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Illinois State
ABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY, :

URBANA, ILLINOIS.

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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

http://www.archive.org/details/report18881890illi

“TH ADNIND “LASTS ONY SLYOE HSLYVNO LVOd AdIJIO

ree On! OF BOARD

ILTINOIS STATE FISH COMMISSIONERS,

GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS.

SEPTEMBER 30, 1890.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS.

To His Excellency, GOVERNOR JOSEPH W. FIFER:

We beg leave to submit herewith our report as Board of
State Fish Commissioners, from October 1, 1888, to September
30, 1890.

In reviewing the work of the Commission during the past
two years, we consider that there has been a more decided pro-
eress made than during any previous period since the creation
of the Commission. Not only is this true of the work itself,
which has shown largely increased practical results, but there
has been manifested, all over the State, a growing interest in
the enforcement of the laws relating to the protection of fish
and maintaining of proper fishways. Much of the success in
this direction has been due to the active co-operation rendered
by the various fish clubs, and others interested in fish protec-
tion throughout the State. Particularly during the year last.
passed has this interest manifested itself, and the creation of
the system of fish wardens has met with decided approval all
over the State, requests for the appointment of such coming
from every section, and the result of their work being satisfac-
tory to the community and the Commission, in most instances.

DISTRIBUTION OF INDIGENOUS FISHES.

The utilization of the fish left in the over-flows by the high water
has proven, during the past two seasons, to be a very successful
and satisfactory part of our work. Aided by the use of the U.
S. Fish Commission cars, so generously provided by Commis-
sioner McDonald, we have been enabled to make plants in the
greater proportion of the streams of the State, and the practi-
cal results following, in the increase of fish in such streams, has,
we are pleased to state, been generally noted. We append here-
with letters bearing upon this increase.

For the past two seasons the distribution of the smaller fish
only, has been abandoned, and the larger and breeding fish
have largely predominated in the plants. During these two
seasons we have procured our fish from the flats along the
Illinois river, as the Mississippi river has not, for three seasons

a

past, been out of its banks at such seasons of the year as made
it possible for the breeding fish to go out and find spawning
grounds, while, on the other hand, the Illinois river has, every
season, overflowed its banks before the spawning season. As a
result the fish have sought that river and gone into it in search
of such breeding grounds. This has given it a very plentifu!
supply, and left in the overflowed places millions of fish.

The extremely hot weather early in the summer caused a rapid
diminution of the water in these places, and they soon became cor-
respondingly low, many of them becoming entirely dry very early
in the season, and that so rapidly that we could not take fish
out and furnish transportation for them fast enough to utilize
all. It should be remembered that the fish planted were, for the
ereater part, from four to fourteen inches in length, and there-
fore fully capable of protecting themselves against their natural
enemies, and that the planting of such sized fish naturally pre-
supposes a large increase in the spring following such plant.

We regard the rescuing and distributing of the fish from these
drying ponds, where otherwise they would inevitably perish, as
one of the most economical and practical methods of re-stock-
ing our streams ever used. All the fish so planted are adapted
to any of the waters of our State, and the cost of taking,
planting, etec., is very small when compared with that of arti-
ficial propagation.

During the season last past the bass and croppie have pre-
dominated in the plants, and no more valuable and satisfactory
varieties could be found.

Some idea of the number of fish that must perish annually
may be had when it is known that from one point of operation
alone, viz.: Along the Wabash Railway, opposite Meredosia, where
the overflow of the Illinois river covers thousands of acres when
at its height, but which, when the river falls within its banks,
is drawn down into a series of lakes and flats covering but a
few acres, we took, during this and last season, over thirty car-
loads of game fish for distribution, besides hundreds of thou-
sands of fish which we put into the river itself. At the present
writing this place is perfectly dry, so that if the fish had been
left there they must all have died. This is, of course, but one
of numberless points of overflow, only a few of which we were
able to work successfully, owing in part to the difficulty of get-
ting transportation, and, in some cases, to their being too far
from the river to permit our handling them at all.

In the early summer the extreme heat prevented any long
hauls for fish. On one or two days the thermometer showed
the temperature of the water in the river at Meredcsia to be
90 degrees, and in Meredosia Bay, 93 degrees. The fish in live-
boxes during this extreme weather simply cooked, but this state
of affairs did not exist for any considerable length of time, and
the black bass, when placed in the tanks in cars, where the
temperature could be regulated by the use of ice, carried well,

5

the loss in transit being merely nominal. Croppie, and many
of the other varieties, could not be carried at all, at. that
time, though later the croppie became one of the best to trans-
port.

As before stated, we have had the use of three of the U. S.
Fish Commission cars to transport our fish. The transporta-
tion of the cars has, in the main, been furnished free by the
various railroads over which our routes laid. The work accom-
plished would have been simply impossible had it not been for
this generous assistance.

By another season we hope to be able to arrange our boat,
the steamer ‘‘Lotus,” so that fish can be carried any distance,
by the use of pumps and attachments which will supply a con-
stant stream or jets of water over the fish while they are held
in tanks, arranged for that purpose, along guards and_fore-
castle of the boat. By this means we hope we shall not be
compelled to confine our operations to any one locality, but be
able to move from place to place, on both rivers, and cover a
much larger territory. As it is, we are compelled to work
within towing distance of some point which can be conveniently
reached for loading.

In this connection, we would say that a party of men, work-
ing under the direction of Mr. D. J. Webb, for the Fish Com-
mission, rescued and put into the river, near Rapids City, IIL,
441,700 fish, in twelve days’ time. A report of the work will
be found under head of Fish Distributed.

In the proper place in this report will be found tables, show-
ing the extent of the work of distribution of native fish, and_
where the plants have been made for the past two seasons.

CARP.

The demand for carp has not been so great during the last
two years as in those preceding, although our list of applicants
was still large.

The success attending the introduction of carp culture in Illi-
nois cannot be estimated in dollars and cents, and has never
been fairly placed before the people. Adverse criticism has, in

many instances had the effect of creating an undue prejudice
against the fish. Lack of care, and ignorance as to methods
of culture have done much more to cause the impression that
carp are not profitable to raise. Still, the facts are that a
very large number of those who prepared ponds for their recep-
tion, and gave them ordinary care, are successfully producing a
pr ofitable ‘supply of fish, every year, as food.—and good food,—
at a trifling comparative expense. In addition to this, evidences
are numerous to show that our streams are full of these fish,
and they are entering into the supply of food at almost every
point where fish are taken for market. Hundreds of ver y large
carp have been taken this season from the pools along the Illi-

nois river, and the fishermen report large catches from the
river itself, very often. These are the product of the planting,
by the Commission, of carp furnished us by the U.S. Fish Com-
mission, in the public waters of the State, a report of which
pen with list of streams planted, was published in a former
report

eae our ponds at Centralia we have e a large supply of young
and mature carp, which will be turned into public waters, after
applicants are supplied.

Many applicants throughout the State have been liberally
supplied by the U.S. Fish Commission direct, besides those who
have been supplied by the State Commission.

ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS.

The most knotty problem the Commissioners have had to solve
has been how to enforce the existing laws relating to the pro-
tection of the fish. True, as each year passes, the public senti-
ment is growing in favor of a better enforcement of these laws,
and a large number of clubs have been organized with that
purpose in view. The appointment of fish wardens has also
been of great help, but with all these aids, the law has been
openly and flagrantly violated in almost every part of the
State. The Illinois river, with its tributaries, which has no
superior in the State, or indeed in any of the states, has, for
this very reason, been the scene of the greatest amount of illegal
fishing.

For several seasons past it has been carried on to such an
extent that even the fishermen themselves remonstrated, and the
Commissioners, finding that they could not depend upon local as-
sistance to stop these violations, concluded to take the matter
in hand, and bring to bear all of their resources to check the
wholesale violations, prevalent the entire length of the river.
Everywhere the river was filled with fike-nets, with wings from
fifty ‘to one hundred feet in length, and in one instance, wings
and leads were seen one thousand feet long. In many places
only the channel of the river was open, all else being winged
off, leaving barely room for boats to run between the stakes.

The Commissioners put into service the little steamer, ‘‘Han-
nibal Eagle,’ and barge, which had been used by them for past
three years in towing live-boxes, etc., in gathering the young
native fish, and sent her from Meredosia, where she had been
laid up over winter, to Pekin, IIl., where Fish Wardens James
Haines and’ George Ayers took charge of her, and the work of
taking up the nets was begun. A few days’ work with the
boat demonstrated the fact that she was too small for such
work, as two or three nets would constitute a load for her.
So, after a trip to LaSalle, warning all fishermen to take up
nets, Messrs. George E. Cole, President, and Henry Hertz, of the
Fox River Fish and Game Association, were taken on board, and
the boat returned to Peoria. Here, upon consultation, and after
reviewing the work done, and that necessary to be done, it was

v

clearly demonstrated that, if the work were to be effective, a
larger and faster steamer must be employed. As the Commis-
sion did not have money available for the purpose, Mr. Cole
volunteered to purchase such a boat, and put her to work, pro-
vided the consent of the governor could be had. Upon present-
ing the facts to the governor, he readily assented to the prop-
osition, and the steamer ‘Lotus,’ a stern-wheel boat of 72 feet
length, 12 feet beam, double engine, and complete outfit, was
purchased for $1,250.00. The expense of running such a boat
was but little more than that of the smaller one, the employing
of a cook being the only necessary addition to the crew.

From the date of purchase until the work of taking the young
native fish was commenced, the steamer was kept on the Illinois
river, patrolling that stream and taking up nets, etc. The nets,
when taken up, were labeled, stating where taken, and then stored
and advertised, the owners being thus notified that they could
have their nets by proving property. But few were ever claimed,
and we have, at present time, a large number of such nets
on hand.

The wardens elsewhere have done splendid work, and in an-
other part of this report will be found a clear statement of just
what has been done by them, under head of Reports of Fish
Wardens.

Serving, as they do, without further compensation than that
which may accrue from the fines attending convictions, in almost
every instance they are largely out financially. The law, by its
provisions, prevents any compensation other than as stated.

The warden system can be made very effective, but some plan
of compensation should be arranged, and funds sufficient to
compensate for actual expenses incurred, and time employed,
should be made available. The work is of a disagreeable and
dangerous character, as many gangs of fishermen have shown,
both by threats and acts, that they would not hesitate to
add outlawry to their violations of the fish laws, should occa-
sion offer.

The Fox River Fish and Game Association have set an example
worthy of emulation, but, unfortunately, one which can hardly
be expected to be followed very generally, as such work requires
a lavish expenditure of both time and money, which all clubs
can not give.

The Fox river association requested that a man, whom they
selected, be appointed as fish warden to take care of Fox river,
and they have paid him a salary. The results of his work will
be apparent when we state that almost the entire length of
the Fox river is practically free from violations.

The work thus begun throughout the State should be carried
on vigorously, and boats kept on the river continually, during
the close season, in charge of competent wardens, and every
violation should be followed up promptly. The work of the

8

past season has demonstrated its value, in that never in the
history of the Illinois river have fish been as plenty as during
the past two months.

We believe the people at large want the fish protected, and
that even the responsible fishermen themselves are in favor of
laws that will prevent the practical extinction of the fish. Our
laws, with slight modification, are sufficiently strong. What we
want now is means and methods to enforce them.

FISHWAYS.

Since the last report there has been a very active enforcement
of the law upon this subject. Locally, those interested in the
preservation of food and game fish have shown a decided ac-
tivity in assisting the Commissioners in freeing the rivers from
obstructions to the passage of fish. Foremost in the work in
this State has been the Fox River Fish and Game Club. Their
efficient President, Mr. George E. Cole, deserves more than pass-
ing mention from us for his vigorous and successful work in this
direction. He has, personally, a number of times, gone the en-
tire length of Fox river in Illinois, giving the dams a careful
inspection, and familiarizing himself with their needs as regards
an open way for fish. He and his representatives have, by per-
sistent work and able co-operation with the Commissioners, suc-
ceeded in causing to be placed in every dam on Fox river, in
the State of Illinois, a good and sufficient fishway.

The work upon that river has been accomplished without re-
course to legal measures, and we think without entailing upon
any of the parties in interest any unnecessary expense or hard-
ship, while the advantage to the waters themselves and those
deriving any benefit from them has been of incalculable value.

Not alone upon Fox river has this work been carried on. In
the proper place in this report will be found a list of dams pro-
vided with fishways, and a proper report in each case.

We regard the question of the removal of obstructions in the
rivers for the free passage of fish as one of the great essentials
for the successful repopulation of the waters of such rivers.
Argument in its favor is unnecessary; it is only a plain question
of the statement of a fact. An obstruction sufficient to prevent
the passage of fish at all seasons of the year, whether it be a
dam or anything else, means, under ordinary circumstances, a
depletion of all waters above such obstructions, of fish, and this
permanently, unless restocked by artificial methods; while upon
the other hand, a free course for fish means an ever-increasing
supply of young for the whole length of the stream, providing
proper protection is given them.

9

List of dams provided with fishways during years of 1889 and
1890:

PECAN AG DAV LOD co. ors vce feces ofa cet eh eslnres cesses Meeder fori Canals 22 ck. clox ae nde oss este
oi ath Yeo Aya th Gt gan go 6 205 at Seb gma nceg St. eater Inne ais Fox River

RPO SU OO eee Oe ce knives Gas aide aleve nie.e siadelerdie iS etese
METS UO EOIN OLY) via ccc ciae a cyclo soa. cue siele-cinsieieee ae
ANS PANINOLG tice scaes es. «

Dam at North Aurora
Dam at Batavia... .......06.

Dam at Geneva............

Damat St. Charlés.............

PETS CUITIUOILV A Oscars oct eieleiea isis cerns ivinge see ot ales os ele ecle
Dam at Elgin....... nouesotdsopdeacoecoopmooo Sood Nao ar
var ORE DON LOM VILOt, 5 croc sie ere ore wie ovelevieies to anisles sie whee

“e

MATA THAT EON CULIEL tosh ocsivicie ars Siie. wicie ateia.s Sees aissles aoe

TDEEED SDL ION OT § See a anne i air Embarras River

MIE IMERO GIRTON OM «te aaeik thesroalc sathog vote a.b.ae bute eatenss ROCKS bert tetetNeisic arco, taney cletoioleyersre
i eaeramen em MET OO lie aetcs cherie csvieicisicle clonic Sisoue siscealsle wanen’s Sal @reele tc asc ten neem nae tosee ins
Pi arriges HAP OIN an to. traciecienics vice Seis esr elo Gale viet shsaios crc ers Crooked Gree kere criacncn christs
PPP ECOL OL Cine cssievcfareiciroes ste tic loslure sade ene aS eepesicials.s IR(oYe) ed RUA) CI Oc oop c ORO ei rtice meee

OFFICE.

Since our last report we have been enabled, by appropriation
made, to enlarge and repair our office at Quincy, Ill., adding
some very much needed improvements, such as a safe, desk, of-
fice chairs, letter press, pigeon-hole cases, and other conveniences
made necessary by our largely increased business. One new hull
was placed under office boat, and the other repaired. New lines.
and fastenings were put on, and we now have comfortable and
convenient quarters on Quincy Bay.

In the proper place will be found an exhibit of expenditure of
appropriation.

PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

As before stated, the past two seasons have developed an un-
usual amount of interest in the protection of fish, and the en-
forcement of the laws.

Organizations for that purpose had been formed, and active
co-operation with the Commissioners has resulted in a more
systematic enforcement of the laws, both as to fish and fish-
ways.

At the head of the list—and we feel sure that place will be
cheerfully accorded them by every club in the State, both for
the character and extent of the organization, and the practical
good which has attended their efforts—stands the Fox River
Fish and Game Association.

Mr. George E. Cole, their efficient president, has spent a large
amount of money and time in the enforcement of the laws, and
through his efforts has obtained a considerable amount of
money outside of the organization for the same purpose. The
efforts of this association were not confined to Fox river alone,
but the Illinois river as well, has been the gainer by the active
assistance they have given the Commissioners in this work.

10

This association is composed of citizens of almost every town
and city along the Fox river valley and Fox lake, as well as
a number in Chicago.

But while the Fox River Fish and Game Association has been
active in its work, other asociations have not been idle, and
we are glad to acknowledge our appreciation of the favorable
results following the efforts of the following named clubs:

‘Charleston Fish Protective Association.... .................0ees Icharleston, i Bee Se
Springfield Fishing Club..............-..s0e-seseeseeeeeecesececees Springfield, Ill.....-.........
IDF Hotallltewd Mito Oil eguaecocasserebeccseEEondcesonnomna. tant cadmon cade Danville, Tl 2 ooo eases
TRUK DAALON A ANTeI Oy CONN oS A cogdunnacouocueseccucecumGuesctocpbaguomusEe (Alton, fll)... 2-0 seeen Seer
Beaver Dammbake Mishima Cli se see eos mre tees via cetera rete cie ei Carlinville, THAI veeaeeeseees
tsOlnoy deel pile) TAME 8) O}M 6 Qo ngocnouneoncecee anon. oom. ceodncacecos 2 Waterloo, TiE?.. =o.) eee
VG) Fp aNo DS 2Xoy aVol Ni aubaVed CMe Gang onbecocoJuneudedooe.y seouce=-GcoUoCe Waterloo, Ill....... :
Lake Bartlett Fishing Clulbiis. cs saceas ce sccc n0s feces Gale g erste tierce olf ants ooine Orete oe

Decatur Fishing Club.............. ..-|Decarur, TE.

Galesburg Fishing Club........... .... Galesburg, Ill...

Mordock hakerbishing Clupsiycecescmaeereniecce cee eee este er |e sae eee -
Olney Hunting and Fishing Club. ... Olney, Dll...02: eeeeeeseneere
Eagle Lake Fishing Club.......... Gladstone, TID. 2. ocr ee eees

‘@Quineysnishtandi Game Olubts..s os saacces seer taal os ecleriats Quincy, DNs. 22a Spe st Pep
1

LIST OF NATIVE FISH DISTRIBUTED.

The distribution of native fish comprises, for the greater part,
mature, breeding game fish, such as bass, all varieties, croppie,
strawberry bass, pickerel, pike, spotted and channel catfish,
wall-eyed pike, ringed perch and the sunfishes. A carload con-
tains from 5,000 early in the season, to from 1,000 to 1,500
later on. The plants were made, as nearly as possible, in such
portions of rivers or lakes as were best adapted to their recep-
tion.

During the season of 1889 two cars were used, while for sea-
son of 1890, three cars, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, were in service at vari-
ous times during the season.

The fish distributed were from four to fourteen inches in
leneth, and it is a fair presumption to suppose that the spring
following plant would show a large increase.

LIST OF NATIVE FISH DISTRIBUTED IN 1889.

Stream. Near. County. Number.
|
IMS CIID BiWi cciacs- srecite cic vegcte wists eisrele fe oiniere tassel] cle stetates Cictetei etoterenTetestes Moan. cc... .caewe 2,500
ACA MIKA COiscrad aie ss nereein visi eee os Oem alee KaniknkGee Jose nce. Kankakee ........ 3,500
(Par MAK OS ate verenccotees eres swe ceemcet CHIBABOR Woe feet we OUOGIEESa.. cee core 2,100
THONG UAC Seweein edn sucees en feteten seis cere wiatets MItGHe Gn juaewusences Madison.......... 2,000
RONG MAG: ces ce conece caren retaunicere ches Shelbyville ........... SHOIDY sss .ccukes 2, 600
NMDA sc eee eeteootase eo nteiitess tosis Charleston o = 5, 000
Berlin Wakes. scdeen socmmucate BGR kes 1,500
Wabash Ry. Reservoir .| Lanesville....s....00s sSangaMInN........ 2,200
Or B&Q) (REServOinsne sensors . |QalOBhurg.. cece sesnce KNOX. cekinecevees 1,560
BOX Laker side adigun cigeckek omnes . | MGHIGn Ty scons Cees McHenry ......... 2,200
CEYStsll Lighke jasuccosmetnaeecene .|Crystal Lake........, eA eee 2,500
SansaMoneviscicccsenme worn ee slows uinec WOGMuUenc cewk con vies MWAGOD cen cs Canwien 2,300
OEM IMO Macierats ticle 9am tielspelo rere e Rricleree Cnr oe RiV@EtOn ete. cea vine Sangamon........ 1,500
CSAP RINGS tire ase mtn ceatestnee Cauennecte Riverside, .........0s5 GOOKs .i. css ustewes 3,500
PPStANAUa MAK OG. occ.n ceeearanaeeeks Cenk MGOHBRE Ye. akk McHenry ........ 2,200
TRO RALBKG a dae cvamtaeicene ss okt sects ceeene risiclen Se Sieh. Peas Soe ee “0 seeemeenee 3,100

Ja

List of Native Fish Distributed in 1SS9.—Continued.

Stream. Near. County. Number.

SERPS OL I (SO RIGLOS) og cere loc.3 ovs'e sieieiwye'e siesele's.0 Belleville ca.cesene oe St, Clair.......... 1.800
PPRSET ML UO Meee ee tee crore lcters io siocinias ole ai t SEM etait: Mion. o aStetage avis 1.200
REPRCIB ER ISICD sees Cres oh ne tis cce'cn Se sicles cies US (api a ee oe | ee ar eae eee 900
MME Dra EME eres oN cas ca scits slkyeeciie sissies af IGGUBuGh.. acento Randoluk Phe seats 1,000
TOTP: (CHG fe A Pivniouthy soccer eee aMCOGKP ecm scr 2,500
(UNOS STG UOT 12) Fo IMaGOMDE ak eeetoeeoee MecDonough...... 1,575
12 SUS DEG) 25 Be career earisees ARC eee Bardolphiencweewyc a PRabeCoek 500
SPER RV YDS Hs. 6 asics cael cassicccse weiss ciciea'elawe TOUS VINE. ic. ce. ois Olayanacececee ees 2,500
NOTEVENCROL VOIP wtssieic'ca scsiee sels ccts ne oie ia nv oe A Hii) sui X=} (olamean Ease core Monigomier Vn 1,000
RECO SETS Scere ern le tics tick wsmiooes ct OVA eine cemirnseG reels (Ol cadanaehennee 2,100
Illinois Central Reservoir ................ Olintontee oe oscec Me Witte ss. cise. 2,000

PAGS COUNTY: cicles cle ocice civics eles wisls"sesie/ere IPGtOMAC Hester: Wermilion.: .v.... 250
Insane Asylum Reservoir.............++. Jacksonville.......... IMOT EBT eh wets estas 3,000
Deaf and Dumb Asylum Reservoir ...... Jacksonville.......... he eet basting. | seis 1,000
IRV Oy DI AKG: ccc ne caiiceleu secs ave MaGomupinisee) cece coe Macoupin......... 2,600
VE ELIA CRED ED EVIE ULV OU ctsjaja voiciora/eic craves eie:sieicie o01cle «.e sie CASE a hnameeoe cr LAE Ae ae SE Sd 1,500
RET HOMINERE VOI cet orcs caasis net pw oa'ne ono Be ateetinas WAETEN sc sce ce 500
Soh RS Se ee IDO, sonearinecoodadcs ILC ed Sr orunne sar 2,600
ENERGY VED ores ate oalcisls cigersieihsie me vag vee eer Rock - IGERYGIERES= once [Rock Island...... 5,500
RO RMINEV OD arc eer tone co ce teks dusweieeieewelaaree IATITOLANA ose eee Iiyi\e Mh eeeesocaese 3, 600
1DVi LEGER S28 Go Sopecic Coe Cee Re Ae Een aEeoe Naperville............ DPR ates ee eee 5,000
TST EI NGYe het Og Oe aS See eRe tage Dekalb. encee. IDE INGUIN OY goes saeeas 2,500
SET CUNO loss cetera rou.ciou's otiowcieie. WE SOtOs. acrms cosets Wacksomicee.etoe. 2,700
FSIS EMM Nici cyte anigs sia nie'e nero ete sioleln Wihe@atOnijy ts scenes IMOMEOC acsccne oe 3,500
IVENCeY SPT RAS a a8S5 Bee Co eee eee cree eit Riverdale....... Cae | ROOM Oe merce ie dars 1,500
LTT SOIR Gee gb Saree an ane ee eras Wilmington’. ---.... Wl ee eee ene 2,250
PI MEPOE BOK eee foto ncmise Cs duis bolo tieiiets aieunes IBEW EST BO) dies Ste conan on Gane secon ee 1,250
PSEA ES AITVO TRULY OL iotsqersieieie cis binserncejcloss-ete oh als cre Retersbunei eos onace IM levar Rol oeeeeaoec 1,000
Warrier gh Opa) JRA) ibn do Jan eae ae Se Eee IPOLOMIACH toss neeee cee Mivane ston)... mec: 1,500
PIO MMV Olea pha skne ve gids cs.cnink omcaruiste S@wille a tooccaeeinenen IGM ORM dace oe cetiee 2,500
RONG Oke selena acayein co Robi iekie her's ovine Sionimeoneldiasccceniese Sangamon........ 500
ISPUET EHOMUS EVE OTh sro ere 0's niads:a(a'a s ewe/tuetevsisteisiee niece WieltS@lay ec poem eter. IOUWOISe sree 1,500
EGE MBER NVOT cca iets chic esis anisole aint sinie’ Prophetstown........ WiINTEESTOG eeeeene 3,100
FENG BECO eee clasine Ro dab aceon cue caaiparacie BYTOM En sekissce osseane OPlores tao e 2,600
SMa eee Katedectrctes ctclesniom cis. skiers aeauae aa ehok WieeGhy occ e5oneuobode: Washington...... 3,100
MGS STS SUN DIG IVCL? cies Sees sys ait nselnore fave V arious points Serer ue obone cheerios
OSL CDE eRe nc ces cieeen seal icecescs|h ee ey hae) vataeinoas Be Geventon este steesterseiote

7

* Wherever work was carried on, the surplus over and above those used for distribu-
tion was put into the river, or nearest deep water in the vicinity. The fish so planted.
ae aggregate many hundreds of thousands, and would comprise all varieties of native

1s

LIST OF NATIVE FISH DISTRIBUTED IN 1890.

Steams. Near. County. Number.
Berar CPCS OLY Olbics in erties cciewiacietc Lesh en eee sree IRON OR de sewocakeies 2,965
Tae (HE TING lagend dooce Sade Oe CE beCU ec Donal enbnae BOBS ABEG crn Stents hans Choe cen eencenne 2,000
RUE AINOIMULIVOL scree iene. actin wceee URivertonepssess see es Sangamon........ 2,060
PERE TRUYN CSTV MINES aia te aerers ets era cic ra ae ales ese IDGGAtHD S cacee nse Jens IMaArconis.ces<cece ck 2,500
GRE SH COUN =: «ckenicissacc mech anaes cette AVAAEAIN Bs es ioral ciscare CASS Te ca ecaniscee 1,500
[BN ras DATAS REULV OE) orate dirate wi <levom mere olemiale ew ve Charleston........... (Ofe) f\- tee eee cee 2,280
TRG So LD a ee Se re ee MIGHOen yaa ncn ees ne McHenry.......... 2,494
Lites, LIN @ iba ee ciaeta iis ce aires as ae cece tetas yea cose ane ee are eee s 1,496
PEM ePH OC ISLPEIAIK sone sae ece uate ttecec eis cleats SE Recon serades kg Dye: aware aheie 1,240
ERTS. DT Gy 2a Sn Grays Lake........... Nal Gia. fects es ck e 1,500
MEGOUOMIRKO® cacccoccsccaee cece Ne Tea ener D5 Te ie OP TESS ees. ee 1,250
PREC EN UCI to Serials ciccisie'e' sig ele gs tis sinine%e INapervill@? ces ccc. s's PDIP AEs Ss aocee 1,900
MES I GOUNGY: o.oo ont cee es cases vn Macombnes sate oe MeDonough...... 1,500
Son nbs SAN CAR OB AARC tees GreenyallOsiessccnes ==) ODM: vecvacsye vse. 900
Bet SP ib actasca picnic cecge sions sie Lebanon.............- MS GIBIEY. wc ontact - 600
Wa ho irc coon aecoe eae cee te Glintontigeisesec<-5<: IDEN Mi desae oanines 500
of EER eee Shirleyy.acssecotess oe IMG MOET Sis. ceek 9000
eee WRG eco Sete a osc oererels cele es oe ReYSpPOrces eos. scs Olintonee ston se 1,100
Big LUD SG bead sagan ee I oberon Onto ee IDI AS Ta} Cane eon nebooe Jackson .......--- 1,500
Lakes IN COUNTY «22.2... 0... esses eee ee eens @arbondales.....cs-.s ig? Lccoutncttenes 900
RE oe hac oni wile os INTE) case ene ce eetee TITON « anal ocarees 800
CHOI RAVOR Sade 2 -cirscsmedatenins «cadeees+'sals RUIN) con en nase Ae tee Pulaski. 22... -<. 1,500
Fox TEWVOR S525 ads. ne aeee SMe oc wacens (AUT OLA. decececeescee: RANG 2 a eaues seekers 2,500
FEC ce ok anee enh OR ae ROecicasien ee Genevasticieuss deen. eeGat oe taies 1,500
STEG Dai Tigh ae eee ee Seville See eee can con IRUHEORS coe. cence 1,500

IES EPISINGS <5 Ses ccs.cccavis eee sac RiversidGeaacs-. se. OOOK ects cn 2,500

12

List of Native Fish Distributed in 1890—Continued.

