalized, or garden plants. You
mentioned several in your Calendarium, of which I
10*

114

would be very glad to have a description, or a speci-
men,— and, if not too much trouble, seeds. I very
often look over your CaJendarium, and wish exceed-
ingly to see it continued, — that we may compare the
time of flowering in the different States. A new cor-
respondent, at Boston, Dr. Jacob Bigelow, has prom-
ised to do the same, at that place.

From our mutual excellent friend, Elliott, I had a
letter, lately. He had received my Catalogue, which
went some time after yours, — and promises additions.
In Fucus and Conferva, hardly anything has been done ;
and I wish assistance from every quarter..

The time draws near in which Congress meets. If
Mr. Cheves is a member, he may be persuewied to as-
sist us with his former goodness. It is a pity that all the
specimens must be rather small. Pray let me know if
you have received the Catalogus. Should it have nais-
carried, I will send again. Since my last, I have been
favored with a valuable acquisition to my Herbarium,
by Mr, Z. Collins, — who has been at the sea-shore.
Also by Mr. Whitlow, with a number of Genesee
plants. I cannot expect any thing from Eui-ope, until
these troublesome times are over. If our American
Botanists would join a little closer, we would do better.

Mr. CoBREA, an excellent Botanist, had gone to Bos-
ton with the determination to return to Europe. He has
changed his mind, and will remain in America for some
time longer ; probably he will visit the Southern States.

Dr. Barton, you know, is now in the place of the ex-
cellent deceased Benjamin Rush. Whether his new
situation will hwrthis Botanical pursuits, time will show.
Mr. Collins is an excellent observer, and indefatig-
able. Of Messrs. M'Mahon, and Lyon, I have not

heard, lately.

»#»•#♦*

Your Salix, 1103, seems new, — ^but cannot be distin-

115

guished for want of adult leaves. I would thank you
very much, if you could enclose of every southern
Salix a grown leaf, numbered. This can easily be done
in a letter. Of No. 1188, Ephedra ? I wish to see the
female plant, or seed. I can do pretty well by exam-
ining the seed with Gaertnee, de frvctibus, — especially
when the flowers are minute. * * *

You have a number of Centaureas, in your CaJenda-
rium, which are strangers to me. I know but three, —
Jacea, Calcitrapa, and benedida — perhaps a native. Your
former native Mary gold, in Charleston, also remains a
dubium. Have you found it any where in your excur-
sions 1

I do not remember whether you have Waller's Flora
CaroUniaiia. It is an excellent book, and would deserve
a new editor. You, or Mr. Elliott, would make a
valuable present to the public, by giving a new edition,
with supplements and emendations.

As soon as I know for certain that you have received
my Catalogue, I will send you what I have added since ;
and the sooner you send me your additions, the greater
my obligation will be to you.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, and
believe me to be unchangeably,

Sir, your most obedient servant, and sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary'Sy December 9, 1813.
My Dear Sir: Your letter, dated the 18th of Novem-
ber, came by the last mail ; but it was not in my power
to return an immediate answer. On the back of my
letter of the 15th and 24th, I acknowledged yours of the
6th of September. Your Catalogue arrived on the I6th of

116

October. I ask your pardon, seriously, for not having ac-
knowledged earlier the receipt of so valuable a present.
From day to day I put off writing, with the expectation
of having something worthy of your acceptance, to
communicate. But the Gale having deranged my col-
lection, and produced universal disorder, — together with
an increase of troublesome professional duties, and a
variety of other objects engaging my attention, — all
conspired to prevent me from attending to my favorite
pursuit. I hope, however, soon to renew my attention
to it with increased ardor.

The Arum, or Calla, with a white spatha, which you
mention, is found native in tlie neighborhood of Savan-
nah. I met with it in the spring of 1812. Specimens of
it were lost in the mouth of the Delaware. I was in-
formed that Brickell called it Calla*

*******

I go on with my Calendarium Florae, — which will be
very barren the remainder of the season.
August 4. Sida rliomhifolia.
" 15. Rhus copallinum.
" 19. Andropogon nutans. Poajlava, L.
Septem. 5. Statice Limonium.

" 10. Cassia cliamaecrista, •

'• 24. Eupatoriumfoeniculaceum.
October 4. Plum trees and Whortleberries, in flower :
most probably in consequence of the
Gale.
" 8. Morus papyrifera, L. 'IBroussonetia'] again
in flower. New Leaves every where ap-
pearing, since the Gale.
" 21. Apple and Peach trees in flower.
Novem. 1. Second crop Mulberries ripe, on Amelia.

[*It is, (IouLt'.ess,the plant called Caladium glaucum, by Elliott.
Calla sagitttfvlia, Mx.]

117

" 8. Salvia lyrata, and Cercis Canadensis, in

flower.
" 19. Hard frost; and many vegetables destroy-
ed by it.
" 30. Mercury at M°. Hard frost.

The weather has been very moderate so far, this
month. The mercury has been as high as 74°. My
Cakndarium shall be continued.

I hope your new correspondent, Dr. Bigelota', of
Boston, will keep, along with hLs Calendarium, a register
of the weather, — which will render it more important.

Mr. Cheves will no doubt aid us in our correspon-
dence, cLS formerly. I shall very soon avail myself of
his kindness, and transmit to you my doubtful plants.

The native Marygold^of Charleston,! have not found,
in my excursions. The keeper of the Botanical Garden
thought it belonged to that genus ; but he was probably
mistaken.

I have not the Flora, oi Walter; for which I am very
sorry. I saw a copy, in Savannah, that had belonged
to the late Dr. Bkickell, — but could not obtain it. It
well deserves a new edition.

The additions to your Catalogue, I shall look out for
with much pleasure ; and as soon as possible, I will send
you all I can.

I am sorry to learn that the packet, mentioned in my
letter of the 7th of August, which I sent on after Lieut.
Sevier, by Serg't Austin, has never reached you. The
numbers were from 1109 to 1178, inclusive ; and con-
tained many of my most important specimens. Among
these was a Gratiola prostrata, — and an OrcTijs, unknown
to Mr. Elliott, — with several other doubtful plants.

Miss Greene, and Miss Paine (her niece,) are present,
and send their best respects to you. The latter is now
studying Botany with great diligence, and will shortly
be &ble to do something olever, Mrs. B. also wishes to

118

be remembered to you. Accept my best wishes, and
thanks for your attention to me : — I am most sincerely
your friend, W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, December 17, 1813.

My Dear Sir : I have the pleasure to inform you, that
a packet you were pleased to send to me, August 2, by
Messrs. Sevier, and Duval, has come, after a long
passage, safely to my hands. I thank you sincerely for
your continued friendship. In a letter, dated November
18, I have informed you that I sent you a copy of my
Catalogus, September 29, by the mail. No answer hag
hitherto come, and I am very anxious to hear from you,
— especially since tlic former friend is at the seat of go-
vernment, and perhaps will continue to do what he did
in the last session — all ^ro Bono Publico, Your Calenda-
rium continued, would be a great acquisition to me^ —
Pray let me have it, — at least for one season. Amongst
the last plants, several are new to me ; and as the speci-
mens are uniques, I entreat you to send more, when-
ever I add N. B. — As I have Gaertner de Fructibus, much
depends on the sight of ripe seed, to find the genus:
and if you would be pleased to add your description,
and the sign of duration, my obligations to you will be
enhanced. In the same manner, I entreat your addi-
tions, and emendations, to my Catalogue, — mentioning
the North American plants missing, and filling up the
many blanks, in the color of the co7-olla, duration, and
ti?ne of flowering. Should the Catalogue have miscar-
ried, I will send again. * * * *

How have you and your family been, since your last
mournful letter of September 241 May you all be pre-
served ; — especially in these turbulent times, when our

119

enemy threatens to visit (not in mercy, indeed,) the
southern States.

It is only to-day that I hear of an excellent Mycolo-
gist, in North Carolina, who is a teacher among the
Moravians, at Salem, — and hcis written upon Fungi, in
Germany. His address is Rev. L. David de Schwei-
NiTZ, at Salem, North Carolina. Pray mention it to our
mutual friend, Mr. Elliott, who is nearer than we, and
would lind great assistance in making a complete Cata-
logus of Carolina Fungi. It is a very wide field.

Wishing you, with all my heart, health and pros-
perity,— and anxious to hear from you soon and often, —
I remain with unchangeable esteem,

Sir, your sincere friend and servant,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, December 25, 1813.

Dear Sir: I wish you a happy Christmas! While
most of my neighbors, of all colors, and different na-
tions, are preparing to celebrate the day, — I sit down to
put you up a few more specimens, to send via Washing-
ton, through Mr. Cheves, who I hope is there. It is a
wet and stormy day, — or I should probably have passed
it with a friend in the country. — I have just been spend-
ing a few days on Cumberland Island: But met with
nothing of importance, — as the weather permitted me
to ti'avel but little; and there is not much now to be
found, except a few Mosses and Lichens, — and these,
many of them, not in season. Mrs. Miller (mother of
Miss Greene) gave me a few seeds of a shrub, found
on St. John's, which you will find enclosed.

I begin with 1209, which I believe is my next highest
number. I feel ashamed of the blunders I have made

120

in my numbers; but I hope to go straight, hereafter.
Some further particulars respecting the enclosed spe-
cimens shall be added, on a future occasion. With
unabated esteem, I remain, my dear sir,

Your affectionate friend, W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St Mary's^ January 7, 1813.

Dear Sir: By the last mail, I had the pleasure to re-
ceive your letter of the 17th ult., and before this time I
hope you have received mine of the 9th. I wrote also
on the 25th and sent you a few specimens, through Mr.
Cheves. I now give you the remainder of my Calen-
darium, — which is very short.

December 13. Found the Epidendrum Magnoliae on a
species of Hickory {Juglans.)
" 21. Aster laevis in flower.

January 7, 1814. (This day) Erysimum pinnatum,
Walter, in flower.

Enclosed you will find a specimen of the Epidendrum
Magnoliae, taken this day from the Melia A zedarach, where
it had been transplanted last spring. It is remarkable,
that it has continued to flower all the winter, on the
Melia, — while in the woods, no flowers are to be found.
*******

The winter, even here, is too cold for me: But we
may now anticipate the speedy arrival of the spring
season, and its charming warmth. It is now our time
for planting Northern garden seeds, &c. We have al-
ready planted Irish potatoes, peas, &c. Some of our
neighbors have peas fit for the table. — ^While I fondly
reciprocate your kind wishes for me and mine,

I remain ever yours, W. B.

121

TO THE HON. LANGDON CHEVES, WASHINGTON CITY.

Dear Sir: Again I trouble you in the old way. If it
be in the least inconvenient, I beg you will inform me,
and I will desist : But it is my only mode of transmit-
ting specimens, these war times.

I am, my dear sir, yours, &c.

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St, Mary^s, January 14, 1814.

Dear Sir: I put you up a few more plants, — none of
which, I fear, will be interesting. » » *

I ought to have mentioned, in my last letter, that on
the 22d of December, the following plants were flower-
ing, on Cumberland Island, viz: Sonchus oleraceus,
Houstonia se7-pyllifolia, Mitchella repens, Alsine media,
and Lamium amplexicaule.

I will take the liberty of suggesting a few little im-
provements in your Catalogue, — should you publish
another edition, which I hope you will be able to do
shortly, with many additions.

1. Would it not be well, where old Generic names are
changed, to retain them all — at least in the index 1 — as,
without a previous knowledge of such change, we. are
embarrassed in looking for some plants : as for example,
Cynosurus (Eleusine,j Sideroxylon (Bumelia,) &c.,
which are not to be found in the catalogue, nor index.

2. I should be glad to see the names of the different
discoverers, or nomenclaturists, allixed to each species,
OS well as all the different names by which the same
genus, or species, has been called : which appears not
to be uniformly the case, in the catalogue.

3. Perhaps some plants are marked as indigenous,

11

122

which are exotic, — as several species of Cucurbita, &c.
It has just been snowing a little ; but was soon fol-
lowed by rain : — Mercury, in Fahi-enheit, 49°.

The weather has been, for some time, cold, rainy, and
very unpleasant to me. In the spring, I hope to visit
Occonee, Ocmulgee, and Flint rivers, if the times will
admit. With much esteem I remain, my dear sir,

Yours, &c.

W. B.

DK. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, January 14, 1814.

My Dear Sir : Two of your letters are now before
me, — one, dated December 9, with the continuation of
your Calendarium, the otlier, dated December 25, by the
assistance of Mr. Cheves, with 12 specimens ; — for both,
receive my best acknowledgments. My last letter, with
my observations on your Nos. 1209 — 1278, — which went
from here December 18, you probably have received
long before this. In your Calendarium, several plants
struck me ; of which I much wish to hear and see more.
*******

Your specimens, in the second letter, were very
pleasing, — though some had suffered a little. A little
paste-board would preserve them better; but that would
make the number less. O how we miss our former
peaceable times ! I will give you my opinion on each
number. * * * * -phe seeds enclosed,

were of Ptelea trifol'ata. They can be used instead of
hops. Your number 1133 was an imperfect specimen
of the same. It stands our climate very well; and I
have a living plant from Tennessee seed. Nature seems
now sleeping, with us. But the Cryptogamia give suf-
ticient employment to a Botanist ; and a number of

123

water plants would reward him for his exertions. The
Confervae, and small Fuci, can be transported best with-
out harm, — as they revive, when put in water. I
should suppose the shores of Cumberland, and other
Islands, would give a very plentiful harvest. Have you
made a list of your Georgia and Florida Filices ?

Since my last, I had a very pleasing visit from Mr.
Charles Whitlow, of New York, — who intends to go
to England, and return again immediately. He brought
with him about 420 plants, chiefly gathered in Genessee.
Amongst them, Vinca minor, native [1], several Ran-
unculi, Potentillae, Pruni, Melilotus vulgaris, native ["?],*
Puhnonaria Sibirica, — in all about a dozen. By him I
have begun a correspondence with Dr. Romayne Beck,
at Albany, — who, in company with others, is indefatiga-
ble in exploring the Flora near the lakes. By the old
settlements of the French, many European plants are
entirely naturalized.

From our mutual friend, Mr. Elliott, I have not
heard, lately. His last letter was dated October 30. My
last, November 8, and December 6. Probably he is too
much engaged in other business.

My health has been rather precarious, — being apt of
getting cold: However, I am clear of rheumatism.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, — and
the ladies who practice Botany. I remain with un-
changeable affection.

Sir, your most obedient and sincere friend,

H. M.

[*Mr. Whitlow was probably poor authority, on the subject of
"native," or indigenous plants. Those here mentioned, as tiative,
aie not believed to be such, by the more respectable American
Botanists.]

124

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, January 22, 1814.
Dear Sir : I again put you up a few specimens. * *
I see no Andromeda formosissima in your catalogue.* Is
Convolvulus obtusiJobus, in your catalogue, the same as
Ipomoea oUusiloha, No. 8591 The flowers of this plant
are not white, but a beautiful yellow. Is Ipomoea Qua-
mocUt a native of any part of Americal 1277 Convol-
vulus trichosanthes. The flowers of this are white. I
have another, as small, or smaller, — leaves sagittate,
flowers white. This is the smallest of all, and very dif-
ferent from C. sagittifolhcs, Mx. which has flowers pur-
ple. You have no sagittifolius in your catalogue. I
hope to have an opportunity to send you all these in
good order, should I live until they are again in perfec-
tion. The mail has arrived, but brought no letter from
you. I therefore conclude, for the present, and am with
unabated esteem, ever yours, W. B.

TO the HON. LANGDON CHEVES.

St. Mary's, January 22, 1814.
Dear Sir: As I hope I am not intruding too much on
your goodness, I continue to trouble you with my
packets. Yours &c. W. B.

HON. L. CHEVES TO DR. BALDWIN.

Washington, February 3, 1814.
Dear Sir : I have received yours of the 22d ult. and
several preceding packets, — all of which I have for-

[*The A. formosissima, Bartram, is acuminata, of Muhl. cata-
logue,— reticulata, Walter, — aiid Leiicothoe acuminata, DC Prodr.]

125

warded with great pleasure. I am happy to be an use
ful, though humble agent, in assisting you in your
laudable exertions in the cause of Science. I am, dear
sir, with great respect and esteem, your obedient

LANGDON CHEVES.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, February 12, 1814.

Dear Sir: I will now attend, as far as I am able, to
your letter of the 14th ult. and first of the plants in my
CaUndarium, — of which you w ishto know more. * *

''Sept. 2. VcrhascumV Leaves setaceous. This is
No. 30, in the drawings. It is hardly Verlascum. It has
much the habit of Gerardia ; but the 4 stamens are all
of uniform length. Corolla pale yellow. * *

'■'Ruhia peregrina.'" I suppose the same as R. Brownei,
Mx. in your catalogue. I see a R. peregrina in Will-
DENOW ; but it can hardly be this one. I would thank
you much to inform me, still, by whom the respective
plants have been ramed, and the different names by
which the same plant is frequently called. This would
often prevent embarrassment and difficulty. Mr.
Elliott returned this to me as Galium hispidulum, Mx.
It can hardly be G. hispidulum, and Rubia Brownei,
both, of Mx.* .....

I have scarcely any Fuci, or Confervae. I am truly
sorry to disappoint your wishes in this respect: but I do
assure you, I have explored the shores of Cumberland,
and other Islands, in vain. In reaping a "plentiful har-
vest," I have been disappointed, — either because these
plants are not abundant, or I am too ignorant and unfor-
tunate to find them. The search, however, shall not be

[*ToHBET & Gray, however, have referred the Rubia Brownei,
of Mx. and the R. peregrina, Walter, to Galium hispidulum.]
11*

126

relinquished. Of Filices, I have had very few. Some
of these, found in the neighborhood of Savannah, have
been lost. What I have, shall be sent to you by the
first opportunity. I have altogether but 10.

The last letter I had from our mutual friend, Mv.
Elliott, was dated November 8. I expect to hear from
him by every mail. * « * # *

With undiminished esteem I remain, my dear sir,
Your sincere friend, W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, Felruary 19, 1814.

My Dear Sir: The mail has just arrived, and brought
me a letter from Mr. Cheves, (dated Feb. 3,) who again
expresses the great pleasure it affords him to aid us, in
our correspondence for the promotion of science. He
says he has received and forwarded my letters to you,
up to the ^d ult. Had we but a friend in Washington,
during the recess of Congress, who Avould take charge
of packets for you, I could frequently have opportuni-
ties of sending them, by Naval officers, &c. Perhaps I
shall set out, to-morrow, on a journey of 50 or 60 miles
up the St. Mary's, in pursuit of Botanical objects. * *

In haste, I remain your sincere friend, W. B.

TO THE HON. LANGDON CHEVES, WASHINGTON CITY.

Dear Sir : Your obliging letter of the 3d inst. has just
reached me. Accept my warmest thanks for your polite
attention. As the session is drawing to a close, I shall
take care not to extend my troublesome packets beyond
the proper limits. With the highest respect I remain,
my dear sir, yours &c. W. B.

127

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, February 26, 1814.

My Dear Sir: As Congress is on the eve of rising,
this will be the last packet I can send you, for a time, by
mail. I have just returned from the journey, mentioned
in my last letter; and send you enclosed such of the
result as can be thus conveyed. Of the Phaiierogamia
which I met with, you shall be informed when I trans-
mit my Calendarium for the present month.

My tour extended to within about 12 miles of the cele-
brated Okefanoka Swamp, at the head of St. Mary's : and
there I found a country vastly more rich in plants, than
the sea coast. I hope to visit it again, at a more proper
season.

The Crinum mentioned in my Calendarium of Sept.
23, is the same spoken of by Bartram, in page 59. Is
not your Euphorbia cyathophora the E. picta, of Bartram 1
And the Lycium Carol inianum, L. salswn? I have only
seen the latter in the garden, at Dungeness, — where many
beautiful native plants are to be found.

Of the plants of Bartram, which still require confir-
mation,— with the exception of the abovementioncd
Crinum ("White Lily,") — 1 know nothing worth com-
municating. I have a solitary imperfect specimen of
an Asclepias that is fragrant, which was brought to me
by a friend. It is a small plant, but very different from
A. pediceUata, Walter (I do not know that A. ptdicdlata
is fragrant) : floweis whitish ; leaves long, narrow-lan-
ceolate,— almost graminifoUa. Ixia coelestina is said to
be abundant on St. John's. Le Conte thinks it a new
genus.

I see no Chironia gracilis, nor C. stellata, in your cata-
logue. Pray, have you those plants under other names 1
The mail has just come in, but has brought me no letter
from you. I hope that indisposition is not the cause of

128

your long silence, — and that I shall shortly hear from
you. My letters ought now to be received by you, up
to the 5th of February. I have since written on the 12th,
and 19th. I remain, my dear sir, your friend, &c.

W. B.

MRS. HUFFNAGLE TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, February 16, 1814,
Sir: At the request of my father (Henry Muhlen-
berg), I drop you these few lines. On the 24th of Janu-
ary, my good father was taken very ill with something
of a paralytic affection, — ashe found it difficult to speak,
and his memory extremely weak. At present, he again
sits up, and articulating as distinctly as ever he did ; and
his memory is almost quite restored. Your kind letters,
containing specimens, were received ; for which, receive
fathei''s thanks. His mind was very uneasy, thinking
you might attribute his not writing to neglect, or want
of inclination: and your still continuing to send, would
gratify him very much. His last letter, dated January
14, he hopes you received. I am in hopes that in a
short time, father will be able to return you some of
your attention.

With respects from father, I conclude, — and hope you
enjoy good health. With sentiments of esteem, I re-
main yours, ELIZABETH HUFFNAGLE.

P. S. Receive my best respects, and pray continue
your letters. H. MUHLENBERG.

MRS. HUFFNAGLE TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, March 14, 1814.
Esteemed Sir: In all probability my letter prior to

129

this (mentioning the indisposition of my father,) you
received. During that time father has received many
packages from you, — which he has all overlooked with
pleasure : But, although he is now in a state of conva-
lescence, his head is too weak to examine them closely,
or wi-ite to you on that subject. But I am in great hopes
a short time will remove that difficulty.

Father has desired me to mention the name of his
friend. Doctor Ott, of Georgetown near the federal
city. He would be happy to take charge of any pack-
ages you would send to father, and foi^ward them by
Baltimore to Lancaster.

Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, would likewise
forward any thing for father.

Since my last letter, we have met with a severe loss
in our family ; namely, the death of John Musser, of
Philadelphia, — who, after a short illness, left this world
of wretchedness, and was numbered with those that have
been. He has left a widow and 7 small children to de-
plore his loss. Long, in this " valley of affliction", will
his loss be felt. But we must not murmur at the dispen-
sations of God. Christianity, I hope, will be the widow's
solace. Thatj alone, can lift the soul above affliction's
power.

Father has received no letter from Mr. Elliott since
October 30. I must now, my esteemed friend, bid you
adieu. Father and mother desii'e to be remembered to
yourself and good lady. Be pleased to accept my re-
spects to Mi's. Baldwin, and self. I remain with senti-
ments of esteem, youi's,

ELIZABETH HUFFNAGLE.

P. S. I hope in a short time to add, myself, my obser-
tions on the specimens. God bless you and your lady
and family, My apoplexy is going fast.

H. MUHLENBERG.

130

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, March 19, 1814.
My Dear Sir: On the 12th inst. I received a letter
from your daughter (Mrs. Hijffnagle,) dated the 16th
ult. containing the painful information of your having
been visited with a severe illness. By the same letter,
however, I had the consolation to find that you were
fast recovei'ing, — and were even able to satisfy me on
that interesting subject, by adding a note containing
your kind respects, with your own hand. I had become
very uneasy, supposing that sickness alone had occa-
sioned your silence, — as you had ever been so prompt a
correspondent.

Agreeably to your request, my dear sir, I shall con-
tinue to write, and contribute all I can to gratify your
wishes. Indeed, I shall ever feel bound, in gratitude,
to make you all the returns in my power, for the numer-
ous favors you have conferred upon me. Pray do not
be too anxious to answer my letters, until you feel so
well as not to run any risk by making such exertions,

I will now give you my Calendarium for February.
You will perceive that the plants have generally flowered
earlier this season, than the last.

Fei. 2. Bartonia verna [Centaurella, Rich.] in
flower.
" 5. The mean temperature of this climate, for
the last year, ending- this day, is 67|°.
Range of temperature, from 30° to 96°.
Note. T take the temperature three times
a day, — and add the mean, daily, monthly,
and yearly.
" 7. Amaryllis Atamasco in flower. This plant is

not abundant on the sea coast.
*' 10. Spergula saginoides, L. [Sagina decumbens,
Torr, & Gray.] and Amygdalus Persica

131

(Peach) in flower. The latter has mostly
been destroyed, in this neighborhood, by
the Gale in September, last.
Feb. 15. PoZy^aZa Zwiea in flower; but rather sickly.

" 20. Viola palmata, Rubus procumbens [CanadeU'
sis, L. Torr& Gray.], Cercis Canadensis,
Acer rubrum, and Antin-hinum Canadense,
all flowering.

" 25. Rubus villosus (Blackberry) in flower.

" 27. Symplocus ( Hopea) tinctoria, Geranium Ca-
rolinianum, Mitchella repens, Plantago
Virginica.

That Heaven may grant you a speedy recovery, is the
fervent wish of your obliged friend, W. B..

P. S. Pray give my best respects to Mrs. Huffnagle.
I hope she will continue to inform me how you are,
until you are so far recovered as to be able to write.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, March 26, 1814.
My Dear Sir: Finding, by the last mail, that Con-
gress will not rise until the 11th of April, I put you up a
few more specimens to be franked by Mr. Cheves, who
is so kindly disposed to aid us.

I hope that you are daily recovering, and that I shall
soon have the pleasure of hearing from you.

With warm esteem, I remain, &c.

W. B.

132

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, April 1, 1814.
Dear Sir: I now send you my Calendarium, for
March, — which will be less full than that for February,
on account of the unusal severity of the weather.
March 1. This morning the mercury stood at 26° !
Ice was formed near an inch and a half
thickness. The flowers, leaves, and
many young plants, totally destroyed. —
The cold commenced after a thunder-
gust on the 27th of February. It con-
tinued frosty for several days.
" 11. Polygala viridescens [nana, &c. T. G.] in

flower.
" 20. Azalea nudijlora, 6f Ascyrum amplexicaule,

in flower.
" 27. Krigia Virginica, Festuca tenella.
" 28. Hydrocotyle umbellata, Vicia Caroliniana,

Aesculus Pavia.
" 31. Broussonetia papyrifera, Olea Americana,
Celtis occidentalis, Rosa laevigata, Agros-
tema Githago, Gnaphalium purpureum,
Scorzonera pinnai ijida.

Jatroplia stimulosa, Samolus Valerandi, in
flower.
This has been a cold, blustering, and variable month ;
and very sickly. I have been much indisposed; but
since the weather has become pleasant, I have reco-
vered my health.

In looking over your Catalogue, I find that Sarracenia
minor, Walter, has Jlor. lut. " Number 926" has, I have
no doubt, always Jlor. purp. Can it be the same plant l
In a letter I received from Mr. Elliott, by the last
mail, he informed me that he considered Sarracenia va-
riolaris, Mx. as the true minor of Walter. There is no

133

S. variolaris in your Catalogue. I have never seen the
S.Jlava, — unless it be the S. variolaris. There is some
confusion in these plants, which I do not know how to
reconcile.! ** ******

April 2. I have just returned from the country, and
received Mrs. Huffnagle's letter of the 14th ult. and
have only time to express, before the mail closes, the
pleasure it has given mc to learn that you are still in a
fair way to recover, — and that the specimens I sent you
afforded some amusement.

I sympathize with you all in the loss of Mr. Musser, —
with whom I had the pleasure to be acquainted. Having
tasted deeply of the cup of sorrow, I can truly say, with
Mrs. HuFFNAGLE, that the doctrines of Christianity fur-
nish the only solace that can lift the soul above qffliction^s
power,

Mrs. B. joins me in best wishes for yourself and lady, —
and Mrs. Huffnagle, who has been so good as to write.
I remain your affectionate friend,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, April 15, 1814.
My Dear Sir : After a long silence, I begin to feel
some strength to try what I can do, to thank you per-
sonally for your letters and communications. I send
you a list of the numbers, although I am not able to say
much: Indeed, many were fragments by the carriage.
In a future day, when close examination follows, I will
know more ; and I have to beg your assistance in naming
the plants. *********

[■(•The species of this genus (6 in number) have been well deter-
mined by Ckoo.m, and Torrei & Gray.]

12

134

My youngest son, Frederick Augustus, a pupil of
Dr. Rush, has taken his degree, at the late commence-
ment, as M. D. and will live at Lancaster. He will assist
me in Botany: Probably you will see his hand more
than once. I recommend him to your notice. I men-
tioned in a former letter. Dr. David Ott, of Georgetown,
near the seat of Congress, as willing to take charge of
packets.

Favor me with emendations, and additions, to my
Catalogue. — May you fare well. With compliments to
Mrs. Baldwin, and the botanical ladies, I remain un-
changeably, sir, your sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. DALDWIN TO DR. MUHLEKBERG.

St. Mary's, April 30, 1814.
Dear Sir: Hoping that you continue well enough to
take an interest in Botany, I will now give you my
Calendarium Florae for the present month.
April 1. Verbascum Thapsus, Vaccinium stamineum,
Drosera Americana, Helonias angustifolia,
in flower.
•' 3. Juncus effusus, Cynodon Dactylon, Cornus

Jlorida.
" 9. Bignonia capreolata, Vihurnum nudum. Sal-
via lyrata, Lampyris (Fire-fly) numerous.
" 10. Oenothera fruticosa. Campanula perfoliata.
" 16. White frost! Vegetation killed, in many

places.
•' 24. Itea Virginica, Erythri'/ia Corallodendron.
" 26. Acalypha Virginica, Polygonum scandens.
" 27. Prinos glaber.

" 29. Magnolia grandijlora. — Prtiii of the " Dew-
berry," Ruhus procumbens, ripe.

135

Since writing the above, I have received your letter
of the 15th inst. I cannot express the pleasure it gives
me to hear from you again, after so long a silence.
Every assistance in my power shall be given you, in
naming the plants, &c.

I congratulate your son, Frederick, on his obtaining
a medical degree. Pray inform him that he has my
best wishes ; and that it will afford me much pleasure to
cultivate an acquaintance with him.

I expect to set out, to-morrow morning, with a view
of ascending the St. Mary's 80 or 90 miles, by water;
and shall pick up all I can by the way, — and inform you
of the result, on my return.

In my last letter, I enclosed you a little water plant.
I now send you another. Neither of them is numbered, —
as they are single.

Accept my best wishes for your welfare, — while I
remain your sincere friend, W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, May 25, 1814.

Dear Sir : I had the pleasure to receive your last let-
ter, dated the 30th of April. The Calendarium of the
last month was very valuable to me. The beginning of
the year may be much sooner, — ^but after the flowering
of the Robinia, you approach within one month. Our
Robinia began May 17, the viscosa, May 25.

I have marked some of your plants, of which I long
to see and hear more. The others are known to me.
• *«•••*

I have looked over your numbers, sent by Mr. Cheves.
Unluckily, a great number have been so much damaged,
that I remain uncertain until I see more. I wish your
kind annotations: —

136

1. "Which are your plants not mentioned in my cata-
logued

2. Which should have the mark, C. being probably
not natives'?

3. What do you say to so many of your numbers, left
without a name — dubious plants]

A great number of your and Mr. Elliott''s specimens,
I left in doubt, — and will be left to you. Some you will
find amongst other names. Sisymbrium Sophia ? (Wal-
ter's Erysimum pinnaticm, J is now in flower, with m^e.
Rumex hastatulus, mihi, flowers also with n>e,from your
seeds r in habit, very near to AcetoseUa : root perennial.
Of my Elliottia, I wish exceedingly to see irsore : My
specimen is very imperfect.

Anxiously I look for Michaxjx's figures of Populus, —
which is a very difficult genus ; of which several N. Sp.
are in Carolina.

The "water plant," enclosed in your last letter, is
rather a Zoophyte, — rather too young. The proof of a
Zoophyte, is the particular oyster smell, when you burn

Had you any luck, in your last excursion] And does
Mr. Elliott continue his correspondence! He is an
excellent observer.

I hope you will not be disturbed by the threats of the
enemy. My respects to Mrs. Baldwin, and the bota-
nizing ladies. I remain with great esteem, sir, your sin-
cere friend, H. M.

DR. BALDW3N TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, June 17, 1814.
Dear Sir: Your letter, dated the 25th ultimo, came
to hand by the last mail, and gave me great pleasure,—

137

as it afforded an evidence of returning health, which I
hope will be permanent.

To your queries, I will endeavor to make some
reply: —

^'■Anona ohovata,'" (1182) — flowers genei'ally white;
but I have seen them tinged with purple, on Satilla
river, and not differing in any other way.

" Clematis reticulata :'' Leaves beautifully reticulated ;
leaflets oval, mucronate, rarely three-lobed; flowers
varying from a rose color to white.

" Iris hexagona" — does not appear to diff'er materially
from the northern versicolor, — except that the flower has
not so much of that mottled appearance, and does not
smell so strong. Le Conte informed me that it was the
hexagona of Walter ; but that he could only consider it
a variety of the versicolor.

" Trifolium pumilurri''' — is new. Enclosed you will
find a head of seed, which I hope will vegetate. Found
on the flat common, close to this city ; and in a similar
situation at Coweta, on Chatahooche. It is unknown to
Mr. Elliott.

" Utricularia purpurea.'''' The leaves, and manner of
growth, of this, resemble the northern vulgaris, — ^but it
is much smaller. Scape mostly one, but sometimes
three-flowered ; flowers dark purple, small. * * *

Of the plants not mentioned in your Catalogue, — and
of those requiring the mark, C, — ^I will try to be more
particular, in futui'e.

Of the numerous Cryptogamia, which are left in doubt,
I am much in the dark for want of books; and Mr. El-
liott, for the same reason, informs me that he cannot
render me the necessary assistance. Of the doubtful
Phanerogamia,! will, in a future letter, tell you alll know,

I have not heard from Mr. Elliott, since I wrote last,
and suppose he must be very busy. I have not seen the
Elliottia; and Mr. Elliott informed me that he was
12*

138

feaxful it would turn out to be only an Octandrous
Clethra.

The result of my last excursion up St. Mary's, shall
be detailed to you, presently, in my Calendarium of
May 1st and 2d. I was obliged to hurry home, in con-
sequence of the enemy appearing off our bar, and threat-
ening invasion : and was afterwards miserably afflicted,
for near a week, from having taken hold of the Rhus
vernix — although with all possible care — to obtain spe-
cimens. I now go on with my Caleyidarium Florae : —
May 1. Lobelia Claytoniana in flower. Cactus Opuntia.
Glycine simplicifolia. Andromeda Mariana.
Arethusa divaricata. A. ophioglossoides.
Hypericum galiodes. Asclepias fragrans.
Bartrl flowers white, fragrant; many
stems from one root, procumbent ; leaves
linear, crowded, inclining to one side of
the stem; umbel terminal, flowers small,
nectariis corpusculo aequalihus. Plantago
sparsijiora 1 in flower and seed ; leaves
lanceolate ; spike very long, thinly flow-
ered. Poly gala (1085.) I call it P.
apliylla, — as it is not furnished with leaves,
like the true setacea, of Mx.but merely sti-
pulae. Asclepias — resembling the above
{fragrans,) but the flowers variegated,
whitish and purple, scentless; umbels
axillary and terminal. May it be your
dehilis? or may the fragrant one be that!
Euphorbia pumila — leaves oval, verticil-
late ; flowers in a kind of umbel, very
minute, whitish: Plant about 5 inches high.
Euphorbia linearifolia — leaves scattered;
stem supporting a single, small, white
flower. I cannot tell whether either of
these is in your Catalogue. Schrankia
xmcinata in flower.

139

May 2. RueJUa parviflora — I think new, — as I have
all that are marked in your Catalogue :
Stem 6 inches, erect, angular, glabrous,
branching ; leaves opposite, oval, obtuse,
entire, smooth ; flowei-s axillary, sessile,
small, pale blue : Hab. in marshes.
" 3. Linum Virginiamnn, Nymphaea odorata, per-
haps,— almost destitute of odor: flowers
very large — 44 petals in one flower.
" 8. Passijlora incarnata ; Magnolia glauca.
" 15. Eleusine Indica ; Digitaria sanguinalis : Vi-

tis rotundifolia, Mx. Ammi capillaceum.
" 16. Fruit of Vaccinium Myrsinites ripe.
" 19. Sambucus Canadensis in flower.
" 23. Ceanothus Americanus ; Asdepias tuberosa ;

Panicum glaucum; Chainaerops serrulata.
" 29. Gaura august ifolia; Buphthalmumfrutescens:
from this plant, Soda may be manufac-
tured, abundantly.
" 31. Cassia Tora; Sanicula Marilandica.
Beside these, are several other plants, so much in
doubt that I cannot yet say any thing certain about
them. Perhaps I have, among others, Serpicula (Elodea,
Mx.) — Tragia — and, I think, at least two species of
Galega not in your Catalogue.

My Calendarium for June, will also furnish several
new, or doubtful plants. The early part of the month
of May was cool and rainy, — the latter part, dry and
sultry ; — the mercury rising as high as 96°, which is not
usual in this month. * * * * jf

you would be a little more particular in returning the
names of my specimens, as far as they are known to
you, according to your Catalogue, I should then be bet-
ter qualified to answer your query — "which are your
plants not mentioned in my catalogue!" — No. 1278,
you have returned Polymnia Tetragonotheca, L. How

140

am I to know certainly that this is Tetragonotheca Tielian-
thoides, in your Catalogue ?

I hope, before long, to have an opportunity of sending
you some more specimens; but cannot say when.

Pray send one of your catalogues for Mr. William
Gibson, of this place, — and mark the price. Have you
completed the supplement, mentioned in a former letter 1
I am anxious to see it. Hoping that you may continue
many years in the enjoyment of health and happiness,
I remain your sincere friend, W. B.

P. S. Mrs. B. sends her best respects. The botanizing
ladies are all married ! But say they will not forsake
the Science. One of them is in Savannah, and writes
that she is collecting specimens for me.

Dr. BoYKiN has forsaken me ; and I have not heard
from Col. Hawkins, since the commencement of hos-
tilities among the Creeks.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, July 4, 1814.
Dear Sir: Your excellent letter of the 17th June ar-
rived safe, and gave me much pleasure. In particular
I thank you for the Calendarkim of May, last, which has
been rich, — corresponding with our June. With us, the
common run oi Flora is, April, 53 [Plants flowering,] —
May, 91— June, 177— July, 184— August, 166— Septem-
ber, 141— October, 20.

I have selected some of your plants for closer notice, —
if ever you have an opportunity to send specimens, and
further observations.

May 1. Asdepias fragrans, Bartram. ") Both re-
A.fragranti aff.Jlor. variegatis: ^ main un-
certain to me ; perhaps because I have only
dried specimens. *****

*

141

Polymnia Tetragonotheca is the same with Tetragotio-
theca helianthoides, Willd. and Persoon. Being used to
the old names, we are apt to use them without distinc-
tion. Room would not permit the synonym every
where.

Your last specimens, by Mr. Cheves, v.'ere neces-
sarily small, and some imperfect. Wherever I am cer-
tain, and become certain, I will add the name of my
catalogue. You see how much can be added. I will
be much obliged to you to add your name to such spe-
cimens as are not in my catalogue.

In a late publication of Michaux, there was a good
figure of his Planera uhnifolia, — mentioned to grow on
the Savannah ; habit of Ulmus. Have you the same ] I
would be glad to see a specimen. I am sorry that no
certain account can be given of my Elliott ia, and of its
fruit. Lyon will have it to be a new Genus, — and I sin-
cerely wish to be certain.

I will send by the mail, a copy of my catalogue for
Mr. Gibson, under your address, — and beg him to re-
ceive it as a present. The postage he may pay, as it
goes surer. Mr. Ellliott has not favored me with an
answer to my last letter. Indeed, my former corres-
pondents,— if I except my indefatigable Dr. Baldwin,
and friend Collins, — seem to have forgotten me ; and I
am reckoned amongst the dead. My excursions are
narrowed very much, and I am confined to my garden.
Your Phalaris (1186) has been in flower some time, in
my garden. It was new to me, — near to minor; — and
very different from arundinacea. Is it perennial 1 and
certainly a native 1 I had a very small specimen from
beyond the Mississippi.

Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin. I re-
main unchangeably, Sir, your sincere friend, H. M.

142

DE. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, July 15, 1814.
Dear Sir: I have this moment sent off a packet for
you, containing 39 specimens, via Washington city, to
the care of Dr. Ott. They are entrusted to Mr. Bruce,
of the U. S. Navy, — who goes on by land to the vicinity
of Washington, and has engaged to forward them with
care. He gave me, however, such short warning of his
departure, that I had not time to write by him.

Before 1 make any observations on the specimens, I
will give you my Calendarium for June.

June 1. Phytolacca decandra in flower. CepJialanthus
occidentalis. Callicarpa Americana.
" 3. Cuscuta Americana. Bignonia radicans. —
Polygonum aviculare. Tripsacum dac-
tyloides.
" 4. Galactia glabella. Chironia stellata : I do not
find this in your catalogue : The flowers
are white. Xyris flexuosa.
" 6. Cyrilla racemiflora. Typha angustifolia. Vi-
burnum dentatum. Zizania clavulosa : I
have seen but one species of Zizania in
Georgia, — and that at Jefferson, on Satilla
river. Bartsia coccinea : this is the first
time I have met with the Bartsia on the
seacoast of Georgia. It does not appear
to be in its element, here. Amaranthus
spinosus.
" 15. Senecio hieracifoUus.

" 16. RhexiaMaria.ia; Uniola gracilis ; Viburnum
scandens? I call it so, until better inform-
ed.* No. 1473. I have not seen the flower.
It climbs, like Celastrus, to the tops of the

[*This proved to be Decnmaria barbara, L. See Letter to Dr.
M. dated January 3, 1815.]

143

highest trees, — shooting out many hori-
zontal branches which, covered with broad
green leaves, give it a beautiful appearance.
June 26. Bidenshipinnata; Xanthium struniarium.
" 29. RhexiaVirginica; Eupatoriumrotiindifolium:
this Eupatorium is in as high repute here,
as a medicine, as the E. perfoliatum is in
Pennsylvania. Lechea major, Mx.
The greatest part of this month has been excessively
rainy. Mean temperature, 78°. Range of temperature,
from 66° to 96°: But very healthy.

As soon as circumstances will admit, I will give you
further information. In the mean time, I am with es-
teem, your friend, W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, August 2, 1814.

Dear Sir: With gratitude I acknowledge the receipt
of your letter, dated July 1.5, with your pleasing Calen-
darium of June, 1814. Probably soon after, you will
have received my letter, dated July 4, and the catalogue
for your friend, Mr. Gibson, — to whom I beg you will
remember my best respects, — and my wishes to get a
fcwmoi'e specimens of the curious Targionia ? No. 1471.

Mr. Elliott has favored me with a letter and packet,
forwarded to Mr. Collins, — which I acknowledged im-
mediately. His packet was very acceptable to me. *

Your promised packet, by Mr. Bruce, has not yet
come to hand. I do not doubt Dr. Ott will forward it
in due time. I have mentioned it to a friend of mine,
O. Rich, at Georgetown, — who has published a Synop-
sis of American (or rather N. A.) Genera, and sent me
a copy. It is rather a copy of Persoon's Genera (Ame-
ricana); and, although he has added the Genera men-

tioned in my catalogue, will remain imperfect until more
is done.

As you have so often fulfilled my wishes, I add a few
for a futui*e day. Oenothera grandiflora, Bartr. we have
lost in our gardens : If possible, I wish to have a few
seeds. It is not the grandijlora^ Don, — which is proba-
bly only a variety of muricata; but seems to be the
longijlora, of Curtis. — Salix is a difficult genus; and I
long to see a perfect leaf of each of your species, num-
bered. If a capsule could be added, the present would
be the moi'e welcome. In winter, a twig oinew species,
perhaps, would propagate. — Planeral have notyetseen.
Mr. Lyon has promised me a specimen, when he returns
from Tennessee. *****

The continuation of your Calendarium I wish to see, —
especially if you will be pleased to add, as heretofore,
the color of the corolla, and the duration of the plants,
to fill up the many blanks left in my Catalogue. « * I
remain with great esteem and affection, sir, your most
obedient and sincere friend, H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary's, September 17, 1814.
Dear Sir: Your interesting letters of July 4, and Au-
gust 2, were duly received ; for which accept my best
thanks. My packet, by Mr. Bruce, I hope has reached
you in safety. Your Catalogue, also, for Mr. Gibson,
came safe to hand, — for which he returns you his best
thanks; and will, if possible, procure you better speci-
mens of the Targionial Since I wrote my letter of the
15th July, I have found it impossible to pay much atten-
tion to Botany. I have had many sick to attend to ; and
alarms from the enemy have necessarily prevented me
from making any important excursions, off the sea-

145

board. The month of July has likewise been exces-
sively rainy, — so that my Calendarium will be very
poor. Such as it is, I communicate for your inspection.
July 2. Schoenus effusus flowering.

" 6. Sarothra gentianoides. Teucrium Canadense.
'* 11. Acalypha Caroliniana.

