Biological
& Medical
Serials LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST.

Rothamsted Experimental Station,

Harpenden.

Annual Report for 1911

with the

Supplement

to the
“Guide to the Experimental Plots,”

containing

The Yields per Acre, etc.

In every case the page, table, and plot nut *rs refer to the “ Guide,” it being under-
stood that no change is made in f ~“*anuring, etc., there described.
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A. D. HALL, Direffor.

Mp. ak SO Oy
PST OF Tonos
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PRINTED By D. J. JEFFERY, VAUGHAN ROAD
1912

HARPENDEN:

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/report1911 roth

LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST.

Rothamsted Experimental Station,

Harpenden.

Annual Report for 1911

with the

Supplement

to the
“Guide to the Experimental Plots,”

containing

The Yields per Acre, etc.

In every case the page, table, and plot nut ~*rs refer to the * Guide,” it being under-
stood that no change is made in f< *anuring, etc., there described.
rim

VY

MV,
, : ‘ee
rei fe SY

PRINTED BY D. J. JEFFERY, VAUGHAN ROAD

HARPENDEN:

1912

Laboratory Staff.

Director

Chemist

Goldsmiths’ Company’s Soil Chemist

Bacteriologist

Botanist

Organic Chemist
Biologist
Assistant Soil Physicist

Farm Manager

Mackinnon Research Student, R.S.

A. D. HALL, M.A., “eee

. N. H.-J. MILLER, Phe

E.. J. RUSSELE,<D ae

. H. B. HUTCHINSON, Pa

. WINIFRED E. BRENCHLEY,
D.Sc), Fae

. W. A. DAVIS, Bisa

. F. R. PETHERBRIDGE, B.A.
. L. M. UNDERWOOD, B.Sc.

: oe. Je WR, TGA

. T. GOopeEy.,, M-Se.

Board of Agriculture Research Scholar J. A. HANLEY, A.R.C.S.

+P) 9 9

Voluntary Research Worker
Secretary

Private Secretary

Clerk

Chemical and General Assistant

3 7 a
3otanical Assistant

General Assistant and Caretaker
General Assistant

” ”

Laboratory Boys

J. CLAYTON, BiA;

. A. J. DaisH, A-GGae
iG, L, AOUNBEES,
ic. DARES.

. W. WILSON.

ee. GRE

. A. OGGLESBY.

A. BOWDEN.

. GRACE BASSIL. -
. W. PEARCE.

. B. WESTON.

. P. WILSON.

. W.GAME AND F. SEABROOK,

3

INTRODUCTION

John Bennet Lawes was the founder of the Rothamsted
Experimental Station. He began experiments with various
manurial substances, first with plants in pots and then in the field,
soon after entering into possession of the estate at Rothamsted in
1834. In 1843 more systematic field experiments were begun, and
the services of J. H. Gilbert were obtained as Director, thus starting
the long association which only terminated with the death of Lawes
in 1900, followed by that of Gilbert in 1901.

The Rothamsted Experimental Station has never been connected
with any external organisation, but has been maintained entirely at
the cost of the late Sir John Lawes. In 1889 he constituted a Trust
for the continuance of the investigations, setting apart for that pur-
pose the Laboratory (which had been built by public subscription,
and presented to him in 1855), certain areas of land on which the
experimental plots were situated, and £100,000.

| By the provisions of the Trust Deed the management is
entrusted to a Committee nominated by the Royal Society (four
persons), the Royal Agricultural Society (two persons), the Chemical
and Linnean Societies (one each), and the owner of Rothamsted.

It has latterly been the desire of the Committee to obtain addi-
tional funds for the extension of the work of the Station. In 1906
Mr. J. F. Mason, M.P., presented the Committee with £1000 for
the building and equipment of the “ James Mason” Bacteriological
Laboratory, together with a grant towards its maintenance. In 1907
tbe Goldsmiths’ Company made a grant of £10,000 the income
from which is devoted to the payment of a special assistant for the
investigation of the soil. The Permanent Nitrate Committee have
also made a grant of £2000 to the endowment. The Society for
extending the Rothamsted Experiments, founded in 1904, has also
collected donations amounting to £3300 and annual subscriptions of
nearly £150. This Society has recently been Incorporated under
the Board of Trade, thus giving it the power to hold money in trust
for the purposes of the Rothamsted Experiments.

During the year a scheme has been published from the Board
of Agriculture for the encouragement of Agricultural Research with
funds provided by the Development Commission, and this scheme
contemplates the establishment or assistance of a certain number of
institutes for fundamental research, each dealing with one great
branch of the subject. The Rothamsted Experimental Station is
recognised as the Institute for dealing with Soil and Plant Nutri-
tion problems. In accordance with this scheme a temporary grant
of £2000 was made for the year ending March 31st, 1911, and it

4

is expected that an annual grant of rather more than this amount
will be made to the Station in future. Certain scholarships have
also been instituted to provide the training in research work for
men who have already qualified in pure science and are desirous
of taking up an agricultural career. The holders of two of these
scholarships will do their work at Rothamsted.

The field experiments, which began in 1843, have on some of
the plots been continued without break or alteration up to the
present day; on the Broadbalk Wheat Field certain rearrangements
were made in 1852, in which year also the Barley experiments on
the Hoos Field began. The leguminous crops on the Hoos Field
were started in 1848, the experiments on Roots have been continued
on the same field since 1843, and on the same plan since 1856. The
grass plots began in 1856, and the rotation experiments in 1848.

It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of continuing the
experimental plots at Rothamsted without any change, as nowhere
else in the world do such data exist for studying the effect of season
and manuring upon the yield and quality of the crop, and for
watching the progressive changes which are going on in the soil.
Year by year these plots are found to throw light upon new problems
in Agricultural Science; in all directions they continue to provide
material for investigations upon points which were not contemplated
in the original design of the experiments, so that it is impossible to
foresee when and how they will not become useful and provide
indispensable material for the solution of problems undreamt of at
the present time. .

The maintenance, however, of the old data throws a heavy
burden upon the Experimental Station. There are 210 plots, and
every year 243 samples have to be taken with proper precautions
and put into store for future reference. In addition there are made
486 determinations of dry matter, 243 of ash, 170 of nitrogen, 50 of
phosphoric acid, and 24 of potash, also 180 determinations of nitrates,
etc., in rain and drainage waters, and 17 botanical analyses of hay.
This does not include examinations of soils, the complete grass
separations, and other extensive series of determinations which are
made at longer intervals. All the above determinations, however,
are part of the necessary routine which must be completed before
any new investigations can be undertaken.