Streams. Near. County. | Number.
'
l |

MOEREAIION EVI Gt nae acer ciedieles «serio steres Danvilleies2.7-sseees Vermilion .....s03 : 2,600
Kankakee. 6 se carcacuseeaans ove LAKheankakee. a .o.ce see Kankakee ........| 5,000
Greeny Riviermmencascsmnecteleeie oe | COLONIA caan eect saitere LONE 52-550 2,100
MGiWwards WAVED. csnecsecriecen MO PWG Is. cosas noses gee ET 1,500
IBA E (ol iiahny7 ooduduscuocouoL ..|Gladstone............ Henderson........ 5,000
QucGenSwake a. wiuclese eden Pa MOLLE CLVaet ns adiacn eee Washington...... 1,500
Iuittle Wabash River v.2..--.-....+.. | Clay Oltyee-cc.2s scene Clay. ings ee 1,260
Imakes Honk Saltt Crees ssscesencmetensne |Lake Fork............ Logan)... 2.s0e2cual 1,600
Saline RIVGE ace ret ost earenecccdcems ne |Texas MO TG Vireretearcscote ates Saline ..25. 25.08 i 1,000
renders onehiviGie cerns lease cine ier Henderson... 5... ..s |Henderson.......| 2, 200
Walkees imiCounty ao enassser reenter lI WiaterlOORc cscs ine cece St: Clair sss 1,700

PTR Pas ctedacodsodoods oivassee We@banONs se. 5ee-e sce -2 | 2 ee 1,000
Wabash Biver.s.s-... es see case ew eR | Vincennes OS soe Oise |: Js. ace 2,500
GAS KA SKTANEVLVGIiemicte careers cierto ainercten | 2,100

Girlie. ieee |Clinton i ee

Report of D. J. Webb of twelve days’ work rescuing native
fish near Rapids City, UL:

RAPIDS CiTy, ILL., October 18, 1890.
S. P. BARTLETT, EsqQ., Secretary:

DEAR SrR:—Herewith please find vouchers and report for the work done
here. Estimating the hauls at about the same, we have transferred from
the drying pools to the river, in all, about as follows:

IB UUTG 8 SieneesaryionsissSisverevelo e's stoic orev cerard’cmtors wha arsinvacolercts ate ale iolorere lal’ « anstenetlarcte/sie eGrera’atelaleale teenies ana 13,350
IB ASB ir aroteress 0) sas talola clare o evetoistelefotetutole\sietel=ieieceseiaeielalem pel staintar ie ele soll e afew inal a sieie <a aS:
©@EODPDUSS sau scccoicicsetdieiersinss,o.aajermsnbelels sole. gis eis) staisis aval eis; sia erelaleioteie Ne etelstelaiere & =1clelelere <ets/eeinie’siaaeeaamana 25, 000
SSUMIMETSD 565 i. 0 wscsacaroys alerard Giwraic elerateveratonsare: Sfatosaihielar-arayod wreimielelare sk oPayalaistole rele kre ere ss Sete a cit e/a eee 12,200
(OF ig (ener en Pn ier eran oe ean nme soko HAC EOr orn OU ts 14, 600
MES UU FLEA Oe sorateters os cta clei oretese =i ators or tatatehetoxetate el eieiecefoterere Selete reer eiclers ey eate eta ctaralar= Setet late ate 12, 200
PICK OCT Ol AMG sO TKO seseterereisieslereleete verte crete tnieie wicie = eleieietel leds lorstel ee lat el elelel teeter cial eat 11,550
Hickory shadtand: miscellameous ish acme csmisecne cecum cieicae clslewiveiseb isle nicle ales sleet 333, 000
Making tOtaliOhscn: woccacee neice atte nareaete alsjarstoialsiecicn as cleselerale is = singe.e eels eae 441,700

The hickory shad were very thick, and I presume we put in more than
the number estimated. The bass, croppie, sunfish and pickerel were in
fine condition; and all went off into the deep water at once. We did not
get over one-sixth of our territory.

Yours very truly,
(Signed. ) D. J. WEBB.

PIKE PERCH DISTRIBUTION.

The U. S. Fish Commission gave us, in 1889, one car load of
the fry of the pike perch (wall-eyed pike) for distribution in the
public waters of the State, and another car load was sent us in
1890. These fish were brought to Hlinois from the U. 8. Com-
mission Hatching Station at Sandusky, O., in the cars of the
U. 8S. Fish Commission, the use of which, with their crews,
was furnished us free, for our distribution, by the U. 8. Fish
Commission. The transportation of the car and crew to Llinois
was furnished by the U. 8. Commission, and oyr railroads fur-
nished us free transportation for car and crew within the
State, for the distribution. We submit herewith a list of the
plants made.

13

Car load of pike perch fry deposited in public waters in IIli-
nois, by car No, 2, Mr. W. A. Dunnington in charge, under the
direction of State Board of Fish Commissioners, May, 1889:

Stream. Location. Number.
Sangamon River Decatur, Ill_...... of 200, 000
Kankakee River Kankakee, Ill ... c 6, 000,000
pgamon River Barclay, Lil..... 200,000
: a é Springfield, Til. Ste 1,000, 000
EP ROMWINILLOMONG: «<2 ccc ce acsecscccscces MAN SS VINSM Dera es ace cs ds ctetiee ttle ne ce 1,000, 000
TASIEOPELONG OLSON ..ccscoe cco rencce Seceaiees ase Cuuire sete hg teens i ne. 100,000
PLE PARAS UEME MOD es acidic od coon pone onc celels (SEN EE AG ol Lg i ier 100, 000
LDGES UDINE ARS Oa SRR Ree Eee nes (Une au Ul AS eNCaAsees cceeue cab ne ob Sees | 100), 000
MaAKODSIASMULL < eee ccc. scene ccc cee wees (Mar bins walle sD ce semen tae sare saeiancse 1 100, 000
ETT ULV OD taice er iniserece ccicieisiancies wvieeice Moredumiaiiist GU nite eth See oho 1,300, 000
MPVSRISSID DL RIVOIe = cs ccce cokes nee cere cnn (Orig exon ial ats So Siecle aac cme ertae ore etee 1,300, 000
DIVO o doa li dnxdSt coho R Mid Ge re SORE RE RSDISCIaIE 6 aatee 6 Cel Orn Gr iate Hy aR EIACia- cnr 11, 400, 000

Car load of pike perch fry deposited in public streams in IIli-
nois, by car No. 1, Mr. Newton W. Simmons in charge, under
the direction of the State Board of Fish Commissioners, May,
1890:

Stream. Loeation. Number.
eon EVI OID sare Ses na sreleraieis aio eta War oanigedlte eee ne Mea ete cities sees 1, 000, 000
Spring HIGAMG eee he iactge ve oath tot eee ae IPG oy Aone eine dose kere eee 500, 000
GEERT ULV Ola. ja slice cielo oe sisiefeid odeenao SS Tete) Rita 1 Ue eer eee Meer em Een on eer eae 500,000
RAMP AMONIRIVER slo. .o5 «cc claw ce eidoe cee he Petershure Ws cin coschcmasseneca esis 300, 000
PHAR OONRIVON occ: oct omes.ccsccecess bees Kankakee sites ct ascsns cone scectesueeure 3,378, 000
IPAM AERAS EVLVOR fue. caateccbtiechonckcncuce Diiarleston she: fo 25s os ee oes, 1,500,000
LUSTER on ccogpn dia RUG SOBRE OG GEESE ore! | PCIE RNC” penn se Cena: oO Sr er 7,178, 000

FISH WARDENS

We submit herewith a list of the fish wardens appointed by
your Excellency, upon the recommendation of the Commission-
ers; also the reports of such wardens.

Taking into consideration the fact that a large proportion of
the work reported has been done without compensation, other
than that received from the fines collected from an occasional
conviction, we feel that the work makes a good showing.

LIST OF FISH WARDENS.

NAME. LOCATION. DATE.

PWrbles OO OHS eer card denncicne ais eas veier IIGHMONG wees coe os sick = 5c: October 4, 1889.....
OOM Partlowee.csc: ose. Springtield.. |October 4, 1889.....
WOHNSMIGOL. . .cc5ccuec Carthage . \Oectober 4 1980" soe:
IMG WelG yy... 56.65 Wilmington .. November 6, 1889.....
8 8. Juda .....{Collinsville . January 28, 1890. ....

Wm. H. Henley Workville . vceseun January 28, 1890.....
Hie Re D@rn sos soseen Beardstown Mare 19, 1890.....
Fe UGH ate case aid daw dena hank’ AIBN... 5. eee ee een oak knee March 99, 1890.:...
Ie PY Gr OGM emantten ce meet tac cacpieeieie MOWIONCE csemereeccetie cect lac see April 2, 1890: .-..
BET ORs Was G eee srs tine ane ears Sonie's « LCT) Teneo coc cont icasboleaeedsens April 4, 1890.....
H.C. MeClung..........-.--...s0s00+. Keiths bungee cee ssceac~<. counts April 11, 1890. ....
ROOM Wa AVOLS acs catheter cde ccuunbwass Spring EMGRGr eee -cccsttose scccue April 25, 1890.....

ahs
L&

List of Fish Wardens—Continued.

NAME. LOCATION. DATE.
}
DAS PELBINOS ROU agitate’ etal erelccl dala tro aeisiad ROR sa optins s)rnen apie deen aetsineip ae April 23, 1800: ..,..
Jas Sampson sce caeavennece aie nee IBACHEOWIl\2 hs fence ase see ee eae |April 2%, 1890......
J PASWATHIBION So ciosc crs cence eerie ees (IPOORIS Jaijunac one te teeta ae May SS.
OUTED VET Wiis aan sretictars oaieinie sie clears ee COICHEStOE oicc/ss'sc ees rsdsenewees May 9, 1800: .u5.
Cre loy UGH EI A ocarinacciogcauanneaucenee Wait all en oe eteeica tose teed ated May 9, 1800...
CAT IWIOOOTUIEG. ciara cic. w eoicoenceleaeee IRIVEESIOCl ciecces cove costo ome ‘May 13, 1890.....
Walter D. Hodgson .................. INGWaDOSEOD: ce idinaie a. atecenpee eae \May 19 TO rs
Clara lackaweller ects ois scesetis tet iate Grip Sevier sace..scecrers enemas May 29,1. 5.53
JOHN DICKSON, (ence o.. sss eceeseercces POCCT AMEE ate certs ae oicleiaicisiisietmtn stems |June 3, 1890. ....
AS ELUNE ZVOEL yrenscnccee sence: SUNIVATICA Rates aera te eee June ig Pe
IMaYoEE Tetra Aye 6 scoop coDobaddaecuadoacsar A Meads) 8G Willits) etiecaamaoor snoceec tc June 6, 1890.....
MAGS: RIMINI cron yceraneleie oetee visveltere VARIN diste cess tndice tec verecs mad ee July 8, 1890.....
Firien(el Onan NOM yrgecenpnonnecosee BROWNE so itieso cs odae cee ceteoe July a oe
SNE. MPEG I hs so atane a omekcntromaaeenes CHATIGSEON anaes fone eee cee July 15, 1890.....
HiGhanr Gs Har eness. selecnet cere etiee PSCAUI es ee ccwscees oa ee atodioe August 5, 1890. ....
Os Schwerdtlecer.:. sateen canes MIN COINS. << oeeememeeeue ante August 6, 1890. ....
ChasHPRBronsoOnircessccaceen seer Palintdn Ss ceceeten see aeces August 30, 1890.....
Olive CPHaStOneercrmc-eeereeeceee La Gib oom speunveocccoe: (ate outoec August 30, 1890.....
18 emai? lal UU bh aiXe) Genjuros beccuapadc Vitoiniam cf c.c0 acon seecneurs en Pees September 18, 1890.....
‘eal UM fsUten'/oy eleGaauaade re COGda Take moot NOD Oiecreas cores roth sateeeevetaes ones 1?, 1890. ....

Fish Warden Thos. Wright removed by Governor Fifer for cause,
1890.
b]

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JOHN D. TREW, COLCHESTER, ILL.

Was appointed May 9, 1890. I have had notices regarding fish laws in-
serted in county papers, and have spoken to all whom I knew were inter-
ested in fish culture in regard to same. I have taken up no nets. Where
I had reason to believe seining had been done all promised obedience. I
feel sure all seining has been stopped. I have made one arrest for failure
to put in fishway. No convictions, though I had one party arrested and
tried before justice of peace. Defendant chose a jury and was acquitted.
I have served seven fishway notices, to wit: Pleasant Valley, Lamoine,
Birmingham, Brooklyn, Morell, Scott and Hoffman’s Mills. Have put in
three fishways, to wit: Pleasant Valley, Lamoine and Birmingham, the
latter mill situated in Schuyler county. There are four dams in Schuyler
county unprovided with fishways, viz: Brooklyn, Morell, Scott and Hoff-
man.

In McDonough county the main stream is Crooked creek. Tributaries
are Spring creek, Troublesome creek and Camp creek.

I believe there are few, if any, violations of fish laws. Crooked creek is
a fine stream for game fish. For want of fishways fish are becoming very
scarce. People of Schuyler county complain about there being no fishways
in dam across Illinois river at La Grange.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN LOUIS C. SCHWERDTFEGER, LINCOLN, ILL.

Was appointed August 6, 1890. Have notified no one in regard to fish
laws. Have taken up no nets. Have made five arrests, viz: Wm. Scott,
Matthew Wortman, John Hopp, Jacob Hopp and John Ranft, and secured
conviction in each case.

Have served no fishway notices. Have had one fishway pnt in, which
was done by the Lincoln Water Works Co.

No dams in county unprovided with fishways.

The streams in our county are Salt creek, Kickapoo creek, Sugar creek,
Deer creek and Prairie creek.

Violations of the law have decidedly diminished since my appointment.
I do not think that any more will occur very soon.

15

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN THOS. R. MULLINS, ANNA, ILL.

Was appointed August Ist, 1890. Have notified no one to obey the law.
Have posted notices. Have. taken up no nets. Have made no arrests.
No convictions. No fishways put in. No dams in my county unprovided
with fishways. No violations since my appointment, but frequent before.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN O. C. EASTON, HAVANA, ILL.

Was appointed August 13, 1890. Have notified three persons to obey the
law. Have taken up no nets. No arrests have been made. No convic-
tions. Have served no fishway notices. No fishways put in. No dams in
my county unprovided with fishways. I have not learned of any violations
of the law. I have examined several seines, and found them according to
the law. Streams in this county: Illinois river, Quiver river, and _ bor-
dering on the Sangamon river.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN C. F. DERR, BEARDSTOWN, ILL.

Was appointed March 18, 1890. Have notified seven fishermen to obey
the jaw. Have taken up no nets. Have made no arrests. No convictions.
Have served no fishway notices. Have put in no fishways. The Illinois.
river has one dam unprovided with fishway, the La Grange locks. Every-
thing here is in good shape. There are, and have been no violations of
the fish laws.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN J. A. AMSLEY, PEORIA, ILL.

Appointed May 9, 1890. Have notified twenty-two persons to obey the
law. Have taken up twenty-eight nets. Have made five arrests. Have
secured four convictions: one case appealed, suit pending. Have served
no fishway notices and none have been put in. There are no dams in the
county of Peoria.

Fishing in this locality is much better this fall than for several former
seasons. Violations much less frequent, there being occasional violations,
but generally the fishermen are complying with requests of the State law.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN CLARK BLACKWELL, GRIGGSVILLE, ILL-

Appointed May 29, 1890. Have notified thirty persons to obey the law.
Have taken up eleven nets. Have made nine arrests, and secured seven
convictions. There are four dams unprovided with fishways in this
county. Violations are frequent, but owing to the expense of the work
I cannot secure convictions, as there is no way to secure reimbursement
for expenses.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN J. E. STEVENS, NOBLE, ILL.

Was appointed October 13, 1890. Have notified twenty-five persons to
obey the law. Have taken up no nets, but have taken out two traps and
dams. Have made five arrests. Have secured no convictions. Have served
no fishway notices. No fishways put in. There is one dam on Fox river
unprovided with fishway. It is an old mill-dam.

Violations of the law are frequent, though I have them considerably

diminished since my appointment. The streams are Little Wabash, Fox
and Big Muddy rivers.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN RICHARD HARKNESS, DECATUR, ILL.
Appointed August 5, 1890. Have had notice to obey the fish laws in-

serted in all the papers. Have taken up no nets but have removed six
traps. Have made thirty arrests and secured six convictions; the other

16

cases were compromised by State’s attorney. Have served two fishway
notices. There have been no fishways put in. The city here has prom-
ised to build one. There are two dams unprovided with fishways.

Violations have ceased since my appointment. I found, in October,
below the dam here, a large number of fish that had died from the effects,
I think, of the city sewer and gas works.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN F. L. BUCK, ELGIN, KANE COUNTY, ILL.

Appointed March 29, 1890. Have notified more than two hundred per-
sons to obey the law; in fact, all I met while patrolling the river. Have
taken up seventy nets. Have made fifteen arrests for violations of the
fish laws. Have secured thirteen convictions. I have served no fishway
notices, as they had been served before my appointment. There have
been eight fishways put in since my appointment. There are no dams in
the county unprovided with fishways, except the west dam at Aurora,
where there are two at the same place, divided by an island.

The fishing in my district, Fox lake and Fox river, has never been bet-
ter than this summer, and there have been very few violations since I
commenced to arrest violators. The only stream with fish in this county
is Fox river.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JAMES SAMPSON, CALHOUN COUNTY, ILL.

Appointed April 25, 1890. Have taken up one net. Have made no ar-
rests. Have served no fishway notices. None putin. The fishing grounds
in this county are the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, the Hamburg, Gil-
lead and Cape Au Gris bayous. Unlawful fishing is less frequent since
my appointment.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JAMES HAINES, JR., PEKIN, ILL.

Was appointed April 25, 1890. Have notified all fishermen from Henry,
Ill., to Meredosia, Ill., to obey the law. About fifty nets were destroyed
without taking up. Have seven in storage house at Pekin at this date.
Have made one arrest for illegal seining in Kingston lake, Peoria county,
Ill. Have secured conviction in one case. Have served one fishway notice
on owner of Fisher’s mill, on Mackinaw river, Tazewell county, Ill. Have
put in no fishways. I do not know the number of dams in this county,
but none of them have the proper fishways.

The violations are considerably less frequent since my appointment, and
I could, if properly recompensed for the work, time and money expended,
stop all violations.

The Mackinaw river, Farm creek, Ten Mile creek, Sugar creek and
Crane creek are the principal streams containing fish to any great number.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN H. C. M’CLUNG, KEITHSBURG, ILL.

Appointed April 11, 1890. Have notified thirty-five persons to obey the
law. Have taken up two nets. Have made six arrests and secured three
convictions, three having taken change of venue, and trial set for 28th of
November. Have served no fishway notices, and none have been put in.
There are three dams unprovided with fishways in this county.

Violations are considerably less since my appointment. The streams are
Pope .creek, Edwards creek and Eliza creek. The first has two dams and
the second one.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN GEORGE KEMPER, DANVILLE, ILL.

Appointed May 9, 1890. Have notified all persons to obey the law.
Have taken up no nets, as no set nets are used in our county. Have ar-
rested two gangs of fishermen, one having six seines in their possession
and the other four. Have secured six convictions.

17

The Vermilion river and its tributaries, North, Middle and Salt Forks,
are the principal streams in Vermilion county. Illegal fishing has been
done by three different methods, viz: The square dip-net, formerly used
a great deal during spring freshets below the dam; but this was not
practiced so much last spring, especially after I caught and convicted a
man in April, before my appointment as Fish Warden. The second
method was the seine or drag-net. There are upwards of twenty seines
owned in Vermilion county, and these nets are being used whenever the
owners see a chance to do so without being caught, and the catching is
very difficult. The convictions of the gang on November 28, for seining,
were made possible only because they fell out with each other, and one
man was anxious for revenge on the rest of the gang, and even then the
head of the gang and owner of the seine could not be convicted, because
he did not happen to go this particular time on which the other convic-
tions were had. The third method is the use of explosives, giant powder
or dynamite. Even the seiners and dip-netters hate the dynamiter, and L
think there have been no violations of that kind since June, 1890. We
had so many watching all over the county for dynamiters that I thing we
succeeded in frightening them.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN GEORGE W. AYERS, SPRING LAKE, ILL.

Appointed April 25, 1890. Have notified all the fishermen in the district
to obey the laws. Have taken up and have now in my possession about
thirty-six nets, and have destroyed about twenty-five more without re-
moving them. Have made two arrests and have an indictment pending
in another case. Have secured two convictions with fines assessed at 530
and costs in each case. Total fines paid $130.60 in county court of Taze-
well county. Have served one fishway notice on owner of dam at Fisher’s
Mill, on the Mackinaw river. No fishways have been put in. There are
no fishways in any of the dams in Tazewell county. Violations are few
and far between since my appointment. The Mackinaw is the principal
stream in this county, and should have all dams on it (and there are
several) supplied with suitable fishways, and that before next spring, so
that the fish can get up to it to spawn.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN THOS. PERRY, TERRE HAUTE, ILL.

Was appointed June 6, 1890. Have notified eight persons to obey the
laws. Have taken up four nets. Have made no arrests and secured no
convictions. Have served no fishway notices. Have put in no fishways.
There are no dams in the county unprovided with fishways. The viola-
tions of fish laws are less frequent since my appointment, but there are
still occasional instances, but we fail so far to obtain the necessary proof
for conviction.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN F. M. PARKER, CHARLESTON, ILL.

Appointed July 15, 1890. Have notified twenty-six persons to obey the
law. Have taken up no nets. Have made four arrests and have secured
three convictions. Have served no fishway notices. One fishway has been
put in, viz.: at Newton, Jasper county, Ill. There is one dam at Lawrence-
ville, Lawrence county, unprovided with a fishway. Violations of the
fish laws have been frequent in the past but have materially decreased
since my appointment. The streams are the Embarras river and its trib-
utaries.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN CHAS. T. BRONSON, PULLMAN, ILL.

Appointed August 30, 1890. Have notified fourteen persons to obey the
law. Have taken up twenty-four nets. Have made three arrests and
secured three convictions. Have served no fishway notices. No fishways
put in. There are no dams unprovided with fishways in this county. The

—2 F.C.

18

streams in my district are Grand Calumet and Little Calumet rivers and
Lake Calumet, Lake Hyde and Wolf Lake. These waters have been
stocked with fish by the Fish Commission, but there has been so much
unlawful fishing that the fish have nearly disappeared. Since my appoint-
ment I have returned nearly two tons of fish to the waters taken from
nets.

7
REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN M. L. KELLEY, WILMINGTON, ILL.

Appointed November 6, 1889. Have notified sixteen persons to obey the
law. Have made eight arrests and convictions secured in three cases. Have
served no fishway notices. There are five dams in the county unprovided
with fishways. There has been a great deal of seining in the Kankakee
river, but it is almost stopped now. The streams are Kankakee river,
DesPlaines river and DuPage river.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JAMES H. NAZWORTHY, SULLIVAN, ILL.

Appointed June 5th, 1890. Have served notices on about fifteen persons
to obey the law. Have taken up one net. Have made five arrests, but
failed in convicting on account of justice of the peace deciding that tram-
mel nets were no violation of the law.

Have served two fishway notices. Only found three fish traps in state
of operation. Notified two of the owners: the other was torn out before
I learned the owner’s name.

No fishways have been put in, as owners promptly destroyed dams when
notice was served. ‘There are now no dams unprovided with fishways.

Violations were of frequent occurrence, but have materially diminished
since my appointment.

The streams in county are Kaskaskia river, Jonathan and Whitley
creeks, Little Kaskaskia river, and Wolf, Marrowbone and Kilborn creeks.

After receiving my commission I went diligently to work to inspect
streams and look for violators of law. I found a number of fish traps and
dams built across streams, but as the water was very high at the time,
could not. ascertain whether they were in repair or not. As soon as water
subsided, I found only three that had stood the freshet, and were in good
repair, two of which I promptly notified the owners of to remove, or con-
struct fishway. They removed the obstructions, and have not since re-
built. The other was torn out before I learned owner’s name. Since then
I have diligently patrolled the streams often, without being able to find
violators of law.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN H. H. TURNER, VIRGINIA, ILL.

Was appointed September 19th, 1890. Have notified twelve persons to
obey fish laws. Have taken up no nets. I have made four arrests, and
have secured convictions in all cases. Have served no fishway notices and
put in no fishways. There are no dams in the county unprovided with
fishways. There are frequent violations of the law, but it is difficult to
get evidence to convict. Open violations are not so numerous as_ before
my appointment.

The streams in which fishing is done are the Sangamon river, and a
chain of lakes along same, and the Illinois river.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JOHN ELDER, CARTHAGE, ILL.

Appointed October 4th, 1889. I have notified about thirty persons to
obey the law. Have taken up no nets. Have made no arrests. Have
served no fishway notices. No fishways put in. There are no dams re-
quiring tishways unprovided. There are several old dams, which have
washed out so that they are no obstruction to the passage of fish.

Violations of the law have been frequent, and seining was general until
my appointment, but has considerably diminished. Most of the seining

ro

has been done at night. I have had men out for the purpose of securing
evidence against the violators, but the whole community here is against
the law, but we hope for greater success next year, as there are a number
of our anglers who are taking an active interest in having violators pun-
ished.

We have a splendid stream here, Crooked creek, which furnishes about
thirty-five miles of good fishing grounds. The only disadvantages we have
to contend with being the seining and trapping of fish, and the Lamoine
and Birmingham mill dams, which have no fishways over them. The
anglers here request me to write to the fish commissioners, and insist
that these fishways be constructed as soon as can possibly be done, so
that the fish can come up the stream next spring.

Within the last two years I have had as fine black bass and salmon
fishing in Crooked creek as I have had in the famous fishing ground of
Wisconsin and the north. This is saying a great deal, but it is an actual
fact.

The streams in Hancock county are Crooked creek and the Mississippi
river sloughs.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN C. M. PARTLOW, SPRINGFIELD, ILL.

Appointed October 4th, 1889. Have served notices on one hundred per-
sons regarding fish laws. Have not taken up any nets. Have made eight
arrests, and have secured five convictions, and have one now pending.
Have served no fishway notices, but have taken out four fish-dams, and
have caused two others to be removed. No fishways have been put in.
There are three dams in this county still unprovided with fishways.

Violations are frequent, though they have diminished since appoint-
ment. The streams in this county are Sangamon, north and south forks,
and several lakes, and Sugar creek.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN M. D. GREEN, LA SALLE, ILL.

Appointed April 2d, 1890. Have notified about thirty-five persons to
obey the law. Have cut loose six nets. Have made one arrest, but the
case is still unsettled. I have served two fishway notices, but no fishways -
have been put in. The dam of one of the parties notified changed hands,
and the new owners positively refuse to put in a fishway. There is only
one dam in La Salle county unprovided with a fishway, but a number
in my territory, seven in all.

In Kankakee county, where I was appointed, on the Kankakee and Iro-
quois rivers the law is respected. In La Salle county, where I am now
located, we have the Illinois river, Fox river, Big and Little Vermilion
rivers.

On the Illinois river, from La Salle down, the law is violated in every
possible manner.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JOSEPH S. JUDA, COLLINSVILLE, ILL

Appointed January 28th, 1889. Have notified 200 persons to obey the
law. Have taken up no nets. Have made no arrests. Have secured no
convictions. Have served no fishway notices. No fishways have been put
in. There is one dam at the stockyard unprovided with a fishway, but
the dam is low.

The principal waters in our county are Long lake, Horseshoe lake, Ca-
hokia creek, Silver creek, Sugar creek, Wood river, and Choteau slough.

I have expended at least $25.00 of my own money, besides my time. I
cannot well afford to work in that way. I am compelled to catch violators
in the act, and that takes time. The violations have diminished since
my appointment. No netting going on, but some fish have been killed by
the use of dynamite.

20

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN W. D. HODGSON, NEW BOSTON, ILL.

Appointed May 19, 1890. Have notified seventy-five or more persons re-
garding fish laws. Have taken up no nets. Have made thirteen ar-
rests and secured seven convictions. Other cases not yet tried, but will
be when we can secure the State’s Attorney’s attent:on to them. Have
served no fishway notices. There are three dams as yet unprovided with
fishways in this county. Two are on very small streams, and the other
is a very low dam which over flows with three or four feet rise.

Violations are very frequent, though a great deal more seldom than
before my appointment, There are but three streams in this county, viz:
Edwards river, which runs through Henry and Mercer counties, Pope
creek, which runs through this county, and Eliza creek which runs
nearly through.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN J. P. CAMPBELL, BROWNING, ILL.

Date of appointment July 8, 1890. Have notified all fishermen in the
county to obey law. Have taken up or removed no nets. Have made no
arrests. Have secured no convictions. Have served no fishway notices.
No fishways have been put in, There are no dams in the county un-
provided with fishways, to my knowledge. The streams in our county
are Illinois river and Crooked creek.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN C. A. WOODRUFF, RIVERSIDE, ILL.