" 12. Epidendrum Magnoliae in flower. This was
placed, last winter, upon a dead Melia Aze-
darach.
" 13. Polymnia Uvedalia. Spartina polystachya.
" 24. Aralia spinosa.
Aug. 3. Hieracium Gronovii.

" 4. Aster tortifolius. SoUdago — ^with this family
of plants I am much embarrassed ; but will
send on my whole collection, when an op-
portunity off'ers.
" 10. Marshallia angustifolia.
" 15. Glycine Apios. Vernonia Noveboracensis.
" 18. Asclepias verticillata. Scirpus reirofractus.
" 23. Mikania scandens. Phaseolus perennis. * *
Beside the above, I have met with a few that remain
in doubt, — of which I shall speak hereafter, when more
at leisure : and also attend to your several queries.
I remain, my dear sir, most respectfully, &c.,

W. B.
P. S. Mrs. B. sends her respects to you. We are all
favored with health, at this sickly season. Mrs. Miller,
the mother of Miss Greene (now Mrs. Shaw), died of
a bilious fever, on the night of the 2nd inst.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, October 4, 1814.
Dear Sir: Your letter of September 17, has arrived,
and given me great pleasure. The packet, mentioned
13

146

in your former letter, has not arrived. Probably, by the
troubles in Washington, it has been mislaid, or lost ; for
which I would be very sorry, — in particular, on account
of your Viburnum scandens, Caladium, and other valua-
ble specimens.

Your Calendarium of July and August, has added
much to my information : and I beg you may continue
it, with further observations on dubious plants, — and ob-
serve which plants continue longest in flower, at the ap-
proach of your winter. Our autumn is now visible, by
the change of leaves : the Broussonetia is, with Juglans,
turning yellow, — although we had no frost.

* * * * » * *

By a letter from the Rev. Mr. Van Vleck, at Salem,
N. Carolina, T hear that two of your Southern Botanists
have been at Salem, on a Botanical visit; — Dr. Mac-
bride, a near neighbor of the excellent Walter, — and
Mr. Le Conte; — looking for mountain plants. By in-
formation from Mr. Elliott, I know that Walter has
not only described the Carolina plants near his place, —
but also mountain plants, collected by Frazer, and left
with Walter for a description. Both Mr. Le Conte and
Dr. Macbride could add much to our information, if
you could persuade them to communicate illustrations
to Walter's Flora.

I mention a few dubious plants; in particular, Obolaria
Caroliniana; CoUinsonia praecox — Hydrastis Caroliniana;
Zizania, different from clavulosa; Rajania. Mr. El-
liott has tried to assist me ; but we must have more
assistance. Have you heard any thing, lately, of this
our most valuable friend I My last letter to him, was
July 13, since that I had no answer! I had expected
from him an answer to some queries on the Charleston
Botanic Garden, — and your numbers, * * whether
native 1 What is Cai-thamus CaroUnianus, — or Stokesia ?
It would give me great pleasure to hear something cer-

147

tain. In my last letter, I began to mention my addenda
to my Catalogue, as far as I have gone. I now con-
tinue, according to the pages of the catalogue :

Page 32. Viburnum shall I add scandens ?

" 37. Rumexhastatulus, Baldwin — Georgia. * *
" 50. Rosa — The American Rosae deserve a re-
vision.
" 50. Daliharda lohata, Baldwin — Georgia. * *
Have you seen a Castanea nana, Brickell sent to me
from Savannah 1 and is it really a distinct species'? It
seemed, to me, very distinct; but I wish to have your
opinion. I have seen it but once : and so of the Prunus
pubescens, from Georgia. I cannot describe the pleasure
I should find, by all your specimens of Solidago, and
Aster, of the Southern States, — with your opinion on them.
They are really adversaria. Mr. Le Conte, I hear, has
made excellent observations on these Genera. We have
a great number of new species.

I am sorry to hear of the loss of Mrs. Millek ; and hope
often to hear of the health of the rest of our botanical
circle. My health is neither good, nor bad ; but my
friendship and gratitude unchangeable. With my best
respects to them, and in particular to Mrs. Baldwin, I
remain, sir, your very sincere friend, H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

St. Mary^s, November 11, 1814.
Dear Sir: On my arrival here, the day before yes-
terday, from a cruise of near three weeks along with the
Flotilla, I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the
4th of October, — for which I return you my sincere
thanks. Since my letter of the 17th of September, my
time has been so wholly engrossed in attending upon
the sick, that Botany was out of the question. Just at

148

the commencement of the sickly season, my Mate quit
the service, — and left me, not only to prescribe, but to
put up medicines, for more than 40 patients, daily. The
enemy having threatened to break up the inland trade,
between this place and Savannah, — on the night of the
6th of October, he sent his barges into St. Andrew's
sound (between the Islands of Cumberland and Jekyl,)
and cut out one of our gun vessels, along with several
coasters that were under convoy. This induced us to
send on ourwhole force towards Savannah, — with a hope
of chastising the enemy, should he have the temerity to
make another attack with his barges. In this expedition
I volunteered, — having employed a Surgeon to attend
the Hospital, in my absence. The enemy made his ap-
pearance, without venturing to attack us. — But this must
be a dry detail to you.

Of the few plants which I met with, in this cruise, on
the Islands of Jekyl, St. Simon's, Sapelo, St. Catherine'' s,
&c. I shall inform you in the proper place. We have
had a little frost, — ^but not sufficient to check vegetation
completely ; as Asters, Solidagos, Veriesina, Tripterella,
Liatris, Inula, &c. &c. ai'e still in flower.

I am very sorry that my packet by Mr. Bruce has not
reached you, — as I do not know when I shall be able to
replace it. Of Viburnum scandens, I think there can be
no doubt; but I wish to be certain, — and shall carefully
observe its flowers, should I live till the ensuing spring.*
The berry and seed are Vilurnum, as near as I could
judge from the imperfect state in which I met with them,
Caladium, I find Mr. Elliott calls C. speciosnm. The
generic character of this plant makes it unequivocally
Caladium — if there be any precision in generic charac-
ters: and from my recollection oi Arum Virginicum, it
is distinct.

The last letter I received from our worthy correspon-

l* Decumaria barbara, L. See letter of January 3, 1815.]

149

dent, Mr. Elliott, was dated the 20th of September; in
which he informs me that he is preparing a Catalogue of
the Plants of S. Carolina and Georgia, for publication.
He has since sent me a printed address, to the Philoso-
phical Society of S. Carolina, — which he delivered on
the 15th of August: So that, although he has neglected
us for some time, he has not neglected his scientific
pursuits. He informed me, however, as an excuse for
his long silence, that the affairs of the Bank of Charles-
ton had, for a considerable time, required his unremit-
ted attention.

The few plants that I noticed in September and Octo-
ber, I will now attend to.

September, 1. Lobelia crassiucula [glanduhsa, Walt.
DC] in flower.

" 3. Aster Carolinianus.

" 8. Lythrumverticillatum,in^o-WQXQX\^seeA.

" 18. Eclipta brachypoda ; Iva. * * *

October is almost a blank. It has been our sickly-
month. On the 23d, I observed in flower, on Jekyl
Island, Solidago lanceolata. Aster diffusus? and some

others. Cenchrus tribuloides nearly done flowering.

28th, on St. Catharine's, I observed the Cakile maritima
still in flower. Salicornia in seed.

Of your many queries, which have been neglected so
long, I must beg a little longer indulgence, to enable
me to answer them more correctly than it is possible
at present.

It is a midnight hour that I have this time embraced,
to thank you for your attention to me. I have not leisure
even to make the necessary references, to enable me to
speak with certainty: But hope shortly to have a little
respite from the unremitted anxiety and toil, which for
months I had to endure, — when I shall again most joy-
fully resume my favorite pursuit, and render you all the
assistance within my limited power.
13*

150

I must request you to direct your next letter to Savan-
nah. It has been thought most proper, under existing
circumstances, to make that city our Head Quarters, for
the winter. The week after next, we expect to move on.
It is anticipated that we shall return to this station again,
in April.

Accept my most hearty well-wishes, along with those
of Mrs. B. while I remain unchangeably your sincere
friend, W. B.

P. S. The leaves of our native forest trees have hardly
changed. Those of the Melia (Pride of India), have
faded and are falling, — which they do with the slightest
cold — almost without frost. Those of the Broussonetia,

remain green. On the 29th ult. at B , 9 miles south

of Savannah, I observed the common locust {Rohinia
Pseud-acacia) in flower.

DR. MUHLENBEKG TO DE. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, November 28, 1814.

Dear Sir: I was much overjoyed to receive a letter
from you, after waiting for some time, and getting afraid
of some accident which might have happened in our
perilous times. You have been on an expedition full of
trouble. At Savannah, I hope you will find more ease
and recreation. For your continued Calendarium, re-
ceive my thanks. *******

I will thank you very much for your names of Asteres
and Solidagines, which you have sent; — especially if
you can add Elliott's and Le Conte's names. No two
other Genera want elucidation more. If ever an oppor-
tunity happens, specimens would still be better. Your
last packet I am afraid is lost forever.

151 "h^ '^

When you arrive at Savannah, I have many desiderata^
as usual.

1. Does Mr. Abbott continue his drawings of Ameri-
can plants! What has he figured 1 Probably you will
find the first editioB^done by J. E. Smith. Some of his
plants want explanation, on a second edition. No. 7,
Asdepias ample xicauUs ; is it A. amplexicaulis, Mx. or
rather obtusi folia 7 * » * iVo. 60, is this Prw-
nus Chicasa, — or another, not sulficietitly described 1 *
• * I only saw the book at Dr. Barton's, in a
great hurry.

2. When you have an opportunity to see Mr. Oem-
ler's collection of Algae, I wish you to look again, and
examine his numbers. Perhaps you may discover some
native. I think I have seen some of them, since I sent
his collection back: But, in such nice affairs, it is ne-
cessarj' to look again and often. Is there no possibility
to get a copy of a few ! Mr. Oemler is an excellent
hand, himself Of his specimens, I would desire your
opinion on Fucus — 1. coronopifolius. 3. mamillosus. 4.
selaginoides. 11. sinuosus. 12. ceranoides. 13. alatus.
21. aculeatus. The rest, I remember well. Of his confer-
vae, I wish you to examine cristata, with your No. 1045.
Mr. Oemler is a friend whom I esteem very much. He
will be of service to you, to send my Elliottia, and Col-
linsonia, flore purpurea, — of which he gave me the first
information, — though I have no good specimen.

3. Mr. Kin, a curious botanist at Philadelphia, sent me,
a few days ago, two specimens of Prunus, which have
excited my attention. Indeed, Prunus is very difficult,
and wants our examination :

a. Prunus, at Ebenezer, Georgia ; foliis ovatis, aculis,
argute et aequaliter serratis, petiolo quadriglanduloso ;
drupa viridi-lutea, eduli. Beside several other new
ones, on the road to St. Mary's.

h. Prunus, on the sea-shore, from Virginia to Caro-

152

lina; — -foliis lanceolatis, margine glandulosis : nearly al-
lied to P. Chicasa, — ^but, according to Km, different. Is
this Abbott's 60 ! I take it for the real lanceolata, Willd.
and the same which is brought to Baltimore market, as
^^Mountain Plum.'^

I had a new Prunus, from Elliott, found at Waynes-
borough, different from both; — my pubescens. Have
you seen thisl The serotina, Virginiana, pygmaea,
Pennsylvanica, I know well. Pumila, and the most
common Wild Plum [Americana ? Marshall,] are dubi-
ous to me.

What I have thought to be Ephedra, has raised my
wish to see more, — and to inquire, can it be a Salsola?
* * * Living at a distance from salt water, I
am no judge. ******

I have given you so many not yet answered queries,
that I dare not add another question. The winter is
long: satisfy my curiosity by degrees; and every an-
swer will be a great addition to me.

Mr. Elliott has written to me. He sent his oration,
which pleases me very much. In a year's time, he in-
tends to finish his catalogue of Carolina and Georgia
plants. May his health be preserved ! I am sorry that
so many Georgia and Carolina plants were dropt,in my
catalogue, for want of clear specimens: However, all
may be added, at a future day. I long to hear your
naynes, — which would be sacred to me. Looking over
your Delaware specimens, I find a number not yet seen,
or named, by any other Botanist. * * *

Your Viburnum scandens (even a leaf) would please
me very much. Certainly it is a discovery. How does

it differ from Thunberg's virens f scandens, Pars.)!*

» • » » * » *

Algae, Lichens, and Fungi have undergone an entire
revision : that is, all remain which were given, — but

[*See letter of January 3, 1815.]

153 -

very many have been added. Mr. Collins has assisted
me by many specimens from the Jersies, and elsewhere.

When you look over again what is wanting in my
catalogue, very many will occur to you. Pray do not
forget to mention such — with your, or Mr. Elliott's
names.

My health is still precarious. Mr. Bigelow continues
to send letters and specimens. The northern plants are
not much different from ours.

With unchangeable esteem, I remain.

Sir, your most obedient and sincere friend,

H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG,

Savannah, January 3, 1815.

Dear Sir : At last we are moored in this place ; but
have hardly yet had time to feel ourselves at home, or
to become settled, so as to attend with ease to any favo-
rite pursuit. But, after a voyage of two weeks through
an intricate inland passage, we arrived in health and in
safety, on the evening of the 26th ult., and found your
letter of the 28th of November in the post office. For
this valuable letter, accept my best thanks. As you will
be anxious to heai from me, I shall wait no longer, —
but give you such information as I already possess. * *

The Elliottia, Mr. Oemler informs me, is found in
the neighborhood of Waynesborough. Roots shall be
procured, if possible. His CoUinsonia, with purple
flowers, is alive; but cannot be investigated at this
season.

Of the genus Prunus, I have many undetermined
species, — some of which are probably new ; — particu-
larly one from the high lands between Flint and Chata-
hoochee rivers : foliis ovalibus, obtusis. This is a small

154

shrub of 3 or 4 feet in height ; the leaves very broad,
and the racemes very long. Of those that you speak, I
am not certain.

My Viburnum scandens turns out to be Decumaria bar-
bara ! Not having an opportunity of seeing it, either in
flower or seed, I made the mistake : but Mr. John Le
CoNTE, who is familiar with this plant, has put me right.
Hence the necessity of not being in too much of a
hurry. Le Conte says that the X). 6ar6ara, and sarmen-
tosa, are the same plant. But I have the pleasure of
giving you a short description of a new species of Eryn-
gium, which I discovered on the 4th of June last; and
which, after having shown it to Elliott and Le Conte,
I have called E. tenue. I think it may be adopted with-
out hesitation. It is No. 1477 in the packet that has
been lost. It was not completely in flower until the
15th of June, — when I ascertained it to be Eryngium,
and sent it to Mr. Elliott; and it has this day been
further confirmed by Mr. Le Conte, — who has no
doubt of its being Eryngium. E. tenue: Rad. fibrosa;
caulis ramosissimus, tenuis; foliis inferioribus ovalibus,
integris, caulinis trilobis, superiorihus ternatis, lineari-
bus* This plant, as far as I have seen it, is from 8 to
15 inches in height: the leaves are very variable, —
some of the lower ones being oval, and others ovate ;
above these, they are lobate, the lobes lanceolate ; at
the extremity, ternate, linear, and extremely small. —
The flower-heads are very small ; but so numerous, that
I at first proposed to call it polycephalum. The flowers
are extremely minute, — appearing first of a white, but
changing when full blown, to a blue color. I have, be-
side this, all the species which you have enumerated in
your Catalogue. Should you, from this description,

[*This is the plant afterwards published, by Elliott, as E. gra-
cile, Baldw. It is now, E. Baldwinii, Sprengel, DC. Torr. 6c
Gray.]

155

adopt it as an Eryngium, you can choose for a specific
name, either tenue, or polycephalum. I prefer the former,
in consequence of its being so much less than any of
the other species, that are known. It is found in wet
situations, near fresh water; but whether annual, or
biennial, I have not ascertained.

Mr. Abbott has not been in Savannah for more than
a year. He resides in Scriven county; but whether he
continues his drawings, or not, I cannot ascertain : nor
do 1 know where to find the work you mention, pub-
lished by Smith. No doubt it requires revision; as
Abbott's drawings, though beautiful, are generally
very defective. **•»#*
I continue my Calendarium Florae :
November 7. Tripterella coerulea still in flower.

" 15. Hamamelis Virginica : the leaves not yet
fallen. Utricularia ceratophylla. Ge-
rardia aphylla, Le Conte. Lobelia cras-
'^ siucula : a variety of this has white

flowers. Lycopus Americanus. Poly-
gala lutea. Chiro7iia, flore albo : this,
Le Conte says, is the true C. paniculata.
" 16. Aster concolor in full bloom, on Satilla
river, — and near six feet high. * *
December 16. Inula Mariana, and a number of garden
plants, in flower at the garden of M.
Montelos, on Sapelo Island:' although
we have had hard frost.
I have thus concluded mv imperfect Calendarium, for
1814.

Immediately upon my arrival here, I had the pleasure
to meet with Mr. J. Le Conte. We are together every
day, examining specimens, &c. He has authorized me
to inform you, that he will write to you, as soon as he
returns to his habitation, near Riceborough, Liberty
county.

156

I would attend to some more of your queries, — but
every thing remains still in confusion. As I have, here,
a Surgeon to assist me, I anticipate more leisure than I
have yet had, in Georgia; which I hope to devote to
Botany.

Of Castanea nana, I have some doubt, — as I cannot
find any one who has seen it. I did meet with a very
humble one, both in Georgia and Florida, — which I sup-
posed might be nana. It differed, principally, in having
broader leaves: but I wish to examine it again, before I
decide with certainty. Hoping that your health may be
preserved, I remain unchangeably, &c.

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, January 20, 1815.

Dear Sir: Great was my pleasure on receiving your
first letter for this year, dated January 3, from Savannah :
And may it be an earnest for many other letters, — if
Providence continues our lives. My time will soon be
gone; — that, I feel: But let us labor, while we live, to
he useful as far as we can.

Much was I pleased to hear that Mr. John Le Conte
was at Savannah. I have heard how indefatigable he
is; and if he favors me with his correspondence, it will
indeed be a great favor to me, — although the writing is
sometimes much against my head. We can take time,
and not write too much at once, and finish a letter by
degrees. Very glad I will be to hear what observations
you made upon American plants, by your mutual con-
ferences. Dried and imperfect specimens must be
looked at, again and again ; and truth will be found, by
many guessings and trials, at last. In particular, I will
be glad to hear what you have found in the different

157

genera of your numerous Asteres and SoUdagines. Sel-
dom we sec a good specimen from a distance. By
comparing many specimens, from Europe and all parts
of America, with my garden plants, I know a great
number: but, still, many remain uncertain.

Other genera are also uncertain, with me. Whatever,
amongst your plants, you do not find in my Catalogue,
pray inform me. Your names will be very acceptable ;
and they shall remain sacred to me, — whenever I am
able to give a new edition. So, Eryngium tenue, and
others: Mr. Le Conte's Gerardia aphyUa, — if I only had
a description, or specimen. The Chironia paniculata I
have from Dr. Brickell, and others. It differs from
chlorantha, Pursh, or my venosa, sufficiently. Chironia is
a dilRcult genus ; and has been latterly named Sahbatia.

Of our mutual and valuable friend, Mr. Elliott, I
have heard nothing since my last letter, November 14.
Probably he is too much engaged, and I ask too much.
His other engagements are too numerous. I am almost
afraid I shall not see his promised Catalogue. When
the year is past, he will find so many queries, and diffi-
culties, that the work will not be finished. Let us give
what we have, of Plantae hue usque cognitae, and leave
the rest for a future day. Tn the southern States, I have
left a great number, for my valuable friends. To you,
my dear friend, I look for emendations and additions.
Let Mr. Le Conte, and others join. Runs, creeks, and
rivers join, — and are then strong.

The Pruni are very difficult. I should suppose the
Prunus Virginiana, — different from our common sero-
tina, — will be found in Georgia. The P. pubescens, of
my Catalogue, is a Georgia plant ; Jlor. racemosis. A
leaf of every Prunus, numbered, — with Racem. or Pe-
dune, solit. — would give much information : and so a
grown leeif of Salix, with a short note,— ^or. praecoc. or
coetaneis, — or seroiinis,— would do, until better times.
14

158

Mr. Oemler informed me, that Abbott had made
drawings of plants for the Savannah Library company.
Have you seen and examined them 1 1 remember what
pleasure I had, from Georgia drawings, — and how use-
ful they were to me. An enumeration of Abbott's
drawings, would be very pleasing. Mr. Elliott gave
me the numbers of Abbott's and Sbiith's collection, in
the Library of Columbia, South Carolina.

Mr. Oemler's Algae is a most excellent collection. —
It was a pleasing sight to me ; but the time was too
short. 0 ! do look again, and mention what you have
seen, native. Many of the Confervae you probably will
see near Savannah. My collection from New York, —
by my son, and my son-in-law, Schmidt, — is pretty
large. I expect a very general collection of specimens
from Sweden, — which were sent off. Mr. Elliott in-
tended to send all he had, to Mr. Dawson Turner, —
who now has published a number of Algae. Another,
M. Lamoureux, has begun the same. How little has
hitherto been done, in N. America, you see by my Cata-
logue. Probably many are new species.

Your Calendar ium gave me much satisfaction. The
Phanerogamous plants are now finished. Can't you
furnish a course of Cryptogamous plants, — to see the
difference, during winter 1 The time of putting off the
calyptra, or opening the operculum, would be the best.
As the Filices are generally alive during winter, they
would be a pastime. I wish to hear, from you, of some
southern plants : as Ophioglossum bulbosum, Vittaria an-
gustifrons, Blechnum serrulatum, Asplenium Adiantum
nigrum, Acrostichum aureum, Psilotum Floridanum; in
particular, a better specimen of Targionia, and Porella,
with fructification.

In your Calendarium, 1 mark as desiderata your
names, for future specimens, — when better times come ;
or for a corner in one of your letters.

159

Novemher 15. Inula argentea, Liatris lanceolata, Ger-
ardia aphylla, Le Conte, Lobelia crassiuscula, var. alba
Eupatorium an gusti folium.

November IG. CoUinsonia — purp. Decumaria — is it ca/is,
7. — 10 locularisl — Elliott ia — what fructification'? My
specimen bad.

Lately Dr. Mitchill has written much on American
Fishes. Long ago, I made a Catalogus of our Susque-
hanna and Lancaster Fishes. We are very poor, — and.
have few more than 20 species. I have compared.
Catesby, and Broussonet, — and find but one or two,
known to us. Will you give me leave to put a few
questions to you "?

1. Which of the American Fishes do you find com-
mon to the sea, at St. Mary's, and the Delaware 1

2. Which, in inland watei% peculiar to Georgia, ac-
cording to Bartram's names'! The synonyms of other
places would be very pleasing.

If you have Bartram's Travels, now, any explana-
tion of his names would be an acquisition to me. Ixia
coelestina, Bartr. has not been discovered by any other
Botanist; and is much wished for. So Gnaplxalium, lu-
teu7n, at Savannah, from Dr. Brickell : and PJialangium
— two species — croceum, and virgatum.

Since my last letter, I have had several letters from
other parts; of which I mention the chief, to inform
you what we, in our botanical circle, are doing: —
December 6. The first snow.

" 15. A collection of plants from Dr. William
Barton, for nomenclature — from No.
37 — 137. Asteres, Solidagines, Eupa-
toria : among them, 10 from gardens:
nothing new.
" 21. A collection of N, York plants from Mr.
Green D. Beck; No. 1-212. — Among
them, Raphanus Raphanistrum, C.

160

Scutellaria galericulata, Lamium pur-
pureum, Chrysanthemum Jlore purpurea :
nothing else new.

January 10. From Jacob Bigelow, No. 434 — 460 —
nothing new.

A gentleman (George Ticknoe,) intends to travel
through France and Germany, as a lover of science. I
give letters along, to Beauvois, Persoon, Sprengel,
ScHWAEGERicHEN, &c., with my catalogue, and a num-
ber of dubious plants, — chiefly Fucus, Conferva, Musci,
Umbellatae, and Gramina, — in hopes of hearing some-
thing certain.

Probably our Dr. B. S. Barton goes next March, and
intends to return in November, from Germany, France,
and England, — with the riches of the old world, and all
the information he can collect.

Mr. CoRREA DE Serra, — who has been from New
England to Kentucky, with a very observing eye, — re-
turns also to France. How much will he hear, in a
short time, by such united labors of Botanists and
Naturalists !

I have written so much, that I am afraid of having tired
you. Remember my best respects to Mrs. Baldwin, to
Mr. Oemler, and, when you write, to Mr. Le Conte :
and favor me soon with your continued observations.

I i-emain unchangeably, sir, your most obedient and
sincere friend, H. M.

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Savannah, February 13, 1815.
Dear Sir: Your letter of January 20, was duly re-
ceived; but our daily expectation of an attack from the
enemy — and the confusion thereby produced — prevent-
ed an immediate reply. Beside attending to my profes-

161

sional duties, I have been laboring on the fortifications,
which, through the unremitted industry of the citizens,
and others, are now nearly completed ; and will, I hope,
render this city safe from the grasp of a foe, who has
ceased to respect the usages of civilized warfare. Mr.
Le Conte has, almost ever since I wrote last, been em-
ployed as an engineer; but informed me, a few days
ago, that he should embrace the first leisure moment to
write to you.

Having just ascertained that Mr. Benjamin Trevett,
late of the U. S. Navy, sets out to-mori'ow, in a chaise,
for Washington, — I will once more venture to send you
a small packet, directed to the care of Dr. Ott; hoping
that it will not share the fate of the former one. * *

1520. Poly gala. This, Le Conte says, is the true
corymhosa, Mx. cymosa, Walt, and different fi'om 1013,
which he calls praealla. They are certainly distinct.

1531. Gentiana. This varies considerably. It is
sometimes much branched: I have even seen it sup-
porting 23 flowers. *****

Le Conte has just been here, looking over the speci-
mens I have put up — and renewing his promise to write
to you. Mr. Oemler's Algae shall be farther attended
to; but I am sorry to inform you, that many of them
are rotten, for want of care.

Mr. Le Conte supposes that Brickell's Gnaphalium
luteum was an Inula! I have a G. nodosum,, which is
probably new, from Florida. The specimens are so
large, that I cannot send any now. Of the numbers that
you wish information upon, I will endeavor to satisfy
you as soon as possible. To some of them, I have ven-
tured to give names, — all which shall be submitted to
you. Of Coreoj9Sis, I have several doubtful: To one, I
have given the name of teretifoUa from the singular
form of the leaf.

Most of my Grasses, and two volumes of Phanero-
14*

162

gamia, have been left at St. Mary's, with Mr. Gibson ;
and I have not yet heard whether they have fallen into
the hands of the enemy. The best part of our furniture
was likewise left, and may have been destroyed, — as
we have understood, in general, that no respect was
paid to private property.
I am, dear sir, most sincerely your friend,

W. B.

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN. •

Lancaster, March 16, 1815.
Dear Sir : My last letter to you was dated January 20,
in answer to your very acceptable one of the 3d, Since
that time, you have had hard times, at Savannah. God
be praised that the danger went over, and that peace at
last was made. I felt for you, in particular, — and for
our friends at St. Mary's, and Cumberland : And now I
begin to wish anxiously to hear from you soon. My
friend, Mr. Zaccheus Collins, at Philadelphia, opposite
Christ Church, has offered me kindly to receive and
forward any packet for me, from the Southward ; and I
have desired him to look over any thing coming for me,
and add his observations. He has an excellent botani-
cal eye, — and is a second Baldwin. From Mr. Ste-
phen Elliott I had no letter since last November. Do
you know any thing from him, — or of Mr. John Le

CONTE.

Although I have put too many queries to you, in my
last letter, I will add some more for a future day. Take
your own time. Every new observation will give me
great satisfaction. Specimens will be in particular
pleasing — and seeds:

1. Of any plant not mentioned in my Catalogue.

2. Such as were sent in imperfect specimens.

163

3. Gramina^ Calamaria, Aster, SoUdago, Prunus, Lia-
tris, Planera.

4. If possible, let the Genera be together in natural
classes : Phancrogamia, Cryptogamia, Frutices, Her-
baceae, Gramina.

5. If you give me leave to choose, I prefer some of
those mentioned in your Cakndarium : Jvncus mariti-
vius, TrifoUiim pumilum, Asclepias fra grans, Ruellia par-
vijlora. Psoralen simpUcifolia, Galega tcrnala, Gerardia
aphylla, Liatris lanceolata, CoUinsonia — every species,
except Canadensis, — with the time of flowering.

I have lately received some notice of Puksh's Flora,
published in England. I anxiously wish to see it. He
has examined, in London, beside Clayton's, the Her-
barium of Frasek, — with Walter's plants. * • * *
Probably, of many dubious plants, we will now get a
certain nomenclature. However, he has left a great
number to future investigation. All Cryptogamia, ex-
cept Filices, are left untouched.

Quite unexpectedly, a long lost packet has arrived
from you, directed to Dr. Ott, at Georgetown, — con-
taining numbers 1472 — 1510. The plants were in pretty
good order, and I thank you sincerely for them. They
are, as far as I can judge at their fii'st examination :

1474. Caladium speciosmn, Elliott; but I cannot dis-
tinguish it from Arum Virginicum. * » »

1489. Centunculus — hardly distinct from the Euro-
pean.

1491. Trifolium Carolinianinn : how does it differ
ivom y ouv pumilum J * * * » *

The Panica, sent in letters, are very dubious to me ;
and this genus deserves particular notice. The Nyssae,
described by Michaux, I am also uncertain about, — ^for
want of the female plants. Have you a real Ayssa to-
mentosa? Your 1500 is only N.candicans. I have no
Nyssa, alive, figured by Wangenheim as N. denticulata.

164

Your numbers, formerly mentioned, arc still belonging
to the Adversaria. * » * » *

Your Carolina Asteres, and Solidagines, you will not
forget to show to Mr. Le Conte, — who has examined
the American species with great accui'acy. I have
many from Europe, collected in Botanical Gardens ; but
still, of the described, some are wanting in my Herb-
arium.

Have you determined to remain in Georgia, or may
we expect to see you return "i

My health has been pretty good ; but writing is rather
troublesome to my head. Have, therefore, patience
with me ; and forgive the short letters which only I can
write.

I remain with unchangeable esteem, and by best res-
pects to Mrs. Baldwin,

Sir, your most obedient and sincere friend,

H. M.

P. S. Spring has just begun; but only three Phanero-
gamia have appeared in flower: — Alsine media, Poa
annua, and Eupliorhia helioscopia.

DR. Bj^ldwin to db. biuhlenberg.

Savannah, April 12, 1815.
Dear Sir : On my arrival in this city, a few days ago,
fx'om St. Mary's, I had the pleasure to receive your let-
ter of the 16th ult. which, as usual, has given me great
pleasure. ^ I am glad that the lost packet has been found,
and that you are interested with some of the specimens.
But I find that my letter of the 13th of February, which
accompanied a packet forwarded to Washington by Mr.
Trevett, had not come to hand. I should have written
again, long before this time, had it not been for the dif-
ficulty of the times, I have been several weeks at St,

165

Mary's, on business, since the enemy evacuated that
place ; and have been other ways unexpectedly occu-
pied. A good opportunity of forwarding a packet to
Philadelphia, by my friend Mr. Shoemaker, has just
been lost, in consequence of my long absence to the
southward ; and Mr. Elliott left my house only three
days before my arrival : so that I have been much dis-
appointed in not seeing him. But as peace has again
blessed our shores, the opportunity of sending packets,
I hope, will be frequent. I have not made up my mind
to return to the northward, — nor shall I determine any
thing until I hear from the Navy Department. This
southern climate has been, thus far, so congenial to my
health, that I shall perhaps return to St. Mary's; or,
should I leave the service of the U. States, go still
farther south. But I desire much to see my friends in
the north ; and, should I receive a furlough, I may pay
them a summer visit.

Of Abbott's drawings, in the library, I tind the fol-
lowing numbers, — many of which are imperfect, as
well as the numbers deficient. * * • *

261. Gerardia Afzelia. This was No. 30, in my draw-
ings : but it cannot be a Gerardia, as it is truly Pentan-
drous. It ought to be made a new genus. » « »
Caladiuin speciosum, Elliott. I hope I shall soon have it
in my power to decide upon this plant, — as, what I take
to be your Arum Virginicum, I have found here. * * *

With respect to the Insects, that are drawn upon these
plants, I do not feel qualified to give you a correct Cata-
logue ; and Mr. Oemler does not appear to be familiar
with them. I shall review them all again, when more
at leisure. Mrs. B. can assist me ; but the cares of a
family have induced her to neglect very much her favo-
rite pursuit. »«*«**

Among other specimens of plants which Oemler
brought from Virginia, I find Echium vulgare. Can it
be native 1

* 166

It has not been in my power to make out a Calenda-
rium of the Mosses, during the late winter of alarms, —
as I was mostly confined within the lines. From the
observations I have made, the greatest number of Mosses
are in perfection in this climate, the latter end of Janu-
ary, and the beginning of February, Some of the ge-
nera may be found in perfection for several months :
as Trichostomum palUdurn, — which is now, and was in
January, in complete perfection. I shall mention a
few, along with the continuation of my Calendarium. —
Of Filices, I still have very few.
1815. Jan. 8. Bartonia verna in flower.

" 18. Dug up, at the Fortifications, a glass
snake, and lizard \_Lacerta BuUaris],
— both alive. The Mercury, in Fah-
renheit, 58.°
January 24. Alsine media in flower.
Febrttary 11. Samhucus Canadensis has put forth its
leaves.
" 18. Gelsemium nitidum (yellow Jasmine)

flowering.
" 19. Viola cucullata, Jungermannia.
" 25. Cercis Canadensis ; Marchantia ; Hypnum ;
Fumaria ; Leskea, — all in perfection. —
The young shoots of Poke (Phytolacca
decandraj fit for the table.
" 26. Amygdalus Persica ; Ruhus procumhens.
March 3. Sonchus oleraceus.

" 5. Trillium sessile ; Veronica peregrina.

" 7. Amaryllis Atamasco ; Pyrus arbutifolia.

" 10. ChrysogonumVirginianum; Acer ruhrum.

" 18. Corydalis lutea in flower and seed, on

Cumberland Island. * r »

" 20. St. Mary''s: Pinguicula pumila ; Brous-

sonetia papyrifera; Plantago Virginica;

Samolus Valerandi; Datura Stramonium.

167

March 22. Poly gala lutea ; Cymhidium piilchellum.
" 24. Oka Americana ; Andromeda ferruginca.
♦' 27. Cor nus Florida ; Anona parvijlora ; Sal-
via lyrata; Anona triloba; Vaccinium
arhoreum.
•' 31. Melia Azedarach.
J have also the pleasure to inform you, that on the
25th of February, I met with the Targiojiia, floating on
the water, — but without any appearance of fructification.
It now exhibits something like fructification. What is
the Porella, that you speak of 1 I have no recollection
of it.

1-191. Trifolium Carolinianum. Probably the same as
lYiy pu7nilum : But my pumilum is cauiis erectus, and
very small,— perhaps owing to the poverty of the soil.

1508, Buchnera — ^always angustifoUa. Le Conte sup-
poses only a variety of Americana.

I found my grasses, and other specimens, left in St.
Blary's, undisturbed by the enemy. My household fur-
niture,— with the exception of a large looking-glass, and
some other furniture where I had kept the U. States
medical stores, — Avas all safe. The looking-glass they
broke to pieces for amusement! I found the city al-
most a desolation. It had been plundered of public and
private property to the amount of near half a million of
dollars. A great deal of private property, not taken
away, was wantonly destroyed. At Dungeness, on
Cumberland, the devastation was comparatively trifling.
About 300 lemon trees, and some fig trees, that inter-
fered with the fortifications of the enemy, were cut
down. The valuable sugar works of Mr. Spalding, on
Sapelo, remain safe.

On the 16th of February, I wrote to Dr. Barton, —
but have not yet received any answer. Pray, has he
gone to Europe! Mr. Le Conte left Savannah, for

168

Riceborough, about the middle of last month, and I
have not heard from him since. He told me that, im-
mediately upon his return, he would write to you. I
shall visit him, shortly, — as I have engaged to assist him
in putting up a long Catalogue of southern specimens
for a German Botanist, at Salem, N. Carolina (whose
name I cannot now recollect), who has written for
them.

Thi'ough the blessing of a kind Providence, we are
all in good health ; and Mrs. B. joins with me in wish-
ing for you that distinguished blessing. That you may
yet live many years, is the anxious wish of your ever
sincere and affectionate friend, W. B.

P. S. The day on which your letter is dated (March
16,) I was on board of Gun Vessel 168, on my way to
St. Mary's. Notwithstanding the peace, we were at-
tacked, off Warsaw Island, by a 32 gun ship belonging
to His Britannic Majesty; — the commander of which,
although we had politely informed him who we were,
threatened to sink us ; and fired several shot into us !
A musket ball passed within a few inches of sailing
master Hubbard's breast, and was evidently aimed at
him. This insult to our flag was offered by one Bar-
tholomew, who commanded the Erebus Bomb Ship ;
and who, when he found (although his force was so
vastly superior^ we could not be bullied with impunity,
made an awkward apology, and we separated. (En-
closed is a little Targionia 1 )

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Savannali, April 27, 1815.
Dear Sir : Along with this you will receive the fol-
lowing specimens:
1551. Ludu'igia. This, Mr. Elliott calls Dir^afa. How

169

does it differ from alternifolia ? It is sometimes caulis
ramosus.

1558. Rosa laevigata, Mxl Cultivated here, and call-
ed "Cherokee Rose." In Charleston, it is best known
by the name of "Nondescript Rose." When in Charles-
ton, I was informed that it had been introduced there by
John Bartram,* as a Nondescript, many years ago-,
hence called noyi descripta. It is, in my estimation, the
most beautiful of all the Roses. It runs and climbs to a
great extent: and when in full bloom, the flowers are so
numerous, that, at a little distance, they appear like a
perfect white sheet. Mr. Elliott has made use of it
for hedging, on his plantation, on Ogochee. * *

I am still often at a loss to know what are the plants
in your Catalogue, for want of the descriptions. If you
would be so good as to note the authors, for such of my
specimens as are not found in Willdenow, it would be
a great assistance to me: and when not in your Cata-
logue, please to inform me, — as the same plant is often
known by different names. * * » *

A few days ago, I received a letter from Dr. Barton,
in which he informs me that he was on the eve of going
to Europe, for his health.

Mrs. B. has been trying her hand at drawing the Aza-
leas. Copies shall be sent to you, if you desire it.

"With unchangeable esteem, I remain, my dear sir,
Your sincere friend, W. B.

P. S. Asarum foetidum, mihi. I found this on Flint
river. The flowers are extremely foetid, and more than
twice as large as the Virginicum, or Canadense. The
smell of the flower, when recent, is as disagreeable as
flesh in a state of putrefaction.

[*This tends to confirm the opinion, expressed by Touret and
GttAT, in the Flora of N. America, Vol. 1, p. 462.]
15

no

DR, BALDWIN TO DR. MUHLENBERG.

Savannah, May 7, 1815.

Dear Sir : I wrote to you on the 27th ultimo, and sent
the letter, along with a packet, to Philadelphia, in the
schooner Economy, Capt. Stubbs, directed to the care
of Zaccheus Collins. It has since happened through
the vicissitudes of fortune, in this world of ever-varying
events, that, irstead of returning either North or South,
I go to Bermuda along with Thomas Spaitlding, Esq., a
Commissioner of the United States, for the purpose of
obtaining property that has been carried away, by our
late enemy, contrary to the Treaty. I go as Secretary,
as well as Surgeon, upon this mission. As well as Ber-
muda, we expect to visit Jamaica, the Havanna, — and
perhaps some other places. We shall most probably
sail to-moiTow ; and I am hurrying to prepare for the
voyage, — having had very short notice.

I was in great hopes to have heard from you, before we
sailed: But, as the time is short, I give you this informa-
tion to enable you, should you think proper, to direct a
letter of instructions to me at Kingston, Jamaica;
whither I suppose we shall repair, after remaining
some time in Bermuda. We hope to accomplish the
voyage in about three months. As Mrs. B. will remain
here until my return, your answers to my late letters
may be sent to Savannah, as usual. Wliatever I can do
for Botany, while among the Islands, shall be done, —
and the result made known to you as early as possible.

Hoping that you continue in the enjoyment of health,
I remain, my dear sir, your ever affectionate friend,

W. B.

171

DR. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, May 11, 1815.

Dear Sir : 1 was very happy to receive your letter of
the 12th of April last, and to hear of your health. The
other letter you mention, of the 13th of February, by the
way of Washington, and Mr. Trevett, has not come.
Probably the packages by vessels, and addressed to
Zaccheus Collins, at Philadelphia, will come safer and
quicker. I had written to Mr. Stephen Elliott, April
10, but have heard nothing of him since. Is he returned
to Charleston'?

The Rev. Mr. Van Vleck, my friend at Salem, has
been at Lancaster, and will return next month to Salem ;
and will be very glad to get some Southern plants, —
which, he mentioned, are more scarce with them, than
the plants of the Flora Virginica Gronovii.

His companion, Von Schweinitz, has sent 56 crypto-
gamous plants — chiefly Fungi — with his own names,
named in a work printed in Germany. Some are new
to me ; — and others known to me, but hitherto not
named in my Catalogue. He will be an excellent cor-
respondent, for cryptogamous plants. Doctor Persoon
informs, in a late letter to me, dated in February, 1815,
that he had sent me his nomenclature in a former letter,
to Dr. Barton ; — which, unluckily, has never come to
my hands, — as several others, under cover to the Doctor.
He is now gone to France. May success attend him !
and may he return to enrich Botany, for the lovers of
science in general.

Should you pay a visit to our northern climate, do not
forget us, at Lancaster. I will be very happy to see
you, and compare notes. Mr. Collins will also be
anxious to see you. He is a most excellent Botanist. —
I have a promise to see him at Lancaster some time in
June. The Philadelphians are much pleased with the

172

study of Botany, and have a number of lectures. Mr.
CoRREA DE Serra reads lectures with great applause.

Mr. Le Conte has promised something to our North
Carolina friends ; and, by your last letter, you will have
an opportunity to see his collection, and compare his
observations with yours. Remember my best respects
to him, — and add my wishes to see some of his plants,
not known in Pennsylvania.

Mr. PuRSH has not returned from England; nor has
his Flora Americae arrived in our parts. As he has com-
pared the Herbaria of the Erasers, I expect some elu-
cidations of Walter's Flora,' — which I long to see. In-
deed, an American new Edition of Walter, with Sy-
nonyms, would be a great acquisition : and who can
give such explanations better than the new Southern
Constellation 1

For the continuation of your Caleyidarium, I thank you
sincerely. If it is too troublesome, mention only such
as you had not before. You will always find a few. * *
What is Prinos coriaceus, Brickelll The "-TargioniaV
deserves particular notice. Porella, L. and Dillen, I
take only for a Jungermannia. * * * Coreopsis,
1502, is dichotorna, Mx. — gladiata, Walter, being the
older name, received in my Catalogue. In a Catalogus
it would be better to keep both names. We have
Dracocephalum denticulatum at the Susquehanna. Spe-
ciosum, Pursh, is larger, — comes from Ohio; but I
could never distinguish it sufficiently from Virginianum,
foliis acuminatis, argute serratis. The third species
comes from Georgia; and that I took for variegatum
(Prasiuml Walter). I wish you to compare Walter's
three species.

When you have seen Mr. Le Conte's Herbarium, you
will oblige me much by informing me of his names.
He has an Epilobiumlacvi gat um . What may this be ■? —
Persoon informs me, in his last letter, that nothing of

173

the Species Plantarum, Willd. has been printed, after
Filices. The Musci were left in manuscript, Messrs.
ScHWAEGERiCHEN & Floerke were engaged to finish the
Mosses and Lichens. The former has written the sup-
plementa on Hedwig,— and he has generally my speci-
mens, sent long ago to him. Floerke is well known to
me ; — a good Lichenographer. Persoon had the offer
to finish the Fungi and Algae; but is uncertain whether
he will accept. He has about 300 specimens of Fungi,
sent by me, — and Confervae, and Fuci, as far as I could
find them. His names to my specimens have not come
to my hands. Should they arrive, I will give them
according to our old numbers.

My Calendarium, this year, shows little difference
from other years. The Morus alba has just begun to
open the flowers full; now all frost is gone, — and not
before. — I will give you a list, as they began this year:
March 7. Alsine media. Poa annua.
" 16. Hydrocotyle bipinnala.
" 23. Viola odorata. Salix rubra, C.
" 28. Iris Persica, C. Crocus vernalis, C.
" 31. The Martins.
April 2. Hyacinthus, C.

" 7. Ribes spinosissima. West America. Carex

peduncularis. Amygdalus Persica.
" 8. Arabis bulbosa,jt. viotacea. Clupea alosa ap-
pears.
" 11. Fumaria Cucullaria.
" 12. Pyrus Botryupium^ Oats sown. Plantago

cordata^
" 13. Thalictrum dioicum. Mitella diphylla.
" 14. Glechoma heieracea. Prunus Cerasus. Thlas-

pi Bursa Pastoris.
" 16. Prunus domestica, C. Pyrus communis, C.
" 17. Trillium sessile.