It should be remembered that the object of the Rothamsted
Experiments is to ascertain “how the plant grows,” and only
indirectly to find the most paying method and manuring; hence
both the nature and the quantities of material applied are not to be
taken as indicating the manures which should be used in practice.

5

ANNUAL REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1911

HE season of 1911 will long be memorable for the exceptional
i and drought of the summer. The closing three months

of 1910 were exceptionally wet, over 12 inches of rain being
registered at Rothamsted, but a dry January enabled the wheat plant
to recover from the bad start it had made. In February and March
the rainfall was about normal with no severe cold, though there were
very few nights during the first three months of the year in which a
little frost was not recorded on the grass. With April the droughts
began, there being then a period of 20 days in which never more
than a sprinkling of rain fell. In May the high temperatures began,
and there were two spells of dry weather, though the rainfall for the
month was considerably above the average. June again opened with
a period of drought and heat, but heavy thunder rain about the time
of the Coronation again made the total rainfall above the average.
July was remarkable for a period of 23 days without any rain at all,
and a succession of high temperatures which made the mean maxi-
mum for the month as high as 76°3°.. The first 19 days of August
were almost absolutely dry with very high temperatures, a maximum
of 92°3° being registered on the Yth, the highest air temperature that
has ever been recorded at Rothamsted. The mean maximum for
the month was almost as high as in July, namely 75°9°. Another
period of drought extended from the 22nd of August to the 13th of
September, though on several days a measurable shower of fine rain
was recorded; the weather broke in the middle of October, and from
that time to the end of the year there were only 6 days without some
rain being recorded.

The sunshine records were also well above the average, there
being an excess of 99 hours in July, 25 in August,and 66 in September
above the average of the 18 years, 1892—1910. Even these figures
hardly serve to express the exceptional character of the summer and
the severe conditions of drought which all the crops experienced
during comparatively long periods.

The wheat on Broadbalk Field was sown on October 21st, and
though it suffered a good deal during the early part of the winter, it
tillered and grew very well during April and May; it also continued
to flourish through the heat, and like the wheat all over England,
became a very handsome crop, exceptionally clean and bright and
standing up everywhere. A new variety was grown for the first
time—* Little Joss’’—one of the varieties raised by Professor Biffen

of Cambridge, distinguished by its resistance to rust, and whether

6

the variety or the season is responsible, it is certainly many years
since the Broadbalk wheat seemed so free from disease. The yields
were generally good without being exceptional, only Plot 16 reached
as much as 40 bushels to the acre. The unmanured plot yielded as
high as 12} bushels to the acre, but the crop on Plot 2 receiving
farmyard manure did not come to the front so much as might have
been expected in so dry a season. The weight per bushel was ex-
ceptionally high; the average of all the plots was 65'5 lbs., and Plot
16, with the highest yield, reached the exceptional figure of 66'8 lbs.
The highest weight of any individual bushel was 67°5 lbs.—also on
Plot 16—while on the farmyard manure Plot grain was produced
weighing only a fraction less. These are the highest figures that
have ever been recorded.

The Half Acre Plot, grown after a bare fallow in alternate
years, also yielded well, 17 bushels to the acre, which is higher than
it has been for many seasons past. This result is rather remarkable
considering the heavy rainfall of the last 3 months of the year 1910,
which might have been expected to wash out of the soil the nitrates
accumulated during the summer fallow. In an ordinary way the
yield of wheat after fallow is largely determined by the rainfall of
the preceding autumn.

If the season was exceptionally good for the wheat, it was
equally bad for the barley, which was sown on March 27th. The
highest yield was rather under 29 bushels to the acre, and the un-
manured Plot fell below 5 bushels to the acre. There was a con-
siderable attack of gout fly, but doubtless the great heat and drought
ripened off the barley too early and prevented the formation of the
grain from running its proper course, as may be seen from the
fact that the weight per bushel, although above the average, was
not good and the proportion of grain to straw was exceedingly low.
It is rare to find the weight of barley-grain falling as low as half
the weight of the straw; indeed in a dry year one generally
expects the two to be equal on the good plots, but in 1911 the grain
was less than half the straw on as many as 12 plots out of the 29.
In consequence of the very scanty growth on many of the plots
there was an enormous development of weeds, which indeed have
been increasingly troublesome on the barley plots for some years
past. So serious has the situation become that it has been decided
to leave the plots without crop during 1912, and by continuous culti-
vation under bare fallow to try and restore the plots to a reasonable
degree of cleanliness.

Like all other root crops the mangolds on the Barn Field suf-
fered from the season. They were first sown on May 9th and 10th,

but as the sowing was followed by rain and then drought, the surface
of the land caked very badly and the germinating seed was unable to
push through the ground. Only on Series 1 and 2, where farmyard
manure is supplied, was anything approaching to a plant attained,
and in June the field presented a remarkable illustration of the value
of farmyard manure in ameliorating the texture of the soil and en-
abling germination to take place. The plant was so scanty on the
other plots that they were scuffled over and re-sown on June 12th.
The second sowing germinated fairly well, but never grew freely.
The highest yield of roots was a little over 21 tons per acre on the
plot receiving farmyard manure and rape cake, but it was not more
than 4 or 5 tons per acre on the plots receiving a purely inorganic
manure with nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda or sulphate of
ammonia. The yields seemed entirely dependent upon the amount
of organic matter supplied by the manure and its cumulative effect
upon the soil. It was characteristic of the season that the usual
attacks of Uromyces betae on the high nitrogen plots was almost
entirely absent this year.