Appointed May 1, 1890. Have notified about twenty persons to obey
the law. Have taken up no nets. Have made no arrests. Have secured
no convictions. Have served one fishway notice. One fishway to go in
by March next. There is one dam in county unprovided with fishway.

Violations along the Des Plaines are diminished since appointment, and
all parties seem interested in the protection of fish. I hear of no com-
plaints along the Calumet river in any way.

REPORT OF STATE FISH WARDEN JOHN DICKSON, STERLING, WHITESIDE
COUNTY, ILLINOIS.

Was appointed June 6, 1890. Have notified fifteen persons to obey the
law. Have taken up no nets. Have made twelve arrests. Have secured
eleven convictions. Have served one fishway notice. No fishway put in.
There are five dams unprovided with fishways in our county. The viola-
tions are somewhat lessened since my appointment. The sale of fish
taken by seine has been entirely stopped, in this town. The streams are
Mississippi river, Rock creek, Elkhorn creek, Rock river, Sugar creek,
Spring creek and Green river.

TRANSPORTATION.

The facilities given us for moving the cars in making our dis-
tribution, have been of such liberal character as to deserve-more
recognition than simple mention. Not only have our cars been
hauled free over all roads, but assistance of any kind that would
help us in our work has been generously given us at all times,
and to the various railroads of this State, more than to any-
thing else, is due the success of our large distribution. And this
assistance has not been given grudgingly, but in such a way as
to make it almost a pleasure to ask for favors; and the man-
agements have, in a number of instances, been pleased to say
that they regard the work as a good one, and of so much bene-

Zi
fit to the people at large, that they are not only willing, but
take pleasure in rendering us any assistance they can. They
have made it possible, by giving free transportation to cars and
crews over their lines, to cover a very large portion of our
State in our distribution, which we could not have reached, if
we had been compelled to pay for such transportation with the
small amount of money at our command.

To the employés of the roads, as well. are we indebted for
valuable assistance, cheerfully given at all times, and under cir-
cumstances, often, that made it an inconvenience to them, in
handling our fish, and we are glad to acknowledge our appreci-
ation of their uniform courtesy. To the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy R. R.Co. and the Wabash R. R., are we indebted toa greater
extent than to any others, for the reason that we have been
compelled to get in and out over their lines almost every trip.

We give herewith a list of the railroads giving us transporta-
tion, or otherwise assisting us in our work:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R.
Wabash Railroad Co.

Illinois Central R. R. Co.

Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co.

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. Co.
Chicago. Burlington & Northern R. R. Co.
Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis R. R. Co.
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis R. R. Co.
Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Ry.
Terre Haute & Peoria R. R. Co.

Toledo, Peoria & Western R. R. Co.
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Co.
Rock Island & Peoria R. R. Co.

Ohio & Mississippi Ry. Co.

Jacksonville Southeastern R. R. Co.

Fulton County Narrow Gauge R. R. Co.
Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co.

Indiana, Illinois & Iowa R. R. Co.

St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern R. R. Co.
Hannibal & St. Joseph R. R. Co.

Wabash, Chester & Western R. R. Co.
Grand Tower & Carbondale R. R. Co.

St. Louis Bridge Co.

Indianapolis, Decatur & Western R. R. Co.
Chicago & Alton R. R. Co.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

We desire to express our grateful appreciation of the interest
taken in our work by the United States Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries, Col. M. McDonald, and the valuable assistance
given us in the use of the cars and crews of the Commission, for
our distribution of indigenous fish, and to express our thanks
for the generous allotment of wall-eyed pike fry for our publi
waters. ;

We would also acknowledge our indebtedness to the railroad
managements of the State for the generous assistance given us
in transporting our cars free, over their lines.

22

To the employés of the various roads over which cars have
worked, for prompt and courteous assistance rendered our mes-
sengers, and cheerful compliance with every reasonable request.

To the press of the State for extended and fair notice of our
work, and valuable assistance giyen us in the use of their
columns.

And to the various fishing clubs and protective associations
of the State for their hearty co-operation, and substantial aid
extended us in our work of distribution and propagation.

SUMMARY.

In concluding our report, a brief summary of our work may
not be out of place. During the past two seasons, with the
assistance of the U. 8. Fish Commission and our railroads, we
have put into the public waters of this State thousands of
breeding fish, not one variety of which was so planted as an
experiment, but all indigenous, at one time, to our waters.
Already the effect of these plants is noticeable in the largely in-
creased supply of the voung of the varieties planted. And the
fish planted in the interior streams represent but a very small
proportion of the whole number, as the larger streams, along
which we worked, are the richer by hundreds of thousands of fish
rescued from places where their extinction was as certain as the
advancing of the season, if left there.

The distribution of the pike perch, (wall-eyed pike), in our
waters has been productive of great results, and the effect of
former plants has been practically demonstrated the past two
seasons. The fry so generously donated by the U. 8. Fish Com-
mission, has been distributed over as wide a range of territory
as time and facilities for transporting it safely would permit.
The total plant of the two seasons was, 1889, 11,400,000; 1890,
7,178,000; which, if only a small percentage of the fry come to
maturity, will give to our waters a very large and valuable
amount of food supply.

The carp distribution has not been so large, yet the interest
in their culture has assumed proportions that will give greater
ageregate results than the indiscriminate experiments of the
earlier years of their introduction, since it is based upon an ex-
perience which has taught that good results only follow practi-
cal methods. The increase of carp in public waters has been
marked, and everywhere throughout the State they are taken
in fair proportion to the indigenous fish.

The enforcement of the laws regarding fish and fishways shows
a remarkable degree of interest in the matter, throughout the
State, and it is but fair to presume that a part, at least, of
such education of the public sentiment in that direction, has
grown out of the work of the Commission.

23

The appointment of fish wardens has given much needed
assistance to the Commissioners, and marks an era in the in-
crease of our natural food supply, worthy of notice.

Taken as a whole we feel that the work has shown results that
are, at least, encouraging to those to whom it has been in-
trusted, and we leave it with the people, for whose benefit we
have worked, to judge of its value. It should be its own recom-
mendation, deserving of recognition in substantial appropria-
tion for its further progress, if its practical results commend it
as worthy, to them whose duty it is to enact laws for the
maintenance of the various interests of the State.

With an appropriation sufficient for all branches of the work,
and with some slight modification of the existing laws. the
future work of the Commission might be more effective in its
results, and more universal in its benefits than ever before.

We would respectfully recommend that section 4 of the fish
laws be amended by striking out the clause ‘“‘but such wardens
shall receive no fees except in cases where convictions are ob-
tained.’ This would enable the Cominissioners to pay wardens
engaged in enforcing the laws for time used, and expenses in-
curred. As it now stands, we can not compensate for such ser-
vice, and as the fines resulting from conviction seldom pay the
expense of obtaining the necessary evidence for such conviction,
to say nothing of compensation for the time given by the
warden to such work, it can readily be seen that it is far from
renumerative to these officers. Many of these are men whe can
not afford to give even their time, without compensation, for
this work, and when after days spent in trying to secure evi-
dence, and the expenditure of money necessary for same work,
they find that from one or another cause the prosecution of
such cases has not been effective, they have nothing to show
for their expenditure of time and money but its loss. This is
not just nor right, nor do we believe the people expect it of
them. The work done can not possibly be of benefit to them,
personally, and we do not believe it is public policy, or to the
interest of the work itself, to exact from them work, uncompen-
sated. We would recommend the appropriation of a sum
sufficient to cover such expense, and make the laws relating: to
the protection of fish fully operative, and to enable the Com-
missioners, with them, to patrol the principal rivers of our
State, by the use of one or more of our boats, during the en-
tire season.

With this patrol, it would be possible to see that such rivers
were free, at all times, from obstructions of nets, ete., and effect-
ually prevent the wholesale violation of the laws that has been
common to our waters in the past.

24

With a sufficient appropriation for this purpose to make the
work of the wardens effective, and with as generous appropri-
ations for the other branches of our work as have been given
us heretofore, we feel that we can safely promise largely increased
results in the seasons to follow.

Respectfully submitted,

N. K. Fatrpank, President.
S. P. Barrett, Seeretary.
GEO. BREUNING,

Commissioners.

APPENDIX.

27

Recapitulation of Expenditures by Illinois State Fish Com-
missioners from October 1, 1888, to September 30, 1590.

BILLS OF PARTICULARS AND SUB-VOUCHERS ON FILE WITH THE

AUDITOR,

To amount

OR.

etober, 1888
ovember, 1888

By expenditures for O

to credit of Commission, October 1, 1888
appropriation for 1889
earnings steamer “Eagle”

i er

ee ee

= ADY=YeK=)00\] Ofc) pout keie's SANA Seer

i RUATUILMIS VU COO siteden rc cides olen tcmieretatchevertarne

ae GDRs a SOO ec ic sieteiere ree cinciots inci eteelete

: MIP CHINISNOS ott esse he beeins Sectee ce shies
PACU Seed SBOE ea eisrotarperareressioverevare avorcieiate Giolele, cisisferaielsistelersye
* TUE EC ea ee toe cemnic Ancora SHC eEOnOCEno oT.
pass: EJTUTT GO STLR OO A ater ore ater ice ie se feisiersie mie cimeresermaretaree
PES Vang ED WV EV OUSIK@ TS olelorescseicseto(e'd ciaiera ales slclera’e efe ciel ¢le(ejsieleisle © sisjeielele/oininie «,s'=/«
VOM SNOULUEGS TOK Ulys UGSD hoe o ee cis cetesiiecclen states eins e.s/creiciciate cjejelefo™ere'sis
# INT OTUIS THEI BRON Genie nistes clots cieiee ciesicten cis wiereroleicictenarttele
c# Septem bert SEO Nar esas enciseteh Miocislelstiewcice sta
To amount to credit of Commission, October 1, 1889 ................0555
Se APPLODLIALON TOM [RQ eee rene ccw cc weicc ces nes eisielnie soiee.e sree ase miele
BNI AA SGOAIMON mLOUUS: cceicrcer s cainldcieresietin iceiinsleleiasiafesisioine clereisisis
ie Ste eee er een eee Oe Mole] de: eisiaisiaeiesteretals
“* amount paid by H. 8S. Brown }6 C. B. & Q. lease ......0. cc cee ee eee eee

CR.

EMER MONOMERS TOL OCLOWEE ISG9 wise cie.c.arc » o cicle cle,cn's +/olq.sreleleiviais(aieleje ecs/e sinjele
Ms GO VSMUDS TL SRG eer Rice cre nratcrsieticcete elsTiors isreveveraiece’s:a.0%e
tel IDYeioe yan ater Cc Socom ade oo C00 one DU doDEOdeBEDSboC
Sem aL cou Ea erty @) EU OLE ASE lectern anictieseeicielveieciais scitialeieini veie\siale'wieinicleitiaieie «
EOS HONCIMEOS TO lth ANUALY) 1890 secrsicnc ee Mele cieeie.ccaslofeniese’elevawexetierernse% e
ee LAG Haale ELSA Saas asa suricn=- docondguocuunsoesdas
te Wisc hive cleAiy rb lee ke GU eset eee oatetee ele stains w'e ele craic
ce VIE ye LSOU ie acsterclareree ate ate ercteereietoratotaio'e. ofelcls’aievcieiarwielevee wic.cie
** amount payment on steamer “Lotus”...........0.c.eeseeeeeceeseeeeee
SOREN CIGULOS 1 OF Gd UNG nISO0 we orcs c cael aiew'n a dont ciidarwicles vin oe Swiedieteneee
es JILL Ys SOU ei cane- oars acsicrare a alolera c7alumetetoterors wrote erale e7s eralecatwels sien
** amount payment steamer “LOtus”...........cseeecesecccneesssceceees
BOC SNONGIULOS OLA UPTISU, 1LOd0ssccc. comets sslxs cadet waver scaneees cveccas
- September; 1890S i.e accees cow cnsmacces temas ename sts

$5,239 15
7,500 00
190 00

$12,929 15

7,370 51

$5,558 64
7,500 00

25 00

40 00

50 00

$13,173 64

7,383 16
$5,790 48

$

$817 94
431 36
233 35
104 25
297 60
408 84
669 78
820 86
878 32

54 00
823 68
1,021 68
808 25

7,370 51

28

Appropriation for Personal and Traveling Expenses of the Com-
mission, or such Persons as may be authorized by them in
entorcing the Laws relating to Fishways over Dams and for
the Protection of Fish.

7

BILLS OF PARTICULARS AND SUB-VOUCHERS ON FILE WITH THE

AUDITOR.
To amount to credit of fol eee October], 188s Aen a2. deste $2,770 00
Nop PLOPVIaAbiGN TOT 1889 se eles cute teenieen webs ee eee ee ene cee tae eee 2, 00
34,770 00
Cr. .
By, expenditures: for October: 188s. caeaseeccies ae tenes ceeee aoeeaae eee $123 23
HS November 1888:2. . sitiecccc cide coche sitet canere 219 10
s December, 1888's feces vocnecccccet mececeeceaeeos 100 95
oa PADUA S89. Sotiee ccctaoe cee eno e eee eee 43 20
oe ae ESSO SF SES Sa ccarn octaa ete neree ere eee 62 05
Jehy fhamonbhane penal (Cvelos 13), (00) Ei cnoannoaooen dau sodoubsoococounden = setOcac- 19 00
By expenditures for Merah: SSO cows oetanle coe weeeenwe ees aces oeetes 168 00
PSTN BSO 2 Cs eh os Ee ee acme att ca et eee 125 60
SS BY BRON cere caisiewine sownos eae ee ead es orewe tine | 411 8
a DUNG; LESO recon see jactaw oe marcas e Ree ncene sda eee 8 75
Xg DULY S80 Mea cc a wm ecwemoae saan cao teem ae 87 &
oe nena NSRO TS Gecsmec hence ono nee een ne eee 263 22
es September; 189 ps ace cocees ween ame ee anes 29 91
1,737 69 $1,737 69
$3, 032 31
AMOUNT ApSEd by limitation cwaaaceecteceneeteaairmeeneeh nace eneaeeeeas 936 12
To amount to credit of Commission, October 1, 1889.................... $2,196 19
LO aMOUntTADPrOPrIAtlOn LO loo nssenemnntesen senicemeeseneeee ee eeeeede 2,000 00
$4,196 19
Cr.
By expenditures for October, 1889 ..............ceseseeeee sees ceeeeees $67 70
INOVOMPDEES ISSO Par coe cic ees sowaes ceemeninems 183 91
ay DecamPerdtesoe wast cleo. ior asetawse ceca 91 13
ug January, Lo Raicloicayentore Heston ou seieme on eee 171 04
ry February, 18 ihe Hs slo iwiesive die een eee eee 20 95
ne March and cae 1890, 259 72
oe MAY IR9O eis uxs. oat Ua eeen ceremeine eee eeeceeee ee 606 12
y TUNE PF ISI0S cerceceee eer 396 50
By amount paid H. T. Erp ay, Fox River.. i 72 98
By expenditures TOPO ULYA I NOUM oe eerene 372 37
res IROOM See igecte 340 93
3 September, 1890.. : 31 45
| 2,614 80) $2,614 80
To amount to credit of Commission, October 1, 1890.................05. | $1,571 39

Norte. —The amounts expended in May, June, July and August, 1890, include pay-roll of
Steamer “Lotus,” while patrolling Illinois River, enforcing law, removing nets, ete

29

Appropriation for Furnishing, Equipping and Maintaining Of-
tice and Storage Boat.

BILLS OF PARTICULARS AND SUB-VOUCHERS ON FILE WITH THE

AUDITOR.
PAB OTOPrIAwON OMIGE DORE S 5.5. cciicecwec colloadeale dale ccudedcedcced eee $500 00
Cr:

By amount paid POP SANCHOLS OUCH NO Vas lL ooO tetas cle sictsielelsleisleisicleleisie esiete = $15 77
repairs and one new Hu Aa BS9 essere ene 130 00
ss LUENISHINE SOD u Looe qneleentctsesesetelelleriesiecs 21 37
sad safe, desk and repairs, AN e 1S b sekeaereweatenc ce 102 00
aie MOWING, Meee LOW sccle ofelaleieeieieis el etcieieie BE 30 50
SS repairs, April, SOME Mae thts ; 12 0
a roof and cordage, ONLY s. 1890s. es cee ; 70 55
he BPMs aS Otehs, Aue SoU ecceine soca dace 59 40
441 59 $441 59

To amount to credit Commission, October, 1, 1890. ............ 0... e eee $68 41

30

LIST OF FISH COMMISSIONERS OF UNITED STATES
AND CANADA.

THE UNITED STATES—

Col. Marshall McDonald, Commissioner ..............5.-..eseeeeeceeeeee Washington, D. C.
Capt. J. W. Collins, Assi-tant i in charge of Fisheries Division.......... Washington, D. C.
Richard Rathbone, Assistant in charge of Scientifle Inquiry .......... Washington, D. C.
J. F. Ellis, Superintendent Car NOrviGes ccc. cose heewndes aces occ mates ee eee Washington. D. C.
ALABAMA—
Col DR Hundley can eos ae vice cee x oem rns elerete a nl otc ne wise on ae ate eet oe ee a Madison.
Hon. Chas. 8. cs ee Se caiees Patel Ne OR ee aan Se Re eee Oe ees Se Praitsyville.
ARIZONA—
Deeds GHOSPON bat osaiwe isisicla wists le aie acevs avejoycsetave cle chai ale erefeyel ats imisietsvalete, ate < Oye e Sciaietetet c= ahaa Prescott.
Richard Rule...... Paaeialeateinleieielaleleieseints, sec ral eis ele be ete elena c eicnoe ols ele hae eee Tombstone.
J. Hs Vaggart, Business Manager ayo cco: oss crisis cen ee seciew wees wees eee eee Yuma.
ARKANSAS—
HH Rottaken; (Presid@ntica cess cosa lose come oaceeeae neces ci teesk a < (ces eee Little Rock.
W. BAW orton, SOCretanyic: o.cuscsecitecoe chehcotnekercensice ence cae. cole Little Rock.
SJ WV ey RU OW AY Stes cs mele lake ck oasis DUS odei ere eres eaea ero eter eae tate oreo concn al Little Rock.
(This State has never made an appropriation for Fishculture).
DOMINION OF CANADA—
Hon: John Tilton, Deputy Minister of BMisheries .............cseuevesen en eeee ane Ottawa.
tpecer of Fisheries for the Dominion of Canada, 1888:
: ROB OLS Seca de che ch Ose Oe loca o ahete aes COTE ee Oe IRE ee nie Cee aie ere oreicens Amherst, N. 8.
A. C. a Be ea Seiicinsideciele sisters seosataicrds oecteee eee een mn eereond North Sidney, C. Ss.
DWieceRe VGN Ec) aicjoninn) sores antarhe Waee oe eee era c ceed cee cee ere eee St. John, N. B.
‘William: WAIKOMAD« 0.).-2c 0 os ete ee eee re ae EL ea Sec anaaeat Gaspé Basin, P.
DD UV ER ack Gn aa eee Te ae te erento ene Cee eee me eee Alberton, P. E. I.
MhOmAaAs NO WAG cae eee eae Soe ee sO ee New Westminster, B. C.
Mex. MGQUGOn ts). 3 cares cacteciouss «concwe acrecten ticiow awe Sew einen pum remade ean Winnipeg, Man.
Officers in charge of fish breeding establishments:
S. Wilmot, Superintendent of Fishculture................ceccuscsceescceues Neweastle, Ont.
Chas. Wilmot, officer in Charge, ...........csccccccccccesecceesers Neweastle Baton Ont.
Witt Parker sconce cnaweneeercntecet silos © <seieei emma eninn teiislee aces ence ncn Sandwich, Ont.
TaN OSU OLITOT Hoc rae fee ere cle Siete aisles ores oo 5 Stuie eo oiternele ibe i CHER slice CCL STs a ne ra Tadoussac,
PHIp VIDE!r tes. Ne A wicsetlers Swat eisn Cv ave leiate wis Webs ore Ria RQereie ok Gare Cas ee easel weave.
GOLO d oeWawinlese le dere arsrelern weeiein. tie ox cin Wiele wrale a miele eis Gum aeRO Gi clas hic ane eee is B
ALGa: MO WOE.« «conn ceat sox SAeRREX Glee tye coe eee ee Ristigouche, waiavedia,
o Bo) Wil Obs cwasiies nv osice.st eecew we iayhe spine rely chute antec CERICRRT OS Rt een nee same Bedford
Oy JAG Mar guhandoniisc<..<cciabetinteioctatope cen isso ce Ronen ice eee caine ceeiee Sydney, x: Ss
lsaac SS af saints sic dale ee eee SRG Sechelt ain de ae eens eae Miramichi, N. B.
CharlesmMeCluskGy ck... ccscte con cnccemeeeiteen ater ee ramet St. John aie Grand Falls, N. B.
PON y) Clarke Scere icie eg wih on Solas WORSEN wis ME elie ER eee aa Dunk River, EI.
MONARO Webeoek oe cece erae ces co cicn a commerce nee B. CG. Hatchery, New Westminster, B. C
CALIFORNIA—
Toseph Routers éoiciewes swnssines cosatte perwaws cebee cosh Reteernn hte eich ae tean Sacramento.
AT VOY. occas wien’. von dels We cag asia stat peineictane © mice e eietece OME cise incite Los Angeles.

(Commissioner T. J. Sherwood resigned March 15, 1888.)

CoLORADO—
Ga. WItGHGAd oi od sn vines scans Cewek scene e UOC RS Het nenin Nsigk beans kei aiial ae Renn Denver.

' 31

CoNNECTICUT—
MESO VUREVTERIIER EDITS Olle a certentine tee ccarc celeae wesc eelrte abil cw ccecvcccceesatsses eevee sidney Hartford.
Rp EeTitT pe CEM EATLS Ones ete Sects faite sic lele nlc nic a vices ice sinnciawieleleisinieieie.e'eeieieisicieie, eels eiefatere Middletown.
SReaeaT ETP ACMESE Llosa 3 cori ea reinicsaakaeie iabice nis cotsieineiaelneisisieeisisieals aiea tales oia'e's' s'a/e sloaisieleiats.o oe Lyme.

(The State has no official superintendent, most of the hatching being done by Henry
J. Fenton, Poquonnocek.)

DELAWARE—
MUsrertl CRECIORIEL PSE Lire tetraacetic. a cateie rele dat sie cs c's svervicn clesinGhe(steleieicle dicieis;ec bce s[secdieces sieaad've Odessa,
GEORGIA—
SEMME POMEL EXELL OES Flees Se ga sia (oinceie bie elaisvorsiotercvoisic evciote wie wieie Sale js's/elcisiwislevova'ss Wialsatelels aYard's o'6\e ve Atlanta.
Su pn enone:
Pe > CORA ioc Gr SA QC R SR DELCHD RISE CBOE C CER STDELAIOD AGHOCDO OUCH ECOCICROnTCOIT pacer bec La Grange.
InLINoIs—
Rape brrrnbosrikes le rOSl Gen teas cccwsls ciccs ctiee ciseisinne civctw ow slerereteles sie waeie e,e'ele'elslateie 8siei¥el ais Chicago.
Wu TE. LES WEA /SYEICCRS ELS sh cp ga GU er A Quiney.
Geo. Breuning ESSE con DOD ECROO ROS EETTC bo Bon OOS GUS BRO COL TORE Senn ORCTCBpcccc ornare Centralia.
INDIANA—
\Wi (OL TD STITIISs ong CARS RDe SBOP ABBE ORCRCBOnC CODORORCOOICOREC SOU CCOCE IRE GD oO Coord COL De Richmond.
lowa—
Beep Canitonesssccc.ala. SOUD CRO EbEts Brien Op ticndc or Boccbocecardnk Go Ue oGnecCOU Raho raaaon Spirit Lake.
Superintendent, Ole Bjorenson.
KANSAS—
ABEL GMP ne etree ce ed Saers arene eleratt el cca d se sraieve deine Cae sie al¥ t's alte els alole'a wee Ohad atelaa saree Wamego.
KENTUCKY—
Wm. Griffith, President . Soa e woe ceatatiae die a aveiale: rad Seley lease aadlaeave seiauiets Louisville.
EEN ATIOY soe cece cviclsleisee i
MONIES Wal OM 46... <,00.52 ce.0%
Bite eeeD UV ILO EL ects k= ep cine is ctsigie Peters Me sw bib ing mawinw es vis spina winch ooh soe cclhe ;
Hon. en PARE SEO GLO cts co serecheto en cial misinstas ios Mice alanoeiee wis aisiwasimolooihepenaattte seatiee ews Midway.
BERTI Ceara esha ace characte cr avelai clara: arc) diatere Dicer el wieleinlalaiein leiais wlate-s icte:slsiets"s, iieiais 'orwl nade coeteiea Danville.
Hon. J. M. laeaers ARBRE OOHOL CEES DO CDCR BOAR Carnac OOD L tee cunaeornnecont Independence.
PELICLO IGS tars tele eidtar cloacae octal colt cb teee a aale cdewedee caeeueseaemes acne wae Catlettsburg.
J. H. Mallory Re EMO S area rlais tele ratnle oats Sole Sie Siew ie eae cjoicie cause nen io atte Bowling Green
MAINE—
Hp ee STIL WOU ae arma ee coce fale cvatie cyaciersiorcels ease are 8 atacistere wieaie'e dae aleyeaieerieje es vieielaeiste es Bangor.
EREARTISGACP en ICEAINL Cy; Sana oe aS hee nae aera cere eee oina g omie oe ne niece delgoelog ot aecuelaw ejeet arise Dixfield. -
B. W. Counce, Ben ANAS MOLEGHIBNOLIORS ce iiccc rt tnee ec cclesle sien aloiets oidetotc feretoras Thomaston.
MARYLAND—
PER PLLMIMN DREIOS 2.702 Saas cece ss Pactia nae seem eet en teat ees ces snaree des eames’ Salisbury.
i, Vii, JDGHA AG es eaneeceme lcooddercoc cnc odo Gnood aqshooconcacdoocespocdeuoopdacdcas: Oakland.
MASSACHUSETTS—
1. bh. JB CIRGHE Kos dos bapan deter IS GUTCD OG DO Sh OF IOBS SE COCUDC COROObOUop Oo DUnEHncbeonatcs Winchester.
= Vie PST, COB GE an deh bOdbp ecOOROORROSC COCU DO OCHIO DE COOORCOTOOODCOCR CoCr ECeCCanG Cambridge.
BRET eRT GIT OES Secrets tite na ne vd cistareiorna nisioce ole als, sielsTante nisieieresa' hee sicleieieSisplewsesites es Springfield.
MIcHIGAN—
JIGITTA TEL ME RGM ice og ating abbd Sader 90 G00¢ Con GS e0OCINON CBORD CCB CORD COOBOOCDKEOHDaDOCDU ICC Detroit.
(Term expires January 1, 1889.)
FOE RGIG CAV ITLL AOR ae eet tok Soc teiielele eiccieelcre sate tteetativisinis sieve e a's" 0 gjtinin 6 o(b!n e'eia.oie clvisiedeerees Detroit.
(Term expires January 1, 1891.)
Jeol (RES WIG Dacor Ban dedamenebe doaudc COC 60500 00 Co RG EUODBDERUDABEDOROU TO: Grand Rapids.
(ferm expires January 1, 1893.) ‘
Walter D. MRE EH SnReMTeNENG act see cota eN ec «<6 code un CORES +++ eng canebeixs Paris.
George D. Mussey BS CCEGLAIY = oo ce cee ee alate wee aco ule Seinln Cereal w aaa nicdisaewacemes oF Detroit.
Msreeneebat ler this Ur ORSUTOM ik faoetae ee econ concer io maliaaeiemaceils wa cenes seisd w= Detroit.
MINNESOTA—
RUMIE EL SLET PERE R [eee feta ce cia ae! oR ptr sere Cee nh via cleraia uv oacfotdete sctoicts sielctunto ces ove'e's,clé'e sea oe as Fairmount.
INGE TESERG BIBT OE LOE ciate cect Star WW ole alas cls oc wielele sista Meteo io elele tle b'cdeseed cn ccs teseius Rushford.
os NEE Wwe FOS ONt wr. cce ees aee dain ed Ceses sales eas ee ass aes St. Paul.
Baseline STIDPOFINtONGONt . .ovecsss cscs rc cecsceneedonsececeescss Willow Brook, St. Paul.