" 18. Sambucus pubens. Leontodon. Fritillaria, C.
15*

174

April 19. Fragaria.

20. Viola rostrata. TrolUus. Dodecatheon.

21. Malus,C. Viola phliqua, palmata. Convallaria
majaliSfC Chelidonium majus. Dentaria.

Vinca..

23. Swallows. Veronica peregrina.

25. Caltha. Erytlironium. Claytonia. Ranun-
culus repe7is,fascicula?'is.

28. Verbena AuUetia.

29. Amsonia. Hydrastis^

May 3. Scandix dulcis. Veronica scrpyllifolia, ar-
vensis, agrestis. Staphylea. Fumaria glau-
ca, et aurca.
" 5 Euphorbia helioscopia. Plantago lanccolata.
" 7. Iris cristata.
" 8. Lonicera villosa.
" 10. Morus alba. Trifolium pratense.
The official business, — which^ near Whitsuntide, is
rather too much on me, — liinders from adding more. —
May you preserve your health, and not forget your
faithful friend. My best compliments to Mrs. Baldwin.
Affectionately I remain your most obedient and sin-
cere friend

HENRY MUHLENBERG.*

DR. BALDWIN TO DR. BIUHLENBERG.

St. George''s, Bermuda, May 30, 1815.
Dear Sir : We reached this little spot in the great

[*This is the last letter from Dr. Muhlenberg to Dr. Baldwin ;
— and is among the latest, if not the last, ever written, by that dis-
tinguished Botanist and most estimable man; inasmuch as he died on
the 23rd of May, 1815 — only twelve days subsequent to the date of
tiiis.]

175

ocean, on the 19th inst. after a passage of nine days,—
in which nothing worthy of notice occurred.

I have not had much leisure to Botanize ; and many
of the small Islands that constitute this group contain, of
shrubby plants, hardly anything but "Cedar" ( Juni-
perus BarbadensislJ, and the "Wild Sage" ( Lantana
odorata). These abound throughout all the Islands;
and the former constitutes the principal value of the land,
here,— as scarcely anything is cultivated. The main
Island is more rich,— and contains of spontaneous
growth, the Papaw, Calabash tree, Celt is occidentalis, Cal-
licarpa Americana, Viburnum, Andromeda, Ascyrum,
Chamaerops Palmetto (which, next to the "Cedar," is the
most valuable, for the manufacture of hats), Rhus radi-
cans, Ampelopsis quinqucfolia, — with some others un-
known to me. The Marine plants, that I have seen,
are mostly found on the Sea Islands of Georgia ; — as the
"Samphire" (Saholal) Cakile maritime, Buphthalmum
frutescens, Zapania nndijlora, &c. Among the native an-
nual and biennial plants, I find Anagallis arvensis. Sal-
via, Sisyrinchium Bermudianum, Arenaria serpyllifoUa,
Alsine media, Asclepias Curassavica, Verbascum Thapsus,
Medicago sativa, M. lupulina, Plantago major, P. lanceo-
lala, Plantago, with lanceolate woolly leaves ; Verbena
Jamaicensis? this is partially shrubby; Sonckus olera-
csus, Leontodon Taraxacum, Ranunculus 7-epians ? Da-
tura Stramonium, Lamium amplexicaule, and anoiher spe-
cies; Stnebiera incisa, Sida rhombifolia (shrubby); Eu-
phorbia, 2 species. Erysimum, Daucus Carota, Urtica,
Acalypha Caroliniana, Malva rotundijolia, and Carolini-
ana, Bidens, Erigeron Canadense (not in flower). Cactus,
Lepidium Virginicum, Argemone Mexicana, Oxalis corni-
culata, Matricaria 7 Dichondra Carolinensis, Portulaca
oleracea, Atriplex hortensis, Passijlora (not in flower),
Phytolacca decandra, Salicornia, Ipomaea Bona nox, Sola-
num nigrum, Galium, Polymnia Uvedalia, <^c. — Of Gras-

176

ses, I havo noticed Chloris petraea, Paspalum, Panicum
glaucum, and other species ; Agrostis Indica, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Digitaria Dactylon (Bermuda grass), and
a few others. — Of Ferns, there are a few very beautiful ;
as Pteris, Asplenium, Adiantum, Osmunda, c^c. of which,
as well as Phanerogamia and Grasses, I shall carry
home, and transmit to you as soon as possible, — with all
the information that I can obtain.

Of cultivated Plants, I found much fewer than I ex-
pected. In Governor Cockburn's garden there are sev-
eral Date trees; but they have never borne fruit, — I sup-
pose for want of the staminate plants. He has one
Apple tree, — the only one 1 have seen m all the Bermu-
das. Grapes and Figs succeed well, — but are little at-
tended to. I have seen a Fig tree, which they say is a
native ; but I cannot distinguish it from the cultivated
one. It is found, however, like the Coffea, in the Islands.
Peach trees are said to succeed well. The Olive f Oka
Europaea) grows large, — ^but is barren. There are a
few of the Pride of China trees (Melia AzedarachJ, — and
they are still flowering.

Circumstances have occurred which prevent our go-
ing to Jamaica, &:c. and to-morrow we intend sailing
for Savannah.

With great esteem, I remain, dear sir,

Your sincere friend, W. B.

P. S. I send this via Alexandria, in the brig Eliza;
and hope that you will receive it in good time.

DR. BALDWIN TO FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, M. D.

Savannah, June 28, 1815.
Dear Sir : On my arrival in Charleston, S. C. from
Bermuda, I received the mournful intelligence of the
death of your venerable father : and after reaching my

177

place of abode, in this city, a few days after, I had the
melancholy satisfaction to find a letter from him, dated
the 11th of May,— which forever closed a correspond-
ence that had been to me a source of the most interesting
pleasure. I now, my dear sir, solicit the correspond-
ence the 9on, — in wh(jm I hope I shall find the best sub-
stitute for the loss of the father. I am the more readily
induced to make this solicitation, as it appeared to be
the wish of your father, that you should continue the
correspondence, when he should be no more. In a let-
ter which I received from him, dated the 15th of April,
1814, he informed me that you, having finished your
Medical education, would assist him in Botany, — and
recommended you to me, as one with whom I might
afterwards expect to correspond.

You will therefore, I know, excuse the liberty I take
in thus addressing you ; — and inform me in what way I
can render you any assistance, in the prosecution of the
study of Botany ; — or in the publication of your father's
posthumous works, — which I presume will be an object
of your early attention. Messrs. Elliott and Le C'onte
will also lend their aid, if required.

As I have seen no particulars of the sickness and
death of your amiable Father, — will you be so good as
to gratify me witli a short account ] I published a brief,
imperfect tribute to his memory, in the Savannah Re-
publican of the 24th inst., having only seen a short notice
in a Charleston paper.

May the lovers of Botany, throughout the United States,
do honor to his memory by walking in his footsteps!
He was not only worthy of imitation, for that most
active zeal and industry, which characterized him the
Linnaeus of our Country, — but also for that unbounded
liberality of sentiment, which he uniformly manifested
towards his contemporaries : and which ought ever to
distinguish the genuine Christian Philosopher, and Na-

178

turalist, from the narrow-minded despot in science, who
would exalt his own fame even at the expense of those
around him. However we must deplore the loss of such
a character, it is consoling to reflect, that he attained to
a good old age, and has left a name behind which will be
transmitted along with those of Linnaeus, Willdenow,
and others, to the end of time.

Wishing you all happiness, — and hoping to hear from
you soon, — I am, my dear sir, most respectfully your
friend, W. B.

P. S. I wrote to your Father from Savannah, the 27th
April, the 7th May, and from Bermuda the 30th, which
of course, were not received in time.

DR. BALDWIN TO F. A. MUHLENBEKG, M. D.

Savannah, September 13, 1815.

Deak Sir: I wrote to you on the 28th of June, and as I
have received no letter, am fearful that mine may have
miscarried. At all events, I hope you will excuse the
liberty I take, in troubling you a second time. Very
anxious I have been to hear from you, after having cor-
responded so long with your excellent Father. But,
should it not be convenient for you to continue the cor-
respondence, will you have the goodness to inform me
of the particulars of your Father's death, — and in what
manner, and when, will his Botanical works be published!
The notices taken of your Father, in the Analectic
Magazine, and Port Folio, — which I have observed with
great pleasure, — are pi oofs of the high estimation in
which he is deservedly held by his countrymen.

I continue to make collections of plants; and would
fain hope to add a little more to your Father's large
collection. Pray excuse the liberty I take, — who am,
Dear sir, most respectfully &c., W. B.

179

VR. f . A. MUHLENBERG TO DR. BALDWIN.

Lancaster, September 19, 1815.

Dear Sir: On account of absence from Lancaster, for
a considerable length of time, I had not the pleasure of
seeing your letter of the 28th of June, until a few days
previous to this date.

The distressing event of my father's death, has left
me almost inconsolable ; and the numbers of papers, and
letters, which I have been under the necessity of ex-
amining, has kept my mind in continual anxiety and
regret. During his lifetime, he frequently observed to
me, that I should cultivate your acquaintance, and con-
sider you as a friend ; that he himself had derived great
advantages from your correspondence ; and that, of all
his friends, he valued and esteemed you the most. But
circumstances are changed. As highly as I should esti-
mate your correspondence, I have not the vanity to
suppose that my communications could, in any manner,
be interesting to you, — particularly in the science of
Botany; — as I am, as yet, but a very young student, —
my professional avocations demanding the greatest poi'-
tion of my time. But, sir, if you would occasionally
condescend to appropriate a very small portion of your
time to me, I should forever be indebted to you, — al-
though there are few prospects of repaying your kind-
ness, except with gratitude.

As far as respects my father's posthumous works,
there is one on the Grasses, which will be published in
a short time ; perhaps during the winter — at farthest, in
the spring. It is in the hands of Mr. S. W. Conrad, of
Philadelphia. The work is not very extensive ; but
will nevertheless form a volume, in octavo, of about
two hundred and fifty pages. You will find, after its
publication, that my late father has done justice to your
research. There is also a Flora Lancastriensis, or a

180

uberior descriptio of the plants that are found in the
neighborhood of Lancaster: — a work which, although
it contains not much new matter, would be highly use-
ful to the student of Botany ; — as the descriptions are
minute, and very exact; being taken from the living
specimens. What would have been interesting to the
Botanist, has been inserted into the works of Willde-
Now, and others; and frequently without giving my
father due credit for it.

As much as I am desirous of seeing it published, (for
it has been in ohscuro too long,) yet, as I have not met
with sufficient inducements, or encouragement to pub-
lish it, I believe I shall retain it until the book on Grasses
is finished, in order to see the reception it meets with.
What would be your opinion concerning its publication 1
There is another work — rather in a confused state —
which would demand a good compiler, a good Botanist,
and one who was somewhat acquainted with the Ger-
man language,— as some of the observations are in that
language, which would have to be translated. It is the
description of the North American Plants, — exclusive of
those which are indigenous to Lancaster. This, no
doubt, contains much original matter.

The Herbarium I shall retain,— although frequent ap-
plications have been made to me concerning its dis-
posal. ***** I believe
the Philosophical Society would be willing to possess it, —
as several of its members have made application to me,
concerning it. It would certainly be a desirable cir-
cumstance, to have it in a situation where the public
could be benefitted by it.*

During the latter part of my father's life, he was very
much predisposed to Apoplexy. He had several attacks

[*The Het barium subsequently came into the possession of the
American Philosophical Societi/, at Philadelphia, where it now is.]

181

of the disease. The predisposition increased, as he ad-
vanced in age, until the last fatal attack, which put a
period to his valuable existence. Early in the morning
of the 23d of May, he felt symptoms of an approaching
paroxysm : he complained of a difficulty of hearing and
seeing, which was soon followed by a paralysis of the
tongue : he soon after became comatose, and remained
in that state until in the evening of the same day, at 8
o'clock, when he suddenly expired in a convulsive state.

He was born November 17, 1753, in New Providence,
Montgomery county. His father was Henry Muhlen-
berg,—at that time Minister of the German Lutheran
Congregation, in Philadelphia. In 1763, he was sent to
Europe, in order to be educated for the Church, in the
University of Halle. In 1770, having finished his educa-
tion, he returned to America. Finding that Botany, in
North America, displayed a vast field of inquiry, he very
soon engaged in its study with ardor and perseverance ;
in which he was assisted by his European friends, Hed-
wiG, Schrebek, and others. Whether any thing has been
done by him for the advancement of Botany, and Sci-
ence in general, candor may decide.

I remain, my dear sir, with th-e greates"t esteem,
Your humble servant,

F. A. MUHLENBERG.

DR. BALDWIN TO F. A. MUHLENBERG, M. D,

Savannah, October 8, 1815.
Dear Sir: Your letter dated the 19th ult. I had the
pleasure to receive a few days ago. It gives me much
satisfaction to find, that, although you are unable to de-
vote a great portion of your time to the science of
Botany, a correspondence will be agreeable.
I, too, am only a student of Botany, and a practitioner
16

182

of Medicine ; and can only devote a portion, — some-
times a very small portion — of my time, to that charm-
ing science. Much depends upon our habits of indus-
try, and the manner in which we economize our time.

BoEEHAAVE, Darwin, WITHERING, and many others,
accomplished much for Botany, as well as for science
in general; and were, nevertheless, laborious Practi-
tioners of Medicine.

But, my dear friend, whatever may be the bent of your
inclination, which is to regulate your pui-suits in life, —
be assured, I shall ever esteem it a pleasure to corres-
pond with the son of Henry Muhlenberg.

I am glad to hear that your father's valuable work on
the Grasses is already in the hands of the printer. With
respect to the publication of the Flora Lancastriensis, —
would it not be advisable to issue proposals for publisli-
ing by subscription 1 This is the mode which our lit-
erary friends, here, recommend: and I feel confident
that a large subscription could be obtained in this South-
ern country. I would cheerfully undertake to disti'ib-
ute the proposals, and to obtain subscribers. This work
would enable us to compare the plants of Georgia and
South Carolina with those of Pennsylvania; and, from
the accuracy with which I know the plants arc describ-
ed, would in every point of view, be highly interesting
here, — as well as to the student of Botany in Pennsyl-
vania.

The sooner these valuable works are published, the
sooner will the plagiarisms of European Botanists be
exposed. The publication of the last woi'k you men-
tion,— which I suppose must be the largest,— might be
delayed a little longer: — Not longer, however, than it
may take to prepai*e it completely for the press, — should
proper encouragement be given to the preceding works.
For this work, I would gladly prepare more particular
descriptions of some plants which your father received

183

from me, and adopted as new species. The names of
a few of them, which I gave in too much haste, I would
change: for example, Eryngium tenue (see the supple-
ment to your father's catalogue). Tenue is a correct
name ; but as there is a foreign E. tenue — a different
species, — I would call mine, Eryngium polycephalum :
and so of some others, to be noticed another time.

You are, I presume, sufficiently acquainted with the
German language, to make the necessary translations:
and would nut Z. Collins answer, for the Botanist, and
Compiler"!

I highly approve of your resolution to retain the
Herbarium. . * * » *

Accept my best thanks for the Biographical notices of
your father, which you have been so good as to give
me. Any thing relating to him will alwa)'s be dear to
my recollection. In May, 1811, — the only time I had
the pleasure of seeing him, — he gave me a similar ac-
count of the commencement of his career in life ; with
some interesting anecdotes of his beginning, and pro-
gress, in the study of Botany.

When you have leisure, I shall be happy to hearfrom
you. In the mean time I remain, dear sir, with the
greatest esteem, your sincere friend,

W. B.

P. S. Please to present my best respects to Mrs.
HuFFNAGLE and Mrs. Musser.

DR. BALDWIN TO F. A. MUHLENBERG, M. D.

Savannah, April 23, 1816.

Dear Sir: I expected, before this time, to have heard

of the publication of your father's work on the Grasses.

"Will you be so good as to inform me how it progresses?

It will give me great pleasure to receive a copy of it as

184

soon as possible. Mr. Elliott is about to publish a
Flora of South Carolina and Georgia^ by subscription, —
and has, I believe, obtained a great many subscribers.
Have you seen the work that has been published by
PuRSH, in England ? and in what estimation is it held 1
Mr. NuTTALL, an English Botanist, who paid us a visit
last fall, informed me that it contained numerous errors.
NuTTALL spoke of publishing a new edition of it ; but I
have not heard from him since he left this place for
Philadelphia. With esteem I remain,

My dear sir, your friend,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO A. B. LAMBERT, ESQ., VICE PRESIDENT OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON.

Savannah, February 7, 1817.

Sir : Your letter of the 3d of June last, reached me on
the 6th of August. I was then confined on a sick bed,
and continued unable, for several months, to make any
acknowledgment for so kind and unexpected a favor.
In November, I began to put you up some specimens ;
but before I could finish, the state of my health — as well
as urgent business — obliged me to go to St. Mary's.
Here I was unexpectedly detained, without any oppor-
tunity of even acknowledging the receipt of your letter.
Having at last returned in good health, it will afford
me great pleasure to comply with your request: and
although I may fail to answer your expectations, I will
at least be a punctual correspondent. My thanks are
due to Mr. Nuttall, for having introduced me to your
notice. That I may be able to reciprocate your favors,
is my anxious wish ; and no exertions to do so shall be
wanting.

For a beginning, I have put you up 300 specimens, to

185

be forwarded the first opportunity. In order to obtain
your observations, I have numbered the specimens, and
occasionally added a few queries. As some of the
plants that I now forward, may be already known to
you, I take the liberty to request that you will freely
make your comments upon them, and correct me when
you find I am in error. I have many new and doubtful
plants to send, when our correspondence becomes es-
tablished. I am chiefly anxious, at present, to investi-
gate the plants of my native country: but am very
desirous to ascertain what plants of other countries cor-
respond with ours. For example, we have Callitriche
vcrna, Gratlola officinalis, Syena Jlicviatilis, Hottonia pa-
lustris, Lycopus EuJ-opaeus-, Ckrasliumvulgatum, C. semi'
decandrum, C. arvense, Isnardia palustris, Nymphaea alba,
ice, &c. Specimens of these, from Europe, would be
very acceptable, Sonoe of Ihem, I have no doubt, will
be found, when strictly compared, to be distinct plants.

Any specimens will be acceptable ; but those from
the West Indies, and Guiana, would, at this time, be the
most interesting, — as likely to approach the nearest to
those of this southern country.

I have not been so fortunate as to obtain the work of
Mr. Pursh; and as Mr. Nuttall did not send me a copy
from Philadelphia, I presume it wsls not to be obtained.
You will therefore greatly oblige me by sending a copy.

The transactions of the Linjnean Society I have seen
in the Library of this city ; but I shall become a sub-
scriber, when I return to Wilmington, Delaware, — the
place of my abode. I accept, with gratitude, your kind
off"er to propose me for a member of the Linnean
Society. Should I be elected,. I can only hope that it
may be in my power to contribute a mite to that Vcist
treasury of Science.

Any Botanical news will be very acceptable. I shall
send you a work^ now publishing by Mr. Elliott, of

186

Charleston, S. Carolina, which will contain some of my
new plants: also, any other work that may appear,
which will be worthy of your acceptance, — along with
the Botanical news from this side of the water. Some
of the specimens, I now send, are not good ; but I hope
to have it in my power to renew them, before long, —
and thus be able to replace any of those which you may
be desirous to receive. Insects are very destructive to
our Herbariums, in this country ; and I have not been
able to succeed, effectually, in preventing their speedy
and destructive ravages. In December, I crossed over
from St. Mary's into the Province of East Florida, and
had the good fortune to find specimens, roots, and seeds,
of some rare plants. Among them, were Crinum Flori-
danum, Lantana Camara, Pancratium, and some others,
that have been noticed by Mr. William Bartram, — but
not confirmed, that I know of, by any succeeding Bo-
tanist. It will, I hope, bo in my power to furnish you
with the above plants, at a future period, should you
desire it, as well as many others that may be equally
interesting. I propose setting out, shortly, on a more
extensive excursion in the same Province. It is my
intention to ascend the river St. John's, at least as high
as Lake George, 150 miles from the Ocean — explore the
shores of Musquitoe — and perhaps go on to the Capes
of Florida, — where I should expect to find many of the
plants of Cuba.

I am, dear sir, most respectfully, &c. W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO A. B. LABIBERT, ESQ., LONDON.

Savannah, February 17, 1817.
Sib: I wrote to you on the 7th inst., and forwarded the
letter in the Brig Braddock, Henry Jackson, Com-
mander, bound to Liverpool. Not meeting with an op-

187

portunity for London, from this place, I now forward
the box of specimens (marked with your name) to the
care of a triend in Charleston, — who will ship them for
London in the first vessel that sails. I have added a few
more specimens, principally Grasses, — and will thank
you to send me, in return, any that are natives of Eng-
land, or the West Indies: particularly Poa, Festuca,
Cyperus, Elymus, and Rotthoellia. I will also thank you
very much to send me specimens of the true Convolvulus
Jalapa. In comparing our Ipomoea macrorhiza (which
has been generally supposed to be Convolvulus Jalapa,)
with the engraving and description of C. Jalapa, in
Woodville's Medical Botany, I can perceive no essen-
tial difference; and yet it is certain that the Ipomoea
macrorhiza and the Officinal Jalap are very dilferent in
their medical qualities : the former is destitute of purga-
tive properties, and may be eaten with impunity, like the
Convolvulus Batatas. Be so good as to inform me,
whether the Convolvulus Jalapa, that is cultivated in Eng-
land, has been tested, by its employment as a cathartic.

1 have this day received the first two numbers of Mr.
Elliott's publication, and have packed them up for
you, along with the specimens. In glancing hastily
over the first number, I find a singular mistake annexed
to my account of Collinsonia verticillata. The varieties
a, and h, there mentioned, apply to Erianthus strictus I
"Grows near Milledgeville, between the Occonee and
Ocmulgee rivers, Georgia" — is all that belongs to Coir
linsonia, in the two concluding paragraphs.

As it is possible that my former letter may not reach
you, I will again inform you, that my delay in attending
to your obliging favor, was owing to sickness and ab-
sence from Savannah : that I should be glad to receive a
copy of the work of Mr. Pursh, — and accept of your kind
offer to propose me for a member of the Linnean So-
ciety : and requested you to direct your communications

188

to the care of Edmund Kinsey, corner of Chesnut and
Third streets, Philadelphia.

In a few days I shall set out for an excursion into
East Florida. Any thing interesting that I may find
there, I shall te happy to inform you of, and to share
with you.

I remain, sir, very respectfully yows fee,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO F. A. MUHLENBERG, M. D..

Wilmington, Del., J^ly 23, 1817.

Dear Sir: It is so long since I heard from you, and
so uncertain whether a letter would find you, in Lan-
caster,— that I had almost given overwriting again. — ■-
But, as I have returned once more to this part of the
country, and still recollecting with pride and pleasure,
the interesting correspondence with which your father
favored me, I thought I could do no less than once more
address a few lines to you.

I have just been informed that the work on the Grasses
has at last appeared. I shall immediately send for a
copy. I have also been informed, that the other work,
of your father would soon be published. There are
many specimens in your father's Herbarium, which I
furnished, that I should be glad of an opportunity to see
.again. Should the work on the American Plants, in
general, be published, I might furnish some additional
information respecting some of them, before the work
went to press.

I.t would give me gi*eat pleasure to hear from you,,
and to be informed particularly respecting your father's
works. Has no one yet undertaken to write a Biography
of the American Linnaeus ? — to which appellation your
fiather was so justly entitled. I did expect, before this

189

time, to have seen at least some notice of his death, and
character, in some of our periodical publications.

I have only just returned from the South, and have
not yet had leisure to attend to Botanical matters: but
hope, before long, to be more at leisure.
In the mean time, I am yours, sincerely,

W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO A. B. LAMBERT, ESQ., LONDON.

New York, September 2, 1817.
Dear Sir: Your most acceptable letter of March 17th
reached me in Wilmington, Delaware, on the 31st of
July, — and your valuable present, a few days after-
wards. I do not know how to thank you enough for
such a favor, and shall not pretend to do it by words.
Nothing but want of health, or loss of life, shall prevent
me from compensating you in the best manner I am
capable of, and as early as possible. When your letter
came to hand, I was engaged in preparing for publica-
tion, "Notices of East Florida, and the Sea Coast of
Georgia, &c." But have been called otf, hastily, to
attend to Naval concerns here, — which has produced a
momentary derangement in my Botanical plans, and
prevented that immediate reply to your letter which you
requested, and to which you were so highly entitled, —
from the promptitude with which mine of the 7th of
February was answered, and a collection of books for-
warded, before any thing had been received from me.
I am daily expecting liberty to return to Wilmington, —
where I shall put up for you all the specimens you
request, that I can command; with some others from
E. Florida which appear to be new, — along with as
many seeds as I possess, that may be interesting to you.
The work of Dr. Muhlenberg, on the Grasses, has just

190

been published, in Pliiladelphia. I shall send you a
copy, along with Bigelow's Flora of Boston. My own
work, (which I fear will be too trifling,) shall also be
forwarded as soon as it is published.

The specimens put up for you, in Savannah, along
with the first two numbers of Mr. Elliott's "Sketch,"
were forwarded under the care of Mr. John Fraser, —
who sailed from Charleston the beginning of June. I
soon after sent on the third number of the " Sketch," by
a Mr. Sadler, of St. Mary's, who sailed from Savan-
nah; but I cannot recollect the name of the vessel. — I
saw Mr. Ker, in Savannah, just before I left there, in
June last. He delivered your message ; — expressed the
pleasure he had in your company ; — and requested me
to inform you that I had seen him, — and to present his
best respects.

When I put up the specimens, &c. I shall write more
particularly.

The work of Pursh will be of infinite service to me.
It will be in my power to correct some errors Mr.
PuRSH has made, in regard to southern plants, which he
had not so good an opportunity of investigating. He
has frequently erred in regard to the habitat of plants. —
I will venture to assert, that the Ceratiola ericoides has
never been found in Georgia ; nor is it " in great plenty
on" any " Island in the mouth of St. Mary's river." It
becomes plenty on Talbot Island, south of Nassau river,
and 20 miles south of St. Mary's. Ixia coelestina has
never been found in S. Carolina, nor in Georgia; nor
has it been seen any where, — except near Lake George,
on St. John's river, — where Mr. Bartram discovered it.
Even Mr. Elliott has adopted the error, in regard to
this rare plant. Oenothera minima is hardly distinct
from O. sinuata. The Florida Lantana, which I men-
tioned in a former letter, is unequivocally distinct from
the West Indian Camara, — which I lately saw in Phila-

m 191

delphia. I have called the former, Lantana Bartramii;
and will send you a specimen and description : also, a
specimen of the Zamia pumili, — which is a valuable
plant in domestic economy ; of which I shall speak
particularly in my account of E. Florida. This has not
been found North of St. Augustine. I found, on the
head waters of Matanza, Mimosa awea, Bartram. At
the ruins of New Smyrna, and elsewhere on Musquito
— evidently indigenous — a Myrtus, 20 feet high. Passi-
jlora n. sp. — or a variety of incarnata, Jloribus alhis : two
species of Rivina, &c. &c.

I write with a mind embarrassed with other concerns;
which I hope will be some excuse for this slovenly let-
ter. I flatter myself it will not be long before I shall be
able, uninterruptedly, to make you a better return for
your kindness — a better reward than words. I have had
but little leisure to look over your elegant engravings of
the Pirns, &c.

Our Georgia Pinckneya must certainly be a Cinchona;
or, as PuRSH observes, some of the Cinchonas are Pinck-
neyas. But 1 think the Georgia plant a true Cinchona, —
both from its /laiif a-nd^ quatities : and the difference in
its fruit is too slight to produce a separation, — or Genera
might be multiplied ad infinitum, to the exclusion of all
species.

The box of hooks was placed in a situation on board
the ship, which rendered them very damp, — particu-
larly the engravings of the Pines : but, by carefully
drying them, they are not materially injured.

I am, my dear sir, your very sincere friend, W. B,

DR. B-ALDWIN TO A. B. LAMBERT, ESQ., LONDON.

Wilmington, Del., October 16, 1817.
Dear Sir : I have been waiting to send my packei

192

under the care of the Hon, Mr. Rush, who goes to
London, in the Franklin, to supply the place of Mr.
Adams, — with whom you are acquainted, and who has
returned in safety lo his -country.

Some of the specimens you wish, are not at present
in my Herbarium. The Juglans myristicaeformis I
hhave not seen, — but have written to a southern corres-
pondent to procure specimens for me, — which, when
received, shall be shared with you. * * * *

On the specimens I now send you, I beg you will
comment freely. Some of them, I think, will be new
to you. 381 has much the habit of Stellaria media; but
is destitute of that well defined pubescence which dis-
tinguishes the " Chick-weed," — and has a fistulous,
forked stem : foliis ovatis, acutis, glabris, petiolis longis-
simis ; caule prostrato, cylindrico, fistuloso, dichotomo, sub-
pubescente ; pedunculis solitariis, longis ; floribus parvu-
lis, heptandris ; cahjce eredo. Sometimes the lower
leaves arc cordate and sessile. Grows in rich, springy,
uncultivated land, in E. Florida: flowers in March and
April. I have measured it more than three feet in
length ; but it is very variable in size and appearance.
I had frequently passed over it for the common " Chick-
weed," — from which it is very distinct.*

Lantana Bartramii: foliis ovatis, obtusis, crenatis ;
taule herbaceo, angulato, aculeato, piloso, ramoso ; floribus
capitato-umbellatis, foliosis. The leaves arc slightly pu-
bescent ; stem armed with a few scattered prickles. —
This plant, which inhabits the Sea-coast of East Florida,
was discovered by Mr. William Bartram more than 40
years ago. He called it Lantana Camara ; — from which
it is very distinct. I have lately seen the "West Indian
Camara, and had an opportunity of comparing them. —

[*Thls is the Stellaria proslrata, Baldw. in Eli^iott's Sketch,
and ToRREY & Gray's N. American F/orJ.]

193

The Florida plant much resembles the aculeata, of
South America, in some respects. Its common height
is 2 — 3 feet: but I have seen it upwards of 5. The
specimens cannot be preserved ; but it is a most beau-
tiful plant : its umbels of flowers changing from a bright
yellow to crimson and purple, — all of which colors are
seen on the same plant at the same time. I am sorry
that the specimens of some other plants are not so per-
fect as they ought to be. I have many neio Rhyncho-
sporae, which I will send to you, when I get them
properly arranged. * « ♦ * *

* * * Mr. PuKSH does not appear to have
done much in this department of Botany [scil. the Cy-
peraceae], — although he hcis changed some names. —
Several of the Scirpi, in particular, although marked
V. V. seem defective. Is not Scirpus acicularis, and
pusillus the samel* Both appear to be the trichodes, of
Muhlenberg. Scirpus ovatus, and capitatus, are the
same.

Botany has just sustained a loss in the death of Dr.
James Macbride, of Charleston, S. Carolina. Mr.
Elliott has been obliged to suspend the publication of
his work, on account of the mortality in that city. The
4th number was printed in August; but I have not
received it,— although I have written repeatedly for it.
The work of Dr. Muhlenberg, on the Grasses (which I
am sorry he did not live to publish, himself,) I have put
up for you. Bigelovit's Flora of Boston I have sent
for; but it has failed to come to hand. But, what I
cannot send now, shall be attended to, in future. I have
also put you up a few seeds. I wish I could have added
more : but shall continue to collect I do not know

[•Dr. ToRRET makes Scirpus pusiiltts, Pursh, distinct from 5".
aciculart$, L. ^nd trichodts, Muhl. See "N. American Cyperaceae,"
under Eleoehari$.]

17

194

whether the Ch-asses are interesting to you; but hope
you will write for whatever you want.

The engraving of Rhexia lutea, in PuRSH, furnishes
but a poor sample of that fine species. In the south of
Georgia, and in Florida, it grows much larger than
where Le Conte procured his specimens. The leaves
are broader, and stem branching at summit, — support-
ing many flowers of a beautiful yellow color (not
"small"). The R. ciliosa is also a fine plant; varying
much in size.

I am with great respect, my dear sir,

Yours sincerely, W. B.

DR. BALDWIN TO A. B. LAMBERT, ESQ., LONDON.

Rio de Janeiro, February 7, 1818.

Dear Sir: I have but a moment to spare, and merely
write to inform you that I am here, and shall not forget
you wherever I go, — although I cannot now transmit
any thing to you. I have been here since the 29th ult.
and have found many plants, new and interesting to
me. We sail, to-morrow, for the La Plata, via St. Cath-
arine's. Any thing I may obtain, shall be shared with
you, when opportunity offers.

I was present, yesterday, at the coronation of the
ci-devant Prince regent of Portugal, — which afforded
me much amusement.

In haste, I remain, dear sir, yours very respectfully,

W. BALDWIN.

LETTERS

FROM DR. BALDWIN TO DR. DARLINGTON.

St. Mary^s, January 15, 1817.

My dear old friend : Your interesting letter of the
9th ultimo, met me yesterday morning at Fernandina
(Amelia Island), on my return from an excursion
among the Dons, in the adjoining province of East Flor-
ida. To renew an acquaintance with an old friend whom
I over highly valued, will be at once easy and delight-
ful. Indeed I had often contemplated this renewal, but
neglected it from time to time, until you have at last
done me the favor to open the way, — for which accept
my besi thanks.

It gives me great pleasure to learn that you are be-
coming a devoted lover of Botany. I continue to be fond
of that Science, and shall be as glad to communicate
any information relating to it, within the compass of
my power, as I shall be to receive information from
others. Several years residence in this land of flowers,
where I have had an opportunity of extending my ex-
cursions almost beyond the region of frost, has enabled
me to add a few new or undescribed plants to our South-
ern catalogue, some of which will be published in the
work of Mr. Elliott ; — perhaps the whole in an Ap-
pendix to that work, should I find leisure to complete
my descriptions of them. My present excursion into
Florida will enable me also to confirm some of our
good old friend Bartram's doubtful plants. I have

196

found his Lantana Camara, Crinum, and a few others,
not since noticed by any Botanist. I met with the Lan-
tana still flowering on the Island of Fort George (in
December). His Crinum is not now to be found on St.
Simon's ; but is abundant on Amelia Island, and in
many places on the St. John's. I have had a delightful
excursion as far South as St. Augustine, and afterwards
up the St. John's about 80 miles from the sea — nearly
as high as Picolata; and am now engaged in packing
up the roots and seeds, of which I have collected many,
to send to my botanical friends in Charleston, and else-
where, to be cultivated, in order to complete the des-
criptions.— Go on, and by all means publish your West
Chester Flora. I once thought of publishing a Catalogue
of the new plants found here ; but as I have since found
many undescribed plants elsewhere, even in the vicin-
ity of Savannah (where I have been residing for two
years,) — and as Elliott has commenced the publica-
tion of his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia, I have concluded to throw in my mite, and
thus in one work present as many of our Southern
plants as possible. If you have not subscribed for this
work, I will send you a copy gratis, — and with some
comments upon it, in a future letter.

You are ahead of me, in books. The work of Pursh
I have not received, although a botanical friend prom-
ised to send me a copy. Mr. Nuttall, of whom you
have probably heard, informed me, a year ago, that he
intended to publish a new edition, with additions and
corrections, in Philadelphia; but I have not heard from
this gentleman since. Mr. Lambert, Vice-President of
the Linnean Society of London, (who by the by is
the real editor of Purse's work,) from whom I lately
received a letter, offered to send me a copy, if I had
not received it. I have not yet answered Lambert's
letter, and must beg you to inform me as soon as

197

possible, whether a new edition is likely to be pub-
lished,— or whether any copies of the old remain ; as I
do not wish to impose too much upon the liberality of
Mr. Lambert, who has been so good as to request me to
become a member of the Society, and to correspond
with him, &c.

You hope for a long letter; and really, I have so
much to say, that I have been at a loss how, or where
to begin. But if this should not come out as long as
you hoped for, I will endeavor to make amends in
future; and can only hope that my long letters to you,
may prove as interesting as I know your communica-
tions in return will be. My present place of residence
is, any where. Once more I have determined to attempt
living in Wilmington, Del. and my family are now
there, — having left Savannah early in November. An
attack of my old Pulmonary complaint, in July last, has
induced me to remain in tliis southern clime until
spring ; and the excursion I have just taken has restored
me to my usual good health. In a short time I shall
return to Savannah, where you will please to direct
your next letter. As I do not expect to return north
before the month of June, I have it in contemplation to
make a still more extensive excursion in Florida, at a
more interesting season. Not expecting, when I left
Savannah, to have travelled much in Florida, I carried
no books with me, — not even Bartram's Travels. —
Next time, I will go better prepared. Could you only
come, and go up the beautiful St. John's along with me,
with what delight would we pursue the steps of Bar-
tram. Even now — I mean, in the middle of winter —
there are plenty of Alligators to be seen, and of an
enormous size, in that river: and you may eat oranges
from morning till night, at every plantation along the
shores, — while the wild trees, bending with their golden
fruit over the water, present an enchanting appearance ;
17*

198

but the fruit is sour. After ascending this river about
35 or 40 miles a westerly direction, it then takes a
southerly course, parallel with the sea, and may fairly
be considered as a chain of lakes. While at its mouth
it is not more than 1000 yards, — at its first bend to the
south it is not less than nine miles wide. You then pass
on from point to point, at distances of four and five
miles, the coves and points on each side corresponding
with each other, — thus widening and narrowing until
you reach Lake George, which is 20 miles wide, — the
most extensive lake or this river. Beside which, there
are many fine lakes at some distance from the river. —
You pass out of the main river into nan-ow inlets,
which soon widen into spacious lakes, bounded by rich
and luxuriant shores. But unless 1 could enter more
largely and intelligibly into a detail of these things, I
had better say nothing; and as I am on the point of re-
crossing St. Mary's river in pursuit of some more
plants, before I return to Savannah, I conclude for the
present — and am, my dear old friend, most affection-
ately yours, W. BALDWIN.

P. S. Thei-e has not yet been any frost in St. Augus-
tine,— while the mercury, at Savannah, has been as low
as 27°. On the south and east side of St. John's, thei'e
has not been frost sufficient to destroy the Potato vines,
the Cotton, or the Castor plant (Ricinus communis J. I
had, last evening, 3 Jiggars (Pulex penetrans J extract-
ed from one foot. These little rascals are the curse of
Florida ; and are plenty enough in this city. I am glad
to hear that Muhlenberg's work on the Grasses is likely
to be published at last. I have been daily expecting a
letter from Dr. F. A. Muhlenberg, on that subject; but
he is not so faithful a correspondent as his late venera-
ble father.

Do pi'ay inform me, in a confidential way, of what the
determination of our Government may be, respecting

199

the Floridas. There is not a decent man in the pro-
vince of E. Florida, who does not wish that it belonged
to the U. States; — as the Spanish Government can
afford no protection from the ravages, either of Indians
or another description of people, called Patriots. Let
me hear from you immediately.

W. B.
To Wm. Darlington, Esq.
Representative in Congress, Washington city.

Savannah, February 8, 1817.
My Dear Friend : Your letters of the 23d and 30th of
January are both before me. It gives me great plea-
sure to find that in the midst of your political and pro-
fessional concerns, you are willing to devote your leisure
hours to the study of plants. I shall cordially co-oper-
ate with you to the best of my abilities, — and be very
happy to exchange specimens, should I live to return
north. I, too, have a rising family, claiming my best,
exertions in their behalf; and it has only been — and
will, no doubt, continue to be only at intervals — that I
can amuse myself with my favorite pursuit. You must
not, therefore, calculate upon my having made great
proficiency in my botanical studies. The Grasses have
latterly interested me much ; and it will be truly de-
lightful to attend to them, the ensuing season, with your
aid. You have not informed me whether you have an
Herbarium. I hope you will, at all events, collect
largely the ensuing spring, — not only of Grasses, but of
all the phanerogamous plants ; preserving of each spe-
cies half a dozen or more specimens. This will enable
you to divide with your botanical friends ; and I shall
be very anxious to add to my southern collection, as
many northern plants as possible. Do you attend to

200

Cryptogamia'! I would thank you, should you find it
convenient, to collect any coriaceous Fungi that may
come in your way. I am not yet prepared, for want of
books, to do much in this department of botany ; but
have enjoyed, for some time, the interesting correspon-
dence of the Rev. Mr. Schweinitz, of Salem, N. Caro-
lina,— who has been attending almost exclusively to the
above mentioned order; and has promised to procure
for me a work which he has himself published in Ger-
many. He has been adding to the catalogue by liun-
dreds ; and I shall be glad to continue my correspon-
dence with him, after I return to Delaware. I was in
hopes that you could have given me some definite in-
formation relative to the Floridian provinces. I did
imagine, from the disposition which our Government
has recently manifested, in observing a strict neutrality
between the Spanish Government and her revolted
colonies, that negociations might be progressing, which
would speedily result in the peaceable cession of East
and West Florida to the U. States. I do think it passing
strange, that the Spanish Government — greatly indebt-
ed, as she is, to our Government — should not be will-
ing— nay, anxious — in this way to discharge her debt; —
especially when we reflect on the notorious fact, that
these provinces cost lier, annually, several hundred
thousand dollars, — and that at a time when she requires
all her resources, in men and money, to defend her
Mexican and South American provinces. Is not the
hand of England in thisthingl Almost the only set-
tlements now found in E. Florida,— independent of the
3 Garrisons, Fernandina, Cowford, and St. Augustine, —
are on the South and East side of the St. John's; and
those extend only as high up that river as Picolata. —
The best part of the pi'ovince is higher up, on the west
side of the river, — and now inhabited only by wander-
ing Seminoles, along with a far more dangerous des-

201

cription of people, who live by predatory excursions,
which they occasionally make across the St. John's, —
stealing negroes, cattle, hogs, &c.

The Spanish Government is entirely unable to protect
the peaceable inhabitants, — who have been almost
totally ruined by the late most unfortunate revolution.
But enough of politics. It has not been of late my
most favorite study, — although in a government like
ours, it ought more or less to interest us all. My motive
for speaking as I have done, in relation to E. Florida,
you may consider interested, when I inform you that I
have really been thinking about endeavoring to secure
a little winter retreat on the St. John's, in case of neces-
sity. But in the present uncertain state of affairs, it is
out of the question. For one thousand dollars I could
now purchase a tract of land that would be worth ten,
under the U. States Government. You arc now fairly
in possession of the whole secret ; and if you can per-
suade the government to take possession of the afore-
said province, in some way or other, so as to accommo-
date me, I shall be forever exceedingly obliged to you ! !

Enclosed you will find, — No. 1, a few seeds and legume
of Cassia strigosa, n. sp. — 2, Liatris, n. sp. — 3, found
south of St. John's. I have not yet been aide to assign
it its place among the known genera — it may be new. —
4, Sida, new to me, but not yet fairly examined; found
south of St. John's in fruit and flower, December 12,
1816. It is a heauViful frute scent species, worth culti-
vating as an ornamental plant. These are the first that
have come to hand. The Cotton and Indigo seeds shall
be enclosed in my next, — as I am unable to procure
them this evening. Other matters, for which I have
here left no room, shall be attended to in my next.
Please to deposit the above seeds in earth as nearly re-
sembling that found in the Jersey Pine Barrens, as you
can find ; and be careful not to moisten too much unti^
the cold weather be past. — I am &c.

202

P. S. Excuse this hastily written letter. I should
have written more, and more carefully, — but have just
received from Elliott a request to furnish him, in great
/las^c, with some Botanical information for his 2rd num-
ber; to do which, in time, I shall be obliged to break in
upon the Sabbath.

Savannah, February, 1817.

My Dear Friend: I have been waiting in vain to
receive the first two numbers of Mr. Elliott's work,
before I wrote to you again.* It has not arrived here,
although noticed in Charleston several weeks ago. —
When it will be completed, I can only conjecture, —
certainly in not less time than 16 or 17 months, according
to his own calculations : but at the rate he has been
going on, much longer time will be required. Although
I do flatter myself that this work will do honor to the
Southern States— and tend to the promotion of our Bo-
tanical independence, — Mr. E. found (as he very candidly
acknowledged to me in a letter,) after he began, that
he was not so well prepared as he imagined, for so
responsible an undertaking. Botany had been long
his favorite amusement ; but when he began to publish,
he found it was necessary to labor.

Your comments on the work of Pursh are very just.
I understand he has paid too little respect to ancient
authorities. While innovations that are real improvements
ought always to be made, — long established names
should be changed as seldom as possible. For exam-

*T\\eJirel number appeared in October last, — but has been recalled,
and reprinted. The comments, therefore, which I hinted at in my
letter from St. Mary's, may not be applicable : at all events, I must see
it, before I say any thing about it.

pie, we have Marshallia, Schreber, — which is Atfianasia,
Walter, — Persoonia, Michx. and Trattenickia, Persoon.
Surely the naine imposed by Schreber — as being much
the oldest — ouglit to.be retained, I hope the time is not
far distant, when we shall possess something like a
standard work of our own,* — in which we ought fairly to
assert our botanical independence, and rescue from ob-
livion the names and labors of our native Botanists, —
who have been treated with injustice by foreigners. It
is greatly to be regretted that Dr. Muhlenberg did not
long ago publish his works. Had his love of fame been
equal to his love of the Science, European Botanists
would have been obliged to have quoted him, instead of
changing his names. A mere Catalogue was not suffi-
cient to prevent him from being plundered of his well-
earned fame.