On the Agdell Field wheat was taken, this being the close of
the 16th complete rotation. <A fine plant of wheat was to be seen
all over the field, and the yield was especially remarkable on the
unmanured plots, where as much as 2+ bushels to the acre, weighing
65 lbs. to the bushel, was obtained. Still more remarkable, perhaps,
was the yield of almost 32 bushels to the acre on the plot which re-
ceives no nitrogen and on which clover is not grown; indeed it is
not immediately obvious where the large amount of nitrogen neces-
sary for a crop of this magnitude can have come from, for the plot
has received no nitrogen since 1848, and has never grown clover or
any other leguminous crop (except the Medicago which is a very
abundant weed on occasions). The effect of the preceding clover
_ crop as compared with a preceding bare fallow was clearly visible,
raising the yield by about 5 to 6 bushels on Plots 1 and 3 which
had received fertilisers for the root crop at the beginning of the
rotation. Plot 1, on the portion of the field which receives a com-
plete fertiliser for the roots, suffered somewhat during the winter,
for water lay there badly during the heavy rains of December and
killed off some of the plants, which were only imperfectly replaced
by re-seeding in January.

The yield on the Permanent Grass Plots in the Park was below
the average, and the proportion of leguminous herbage was also
below the average. On most of the half plots the effect of the liming
was apparent in a considerable increase of crop, and the leguminous
plants were also more abundant on the limed portions. On the un-

5

limed portions of the plots receiving sulphate of ammonia, where the
soil is now markedly acid, the vegetation suffered considerably during
the drought, and the bare patches which have been developing of late
years are now very prominent.

The Little Hoos Field, on which the residual values of
manures are being tested, was sown with mangolds, and though an
even plant was obtained it grew very indifferently through the
drought and yielded but a small crop of about twelve tons to the
acre. The effect of the manure applied in the current year was
very evident, but the manurial residues had but a small influence
upon the yield.

All experiments with root crops were unsatisfactory this year,
so that the yields were small and somewhat irregular on the plots
that are used to test the value of the new nitrogenous fertilisers—
cyanamide and nitrate of lime. As in previous years, nitrate of soda
has proved the most effective source of nitrogen for mangolds on the
Rothamsted soil, and the newer fertilisers did not give the results
which might have been expected.

At the Laboratory the pot experiments on the continuous
growth of plants in the same soil have been continued for another
season without as yet any conclusive results, and the same statement
might be applied to the experiments upon clover sickness. The
vegetation house was very largely given up to a new series of
experiments on the treatment of “sick” greenhouse soils, which have
become unfit for the continued growth of crops after two years’ use
in the greenhouse, though they are still exceptionally rich in plant
food. Methods of treating the soil by heating to various tempera-
tures and by the use of antiseptics were tested with satisfactory
results, and a method for dealing with soil on a commercial scale has
been worked out, which is being extensively tested. It seems
likely that at a very small cost the growers of tomatoes and
cucumbers under glass may be saved from what has hitherto been
the expensive necessity of frequently renewing their soil. Drs.
Russell and Hutchinson, with Mr. Petherbridge, have been studying _
in detail the chemical, physical and biological changes brought about
in the soil by the treatment, and the results are almost ready for
publication. Dr. Russell has also been extending his work upon the
part played by the protozoa in the production of sewage-sick soils
and the effect of partial sterilisation in restoring their activity. This
work has been undertaken in connection with Mr. J. Golding on
sewage farms at Kegworth and Kingston, and a very considerable
measure of success has been attained by the treatment.

The experiments on the toxic and stimulating effects of small

9

quantities of various mineral substances were continued, and a series
of experiments were begun on the growth of plants in extracts of the
soils from the experimental plots. These latter trials have yielded
some very striking results, which are to be repeated and extended in
the coming year. Another series of experiments dealt with the
growth of plants in nutritive solutions of various concentrations,
either as water cultures or with the nutritive solution added to sand
so as to keep the sand moist but not wet. In all cases growth was
found to be proportional to the concentration of the solution, even
though the solutions were regularly renewed and always provided
the plant with an excess of nutrients. It was also found that
the soluble nutrients could diffuse with perfect freedom along the
thin water films coating the grains of sand, and that there was no
retardation of growth even when the nutrients were enclosed in
porous pots inside the sand, so that they were forced to travel by
diffusion before they could reach the plant’s roots. Further
experiments on this subject are projected for the coming year.

Dr. Brenchley resumed her study of the weeds of arable land,
taking this time a district on the borders of North West Wiltshire
and Somerset, which gave her a range of formations including some
of those that were dealt with in her work of 1911 on the soils of
South Bedfordshire. It is interesting to find that the association of
particular weeds with particular soils which prevailed in South
Bedfordshire did not always hold for the same formations and weeds
in the new district. Dr. Brenchley’s second paper dealing with her
1912 work is now going through the press.

During the year the Board of Agriculture has published the
Report on the Agriculture and Soils of Kent, Surrey and Sussex carried
out by Dr. Russell and myself. The Report forms a book of 206
pages with 56 maps and plates, and gives the analyses, mechanical
and chemical, of 124 soils with their subsoils, derived from 14
formations. The report contains an account with some historical
notes of the agriculture and rural industries of the district, illustrated
by a series of maps showing the distribution of crops. The
dependence of this distribution upon the character of the soils and
the rainfall is discussed, and recommendations are made as to the
systems of manuring,seed mixtures,etc.,appropriate to each formation.

A more elaborate study of the fatting and non-fatting pastures
of Romney Marsh has been brought to a conclusion, and a paper on
the subject is now ready for the press. No very pronounced
difference could be found between either soils or the herbage of the
two pastures. The difference, which is very rea! in practice, seems
to be due to an accumulation of small causes acting over a long

10

period of time, the fatting pastures being slightly higher and drier,
while the only chemical difference in the soils was a greater propor-
tion of phosphoric acid in the soils from the fatting fields. The soils
from the fatting fields were also considerably more active, and
produced ammonia and nitrate at a greater rate, especially in the
earlier part of the season. No light on the greater feeding value of
one herbage over the other was obtained from their analyses; it is
evident that the ordinary methods of analysis of feeding stuffs are
not sufficiently refined to deal with a question of this kind.

The following papers have been published during the year.

