Biological & Nledical Serials LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST SS Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden REPORT +1921. Ze with the Supplement to the “Guide to the Experimental Plots” containing, The Yields i Acre etc. fo be shitined oni of the Secretary Price. 2/6 (F. oreign Postage extra) eg apn th ae ~ i? r "Telegrams ' Telephone Station Laboratory, Harpenden No. 21 Harpenden Harpenden(L. M. & S.) eyes Em OER: ENS wy eee - _PRINTED BY D. J. JEFFERY, VAUGHAN Roap <) & BS st 19 2 Wie CE aw: , Bats Ga a } pe ie LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST Rothamsted Experimental Station | Harpenden REPORT 1921-22 with the Supplement to the “Guide to the Experimental Plots” containing The Yields per Acre, etc. To be obtained only of the Secretary Price 2/6 (Foreign Postage extra) Telegrams Telephone Station Laboratory, Harpenden No. 21 Harpenden Harpenden (L. M. & S.) HARPENDEN PRINTED BY D. J. JEFFERY, VAUGHAN ROAD 1923 ins pareveniislii se ceaiy stl { =e] | Se =F a \ ~ AT eee . oy a A — i ; ; \ XI x z , Scar iaih LT] mi fll iN) i | tt \ tl th i cal He Mit = Ni A em PN iesat rie] ak i AG RTARTA (a WW ea | at Hi \ \ 4 sl junzes) =|, : Hy ny THE NEW ROTHAMSTED LABORATORIES, ERECTED 1914-1916 Contents Experimental Station Staff - ye; Bs =e ee 4-7 Books published from Rothamsted Bis sf oo AB 8, 9 General Account of Rothamsted Ss aE 7 oe Osi Report of Work done 1921, 1922 ... ave Ne aS. ae 11-28 Soil Cultivation ... os a = ee oe oe 11-13 Soil Acidity a bbs es oo i EP) The Feeding of the Plant a bass oF be, as 14-16 Fertiliser Investigations ... ; a 16-20 Effect of Manures on Crop C omposition and ‘Quality pee 20, 2k Quantity of Fertiliser and Crop Yield oes ie 58 22 Soil Population and Plant Food is cm o> ae 22 Control of Soil Population wot a ae an aii 23 The Plant in Disease... z.,. ae eh a aes 24 Apicultural Investigations a ae ~ oa ots 26 The Associated Farms: Woburn aae Me Pa Si 3 eA oe 26 Leadon Court ae -. Fe. a wae ee 26 Loan of Lantern Slides ... i ie 3 ae aa 27 Co-operation with Schools a 45 bets ee 27 Demonstration and Lecture Arrangements ace = ae 28 Summary of Papers published: I.—Scientific Papers a a Ee ae son . L2S=al CROPS AND PLANT GROWTH: Botanical Department a “ee Nos. i-vi 29-52 STATISTICAL METHODS AND RESULTS: Statistical Department - ze Vii-xvi 53-56 SOIL ORGANISMS: Chemical Department od ee Xvii, XVill 36 Algological Section... a = XVill 36 Bacteriological Department ... Ds XiV-x1x 55-37 Protozoological Department ... me XX-XXV 38, 59 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Chemical Department re ee XXvi, xxvii 40 Physical Department ... wo at XXVili-xxxiii 40-42 PLANT PATHOLOGY : Entomological Department. ... aS xx&iv-xlii 42-44 Insecticides & Fungicides Department xliii-xliv, 1 44, 45, 48 Mycological Department a i xlv-lii 46-49 IIl.- -Technica] Papers: Crops and Crop Production ... ee liii-liv 49, 50 ORGANIC MANURES: Activated Sludge We a es lv 50 Green Manures “ee wal sas lvi, lvii 51 Town Refuse ... 2 Pe. bee lviii 52 Artificial Fertilisers =e E lix-Ixvi 52, 53 General Agricultural and other Papers Ixvii-lxxvii 53, 54 RECENT Books BY THE ROTHAMSTED STAFF = 22 54 The Experimental Plots: ROTHAMSTED: Notes on Seasons er ci as .. 55-58 Expenditure and Cash Returns ant 2 _. ee 59 Costs of Ploughing ... e: he 60 Tables of Results—The Classical Experiments Bed ... _@7-89 Later Experiments... em ... 90-104 WOBURN: Dr. J. A. Voelcker’s Report ... oe Re ae .. 61-76 OUTSIDE CENTRES: Malting Barley aes te aie eet ie 104 Trustees and Members of Council a m. ue Be 105 4 Experimental Station Staff (On July Ist, 1923) Director : Str E. JoHN RuSSELL, D.Sc., F.R.S. Assistant Director: B. A. KEEN, D.Sc., F.Inst.P. INSTITUTE of PLANT NUTRITION and SOIL PROBLEMS The James Mason Bacteriological Laboratory— Head of Department ... ERG. THORNTON, BoA. Assistant Bacteriologist ... P. H. H. Gray, M.A. Laboratory Attendant ... ANNIE MACKNESS. Botanical Laboratory— Head of Department ... WINIFRED E, BRENCHLEY, D.Sce., FUL.S. Assistant Botanists ... KATHERINE WarrncTON, B.Sc. Doris Marx, B.Sc. Laboratory Assistant .. GRACE BAssIL. Laboratory Attendants .. Lizzie KINGHAM. Doris MINNEY. Plant Physiology— F. G. Grecory, D.Sc. Ne eb LEGG. E. Dorotnuy Kay. Chemical Laboratory— Head of Department .. gyPace