I have put you up some more seeds; — most of them,
I think, with a little nursing, may be made to grow, and
at least flower. No. 5, is Eryngium aromaticum, from
the pine barrens of E. Florida. The root is strongly
aromatic. Discovered in 1812. Not known in Georgia.
No. 6. Trichoma tinctorium,-f Elliott fDilatris, Persoon).
This plant is almost an aquatic, — but will answer near
water. No. 7. Ludwigia capitata. We have many
Ludwigias here. I have all that are found in Muhlen-
berg's catalogue, and a few more. I do not know how
Mr. Elliott may have managed them. I sent him spe-
cimens of all I had, without any ve7-y specif c information
along with them. He had confounded the capitata with
the mollis, and the alternifolia with the virgata. I should
be glad to see them all cultivated in the North. It is by
attending closely to plants in families, that we are ena-

[* There is now a prospect of the Doctor's hope being fully real-
ized— in the North American Flora of ToniiET & Gray. Feb. 1841.]

[|Published, by ELLioTT.under the name of Lachnanthes.]

204

bled correctly to discriminate the species and varieties.
Seeds of all I can muster shall be sent or brought on. —
No. 8. Petalostemum candidum^ or carneum. I have
seeds of both ; but not marked distinctly — and not to be
distinguished. No. 9. Asclepias — This is a noble genus,
and requires a revision-. I have several new, or doubtful
species, that have been neglected. No. 10. Sesbania
platycarpa. Dr. Muhlenberg has placed the habitaf of
this plant in Carolina and Mississippi. I have only
found it native in E. Florida, — and cultivated in Georgia
and S. Carolina, It is called "SewTW," — but I believe is
nearly inert, as a cathartic. No. 11. Agrostis Indica,
Swartz. "Black seed," or "black grass." It is subject
to a disease which frequently turns the seed and spike
black. A very hardy perennial grass, affording good
winter pasture in this countiy. No. 12. Cyperus, v.
Mariscus — perhaps a new spccie^s. Seeds procured
south of the St. John's. No. 13. Xyris Jiexuosa. This
family is respectable here, and requires a revision. All
found in wet or moist situations. I put up seeds of this
without recollecting that I had seen it in Delaware. It
may be well, however, to compare them. No. 14, Pru-
nus Caroliniana. A beautiful tree-. Found not only on
the Sea-coast, but far to the west. Said to be very
poisonous. Smells strongly of the Prussia acid — which
is now said to be the active principle in this natural
family of plants. No. 15. Adelia porulosa, Mx 1 No. 16.
Schoenus macrocarpus, n. sp. Foit George, E. Florida. —
No. 17. Lycium Carolinianum — a marine shrub, and
m^y be difficult to cultivate. No. 18. Uniola paniculata.
No. 19. Ilex Dahoon. No. 20. Gaura angustifolia. —
No. 21. Magnolia grandijlora. I have not taken time
to make a selection, but have put up whatever came
most conveniently to hand. I have just obtained for
you, from a neighboring plantation, some " Sea Island"
Cottonseed. You are not perhaps aware that this and

the "upland" change into each other, according as they
are transplanted further from, or nearer to, the Sea.
Mr. J. Le Cokte, however, has informed me that there
are two distinct species in cultivation. I have paid no
attention whatever to these plants. " Indigo" not being
now cultivated, the seed is difficult to obtain. I may
however procure some, further south, — where it has be-
come in some measure naturalized — growing sponta-
neously about houses.

As I cannot have the pleasure of your company in
my excursion into E. Florida, I shall set out for that
province in a few days ; and must request that you will
direct your next letter to St. Mary's.

I remain with sincere respect, &:c.

Savannah, February 19, 1817.
My Dear Sir: Yours of the 10th, reached me last
evening. Nothing can give me more pleasure than
the kind of liberties you are taking, in requesting to be
furnished with seeds from the Southern States. Such is
the interest I take in the cultivation of southern plants
in the north, that I am extremely obliged to you, — as
you will, 1 hope, be sensible, when you receive the
seeds already put up for you. Before I received your
first letter, I was at a loss to know to whom I could
with propriety entrust my collections; and could think
of none except the Peirces, in East Marlborough.* In

[* Joshua and Samuei. Peirce; two brothers, who, about the
year 1800, commenced the cultivation of rare and interesting plants
— particularly ornamental trees and shrubs, — on their farm, in
Chester county, Penn'a. The industrj-, skill, and taste of theso
gentlemen, have rendered the premises, thus embellished, one of the
most delightful Botanico-agricultural seats within that ancient
county.]

18

206

my collection, are seeds of many new plants, which
require to be cultivated before I can finish my descrip-
tions of them. To whom, then, could I apply with so
much probability of attaining my object, as to youl *

I have heard of Mr. Whitlow through the medium
of Le Conte andNiTTTALL; — not as a very great sci-
entific character, — but as pretty much of an imp**r. —
But let every man be fairly judged by his works. His
nettle may be of huge importance, for any thing that I
know; and his exhibitio7is,j at Washington, may be
really useful. In London, I am told, he has latterly be-
come somewhat noted, — from having retailed, at a good
price, many very important seeds, which did not, after
vegetating, exactly correspond with his luminous des-
criptions of them! Poor Pursh, I hope, will remember
him with gratitude, and make a liberal distribution of all
the reputation to which he may injustice be entitled. —
The works of Keith, and Desfontainks, I have not
seen ; nor the others, in such a way as to be much bene-
fitted by them. I have written for Pursh, — but shall be
glad to receive also any corrected edition that may be
published from an American press.

The first two numbers of Mr. Elliott's "Sketch"'
reached me the day before yesterday. I have looked
hastily through them. In page 37 of No. 1. he has most
ludicrously blended varieties of the Erianthus strictus
with the account of CoUlnsonia verticillata ! As theyoA:e

[*A number of the seeds, here spoken of, "gYew so as to afford
tolerable specimens for the Herbarium ; but the greater portion —
either from a want of congenial soil and climate, or, more probably,
a want of skill and proper attention — failed.]

[^Mr. W. wcs, at that time, giving a course of Lectures on the
rudiments of Botany, at the saat of the General Government, — illus-
trating the structure of flowers, and the principles of the Linnaean
Classification, by means of large transparent paintings.]

falls most heavily upon me, I must lose no time in ex-
plaining; for, (whatever may be the case with Whit-
low,) my botanical reputation is so scarce that I have
none to spare. Take out, then, (when you see the
work,) from Collinsonia verticillata — "rar. h. purpuras-
cens, with flowers (or calyx rather) of a purplish color,
and panicle short: grows near Crooked River bridge,
Cambden county, Georgia" — and place it under the de-
scription of Erinnthus strictus, p. 40. and it will be as I
originally intended.

With the Panicums, in No. 2. I am not altogether well
satisfied. At present I will only hint at one objection,
or two. Panicum viscidum (p. 123.) is, in the first
place, incorrectly named. This species is remarkable
for secreting a resinous substance insoluble in water. —
It ought, therefore, to have been called resinosum. I
did think, (and my truly scientific friends, the Le Con-
TES, thought with me,) that this was an unequivocally
new species : but Mr. E. has taken it into his head that it
is the scoparium, of Michaux (Flor. Bor. Amer. 1. p.
49.); while he has given us, at p. 119. a scoparium, La
Marck, which is to me, the scoparium of Michaux, ex-
actly. Mr. E. however, in his description of it, has un-
fortunately omitted, what, to me, constitutes its strong-
est, specific character — the setae on the peduncles. No
other Panicum that I have seen, is furnished with thi3
character, — which, in a famil)^ so extensive, is of the
utmost importance. Had P. viscidumheen the scoparium
of Mx. is it not likely that so sagacious a Botanist would
have noticed particularly its resinous qualities'! which
are so remarkable, that it would have been impossible
for him to have touched it without soiling his fingers
almost as much as though he had thrust them into a tar-
bucket! At the same time, he speaks of setaceous pe-
duncles, — while in this plant, the peduncles are all near-
ly as smooth as the chrystal of my watch !

208

Again, at page 126, we have Panicum ensifolium.
There never has been, and I suspect there never will be,
a Panicum with sword-shaped leaves, in the true Li?i-
naean, or botanical sense of the term. But Mr. E. will
not bear the blame for this blunder. It rests upon the
shoulders of another character, as you will see. I feel
much interested, and somewhat mortified, about these
Panicums. At the time when I ought to have attended
to them, last season, I was on a sick bed — or, at least, I
was sick on a bed, — that is, I mean, on a Litter, with a
blanket under me, according to the custom of this hot
country. Were I only in possession of a sufficient
stock of sense and health, and all the other ingredients
necessary to enable me to accomplish elegantly what-
ever I desired, I would immediately publish a Mono-
graph of the American Panicums.

As I had made up my mind to bestow a copy of the
above "sketch" upon somebody — and as you have de-
clined accepting it, in so accommodating a manner, — I
have disposed of it to Dr. Jonas Cutter, a worthy
young Physician and man of Science, who accompanied
me in my late excursion.

You inquire whether I wrote a Critique upon Henry's
American Herbal, &c. I did scribble something ; but
not exactly that jumbled up, heterogeneous communi-
cation, which you allude to, as having seen in the Ana-
lectic Magazine.* I did think that the Herbal, itself, was
really a few degrees below the point of criticism, — and
that the weight of its intrinsic worthlessness would soon
sink it into merited oblivion. My object, therefore,
was to gently touch Dr. Mitchill, and Co. for sanction-
ing such trash with their names, — and thus giving cur-
rency to productions which disgrace the literary char-
acter of our country: — When lo ! and behold! the im-

[See Analectic Magazine for March, 1816 — Published at Phila-
delphia.]

209

partial atid independent editors of that Magazine lopt
off all that part of the communication, and otherwise
altered it, — I suppose for fear of vexing Drs. Henry and
MiTCHiLL. Then, to excuse this (I should think) un-
warrantable liberty, they came out with an ex post facto
law, — declaring that they had a right to abridge, alter
and amend all communications, unless forbidden by the
authors. Certainly, had I known of the existence of
such a law, I should at once have withdrawn the com-
munication,— rather than suffer it to have been muti-
lated, and the object for which it was written entirely
defeated. To crown all, they must publish my private
letter, — or as much of it as suited their purpose, — with
the initials of my name ! What added still more to my
vexation in this affair, I had neglected to keep a copy ;
and endeavored in vain, through the medium of a friend,
to obtain the one transmitted. There was certainly no
scurrility in the observations I made, respecting those
scientific gentlemen who preposterously encouraged
the publication of the disreputable work of Henry. —
On the contrary, my respect for their literary charac-
ters constituted the strongest motive for cautioning
tliem against such acts of imprudence, — which was
done in as delicate a manner as the nature of the sub-
ject would admit, — without my feeling any thing but
real respect for them. I even went so far, in their be-
half, as to endeavor to excuse them on the ground of
inadvertency. I was willing to believe that they had
really looked over Henry's book, without once looking
into t7,™-or they might surely have been acquainted
with its foolish contents. After all, and at all events, I
do not begrudge these learned gentry (for whose repu-
tation the sapient editors of the An. Magazine were so
much concerned,) the honor of having their names re
corded in the Herbal of S. Henry, Botanist ! Don't be
uneasy : — I may chance to write diS freely and frequently,
18*

210

and nonsensically, as you could wish. However, it is
my intention to write as much sober sense as possible,
and to conline myself pretty much to botanical mat-
ters,— rejoicing most sincerely that I have a corre>pon- ap
dent so well qualified to aid me in all my plans. It is
now half past 11 o'clock, P. M. To-morrow, I will en-
deavor to muster up some more seeds for you.

In the mean time I am most aflfectionately yours.

P. S. February 20. No. 22. Euphorbia Cyathophora,
Muhl. Catal. pida, Bartram. No. 23. Glycine — not
certain which — may be monoica. No. 24. Hibiscus
speciosus — inhabits swamps; but readily accommodates
itself to a dry soil, here. No. 25. Anonymos, mihi —
habit of Cuscuta. No. 26. Cowoolvuius-^noX certain
which, — but very pretty. No. 27. Eryngium Yuccoefo-
hum, — called "Button Snake-root." No. 28. Glycine
— or something. No. 29. Oenantlie teretifoUa, Muhl. —
No. 30. Cleorne cuneifolia, — from the Sand Hills near
Fort Barrington, on the Alatamaha. No. 31. Xyris
cylindrica — if not a variety of Jimbriata. Take most
special care of this, — as the establishing of a species,
or variety, depends upon it: Capitulis cylindraceis,
fioribus albis. Plant it in a wet situation, — or, at least,
very moist. Try a few seeds in a pot, keeping the
earth moist. I hope you will not find fault with me for
sending you so many "Botanical plants." Mr. N.
showed me a letter he had received from an English
Gardener, requesting to be furnished with Lilies, Roses,
and I do not recollect what, from this country, — but not
a single Botanical plant; as he had enough of them,
already! No. 32. Xyris Jimbriata. W. B.

Prospect Hill, Fort George Island,
East Florida, March 30, 1817.
Dear Sir: Seated alone on the summit of the highest

211

land on the Island, which is elevated about 50 feet above
the surrounding country, and commanding an exten-
sive and varied prospect of the Ocean, the mouth of
St. John's, and the different hammocks and cultivated
fields, — it just popt into my head, that while taking this
little resting spell, I might as well occupy it in giving
you a short sketch of the vegetable productions by
which I am surrounded. — There is then, within the cir-
cumference of about 20 yards — and all to be recog-
nized, from my seat, — the following productions, viz: —
Magnolia grandijlora, Quercus viretis, Laurus Borbonia.
Olea Americana, Ilex opaca, I. caduca, vol prinoides, Vac-
cinium arhoreum, V. stamineum, Andromeda ferruginea,
Chamaerops serrulata, Smilax puhera, Mx. Tillandsia
usneoides, Galactia pinnata, of Elliott, (as there is a
foreign pinnata, this name must be changed,) vulgd
" Devil's shoe strings," — Pteris caudata, Schoenus macro-
carpus ? But among all these, not one flower is to be
seen ; and the only specimen in flower, that I have in
my Port Folio, after a ramble of 2 or 3 houi-s, is Hopea
tinctoria, — {Symplocos, Willd.) — but, if there is any pre-
cision in Generic characters, it is truly Hopea, and not
Symplocos. But, think not there are no flowers to be
found on the Island. Although the season is at least a
month behind, there are Ctiicus horridulns — a few speci-
mens of which would fill a cart, — Scorzonera pinnatijida,
Krigia Virginica, Houstonia rotundifolia, Bignonia ca-
preolata, Gelsemium sempervirens, Aira obtusata. Allium
inodorum, Fumaria (now CorydalisJ aureay Vida Caroli'
niana, Spartina junceoy Silene Antirrhina, Carex — not
determined by me, — Cardamine Pennsylvanica, Trades-
cantia Virginica, Prunns Caroliniana, P. Virginiana,
Erysimum pinnatum, Rumex hastatulus^ — if distinct
(which I think it is) from acttosella ; Geranium Carolini-
anum, Viola cucuUata, Antirrhinum Canadense (it might
as well be called Floridanumyj — Panicum latifolium.

212

Sesuvium Portulacastrum : and the following, which
may be new ; Galium, with very large hispid fruit ; Se-
linum 1 Ruppid, (maritima ? J Urtica bicohr, mihi ; I
have also Parietaria, from the Main ; australis ;* or
something, I shall call it; and, I cannot just now think
of any more.

One beautiful little Lacerta hullaris has made its ap-
pearance since I began to write. Like the Chamelion,
this innocent little creature has the faculty of changing
color. Could I only see a huge "magnanimous" (Bar-
tram) rattlesnake, it would help out my story very
much. During 5 years that I have been in this southern
country, I have seen but one living rattlesnake ! But,
had not Bartram been here before me, I would aston-
ish you with my account of the Alligators. I should
like to wind up this interesting botanical letter with
some notice of Insects — could I call them by names less
vulgar than sand-flies, horse-flies, &c. which have been
buzzing about me since I began to write.

I must now rise and "advance backwards" to Talbot
Island, — where I design to take up some roots of Cera-
tiola ericoides, &c. to be forwarded to Charleston.

Acorns of the Live Oak, I have not obtained ; but it
||i is my intention to carry on with me to Delaware a box
of young plants, — to a large portion of which you will
be welcome. This ornament of the sea coast is now
flowering. The winter has been so severe, that many
of them have shed their leaves, — or at least lost them
by some means or other. Thei*e was a white frost on
the 21st inst. so severe as to nip the young cotton on
Nassau river, on the Main, a few miles north of this
Island. It is now cold, cloudy, unpleasant, dry
weather, — very discouraging to the planters. — A new

[*This was probably the P. Floridana, Nutt. First sent from
Florida by Dr. Baldwin to Mr. Elliott, under the name of P. lu-
eida. See Elliott's Sketch, Vol. 2. p. 676.]

213 .

Governor is daily expected in this Province, from old
Spain.

P. S. I cannot boast of the enjoyment of good health.
While in the act of travelling, I have generally experi-
enced an exemption from disease. After visiting Mus-
quitoe, it is my intention to return North : but it may be
only to be buried among my kindred and my friends, —
which will be some satisfaction. — 1 have also friends in
Georgia, and in Florida, who will ever be entitled to my
best wishes. The Floridians have lost none of their an-
cient hospitality.

Fort George, April 19, 1817.

My dear Darlington : Your letter dated March 10th,
was received the day before yesterday. What a treat —
to receive such communications here on this solitary
Island. For several weeks I had not received a line
from the United States. But what an awful job of work
you have been cutting out for me. I must confess that
it reaches a Ihtle beyond the scope of my ambition, —
and very far, I fear, beyond my skill to execute, — not-
withstanding the stimulating quality of your sugges-
tions. The day, I hope, is not far distant, when we shall
talk these matters over ; and I do assure you, that your
hints shall not be lost sight of by me. Whether they
will produce the effect you so much desire, is another
affair.

I will now briefly answer some of your queries. —
There are no mountains in E. Florida.* How far the

*0n the 30th ult. I wrote you from the top of one of the highest
hills in the Province ! a sand hill, about 50 feet above the surround-
ing level. On the south side of St. John's, about 9 miles from the
Bar, is a chain of sand hills (covered principally with Ceraliole
erieoides) the highest of which may be 70 feet.

1^

214

western waters connected with the bay of Mexico,
might be made to communicate with those of the Atlan-
tic, I cannot from actual observation determine, — not
having been in West Florida; but I have no doubt, from
the credible information I have had, that those waters
could be usefully connected by canal. You must not
now look for details. With the waters of this Province
I am rather better acquainted. A canal of only 8 miles
would open a water communication between St. John's
(near its mouth) and St. Augustine. About 40 miles
from the Bar, another canal of only 4 miles would open
a communication with the above mentioned capital.
Scarcely any labor would be required to connect the
head waters of St. John's with Indian river, &c. In
short, no country can be better situated for the conve-
nience of inland navigation ; but unfortunately, there is
not a single good inlet from the ocean. St. Mary's is
the best. All the Ba7-s on this coast are subject to great
changes. At present, there is but 7 feet water on St,
John's bar, at low water; and little more than 14 at
spring tides. Those of Musquitoe and Indian river are
still worse. After getting inside of St. John's bar, you
may carry (to use the sailor phrase) at least twice the
depth of water you bring over the bar, for 150 miles.
How much, then, is such an entrance into so noble a
water to be regretted : but I see no remedy. The inlet
to St. Augustine will only admit of small sloops, &c. I
have had a grand scheme in my noddle, to remedy this
sad defect — alihough too visionary to be made public,
Picolata lies westerly from St, Augustine, and distant
only about 18 miles— gradually (as it seems to me) de-
scending towards the latter place. To open a canal
would therefore be easy: and might not the convey-
ance of so vast a body of water (as could be thus con-
veyed) have the effect of opening a channel from the
ocean, deep enough to admit large vessels]

215

Indians — These are now far from being numerous;
and would be no object of dread, under a well regu-
lated government in this Province. The " wandering
Seminolcs," since the late war, have been principally
driven west of the Suwanna river (little St. John's, Bar-
tram); and would be perfectly harmless, could they be
happily placed in a situation so as not to be murdered,
and insulted by their unprincipled and worse than
savage neighbors. Notwithstanding the government of
the U. States do appear disposed to award something
like justice to these truly unfortunate Proprietors of the
Forest; the genuine philanthropist, who views the
whole human race as one vast family, still sees much
to deplore. The Africans, unjustly held in bondage, as
they are, protected by their owners, experience few of
those distresses and privations which the Aborigines are
subjected to. Detested in the estimation of the tawny
savages must the white men naturally be, when, not-
withstanding all that the United States have done, con-
tinual depredations are still committed upon them, —
in the stealing of their cattle, horses, hogs, &c. Every
attempt to do themselves justice necessarily results in
their own destruction ; and the cry of vengeance rings
from one end of the U. States to the other. The late
ever-to-be-lamented Col. Benjamin Hawkins so far
succeeded in doing justice to the Lower Creeks,' as to
draw down the curses of the State of Georgia upon his
head : but the blessed effect of his enlightened and hu-
mane policy, as agent of Indian affairs, was so far to
interest the Savages in the cultivation of the soil, and in
a respect for the U. States, as induced them to resist the
temptations of the enemy, and to take an active friendly
part on the American side, during the war. I cannot men-
tion, or think of the name of Hawkins, without sensations
*The Upper Crteks alone were hostile, in the late war. ThcM
were situated too far beyond the influence of Col. H.

216

of the deepest regret. Blest with all that wealth, learn-
ing, and the most refined civilization could bestow, in
the meridian of life, he left the land of his kindred and his
friends, to wipe the tears of misery and wretchedness
from savage eyes, in the western wilds. He caused
the cheerless solitary wilderness " to rejoice, and blos-
som as the rose." When such a veteran in the cause
of humanity slept with his fathers, we lost another
Benezet. The tears of the once wild and ferocious
Muscogees have watered his grave. How sincerely
could I join them in lamentations for his loss: for I fear
it will be long, very long, befoi'e we shall look upon his
like again.

No one act of our excellent Government has ever
surprised me more than the appointment of T. B. M.,
Esq., late Governor of the State of Georgia, as successor
to Col. Hawkins. Whatever might be the qualifications
of this gentleman, it was making him a judge in his own
cause. * The most important duty of the Agent, is to see
that justice is done between the Indians and the Govern-
ment and citizens of Georgia. Upon what principle in
law, then, has such an appointment been made"! Were
it known that Mr. M. had the same just regard for In-
dian rights that his predecessor had, his appointment
might have been judicious, however illegal : but, / know
him well, — and cannot entertain a doubt but that in all
his decisions he will lean to the side of Georgia, — the
State in which he is popular, and where the papula?- cry
is — exterminate the savages ! The Government may be,
and often have been, imposed upon, at such a distance
from the theatre of their deliberations. It will be no dif-

[*I have no enmity towards this gentleman. I am personally
acquainted with him, and have an esteem for him : — but, recollect
the deplh of prejudice. Many people in Georgia, who might be
considered pious, nevertheless think that the Indians ought to be ex-
terminated !]

217

ficult matter, under such a state of things, to produce
disturbances among the Indians which will lead to their
destruction,— and the Government sanction the horrid
deed, from the want of real knowledge of the infamous
causes which would alone produce such an event.

As a member of the great Legislature of a nation, less
corrupt than any in the world, I beg you will reflect
upon these serious things. It may be in your power to
aid greatly the cause of humanity. — But I am straying
far from your Queries, — and have almost filled a sheet
of paper at the very beginning of my letter. — Live Oak,
fit for ship building, considerable. It is abundant in the
Province ; but that only which is in the immediate vi-
cinity of salt water, is considered prime for ship build-
ing. That kind of land which is here called Hammock,
is generally covered with Live Oak. It is a little ele-
vated, calcareous, still abounding all along the coast
with undecomposed oyster shells, &c. But by far the
greatest quantity of land along the sea board is low
Pine barren, covered with Plnus palustris (long-leaved
Pine), principally. Undergrowth, Chamaerops scrrulata,
or Saw Palmetto, — with some fine shrubs, — as Andro-
medas, Bejaria, &c. This is the most sterile of all des-
criptions of land. What we call Savannas, in this
country, correspond pretty well with the Prairies of
the West ; but are seldom so extensive. The soil in
them is clayey, — while the Pine barren is sandy. There
is, as yet, but little naked sandy desert; but should the
weather continue, a few years longer, as dry as it has
been for the last two years, — and fires should rage as
extensively, destroying the vegetation, — a large portion
of the maritime part of Georgia would be rendered like
the deserts of Arabia ! Were I a member of the Georgia
Legislature, my most strenuous exertions would be
made to prevent, by law, the burning of the Forests, —
which impoverishes the land, and does incalculable
19

218

mischief, without one single advantage resulting from
it. Yet many of the stupid people do it, to destroy the
rattlesnakes — make the grass grow — and I believe for
the fun of looking at it. Adieu ! You may hear from
me again from St. Augustine, — should I halt there, and
have an opportunity. My health is tolerable.

P. S. You speak of having received two letters from
me, containing seeds. I cannot now distinctly recollect ;
but I think I sent you three letters with seeds. My last
must have been dated somewhere about the 19th or 20th
of February. May one have arrived in Washington
after you left there, and be detained in the post office \
I have now plenty of Indigo seed for you, — which I in-
tended to have sent, before you left Washington, and I
left Savannah ; — along with a sample of starch, pro-
cured from the root of what appears to me to be a spe-
cies of Palm, growing at Matanzas, 30 miles south of St.
Augustine. I shall know more about it, shortly.

I have this day been examining one of the artificial
curiosities of the country, — an Indian Mound. I find it
filled with human hones, deposited in particular order,
&c. I am in momentary expectation of my compan-
ions, and may leave this place to-morrow, or next day.

St. Augustine, May 3, 1817.

My Dear Friend: I made some reply to your letter
of the 10th of March, before I left Fort George. As I
am now advancing to the southward pretty rapidly, you
will readily believe that I cannot take up a great deal
of time in letter- writing. Therefore, as I am in a hurry,
and do not feel in a disposition to study much, I will
copy from a letter I have just written to Thomas Chase,*

*Son of the late Judge Chase, of Maryland: a gentleman pos-
sessing the most amiable qualities, along with a classical education.

219

of Baltimore, a few loose observations on the salubrity
of the climate of E. Florida, — and annex some addi-
tional information, should it occur to me, without being
at the trouble of squeezing my brains,

— " But above all, the salubrity of the climate in this
Province must ever render it desirable. That in the
course of its cultivation, to the westward, and particu-
larly on the St. John's, a sickly period must be expected :
but I know of nothing that can ocCTr to inteiTupt the
health which is enjoyed all along the sea coast.

Through the sultry months of summer, you are duly
regaled with the S. E. [qu ] North? E.] trade wind;
and most of the tropical fruits, with a little attention,
could doubtless be cultivated here in the greatest
abundance.* St. Augustine may be justly considered
one of the most healthy cities in the world. Neither
intermitting nor remitting fevers are known here ; nor
have I heard of a case of pulmonary consumption." —
(You will readily understand that I except from this
general account, all sporadic cases of disease, — whether
occurring among natives, or strangers. Neither, how-
ever, are liable to those destructive fevers which ravage

and an ambition to render himself useful in societj^. He has
travelled in the Southern States for his health. I became acquainted
with him in St. Mary's, in 1812. Afterwards, when on a tour to
the western country — and particularly among the Cherokee Moun-
tains,— he gave me important topographical sketches of the countr}',
as he passed along. His letters are written in a style of neatness,
elegance, and classical purity, not often (I think) excelled. They
are entitled to full credit; and I am happy, when travelling, to
make him returns for his kindness.

[*This idea, of introducing tropical plants into Florida, was
recently acted upon with great energy and public spirit, by the late
Dr. Perrixe, — whose melancholy and untimely fate the country
has so much reason to deplore.]

220

most of the sea ports of Georgia and S. Carolina. The
causes of this mighty difference may be attended to
hereafter.) " There are not those extremes of heat and
cold, which are experienced, even in the States of S.
Carolina and Georgia. The inhabitants (I mean old
residents,) have entirely a different aspect from those of
Georgia. If they are not exactly so ruddy or fair-
skinned, as the northern people, they possess all that
plumpness and 'Solidity of flesh, which constitutes
souird health, along with the pleasing evidences of it."
I do not know where to find a better country for vale-
tudinarians.— You will observe, from the above observa-
tions, that no part of the Province has yet become
sickly ; nor need it necessarily become so. Slight
intermittents have occasionally prevailed on St. John's;
and the town of Fernandina, on Amelia Island, has
been visited with fevers of a higher grade, — from causes
which readily admit of a solution, and which (I think,)
could readily be removed.

Comparatively speaking, but little land has yet been
cultivated on St. John's; and the customary manner of
clearing, and exposing the swamps, &c. would inevi-
tably produce disease and mortality: but by judicious
management — (for example, cultivating sugar, instead
of rice — ) I have no doubt it would be possible to culti-
vate the land without rendering it sickly. Fortunately,
this is not so swampy a country as Georgia,— and would
more readily admit of dry culture.

I am now travelling in a mode that exactly accords
with my objects of pursuit, viz : by water, and by land —
on horseback, and on foot — in such a leisurely manner
as to afford me an opportunity of looking a little about,
as I pass along. We have three stout Africans, and one
horse to convey our baggage, on which we alternately
take a stride to rest ourselves. The sight of such a
Caravan would no doubt amuse a Chester county man.-^

231

In this delightful manner we have travelled from St.
John's. We left Fort George before day on the morn-
ing of the 1st, and, including the distance by water, we
travelled at least 25 miles. In the evening, we en-
camped at the cottage of an ancient Minorcan, on the
borders of the plains of San lago. Here we procured
plenty of milk, and feasted sumptuously on a fat Gopher.''
Our venerable old host, whose roof was thatched with
the Palmettoes by which he is surrounded, has not less
than 200 head of fine fat cattle, — with other stocic in
proportion ; and quietly lives in peace and plenty. He
is one of those, who, more than half a century ago,
were enticed from their native land, by the famous Dr.
TuRNBULL,— and experienced nine years of slavery at
New Smyrna, on Musquitoe river, (See Bartram, &c.)
The plains of Sari lago, — situated immediately on the
sea coast, about 15 miles south of St. John's, — occupy
at least a space of 9 square miles. The land is of an
excellent quality, affoi'ding the finest range for cattle ;
and this is all the use that is now made of it. It would
produce the finest sugar cane, cotton, or almost any
thing which an industrious agriculturist might choose
to plant. In my last letter, I intimated the probability
of connecting the Western waters with those of the
Atlantic. Upon further inquiry, I find this to be imprac-
ticable. Yesterday, with the rising sun, we again moved
cheerfully on. After passing the plains, and crossing
the head waters of North river, we travelled through
Salt flats. Pine barrens, and occasionally a good ham-
mock,—and reached this city early in the evening. It
was the anniversary of the Massacre of Madrid. High
Mass was in celebration, and the flags displayed in
mourning. » • » [After giving a ludi-

crous account of an accident, by which his port folio of
specimens was damaged, the Doctor proceeds.] * *

[*A species of Tetludo, or Tortoise.]
19*

222

Misfortunes never come singly. This morning, when
about dressing to wait on his Excellency, Don Joseph
CoppiNGER, Governor, &c. &c. on examining my ward-
robe, I found it completely immersed in the contents of
a bottle that had been full of gin, which had unluckily
foundered on the road, through the mismanagement of
one of our Africans. I sent his Excellency an apology,
and staid at home. We intended to have pursued our
journey to-morrow, — but it seems that Father Crosby
has an objection to our setting out on such a holy day.
I am thei'efore preparing to offer my devotions on Fish's
Island, — where the famous quarry of testaceous stone
is found, of which this city and its fort are constructed.
The Surveyor General will honor me with his company.
In haste,

Tomoko, May 15, 1817.
My dear Friend : I intended to have written to you
from the Ruins of New Smyrna, but I could not find
leisure. Meeting with two fishing smacks* from
Charleston, in Hillsborough Lagoon, near Musquitoe
Bar, an opportunity was afforded me of shipping a box
of roots, &c. and of giving Mr. Elliott a little sketch of
my discoveries in this quarter. We have now made good
our retreat 30 miles north of Smyrna, to good quarters
for spending a rainy day, — which has arrested our pro-
gress, and given me an opportunity to devote a little
time to you. The day after I wrote you from St. Au-
gustine (May 3rd,) I visited Fish's Island. The lead-
ing object was to see the quarries. These are situated

*The number of fish, of the most superior kind and quality,
found in these waters, is almost incredible. Four hands, with hooks,
caught 700 "S/itej/s-htad^' in one day. Some of these sold in the
Charleston market for $1 50 each, — average price, 75 cents.

223

on a ridge that runs parallel with the sea, the whole
length of the Island, and at a distance of one to two
miles from the beach. The Island is here about three
miles wide ; and the width of the testaceous ridge 300 to
400 yards, and of unknown depth. The quarries have not
been sunk more than 12 or 15 feet, — as excellent fresh
water obstructs all further progress downwards. But
there is no necessity for running deep, to obtain an in-
finite abundance of this valuable material, — as it
reaches in many places the surface of the ground. —
Loose shells generally cover the surface ; after which
a thin plate of stone, and so on, alternately, — the inter-
vening loose shells gradually diminishing, and the
plates of stone increasing in thickness, until it becomes
perfectly solid. It splits with the utmost facility, hori-
zontally ; and is easily dressed, with a hatchet, into the
forms required. A little to the west, is a chain of Sand
Hills, — which evidently proves that the shelly ridge had
been the intervening beach, where the ocean, at some
former distant period, rolled its waves along, deposit-
ing the shells, — which have thus been cemented together
by a chemical process. I shall not stop to theorize, —
nor will I inform you, at this time, what kind of shells
afford this stone, — as I do not know ; — being but a poor
Conchologist. This can, however, be ascertained some
time hence. I may add, that the little animal, which
originally inhabits these famous shells, makes excellent
soup. This Island is 20 miles in length, but contracts,
near its southern extremity, to a few hundred yards;
and here the shelly ridge passes across Matanza river
to the Main. As you advance south, these stones be-
come hai'der, — and of course of a more delicate tex-
ture,— but more difficult to manufacture. They prob-
ably continue all the way to the Cape, — certainly as far
as Indian river.
The evening proving squally, we were unable to re-

224

cross Matanza river; and took up our abode for the
night, in the ancient and venerable fabric erected by
the old Fish, who was the original proprietor of the
Island. He was a native of Flatbush, in the State of
New York ; and made improvements which have hardly
been exceeded in any part of the Province. Here are
the remains of perhaps the most celebrated Orange
Grove in the world. Some trees still remain that are 30
feet in height, — and still retain a portion of their golden
fruit. But all is now in ruins. Two generations have
passed away.

We were very politely entertained by two handsome
young ladies (mulattoes), the grandchildren of the
above-mentioned Fish. Their father was killed ^y light-
ning a few years ago, and no one is left sulficiently
qualified to keep the premises in good order. The
quantity of good land, on this Island, is pretty consid-
erable; and it is a delightful summer retreat. On the
morning of the 6th, we decamped from St. Augustine,
and embarking in a snug canoe boat, ascended Ma-
tanza river south, between Fish's Island and the Main.
At a few miles distance, on the western shore, we passed
an elevated spot which once contained the habitation of
Governor Moultrie. A small cabin, and a few Date
trees, are all that appear to mark the place where the
hand of high cultivation and improvement once ex-
tended. At the southern extremity of Fish's Island,,
and near Matanza bar, stands a Spanish tower,, where a
corporal's guard is stationed to look at folks,, as they pass
by. Early in the evening we encamped on Penan (Rock
Island), situated on the north shore of Matanza Inlet.
This is a small barren Island; containing, however,
a remarkable mound of oyster shells, full ot bones of
the aborigines, along with the domestic implements
with which they were interred, — as earthen vessels,
hatchets, &c. In a little time we caught plenty of fish

235

for supper. Here we spread our blankets under the
canopy of a star spangled sky; and after a little ^erse-
cution from the musquitoes, reposed in peace. Our
heads were defended by "Spanish bayonets" (Yucca
aloifolia). The leaves of this elegant plant (which is
now in flower,) are furnished, at the extremity, with
most formidable spines, — and, spreading out horizon-
tally, they inflict serious wounds, when carelessly
stumbled upon. I have not been able to discover a Y.
gloriosa, distinct from this plant. Next morning, cross-
ing the Inlet at the southern point of Penon Island, we
ascended upper Matanza river, — which, running south
10 or 12 miles close to the sea shore, originates by
several heads in the swamps, aliitle westerly. Tracing
the eastern branch, we landed early in the afternoon at
the plantation of a Mr. Hernandez. Here, in a thin
sandy hammock of small Live Oaks, Cabbage, and Saw
Palmettoes, I had the gratification to find the "WiM
Sago," or Coontia* of the Seminoles, — and to assig-n
it its place in the sexual system ; Dioecia, Polyandria :
natural order, Palmae. I have no books with me to
refer to; but it is probably a new genus, — approaching
very closely in habit to the real Sago family fCycasJ.
At supper, I had the pleasure to eat the bread prepared
from the large tuberous root of this plant. In the late
times of diflaculty many negroes, and others, were pre-
vented from perishing with hunger by having recourse
to it ; and the slaves on this plantation now save half
their allowance, in consequence of using it. I have no
hesitation in saying that it will be found among the
most important of our Esculent ia. I believe I have
already given you a hint of this plant. At some future
period, I will give you more particular information,—
*Bow-li:gs, the grandson of Bartram's "Long irarrJor," says,
that " Coontia" signifies Bread ■plant. [This proved to be the Zb-
mia pumila. See subsequent letter, of May 27.]

226

We spent a whole day reconnoitering, he?e ;^ and m a
ramble near the beach, I had the pleasing horrible
prospect of a living rattlesnake, six feet in length. He
had the generosity, when unperceived by us, to give the
dread alarm ; but a sudden leap, I apprehend, alone
saved my companion from feeling the full force of his
inagnanimity. Never have I seen any thing so awfully,
so horribly terrific, as this rattlesnake in anger. Even
the gigantic alligator, with his iron sides, and formidable
tusks ever grinning horribly, with ghastly smiles, bears
in my estimation no comparison. The fangs of this rep-
tile were double, and an inch and an half in length. —
Nothing but the difficulty of procuring proper accom-
modations for conveying him to Georgia, prevented me
from saving his life, and taking him on with me to
introduce to you, when I returned north.

From this plantation we again took our land tacks
on board, and reached this place (Tomoko river) on the
evening of the third day, — 50 miles southerly of St.
Augustine. The land, I find, increases in fertility as
we advance south,. — the Hammocks more rich and ex-
tensive,— and even the Pine land of a better quality.
From this place we again took to the water, cruising
down Tomoko, in the midst of shoals of alligators, for
3 or 4 miles in a N. easterly direction until we entered
Halifax river (a Lagoon, or arm of the sea,) — when we
again bore up south, straight as a line could be drawn,
14 miles to the habitation of Mrs. Carr, a widow, on
the western shore. Here was a noble spontaneous
grove of Orange trees — principally the "bitter sweet"
(Seville) — loaded with fruit in high perfection, and at
the same time in flower. Here, also, I discovered a
species of Myrtus, and a white Blachherry ! Recollect, I
am only telling you a part of the story. I have seen
many other new plants, and fine things, too tedious to
mention. The night was spent with the widow ; and the

227

following evening we landed safely at the Ruins of New
Smyrna, — about 16 miles further south, and the same
distance from any settlement. A short distance south
of Mrs. Carr's, we floated over acres of the Ruppia
maritima, attached to a soft bottom of mud, — and cither
floating, or withdrawing under water, as best comported
with its pleasure. Like the VaUisneria, the peduncles
supporting the flowers are spiral, — some of them 10
inches in length. The flowers are unequivocally her-
maphrodite, and singularly constructed. I have amused
myself for hours in attending to them : indeed it re-
quires some time, and very close examination, to be-
come acquainted with the fructification of this aquatic ;
nor have I seen it accurately described,— although I
have no doubt it is the same plant mentioned by all
European Botanists, as a native of Europe. A few
miles further south, the river — heretofore wide, straight,
and uninterrupted— begins to wind among numerous
small Islands, covered with the ever verdant '■'■Mangrove'''
fRhizophora Mangle, L.). One of these small Islands
has been selected (time immemorial,) and occupied by
the large Grey Pelican. Thousands were here assem-
bled, feeding their young. The nests, composed sim-
ply of "marsh grass" ( Spartina glabra,) covered the
Mangrove trees as thick as apples. We landed among
them : and such a screaming as they made, could
hardly be exceeded by the Indians. I was surprised to
find among them, great numbers of the '■'Forked tailed
Hawk." These soon soared aloft, and disappeared.
Here and there, also, was a hungry Buzzard, watching
to catch the offal. Such a rendezvous of feathered
gentry I have never seen, — unless it be the Cormorants,
which roost by hundreds of thousands on a sandspit,
running off from the north end of Talbot Island: But
there were Cormorants alone,— and not Hawks, Crows,
Buzzards, Cranes, Curlews, &c. But I have reached

228

the last page, without sajing any thing about New
Smyrna, — which was intended to be the subject of my
letter-. The fertility of the soil, the beauty of the situa-
tion, and the extent of former improvements, far ex-
ceeded my expectation. The houses were all neatly
built with those fine materials peculiar to the country;
but naked walls and chimneys alone remain to mark
the spot where New Smyrna stood. So luxuriant has
been the vegetation, that it was difficult getting along,
without cutting our way. Where the Car of Turnbull
once drove in triumph, we find Cabbage trees ( Cha-
maerops Palmetto) 15 feet in height.

With respect to obtaining land in this Province, in
my present situation, some difficulties stand in the way.
Were I not in the service of the United States, I believe
I could obtain a grant of land from this Government,
without sicearing allegiance to his Catholic Majesty, — as
I find I am quite a favorite with the Governor, and se-
veral high in otiice under him. Perhaps I may, some-
how or other, contrive through the agency of friends
here, to obtain a few hundred acres, — either on Mus-
quitoe, or St. John's, or both.

Lake George is only 20 miles west of Smyrna, and
Indian river 30 south. To the latter river, is a water
communication nearly the whole way: Little more
than one-eighth of a mile would require to be opened,
to connect the waters of Musquitoe. I have already in-
formed you that St. John's could be connected with
Indian river. How I regret not being able to extend
my researches in this quarter! It is time to begin to
think of frying other fish. I shall be the bearer of this
to St. Augusthie — perhaps to St. Mary's; — intending
now to make rapid marches. I am, &c.

P. S. My health has improved ; — as has always been
the case, when mind and body have both been actively
employed.

229

St. Mary's, May 27, 1817.
My dear Sir : I wrote to you twice from Fort George,
once from St. Augustine, and lastly from Tomoko. —
Should all these communications be received, with this
enormous one immediately in the rear, they will alto-
gether amount to something very much like a bore : but
that is nothing to me, — as I have fulfilled my engage-
ment of writing "freely and frequently." For several
years I had no correspondence with the friends of my
youth, and my country. Some had gone the way of all
the earth : to me they were all gone ! When I left the
University of Pennsylvania, I calculated that I had
formed a league of friendship with a group of young
men, which would be lasting as life. But how uncer-
tain and unstable are all things in this little busy dirty
world of ours! I have not heard from one of them since
I have resided in Georgia. I suppose they think I have
become a negro, or something worse. Now, although
I have since formed a pretty extensive correspondence
among strangers, in the south, &c. the opening of a
correspondence with you, has been among the most
pleasing little events I have experienced for a long
lime ; — as the universal neglect of all my old friends had
made me a little melancholy, and sometimes almost
vexed me. This, I hope, will be some apology for my
wi'iting so carelessly and foolishly. On our return to
St. Augustine, we had some reason to congratulate our-
selves in not having fallen in with any of our red
brethren, while at New Smyrna, — as they manifest a
disposition rather hostile towai-ds Americans, and have
attempted a re-settlement a little further south, on
Indian river. A number of them were frolicking in St,
Augustine, and were not backward in disclosing th-eir
sentiments. These Florida Indians fSeminolesJ are
not in much repute with any nation: they are indolent
and perverse, — and are looked upon with contempt
20

230

both by the Upper and Lower Creeks.* We returned
from St. Augustine by a different route, — ascending
North river 11 miles, and then by land traversed an ex-
tensive flat country immediately on the seaboard, — and
had an opportunity of seeing the whole extent of the
lago Plains. We reached St. Mary's in the midst of
deluges of rain, on the evening of the 25th. It was
with difficulty that I preserved my collections from
destruction. I now find that my Coontia, or "Wild
Sago," is nothing more nor less than Zamia pumila. —
See Bartram, p. 16.— Could I have extended my excur-
sion a little more westerly, I should in all probability
have found many of Bartram's doubtful plants. I am
happy to say, that his authority is good in most in-
stances, where I have had it in my power to travel over
the same ground. He is most defective in his Geog-
raphy; and you rarely find his plants in the situations
pointed out in his Travels. One of the most extraor-
dinary of his geogi'aphical blunders, is that of the
mouth of the St. Mary's, — which he says enters the
Atlantic between Amelia and Talbot Islands. How he
could have made such a blunder is inconceivable : and
it has been copied by Morse, and other Geographers.
The St. Mary's discharges itself between Cumberland
and Amelia, 20 miles north of Talbot. The waters of
Nassau river are discharged between the southern
extremity of Amelia, and the northern extremity of
Talbot Islands.