H. B. HUTCHINSON and N.H.J. MILLER. “ The Direct As-
similation of Inorganic and Organic Forms of Nitrogen
by Higher Plants.” Centr. Bakt. Par. 1911. ti, 30, 513.
In these experiments barley and peas were grown in water
cultures under perfectly sterile conditions, and the nitrogen required
for nutrition was supplied in various forms of combination other
than the nitrates upon which plants are generally considered to be
dependent. The technical difficulties of growing plants under sterile
conditions are considerable, but they were successfully overcome, and
in all the cases dealt with the culture medium was found to have
remained sterile at the end of the experiment. It was found possible
to get plants to grow when supplied with a large number of
compounds of nitrogen, which must have been taken up directly
because of the absence of organisms to convert them into simpler
forms of combination. Of the compounds tested ammonia gave
satisfactory growth, the plants being characterised by a high pro-
portion of nitrogen in their dry matter. The greatest growth how-
ever was obtained with urea. Barbituric acid, acetamide, alloxan,
soluble humus, and peptone were also satisfactory sources of nitro-
gen, while formamide, glycine, alanine, guanidine hydrochloride,
cyanuric acid and oxamide gave rise to a distinct though more
limited amount of growth. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ethyl
nitrate, propionitrile, methyl carbamate, gave negative results,
as also probably did trimethylamine, para-urazine and hexam-
ethylenetetramine. Tetranitromethane proved to be toxic. Plants
are thus shown to be capable of utilising directly many of the
compounds of nitrogen which may occur in the soil as products of
bacterial decay, as well as the ammonia and nitrates which are the
final terms of such changes.

T. GOODEY. “A contribution to our knowledge of the Protozoa

of the Soil.” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1911. B. 84, 165.
In this paper Mr. Goodey gives a detailed description with
figures of the various species of protozoa which he has been able to

11

isolate from soils. Mr. Goodey also devised a method for driving
the protozoa rapidly out of the soils, and so of enumerating them
directly. The method depends essentially upon the fact that when
an electric current is applied to a medium containing living protozoa
they travel with the current to the cathode. It was not found
possible to obtain ciliated protozoa in an active condition until
after the cultures had been incubated for from two to four hours. When
first observed they also had the appearance of organisms that had
just emerged from the encysted state, and contained no trace of food.
As two to four hours is also the time required for these ciliated
protozoa to emerge from their cysts, Goodey concludes that in any
normal soil the protozoa are not active but encysted, and therefore
cannot be effective in limiting the number of bacteria, as has been
suggested by Russell and Hutchinson. The investigation deals only
with the ciliated protozoa, and the amoeba in the soil may still have
the effect that Russell and Hutchinson attribute to them. Moreover,
under certain conditions of free moisture supply and temperature the
protozoa must become active, and these are also the conditions
which would make for the development of bacteria.

A. D. HALL and N. H. J. MILLER. “The Absorption of
Ammonia from the Atmosphere.’ Jour. Agric. Sci.
POLI. 4; SG:

This paper deals with a series of experiments on the rate of
absorption of ammonia from the atmosphere, when shallow dishes
containing dilute sulphuric acid were exposed close to the surface of
the ground and at + feet above it, in the Laboratory grounds, above
Broadbalk field and the grass field. The dishes were protected from
rain, and were also covered by fine gauze screens to keep out the
flies and dust, which were found in the earlier experiments to
interfere seriously with the results. Determinations of the ammonia
absorbed were made every month, and the trials were continued for
two years. The amount of ammonia absorbed proved to be very
much less than had been obtained by previous investigators working
with similar methods, and there is evidence that this was due to the
exclusion of dust, etc., and perhaps to the diminished circulation of
the air over the absorbing liquid which was brought about’ by the
gauze screens. ‘The dishes on the high level generally absorbed
more ammonia than those near the ground; this also is probably due
to the greater circulation of the air. The dishes in the Laboratory
grounds gave the highest returns, probably because of the proximity
of chimneys. The method however did not lead to any conclusions
as to whether the soil acts normally as an absorbent of ammonia

from the atmosphere, or whether it yields ammonia to the atmosphere.

12
However, for some weeks after ammonium salts had been supplied
as manure to the Broadbalk Field, there was an enormous increase in
the amount of ammonia absorbed from the air, and the lower dishes
during this period absorbed much more than the upper one. This
may be taken as evidence that there will be some loss of nitrogen
to the soil as free ammonia, whenever ammonium salts are supplied
as a fertiliser to soils containing calcium carbonate.
W. E. BRENCHLEY. “ The Weeds of Arable Land in relation

’

to the Soils on which they grow.’ Annals of Botany.
IT 25,155.

This paper contains a description of the distribution of weeds
of arable land upon the following formations in Hertfordshire and
South Bedfordshire : — Clay-with-flints, Alluvium, Chalk, Gault,
Lower Greensand and Oxford Clay. A distinct association was
found to exist between some of the species and the soils upon which
they grew, but the determining factor proved to be the texture of the
soil, except in the one case of the calcareous soils derived from the
chalk. For example, Bartsia Odontites and Mentha arvensis were
confined to clay, Chrysanthemum segetum, Rumex acetosella and
Spergula arvensis were confined to sand, and are probably charac-
teristic of an acid soil condition, while the Bladder Campion, Silene
Cucubalus, Geranium pusillum and a few others were confined to
Chalk. A certain number of weeds, like Shepherd’s Purse, Chick-
weed, Horsetail, Coltsfoot, etc., appeared to occur indifferently
on all soils. It is impossible to say how far some of the associations
are valid until the work has been extended to a number of similar
soils in different localities.

W. B. MERCER and A. D. HALL. “The Experimental Error

of Field Trials.” Jour. Agric. Sci. 1911. 4, 107.

This paper contains a discussion of the results obtained in 1910,
when an acre of mangolds apparently uniform was harvested in 200
equal plots, and an acre of wheat was similarly divided into 500 plots,
from each of which the grain and straw were harvested separately.
The results are set out and discussed by various statistical methods.
They show that the probable error attaching to a field trial consisting
of two ‘plots alone is in the neighbourhood of plus or minus 5 per
cent., and this error, though it diminishes with the size of the plots, is
not greatly reduced when the plots are made larger than 5 of an
acre. By repeating the plots receiving any particular treatment and
scattering them about the experimental area, a considerable reduction
can be effected in the experimental error, though an increase of the
number of plots above 5 is not attended by any great further

reduction of error. The authors consider that the most satisfactory

J |

a

13

unit for field trials consists of five plots, each 545 of an acre in extent,
regularly distributed about the experimental area, and each harvested
separately. This would yield results true within 1 to 2 per cent. for
the particular season. Effects of climate can only be eliminated by
continuing the experiments over a term of years.

A.D. HALLand E. J. RussELL. “Report on the Agriculture
and Soils of Kent, Surrey and Sussex.” Published for the
Board of Agriculture by H. M. Stationery Office. 1911. 2/6.

This Report has been already described.

A. D. HALL and E. J. RussELL. “ Soil Surveys and Soil
Analyses.” Jour. Agric. Sci. 1911. 4, 182.

In this paper the results of the analyses contained in the above
Report are discussed from a scientific standpoint. The paper deals
with the methods of taking a sample, and the degree of accuracy
which may be expected to attach to the processes both of analysis
and sampling. The fractions of the soil, consisting of particles of
a specified size, were also subjected to analysis, and the paper further
discusses the interpretation of the results obtained by analysis and
certain correlations which are shown to exist between the chemical
and mechanical analyses. This paper is of technical interest only,
being addressed to chemists who have the conduct of the soil

analyses rather than to the general agriculturist.

E. J. RUSSELL and J. GOLDING. ~ Sewage Sickness in Soil and
Its Amelioration by Partial Sterilisation.” Jour. Soc.
Cneny, ind. .L9LL; - 30.

This paper deals with an investigation of the state into which
the soil of sewage farms arrives after the continued application of
sewage, whereby it is so far injured both in its physical and bio-
logical conditions that it will no longer either let the sewage
percolate or purify what passes through. Sewage-sick soil was
found to possess a very limited bacterial activity and to be excep-
tionally rich in those protozoan organisms which Russell and Hutch-
inson have regarded as the limiting factor in the development of
bacteria in soils. Partial sterilisation of the soil, either by treatment
with antiseptics or by heating, was followed by a very large increase
in the number of bacteria; in one case they rose from about 40
million to over 400 million per gram of the soil. Accompanying
this increase in bacterial activity there was a renewal of the
purifying effect of the soil upon the sewage, and it was found
possible to restore the sewage-sick soil and make it become an even
more effective filter than before, either by heating the soil sufficiently
to char it slightly or by treating it with the vapour of toluene.

14

CROPS GROWN IN ROTATION. AGDELL FIELD.

PRODUCE PER ACRE.

— = a ——e

‘Oy M. Cc:

Complete |
; : Mineral Mineral and |

Unmanured. Manure. Nitrogenous

Manure.

Year. GROP:

ss) 6. a 4. 1 ae
Beans Beans Beans
Fallow. or Fallow.| OF Fallow.| OF |
Clover. Clover. Clover.

FIFTEENTH COURSE, 1904-7.

1904 Roots (Swedes) Cwt. 16°8 64 olez, 171°4 |] 3186 203°2
1905 | Barley Grain ... Bus. 15:5 fees 16°0 L512 2371 SLe
~ (| Barley Straw ... Cwt. 10°6 80 10°5 11°3 IIs Yes, 20°71
1906 Clover Hay ... Cwt. — 41 — 41°0 — 955%
1907 ! Wheat Grain... Bus. 16°3 21°4 19° 4) SS658 25 A 29°3
(| Wheat Straw... Cwt. 2UA 271 28°6 49°6 13 39:1

LAST COMPLETE COURSE (16th), 1908-11.

1908 | Roots (Swedes) Cwt. | 216 | 64] 179°0 | 235°8 | 3954 | 3140

1909 ! Barley-Grain’ ... Bus. 11°44 |” Tore LA'4 221 26'8 33:4
> | Barley Straw... Cwt 10°] Lies Lasy 16°9 18°7 23°8
1910 | Clover {Ist crop Cwt. — 16 24°1 — 32°2 |
Hay (2nd crop Cwt. 15°8 = 40°0 — 44°5 |
| 1911 ! Wheat Grain ... Bus. 23°9 24°5 31°9 37°8 3555 38°0 )
| (| Wheat Straw ... Cwt 20°4 21°4 28°6 3350 29°3 3273
.

The plant almost entirely failed on this plot, and new seed was
sown broadcast on May Ist, 1906.

é

15

METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS, 1911.
(See ‘* Guide,’ page 16, Table IX.)

2 ane
| Rain. |
=) eee | Drainage through rT |
{Se ace emperature.
Total Fall. Rainy Bright
Days. Sun-
ie ; 3 shine. Tos
| S-inch | z900 roo 20 ins. 40 ins. | 60 ins. Mae: xe
Funnel | Acre Acre deep. deep. deep. NAAN. | SNAIL
Gauge. | Gauge. | Gauge. |
cae ewes |
Inches. | Inches. No. [| Inches. Inches. |Inches.}] Hours.} °F. | °F.
Jan. ae 1°269 eon 15 1°163 LAT 1°266 64°74 41°9) 32°2
Feb. 1°782 1°878 15 0°776 OAlZ, 0741 764] 459) 33°]
March 2°09C 2°267 20 1°245 1°356 1°370 85°2] 471 34°8 |
April 1°501 1°594 1] Oi535 0°586 1091 New etsy) (eee ield | SS Viay/
May 3°688 3°788 10 2°020 1°856 1°878 2116] 65°11) 446
June 2°601 2°736 12 0°854 0°837 0°792 201°8] 67°4) 49°71}
July 0°636 0°654 5 0°007 0°040 0°045 31950°9) ./6:3 | 53°3']
August ...| 0950! 1°048| 10 — 0°004 | 0°004] 227°3 75°9| 55°0|
Sept. eisep') 15171 9 = = as 2229] 68°8| 47:2
Oct. 3°301 3°474 17 1°947 1°828 L723 98°8]— 561] 42°0
Nov | 3°266| 3°444| 21 2347 | 27I9 | (P6704 . CeSe 465) see
Dec e 6°110 6°255 | 26 6164 5°97] 5'822 49°3} 48'°0| 37°0
Total or | 58-560 | 30°030| 171 | 177556 | 17°191| 17°404] 1785°6| 57°9| 41:9
Mean |
| = — —< — — - —
MANGOLDS, BARN FIELD, 1911.
(See ‘‘ Guide,’ page 11, Table VI.)
ion e eet) Cross Dressings. ’
=: | O. N. A. A.C. G&
Strip. \ 2e3 ee ee - — ————|
Manures. ay F Rape Cake &
Nitrate of Ammonium : :
None : Sap Ammonium Rape Cake.|
Soda. Salts. A
le Fy SP aS Salts. _ lies ee
c? Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. | Tons.
ly (R. 13°41 14°87 9°14 14°53 15°77
pe ese only +) it 224| 5°32 4°12 360 3°55
|
2 | Dung, Super, | (R. 1494 12°29 12°45 20°30 21°19
| Potash (Wy, ..2"40 Sah. 5°34 4°73 3°97
(6-41)
e 6°14 13°41 11°79
i Complete | R. 214) | agg |
aia ralls Vier 28) de oe 4°27 612 3°97
| 4°02 |
5 Superphosphate, /R. 0:99 5 64 1°15 0:95 0°86
only (eee 1°20 4°45 Lthul j gs 1°04
6 | Super and (R. 1°56 518 4°53 8 23 813
Potash Heli. O0'99 3°82 3°45 5°24 4°02" al
: ;
poe ore, 1312 4°13 3°79 5°72 413 |
Sodium
(R. 0°80 2°30 1:09 114 0:51 |
' None «-- ++! (21. 0°99 2°55 1°43 1°47 093 |