MissouRI—
H. M.:GarlichsChiairaian.(, oo scsews cecase teense: 625% ones sone eee ones se een St. Joseph.
Dis Ws SGD nag sat rare eioin oe wn laie viel Role ReaD ele nL a,x «! 2 ee Jefferson City.
7 CE WOE. icc ccsecaunedea os sce sccecceteQavemeeeict estas cen: ce= «s.h cen St. Leuis.
“ P. Campbell. Secretary. 2... ....:.s.20. Meresscesete savers -~+s00sss sperma St. Joseph.
dae aan
Philip Kopplin, UT clsdcies cluded dbsuvase 80> ORO DESEO e EE + nas ob era St. Louis.
WAG COUT vas ree elciocs « ogous cares a cierdta cep ela it ata iaaei> ac > ms'o's ows tape en St. Joseph:
NEBRASKA— 4
William Ti; Many: 2. occ. ccs coeoeescn ceslontepeeew peeeapwase eneen ane reh pei ems aa ee Fremont.
R. = TAVINZStOM .<2)ccs cai e ces cctunewetcestltevenate cent nee eect: eta eee Plattsmouth.
BOB: Bi. Renmedy occs cciceieciesocecca vedscw se aaew tee 2 onlae 5 ano he cea see Omaha.
leaatta eae
MS EO? Bi OWN ciaissacchers cecgrvicte sia.sye/wlore wvaiove’w) erolatn.oie/y el Vistatet vie: one's. are ah cistern iv etetetstet = tela ee South Bend.
NEVADA—
TW. SIM CAT Vik re Sole cteress creo casera) oeratat rallstarele o aceinichesoto\sretorolaieareraistomintg teat am eae ete tate ee nae

New HAMPSHIRE—

Geo. W. Riddle....
Elliott B. Hodge...
John H. Kimball

re Sena eae of iameute and Sunapee Hatcheries:

foyh 1 el Dyan bl « (Coo 24: PRE eae Ane Aer rmonncoaac cetera sc iascce ae Plymouth.
NEw JERSEY—
William Wright... ...........5....ccccceenessccccecececssesscccccssececsscceussnnscncsas Newark.
aude WET coo ca hiccra obits acai dein o afc eres overage are aie Tele yai—taienie eWiatle’ore eae eran Newton.
Pee UTM tOT feos oercalcsloototatcistoresctelstormiorriale ale aletaleere.ereierctove tal aieiotels eine aetna Pennsgrove.
NEw YorRK—
m. G Blackford, PresiQ@erit (51 -sowcietarcyetclotetstcratn ololote tole orv'eleraicle/eieisls/ole cleie|s'= sete ata New York
Gian Br Us SHOrmanes cece ree ee ee Cee eee Pena be eee eee New Hartford.
Wane El BOWMAD scence ciomiicecwhs ccc she ennbionicisnt siseictk tieanlees cies ws Cees tienen Rochester
ALG ST OHMS < sac cis caee vocddsleccc tie bless civic cisarsierere,saisictele) slaccia;aiereralsisis'<}cleis's (oem Tottenville
FIODY Burden ccc coc es cejceed cece ceceeins ee eety,he ce nes cs OR c6 ek seit see a ele teens Troy.
Secretary:
EP Doyle sROonU SMP Other ses wT ie Sea a alate ele atte xteie'eleisinots esis stele ae etter New York City.
Superintendents:
MOG RED OT oo. 5 crsie rin ree hates oe ielclovotnte ictntelGicte eihlsiele essere siciel ctemiiemiete eames Cold Spring Harbor.
MonroeuA. Green. oeotes ose oro wean Goshione Sem eeasi beeceaseece MCh ccoree man Caledonia.
Ufijeatslsilale Ni tha eaSoas cosagodud odd Oocaddco segues do qdEcKG CSS. Secs aen ‘Bioomaa dale.
se IM ATRS oom, 55 vo occ ticks cihenaictetereeioiaie ate Wetec iciemeloleltiel cletete oe e'ein.c Ce claw.s nice sie geanaena Fulton Chain.
BR BOSH joo ste cesclects Oe aslos eta aisiohes hls oe lwtale ue see weenie wid oe ee ee Mill Creek.

Sheifisk Commission:
E. G.Blackford, Commissioner; Wm. G. Ford, Engineer; J. W. Merserau, Oyster Pro-
tector, 80 Fulton Market, New York.

NortH CAROLINA—

Wm..J..Griffin; Chairman: .9.c6c.. tuacsncsacd ettttee eave ces uke s cree mseeee Elizabeth City.
DBS WatSOM ci) Decun.oclscrsaslee patties Englehard.
Wirt Dv Oa 0) cco ence selec ha ee eR rae brclcare eines Bayboro.
OHIO—
GV. SOSDOLMPIOSIGOMb een auc sis woeeicncs eve c ene Cre ac ae SUEE tl oeieies)c Cee ts Sienna n,
A. GC. Williams, Secretary tise wealls.
HJ FERS oyi:) aan ee wn Oe en Oa i ICT Be laire.
Jkoi Nowa la Bishi aoe SSS anoeemoosoenc Cincinnati.
Hon. mors By POCO. occ oeccce vais Celcirs alee s eiclelue wR CRTOR SORTS Ccsle ius ta RG a Toledo.
Sup >rintendent:
Enry DOUZIASS. <.cvic cecal ews ce vicudedweneas sem ceuetenle bs tes eae a ecCet Camm Sandusky.
Chief Warden:
Ty. Ki BBB ess. 3. ods, ccicteccalors ces od Oreis nie eieie's:c Che Ais SiON cic RINE RE Sineicls ke a Dayton.
OREGON—
BG, Reed, President... .. ss v< « LavgelGe eben secs Ue ok ee RMR Rates vec ct cee Clackamas.
= Pol THOMPBOUN vfs c cc cise sock Bee eee See ean Oeil nd Portland.
. GC. OAMpbelle ..ccvcecswce sees sce erwecinn oes pns eShitheksenebs sk eek hUhs = sSGNSCunmnae Ranier.

(Terms expire in February, 1889.)

PENNSYLVANIA—
Henzy G. Ford, President, 524 Walnutistrect............cccsceccesseceveeecees Philadelphia.
James V. Long, Corresponding Secretary, 75 Fifth avenue ..........ssecseceecs Pittsburg.
1: on aa SOGUE LEI UACN IES OBIE Glceia dias nicisa i erc netctette ctalelsleic/s/e(clevideleie'ee'siceie's e's Lancaster.
. Ti. STIRS RES SG nolcocs cease Spee COUDOOe CREO OO Ser OOO CPO DOOCCHOCEROCEBESCREErrrrc Seranton.
2) TVR GTI choc cits cac cacids door Gob CO SRDS eUUe bib OG C DOC COGAN COOTOOC AREDOOCOr Traces Meadville.
W. Mem Ie Oho MeL UN OIT a tance cele ce cietencie ciclsininrett clo a icicicielniatsls elvicisice sche sie Harrisburg.
Su Been:
Taha OMEN DHE pes eahoeeoas Sade eGancOeaccuObUSrad cod CORE OCS OCOODOD TOC TODO UOnoeE Allentown.
Willian TSH Te eaecacEenoen AVAGO GOUDEN ULUT BOOB UCOCIGHOMC COC OL CORT COCOEE ODOUR TOE DeHUrr ene Corry.
RHODE IsLAND—
PMB ES ATOOM OE TOSI CINE. vc cicincis/slslelere rs aie ofeiielaloveleieiowhe eiamiacaisieie(clo.eisls.c vie ale(n'sieis sisjetelenys Rockland
PERVERT COO Ure MEOASULOY coors cio mice cis sisiale cleicintcletace celveleleiietersislalvielviclelvcleissie ge sne's Providence
ire ae WOLLOM SOCLOLAT Viaciasiiiecis oe ce cisiisics ecinee tose csjdsiesieew si seciaeisrae Rnaeed teens Johnston.
SoutTH CAROLINA—
isigary, (Ay TEAST Glaeser BepL EOpSCHG CODE RSOoST GOOCOCBDOCOROSOCSOGETrOT OCC aor tie Columbia.
Spee ee
Wee ._ MCD a Tees Gao so tbsd bee BC Sec COLE COL oS Ren era nto OCU ROCAGUECEE AS ESAatre ate Memphis.
H. sue CL ee Re errs nee een CAE Chae Em oe Sreteteele en DaGlels & ce ui ering Sees.
Hacer D JENS 6 to ae tea aA RED CRO e OR Be ate Cen COLO on Aa ESET eC Ren iets ene nan Nashvill
UTaH—
JA. DME OTNTL I Gy Can Ieee EES at ae CSD a HORI SAGU CCCIOGAEaS CcIGCUOSEIer ecient Salt Lake City.
VERMONT—
See TRYPTIC ING beeen oS Rap anga aoe tae aeee Roce eae ao OSE nC Tenn OSC enne Men ont St. Albans.
PETA TCO Tie oevaereo te oles shorn rvrusaiola cucioisis eiuaratatnaws Qapharciaa airs cotcewon) slelsioeinoihte ete. 6 Waterbury,
VIRGINIA—
DREMEL AV VaMLCATY Sesen.c ceo csc ERIN eet tees PR pe NE oe ee ec ts Bridgetown.
WEST VIRGINIA—
MEP LOWE PCSTOONES meta. sasocuetiace actin acl sren siicdaalosiseiGlemenec sacemmaeciini els cisco Romney.
Meee er CASUIT OM crc ae nes ote etree Or eel nee a ciate Daauetalh eishoclarelenne eat Sutton.
ESE EIM METI OPS SOCROLAIY < occ wicislers ainisin calsleltre te cits Ge asians aiece ACs ote c cemteetee wsize Hinton.
WISCONSIN—
The Governor, ex-officio.
(Ele lid: LRN yes TERS G AE ono ine cadeo on qu soon da DU UCOGBoueGOUCEBEFON EC OOQsEndOs JER Madison.
Gaile valentines Secretary and UrOASUrGLi. 2.5 scsteoicekicldes caecescoswansesescce Janesville.
VESTAS RESIDES URS arcs cloves. ne arate evaisyh ctetere eis ween eecle ee eles sererea dia Misi Sieracataloiai Sinigial oie. ators es heneierslatelonsts Melrose.
IN PETER AD SAINT EL LONS ctor crerceisiccaie ole icloneik ote Lalor sloarcle olel Sia ato's ioral yak & Sle ee Bere Saat Iaatns Milwaukee.
Calvert PIBANISIO Yuck - elec a nuicien cle saiteie ca ciaetinaee siene sin icles citivec ines ee aosmmaelion ie Mineral Point.
WPRETY Seesctc eceiere aicie Pasa Sintecare ela hc tele WA eae ee RE pene nae Meee eee sh eae Sturgeon Bay.
Su erintendent:
SEBEI CAEN VaTM ep ere rit cce a etccal sn cre) arncimrete as otaranoveraveiote WaT acoauieleateiacre ee alarelocejele’eie « sie" en isewhs Madison.

WYOMING TERRITORY—
INGTENS MAMET. Ls paighgiea eG OROs Babee SCOR d dO COO OAT RODS OT OH OO CC Ta ESE CnGe ae eiacer tice Laramie.

—3 F.C.

54

LIST OF CARP DISTRIBUTION.

Name. Location.

Wi DOV Clears kookeys ci Har isbure, Saline County. ~...<.-.< cc. «+.«c+cmejon eee
Gabeira comirenecesa teapot cee |\Cisne, Wayne county -......-. 0... 56 n.00-s soos enone
DOGMA ANIKGs sont uee nines Seer Prenton, Clinton county 2.1.5. 0.220086 s2.n0s see
E lifofe(o Kel eheee ae otosEmEa oes san zh a Sy) Rolbsa.d s/s are-c Siete acste gata a eae
GaiCGonlnayereecesatsccser Richview, Washington ecounty..........<..0cseaeesemeen
Sabastin Wolts, ...ccecee lee eten (Farina, Fayette county.............+.+..seseeeleaee
(Pon yells racntcee een eee Virden, Macoupin COUNMEY 2. <..25cc.c.c castes «ates eee
pe MOUNE eianney reenter et Arlington, Cook county .i...:2.ccce<s. 4... «sh
Martin Casper.....- Gis wit rmnereeh Dongola, Union county..¢. >... .c.decnnee nee oe eee
CMTOMIPS OMe aces tence secears Ganton; Hultonrcounty.¢.... 20.2.0. .... 2.2 eee ee

Ji TAO ONWE VAs, cece ccc menses ee Preemption) Mercer Gounty. .2.....c.... vs cteeueaanane
CHC AIKGUN Gy pec oc cee tees: Carlinville; Macoupin county .:............-sssseeeeeeen
WDC CeHINS | On iacniesctme emerccce ae ce MeVéy, Macoupin county. .c..<...+--.s.sss eee
1B dis Lins on eoutececnacos sasaup oc a nies oe ia weet oom cutee stein
Hf eR EWALD tesciace's Sache seceeseee Pleasant Plains, Sangamon county..............cc--ees
airry awa sccsniai-teiscomeocing sei fi a OC ess a0/ an ee
WUE UIE) Ms GoccopososHeocdoM Grafton; Jersey county: --..~-. <<<. ..-+-s.7es eee
Aolnial) Drewloltset Raoasnasaondeeasoo Martinsville; Clark county <...... 5.2 ~~ ++ ecnleeeee aan
ISM cle 1a Kolo) os fhemanneaeacemuae Olcoae New Burnside, Johnson county ............+-eeeeeeeees
DUE ELO DD Sateen eermcr tate met ab aa ee succlea dawson tea
MhosmiMWenmnelasckecn.ceceeeeeaees Morton, Tazewell county..<.. 02. s.0c nce: os eee ene
IWR ELMO OIL SS coca sacs taoanas Tower Hill, Shelby county 5.2... 225.0... cane ee
ILA SPaT Pere seca eed betece Joliet. Will County -20hscdeceoscceae cece so ate eee
Je iGePBOlUOUS)- hoes se eine cee nie: Tha Salle; ThaSalleicountiy..-- i... s. o< sone eee < eeeee
DRAKA lei oo oer aeunbeneebodtons Mount Greenwood, Cook county...................-.+s
GePWASRIGEZ Wactcaecna dsceear tienes Kankakee; Kankakeeicounty...... ......os..0e0seeeeee
BAER Otte ee ote, Se ORS at ey Oe oe cues ale Sol-wie-v aly» Bee
W. A. Towse...... A AI pare comets Garlinville, Macoupin county ...........26. 2.0 seem
IDMeyiil, TE UKolSoveb Se ose oo aceocecdan Cowden; Shelby Goumty.} 6 .< <6 osc jo. ccnne oe eer
Jip MVOUUM Dane irecrosrot see area yer Carlinville; Macoupin county ................skeeeeeee
Gye RO esterase. inlcude. ceenoe si ce Ct | aeensso sete
ID KB GIO TR nme anioecoaecacanacase hebanon, St. Glair county. ....c:. 0... 0s. .¢e ae
PAMG Gaullneenree essen eee ee Alsey: Scott: County... .......0. 50. scaviuaeccen sesame
ee leleradibaly Wemaadacdenon obs Mascoutah, St. Clair couuty <2. 32. 0c. eseuese meee
DeoV AO MAG sem ects soles Hayes, Douglas county... < 2s. ccc. concen von nes ee
UZ PAVVOIMIN GIVE cece se oscar ncetreee Richton; Cook county ccc ock so case e cess ce eae
Gustave Schubert............... Brighton, Macoupin County. ....-............seeeeenee
Want) GutCheimnst se monveaunscacs Richton} Cook GOUNLY.. . oh. ce. cence oe we Oe
HAD) GUISGHS Sonecins eee aenicn ace eS ve Fei” Uwitiewieuc oS s sb ws vist ciel e onnea
JONM SCHEOOMeLE Reese ene Huntley, McHenry county. .... 2.22 c...c sen cece eee
Hentyahrummeres cee eeeeees Brighton Macoupin county. .....2..... sss. sean eeeee
NicholasiBanker.) oc scs-eenmeeee Stanford) Meobean Gounty <<... ccc. ess. cee seen
JOM SGHROCUGE ante eee nena Muntley McHenry county... 0... tw ce wee vee
LURBUPKO Sele ence one ie Golden; Adams County ooo. tac ccccs iscc ccc cteeeneeeene
HNGeWhitehousGmensccscaeree Litchfield, Montgomery county. (...... 5... .ceeceseueene
INS ONKER ANG) ti cea Mle tone Ace Us tee Ouba, Fuiton County 6005... 0. ee a ee a
ORD SRIGIIG Ie: cacearet een cnt hebanon, St. Clair county .... 630... ice. hse sie
Madison Koontz................. La Prairie; Adams County... <<... ..cs...sssanseeeeneeee
HOES DO Zant itees cao e cceanes Omaha, Gallatin ‘county .....<.scngecsss ss esate eee Y
MOY LHAGK OE. c1.<. -es. eee Nilwood, Macoupin Goumty:......ccceueseca vere mceeneamans
JOON Ori ects eek ec cetee cel ‘Carthage, Hancock Gounity..<.<..c.ecsceceecs - eee
PHUPHS ta Aes Sora oatcon ee (Mascoutah St. Glair County...<.cccucesccccewceeaeenene /
ETA One Stiteecetines cosa woccciee Wrightsville, Greene Gounty.c.....sunck sues ccc ceeeee
OWE (Olo\o) eae GAs mann sone ceimece Martinsvillé, Clark County.e. << icc cc. suns sc ccs owen
INU CBa ranges meeennwdese ss coc SS oe ae nb REN R ttl ocka el en
Caleb iBaindiweterwedesaarvieesace ys pi Oo geen CeCe Cake SOR
Jas. Ma Billic.% cweencectuswwan nace oe ea Te en aCe Ents bes Nin a Wik oie ee
GHrIsw Sch midtceuemeecee ~ oo (REdsBud Saline Gourty... cociccecees cuca causes tse eee
Jie). McG Caine yrnemceceineme clos ee ad Beg oune OR EGR GUS OE Lhe CC ee
IMIG: Brositnccmcccumermnemerewni cre » es mt Wy a eke Weeeice das Kee Stk keene
Anton Hongle.is sso deeewc ken clan © OSE we Cee ako) Noe cineea teen Ceewee Sly ces ann
IW SLHG Ws Gir cement amines crete M. Auer , ‘Chuidtian GOUDELY. i. ck eda cs ceetan eee
DORTMDIGIE, Gan tacos acowercern ote Quincy, AGMNIS COUN... : cs. :n4sccn skceceue meena
NOVATVIP SLUM Sues ache ete tele enema sieve ‘Bensonville. DuPage County...... ....ccccseeececseeenee
Diedrich Schmidt................ fe TT tera os OS Sots arate carers eiviete Sie es ee
PANTIE HD SOMITICUUeRentectse eet ieren |Manheim, MGlbeGan COUNTY... .cocnueccc un en ce Neen ChnRen

WV ES MELE Wadler ohm carinsc iceman ‘Chicago, Cook county..... TY FS eee oun weds meter

A
°

bo
wt

KRKFRKKKKOCKKKKKKKRKKKKKKKKARRKGKRARRG

BEER RB BR BR OTR TBR OR RS

*
'

~

BSL OES ER TO RR BR

od

35

Carp Distribution—Continued.

Name. Location.

REST SMEDUDIED vcrcintaigendiesslevassieie cieis cies « IRGOK gE GOLIa GOUMUU te neeemeisiesine seine teiea casa es vie screts
_ WG MINS Wy toh oni ei Se meee Barkieva SAN SAMONNGCOUNLY ccs. ccmccvcccvscdererce sess
W. H. Cline and ten others ..... Woodstock McHenry GOunty:. 65 oes. sectees seer ores
Jj Ne LiCl] OG SOUR Oe noe ConEECECenes LGU sD OVA COMM Uy apecerertcte ciniels els civic cides e)elere c vve picieree
NSPACE SGU INI ecccccciasceeesetds Manheinie COOKICOUNTY: caciiceleexictciteinveen clavicle scieieniaeve's
Ed SiSbo che dd ObamennoanDagooT i oh +O MpaqbtigAcnaone Snob qpune a neDbarae
PROSMMEDUDNIRG: oo chce as oss sine valence Mrenton;, ClintOnseGunby: cercetene sas sere sls ciesleis sic wlase's
EPOEUTELOMG TI oi sob c.c co ceils Seates tes pu PO REE ete OnT Kt San sc bie da Sasa lg es Rass ve
Jholaurl Wii VE Way eS agenaasopecdags Poplar Grove, BOONE COUNLY 6.0.1. cence dren tescntelecns
\yiplil! sios) 6 66ric on origobbeqpospeuss Chicde oy CoolksGouMiyerety session clr sis seis « elelniel-telsielas os
DATE MOLT Sense csr jeeseed cess Danville, WermiliGm COUNTY -aecasaa seen Sate eeer acct cle
Js 1D, LENG hg Sasa neRBee ceeearee MOWLOM se Starera Uv oe asia esiotactelceisiclsisereincsicie vac srcieciers
Lind Big LEXA 26 hd ea ae oe nea me Cl Oe aa kerr SRO RISER ODOCE COAST CRE HORE
nee NR ELOLMNOGIGE Ss o.cfc css eleven MakewoodseshelbyeGOUMt ype -ciadcsiiceclsselieietrcce ss eieieiuiels ©
MOO) SONS OVccicwews lec oasis = WlOTOy WIENS a Coit aN 746 Goan bo ogdoUsabauedoconbeDUsaceEr
MnO PPAR MIAN ERO Us octetacie «cies cee Gays, Moultrie county..... sp Bartrelvew nvereraietalse wranitetasaysralereioielove.9
AS MBE SLO oct cjeieiciclaje.c ciaie eirior oe COR WE cadbnosricnquemeponornonupseencabear
(OLE RM ACT CA (es ee Cowden shelbys County ne. ce cties > ome sisies ee eels ee ene ee
AAV eS OLIV -ieleleists« slare's'erare s clave ViGnnNa GNM SOMICOlUMtys caer ce ccisene cence cemneele ene
See ORNSOD aise 6 ek sles. ATGAGI GNOno AMC OUT Gyn teen taiiicinds/alserchie oleic oeineieieres
li IDNs ses cade ete reer aerate Moron MadisomiGountypncceccs cut cte ne chains son cee cen
EMS HEI OLSO Ya saccna tonic sciences Pa ae OC Geet AGO Cone OL Gonee
DETR IDOL BOY ten icice ce iaavere oe sive an Se ie ACO Ee OE Gea ane Hicueeo semce
PEMeB HES OTLOD civistsiciesackie saloons SS ae ES Be ir tote sfacelebteTolei seems ealee ois
HODES OWI GIN onice os sac v'sGairesn aces se ay De etree iat shettictclofetereneiwiainia’e Ataf caainvere 8
WR BOWIOR «cues ono eecsnestioneee os e EAT eid craters hier borreeenie ote tere eiets
MMIC He ea kiscneee eee ee op MP Ser tris Coe IMC feisereera trate
EVEN AWEXO WI ONS cent cietereleere cies telcos ss ae Mee Soe elara elke rerticeate recente nee
Rp Eee OL OLUsteaer Saachce cies | MANSAS: DIC GAT COUMEY, sre cate cnicisarrinieneecievele’s sicieieceserinre Stators ais
RIRLVIISULE CO) jose clei eleleia’s ciclete)oiais « 2, Golden, Adams County.............. olefelerefneleteleiesetesstereietes
10. 1D) etch thas (ol spa andnapaeaodes Willow, Jo: Daviess !GOunity.. 2... 05.0... . eee ee esse ess es
SHARAN OTe oni cs versie sense BrishroneMacoupiml GOUNEY. ccccresiesncs cstellaccetiesisicie
Ais LNEUGT S62 peared aeeee am meee GeneseowHenryiCOUNLY ackinmocie cna coterie stiectsiowaestee
Ve Hisher, ...... Falelofernhatve sjootacertae ete we vO F pm A Weasduabbeees Scoceccapacecsnoocuc
CHaS Be MANMING 0. cecic. see ote IN erys SLE DHEHSOM! COWNGYic.:3 one ccoscclocrsoew wcledee Ooleees
SEAS ee NUTINI Oe oicie ice wleleroleselo.e 6% os Ch eRE SD 9 SEER RE abos unto canaedadcaaaetac
EG) JNO) NSIS LEAS onpenonoaenooGne Mine mlaslstwaozeamiCOumM bya cr.ctetetecloiceei se vesicles cee oe
Ernst Tosette, B. Co............ CHIGHE ON COOLCO Uy estas steleleielsieletolsteleinial stele) ateraiel sere
Be MeDoOnald esc essen MEN StOnIne BLOWN COUNLY ees... )c2 secs mace eerie -
INig Wo (CLERC) eo Saco meee OSeeneEe Ary ON MUL TONY COUMEV tet risaiccisslaciewniciioetrvisincicnte sewers
PATI Wa OLUCTIS fo ac a ote acre /siainle lle AASV CTA COOK GOUNb Yio care iate wrens a teere cstalolelarelelaserotysloctumen tec
Judge J. B. Crowley..........., Robinson Crawiord County: «2 o..oscs css cne ceweeee aces
FRGUT VW aGHelGs. jcc wccece eee se. MHOMpPSONM CArrolleGOuUMby een cacti eiclers vie reicheretoretare ore
Shelton Thompson.............. Cowden MaACOUpIM GOUNTYn aco aeciosccicssicnessaes
GEOwRUSMOVEL’ ... ccc. i eeeeswed Henry eWans Dal COUNTYs-- son snaninecidecnet s anenis she sice
er MMIB TUS elas cercloccleccocsees Chauncey, Lawrence County... ......c.ccceee scent ceneees
pkey ONMOMIAN 45.0 o5< cise elcces bibertivivallenbiakelcoumtysscccs ccc. oe era den ciicess cee <
PDP EATEN RON Gace stones cael dee Willow, JOWDaVIGSS GOUNLY 5.02.0 -5-0... coe wetter cena aces
AV COVOD Mt eucnchn ce soaner eases Munne lean yonnsomGounty cence. cso. seco reteeteden.
IMGO OATES Mer seemes ec crns trac esters INTO LA ELAN GOGER COMMU seeseniiec cas ececcieeselacieioce ss =
INET booocansoncoadoondooce Kankakee, Kankakee county ..............ceeeeeecenese

ep HET abc tase naciean sai Sarocarne ns PalmyrapeMacoupinCOUnty vcs. dvescacoececicee co ccs
Wires OOo a entrecierec ote ci setisides's Jerseyville, JOrSCy COUNLY. 2. ise. wecccceeeeaecees
ears MEUULUNOBLOEG wcisaslaceanerc se IMattoonsOolestcountys eas. neaccnccnecotces cuna’ndcsmncs
OD MUELS WETTED). <2: conc locas ccae POplan Grove; bOONG|GOUNLYn ses csroneidec «cise since ccs.
Ham DSLOLascmerkee ss oces shee e = IRM Me ores eek tic Go's Sercenin cents
DAWES eae oe wiecoscecee: a NOG a) I eden cic CORR arene teeter
Wim Redimbhorn. o.iectsacaces< MIGTINE MONNSOMGOUNEY? sin scccicce se cccceeagecaclsesecle
PROSE UO Y sates fante we sihoece es ee! MMOD Soho e755 csacne wie trmignee come memento
OME GOMAING sae oot. oc cccck alate. ea OC 1 ESSER ain a nee

36

LIST OF APPLICANTS FOR CARP IN ILLINOIS, SUPPLIED
BY THE U. 8. FISH COMMISSION, IN 1890.

Name. | Location. No.

OSGHROrrET Neh acehia ese ose Belvideres.).diacscueeea roan « docs aans.con acl. ce 150
DOHNMWE Wal Odincenccectnerehiecnedee Poplar’ Grove, Boone county... .!.........ssseeee 30
ATAVA-EWIODSLCEN: seca scoliineiis eenne “8 ie oS Ce. \ikleia lela. Jo ae a 30
TIT OWiNGGlOL. cis jcaaaseiece vem seneea a4 as tbs etc upaareveoun ope ae 3U
TOSHUGVACK OLB icc oa cep oacieeesesmre Mattoon, Coles:county......:...020s.5.s008 selene 3u
1G. Bodenschatz...-:c...+scs.. 006: Idemont, Cookicounty....c).22+ cess sees ocean 30
Eielereqei INI, Le inl kai nndgensacnoonaous Robinson; Crawford county. ...........0-. sceeeeeeeeee 30
‘Aci MiG C@alletio.: jacccninncmeostscrercice Effingham, Effingham county..........-.-..cssesseess 30
JOUUMMIEMSAGhW Ollnctec ss cm ceeeeneene see Brownstown, Fayette county.........1...scssssneeeee 30
JRGMEVOMAN GNen ak coucusocwcen mneetintes Belle Rive, Jefferson county................ccsscseeee| 3U
IDM OL I eioll Ena bs saganocsbeeosaoansad ec 4G as Es OC Wiale wa6ch een 30
Wit PaWVIRCGlOR. scdesn aoc occ antementets ~~ sa Sy TE ve wa cewelco ct» oa 30
JepeMWihbelersanisnasssa dense Vets arts 4 SS eee es wwe nee 30
Marie P. Mitchell Mt. Vernon, ‘‘ a 30
James A. Stone 30
WHEE ONO8 nn cwcpsis cern oerlerme cern 30
Sake Gansict..aeseosce aeaemocies 3u
R. D. Erickson 3u
J.G. Genther 30
Samuel W. Parris.... 3 30
Wim. (Garey. ss..0 3u
E. D. Herbert 30
Joseph Backer 30
PRICMAN mene eeeenee eee 3
John Roedler ou

37

STREAMS CROSSED BY RAILROADS IN THE STATE.

Streams crossed by Chicago, Burlington & Quincey Railroad in

Points on Railroad.

Chicagzoto Burlington. .......5...00+-:

Geneva Branch.

ATIF OVA UONGONOY Beis l<cieiacic stieie a's cine avs «

Fox River Branch.

AHFOTAPLO I SUROAUOL.). cc cores es cscs cies

Rock Falls Branch.
Shabbona to Sterling

Clinton Branch.
Mendota to Fulton

Illinois.
Streams. County

Chigasomiverntee-caccussccccece
peas River..
DalbOreekencss cee
East DuPage River
Wes :
Sits OMT pn sogadedoe re
Un Gian Creeks. Giocctecs ceeteoes
OX PHIVOLs sas coke van cna ietesate Kane
Blackberry Creek
ROpDIROV Creeks yse- eco oneees
IBIS ROCKIOEEO Kea steel cnsees
ifthe Mocs Creeks. cs2e5s.8s. ee SRM pisic tbh Sete
Somonauk (Creeks. .g oc 5.cc.ccese IDO Kal byes taccenionete
Little Indian Creek.............. RTs ean eaeenD nsec

ee +. so SS aCODDROOE Wha Salers ss tee
Maino BuUreantle. «sscehcne soe dees Bureau SS ose
OOgNCreckyar eee eee a ae ee ee ee
Eyl Koya Oh-Glel 'onad eons atmancgotcaen Kerio tot kta
Henderson River... 0.5.0. .cc.0s Henderson....... see
WM SI Oneekaet. cccccsccaesn case cs Lhe snee comanocoonboce
IN@ISOn MaKe nas sicichcnwicse-ceweas FEW ace asian oeieicictot tnmeks ;
Head of Blackberry Creek...... Fighe douche bone Geptce
IMoy-< 1 INAS) 5056 cdegaboceanacuncsced Men Gal cas cmceoms =
HTT OTSPRUAVIGEE cect che were cle wislerctele MaSalley see oe
InGiani@reeley nn. osc cnn cee cae Se CS eocee cee Dereon
IDUCK I OPEOsaanncs Ger acoemie teers Co SCo RAR eae
(Clonal (CiREGIS cos pooepenoesaqaoubne te edenebanconcpes
DUP ace RIVE. 225550 seceue ve cave IDWP AG Ota ocaetes ce cce
Blackberry Creek................ ANG) cu demas odeaere
IB TEROGLE OTE Seo vos cece c cons GLE ek en
ISLORUC AU OIE Sa Aen ree IDG Kal brmvs set caccwsne
Somonauk Creek ................ te BMT Ree 3 ce interoeos
Green River

Migtin: (BURGH Ss. oo ccaecenue cesses IBUrGall secs. snes
PTET CRGGE Buc code ocas cakes cose es SR ana ae wono meet

CPE Aa Ol =\>) Oo eee Sea eae STH Ph aiwacueeete dene
Spring’ Orepksesceeic cece deueues ss Whiteside ............
Big Rock Creek PR eee oasis ees we ne ee eens eees

33

Streams Crossed—Continued.
Points on Railroad. Streams. | County.
|
Rushville Branch.
Buda tO RUSHING). > cases crane cect Coal Creek~ tegen pa er ere '

Peoria Branch.

Peoria to Galesoure sreseaneeeecteeemen:

Quincey Branch.

Galesburotol@uineyere vce. cee escees

Keithsburg Branch.
Galvaito Gladstone cascniccestice cose

Hannibal & Louisiana Branch.

Quincey to Hannibal and Fall Creek to
LOUISIANE ace hee eee ee ee

(Near Hannibal) taaccacemaceeneten
(Near wROckKport) ieee cneeee ceeeee

Carthage Branch.
Burlington stoiQuine yews ee

St. Louis Division.
East St. Louis to Rock Island.........

Spoon River.
Cooper's Creek
INDE C pee Soe eoenngcne. Sols oee-

Sugar Oreck + sot .testeee es cee f aS
Spudaway Creek ................| Falton toss eee
Otter'Creek Scheie ee «eS pape eae EeaS
SVOOMviVetameer jeceetee seen ie o ned a cp eae
HrenGhiGregksee.ersecser cco | oo Sic i ele eS
INil6 (Cresks ra aae note eter | PeCOria..s,5eae eee
Kickapooi@recks. i.e nn. soodreae oS ictal eit Gea
CedarCneGke -.iuetsesed so tonanoe

Centre Creek ..
Kepple Creek..
Crooked Creek
Flour Creek..
Bear Creek...

Hd wands. Greek 3... ..000-0 sek [Henry .acxs-neseeeeees
West Mud Creek................. «Foust e
MIG WaniiSPRITVOMr wesc cce nse ccnulos Meréers...as«cene Pecos
Henderson's River). .:2, 2...2.¢. |Henderson...........
MUNG Or Gla's. bays ccc 3: eenc scien AdaniS?}..ca.0t-. eee
Pigeon: Creskepscsccnsxsice osemeres Pike. .... niece nee
Hadley: Creek a Sic. ses bas | ns wetelninas scenes
Mc Oramiy) Creek messce we eeees «© sccweeeenne ae
IREISEREO BOK hs cscs ate car eeawene y xs
DGGE lore orernsjocceeteecee Py

Sny Hearte. ic... 6. se scene. reg

BeariGnreela: iis fsa coccsk recent |Hancock vu... eens
IRGGIMOne eke Se rec teens. «S| | .éepe Sesame
eel alee ene [Adams . ices ccnmuee
Panuhert@reeks....) cocecteweicente HanCocEsg.csxcksewmee
IROGKARIVGR Fe. he cet wee teste seca |Rock Island..........
BG wards RIVER. wocan cee ceassune Henry: ..i taugeenn
IRGHENGEG OK eces sacra ok esau KnOX*%\ sc cuauncceeeee
N. Bienderson Greek .. 5... 0.5... <* es cents Sines
Middle Henderson Creek....... Warren ccukecus skies
CedariOreekssrrccarc. sence cee ‘Saha Ee
Suwar Greek s.ccaeck ccs o. vemtet pn FPS
Swat Oneeluge ete... « eee ee :
PIN GISER EGO << Semette.c + ccetecenes 1GaSS nis cu.ceceeeenee
Mauvaisterre Creek............. 1SOGtr<cececeeuns
Indi ani Creek. x. sccwetans~ 6cseweee Cc
Big Sandy Creek .
Apple Creek ......
Taylor Creek.. *
Macoupin (ie GIes See ced vdeo Jersey

WiOOGURiverinktecs ccibovscccossee Madison. <ccneeees vd

30 a

Streams crossed by Chicago & Alton Railway in Illinois.

Streams. Points on Railroad. County.
nmikakee Rivers..:css2t.cceee tee cece Near Wilmington,.....:............. Wall, c: > scenes eee
IRINA: POL VOP ses cacnace coe cieicessse WiGxIN StOMeee cc oes woe teas vente MGieanivsewss eee
SAAT GIE cemet Goteitdeisc das einncc'sciceats eee TING O Its ternal ete ctorswate es Horan wees
Raickapoo!Oreek -. 12.062 c 2 neces e: ** Lawndale ....... : Gale por akse re
aN SAMONUPIVOR «62. ec cee cerca seme. ‘* Springfield... .|Sangamon..........
Mgigoupin: Creek... ec ce.e ccec ne sa MacOupIn es... SMG OUI sep sss ceen
CICIIMUNIVIOTS A ei joe igor win cle 'ele ns viele t aie ee ALL ODM. . .|Madison.

SIE PRIM AICO pee Oooo cists oie ciclo aie Seve iaie See MatGh eer. vo. concn ads

SUITOR OL COK «Seige ole vicieiere's'siaveiareslwnieee SS SS TOUS aad ioectes « .|St. Clair i
MCRAE OLOOK. ech risindscinaisiesideies rit PUR VOMG ALO mete on ch stasterctsic-« Se NGMOONGM ate aaeveokes
RIE ANT OT ECL VOD) vis ce-ccaicie ejzicewe Sere ne IBSTEES DUES teeter moenetene| WWierreir deeinceesivee
PILTTOSPEUIMO TS de stsccciesi cess cslacleriens « At Pear na nuer ob ecdsudadouad Gb ebosnese EUIRG Oe coeemmoae

SMGE VION UIVIOL ys. «5 J~- 0 clanicie neve 7 al LaNlineyey oanog Reon oe sone Ocoee comes EAVINSStON j.550e2 ee

Streams crossed by Illinois Central Railroad in Illinois.

CHICAGO TO MAIN LINE JUNCTION.

Streams. Points on Railroad. Towns.
North Calumet River ................ INGEiRad an co co ceuuscomnsopacosepocannoct Riverdale...........
South Calumet River ................ rs Reece hes EASE Aelats [evo aisistataee inion oes South Lawn........
HAMKAKEOURLVODes.cecicctic casewacoeevs UU Ta Spans eo te a ie age, Ree eee Cipeticne Kankakee...........
TS WELINY (ONCE) 2 Sane sobQn cece ee noone INIGHiieeadoae coon booccuaaaddedcounocacKNs IN@OkEE i aansonacn cous
PT GOH OnE sen npooonposdesoguecgosus Dy. Spot cooc on Loeb osdeopggeo oeRoDedoce SHEE coatecone Sotonse
PTHOMW ADASD: RIVOL 5c wciicsleicealee des yi Pe oetaets ied ateeteel oe fs cmgtes oe Masons = 2 een
MDISMANGRECIES. cea. toc os less cava ceine rh, Ge Ratt aot Sh a tito a De cation Macledetit sete:
Cairo to East Dubuque

Lior (CHV) Teas Same doreen cernE aerator Merl Omonrtny Olcse geiser ores saccsee oes MOTE See eer ane
Uirrarcie (GEIR e San ae Ee Ea aera DG ye ete cee rise fein ele asicie'sine civine eel Tian ee ee ae
PERV ROE CRI fed cates oc wie heaves oolee os dap Boe a In RT RO CROPS Ne Aah Wankande rites ce
PITRE VE One Oke he ik. o ancicssinacannee iW Saul (eiravovallayol eee RRO RE RARE nour oEas Watikanda:..s. 02:
Bip eNO Ve RLVEE <. 62.0 oocoe. cise eee DEMTlGSeNOLUNNOlere coccinea cetera DESOTO Aaa
WiitheMnad ys RLVED .......ceaeecces ss 2 miles MGEGHEO Week itenia soos DUBOIS eee
@rooked Creeley io ccs. be. ease ecicns AMG NOTCHCOL fos dccsasiicccwer asics Central City........
E. Fork Kankaskia River............ 1 ‘miles MOLENO Mee asin dee eee Patoka SSB aane abe =
N. Fork Kankaskia River............ SSRIS TLOLEDROL. 3 #5 oe.ccccie valle Rae eeee nae ie
INIA? CREE OAs Gono daa eenebe deoocdoegcnt ILmengltaiVerallZ. Cit acco pboncwesesseboodonc Wernontnnge-wecer.
Branch of Kankaskia................. DMMLESHNOLEMVOL. cacgsee dene salons esses Shabonier..........
HETIG GEG OL EOK: © Seale cs wie ole casio ceececs an IMU SOMN a Olsens ade iisweoes Wandalighes gee se eee.
GRIM TG OKIA tet ase aics cee sien’ rans neuer AMUNGS SOULN Ofsascascrdenccacouess METS Site a et tos ee
IAMS OY OE COIN ai occ: sin cejo ti occicie velo visi 34 miles SOUihy Obset en. a ouseee cee: AMSG reteecceee cs
LAG) wl Ose) CAEP Ce es A ee it MIUUNAS SOULNIOM. osc oeeeeecce cee = oe D> Tepe eee eee
ONMGSSUMPOTEO Ae. vicocciscticns cee evs SUMMUNeS MOLLMO Lda eanacwestieclst cen ae QConeers.o25. ess
ODF IN CISts) eee Sa een See ee ee Ie6smiles'southy Ofs.cote ec seen ca scoens IPanaeese tee
RPA OL CLOG ets s/<sais, iecie s cerelsiclee's wis PA Miles MOLI Ofacscdccosccescs cece Moweaqua.........
Sanfamon River. ....0.6.0.e4eccs sane ermilestSOuth! Ola. Secase cnseee es be clee IWeCHEUTS cee
MALRORE GK Ue os crac clnceanc conn Bie MUeSISOULNIOL. ns ncacocs Sach oe oct Clintan = eee
GAGA OO CLOG c.. osc eras cases icteldetee mile morthiOre fuentes ccuccce wade ese =
UP GIN CLO Dre eae s meaner dsceore eee UTE) Take yaN2) Ohi AonponocaoneopEceBneecr
Meo kiniaiwe EIVOr sesh crc acs cee cccwecacn MeaMTleSOUi Ole saccc-. cdiceceeccuvleece
South Panther Greek 2... .cs..c.e-s 146 miles sou h of
North Panther Greek ...25.5..06...3- 146 miles north of
South Fork Sandy Creek............ 146 miles south of ae
North Fork Sandy Creek............ DAA NUON ROU GNNOLSs «co eetnlecicn aaneke Wenona,..°.2..55-
[PRE SPOR sect. 2 coneeen ss sates Area nner at tr ae wal Cocicmonisooeeree aBalle. co. esl.
HESTE Gaels OGIO oo cin wince icmae cds ceo natel Gmilow auth Oi., .....cfacesiars sce Hublette, Hts. :
WAT GUMOE Oem eioietaicielc «ccc donee nese ne tae Pe PONGISOUTHEOL 2 cans ecase secant ATHNOY eee cecse ean.
LOG RECEIPES cee scowcleccisayn aaieeecrae BerININ GE M1 OLUHIOL oo ccnesec ae saaeecees 1D Yc a Oe eet pt aeeye
er CHIEU es qRC COO EOE CEOCEEEE pe THILO ORM Olvecen tate esaaes «dhe re. EOLGs aoe Sear
MeateWiVvebeen esters. cess sense angered [2imnles MOEN Oban. cecacaudlaec ess, (Forreston ..........
WONG WaOrOubareeeee: codec cseccewncars JATNUNGS SOUL Olean carseat tote. Preeport............
eae PE CIBOR BAW eee scenic oem aa «on SNMNGsOLuaeOmeeemede sees... . c[k te lice waceehoue «
nk GOLESI i acute bec ae ais ae se LISTINGS NORLHMO Ls ace aeia on coat lec ooe'e Apple River........

OLE Gln RIVOL: 6505 wesc sere es {Wimileleast OMe ooo ee oe i ecciewree Council Pe Se.

Fork Galena River..............:. IDAGINTIGSIWEBRUOlec strc acaccs cs ctv ne Eis,
Eales HUI O ter nc ete ce wae smecetec FEE Rope SOOpRE OS Doecr Ac gC op PORURBOGrOee (tAlONAieavet sc sssce oo
SIGSIMWAYAI VOR. tance voce ccs cueve es re WHIGHORSUOls wacrcccec ess srvcesive Monominee........
MAICHLOMME GON BOREDLCOIN eek enir trast Atco dceas coer Oeemkrmisagccssedsscceces| (oO MMED |) sacvemue

40

Streams Crossed.—Continued.

|
Streams. | Points on Railroad. Towns.
Middle Division from Chicago.
Vermilion eWivenin. fence sce oe sees clo 14 miles north/of sue. = 22+ -b> Charlotte. ..... 6.55.
WiGFIliGn: JLV.Ole. > scree nes ease veers 1% miles weswest of........... ontiae....<cseauab os
From Springfield.
DAN GAM OM VEV.G) sete. ceeiit ecole .|Near ..|Springfleld. .......-. :
SaltrGreelenteys tekseasclecee .{1 +» MOHREY 5 cone mee
Balt Crecks sven cise voce wemonceeee ence 3 miles south of . |De Witt...se<easaee

Streams crossed by Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railway in

Illinois.
|
Kickapool@re eke. sence csvace be. miles southlof............... Pokin .3: c.cceemee es
Illinois River’............... SPARS U8 So Maio ena deme eee eee | ° °* eee
OSH CrEG Karmen acee ces: .|2 2 railes south of.. Meee.
Mackinaw River.......... .|2 miles south of... .- (Grand Blaifs2)222.2
WhitalhOrevaltc Soagoauceoneoos .|2 miles south of... . -| Pekin: .sgcssneeeeee
(Atay Grp OME) Ch bag Soddeocscabe -|144 miles south o:... - -| LODGKA .-seeaseeeaem
HANS AM ONPLVVLy. ban secieereselse ae 14 miles north of Chandlersville . fae
hittleiindianiOreeks.:.. 0s. sss see 1’¢ miles south of Little Indian .......
DigvinGisniOneeks eee pkrene heer 14 miles south of Fete ERE ETS
Mauvaisterre Creek.................. dammlbinOrtin Oligo ces sentes cee eer eeeee Jacksonville °

Streams Crossed by Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway in

Illinois.

Little Wabash River................. Between Shumway and oattetssteored Effingham..........
ORS WAR IV Oi ioescatns eae anaitee cere Windsor’ (Ge ceca FUGO: cate. Semeeete
WGEEMITOMMR IVE aoc comctees teurmeee S Pontiae net Genders eke Dorrell.:.24-seeeee
[KanikakcO@) WIVGR: sms settee ores eros ate s Essex De teen stem Ritchies.s.025t-aiebe
1 Btoyal Fes(ol) Chee) Kno caogoasetiono voadusubUT - Ritchie BR SARA yest Symerton. 2..s..4.5.
OLrSGIOCreGkascaht tceecs cea ceicnhioweels os Essex ee er eae ee itchi6: 2. da euaeee
ELIGKOry Oreckisss sconce cere costoornes i New Lennox ! Pe te Marley... 2: <.semuare
Sibley (Oles\e\ ico Moy cqacaenanogoanossccncc East of Me Shosctyco- Clinton..s.<sssaeeree
Sangamon River Sangamon “‘ .......... Decaturi..<s2aeaeee

vs Riverton eee. Springfield
ne if Decatur DS SAa sees ogee rere
ee Sy" Monticello. “‘U......:.. 1bOdsemseesen eee
‘ WinGdsite, “SSemistccece W hte oo een x
ee bi Monticello ‘* .......... /Ar@entaeesnemunaee
ms ck WevlOR TP" sesoncecas Clarksdale Re eeege
Illinois River bi Sait Ries Sra ove hove 4 niese etc OunlCA Diane Rerentene eeeiniereiete he ite reieitiet oe ee eiee erica \Meredosia..........
site brereestelerarere Odie; efayiie athe: c vie] eal, Mei iateastn ine he Gre Stores tice pire emits etc emer Valley Gite. sccepee
Hadley Creek Barry BNO ecseccce Kinderhook .......-
Shoal Creek............ Ray INONG GG Siwnceeescus Honey Bend.......
Kahoka Creek Ree RN eRe MC Reis SR CORR Eom eee eos Edwardsville.......

Wabash: Riverine cccewiestic cecum Aieicihdd ec WeRERicidt cone nes castes Vincennes..........
MD ALTAS IMG, cep cneiteceiceieeee IP MTIG PONS tROEs. cc. eet saivecsmenthee Lawrenceville,.
Little Wabash River...............0. I RAtlG) GAS URGES aceon cones sens caa ten Clay City..c.vtiee
Kaskaskia IRIVOR isco cnsincccmen nce At RRR ae bp a nigeeieebwies shiners Carlyle <i. ienuieee
Springfield Division.
Illinois ee PER A ebvomecinies Cc ceieineG ASG <reroth th cach GeURS Meee ch howe s nes Beardstown........
SpringiGreslivt ewe ane weeancke S miles BOUtH HOE var est sa tacos cceat Springfield ........
South Rok oe DANGRMOD occ ounces 2 miles northwest of................ Rochester ..........
ae Biever 146 miles southeast of Hoe wows nees
w Riv 2 miles southeast of... Cowd Gy. seer ssa.
Seite Fork 136 MilOS SOUUHIGR. .... 0c. coe Gece Mill Shoal...........

41

Streams Crossed by Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway in

Iilinois.
Streams. Points on Railroad. Towns.
MITVOIS AEUL VOI geltiale cae lele(siei oles vies. cise JAD ep pabouontensc cocoa poMuondaLeDee POLIS oa arecorssete crops terts
Mackimaw RivOr..........ccccssesoees is} 3000) (Ae) Eobitlal Coli, Gondonaounononadadd POV cae BAKES Se
slays (Ola): U<osiond copa ee ORO OMOBOSOHOS 5 miles northwest of................ AMIGO LGS see epiths
MIGKEDOO CTOOK Ts... ccs ence ners 2 miles northwest of................ ye Wapetr debce tr ae
Slt \CLaG) Radecoge een p SRO MOUen Enon SPLNILOS SS OUD OL oterele ere «leleislerere sete: Mite Pialasicimesnnt
Sangamon River................00008 if soabl Ss (efoybin al ori doppoeenamoadearce cane DSGatiirwdicoccre.c
Okaw (W. Fork) River.............. 5 miles northwest of................ SWI Neha) de cogeonosue
Okaw (BE. Fork) River............... 3 miles southeast of................. Sullivan ............
Embarrass River...... At eI PO OW ne sees eletials
Embarrass River. Seoa| KGarte nails), Sabeedaoee
Wabash River..... é ee NG WLODeecteciccisrcte

Streams Crossed by Lake Erie & Western Railway in Illinois.

Kickapoo River....
Sangamon River....
West Fork Vermilion................

Sangamon County.

ee Hord .
Vermilion ig

Streams Crossed by Chicago & Northwestern Railway in Illinois.

IHOCLE IBIVEP ¢ coobdnbogucs4o0usd Gbc0900| Ibdoubs cope onbunDbOaUdonchoEdoasdadndbods| loduosseobaccoonceudor
TES ININGW cou sopesobogsabadens bougDe collsoonoucce aaa boonaoodnddandEeanaedddud6 culleosnaesogouppodcons oer
WOES PlaIMESIRIVER 22.65. fe. ece els owes Ions gnooodss ancobs oponDoaqoasoOgOO TEC Maywood ..........
DuPage River........ spone,c0be0d06 3040 1¥6 miles west Of................-.-. MypavakelGl oooesco. onc
West Kishwaukee River............ Poe npdlonongone coedcduseas dope oCOON doc IDES) Goooaenoocoee
PBUH GENMEVIN GIG Sect calccee weiciess Se eisevcic'ere il amills) WEEN GSacoscases cooodcoaSeTc CO llines snacoagosoucne
ices UMC IW HUET CO MEVLY. Glocre rs ieleeioiet tel -Ac Uy oeatelefeinicisielsisteleisiere wieicieieis cteiee sicisarelsinieccle CMValleyirene coer
Nippersink River .................... Si milesssouunlOte cesses see Richland. ..........
RECaTONICR HLVOR saacccseas eases soos IASG BR ree cic ceeis corania i eielsiaraosisee eae Hreeport: .eecsn-cee

Streams Crossed by Illinois, Bloomington & Western Railway in

Illinois.
|
\WGtrinnl icin 1 Rely Sageoinc qocdoanon Osea |: 1 Goo cera Roe apaecOcaeOtee SRBbtr REBBeeee Damyallercs estates:
Salt Fork...°...... séoobacnivonseceBHanse|| Oo pecanacteses doe arsecddcuUasseaedEes Oakwood. ..........
hil Ivers \WGrainil boys so6 45 Seppeoot o 20) NICE 8 op dbon co puna DECODES Ono HOC SUDGAEE Dartvillele sc. cctines ve
Sangamon River........ JNU hecnea ponpOn! ag IOC CoDADEBOOEOEOOEDOE Mahomet. ..........
Mackinaw River ..... Po odonsd coadecipe bode og onaGaenSEUDUOTe Mackinaw ..........
PREIS ETUDE LULU OL eave Wacen ore tre ceelcle cere er ee bale ctsvornian ne paleintog sete StiJoseph...5 050.82

42

Streams Crossed by Chicago & FE. Illinois Railway in Illinois.

Streams. | Points on Railroads. Towns.
Calumet siviery miniseries clone 4 IMC MOLHNROL . caeeiete <-ot. saoeoee IDalton Prey te Ty.
Calunmmetehivensencossseceeeacesser ett IZ: MP SSRS OMEN OLaeeremetats se 45a e ee “* piebipedacuieees
Kankakee River PM Weotebindnee tc ie ales sade ce ster ters |\Momencé..........
Iroquois River............. cy Aelelcteiue seettve sie mem eeeene nee ania Watseka. joscape sn.
shukefiy OME) odqabsontanas Between Watseka and.............. Woodland ..........
ALE RVSrIMULO Nn ee aericeer ZpMIeSISOULH Of peomercnaye eee eee Gees Erne 4A:

Streams Crossed by the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway in
Illinois.

SVivopill’ Chev! e scmasooposoneniascosoasence In Peeccmpy sae a wera te ‘Bond County ......
Manivalk Ga: as tet te 0 etapa 5 0 | Mae PRP nce sa ene Sane anaes Clinton County....

43

MississiPpPI RIVER AND ITs TRIBUTARIES WHOLLY PARTLY

WITHIN THE STATE OF ILLINOIS.

OR

Ohio River.

Big Muddy River.
Kaskaskia River.
Mary’s River.

Illinois River.
Fox River,
Henderson River.
Edwards River.

CREEKS TRIBUTARY TO MISSISSIPPI RIVER:

Clear Creek.
Fountain Creek.
Cahokia Creek.
Piasa Creek.
Kiset Creek.
Mill Creek.
Rock Creek.
Bear Creek.
Honey Creek.
Dugout Creek.
Cedar Creek.
Ursa Creek.
Pope Creek.
Eliza Creek.
Copper Creek.
Johnson Creek.
Big Rush Creek.
Small Pox Creek.

TRIBUTARIES TO OnTIO RIVER.

Saline River.
North Fork of Saline River.
South Fork of Saline River,
Embarras River.

TRIBUTARY TO Bic Muppy RIVER.

Kingkaid Creek.

Beaucoup Creek.
Pipe Stone Creek.

Galum Creek.

Little Beaucoup Creek.
Swanwick Creek.
Locust Creek.
Painter Creek.

Big Crab Orchard Creek.
Crab Orchard Creek.

Little Muddy River.
Carson Creek.

Rock River.

Plum River.
Apple River.
Sny Ecarte River.

t4

Middle Fork of Big Muddy River.
Ewings Creek.

Gum Creek.

Casey Fork.
Atchinson’s Fork.
Ray’s Creek.

TRIBUTARIES TO KASKASKIA RIVER.

Nine Mile Creek.
Plumb Creek.
Silver Creek.
East Fork.
Big Muddy Creek.
Elk Horn Creek.
Sugar Creek.
Shoal Creek.
Beaver Creek.
’ Flat Branch.
East Fork of Shoal Creek.
Dry Creek.
Middle Fork of Shoal Creek.
West Fork of Shoal Creek.
Crooked Creek.
Lost Creek.
Great Point Creek.
Prairie Creek.
Coles Creek.
Gibbs Creek.
East Fork Kaskaskia River.
Bear Creek.
Hurricane Creek.
Hickory Creek.
Camp Creek.
Booz Creek.
Suck Creek.
Big Creek.
Beck’s Creek.
Richland Creek.
Brush Creek.
Robinson Creek.
Sand Creek.
West Fork of Kaskaskia River.
Apple Creek.
Lake Fork.

TRIBUTARIES To ILLINOIS RIVER:

Otter Creek.
Macoupin Creek.
Taylor’s Creek.
Joe’s Creek.
Solomon’s Creek.
Otter Creek.
Bear Creek.
Honey Creek.
Apple Creek.
Big Grassy Lake.
Big Sandy Creek.
Little Sandy Creek.
Walnut Slough.
Bay Creek.
Mauvaisterre Creek.

MckKie’s Creek.
Willow Creek.
Indian Creek.
Prairie Creek.
Crooked Creek.
Little Missouri Creek.
Cedar Creek.
Grindstone Creek.

Carter’s Creek.
Camp Creek.
Troublesome Creek.
Panther River.
Bronson’s Creek.
Middle Creek.
Long Creek.

North Branch of Crooked Creek.
Spring Creek.
Sangamon River.
Big Panther Creek.
Clary’s Creek.
Crane Creek.
Salt. River.

Prairie Creek.

Sugar Creek.

Kickapoo Creek.

Deer Creek.

Salt Creek.

North Branch Salt Creek.

Lake Fork Salt Creek.
Rock Creek.

Spring Creek.
Lick Creek.
Sugar Creek.
Brush Creek.
South Fork.

Bear Creek.

Flat Branch.
Lake Fork.

Willow Branch.
Goose Creek.
Camp Creek.
Madden Creek.
Stevens Creek.
Otter Creek.
Spoon River.
Big Creek.
Putnam Creek.
Coal Creek.
Cedar Creek.

Swan Creek.
French Creek.
Sugar Creek.
Walnut Creek.

Quiver Creek.

Bucklin Creek.

Mackinaw Creek.
Mill Creek.
Walnut Creek.
Panther Creek.
Northwestern Branch Mackinaw River.
East Branch.
Six-Mile Creek.
Honey Creek.
Bray’s Creek.