Sloop Hermit, May 28.
I sailed from St. Mary's this morning; and we are
now moving slowly along through Cumberland Sound,

♦Bahtram has incorrectly confounded theLowcr Creeks with the
Seniinoles. The Lovo^r Creeks would feel themselves very much
insulted by being ranked along with their eastern neighbors; who
are, nevertheless, derived from them.

231

with every appearance of pleasant weather, and a pros-
perous voyage. Cumberland Island is about 18 miles
in length, and from 1 to 2 miles wide, — extending north
and south. It contains but little good land : mostly
Pine barren, and thin Live Oak Hammock. The
southern exti-emity of this Island was formerly granted
by government to General Greene. An elegant
house, 4 stories high,* was erected afterwards by a Mr.
Phineas Miller, who married the widow, — and here a
daughter of the famous Quaker General now resides.
* * * But families, like nations, have their decline,
— and sometimes they slip, and fall. — * * — For myself,
I would tread lightly, and with solemnity, upon the
grave of Mrs. Miller. She was to me like a mother,
when I first arrived — sick and a stranger, in a land of
strangers. ******

In the dusk of the evening we crossed St. Andrew's
Sound, between Cumberland and Jekyl Islands; but
were soon afterwards obliged to anchor, in consequence
of a heavy thunder squall. Jekyl Island is 9 miles in
length, and contains a pretty large body of valuable
calcareous Hammock. It is the property of one man,
— Mr. Debignon, a Frenchman. I shall now go to bed,
in a warm crowded cabin, — with plenty of fleas in
company.

May 29. Passing Jekyl, we cross St. Simon's Sound,
about one mile wide. On the southern extremity of
St. Simon's a neat light house has been erected, —
where, however, as the trade has centered, it is of little
importance. Few vessels come in here. The village
of Brunswick stands a few miles to the S. W. at the
mouth of Turtle river. This is the best inlet on the

*Built of " Tappy" (oyster shells) — [Hispanice, Tapia, a mud
wall, — or calcareous cement.] — and beautifully situated on a rising
ground. A fine garden adorns the front. The prospect is extensive
and delightful.

232

coast, except Savannah: but the arable land on Turtle
river being far inferior to that of the Alatamaha — both
in quantity and quality — the trade centres at Darien.
A number of valuable rich settlements are found on St.
Simon's.* We passed Frederica in the evening. This
was once a place of much greater importance than it is
at present. Some of the old works of Oglethorpe are
still visible. They were of " Tappy," — and out of them
the light house has been constructed.

Darien, May 30. This city is now improving pretty
rapidly ; but its situation is ineligible, — both on account
of trade and of health. I paid a visit, this evening, to

Mrs. Spalding, widow of Spalding, Esq. the brother

of Thos. Spalding, the great Sugar Planter, on Sapelo.
This venerable old lady requested me to present her
best respects to W. Bartram, — -whom she well remem-
bers, when, in days of yore, he travelled in Florida. —
She says that his account of the Alligators is not exag-
gerated.

Savannah, May 31.

Taking the stage, this morning, I am now here, —
after a pleasant ride of more than 40 miles. Being very
sleepy — my pen bad— ink and paper no better — and
supposing that what I have already written will be a
bore of sufficient length, — I conclude ; and am most
affectionately, yours.

P. S. The very first vessel in which I can stow myself
and baggage, will convey me to Philadelphia,— -should
the voyage prove prosperous.

Philad. June 19, 1817. Schooner Eagle.
My DEAR OLD friend : Meeting with J. Valentine

*I. CooPEHjEsq. who ^"(sf planted the jSw^ar Cane in Georgia, re-
sidei! here.

233

this morning, from your town, I embrace the opportu-
nity to inform you that 1 am here, in 5 days from Savan-
nah ; — but a prisoner on board, — and in momentary
expectation of being sent back to the Quarantine
ground ; having past last evening without being aware
of the regulations. This will be a terrible lore, after so
short a passage, with all my collections on board ; —
some of which — and particularly your box of Live
Oaks — will suffer by the delay. This day week, I ate a
hearty breakfast in Savannah ; and yesterday morning
at sunrise, I was 25 miles south of Cape Henlopen, —
and in sight of this city last evening at 7 o'clock. We
lay to, notwithstanding, one day, off Cape Hatteras, —
with head winds and squalls.

Pray come to Wilmington after your box of Live
Oaks, &c. immediately after you receive this; — in which
time, quarantine or no, I shall be there, — as there is not
a soul on board that has even a head-ache. I am in no
humor for writing. To have escaped the Indians in
Florida, to run foul of a silly quarantine, so near home,
is too bad. In haste, &c.

P. S. 10 o^clock, A. M. Fortunately we have got
clear; and I hope to be in Wilmington to-morrow
evening, I have other articles for you, beside Live
Oaks : So be sure and take a ride to see me as soon as
possible,— in order that no time may be lost in talking
over Florida, and other important matters.

Wilmington, Del. July 2, 1817.
My DEAR Darlington: I regretted much not seeing
you, after you had been at the trouble of coming down.
My journey into the country was indispensable ; and
such is the situation of my affairs, that I see no pros-
pect of visiting West Chester before the latter end of
20*

234

August, or beginning of September. I have had no lei-
sure to review any of my notes, — nor vi^rite to Mr.
Elliott, to vk'hom a letter is due.

The Live Oaks, &c. which were brought on in the
best state of preservation, begin to show symptoms of
decline: perhaps in part for want of judgment in the
management of them, — as well as some neglect, and a
want of proper accommodations for them. I am pretty
well versed in the art of packing plants for exportation ;
but have not had practice in horticulture, for want of
leisure and the necessary conveniences.

Should it be in your power to pay me a visit, you may
calculate upon finding me a home on any day between
this and the middle of the ensuing week. J have scarcely
looked at a plant since I came home. My Herbarium
requires reviewing, and re-adjusting; and I wish most
anxiously that you could spare the time to look over it
along with me. I should not much relish the confine-
ment and trouble that would be required, to make out
any notices, or Sketches of East Florida, for publication.
It ought to be done : But I have two powerful motives
for declining it — viz : delicate health, and a want of
ability to render it interesting to the public. I still
enjoy pretty good health ; but the weather is so cool,
that I am afraid I shall suffer without more active exer-
cise. It appears to me, that carrying the mail, (or some
such employment,) two or three times a week, on foot,
between this place and West Chester, would suit me
better than writing "Sketches of E. Florida." — But I
should be glad to consult you about it, should I ever be
favored with the sight of you. I am, &c.

P. S. I am very anxious to see the venerable Ba^
TRAM. Before I left the Province, I received through
Mr. Fkasek, an extract of a letter fi-om him, in which he
pointed out the habitat of several of his rew plants, —
some of which I do not recollect to have seen in his

235

Travels. He informed me, in 1812, that these Travels
had not been published under his own inspection ; but
that he had by him all his original manuscripts, from
which a more correct work might be compiled: — that it
had always been his intention to publish a correct edi-
tion,— but had neglected it until old age prevented.
Colonel Hawkins had proposed to me to procure these
manuscripts, and unite in the publication of a Topo-
graphical account of the Creek country, &c. The death
of Col. H. and afterwards the destruction of most of his
valuable papers by fire, through the infernal villainy of
the Savages (not Indians,) put a stop to this business, —
and I fear has left a blank in the history of the Musoo-
gees, which will not soon be filled up cori'ectly.

Wilmington, August 7, 1817.

Dear Sir ; Although I have progressed but a little
way with my "Floridian Letters," 1 cannot well avoid
informing you that I have just received along letter from
Mr. Lambert, with all the Botanical news from t'other
side of the water. He has forwarded a copy of Pursh,
along with his own works on the Pines and Cinchonas, —
and informs me that many more will come as soon as
he receives the packet I sent him from Savannah.
Thus, he is so far as prompt as a general; and should
he continue so, with the aid I may expect to derive from
Smith and Frazek, my Botanical Library may swell,
in a few years, to the size of your own. But, notwith-
standing all this good fortune, I feel most deucedly in
the dumps. Some cursed little vexatious thing, or
other, assails me almost every day, and keeps my mind
in a continual state of distraction.* I almost wish to be

[•Dr B. was at this time a good deal annoyed with some difficul-
ties in the settlement of an Estate, in which he was collaterally in-
terested.]

236

driven from men to eat grass with the cows, until seven
years shall have passed over me without beholding the
face of man, — and my hairs become converted into
turkey-buzzard's wings — and my nails into alligator's
claws.

"As sunshine's succeeded by rain," &c. &c.

I received a letter from Elliott yesterday, in which
he calls upon me for all the plants I may wish to have
inserted in his work, "down to the end of Decandria."
Will it not be best for me to endeavor to raise the wind,
and get ahead of him a little, — and then describe the
remainder in my own work ; from which, he may af-
terwards quote me, if he chooses 1

I want all the advice, caution, counsel, and comfort,
you are so well able to afford me ; for I am almost
sinking under the magnitude of the undertaking you
have been putting me up to. Should it terminate in the
ruin of my fame and fortune, I must contrive it so that
you may he ruined along with me ; — for misery always
wants company.

I do not find among the letters you furnished me, that
in which there is some mention made of Col. Hawkins,
nor the one written on my return to Georgia — which,
however, may not contain any thing of importance. I
also left on your desk, or lost by the way, some notes I
made from Puksh: But this will be of little conse-
quence, when I receive the work. My agent in Phila-
delphia, wrote me yesterday, that the packet of books
was stopped at the Custom-house, for want of an In-
voice; so that I have been obliged to send up Lam-
bert's letter, to prevent it from being broken open.
Such a- delay is mortifying. I have no time to write
more, — and ask pardon for having written at all, when I
had nothing interesting to you to write about. I am &c.

P. S. I forgot to inform you, that I have in my pos-
session Muhlenberg's Grasses; — which I suppose you

28f7

have received before this time. I do more or less at
my "letters" every day, — and may get on faster, when
I get fairly under way. I am obliged to break off in
the afternoons, on account of my breast: but if I had
nothing to vex me I should get on much better.

Wilmington, August 20, 1817.
My Dear Sir: I found your letter of the 13th, with its
enclosures, on my return from Philadelphia, the fol-
lowing evening; and I now return you my sincere
thanks for the interest you take in my anticipated work.
Nothing but want of health shall prevent me from pur-
suing this object ; but I am afraid imperious circum-
stances will prevent its completion at so early a period
as could be wished. I was obliged to pay a hasty visit
to the city, for the purpose of receiving my annual
stipend, and of squaring off with the Navy Department.
I returned as speedily as possible, with my head chock
fnW of Floridian letters, vfluch I intended most rapidly
to arrange, — when lo ! a letter awaited me, written by
order of the Hon. Naval Secretary, inquiring whether
the state of my health would permit me to take a cruise,
as surgeon, in the Gulf of Mexico, on board the ship
John Adams, — and requesting an answer by the return
of mail! This put me in a dilemma. No time was to
be lost. Thinks I to myself, if I now refuse to go, — al-
though I could frame a pretty good excuse, — I cannot
in future ask favors with so much confidence; — and
then, again, the cold winter is approaching, and this
cruise may really tend to the promotion of my health,
as well as aflford me opportunities for extending my
knowledge of southern plants, — while I could take so
much of my library and notes along with me, as to ena-
ble me at least to go on in the framing of my "letters,''

238

on board. At all events, I immediately wrote that I
would await the orders of the Secretary, — which I have
this day received ; and which of course allow me little
time to delay. Tn about five days I expect to be under
way to join my brother Tars, at New York. As it was
your intention to pay me a visit shortly, I hope you will
find it convenient to come immediately, and see my
new books, &c. before I leave this place. I shall be
very anxious to know whether you approve of the step
I have taken : and I have many things to say to you,
which I have neither room nor leisure to say, in this
letter.

After getting through my business in the city, I paid
the venerable William Bartram a short visit on my
return homewards. Though far advanced in the vale of
years, I found him in the possession of good health; and
all the faculties of his mind were as brilliant as in the
morning of life. So pleased was he with the little details
I gave him of East Florida, — and so interested was I in
the information which he was capable of affording
me, that we parted with great reluctance, and mutual
wishes for a further and more intimate acquaint-
ance. Such, he informed me, was his partiality for
that delightful country, that he often fancied himself
transported thither in his dreams by night. My being
able to confirm several of his doubtful plants, was ex-
tremely gratifying to him ; and he wished most anx-
iously that I would return and find otheis of them, be-
fore he descended to the grave. Aware of the suspi-
cions which some entertain of his veracity, it was truly
a feast to me to observe how his time-worn countenance
brightened up at the vindication of his character, which
I informed him I was prepared to offer. By this visit I
am prepared to make his Lantana Camara a new spe-
cies, without hesitation. I saw the true West Indian
Camara in perfection ; and I find it unequivocally dis-
tinct from the Florida plant, — which I shall describe, and

239

send to him, under the nanne of Lantana Battramii, It
is an elegant plant. How and when, from the arrange-
ment I have now been making, shall I be able to com-
pensate Mr. Lambert] He has sent me, beside the
works mentioned in his letter, of which I informed you,
Humboldt's Treatise, De Distributione Geographicd
Plantarum. I shall no more than have leisure, at pre-
sent, to answer his letter: and I despise paying my
debts with promises. I fear, alas, that I am disappointing
your expectations, and drawing too much upon your
time and generosity : But I must repeat my wish to see
you, and know your sentiments, before I go. Your ob-
servations on the plan of my "Floridian Letters," meet
my approbation exactly; but I am not quite certain
that the few which I have already prepared will agree
precisely with it. When you see them, you can judge :
— >and judge T hope you will, with the most perfect and
unrestrained freedom.

There are many inaccuracies in the work of Pursh,
— particularly in regard to southern plants : so there is,
indeed, in »he work even of Mr. Elliott ; — and so
there would doubtless be in any work I might attempt
to publish. It must be by correcting one another, that
the science will be gradually improved. But some of
Elliott's blunders are from pure carelessness, or lazi-
ness; and I shall therefore very freely — though in the
most friendly manner — take notice of them. Before I
received your letter, I had written to Mr. E. and in-
formed him of the demand for his Sketch, &c. I will be
more particular in my next letter to him. I have since
received through his kindness, a packet of specimens
collected for me by Mr James Jackson in West Georgia ;
but nothing new to me in it.

I, too, have been disappointed in the work of Dr.
Muhlenberg. It is rather bald for a " Descriptio Ube-
rtor;"--and would not have been published thus, had

240

the author lived. "What is to become of his general
worki I have written to the son about it, but received
no answer. I feel anxious in consequence of having
sent the old gentleman specimens of new plants, — some
of which, from the Creek nation, I have not now in my
Herbarium. Should these fall into the hands of
strangers, I may not only be cheated out of all the
credit, which the old Doctor would have awarded me,
— but the specimens themselves may be lost, or im-
perfectly described.

U. S. Ship John Adams,

New York, August 29, 1817,
My Dear Sir : I arrived here two days ago, and
learned to my infinite regret and mortification, that this
vessel will not be ready for sea under two or three
months; and that she will afterwards probably cruise
for 18 months, or 2 years, — having during this long
time little or no intercourse with any shore. Under
such circumstances, whatever duties I owe to the Navy,
those which I owe to myself and family are much
stronger; and I have not hesitated in determining to
leave the ship, at all events, — should it even cost me my
commission. You will, I think, readily agree with me,
that such a cruize would in all probability injure my
health more than the climate of Wilmington : besides
cutting me off from my family and pursuits, without a
remuneration adequate to the risk and loss of time. —
That I did not decline this cruize sooner, is much to be
regretted, — as it may stigmatize me with whimsicality:
but we cannot always judge correctly. There is an of-
ficer here, who has had one cruize in the Gulf of
Mexico ; and he reports it to be the most dreary and
hazardous of all his cruizing. Had Capt. Henly been

241

here, I should have first begged leave of absence, and
perhaps have gone myself to Washington : But as he is
absent, and may be for some time, I wrote yesterday lo
the Department, and very plainly stated my objections
to remaining in this vessel, — intimating my willingness
to surrender my commission, if further indulgence could
not with propriety be granted. I do not feel well : and
really, to be bamboozled about as I have been for some
time past, in such a variety of ways, is enough to make
any man sick, or crazy, — or both.

I spent about an hour with Z. Collins, as I came
through Philadelphia. I was delighted with him. We
immediately recognized each otherasold acquaintances
(we had never seen each other before,) — and entered
rapidly upon the subject of Botany, in less than a minute.
But until I can get this Navy concern adjusted, I cannot
think of Z. Collins, or Botany, or any thing else.

I shall no doubt be here long enough for you to
answer this letter; and a word of comfort would be
grateful, flowing from the lip of friendship. I only
wish I may be able to return suitably your kindness, —
and am, &c.

Wilmiiigton, September 18, 1817.
Dear Sir: I have this day heard from the Navy De-
partment, and have had all my requests granted, and
something more; being continued under full pay until
I report myself fit for service. I arrived here a few
days ago, on leave of absence from Capt. Henly. Not
having heard from the Department, I began to be in
doubt for the result, — and intended setting out for
Washington to-morrow, had I not heard from there. I
have been quite unwell, but begin to feel better; — and
having my mind at rest once more, I hope to be able to
21

242

guard against the recurrence of pulmonic symptoms, —
and intend paying them a visit at Head Quarters, be-
fore long. - * *****

Z. Collins wrote to me before I returned ; and I re-
■ ceived at the same time a notice of my having been
elected a corresponding member of the "Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" — an institution I had
not heard of, before. My residence at New York
was not altogether unproductive of Botanical interest.
It has enabled me to add several plants to my Herba-
rium,— and to examine others which I was anxious to
compare with southern ones. In passing through New
Jersey, I fell in with the Polygonum articulatum, — and
am satisfied that it is not specifically distinct from the
southern Polygonum. Many plants that ought fre-
quently to have come under the observation of Pursh,
in the immediate vicinity of New York, have not, in
my opinion, been well described by him; and some
even appear to have been omitted altogether, — not-
withstanding it was so long his botanizing ground. I
found a Cyperus with esculent tubers, on Long Island,
which does not agree with tuberosus, of Pursh, — and
it is very widely distinct from Elliott's repens — or the
one I found in Georgia.* I have not yet examined
Mvulenberg's phy mat odes. A letter from Mr. Elliott
awaited my arrival. He wanted descriptions of several
plants, which I fear I shall be too late in furnishing. —
He corrected the last proof-sheet of his 4th number on
the 21st ultimo. » * * * »

I wrote to Lambert from New York. The first thing
I now attend to, must be to put him up a packet of
specimens : after which, go on with my "Letters" as fast
as the state of my health will permit. I remain yours.

[*See, bowevcr, Dr. Tohrey's "North A merican Cyperaceae," —
where the C. repens, Ell. C. phijmalodes, Muhl. and C. tubcrosus,
Pursh, are considered as identical.]

343

Wilmington, September 27, 1817.

My Dear Sir: Yours dated yesterday was handed to
me by your brother last evening. I have not been idle
since my return from New York : but the state of my
health has kept me pretty much from my desk, and
from close application to any thing. I begin to feel
better, and sliall not abandon the "Florida Letters." —
Our friend Collins also wrote to me yesterday, and
says he will pay me a visit in a few days. It will be to
me an interesting visit; for this gentleman, I find, is an
acute and accurate investigator of plants. He has not,
it is true, been flouncing from one extremity of the U.
States to the other — giving to each plant an investiga-
tion of live minutes, for the purpose of making a book :
but, for the love of the science, he investigates closely
as far as he goes.

The more I consult Pursh, the less interesting I find
him. In all those great families of plants which re-
quired to be re-investigated, he is a mere copyist; and
yet informs you that he has seen the plants alive. He
may have seen many, or most of them ; but I am sure
he failed to investigate them, — andw as only traditionally
acquainted with them. Look at his account of the
Scirpi. One description will serve for 3 or 4, or half a
dozen ; and yet I would bet a trifle that he might be
shown three radically distinct species of this genus
which he would pronounce identical. See, also, his
description of Scirpus capitatus — beginning and ending
with, '■'■ spica. suhglohosa.''^ Scirpus ovatus,Wi\ld. and
jS. capltatus, L. are the same: yet PuRSH has seen them
both alive ! He has scarcely in a single instance, that I
have noticed, mentioned those characters, in this family,
by which the species are to be truly discriminated. —
Muhlenberg's descriptions are rather confused, in
general, but of this plant pretty good: but he is une-
quivocally mistaken, in supposing the S.tuberculosus, of

m 244

Mx. to be the same plant. The seed, tubercle, and
bristles, are different. Elliott's account of this family
I think the best.* — But I am aware that it is easier to
find, than to mend, faults; and have no doubt but that
any thing I could do— or my betters— would also be
susceptible of further improvement.

How are you coming on with your Cataloguel I
wish you would extend it into a work like that of
BiGELOw, at once. I am sure there is plenty of need to
mend most of the descriptions of plants already
known.

Judge Cooper has been analyzing half a pound of
the roots of the Zamia, — and obtained but 12 dwts. 9
grs. of a brown faecula. With all due deference to
him, and his knowledge,— the Florida negroes under-
stand the analyzation of this plant better than he does ;
— or the root itself must have changed since it left
Florida.

I have written in haste, for fear your brother should
be gone, — and I fear hardly intelligibly : but make the
best of it. I am most sincerely yours.

WiJmington, October 30, 1817.
My Dear Sir: I might perhaps have written to you
before now, and reported progress, — ^had it not been my
wish first to ascertain my destiny for the winter. Infor-
mation received from Washington this morning has de-
cided that matter. I go out in the Congress Frigate,
along with Rodney & Co. I am not allowed to say
where ; but to a country, and to places in that country,
which (judging after the manner of men,) will not only
be best calculated to suit the state of my health,

[*For a more recent and full elucidation of the species of this
family, — see Torret's " North American Cyperaceae."]

245 #

(already somewhat impaired by the cold, and perhaps
too close conlinemcnt,)— but aftbrd me a good oppor-
tunity of attending to the productions of said country,
which are little known.

I have been at Washington, and talked the matter all
over at the Navy Department. It was highly gratifying
to me, to lind among the great folks, at Head Quarters,
some lovers of science ; and that I was not so much of
a stranger to them as I had supposed. They took all
the interest in my situation and views that I could
wish, — informing me that I was entitled to any indul-
gence that I required, which came within their limits to
grant ; that I had been selected for this very cruise, on
account of my knowledge of Natural History, — did the
state ot my health and other circumstances admit. In
short, the result of the interview was this : — We wish
you to go this cruise, — but leave it entirely to yourself
to determine whether your health and interests will be
promoted by it. — The only difficulty with me, then w^as,
the extent and length of it. It was not then known, at
the Navy Department, but what the Commissioners
might be sent round Cape Horn.

This matter being now settled, I received a letter this
morning, marked private, — stating every thing neces-
sary for me to know, to enable me to decide upon going.
I have answered that I will go. You, 1 think, would
say go ; and all my friends here, say go: and Rodney,
in particular, (who has not yet received his final in-
structions,) has all along been anxious that I should go.
If you were here, I would tell you more, — and perhaps
I might, as it is ; but you will excuse me.

The ^^ Columbian Institute,'''' 1 think, promises to do
something. I am to be furnished with a copy of the
Constitution, by the President, Dr. Cutbush, (the oldest
Surgeon in the Navy,) to enable me to promote its in-
terests. There is a division of the society which attends
21*

m 246

exclusively to Botany. They have a library, in which
they have the best modern works, Pursh, &c. and a
collection of specimens. But perhaps you know all
this. In an excursion with Mr. Wattekston, (Libra-
rian to Congress) I found in the midst of the great city,
a new Scirpus, — with a number of plants not found in
Pursh. I have described this Scirpus, and sent it to Z.
Collins. In this department of botany, Pursh is worse
than no authority at all. Muhlenberg is good, as far as
he goes. Pursh is a mere copyist, without copying cor-
rectly, (unless when he means to change names) —
although he has the impudence to insult us, at the end
of every description, with "r. -«." instead of n. n ! It
would require an angel to discriminate his plants. I am
sorry the work of Pursh fell into the hands of Mr. El-
liott— (and I have told him so,)— as it only has served
to mislead him, and lessen his independence as an
American Botanist: for, wherever Pursh has erred,
Elliott has been sure to copy him ; — and so we go on,
increasing confusion and synonyms, without benefiting
the science. Better burn all, and begin anew.

Should I not see you, I hope to hear from you soon.
I have a volume to write ; but neither time nor room. —
I have been making a revolution among the Schoeni. I
wish I had time to tell you about it. I have informed
Collins about it. He has been to see me.

P. S. I have sent my packet to Lambert, in the
Franklin,— under the care of Mr. Rush.

Wilmington, Novanber 10, 1817.

My Dear Friend : I had the pleasure to receive

yours cf the 5th, on the ensuing day : and the same day,

my orders arrived from Washington, to proceed without

delay to Norfolk, and join the Congress. The letters,

247

therefore, will not be in time ; but they are not impor-
tant,— and may as well be retained in your hands until
I return. I suspect there is still another missing,— un-
less the one you speak of having lately received be
dated Tomoko — which may be the case. Those I have,
are packed up along with all my notes, — to enable me
to go on with"f/it letters," on the voyage. Since I have
had an opportunity of examining the work of Pursh, I
feel more than ever stimulated to attempt something,
without loss of time, — although I fear you over-rate my
qualifications. As our venerable botanical friend,
Bartram, will perhaps be somewhat disappointed, in
not seeing or hearing from me, I should be glad if you
would call on him, the first opportunity, and make an
apology for me. It is my intention to do him all possi-
ble justice, in my notices of Florida plants. The Lan-
tana which he discovered, I have called L. Bartramii —
foliis ovatis, obtusis, crenatis ; caule herbaceo, angulato,
aculeato, piloso, ramoso ; floribus capitato-umbellatis,
foliosis. This is a beautiful plant, attaining to the height
of 6 feet, — and abounds along the sea coast of Florida.
The account given of it, by Bartram, is \exy correct.
It may come very near the L. aculeata, of S. America.
I still hear nothing from Mr. Elliott; and feel uneasy
about him. I hope you will lose no time in preparing
your Flora of West Chester ; and I should wish that you
would make it somewhat similar to that of Bigelow.
The descriptions of so many plants — and particularly
grasses — require improving, that I hope you will not
shrink from the undertaking. Should I return in time,
I might render you some assistance in arranging the
grasses ; but a close attention will soon render you
familiar with them. We have really no work (Mxthlen-
BERG excepted, as far as it goes,) that is worth referring
to, — or in which the descriptions are sulliciently accu-
rate, to distinguish the species.

248

It is now midnight. Within 3 hours I expect to be on
my way to Elkton, — from whence I proceed, via Balti-
more, to Norfolk. Rodney sets out to-morrow. Al-
though the state of my health is not such as to render
my situation alarming. — yet, as life under any circum-
stances is uncertain, — there can be no harm in just
mentioning, that in case I should never return, I leave
all my Botanical concerns to you ; who, with the aid of
Z. Collins, must make the best of them. It is with
shame and regret, however, I must observe, that both
my Herbarium and Notes would be found in such a state
of confusion, that I fear no one could make much of
them : and therefore I hope to have the management of
them myself, — at least a few years longer. With my
best thanks for the affectionate regard you have so often
manifested for me, I conclude — and remain truly yours.

P. S. I shall certainly not neglect writing to you by
every opportunity that may offer, in which I may have
any thing worthy of your notice to communicate. I
reciprocate your sentiments on the pleasures derived
from a knowledge of Botany ; and rejoice to hear you
speak in that way. But I regret that 3'ou are not, at this
interesting period, (like me,) a member of Congress!
The ensuing session, I suspect, will be uncommonly
interesting,— from the political topics, relative to South
America, which will probably be discussed. As Rod-
ney goes via Washington, the Congress may not sail
for a week, or more ; — so that a letter might reach me.

Adieu !

V. S. Ship Congress, (Norfolk,) Nov. 20, 1817.
My Dear. Fkiend : Precisely as I predicted the day
before I left Wilmington,— a letter, accompanied with the
4th number of Mr. Elliott's work, arrived in that

249

place the day after I left it ! By an extract from the
above-mentioned letter, transmitted by Mrs. B. I find
that a quantity of his Sketch will be immediately for-
warded to Philadelphia, directed to my charge, — agree-
ably to an arrangement made about two months ago. 1
have written toZ. Collins, to act for me in this business
in Philadelphia; and to J. D. and R. P. through Mrs. B.
in Wilmington. You can therefore be supplied, either
in Wilmington or Philadelphia ; and I shall feci much
gratified (for the sake of Mr. Elliott,) if you will pro-
mote the sale of this work, in your vicinity, as much as
possible. On account of the mortality in Charleston,
Mr. E. was obliged to remove to Sullivan's Island, —
Avhich produced the delay I had been complaining of.
He has written for such descriptions of plants as I can
furnish him, from the end of the 4th number down to the
end of Icosandria,— which will complete the 5th number,
and first volume; which he wishes to have ready for the
printer by the latter end of this month, — ^when he will
be obliged to attend the Legislature, in Columbia. I
regret that I cannot now send him a description of
several Icosandrous plants, — as Cactus, Myrtus, &c. —
The Myrtus (latifolia) is mentioned in the introduc-
tion to Bartram's Travels. By straining hard, I might
have sent him an account of the above plants before I
left Wilmington ; but, wanting the stimulus of a letter
from him, it was not attended to. I hope, however,
soon after my return from the south, to include them in
my "Florida Letters." I have sent him, since my
arrival here, a more full account of the Lantarut, than in
my haste, I sent to you. Here I am, in the ward-room
of the U. S. Ship Congress, surrounded by ten or a
dozen as decent officers as, I suspect, ever adorned a
national vessel. I am much pleased with them, and
feel my situation quite comfortable. Two good mates
are ordered : one is on board, and the other, I hope,

250

will be in a short time. I have nearly completed my
stores and medicines, — which have- kept me very closely
occupied since I came on board. I have laid in for a
cruise of 9 months and 400 men ; but Capt. Sinclair
calculates upon returning in May. I fear, from informa-
tion received to-day, that we shall not sail before the
first of December. It is rumored that we shall go up to
Annapolis, to take in the balance of ship stores, and the
Commissioners ; and that we leave this place about the
2.5th. Possibly this information may be incorrect. I
hope it is ; as it will produce unneccessary delay. —
I have felt my health improved since my arrival, and
active exertions here.

On my passage from Elkton to Baltimore, I became
acquainted with the "Chevalier Correa de Serra," —
who, I suppose, is known to you. I was pleased with
his plainness : and had a good deal of botanical talk
with him. He said he should have paid ine a visit in
Savannah, — but was afraid of the climate.

I spent one day in Baltimore, — becoming acquainted
with NiLES, — and our Secretary, Brackenridge, who, I
have no doubt, will prove as interesting, as I am very
certain he will be amusing, and eccentric, on the voy-
age. He will lay in (he says) ample stores for the mind :
and I am told that he sings an excellent song, — and can,
if we require it, give us the Speeches of G * * * *, ex-
actly. His knowledge of the Spanish language may be
of much importance. He translated the Exposition, of
Pueyrredon, — which you may have seen in the papers.
Nothing has yet occurred to render the prospect of this
cruize unpleasant, — except what naturally arises from
being so long separated from my family. Do, when
you have an opportunity, remember me to Dr. Clea-
ver,— and such other of our Philadelphia friends as may
not have forgotten me ; — and whom I have not had lei-
sure to visit since my return from Georgia.

251

Not having been inside of a theatre for about 8 years,
I attended last night — principally for the sake of seeing
Cooper perform. I was amused. It would give nic
great pleasure to hear from you before we sail. In the
mean time, I am truly yours.

U. S. Ship Congress, Hampton Roads, Dec. 3, 1817.

My Dear Friend : As we have not sailed so soon as
was expected, and as you have done me the favor to
request to hear from me often, — although I have little of
interest to communicate, — I will send you a Cape letter.
I wrote to you on the 20th, since which time, having got
a little through my hurry in laying in stores, &c. and
become familiarized with the ship, — I have been amus-
ing myself in arranging the "Florida Letters."

Since yesterday we have had a fine wind, and are
only detained for want of Capt. Sinclair's final orders,
— which ought to have reached us several days ago:
but, from foul weather, or some cause, two Washington
mails arc due. I hope we shall go to sea to-morrow ; —
for continuing here, this cold weather, — neither at sea
nor on shore (as the sailors express it,) — is rather un-
comfortable and tiresome.

The first port we shall touch at, will probably be
Madeira, — from whence I will, of course, write you,
should there be any possible opportunity. I will also
further state to you, in confidence — (for, if confidence
cannot be placed in such men as you, there can be no
such thing in the world — )that this vessel may go round
Cape Horn : but this will depend upon circumstances
not yet known to the Commissioners themselves.-
Should this be the case, some one or more of them
(along with myself, I hope,) may go across from Buenos
Ayres to Chili. After all, it is just as likely we shall

252

i*eturn the ensuing May. Nothing has been omitted
that seemed calculated to promote the interest of this
cruise. The Commissioners are well furnished with all
works, that could be collected, which throw light on the
interesting country which it is our object to visit; and
they have not even neglected works of Natural History
and Science. Judge Bland says that he will now lay
aside, for a while, the dry pursuits of Law, for those of
Cliemistry and Botany ! It gives me great pleasure to
add, further, (and perhaps I mentioned it in my last
letter) — that we have a fine set of officers, — most or all
of them men of intelligence, with more or less taste for
Science, — independent of their nautical learning and
skill. All seem animated with the prospect of con-
tributing something, during this vo3'age of discovery
(as it may be termed,) — which will redound to the
honor or interest of their country.

We have in the wardroom, six Lieutenants, one Lieut,
of Marines, one Sailing-master, one School-master, and
one Chaplain ; — the latter great character has been
transferred to my department. I shall station him in
the cock-pit, and teach him a different duty from that of
commanding our consciences, — which he said he was au-
thorized to do! But the cry is this moment, (4 P. M.)
all hands unmoor ship! — I have not another moment to
devote to you, — as I have some other letters to finish.
Yours, with unabated esteem.

17. <S. Ship Congress,
Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, January 30, 1818.
My Dear Friend: I have just finished a long letter
to Mrs. B. and you come next on my list of correspon-
dents. It was not known to me until after I had written
my last letter from Norfolk, that this was determined

25S

upon as the first port we should enter^— unless the Cape
de Verd Islands should chance^ from the state of the
winds, to fall conveniently in our way. This not hap-
pening, we arrived here on the evening of the 28th,
after a long passage of 55 days,— in which we experi-
enced our fnll share of heads and calms ; and had not
the good fortune to speak a single American vessel. —
Our passage from the Equator — which we crossed on
the 16th, has been pleasant. The usual ceremonies, on
this great event, were not omitted. The old ludicrous
Neptune boarded us in great style, — complaining bit-
terly of the dustiness of the roads, in these regions, pro-
ducing a dryness in his throat. He and his family were
treated to a few bottles: but, to be brief on this sub-
lime subject, — the whole business was conducted with
the utmost order and decorum.

At 10, A. M. yesterday, I first landed in South
America, — on an Island outside the harbor of Rio. It
is not a little curious to observe, that the first two plants
which met my observation, I had been familiar with in
the south of Georgia, and in E. Florida: viz. Ruppia
maritima (growing in the water,) and Ipomaea orbicula-
ris, of Elliott (on the sandy beach). Of the complete
identity of these plants, I have not the smallest doubt, —
as I am too familar with them to make any mistake.
But I am up to my eyes in investigating others not be-
fore known to me ; and with which the Island most
plentifully abounds. Among others, I have just made
out the Malpighia crassifolia, a very beautiful shrub ; —
and that elegant parasite, Tillandsia lingulata, — which
I hope to convey alive, and in full bloom, to the United
States. We let go our anchor here at half past one P.
M. yesterday; and this morning I visited the capital of
Brazil, — of which, at present, I shall say nothing, —
Every respect and attention is paid to us by the Portu-
guese authorities, — and by the commanders of vessels
22

254

of war, in port, — consisting of Austrians and English:
and I am almost continually interrupted by visiters
coming on board— to whom it is necessary for us all to
show attention, — as they generally wish to see all parts
of the ship. The King is to be crowned on the 6th
proximo ; but we calculate upon sailing before that
period.

The Portuguese still hold possession of Montevideo
(on La Plata); and the talk is, that they intend to hold
it, — and are sending on more troops for that purpose. —
We were the first to communicate the news of the death
of the Princess Charlotte (obtained from an English
merchant vessel,) — for which they have been firing
minute guns, and making a terrible fuss, both in the
harbor and on shore. But I have had yet but a poor
opportunity of obtaining any thing like a connected
detail of news. I have been mostly occupied in attend-
ing to the natural productions of this romantic place;
and have regrettel exceedingly that I am deficient in
drawing and sketching. Had I the talents of Dr. Syn-
tax, I would

" Rhyme it here, and prose it there,
And 7Jic(ures(y«e it every where."

In a short time I shall ascend a mountain, in the
vicinity of the capital, said to be above 2000 feet high.

January 31. The weather is so excessively sultry,
that I have not ventured to go on shore, this morning.
My health has been much improved in the voyage ; but
I find it necessary, after so long a confinement on
board, to exercise with caution. We have not yet had
any disease worth noticing; and I am well convinced
that the excellent provisions, stores, and internal regu-
lations on board, have contributed much towards pre-
serving health in this crowded community. In looking
over what I have written, I feel almost ashamed to
transmit it. Arriving in a place so novel, after a long

255

passage, and occupied with so many objects altogether
new and interesting, has confused my weak brain,
and this must be my excuse, should you feel disap-
pointed in reading this letter. We are preparing to re-
ceive the American Minister (Mr. Sumpter,) on board;
and owing to thai, and other matters, I can write no
more to-day.

February 1. Yesterday afternoon was spent on shore,
in a rich situation for botanizing: and a more extensive
excursion is arranged fur to-morrow,^ — no less than to
ascend the afore-mentioned mountain (3 miles distant),
said to be 2200 feet high. Rodney and Brackenridge
are to accompany me.

February 4. I have been variously and agreeably
occupied since the 1st inst. but have not yet ascended
the mountain. Instead of ascending the mountain, I
have traced the Aqueduct, which supplies the city with
water, from its source to its termination. It is a stupen-
dous work ; but of no great importance. This day, I have
had a peep at Royalty, in the Palace Royal ; and as it is
Ash- Wednesday, narrowly escaped bowing to the Host
— which is carried about in great style. We shall sail
for St. Catharine's, in 3 or 4 days ; — from whence,
should opportunity offer, you shall hear from me again.
I remain in haste, yours.

P. S. February 7. .We sail to-morrow for St. Catha-
rine's. Yesterday I saw (in the estimation of the
vulgar,) the greatest event that has ever taken place on
this side the water; — no less than the crowning of the
Prince Regent. I have only time and room to say, that
I had a good view of ail the great folks belonging to the
house of Braganza, — and was amused with the show, as
I would be at a good farce.

256

U. S. Ship Congress,
At Sear Lot. 27°,4(y S.—Long. 46°, 56' W.,

February 11, 1818.

My dear Friend: Since I have escaped from the de-
pressing heat at Rio de Janeiro, and breathed the pure
air of old ocean, a little further south, — my spirits begin
to revive: and as I have more leisure here, than I shall
have after we reach the La Plata, I will fill up an hour
or two in writing to you, — and thus make up, I hope, in
some degree, for the defects and omissions of my last
letter, dated at Rio.

Although I have resided several years on the southern
frontier of Gcoi'gia, and frequently observed the Mer-
cury, in Fahrenheit, to rise to 96° — the heat of Rio de
Janeiro, with the mercury fluctuating between 76° and
85° has proved infinitely more insupportable and
oppressive. This fact accords with the experience of
all hands on board, — or I should have suspected that
the state of my constitution, after long confinement at
sea, had rendered me peculiarly susceptible of the
influence of heat in taking exercise on shore, and said
nothing about it. But even when the sun was veiled in
clouds, it was impossible for any of us to take the most
moderate exercise in walking, without bufl"ering severely
from excessive perspiration: and I several times appre-
hended sincope, even when not exposed to the rays of
the sun. Is this efl"ect of the temperature owing to the
air being loaded with moisture? I suspect this to be
one great cause, — although but little rain fell during our
stay. The mornings were frequently cloudy, calm,
and sometimes rainy; but the Seabreeze generally sat
in before noon — when the weather became fair, with a
serene sky, — and not unfrequently a thunder shower
(rarely accompanied with much wind,) would close the
evening. I regret to state that our Barometers are out of
order, — and not to be depended upon for making any

257

experiments or observations. But notwithstanding the
heat of Rio, it has the character of being healthy. To
this character it may be in some measure entitled.—
Bilious epidemics, of every grade, appear to be un-
known. But the citizens in general do not exhibit a
healthy appearance. Many of the ladies, who live
well and take little exercise, are corpulent; but never-
theless want the appearance of vigorous health. —
Judging from appearances, as well as from my own
feelings, I was nut greatly surprised on being told that
haemoptisis was not uncommon: but I could not learn
that it was often followed by pulmonary consumption.
The negroes are subject to a dreadful disease of the
legs. They become of an enormous size; and, to be
brijf for the present, very much resemble the back of
a youn^ alii gatoj-. Respecting the cure, I obtained no
information; but I recollect having under my care a
case of this description, when I attended the Poor
House of New Castle county, in 1808 or 9.

No writer that I have ever read, has conveyed to us
any thing like a correct idea of the face of the country
on the Brazilian coast.

In approaching closely the entrance to the harbor of
Rio de Janeiro — within which, at the distance of only 3
or4 miles, is found a city more populous than Philadel-
phia,— not a habitation is to be seen : and the country
presents as wild and uncultivated an appearance as it
did on the day of its discovery. Mountains, terminating
in cones that intercept the course of the clouds, strike
the eye in every direction, and present an appearance
more grand and picturesque than can well be imagined.
We enter through a nariow strait, of only one mile
wide, into a spacious harbor, — on the west side of
which, situated in two narrow valleys, and skirting the
hills, stands the modern capital of Brazil. The
churches, convents, and other buildings, all suddenly
22*

258

opening to view amid the rude surrounding scenerj',
appear like enchantment. My attention to other sub-
jects has prevented me from attending particularly to
this city ; but I suspect that it will rank in riches, and
even splendor, with many in Europe. The streets
generally possess the common fault of being too narrow,
— but they are paved with stone. The houses are built
of the same material, and are rarely less than two
stories in height. (Mawe, a late English traveller in
Brazil, erroneously informs us that "the dwellings are
generally of one story, only.") There are some spa-
cious squares, and the public buildings appear to great
advantage.

The mountains, their composition, and productions,
were objects of far greater interest to me, than the city
with all its wealth, and its Royalty. But even these
mountains, I had not a sufficient opportunity of attend-
ing to with success. They are thrown together in such
a manner as to leave but narrow ravines between them.
Tiiese ravines, winding in various directions, often con-
taining delightful streams of water, and studded with
neat habitations, gardens, orchards, and grass plots,
have a most singular and romantic appearance. The
internal composition of these singular mountains is
primitive Granite. The detached masses of rock scat-
tered about their bases, and elsewhere, have a Gneiss-
like appearance, — with numerous veins of impure
micaceous Feldspar. It is remarkable, that many of
these elevated masses of rock contain little or no vege-
table mould, — or any thing that we should denominate
soil, — and yet are richly adorned with plants to their
very summits. In some places a partial, and in others a
total, decomposition of the rock has taken place, — afford-
ing sufficient nourishment for a luxuriant vegetation.

The "■Sugar loaf,'' a conical mountain of 900 feet in
height, and almost perpendicular, stands on the south

359

side of the mouth of the harbor of Rio. Its summit
is clothed with evergreen frutescent plants. — and even
its steep, inaccessible sides, are ornamented with a spe-
cies of Bi-omelia, and other plants. Similarly situated
on the soil-Jess rock, near the base of another mountain,
up which I scrambled at the risk of breaking by neck, I
found a beautiful species of frutescent Cleome, along
with several splendid shrubby species of Melastoma.
But, the most extensive and interesting excursion 1 had,
was hinted at in my last letter.

This was to the mountain said to be upwards of 2000
feet high, and about three miles to the southward and
eastward of the city. It is called, from the peculiar
form of its summit, as presented to mariners on ap-
proaching the coast, the ''Parrot's Head." We (Messrs.
Brackenridge and Read in company,) ascended this
mountain by a narrow cii'cuitous path, until we had
reached, as we supposed, a height of 700 feet, — from
whence a road has been cut round to its southern side ;
between which and another mountain— or rather a deep
excavation in the same mountain, — rushes down, in a
natural channel of Granite, the stream of pure and ex-
cellent water which supplies the capital. Here the
aqueduct commences, which we were three hours in
steadily tracing, through all its windings, until it led us
into the city. This aqueduct was completed in the year
1748, as we learrtt by an inscription on a pillar of Gra-
nite at its source. The aqueduct is built with stone ; is
about 5 feet square, arched over, — and would contain a
column of water of one foot square, or more. Con-
veyed along the sides of the rocky mountains, vvliich in
some places are perpendicular, it is altogether a stu-
pendous work ; but fails, at last, to answer completely
tlie great object for which it was constructed. The wa-
ter is so partially distributed through the city, that it is
even purchased by those who live remote from the

230

fountains : and in this trade of water-selling, some of
the poor are said to obtain a livelihood. In the course
of this excursion, I picked up many plants that were
new to me. We reached the city in the evening, weary
and faint with heat, and with hunger. It happened to
be on one of those days, — observed throughout the
Portuguese dominions in this country — in which every
body is privileged to do mischief.

The ladies of the better sort provide themselves
amply with wax balls, about the size of oranges, which
are filled with scented water. These are thrown
liberally from the doors and windows on every pas-
senger; and many a spruce beau, this day, had his
ruffles well drenched. The lower orders are not so
nice. They smear each other with almost every kind
of filth. It is contrary to all rule for any one to take
offence, — as no redress can be obtained. All must be
borne patiently ; unless you are prepared to retaliate
in the same way. A poor Frenchman, a stranger,
fretted and fumed, and swore vengeance, — but it was
all in vain. The louder he bawled, the more he was
pelted, and drenched, — until he retreated to a place of
safety. We did not entirely escape participating in the
universal fun. This wonderful mode of diversion con-
tinues three days. Whether the Portuguese have the
honor of inventing it, or derive it from the Aborigines, 1
know not : but I cannot learn that it is practised in the
old world.

But it is time to bid adieu to the capital of Brazil, and
to the mountains that surround it. I have obtained no
political information worth communicating; nor have
I seen much to attach me to the climate, the govern-
ment, or the people, of this extraordinary country. —
The event of proclaiming a King — the first who was
ever proclaimed on the American shores — I mentioned
in my last letter. The sight of his Majesty, thus exalted

261

— with the royal family all glittering in gold, and spark-
ling with diamonds — while it excited the reverence of
the gaping multitude, had a very different effect upon
me. Although a kingly state of things has again been
cobbled up, throughout Europe, and a Petticoat -maker
been placed on the throne of Spain, — a judge of fat
capons, protected by British bayonets, on Ihe throne of
France — and a good-natured sort of a simple unfeeling
character perched upon a throne, in the Brazils, — they
all stand upon a baseless tottering foundation ; and are
hugely at a loss how to devise Holy alliance schemes to
prop themselves up, — and to regain, if possible, the
power and influence which the revolutions of the last
40 years have wrested from them. The King of Brazil
is the first, — and very probably the last, — that will wear
the title, on this side of the water. The influence of
example from the neighboring Spanish territories, —
should the people, as I trust they will, ultimately,
establish their independence, — must extend to the Bra-
zils. Already has tliere been an insurrection in Per-
nambuco. ***** *

We sailed from Rio de Janeiro on the 9th, in com-
pany with his Britannic Majesty's sloop of War, Blos-
som, Captain Hickey, — bound also to the E.io de La
Plata; who very politely offered to bear us company.
The invitation was accepted ; (although we sail about
two knots an hour faster,) on account of the intricacy
of the navigation in that great river, — with which he
is acquainted. We have recently taught surly John
Bull to be as polite as a Frenchman. Wherever we
have fallen in with him, he has seemed to value and
court our friendship. We have delightful weather, and
are almost constantly exchanging civilities with the
Blossom. Captain H. appears to be as intelligent as he
is polite, and has seen much of the world. He was a
midshipman on board the Lion, during the famous em-

282

bassy of Lord Macartney to China, — and a Lieutenant
with Nelson, at the battle off Trafalgar. We converse
together on the events of the late war, with perfect good
humor. "I regret the war," said Capt. H. "because it
has raised you, and sunk us in proportion :"— an obser-
vation of good sense, as well as liberality. The British
officers, generally, express themselves very freely on
the subject of Spanish Independence. They appear to
wish fur the emancipation of the Colonies, — and, even,
that lue might aid the Patriots in the production of that
great event: — their hands being tied by the stipulations
of the Holy alliance. How much sincerity there may be
in all this, I know not. I give it as talk.

We have declined touching at St. Catharine's, — hav-
ing no particular object in view there, and the season
advancing. 1 will write again, and enclose this, — should
we have the good fortune to get into port. I remain for
the present, most affectionately yours.

P. S. Montevideo, February 23, 1818. We anchored
otF this place two days ago ; after a safe and pleasant
passage of ten days from Rio de Janeiro, until we an-
chored near the Island of Lobox, in the mouth of the Rio
de La Plata, on the 19th instant. In ascending the river,
I had an opportunity of exploring the little Isle of
Flares; — while the Commissioners, and the officers of
the Congress, amused themselves in murdering Seals, —
who are the only inhabitants found here. Montevideo,
which I have this day visited, is very pleasantly situa-
ted, on an elevated Peninsula formed by two bays, on
the north side of the river. I have taken but one short
botanical excursion, — in which most of the plants I
found -are new to me. The political state of affairs,
here, renders it dangerous to travel in the country. —
But, as I am prepai'ing to go to B. Ayres, I will defer
all further accounts of this place until my return ; and
carry this letter with me ; in hopes of finding an oppor-
tunity to forward it.

263

Buenos Ayres, March 3, 1818. At length wc have
reached the most distant part of our destination. I left
the Congress — in company with Capt. Sinclair, and the
Commissioners, — in a small Patriot Hermaphrodite
Brig, on the evening of the 26th, and landed in this
great city on the morning of the 28th, having had a
pleasant passage. It Avas concluded unsafe to take the
Congress up, on account of the difliculty of the navi-
gation : and now, I have a vast deal to say, but cannot
say it in this letter, — nor have I leisure to write another,
before the vessel will sail, which is to convey our let-
ters to Baltimore. I will say, that already I feel myself
more at home, than I did at Rio de Janeiro : and Mr.
Brackenridge, who is writing along side of me, con-
curs with mc in opinion. Wc feel that wc arc among
a people more like ourselves.* Diftereiit and strange
as the people are, compared with our own country-
men,— those of the above mentioned royal city are
vastly more so. Something like the air of sacred free-
dom is really to be felt, here. The sullen gloom of
despotism has at least been banished from the counte-
nances of these people ; and I do hope — and more
firmly believe than I ever did — that they will succeed in
establishing their independence upon a republican
basis. I think I can safely say, that thei-e is as much
difference between the political state of those born in
this country, and in old Spain, — as there was between

* Wliile at Rio, I could feel no interest in any thing but plants, &c.
Here, I have unavoidably caught the enthusiasm of a people strug-
gling for their long lost rights; and am involuntarilj' compelled to
feel a deep interest in it. There is, — as Mr. Bn.ACKExniDr.E has
just observed, — an union of sentiments, and interests, felt between
the members of Ripvblics, which the subjects of despotism never
can feel, — even towards each other. By the bye — I will just quittly
hint, that I think Mr. B. will be likely to do as much service, in this
connnission, as the commissioners tiiemselves.

264

the English and Anglo-Americans, at the commence-
ment of our revolution.

They know more of us, and of our institutions, than
I had imagined : they read, think, and observe, — and
hence we are cordially received as their brethren. But
they have doubtless much yet to learn — and I fear much
to suffer, — before they arrive at the enjoyment of that
state of political tranquility and security which we
possess. That they have greatly improved, within the
last 10 or 15 years, is undeniably true; and this alfords
the best evidence that they will continue to improve,
until they reach that summit of political perfection,
which I cannot but flatter myself the whole of the
American continentis destined to attain. How desirable
is such an event, in the present state of the old world!
It is in vain to persuade me, that the interests between
republican governments are not stronger than between
other governments. They are founded upon different
principles; and in which every man has an interest. —
The American side of the water free — the balance of
the world could not shake it. About 8000 Portuguese
troops are cooped up in Montevideo, — and completely
blocked by a detachment of 200 men, belonging to the
army of Artegas, under the command of Col. Orte-

GUEZ.

Of the unfortunate differences that exist between
PuERRYDON and Artegas — and the respective merits of
these men — I can yet say nothing with certainty. The
ex-General, Carrera, is an exile in Montevideo. Of
this unfortunate patriot I can yet say but little, — except
that he has politely offered, on my return, to escort me
into the country : there being an understanding between
him and Artegas. Upon what principle he is suffered
by the Portuguese to have intercourse with their ene-
mies, I know not: but the Portuguese, I believe, are
trembling for their fate,— and are not very particular. —

265

Although Carrera is friendly with Artegas, he says he
is not a supporter of his cause ; and in this way recon-
ciles the difficulty.

I must now close my letter, and prepare to be intro-
duced to Mons. BoNPLAND, the Botanist, (and compan-
ion of Humboldt,) who has fixed his residence here.
I remain ever yours.

Buenos Ayres, March 11, 1818.
My Dear Friend : I came to this countiy, prejudiced
against the Spanish character. I took it for granted,
that a Spaniard here was much like a Spaniard every
where else. A people educated in the slavish principles
of the Roman Catholic religion, of whatever nation, I
thought must be poorly qualified for understanding
what was meant by freedom ; and of course, would not
be able very soon to establish any thing like a true
representative, or democratic, form of government. —
The results of the French and Spanish revolutions,
were both fresh in my recollection. It is true, (having
myself been educated a republican,) I did come here
with a belief, that all men had equal rights ; and even
that, under the same circumstances, they were much
the same kind of animals, — whether derived from
Catholic, Jew, Gentile, or Mahomedan : but, judging
from the events recorded in history, — and having ob-
served that political and religious habits of thinking —
like certain diseases of the body — become hereditary,
and are cured with great difficulty, — I could hardly
flatter myself that the people of this country were yet
in a condition to be governed by any thing but a despot,
in some shape or other ;— although they had, from their
own peculiar situation, and the situation of affairs in
Europe, declared themselves independent.
23

266

Since my arrival, T have been induced to change my
opinion in favor of the people of this country, — for
various reasons, which can be readily stated, and which
(as they are derived from plain and simple facts,) are
easily comprehended. To state them as briefly as
possible, is the object of this letter.

There has never been any order of nobility perma-
nently established here ; nor has the influence of the
clergy obtained such an ascendancy as in the mother
country. The diff'erence, therefore, between a people
thus circumstanced, and those from whom they are de-
rived, must at once be obvious. But they have been in
a state of revolution for eight years. What was their
situation prior to this revolution, compared with what it
is now "?

Before the revolution, the government was vested in
the hands of a Vice-roy, appointed by the Monarch of
Spain, whose powers were of course absolute. Under
the domination of this creature of majesty, neither the
person nor property of any individual was secure. —
This despotic order of things is now no more. A provi-
sional constitution has been framed, which secures to
the people the right of choosing, from each province, a
delegate to represent them in a general congress, or
convention. This convention of delegates elect, from
their own body, an executive officer, under the title of
Supreme Director, — who remains in office during good
behavior. Such is the advance already made in the or-
ganization cf a free government. The congress act as
a check upon the ambition of the Director, — while the
members are themselves influenced, in their political
conduct, by the community at large.

Before the revolution, there existed an inquisitorial
power, by which many a hapless victim of clerical ven-
geance was immured. From the arbitrary decisions of
this Ecclesiastical Court, there was no appeal, either in

267

religious or political affairs. Since this important revolu-
tion, the clergy from Old Spain have been removed —
the authority of the Pope renounced — the inquisition
abolished — and religion left to stand on its own founda-
tion. All this has been gradually effected by the dawn-
ings of religious and political light, — without that effu-
sion of blood, which disgraced every revolutionary
step, in France.

Before the revolution, there were no schools, or semi-
naries of learning of any kind, except such as promoted
the slavish views of the Church, or the State with which
it was connected. Now the case is quite altered. Public
schools are instituted for the instruction of youth in
general ; in which are taught, beside the common rudi-
ments of learning, the principles of free government,
and the elements of military science. It is thus that
the people are rapidly acquiring a correct knowledge of
their inestimable rights, with the means of defending
them.

Before the revolution, the clergy possessed the power
of suppressing education in general. They soughtfor,
and seized all books which were judged inimical to their
system of religion and politics, — and exacted penalties
from those with whom such books were found. No
individual, or family, was exempt from this odious
examination; and all publications having a tendency
to enlighten the mind, or impi-ove the understanding,
were doomed to destruction. Now, literature in general
is freely tolerated. Political writings are sought for and
read with avidity. The constitution of the United
States, along with the constitutions of the individual
States, and the works of distinguished political essayists,
are found in translation among them. The clergy
themselves are rendered useful, in being placed at the
head of literary institutions, where they promote the
interests of the revolution by teaching the principles of
free government, as well as the catechism.

268

Before the revolution, Foreigners, calculated to pro-
mote the best interests of society, were not allowed to
settle in the country. Now, merchants, mechanics, and
tradesmen in general, from almost all parts of the
civilized world, may be seen in every street in Buenos
Ayres. But few have yet located themselves beyond
the confines of the capital, although every encourage-
ment is given them to do so. Land should be granted
by the government to agriculturists; and much benefit
would arise, not only to the great cause of agriculture,
but to the general interests of society, — ^by this most
useful and virtuous part of any community — availing
themselves of the privileges held out to them.

Such are a few of the most indisputable and promi-
nent facts, relative to the political situation of this part
of South America. It is the only part I have seen in a
state of revolution, — and may, perhaps, be considered
as the most important. It will of course be seen that
my observations apply only to those provinces on the
southern and western side of the Rio de la Plata, —
which at present constitute the Buenos Ayrean govern-
ment. It is one of the most populous, and may be one
of the most enlightened of all the S. American domin-
ions,— either north or south of the Equator. It claims,
at least, a superior rank and consequence, from its hav-
ing first shaken off the Spanish yoke, and conducted
all its revolutionary measures in a spirit of moderation
which evinces a knowledge of rational liberty, ab-
stracted ft-om that licentiousness which spread ruin and
desolation, and finally terminated in despotism, in one
of the fairest and most populous portions of the old
world. Chile, Peru, &c. are following the example of
Bonaria. They are all in a revolutionary state. Chile
vvas declared independent on the 16th of February last.
The spontaneous effusion of joy which the news of this
great event produced in the Buenos Ayreans, I have
just witnessed. It was not the illumination of the capi-

269

tal with artificial light, that produced the best evidence
of sincere rejoicing, on this occasion : A brighter and
more interesting flame could be seen illuminating the
countenances of its inhabitants, and thereby evincing
that unfeigned regard which one portion of a great
community may feel for another, struggling in the
same righteous cause, and assuming the same indepen-
dent attitude. But they have a government to estab-
lish ; upon the principles of which their political happi-
ness will depend. Already they are deliberating upon
a constitution which is to be permanent. May wisdom
guide their councils in this most important of all human
concerns ! Their independence has been solemnly de-
clared ; and they will undoubtedly be able to maintain
it while they continue in a state of Union, — even with-
out the addition of the provinces on the eastern and
northern side of the great Rio de la Plata, which be-
longed to the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, under the
royal government. These provinces are the Banda
Oriental, Entre Rios, and Paraguay. The two former
are under the dominion of Artegas, a refractory chief,
who refuses to send delegates to the general congress,
and appears to aim at a separate government, — but pro-
fesses to be a good republican. The latter is under the
government of Dr. Gracia, who styles himself dictator.
He, also, refuses to unite with the Buenos Ayrcans; but
is likewise opposed to the royal government. All the
sea-ports in the dominions of Artegas, are either
blockaded by, or in possession of, the Portuguese — with
whom he is unable to contend. Hence the Buenos
Ayrcans suffer the encroachments of these foreigners —
who have availed themselves of this unfortunate divi-
sion of political interests ; which, it is to be hoped, will
not last long.

St. Salvador, May 30, 1818.
The above rude sketch was hastily written before I
23*

270

left B. Ayres, I then expected to have had an opportu-
nity to transmit it soon, but was disappointed ; nor
have I since had an opportunity to forward any letters
to the United States. I transmit this, with all its
imperfections, — although we may chance to reach
the United States nearly as soon. Much important
information respecting the Buenos Ayreans, and their
concerns, has since been obtained ; and I am happy
to state, that Mr. Brackenridge, from his know-
ledge of the Spanish language, is eminently quali-
fied for obtaining useful and correct information, —
and he has lost no time in attending to it. He has
unquestionably added greatly to the importance of the
mission ; and to him I am much indebted for many
valuable facts, which I have not now leisure to commu-
nicate.

After leaving Buenos Ayres, I spent my time alter-
nately at Montevideo and Maldonado,— from which
places I have picked up many new and rare plants; the
specimens of which I have in a pretty good state of
preservation. The Commissionersjoined the Congress,
at Montevideo, the latter end of April. Just before
they left B. Ayres, the official account arrived of the
total defeat of the Spanish army, in Chile. This glori-
ous event was achieved by San Martin, — who com-
manded the combined forces of Buenos Ayres and Chi-
lians. This will probably be a prelude to the overthrow
of Royal power in Peru ; and thus, I hope, put a final
end to the Royal Government on the western side of
the Cordilleras.

We sailed from Maldonado on the 4th, and have had
a tedious passage of 24 days, — having run short of
wood, which was difficult to obtain in the La Plata. We
expect to sail in 3 or 4 days for Margarita, — and may
touch at a few places on the Spanish main, before we
reach the United States.

271

I think St. Salvador much more pleasant than Rio
Janeiro. It is a well-built city, situated upon a hill, af-
fording most delightful prospects. Yesterday was
wholly spent in botanizing in its environs, — which
afforded me a considerable addition to my herbarium.
The temperature at this season is delightful ; and I am
told that it is always cooler than at Rio Janeiro: 75
degrees of Fahrenheit has been the usual height of the
mercury, since our arrival.

My health is now good; but I felt some slight returns
of my old complaint, before we left Maldonado. The
weather had become cool, with a humid atmosphere,
and frequent heavy gales of wind f Pamperos J from the
S. West. My last letter was dated at B. Ayres, on the
2d of March, and transmitted via Baltimore in the Brig
Plattsburgh. I had not then seen M. Bonpland, the
French Botanist, who travelled with, and published his
botanical works in conjunction with, the Baron Hum-
boldt. I believe I mentioned his having located himself
in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres, in my last leiter. He
will form a valuable addition to my correspondents;
and will be very happy to exchange South for North
American plants ; and has already furnished me with
some specimens. It was cause of some exultation to
me, to find that the plants in the vicinity of Buenos
Ayres were very little better known to him, than they
were to me : but his authority served to confirm the
new genera and species, which I picked up when
there.

Some time ago, I began to amuse myself by copying off
for you a catalogue of the plants which I found on the
small Island of Flores ; but other duties, accompanied
with a small shai'e of laziness, prevented me from
getting through it, — and it would not have been of much
importance.

To conclude, — although I have no reason to com-

272

plain, — I am weary of being a memher of Congress f
and anticipate most anxiously the period when I shall
return again to private life, and the enjoyment of
domestic happiness.
I am, my dear friend, most affectionately yours.

17. S. Ship Congress, at sea-—
Somewhere within 100 miles of Cape Henri/,

July 7, 1818.

My Dear Sir: At length we approach our native
shore, — having just made the land to the southward of
Cape Henry, with a fine breeze, and joyful hearts, after
so long an absence. My last letter to you was dated
from St. Salvador, on the 29th of May, — containing
some loose details of South American affairs, &c.
which may not yet have reached you, — as we have been
favored with a fine run from that port.

We sailed on the 5th of June, and arrived at the Island
of Margarita on the 23d, thus performing a voyage of
near 3000 miles in 18 days. "We spent but two days at
this interesting Island, — which scarcely afforded the
commissioners time to obtain the necessary information
relative to the political state of this department. But,
the information obtained was favorable to the great
cause of Venezuelean Independence. The royal army
on the main was dwindling away, while the patriots
were gaining strength. In a battle recently fought near
Calaboso, the royal forces were beaten ; and General
MoRiLLA said to be dangerously wounded. An unoffi-
cial report was in circulation that he had actually died
of his wounds.

The more I see of the South Americans, the more I
am surprised that we should have so long remained in
the dark respecting their real character. By most of
our countrymen, who have been among them, they

273

have been confounded with the people from whom they
are derived ; but from whom, I am confident, they differ
even more than we do from the English. I have called
the island of Margarita interesting : it is so in many
points of view. By nature it is almost impregnable;
and may be termed the Key to Venezuela. Here, less
than twelve months ago, feats of valor were performed
by its patriotic inhabitants which would do honor to any
people. Hence, there is no dissension in politics. Ev-
ery man — and every woman — is a soldier and a patriot.
All things are in common among them ; and all their
views are directed to the grand object of maintaining
their independence. But, we have politicians among
us who object to the color of their skins! that they are
nothing but a parcel of wild Indians, or negroes ! This
constitutes their superior excellence. The Indian blood,
particularly, which flows in the veins of the Venezue-
leans, is what has improved their character,— and ren-
dered them vastly superior, both in their corporeal and
mental powers, to the poor degenerate King-ridden and
Priest-ridden Spaniards. But more of all this, when I
shall have the pleasure of seeing you. I cannot, how-
ever, but add, that this mission to South America will
derive a great deal of its importance from the talents,
acquirements, and indefatigable exertions of Mr. Brack-
ENRiDGE, — of whom I havc spokcn in my former letters.
He has taken up the cause of the South Americans with
a zeal which does equal honor to his head and his heart.

I do not recollect that I informed you, in any of my
preceding letters, of my finding the Sohnum tuberosum
indigenous about Montevideo and Maldonado. This is
the fact, — although it is unknown to the inhabitants;
who inform you that they cannot cultivate this noble
plant !

Lastly, I have to inform you, that my health has been
declining since we left Margarita ; but I hope has not de-

274

clined beyond the bounds of recovery, when I can have
the pleasure of exercising on shore. I have been
(much against my inclination) obliged to abstain from
all study, the most part of the voyage: latterly, I have
not even attended upon the sick, — except to consult in
a few instances.

8th. We are slowly beating up from Lynhaven Bay
(where we anchored last night) towards Hampton
Roads. I have already applied for leave of absence
on the ground of indisposition, — and expect in a few
days to leave the Ship for Wilmington ; where I shall
expect to hear from you immediately.
I am most affectionately yours.

Wilmington, July 17, 1818.

My dear Darlington : I arrived here 3 days ago, —
and already find myself recruiting. My letter from
Hampton Roads, I hope has been received. I now re-
quire, and must take a time for complete relaxation ;
but should be glad to see you, or hear from you, as
early as possible. I write this in great haste, at the Post
office, — and remain yours, &c.

P. S. I long to hear the Botanical news from all parts
of our country, — and particularly respecting your West
Chester Flora.

Wilmington, July 23, 1818.

My dear Friend : I have this evening received yours
of the 19th, and am so pleased to hear from you once
more, that I cannot attend to any thing until I return
you an answer.

Accept my thanks for the Botanical news you have de-
tailed ; — although you have been anticipated by our

275

friend Collins, in every thing, except your own dis-
coveries, in a letter I received from him two days ago.
From Mr. Elliott, I received a letter this morning,—
in which he informs me that his health, also, has been
impaired so much as to disqualify him from prosecuting
his studies, — and even to endanger his life. He has
now pretty well recovered ; but has not yet published
the 6th number of his Sketch, — and intimates a wish to
hear whether I have any plants to insert, before he
sends it to the press.

Although I have Florida Letters, and a vast deal to
attend to, — I will leave all, to put in practice at least a
part of your kind scheme.* My situation in regard to
health requires it; and I can go to no place with more
pleasure, than to West Chester. Those Florida Letters,
in which you take so deep an interest, have remained,
like your Flora, for many months in statu quo. On the
passage out from Norfolk to Rio Janeiro, I did progress
with them a little, — after which, as may be readily sup-
posed, other objects seized my attention.

In the homeward passage they were not attended to ;
and the state of my health, for a considerable part of
that time, prevented me from attending much to any
thing. I hope when you come down with your gig, you
will allow yourself leibure to look over my collection
of South American specimens. I will boast that some
of them are in as fine a state of preservation, as any
specimens in the world ever were. In consequence of
the succulency of tropical plants particularly, I weis
obliged, in order to preserve them from speedy destruc-
tion, to set my invention to work. I hit upon a plan
which has succeeded admirably.

[*This was an invitation to spend a tew weeks with mo, and amuse
himself with Botanical excursions in Chester county, forthebenefit
of his health. He accordingly came, and staid some days with me
in West Chester.]

276

The eagerness of the public to obtain political news
from S. America, has induced me to furnish the Dela-
ware Watchman with the substance of my letter to you,
— which was finished at St. Salvador on the 29th of
May. It was principally written at Buenos Ayres, —
and contains a little more fully my opinion of the peo-
ple of that country, than any of my other letters. The
Nectris pinnata, Pursh, as well as some other plants you
mention, is entirely unknown to me. I wish I had
been with you, in your late excursion westward.*

I am very deficient in Pennsylvania plants. The late
Dr. Muhlenberg would have enriched my herbarium
with many of them ; but I waited to return from
Georgia, — when, alas! he was no more. With sincere
esteem I remain your friend.

Wilmington, Delaware, August 6th, 1818.

My Dear. Friend : As I took a kind of French leave
of you yesterday morning, and posted away home on
"Shank's horse," — I feel myself bound to inform you
how I got along, and to return ray thanks for your
attention to me. It is to you, to Tincture of Bark, to
Laudanuin,-\ — and such like medicinal articles, — that I

[*Alliiding to a trip, I had then recently made, along the Susque-
hunnah river, and across Pohono mountain.]

[■j-Wliile staying with me, Dr. B. went one day to my medicine
case, to help himself to a dose of Huxham's Tincture of Bark, —
and took, by mistake, near half an ounce of strong Laudanum. —
Both he and my family were much alarmed on making the dis-
covery ; but he immediately set out on a long botanizing excursion,
with a view to walk off the effect of the medicine. One of the
family followed him, at a respectful distance, to watch the result. —
He returned, however, in a few hours, without experiencing any
unpleasant effects, — and even thought he was benefitted by the
dose. It is to this accident, the allusion is made in the letter.]

2T7

ascribe such an improvement oif my health as enabled
me to roach home yesterday, (after botanizing all
along,) at half past one, P. M. I wish you would
attend to a water plant, which covers a small pond on
the left hand side of the road, as you travel this way,
but a short distance north of Dihvorthstown. Being
heated by walking, I did not think it prudent to wet
myself by going after it. A little further on, I met
with Sida spinosa, by the road side. About a mile on
this side of the half-way house tavern, I found aljundance
of the Anagallis arvensis. You may recollect pointing
out to me a Potamogeton, at a bridge near this place, on
our way to West Chester. It is the same fP. lucens,)
as that found at the forks of Brandywine, without fruc-
tification. Here it was in full bloom, — and the leaves
under water precisely like ourBrandywine plant. * *
I must now write to Elliott — and bid you farewell.
Yours.

Philadelphia, August 14, 1818.
My Dear Sir : I came here yesterday, and am pretty
well. Mr. Collins is not at home, and will be absent
for two weeks. Mr. Nuttall is in Germantown, and I
shall not see him. It was my intention to have been in
West Chester to-morrow; but have declined it, and
shall return home. I spent several hours yesterday
with our worthy old friend Bartram ; and have made
an arrangement with Col. Robert Carr, who has the
management of the garden, to cultivate my S. Ameri-
can plants. He has now the Lantana Bratramii (for
the first time) in flower in his garden. How would it
answer to have an engraving of this elegant plant, as a
frontispiece to my work 1 Mrs. Carr (daughter of the
24

278

late John Bartram,) draws elegantly, — and has en-
gaged to execute as many drawings for me as I want.

In a letter which I received from Mr. Collins, a few
days ago, he informed me (without previous solicita-
tion,) that he would have my intended publication an-
nounced. This annunciation may, perhaps, stimulate
me to more industry in preparing it; and I have not
therefore forbidden it. Among the first plants which
I shall notice, will be Veronica hederi/olia, — which I
perceive has only been noticed in Muhlenberg'' s Cata-
logue. It was sent to him by me, in 1811. I found yes-
terday, on Shellpot, near Wilmington, a new species of
Prunella, — certainly, I would say, too distinct for a
mere variety. It was 18 inches high, much branched,
branches opposite, heads nearly twice the length of the
Pennsylvanica, and covered with large flowers of the
clearest white : a beautiful plant. On showing a speci-
men of it to Mr. Bartram, he thought he had seen it, —
and considered it a new species. He will search for it,
and let me know. A few days ago I had an interesting
visit from John Jackson. I am pretty certain he has,
in his collection, some new plants. I will propose a
scheme. Inform me, by letter, when you can spare the
time, and I will (in my turn,) take you in my gig (for
I have both horse and gig,) to see this worthy old lover
of Nature. Do strain a point, and let us go soon, — as
he speaks of one fine plant which will soon be out of
flower. On the way, we will call upon Dr. Baily, and
insist upon his obtaining for us some memorial of the
late Humphry Marshall. I am determined to notice
him in my work, — and would wish to do it fully.

It is late at night: I am sleepy and extremely weary
from my ride yesterday on horseback. This is my ex-
cuse for incoherence. Should I think of any thing else
in the morning, I will add it. I am &c.

P. S. I forgot to inform you that Mr. Beackenridge .

279

is in Wilmington, — and will remain there until he pre-
pares for publication.

Wilmington, Del. August 16, 1818.

My Dear Sir: Meeting with a private opportunity, I
embrace it to reply to yours of the 13th, which I receiv-
ed last evening, on my return from Philadelphia. It
would have been entirely superfluous for you to have
directed me to your father's to breakfast, on my return
home from West Chester. Had not my anxiety to re-
turn in haste prevented, I should have called at your
father's without any direction ; — as I should there, also,
have felt myself perfectly at home.

The Anagallis arvensis is still flowering (as well as
seeding,) — and if I do not greatly mistake, will continue
to flower until frost.

But the great object of my letter is to inquire of you,
when you will be ready to go with me to visit John
Jackson. I wrote to you from Philadelphia upon this
subject, — informing you that the old gentleman had
been to see me, and that I thought he had, in his collec-
tion, some new native plants that would soon be out of
season. I informed you that I would call on you, and
we would go together in a gig, — taking Dr. Baily's in
our way, where we would endeavor to obtain some ac-
count of H. Marshall. I hope your practice will not
prevent such an excursion soon. Do give me, if possi-
ble, an answer by the bearer, — who will be returning
soon. Although I am now anxious to devote every
moment to making preparation for my work, — my
health requires that I should mix exercise with study;
and your company, on such a journey, would be one
half the battle. This letter has been scrawled in great
haste, — and I shall not look over it to correct blunders ;
but remain yours.

Wilmington, Del. September 3, 1818.
My dear Friend : Health about t)ie same : Have not
been idle: Have added to Diandria Monogynia, Salvia
Hnearifolia, — which had been overlooked ; and inserted
Boerhaavia diffusa, from E. Florida, — not hitherto known
to be indigenous. The linear-leaved Salvia is from Cum-
berland Island. Met v/ith some interruption, viz : a
letter from J. Le Conte, wliich required an immediate
answer, and gave me an opportunity of proposing some
queries to him. He is full of publishing a great work.

I am packing up specimens, minerals and seeds in
order to go towards the city to-morrow. On my return
from West Chester, some 400 or 500 yards north of the
road leading to Concord Meeting-house, I passed some-
thing like Physalis Pennsylvanica. The leaves appeared
much smaller and smoother than the common one. I
am sorry I did not attend to it; but hope you will find
it, and examine it. I shall return from the city in two
or three days; when it would give me vast pleasure to
see you, — could you possibly stretch this far. Michaux
is important to me. AVithering or Smith might be of
use in a few instances, — but it is hardly worth while to
borrow them. But, as a matter of curiosity, should you
think of it, you may bring Rafinesque* along: and
you might as well give me your Note,j respecting the
12th class, — as I shall have some plants to insert under
it, — at least one. I have now for certain the Scirpus
tenuis, of Muhl. as well as the capillaris,— both, from
John Jackson's herbarium. The latter I mistakenly

[*Florula Ludoviciana.]

[fContaining a suggestion to change the name of the 12th Lin-
nean class to Calyrandria. This change, I afterwards learnt, had
actually been made eleven years prior to the date of this letter, by
M. RicHAKD. See FIoto Ctslrica, p. 283.]

281

took for caslaneus. You have specimens of the latter.
In haste,
P. S. This has been written since I shut up shop to go
to bed ; and therefore no time has been lost.

Wilmington, Del. September 17, 1818.

My DEAR Sir: As you did not get your Report last
week, I must be remiss no longer. Being in the city,
closely engaged with Collins, &c. prevented me from
writing. I have therefore to inform you that I go on
sZou'Zy,— and I hope the more surely. It will not do to
hurry : There has been too much hurrying, among our
Botanists. But you may rely upon it, that nothing but
death or disease will prevent me from going on steadily.
Both interest and knowledge increase, as I get along.
My interview with Collins was as interesting as it was
pleasing, * * * Qj-, presenting for his ex-
amination oux Jacksonia,h.Q had no hesitation in consid-
ering it a new genus— if an American plant: but, in his
usual cautious manner, recommended omitting the pub-
lication of it until the ripe seed-vessel could be obtained;
lest, possibly, it might be something exotic*

Of the Darlingtonia,j of which I gave him specimens

[*The traditional history of this plant was, that it had been ob-
tained, by the late Humphrey Marshall, from the mountains of
Tennessee ; and, supposing it to be a new genus. Dr. B. and myself
had proposed to dedicate it to our estimable friend, Johx Jacksox,
But the characteristic caution of our friend Collins saved us from
making a great blunder : for, on examining the plant in a more per-
fect slate, I ascertained it to be the Saxifroga crassifolia, L. Of
course, there must have been some mistake in the history of its de-
rivation ; — as it is only known as a Siberian plant.]

[|The plant here alluded to — which Dr.B. at one time talked of
naming thus — is the "Salurrja ? rigida, Bartr." in Bestham's
ncble work on the Labiulae, p. 354.]
24*

'282

and seeds, last year, he knows nothing; brrt will aid me
in the investigation of it. Baktkam says he recollects
it, in his travels in Florida — and thii?ks he referred it to
Stachys, or Satureja. S-tachys it cannot be. I will
compare it with Satureja, and all other genera belong-
ing to that order.

I am now deep in the Xyrides, — having added to
juncea and fimhriata, another species (elongataj. The
X. Indica, of Pursh and Nuttall, I am now satisfied,
is nothing but the varying Caroliniana — or Jlexuosa, of
Muhl. The name of Muhlenberg ought to be adopted
by all American Botanists. While Europeans copy
from one another, without giving definite descriptions,
we ought uniformly to reject their authority.

Collins has lent me Rafikesque {Flora Ludoviciana).
It is a shocking production, to come from one who has
placed himself at the head of the botanical profession
in our country, — and who finds fault with, and criticises
all his predecessors and cotemporaries. # * »
I was in hopes to have seen you before this time. If
you cannot come, let me hear from you sometimes. It
is my intention, the ensuing week, to arrange in better
order my late collections. This is absolutely necessary,
to enable me to get on regularly and correctly with my
work. * * * J have no more to say, — and
it is time to go to bed. Good night.

Wilmington, Del. September 24, 1818.
My Dear Friend: Yours of the 17th, was duly re-
ceived ; and mine of the same dale has in all probability
been received by you. I continue to progress slowly,
with tolerable healih, — and certainly do not want in-
dustry, so much as capacity, to get on more speedily.
I have this week, also, been subjected to some una-
voidable interruptions.

263

For some time past, I had been looking for a letter
from John Le Conte, big with botanical information,
which I had earnestly solicited, — in relation to some
plants in his former vicinity; when lo ! after his for-
getting whether he had answered my letter, or not— he
comes out as follows:

"An expedition to explore the western waters that
run into the Missouri, and probably those also that fall
into the Columbia, is now in a state of preparation. I
am anxious that you should accompany it. I may
probably be one of the officers attached to it. We shall
travel with a sufficient company to make observations
of every kind that may be necessary, and to secure
from any danger ; and the fatigue and hardships that
have heretofore rendered journies of this nature disa-
greeable, will be entirely avoided. I wish you imme-
diately to answer me on this head, — directing your
letter to the care of Mr. Ch.4RLEs Perry, No. 69, North
"Water street, Philadelphia, where I myself will be
next week. Cannot you contrive to meet me there 1 —
Excuse the shortness of this letter. My time is so
much occupied, that T can devote but little of it to my
friends." Signed, John Le Conte — who, by the bye,
is now a captain in the U. States Engineer Corps.
Thus have I given you the whole — verbatim et literatim
et punctual im : and really feel anxious to understand a
little more about so great an expedition, — which, if
already prepared for an immediate start, would ill com-
port with my situation, plans and arrangements, to
accompany; but which, should it not set out until
spring, and I could arrange with the government, would
exactly suit me in every point of view. I have not
yet answered the Captain, — and am hesitating whether
to write, or go up the ensuing week and have an inter-
view. I wish you would upon this, as upon all other
great occasions, give me your advice and opinions freely.

284

In an excursion, a few days ago, south of Christiana,
to look for a Xyris, I found a Panicum, which I think is
very unequivocally neiv— and possessing characters
which will render it easy to describe. How much is yet
to be done near home ! In this excursion I found, also,
the Scirpus intermedins, of Muhl. But ought such a
specific name to stand] I am glad to find you are con-
tinually adding to your Flora. It will be much more
I'ich in plants than Bigelow's. I wish to adopt your
" Calycandria,^^ — as it is correct and appropriate, —
tending to simplify rather than confuse; which cannot
be said of many modern innovations. I shall, for
example, enter my protest against the cutting up of the
Asdepiades, by Elliott, Nuttall, &c. In a family of
plants so naturally allied, in every essential character ne-
cessary to constitute a Genus, no real knowledge is dis-
played by separating them. The characters on which
these naw Genera are founded, ought to make only
Sections, or Divisions, in the Genus, — which would
simplify, instead of burtheningthe science with names.
There is not one of these plants but what a child in
Botany would at once call Asclepias. Sooner than-
adopt such an innovation, I would add to Asclepias all
the Cynanchums, in a separate division. — It is half past
11, P. M.

Wilmington, Del. Octoler 1, 1818.
MydeauSir: I have just recollected that another
Report is due. It will be a short one. Yours of the
24th ulfe was received. May I receive many more such
Medleys, of Botany, and good wishes — and even scandal
and all — when so appropriately applied! I am not yet
through the Rhynchosporae, — as I have many new spe-
cies. You will observe, therefore, that I adopt Rhyn-

285

chospora. In it I make two divisions, viz : Spicis uni-
Jloris— and Spicis ?nuUiJloris. You may observe that
Mr. Elliott has a Scirpus sclwenoides, described from a
specimen sent by me. Of this he says that "the struc-
ture of the flower is strictly that of a Scirpus" I say
it is not so: but I cannot now stop to explain. There
are many of the same character : Even the Schoenus
rarijlorus, of Michaiix, has spikes three-flowered. The
whole genus requires revolutionizing. In Scirpus, I
make such divisions as will include Dichromena, and
Fimhrislylis, &c. I shall probably hear again from Le
CoNTE, to-morrow. Several short interruptions, since
last report. I have been occasionally dragged into con-
sultations, &c. much to my annoyance. I am now en-
gaged in writing to, and putting up a packet for, M.
BoNPLAND, — to forward by Com. Taylor, — who is now
here, and about to return to Buenos Ayres.

Wilmington, Del. OctoUr 9, 1818.

My Dear Friend: I continue progressing slowly.
Your letter of the 1st contains exactly the advice, cau-
tion, and counsel which I anticipated, — and which I en-
tirely approve, and thank you for.

A second letter from Le Conte, was received at the
same time ; — stating, that "the expedition fitting out by
government will leave Pittsburg, in the ensuing March,
in a steamboat building there for the purpose, fee. &c."
It appears that this expedition will be a very extensive
one; and will explore our south western territory, along
the Mexican border, &c. Le Conte concludes thus — "I
am now going to Washington, and shall endeavor to
settle the plan of proceeding — which is not yet per-
fectly matured'— so that the whole business shall be
worthy of our Governntent^ You will of course (if

286

agreeable) be attached to the expedition,, as Surgeon ;
and have the direction of a part of the scientific persons
who will accompany it." Thus, you perceive, our
friend calculates upon cutting a figure Ln tliis expedition.
It appears, by the papers, that Major Long will com-
mand. With this gentleman I am acquainted ; and a
better could not perhaps be selected. I suppose I shall
not see you until after the election. I do sincerely
hope you may be again elected; and thank you for
your kind intention to promote my interest.

My health continues much the same ; but I feel that
rather more exercise would be advisable, than I have
taken lately. Should you call on me next week, I shall
then again, probably, have heard from Le Conte — who
has promised to write me from Head Quarters. Yours.

P. S. I have put up for Bonpland 138 specimens ; and
requested in return such as I think will be most useful
to me. Among those already sent to me, is the Syena
JluviatiUs, of AuBLET, from Guiana; by which I find our
plant, with which it has been confounded, is distinct.

WiJmington, Del October 23, 1818.
My Dear Sir : Yours of last week was received. I
omitted writing, from an expectation of seeing you. —
Accept my sincere congratulations on your election to
the next Congress. I regret that you cannot take your
seat immediately, — so as to add one in favor of South
American Independence. Will not your cousin Isaac*
be on that side of the question 1 Mr. Brackenridge
leaves us, in a few days, for Baltimore. He wishes to
see you, and have some conversation on S. American
Politics.

[*The late Judge Darlington, — then a Representative in Con-
gress, from Chester county, Penna.]

287

I go on as usual with my work : more speedily
would be desirable,, but impracticable. My health is
rather improving, if any thing, — with the exception of
occasional head-ache and pain in my eyes — I believe
from long and close attention to the seeds of Gramin-
eous plants. I am happy to say, that I feel myself
pretty well satisfied with the progress I make, — slow as
it is: but I shall solicit your criticisms, and those of
Collins.

I have heard nothing further respecting the grand ex-
pedition. In a letter received from Mr. Collins, a few
days ago, he queries thus: "How would it do for j'ou to
accompany Major Long, in the steam-boat Expedition 1
You might go, I presume, if you pleased, in your offi-
cial capacity, and reap much new matter. Would not
the trip give great force to your work ? Mr. Thomas Say,
our Entomologist, is going, — and you would be pleased
with him." Thus you see how doctors disagree. In
my reply, I informed him that I wished to publish pre-
vious to travelling again. When I get fairly through
the Grasses, I shall, I hope, progress a little more
rapidly. With esteem and respect, &c.

Wilmington, Del. November 19, 1818.
My dear Friend : I continue progressing slowly. —
Since I had the pleasure of seeing you, I have described
above one dozen plants, — and am nearly clear of all
the Cyperaceae. For two or three days past, I have been
much inten'upted by various little unavoidable matters
requiring exercise, by which I have been benefitted.-^-^
and which I do not therefore regret. My final arrange-
ment of Rhynchospora, Dichromena, Scirpus, Fimbris-
tylis, and Trichophorum, is, — that I have added Dichro-
mena to Rhynchospora, — and Fimhristylis and Tricho-

288

phorum to Scirpus. Some of our Botanists will of course
be surprised at the union of Dicliromena with Rhynchos-
pora^ instead of Scirpus — in consequence of the want
of bristles in the Dichromena. I have been induced
to make this arrangement in consequence of having
found (since I saw }^ou) among my South American
specimens, a Rhynchospora slngle-jiowered, and in every
other respect a true Rhynchospora, but wanting the bris-
tles! This, then, constituted another division; Spikes
single-Jlowered, bristles wanting, I then found, to my
surprise and pleasure, that the spikes — as well as the
form of the seed, and the tubercle — of the Dichromenas,
corresponded exactly with the many -flowered Rhynchos-
poras ; and hesitated not to add them, under the head of
Spikes in terminal heads, involucred, many -flowered, want-
ing bristles. Of the pi-opricty of uniting* Fimhristylis and
Trichophorum to Scirpus, no one can doubt, who will be
at the pains to examine the plants attentively. In order
to give the finishing stroke, I wish to see the Herbanum
of Muhlenberg; and shall probably repair to Philadel-
phia in the course of a week, for that and other pur-
poses ; — among others, to obtain a copy of Michaux, —
as 1 know you ought to have yours. Along with a letter
which I received from Collins, this evening, is an ad-
dition to my Herbarium, — the Schoenus mariscoides, of
Muhl. This is a real Schoenus, — destitute both of tuber-
cle and bristles: an J yet, in habit, it comes extremely
near to Rhynchospora. Since I saw you, I have also
satisfactorily ascertained the distinction between Scir-
pus brunneus and atrovirens, of Muhlenberg, — which

*0r rather restoring them, — as they have been improperly sepa-
rated from Scirpus. The Dichromena leucocephala was also the
Schoenus slellalus, of Swartz,| — about which Puusii has made
another mistake.

[fSee, however, Dr. Tor rex's Monograph of the North Ameri-
can Cyperaceac.]

289

have been confounded by Pursh & Nuttall. Although
PuRSH gives the synonym, brunneus, to his exaltatus,
upon the authority of Muhlenberg himself, he is most
unequivocally mistaken. The exaltatus of Pursh, is
the atrovirens of Muhl. or merely a variety of it. The
name of Muhlenberg ought to be adopted. The plant is
well described by him, and very distinct from brunneus.
What a shame it is, that Mr. Elliott should adopt all
the innovations and errors of Wxis book-making Botanist!