16

HAY. THE PARK GRASS PLOTS, 1911.
(See ‘‘ Guide,’ page 19, Table XI.)

| Yield of Hay per acre.

Plot. | Manuring. / —— == ——<—<—<$<<$<$<$<$==
Ist Crop. | 2nd Crop. Total. |
| es ~ ae SSS ee
| Cwt. Cwt.
1 eee Unmanured : wih i

121 ape aay St 1) 490 190
2 | Unmanured (1) aH 2173 2553
1 | Ammonium Salts alone (1). Shp 214 Ai |
4-1 | Superphosphate of Lime... || 20°4 20°4
8 | Mineral Manure without Potash ... 23°6 23°6 .
7 | Complete Mineral Manure ... sei 31°9 31°9
6 | As 7, 1869 and since (2) ise Ame AN) re 288
15 | As 7, 1876 and since (3) Bee! 33°3 2 33°53
5 | Superphosphate and Potash, 1898 an
and since... : aS a 16°7 = 16°7
17 | Nitrate of Soda alone. sii east 30°3 A 30°3
| 4-2 Superphosphate and Amm. Salts ... 26°5 Z 26°5
| 10 | Mineral Manure (without Potash) | =
and Amm. Salts... csjilisll rea) Bs Jes!
| 9 | Complete Mineral Manure and Amm. n
Salts . “OF 415) 8, fe) cso} 8)
| 13 | Dung and Fish Guano, ¢ once in 1 4 years 39°71 Zz 3971
| 11-1 | Complete Mineral Manure and extra |
| Amm. Salts. Fs ae A 46°5 465
11-2 | As 11-1, and Silicate Soda... asd 52°9 52°9
16 | Complete sabes Manure and Nit.
Soda= 43 lb. Se 39°9 39°9
14 | Complete sain Manure and Nit.
Soua= 86 te =... stair ees 444 | ) 44°4

Quick Lime (ground) at the rate of 2000 Ib. per acre, applied to the South half of
plots 1 to 4-2, 7 to 11-2, 13 and 16, in January, 1907.

(1) Received Farmyard Dung, 8 years, 1856—63. (3) Nitrate of Soda alone
previously.

(2) Ammonium Salts alone previous to 1869.

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION, PER CENT.
First Crop, 1911.
(See ‘‘ Guide,’ page 20, Table XII.)

Plot. | Manuring. | Graminee. Leguminose. | Oe Orders.
\ee a era FO : : |
I’er cent. Percent. | Percent.
3 | Unmanured ie we aay 45°7 4°5 49°8
4-1 | Superphosphate of Lime a 45°2 10°0 44°8
8 | Mineral Manure without Potash | Dire 90 39°5
7 | Complete Mineral Manure ae 65°3 10°4 | 24°3
6 | As 7, 1869 and since (2)... ... 58°83 0 121 —.
15 | As 7, 1876 and since (3) ... veal 61'8 | 48 | 334

Li

WHEAT. BROADBALK FIELD, 1911.
(See ‘‘ Guide,”’ page 26, Table XIV.)

Dressed Grain.
wey, Plot. Manuring. : ao a Straw.
; Weight
ble _ per Bushel.
Bushels. lbs. Cwt.
2 | Farmyard Manure ... ae: a 35:2 66°7 36:9 —
3 | Unmanured ... ae ic et NA] 64°4 9°8
5 | Complete Mineral Manure ... Say 14°8 65°1 12°8
6 | As 5, and single Amm. Salts oe lye 63'3 17:9
7 | As 5, and double Amm. Salts aol 25°6 66'0 27°6
8 | As 5, and treble Amm. Salts a 304 | 66°6 35°7
9 | As 5, and single Nitrate Soda oo 29°9 \ 6576 29°0
10 | Double Amm. Salts alone ... ae 22°8 65°1 L732
11 | As 10, and Superphosphate .. e 20°1 63°2 Lanz
12. As 10, and Super and Sulph. Soda | 27°0 648 | 20°6
13. | As 10, and Super and Sulph. Potash 29°7 66°0 27°4
14 | As 10, and Super and Sulph. May. Aad 64+°4 18°9
15 | Double Amm. Salts in Autumn, and _
Minerals... mee 24°1 65'8 223
16 | Double Nitrate and Minerals oA 404 | 60'8 CN
17 | Minerals alone, or double Amm. Salts esses *64°9 lly)
18 (| _ alone, in alternate years ... ea ie niche: | t66°1 +24°6
19 | Rape Cake alone ae 28 °6 ) 65°8 24°7
20 (1) | As 7, but excluding Superphosphate | 21°6 65°7 18°0
* Produce by Minerals. + Produce by Ammonium Salts.

(1) Commenced in 1906.

BARLEY. HOOS FIELD, 1911.
(See ‘‘ Guide,’ page 33, Table XVI.)

Dressed Grain.