Henline Creek.
Kickapoo Creek.
Richland Creek.
Crow Creek.
North Branch of Crow Creek.
South Branch of Crow Creek.
Strawn’s River.
Crow Creek.
Sandy Creek.
Clear Creek.
Big Bureau Creek.
West Bureau Creek.
Negro Creek.
Vermilion River.
Wolf Creek.
Otter Creek.
Scattering Point Creek.
Rook’s Creek.
South Fork Vermilion River.
North Fork Vermilion River.
Covel Creek.
Fox River.
Big Indian Creek.
Indian Creek.
Mission Creek.
Somonauk Creek.
Battle Creek.
Blackberry Creek.
Fox Lake.
Squaw Creek.
Nippersink Lake and Creek.
Nettle Creek.
Waupcan Creek.
Mazon River.
West Fork of Mazon River.
East Fork of Mazon River.
Gooseberry Creek.
Au Sable Creek.
Saratoga Creek.
Kankakee River.
Prairie Creek.
Forked Creek.
Rock Creek.
Iroquois River.
Sangamon River.
Prairie Creek.
Spring Creek.
Sugar Creek.
Exline Slough.
Trim Creek.
DuPage River.
Lilly Cache River.
West Branch of DuPage River
Jackson’s Creek.
Des Plaines River.
Calumet River.
Little Calumet River.
Salt Creek.
Mill Creek.

lau

TRIBUTARIES TO Rock RIVER:

Mill Creek.

Greene River.
Mineral Creek.
Spring Creek.
Mud Creek. 4
Coal Creek.

Hickory Creek.
Willow Creek.

Rock Creek.

_ Little Creek.

Sugar Creek.

Spring Creek.

Elkhorn Creek.
Five-Mile Creek.
Three-Mile Creek.
Pine Creek.

Clear Creek.

Kite River.

Tieaf River.

Kishwaukee River.
Piasa Creek.

Coon Creek.

Rush Creek.
North Branch of Kent’s Creek.
Pecatonica River.

Rock Run.

Pillow Creek.
Sugar Creek.

Otter Creek.

TRIBUTARY TO HENDERSON RIVER:
Cedar Creek.

TRIBUTARIES TO EDWARDS RIVER:
Camp Creek.
East Branch.
West Branch.

TRIBUTARY TO APPLE RIVER:
Trish Hollow Creek.

CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO ENFORCING THE FISH
AND FISHWAY LAWS.

LINCOLN, ILL., Nov. 10, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Secretary Illinois State Fish Commission:

DEAR Sir—After receiving my commission as a State Fish Warden in
this county, and within a week of qualifying, had the pleasure of convict-
ing five men who had seined in Salt Creek, making hauls of fish to the
amount of four hundred pounds. The case was hotly contested, on both
sides, but the jury brought in a verdict of guilty, assessing a fine of ten
dollars, which added to the costs made it twenty dollars each had to pay.
Not having a desire to hold the office of warden for revenue only, I re-
mitted to each of the men the one-half of the fine coming to me, believing
it to be the best for the cause to do so.

IT have had no oceasion to regret my action, as I have been informed
that there would be no more seining in that camp.

Some of the wealthy farmers over whose farms the creeks flow felt dis-
posed at first to be ugly, and protested that their private rights were in-
terfered with; that seining was one of the appurtenances and _ heredita-
ments appertaining and belonging to their real estate. Avoiding open
rupture by moral suasion, I have succeeded in allaying rebellious feelings,
and think that the majority will submit to the law. Those who do not
must, if I detect them violating it.

In regard to the litigation against the Lincoln Water Works for erect-
ing a dam across Salt Creek, I would say that they have put in the pre-
scribed fishway. Generally there is a disposition to comply with the fish
laws, and the fact that a Fish Warden has been appointed has much to
do with it.

Yours respectfully,

L. C. SCHWERDTFEGER.

CHARLESTON, ILL., Sept. 22, 1890.
S. P. Barilett, Esq., Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR Str—We had a trial last Friday of a man who was with a party
of netters, and secured conviction. We have had two plead guilty, and
this makes the third one. Have others on the string, and think that
there will be no more trials, but that all will plead guilty.

I think our plan to take them one at a time and make the balance of
the party witnesses and compel them to testify, a good one, and would
suggest that you advise other associations to practice it.

Notwithstanding violations of the law. a good many fish are being
caught. Parker, Ficklin, Chilton and myself were down yesterday and
caugnt 58 fish, mostly bass, some croppie, goggle-eye, and catfish, among

49

them a blue catfish weighing seven pounds. I think we have got the vic-
laters scared now, and that next season we will have splendid fishing.

Awaiting your commands, am very truly yours,
WEISS WOOLEN Co,
per Orro WeErtss, Pres.

CHARLESTON, ILL., April 3, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Esq., Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR StR—Our club recommends F. M. Parker as Fish Warden. He
fishes a great deal and will make a good officer. Will you have the kind- .-
ness to recommend his appointment to the governor and have his commis-
sion here soon as possible. The pamphlets received all right, and am dis-
tributing them. Our club offers fifty dollars reward for conviction for
seining, netting or trapping, and one hundred dollars for using trammel
nets. I believe that we can stop it this season entirely. Please notify us
a few days ahead when pike will be here, so we can look after them.

Yours truly,
Orro WEIss, Sec’.

CHARLESTON, ILL., May 10, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Esq., Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR Srr—Mr. F. P. Hagan arrived yesterday at 2 P. M. with the
wall-eyed pike in excellent condition, and we got them safely into the
river. Your allowance to us was a very liberal one, and our members are
very grateful for them, and wish me to thank you for them, and say that if
we can be of service to you to command us. We will make inquiries about
the Newton dam and advise you. There are a good many fish being caught,
and many more croppie then before. We attribute this largely to your
plants, and partially to absence of trammel-nets.

I will write to towns along our river, and endeavor to get them to
organize. Have written to Joseph Ryan, of Greenup, Ill., an attorney and
fisherman, on this subject. Always ready to be of service to you, I am, _

Yours truly,
Orro Wetss, Sec’y.

GRIGGSVILLE, ILL., Aug. 2, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Esq.

DEAR Srr—I had a case at Shepherd, a few day ago, for violation of
the fish law. The State’s Attorney failed to appear, or send any one to
prosecute for me. The parties had counsel and demanded a jury. The
jury was composed entirely of fishermen, and discharged the defendant.
They then had me arrested for disturbing the peace in making the arrest.
My trial is set for one o’clock Monday, August 4th, at Shepherd, and I
want you to meet me there at that time with counsel.

1 want to see you on other business, also.
CLARK BLACKWELL.

STERLING, ILL., Nov. 9, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR StrR—Yours of Sept. 18 was duly received. In reply will say I
went down to Henry county, and prosecuted the parties I spoke of in my
letter. They plead guilty, and were fined ten dollars and costs. I have
more to follow. I have the warrants out for three more I caught a week
ago, and I have still others awaiting the State’s Attorney’s attention. I

—4A F.C,

50

have had prosecutions in his hands, but haye not been able to get him to
prosecute, but probably will after court adjourns, which I think will be
this week.

I enclose some clippings. I think I have got this illegal seining pretty
well broken up. After we have had a few more convictions I think there
will not be much more seining done in Rock river.

Yours truly,
JOHN Dickson, Fish Warden.

NOBLE, ILL., Oct. 22, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR Srr—I received my commission as Fish Warden on Saturday,
25th. The law is being violated every day in this and Wayne county, in
the Little Wabash river. It is full of fish traps and nets, and some of
the parties say there is no law to make them take their traps out. They
claim they own the river that runs through their land. These traps ex-
tend the entire width of the river, and fish can not pass without being
caught.

Please instruct me what steps to take in regard to this matter at your
earliest convenience.

Yours respectfully,
J. EK. STEVENS.

VIRGINIA, ILL., Sept. 23, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR S1rR—Through Senator Leeper I received my commission as Fish
Warden, for which allow me to thank you in behalf of fish protecting
people of our county. There is a chain of lakes on each side of the San-
gamon river, which Beardstown and Mason county fishermen haye been
in the habit of seining contrary to law. I have prosecuted six of the
parties successfully, and I have hopes of the business being stopped in
the lakes in this particular vicinity.

The place where the most trouble will be is above and below Beards-
town. I am informed there are seines and nets in several of the lakes
there, and I think it would be a good idea to make a raid on them

sometime soon, then I don’t think there will be much more trouble with
them.

I would like to have your idea as to the best way to proceed in the
matter, as I am new in the field.

Yours respectfully,
H. H. TURNER.

GENEVA, ILL., 2, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, Ill.:

DEAR StrR—I am here investigating the destruction of fish by the Pope
Mfg. Co. This company has been shut down for several months, but
started up about two weeks ago, and yesterday at Batavia, three miles
below here, the fish commenced to die by the thousands, so that to-day
they have taken from the river four wagon loads, and there are thousands
between here and there dead now. I went to see Mr. Pope, Jr., to-night,
and he said that they had put nothing in the river but the corn after
the gluten had been extracted, and he did not think that could have
killed the fish. But I have been along the river above here, and there

5]

are no dead fish above, and the water is covered below with them, so it
must be that, and no other cause. They will have to be stopped or no
fish will get up the river above this place. I return to the lakes in the
morning, and would like to have you investigate this, as it is of a very
serious nature.
Yours respectfully,
KF. L. Buck, Fish Warden.

PULLMAN, ILL., September 25, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Hsq., Quincy, Ill.

DEAR StR—I am pleased to report that I am having good luck so far,
have taken seven nets, and have them locked up, and have posted notice.
Yesterday I found an owner for one of them. He has offered to plead
guilty to save expense. Will you please send me a few copies of the fish
law? What can I do to the distilleries that are killing the fish along the
Calumet river?

Yours truly,
CHaAs. T. BRONSON.

PULLMAN, ILL., November 8, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, Ill.

» DEAR SrR—Since my last report to you I have made three arrests, taken
up ten nets, and have now twenty-three nets stowed away.

Today I discovered three men with gill nets, and lowered my boat to
get them, but they got away leaving over one-fourth mile of one and one-
fourth inch mesh gill nets in the water, which I have. They had over
five hundred pounds of fish. I have not had very good luck in choosing
the justice. The first case I had was a bad one. I caught him in the
act. He had six hundred pounds of fish. He proved to be a neighbor of
the justice, and he let friendship interfere with duty.

There was a man fishing with two inch mesh nets, but by putting two
of them together in such a position was only one inch, he claimed that
his net was all right. I said ‘‘No.’” Was I not right?

Yours truly,
CHAS. T. BRONSON.

Clipping from Danville Press, November 29, 1890.

It is an old adage, but nevertheless it is a very true one. that murder
will out, and it has never been more fully illustrated than in the trial
and conviction of Middleton McMillan, George McMillan,—father and son,—
Charles Grimes and Charles McMillan for violation of the fish law.

For a long time these people have been regularly seining the North
Fork, but like the maiden of old, they carried the pitcher once too often
to the well, and the pitcher was broken, and the cost thereof was terrible
to the unfortunate ones. In August last they seined the stream from the
Denmark ford to one and one-half miles north, and it is said the catch
was very large. Some one, possibly the fellow who was angling along the
placid waters of the North Fork, had no luck, informed Fish Warden
George Kamper, whose ears are always open to the cry of distress of the
festive finny tribe. The better feelings of the warden were aroused, the
warrant for their arrest was issued by Justice Hollowell, and Constable
Thompson brought them “into court yesterday afternoon, where they were
arraigned. George and Charles McMillan and Charles Grimes pleaded
guilty and were fined ten dollars and costs, amounting in all to $17.50
each. Middleton McMillan, however, concluded to stand trial. When put

52

on the witness stand he admitted that he had gone to the creek with the
seiners, and watched them catch the fish: and had seen them dividing
them into four piles and had taken his share home with him. He claimed
that he was not violating the law, for the reason that the creek ran
through his farm, and was his property. In total disregard of his feelings
and protestations, however, the court fined him $10.00 and costs, amount-
ing to $20.30.

The result of the trial gives general satisfaction to all sportsmen, and

it is the desire of every lover of law and order that all violators be pun-
ished.

3)
ist)

MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE.

INCREASE OF FISH, CARP, PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS, ETC.

FAIRBURY, ILu., August 11, 1890.
Mr. S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, Il:

DEAR SrirR—Yours of the 21st of July was duly received, but have not
yet received publication on ‘* Pond Culture,” as stated in your letter you
would send. I shall be very glad to receive information and help on stock-
ing ponds. I caught an eight-pound German Carp with line two weeks
ago; it was a very nice fish. Please send what information you can, and
oblige.

Yours very truly,
N. B. CLAUDON.

CARLINVILLE, ILuL., December 15, 1890.
Ool. S. P. Bartlett, Secretary Illinois State Fish Commission:

DEAR S1R—It will perhaps interest you to hear something in regard to
the fish which you so kindly furnished to stock the ‘‘ Beaver Dam Lake,”
and from your many friends composing the members of the ‘‘ Beaver Dam
Lake Club.”

The lake, no doubt, at an early day, was formed by the work of beavers,
and was naturally about four feet deep, and covered quite a large tract,
hence the name. The club, at an expense of about 32,500, have built a
dam at each end of the lake, and the water now covers about eighty
acres, and is about seven to eight feet deep. This water is surrounded by
beautiful wooded hills, upon one of which is situated our club house, at
an elevation of fifty feet or more, and overlooking the entire lake. The
house, lot and picnic grounds cover about ten acres, which is enclosed by
a wire fence, and the underbrush nicely trimmed out, and covered by for-
est trees, affording a fine shade.

We usually hold two club picnics each year, summer and fall, and nearly
every day during the summer some of the club, with their families and
friends, are enjoying the delights of boating and fishing at this beautiful
resort.

Our club consists of the following named persons, viz.: Henry Brayford,
Henry C. Yeager, Hon. C. A. Walker, Gen. John I. Rinaker, Dr. J. P.
Mathews, Don A. Burke, Wm. F. Burgdorff, Chas. H. Burgdorff, Thos.
Rinaker, Rob’t B. Shirley, F. W. Burton, Prof. Chas. Robertson, Alex. H.
Bell, Wm. L. Mounts, M. L. Keplinger, A. H. Hoblett, Alex. Boring and
H. W. Burton.

The fish received from you seem to be doing well. At any rate we do
not find any dead ones, and we hope to have, in the near future, the
finest stocked private lake in the State of Illinois.

54

We have taken but very few bass the present summer of regulation size
(our by-laws prohibit bass under three-quarter pound weight). The largest
bass yet taken weighed 5 lbs. and 2 oz, and quite a number have been
caught weighing 2 to 4 Ibs. each. I think I represent the club in express-
ing the opinion that the work you are engaged in should be encouraged,
and many more artificial lakes made and stocked with fish all over the
State, thereby adding greatly to the food and pleasure of the people.

During the present dry season, when the waters in the shallow creeks
and sloughs have dried up, millions of small fish have been destroyed that
could, with proper effort, have been planted in lakes that could be made
with little expense, if the people interested would do it. I think that
nearly every farmer has a place on his farm where a fish pond could be
made, and when stocked with fish would be a source of pleasure and profit
to himself and family.

The ‘‘ Beaver Dam Lake” is situated about a half mile west of Macou-
pin Station, on the C. & A. R. R., of easy access, and about seven miles
from Carlinville. A pleasant buggy ride, or ten minutes by the cars, and
a short walk lands us at the grounds. Our dams are in good condition
and will stand for years, and in all probability this lake will be a perma-
nent and popular resort for all time. I send you herewith a photograph,
showing a view of part of the lake and its surroundings.

With the kindest regards of the club.

Respectfully,
H. W. Burton, President.

CARLINVILLE, ILL., May 27, 1889.
Hon. S. P. Bartlett, Secretary Fish Commission :

DEAR Str—We have taken from the fish sent us by you one bass weigh-
ing 5 pounds 2 ounces, one weighing 3 pounds 14 ounces, and several of 2
pounds this spring. We trust you can be with us to demonstrate further
the rapid growth of the bass under favorable surroundings.

Respectfully,

THos. RINAKER, Secretary.

CHARLESTON, ILL., January 2, 1890.
S. P. Bartlett, Esq., Quincy, Ill:

DEAR Sir—We have your favor of December 28, 1889, and our members
request me to thank you for allotment of wall-eyed pike, and ask that
you give us all you can and do justice to others. Since our organization
we find that there are many more game fish in our little stream than
before, and if weather is at all favorable any angler is sure of a good
string of bass. Our stream was formerly full of croppies, but these were
cleaned out by the trammel-net, and for several years they have been very
searce and only a few caught. Channel cat have been very plentiful, and
notwithstanding great numbers have been caught in traps, are numerous
yet, and afford excellent sport. The night before the 4th of July a party
of four caught over 80 on trot-lines, some weighing four pounds. Before
we organized it was a common thing to organize, publicly, a seining party,
and owners of trammel-nets made no seeret of using them and bringing
fish to town for sale. Since then there has been some of this illegal sein-
ing done, but very quietly, and we have not been able to obtain evidence
to convict. These men are, however, beginning to realize that the asso-
ciation means business, and as soon as the nets and seines now here are
worn out I think the business will be discontinued altogether. Dynamite
has done us much harm, and, unfortunately, we have not been able to
catch any of the offenders. It is our intention, however, to call a meet-
ing in February, make it as public and enthusiastic as possible, and offer
reward of $100 for conviction for use of dynamite, and rewards for netting,

55 ~

trapping or seining. You told me when here that we could have a fish
warden appointed, and would like to have you send me a copy of the sec-
tion, so we can go about it right, and will send you name.

The carload of fish you gave us pleased all our members, and others
who fish, and particularly because there are so many croppie and straw-
berry bass in it. Please advise us what progress you have made. We feel
that the fish laws will have same difficulties to overeome, as game laws
had. When those were first enacted nobody paid any attention to them,
and game was killed at all seasons. Now, ‘however, the laws are obeyed,
in this vicinity at least, and we are confident it will be the same with
fish laws in time. To sum up the situation here, we have increased the
stock of fish materially, the size is very much greater, and we have in-
spired a respect for the law among the piratical fishermen.

Yours truly,
OrrTro WEISS, Sec’y.

PULLMAN, ILu., Dec. 19, 1890.
S. P. BARTLETT, EsqQ., Sec’y Ill. Staite Fish Com.

DEAR Srr:—Enclosed you will please find a report of my work from the
date of my commission to date. You will see that I have taken thirty
nets. These nets, with the exception of the ones belonging to Paul
Fisher and Louis Anderson, I still have on hand. One net taken on No-
vember 7th, was 1,800 feet long—a gill-net. The parties came from Lake
Michigan, and escaped me, The four men arrested November 30th were
the ones that were rescued by the Hegewisch police.

Hoping the report will meet your approval, I remain,
Yours truly,
CHAS. T. BRONSON.

Tuxa, ILL., May 28, 1889.
MES. 2: BARTLETT.

DEAR Str:—The twenty German mirror carp that I received through
the Fish Commission November 11. 1885, I put in a pond as directed.
Two years thereafter I had occasion to drain the pond and found they had
all escaped through the overflow, except five. They tipped the beam at 64
pounds each. There had been no increase up to that time. I cleaned
out of pond two panels of sun and catfish, put the five carp back, and at
this date, May 1889, they weigh ten pounds each. I have a pond
stocked with shee carp. but think the mirror much the better variety,
as they grow more rapidly, have fewer bones, and are the best food fish
by all odds. My mirror carp spawned last year and the young now weigh
one pound, at less than a year old.

Yours truly,
JAMES B. COLIANS.

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ILLUSTRATIONS.

The illustrations show our fleet, boats and mode of work, also the dif-
ferent varieties of fish distributed during the past two seasons.

The frontispiece shows our fleet at Quincy, in winter quarters. It con-
sists of office boat, steamers “Lotus” and ‘‘Hannibal Eagle,” quarter boats
and small boats or skiffs.

GATHERING NATIVE FISH.

This series of illustrations exemplifies our work in gathering the fish for
distribution, and a brief description of the work may enable the reader to
better understand them.

Nearly all the flat ponds along the Illinois river which become filled
with fish during the high water, or over-flow of the river, are left full of
fish when the water recedes. These ponds dry up and the fish die if left
there during the summer. It is from such places that we get our supply.
Our mode of work is, briefly, as follows: We first clean the pond of moss
and obstructions, by means of a heavily leaded sea-line, drawn over the
bottom of the pond, catching the moss and rubbish and dragging it to the
shore. The seine, which is of small mesh, could not be used without clean-
ing the pond in this way. After the pond is so cleaned, the seine, which
has previously been “‘laid in” evenly and regularly into the stern of a flat
bottomed boat, so that it will ‘‘lay out” without tangling, is fastened to
the shore by one of its brails; it is then allowed to go into the water for
its whole length in a semi-circle. A long line is fastened to the outer
brail, and it is drawn to the shore, describing as large an are of a circle
as possible. When the outer brail has reached the shore, the lead or bot-
tom line and the top or cork line are gradually pulled in, working towards
the starting point. When about one half of the distance has been accom-
plished the other end of the seine is taken up and treated in the same
way. The seine being eight feet deep, and the water ordinarily very shal-
low, quite a bag is thus tormed. When the seine has been brought near
enough to the shore so that a section of it can be handled by the men,
the fish are worked into a pocket, as it were, and carried out into deeper
water, where, by a vibrating motion through the water, the mud is washed
from the seine, and the fish are sorted out, such as are wanted for distri-
bution are put into the live-box,—which is a kind of cage made of slats,
through which the water runs,—and the residue taken to the river or near-
est deep water and turned into it. After the live-boxes have been filled
the fish are carried in large cans to the river and placed in storage live-
boxes, and in them are either floated or towed to the point of shipment,
where they are loaded on cars and transported to place of deposit.

This mode, however, only applies to the ponds of large area, where more
than one haul of the seine is necessary. Frequently, a pond is cleaned out
by one haul, in which case what is called an ‘‘end-haul” is made, the pond
having first been cleaned as before described.

The illustrations of the fish comprise the following:

THE SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS.

The greater proportion of the black bass distributed during the seasons
of 1889 and 1890 has been of this variety, as it prodominates in the Illinois
river valley, is indigenous to almost all the waters of our State, but found
in greater numbers in the Illinois river and its tributaries than in any
other portion.

STRAWBERRY BASS, BLACK CRAPPIE, CALICO BASS.
7

This fish is found almost everywhere throughout the State now, having
been distributed by our Commission for the past eight years. It was at
one time, undoubtedly, indigenous to all its waters, but had become prac-
tically extinct in many parts of the State. It is one of the best table
varieties, very prolific, rapid in growth and gamey.

WALL-EYED PIKE, PIKE-PERCH.

This fish is found in large numbers and of large size in the Illinois
river, but few are caught in the overflows. We have distributed during
the seasons of 1889 and 1890, respectively, 12,000,000 and 7,000,000 of
the fry of this fish, which were given us by the U. 8S. Fish Commis-
sion. They are gamey, fairly rapid in growth and prolific. They are in-
digenous to the principal streams of the State.

ROCK BASS, RED-EYE.

These are taken in large numbers from the overflows. They form a
large percentage of our distribution. They are quite gamey, prolific and
highly esteemed for the table. °

CRAPPIE.

This fish is indigenous to almost all of the waters of our State. Late
in the season a large percentage of our distribution was of this variety.
Quite prolific and an excellent fish for food.

In former reports very full descriptions have been given of the nature,
habits, food and distribution of these and all other varieties of our indig-
enous fishes in the able papers furnished by Prof. Forbes, one of the best
known authorities on fish in America.

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THE SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS.

Micropterus Dolomieu.

THE CALICO BASS, OR STRAWBERRY BASS.

Pomowis sparoides.

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THE ROCK-BASS OR RED EYE.

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ON THE FOOD RELATIONS OF FRESH-WATER FISHES.

A SUMMARY AND DIscussION.*—By S. A. Forbes.

The principal object of the research reported in the series of papersT
of which this is the concluding number, is to determine more precisely
than has hitherto been done the relations to nature of the various genera
and families of the fishes of an interior region. This purpose has led
especially to a study of the food relations of the groups, for through these,
chiefly, fishes exert their influence on the outer world, and are themselves
impressed in turn; and thus have appeared a number of subordinate con-
siderations having a bearing, more or less direct, on the main intention
of the study.

An examination of the special relations of their food and feeding struct-
ures gives us clues, not only to the present significance of fishes, but also
to their past effect on life at large, showing how they must have modified
the course of evolution; and the occasional occurence in a fish of food
prehensile structures out of present relation to its feeding habits, may
throw light on the history of its group, indicating conditions of existence
once normal to it but now outgrown. Evidence of similar application may
per be obtained by a comparison of the food of the young and of the
adult.

The feeding apparatus exhibits some of the most significant examples
of correlation of structure, important to an acquaintance with the course
of development in fishes, but not comprehensible without a knowledge of
the food for whose appropriation it is adapted. I need hardly recall the
fact that the defensive apparatus of one species may have its explanation
only in the offensive structures of another.

We shall tind also in a study of the food evidence of the indirect but
powerful action of a number of external conditions which take effect only
through the food relation, and are incomprehensible or perhaps unnoticed
unless this is understood—conditions of climate, season, locality, and the
like; and especially may we hope for this when we remember that the
distribution and abundance of a species may be determined, not so much
by ordinary conditions, as by those prevailing at critical intervals, periods
of stress, when a slight advantage or a trivial disability may have pro-
longed and multiplied effects. As the range of a plant is often limited,
not by the average temperature of the year, but by the extremes of cold
or heat, so the existence of an animal may be decided by the presence or
absence of some structural modification adapted to carry it safely through
a single brief period of unusual scarcity or of extraordinary competition.

* Reprint of Article VIII, Vol. I, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist.

+ Published at intervals from 1877 to 1888, in the first and second yolumes of the Bulletin
of this Laboratory, as follows: ‘The Food of Lilinois Fishes” (Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 71-89), “The
Food of Fishes” (No. 3, pp. 18-65; reprinted in report Ill. State Fish Commission, 1884, pp.
90-127), “‘On the Food of Young Fishes” (No. 3, pp. 66-79), “The Food of the Smaller Fresh-
Water Fishes” (No. 6, pp. 65-94), The First Food of the Common White-fish, (No. 6, pp. 95-109),
and “Studies of the Food of Fresh-Water Fishes” (Vol. LI, Art. VII, pp. 433-478).

60

That the study here set forth should give us details not to be otherwise
obtained of the struggle for existence among fishes themselves, goes with-
out saying; and that it may thus explain some peculiarities of distribu-
tion, seems also probable. I have thought it not impossible that by tak-
ing into account all the data collected, and the mass of related facts,
structural, biological, and other, that materials might be found bearing
on the interesting question of the precedence in time and the relative
evolutionary importance of desire and effort on the one hand and struct-
ural aptitudes on the other.

Among the purely practical results to be anticipated, are a more accurate
knowledge of the conditions favorable to the growth and multiplication
of the more important species; the ability to judge intelligently of the
fitness of any body of water to sustain a greater number or a more profit-
able assemblage of fishes than those occurring there spontaneously; guid-
ance as to the new elements of food and circumstance which it will be
necessary to supply to insure the successful introduction into any lake or
stream of a fish not native there; and a clear recognition of the fact that
intelligent fish culture must take into account the necessities of the species
whose increase is desired, through all ages and all stages of their growth,
at every season of the year, and under all varieties of condition likely to
arise. We should derive, in short, from these and similar researches, a
body of full, precise, and significant knowledge to take the place of the
guess work and empiricism upon which we must otherwise depend as the
basis of our efforts to maintain the supply of food and the incitement to
healthful recreation afforded by the waters of the State.

As a contribution to the general subject, I present herewith a summary
account of the food of twelve hundred and twenty-one fishes obtained from
the waters of Illinois at intervals from 1876 to 1887, and in various months
from April to November. These fishes belonged to eighty-seven species of
sixty-three genera and twenty-five families. They were derived from
waters of every description, ranging from Lake Michigan to weedy stag-
nant ponds and temporary pools, and from the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to
the muddy prairie creeks, and the rocky rivulets of the hilly portions of
the State. Nine hundred and fourteen of the examples studied were
practically adult, so far as the purposes of this investigation are concerned,
the remaining three hundred and seven being young, in the first stage of
their food and feeding habits. More than half these young belonged to a
single species,—the common lake white-fish.—but the remainder were well
distributed.

I have arranged the matter under the following general heads: (1) a
summary statement of the food, so made as to exhibit (a) the kinds and
relative importance of the principal competitions among fishes and (b) the
relative value to the principal species of fishes of the major elements of
their food; (2) a brief account of the food of the young: (3) an examina-
tion of the permanency and definiteness of distinctions with respect to
food, between different species, and also between higher groups: (4) a re-
view of the structures of fishes related to food prehension and to their
feeding habits: and, finally, (5) a classified list of the objects detected in
the food of fishes, with a statement, against each object, of the species
feeding on it and the number of specimens in which it was found.

THe Foop or ApuLT FISHES.

An analysis of our facts made with reference to the kinds of fishes eat-
ing each of the principal articles in the dietary of the class, and showing
the relative importance of these elements in the food of the various
species, will exhibit the competitions of fishes for food more clearly and
precisely than my earlier discussions, and also the nature and the energy
of the restraints imposed by fishes on the multiplication of their principal
food species.

61

PISCIVOROUS FISHES.

The principal fish-eaters among our species—those whose average food
- in the adult stage consists of seventy-five per cent. or more of fishes—are
the burbot*, the pike-perch? or wall-eyed pike, the common pike*® or “pick-
erel,” the large-mouthed black bass‘, the channel cat®, the mud cat®, and
the gars’. Possibly also the golden shad* will be found strictly ichthy-
ophagous, this being the case with the four specimens which I studied.

Those which take fishes in moderate amount—the ratios ranging in my
specimens from twenty-five to sixty-five per cent.—are the war-mouth
(Cheenobryttus), the blue-cheeked sunfish®, the grass pickerel'®, the dog-
fish!', the spotted cat!®, and the small miller’s thumbt*. The white'* and
striped Lass'®, the common perch!*, the remaining sunfishes (those with
smaller mouths), the rock basst7, and the croppie!*, take but few fishes,
these making, according to my observations, not less than five nor more
than twenty-five per cent. of their food.

Those which capture living fishes, to a trivial extent, at most, are the
white perch or sheepshead'®, gizzard shad?°, the suckers*', and the shovel
fish?? among the larger species; the darters?*, the brook silversides**, the
stickleback2*, the mud minnows?®, the top minnows?7, the stonecats?®,
and the common minnows? generally, among the smaller kinds.

Our eight specimens of the toothed herring*® had taken no fishes what-
ever; while our nineteen examples of the pirate perch®! had eaten only
two per cent.

Rough-scaled fishes with spiny fins (Acanthopteri) were eaten by the
miller’s thumb, the common pike, the wall-eyed pike, the large-mouthed
black bass, the croppies, the dog-fish, the common perch, the burbot, the
bull-head?, the common sunfish (Lepomis pallidus), the small-mouthed
black bass*%, the grass pickerel, the gar, and the mud cat (Leptops).
Among these, the common perch and the sunfishes** were most frequently
taken—doubtless owing to their greater relative abundance—the perch
occurring in the food of the burbot, the large-mouthed black bass, and
the bull-head; and sunfishes in both species of the wall-eyed pike, the
common pike, the gars, pickerel, bull-heads, and mud cat. Black bass
were taken from the common pike (Hsox), the wall-eyed pike (Stizoste-
dion), and the gar. Croppie and rock bass I recognized only in the pike.
Even the catfishes (Siluride) with their stout, sharp, and poisoned spines,
were more frequently eaten than would be expected—taken, according to
my notes, by the wall-eyed pike, both black bass, and the mud cat (the
latter a fellow species of the family).

The soft-finned fishes were not very much more abundant, on the whole,
in the stomachs of other species than were those with ctenoid scales,
spiny fins, and other defensive structures,—an unexpected circumstance
which I cannot at present explain, because I do not know whether it ex-
presses a normal and fixed relation, or whether it may not be due to
human interference. It will be shown, however, under another head, that
even when the primitive order of nature prevails, the relative numbers of
soft-finned and pedaceous fishes vary greatly from year to year under the
influence of varying circumstances.

Only the catfishes seem to have acquired defensive structures equal to
their protection, the predatory apparatus of the carnivorous fishes having
elsewhere outrun in development the protective equipment of the best-
defended species.

1Lota maculosa. °Stizostedion vitreum, ‘%Esox lucius. ‘4Micropterus salmoides.
‘Jetalurus fureatus. *Leptops olivaris. ™Lepidosteus. *Clupea chrysochloris. “Lepomis
eyanellus. ™Esox vermiculatus. “Amiacalya. l!Ictalurus puncta us. 'Uranidea rich-
ardsonii. 1Roccus chrysops. 'Roceus interruptus. '°Percalutea. 'Ambloplites rupes-
tris. Pomoxys. lAplodinotus. ?7Dorosoma cepedianum. “*!Catostomatide. **Polyo-
don spathula. *°Etheostomatine. **Lavidesthes sicculus. *Eucaliainconstans. **Umbra
limi. *Zygonectes. “Noturus. *“Cyprinide. “Hyodon_ tergisus. *!Aphredoderus
sayanus. *Amiurus nebulosus. *Micropterus dolomiei. **Centrarcnida.

62

Among the soft-finned fishes the most valuable as food for other kinds
is the gizzardshad (Dorosoma),—this single fish being about twice as common
in adults as all the minnow family taken together. It made forty per cent.
of the food of the wall-eyed pike; a third that of the black bass; nearly
half that of the common pike or ‘‘pickerel’’: two-thirds that of the four
specimens of golden shad examined; and a third of the food of the gars.
The only other fishes in whose stomachs it was recognized were the yellow
cat (Amiurus natalis) and the young white bass (Roccus). It thus seems to
be the especial food of the large game fishes and other particularly pre-
daceous kinds.

The minnow family (Cyprinide) are in our waters especially appropri-
ated to the support of half-grown game fishes, and the smaller car-
nivorous species. They were found in the wall-eyed pike, the perch, the
black bass, the blue-cheeked sunfish, the croppie, the pirate perch, the
pike, the little pickcrel', the chub minnow?, the yellow cat, the mud cat,
the dog-fish, and the gar.

Suckers (Catostomatide) I. determined only from the pike, the
sheepshead, the blue-cheeked sunfish, the yellow cat. and the dog-fish
(Amia). Buffalo? and carp’ occurred in the pike, the dog-fish, and the
above sunfish.

MOLLUSK EATERS.

The ponds and muddy streams of the Mississippi Valley are the native home
of mollusks in remarkable variety and number, and these form a feature of
the fauna of the region not less conspicuous and important than its char-
acteristic and leading groups of fishes. We might, therefore. reasonably
expect to find these dominant groups connected by the food relation: and
consistently with this expectation, we observe that the sheepshead, the cat-
fishes, the suckers, and the dog-fish find an important part of their food
in the molluscan forms abundant in the waters which they themselves
most frequent. The class as a whole makes about one-fourth ef the food
of the dog-fish and the sheepshead,—taking the latter as they come, half-
grown and adults together, about half that of the cylindrical suckers,—
rising to sixty per cent. in the red horse',—and a considerable ratio (four-
teen to sixteen per cent.) of the food of the perch. the common catfishes
(Amiurus and Ictalurus), the small-mouthed sunfishes, the top minnows,
and the shiner (Notemigonus). Notwithstanding the abundance of the
fresh water clams or river mussels (Unio and Anodonta), only a single
river fish is especially adapted to their destruction, viz.. the white perch
or sheepshead; and this species derives, on the whole, a larger part of its
food from univalve than from bivalve mollosks, the former being eaten
especially by half-grown specimens, and the latter being the chief depend-
ence of the adults.

The ability of the catfishes to tear the less powerful clams from their shells
has been especially discussed in another paper* containing the details of
the food of the family. Even the very young Unios were rarely encount-
ered in the food of fishes, my notes recording their presence in only three
sunfishes, a brook silversides, and a perch. Large clams were eaten freely
by the full-grown sheepshead—whose enormous and powerful pharyngeal
jaws with their solid pavement teeth are adapted to crushing the shells of
mollusks—and by the bull-heads (Amiurus), especially the marbled cat?.
The small and thin-shelled Spheriums are much more frequent objects in
the food of mollusk-eating fishes than are the Unios. This genus alone
made twenty-nine per cent. of the food of our one hundred and seven
specimens of the sucker family, and nineteen per cent. of that of a dozen
dog-fishes. Among the suckers it was eaten greedily by both the cylindri-
cal and the deep-bodied species, although somewhat more freely by the former.
Even the river carp*, with its weak pharyngeal jaws and delicate teeth,

1Esox vermiculatus. *"Semotilus. ‘Ietiobus. *Carpiodes.
*Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IT, pp. 457, 458.
1Moxostoma. *Amiurus marmoratus. ®Carpiodcs.

63
*

finds these sufficient to crush the shells of Spherium, and our nineteen
specimens had obtained about one-fourth of their food from this genus.
Besides the above families, smaller quantities of the bivalve mollusks oc-
~ curred in the food of one of the sunfishes (Lepomis pallidus) and—doubtless
by accident only—in the gizzard shad.

The gasteropod mollusks (snails of various descriptions) were more abund-
ant than bivalve forms in the sheepshead and the sunfishes and all the
smaller fishes which feed upon Mollusca, but less abundant in the suckers
and the catfishes. In the sheepshead, they made one-fifth of the food of
the twenty-five specimens examined, but the greater part of these had not
yet passed the insectivorous stage, this being much longer continued in
the sheepshead than in many other fishes. A few of these univalve Mol-
lusca occurred in the food of the common perch and in certain species of
sunfishes, especially in the super-abundant bream or pumpkin-seed. They
made fifteen per cent. of the food of the minute top minnows, and oc-
curred in smaller quantities among the darters, the grass pickerel, the
mud minnows, and the cyprinoids. The heavier river snails, Vivipara and
Melantho, were eaten especially by the cylindrical suckers, and the cat-
fishes. The delicate pond snails (Succinea, Limnea, and Physa) were
taken chiefly by the smaller mollusk-eating fishes,—a few of them also by
the catfishes and the suckers.

Further particulars concerning the molluscan food may be obtained by
the interested reader from the list of food elements at the end of this
article.

INSECTIVOROUS SPECIES.

It is from the class of insects that adult fishes derive the most import-
ant portion of their food, this class furnishing, for example. forty per cent.
of the food of all the adults which I examined.

The principal insectivorous fishes are the smaller species, whose size and
food structures, when adult, unfit them for the capture of Entomostraca,
and yet do not bring them within reach of fishes or Mollusca. Some of
these fishes have peculiar habits which render them especialiy dependent
upon insect life,—the little minnow Phanacobius, for example, which, ac-
cording to my studies, makes nearly all its food from insects (ninety-eight
per cent.) found under stones in running water. Next are the pirate
perch, Aphredoderus (ninety-one per cent.), then the darters (eighty-seven
per cent.), the croppies (seventy-three per cent.), half grown sheepshead
seventy-one per cent.), the shovel fish (fifty-nine per cent.), the chub min-
now (fifty-six per cent.), the black warrior sunfish, Chenobryttus and the
brook silversides (each fifty-four per cent.), and the rock bass and the
cyprinoid genus Notropis, (each fifty-two per cent.)

Those which take few insects or none are mostly the mud-feeders and
the ichthyophagous species, Amia (the dog-fish) being the only exception
noted to this general statement. Thus we find insects wholly or nearly
absent from the adult dietary of the burbot, the pike, the gar, the black
bass, the wall-eyed pike, and the great river catfish, and from that of the
hickory shad? and the mud-eating minnows (the shiner, the fat-head?2, etc.).
It is to be noted, however. that the larger fishes all go through an in-
sectivorous stage, whether their food when adult be almost wholly other
fishes, as with the gar and the pike, or mollusks, as with the sheepshead.
The mud-feeders, however, seem not to pass through this stage, but to
adopt the limophagous habit as soon as they cease to depend upon Ento-
mostraca.

Terrestrial insects, dropping into the water accidentally or swept in by
rains, are evidently diligently sought and largely depended upon by several
species, such as the pirate perch, the brook minnow, the top minnows or
killifishes (cyprinodonts), the toothed herring and several cyprinoids (Semo-
tilus, Pimephales, and Notropis).

1 Dorosoma. *? Pimephales.

GA

ws

Among aquatic insects, minute slender dipterous larve#, belonging mostly
to Chironomus, Corethra, and allied genera, are of remarkable importance,
making, in fact, nearly one-tenth of the food of all the fishes studied.
They are most abundant in Phenacobius and Etheostoma, which genera,
have be come especially adapted tothe search for these insect forms in shallow
rocky streams. Next I found them most generally in the pirate perch,
the brook silversides, and the stickleback, in which they averaged forty-
five per cent. They amounted to abouf one third the food of fishes as
large and important as the red horse and the river carp, and made nearly
one-fourth that of fifty-one buffalo fishes. They appear further in consid-
erable quantity in the food of a number of the minnow family (Notropis,
Pimephales, etc.), which habitually frequent the swift water of stony
streams, but were curiously deficient in the small collection of miller’s
thumbs (Cottide) which hunt for food in similar situations. The sun-
fishes eat but few of this important group, the average of the family be-
ing only six per cent.

Larve of aquatic beetles, notwithstanding the abundance of some of the
forms, occurred in only insignificant ratios, but were taken by fifty-six
specimens, belonging to nineteen of the species,—more frequently by the
sunfishes than by any other group. The kinds most commonly captured
were larve of Gyrinide and Hydrophilide; whereas the adult surface
beetles themselves (Gyrinus, Dineutes, etc.)—whose zigzag-darting swarms
no one can have failed to notice—were not once encountered in my studies.

The almost equally well-known slender water-skippers (Hygretrechus)
seem also completely protected by their habits and activity from capture
by fishes, only a single specimen occurring in the food of all my specimens.
Indeed, the true water bugs (Hemiptera) were generally rare, with the ex-
ception of the small soft-bodied genus, Corisa, which was taken by one
hundred and ten specimens, belonging to twenty-seven species,—most
abundantly by the sunfishes and top minnows.

From the order Neuroptera, fishes draw a larger part of their food than
from any other single group. In fact, nearly a fifth of the entire amount
of food consumed by all the adult fishes examined by me consisted of
aquatic larve of this order, the greater part of them larve of day flies
(Kphemerid), principally of the genus Hexagenia.* These neuropterous
larve were eaten especially by the miller’s thumb, the sheepshead, the
white and striped bass, the common perch, thirteen species of the darters,
both the black bass, seven of the sunfishes, the rock bass and the croppies,
the pirate perch, the brook silversides, the sticklebacks, the mud minnow,
the top minnows, the gizzard shad, the toothed herring, twelve species
each of the true minnow family and of the suckers and buffalo, five cat-
fishes, the dog-fish, and the shovel fish,—seventy species out of the eighty-
seven which I have studied.

Among the above, I found them the most important food of the white
bass, the toothed herring, the shovel fish (fifty-one per cent.), and the
croppies; while they made a fourth or more of the alimentary contents of
ths sheepshead (forty-six per cent.), the darters, the pirate perch, the com-
mon sunfishes (Lepomis and Chenobyttus), the rock bass, the little pick-
erel, and the common sucker (thirty-six per cent.).

Ephemerid larve were eaten by two hundred and thirteen specimens of
forty-eight species—not counting young. The larve of Hexagenia, one of
the commonest of the ‘‘river flies,” was by far the most important insect
of this group, this alone amounting to about half of all the Neuroptera
eaten. They made nearly one half of the food of the shovel fish, more
than one tenth that of the sunfishes, and the principal food resource of
half-grown sheepshead; but were rarely taken by the sucker family, and
made only five per cent, of the food of the catfish group.

The various larve of the dragon flies, on the other hand, were much
less frequently encountered. They seemed to be most abundant in the food
of the grass pickerel, (twenty-five per cent.), and next to that, in the crop-
pie, the pirate perch, and the common perch (ten to thirteen per cent.).

* The winged adults of this and related genera are often called “river flies"’ in Illinois.

65

Case-worms (Phryganeid#) were somewhat rarely found, rising to fifteen
per cent. in the rock bass and twelve per cent. in the minnows of the
Hybopsis group, but otherwise averaging from one to six per cent. in less
‘than half of the species.

THE CRUSTACEAN ELEMENT.

Of the four principal classes of the animal food of fishes; viz., fishes.
mollusks, insects, and Crustacea, the latter stand third in importance
according to my observations, mollusks alone being inferior to them. That
insect larve should be more abundant in the food of fresh-water fishes
than are crustaceans, is a somewhat unexpected fact, but while the former
made about twenty-five per cent. of the food of our entire collection, the
crustaceans amounted to only fourteen per cent. ‘These divide conveniently
into crayfishes, the medium-sized sessile-eyed crusteceans (Isopoda and
Amphipoda), and Entomostraca. The so-called fresh-water shrimps (Pale-
mon and Palemonetes) appeared so rarely in the food that they need
scarcely be taken into the account.

Craytishes made about a sixth of the food of the burbot; about a tenth
that of the common perch, a fourth that of half a dozen gars, not tar
from a third that of the black bass,* the doy-fish, and our four rock bass.
Young crayfishes appeared quite frequently in some of the larger minnows
(Semotilus and Hybopsis), and also in catfishes, especially the pond and
river bull-heads, averaging nearly fifteen per cent. of the entire food of
the two most abundant species.

The small, sessile-eyed crusteceans eaten by fishes were nearly all of four
species; viz., Allorchestes dentata,—excessively abundant in the northern part
of the State,—a species of Gammarus not uncommon in running streams,
and two representatives of the isopod genera Asellus and Mancasellus. To
fishes at large, this group is of little importance; but the perch of northern
Illinois finds about one third of its food among them, and the common
sunfishes (Lepomis) eat a considerable ratio (eleven per cent.). The miller’s
thumb of southern Illinois seems also to search for them among the stones.

The little Allorchestes mentioned above I found in a single white bass,
in eleven of the common perch, in one of the largest darters, in five young .
black bass, in seventeen sunfishes of various species, in the rock bass, the
pirate perch, a single grass pickerel and six top minnows, in only two of
the true minnow family, in two only of the sucker tribe, in seventeen cat-
fishes,—mostly young or of the smallest species,—in a single dog-fish, and
in a Single spoon-bill'. The common Asellus, or water wood louse, was
less generally eaten: by only two of the miller’s thumb, a single sheeps-
head, a white bass, four perch, two young black bass, eight sunfishes
(Lepomis), two pirate perch, a grass pickerel, three small catfishes, and a
dog-fish.

The minute crustaceans commonly grouped as Entomostraca are a much
more important element. Among full-grown fishes, I find them especially
important in the shovel fish,—where they made one third the food of the
specimens studied,—in the common lake herring®, in the brook silversides
(forty per cent.), in the stickleback (thirty per cent.), in the darter family
(eleven per cent.), and in the mud minnows (ten per cent.). The perch
had taken scarcely a trace of them. Among the sunfishes at large they
were present in only insignificant ratio; but two genera (Pomoxys and
Centrarchus), distinguished by long and numerous rakers on the anterior
gill, had derived about one-tenth of their food from these minute crusta-
ceans. In the early spring especially, when the backwaters of the streams
are filled with Entomostraca, the stomachs of these fishes are often dis-
tended with the commonest forms of Cladocera.

* Our specimens—especially of the small-mouthed black bass—were too few in number
to make this average reliable.

1 Polyodon.
? Coregonus artedi.

66

Notemigonus and Notropis among the minnows, represented in my col-
lections by one hundred and twenty-five and one hundred specimens re-
spectively, had obtained about a sixth of their food from Entomostraca.

Ten per cent. of the food of the sucker family consisted of them, mostly
taken by the deep-bodied species Carpiodes and Ictiobus, in which they
made a fourth or a fifth of the entire food. This fact is explained, it
wiil be remembered, by the relatively long, slender, and numerous gill-
rakers of these fishes. Large river-buffalo were occasionally crammed with
the smallest of these Entomostraca,—the minute Canthocamptus, only a
twenty-fifth of an inch in length.

I have several times remarked the peculiar importance of Entomostraca
to the shovel fish,—one of the largest of our fresh-water animals,—a fact
accounted for by the remarkable branchial strainer of this species, proba-
bly the most efficient apparatus of its kind known to the ichthyologist.
Here, again, the smallest forms were the most abundant. Generally.
however, the Cladocera were more common than the other orders, the
bivalve Cypris (most frequent in the mud) being much less abundant in
the food. I have shown elsewhere,* at length, that Entomostraca com-
pose by far the greater part of the food of young fishes of all deserip-
tions,—with the partial exception of the sucker family, the young of
which feed largely on still more minute organic forms,—and present an
abstract of these facts in this article under another head.7

Particulars concerning the use of this abundant and varied group as
food for fishes, are so numerous as to make them difficult to summarize.
and the interested reader is again referred to the detailed list accom-
panying this paper.

VERMES AS FOOD FOR FISHES.

Probably to those accustomed to the abundance of true worms( Vermes)
in marine situations, no feature of the poverty of fresh-water life will be
more striking than the small number of this sub-kingdom occurring in
the course of miscellaneous aquatic collections in the interior. Similarly
we notice that in the food of fishes the occurrence of Vermes is so rarely
noticed that they might be left out of account entirely without appre-
ciably affecting any of the important ratios.

The minnows (cyprinoids) had eaten more of them than any other
family,—three per cent. of the food of twenty-two specimens of Semotilus
being credited to them, and one per cent. of that of thirteen specimens
of Pimephales, besides a trace in the food of Notropis. More precisely
analyzed, we find that a single Nais, a Lumbriculus, two examples of
Gordius (doubtless taken as insect parasites) and several minute rotifers
(wheel-animaleules) are the forms upon which this estimate is based.

A trace of Vermes likewise appears in the food of suckers,—mostly a
polyzoan species (Plumatella) and minute rotifers sucked up with the
mud.

Cattishes alone seem purposely to eat leeches, these occurring in nine
specimens of three different species of this family, and also in one com-
mon sucker and in a single shovel fish. This leech last mentioned and a
small quantity of Plumatella were the only Vermes eaten by thé shovel
fishes which I examined.

A planarian worm occurred in one small stone cat, while rotifers were
recognized in a common minnow, eight young red-horse, six young chub
suckers', five of the common sucker?, a single Corpiodes (young), and
seven young buffalo. Polyzoa were noted, in addition to the instances
above mentioned, in four common sunfishes, the croppie, and seven buffalo.

* Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 8, pp. 75,76.
+ See pp. 495 and 496.
1 Erimyzon sucetta, 2 Catostomus teres.

67

SPONGES AND PROTOZOA.

One of the fresh water sponges (Spongilla) had been eaten in consider-
able quantities by two examples of the spotted cat taken in September,
but this element was not encountered elsewhere in my studies.

That the minutest and simplest of all the animal forms, far too small
for the eye of a fish to see without a microscope, should have been recog-
nized in the food of seventeen species of fishes is, of course, to be ex-
plained only as an incident of the feeding habit. It is possible, however,
that these Protozoa, where especially abundant, may be recognized in the
mass by the delicate sensory structures of the fish; and they seem in most
cases to have been taken with mud and slime rich in organic substances.
As most of them are extremely perishable, and can scarcely leave a trace
a few seconds after immersion in the gastric juices of the fish, it is prob-
able that they contribute much more generally than our observations in-
meats to the food of some fishes, especially to those which feed upon the
»ottom.

Young suckers under six inches in length clearly take them purposely,
substituting them in great part for the Entomostraca taken by other
fishes of their size and age.

I detected Protozoa in the food of several genera of Cyprinidae, in the
young of buffalo, the river carp, the chub sucker, the red horse, the stone
roller', in the common sucker, in a single gizzard shad, in a stone cat,
and in a top minnow. The commonest forms, as would be supposed, were
those protected by permanent shells; viz., Difflugia, Centropyxis, Arcella,
and the like: but occasionally specimens of Actinospherium, Euglena, and
Dinobryon were present and recognized.

SCAVENGERS.

The only scavenger fishes of our collection were three species of the
common catfishes: the spotted cat. the yellow cat, and the marbled cat,—
all of which had eaten dead animal matter, including pieces of fish, ham,
mice, kittens, and the like. A single large-mouthed black bass had like-
wise eaten food of this description.

VEGETABLE FEEDERS.

Considering the wealth of vegetation accessible to aquatic animals, and
the fact that few other strictly aquatic kinds have the vegetarian habit,
it is indeed remarkable that the plant food of fishes is an unimportant
part of their diet. ‘Taking our nine hundred specimens together, the
vegetation eaten by them certainly would have amounted to less than ten
per cent. of their entire food, and excluding vegetable objects apparently
taken by chance, it probably would not reach five per cent.

The greatest vegetarians are among the minnow family, largely in the
genera Hybopsis, Notemigonus, and Semotilus, thirteen specimens of the
first and twenty-five of the second having taken about half their food
from vegetable objects. One hundred and twelve Notropis, twenty-two
Semotilus, eighteen Hybognathus, and nine Campostoma, had found in
the vegetable kingdom a fourth or fifth of their food. Counting each genus
asa unit, I find that the family as a whole obtained from plants about
twenty-three per cent. of its food. The little Phenacobius, already re-
ported as strictly insectivorous, was the only one studied in which vegeta-
tion can scarcely be said to occur.

The mud minnows (Umbrid) are also largely vegetarian (forty-one per
cent.); and likewise the cyprinodonts, the vegetable average in the food of
thirty-three specimens being seventeen per cent. Plant structures made
about one-fourth the food of seven sticklebacks.

1 Hypentelium,

68

Certain of the sunfishes evidently take plant food purposely, on occasion,
this making, for example, nearly a tenth of the food of forty-seven speci-
mens of Lepomis. Among the larger fishes, the principal vegetarian is
the gizzard shad, in which this element was reckoned at about a third,—
taken, however, not separately, but with quantities of mud. A _ consider-
able part ot it was distillery slops obtained near towns.

The buffalo fishes are likewise largely vegetarian, more than a fourth of
their food coming from plants,—about a third of this in our specimens,
refuse from distilleries. Vegetation made a tenth of the food of the larger
genera of catfishes (Amiurus and Ictalurus),—some of it distillery refuse,—
and nearly as large a ratio of that of the great Polyodon.

Not infrequently, terrestrial vegetable rubbish—seeds of grasses, leaves
of plants, and similar matter—was taken in quantity to make it certain
that its appropriation was not accidental.

Besides a great variety of Alga, both filamentous and unicellular, in-
cluding considerable quantities of diatoms, the principal plant forms
found in the food of fishes were the duck-weeds Lemna and Wolffia. The
deep-bodied suckers, especially, occasionally take quantities of these little
plants during the autumnal months.

MUD.

The principal mud-eating fishes are the gizzard shad, the common shiner,
and the genera of minnows belonging to the groups with elongate intes-
tines and cultrate pharyngeal teeth: viz., Pimephales, Hybognathus,
Chrosomus, and Campostoma. Much mud was taken also by the cylindri-
cal members of the sucker family, but apparently as an incident to their
search for mollusks.

SUMMARY OF THE FooD OF THE YOUNG.*

By an examination of three hundred and seven specimens, representing
twenty-seven species, twenty-six genera, and twelve families of Illinois
fishes, I learn that the food of many species differs greatly according to
age, and that, in fact, the life of most of our fishes divides into at least
two periods, and that of many into three, with respect to the kinds of
food chiefly taken.

In the first of these periods a remarkable similarity of food was noticed
among species whose later feeding habits are widely different. The full
grown black bass, for example, feeds principally on fishes and craytishes.
the sheepshead on mollusks, and the gizzard shad on mud and Algae,
while the catfishes are nearly omnivorous; yet all these agree so closely in
food when very small, that one could not possibly tell from the contents
of the stomachs which group he was dealing with.

I will now summarize the facts concerning the earliest food of the prin-
cipal species, taken seriatim: ,

The food of six common perch (Perca lutea) from an inch to an inch and
a quarter long, consisted wholly of Entomostraca (ninety-two per cent.)
and minute larve of Chironomus, No very small white bass (Labracida)
were found, the youngest being an inch and a quarter long. Half the food
of this consisted of Entomostraca, and the other half of minute gizzard
shad. Forty-three sunfishes (Centrarchid) from five-eighths of an inch to

* Tor detailed treatment of this topic see Bull. Ill. St. ab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 3, p.
66, and No. 6, p. 95.

69

two inches long, had made ninety-six per cent. of their food of Entomos-
traca and the small larve of gnats (Chironomus) already mentioned, seventy
per cent. of the first and twenty-six of the second. This group comprised
five specimens of black bass under three-quarters of an inch in length,
two rock bass of similar size, two of the large-mouthed sunfish (Chano-
bryttus) from seven-eighths of an inch to an inch long, nineteen of the
commoner sunfishes (Lepomis) ranging in length from an inch to two
inches, five of the genus Centrarchus, one inch and under, four croppies
(Pomoxys) from three-quarters of an inch to an inch and a half, and six
indeterminable specimens, probably Lepomis, from seven-sixteenths to five-
eighths of an inch long. A single sheepshead an inch and an eighth in
length had eaten Chironomus larye (seventy-five per cent.) and larve of
the “‘river fly” (Hexagenia). A single grass pickerel about an inch and a
quarter long had taken about sixty per cent. of its food from Entomos-
traca and young Amphipoda, the remainder consisting of little fishes.

The first food of the common white-fish was determined experimentally,
the breeding habits of this species making direct observation impossible.
Three hundred and forty very young fry ted with fragments of the brook
shrimp, Gammarus, in a hatching house, were examined in January, 1881,
and thirty-five of them, which had apparently taken food, were dissected.
Minute fragments of Gammarus were found in but eighteen of these,
while five contained minute insect larve, four, Entomostraca, and eight,
small particles of vegetation,—objects accidentally conveyed to them in
the water of the hatching house. In two hundred and forty-two others,
confined in spring water, only eight were found to have eaten anything,
and these had taken only Algw and vegetable fragments. In February of
the same year, fourteen specimens, confined in a small aquarium and sup-
plied with living objects, plant and animal, from stagnant pools, were
proven to feed freely upon the smallest Entomostraca presented to them,—
chiefly Cyclops and Canthocamptus, ten of the fourteen eating Cyclops,
three Canthocamptus, and one a specimen of each.

A little later, a more extensive experiment was conducted by means of
a large aquarium, in which there were placed several hundred fry, kept
constantly supplied with all the living objects which a fine gauze net
would separate from the waters of Lake Michigan. Of one hundred and
six of these, dissected within the following fortnight, sixty-three had taken
food consisting almost wholly of the smallest Entomostraca occurring in
the lake (a minute Cyclops and a slender Diaptomus). The other objects
encountered were rotifers, and diatoms and other unicellular Algae, ap-
pearing, however, in such trivial quantity as to contribute nothing of im-
portance to the support of the fry.