Neither the old Abbe [Correa], nor Mr. Le Conte,
has given me any further account of the grand expedi-
tion. All I know further, is derived from Mr. Rodney,
this evening. He says that the President (in his
presence) ordered the Secretary of War to note my
name, and place of residence, &c. The appropria-
tions for this expedition are yet to be made. I should
join it with great reluctance before I had something
prepared for publication, — although I should be sorry
to miss it; — as it would lead me into a kind of life
which I have always found congenial to my health. * *

Do give me your opinion about the propriety of
separating the Gentiana crinita from its congeners. It
differs much more widely than many plants that have,
in modern days, been separated. I shall ask the
opinion of Collins, the first opportunity. 1 have not
yet collected any seed of the real Gentians. The genus
Exacum must come near the G. crinita : but I have
never seen that genus. It would give me great pleasure
to dedicate such a plant to you; and I am much in-
clined to think that its separation will admit of an ample
defence. Yours.

Wilmington, December 7, 1618.
My Dear Friend: Yours of the 2tid, has been re-
ceived. It was my intention to have written to you by
25

290

ttie last mail', but I accidentally let the period pass
over, I have not much to say, at last; but I continue
jogging on slowly, and endeavoring to do well as I go.
Since I wrote last, I found several more new species of
Cyperus than I was aware of; — and have been obliged
to halt, and re-examine a genus called Mariscus, — ^for
which I can find no character— ^n6. scarcely habit to dis-
tinguish it from Cyperus. Compare Mariscus echinatus
with Cypei-us strigosus, — (linea.n strigosus of Mx.* for
the strigosus of Linn, and Muhl. is a very different
plant, — although both Pttrsh and Elliott, in their no-
tices of the former, refer (incorrectly) to the latter — )
and they will be found to agree in every respect, ex-
cept that in the one the spikelets are collected into a
head. Again, compare Mariscus iirnhellatus ( Scirpus
cyperiformis, Muhl.) with any of the compressed —
spiked Cyperi, — and they cannot be distinguished, ex-
cept, as in the former instance, by the spikelets being
collected into a head. Even the Mariscus retrofractus
— which is most unlike in habit — is, I will venture to as-
sert, (Jypcrus all out, as far as cha?-acter is concerned, —
In short, these plants require a thorough re-investiga-
tion. As for PuRSH, one af his descriptions will apply
to half a dozen; and we shall never know anything
about our Botany if we rely upon such works, instead
of examining the plants,

I have not yet been in fce city,— but must go shortly.
If, after conferring with (mv excellent friend Collins
on the subject of Ge/ntinna crinita, I should conclude to
sepaa-ate it from Gentiana, I would gladly avail myself

*I have consequently changed the name of this strigosus, to
suhulatus.-\ See Peusoov, who has both under the same name. —
Vol. I. p. 63 — 64, One of the same name is sufficient in a family,
I shoulfl suppose.

[■\See Cyperus Miihavxianus, Torr. Monogr. N. Am. Cy-
peraceae.]

291

of the Generic character of it, which you have made out
so correctly. I received a letter from Mr. Elliott, a
few days ago. He informs me that he has just returned
from his trip to the Alalamaha ; but without finding
much that was new, or interesting, in Botany. He says
it is his intention to get rid of his public employments,
— ^both for the benefit of his health, and to enable him to
devote more time to Botany.

Sincerely yours.

Wilmington, December 25, 1818.
Mv Deak Friend: Although I have not been idle
since I wrote last, I fear you will think my progress has
been too slow, when I inform you that I am not even yet
clear of the Cyperaceae. I have added 15 species of
Cyperus, — and have yet a few Kyllingias to add, to
clear me fairly of Triandria monogynia. Perhaps you
will be less severe upon me when I state, that I shall
have little short of 70 plants inserted, when 1 enter
upon Digynia. I believe I informed you in my last
letter, that I had rejected the genus Mariscus,— and
perhaps added, prematurely, that the plants included
under that head would all arrange with the Cyperi. —
This turns out not to be exactly correct: so necessary
it is — as Dr. Muhlekbekg once told me— to "look again
and again," before you decide. One half of them are,
indeed, unequivocally Cyperus; and the other conies
so much nearer to Kyllingia, than to Mariscus, that I
do not know where else to dispose of them. The Ma-
riscus echinatits, (Scirpus echinatus, L. Kyllingia ovu-
laris, IVIx.), when its spikelets are single-flowered
(which is frequently the case), is Kyllingia exactly,
according to the characters given to the genus; —
whereas, not one of our established Kyllingias corres-

292

ponds with those characters. I stated all these difficul-
ties, a few days ago, to Collins; but have not yet re-
ceived an answer, — and the weather is so abominably
cold that I am afraid to go to the city. Collins sent
me, lately, a specimen of a most singular little plant,
the Scirpus suhsquarrosusy of Muhl. supposing it to be
the Kyllingia macnilata, of Michaux. It is not only not
K. maculata — but not a Kyllingia at all, — as all the
scales, or glumes, are singU-valved ; and yet, in Tiahit it
is Kyllingia exactly. The if. maculata has always calyx
1-valved, with a 2-valved Corolla. Can it be the Cy-
perus minimus* said by Nuttall to have been found
lately by Dr. CleaveeI Could you obtain specimens
from Dr. Cleaver"?

I have at last received, through J. M'Queen, a speci-
men of the Saccharum Offidnarumy from Jamaica. —
This will enable me to determine whether our Erianthi
ought to bo united to that genus,~according to Per-
SOON, &c. I have not yet entered upon the investiga-
tion, so as to find the character^ — but as far as habit goes,
it would unite them.

The cold weather pinches me severely; but I con-
tinue as healthy as usual, — ^whatever the result may be.
Unless pinched to death, I don't think another winter
will find me in this bleak, dreary, and comfortless
clime. Since the winter of 1810 — 11, I have gathered
flowers in every month of the year, and basked in the
sunshine of milder regions.

Wishing you a merry Christmas, — I remain ever sin-
cerely yours.

[*It was, doubtless, the plant now called Isolepis suhsqtiarrosa.
SeeToRJii.x^s Monoffv. N. Am. Ci/peraceae.]

293

Wilmington, January 7, 1819.
My Dear Friend : I write to inform you that I do, at
last, see the end of Triandria monogynia : and to thank
you for the interest you have taken in my being attached
to the itestern expedition — as expressed in your letter of
the 30th ult.*

[*Tliis refers to a letter, in which I had informed Dr. B. that I
had written to the Secretary of War, in belialf of his appointment
as Botanist, in the proposed expedition. The following is a copy
of the letter to the Secretary- ; — to which is subjoined his reply.

TO THE HON. JOHN C. CALHOUN, SECRETARY OF %VAR.

West Chester, Penn. December 23, 1818.
D;:ar Sir : As this is not, strictly speaking, a letter of businees,
— if you should happen to be engaged in the duties of your office at
the time you receive it, I will thank you to put it in your pocket,
and favor it with a perusal at your leisure, by your own fireside. —
The acquaintance which I had the honor to make with you, during
the sittings of the 14th Congress, encourages me to address you on
the present occasion, — and to hope that the procedure will not be
deemed impertinent, or improper. 1 have heard, with muchpleasuro^
that it is in contemplation to send a party of scientilic gentlemen to
explore the country, and its productions, to the westward of the
Mississippi; — and the great interest which T feel in the successful
accomplishment of the object, induces me to obtrude myself for a
fjw moments upon your notice. No one, I am satisfied, can appre-
ciate more justly than yourself, the lustre whicli a government de-
rives from the succcs-sful and liberal promotion of Natural- Science :
and I am convinced that you will bo gratiiied with so fair an oppor-
tunity of enhancing our reputation, in that respect, among the
learned of the old world. It will also be a source of laudable pride
to the citizens of this republic, to see their government as eminent
for the promotion of useful science, as it is for the protection of civil
liberty. I have no doubt but every care will be taken, to select gen.
tlemcn for the proposed expedition, who excel in their respective
departments of natural knowledge ; and I trust a rich reward awaits
25*

294

I have not had a syllable from Washington, upon the
subject ; — although Mr. Rodney and others (voluntarily)
stated my claims to Mr. Calhoun, and also to the Pre-
sident. But, I would infer, from a letter I received a
few days ago from Major Long, that, either he has been
empowered to make selections in his scientific corps, —
or, that the government has communicated to him the
names of those who are thus to accompany him. He
writes thus : "The Botanic chair will be filled by your-
self; the Zoologic, by Dr. Say of Philadelphia ; and the

the nation, from their labors, in the augmentation of its fame, and
the development of its resources. Next in importance to the
character of the soil, and the topography of the country, will be a
knowledge of its animal, vegetable, and mineral productions. —
Among these, the vegetable products are by no means the least in-
teresting. From the successful attention which has latterly been
paid to that branch of Natural Science, in all parts of the civilized
world, it is important that the reputation of our country should be
sustained, by the appointment of a skilful and scientific Botanist.

The principal object of this address is (in case the appointment is
not already made, or determined upon), to recommend to the notice
of the proper authority, a gentleman whom I consider pre-eminently
qualified to fill this department of the expedition : I mean Dr.
William Baldwin, of the U. S. Navy. From the rank which
this gentleman holds in the service of his country, — and, more
especially, in the estimation of men of science, — his merits cannot
be unknown to the administration. He had the honor to accom-
pany the late mission to Buenos Ay res, as Surgeon of the Frigate
Congress ; and I have no doubt but the Commissioners will cheer-
fully testify to his worth — if they have not already done so. I have
understood, indeed, that his name has been mentioned to the Presi-
dent, as a suitable person : but I could not refrain from adding my
testimony in his behalf, — both because I am desirous that accom-
plished Naturalists should be selected for the expedition, and be-
cause I am satisfied, from a long and intimate acquaintance with
Dr. Baldwin, that he is peculiarly fitted to do justice to the Botani-

295

Geologic, by Dr. John Torrey of New York." He
adds further: "It gave me the highest pleasure to learn
from our Iriend, that you had consented to be one of the
exploring party ; — a decision on which I rely with the
fullest confidence, in every point of view." Am I to
consider this as absolutely official, — and sufficient with-
out orders from Philadelphia!

The Major calculates upon leaving Pittsburg the 1st
of March, — or as soon as the ice breaks up : but says,
"I shall probably be at Wilmington before that time,

cal department. To settle any doubts which may possibly exist on
this head, (i. e. his ^<ne»s), it will only be necessarj' to refer to
Zaccheus Collins, Esq. of Philadelphia, Stephen Elliott, Esq.
of South Carolina,, and Mr. Coruea, the Portuguese Minister; —
who are unqucc-tionably among the best judges of Botanical merit,
in the United State?.

It may perhaps be proper for me to observe, that my troubling
you with this communication is exclusively an act of my own. So
far from being solicited by Dr. B. to interfere in his behalf, I assure
you, that gentleman does not even know that I have such a thing in
contemplation. It is a free-will offering on my part, for the reasons
above stated.

Should it, therefore, be compatible with the views of the adminis-
tration to give him the appointment, and to render it eligible for a
man situated as the Doctor is — with a young and growing family —
it will be a source of great gratification to me : inasmuch as I am
convinced, that if he should be favored with life and health, the
highest expectations from that branch of the expedition will be
amply fulfilled. Trusting that you will excuse this well-meant
officiousness, I beg leave to subscribe myself, with great respect,
your friend and obedient servant,

WM. DARLINGTON.

P. S. Although it may be altogether superfluous, yet if I might
be permitted, I would respectfully suggest, that there should accom-
pany the expedition, among others, a scientific Geologist — Surx'cyor
and Draughtsman — Astronomer — Zoologist — Botanist — Mineralo-

296

.and will do myself the pleasure to call on you. In the
mean time, please to communicate freely on every sub-
ject connected with the objects we have in view." As
I have no doubt Mr. Secretary Calhoun will answer
your letter, I shall defer replying to Major Long until I
hear from you.

The Cyperaceae have led me a dance, and I cannot
but congratulate myself on getting clear of them ; — al-
though I do not accuse myself of tarrying too long

gist — and a person qualified to make accurate drawings of such
objects as might require it on the spot. With a corps of Suvans
such as this — furnished with the necessary apparatus and conveni-
ences— we might confidently anticipate an accession to our stock of
natural knowledge, which would be as honorable to our government,
as its results would be beneficial to the interests of society. Our
national character would thus be accelerated towards its destined
eminence. Tho garlands of Science would be appropriately blended
with the civic wreaths of our Ecpubhcan Polity, and the chaplets
of our military glory. W. D.

REPLY TO THE PKECEDING.

War Department, 6th January, 1819.

DfiAn Sir: I have received your letter of the 23d December, in
relation to the exploring expedition which has been projected under
Major Long. Dr. Baldwin will be one of the party; and I am
happy to have your good opinion, with so many others, in his favor.
The original object of the expedition was to extend the knowledge
of the Geography of our country ; but it has been determined to
make it as subservient to science, as possible. With this view, the
expedition will be accompanied by citizens eminent in the several
branches of knowledge, which you have enumerated.

In serving our country, it will always afford me pleasure to con-
tribute to the advancement of science.

Accept of the assurance of my sincere respect and esteem.

J. C. CALHOUN.]
Hon. William Darlixgton,
West Chester, Penna.

297

among them. I now know more — or fancy I know
more — about them, from one month's application of
this kind, than I should have known in 7 years, as a
mere amateur: So necessary it is to be always prepar*
ing for publication.

Including the Marisci — which I have added to Cy-
perus, — and some other plants imperfectly known — with
some from South America (which I have added for the
sake of illustration, or for other I'easons),— I have up-
wards of 70 plants described.

My health is not to be complained of, — notwithstand-
ing the inclemency of the weather: Indeed it appears
to improve. \Vei"e it not for the difficulty of removing
goods and chattels, 1 believe I would send my family to
West Chester, during my absence (should I go), — ^in
case a suitable house should ofier for their accommo-
dation. I am &c.

P. S. We e.xpect Joseph Lancaster will give us a
lecture on education to-morrow. I have more to say,
but must defer it for another opportunity.

Wilmington, Del. January 21, I8I9.
My Deak Fkiekd; I cannot avoid paying early atten-
tion to your friendly and interesting letter of the 13th.
Although I fear you over-rate my talents and acquire-
ments, I do hope that the zeal and friendship which you
have so often manifested in my behalf, will have the
effect of stimulating me to greater exertions, in the
wide botanical field which now opens before me. —
Since I wrote last, I have received another letter from
Major Long, headed "Circular," — in which he informs
his scientific corps of the weight of baggage, &c. which
will be allowed them ; with hints to be prepared in time
for the expedition. He manifested the greatest zeal in

(

298

our behalf; and I cannot but flatter myself that, under
his command, every possible facility will be afforded.
I have answered these communications ; and shall re-
pair to the city, in a few days, to confer with Mr. Say
on matters relating to the expedition.

With respect to the publication of the botanical mat-
ter which I have already prepared, — or may prepare,
before setting out for the west, — I hardly know how to
decide. Collins has informed me, that its publication
has been announced in the Port Folio; but in what
manner I know not. As he offered to announce it, I
did not give him any specific instructions about it. As
something of this kind has been long expected from
me, — and as it would furnish the evidence of what I am
capable of performing, — I have thought of adopting the
;plan suggested by Mr. Cokrea — to publish in the Trans-
actions of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Phila-
delphia. I should then state, in my preliminary obser-
vations, my reasons fur adopting such a plan: and the
botanical public would be prepared to judge of the pro-
bable extent and value of what I might afterwards pub-
lish,— if favored with health and life.

Mr. CoRREA further suggested, that the Academy ought
to publish a number of copies, in a separate form, to be
presented to me, for distribution among my friends. —
My health continues good. I am now among the
Paspalums ; — of which I have one new from E. Florida —
and several from South America. I should hope to
clear the Panicums, before the first of March. My pro-
gress has indeed been slow — ^much slower than I had
anticipated, — but it has not been too slow. To become
sufficiently acquainted with a single individual in a
large family of plants, so as to be able to describe it
well, it is necessary to be acquainted with the charac-
ters of all, or many in that family : — and hence I have
examined, re-examinedj and examined again, — and
think I have been repaid for my trouble.

299

I shall be truly glad to sec you before I go. There
can hardly be a doabt on the subject of my finding the
Darlingtonia.* It is a plant that I have been seeking
for; and I shall Chetish ft as the choicest of my discove-
ries. I remain truly yours.

Wilmington, February 4, 1819.
My DE.^iR Friend : I returned last evening from Phila-
delphia,— where I spent several days in examining the
Herbarium of Dr. Muhlenberg, &c. I took with me,
for the inspection of our mutual friend, Mr. Collins,
the 4th and last number of my work, — embracing a part
of the genus Cyperus, KyUingia, Leersia, and the begin-
ning of Paspalum. With his critical observations I am
well satisfied. They were, I think, judicious, — and
rather complimentary than severe. As I expected,
some few inaccuracies in my Latin, f were pointed out;
and some of the descriptions were considered rather
long. With respect to publication, he advised me to
defer it, for the following reasons: 1st It was already
too bulky for a periodical work. 2nd. I should thereby

[*I had jocosely suggested to Dr. B. that he might, perhap?, find
the Dailin»ionia ignota, somewhere along the margin of the Mis-
souri: and it so happened, that his successor in the expedition, Dr.
E. P. Jamks, diJ find a species of the genus, afterwards named
Darlingtonia, by Prof. De Candolle. -See Annals of New York
Lyceum, Vol. 2, p. 101.]

[■]"Dr. B. had received no other education, than such as the com-
mon English schools in Chester county afforded, and his knowledge
of Latin was merely what he had acquired by his researches in Bo-
tanical works. He derived considerable assistance, however, in the
study of that language, after his marriage, from Mrs. Bali;win, —
who had received a classical education, rather unusual for American
females of that day.]

300

lose a poi'tion of the profit which such a work, published
independently, ought to produce. 3rd. He disapproved
of my having blended the South with North American
plants. 4th. The work was already announced in an
independent form. But he most earnestly requested
me to prepare a communication, of modei-ate length,
for publication in the Transactions of the Philosophical
Society, — in anticipation of what I may hercafter pub-
lish ; selecting for ihe subject of it, an account of any
plant or plants, I may think proper.* This, I think, I
can accomplish without much labor; and I have almost
made up my mind to select the genus Rottboellia, — as I
have several species. * * » *

With the Herbarium of the venerable Muhlenberg, —
pi-ecious and valuable as it is, and ever will remain to
be, — I have been disappointed. Unfortunately for my
purposes, he has too frequently failed to give us any
reference from the specimens of his Grasses, &c. to the
plants described ; and hence they are frequently found,
in the Herbarium, under different names from those of
the same plants in his work. But I was much gratified
to find, that the specimens communicated by me, were
carefully marked, and kept separate. At the request of
Collins, I made out some explanatory notes, as we
passed along in the examination. I had only leisure to
look over the grasses.

I had an opportunity, for the first time, of attending a
meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Two com-
munications, on New Genera, from the redoubtable pen
of Rafinesque, member often thousand learned socie-
ties, had been examined by a committee,— and rejected,
as unworthy of publication !

I am truly glad to find, that "my new and approved

*And also to present to the Society, specimens of all my new
Rkynchosporae,

301

method'' does not indiscriminately go down, with the
members of the Academy ; and that they have sullicient
independence to reject the wild effusions of a literary
madman. He is now in the city; but as he is huffed at
the Academy, I had not the honor of seeing him there,
and did not think it worth while to seek after him. But
I was delighted with a truly scientific production from
Mr. Say, on several crustaceous animals, found in his
late excursion in Georgia and Florida. There can be
no doubt but this gentleman will do honor to his depart-
ment, in our projected excursion to the West. * * *
Another good thing has happened to me. I have fallen
heir to the copy of Michaux's Flora, which belonged to
my departed friend. Dr. Muhlenberg, — with his mar-
ginal notes. It had fallen gratuitously into the hands of
Collins; and he, hearing me speak of wanting a copy,
immediately presented the above, — assuring me, in his
sententious way, that I did him a favor by accepting it ;
as I was most intitled to it. The very first thing I at-
tended to, in conjunction with Collins, on my arrival
in the city, was the plant I had originally designed for
Darlington ia.* I had never relinquished the idea of its
being a new genus; but the observations of B arte am,
and Collins, induced me to pause. Collins had pre-
viously— and we now together — examined, and com-
pared it with elegant figures of all the genera belong-
ing to its order, — in which they are all dissected, and
explained, in a late French work. The result is, a 7iew
genus, — whether Darlinglonia, or no. I made no men-
tion of Darlingtonia to Collins; but was highly grati-
fied (at the winding up of the business,) with his propo-
sal to drink your health in a glass of good old (7 years)
Madeira. Thinks I to myself, there may be something
ominous in this: but I only observed, that he could not
have proposed a toast more pleasing to me.
[*Salureja ? rigida, Bartr. in BexTUA^r, uhi supra.]

26

302

The many other things I have to say, must be defer-
red until I see you, — which I hope will be shortly. The
near approach of a period in which I must be so long
separated from my family and friends,' — and in which
my reputation — my every thing — appears to be in some
measure involved, — makes me feel thoughtful, if not a
little melancholy. Can you not contrive to spend a day
or two, or three, with me] see the arrangement of my
Herbarium — and other matters, too tedious to mention 1

In the meantime accept my best wishes.

P. S. I rode to Philadelphia on the 29th ult. and suf-
fered much with the cold ; but am glad to state that I
continue to enjoy my usual health.

I have reason to calculate upon seeing Major Long
very shortly. In a letter to Mr. Say, just received, he
writes that he shall come on, via Washingtor. A
young Mr. Pealk will accompany Mr. Say, as an as-
sistant: and Dr. Samuel B. Smith calculates upon be-
ing attached to the expedition. He says he is a fighting
character. Such may chance to be required, but I ar-
dently hope not, — as I am no ways fond of it. It gives
me gi'eat pleasure to find that some of the great folks in
Congress talk sensibly, and humanely, in relation to the
Indians. 1 hope it will lead to acting humanely towards
them. Whatever may have been the guilt of Ambrister,
and his adjunct, I will venture to say, there would have
been no Seminole war, had these deluded people been
fairly dealt with.

Wilmington, Del. February 25, 1819.
My dear friend : Yours of the 16th has been re-
ceived. I have not yet learned the precise time of set-
ting out for the West ; but, as I momentarily expect to
receive that intelligence, I will begin my letter, and

303

leave it open until I hear further. Le Conte informs
me, in a letter I received from him yesterday, that
Major Long left Washington for Philadelphia, on the
21st. As he promised to call on me, he can hardly fail
to do so, — and ought to be here to-morrow.

Mr. Le Conte does not accompany the Expedition;
but how it happens that he does not, he has not informed
me. He has reverted back to his Synopsis, — in relation
to which he has written me two letters in quick succes-
sion. From Mr. Elliott, and his book, I hear nothing.
I do not see the danger of losing my Southern Collec-
tions, altogether; — unless death should prevent the com-
pletion of my account of them. They are as interest-
ing to me, (as far as they go,) as any other collections
can be. But it is true that delays are always danger-
ous: and I have now to regret that I did not, several
years ago, prepare for publication. You will please to
recollect, that it is not long since I have made Botany a
business: But since that time, I have labored hard, — and
should it ever eventuate in honor, or profit, I shall owe
you miich, for stimulating me to pursue it.

My stock of flannel, &c. is in readiness. I shall take
care to inform you of our route, the moment I am ap-
prised of it myself. I might have known more of it by
this time, — but have deferred inquiring until I see Major

r rj'wp sf^ *p ^ ^ ^ ^

26th, Another f stormy J day has past over, — and I
hear nothing from the Major.

March 1. I have this moment received a letter from
Major Long, dated in Philadelphia the 26th, (he having
gone another route) requesting an interview, for the
purpose of making arrangements, &c. I shall there-
fore go up to the city to-morrow ; and probably return
the last of the week. Should I remain longer, I will
write you from thence, — as I am anxious to see you.
In haste, yours.

Philadelphia f Museum J, March 6, 1819.

My Deak Friend: I return home this day, with only
six days grace. On the 12th, I return here, again, and
set out immediately for Pittsburg. To see you, there-
fore, early the ensuing week, will aflTord me great
pleasure. I am, so far, much pleased with my com-
panions in science, and anticipate an agreeable excur-
sion,— should I only be favored with health. But I
cannot say I feel greatly elated with the prospect before
me. A dread responsibility now rests upon me; and
how I shall succeed in gratifying, and satisfying, the
public curiosity, cannot yet be determined.

Much to communicate, when I see you. Yours in
haste.

P. S. I have this morning (by request) sat for my
portrait.*

Philadelphia, March 14, 1819.
My Dear Friend : I have unexpectedly obtained
permission to return to Wilmington, and remain there
until the 26th, and shall then go to Pittsburg via Balti-
more,— as being much the best route. This happened
in consequence of delay in the arrival of the astronomi-
cal instruments from New York ; wl.ich of course de-
tains the baggage wagon. As I should have nothing to
do, of importance, in Pittsburg, Major Long thinks,
with me, that I ought to remain whore I could be most
usefully employed, until the last. I am not certain
whether any of the gentlemen will wait for me.

[*This -portrait, taken by the venerable founder of Pf.ale's

Philadelphia Museum, is now in that institution It is a tolerably

correct likeness ; and from it, the lithographic copy prefixed to this
volume has been taken. The S'g'woiM re, beneath it, is a /ac simile
from the last letter received from Dr. B.]

305

I can now inform you, authentically, that you were
proposed by Collins and Say, on the 23rd December,
1818, and elected a corresponding member of the
Academy. The reason why you have not received
your certificate, is, tliat they are waiting for a seal, &c.
so as to give it to you in style.

Last night we all met to drink tea, at Dr. Patter-
son's,— where I had an opportunity of being intro-
duced to a number of Savansy members of the Philo-
sophical Society, &c. and among others, I was happy
to meet my friend Brackenridge. To-morrow even-
ing, we assemble at Mr. Secretary Vatjghan's. The
Philosophical Society have given me their thanks for
my donation of Rhynchosporae. Coluns appears
pleased with my communication, to them, on Cyperus
and KyUingia; and Mr. Vaughan told me, last even-
ing, it should be published in a half volume which they
are preparing for the press. I expect to return to Wil-
mington the day after to-morrow, — where I shall have
a chance of hearing from you, if I should not see you
again. Yesterday I called upon S. W. Conrad, — prin-
cipally to urge his publishing Muhlenberg's Flora. —
He says he will issue proposals immediately, for pub-
lishing by subscription, — and place my name at the
head of the list. But 1 have (and Collins the same,)
agreed to take one dozen copies. I must request you
to relieve me a little in this business, by pereuading
some of our friends to take copies : such as John Jack-
son, Di-s. Seal, Hayes, &c. The letter of Mr. Elliott
has not been found. The singular manner in which
this letter disappeared, has almost renewed my belief
in witch-craft. I shall look upon all the cats, hence-
forth, with a suspicious eye. I am busy, even on this
day of rest, in packing up, kc. In haste, yoursj &c.
26*

306

Wilmington, Del. March 21, 1819.

My Dear Feiend : Yours of the 27th, has been re-
ceived : but the "Village newspaper" which was to
have accompanied it, has not come to hand. It is taken
in this place ; and should I have leisure to look for it
before I set out for Baltimore, I shall attend to your
request.

My meaning in relation to Muhlenberg's Flora, was,
that you and our friends, who may take copies, would
take of those for which I have subscribed : but at the
same time, rather than the worthy editor should sustain
loss in the publication, I would risk paying for the
whole.

My portrait is completely finished; and ought to be,
— as I have sat little short of 12 hours. The old gentle-
man [Charles Wilson Peale, Esq.] considered it one
of his most finished performances; and spoke of send-
ing it, (on this account — and not, I presume, on ac-
count of my beauty — ) to the Academy of Fine Arts,
as a specimen of his finished workmanship. We have
all requested to remain nameless, — and to be deposited
in a private apartment, where any of our friends will
obtain admittance.

The others, with the exception of Maj. Long, were
not entirely finished when I left the city : and the
Major's, I think, is defective, — particularly about the
eyes. The old gentleman complained of his never
sitting well: and the last time he sat, he was drowsy,
from loss of sleep (in consequence of his wife's indis-
position). This drowsiness is manifest in the picture.
• * * It gives me great pleasure to inform you, that
the views of our friend Collins coincide remarkably
with our own, in relation to the great interests of Botany,
in our Country. In conversing freely, and comparing
our views on the subject of forming an American Genera
and Species Plantarum, he pronounced most decidedly

307

in favor of restoring the Bartonia, of Muhl. and reject-
ing, of course, the one about which Puksh and Nuttall
have been contending. I was introduced to a German
gentleman, in the city, of considerable botanical know-
ledge, who has been some time in our country, and has
made a large collection of specimens to carry home
with him. In looking over part of this collection, I
found a specimen of the Balduina unijlora, given him
by Nuttall. He reprobated, and had changed the or-
thography to Baldwinia. I was glad of this opportu-
nity to inform him that the name would not be adopted
in this country ; and that it woul 1 shortly appear, named
and described, from another quarter.*

I shall probably write you many a line ; and another
letter from you might reach me in Pittsburg, — where I
expect to hear from Collins. I have this day put up
for him, and for the Philosophical society, a considera-
ble number of specimens, — and among othei'^, my best
specimens of Solanum tubeTosum [from S. America, no
doubt. One of these is now in the Herbarium of the
Chester county Cabinet]. On my return from the city,
I found letters from both the Secretary of Navy, and
Army; and have therefore, at last, the satisfaction to
know how I stand, in the projected expedition.

March 22nd. The village newspaper has come to hand

[*This has reference to a promise, by Mr. Elliott, (who had
long known the plant,) to publish an account of it, by anc ther name;
as Dr. B. was not pleased with the genus, — and was particularly
dissatisfied with the orthography of BulJuina. I'he genus, however,
seeras now to be definitively established ; though the oithografjhff
may be ultimately changed to Bohlwinio: and such, I understand,
is the intention of Drs. Torret & Gray.

Since the foregoing was written, Part 2, of the second volume of
the Flora of North America has been published ; in which the
name, Baldwinia, is correctly written, and the genus restricted to a
single species, viz: B. unijlora, Null. Torr. & Gray, 2. p. 389.]

308

via Philadelpliia. The plant you have inquired about
[noticed in a Virginian newspaper,] I have no doubt is
the Lamium ample xicaule ; and it is the only species I
have seen out of the gardens. It flowers throughout the
winter, in Georgia ; and is a very hardy plant.

March 23?-d. I leave here to-morrow at half-past 2, P.
M. and must now take my leave of you, for a while. —
One word more. I wish you would devote a portion of
your time, — and as large a portion as you can spare,
the ensuing season, — to the plants of your vicinity ; —
and particularly to the investigation of Genera. I do
now look forward with some kind of confidence to the
period, — which I hope is not far distant, — when, by an
union of labors, we shall form an American Genera and
Species Plantarum, that will do us honor. A Genera
Plantarum,\Ye more immediately and especially require ;
in the construction of which, the greatest labor and
ingenuity is requisite. The work of Nuttall is a con-
venient manual, and not without its merits : But it is (I
will venture to say, and prove,) extremely faulty in nu-
merous instances, — and the earlier it is superseded, the
better. The number of Nuttall's Genera requires to
be abridged. He has placed too much reliance upon
habit, in the formation of many of his new Genera : and
this method, pursued, will inevitably end in chaos, — as it
strikes at the root of everything like system. For ex-
ample, the dogs of the frozen regions, clothed with a
warm mantle of fur, must be made to constitute a dis-
tinct genus from those of the Tropics, — which are
naked. Yours.

Pittsburg, April 5, 1819.
My deak Fkiend : I am here along with my compan-
ions in snug quarters, — while winter is raging without

309

in violent squalls of snow. I left Baltimore at 2, A. M.
on the 27th ult, and reached this smoky city between 2
and 3 P. M. on the 1st inst. after the severest jolting I
ever experienced ; but, under the operation of which, —
beside being obliged, from bad roads and a crowded
stage, to walk a good deal through rain and snow, — I
enjoyed comfortable health. It was not until I had re-
mained here near two d lys, that I felt something of the
effect of such a journey, in a slight catarrh, with a de-
termination principally to my head, — but without losing
strength, or appetite. My headache has now left me;
and I feel but little uneasiness in my breast. All this
would probably have been avoided, had the stage kept
on with me at the same rate.

We arc all here : but unfortunately, with every possi-
ble expedition, our Steam Boat will not be in readiness
under a week or ten days to come. But we are not
idle. Our Geologist, in particular, finds something to
interest him, among the rocks, and coal formations, on
the high hills in this vicinity: and I have found, beside
Mosses and Lichens, the following Phancrogamia in
flower — notwithstanding the inclemency of the season;
—Hoiistonia caerulea, Saxifraga Virginiensis, Anemone
hepalica, Dentaria laciniata, Drdba — I am not certain
■whether vernoy or not, as I cannot yet refer to any book ;
along with two species of something like Arabis. I
should be glad to know when corresponding plants
flowered on the Brandywinc, — where most of them, I
believe, are found. I ought to have added Poa annua,
and Larnium amplexicaule ; the last, it would appear, is
not afraid of a little snow. I have visited the GVass, and
other manufactories, which do credit to Pittsburg.

I received a copy of my orders, yesterday. These
orders are issued through Major Long, from the Secre-
tary of War; and each man receives a copy of the
whole. It is rather long to transcribe; but mine runs

31Q'

thus : " Dr, Baldwin will act as Botanist for the expedi-
tion, A description of all the products of vegetation,
whether common, or peculiar to the countries he may
traverse, will be required of him. Also the diseases
prevailing among the inhabitants, whether civilized or
savage, — and their probable causes, — will be subjects
for his investigation. Any varieties in the anatomy of
the human frame, or any other phenomena observable
in our species, will be particularly noticed by him. Dr.
Baldwin will also otficiate as Physician and Surgeon
for the expedition."

Next follows Mr. Say, the Zoologist — Jessup, the
Geologist— and Peale, as an assistant to us all. Major
BiDDLE, of Philadelphia, has volunteered his services as
Journalist. He is instructed "not to interfere with the
records to be kept by the Naturalists attached to the
expedition."

With respect to our route, it is stated to be, "to ex-
plore the Mississippi, Missouri, and their navigable
tributaries, on board of the U. States Steam Boat,
Western Engineer." I ought to have mentioned, that
Mr. Seymour, of Philadelphia, has also been added, as
Landscape Painter, &:c.

Our boat is 63 feet keel, and draws but 19 inches of
water. Our accommodations for books, clothes, &c.
will be commodious and comfortable. We shall make
little or no stop short of St. Louis, — reserving our atten-
tion to the Ohio until we return in autumn. Whether a
letter from you, directed to St. Louis, would reach me,
if written after the receipt of this, I cannot tell ; but it
would be highly gratifying, if practicable. I there ex-
pect to hear from my family — from Collins — and Mr.
Rodney said he would send me the news.

It is becoming too dark to write without a candle ;
and having nothing further to com.municate at present,
I remain most sincerely and aflFcctionately yours.

311

■17. jS. Steam Bo^t, Western Engineer,

Pittsburg, May 1, 1919.

My dear pRiEi^D": 1 wrote to you on the 5th ultimo.
It was my intention not to have wi-^tten again to any one
(except my wife) from this place ; but, as we have been
unexpectedly detained, and various incorrect reports
having been set afloat in the newspapers respecting us,
— I consider it a sort of duty I owe to you, particularly,
to report the causes of our detention, and our pros-
pects, &:c.

During the absence of Major Long, in Philadelphia,
in February and March, the building of our boat did not
progress bO rapidly as had been expected, — for want of
his own personal attention to the workmen, who were
employed by the day. On the 23rd ult. every thing ap-
peared complete ; and with high and anxious expecta-
tion of success, we attempted to stem the rapid current
of the Alleghany river — and failed. It was found, that
in consequence of the weight of baggage, stores, &c.
sinking the boat much deeper than was expected, our
%heel — which is situated aft — was also too deep. Beside
this, and the stiftness with which all new machinery
must necessarily operate at first, — our fuel was of so
bad a quality, that the necessary quantity of steam
could not be kept up. It is but fair to mention, that un-
der the above disadvantages, with a power of 70 lbs. to
the square inch, we stemmed the current until it sud-
denly sunk to 30. On the SOth we were ready to give her
another ti'ial ; which was done accordingly, by ascend-
ing the river about a mile, — in which we succeeded l)e-
yond our expectations. We now calculated to bid
adieu to Pittsburg on the following day (yesterday); and
accordingly, with flattering anticipations of the event,
we got under way, — but were again disappointed. We
had the misfortune, in the first place, to ground on a
bar, near the middle of the river, on which a current

312

set of little less than 5 miles an hour. In our exertions
to get free, a defect was found in one of the cylinders —
and a leak discovered in one of the boilers. This ne-
cessarily produces a few days more of delay: But
which may perhaps be fortunate, — as this is the place,
not only to prove effectually our boat, but also to rem-
edy her defects with facility. Indeed, when we take
into consideration the complicated structure of a steam
boat, and that every thing must at first be stiff in its
operation, — I do not see that any thing has happened
which might not reasonably have been expected ; and
that we have no just cause to doubt of future success.
The delay has been excessively mortifying to us all;
and to no one more than myself, — who could have filled
up this interval of a month with so much greater ad-
vantage at home.

But after all, — as it relates to the excursion of the
present season, — it may be of no consequence. Major
Long has just stated, that his presence at Yellow Stone
w^ill not be necessary, this season — as the troops will
not reach there ; and therefoi-e we shall ascend the Mis-
souri just as high as the season will admit; and return
again to this place.

You may have seen a most erroneous and ridiculous
account of us, in a Nevv York paper of the 14th ult.
which is most unfoi'tunately ascribed to one of our
young officers. It seems that some editors of newspa-
pers are so fond of news, that they will publish ex-
tracts from letters, without seeing them. Certain it is,
at least, that we have not a young officer on board,
ranking above a corporal, that would ever have written
the extract, published in the Nevv York papers, — and
which is now going the rounds. On the 23rd, the day
we made our first effort to leave this place, a pretty
well written ;)u^ appeared in the Pittsburg Gazette, —

318

stating that we had gone several days before.* I have
not found any new plants here ; but several which I had
not seen before : and among them, the Delphinium tri-
corne, Dentaria diphylla, Vicia Cracca, Uvularib grandi-
flora, Pursh. &c. The Veronica peregrina, and officinalis,
which Mr. Nuttall has imported from Europe, are
found here in the wildest situations. The latter is not
yet in flower. The former is abundantly diffused
throughout the Creek territory, — at least between the
Ockmulgee and Chatahooche rivers; and I have no
doubt of finding it up the Missouri. The Turritis lae-
vigata is very common on the east side of the Alle-
ghany river, two Or three miles north of Pittsburg. I
found it in one spot on Brandywine, near Wilmington,
in 1811. Nuttall has certainly never seen it. See his
book. Whether it be an European genus, or not, — or
something distinct from Turritis, — it can never be
blended with Arabis.j; » » » *

Mr. Say has been very successful in finding new fishes,
lizards, &c. Jessup has collected many stones; Mr.
Seybiour "sketched a number of romantic views, — and
Mr. Peale has painted most of Say's fishes and
amphibia.

But I must not conceal from you, that I have again
had a touch of my old complaint : not indeed more
alarming than at many former times, — but never with
more regret. A pain in my leftside, with cough, and a
distressing head-ache, came on about a week ago. I
lost no time in resorting to remedies which I had found

* We mutually pledged ourselves, before leaving Philadelphia, to
caution our correspondents against publishing extracts from our
letters. A request has just been made, by a Pittsburg editor, for a
list of the names, rank, destination, &c. but refused.

[fYet De CAxnoLLE, Torrey & Gray, and others, have since
referred it to that genus.]

27

314

most successful; and my cough, and pain in the side,
have left me. I have not yet ventured to stimulate,—
except with opium. Tart. Emetic and Calomel. I shall
hold out as long as I can. Whether my remains are
deposited on the banks of the Missouri, or among my
kindred at home, is now a matter of little consequence.
For the sake of my family, and the pursuits I am en-
gaged in, I should wish to live a few years longer. —
Although I have considerable materials for doing some-
thing, I would almost as soon have the whole of my
collections and notes destroyed, as published after my
decease:— so little has yet been arranged in a manner
that would be intelligible to any one beside myself —
But in case of the worst, I would trust to none but Z.
Collins and yourself, to finger a paper, or a specimen.

I will keep this open, at least until we make another
attempt to move, — when I will again report the state of
my health.

May 3, 6 P. M. At 10 this morning, we left our moor-
ings in the Alleghany river, near the Garrison two miles
above Pittsburg, and continued to ply up and down the
river all the forenoon. Finding every thing correct,
we ran down opposite the town, where we have just
arrived, — and must of course go down the Ohio to-
morrow. My health about the same. In haste, yours.

U. S. Steam Boat, W. Engineer,
Shawaneetown, May 27, 1819.
My Dear Friend : You no doubt think I neglect you,
but I have several excuses to offer, — the principal of
which, unfortunately, continues to be an extremely
feeble state of body. I am merely able to crawl on
shore, wherever we stop to take in wood, &c. Gener-
ally finding some interesting plants, it takes up much
time to examine and arrange them ; — and I am obliged

315

to be careful not to confine myself too long at this
business.

My last letter was dated at Pittsburg, May 1, & 3. It
was not, at last, until the evening of the 5th, that we left
Pittsburg; and reached Cincinnati on the evening of
the 9th. Here, some repairs being required, we re-
mained above a week ; and I took up my residence on
shore, at the house of a respectable trader, or mer-
chant (Hugh Glenn), — whose invitation was too press-
ing and sincere to be resisted. I afterwards found sev-
eral acquaintances; but to no one do I feel under
greater obligations than to Dr. Drake, — whose attention
was unremitting, — and with him I rode out daily, when
the weather permitted. We met with many interesting
plants (several new to me), — and among others, which
I select from memory, the CoUinsia, of Nuttall, Synan-
dra grandiflora. Ditto, Stylophorum diphyllum, Ditto,
Valeriana paucijlora, Hesperis pinnatijlda, Pursh — very
distinct from the southern plant, of Michaux. But I
cannot now say any thing more about plants. I only
meant to report myself, and to say that the field for
botanizing is now becoming very rich ; but I want a lit-
tle more strength to make the most of it. I have ne-
glected Collins, and other valuable correspondents.
We stopped a few days at Louisville ; and shall not
perhaps leave this little town (which we reached yes-
terday) before the day after to-morrow. To-morrow,
should the weather permit, I -shall probably take a ride
of several miles, with a Dr. Campbell, who has given
me an invitation.

In the mean time I remain, with the most sincere
affection and regard. Yours truly,

P. S. I am anxious to reach St. Louis— where I hope
to hear from home, and from several of my friends.

316

St. Louis, June 11, 1819.

My Dear Fkiend: We reached this city two days
ago, — ^having had a tedious passage often days from the
mouth of the Ohio — a distance of only about 178 miles.
Although interested in being on shore every where, —
we were most of us anxious to reach a place where we
calculated upon hearing from our friends: and it did
not come within the plan of the expedition to make any
unavoidable delay, short of the mouth of the Missouri.

I had the pleasure to find a letter from my wife, dated
the 30th of April, with yours of the 18th. Yours, as
usual, affords me great pleasure ; and I shall ever be
proud to receive such letters.

Before I left Pittsburg, I informed you of my being
indisposed ; and I wrote again from Shawanee town,
stating that my indisposition continued. I have now to
report, that for a very short time past, I have felt some-
thing like returning health ; and a hope that I shall not
be altogether a burthen to the expedition.

The venerable Mr. Bkadbtjry called on me yester-
day, and spent the day. His company had a most ex-
hilarating effect upon my health and spii-its. In look-
ing over my collection, I begged him to claim any
thing he found, that might be his own. It turned out
that a few, which I had marked for new, were known to
him, — but he requested me to describe them : and ob-
served, that since Lambert had pirated from him his
former collections, it was not his intention to publish
independently, — and that he would, with great pleasure,
place in my hands all that he possessed, for publica-
tion :— and that he should continue to pursue the
Science for the intrinsic love he had for it,— and con-
tinue to furnish me with descriptions, and specimens,
to be published as I might see fit, under his name and
authority. As this was the first interview, many in-
quiries, which I intended to make, were omitted. * * *

317

In a letter received by Mr. Say, yesterday, from
Prof. SiLLiMAN, he sends his compliments to me, for
Botanical communications, which he has now in the
press (May 14th).

I will now just mention to you, in confidence, that I
have too much reason to tear that our steam boat will
not answer, agreeably to the sanguine expectations
formed of her: and I am not alone in the possession of
this opinion. It is doubted, I find, by many, whether
any steam boat can be constructed so as to navigate
with safety and advantage such a river as the Missouri.
But this boat, — hastily constructed, and built entirely of
unseasoned timber, — is almost daily in want of repairs ;
and is so leaky and wet, that we have not a dry locker
for our clothes. A great part of my stationary has been
wet, and a portion of it entirely lost. It will be with
the utmost difficulty that I shall save the specimens I
may collect.* The Secretary of War was informed,
that in ten days from the time of our leaving Pittsburg,
we should be in St. Louis! You know when we left
Pittsburg. From that day until oor arrival here, not a
moment was granted to the Scientific Corps, except
from accidents, — as in repairing, taking in wood, &c.

We shall hardly seethe Missouri under three weeks;
which is our place of beginnings and thus, the best part
of the season is taken up in reaching the real starting
point. Not a keel-boat, nor the heaviest laden steam
boat, but what gets along much faster than we do. I
hope these fears of mine — with other fears that I could
mention — may never be realized. But I shall say
nothing more on matters of this kind, now.

I have read to my colleagues that part of your letter,
in which you hope they are all sulFiciently stimulated to
do their duty, &c. &c. I think I can safely vouch for

*Mr. Say makes the same complaint.
27*

318

the zeal of all ; and I fondly hope that I shall not,
myself, lag far behind. But, for this season, at least,
high expectations ought not to be formed. Should my
health continue to improve, as it has done for a few days
past, I may hope soon to recover so as to attend fully
and constantly to my pursuits. With best wishes, I
remain sincerely yours.

P. S. As we shall remain here a week, or more, I
may write again — should any thing particular occur.

St. Charles, June 25, 1819.

My Dear Friend : 1 wrote to you from St. Louis on
the 11th, and I believe gave you sonie little account of
my Botanical success, as well as the state of my health.
Of the latter — to nse so important at this period — I can
say that I feel much better than when I wrote last ;
although I have been confined for about a week (with-
out referring to dates) with an inflammatory swelling
about the joint of my left ankle. From the manner in
which it made its appearance I was at first much
alarmed. A deep-seated pain was felt for several days
under the malleolus internus, without any appearance of
phlegmon, and without my being able to refer it to any
cause. The sudden appearance of swelling, with in-
creased pain, indeed alarmed me. The application of
a succession of blisters, dressing with nothing but Ba-
silicon, has acted like a charm ; and the swelling and
pain have so completely subsided, that I hope to walk
in a few days. But I am still very feeble; and the
want of moderate exercise is not calculated to give me
strength.

I think it was since 1 wrote last, that I found at St.
Louis, I think, a new genus. Its habit is Astragalus,—
but its lomentum remarkably distinct. Indeed, I doubt

819

whether it can be called a lomentum ;— and it differs,
also, most remarkably from the seed-vessel of any
papilionaceous plant I ever remember to have seen:
and yet its exterior covering (which separates by a fissure
running from base to apex, on both sides,) enclosing
the true seed-vessel, has the peculiar smell of the pea,
and other plants of that order. The true seed-vessel is
2-celled and 1 -valvcd : the seeds (which may pass well
enough for papilionaceous,) adhering to the surface of
the valve by capillary umbilical cor.is (I at present call
them,) of considerable length. The seed-vessel, when
the seeds are ripe, is almost globular. Before wither-
ing, it has the appearance of the May apple, and is
more than half its size. I have made out a description
of it, as far as I have seen it, — and JMr. Bradbury has
promised to attend to the flower, and communicate an
account of it to me. I have also plenty of ripe seeds.
It ought, perhaps, to be called Bradburya.

Mr. Bradbury brought me, a few days after, another
outre plant — habit of Astragalus exactly, — but with
flower and young fruit, both of which seem to differ
from Astragalus ; but the seed-vessel is too young for
investigation. It is as hispid as the fruit of the Gexnn
Virginianum. This, Mr. B. is to describe and send to
me.*

I believe I hinted to you in my last letter, that our
boat did not perform as well as we could wish. She
has done much better since we left St, Louis ; and I
hope I shall be able to save all my specimens.

I have always regretted that I did not request you to
WTite to St. Louis frequently. A letter might reach me

['Compare these brief and hasty descriptions, with those s]>ecies
of Astragalus described by Turret & Gray, in the section "Le-
gumes ovate, thick and Jltshy ;"in the first volume of the Flora of
North America, pp. 331—2.]

320

on our return down, which will be before winter com-
mences. In great haste, I remain &c.
We proceed to-morrow morning from this place.

Franklin, (Missouri Ter.J July 22, 1819.

My Dear Friend : I have at last the mortification to
inform you, without hesitation, that a steam boat is not
calculated for exploring. Major Long has, himself, en-
tirely despaired of success on this river ; but persists in
thinking that she will succeed in the Mississippi, and all
the southern waters. Slow as has been- the progress of
this boat, since our entrance into this river, little oppor-
tunity has been afforded to the Naturalists to do any
thing. There has been no stopping, except to take in
wood and water, and to repair. In short, not one mo-
ment has been granted to the Naturalists, to explore,
that could be avoided; and the most productive situa-
tions have all been passed by. I am confident I col-
lected more in one week, in E, Florida in 1817, than I
have done here in a month ; — beside the loss of health,
from the heat and confinement on board the boat. This
steamboat scheme has been too hastily adopted. No
mode of travelling is so poorly calculated for Natural-
ists: and besides, it is the most expensive to govern-
ment— the least expeditious, and safe, of any mode of
travelling.

This place is about 180 miles above the mouth of the
Missouri, — which distance we have been about one
month in accomplishing. You may conclude, that tra-
velling thus slow by water, the Naturalists would be
enabled to walk on shore, and collect much. This was
attempted, at St. Charles. A pack-horse was procured
for 50 dollars; and Messrs. Say, Jessup, Seymour, and
Peale, set out by land. No arrangement was made for

321

joining the boat under a week. They accomplished no
more than they would have done on board the boat;
and sulfered excessively with thirst and heat, in passing
burning prairies, where no water was to be found : and
to crown their misfortunes, their horse broke away from
them, — and having no means to recover him, were
obliged to carry their camp equipage upon their backs
until they joined the boat. Young Peale has ever since
been confined, with inflammation in his feet.

I was in hopes in this letter to have given you my
opinions fully and fairly; but I find I have not strength,
nor leisure. The mail closes presently ; and I feel my-
self too much indisposed to write, or to think much.

The steam boat system, I am confident, must be
abandoned. Much opposition will be made to it by
Maj. BiDDLE, &c. I fear Maj. Long will persist, as the
projector of the system, to his own injury. I should
wish him to have the command of the exploring expe-
dition, in any thing but a steam boat. He will attempt
to ascend the river, this season, to the Council Bluffs^
and then return to Washington.

I remain hei'e until I recruit— if to recruit be mj lot —
where I may do more than by continuing with the boat.
I shall return, perhaps, with Maj. Long in October (ac-
cording to agreement) home via New Orleans. He will
return in a keel boat — leaving the steam boat behind.

I have much more to say; — but must conclude with a
hope that I shall be able to write more clearly and fully
in a short time. I remain, my dear friend, ever yours,

W. BALDWIN.

This was the last letter received from my estimable
friend. On the 26th of October,! received the following:
Franklin, Hoxcard County, M. T. Sept. 15, 1819.

Sir: It is my painful duty to inform you of your
friend Wm. Baldwin, M. D. who died on the first inst.

322

at my house. He was not able to proceed on the ex«
ploring expedition, and remained here till he died. He
requested me to transmit his private papers to Mrs.
Baldwin, and the botanical notes to yourself and
Z. Collins, Esq., which will be done so soon as
practicable.*

[*Those notes never came to my hands. I have always understood
that they were delivered, by Major Long, to the late Mr. Collins.

In a letter to me from Mrs. Baldwix, dated November 18, 1819,
she says, " I expected that you had received a letter some time
since from Dr. Baldwin, and that he had mentioned that it was his
wish, that yourself and Z. CoLLiNSshould take- the superintendence
of his Manuscripts and Herbarium. He said to me in his last letter,
which was written within five days before his death, that his Botani-
cal notes should be sent to you, and his private ones to me."

I have never ceased to regret that I did not bestir myself more in
looking after, and securing, the Doctor's Botanical papers-j- : but as
Mr. Collins had been named with myself, as being entitled to take
charge of them, I felt a delicacy in interfering.

With respect to his Hubarium, I may remark, that although
Mrs. Baldwin repeatedly informed me it was the Doctor's wish I
should have such portion of it as I might desire, — I declined taking
any part of it. The circumstances of the family required that the
best disposition should be made of it, for their benefit : and as I
could not afford to pay as much for it as I thought it was worth, I
disdained to take advantage of their generosity, — or in any degree
to impair its value. Mr. Collins afterwards purchased it, with the
view, as he told me, of placing it in the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences. If I am not misinformed, however, his represen-
tatives sold it to the late Kev. Mr. Schweinitz, — who finally
bequeathed it to the Philadelphia Academy.]

[■{•Those papers (which are now in the possession of my friend
Dr. Tohuf.t,) I have since had an opportunity to examine: and,
although replete with viaterials which might have been turned to
good account by Dr. B. himself — had his life been spared — they are,
as he supposed, in too crude and imperfect a state to be used with
much advantage, by other hands.]

323

"The Scientific Expedition has proceeded without a
Botanist. The field for Botany in the Western region is
great. I trust that our Government will supply the
place of the Doctor, — so that the Expedition may pro-
ceed regularly, the next spring.

N. B. Please transmit to me all the Doctor's Botanical
works, which may be published, as soon as they come
from the press.

I informed Mrs. Baldwin of the death of the Doctor,
some time previous. Very respectfully, sir.
Your obedient servant,

JOHN J. LOWRY.
Dr. William Darlington,

West Chester, Penna.

At the ensuing session of Congress, Mrs. Baldwin
petitioned for a pension^ to aid in the support of her
destitute little family; and, at her request, I addressed
the following letter to the Chairman of the Committee
to whom the Petition was referred.

TO THE HON. N. SILSBEE, CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE
ON NAVAL AFFAIRS.

Congress Hall, January 31, 1820.

Sir: Having presented the petition of Mrs. Baldwin,
widow of the late Doctor Baldavin, of the U. S. Navy,
— and having been intimately acquainted with the Doc-
tor, and the nature of his services, — I beg leave to offer
a few remarks, relative to the claim of the petitioner, to
the Committee of which you are Chairman;

A brief history of the services of Doctor Baldwin is
set forth in the petition, — for the correctness of which,
if the Committee have any doubts, they are respectfully
referred to the Naval Department.

324

After his return from South America, he obtained a
furlough on account of his health, — as I have under-
stood. I know his health was extremely delicate. —
When the exploring party was detached up the Mis-
souri, Dr, B. was selected to accompany that party, on
account of his extraordinary qualifications as a Natur-
alist; and the duties of Surgeon were assigned to him,
in addition to those of Botanist. His zeal for the ser-
vice induced him to engage in the undertaking, although
he might have declined with great propriety. His ardor
in the discharge of his duties was unwearied; and the
exposure to which he was subjected confirmed his dis-
ease, and hastened his death, beyond any doubt: which
event took place at Franklin, in the Missouri territory,
on the first of September, ult.

He has left a widow with four infant daughters, (the
youngest about one year old,) who, in my humble
opinion, are fit and worthy objects of the care and
assistance of the government, for a few years at least.

By the statement of the Secretary of the Navy, in
relation to the Navy Pension Fund, laid before Con-
gress on the 7th instant, it appears that a number of
widows of Naval Officers, Seamen, Surgeons, &c.
enjoy the aid of government: and while I rejoice to see
such aid extended to those, I will venture to say that
no man who was ever in the service of the country,
more richly merited, by his zeal, fidelity, good character
and conduct, to have his helpless otispring taken care
of by the government, than Doctor Baldwin.

Other instances might be cited, in which Congress
have taken charge of the daughters of worthy servants
of the government, and provided for their education
and maintenance, during their minority; but I deem it
unnecessary to enumerate them here. I could not,
however, refrain from calling the attention of the Com-
mittee to the condition of the little orphans of my de-

325

parted friend : and I am sure they will not only excuse
my interference, but will take such order thereon as jus-
tice and propriety may dictate. I am, sir, with the
highest respect, your obedient servant,

WM. DARLINGTON.

The Committee did not deem it expedient to grant
the prayer of the petioner; — although the pension sys-
tem has been carried, subsequently, to a very considera-
ble extent. Some years afterwards, Mrs. B. somehow
got the impression, that the pension laws of the United
States embraced the case of herself and daughters ; and
she wrote to me, requesting a testimonial of the Doctor's
character and services, — in order that she might again
apply to the government, for the aid that had hitherto
been withheld. I sent her the following; and that is
the last I have heard on the subject. I apprehend,
however, it has all been in vain.

TO MRS. HANNAH M. BALDWIN.

West Chester, December 13, 1836.
Dear Madam: Yours of the 8th instant, was duly
received: and whilst I am still apprehensive that you
have been misinformed, relative to the probability of
any pension law meeting the case of your family, — I
can truly say, that I should be gratified to find myself
mistaken. Few medical men, in our service, have
done so much to enhance the scientific reputation of
the country, as Doctor Baldwin ; and it would be highly
gratifying to see the government manifesting a just
sense of his merits, by extending aid to his bereaved
family. The professional services of the doctor must
be perfectly well known at the Department : and there
can be few intelligent persons in the United States who
28

326

are not aware of his zealous and unremitting exertions
in the cause of Science. If my humble testimony can be
of any avail, on this occasion, I may add — and I take
pleasure in doing so — that I have never yet had the
happiness to be acquainted with any man of a more
amiable and upright character, — more faithful in the
discharge of his duties, — or more zealously devoted to
the interests of Science, and the welfare of his fellow-
creatures.

Wishing every success to you, and to the children of
my lamented friend, I remain, very respectfully, your
most obedient, WM. DARLINGTON.

NOTICES OF EAST FLORIDA,

And the Sea Coast of the State of Georgia :

IN A SEKIES OF LETTERS TO A FRIEND IN PENNSYLVANIA.

BY WILLIAM BALDWIN, M. D.

With an Appendix containing a register of the weather,
and a Calendarium Florae, kept at St, Mary's.*

LETTER I.

Riceborough, November 20, 1816.
Having had an attack of pulmonary disease, during
my residence in Savannah the last summer, which re-
duced me to a state of great debility, I have determined
to adopt the only plan of treatment which I have found
successful : that is, travelling on foot. With the success
of a former excursion in restoring me to health, after
this formidable disease had shattered my constitution in
such a manner as nearly to preclude all expectation of
recovery, I believe you are acquainted. Already do I
feel an increase of strength and animation, and I begin
to look round for objects calculated to interest or amuse
me. This is by no means the most interesting season

[*The above is the Title which Dr. B. proposed to give to his
Epislolaiy Skelc/tes: but which were left unfinished.]

328

for lotanical travelling ; but no portion of the year is
entirely destitute of botanical objects, in this southern
country. I rejoice to learn that you have renewed your
attention to botany.. To furnish you with information
that may be important, on this delightful subject — or any
other subject relating to this country — will give me
great pleasure.

We left Savannah yesterday morning, and arrived
here this morning. Nothing very important occurred
on the way. The Nyssa cmndicnns, of Willdenow,
made a handsome display of its scarlet-colored fruit, on
the great Ogeeche. I have not seen this ornamental
tree, north of this river. Here it was discovered by
William Bartkam, — and called, by \\\m, Nyssa coccinea,
s. Ogeeche. No credit has been given to him for the dis-
covery of this plant, by any subsequent Botanist, that I
have noticed. The fruit is of an oblong form, nearly
as large as the "Butter nut" (Juglans cinerea, Willd.);
and is sold in the Savannah market, under the name of
^^ Ogeeche Lime," for the purpose of preserving in su-
gar. It makes one of the most delicate and delicious
preserves.

The Prenanthes virgata, of MiCHAUX, — which is well
described by that distinguished Botanist, — is still flow-
ering. It is frequently more than four feet in height,
including the raceme ; and the raceme is something
more than half the length of the stem. The flowers
vary, from white to pale purple. Dr. Muhlenberg, in
his Catalogue, has confounded it with the P. rubicunda,
— which is a very distinct plant. All the plants belong-
ing to this family, that I have examined, contain a bitter
— perhaps a narcotic — quality. The root of the P. alba
has been reputed valuable in the cure of the bite of
venomous serpents: That of the P. Virgata — which is
fusiform, and of a beautiful yellow color — is intensely
bitter, and deserves to be attended to.

329

Of Savannah, and some of the productions in its vi-
cinity, I may speak in a future letter. We crossed the
Great Ogeeche on a good pile bridge, erected by a Mr.
Hill, lately deceased, — who for many years kept an
excellent house of entertainment on the north bank of
the river. It is fourteen and a half miles to the south-
ward of Savannah. By the road side, near this place, I
observed the Leonurus Cardiaca, — which I found, upon
inquiry, had been brought from the North and planted
here. Is this plant indigenous in any part of North
America? I have seen it on the Brandy wine, in the
State of Delaware, in situations remote from cultiva-
tion : But this does not prove that it was not introduced
at some tormer period, — as other plants are known to
have been. Some exotics .become naturalized with
great facility, — so that it has now become extremely
difficult to ascertain the precise number that may have
been. originally introduced from abroad. We certainly
have a few plants which are likewise found in the old
world; but the number is probably much fewer than
was formerly supposed.

On the south side of the I'iver, is an extensive swamp,
and cause-way leading across it, upwards of two miles
in length. On this cause-way, and in its ditches, are
several beautiful plants, which are quite circumscribed
in their habitat. Among them is the Ii-is hexagona, of
Waltek, — and the Ncdris aquatica. The latter, I have
only seen here, and at Augustine creek, on the Augusta
road, ten miles to the westward of Savannah.

Hiceborough is situated on the south side of North
Newport river, at the head of the navigation,— about
thirty-five miles south of Savannah, and eleven south-
westerly from Sunbury. It is the capital of Liberty
county; but remains to be a small unhealthy village.
28*

330

LETTER II,

Sunlury, November 22, 1816.
We were induced to turn aside, to this place, for the
sake of visiting Lewis Le Conte, Esq., wlio occa-
sionally resides here, — and who has paid much attention
to the plants of this country. He found the Kyllingia
monocepliala within the limits of the town, in October
last. It is still verdant, and agrees very well with the
Linnaean description of it. I mention this plant, be-
cause its existence, as a native of the North American
continent has been doubted bv some of our Botanists.*
Three other species are described by Michaux : viz :
K. pumila, K. maculata, and K. ovularis. The last of
these, I am satisfied, is the Scirjms echinatus, of Linn.
(Mariscus, of Gaertner). These plants are all com-
mon in Georgia, and have come frequently under my
observation. K. maculata is, doubtless, the triceps of
the Species Plant arum : and as this is the oldest and
most appropriate name, it ought to stand. But Mr.
Elliott, in his Sketch, has retained the name of
Michaux. It appears rather singular, and contradic-
tory, to find d plant designated maculata, without any
spots, but furnished with three heads, — when, at the same
time, the account of it is closed by giving it the correct
trivial name of Three-headed Kylliiigia. K. pumila is
generally much taller, but more slender, than the
triceps, — and would, perhaps, have been better charac-
terised by the name of gracilis. But I would hold the
names of plants, when correctly imposed, as sacred as
those of men : nor would I change any, that did
not convey an absolutely incorrect idea of the indi-
viduals to which they were applied. It is the duty of
American Botanists, who are on the spot, to correct

*It is abundant on the Alaiamaha, in the immediate vicinity of
Darien. I found it there, in October, 1813.

331

their own nomenclature. I humbly conceive, that it
■would not only be more honorable, but would contribute
much more to a correct knowledge of our productions,
to sit down, and carefully examine, describe and name
them, than to puzzle our brains to ascertain by whom
they may have been imperfectly noticed. Let us not,
in our zeal to do justice to our trans-atlantic brethren,
be guilty of injustice to ourselves. Whenever we can
fairly recognize our plants by their descriptions, let us
honestly acknowledge it; l)ut we ought, surely, so far
to assert our independence, as to rely upon ourselves
in all doubtful cases.*

Sunbury is one of the most pleasantly situated toAvns,
on the sea-coast of Georgia. It stands on an elevated
plain, commanding a view of St. Katharine's, and
other Islands.

I have nothing further to communicate from this
place, — and what 1 have communicated is of little im-
portance : but it has served to amuse me in the intervals
of interesting conversation with my ingenious friend,
Le Conte, — and the examination of plants.

LETTER in.

Sand Hills, November 24, 1816.
The country between Riceborough and Fort Barring-
ton, on the Alatamaha, remains to be principally an
uncultivated wilderness, — furnishing a wide and varied
field for the lovers of Botany. Although in general
low, there is considerable inequality of surface, — and a

[*The best moJe, unquestionably, of settling all difficulties res-
pecting our doubtful plants, is that adopted by Dr. A. Gray:
namely, to examine the Herbaria of those Botanists who have pub-
lished names, or descriptions of them, — and ascertain, from the
specimens themselves, what is intended, in each case.]

332

corresponding diversity of soil, which renders this
tract of country peculiarly interesting to the Botanist.

About four miles south of Riceborough, and one mile
to the eastward of the road, is Fromentin, — the seat of
Messrs. John k. Lewis Le Conte. They possess, here,
a large and valuable Rice Plantation, in Bull-town
swamp, — on the head waters of South Newport river.
From the truly scientific acquirements of these gentle-
men, and their zealous attention to every department
of Natural History, much may be with confidence ex-
pected. I am indebted to them for much valuable in-
formation; and hope it will not be long before they
will be better known in the literary world.

There is, on this plantation, a new and beautiful spe-
cies of Porcelia (Anona, L.). It inhabits the low Pine
barrens, in the vicinity of Rice swamp, — and was
shewn to me in May, last, by Mr. Lewis Le Conte.

Porcelia angustifolia: foliis obovatis, acutis, angus-
tis ; petalis exteriorihus majorihus, ovalibus, interiorihus
angustis, hrevihus ; ramulis alternis, erectis ; Jloribus ter-
minaUbus, albisque ; tota pla7ita glabra, 2-4: pedali. Floret
Maio.* It is at once distinguished from the other spe-
cies, by its erect, termijial flowers, — which are most
elegantly disposed on the slender alternate branches.
Three other species inhabit the sea coast of Georgia:
viz: P. grandiflora (Anona obovata, Willd.), P. pyg-
maea, and P. parviflora. The two former were first in-
troduced to notice by Baktram, — who found them on
the south side of the Alatamaha. I have seen only a
solitary plant of the pygmaea, at the Sand Hills, on this

*The genera, Anona and Porcelia, perhaps approach each other
too nearly to be separatctl, with propriety. I have not seen the
fruit of this plant, upon which the essential character of the genus
depends ; but I shall leave it, for the present, along with its conge-
ners. It is about the height of the g-randijlora : its leaves come
nearer the pygmaea, — but are narrower.

333

side of the river. Both are common in the vicinity of
St. Mary's, and occupy the most sterile description of
Pine barrens, — where the sand is coarse and deep.
The latter, which was first noticed and described by
Walter, is much more generally diffused ; and is found
in clayey oak land, mostly in the neighborhood of water.

The Mylocarium Ugiistrinum, of WiLLDENOW, abounds
here. Further north, it is rarely seen ; and I suspect its
northern boundary is Savannah river. This fine shrub
was doubtless first noticed by Mr. Baktkam, — who found
it on his way to Augusta, near the city of Savannah,
where it has since been seen.* Seven, eight, or ten
feet, is its usual height, here ; but I have seen it, at the
head of Turtle river, between the Alatamaha and Sa-
tilla, thirty feet high, and one foot in diameter near the
base.

Some of the swamps bordering upon the Alatahama,
are ornamented with the Pinckneya pubens, of Michaux.
In a future letter, I may attempt to prove that this plant
is a Cincliona. At present, I will only observe that it,
also, was discovered by our venerable friend Baktkam. f
He found it near Fort Barrington, on the Darien road,
along with the Gordonia Franklini.

In a Savanna, bordering upon the Sand Hills, we
found a singular variety of the "Ogeeche Lime." —
Although scarcely exceeding three feet in height, it was
loaded with fruit of as large a size as any I had ever
seen. As this variety grows on dry land, it would an-
swer best for cultivation, — and would be at once orna-
mental and useful.

A chain of Sand Hills runs parallel with the Alata-
maha, for many miles in extent; — an extensive swamp
intervening between them and the river. From the

•Travels, p. 31.
■j"Travels, p. 16.

334

abovementioned Savanna, we rise suddenly upon them,
and find at once an entire change in the vegetable pro-
ductions ; of which I am too weary to give any account,
at present. Here we arrived, this evening, as the sun
went down, and took up our lodgings in a small solitary
cottage, twenty miles from Riceborough ; where, by the
glare of light-wood, I am enabled to write this letter.

A direct road in this direction has not yet been opened
to St. Mary's; the mail being conveyed via Darien, —
which is a circuitous route. The day has been unusu-
ally sultry, for the season ; and the musquitoes occa-
sionally very troublesome. The rain is beginning to
descend ; and we are thankful that we have found a
shelter in the wilderness.

LETTER IV.

Jefferson, November 27, 1816.

The distance from our lodgings on the Sand Hills to
Fort Barrington, where we crossed the Alatamaha, is
about seven miles ; and from thence to this place, forty
one. I have frequently mentioned Fort Barrington ;
but it would puzzle a stranger to find any Fort, here.
The remains are alone visible, in the midst of a luxu-
riant vegetation, a short way below the Ferry.

Among the more rare productions of the Sand Hills,
we find the Eriogonum tomentosum, Polygonum articula-
tum, and StipuUcida setacea, of Michaux ; — all of which
are found in the middle districts of Georgia, and not on
the sea-coast. Eriogonum is nearly allied to Rheum;
and I have been informed by Mr. J. Le Conte, that the
root of the former is employed as a mild cathartic, by
the people, where it abounds. I suspect, with Pursh,
that the Polygonum articulalum, and polygamum, are
merely varieties. The one found here, however, has

335

always ^ores alhi, — and is frequently more than two feet
in height. That the northern plant should be annual,
and the southern one perennial, is by no means extraor-
dinary. We have many examples of this kind; — some
of which I shall point out to you, in the course of this
correspondence.

On the south side of the river, the road passes, for
about a mile, through a low rich bottom, covered with
heavy timber,— consisting of Oak, Ash, Gum, Maple,
and a various undergrowth of fine shrubbery. Here,
also, is found the Heliotropium Indicum, — which has not,
hitherto, been noticed in Georgia. We rise from this
rich plain into the ordinary Pine barren; but, neverthe-
less, find some vegetable productions that are not met
with, north of the Alatamaha. The only plant I shall
mention, here, is a new species of Hymenopappus, —
■which I first discovered in East Florida, near St. Mary's,
in 1612.* I have called it H * * *.

The Erianthus strictus, which I first discovered at
Crooked River Bridge, in Camden county, grows plen-
tifully at the head of Buffalo Creek, about halfway be-
tween the two rivers. It delights in a moist, clayey
soil; in which situations, only, it is to be found. It
varies * * The nectary, in this genus, affords a most
essential generic character, which ought unequivocally
to separate it from its congeners, Saccharum, and An-
dropogon: with the one, it has been confounded by
Persoon and Pursh; and not clearly distinguished
from the other, by the accurate and observing Dr.
Muhlenberg.

We reached a good house of entertainment, kept by
Capt. Tyson, near the head of Turtle river, late on the
evening of the 25th, nineteen miles from the Alata-
maha. To obtain such quarters, it was necessary to use

*It is found about 8 miles from the Ferry, and within one mile of
the habitation of a Mr. Kxox, who keeps a house of entertainment.

336

exertion : no other, of the two or three we passed early
in the evening, being known to us. Last evening we
crossed the Satilla river, about a mile above this place,
and twenty-five from Tyson's, — sufficiently fatigued to
enjoy comfortable I'epose,

On each side of the river, at this place, we find large
tracts of fertile soil, — calculated both for the cultivation
of rice and cotton; and, on the south side, much is
already under cultivation,

Jefferson is the capital of Camden county, and is
prettily situated on the south bank of the river, 25
miles from its mouth; but is yet a small, inconsiderable
village. The Satilla enters the Atlantic through St.
Andrew's Sound, between Cumberland and Jekyl
Islands: but the navigation is only calculated for
vessels of shallow draft, — which will, of course, operate
against the prosperity of the place. The houses are all
built of wood; and the Court House, and Jail, are
neither of them calculated to add much to the splendor
of this capital.

LETTER V.

St. Mary's, November 28, 1816. .
Last evening we arrived here. The distance from Jef-
ferson is about 25 miles. The country very similai', —
except that, as we approach the sea coast, it becomes
rather more flat, sandy and sterile. One of the most
remarkable of the new productions we met with, after
crossing the Satilla, is the Befaria racemosa. This ele-
gant flowering shrub, in many places, constitutes al-
most the exclusive undergrowth, along with the Saw
Palmetto ( Chamaerops scrrulata J; and contributes much
to cheer the gloom of the solitary Pine barren. Other
fine vegetables, which I have not seen further north,

837

also make their appearance, here : viz. Petalostemon
carneum, and candidum, — with a new species of Slum,
which I have called S. trilobum* This plant is still
flowering: and I have collected seeds of the two Petalos-
tcmons. Here I also found, three years ago, a new spe-
cies of Psoralea, with simple leaves : Psoralen simplicifolia.
[P. virgata, Nutt. Torr. & Gray.]

The Xyris family is numerous, here. This genus re-
quires a revision. Among the species that have been
long known, two or three appear to have been con-
founded together. I hope at some future period to ar-
range them. Xyris juncea, and X. cylindracea, two spe-
cies, are found here: the one, remarkable on account
of its fistulous, round leaves ; the other, from its white
flowers.

We are now on the borders of the Land of Flowers;
but not in the flowering season. Enough, however,
may be seen, even now, to interest a Botanist from
Pennsylvania. There has not been suflTicient frost to de-
stroy vegetation : and here and there, we behold a
feeble flower out of season, along with others, — such as
Iloustonia rotundifolia, some species of Viola, &c. that
may be seen ornamenting the forests and plains in
every month of the year.

The city of St. Mary's is situated in about the latitude
of 30^ N. and is about 12 miles west of the Bar, and si.x
from Fernandina. It is regularly laid out, and may
contain, at this time, six hundred inhabitants. In the
time of its prosperity, at the commencement of the war,

•Walter, in his Flora CaroUniana, has described an Oenanlht
teretifnlia, — [oT,filiforTnls? Tie.demannia tereifoHa, DC. Torr. and
Gray,] — which is also found here. It differs a little, in the seed,
from the genus Sium ; but appears to me to be too closely allied,
to be separated from it with propriety. My new plant would be an
Ocnanihe, also, according to Walter : but I have agreed with Mr.
Elliott to arrange both under the genus Sium.
29

338

its population was little less than 800. Unfortunately,
the site of this pleasant and healthy town is too low. —
During the tremendous gale of the 16th and 17th of Sep-
tember, 1813, it was almost totally inundated, — and
must ever be liable to such casualties. It stands on a
neck of land, between the water from which it takes its
name, and North river. The St. Mary's meanders eas-
terly, in front of the town, and for about one mile be-
low,— when it abruptly bends to the North.* It runs in
this direction half a mile, or upwards, when it again
turns to the East, and empties into Cumberland Sound,
between Point Petre on the north — the southern extre-
mity of Georgia, — and a small Island, on the opposite
shore of East Florida. The outlet to the Atlantic ocean,
is a little to the southward of East, from Point Petre, —
between the Islands of Cumberland and Amelia. It is
singular that Mr. Bartram, in his Travels (page 26),
should inform us that the St. Mary's communicates with
the Atlantic "between the points of Amelia and Talbot
Islands," — when we are correctly informed, at page 66,
that Amelia Island forms the northern cape of St. Ma-
ry's. The error, however, has been copied by Morse,
and other Geographers, — and has thus been perpetuated.

Having resided almost three years in St. Mary's, it
appears something like Aome, to revisit it: and the first
thing to be done, is to call upon my old friends, — whom
it gave me great pleasure to find in health and pros-
perity, after having experienced the trials and disasters
incident to war.

A British naval force, under the command of Admiral
CocKBURN, took possessien of this town on the 13th of
January, 1815, by capitulation, — no resistance being of-
fered ; and evacuated it again on the — of February :
without leaving the most favorable impressions of Brit -

*Froin this bend of the river, we have a handsome view of the
Town, — which is less than one mile distant

339

ish honor, and generosity, on the minds of the inhabi-
tants,— who were indiscriminately plundered of private
properity to a large amount.
But it is time to close this heterogeneous letter.

LETTER VI.

St. Mary's, December 4, 1816.

The exercise of the body and mind, in travelling thus
far, has greatly improved my health ; and the company
of Dr. Cutter has added not a little to the pleasure and
interest of this pedestrian excursion. We are now
nearly ready to cross the St. Mary's, to wander we
hardly know where, in the dominions of his Catholic
Majesty. We have kept ourselves amused, since our
arrival here, — not only in visiting our friends in the
town, but in taking short excursions into the country.
The weather continues delightful, — except that it is
sometimes rather oppressively warm. The leaves have
not yet universally fallen, from those plants which an-
nually shed them. Of this character, is the Ilex prinoi-
des, — which is predominant in the sandy, shrubby plains,
of this vicinity. Its common height is about 6 or 8 feet ;
and at this season, with its ripe crimson-colored fruit,
makes a fine appearance. The berry of this species is
considerably larger than that of any other I have seen;
and is not unpleasant to the taste, — possessing an agree-
able sweet, along with a slight bitter. I have not ob-
sers'ed it to be the food of any species of birds, — and
hence the common opinion of its being poisonous; but
I have eaten freely of it, with entire impunity.

Since'I have mentioned this Ilex, I will make a few
observations on the genus, — as well as on another ge-
nus, to which it is closely allied. Mr. Elliott, who hzis
been long an accurate and attentive observer of plants,

340

first suggested to me the propriety of uniting Ilex with
Prinos; — since which time, I have more particularly
directed my views to the subject.*

It is well known that the great Founder of the Sexual
System adhered most strenuously to the number of the
Stamina, in the formation of the firsthalf of his classes —
while, throughout, he appeared determined to adhere to
some circumstance, or other, relating to those impor-
tant organs, in determining the essential cliaTacters of
each class. Thus it has been supposed, by some of our
more modern Botanists, that the classification has been
rendered more artificial ihdiU necessary; and families
and species separated, that were otherwise closely al-
lied ; — which necessarily produces great embarrassment
to the student. It certainly happens, that among the
species which have been respectively arranged in each
of the above mentioned genera, the number of Stamina
is very variable. It remains doubtful, with me, whether
they ought all to be retained in Tetrandria, or Hexan-
dria, — or divided between these two classes.

The Prinos vert iciblatus, so common in Pennsylvania,
I have not seen in Georgia: But I have a new species,
which very much resembles it. The flowers of each
contain from 4 to 6 stamina. This is the case with the
Ilex prinoides, and the Prinos amhiguus ; and all of them
part with their leaves, in autumn. Some of the species,
in this division of the genus (as I would call it, on
blending them together), possess another remarkable
characteristic; — that of being furnished with male and
female flowers on distinct plants: Or rather, the flowers
of the one are abortive, and those of the other prolific;
[*Although Endliciier has kept these two genera distinct, the
reader cannot fail to remark how nearly verbatim the descriptions of
them are. One can scarcely be more than a sub.grnus, or section,
of the other. Dk Candolle, also, under Prinos, asks — "an ab llice
satis differtl"]

341

for in each, they retain the character of hermaphrodite •
The Ilex prinoides affords an unvarying example of this
remarkable exception to the genus. Although one plant
unifoi'nily proves abortive, its flowers are unequivocally
hermaphrodite : i. e. wc have the rudiments of a germ,
and the stamina apparently perfect; but the flowers,
nevertheless, prove uniformly abortive. The difference
in the size and the appearance of the germ, is what
most strikingly distinguishes the two plants, at the time
of flowering. This appears to be the case with the new
species, above mentioned, — and also with the Prinos
ambiguus* But I would wish to examine them further,
before I pronounce too positively.

Taking every thing into consideration, I should be
disposed to arrange these plants along with Cassine, in
the class Pentandria. (May not some of them be true
Cassines, and the residue Ilex? J. What ought the ge-
nus to be — Ilex, Prijios, or Cassine ? Further observa-
tions may enable us to decide more correctly.

I must not leave St. Mary's without noticing anew

species of Scirpus, found in 1812. I have called it .

• ••*••*

•Dr. Macbride, of Charleston, S. Carolina, is of opinion that the
Ilex prinoides and Piiacs ambiguus run into each other: in short,
that they are one plant, varied only by age — 'the young plant being
the lUx, and the old one the Princs. But I will venture to assert
that they are distinct species, — each possessing strong and unvary-
ing specific characters. In the form, size, and color of the fruit,
they differ strikingly, — as well as in the leaves, manner of growth,
and general fucits, or habit. I thii)k it highly probable that Wal-
ter was the first to confound those two species.
29*

342

LETTER VII.

Fernandina, December 6, 1816.

We arrived here at 4 o'clock Ihis evening, in a packet
from St. Mary's ; and lost no time in calling at tht olKce
of the Commandant, — to whom wc had a letter of intro-
duction from Mr. , of St. Mary's. As this gentle-
man was taking his Siesta, we left him, and waited upon
George Clark, Esq., the Surveyor of the Province, —
an English gentleman of high respectability, of whom
I shall have occasion to speak, hereafter.

Fernandina stands on a high calcareous bluff, on the
west side of Amelia Island, and abou one mile from its
northern extremity. It contains about 500 inhabitants,
and has risen into importance, as a mercantile place,
from the same causes which have raised St. Mary's:
but it is more conveniently situated, — having an excel-
lent harbor, well sheltered from the N. E. winds. —
Amelia Island is 18 miles in length, with an average
breadth of about three quarters of a mile. There may
be, independent of the town of Fernandina, about
twenty planters, scattered principally along the western
shore. About one third of this Island consists of calca-
reous Live-oak Hammock, calculated for the cultivation
of Cotton. These planters are wealthy and respecta-
ble; and are, with few exceptions, Europeans. Except
near the northern and southern extremities, the middle
and eastern side of the Island is Pine barren, — with
an undergrowth of Saw Palmetto ( Chamaerops serrulata ).

The predominant shrubbery consists of Andromeda
ferruginea, A. rigida, Pursh.* A. coriacea, Willd. Befa-
via reicemosa, Prinos glaher. Ilex prinoides, Vaccinium
frondosum, V. macrophyllum. Eraser, Adelia porulosa,Mx.
Lycium Carolinianum, and several varieties of dwarf

* A. ferruginea, Willtienow, and others; but I think distinct
from ferruginea.

343 ^

Live oak f Querctis virens). A few plants of Ceratiola
(rlcoides are found towards the southern extremity of the
Island.

Since I have mentioned some cf the vegetable produc-
tions of this Island, and ainong otlicrs, the Chamaemps
serndata, — I will make a few observations on this family
cf plants. Beside the one just mentioned, I am ac-
quainted with three others : viz. Chamaemps Palmetto, C.
hystrix, and C. acaulis, Mx. which is the SahaL minor of
Adanson. These are all now arranged very correctly
in the class Hcxandria, and order Tiigynia. I have
never been able to discover any tiling polygamous in
any of them : nor do I know of sutlicient characters in
the latter species, to separate it from its congeners.
The distinction drawn between a one-seeded berry and
a one-seeded drupe, in this instance, is too nice for my
comprehension, — particularly as I can see no ditference
from actual observation. The Chamaerops Palmetto is
an elegant plant,— attaining, in Georgia, to the height of
forty or fifty feet ; and all its valuable uses have not
been enumerated by Mr. Pursh. The tender shoot, at
the extremity of the young plant, affords an article for
the table, more sweet and delicious than cabbage; — ^from
which it has derived the name of '■'■Cabbage tree.'' After
stripping off the leaves, a white delicate substance re-
mains, resembling Asparagus, — but which may be ob-
tained three or four inches in diameter, and two feet in
lengtli. It may be eaten raw ; but when boiled, and
dressed with butter, affords a nutritious and very agree-
able article of diet. It is by no means generally known,
that the young shoots of the Chamaerops serrulata ("Saw
Palmetto") are also eatable, — and are even more sweet
and tender than the former. My knowledge of this
fact was derived from the late Mrs. Catharine Miller,*
of Dungeness, on Cumberland Island. This is gener-

*MrB. Miller was formerly the wife of Gen. Nathaniel. Grixnk.

W 344

ally a humble plant, with a short, crooked, prostrate
stem, from one to three feet in length : but in some situ-
ations,— and particularly near the sea shore, — it attains
to the height of 8 or 10 feet, and has an ornamental ap-
pearance. It is rarely found north of Savannah river.
The Chamaerops acaulis, of Michaux, — which I would
call C. sahaloides, as it is not the only species, — is found
in low, rich, swampy land, suitable for the cultivation of
Rice. Mr. Pursh speaks of it as a palm of "little
beauty or use :" but why such an exception should be
taken to a species of this beautiful genus, I cannot con-
ceive. Chamaerops hystrix is found along with the pre-
ceding,— which it resembles closely, vyith the excep-
tion of its singula; spines. It was discovered by the
late Mr. John Fraser, about 16 years ago, near the city
of Savannah. It is also found in Bull-town swamp, on
the plantation of Messrs. Le Conte.

Although the mere man of business, or of pleasure,
may see little to interest or amuse, in the sandy plains,
or swampy solitudes, of Georgia and Florida, — with the
lover of botany the case is far different. He reflects,
that all-bountiful nature has clothed even the most
sterile wastes with some of her choicest ornamental,
as well as useful, productions. Who can behold the
singular and beautiful Befaria, or "Fly-catcher," with-
out being charmed with its splendor and fragrance, — or
astonished at the faculty it possesses of decoying In-
sects'?* And the Saw Palmetto would prevent the
weary, hungry traveller from starving !

To-morrow we again pursue our journey south.

*The Corolla of this plant secretes a tenacious substance, which
effectually retains flies, and all other insects that alight upon it, until
they perish: hence the name of Fly catcher.

345

LETTER vm.

Amelia Island, December 8, 1816.
We left Fernandina yesterday morning about 11
o'clock; not having been able to obtain our passport
from Don Fkancisco Morales, the Commandant, at an
earlier period, without breaking in upon his sleeping
hours!

The weather continuing warm and pleasant, we had a
delightful ramble, for eleven miles, to the habitation of
Capt. Robert Harrison, a wealthy Cotton Planter, who
occupies one of the richest spots on the Island, within
six miles of its southern e.\tremit3^ We took a middle
path, through the most barren part of the land, — as the
season was not calculated to aflord much novelty in the
V3getable creation. A little before we reached the
above mentioned plantation, we crossed near the head
of an extensive swamp, — which bearing northerly,
forms a small creek, that empties into Amelia Sound,
on the north side of Fernandina (see Bartram p. G5).
In this swamp, is found an abundance of the Crinum
Floridanum, of Bartram, — the haves of which are still
vordant. I have only once seen this plant in flower. It
is a true Crinum; and comes pretty near the C. Ameri-
canum, of Aiton ; but is probably a distinct species —
noticed only by its discoverer. I have long wished for
an opportunity to examine it more particularly, at the
proper season. Mr. Bartram first noticed it on the
Island of St. Simon's, near the town of Frederica. —
It is still well known by the name of "White Lily:" by
which it is distinguished from the Canna Jlaccida, —
known by the name of "Yellow Lily." This swamp
also abounds with the Ilex Dahoon. Its clusters of red
berries now make a fine display. This shrub attains to
the height of 20 or 30 feet, and may be considered one
of the most ornamental of this family of plants.

346

I have spent most of this day in making collections
of Fungi, — with some seeds of annual plants: Among
others, a species of Poa, which seems improperly to
have been confounded with the P. hirsuta, of Michaux.*
The Monoiropa uniflora is still flowering, — and also Poly-
gonum Hydrnpiper : which bears evidence to the mild-
ness of the climate, here.

To-morrow we again pursue our journey South, by'
special permission of the Captain and his amiable
family. But I cannot leave this Island without express-
ing how much I have been gratified with the unaffected
hospitality of its inhabitants, wherever we have been:
and by none more than the family we are about to
leave. I became acquainted here in 1813; and shall
ever remember what I had to experience on the night
of the 16th, and morning of the 17th of September, of
that year: a Hurricane, of the force and character of
those which too frequently visit the West India Islands,
and other situations in and bordering upon the Tropics.
[For an account of this Hurricane, see the letter to Dr.
Muhlenberg, under date of September 15, — ^24, 1813.]
*****

[* Perhaps the Poa refracta, of Elliott.]

[CAETEKA DESUNT.]

CORRIGENDA.
A few typographical errors occur in the f receding pages, — most
of which the intelligent reader will readily comprehend. It may be
well, however, to indicate the following: —
Page. Line.

16. 7. for "clavieulosa," read claculosa.

107. 19-20 for *'^rfttfn<u/n-n»n'r«/m, read Asplenium Adianlum-

nigrum.

112. i. for <'39th," read 29th.

120. 7. « "1813," « 1814.

166, 24. « "Fumtiria" " Fr.naria.

169. 13. " "Ogochce," " Ogechee.

173. 24. " "spinosissima," " fjiiriosissiinum.

" 26. " "violacea" " violacto.

177. 6. after "correspondence,'' insert — of.

183. 17. for "May," read June.

191. 3. " "pumili," *• pumi'a.

210. 15-16. "yuccoefolium," " yuccaffvliutn.

123. last line but one — "Ctraliole" read Ceiatiola.

216. Erase the bracJ^ets from the Note, at the foot of the page.

The Note is Dr. B's.

)^ & ^^