Bsc ariet. Assistant Chemists .. HCE SAVIVE R. T. Epen, B.Sc. C. T. Gimincuam, F.I.C. R. G. WarrREN, B.Sc. M. S. du Toit, B.Sc. (S. African Govt. Scholar). N. GANGULEE, B.Sc. (Prof. Agric. Univ. Calcutta). Barley Investigations (In- stitute of Brewing Re- search Scheme) ... ... BeeeLovp HIND, Bisc,, L1G Special Assistant ... . ae, Laboratory Steward ... frIGGELSBY, Laboratory Assistants ... A, H. Bowpen G. LAWRENCE. IF’, SEABROOK. Laboratory Attendant ... Grapys TEBB. Laboratory for Fermentation Work— Head of Department ... HRRESRieHaRps, B.Sc., F.LC. (Elveden Research Chemist) Assistant Chemist .. eT AMoore, F.1.C. Laboratory Assistant .... WINIFRED BATESON. Laboratory for Antiseptics, Insecticides, etc.— Head of Department ... HRSWAGTERSFIELD, B.Sc., F.1.C. Assistant Chemist «6 BAS Roacnu, B-Sc., A.K.C.S., A.C. Laboratory Attendant ... LyLa Ives. Physical Laboratory— Head of Department . Maeekben, D.Sc., F.Inst.P. (Goldsmith’s Company’s Phy- sicist) Assistant Physical Chemist E. M. CrowrTuer, M.Sc., A.I.C. (Empire Cotton Corporation Soil Physicist) Assistant Physicists ... “REY Haines, B.Sc., F.InstP. Je. Coutts, B.Sc. Punjab Drainage Board Scholar ~ ... ay .. Aas Purr, M.Sc. Laboratory Assistant ... W. Game. Laboratory Attendant .... Epitn Cooper. Protozoological Laboratory— Head of Department ... Dy Warp Cut Ler, M.A. Assistant Protozoologists... Lettice M. Crump, M.Sc. H. Sanpon, M.A. Annie Dixon, M.Sc. Laboratory Assistant .... MABEL DUNKLEY. Statistical Laboratory — Head of Department ... R.A. Fisuer, M.A. Assistant Statistician .... WINIFRED MACKENZIE, B.Sc. (Econ.) Computer (Honorary) .... W. D. CuristMas. Laboratory Assistant ... 2a DUNKLEY, INSTITUTE of PLANT PATHOLOGY Entomological Laboratory— Head of Department ... Ag. ImMs,, MA: D.Sc, Assistant Entomologists .... J. DAavipson, D.Sc. H. M. Morris, M.Sc. J. G. H. Frew, M.Sc. D. M. T. Morvanp, B.A. A. M. Attson, F.E.S. IASSISEAnG) oe aes .... NorAauw MarDALL. Field Assistant a .. 2G Ror Mycological Laboratory Head of Department .. VERB. Briere, Dose. Assistant Mycologists ... J. HENDERSON SMITH, M.B., Chile baa: Mary D. Griynne, M.Sc. Algologist ... oe .... B. Murtexr Bristo., D.Sc. Laboratory Attendants .... GLApDys TEMPLE. Doris TuFFIN. FARM and EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS Manager... nh ... Te J. K.. HAmes: Guide Demonstrator ... H. V. Garner, B.A., B.Sc. Superintendent of Experi- mental Fields... ... B. WESTON. Assistant Supervisor +. SOLE: LIBRARY Librarian ... ir .... Mary S. Asumin. y SECRETARIAL STAFF Secretary... oe ... W. Barnicort. Director’s Private Secretary JANIE CAMPBELL, B.A., B.Litt. Special Assistant ... .... CHARLOTTE F. S. JOHNSON. Assistant to Secretary ... ELeanor D. Harrorp. Junior Clerk ro .... BEATRICE ALLARD. Engineer and Caretaker ... W. PEARCE. THE ASSOCIATED FARMS WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL FARM. Hon. Local Director: J. A. VoELtcKeR, M.A., Ph.D. LEADON Court. (The property of E. D. Stmon, Esq.) Manager: J. C. Brown, F.S.I. 5S Publications of the Rothamsted Experimental Station For Farmers ‘*THE Book OF THE ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTS,” by Sir A. D. Hall, M.A. (Oxon), F.R.S., Third Edition revised by Sir E. J. Russell, D.Sc., F.R.S. John Murray, 50, Albermarle Street, London, W.1. (in preparation). **MANURING FOR HIGHER Crop PRopuctTion,”’ by E. J. Russell, 1917. The University Press, Cambridge. 5/6 ‘WEEDS OF FARMLAND,’’ by Winifred E. Brenchley, D.Sc., F.L.S., 1920. Longmans, Green & Co., 39, Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4. 12/6 *‘FARM SOIL AND ITS IMPROVEMENT,’’ by E. J. Russell, 1923. Benn Bros., Ltd., 8, Bouverie Street, London, E.C.4. For Students and Agricultural Experts ‘THE RoTHAMSTED MEMOIRS ON AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE,”’’ Quarto Series, vols. 1-3 (1859-1883), 20/- each. Octavo, vols. 1-7 (1847-1898), 30/- each. Royal octavo, vol. 8 (1900- 1912), vols. 9 and 10 (1909-1920), 32/6 each. Obtainable from the Secretary, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. ‘“THE ROTHAMSTED MonoGRAPHS ON AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE,”’ edited by Sir E. J. RussellZcD.Sc., F.R-Se Lonpmaas Green & Co., 39 Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4. “‘SorL CONDITIONS AND PLANT GROwTH,”’ by E. J. