63D CoNGRESS t

DocuMENT
ad Session SENATE |

No. 489

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA

SPEECH

DELIVERED IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
RELATIVE TO CERTAIN REMEDIES AND PRE-
VENTIVES FOR HOG CHOLERA
ON JANUARY 26, 1914

By

HON. WILLIAM S. KENYON

SENATOR FROM IOWA

Me

PRESENTED BY MR. NORRIS
JUNE 4, 1914.—Ordered to be printed

WASHINGTON
1914
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REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

SPEECH OF HON. WILLIAM S. KENYON, OF IOWA, IN THE SENATE
OF THE UNITED STATES, MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1914.

The Senate had under consideration the bill (S. 3439) appropriating funds
for the purpose of providing and administering remedies for hog cholera.

Mr. Kenyon. Mr. President, I do not want to take very much time,
and what I say is somewhat supplemental to what the Senator from
Ohio [Mr. Pomerene] has said. But at the same time, I do not want
to offer any apology for taking a little of the time of the Senate in
presenting the case of the American farmer on this subject.

I read an article in an Ohio paper a few days ago stating that Sen-
ators Pomerene and Kenyon would introduce their bill “to abolish
hog cholera in the United States Senate on next Thursday.” I never
knew just what was the matter with the Senate; the paper, I judge,
is wrong.

The Washington Times had an editorial on this subject that is
very good. I wish to make it a part of my remarks, and am going
to ask to have it read by the Secretary at the desk. It states the
whole thing, I think, in a nutshell, although the figures as to the
appropriation are wrong.

The Presiprne Orricer (Mr. Vardaman in the chair). Without ob-
jection, the Secretary will read as requested.

(The Secretary read as follows:)

[Washington Times, January 17, 1914.]

JUST PLAIN COMMON SENSE,

Out in Ohio they are starting a sort of national campaign for the extinction
of hog cholera, and they want the cooperation of Congress and the State legis-
latures. Of course, there will never be so much appeal to the imagination in
such a commonplace proceeding as there would in something less specific or prac-
tical; but it would be a fine thing if some such simple, common-sense things
could be taken up and put into execution.

We are worrying about the increasing cost and decreasing supplies of meat.
No wonder. Hog cholera alone takes enough meat every year to account for the
whole annual discrepancy. But that is not all it does. It is not even the
worst it does.

The farmer who raised a drove of hogs right up close to the finishing and
marketing point, putting his year’s corn crop into them, and who then, late in
the fall, when he has plans matured for spending the money they are going to
bring in, sees them die on his hands, is losing something more than that drove
of hogs.

He loses confidence in the hog-raising industry.

It takes more persistence and pertinacity than most men possess to turn
right around after a calamity like that and raise another drove of hogs. The
man who suffers from the visitation of cholera is very likely not to have left
even the basis on which to begin producing a new herd; he is pretty certain,
in any case, not to retain much enthusiasm about doing it.

3

4 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Therefore it is common experience that the farmer who this year loses 50
hogs will probably in the next two or three years produce 200 fewer hogs than
he would but for this present loss. That is to say, if hog cholera takes $100,-
000,000 worth of hogs a year, as some of the statisticians say, it prevents the
raising of two or three times that much more. And that means the difference
between adequate and inadequate meat supplies for the country.

The fact is that if hog cholera could be abolished by an executive decree, the
United States would in two years be restored to its old place ag the greatest
meat-exporting country in the world. To-day our exports are practically wiped
out.

Senator Kenyon some time ago introduced a bill to appropriate $5,000,000 for
the conduct of the Agricultural Department’s campaign to eradicate hog cholera.
It should be understood that eradication is no chimera. Remedies have been
developed, methods devised, that in time, backed by enough money and author-
ity, would well-nigh exterminate the germs of the disease. But there can be
no general results without those two things—money and rigorous authority.

Probably the world has got wise and liberal enough by this time to assure
that such a measure as this would not be defeated with the sneering suggestion
that it was ‘“‘ giving the farmer a few more millions.” It is not more than nomi-
nally a service to the farmer. The farmer can do a lot of other things aside
from raising hogs. Just at present, with corn worth around 70 cents, it is hard
enough to keep the farmer convinced that it is worth while to turn the corn
into meat. It takes a good deal less work and risk to haul the corn to town
and sell it. What the country needs is means to keep the farmer in the mind
of raising hogs, and the thing that would encourage him more than anything
else would be the assurance that his chance of loss by cholera was going to be
reduced year by year.

An appropriation for the stamping out of cholera would be an appropriation
to do the most practical work possible in the direction of increasing the national
meat supply.

Mr. Kenyon. I think possibly that that editorial states the situa-
tion better than I can, but I am so intensely interested in this question
and it so affects my State that I wish to present a few facts in rela-
tion to it.

The question of the high cost of living is one that is interesting
everybody and to which the people are giving a very deep study.
While it may not seem to comport with the dignity of this body to
discuss hog cholera, yet the losses from hog cholera have been so
appalling in this country that it has become a subject which must
attract the attention of the National Congress. It has gone beyond
all State lines and becomes a national problem, and it is an important
problem to the great industry of agriculture, which produced last
year farm products exceeding $6,000,000,000 in value.

This proposition also is a great economic proposition. It goes to
the question of the cost of living. It goes to the question of some-
thing to eat for the people, and that is just as important as any
Alaskan railway or any Mexican question or any tariff or currency
question.

As suggested by the Senator from Ohio [Mr. Pomerene], I do not
believe that Members of Congress appreciate what a tremendous loss
there has been in this country due to hog cholera. We have a great
interest in the farmers of this country, especially at election times,
but if we have that devoted interest to the farmer we have a chance
in helping him now to show what that interest really is.

Prof. Kennedy, of the agricultural college at Ames, in my State,
made a statement relating to the loss of hogs from cholera during the
year 1912 which is rather astounding. He said:

The national hog-cholera loss last year was 900,000,000 or 1,000,000,000 pounds

of meat. This was 10 pounds per capita. Iowa’s loss was 150,000,000 pounds,
or 62 pounds per person, and was more this year.

bd

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 5

He further stated that—

Iowa’s loss this year would be $20,000,000. * * * It is a great feature in -
the high cost of living, and I am for liberal Federal aid in the elimination of
hog cholera.

On yesterday I received a letter from Prof. Kennedy in which he
placed the loss for the year 1913 as rather high. He says he sent
out letters to every bank cashier in towns of 10,000, and in relation
to it he received 1,120 replies.

By actual count—

He says—
Dallas County—

One of the counties in our State—

this year lost about 20,000 head, or about 162% per cent. The data which we
gathered would indicate about 17 per cent loss, so you can see that our reports
are fairly accurate. I think it is putting it very low to say that the farmers of
Iowa, during 1913, lost at least $80,000,000 through hog cholera.

I think that is too high, but he estimates three sources of loss.
One is the direct loss from the hogs which die—

Which in this country would amount to 10 pounds of meat for
every man, woman, and child—

Second, the direct loss from the marketing of pigs in a half-fat condition,
thus sold at a sacrifice; third, the indirect loss to the cattle feeder,: who loses
a considerable amount of his feed by not having the hogs to follow his cattle.

I am going to discuss that in a moment as one of the matters enter-
ing vitally into the cause of the high cost of living. I shall ask per-
mission to make this letter a part of my remarks.

The Presiporne Orricer. Without objection, it is so ordered.

(The letter referred to is as follows:)

AMES, Iowa, January 19, 1914.
Senator W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C.

DEAR SENATOR KENYON: Under separate cover I am sending you a hog-cholera
report for the year 1913. This data was collected by the agricultural extension
department in order that we might ascertain so far as possible the loss from
hog cholera during the year 1913, also to have a comparison of 1913 with 1912.
In order to get this data I sent out letters to every bank cashier in towns of
10,000 and under, asking them three questions: First, what was the percentage
of hogs which died from hog cholera in their vicinity during the year 1913:
second, what percentage of the hogs were marketed early—say, weighing be-
tween 50 and 150 pounds—due to the hog-cholera scare; third, how the loss
compared with that of 1912.

We have received 1,120 replies, representing every county in Iowa. I have
the data tabulated in the report which I am sending you. I believe that the
number of hogs stated in the different counties is too low. For instance, in
Dallas County the report shows 93,852 head. A farm-to-farm canvass made by
our department for the United States Department of Agriculture, in connection
with this hog-cholera work there this year, showed that there were 120,000
head of hogs in Dallas County. By actual count Dallas County this year lost
about 20,000 head, or about 16% per cent. The data which we gathered would
indicate about 17 per cent loss; so you can see that our reports are fairly
accurate. I think it is putting it very low to say that the farmers of Iowa
during 1913 lost at least $30,000,000 through hog cholera.

There are three sources of loss: One is the direct loss from the hogs which
die; second, the direct loss from the marketing of pigs in a half-fat condition,
thus sold at a sacrifice; third, the indirect loss to the cattle feeder, who loses
a considerable amount of his feed by not having the hogs to follow his cattle.

6 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

I assure you that this is an important subject in Iowa. In my judgment, you
can do our people a great deal of good by having a law passed demanding Fed-
eral testing of every drop of serum made in the commercial plants. This, in
my judgment, is the first step in the hog-cholera work. Every man with
whom I have talked feels that this is the case. I assure you that we will be
glad to help you in any way possible. I am,

Very truly, yours, W. J. KENNEDY.

_ Mr. Kenyon. In going over the records of hog losses in this
country, and after consultation with the Bureau of Animal Industry
on the subject, I learn that practically 90 per cent of all losses of
swine that occur each year are due to a disease known as hog
cholera, and if this be the case, as it undoubtedly is, the loss is ap-
palling, and it is certainly time for us to provide some means for the
eradication of the disease, if such a thing is possible. I do not know
just what is best. We can only judge of that by the experts of the
Agricultural Department and the farmers, but I am in favor of a
large appropriation being placed at the disposal of the Department
of Agriculture for them to use in such way as they deem fit.

We have placed $40,000,000 practically in the hands of the Presi-
dent of the United States to build railroads in Alaska. This propo-
sition is far more important than any railroad in Alaska, and the
losses of one year, if saved, would build three times the amount of
railroad we are going to construct in Alaska.

So we can likewise have confidence in the Secretary of Agriculture
to use this money wisely and to accomplish the purposes intended.

Hog cholera made its first appearance in this country in the State
of Ohio, brought in by the importation from some foreign countries
of blooded stock, and as Ohio has that unpleasant distinction, it now
has the better distinction of being the State that has appropriated
more to help solve this problem than any other State in the Union,
having appropriated $100,000 for a serum plant—more money than
the Government has appropriated in the last 10 years on this question.

This disease has gradually extended throughout the country until
now there is scarcely a State in the Union free from its ravages.
Transportation lines have unwittingly and unknowingly helped to
carry this disease by the fact that cars were not properly cleaned
and fumigated. If no method is found to check this disease the
farmers will cease to raise hogs, as a farmer will not run the
risk of having the herd which represents his time and represents his
crop absolutely wiped away in a week or ten days by this scourge.
If the farmer does that, the cost of living is going up to a point where
even our Democratic friends can not explain it.

I have prepared a map showing the losses in the various States
from hog cholera in the year 1912. It shows the money expended
by the various States in fighting the disease, the number of swine
raised in those various States, and the recommendation of those
various States as to the governmental appropriation. I want to
call the attention of the Senate to just a few of the statements. This
is not a northern matter entirely.

I have had letters from experts from the State of Georgia stat-
ing that the question is becoming a live one in the State of Georgia.
During the year 1913 the State of Georgia lost 165 out of every
thousand hogs. In the year previous the loss was 90 out of every
thousand. So the loss in Georgia in one year’s time increased nearly
. 100 per cent.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 7

In the State of Florida in 1913 the loss was 170 out of every
thousand. The previous year the loss was 100 out of every thousand,
an increase of 70 per cent in the State of Florida.

In the State of Alabama in 1913 the loss was 110 out of every
thousand. In the previous year the loss was 65 out of every thou- -
sand, showing an increase of nearly 100 per cent in the State of
Alabama.

In the State of Louisiana in 1913 the loss was 110 out of every
thousand. In the previous year it was 100.

In the State of Arkansas in 1913 the loss was 160 out of every
thousand. In the previous year 140.

Mississippi lost 154 out of every thousand in 1913. In the pre-
vious year in Mississippi the loss was 75 to a thousand, an increase
in loss of over 100 per cent.

Taking the States of the far West as indicated on the map

Mr. Overman. Has the Senator the statistics for North Carolina?

Mr. Kenyon. I have the statistics here for North Carolina. For
the year ending January 1, 1913, North Carolina lost 69,687 hogs
to the value eC: $536,589. Colorado in 1913 lost 100 out of each
thousand. The loss of the previous year in Colorado was 20 out
of each thousand, being an increase of 500 per cent in the State of
Colorado.

Mr. Brapy. Mr. President

The Presiprne Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from Idaho?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Brapy. Has the Senator any information as to the loss in
1913?

Mr. Kenyon. I have it for my own State, and I have statistics as
to the year ending March 31, 1913. I have no figures later than that.

Mr. Brapy. I notice that the loss to Idaho in 1912, according to
the figures on the map, was something over 7,000. The loss Bea
was several times as great the past year.

Mr. Kenyon. I am satisfied that is true.

Mr. Brapy. I wondered whether the Senator has the exact figures.

Mr. Kenyon. I have not, but judging from the increase in our
own State the loss in Idaho must have increased that much.

The State of Indiana in 1912 lost 150 out of each thousand; Tli-
nois, 140 out of each thousand; Nebraska, 110; Kansas, 120; -Mis-
sourl, 175 out of each thousand, nearly one- fifth of all the’ swine
within the borders of that State. The loss in Missouri has been more
in proportion, slightly so, to the number of swine than in any other
State for the year 1912 , but the Government is making experiments
now in Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa. Iowa lost 160 out of each
thousand. The previous year the loss was 80, which showed an in-
crease of 100 per cent.

I desire to have inserted in the Record this statement of the con-
dition of hogs April 1, and the estimated loss during the year end-
ing March 31, 1918, from which I have just read. It is the latest,
I will say to the Senator from Idaho, I have. These figures were
obtained from the crop reports for 1913, and I wish to make them a
part of my remarks.

The Presipine Orricer. If there is no objection, it will be so
ordered.

8 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

(The matter referred to is as follows:)

Condition of hogs Apr. 1 and estimated losses during the year ending Mar. 31,
1913, with comparisons.

Losses from disease. Condition Apr. 1.
; S Breed-
State and division. 10-year 10-year sing
19131 | 19121 | aver- | Number. | 1913 | 1912 | aver- WE
age.l | age.
Serpe Peel al es AG eps Ey Prvcl: \Werathe | erch. l e tacks
MAINO es... 3 eecoe nes = Seaetee eases 28 15 14 2, 828 97 98 98 95
New, Hampshire. 22 25422. 4-s- 54 25 20 17 1,300 95 98 98 93
Wermionizs. 2/46 +.) 520. ees2he be 19 39 20 2,033 99 99 99 98
Masshcbusptis:so- <2. oc -as<eaceeee 40 35 22 4, 600 95 96 98 94
Mode Island: 28.6520 22S 25 18 21 350 97 97 98 93
Conneeticuite-s 6 Sasccos eee enee a 30 48 26 1,740 97 98 99 97
ING We VOGkKs on honors eee acerige 30 29 22 22, 830 98 96 98 95
NewJersey {ie 2- 230255. 2A 40 40 28 6, 400 97 95 97 96
Pennsylyania,... .2 50. 2 sececbe oe 43 37 29 48, 590 | 96 93 96 95
North Aitlantic.\. . 2.2... <. - 36.3 33.7 25. 0 90, 671 96.8 94.9 97.2 95.1
MPPIAWVATS fe tiscuiae = aoe eases 50 80 47 2, 900 92 92 94 97
Morvilamg!. cp conn Stee eos Sec doe 90 75 37 30, 150 94 91 95 94
RATA er et R eS SER Ie ST ee Gee 48 40 45 40, 128 95 92 95 98
Wiest: Virginiats).. eb. o:22 0 Fe 73 41 32 25,988 94 94 95 100
Worth Carolinas. sc052 se saacaece 58 44 60 77, 430 94 94 94 98
Southi@arolina2 2-2 fit hos 75 60 60 57,375 90 90 94 97
GOOnSIAL = jos ae oe er meceeee 165 90 66 311, 520 92 90 94 91
WMloridarss = zeae se ge Aes Se: 170 100 79 149, 260 92 92 93 91
Southyatiamties:.-ase see. 107.7 68.8 57.5 694, 751 92.8 91.6 94,2 94.7
OIG! 2 o- Some cocaas ane 86 70 46 292,314 94 90 95 100
Andianig.) sae ees eet oe teen eae ae 150 125 68 556, 350 89 88 94 95
1 Lnss(o; tee Sas eee. Bore eae eas 140 215 71 604, 100 91 85 95 108
Michigan es 5. seem ae lee eee 40 40 31 52,520 94 95 96 96
iWiisconsin 522/325 5 Shc sss feabs 28 28 24 56, 840 96 97 96 99
North Central east Missis-
sippi River..............] 105.8 | -118.9 55.6 | 1,562,124 92.1 89.4 95.0 100. 2
Minnesota: 2 tre 2 ee ore Shee ee 55 30 30 93,610 96 97 97 105
ROW As ce see ee ae ce ee 160 80 54 1,395, 200 89 91 96 95
IMASSONIBi CR LR eh en ee eRe 175 160 74 715, 225 84 82 93 101
North Dakota 5. . £2 509585. 55 nk 20 15 17 7,320 98 98 98 105
South Dakotas. sacs le ecnen chee 38 38 54 44, 878 95 96 96 107
Nebraska sss) J49s- ee eee s 110 60 63 | 417,780 93 94 96 101
RGA ISRS ote ee ee oe ee ne 120 132 50 313, 320 91 84 94 119
North Central west Missis-
SIPPI Rivers coe ee see ee 133.0 90.9 56.5 | 2,987,333 90. 0 89.8
entuckyiamec cece een adecseeeee 95 70 60 155, 610 90 89
Menmnesseo. Ayers te sees eaeeee 99 7 59 148, 005 89 90
abamare ss toe eee lee ae 110 65 60 160, 160 92 92
TOUISIANIOZ cet eee ee eae etme 110 100 91 155, 320 88 84
INS <r oy ORS ae, Ler ear eee AS 45 34 37 112,185 94 90
GEIB OMNIA soe seein oceek cee oe 81 145 64 | 107, 325 88 79
Arkansas $xse hc RE Tey eek SS 160 140 92 244, 640 87 84
IMUSSISSIPDi sce ae ene icone seem 154 75 62 228, 228 91 90
South Gentralie.s 225-2252 102.2 83.5 60.4 1, 311,473 90. 2 87.5
Montana ssc 8ae eee fi 20 19 20 3,060 97 98
WivOMming 038 aye Se eis 15 12 18 615 100 99
Colorado Set aes Se 100 20 21 20, 500 94 98
INew Miexi 0 sz 2: 23-52 ee 27 16 19 1,404 97 95
ESTIZON Bee Nee ee re noe ase eee 13 12 28 299 98 99
(Witah 2a sae Sab oe oe ee ee 24 16 20 1,944 99 98
ING VAG ot ee ee ee ee 21 24 22 672 98 97
TRH) Paes se EP i ere Bs ne 37 14 17 8,621 96 99
Wrashingtonies: 08.4 poeceet . 22 22 18 5,676 98 98
Oreronttee ee ance eee ee 30 16 17 8, 040 98 99
California .2: 2-42: 4. -2 A Ae ee ee 50 25 37 41,100 97 97
WarWOsterl 226222252 252 42.4 20.6 25.8 9t, 931 97.0 97.8
Umited Ss tates)os- sce. ose 110.1 89.2 54.9 | 6,738, 283 91.4 89.9

Loss by cholera in 1912, $60,000,000.
1 Losses per 1,000 head.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

9

Mr. Kenyon. I want also to place in the Record a table showing
the estimated number, the average price, and the total value of swine
in the United States January 1, 1913, with comparisons; also a table
showing the estimated loss there given for the same year. I will not
take the time to read these figures, but I should like to have the table

printed.

The Presiprne Orricer. Without objection, the request will. be

granted.

The tables referred to are as follows:

Estimated number, average price, and total value of swine in the United States
Jan. 1, 1913, with comparisons.

State and division.

Maine. sae2s20ensiws vesewsss

MERION is. 2. hc Soke
Massachusetts. ....2s..k22-
PNGUe SIAN ese. <8 olen cae

ING IGS be epere see sceee
Pennsylvania: =. %.. 0.26%

North Atlantic.......

MI OLAWATOr sified f5/<'s;00 chub tate
Mra laid ees 0s 2 abet
Wa Ce a eee eS
MViess Virgininst so... Se
North Carolina.............
South Carolina.............
MGGOLPINs <h2 Bese! < o2- 2. Sete

Tilinois...
Michigan. ..
Wisconsin’ t33.--... cout

North Central east of
Mississippi River...

fowasase: osvseteee oa

North Central west of
Mississippi River...

Kentucky 22s. 5 958
MBEMMESSCE sd Vokes od. 6d leek
Alabama, -). ode...
Mississippi. ........
Louisiana. . oe ‘
MORAS CGE 5 SOLE or. cos 1S

Colsrados gar 5 CA fo 24s

Number Jan. 1, 1913.

Average price per head Jan. 1.

1 Compared with Jan. 1, 1912.

Average
ca ida age when
ra? mar-
Per 10-year 1913. =
cee Total. 1913 pt ee keted.2
100 | 101,000} $12.90} $11.50] $10.10 | $1,303,000 9.0
98 52,000 | 12.70} 10.50] 10.40 | 660,000 9.0
96| 107,000} 12.20] 10.00 9.10 | 1,305,000 9.0
9s | 115,000} 13.00] 11.30] 10.80| 17495,000 9.8
90 14,000} 14.50] 12.00} 11.40] 72037000 9.8
97 58,000 14.00] 11.60} 11,70] — 812'000 9.5
98 | 761,000} 12.60] 10.20 9.70 | 9,589" 000 9.0
97| 160,000} 13.00} 11.30] 11.10 2'080;000 10.0
99 | 1,130,000] 12.50} 10.00 9.30 | 147125, 000 10.0
98.3 | 2,498,000] 12.64] 10.32 9.69 | 31,572,000 9.6
ety. 58,000 | 11.20 7.20 8.30 | 650,000 10.0
97| — 335,000 9. 80 8, 00 7.70 | 3,283,000 10.0
95 | $36,000 7.00 6.30 5.70 | 5,852/000 11.0
98 | 356,000 9.00 6.70 6.50 | 3,204/ 000 11.6
95 | 1,335,000 7.70 7.40 5.90 | 10,280,000 11.6
96 | 765,000 8.50 8,00 6.40 | 6,502,000 12.5
90 | 1,888,000 7.10 6.7 5.90 | 13,405,000 12.0
92] 878,000} 5.90 5.20 3.90 | 5,180,000 13.0
93.5 | 6,451,000 7. 50 6. 80 5.95 | 48,356,000 11.8
~~ 95 | 3,399,000 | 10. 80 8. 20 7.80 | 36,709, 000 9.5
92 | 3,709,000 9.80 7.7 7.40 | 36,348; 000 9.6
93 | 4/315,000| 10.50 8.80 8.20 | 45,308; 000 10.0
95 | 1,313,000| 10.80 8.50 8.20 | 14) 180,000 9.0
99 | 2}030;000 | 11.60 9.00 8.80 | 2375487000 9.1
94.2 | 14,766,000 | 10.57 8.52 8.00 |156,093, 000 9.6
100} 1,702,000/ 12.70| 10.40 8.80 | 21,615,000 10.0
90 | 8,720,000 | 12,00 9. 80 8.60 |104; 640, 000 10.7
91 | 4)087,000 8.50 7.00 6.30 | 34,740,000 10.7
102} '366,000| 13.70| 10.50 8.90 | 5,014,000 10.7
107 | 1,181,000} — 11.00 8.90 8.50 | 12/991; 000 10.5
s9 | 3)798,000| 11.40 8.80 8.10 | 432977000 11.0
93 | 2611000! 10.40 7.90 7.60 | 27) 154; 000 10.5
g2 | 22,465,000 | 11.10 8.90 7.99 |249, 451, 000 10.7
95 | 1,638,000 7.10 5.40 5.40 | 11,630,000 10.5
95 | 1,495,000 7.40 6.10 5.50 | 11063, 000 12.0
95 | 1) 456,000 6.80 6.50 5.20 | 9,901,000 13.0
94] 1, 482/000 6.90 6.50 5.10 | 10, 226,000 13.0
86 | 1) 412/000 7.00 5. 80 5.10} 9,884,000 15.0
98 | 2° 4937000 8. 40 6.30 5.60 | 20,941,000 12.6
94 | 1,325,000 8.90 5.50 6.10 | 11,792'000 12.0
8s | 1)529/000 6.70 5.40 4.30 | 10)244) 000 14.0
93.4 | 12,830,000 7.46 5.95 5.35 | 95,681,000 12.7
107 | 153,000 | ‘11.90 9.90 9.60 | 1,821,000 11.0
95 41,000} 11.00 8.60 8.80 | "451/000 12.0
97| 205,000} 11.00 8.00 8.10 | 2,255,000 11.5
103 52) 000 9.60 8.20 7.30 | 499,000 11.4
103 23,000! 11.50] 10.50 8.10! 264,000 11.5
2 Months.

10

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Estimated number, average price, and total value of swine in the United Stutes
Jan. 1, 1913, with comparisons—Continued.

Number Jan. 1, 1913. | Average price per head Jan. 1. Average
perk Total value| age when
State and division. _ Jan. 1, mar-
er 10-year 1913. keted.
Panta Total. 1913 1912 average.

Witah - cco costes sececce asian 102 81,000 $11.00 $9.00 $8. 20 $891, 000 10.5
ING@VAda si -ceberceeocse see 105 32,000 11.00 10. 50 8.70 352,000 10.5
Tdghoke presse eesee eee 110 233,000 10.30 8.00 7.60 | 2,400,000 11.7
Washington s..5. cascee sees 105 258, 000 11.30 9.50 8.50 | 2,915,000 10.0
ORCROM eee es eee = eee eae 104 268,000 9. 50 8.50 7.00 | 2,546,000 11.1
California -2)\5/2/<\</sj22 5 --<isio- 99 822,000 9. 20 8.30 7.20 | 7,562,000 13.6
Far Western........- 102.1 | 2,168,000 10.13 8.60 7.64 | 21,956,000 12.0
—_—X—X—X—X—X—S_ |e —SSSSSSS= | ———————————_
United States.......- 93.5 | 61,178,000 9. 86 8.00 7.28) 603, 109, 000 11.0

Estimated number of hogs lost from cholera—Average price per head, Jan. 1,
19183—Total monetary loss to each State.

Estimated
loss of hogs| Average
from prices Monetary
State and division. cholera for | per head | loss toeach
year end- Jan. 1) State.
ing Jan. 1, 1913
* 1913.
MAING 332 chs ec Se SOC eR SOE SES Sa nee RRR ec meee pene 2,545 $12. 90 $32, 830
New: Hampshinesse. 2282 Mc oc gc tts s cee ate che tent Oe eines oe aaa 1,170 12. 70 14, 859
VIOEMION ES Shee oa oe eas ee he ea St Oe a 1, 829 12. 20 22, 313
Massachusetigoee tit ame ce toe ast Oa a OL eee nc ene 4,140 13. 00 53, 820
pode, Island! Meee Re BN ay aes aera te 8 Ca 315 14, 50 4, 567
Connecticitat Gtcst: Fae eB 2 | 0 ae ee es ae ee = Cae 1, 566 14. 00 21,924
ING Wr WOLKE Woe sea emo ccc ce ee eck ee oe Oe ee cane 20, 547 12. 60 258, 892
INOW Jerse yeeatte Biot son oe wide! eee a 8 SR a ee ee ee 5, 760 13. 00 74, 880
IRennisylvaniaet sed Lae cccis <- tomes ens Cae eee ce Be oe Se ree | 43, 731 12. 50 546, 637
North A tlaniiices a3 ee ss ee Re 5 ee See 22 Ree | 81,4039) es 5eesee 1, 030, 722
Delaware! ase: See sates 2 oc OM eee ERE a ee 2,610 11. 20 29, 232
Maryland. . 27,135 9. 80 265, 923
Virginia..... 36, 115 7. 00 252, 805
IWiGSt Warr inis ses Sl tee See 23,389 9. 00 210, 501
North Carolina 69, 687 7.70 536, 589
South Carolina 51, 637 8. 50 438, 914
CIO a Fs eae Dee ee TO ME pts te LOSS A EP NES Ce ata 280, 368 7.10 1, 990, 612
INLORIGa 1 Set nee ee eek See i al oe a 134, 334 5. 90 792, 570
South Atlanitiguee ae. 82 oc ia ccm een ee Se oe ee oe (625 72705 | saan eee 4,517, 146
OHIO: net oe as nee ate Hae So alge ere ak ih Seas See 263, 082 10.80 | 2,841, 285
Tivol terres.) Sey sie ee ire ao an a ee el Lee 3 7 500, 715 9. 80 4, 907, 007
DIMOIS eRe ded eee ron Se ec en Re ee 543, 690 10, 50 5, 708, 745
MacChipan) Antennas Hae eee kc Oo) ayia gegen BBs io epee een Ra 47, 268 10. 80 510, 494
IVVASCONSIDS AL We wet Tgatl eho | Too ig Me one ke RRR OP ee gag 2s See 51, 156 11. 60 593, 409
North Central east of Mississippi River ..............--...-.--+--0e- 1,405,900) 422. Sree 14, 560, 940
MAnveSo tat 6 -onctc eee eee oe Rae rec Se ete ae 84, 249 12.70 1, 069, 962
TOW cco: Se be kt OE AR aS RE A 1, 255, 680 12.00 15, 068, 160
IMiSSOULIEL See) doe) ee ee 643, 702 8.50 5, 471, 467
North Dakota 6, 588 13.70 90, 255
South Dakota 40, 390 11.00 444, 290
INe@braskalepyee sce fe. spake <n hace 2 oC MEP eG Ce AE Era ae yd 37, 600 11.40 428, 640
KGMSaS i nome oie is | a a a a fle Ce Cae PO Re a 281, 988 10.40 | 2,932,675
North Central west of Mississippi River..............-------- ONS50 919 (alee emetic 25, 505, 449
Wen tuickyce aan eae k ame a ae ie apa Meee Re 140, 049 7.10 994, 347
ITONNIESSBOE yers era sues ait eer ae ee wa EE eee ena 133, 204 7.40 985, 709
VARY oicV1At, 1 ea a eR te eV GT ee ear 5 Oe ee 144,144 6.80 980, 179
Mississippiewe ees cee a. oc hae de pe OR eae Bb Ee 205, 405 6.90 1,417, 294
WOuisianis 0 GIet Bee Ue ae! Sa AAT Se cae ta sain in nee 139, 788 7.00 678, 516
Mesa). 3. iiae tas yk Bie! on aie Bara 2 ONS Os OME en cee ee 100, 966 8.40 848, 114
Olshoma het Hel Us a Boek Ne a de rn eS 2 ae 96, 592 8. 90 859, 668
IAT caTisag ae ee a iene eT REN eR Comer eine see sieaeRy ibe ae state 220, 176 6.70 | 1,475,179
South Centrab.) 242. <uces b sce tease cee eae eee eee iI ESTER) 1 be ye 8, 539, 006

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

11

Estimated number of hogs lost from cholera, etc—Continued.

Estimated
loss of hogs} Average
from rices Monetary
State and division. cholera for | per head | loss toeach
year end- Jan. 1, State.
ing Jan. 1, 1913.
1913.
2,754 $11.90 $32,772
553 11.00 6,
18, 450 11.00 202, 950
; 9. 60 12, 124
269 11.50 3, 093
1,749 11.00 19, 239
4 11.00 6, 644
7,758 10.30 79,907
5, 108 11.30 57, 720
7, 236 9. 50 68, 742
36, 990 9. 20 340, 308
Be ee ee 829, 582
Dy (90,844 |e se ec etce = 54, 982, 825

Mr. Kenyon. Those who have examined the map will notice that
the great losses have been in what are known as the corn-producing
States. Iowa has more hogs than any State in the Union—double
the amount. Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, and Ohio have been
the chief losers, though Kansas has also been a very heavy loser.

I wish to quote from the report of the committee of the United
States Live Stock Sanitary Association on hog-cholera legislation.
This report was submitted to the association December 2, 1913, and
I read as follows:

In studying the conditions that existed in previous decades, and covering a
period of about 40 years, the committee finds that the losses from hog cholera
have very probably averaged over $50,000,000 annually during these decades.

In 1897 Dr. D. HE. Salmon, then Chief of the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry, states in the annual report of that bureau: ‘The losses (from hog
cholera) have, however, been tremendous, being placed by some as high as
$100,000,000 a year, an estimate which does not appear exaggerated in the light
of the careful inquiries in the State of Iowa, from which it was concluded that
this one State lost from $12,000,000 to $15,000,000 worth of swine in a single
year.”

FINANCIAL LOSS TREMENDOUS.

Since this loss is a regular annual occurrence, its meaning can best be brought
to us by looking upon it as the lost interest on a permanent investment. It
would require an investment of $1,250,000,000, at 4 per cent, to yield $50,000,000,
and since this loss has been going on for at least 40 years, the total loss has
already exceeded $2,000,000,000, or, with compound interest, to more than twice
the hypothetical investment of $1,250,000,000 referred to. Measured in the value
of the finished product (pork), these figures would practically be doubled.

The money involved in these losses would build a transcontinental railroad—

This is a report of this committee—

at $10,000 a mile, through the United States every year, or it would support, on
a million-dollar-a-year-income basis, a great university and agricultural experi-
ment station for each State in the Union, and half a dozen extra unversities for
such States as need them.

With these figures before us—

Says this report—

and the problem of the high cost of living staring us constantly in the face, how
many questions are of greater economic importance than that of the control of
hog cholera for the prevention of these enormous losses?

12 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Now, mind you, the statement of Dr. D. E. Salmon, dates back to
the year 1897, and this great loss has been going on ever since that
time, and I am credibly informed that the loss in Iowa for the year
1913 will be something like $20,000,000, and that our neighboring
State of Missouri will suffer a loss of something like $10,000,000 for
the same year.

I have heretofore stated that Prof. Kennedy estimated the loss in
our State for 1913 at $30,000,000.

Mr. Warren. What date was that?

Mr. Kenyon. This report is December 2, 1918.

Mr. Warren. How far back does it go?

Mr. Kenyon. It goes back some years.

Indiana, Ilinois, Ohio, are also great sufferers, but, as is shown by
the map, the balance of the States of the Union have also suffered
very materially. It is safe to assume that the losses from hog chol-
era during the year 1913 have been close to $100,000,000. It would
seem where such great economic waste was going on that entered not
only into the prosperity of our agricultural classes but into the seri-
ous problem of the cost of living that Congress would be willing to
do everything in its power to help eradicate this disease. There
should be cooperation between the States and the Federal Govern-
ment. I want to put into the Record the figures showing the amount
of money expended by the United States Department of Agriculture
in the study of hog-cholera cures and also the amounts that have been
expended for the eradication of the boll weevil.

The American hog has not had his day in Congress, but the enemies
of boll weevil have had theirs. The prevention of the devastation
of the boll weevil has been looked after as best we could. It is now
time to pay some attention to the American hog. I desire to insert
in the Record a statement of the moneys expended by the United
States Department of Agriculture in the study of hog cholera. Prior
to 1887 the expenditures were not classified in detail, but I will put
them in as best I can. The statement which I desire to be made a
part of the Record, without reading, shows that sums amounting to
about $229,418.39 have been expended by the bureau from 1899 to
1913, inclusive; $89,564.32 was expended during the 10-year period
from 1904 to 1913, indicating an average expenditure on hog cholera
for the last 10 years of $8,956.43 per year. I ask that this statement
be inserted in the Record without reading.

The Presipinc Orricer. If there be no objection, it will be so
ordered. The Chair hears none.

(The statement referred to is as follows:)

1 OST 242 eee Se ed Not segrega teds\|. A901 242 coe eee ed Pe $14, 333. 39
de tstc een Lees Cem ee eget Not. seprega ted. ji 1QQ228 mile seh oes treed Sed 9, 751. 26
af SSO Wea ey ace we SA SA4. all) GOS. oes J ee a 8, 411. 32
5 3G (nS eves ee oe 5, DAS GS r | MODAN Ue ME Rd. key SAME A 8, 345. 12
RAS nN ieee 2 ctrl a eae 6. 89T. 20 |e 1 GOS ses kee ees a eee 5, 920. 20
S18 Pah SS tN no SN ae NE G GIGS S Sil LG OG wees Ts ae a one 4, 597. 63
= USAGE ts ean Sea Ps SRR Ee 3 Fi ea We ol LOUK 8 gtk a eee a 7, 567. 86
a L248 7 RIND a ROO ait ee OR ATS He OZS OD | LOO See oe korea tee rere 10, 061. 99
SSO eee er ee eee Notsegrer ated snl) 1909 Bess ieee ee 5, 308. 76
ASOGHe Ee eles See Notisesresated. |plOlQbt eae eee 10, 339. 82
aURSSO) F(a 2 ATE ae ee Not-secresated.4) 1 9ide 22. ee ae 12, 219. 40
ASSO S i ae wi te Oi Mie ek ber 17 F293 554) One eS = eee ohare See 12, 005. 60
(S49 78 el a er DIR i ore a) BL ey Sy RAS | eS Lee ae — eee a 13, 198. 06

NOOO © oot ee ee 27, 647. 91

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. LG.

Mr. Kenyon. That is what the Government has done per year in
the last 10 years to assist in blotting out the ravages of hog cholera.
That is an insignificant sum. On the other hand, Congress has
appropriated year after year hundreds of thousands of dollars to
purchase garden seed for free distribution by Members of Congress.
The seed purchased for this purpose have cost this Government many
more hundreds of thousands of dollars, and if the money that has
been spent in garden seed had been spent for the eradication of hog
cholera we would not have had the situation which to-day exists. So
I am merely pleading for less “ pork barrel” and more pork meat.

Mr. Jones. Mr. President

The Presipine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from Washington?

Mr. Kenyon. Yes.

Mr. Jones. Can the Senator from Iowa give us any idea as to what
has actually been accomplished ?

Mr. Kenyon. I am going to try to do so.

Mr. Jones. Will the Senator further on state what has been spent
by each State?

Mr. Kenyon. Yes.

Mr. Jones. Very well.

Mr. Kenyon. I will say to the Senator that the map hanging on
the wall of the Chamber shows the amount the States have expended
at serum plants and for the building of such plants.

Mr. Jonzs. But it does not show what has been expended on experi-
ments and investigations to determine what ought to be done?

Mr. Kenyon. No. The legislatures have appropriated certain
sums that have been used for experiments in different States.

Mr. Jones. Has the Senator any information which would enable
him to tell us how much the States have actually expended?

Mr. Kenyon. Yes. For the eradication of the boll weevil the Gov-
ernment has spent in the last 10 years $2,133,951.80, while it has
spent $89,564.32 for the suppression of hog cholera. In addition to
that vast amount expended for the eradication of the boll weevil,
Congress has made specific appropriations during the years from
1905 to 1908. I am not criticizing those appropriations in any way;
they went for a good purpose; I would have voted for them had I
been here; but I merely desire to call the attention of the Senate to
the small appropriation in comparison which has been made ayvail-
able in the hog-cholera fight.

The Department of Agriculture claims that in the year 1912, I
think it was, the boll weevil caused a loss to the cotton crop in this
country of about $20,000,000, and a conservative estimate of the
loss during the last 10 years would perhaps be $200,000,000.

The purpose which the Senator from Ohio and myself have in
mind in presenting these matters to the Senate is because the matter
is now being discussed before the Committee on Agriculture, and we
thought possibly we might have as large an attendance in the Senate
as before the committee, and that, in any event, we would get these
matters into the Record for thought. I want to assure the Senate

Mr. Works. Mr. President——

The Presipine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from California ?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

14 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. Works. So far as I have been able to see, the one important
thing which should appeal to the Senate in dealing with this matter
has not been touched by either the Senator from Ohio or the Senator
from Iowa.

Mr. Kenyon. I am not through; just give me an opportunity.

The Presipine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield further
to the Senator from California ?

Mr. Kenyon. Certainly.

Mr. Works. I shall certainly give the Senator all the time he de-
sires, so far as I am individually concerned; but there has been a
great deal of money expended by the Government, according to the
statement of the Senator from Iowa, and I should like to have the
Senator show, if he can, what beneficial results have followed from
the use of this serum. According to a statement of the Senator from
Ohio | Mr. Pomerene], the loss of hogs has increased immensely dur-
ing the four years that the serum has been in use. I do not know
whether the Senator from Iowa has any figures or data that would
cover that phase of the case.

Mr. Kenyon. I have exactly; I have a mass of data that I hesitate
about using. I was going to put them into my remarks, but I hesitate
about taking up the time of the Senate to do so. I wish, however, to
say to the Senator that there is not any question of doubt in my mind
that there are two sides to the proposition of the serum treatment. In
our State we have lost thousands of dollars by bad serum. This
serum business, like every other business, offers a fine field for the
grafters; they have gone into it, and they have manufactured bad
serum. We have had many losses from such serums.

T am not taking the position at all that the serum treatment is abso-
lutely and certainly a remedy, and I am not aligning myself on the
side of the serum treatment nor against it. I say there is so much
discussion, so much uncertainty, about the serum treatment that that
in itself is an argument in favor of a large appropriation which the
Secretary of Agriculture may use in further investigating the serum
treatment and its results; and I expect to put into the Record some
of the figures of Dr. Stange, of my State, who has charge of the
plant at Ames, showing the actual result of the use of the serum that
is manufactured there as to various herds. I also am going to place
in the Record some letters denouncing the serum treatment in unmeas-
ured terms, and contending that if Congress or the Secretary of
Agriculture would absolutely stop all shipments of serum it would
be better, and that the disease would be sooner eradicated. That is
one of the uncertainties of this problem. I am, however, coming to
the matters the Senator suggests in a few moments. I am glad if
there is any question involved here that excites any interest at all.

The other proposition that I laid down in commencing is the eco-
nomic one in the movement, that this not only affects the agricul-
tural classes of this country, who are entitled to consideration, but
it affects the question of the high cost of living; and it is not only
in the actual loss of the meat that the cost of living is affected, but
this enters into the question of the production of beef cattle. We
often hear the question asked, “‘ Why has the beef production in the
agricultural States of the Middle West fallen off so much during
recent years?” One of the prime reasons, in my judgment, is this
very thing—the ravages of hog cholera.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 15

A man who is a practical farmer, as I am, knows that the cattle
industry and the profits therein are dependent to some extent upon
the raising of hogs. The hogs follow the cattle; they eat from the
cattle; they are practically no expense. The hogs are the profit of
the farmer in cattle raising. If the farmer is to have a profit from
his cattle, it is absolutely necessary for him to have hogs to follow
with the cattle. With the great devastation of the herds by cholera,
it would not be profitable for the farmer to engage in the stock-rais-
ing business; or, at least, a great many farmers would feel that they
could not longer run this risk, as they have been doing, and hence
many of them are selling their crops instead of feeding them to
cattle.

There have personally come to my attention instances where farm-
ers have lost their entire herds of hogs, amounting in some instances
_to three or four hundred head. The farmers were feeding those
swine along with their cattle, expecting to come out even on the cattle
and to make some profit on the hogs; but with those losses going on,
the farmer would become a bankrupt if he continued in the cattle-
raising business. There would be thousands of farmers who would
engage in stock raising if they could be reasonably assured that they
would not lose their swine from this plague.

Now, what can Congress do? I realize that that is a very debata-
ble question. It is the theory of those who are proposing liberal ap-
propriations that there must be cooperation between the States and
the Federal Government in eradicating the plague. There is an-
other step that must be taken. The complaint has been made of the
shipment of quack serums into the various States, which have been
used by the farmers to the destruction of their herds, and it is esti-
mated that the farmers in my State have spent hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars within the year for fake serums. That has been
the experience of other States. I hold in my hand a little article
from Fargo, N. Dak., which is as follows:

STUNG BY FAKE CHOLERA CURE—FARMERS OF NORTH DAKOTA ARE VICTIMS AND LOSE
HOGS VALUED AT $500,000.

Fareo, N. DaK., December 30.

Farmers of North Dakota have paid more than $20,000 for fake serums
udvertised as preventives of hog cholera, according to the State food commis-
sioner, Prof. D. F. Ladd, of the State agricultural college. Prof. Ladd esti-
mated the loss to farmers through the death of animals from hog cholera in the .
last four months at more than $500,000.

The rules of the Department of Agriculture with relation to this
matter were not effective until July 1, 1913. I am inclined to think
that if the rules of the Department of Agriculture were strictly
enforced and they could adopt a rule under the act that has been
passed providing for an inspection of every particle of serum before
it is shipped in interstate commerce, it would meet the question to
some extent; but money is needed for that very inspection. If the
rules of the Department of Agriculture will not bring about the
desired result with relation to fake serums, then we must have a law
to prevent the shipment of these serums in interstate commerce until
there has been a governmental inspection or a State inspection. I
shall shortly introduce a bill covering this. The serum treatment
has been a free field for the grafter, and there is no doubt that the

16 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

farmers have been deceived and robbed by fake serums. The serum
treatment can not be successful if the serums are bad, and some way
must be devised to carry out rigidly the rules of the Agricultural
Department with reference to these serums, and the farmer must be
protected against the faker and the grafter in the serum business.
J do not mean to advocate the serum treatment, but, as suggested
before, I do say that the confusion concerning it is an argument in
favor of a liberal appropriation, so that the Department of Agricul-
ture may pursue its investigations along this line. I am anxious to
get at the facts.

Dr. Dorset, Chief of the Biochemical Division of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, is the discoverer or inventor of hog-cholera serum.
He has been assisted in this work by Dr. Chas. M. McBryde and
W. B. Niles, and others have undoubtedly contributed thereto.

Dr. Dorset defines hog cholera as follows:

Hog cholera is a very contagious, highly fatal disease peculiar to swine,
which causes the death of from forty to sixty millions of dollars worth of hogs
annually. Hog cholera has no relation to any other disease of man or animals.
It is caused by a minute germ that exists in the blood and body fluids of hogs
sick of the disease.

I am not going into the question of germs or other medical terms
with relation to hog cholera, further than to say that the germ of
hog cholera is classed with the “invisible microorganisms,” and in
this respect it resembles those which bring about a number of other
disease of animals and men, notably yellow fever, contagious pleuro-
pneumonia, South African horse sickness, and foot-and-mouth
disease. Anything which tends to lower the health of the animal
may be regarded as a predisposing cause, such as improper feeding,
insanitary condition of hog lots, damp or cold sleeping places, filthy
watering and food troughs.

The above conditions can not produce hog cholera, but they can
aid to a considerable extent, owing to the unhealthy condition of the
hogs. However, it is necessary for a hog to contract one of the germs
of cholera before it can be affected. The sick hog is the most danger-
ous factor in the distribution of this disease. There are many ways
in which the disease can be carried to well herds. Dogs frequently
carry the germ; in fact, this is a very common way; again, it can be
carried by the turkey buzzard; also, by the common crow. I know of
several instances where this bird had partaken of a meal from hogs
which had died from the cholera, then carried the disease in this way
into well herds on some other farm, where they chanced to light. I
am also informed by reliable farmers that the disease can be carried
downstream from herds which are affected above. I know of one
instance where a whole herd was wiped out in this way. The disease
can also be brought onto the farm by the purchase of new stock for
breeding purposes. I recall such an instance, where practically the
entire herd was lost from such exposure.

Of course, Mr. President, there is a great deal in the proposition
that must rest with the farmer himself. Sanitary conditions, methods
of feeding, and quarantine are matters that he should be instructed in
through the agents sent out by the Department of Agriculture in
their demonstration work.

After hog cholera has been prevalent on a farm, the premises
should be thoroughly fumigated in order to guard against new herds

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. Li

becoming affected by reason of being placed in such pens and hog
houses. A person can not be too careful in cleaning up his premises
after the disease has once been stamped out, for, if great care is not
exercised, it will again appear. Of course, the germ will die out in
time, but it is impossible to give a stated period, as it varies in differ-
ent sections of the country. I understand that hard, freezing weather
will kill the germ, but it is not advisable to place hogs in pens
previously occupied by sick hogs until three or four months after the
disease has disappeared.

The majority of cases of cholera make their appearance in the
early summer and fall. In Iowa it started in very early in the sum-
mer last year, and I think this has been true for several years past, so
far as Iowa and other Middle Western States are concerned. It has
been shown that the loss from hog cholera has been as high as 100
per cent in some herds, while perhaps the average will run from 60
to 80 per cent. In some instances the hog is worthless after having
been affected with this disease, for the reason that he has become
stunted. It is not best to place hogs recently recovered from hog
cholera with a well herd, for in all probability the herd will become
affected. Sick hogs should be kept from the well herd for several
months, unless the well herd has had the serum treatment, which it
is claimed, will prevent the spread of the disease in the herd.

I am indebted for many of the facts with relation to hog cholera
to Farmers’ Bulletin No. 379, of the Department of Agriculture,
which is a valuable bulletin for the farmer.

I ask permission to insert at this point, without reading, a number
of extracts from that bulletin which may be of interest to the farmers
who may read my remarks.

The Prestorne Orricer. If there is no objection, the request will be
granted.

(The matter referred to is as follows :)

PREDISPOSING CAUSES.

While the specific cause of hog cholera is the minute microorganism or germ
just referred to, there are many factors which may render a herd more sus-
ceptible to the disease. In general, anything which tends to lower the health
of the animals may be regarded as a predisposing cause. Among such predis-
posing factors there may be mentioned improper feeding, an insanitary condi-
tion of the hog lots, damp or cold sleeping places, and dirty drinking and feed-
ing troughs. Of course, insanitary surroundings and poor feed can not in them-
selves produce hog cholera, but they lower the vitality of hogs to such an ex-
tent that they become comparatively easy victims of any disease-producing
germs to which they are exposed.

WAYS IN WHICH THE HOG-CHOLERA GERM REACHES A HERD.

Although the conditions just mentioned undoubtedly exert considerable in-
fluence upon the relative resisting powers of hogs to hog cholera, the disease
ean be started in a herd only by introducing the germ which causes it. This
germ is always present in the bodies of sick hogs, and is thrown off from them
in large numbers in the feces and urine, thus contaminating the yards or pens
in which sick hogs are kept. The most dangerous factor in spreading hog
cholera is therefore the sick hog, but any agency which might serve to carry
a particle of dirt from infected yards may be the means of starting an out-
break of the disease.

* * * * * * a

Aside from the danger of introducing infection through the hogs themselves

it must be remembered that the germ of the disease, which as already stated is

S. Doc. 489, 63—2——2

18 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

infinitesimally small, may be trausperted in a minute particle of dirt on the
feet of attendants cr neighbors who have previously visited farms where hog
cholera exists. It may also be carried in this way by dogs and by crows and
other birds. It has been claimed, and considerable proof has been brought to
show it, that the disease May be carried downstream from herds which are
affected above. It is therefore well to avoid placing hogs so that they will
have access to streams which pass through other farms. As diseased hogs are
frequently transported by rail, it is quite possible for infection to be introduced
into a farm by litter dropped from cars in transit, especially if hogs on the
farm have access to the tracks.

After hog cholera has visited a farm, the lots, hog houses, feeding troughs,
and implements used for cleaning have naturally become contaminated with
the germs of the disease, and if new stock is placed in such yards soon after
these were occupied by sick hogs the new hogs are very likely to contract the
disease, but if such yards are left unoccupied the germs will die out after a
while. Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell with certainty just how long a
time is required for these germs to die out, this uncertainty being due to the
fact that conditions on different farms vary widely, and also because the
weather conditions, which have an important influence. upon the vitality of
the hog-cholera germ, vary from time to time and in different sections of the
country. In view of this uncertainty it is safest to wait as long as possible
before placing new hogs in lots that have been infected. Such premises should
not be restocked sooner than three months after the last hog has been removed.
Before restocking, the premises should be cleaned and thoroughly disinfected
in the manner described under the heading * General preventive measures.”

* * co bo ok oo *

APPEARANCE OF A HOG AFTER DEATH FROM HOG CHOLERA,

In regard to the examination of hog carcasses on the farm, it may be well to
state that while hog cholera is not communicable to man there is always danger
of the hog being infected with other diseases, such as tuberculosis and anthrax,
which are highly dangerous to man, and for this reason care should be exercised
in examining carcasses of sick hogs, so as to avoid a cut or scratch on the hands,
which might serve as a point for the inoculation of disease.

* * a * * Bo 7

SICKNESS CAUSED BY IMPROPER FEEDING.

Although hogs are frequently made sick by improper feeding, there is rarely
any cause for mistaking such illness for hog cholera, the only trouble of this
character which is likely to give rise to confusion being in the case of swill-
fed hogs. Dr. V. A. Moore has reported a disease among swill-fed hogs which
closely resembled hog cholera and which was directly traceable to the presence
of powdered soaps in the slops. Some of these soaps contain a large amount
of alkali, and when mixed with the garbage used for feeding hogs will bring
about lesions in the internal organs which are very similar to those seen in hog
cholera. In most cases it will probably not be difficult to distinguish such a dis-
ease from hog cholera, especially if the mode of feeding be considered. If the
illness is due to the presence of alkali in the swill, a change of food should
result in a prompt improvement in the condition of the animais. If this does
not occur, then, of course, hog cholera or some other germ disease should be at
once suspected.

Mr. Kenyon. Mr. President, the Department of Agriculture took
up the study of hog cholera in 1878 more in an experimental way
than anything else, but that information is now obsolete in view of
the discoveries of recent years. The department, however, has had
a very small amount of money to use. In 1878 there was an appro-
priation of $10,000 for investigating diseases of swine and also con-
tagious diseases of domestic animals. This appropriation was re-
newed from year to year, and some scientists investigated the disease,
but with little good result. Laboratories during the period from 1878
to 1885 were established in the department and the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry was organized. The early work consisted, for the most

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 19

part, in a study of the distribution, classification, and mode of trans-
mission of swine diseases, supplemented by laboratory investigations
looking to the cause of the disease. The result of these investigations
led to the suggestion of quarantine and disinfection as a preventive.
While these examinations and experiments were as to domestic ani-
mals in general, in the year 1885, after an exhaustive investigation,
announcement was made by the department that one of the great
causes of loss among swine was a contagious disease known as
hog cholera, caused by a motile bacterium, which was named the
hog- cholera bacillus. ‘The Bureau of Animal Industry then com-
menced a long series of investigations, which had for their object the
development of a method of treatment of hog cholera. These investi-
gations were based on the theory that hog- “cholera bacillus was the
cause of the disease, therefore that microorganism was used for the
production of vaccines and serums.

However, after much study it was found that this experiment was
a failure, although at different times it was thought that a cure for
tiiis disease had “been discovered; but after exhaustive experiments
where horses and other animals were inoculated with hog-cheiera
bacillus in order to secure a serum for the treatment of hogs with
cholera it was discovered that the serum taken from these animals
would not effect a cure, although for a time the department was very
much encouraged, but after a ‘field demonstration cover ing a period
of some four years they came to the conclusion that the serum would
not answer the purpose for which it was intended.

The failure of these tests to cure hog cholera, and the further fact
that hogs recovering from this disease were always immune there-
after, led the bureau to believe that perhaps, after all, they did not
fully understand the cause of the disease. At that time they came
to the conclusion that in all probability the hog-cholera bacillus was
not the only factor which caused this disease, so the department de-
cided to make further experiments. In the year 1903 there was dis-
covered a fatal disease of swine in the State of Iowa which could not
apparently be distinguished from hog cholera. This disease was
caused by an invisible microorganism, which the experts of the de-
partment claimed existed in the blood and fluids of sick hogs. It was
turther discovered that this germ was so minute that !t could not be
found by the highest powers of the microscope to be had at that time.

When this disease was first discovered in the State of Iowa, upon

areful investigation it was found that this invisible microor eamism
was identified with all outbreaks of hog cholera, and the department
came to the conclusion that the failure of all their earlier attempts
to secure an effective serum was due to the fact that they had failed
to take this invisible microorganism into account. The department
spent considerable time after ‘the discovery of this disease in trying
to arrive at the true cause of hog cholera and the relationship of hog-
cholera bacillus to hog cholera, as well as to the extent of this new
disease found in the State of Towa and its relation to hog cholera.
The bureau carried on exhaustive investigations and considered the
disease in all its phases. These experiments were considered of vast
importance, and the conclusions, in brief, are as follows:

1. Hog cholera is caused by an invisible microorganism which exists in. the
Llood and other body finids of sick hogs.

2. The so-called “ hog-cholera bacillus” is not the cause of hog cho’era, and
at the most is merely an accessory factor in the disease.

20 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA,

0. Hogs that recover from hog cholera are thereafter immune. Hogs that
recover from artificial infection with the invisible virus are rendered immune
against the natural disease, whereas infection with the hog-cho'era bacillus does
not confer immunity against hog cholera.

The bureau deemed the above investigation of the utmost import-
ance, for it opened the way for the production of efficient methods for
the treatment of the disease, and it had also shown where the depart-
ment had failed in their earler attempts to control the disease.

The investigations and experiments carried on by the bureau and
the conclusions reached relative to the treatment of hog cholera have
been confirmed by experts in this disease in foreign countries where
hog cholera exists.

During the year 1905 the bureau started experiments with the view
of using the hogs themselves as a source of protective serum, and
toward the clese of the year it was demonstrated to the entire satis-
faction of the bureau that hogs could be protected from hog choler:
by the following method:

A hog which is immune against hog cholera, either naturally or as a result
of an attack of the disease, is injected with large amounts of blood taken from
a pig sick of hog cholera. This injection when properly performed does no
material harm to the immune. Within a week or 10 days blood is drawn from
the immune hog, and this blood after defibrination is used to protect susceptible
pigs.

It was not possible to make many tests during the year 1905, but
they were carried on during the year 1906 and proved to the entire
satisfaction of the department that they had discovered a remedy
that would prevent hog cholera. It was deemed important that this
discovery should be protected by a United States patent, for the
method had been discovered in the Government laboratories, and this
would insure its use to all citizens of this country under certain
restrictions laid down by the department. Therefore application
was made and patent granted by the United States for the manufac-
ture of this serum to the Government or to any of its citizens without
the payment of any royalty thereon.

The following facts were brought out by these experiments:

1. When hogs immune against hog cholera are injected with suitable amounts
of blood taken from hogs sick of hog cholera the blood serum of the immune
acquires the power to protect nonimmune hogs against an otherwise fatal ex-
posure to the disease. This process of producing serum is known as “ hyper-
immunization.”

2. The serum from hyperimmunized hogs may be used to protect susceptible
hogs in one of two ways: (a) The serum alone is injected. This confers an
immunity lasting for three weeks to two months. (b) The serum is injected
sinultaneously with a minute amount of blood taken from a hog sick of hog
cholera. This is known as the “simultaneous method,’ and it produces an
immunity which lasts for many months, if not for life.

3. The serum is essentially a preventive. It does not cure hogs already visibly
sick, but it may be used successfully as a cure if administered in the very early
stages of the disease.

The Government confined their experiments to hogs kept at differ-
ent experimental stations up until the year 1907, at which time they
concluded these experiments had reached such a satisfactory stage
that it was deemed advisable to try field experiments; so they selected
several hundred head of hogs on different farms throughout central

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 21

Iowa for this test, and the following method was used in carrying
on this work:

Class1. Healthy herds treated for the purpose of protection against hog
cholera which existed on near-by farms. In each herd a certain number of
hogs were not treated, but left to serve as controls. In most of the herds in this
class the disease did not appear in either the treated hogs or the controls. In
a few of these herds, however, hog cholera appeared some weeks after vaccina-
tion among the controls, the average loss being 68 per cent of the untreated
controls, while of the treated hogs in the same herd associating with the sick
eontrol animals none died.

Class 2. Herds which had been exposed to disease through the entrance of a
sick hog from a neighboring diseased herd, but at the time of treatment were
apparently well. In these exposed herds 4 per cent of the treated hogs died,
while more than 89 per cent of the untreated control animals succumbed.

Class 3. Herds in which hog cholera existed at the time of treatment. In
these herds the effort was made to treat only those herds where disease had not
progressed very far, as paSt experience had shown that the serum was essen-
tially a protective agent rather than a cure. As a general rule this third class
of herds contained comparatively few visibly sick hogs, but yet a sufficient
number to show clearly that hog cholera was present, this being confirmed by
post-mortem examination in each case. In these sick herds 18 per cent of those
that received the serum were lost, whereas of the untreated control animals 75
per cent died. The success of these practical tests, following the uniformly
good results obtained in the previous experimental work, was sufficient to show
that in this new serum the department possessed a substance which could be
utilized to reduce, if not ultimately to entirely eliminate, losses from hog cholera.

After these experiments had been carried on for some time the
departrent sent a notice of the same to the different States and
requested that they send a representative to investigate the work
being carried on in the State of Towa, and also that they might be-
come acquainted with the methods used in the manufacture and
application of the serum. Some twenty-odd States took advantage
of this invitation and sent representatives to investigate the work
being carried on. This was during the year 1908. Since then the
department has continued its experiments relative to reducing the
cost of this serum, and now have succeeded in producing an effective
serum that can be had for a cost of from 15 to 40 cents per treatment
of each hog.

I desire to insert here, as a part of my remarks, a statement of the
Bureau of Animal Industry as to the methods of producing hog-
cholera serum.

The Presmpine Orricer. If there is no objection, it will be so
ordered.

- (The matter referred to is as follows:)

A vigorous immune hog—that is, one which has recovered from an attack of
hog cholera or one which has been exposed to the disease without contracting
it—is treated with a large quantity of blood from a hog sick of hog cholera.
After a week or two blood is drawn from the immune by cutting off the end of
the tail. After standing, the blood clot is removed and the serum or fluid por-
tion of the blood is mixed with a weak solution of carbolic acid and filled into
sterilized botiles. We have in this fluid portion of the immune’s blood the
serum which will protect hogs from hog cholera. This serum is used in either
one of two ways, hamely, (1) the serum inoculation and (2) the simultaneous
inoculation.

These two methods of treatment are carried cut as follows:

Serum inoculation.—The hogs which are to be protected are injected on the
inside of the hind leg with a suitable dose of the serum alone. This injection
will serve to protect hogs from hog cholera for several weeks, and in some cases
for a longer time. But if the hog is not exposed to hog cholera within a few

22 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA,

weeks after this treatment, the immunity which is conferred by the serum will
gradually lessen in degree and the hog may again become susceptible. If, how-
ever, the hog is exposed to hog cholera within a short time after the injection
of the serum, the immunity becomes, so far as experiments have shown, of per-
manent and lifelong duration.

Simultaneous inoculation.—In this form of vaccination the same serum is
used as is employed when the serum alone is used, but in addition to the serum
there is injected on the opposite side of the body, in the same manner as the
serum, a very small amount of blood taken from a hog sick of the cholera.
This simultaneous injection of serum and virulent blood confers upon the in-
jected pig a permanent and lasting immunity, and is therefore to be recom-
mended in cases of well herds which may not be exposed for some months after
the treatment.

Mr. Kenyon. The department has been handicapped in its work in
the past vears for the want of proper funds to carry on this work.
Congress, however, last year made an appropriation of $75,000 for
the continuation of this work, but it was not sufficient, and the funds
were exhausted early in the fall, so far as Iowa .was concerned. I
realize the fact that the department was handicapped for the want.
of sufficient serum to carry on the work, and for the further reason,
as has been suggested by the Senator from Ohio, that the appropria-
tion was not available until the Ist day of July, 1913. At this time
the bureau is in a position, if it can secure a liberal appropriation, to
fight this plague and to successfully combat the disease, but it will be
necessary to have a good portion of this money made available for
immediate use, in order that the bureau may become properly organ-
ized.

I ask permission to insert as a part of my remarks a letter from
President Pearson, of our State Agricultural College, emphasizing
the fact that a dollar early in the year is better than three or four
dollars later in the summer, when the disease of hog cholera is in full
force.

The Preswine Orricer. If there is no objection, the letter may
be inserted in the Record.

The letter referred to will be found in the appendix to Mr. Ken-
yon’s remarks.

Mr. Kenyon. The bureau carried on experiments in the following
States during the year 1913 and is continuing the same at this time,
namely, in Nebraska, Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. The department
has no full reports available relative to the work carried on in the
counties of the States named, such as Dallas County, Iowa; Pettis
County, Mo.; and Montgomery County, Ind., and at present is unable
to give a very definite statement. The department, however, is able
to ascertain at this time that the losses from hog cholera in these
counties have been distinctly less than in either of the two years
. Immediately preceding.

That brings up the question which the Senator from California
[Mr. W. orks] suggested, that with this effective serum, as has been
termed by him, the losses have continually increased. Even if the
serum were perfectly effective, it might not be strange that the losses
should have increased, because it has been absolutely impossible in
Ohio or in Iowa or in other States to manufacture this serum in
sufficient quantities to meet the demand. I was at the Iowa Agri-
cultural College some two months ago, and at that time they told me
that they were 13 weeks behind, and I think in the State of Ohio
they are about a thousand orders behind all the time; so that they

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 23

can only treat certain numbers; and the disease is increasing simply
because of the lack of the serum, granting that the serum is “the best
treatment and that it can do the work,

Mr. Jones. Mr. President

The Presiprne Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from Washington ?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Jones. Has the Senator any information as to what it would
cost to install a plant by which the United States Government could
furnish sufficient serum to take care of the situation throughout the
country ¢

Mr. Kenyon. No; I have not. I assume that it would cost a great
deal of money. I am not advocating that; but I do feel

Mr. Srertine. Mr, President

The Prestinc Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from South Dakota?

Mr. Kenyon. In just a moment. I do feel, however, that those
engaged in the commercial business of manufacturing and shipping
serum should be under governmental inspection.

Mr. Jonxs. It seems to me that that is certainly true, or else the
Government should preduce the serum and itself send it out, or
the States.

Mr. Kenyon. I think the States can produce serum under co-
operation with the Government.

Mr. Srerting. Mr. President, will the Senator allow me to ask
him a guestion ?

The Presipine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from South Dakota ?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Srertinc. The Senator may have already made the statement,
but if so, I did not hear it, as to how long this serum treatment has
been going on. For what length of time has there been such treat-
ment ?

Mr. Kenyon. Dr. Dorset’s patent was granted, I think, some five
or six years ago. I can not be absolutely accurate as to that; but I
would give it as my estimate that it has been in use for some five or
six years, though not in any wise to the extent that it has been used
in the last two or three years. The general use of this serum, I
think, has been confined, say, to the last three years.

Mr. STERLING. Ought not this serum treatment for that length of
time to have demonstrated whether or not it is a successful method
of treatment ?

Mr. Kenyon. Well, as was suggested by the Senator from Ohio,
there are still people who do not believe in vaccination for smallpox.
There are those who are not yet satisfied as to its efficacy. The re-
ports I have from the Iowa Agricultural College show that the treat-
ment has been successful; but, on the other hand, the letters which
I have from Dr. Lowry, of Ottumw a, Iowa, and others are to the
effect that most of the hog-cholera cases are due to the serum. |

Mr. Cummins. Mr. President——

The Presiprng Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to his
colleague ?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

24 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. Cummins. I think if my colleague would describe, in a gen-
eral way, how the serum is produced, Senators would have a better
idea of the difficulties which attend its manufacture and the expense
incident to it. It is not easy to establish a plant for the production
of this medicine, nor is it inexpensive to operate one.

Mr. Kenyon. I am very glad my colleague has made that sugges-
tion. I have been hurrying along, because I did not feel there was,
on the part of the Senate, much interest in the subject.

Mr. Siri of South Carolina. Mr. President

The Presipine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from South Carolina?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Smirn of South Carolina. The question as to the efficacy of
this treatment was raised a moment ago, when the Senator from
South Dakota [Mr. Sterling] asked whether this treatment had
proved a success. Some time ago I happened to be present at an in-
terstate meeting which was attended by the former Secretary of Agri-
culture, Mr. Wilson, when that very question was asked. He replied
that where the serum used was prepared according to the formula
recommended by the Department of Agriculture, and used as recom-
mended by the department, it had proved a uniform success.

Mr. Kenyon. I think very few instances can be found where it
has not been a success where that kind of serum has been used.

Mr. Smrru of South Carolina. I thought force might be added to
the argument made by the Senator who now has the floor by calling
attention to that statement, coming, as it does, from perhaps the high-
est possible authority, because probably more of this serum has been
used under his supervision than under the supervision of any other
man. Secretary Wilson made that unqualified statement.

Mr. Kenyon. I think that is true; and he was really a practical
farmer,

In reply to the suggestion of my colleague [Mr. Cummins]—and
that may answer other suggestions as to why this serum has not
worked out better—I will say that the difficulties he suggests are
true. The manufacture of hog-cholera serum is a very difficult and a
very expensive proposition. In the first place, there must be an im-
mune hog—TI know this does not appeal to my friend from Cali-
fornia, but I am going to go through with it, anyhow; that is, a hog
that has been through hog cholera or that has been vaccinated and is
immune. They take a cholera-infected hog and inject into the im-
mune hog, by a very interesting process, through a vein in the ear,
the blood of the cholera-infected hog, sometimes to the amount of a
quart. Then the immune hog, with the cholera-infected blood within
him, is kept for ten days or two weeks. Then commences the process
of cutting off portions of his tail—which he never seems to enjoy—
and the blood drops down into a sterilized bottle. That is the serum.

Mr. Works. I have net, I will say te the Senator, very much
favored the serum treatment fer man or beast.

Mr. Kenyon. Then I was not so very much out of the way in my
statement.

Mr. Works. Mr. President

The Prestpine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from California ?

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 25

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Works. The Senator from Iowa seems to intimate that I am
an unbeliever and not subject to conviction. That is a mistake.
I am very much interested in what the Senator from Iowa is saying.
I think this is a very interesting question and a very important one,
and I am looking for light on the subject.

Mr. Kenyon. I did not mean in any way to insinuate that the
Senator was net looking for light, but I felt confident that he did
not believe in the serum treatment, as a great many other people
do not.

Mr. Warren. May I ask.the Senator a question?

The Prestpine Orricer. Does the Senator from Towa yield to the
Senator from Wyoming?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Warren. As IT understand, this serum is used largely as a
preventive?

Mr. Kenyon. Yes.

Mr. Warren. To prevent the disease rather than to cure it?

Mr. Kenyon. Yes.

Mr. Warren. Perhaps the Senator will give us further inferme-
tion on that point.

Mr. Kenyon. I have some figures on that. After the hog is sick,
if he is only slightly sick, the serum is sometimes used, but after the
disease has obtained a virulent form it is not used alone, but the virus
is used, viz, the double or simultaneous treatment.

Mr. CuarKx of Wyoming. Mr. President——

The Prestprine Orricer. Does the Senator from Towa yield to the
Senator from Wyoming?

Mr. Kenyon. I do. He has rather a quizzical lock on his face,
and I think I will yield.

Mr. CrarKk of Wyoming. My question is called forth by the to me
unknown method of extracting or procuring hog-cholera serum. I
can imagine that a large part of the expense attendant upon the
operation would be the purchase of the hogs from which this serum
could be obtained.

Mr. Kenyon. Yes.

Mr. Crark of Wyoming. How much of the serum can be obtained
from one hog? I suppose it quits when the tail is exhausted ?

Mr. Kenyon. It depends upon the size.

Mr. Crarx of Wyoming. It depends upon the size of the tail, does
it not?

Mr. Kenyon. Oh, no; there is more to this than a mere tail. It is
a very interesting tale, ‘of course. [ Laughter. |

Mr. Cummins. Mr. President

The Prestprine Orricer. Does the Senator from oe yield to his
colleague ?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Cummins. I wish my colleague would give the Senate some
idea of the number of hogs that our own agricultural college has
been compelled to secure in order to make this serum.

Mr. Kenyon. I can not. do it accurately. Can the Senator do so?

Mr. Cummins. The number is very large, is it not?

Mr. Kenyon. Oh, yes; it is a very large number.

26 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. Cummins. I have not the number precisely in my mind, but it
is a very large number, and the matter is attended with a great deal
of expense.

Mr. Kenyon. I would not attempt to say how many there were,
but I know there were a great many.

Some who have used the serum treatment are so confident about
it that they are selling hogs with a guaranty against cholera. I have
seen a number of advertisements of that kind. :

I desire now to give some of the practical results of this treatment.
1 had not intended to do it, but if it will excite a little interest, I am
glad to do so.

the Government experimented in Pettis County, Mo., Montgomery
County, fll., and Dallas County, Iowa. They experimented on the
nealthy hogs with the two treatments, the serum alone and the double
or simultaneous treatment, which is different from the serum treat-
ment only in that the actual blood of the diseased hog is also injected
into the hog under treatment as well as the serum. That is a very
dangerous thing, of course, and can be done only by experts. Their
figur es were as follows:

In Pettis County, Mo., the number of healthy hogs experimented
on with serum alone was 3,825. Of those 6 died, probably the natural
result. In Montgomery County 943 were experimented on, of which
33 died. In Dallas County none were experimented on. The average
loss was eight-tenths of 1 per cent. With the double treatment, in
Pettis County they experimented on 500, and there were no losses; in
Montgomery County, 3,711, with 36 losses; in Dallas County, 2.760,
with no losses. Out of a total of 6.971 there were 36 losses, or five-
tenths of 1 per cent.

As to diseased herds, they experimented with serum alone in
Pettis County on 3,801 hogs, of which 597 died. That was even after
the hogs were diseased, “but not, I take it, to a very patended
degree. In Montgomery County they experimented on 2.7971 or
which 610 died. In Dailas County they experimented on 4,959, of
which 1,693 died. Out of 11,557 diseased hogs 2,910 died with the
serum treatment alone, and with the double treatment, out of 7,026
hogs experimented on at the Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa stations,
there were 204 lost—less than 2.8 per cent.

Dr. Charles H. Stange, in charge of the State Biological Labora-
tory at Ames, Iowa, sent me a statement as to their treatment, show-
ing, first, the number treated with serum alone, the well and the sick,
and then the number given the simultaneous treatment.

The total number of hogs treated in healthy herds was 1,887; the
total number of hogs lost was 44. The total number of hogs treated
in diseased herds was 3,680; the total number of hogs lost was 758,
of which 986 were sick when they were treated, or a loss of 164 per
cent, while the general run of loss in herds where hog cholera entered
has been from 60 to 85 per cent. So the practical result of this treat-
ment in our part of the country has been to reduce the loss from 60
to 85 per cent down to 164 per cent, even where the hogs were sick
when treated, and to 24 per cent where the hogs were tr eated before
becoming sick.

I desire permission to insert in the Record at this point the returns
of the experiments at Ames, and also the returns of the experiments
by the Government in Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. . 27

The Presipinc Orrcer. If there is no objection, permission is
granted. ;
(The matter referred to is as follows:)

Healthy hogs.
GOVERNMENT EXPERIMENTS.

Hogs. Died.

(1) SERUM ALONE.
TEAST (HOTELS TR ea Nh oe a i a ieee ea Se eas eR A ie evel a Re Ge

Montgomery County
DEES Ue SE SS) Be a ee os Oe ee ee ae ae ee eee aT

ANCES S20 a See BP eos Bee ee ne eee A ee a a Sen
Per cent loss, 0.8.

Out ss COMMUNE meee Sane pene MPI. ease a ooo cosmic nacic cnc hake cise akdisa dace uanaedte
Montgomery County
ET AS1O On Must nape seme eee) es 7. So oo Sac aden ack udentoguacsas

PR sleet eerie at ante sat (acs Wht. Seek URL SoS Jc: a6 aca coke Sacadueucled
Per cent loss, 0.5.

Diseased herds.

Hogs. Died.

(1) SERUM ALONE.

TBR UISUA ADE Ueda nent ISS, A KB aia Merida iis ata tale oA Goalake Asked Se ekiccdotce 3, 801 597
GT IGT (COTM AT a SERB tee eek oe DEES Ey ene ene = ne ee eine en ee a) 2,797 610
LOSES (Cir iV Tligyc jhe eS 45S a, 0 ON GOS LO [i ee ht Seni te OU er ele aa es 4,959 1, 693

TUT Cees il eo or ee ae RR BS as a oe ao 11,557 2,910

(2) SIMULTANEOUS.

TEST EN CN hater cnc oe SICL GSMO CEE RE aE Oe eee nen 1S Soa aie Cae
Montgomery County
TOTES CHIVES 2 cinin SPR = Ea gl ER ARR Dials Ran a eed Maples oly DRE ag cen ea

HUD eect aie SAAR OREL” ie Rp si nC a OCD oS ee See ear ee aE

EXPERIMENTS MADE AT AMES, IOWA.

Healthy herd. Sick herd.
Treatment.
Number | Number | Number | Number | Number
treated. died. treated. died. sick.

28 0 80 67 60

25 0 110 15 12

36 1 106 60 60

12 0 32 8 4

Se SEs ol gata oe ee ens 6 6 6
Serra eae | Peete ks cre 18 0 18
aes ceils she sack 35 17 3
ee To BS S| Rk oh eee 53 30 10
BO te 4 See 133 0 1
oo Bie lp tt | hk Sth ee 46 30 44
Soe ee (see eee 97 50 15
xecaaee ale ae = yoe hae 150 75 30
ee eee oe ey SE 108 15 16
Be ota eel eee meee See 63 ii 36
pie, Sata ated es IES toe te 25 73
Be Se et oe 93 43 87
ca Nhnsp te od] PSs ey ek ad 61 6 50
Fae ales, Uaaetee 2 50 0 1
Be ee Sos ed ee 120 18 20
iar Rear 4 [ibe eee Sat 340 20 105
PA Site dey eereney | RMR ech am 154 40 30
101 1 1, 928 532. 681

28

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Healthy herd. Diseased herd.
Number
Treatment. A rs
Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | , pete
treated. | died. | treated. | died. Biting) Coe:
Serumsrumultancouses.. ssacece eee eeeeesee 177 4 55 14 14 6
DD Ov stanton ae toc seed Sache eee 60 0 705 40 3 1
DO} Soo 3 aN eae ae See Se a Ee 100 0 44 0 10 0
1 De pet Se pene ee ar a ee SS A eS ra 1 0 73 1 1 0
DOs see eee ce oan eee amee eee ene 52 2 85 2 3 0
DO esas i satn Ce stiee teen e nee oe cee 166 1 144 1 39 6
DOU Se ah ae See. Coreen eee 9 0 20 3 10 0
1D Boo e Her ACEC CEE toHs EER brane 146 0 82 5 5 2
1D Yo Se see 3 ee a ee a ey 118 0 100 0 20 0
DOr aoe ees Since sas oa sae eee 122 16 112 26 40 18
43 0 116 0 2 0
76 5 40 2 3 0
40 0 110 4 5 1
23 0 60 4 3 0
24 0 54 5 6 0
5 0 110 50 65 7
101 0 124 17 12 0
145 0 78 8 10 1
6B 0 ee eee USS HS he a eS ie 56 10 52 24 4 3
DOS 5 Be eae Bee ae he Ina 155 2 45 0 15 0
DD Yo i acs See a ss ia es Oe ed Dee 8 0 | 15 0 10 0
Doe ane pene bn ih Seth A ae 15 0. 150 30 25 5
1 DY 0 ae enn Bhs Ae ILD Ae eS Pl Rael Sk 68 5 A 8 0 0 1
1D Yo Saas rere AS Na ee ie Ene 75 Ole SRe ISR ook tl eee cae lees
DO ss ete ee Eee eee ere ee 8 fll leas sees oe | twats snes [ecto cee ee eee eee
DY 0 Yep ee te ae I RN a Rr CB 13 Oo Saciccoe see | mete sowie seis Sie einen er ee omens
IDOE pS SR eee? Geka sees Sera etse oi oan oe 5 OR See Anes ae semen cers seal le Sacicmcn sn
DOS Ce ee acne: ae ee Uc 70 ot Pe ee | eee eee eA (eye ae ee ose
Ota ean tee eee ee Le yh ny. Seve 1, 786 43 1, 752 236 305 51
Total sendimealonee- eee ee eee pone ee 101 1 1,928 532 (324 il Bee asec
Grandttotaliss 4:02 asec. 5 Soon see 1, 887 44 3, 680 758 986 51

Total number of hogs treated, healthy.herds, 1,287.

Total number of hogs lost, healthy herds, 44; 24 per cent lost after treatment.
Total number of hogs treated in diseased herds, 3,680.

Total number of hogs lost in diseased herds, 758; 161 per cent lost after treatment.
Total number of hogs sick when treatment was applied, 986.

Mr. Kenyon. At this time there are 20 or 30 States engaged in the
distribution of hog-cholera serum to farmers, and their reports are
not available. TI have shown on this map the different States and the
amounts they have expended in serum plants. I wish to insert in the
Record, without reading, a list of the States having serum labora-
tories and a list of the States which purchase serum for distribution
but do not manufacture it.

The Presiprinc Orricer. If there is no objection, it will be so

ordered.

(The matter referred to is as follows:)

Sum sug-
gested by | P

Money in- legal off | Money in-

vested in cials as ‘ vested in
States. serum lab-| amount States. | serum lab-

oratory. that could | oratory.

be spent |
with profit.

Malliformialiyrricrtaee seer e $16, 000 $20°000')||, Keenttuckys..- 2 oeasence sc $15, 000
Nebraskass-otascant ceca: 2,000 50; 000"|| Denmessec: .----2-- ac. += 10, 000

IMInneSOlal sen ocn eee ease 5 000i| sc aeeee eee Alaa a As cease eee ee 2,00
TRAM SAS ase ee = eee es 5LOOOH Baamen seas Geortiaie. eieccte cesses | 6, 000
TOW sa neem each tae whee se 48, 000 1,000,000 || South Carolina..........- | 1,000
Missoumisse 2 este seins 5, 000 350: 000uH shlorida=#< oases ere ne c= 15, 000
PATISAMI SAS ete cist) eee A OOO HES a: sence OuiSiam ay. csv eee 2, 000
THlinois; cman teeeseccees SO LOOM eau eee Montane J Ao ctid (Uae ee a ra ee
Michi panics ae onsets 2,000 1O"000' | WOreporis shes ate etecesselee ems oeane
Tira Gs eal pees Sis SE eh 25, 000 100,000 |} North Dakota...-......-- [Sd ee acon See
ODIO eines 100, 000 200;000" ||| New Work. =: 2 220. soo. PSSeseser see

PENNSVIVANIA = oc 00 22 a SHO 8 Dal teat ple A

Delaware:. 52. 0e-seee=2= be ee ep ead
|

Sum sug-
gested by
local offi-
cials as
amount
that could
be spent
with profit.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 29

The following States have small investments for the manufacture or dis-
tribution of hog-cholera serum: Delaware, a very small sum from funds of
live stock sanitary board, amount not known; Maryland, $5,000; Mississippi,
$5,000; New York, no definite amount, meager fund available from college
appropriation ; North Carolina, $1,500; North Dakota, $3,000; Oklahoma, $3,750;
Wisconsin, initial appropriation, $600; South Dakota, amount not known.

The following States do not manufacture, but purchase serum for distribu-
tion: Maine, amount not known; Vermont, no definite amount; Virginia, $3,000
to begin, subsequent fund derived from sale of serum.

Mr. Kenyon. The Bureau of Animal Industry has recently been
advised that the State of Missouri has increased her appropriation
for the manufacture of hog-cholera serum to $50,000 and that the
State of Idaho has appropriated the sum of $5,000 for the manufac-
ture of serum in that State.

The figures given as to the investments in the various States show
that they are awake to the conditions and are doing what they can
to thwart this disease. It is probable that the various States can
manufacture the serum necessary.

If the States can take care of the manufacture of the serum, and
the Federal Government can cooperate in sending out men to instruct
in the use of the serum, to instruct as to sanitary conditions, quaran-
tine, and the general treatment of hog cholera, and if the regula-
tions in relation to the manufacture and shipment of serum are
enforced, it would seem that this cooperation of the State and Federal
Governments can blot out the disease.

I have suggested before that the question is frequently propounded,
whether the serum treatment is good for anything. I have had let-
ters from farmers stating that their herds had been lost through the
use of “fake” serums, and I know of such cases. I submit some
letters showing the use of the serum in various States and the good
results coming therefrom; also letters showing the bad results there-
from.

Mr. Works. Mr. President—— ;

The Presipine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from California?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Works. Is this serum included ?

Mr. Kenyon. What serum does the Senator mean?

Mr. Works. I refer to the serum that has been spoken of here as
recommended by the Agriculture Department as being effective.

Mr. Kenyon. No.

Mr. Works. I wondered whether or not that was included.

Mr. Kenyon. No; that is not included.. This serum is manufac-
tured in different places and is shipped in interstate commerce. The
bad and “ fake” serum treatment is. of course, the wrong thing, and
the farmer must be certain that the treatment is right before he uses
it. I feel that this should be covered in some way by Government
inspection. It is, of course, fatal to inoculate a herd with bad serum.
You might as well vaccinate a human being with bad virus.

I ask permission to insert at this point some letters from farmers
and veterinary surgeons against the serum treatment, as it is only my
purpose to present all sides of this question, and the discussion raging
2round the serum treatment is indicative of the necessity of further
experiments and more work. I also wish to insert some newspaper
clippings on the subject.

30 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

The Presiprnc Orricer. If there is no objection, the request will
be granted.

Mr. Kenyon. Upon reflection, I will ask later to have these in-
serted.

The following extract is from a letter written by the professor
of veterinary science at the Kansas Agricultural College, who is in
charge of hog-cholera serum production in the State of Kansas:

I estimate that the average dose has been in the neighborhood of 30 eubie
centimeters per hog, which gives as a result approximately 275,000 head of hogs
vaccinated by the simultaneous method and 275,000 vaccinated with the serum
alone. I estimate that, under the‘conditions and the geners] infection of this
State, a conservative estimate of the number of hogs saved through the vaeccina-
tion would be at least half the number vaccinated, or 275,000. This is certainly
a conservative estimate.

That would be a saving to Kansas of over $2,000,000.

The State veterinarian of Ohio writes as follows:

It is my opinion that at least 50 per cent of the animals in infected herds
were Saved by the serum, and I believe, further, that this is a very low estimate.
Taking this as a basis, then, we haye the following: Of the total number of swine
treated to date (315,000) 72 per cent, or 225,860 swine; were in infected herds.
It is reasonable to assume that 2t least two-thirds of these would have died
from the effects of disease had they not been treated with serum. In other
words, there would have been a loss of 150,240 swine, with an average value of
at least $10, or $1,502,400. This does not take into account the healthy herds
which were treated, nor does it take into account the extra yalue of the large
per cent of pure-bred or registered herds.

The following is an extract from the report of the agricultural ex-
periment station of the Agricultural College of California:

A conservative estimate of the number of hogs saved by the antihog-cholera
serum is 30,000 head. The cost of the serum to farmers, in addition to that
distributed free as provided by law, has been about $33,000. Estimating the
average value of a hog in California at $9.20, the protection provided these
50,000 hogs has meant a Saving to the ranchers of at least $240,000. This does
not include the profits resulting from the breeding and profitable feeding of
the hogs saved.

If in all cases the serum had been used as the station recommends—that is,
before the disease has gained entrance to the herds—then 90 per cent of all hogs
owned by these farmers would probably have lived instead of only 50 per cent
of the untreated hogs and 91.8 per cent of the treated; that is, about $350,000
would have been saved in addition to the $240,000 mentioned above.

As a representative from a great agricultural State—the greatest
in the Union—TI have been anxious not to raise hypercritical objec-
tions relative to various kinds of treatments, but rather to help pro-
vide the Agricultural Department with a large enough appropria-
tion for them to carry on their experiments with relation to treatment
of this disease that is dissipating the herds of hogs of the farmers of
my State. I am doing so without advocating any particular kind of
treatment, but merely desirous te have Congress furnish the sinews
of war for a fight against this element in the high cost of living.
The Bureau of Animal Industry, with a large appropriation, can
extend the operations now being carried on in Dallas County, Iowa,
Pettis County, Mo., and Montgomery County, Ind., as well as their
experiments in Nebraska, to other counties in these States, and can
also carry the work to other States in the Union where this disease
is creating such havoc among swine. Further, the Bureau of Animal
Industry and the agents sent out can cooperate with the State agri-
cultural colleges of the different States and with the county agricul-

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 31

tural agents located throughout the country. These agents are under
the control of the department and in direct touch with them. In the
experiments in Dallas County, in our State, they were hampered for
lack of funds.

I received a letter last year from a member of the legislature of
our State, living in Dallas County, who is greatly interested in this
proposition, pleading that I secure more money for their experi-
ments. They were then in the midst of their experiments. I tock
up the matter with the Secretary of Agriculture, and in reply he
wrote as follows:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, D. C., October 31, 1918.
Hon. W. S. Kenyon, ,
United States Senate.

DEAR SENATOR KENYON: Replying to your letter of October 27, 1913, regar‘1-
ing the hog-cholera demonstration work being carried out in Dallas County,
Iowa, it is not possible to set aside additional funds for use in Dallas County
during the present fiscal year. The denartment has alreedy expended for
the work in Dallas County a very considerable proportion of the fund appro-
priated by the last Congress for bhog-cholera demonstration work. We can
hot allot additional funds for the Iowa experiment without detriment to the
work in other States. With the onset of cold weather, I believe that hog
cholera will be much less prevalent, and additional funds at this season of
the year would be of little avail. It may be that if Congress decides to con-
linue this work during the next fiscal year, the department will need some
additional funds to be available in the spring of 1914, as it is essentinl for
success to begin the eradication work early in the year. :

Very sincerely,
D. I’. Housron, Secretary.

As has been said by the distinguished Senator from Ohio, this
money is needed soon, as it is essential for success to begin the eradica-
tion work early in the } year. The experiments in Dallas Co unty could
not be carried out as was desired, and as should have been done in
order to attain the best results, becatise of the lack of a few thousand
dollars.

I desire to place in the Record some suggestions from the Depart-
ment of Agriculture as to treatment of hog cholera.

The Prestpine Orricer. If there is no objection, leave is granted.

(The matter referred to is as follows:)

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HoG CHOLERA.
GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

All that is necessary to prevent hog cholera is to keep the germ of the disease
away from the herd. It has been shown that in the vast majority of cases this
germ is transported mechanically, in the bodies of sick hogs and on the feet of
men or animals. including birds. It thus follows that the chances of an out-
break of hog cholera will be greatly lessened, if not completely avoided, if a
herd is protected from these carriers of the infection. The enforcement of a
complete quarantine is, however, not practicable under average farm conditions,
and the best that can be hoped for is the lessening of the opportunity for infec-
tion by placing the herd on a part of the farm that will be the least accessible
to men or animals from other farms. Hog lots should never be located near
public roads if this can be avoided. All newly purchased steck should be kept
separate from the main herd for at least 30 days.

In addition to protecting the herd by methods of quarantine, careful attention
shouid be given to the general health of the herd. The hogs should be provided
with clean. dry sleeping piaces and the lots and feeding troughs should be kept
clean. It is well occasionally to scatter slaked lime about the lots and to wash

32 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

and disinfect the troughs. Probably the best disinfectant for this purpose is the
compound solution of cresol (U. S. P.), which can be prepared at any drug
store. One part of this should be mixed with 80 parts of water and the troughs
serubbed with it. The disinfectant is then washed out of the troughs with
water.

After an outbreak of hog cholera the yards and pens should be thoroughly
cleaned, all dead hogs should be burned or buried deep with quicklime, the
litter should be collected and burned, and lime scattered freely over the
ground. The sheds and hog houses should be washed thoroughly with the
solution of cresol, as above described, before new stock is brought on the place.
Feeding troughs that have been used by sick pigs should be burned if made of
wood, but if this is not practicable they should be scrubbed clean and thor-
oughly soaked with the cresol solution, the latter being washed out before the
troughs are used again.

It is possible to start an outbreak of hog cholera in a herd by bringing hogs
on the farm that have had the disease and have apparently recovered. We
have no definite information concerning the length of time that such hogs may
be able to communicate the disease to others, but for safety’s sake two or
three months should be allowed to elapse after complete recovery before plac-
ing such an animal with susceptible pigs, and then only after washing or dip-
ping in a disinfectant solution (compound solution of cresol, 1 to 100).

In Farmers’ Bulletin 24, Dr. D. KE. Salmon gave the following formula for a
medicine which was used many years ago as a preventive and cure for hog
cholera :

Pounds.
Wood. charcoal 2-2, 8 3 ck RE Ra eR ee ae ES ee 1
04 U2) 01 a fe ene cep Yaa CRE npr uss EN Ola in WS i Ds ee De 1
Sani :.chilloride@s = 5 a ee ce i ee 2
Sodium: bicarbonate. 2. 2S 2 Re ae ee ee ee ne eee ee 2
Sodium. Ny POS up lie aes ee tae ig ge aa eae ee en Pa
Sodium VSulipo leet sa a aa ea ee ee ee il
Antimony, sulphide (lack: atm tino riya eee il

HXxperience has shown, however, that this medicine is not to be regarded as a
cure or preventive in the true sense of the words, but it is nevertheless a very
good condition powder. This powder is mixed with the feed in the proportion
of a large tablespoonful to each 200 pounds weight of hogs to be treated, and
should not be given oftener than once a day. This medicine can not be relied
upon to prevent the occurrence of disease, except in so far as it improves the
general health of the hogs. Therefore, even though this remedy be used, strict
attention must be given to quarantine and sanitary measures if the disease is
to be warded off when in the neighborhood.

PREVENTION BY INOCULATION.

Careful and persistent attention to general preventive measures, such as
quarantine, disinfection, proper feeding, etc., on the part of farmers generally
would no doubt result in a material reduction in the yearly losses from hog
cholera, and the importance of observing these precautions can not be overesti-
mated. However, as it is regarded as impracticable to enforce a general and
completely effective quarantine, the Bureau of Animal Industry has endeavored
for a number of years to find a medicine or serum which could be used for pre-
venting hog cholera or for curing hogs sick of that disease. It is a well-known
fact that hogs which have recovered from heg cholera are thereafter immune

gainst that disease. The experiments of the Bureau of Animal Industry
resulted in the discovery that when such immunes are injected with blood from
a sick hog the immune is not made sick, but as a result of this injection its
blood acquires the power to protect other hogs from hog cholera. The details
of the early experiments which served to establish this fact are given in Bureau
of Animal Industry Bulletin 102, which can be obtained only from Superintend-
ent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.; price, 15
cents. Since that bulletin was issued 2 great deal of additional work has been
carried out, and it has been established beyond question that the early observa-
tiops were correct and that it is entirely’ possible to protect hogs if they are
{treated with serum from a properly treated immune hog.

The method of producing this serum is briefly-as follows:

A vigorous immune hog—that is, one which has recovered from an attack of
hog cholera or one which has been exposed to the disease without contracting

ee

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. a0

it—is treaied with a large quantity of blood from a hog sick of hog cholera.
After a week or two blood is drawn from the immune by cutting off the end of
the tail. After standing, the blood clot is removed and the serum or fluid por-
tion of the blood is mixed with a weak solution of carbolic acid and filled into
sterilized bottles. We bave in this fluid portion of the immune’s blood the
serum which will protect hogs from hog cholera. This serum is used in either
one of two ways, namely, (1) the serum inoculation, and (2) the simultaneous
ineculation. These two methods of treatment are carried out as follows:

SERUM INOCULATION.

The hogs which are to be protected are injected on the inside of the hind
leg with a suitable dose of the serum alone. ‘This injection will serve to pro-
tect hogs from hog cholera for several weeks and, in some cases, for a longer
time. But if the hog is not exposed to hog cholera within a few weeks after
this treatment, the immunity which is conferred by the serum will gradually
lessen in degree and the hog may again become susceptible. If, however, the
hog is exposed to hog cholera within a short time after the injection of the
serum, the immunity becomes, so far as experiments have shown, of permanent
and lifelong duration.

From what has been said it will be seen that the injection of the serum alone
is especially te be recommended in cases where there is immediate danger of
exposure, especially when valuable hogs are carried to fairs and in herds where
the disease has already broken out but has not progressed very far. In herds
of this character all of the well animals may be treated, and even in the case
of slightly sick animals much good may be accomplished by the serum injection.

SIMULTANEOUS INOCULATION,

In this form of vaccination the same serum is used as is employed when
the serum alone is used, but in addition to the serum there is injected on the
opposite side of the body, in the same manner as the serum, a very small
amount of blood taken from a hog sick of hog cholera. This simultaneous
injection of serum and virulent blood confers upon the injected pig a perma-
nent and Jasting immunity, and is therefore to be recommended in cases of well
herds which may not be exposed for some months after the treatment.

SAFETY OF THE METHODS.

Properly prepared serum when used alone, without the employment of blood
from a sick hog, is entirely harmless and incapable of giving rise to an attack
of hog cholera. Nor does this injection interfere in any way with the growth of
the treated hogs.

The simultaneous inoculation, involving as it does the use of a. disease-
producing virus, requires much more care when employed than does the serum-
alone inoculation, for, if through careless preparation or from any other cause
the serum should be weaker than is required, injury to the vaccinated hog
might result. This danger. which is extremely slight when carefully tested
serum is used, is met with in practically all processes which are now employed
for producing a permanent and lasting protection against infectious diseases, and
although it would be very desirable to eliminate even this slight element of
danger, we can hardly expect to do this without at the same time sacrificing to
some extent the high degree of immunity and the prolonged protection which
follows the simultaneous method in its present form.

Practically, in deciding which method to use one must be governed largely
by the length of immunity which is required. If this is needed for only a few
weeks, or if the treatment can be repeated at short intervals, as in the case of
exceptionally valuable pure-bred hogs, where the increased cost would not be
objected to, the serum alone may be used. In other cases the simultaneous
method is recommended. In either process of vaccination it is considered
highly desirable for the treatment to be applied by competent veterinarians
who have had special training in this class of work. and only such skilled men
should employ the simultaneous process. After treatment by the simultaneous
method the herd should be kept under observation for 10 days or 2 weeks, and
if any of the inoculated hogs show serious symptoms of disease the herd

S. Doe. 489, 63-2

»
vo

84 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

should be immediately re-treated with the serum alone. When properly per-
formed, the simultaneous inoculation does not seem to injure the hog or to in-
terfere with its growth in any way, and if the precautions indicated above are
taken it is regarded as safe enough for practical use.

PRACTICAL TESTS OF BOTH METHODS.

As before stated, the serum has been tested by the Bureau of Animal Industry
in an extended manner on farms under practical conditions, both the serum
inoculation and the simultaneous inoculation being employed at different times.
In these practical experiments a number of hogs were generally left untreated,
so that we might be sure that the herd actualiy had hog choiera and also be

able to determine better the action of the serum. In these tests approximately ©

2,000 hogs, located on 47 separate farms, were treated. Some of the herds
treated were apparently perfectly well at the time, but were in a neighborhood
where hog cholera was prevalent. In other cases the disease was just beginning,
as indicated by the sickness of one or two animals. In others the disease had
progressed to a considerable extent, a number of the animals in the herd being
sick at the time of treatment; and in still another class of herds the hogs had
been exposed to disease by contact with sick animals, but had not developed
symptoms of illness at the time of treatment. The tests were carried out under
farm conditions, and aside from the serum injections no attempt was made to
save the treated hogs. Upon summarizing the results at the end of the season
it was found that more than 85 per cent of the treated hogs had been saved in
herds that were sick at the time of treatment, while of the hogs left untreated
in the same herds only 25 per cent survived; more than 95 per cent of the
treated animals were saved in the herds which had been exposed at the time
of treatment, while of the untreated hogs in the same herds only 11 per cent
survived; of the treated hogs in the herds that did not become exposed until
after the treatment none were lost, whereas only 35 per cent of the untreated
hogs in the same herds survived.

While in practice the serum may not always give as good results as these,
there can be no doubt that if used properly and in the early period of an out-
break of hog cholera it will effect a very large saving.

CONCLUSION,

Since these results were obtained the department has brought this method of
preventing hog cholera to the attention of the various State experiment stations
and live-stock sanitary boards throughout the country, and has proposed to
them that they take up this work and prepare a serum for the benefit of hog
raisers, as the preparation of serum by the Federal Government on a large
enough scale to supply the needs of the entire country seemed to be impracti-
eable. Asa result of this, a number of the States have taken up the work, and
in practically all cases where a thorough test has been made they have con-

firmed the results obtained by the department with this method. We there--

fore feel safe in saying that this process will prevent hog cholera, provided due
care is given to the preparation of the serum and to its application.

The serum preparation is of such a nature that it should not be undertaken
by farmers themselves, but should be under the control of trained men who
have had experience in bacteriology and who are also thoroughly familiar
with the diseases which affect hogs. For these reasons no attempt has been
made in this paper to describe the details of the serum production.

At the present time it is impossible to state definitely just what the cost
of this serum should be. This will undoubedly vary in different localities,
depending upon local conditions, such as the price of hogs, the cost of feed,
and similar minor considerations: but it has been estimated, and this esti-
mate has been confirmed by at least one of the States now conducting this
work, that the serum can be made for 25 cents a dose. We do not regard this
as the minimum limit of cost for the serum production, but rather hope that
with increased knowledge of the disease and wider experience with the serum
production this estimate will be materially reduced.

Finally, it should be remembered that this serum is to be used especially
as a preventive, and that little success can be expected in herds which are
badly affected with hog cholera. An early application is essential, and in the
States which have taken up this work the farmers should notify the proper
authorities immediately upon their hogs becoming ill, so that they may be
treated at once.

Se? Se eee

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REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 35

Inasmuch as the serum described herein is a comparatively new substance,
it is not to be expected that success will always follow its use; but as it has
been already definitely proved that hog cholera may be prevented with this
serum, the failures, if they occur, will be cauSed by local conditions or varia-
tions in the details of serum production, which can be corrected. Those who
are interested in the subject are urged to cooperate with the State authorities
who have control of this work and to assist them in their efforts to produce a
reliable serum. It is only through such intelligent cooperation that we can
expect to attain the final result which is aimed at, namely, the eradication of
hog cholera as a serious menace to the hog-raising industry in this country.

Note.—The United States Department of Agriculture is not preparing anti-
hog-cholera serum for distribution. Those who wish to obtain serum should
apply to their respective State veterinarians or agricultural colleges.

Mr. Kenyon. The Senator from Ohio [Mr. Pomerenel, as he has
said, has introduced a bill to appropriate $500,000 for this work. I
introduced a bill very early in the session to appropriate $750,000
for it. Possibly $500,000 is as much as could be expected from Con-
gress in these times of economy. We have introduced these bills
now, without waiting for the Agricultural appropriation bill, be-
cause of the very thing the Senator from Ohio has so well suggested
and I have so feebly suggested—that a dollar expended in the spring
will be more effective than three or four dollars expended in July,
and whatever is done should be done speedily.

It would seem rather a “ penny-wise and pound-foolish” policy to
refuse this appropriation on the ground that we must economize,
and consequently permit the agricultural interests of the country to
suffer. As the distinguished Senator from Ohio has suggested, we
long ago reached the point in this country where the people regarded
anything that detrimentally affected the agricultural interests of the
country as affecting the entire people. We must be a great agricul-
tural people or we shall not be a great people at all.

I have suggested before—and I know it is a somewhat delicate
subject—that the money spent in sending out garden seeds for the
last four years would have been sufficient to eradicate hog cholera in
this country. It would seem more important to get rid of this scourge
than it is to send out a few seeds that never were known to grow, any-
how, and are, in fact, merely political seeds, designed to reap a
harvest of votes. I am glad the present Secretary of Agriculture
has recommended practically the abolition of the free-seed practice.

Mr. Jones. Mr. President:
~The Presiprne Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from Washington?

Mr. Kenyon. Certainly.

Mr. Jonzs. I will suggest to the Senator that the present Secretary
of Agriculture is not the first Secretary of Agriculture who has ac-
tually recommended it.

Mr. Kenyon. The other Secretaries did not seem to have so much
power as the present one; but now, if it shall be made a party matter,
to be determined in caucus, I suppose we may get rid of the practice.

Mr. Jonzs. I shall be very much surprised if the present Secretary
has the power the Senator thinks he has in another body that we do
not dare mention here. I do not think there will be any difficulty in
this body, so far as that is concerned.

Mr. Kenyon. To the credit of this body be it said that they voted
to strike the appropriation out of the last appropriation bill.

36 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. Jones. Yes; and I think we were given some assurance here,
were we not, when the bill was brought in in conference, that the
matter was to be taken up rather seriously at this session? ‘That is
my recollection. At all events, I hope that will be done.

Mr. Kenyon. As seriously as any free-seed matter can be taken up.

If we must practice economy, I want to appeal to our Democratic
friends—and I believe in economy as much as they do—not to prac-
tice it on this matter. We might practice it to some extent on the
franking privilege; we might practice it by not printing so many
things in the Record; we might get along with a few less public build-
ings and vote this money for a real purpose that is for the benefit
of the entire Nation—to everyone who is compelled to buy and eat
meat.

I hope the bill of the Senator from Ohio or some bill like it will
be passed. I have no pride of opinion at all in the bill I have in-
troduced. I shall be glad to see his bill passed. We of our State are
anxious for results. J shall cordially cooperate in any movement
that will furnish hberal funds to the Government, so that it may co-
operate with the States in fighting this plague.

It is not merely a question of the Northern States. If it were, I
am sure our southern friends would help us; but they are suffering
hkewise. We have never hesitated to vote large sums of money
where there was a great public necessity. As I have said, millions
have been spent in eradicating the boll weevil and the Texas tick.
In times of distress from overflow of water we have always been
generous in voting liberal appropriations. Those were more or
less the South’s calamities. This is partly their calamity, and to a
larger extent our calamity in the North, but it is really a calamity of
the American people.

The American hog has been described as the mortgage raiser,
which is true. He has been compelled to go out of that business for
the last few years and has been hurried to his reward entirely too
fast. We are only asking now that Congress help to restore him to
the proud position he once occupied—that of the mortgage raiser of
ire American farm and the prosperity producer of the American

armer.

Mr. Smoor. Before the Senator finishes I should like to ask him a
question, with his permission.

Mr. Kenyon. Certainly.

Mr. Smoor. I have before me the bill introduced by the Senator
from Ohio [Mr. Pomerene], calling for an appropriation of $500,000
for the purpose of providing and administering remedies for hog
cholera. Does the Senator believe the bill ought to provide for ad-
ministering remedies for hog cholera or that it ought to provide
simply the remedy itself?

Mr. Kenyon. If we could provide a remedy, I should like to see
it done. That is a great question.

Mr. Smoor. That is what the appropriation is asked for. *

Mr. Kenyon. I think what the Senator from Ohio has in mind is
the sending out of agents for demonstration work, as has been done
by the Government, to instruct the farmer as to the treatment, and to
instruct the State veterinarians, so that they may properly use the
serum, and matters of that kind.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA, 37

Mr. Smoot. The bill specifically provides for administering the
remedies. I thought that was rather uncalled for, because if the
Government furnished the serum to each of the States the State itself,
through its agencies, could administer the remedy.

Mr. Kenyon. That is true, if the State officers are properly in-
structed by those who are familiar with the work. I will say to the
Senator that in Dallas County they secured their serum from the
State agricultural college. They could not secure enough of it, al-
though finally the State agricultural college gave them the preference.
The Government’s special agents were there demonstrating among
the farmers. They went right around among the farmers, where
there were 20,000 sick hogs, showing how the serum should be used
and instructing the farmers about it. That was the work the Govern-
ment did there. It had general charge. That is what is intended—
merely to bring about cooperation, the Government doing part of the
work, the State doing its part, and the farmer doing his part.

Mr. Warren. Mr. President

The Prestpine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from Wyoming?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Warren. [I assume the idea of the Senator from Iowa in his
measure is to carry this appropriation into effect something like the
appropriation for the destruction of the boll weevil has been carried
into effect and executed. That is, the Government sends out demon-
strators, not only to assist in the demonstration of the remedy for
the boll weevil, but to instruct the planter as to the season, how to
plant the crop, and how to raise it. While I am not engaged in the
cotton business, I understand that has been very effective.

Mr. Kenyon. In other words, to make farm demonstrations.

Mr. Warren. As I understand from the evidence that was given
last year in regard to hog cholera before the Committee on Agricul-
ture and Forestry, the remedy is a very expensive one, and must be
most carefully administered; but it seems that the care of the herd,
the burning of the bodies of the hegs that die, and all that, is some-
thing of which the farmers generally are ignorant, and in which ther
need some instruction. I assume that is what is intended by this bill,
and I think the object is a worthy one.

Mr. Pomerene. Mr. President

The Presiprine Orricer. Does the Senator from Iowa yield to the
Senator from Ohio?

Mr. Kenyon. I do.

Mr. Pomerene. The primary object of the bill is to get Federal aid
for the purpose of eradicating this disease. I take it that if the
appropriation can be used in whatever way the Agricultural Depart-
ment may deem most efficacious, under any restraints that Congress
in its wisdom may see fit to impose, there will not be any difficulty in
determining the method in which it should be done. I think the Fed-
eral authorities should act in conjunction with the State authorities,
and I have no doubt they will do so.

Mr. VarpamMan. I wish to ask the Senator from Ohio, with the per-
mission of the Senator from Iowa, whether an appropriation ever
has been made before for purposes of this character ?

38 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. Pomerene. Yes; last year $40,000 was appropriated in an ap-
propriation bill. The Senator from Iowa and myself tried to have
the amount increased to $100,000, and the Senate voted the increase,
but in conference it was reduced to $75,000.

Mr. Varpaman. That was to be expended under the direction of
the Agricultural Department ?

Mr. Pomerene. It was to be expended, as I now remember, under
the direction of the Agricultural Department.

Mr. Burton. I have the provision before me, Mr. President. It is
on page 5 of the agricultural appropriation bill. After the general
appropriation for inspection, quarantine work, etc., it says:

Provided, That of this sum not less than $75,000 shall be set aside for demon-
strating the best method of preventing and eradicating hog cholera.

So the appropriation was not less than $75,000 out of a total appro-
priation of $654,000.

Mr. Smoor. I will suggest to the Senator that I Gofiers the word-
ing of the proviso in the agricultural appropriation bill is very much
better and more comprehensive than the wording of this bill. I
think that covers the situation exactly.

Mr. VarpaMan. The Senator is not after wording. He wants
money.

Mr. Kenyon. Mr. President, I have taken more time than I in-
tended. I have a great mass of details that I have not gone into,
some of which I should like to put in the record and some not.
ask permission, as an appendix to my remarks, to insert some of this
matter. I shall not insert a great deal of it, but I should like to
insert such as may seem proper.

The Vice Present. Is there any objection? The Chair hears
none, and permission is granted.

(The matter referred to is as follows:)

Lert

APPENDIX.

Ames, Iowa, December 19, 1918.
Senator WILLIAM S. KENYON,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.

DEAR SENATOR KENYON: I have your kind letter of December 15 and am
sorry that I have been unable to get any more reports on herds vaccinated
with our own serum. [ believe, however, that those that are inclosed will give
you a representative list, and I would not anticipate much change in the aver-
age if the list were larger. I desire to say also that these figures are not
selected in any way, but all of the reports on the use of our own serum which
we have been able to receive thus far have been included.

You will notice that the loss in the healthy herds treated by the combined
serum and virus method was close to 2 per cent. and if two herds were ex-
cluded, in which the administration was not strictly according to our directions,
the percentage of loss after treatment would be very much less. To my mind
these two columns of figures speak volumes in favor of the treatment and also
emphasize the importance of careful supervision of this work in the field.
You will notice also that the results of the serum alone and the serum-and-
virus method in diseased herds show a loss following the use of the serum-virus
method, which is much smaller than by the serum-alone method.

I am taking the liberty to inclose a report made by Dr. Dorset, in Chicago,
in regard to the work that is being done in the States of Indiana, Missouri, and
Towa. No doubt Dr. Dorset could give you additional valuable information.

Again referring to the inclosed table, I wish to call attention te the fact that
only 164 per cent, including sick hogs. were lost in diseased herds following
application of the treatment. I believe that it is safe to estimate that without
the treatment the losses in these same herds would have amounted to at least
between 80 and 90 per cent, as the disease has been very virulent this year.

You may be interested to know that I am making arrangements with the
State agricultural department to gather figures in regard to the prevalence of
hog cholera in the State this year, and the number of animals lost. I am sorry
that we do not have these figures available at the present time. In addition to
this, the college here is making a canvass of the losses in this State, and will
see that a copy giving the results of this canvass is sent you at an early date.

If I can be of further assistance to you, I wish you would not hesitate to
write me.

Very truly, yours,
C. H. STANGE.

[United Stataes Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry.]

REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PREPARATION, SALE, BARTER, EXCHANGE, SHIPMENT,
AND IMPORTATION OF VIRUSES, SERUMS, TOXINS, AND ANALOGOUS PRODUCTS
INTENDED FOR USE IN THE TREATMENT OF Domestic AIMALS, EFFECTIVE JULY
te tORS.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, D. C., May 31, 1918.

Under authority of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1913, entitled “An
act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year
ending June 30. 1914” (87 Stat., 832), the-following regulations are hereby
issued for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of said act governing the
preparation, sale, barter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses,
serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treatment of

39

40 ; REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

domestic animals. These regulations, which for the purpose of identification
are designated as B. A. I. Order 196, shall become and be effective on and after
Jhy, 1 LOW:
D. F. Houston,
Secretary of Agriculture.

REGULATION 1.

For the purpose of these regulations viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous
products shall include all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products in-
tended for use in the treatment of domestic animals. Among such analogous
products are antitoxins, vaccines, tuberculins, malleins, microorganisms, killed
microorganisms, and products of microorganisms.

REGULATION 2.

No person, firm, or corporation shall prepare, sell, barter. or exchange in
the District of Columbia or in any Territory of the United States or in any
place under the jurisdiction of the United States or ship or deliver for shipment
from one State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or
Territory or the District of Columbia any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous
product manufactured within the United States unless and until! the said virus,
serum, toxin, or analogous product shall have been prepared at an establishment
holding an unsuspended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of
Agriculture.

REGULATION 3.

Each establishment in the United States at which any virus, serum, toxin,
or analogous product is prepared shall make application in writing to the Sec-
retary of Agriculture for a license. When one proprietor conducts more than
one establishment a separate application shall be made for a license for each
establishment. Blank forms of application will be furnished upon request
addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.

REGULATION 4,

SrEcrion 1. A license will not be issued unless the condition of the establish-
ment and the methods of preparation are such as reasonably to insure that the
product will accomplish the objects for which it is intended, and that such
product is not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful.

Sec. 2. A license will be issued only after inspection of the establishment by
a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry
has shown that the condition and equipment of the establishment and the
methods of preparation are in conformity with these regulations.

REGULATION 5.

Section 1. Each license shall terminate at the end of the calendar year
during which it is issued.

Sec. 2. A license shall be reissued only after inspection of the establishment
by a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal
Industry.

Sec. 3. A license will not be issued for the preparation of any virus, serum,
toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mislead or. deceive the pur-
chaser or if the package or container in which the same is intended to be sold,
bartered, exchanged, or shipped bears or contains any statement, design, or
device which is false or misleading in any particular.

REGULATION 6.
Licenses shall be in the following form:
United States Veterinary License No. —.

WASHINGTON, D. C., ———,, 19—.

This is to certify that, pursuant to the terms of the act of Congress approved
March 4, 1918 (37 Stat., 832), governing the preparation, sale, barter, exchange,
shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products

ns een ee

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA: 41

intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, ——-— ——— is hereby

licensed to maintain at — ——— Street, city or town of ————, State of ———,

an establishment for the preparation of — during the calendar year 19—.
This license is subject to suspension or revocation if the licensee violates or

fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the

regulations made thereunder.
EE. Sal

Secretary of Agriculture.
Countersigned :

TPS kasd
Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.
REGULATION 7.

Section 1. Hach separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous prod-
uct prepared, sold, bartered, exchanged, shipped, or delivered for shipment shall
bear the true name of the product and the license number assigned by the de-
partment, in the following manner: “U. S. Veterinary License No. —,” or an
abbreviation thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal Industry.

Sec. 2. Hach separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product
shall bear a serial number affixed by the licensee for identification of the prod-
uct with the records of preparation thereof. Each container shall also bear the
“return date.”

REGULATION 8.

A license will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appears that the construction
of the establishment licensed is defective, or if the establishment is improperly
conducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are faulty, or if the products con-
tain impurities or lack potency; (8) if the products are advertised or labeled so
as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any particular; (4) if the license is
used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment
of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or
analogous product; or (5) if the licensee violates or fails to comply with any
provision of said act approved March 4, 1915, or of the regulations made there-
under,

REGULATION 9.

SEcTION 1. Each importer of any virus, serum, toxin. or analogous product
shall make application in writing to the Secretary of Agriculture for a permit.
The application shall specify the port or ports of entry at which the imported
articles will be cleared through the customs. Blank forms of application will
be furnished upon request addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Sec. 2. Hach application for a permit shall be accompanied by the affidavit
of the actual manufacturer, produced before an American consular officer, stat-
ing that the virus, serum, toxin, or analogous preduct mentioned is not worth-
less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful; whether the preduct was derived
from animals; and if so derived, that such animals have not been exposed to
any infectious or contagious disease, except as may be essential in the prepa-
ration of the product and as specified in the affidavit.

Sec. 3. Each application for a permit shall be accompanied by the written
consent of the actual manufacturer that properly accredited officers, agents, and
employees of the Department of Agriculture shall have the privilege of inspect-
ing, without previous notification, all parts of the establishment at which such
virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product is prepared, and all processes of
preparation of such products, at such times as may be demanded by the afore-
said officers, agents, or employees.

Sec, 4. Each permit shall terminate at the end of the calendar year during
which it is issued.

REGULATION 10.

Permits shall be in the following form:
United States Veterinary Permit No. —.

‘ WASHINGTON, D. C., , 19—.

This is to certify that pursuant to the terms of the act of Congress approved
March 4, 1915 (857 Stat., 832), governing the preparation, sale, barter, exchange,

42 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products
intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, , of , State of
, is hereby authorized, so far as the jurisdiction of the Department of
Agriculture is concerned, to import , manufactured by , of
into the United States through the port of during the calendar year 19—.
This permit is subject to suspension or revocation if the permittee violates or
fails to comply with any provision of the said act approved March 4, 1913, or of
the regulations made thereunder.
[L. S.]

Secretary of Agriculture.
Countersigned :

Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.

The Bureau of Animal Industry shall give prompt notice of the issue of each
permit to collectors of customs at the ports of entry named therein.

REGULATION 11.

SrctTion 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous prod-
uct imported shall bear the true name of the product and the permit number
assigned by-the department, in the following manner: “U.S. Veterinary Permit
No. ——,” or an abbreviation thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry.

Sec. 2. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product
imported shall bear a serial number affixed by the manufacturer for identifica-
tion of the product, with the records of preparation thereof. Each container
shall also bear the “return date.”

Sec. 3. A permit will not be issued for the importation of any virus, serum,
toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mislead or deceive the pur-
chaser or if the package or container in which the same is intended to be sold,
bartered, exchanged, shipped, or imported bears or contains any statement,
design, or device which is false or misleading in any particular.

REGULATION 12.

Permits will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appears that the construction of
the establishment in which the products are prepared is defective or if the
establishment is improperly conducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are
faulty or if the products contain impurities or lack potency; (8) if the prod-
ucts are advertised or labeled so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any
particular; (4) if the permit is used to facilitate or effect the importation of
any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or
analogous product; or (5) if the permittee violates or fails to comply with any
provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made there-
under.

REGULATION 13.

Any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture, duly author-
ized for the purpose, shall be permitted to enter any establishment licensed
under these regulations at any hour during the daytime or nighttime, and such
duly authorized officer, agent, or employee shall be permitted to inspect, with-
out previous notification, the entire premises of the establishment, including
all compartments and buildings, and all equipment, such as chemicals, in-
‘struments, apparatus, etc., as well as the methods used in the preparation,
handling, and distribution of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product.

REGULATION 14.

No grinding or mixing machinery, molds, instruments, tables, or other ap-
paratus which come in contact with virulent or attenuated microorganisms or
toxins shall be used in the preparation of other forms of biological products.

REGULATION 15.

All equipment, containers, machinery, instruments, and other apparatus used
in the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be
thoroughly sterilized before use by live steam at a temperature of at least 120

=<

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 43

degrees Centigrade for not less than half an hour or exposed to dry heat of at
least 160 degrees Centigrade for at least one hour. If for any reason such
sterilization can not be applied, then a process known to be equally efficacious
in destroying microorganisms and their spores may be substituted.

REGULATION i6.

Permanent detailed records of the methods of preparation of viruses, serums,
toxins, and analogous products, including sources of bacterial cultures or viruses
used, virulence of such cultures or viruses, methods of testing the purity and
potency of the product, together with the methods of preservation, shall be
kept by each licensed establishment.

REGULATION 17.

Srcrion 1. The stables or other premises used for experiment animals in the
production or testing of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be
properly ventilated and lighted, appropriately drained :nd guttered, and kept
in good sanitary condition. Animals infected with or exposed to any infectious,
contagious, or communicable disease shall be properly segregated, and all
instruments, containers, and other’ apparatus shall be thoroughly cleaned and
sterilized before use. Establishments shall be so located as to avoid the spread
of disease, and suitable arrangements shall be made for the disposal of all
refuse.

Sec. 2. Viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall be prepared,
handled, and distributed with due sanitary precautions.

REGULATION 18.

When the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products has
been completed, said products shall be stored in a cold chamber or refrigerator
for preservation until such time as they are removed from the premises. All
dealers in the District of Columbia or any Territory or any place under the
jurisdiction of the United States shall keep such products under refrigeration
until sold or otherwise disposed of.

REGULATION 19.

SrEcTION 1. Samples of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall
be collected by authorized officers, agents, or employees of the Department of
Agriculture.

Src, 2. Samples may be purchased in the open market, and the marks, brands,
or tags upon the package or wrapper thereof shall be noted. The collector shall
note the names of the vendor and the agent of the vendor who made the sale,
together with the date of purchase. The collector shall purchase representative
samples.

Src. 3. All samples or parts of samples shall be sealed by the collector and
marked with identifying marks.

REGULATION 20.

The immunity unit for measuring the strength of tetanus antitoxins shall be
10 times the least quantity of antitetanic serum necessary to save the life of a
350-gram guinea pig for 96 hours against the official test dose of the standard
toxin furnished by the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health
Service.

The number of immunity units recommended for the prevention of tetanus in
a horse shall be at least 500 units.

REGULATION 21.

SECTION 1. Licenses or permits may be suspended or revoked after opportunity
for hearing has been granted to the licensee or importer at times and places
designated by the Secretary of Agriculture. All hearings shall be private and
confined to questions of fact. The parties interested may appear in person or
by attorney, and may submit oral or written evidence on the questions of fact
involved.

44 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.
e
Sec. 2. If, after opportunity for hearing has been granted, it appears that a
licensee or permittee has violated or failed to comply with any provision of
said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder, the
license or permit may be suspended or revoked.

LAW UNDER WHICH THE FOREGOING REGULATIONS ARE MADE.

{Extract from ‘‘An act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914,’ approved Mar. 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832).]

That from and after July 1, 1913, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm,
or corporation to prepare, sell, barter, or exchange in the District of Columbia,
or in the Territories, or in any place under the jurisdiction of the United States,
or to ship or deliver for shipment from one State or Territory, or the District
of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, any
worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analo-
gous product intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and no per-
son, firm, or corporation shall prepare, sell, barter, exchange, or ship as afore-
said any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manufactured within the
United States and intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, unless
and until the said virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall have been
prepared, under and in compliance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of Agriculture, at an establishment holding an unsuspended and unreyoked
1icense issued by the Secretary of Agriculture as hereinafter authorized. That
the importation into the United States, without a permit from the Secretary
of Agriculture, of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the
treatment of domestic animals, and the importation of any worthless, con-
taminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product
for use in the treatment of domestic animals, are hereby prohibited. The Sec-
retary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to cause the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try to examine and inspect ali viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products,
for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are being imported or
offered for importation into the United States, to determine whether such
viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products are worthless, contaminated,
dangerous, or harmful, and if it shall appear that any such virus, serum, toxin,
or analogous product, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, is worth-
less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, the same shall be denied entry and
shall be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner or importer. That
the Secretary of Agriculture be, and hereby is, authorized to make and pro-
mulgate from time to time such rules and regulations as may be necessary to
prevent the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid of
any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxih, or
analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and to issue,
Suspend, and revoke licenses for the maintenance of establishments for the
preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the
treatment of domestic animals, intended for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment
as aforesaid. The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to issue per-
mits for the importation into the United States of viruses, serums, toxins, and
analogous products for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are
not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful. All licenses issued under
authority of this act to establishments where such viruses, serums, toxins, or
analogous products are prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as
aforesaid, shall be issued on condition that the licensee shall permit the in-
Spection of such establishments and of such products and their preparation;
and the Secretary of Agriculture may suspend or revoke any permit or license
issued under authority of this act, after opportunity for hearing has been granted
the licensee or importer, when the Secretary of Agriculture is satisfied that such
license or permit is being used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale,
barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, or the importation into the United
States of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum,
toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals.
That any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture duly
authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture for the purpose may, at any hour
during the daytime or nighttime, enter and inspect any establishment licensed
under this act where any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the
treatment of domestic animals is prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or ship-
ment as aforesaid. That any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 45

any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not exceeding $1,000 or by im-
prisonment not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in
the discrimination of the court.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, D. C., December 16, 1913.
Hon. W. S. Kenyon, United States Senate. ;

DEAR SENATOR KENYON: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of De-
cember 6, 1913, in which you suggest the preparation by some of the experts in
the department of a pamphlet of instructions to farmers relating to hog cholera.

It is believed that good results will be accomplished by issuing a separate
publication dealing especially with methods of preventing the spread of hog
cholera, and we have had in mind for some time the issuance of a pamphlet of
this nature. The work of preparing the pamphlet will be begun immediately,
and it is expected that it will be ready for distribution in the course of a month
or so.

We now have a Farmers’ Bulletin which deals with the subject of hog cholera
in a popular way, a copy of which I am inclosing herewith.

Very truly, yours,
B. T. GALLOWAY,
Acting Secretary.

First NATIONAL BANK,
Davenport, Towa, October 28, 1918.
Hon. WILLIAM S. KENYON,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.

My Dear SENATOR: We are very much pleased to learn that you are going to
press consideration of the question of Federal cooperation in the stamping out
of hog cholera. ‘The losses from this disease in this section have been very great
this fall, and yet they would have been vastly greater but for the serum we were
able to obtain. When serum could be had the herds were saved in large part,
Our greatest trouble was not obtaining the serum. The details of this are more
fully set forth in the inclosed memorandum prepared by G. R. Bliss, our county
agriculturist. Our Scott County organization recently issued the inclosed bul-
letin on this subject, and I am sure you will be interested in the good that
was done with the serum treatment.

I thank you for what you say regarding my testimony before the Banking and
Currency Committee. This appears in part 27 of the printed hearings, and the
amendments suggested at that time have been practically unanimously approved.
by the “ country ” national banks in Iowa.

With kindest regards, we are,

Very truly. yours.
A. EF. Dawson, President.

DAVENPORT, Iowa, October 27, 1918.

Hon. A. F. Dawson, Davenport. Iowa.

DEAR Mr. Dawson: I was much interested in the letter which you showed
me from Senator Kenyon to the effect that he will introduce a bill calling for
an appropriation of $1,000,000 to fight hog cholera.

We have been seriously handicapped here all season by our inability to secure
reliable serum. On several occasions I have had men with sick herds waiting
on me as long as four or five days at a time, and I know positively many herds
which could have been saved had we had good serum to give them when their
owners first applied for it.

The whole problem of the treatment of pigs for cholera is an uncertain one
and will be more or less unsatisfactory as long as we have to depend on private
concerns for the supply of serum, due to the fact that the temptation to put it
on the market even though a little weak and get the money from it is likely
to prove stronger than human nature on the average can stand.

46 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA,

We have a good law in this State at the present time in regard to the strength
and cleanliness of serum, but it is nearly impossible to enforce this law and
convict firms guilty of selling weak serum because it is so difficult to prove that
the serum was weak at the time it was sent from the factory. Another pro-
vision of the law, which is an excellent one, requires that serum be sent directly
to the farmer who is going to have his hogs treated, who will pay for it at the
express office when he takes it away. This law prevents overcharging to a
large extent on the part of the veterinarian and takes the handling of the serum
entirely out of his hands. This provision, however, it has been impossible to
enforce this season because of the fact that an order put in for serum one
day with any of our private firms would simply mean a telegram stating that it
could not be sent at any time within three or four weeks. Hence it was abso-
lutely necessary, in order to treat sick hogs when they should be treated, for a
veterinarian to have a supply of serum on hand ready for immediate action.

Just as soon as the State or the United States Government can furnish reli-
able serum at a moderate cost to every farmer immediately upon his demand
the hog-cholera problem will very largely be solved. We will not have these
bad results to record and it will then be comparatively easy to convince men
of the value of the serum treatment. ;

While the State of Iowa, through the serum laboratory,’ has done excellent
work this season and put out a large amount of serum, it has been utterly un-
able to cope with the situation, and the amount of serum put out has been
absolutely insignificant as compared with the amount needed in the State. To
my knowledge there has been no time since the serum laboratory was estab-
lished that one could secure serum within three to four weeks after ordering.

I wish to express myself as very strongly in favor of this bill which Senator
Wenyon proposes to introduce. I think it is deplorable that the State of Iowa
has not taken more vigorous action in the past to prevent the enormous losses
which have been sustained. Each year during the past three these losses have
aggregated millions of dollars, and could have been very largely prevented if we
had been able to secure an adequate supply of reliable serum.

Sincerely, yours,
G. R. Buiss,
Agent United States Department of Agriculture
and County Agriculturist.

BETTER FARMS—BETTER CROPS—BETTER HoMrs—Scorr County FARM IMPROVE-
MENT LEAGUE—UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, IOWA STATE
COLLEGE, AND Scott County FARM IMPROVEMENT LEAGUE COOPERATING—G. R.
BLiss, CoUNTY AGRICULTURIST.

REPORT ON SERUM FOR HOG CHOLERA,

The serum treatment will save your hogs—We offer three lines of proof.

First. The United States Department of Agriculture and practically every

State in the Union has declared its value by the appropriations of Congress and
the State legislatures, and by the bulletins of the various State agricultural and
experiment stations.

Second. We have kept close watch on nearly 200 herds treated this season,
the majority of which have been saved. Notwithstanding reports to the con-
trary, results in general have been good, and we can take the farmer who doubts
to herd after herd where the cholera has been checked with little loss.

Third. We have placed well pigs which never had cholera but were given the
double treatment in herds where cholera was raging and left them for several
weeks without one of them becoming sick.

Last fall one such pig was placed in the sick herd of Charles Kruse. On Janu-
ary 1 three such pigs were taken from the Iowana Farms and placed in the
herds of J. T. Hansen, Walter Koch, and Rudolph Koch. About August 1 three

such pigs were taken from the farm of C. W. Lau and placed in the herds of

William Murray, Carl Schaefer, and Henry Herman. About September 1 one
such pig was taken from the herd of Lewis Sticher and placed in that of William
Haines.

We have tested the serum treatment from every standpoint and found it to be
the only sure preventive of the hog cholera.

We want to emphasize the following points:

ee A ne I a EE BNO nt ae

ee ee

a its:

a ee ee

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. aN)

1. Practically all the contagious disease among hogs in Scott County is hog
cholera in some of its forms, varying from the acute or quick form to the chronic
or slow form

2. No cure for hog cholera has ever been found, and there is only one positive
preventive—the serum treatment.

3. Some farmers may think they know how to keep hog cholera from their
premises for years by certain methods of feeding, breeding, disinfecting, or sani-
tation, but we have seen dozens of such men finally overtaken by the disease.
There is not any medicine or precaution of any kind, except the serum treat-
ment, which can be relied upon. The cholera germ is no respecter of persons or
methods.

Losses in herds where hog-cholera specifics were used.

= Number | Number
Name. Address. in herd. | saved,

PEW ei Ontesetec. ott. - Sere. Bi ec 38 ES GEY SANOL oy WW LCC Uhes Sah seth et NLS oe | 25 5
WIN kOe sek ee alt ede is so Sheet spe R.R. No. 1: WialeGtiss2 (a5 Ute ne nae 40 15
PIPE SCULOCUEE =e sion nsicind nein sa = == wiclae|- - <n (tty = Eee Ges TAR Aad aah es 44 3
WHE MANLCHSE cos okt visaesce sche cnleno sales soe (O00) oe beriec ete cnee ie npedecctiteonbs 108 10

3

Many other so-called hog-cholera remedies have been tried, with results
equally disappointing.

4. Hog cholera is no joke. The man who thinks he can let the disease run
its course and save most of his bogs is generally doomed to disappointment.
Natural and inherited immunity is all that will save him. He who saves over
15 per cent is fortunate above the average.

What cholera does when allowed to run its course.

(Nearly all of these herds were fed some commercial feed or tonic.]

wens | Address, ee es
|
WailhinmaeMarray 2222 22S Seseescec shee s lekvs Es NO«wi7, DaVenports.<a%..c soeucee'ns 95 84
Otto Gruenhagen. .........--. azacns GOt ee AN Sse Jess: eet cae si 60 60
ASHE Dannative 0.0.5. 3%. IPTINCETOM. «<4. oo; =e es aS 130 129
Frank Gillmor. F .| R. R. No. 1, Dixon. 5: 138 132
J. H. Heuck.. -| R. R. No. 1, Walcott... is. 7 69
John Zimmerman. aighcinGetams- 2.8 okt tek es | 58 55
BAT. Seaman... .. AREER. NOs, Davenports css. csecenee ae 76 71
Louis Wunder... Jee Ee Nos L DaxOneee.. sarees coon ee a 80 76
Claus Arp!...... shee seta GOR es See ee ees ao ee a 124 42
Can Thodtis. 25-2: Alpbbie-Evis INO. 1s, WiaICOUt. 5 ose ose aee oe tee 90 86
John Underwood. . SPEDINCELOMIS- Sars s eee cee eet cence ats 95 87
Andrew Smaltz.... wees Okie hao ehemee tte ot oc cate aes 80 62
William Haines... .. Al pare (3 (yeaa Petree een ietetee sc bee ee eset Rta 80 60
Ed. Suebberkrebbe 2 be ol Pv eukt Ob L Maal CObbrocn ae sets omelets: 120 60
MELDEre:S LOMLEN DENS ee sec Ulse ts neatae ces R.R. No. 2 Wialeottssceacsose se dtes se 3: 35 29
TONNE TREE eee ces nee cna de Seco Riis NOs La WaleOttice sass nese smee so: 102 99
ANGUS ke Sere AS Ace aoa R EGE EE ETE CSE A EERO a eee Se a aes Sie pees ae 1,413 1,201
1 From immune sows. 2 Mule foot hogs. 3 85 per cent loss.

5. In most cases a man does not realize how sick his pigs are at first and
neglects treating them ‘until it is too late.

6. The success of the serum treatment depends upon the following factors:
Strength and cleanliness of the serum, amount of disease in the herd, amount
of natural immunity present, coolness of the weather, cleanliness of the prem-
ises, kinds of feed given, etc.

The three most important factors which determine life or death are all vari-
able and almost impossible to control. They are the strength of the serum, the
deadliness of the cholera germ, and the amount of natural or inherited immu-
nity present.

7. A pig sick with cholera needs clean quarters, no dust, plenty of cool, clean
water, fresh slop or milk, good pasture (clover or alfalfa is best), and no corn.

48 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

8. The symptoms of chronic cholera are as follows: Loss of appetite, cough-
ing, hard breathing, constipation, and disposition to lie in sheds in the early
stages. As the disease progresses the curl leaves the tail, the ears droop, the
animal gets thin and weak, staggering as it walks, the eyeball is bloodshot and
the eyelids often gummed up so that the pig acts as though blind. Sometimes
the head is held to one side. In the last stages the bowels are very loose and
the excrement green and watery.

Serum in well herds.

The treatment of well herds has been attended with the largest success and ~
the smallest losses. This is the method which should be used when cholera is
in the neighborhood. If one is reasonably sure that he has reliable serum,
either the double or simultaneous method should be adopted. The former is
safer if 6ne isn’t sure of his serum, as there is always a danger of a loss from
the simultaneous method. I. I*. Gillmor lost 20 per cent by this method.

This will undoubtedly be the chief method used in the future in combating
hog cholera. It gives immunity for life except when used in suckling pigs.
When used on pigs which have been weaned for about a week it is much less
expensive than where the pigs are nearly grown.

The following 40 well-known farmers of Scott County have used this method
on their herds, totaling 2,700 head, this season, with a total loss of only 39 pigs:

Joseph Bowley, Charles Brockman, W. C. Daniels, Ernest Dengler, C. H.
Doud, George Fahrenkrug, Edward Freund, Lewis Freund, I. F. Gillmor, F. G.
Hauer, Frank Holland, Henry Horst, Detlef Ihms, lowana Farms, Roy Johnson,
Warren Johnson, Henry Kinz, Henry Klindt, Charles Knouse, Charles Kreiter,
John Kreiter, Charles Kruse, Henry Lage, A. H. Lamp, C. W. Lau, John McKnight,
Julius Muhs, William Myer, Orphans Home, H. D. Parmele, William Pieper,
Chris Raabe, Carl Schnekloth, Le Roy Schutter, W. D. Scott—only given single
treatment; immunity has run out—Lewis Stichter, R. A. Strong, Untiedt Bros.,
John Voss, Henry Wiese, Dietz Wriedt, Wiese Bros.

Slightly affected herds—Single treatment given.

if
| Num- | Num-
Name. Address. ber ber Serum used. Veterinarian.
|treated.) lost.
AdolphvArpes..25:-— R. R. No.3, Walcott... 4) 0 | Kansas State.......... | Hell.
Henny AnDsie 2s 0.2: R: RB: No. 1, Dixon: -__- 84 | 1} Kearisds City 222 Lee Hasenmiller.
Johannes Blake..-.-- R: R. No.1, Walcott. - 54 ii] Multord?s;) >= 6 eee Thompson.
William Fahrenkrog.|..-.. (0 Vo ybened eee deen Seat | 29 | 1 | Missouri Valley ...---- Hasenmilier.
Gus. Friedericks..--- ROB No!) Dixons. 80 bal) Kansas Gilye 2 ee. eee oO.
Henry Goettsech.....| R.R. No.5, Davenport | 65 Bp ii MEVOC) CLOSS) hele ase e eee Hollingsworth.
Chris: -Grelliz 222: RUA RUN Oc LOA OM Stee 13 2) arisiss Cibyos. Cte eee Hasenmiller.
(ois Flerrings 522. New Liberty. -°--4...4- 18 0)’ Kansas State: - 225-22 -- Hell.
Britz Hinrichs... ..' R. R. No. 5, Davenport £8 16) ed Orossne- = oe = ee Hollingsworth.
Henry Johannsen....| R. R. No.1, Walcott... 37 AN SNDUITORG/ Shoe eerie tem Hell.
Herman Krebs....-- DMPanpssseocssee es 25 0 | Kansas State.......--- 0.
Henry Kreiter....... R. R. No. 4, Davenport | 50 OU Kansas iby =. 22-0. 415 Hasenmiller.
Albert Kroeger. ..... Re RoNo. 1; Dixon ss: 70 AH MGieedersseo-- = 50-a2- = Do.
Herman Kroeger....| Princeton.....-.--.---.- i44 0| Stock yards and! Barber.
| American.
Herman Lamp...-..- R. R. No.5, Davenport | ry) 13)4| Rede Onossi. >see ae cere Hollingsworth.
Mrs. Rasmus Larson | R. R. No.7, Davenport 22 | 1 | Stock yards, Kansas | Thompson.
| | City.
John McKnight....-. Princeton... sas. - ies 50 Ul eee GO..t- seep ese Barber.
iP. sMementre a. sas R. R. No.1, Walcott... 75 TOU Ried Cross... - hacen Hollingsworth.
Bid: Meyer oe acs selene Goes see ees 90 LOM Pees GO: =e oe oats Do.
AP, Meyers 3. 22) 24s Gomes vee Ak 20 Jt | Sees GON Cah a See se Do.
John MeGyver i. sane Stockton: Se. 4252-53 22 i hig. See es Oo ee IA Ser
Henry Moeller... ..--- R.R: No.1, Dixon. ...- 20 3,| Lowa State. .2.......- Thompson.
Peter Nissen........- StOCktom. 250 sense es 145 27 | Stock yards and Kan- | Hell.
sas State.
Walter Petersen... .-. New. Liberty. -..---2-- 57 1 stots yards, Kansas Do.
ity.
Otto Ruehberg....-. 1 oe GO 2A eee eae 18 | 0 | Kansas State.......-... Do.
William Schumacher} R. R. No.1, Waleott.-- 87 On| Miulfard’ss22 Ses GS Do.
Peter Thomsen.....- Princetonka. 2.4 4-2-2 111 3 Ble yards, Kansas | Barber.
ity.
Johannes Wulf. ...-. | SeOCMtOW es nese 4 | 1*| aeansas States 224 Hell.
John Wuestenberg ..| Donahue........------ 44 | LA ericanyss 57) ss | Hasenmiller.
H |

Mr. Blake’s herd was not sufficiently infacted to hold its immunity, Several are now sick and 3 have
Gied. They have been treated again.

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA,

Herds quite sick—Single treatment given.

{Should have been treated 3 or 4 days sooner.]

49

Num- | Num-
Name. Address. ber ber
treated.) lost.
J. R. Bowley. ...-- i R. R. No.1, Le 80 28
| Claire.
Ferd Baustian....) R. R. No. 4, 108 28
Davenport.
Chas. Borchers...| R. R. No. 5, 16 0
| Davenport.

Albert Burgmann ....- oh Ses sees 103 4
Wim. Claussen....; R. R. No. 2, 130 30
| _ Davenport.

J. A. Fletcher....| Princeton....... 90 5.
Julius Gimm..... Stockton: |. 19 5
J. H. Hartmann..| Princeton....... 42 7
Henry Holst...... | New Liberty.... 14 1
Louis Klahn......| Stockton........ 48 8
H.L. Kroeger... ..|,R.. RR... No., 5, 25 15
| | Davenport.

Wie Dillisves =...) keen BNO: 7, 46 4
| Davenport.

Fritz Meinert..... Eldridge. ....... 33 10
John Meyer....-..| R. R. No. 1, 16 (i

Davenport.
Frank Meyer..... Dev No. 1, 34 8
| Dixon.
Peter Meyer...... Re aR: Now 1; 29 8
Walcott.
Albert Oldenburg| R. R. No. 5, 34 15.
Davenport.
Lew Peitscher....} Princeton....... 74 45
Theo. Pickron....| New Liberty.... 45 15
Otto Prien....... BAR Nos 3: 165 75
Walcott.
Geo. Quinn....... ae RooNor sly 83 0
; Eldridge.
Rudolph Reins...| Stockton........ Oss 5
J. G. Robertson..| Long Grove..... 78 10
Wm. Roehlk..... Reoski. INOS 1s 141 11
Walcott. 5
Albert Roehlk....|..... (clare ee 66 15
Carl] Schaefer. .... Re Rye Ow 7, 32 13
he eee a
Wm. Schaefer....| R. R. No. 1, 71 26
Davenport.
Henry Schmidt... R.. <iNors4, 95 1
Dixon
Ottorschmidt= 2. |) Dixon. - sss2.-2- 103 15
Schnekloth Bros..| R. R. No. 1, 121 94
Eldridge.
Wm. Schnoor....| Donahue.._..... 60 3
Henry Schult... .. Rie HS Nes! 1) 107 18
Dixon.
Herman Wiese...| Stockton........ 23 4
neo. Wieser. —-8 aL bs, NOS "5, 55 30
Davenport.
Rudolph Wiese...|..... GosSa. ese: 54 25

Num-
ber
not

treated .

Num-
ber Serum used. Veterinarian,
lost.
1 | Greeder’s....... Hell.
0 | Stock Yards, | Hasenmiller.
Kansas City.
39 | Red Cross. ...... Hollingsworth.
0 | Stock Yards, | Thompson.
Kansas City.
eae ee Greeder’s.......| Hell.
Se Aa Greeder’s and Do.
American.
Reocre ee Kansas State... . Do.
Saeietelk ote Stock Yards, | Fulton.
Kansas City.
eorknes Kansas State....| Hell.
a0 VWencee 6 {oj | ae Oe § Do.
34 | Red Cross. ._.... Hollingsworth
5 ited Tee Stock Yards....| Thompson.
pantsotd oe Stock Yards, | Hasenmiller.
Kansas City.
11 | Red Cross: ...... Hollingsworth.
|
cme Kansas City.....| Hasenm iller.
At aye OOo aen seen Schroeder,
ae an oe Towa State...... Do.
oe oe ie Stock Yards, | Fulton.
Kansas City.
50 | Kansas State....| Hell.
60 | Stock Yards, Do.
Kansas City.
ist GL Kansas City.....| Hasenmiller.
2 ae ae Kansas State....| Hell.
18 | Stock Yards, | Hasenmiller.
Kansas City.
1 Ba 2 ae MOLtL «4 s3e3 Hell.
TE |B DO Ae. Do.
8 | Stock Yards....| Thompson.
7 | MEHOTGFS 4 Ses Do.
10 | American....... Hell
31 | Stock Yards, Do.
Kansas City.
1. | Mulford’s. >. 325. Hesenmiller.
1} Missouri Valley. Do.
2 | Interstate....... Hell.
eee Kansas City.... Do.
hemes el Red Cross.......| Hollingsworth.
13 | Stock Yards, | Thompson,
Kansas City.

In addition to those mentioaed above, Frank Friedrichs, Barney Gasseling, Rudolph Golinghorst, Hans
Kuehl, W. E. Paul, James Porter, Louis Steinbeck, and several others have used serum on quite sick herds,
but the results have not been reported.

S. Doc. 489, 63—-2——-4

50 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

Herds very sick—Single treatment given.
[Should have been treated 10 days sooner.]

Num- | Num- Now Num-
Name. Address. ber ber at ber Serum used. Veterinarian.
treated.) lost. treated: lost.
Victor Blyart-..... Rieke aNO. Ly 55 C10) eeeeenc |e eye ees Stock yards, | Hell.
Dixon. Kansas City.
A. E. Dannatt....| Princeton. c= 23 23 127 126M ese ss OR ABE eSne Fulton.
James Donnelly..| R. R. No. 5, 15 15 0 Onione ns dot aeeecenee Thompson.
Davenport.
William Dubois. .| Princeton...-...-. 106 91 21 21s) Seber’ Shae ae = sae Barber.
George Frauen..... R. R. No. 3, 87 7 Sy acacict oe Mulford’s.......| Hell.
Walcott. |
Otto Gruenhagen.| R. R. No. 7, 18 17 60 60 | Stock yards, | Hasenmiller.
Davenport. | Kansas City.
Frank Gillmor..... R. R. No. 1, 65 59 73 Tes Beose GOse cece aes Do.
Dixon.
Carl Hamann..... Re Re Non a, 46 12 60 56 | Greeder’s.....-.| Hell.
Walcott. ;
Ed. Helble....--- Princeton. .--..2 40 DOW cece et saece eee Stock yards, | Fulton.
Kansas City.
id {Horst 2252-2) (ECE. aN.) 5; 40 39 60 | GON seen Co eerste Thompson.
Davenport.
J.J. Beuck--.--~ Roy ERIN Ost vols 9 | 8 | fl MOM ee sae Gores eek Hell.
Walcott.
Chris. Jaegers.....|.---- One Fen veies © 22 | 14 45 A4o yee Goss eass 58 Schroeder.
Wm. Lilienthal...) Sunbury......-- 16 Id eae Sere ears eee North Western..| Hell.
William Moeller..| R. R. No. 1, 58 | 14 2 2) | Hed Cross: 2.2 == Do.
Dixon. |
H. Peckenschnei-| R. R. No. 3, 59 | Diiilis2 chee ae es Greeder’s......- Do.
der. Walcott. | |
OTB RAINS S Aas] Patel GOz ate eee 165 | 75 60 | 60 | Stock yards, Do.
Kansas City.
Theo. Schroeder..| R. R. No. 1, 31 | 16 60 48 | Mulford’s.....-.- Do.
Walcott |
F. G. Wessel. ...- | Long Grove..-..-. 77 | 25 8 2 | Interstate....... Hasenmiller.
Henry Tank...... | RAR INOS 37, 17 | Oe ees (SOeee rev Stock yards, | Thompson.
Davenport. | Kansas City.
if

In addition to those mentioned above, A. P. Arp, Dougherty Bros., Lewis Frauen, Ed. Grell, Fred Koberg,
Henry Wartens, William Stutzel, and several others have treated very sick herds, but no definite reports
have yet been received.

Pit ag all the above tables the name Hasenmiller refers to the firm of Hasenmiller & Schroeder,
of Eldridge.

AmeEs, Iowa, November 25, 1913.
Hon. WituiAM §S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C.

My Dear SENATOR Kenyon: I returned to Ames yesterday after an official
absence in the East. It was my great misfortunte to be away from Ames when
you called here, and to fail to find you in Washington before your return there.
I am glad that you came to Ames, and hope you saw everything you were
interested in, and I will be very glad to have you make any comments, sug-
gestions, or criticisms to me of conditions as you found them.

I was very nicely entertained by your Mr. Rankin and want to express my
appreciation of his kindness.

I wish I could have talked with you about the proposed legislation in the
interest of hog-cholera eradication. It seems to me that if the United States
Government is going into the business of producing hog-cholera serum, a very
large amount of money will need to be provided. I am wondering if, with

proper supervision, such as has been provided during the last year or so, and ~

with enlargement of efforts in the States in the interest of serum manufacture,
it will be necessary for the Government to undertake this phase of the work
further than to give it a temporary impetus. ;

But I have no doubt as to the advisability of such demonstration or eradica-
tion work as is being done in Dallas County and in selected counties in two or
three other States. I believe the Government can afford to spend a large
amount of money in showing the practicability of keeping a considerable area
free from the disease. The mistake should not be made, however, as was done
last year, of holding the new appropriations until July 1. The money ought
to become available early in the spring before the disease begins to spread.
One dollar then is worth several later. While the manufacture of serum is
very important, I am inclined to think that, with the limited amount of money

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 51

the Government may spend along this line, the demonstration and eradication
work is of greater importance, provided the Government makes serum for its
own work or can arrange to buy it from State or private plants.
Very truly, yours,
R. A. PEARSON, President.

CLARION, IowA, November 5, 1913.
Senator W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C.

DEAR SENATOR: I take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation to you
for the bill you introduced, which will give aid to the farmers of the country
in combating hog cholera. This bill will provide ample funds for the employ-
ment of county men to take the initiative in combating this dreaded disease.

I began the work as county agent in Wright County June 1. Since then I
have devoted my entire time to the treatment of hog cholera and the educa-
tional work necessary to acquaint the farmers with facts concerning serum
treatment. As a result of the work done in this country we have in the neigh-
borhood of 20,000 hogs that have been successfully immunized against cholera.
Had reliable, tested serum been available at all times, we could have saved at
least 10,000 more hogs.

The farmers of Wright County have supported this movement. Had I been
able to enlist the services of four other men there would have been plenty of
work for all combating hog cholera. I have had the cooperation of five graduate
veterinarians, which has helped greatly in taking care of the urgent demands
for assistance.

The farmers of this county are financing this proposition without Government
aid. I believe we have an application on file at Washington, D. C., for finan-
cial aid, which we are promised will be given as soon as funds are available.

I am sending you, under separate cover, a circular published by our depart-
ment. This circular gives an outline of the different lines of work we are
promoting.

Thanking you very much for the thoughtful effort you are putting forth for
our great State of Iowa, I am,

Yours, very truly,
L. O. WISE,
Wright County Adviser.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS,
Ames, Iowa, October 31, 1918.
Hon. W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C.

My Derar SENATOR: Won't you kindly send me copy of your so-called hog-
cholera bill, which I have seen mentioned several times in the papers?

Probably you know that the work against hog cholera is making good
progress in Dallas County. Chief hindrance seems to be that the Federal
people do not have enough serum. We have now offered to assist them by
giving preference to requests for serum from Dallas County when approved
by the Federal representative. But we are obliged to charge a small price for
this serum, as we have no provision for free distribution. Our new plant is
making an excellent start, and the serum already sent out has done great good.
We are increasing the output.

Very truly, yours,
R. A. Pearson, President.

NOVEMBER 24, 1913.
Hon. W. S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C.

DEAR Sir: Knowing that you are deeply interested in the hog-cholera situa-
tion, as it stands now, and that you are trying to help the Government to solve
the problem of combating this disease, and that you contemplate asking Con-
gress to make a large appropriation to help in this matter, I am taking the
liberty to address you upon this subject, hoping that you will pardon me for
making this intrusion upon your time and that you will consider my suggestions
given in a spirit of honesty and for the purpose, if possible, to help you get at
facts. I send you, under separate cover, a little booklet containing a history of
hog sickness back for half a century, a description of things I have seen and

52 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

learned in my research against hog sickness. Please do me the kindness to
note carefully facts which I have set forth in this little work. I have spent
my own time and money when making these investigations, and not the money
of any State or Government. I have done this in the interest of science and
for the good of my profession. I know, Senator, that the diagnosis, as made of
this disease by the staff of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is not correct, neither
is their remedy, and seven years of work on this line of attack has proven it
is all wrong; and I am prepared to show that the vaccination of hogs with this
serum treatment has killed thousands of well hogs on farms where no sickness
or losses had occurred before. My little booklet will explain all this. I say,
my booklet sells for $1.50. It makes no difference to me whether I sell a copy
or not, and I am giving away hundreds of them; but I had it copyrighted, and
in doing so I had to put a sale price upon it. Its object is to explain to hog
raisers as to the cause and prevention of hog sickness. Now, in conclusion,
Senator, let me say thousands of people, not in our own State alone but in other
States, are watching with great interest if you make the move on this matter
in the right direction. And I think you ought to proceed carefully. If you
get an additional increase in the Government appropriation to help a lot of
these fellows who are connected with the Bureau of Animal. Industry to go on
a few years more and boost this serum treatment and have a good time while
at it, it will put thousands of good hog raisers out of business. The fact is,
Senator, the Bureau of Animal Industry made a guess and made it wrong, but
they can’t back up now. ‘They ought to call this bet off and guess again. The
swine breeders are going to organize and fight it to a man. If you can get an
appropriation to put good, honest scientific men in the field to make careful
research as to all the causes that are killing our hogs, and why the serum treat-
ment has killed and is still killing thousands of well hogs, and tell our Govern-
ment departments of these important facts, and educate the hog raisers to adopt
the methods of sanitation, and all other helpful methods, as set forth in my
booklet—to destroy worms and internal parasites and the importance of keep-
ing them healthy all the time, and use every means to prevent unhealthy condi-
tions among their herds—the question is solved at once and this awful fatality
and losses will stop. Thanking you for your interest in this matter and again
asking your pardon for this intrusion, and hoping you may be guided right in
your efforts in this matter, I am
Yours, respectfully,
E. F. Lowry, V. S.

DECEMBER 17, 1913.
Hon. W. 8S. Kenyon, Washington, D. C.

DEAR SENATOR: Pardon me for again intruding upon your valuable time. I
know that you are a very busy man, but I am so thoroughly aroused over the
situation as to the hog sickness in our own and in other neighboring States that
I can not refrain from writing you again. Since I last wrote you and sent you
my little booklet I have not been idle as to studying the conditions, more
especially here in our own State. I have written to and received letters from
reliable parties in nearly half the counties in our State, and I find the condi-
tions appalling in the sections where most serum has been used. There the
losses have been greatest, and I, as well as other veterinarians and large num-
bers of hog raisers, are thoroughly convinced that the indiscriminate use of bad
serum in the hands of young recently graduated veterinarians, who have settled
in our State in the last two years, has been the means of spreading the disease
into districts not before affected. Thus thousands of hogs have been made sick
and disease has spread and multiplied until there is not a county in this State
free from disease and death.

Thousands of well hogs have been vaccinated and began to sicken and die
immediately. This is no idle talk, Senator. I have the names and post-office
addresses of good men who have told me of their losses of this kind, and I know
it is true. In my own county one man had 180 well hogs vaccinated and in 12
days 140 of them were dead. A neighbor had 79 well ones treated the same
way and lost all but 12 in 14 days. This is only part of this kind of loss in this
county. Around Keota hundreds have been killed the same way. In Dallas
County a man near Grimes had 160 well hogs vaccinated by a man called a
Government expert and with a serum O. K’d as the best they were using up
there. The hogs were not sick. No sickness had been on his farm at any time
previous. All but 5 died in a short time. In Mills County a man had nearly

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 53

800 treated. Nearly all of them died, and he has brought suit against the
veterinary who treated them and the firm from whom he obtained the serum.
The case is now pending in the district court of Mills County. The same thing
occurred in Muscatine County, and the case is pending there. In one township
in Muscatine County it is estimated that over $300,000 worth of hogs have died
after they were vaccinated and at least half of these were not sick, but were
given the treatment as a preventive. Now, Senator, these are facts and are
only a drop in the bucket to what I can tell you further.

Now, what is the trouble? First, people who are manufacturing serum and
those who are using and boosting it call everything cholera. All other ailments
that are affecting hogs, such as worms, typhoid fever, pneumonia, and half a
dozen other ailments, are not noticed by these people. The whole business has
turned into a graft game and is causing millions of dollars of unnecessary loss
and spread of disease. Why not? Almost every packing plant in the country
is turning out this stuff. Even John Morrell & Co., of my own city, is now
making it. Twenty-two concerns are making it around the packing plants of
Kansas City, 18 or 20 at Omaha, and so on. Senator Kenyon, I have spent my
Own money in obtaining these facts, not the money of the State or National
Government, and I have plenty of facts. Now, I believe that, like myself, you
mean right when you take the interest in this matter that you do, and for the
sake of the hog raisers and for the sake of the honor of our own State, and
your own honor, do not ask Congress to appropriate any more money to aid
the serum graft.

I believe the Bureau of Animal Industry meant right when they put this
move into operation, but tests have proven it to be a failure, and it is now
beyond the control of State or Government. If there were any efficiency in it,
we have no way to prove it now. The first thing that should be done is to stop
the use of it entirely. If this is not done soon, the swine-raising industry will
be ruined. I know you mean well and will do what is right, but it would be
well to proceed cautiously. An appropriation of $1,000,000 to determine how to
prevent sickness in herds would be money well spent, even if it took that each
year and we got the desired results. To appropriate money to help the serum
treatment along is worse than pouring oil on a burning fire. If I were a rich
man and wanted. to be a real philanthropist, I would spend $10,000 to stop the
use of this stuff at once. Then get busy and show hog men that this disease
can be stamped out, but not by serum methods. Besides thousands of hogs
would and do get well of themselves if let alone when they get sick. And
thousands of others can be cured with the use of right remedies in the hands
of men competent to diagnose disease in sick hogs and use the remedies indi-
cated by the sickness to be treated. What I know about this disease I have
learned by scientific research and at my own expense.

Do not be influenced by a lot of wirepulling politicians who are holding posi-
tions in our Government departments by the appointment method and not
because of honesty or ability. All of such men will still do all they can to
get you to assist them further in this useless, dangerous work. Hoping you will
look deeply into this matter and will help to stop the use of serum at least
long enough to get some control of its output and use, and that your efforts in
this present session of Congress will be such as will aid us to get at the proper
way to make sick hogs well and keep well hogs from getting sick, and not to
aid any further in the use of serum graft, and again asking your pardon for
further intruding upon your valuable time, I am,

Yours, most sincerely, ; EK. F. Lowry.

Have FarrH In SeruM—Wricut County FARMERS WHO Lost MANy Hogs IN
EripeMIc NoT DISCOURAGED—BELIEVE PooR VACCINE RESPONSIBLE FoR IN-
ROADS—EXERCISE OF HrRDS FOUND TO BE VALUABLE PREVENTIVE—OLD DAYS
AND NEW IN RuRAL EDUCATION ILLUSTRATED—SPLENDID FARMERS’ CREAMERY
AT CLARION—WILSON’S RURAL OBSERVATIONS.

[Special to Times-Republican. ]

CLARION, January 13.
Of the four hundred or so farmers living on the six rural mail routes from
this town, the names of those who escaped a visitation of hog cholera last
summer and fall might be enumerated on the fingers of two hands. Practically

54 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

every hog raiser had his experience with the disease. One man well posted on
the matter estimates that one-fourth the usual supply at this time of year is
left as the result of disease and close selling brought about because of it.
In the neighboring town of Woolstock, it is said, a buyer collected a carload for
shipment, but instead of going to a packing plant every animal of the load
found its way into the pork barrel of a local farmer. Nearly everyone who was
able to get serum vaccinated his hogs. Nearly everyone who vaccinated be-
lieves in the efficacy of the remedy, even though he lost most or all of his hogs,
and it is a fact that the losses of hogs thus treated in the early part of the
season were heavy. Failure of the treatment to save the animals is generally
attributed to inexperience in the work and to untested serum. Late season
work done by a trained man and with tested serum produced almost universally
favorable results, and many who lost large numbers of their animals this year
declare they will administer the double treatment to the next crop at weaning
time, confident that immunity will result.

It will not do, however, to state positively that it was vaccination that saved
the hogs in every case. Several who did not employ the method at all were able
to save a greater or smaller part of their herds. One of these, who found sick-
ness in his yard, ‘‘ vaccinated’ the three or four afflicted porkers with an ax,
and proceeded to doctor the remaining ones with a remedy that he heard was
good, viz, red pepper. He fed up an even dollar’s worth of the fiery stuff, and
up to last week he had not a sick hog on his place, a carload of the thriftiest
kind of fellows being in his feed yards. Another man lost only 1 hog of a
herd numbering about 90. A breeder of pure-bred hogs in another locality
udopted a plan of his own. He made it a part of his chores to get out in the
morning and “ exercise”’ his hogs—ran them all over the pasture. At the same
time he fenced off part of his cornfield and turned the hogs into it. He has
just held a hog sale on his farm. Said one man: “TI believe hog cholera might
be prevented by keeping the stock in fresh yards and pastures, changing them
every year or so.” One thing is certain; there has been a lot of thinking on this
subject of hog disease this year in this part of the country, and if next year’s
crop is lost it will not be because of carelessness or out-of-date methods on the
part of the farmer.

CoMPEL USE oF SERUM—COL. FRENCH, OF DAVENPORT, ADVOCATES COMPULSORY
INOCULATION OF HocS—WaANTS STATE TO EQuip LABORATORY TO Cost $250,000—
SwINE BREEDERS, HE Says, SHOULD BE COMPELLED TO INOCULATE EvERy PI@

WHEN OLD ENOUGH—BELIEVES DISEASE CoUuLD THUS BE ERADICATED—OWNS-

Herp oF 1,000 AnD NONE ARE Lost,
: DAVENPORT, November 8.

Farmers and veterinary surgeons who have studied the ravages of hog
cholera in Iowa the past year estimate that the total loss will not be less than
$15,000,000, and some place it as high as $25,000,000.

Col. George W. French, of Davenport, proprietor of the Iowana stock farm,
urges a compulsory system of inoculation, which he thinks will in a few years
banish the disease from the State. He has 1,000 hogs, valued at $30,000, all of
which have been inoculated with serum and not one has died from the disease.
He wants the legislature to appropriate $250,000 for the purpose of establishing
a serum factory large enough to produce sufficient serum to supply all the
farmers of Iowa.

COMPULSORY INOCULATION.

He would then have the legislature pass a law making it compulsory upon
farmers to inoculate every hog in the State, following this up by inoculating
every pig as soon as it is old enough. In three or four generations of hogs, he
thinks, the disease would be stamped out.

There has been much criticism of the last legislature because of the small
amount appropriated to establish the serum factory at Ames. This plant pro-
duces hardly enough serum to treat the hogs of one county, to say nothing of
the rest of the State.

KILL HOGS ONLY TO SAVE.

Despite the fact that 30 hogs are being sacrificed weekly at the Minnesota
Agricultural College in Minneapolis to produce serum that other hogs may be
made immune from cholera, which is still prevalent in western and southwestern
counties of Minnesota, H. Preston Hoskins, assistant veterinarian, in charge

ee

eee ess ee

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 55

of the serum department at the university farm, believes the loss to Minnesota
farmers this year will be $5,000,000. He declared a large amount of the money
would be spent for worthless medicines.

Enough serum can be obtained from one hog to inoculate 500 weighing 100
pounds each. In getting the serum hogs immune from cholera are used. Ani-
mals that have recovered from the disease or have been given the serum-virus
treatment may be taken for the purpose.

These are rendered hyperimmune by being treated with virus made from
other hogs. The blood of the hyperimmune animal has been found to contain
a large amount of the substance that protects animals from attacks of cholera.
From this blood the serum is made and sent to hog owners in all parts of the
State to protect exposed herds.

LATE Srart Mars Hoc-CHoLeraA TESTS, BUT GOVERNMENT WXPERIMENTS AT
ADEL SHOW VALUE OF WORK—DEMAND IS GROWING—FARMERS TAKING MORE
INTEREST AND ARE AIDING EXPERTS.

[By Edgar Markham, staff correspondent. ]

ADEL, Iowa, October 14.

The first year’s results in the Government experiment to determine whether
hog cholera can be controlled will not be what was anticipated. But they
will show that fully SO per cent of the hogs of diseased herds can be saved if
given the serum treatment. They also will show that few hogs are killed by
the simultaneous treatment, which is the one given to prevent the disease.

The reason that the results of the experiment will not be entirely satisfac-
tory is that the disease got ahead of the Government field corps which is work-
ing under the direction of Dr. O. B. Hess. The appropriation made by Con-
gress was not available until July 1. By that date hog cholera was prevalent
in many communities.

CHOLERA HAD GOOD START.

When it was announced the experiment was to be made it was said that
only the preventive treatment would be given. The purpose was to demon-
strate that cholera can be controlled by the use of virus and serum, not that it
can be cured by the use of serum. But so many hogs were infected that it
was found necessary to help save the sick ones.

Dr. James I. Gibson, State veterinarian, was in Dallas County to-day in con-
ference with Dr. Hess. He is cooperating with the Government in the experi-
ment. It is his duty to watch the sanitary end of the work. Quarantine regu-
lations prevail on every farm where it is known that cholera exists or where
the simultaneous treatment has been given.

“T am well satisfied with the results that are being obtained,’ Dr. Gibson
said after spending a day in the field. ‘‘ Dr. Hess and his assistants are doing
their best to get the most out of the experiment. They certainly are doing a
great thing for the farmers.”

FARMERS ARE COOPERATING.

Ralph E. Joy, who is secretary of the county organization, reported to Dr.
Gibson that the farmers are cooperating with the Government. There are a
few stubborn ones who oppose the use of serum, but not many.

“As an illustration of the interest the farmers are taking in the experiment,
I might say that I am called over the telephone all hours of the day and night
to send out field men to administer the serum,” he said. “All I do is to try to
gather data from the farmers that will help in the experiment. Letters have
been sent to every farmer in the county.”

Close to 8,000 hogs have been treated by the Government field men. A
majority of these were found to be diseased. From the reports prepared be-
tween 15 and 20 per cent of the diseased hogs have died. Few of the others
succumb to the treatment.

REQUIRES BUT LITTLE TIME.

The field men have been in idleness half of the time. Recently near Dawson
457 hogs were treated in eight hours. The experts can administer serum to a
hog a minute if they have the help needed.

56 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA.

At the home of W. H. Hathaway, 3 miles north of Redfield, 97 hogs were
given the treatment in Jess than two hours. ‘Twenty more were treated at the
George Mullins farm, which is near by. All this was done after 3 o’clock.

Dr. Hess uses three assistants. The farmers are expected to furnish enough
help to catch, hold, and prepare the hogs for treatment. Seven men are needed.

One of Dr. Hess’s assistants takes the temperature of the hog.

If it is below 104°, the simultaneous treatment is given. Above that mark
the hog is considered sick. He needs no virus. If the disease has not made too
much progress the serum will cure him.

TEMPERATURE DETERMINES AMOUNT.

From the temperature of the hog Dr. Hess determines the amount of serum
to be administered. The size of the animal also plays a big part in determining
this. One assistant prepares the serum and virus for injection. The third
assistant keeps the records. If the temperature of a hog is found to be more
than 106° he is marked. This is done so that Dr. Hess may know whether
many of those in the late stages of the disease are cured.

An idea of the work Dr. Hess has before him can be gained when it is known
that he this afternoon refused to promise a farmer he could get to his herd in
time to do any good. M. T. Pairdekooper, who lives near Hathaway, reported
sickness in a herd of 150 head.

MUCH WORK AHEAD.

“T might promise you, but I won’t because I know I can not keep it,’ Dr.
Hess said. He called attention to herds aggregating 2,000 head in which there
is sickness.

Dr. Hess advises the farmers to hire their hogs treated rather than to wait
for the Government men. The expense is about $1 each. The Government
makes no charge. Some of the farmers hesitate because one or two incompe-
tent veterinarians have administered the treatment in the county.

At their conference Dr. Gibson and Dr. Hess were unable to reach a conclu-
sion as to what causes the disease to spread as rapidly as it does. Pairdekooper
declared that no cholera had existed on his farm since he has lived there—for
five years. Not a strange hog has been on the place during the summer. Two
weeks ago, however, he drove a carload of hogs to market. Diseased hogs had
been put in the stockyards. Dr. Hess said that Pairdekooper may have carried
germs home on his clothes.

Three farmers got cholera in their herds by hauling hogs to a shipping place
where cholera was prevalent. The wagons and horses carried the germs to
the swine pens, Dr. Hess said.

Dr. Hess and Dr. Gibson are sure that by getting an early start in the spring
they will be able to control hog cholera in Dallas County next summer. But
fae don’t want to wait until they are put on the defensive before they start

ghting.

OFFICIALS TRY TO QUARANTINE SWINE—TOUR OF DALLAS COUNTY UNDERTAKEN BY
GIBSON AND FEDERAL EXPERT.

Perry, Iowa, October 24.

Drastic measures to prevent the spread of hog cholera were adopted yester-
day when several State officials started a tour of the county to place in quaran-
tine every herd of hogs exposed to cholera.

Dr. James I. Gibson, State veterinarian; Dr. J. W. Bauman, of Bloomfield,
member of the State animal health board; Dr. Hess, a Government expert in
charge of the work in this county; and Henry Brady, member of the legislature,
composed a party of men who left here this morning on a tour of the county.

They are posting notices and doing everything possible to prevent the spread
of the disease. The quarantine notices read:

“Parties having business on these premises must keep away from the hog
lots. Parties occupying these premises are forbidden to go in or near their
neighbors’ hog lots.” :

According to the State and Federal authorities, Dallas County has more hog
cholera this year than ever before in its history. Federal aid was given some

REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA. 57

time ago, and Dr. Hess and his assistants have been working for weeks to pre-
vent the disease. In many instances they have been very successful, but in
others they were notified too late to save the herds and confined their efforts to
rendering immune the hogs on the neighboring farms.

They have been handicapped by being unable to secure serum when it was
most needed, and conditions are such now that the most drastic measures are
necessary to stamp out the disease.

SERUM PLANT SATISFACTORY—LEGISLATORS’ ONLY REGRET IS THAT PLANT IS NOT
LARGER.

[Special to Times-Republican. ]

Des MoINngEs, January 10.

Members of the legislature have been well pleased with the State hog-serum
plant in operation at Ames as provided for by the legislature. Several members
have taken occasion to visit it during the short-course period at the college.

Speaker Cunningham, who was in the city yesterday, had just come from the
college. “The serum plant is all right,” he said, ‘“‘only we have got to make it
very much larger in order to do the business. I never saw a plant where they
have everything in such excellent condition. And they have the records, too,
of every shipment and can show exactly what results were obtained in every
case.”

Representatives Huntley, of Lucas, and Brady, of Dafas, also in the city
this week, spoke in praise of the work being done.

“T have made a thorough investigation of the serum plant at the college,”
said Senator Ames, of Tama, who led in the fight for its establishment. ‘‘ The
only mistake we made was in not giving enough money. They should be able
right now, at the dull time, to be making vast quantities of the serum to be
kept for use when needed. It looks like the farmers will have to come to their
help by buying in advance and putting up the money. But it is a great institu-
tion and everything simply perfect. I went through the laboratories at Kausas
City, and in contrast that at Ames is a delight. I am absolutely sure of the
value of the plant and the work being done.”

PROF. G. R. BLISS ON HOG CHOLERA—IOWA AGRICULTURAL EXPERT ADVISES ILLINOIS
FARMERS—-APPLIES UNIQUE METHODS—-WAGERS THAT HOGS PROPERLY TREATED
WILL NOT GET CHOLERA FROM DISEASED ANIMALS.

MonmoutTH, December 11.

G. R. Bliss, county agricultural advisor of Scott County, Iowa, in which
Davenport is located, is not a betting man, but he made a wager of $100 cold
cash at the Mercer County Farmers’ Institute meeting yesterday afternoon
that if all the hogs of Mercer and Warren Counties were inoculated with fresh
hog-cholera serum just after they are weaned, using the double treatment, that
not one of the porkers would die, even though placed in a herd of diseased
hogs. Mr. Bliss made the same bet with farmers of Scott County when cholera
was killing off the hogs by the hundreds in that county a year ago, and he still
retains possession of his original bank account—and more.

PLAN SUGGESTED BY THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY FOR DEMONSTRATING THE
Best METHODS OF CONTROLLING HoG CHOLERA.

METHOD OF PROCEDURE.

I. Educational work.—To be carried out jointly by Federal and State officials
through lectures and demonstrations before farmers’ clubs and special assem-
blages.

Il. Restrictive regulations and quarantine.—Restrictive regulations should
be issued by State authorities and enforced by State officers and United States
employees deputized for the purpose.

58 REMEDIES FOR HOG CHOLERA,

Ill. Immunization with serum.—This work is to be under control of em-
ployees of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and serum is to be administered
at such places and in such manner as they may decide to be necessary.

IV. Serum production.—Anti-hog-cholera serum sufficient for the work to be
prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry and furnished to the United States
field inspectors upon request. :

ORGANIZATION.

I. Administrative.—The general administration of the work to be under the
general direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture.

Il. United States Department of Agriculture—(a) Field force.

One supervising field inspector and adviser. The force in each State is to be
an independent unit reporting direct to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry and is to consist of:

One inspector in charge.

One or more veterinary inspectors and one clerk.

(0) Laboratory force.

One inspector in charge with the necessary scientific assistants, clerks, and -
laborers to prepare sufficient serum to supply the various field inspectors.

Ill. Nondepartmental.—(a) State officials.

As many trained employees as the State can furnish for field work an
lectures.

(b) Volunteer assistants.

As many intelligent farmers as can be secured for general cooperation, to be
chosen jointly by the United States field inspectors in charge and authorized
State representatives.

COOPERATION.

Generally the following principles are to be observed:
1. The preparation and application of serum will be under control of Federal

officials.
2. Necessary quarantine and other restrictive measures to be under control of

the proper State officials.
3. Educational work to be carried out jointly by Federal, State, and county

representatives.

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PAT, JAN, 21, 1908