A dozen specimens of small gizzard shad, ranging in length from four-
fifths of an inch to nearly two inches, had eaten about ninety per cent.
of Entomostraca, two per cent. of Chironomus larve, and, for the remainder,
Algee.

The true minnows (Cyprinidae) seem to agree with the suckers in the
more minute character of their early food. Six examples—three-eighths to
three-fourths of an inch long—too small to determine, but apparently be-
longing to the genera Minnilus, had eaten Entomostraca, Chironomus
larve, many Protozoa, and unicellular Alge, a few filamentous Alge and
minute fungi and fungus spores, a water mite, and a few accidental in-
sects. In several specimens of the common chub minnow (Semotilus),
from five-eighths of an inch to an inch in length, seven per cent. of the
food was Entomostraca, and the remainder consisted of filamentous Algae.
It should be noted, however, that twenty per cent. of that of the smallest
specimen, which was five-eighths of an inch long, was Cyclops, and it may
be that Semotilus lives wholly on Entomostraca at first, merely changing
its habit earlier than most of its allies. Two other minnows of the genus
Notropis, an inch and a half in length, had eaten nothing but Ento-
mostraca. The Cyprinidew, like the sucker family, are toothless when
young.

70

Thirty young suckers were studied, representing five genera of their
family. The very smallest were found feeding on Entomostraca only, and
it is possible that these usually form the first food of the family: but later
they resort to elements still more minute: viz., rotifers, Protozoa, and
unicellular Alge, quantities of which were found in the intestines of
young suckers six inches or more in length. Young stone rollers (Hypen-
telium) not more than an inch and a half long, had taken chiefly larvae
of Chironomus (ninety per cent.), the remaining tenth being principally
Entomostraca. <A single small black sucker (Minytrema) had eaten little
but Cyclops. Four chub suckers (Erimyzon), two three-quarters of an inch,
and two an inch and a quarter long, had eaten only Entomostraca and a
trace of water mites. In two larger specimens, however, still minuter
forms were the leading feature of the food, including rotifers, Protozoa,
and unicellular Algw. Another example, three inches long, had eaten a
trace of Chironomus larve, but for all the rest, one of the smallest of
the Entomostraca (Canthocamptus). Ten young red horse (Moxostoma),
varying in length trom an inch to two and three-fourths inches, had fed
largely upon Protozoa,—especially the largest of the specimens,—but the
smallest of them had taken a considerable amount of Entomostraca,—
notably the bivalve cyprids occurring on the bottom. Two of the com-
monest buffalo fish (Ictiobus), seven-eighths of an inch long, had eaten
most freely of unicellular Algwz (sixty-three per cent.), the remainder of
the food consisting of rotifers and Entomostraca. Four of the river carp
(Carpiodes), seven-eighths of an inch to two inches long, had fed like the
preceding, except that the Entomostraca amounted to nearly half the food,
while the rotifers were comparatively few.

Young catfishes, only three-eighths of an inch in length, belonging to
the genus Amiurus, but quite too small to be specifically determinable,
were filled with various Entomostraca and Chironomus larve. Other ex-
amples of this genus, making thirteen in all, none longer than an inch
and five-eighths, had fed almost wholly on Entomostraca and larve of
Chironomus, the latter, however, composing seventy-four per cent. of the
food of all, and the former eighteen per cent. Six small stone cats (No-
turus), varying in length from seven-eighths of an inch to one and a half
inches, had taken more Chironomous larve and scarcely any Entomostraca.

A single dogfish (Amia), one and three-fourths inches long, had eaten
seventy per cent. of Entomostraca, a few larve of Chironomus, some small
crustaceans, aud aquatic insects. Others of the species, under an inch in
length, had the intestine packed with Entomostraca. Of the common
river gars one, an inch and a quarter long, had filled itself with minute
Entomostraca, while two other specimens had eaten only the smallest fry
of fishes.

To recapitulate, I find that, taking together the young of all the genera
studied, considering each genus as a unit, and combining the minute dip-
terous larve with the Entomostraca as having essentially the same relation,
about seventy-five per cent. of the food taken by young fishes of all de-
scriptions, is made up of these elements.

Krom the above it is clear that young fishes in general depend at first
on Entomostraca and certain small insect larvae (chiefiy those of two genera
of gnats), beginning with the smallest of these forms, or with those espe-
cially exposed to their attack. One-celled plants and animals are also
eaten freely by the young of two of the largest families.

Correlated with these facts, I find that two at least of the genera, which
are toothless when adult, have minute raptatorial teeth in this early stage,
viz., Coregonus and Dorosoma. Otherwise young fishes have no apparatus
specially adapted to the capture of their minute prey. but this is brought
within their reach merely by their own small size and the corresponding
minuteness of their structures of food prehension. Later, as the larger
species grow, this apparatus becomes too coarse to retain objects so minute,
but other food resources are made available, usually through some adaptive
modification of the fishes themselves.

il

In other words, one-celled organisms and Entomostraca are the natural,
and practically the only, food of an undifferentiated small fish; and to be
at liberty to grow, the fish must either change its food (as is usually done)
or must develop a special apparatus (commonly a set of fine long gill-rakers)
for the separation of Entomostraca from the waters in which they swim.

Of the fishes which emerge from this earliest stage, through increase in
size with failure to develop alimentary structures especially fitted to the
appropriation of minute animal forms, some become mud-eaters, like Cam-
postoma and the gizzard shad; a few apparently become vegetarians at
once; but most pass into or through an insectivorous stage. After this a
few become nearly omnivorous, like the bullheads; others learn to depend
chiefly on molluscan food—the sheepshead and the redhorse species—but
many become essentially carnivorous. In fact, unless the gars are an ex-
ception, as they now seem to be (attacking young fishes almost as soon as
they can swallow), .all our specially carnivorous fishes make a progress of
three steps, marked respectively, by the predominance of Entamostraca, of
insects, and of fishes, in their food: and the same is true of those strictly
fitted for a molluscan diet.

While small fishes of all sorts are evidently competitors for food, this

competition is relieved to some extent by differences of breeding season,
the species dropping in successively to the banquet, some Commencing in
very early spring, or even, like the whitefish, depositing their eggs in fall,
that their young may be first at the board, while others delay until June
or July. The most active breeding period coincides, however, with that of
the greatest evolution of Entomostraca in the backwaters of our streams;
that is, the early spring.
That large adult fishes, with fine and numerous rakers on the gills—
like the shovelfish and the river carp—may compete directly with the young
of all other species, and tend to keep their numbers down by diminishing
their food supply—especially.in times of scarcity—is very probable, but is
not certainly true: for these larger fishes have other food resources also,
and may resort to Entomostraca only when these are superabundant, thus
appropriating the mere excess above what are required for the young of
other groups.

ON THE DEFINITENESS AND PERMANENCY OF THE Foop HABITS
oF FISHES.

It is always possible that the seemingly specific differences of food ex-
hibited by data derived from miscellaneous collections not strictly com-
parable as to dates and localities, are really due to differences of circum-
stance affecting the representatives of the species, and not to differences
in the food habits or the regimen of the species in general. Date, locality,
and other circumstantial conditions, may have more to do with the dis-
tinctions of food detected than structure and specific habit. It is true
that the probability of such errors of inference is reduced to a minimum
where alimentary peculiarities can be clearly correlated with peculiarities
of structure, as has usually been done in my discussions; but to test still
further the distinctness of species and genera with respect to food habits
and preferences, I have assorted my observations according to dates and
localities of the collections on which they were made, and have compared
species with species as occurring under the same general conditions and
at the same time. If perch and catfishes caught in the same haul of the
seine show more marked differences in food between the two groups than
those exhibited by the individuals of each group among themselves, the
probability is considerable that the differences are specific instead of acci-
dental; and such probability becomes greater the greater the number of
species found to present corresponding differences under corresponding
circumstances. Although it was rarely the case that examples enough of

72

two or more species comparable as to size and range had been taken at
the same time and place to afford a tolerable average of the food under
local conditions, yet a sufficient number of such cases was found to give a
considerable amount of evidence on this point.

Thus three specimens of the marbled cat, Amiurus marmoratus, taken at
Peoria, Nov. 1, 1878, had derived nine-tenths of their food from Hexagenia
larve, the remainder consisting of leeches and a few spiders: while eight
specimens of the large-mouthed black bass, Micropterus salmoides, taken at
the same time and place, had eaten nothing but the young gizzard shad
(Dorosoma).

Comparing the food of four examples of the channel cat (Ictalurus puncta-
tus) with seven croppies (Pomoxys), both taken at Peoria, April 10, 1878, I
found that aquatic insects made ninety-eight per cent. of the food of the
latter, seventy per cent. being Hexagenia larve, while only sixty-two per
cent. of the food of the catfishes consisted of insects (ephemerid larve
twenty-eight per cent.), the remainder consisting of vegetation and scraps
of dead fishes.

A contrast equally decided is shown by three specimens of the gizzard
shad (Dorosoma) and four of the rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), all ob-
tained at Ottawa, July 8, 1879. The former had swallowed large quanti-
ties of fine mud containing about twenty per cent. of minutely divided
vegetable débris, while the latter had fed wholly upon insects, fishes, and
crayfishes—the first chiefly aquatic larve.

Even in the shallow muddy pools left behind in the retreating overflow
of the Mississippi in southern Illinois, fishes of the same size but differing
widely in alimentary structures exhibit corresponding differences in the
selections made from the meager food resources of their lecalities. Two
of the common blunt-jawed minnows (Hybognathus nuchalis) had fed here
almost wholly upon mud mixed with Algz and miscellaneous vegetation ;
while three of the little pirate perch (Aphredoderus) had eaten little but
Chironomus larve, half the food of one of the specimens being wholly
smali fishes, and insignificant quantities of Entomostraca occurring in the
stomachs of the others.

A small collection, made from the Little Fox river, in White county,
in southern [llinois, Oct. 5, 1882, of four specimens each of Labidesthes
and Zygonectes notatus enables us to bring into comparison the food of two
extremely different ie taken together from the same pools in a run-
ning stream. The Labidesthes, although predaceous in habit and feeding
most commonly upon Entomostraca, was here giving its attention wholly
to terrestrial insects —more than two-thirds of them winged Chironomus:
while the Zygonectes had eaten in addition to thirty-seven per cent. of
terrestrial insects (scarcely any of them Chironomus imagos), about thirty
per cent. of aquatic vegetation, nine per cent. of Entomostraca, eleven
per cent. of aquatic insects, and fourteen per cent. of mollusks. These
differences in food have no apparent relation to the essential structural
differences of the species, but must be considered an illustration of the
various effect of like conditions when applied to different species.

On the other hand, three bull-heads (Amiurus nebulosus) and six common
perch (Perca) taken from Fox river, at McHenry, May 9, 1880, did not
differ remarkably in food, both groups having eaten crayfishes, mollusks,
aquatic insects and vegetation. One of the catfishes had taken another
fish and one had eaten leeches. It is to be noted, however, that these
species are both bottom feeders, and that both lots of these specimens
had taken about the average food of their kind.*

The above are examples of the food relations of fishes widely separated
from each other in the classification, and decidedly different in alimentary
structures and in feeding habits. Illustrations of the differences in food
apparent in species allied in classification but differing with respect to the
structures concerned in the appropriation of food are given by the follow-
ing examples.

*See Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 3, p. 35.

Two species of minnows, Chrosomus erythrogaster and Semotilus atromacu-
latus—the first represented by fourteen specimens and the second by six,
all collected from a small tributary of the Fox, near Plano, Sept. 8, 1882—
were brought into comparison with reference to their food, with the result
that the characteristic differences of the species, as shown in the general
discussion of the group published in our Bulletin 6, Vol. I., were clearly
manifested by this small number. In the former lot seventy-five per cent.
of the food was mud, the remainder being indiscriminate vegetable débris;
while in the latter the entire mass consisted of insects (chiefly terrestrial)
except a single insect parasite (Gordius).

From one of the permanent ponds or so-called lakes of southern Illinois,
covered in September with a film of Wolffia and other vegetation, three
specimens of Gambusia patruelis and five of Umbra limi were examined.
The former had eaten little but Wolftia, which amounted to more than
ninety per cent. of the food, the remainder consisting of Entomostraca,
mollusks and aquatic insect larve, while the Woltffia made less than sixty
per cent. of the food of the Umbra—about one-fourth consisting of Ento-
mostraca and the remainder of unrecognized insects.

Two minnows of similar range (Phenacobius mirabilis and Notropis whipplei)
agree essentially in gill structure and pharyngeal teeth, and differ but
little in the relative length of intestine, and they have consequently been
placed by me in the same alimentary group.* They are unlike, however,
in the form of the mouth and in their haunts and feeding habits. This
difference is reflected in the food of a small collection made in the Galena
river, in April, 1880, three specimens of Phenacobius having eaten only
aquatic larve and pup (nearly all chironomid), while the food of the
Notropis, represented by six specimens, was of a varied character, contain-
ing few aquatic larve (only one per cent. of Chironomus), but consisting
chiefly of miscellaneous collections of terrestrial insects, seeds and anthers
of terrestrial plants, and other accidental rubbish.

From a collection made at Henry, Illinois, Nov. 1, 1887, four specimens
of croppie (Pomoxys nigromaculatus) are comparable with five sunfishes
(Lepomis pallidus), and three large-mouthed black bass (Micropterus salmoides)
may be compared with three striped bass (Roccus chrysops). Eighty-four
per cent. of the food of the Pomoxys consisted of Hexagenia larve, an
additional six per cent. being other aquatic larve, and the remaining ten
per cent. consisting of fishes; while the Lepomis had eaten but twelve per
cent. of Hexagenia larve, eight per cent. of other aquatic insects, and no
fishes at all—the remaining elements being terrestrial insects (about one-
fourth), worms (Nais and Lumbriculus, fifteen per cent.) and mollusks
(thirty-seven per cent.).

The black bass had eaten chiefly fishes and a mouse, together with a
few aquatic insects, while the food of the striped bass was nearly all
ephemerid larve with only a trace of fishes.

A collection of small fishes, made from Mackinaw creek, in Woodford
county, August 20, 1879, affords an interesting opportunity to compare the
food of a number of the smaller species (cyprinoids, darters, etc.). About
half that of four specimens of Notropis megalops collected there consisted
of insects, the remainder being terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, and
substantially the same statement may be made with respect to six speci-
mens of Notropis whipplei— these two species belonging respectively to the
third and fourth groups of my paper on the ‘‘Food of the Smaller Fresh
Water Fishes.” *

Two specimens of Hybopsis biguttatus, on the other hand, had eaten only
aquatic vegetation, and two examples of Phenacobius—a species extremely
darter-like in its haunts and habits—had taken only Chironomus larve.

The darters were represented by four examples of Boleosoma and six of
Hadropterus, the former and smaller species having eaten mostly Chirono-

*Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 6, p. 76.
—6 F.C.

TA

mus larve and Entomostraca—eighty-nine per cent. and eleven per cent.
respectively — while the larger had taken only aquatic larvae —nearly all
ephemerids.

Finally, eight of the slender, active and wholly predaceous little brook
silversides (Labidesthes sicculus) had eaten a single fish, fourteen per cent. of
Entomostraca, and about eighty per cent. of insects—somewhat more than
half of aquatic origin. In brief, the structures of Labidesthes, the habits
of Phenacobius and the darters, and the differences in size of the species
of Boleosoma and Hadropterus were all reflected in the food of this little
group.

The obverse fact of the unifying effect of similarity of alimentary struc-
tures is apparently shown by a small collection of minnows, all belonging
to the first two groups of the paper cited aboye,* made from an extremely
muddy little creek in Jersey county, which contained no visible vegetation
and few, if any, Entomostraca. ‘T’welve of these fishes, representing the
genera Campostoma, Pimephales, Hyborhynchus, Hybognathus and Note-
migonus, agreed in food almost precisely, all having swallowed the fine
mud of the creek bottom, with a slightly varying admixture of unicellular
Alge and vegetable débris.

As an example of a contrast between two species agreeing in alimentary
structures, but differing in size and somewhat, also, in habitual range, we
may take three examples of Notropis heterodon and three of Notropis mega-
lops, captured at McHenry, May 8, 1880. More than half the food of the
latter group consisted of vegetation, and of the former only ten per cent.
The remaining ninety per cent. of the food of heterodon was Entomostraca:
but these were not represented at all in the megalops, the remaining food
of these specimens consisting of insects and amphipod Crustacea.

Sensible and even conspicuous differences in food often appear between
groups which are neither widely separate in classification nor yet distin-
guished by marked differences in alimentary structures, as between species
of the same genus. Sometimes these are apparently due to differences in
habit with respect to the search tor food, but sometimes seem dependent
upon distinction of habit or preferences even more obscure.

Six specimens of the channel cat (Ictalrus punctatus), taken at Peoria,
October 6, 1887, had eaten insects, mollusks and vegetation at the rate of
forty-one, nineteen and forty per cent., respectively, the vegetation being
nearly all Cladophora and Potamogeton, while the same number of bull-
heads (Amiurus nebulosus) had derived thirty-seven per cent. of their food
from insects and sixty-three per cent. from mollusks. The difference here
was substantially a larger ratio of mollusks for Amiurus, replacing the
vegetable food of the Ictalrus group. By a comparison of these differ-
ences with those detected between the species at large, as explained on
pages 456-461, it will be seen that the former do not represent the specific
differences in food, but simply give evidence that the two species may be
differently affected by the same conditions.

Other specific differences in the same genus are shown by the collections
made Oct. 27, 1875, from Peoria lake. Eight examples of the wall-eyed
pike (Stizostedion vitreum) had eaten only soft-finned fishes,—excepting one
small sunfish,—while four of ten specimens of the related species S. Cana-
dense, had eaten spiny-finned fishes, and in only three were the fishes rec-
ognizable as belonging to the soft-finned species. Three specimens of Mi-
cropetrus taken with the above had eaten cray-fishes and fishes (including
a catfish).

Among my specimens of the sucker family (Catostomatidae), a lot ob-
tained at Quincy, Aug. 25, 1887, are comparable for the present purpose.
Four examples each of Jctiobus urus and I. cyprinella presented a decided
contrast with respect to the elements of their food, that of J. urus consist-
ing almost wholly of Chironomus larvae, with large quantities of dirt, while
three of the specimens of J. cyprinella had eaten scarcely anything but Al-

*See the preceding page.

75

gw, ninety per cent. of the food of the fourth being Chironomus larvae, and
the remainder, larve of Neuroptera,—Hexagenia and Corydalis.

On the other hand, two small collections of the same species made at
Peoria, Oct. 9, 1878—four of I. wrus and five of L. cyprinellus—exhibit simi-
lar food, composed chiefly of Entomostraca, Chironomus larva, distillery
waste (meal, etc.), and aquatic vegetation. The wrus group alone had eaten
Entomostraca, these being replaced in the other by a larger quantity of
meal.

The facts above recited are evidence that fishes are not mere animated
eating-machines, taking indiscriminately and indifferently whatever their
structures fit them to capture, to strain from the waters, or to separate
from the mud, but that psychological preferences as well as physical capa-
bilities have something to do with their choice of food.

THE STRUCTURES OF ALIMENTATION.

A brief review of the principal facts respecting the structures of ali-
mentation in fishes will be necessary to exhibit clearly the relation of habit
and organization in this particular.

These structures may be conveniently divided into those of search, of pre-
hension, of mastication, and ot digestion. Means of defence and escape may
also properly be mentioned, as belonging to the obverse side of the food
relation.

Structural peculiarities relating to the methods and situation of the
search for food are illustrated by the barbels of the catfishes and the stur-
geons, the shovel of Polyodon, the square head of the stone roller, the flat
heads of the top minnows, and the pointed snouts of the darters,—which
fit them for prying about between and under stones in running water.
Similarly related, are the bare breasts of many darters and the large pec-
toral fins of the stone roller and Phenacobius.

The structures of food prehension are the lips, the jaws, the teeth, and
the gill-rakers, with which should be considered, perhaps, the gill slit or
branchial opening. The sucking lips of the Catostomatida, organs of touch
as well as of prehension, are of course related to the mud-searching habit of
these fishes, the protractile jaws aiding in their use. The stout wide jaws
of the catfishes, with their wide bands of minute, pointed teeth, are prob-
ably to be understood as an apparatus for seizing, holding, and pulling
about relatively large objects, whether hard or soft, and are perhaps most
useful in feeding upon mollusks. The very large but weak jaw of the
shovel fish is explained by the minute character of its food, which offers
no resistance, but necessitates the passage of large quantities of water
through the mouth; while the long and slender jaws of the long nosed
gar (Lepidosteus) armed with several rows of acute raptatorial teeth, are
the best apparatus in our waters for the destruction of a relatively small
but active living prey.

The teeth of our fresh-water fishes are always pointed and acute, there
being no examples of pavement teeth or cutting incisors among them, such
as are found in several marine forms, nor are there any instances of either
jaw being toothed and the other not. The evanescent teeth of the young
of several species which become toothless when mature, are sometimes to
be understood as rudiments, as in the shovel fish, and sometimes as related
to the early food, as in the white-fish and the gizzard shad.

The gill-rakers of fishes vary widely in number, length, and usefulness,
but are as important and significant as any other part of the feeding ap-
paratus. As they oppose the only obstacle to the escape through the gill
slit, of objects which enter the mouth with the water of respiration, they
set the minimum of size for objects of the fishes food, the only exception
to this rule being afforded by the few fishes which swallow mud with lit-
tle or no discrimination.

76

They are usually arranged in two rows on each gill arch, with frequently
one also on the pharyngeal, behind the last gill slit. Occasionally only
one row is developed on each gill (lake “‘herring”), and commonly the sec-
ond row, if present, is less prominent than the first. The shovel fishes
are, however, an exception to this latter statement, for in them both rows
are equally and remarkably developed. As the anterior rakers guard the
relatively large passage-way between the foremost gill and the opercle,
while the other rows merely prevent the escape of objects between the
several pairs of gills, the anterior row is almost invariably longer than
the remaining series. The shovel fish and the gizzard shad are exceptions.
The rakers of this row are commonly longest in the middle of the arch,
shortening toward each end; but the particulars of this disposition depend
on the length and shape of the arch and the concavity of the inner sur-
face of the opercle. In the gizzard shad, however, the short but very nu-
merous and fine gill-rakers project in a nearly horizontal direction.

The gill-rakers, when short and ineffective. are often armed with min-
ute denticles, variously arranged, but are never branched or pinnate. In
several of the sucker family, the rakers of the lower horizontal arm of the
arch are represented by a thick, broad pad, transversely ridged (the ridges
representing the separate rakers) so that when approximated these struc-
tures form a continuous floor for the sides of the buccal cavity. The rak-
ers may vary in number in different species from ten or twelve in a series,
as in some sunfishes, to more than five hundred, as in the shovel fish; and
in length from mere tubercles, to two or three times the length of the
corresponding filaments of the gill. Rarely they are completely wanting,
as in the pike. The anterior row is commonly so set upon the arch as to
be obliquely divaricated by the separation of the branchial structures be-
ing thus automatically adapted to the respiratory movements.

They are little developed in young fishes, the small branchial arches and
the narrow slits between them serving to separate from the water the
minute objects of their earliest food. Their development with the growth
of the fish simply enables it to retain as elements of its dietary, objects
which the coarseness of its branchial structures would otherwise compel
it to forego.

Concerning their relation to food prehension, we may say in general that
if numerous, long, and fine, they indicate the importance of Entomostraca
to the fish. If less numerous, but moderately long and stout, in a fish of
medium size, we may presume that insects form a considerable ratio of
the food. If wanting, or rather short and strong, the presumption is (ex-
cept for the smaller fishes) that the species is either piscivorous or feeds
largely upon mollusks, the dental and pharyngeal apparatus easily show-
ing which.

The pike-perch (Stostedion) 1s somewhat remarkable in the fact that al-
though strictly piscivorous when adult, it has long and strong gill-rakers,
much longer in fact than in the less piscivorous related species, the com-
mon perch. In this case the rakers seem to have been retained, and even
further developed, as a basis of attachment for several rather large recurved
teeth borne on their inner surfaces, useful in preventing the escape of a liv-
ing prey.

The masticatory apparatus of fishes (sometimes wanting) comprises
always a pair of pharyngeal bones—the lower pharyngeal jaws, a pair of
modified branchial arches. These are commonly opposed by superior
pharyngeals, which most frequently consist of osseous and cuticular thick-
enings of the upper ends of the gill arches—sometimes of only one or two,
as in the catfish family, sometimes of all, as in the sunfishes. In the
cyprinoids, the upper pharyngeal is a quadrate or triangular pad, rarely, if
ever, toothed, borne upon an oblique, expanded process of the basioccipi-
tal. In the sucker family the sickle-shaped lower pharyngeals act against
a more or less indurated palatal arch supported by the same cranial pro-
cess, the firmness and width of this hardened band vary with the devel-
opment of the lower arches of the apparatus. In most of the Acanthopteri
and in the catfish family the lower pharyngeals have a fusiform outline, varying

CT

in width according to the food, the upper service set with minute denticles
sharp-pointed in the insectivorous species, more or less blunt and conical
in those which take a considerable per Gentage of molluscan food. The
immense development of these structures in the sheepshead (Aplodinotis)
as a crushing apparatus for mollusca, is too well known to require descrip-
tion. In the Catostomatide the number of teeth may vary from thirty
or less to two hundred or more, reduction in nut ber going with increase
in size (especially in the lower part of the arch), both being related to an
increased importance of molluscan food.

In the cyprinoids or minnow family this is practically an insectivorous
apparatus, except in some of the species with very long intestine and the
limophagous habit, where it seems useful chiefly as a means of grinding
up the mud ingested.

In the piscivorous species and in those with highly developed gill-rakers,
the lower pharyngeals are commonly slight and insignificant, but in the
former group the upper pharyngeals may be preserved and enlarged as a
basis for the insertion of hooked teeth, to aid in the retention of their
struggling prey.

Concerning the digestive structures, I will only remark that the fishes
with the longest intestine are mud-feeders, as a rule, and that in one of
them—the gizzard shad, a mud lover, par excellence—the pharyngeal jaws
(which in the mud-eating cyprinoids are evidently used to grind the food)
are functionally replaced by a bulbous, muscular stomach, the pharyngeals
themselves being reduced to thin and delicate plates, scarcely better than
rudiments.

In this connection the adult size of the fish ought always to be men-
tioned since this has, perhaps. at least aS much to do with the food as
any structural endowment, and frequently in fact has had a determining
influence on the latter. Many fishes can enjoy the advantages of large
Size only on condition that they acquire some new capacity of food pre-
hension adapting them to new food relations. Simple and symmetrical
growth of a small fish would render it incapable of straining out Ento-
mostraca without fitting it for the appropriation of any other food except,
perhaps, the larger Crustacea and some aquatic insects: and beyond this
insectivorous stage nothing is possible without new adaptations.

CORRELATIONS OF ALIMENTARY ORGANS.

Correlations of structure may be either mediate or immediate, in the lat-
ter case modification of one organ being directly dependent on modification
of another, and in the former both parties to the correlation being mod-
ified by a common cause. The immediate class of correlations are rela-
tively few and simple in the alimentary structures of fishes, while several
of the mediate class are less obvious and more suggestive. That a fish
with canine teeth has a strong jaw is a less interesting fact than the
weakness of the jaw in one with long and numerous gill-rakers, or the
the incompatibility of canine teeth and heavy lower pharyngeals. The first
is an immediate adaptive adjustment which a child might foresee, while
the others are to be understood only when the peculiarities of the food
are known to which both owe their character. The weak jaw of the
shovel fish and the slight lower pharyngeals of the pike-perch illustrate
the law of disuse (especially when we take into account the teeth of the
young in the former and the large pharyngeals of the common perch), and
the branchial apparatus of the shovel fish and canine teeth of the pike-
perch are examples of special adaptation to particular kinds of food.

Some mediate correlations are inverse, others coincident, the related
structures varying oppositely or in the same direction. An interesting in-
verse correlation is exhibited by the gill-rakers and the pharyngeals
in the suckers; as the former lengthen and multiply, the latter become
weaker and bear smaller and more numerous teeth. The cause of this
correlation is seen in the food, the species with heavy pharyngeals, few
and roa oe teeth, and few and short gill-rakers being mollusk

( raee

78

feeders, and the other group depending largely on insects and crustaceans
and using mollusks sparely, and then only the small and thin-shelled
sorts. A similar inverse relation is seen between the large mouths and
the weak pharyngeals of many piscivorous fishes: between the weak
pharyngeals and the muscular stomach of the gizzard shad, and between
the long gill-rakers and the rudimentary pharyngeals of the shovel fish.
Such correlations are often evidence of a specialization and corresponding
limitation of the feeding habit—the ificreased efficiency of one structure
corresponding to the increased importance to the fish of the related kind
of food, and the defective development of the correlated structure indicat-
ing an abandonment of the food for whose appropriation it was especially
fitted. On the other hand, the absence of these inverse correlations marks
an omnivorous habit—as in the catfishes, whose jaws, teeth, gill-rakers and
pharyngeals are all moderately developed, while the food is correspondingly
indiscriminate.

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