Plot. Manuring. TSE ae RINE | Straw.
; zs Weight
/
. — _ per Bushel.
. _ Bushels. | lbs. Bahn
OF} Unmanured ... : ane el 49 54°4 575
| 20 | Superphosphate only ae ei, 11°9 55'8 F1
30 | Alkali Salts only ae Sa EY ok 8s. 54°9 53
-40O | Complete Minerals ... As -22)| 59 56'1 78
1A | Amm. Salts only 23s :; el 13°8 52°9 eS
2A | Superphos. and Amm. Salts ae 10°3 5315 11°6
3A | Alkali Salts and Amm. Salts a 11°8 556 141
4A | Complete Minerals and Amm. Salts | 28°5 56°3 22°9
| 1N | Nitrate of Soda alone e srs 16°2 53°8 17°8
~2N | Superphos. and Nitrate Soda ee 261 ) 55°4 24°7
| 3N | Alkali Salts and Nitrate Soda ae 12:5 543 14°5
| 4N | Complete Minerals and Nitrate Soda 28°9 55'8 23°7
| 1C | Rape Cake Ree : ze 27°4 56'8 20°7
| 2C | Superphos. and Rape Cake ... x 28°2 57 1 20°8
3C | Alkali Salts and Rape Cake .. as 21°6 560 18°6
~4C | Complete Minerals and Rape ‘Cake 25°7 56°6 20°1
; 7-1 +| Unmanured (after Dung, ee eee 9°5 564 10°5
| 7-2 | Farmyard Dung 5h : Loe 23°0 56°2 240
|

|

BARLEY. HOOS FIELD, 1911.
(Previous Cropping: Potatoes, 1876-1901; Barley, 1902 and 1903;

Oats, 1904; Barley, 1905 and since.)

(See ‘‘ Guide,’ page 40, Table XIX.)

Manures applied

Dressed Grain.

2 to the Potatoes, : : Total
P lot. 1876-1901. l Weigel a Produce.
Unmanured since | Yield cles tpee
; “i ‘| Bushel.
| Bushels. lbs. Cwt. lbs.
1 | Unmanured . | (36 lbs.) | —- 12 175
2 Unmanured 1882 to 1901, ae 54°71 510 797
previously Dung only
3 | Dung 1883 to 1901 10°8 56°3 es 1919
4 | Dung 1883 to 1901 1) E86 57°0 13°5 2337

WHEAT AFTER FALLOW (without manure 1851 and since).

HOOS FIELD, 1911.
(See ‘‘ Guide,’ page 41, Table XX.)

Dressed Grain

Straw

Total produce

{ Yield—17°0 Bushels.

{ Weight per Bushel—64°2 lbs.

13°7 Gwe

2687 Ibs.

12

COMPARATIVE TEST OF NITROGENOUS
FERTILISERS.

MANGOLDS (after Wheat in 1910, and Barley in 1909).

LITTLE HOOS. FIELD, 1911.

Manuring in 1911.

3 cwt. Superphosphate, and 200 lb.
Sulphate of Potash Bee

As 1 and 6, and Nitrate of Soda=
50 Ib. N. : rs =e

As 1 and 6, and Nitrate of Lime=
50 lb. N. a2 ~ ok

As 1 and 6, and Sulphate of Ammonia
=50 Ib. N Pee an ee

As land 6,and Cyanamide=501b.N.

As land 6, and equal parts Nitrate of
Lime and Cyanamide=50 lb. N.

As 1 and 6, and a mixture of 1 part
Nitrate of Lime and 2 parts Cyan-
amide=50 lb. N.

ah,

Produce per acre.

| Leaves Total
| Tons. Tons
pea 11°9
2°4 12°2
31 | 207
27 15°8
6 17°6
ie’ 14°7
aH pe aye!
2-4 11°9
aio 14°9
24 11°9
S je | 12°7
24 123
3-1 130
20 10°4

20

LITTLE HOOS FIELD, 1904-1911.

RESIDUAL VALUE OF VARIOUS MANURES.
(See ‘‘ Guide,’ pages 41 and 42.)

TOTAL PRODUCE-— Grain and Straw, or Roots and Leaves, per acre.

Gascon = Man- | Sprine Man-
ae Manuring. Swedes Barley} golds Rw heal Swedes |Ban golds
Plot. 1904. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911.
Tons. | lbs. | Tons.} lbs. | Tons. | Ibs. Ibs. | Tons. |
1A] Unmanured ee ue SOF | 2320 | 17°1 | 3650 14'0 -| 3792 | 2270) 116
2 Dung (ordinary), 1904 and 1908 13:1 4649 | 18°2 | 4673 19 1 5128 | 2572 | 13°9
3 - 4 1905 and 1909 88 | $501 | 17°5 | 5393] 145 | 5544 | 2681 | 141
4 a “ 1906 and 1910 S28. 12269 ese a 71 15°5 | 4057 | 2406 | 12°5
5 1907 and 1911 | 9°8 | 2402 | 14°9 | 6903] 17°3 | 4581 | 2358 | 15°8
a. ; a+ ae
By Dung (cake fed), 1904 and 1908 | 15°7 | 4177 | 19°4 | 4319 | 224 | 5362 | 2386 | 141
2 Unmanured np or 10'0 2417 |. 16°2 |°4025 14°3 3862 | 2261 | 12°0 |
3 Dung (cake fed), 1905 and 1909 9°5 §530 | 18°5 | 5497 14°2 6641 | 2921 | 142 |
4 y 1906 and 1910 11°4 2772 | 25°6 | 6489 16°9 4400 | 3502 | 1474 |
5 1907 and 1911 | 9'4_-| 2649 | 14°4 | 9407] 19:0 | 4208 | 2369 | 171
ml Shoddy, 1904 and 1908 ois 14:7 3656 | 21°0 | 4667 19°7 | 3969 | 2295 | 11-4 |
2 7 ~ 1905 and 1909 < abe 4365 | | 23°6 | 4550 16'3 4558 | 2387 | 11°6 |
3 Unmanured a Be at \« 10°6 2588 | 17°7 | 4334 i Ms ys | 3850 | 2561 ) LAF
4 | Shoddy, 1906 and 1910 ... | 10°7 | 2512 | 242 | 6231 | 19°11 | 4466 |;SSGIaieo
5 1907 and 1911 oo 10°3 2615 | 169 | 7495 | 22:2 5448 | 2560 | 14°7 |
;
D 1 Guano, 1904 and 1908 ae 146 2550 | 20'1 | 4056 | 20°9 3608 | 1742 | 10°5
2 1905 and 1909 i 11°0 | 5176 | 19°7 | 4165 | 15°3 | GS345\ oie
3 be 1906 and 1910 »- 10°9 2857 | 256 | 4846 15°9 4053 | 5392 | 111 |
4 Unmanured ae 46 a3. 106 2985 | 18°7 | 4618 174 | 4510 | 2739 |} ais
5 | Guano, 1907 and loll. Fed ORE | 2680 | 17°4 | 7375 | 15°7. | 4014 | 2374 | 142
1 Rape Cake, 1904 and 1908 ... | 141 | 2674 | 17-8 | 3887] 19:7 | 3750 | 2180 | 10°7
2 1905 and 1909... 1) Dae 4185 | 17:9 4326 oa | 5203 | 2242 | 11°7
3 1906 and 1910... 9°5 | 2645 | 22°7 | 4584] 14°5 | 3866 | 3486 | 11°5
4 iB 1907 and 1911 ...| 10°5 | 2734 | 19°4 | 6619:§ 15°2 | 4661 | 2516 145 |
5 Unmanured Bee ox Seen Me Wie. 2769 | 19'5 | 4527 14°7 | 4155 | 2784 ie bbe aaa
F 1 | Unmanured.. 11:7 | 3132 | 22.9 | 4749] 141 | 4814 | 3le6) 87 |
| 2 | Superphosphate, 1904 and 1908 122 3025 23°2 | 5064} 169 | 4726 | 3223 | 109 |
3 ‘ 1905 and 1909 | 10°2 | 3949 | 23°6 | 4956 | 146 | 4975 | 2922 |) 107 |
4 1906 and 1910 9°7 3913 241 | 5419 16:0 5280 | 2682 | 12°8 |
5 1907 and 1911 9°7 | 4221 | 23°6 | 5698 |. 16°4 | 5641 | 3190 | 14:2 |
Gl Bone Meal, 1904 and 1908... 129 3176 1.250. | 5205 16:7 4445 | 3345 99
2 1905 and 1909... 10°1 5656 | 22°1 | 5821 14:3 | 4922 | 3657) 9°9 |
3 Unmanured ee bes ss 10°2 3495 | 20°6 | 5491 Lai 4247 | 3701 9°2
4 Bone Meal, 1906 and 1910... Q°9 3450 226 6043 14°2 4711 | 3263 , 10°5
5 “4 1907 and 1911... 9°2 3525 | 22°71 | 6276 19°9 5286 | 3512+) §2°6- |
I Basic Slag, 1904 and 1908... 118 4400 | 20°5 | 6285 13°8 | 4182 | 3564 | 115
ya ic 1905 and 1909... ~=—-10°4 | 4002) 213) 5030] 13°6 | 4530 | 3596 | 12°0 |
3 1906 and 1910... 9°4 | 3662 | 214 | 5860 | 13°6 | 4431 | S843) 125 |
4 # 1007 and 1911... Y"] 36241770 | 5816 14°4 3860 3804 | 12°0
5 Unmanured aN <r see 86 3293 | 17°4 |.5933 1l‘4 4511 | 4005 | 10°5

The yields on the plots to which the manure was applied in any given year
are printed in heavier type.

Subscribers and Donors
to the Rothamsted Experimental Station,
1904 and since.

THE GOLDSMITHS’ ComPANY (endowment for Soil Investigation).
J. F. Mason, Eso., M.P. (The “ James Mason” Laboratory).
THE PERMANENT NITRATE COMMITTEE. .
THE FERTILISER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION.

THE POTASH SYNDICATE.

THE SULPHATE OF AMMONIA COMMITTEE.

THE CLOTHWORKERS’ COMPANY.

A. D. ACLAND, EsQ.

THE RIGHT Hon. Lorp AVEBURY, F.R:S.

Messrs. F. W. BERK & Co.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD BLYTH.

A. BRASSEY, Eso.

THE RicuHT Hon. Sir J. T. BRUNNER, BART., P.C.

Sir E. HILDRED CARLILE, M.P.

mt. COLES, Eso.

Sir R. P. CooPeER, BART.

H. SHEPHERD Cross, Eso.

His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, P.C.

Messrs. ELLIS AND EVERARD.

SIR JOHN Evans, K.C.B., F.R.S.

SiR WALTER GILBEY, BART.

Sir EUSTACE GURNEY.

bo
bo

List of Subscribers and Donors—contd.

Sir A. HENDERSON, BART.

H. Ty_Lston Hopecson, EsoQ.

A. B. HOLINSWORTH, ESQ.

A. HOWARD EsoQ.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD IVEAGH.

W. B. KEEN, ESQ.

SIR CHARLES LAWES-WITTEWRONGE, BART.
R. Monp, Eso.

CapPT. J. A. MORRISON, M.P.

W. MorRIson, Eso.

Dr. HuGo MULLER, F.R.S.

HENRY S. NUNN, ESQ.
MARLBOROUGH R. PRYOR, Eso.
WILLIAM RANSOME, Eso.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD ROTHSCHILD.
B. S. ROWNTREE, ESQ.

FREDERICK SEEBOHM, Eso.

B. STANIER, Esg., M.P.

G. STEPHENSON, Eso.

Dr. J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A.
PHILIP F. WALKER, ESQ.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, F.R:.S.
SIR J. WERNHER, BART.

J. MARTIN WHITE, Eso.

W. R. WOoOLRYcH, Eso.

The Incorporated Society for
Extending the Rothamsted Experiments.

MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.

His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, P.C. (Chairman).
rie E. -ARMSTRONG,- Eso., LL.D., F.RS.

R. H. BIFFEN, Eso., M.A.

fie. BROWN, Eso., LL.D., F.R:S.

THE RIGHT Hon. SIR J. T. BRUNNER, BART., P.C.
THE RIGHT HON. EARL CARRINGTON, K.G.

J. B. FARMER, Eso., M.A., F.R.S.

A. D. HALL, Esg., M.A., F.R.S. (Hon. Secretary).
J. F. Mason, Eso., M.P. (Vice-Chairman).

ROBERT MOND, Eso.

Capt. J. A. MORRISON, M.P.

Huco MULLER, Eso., LL.D., F.R.S. (Treasurer).
SIR W. S. PRIDEAUX.

Pees RENDLE> Eso., M.A., D.Sc), F.RS-

: Sis). EL. 1 HOROLD, BART.

. J. A. VOELCKER, EsoQ., M.A., Ph.D.

SIR JULIUS WERNHER, BART.

J. MARTIN WHITE, Eso.

— eo aie eS ee ew ee COU mh CO

——

——

P + ee
VOL PAST IO WORT

ot ‘ eis

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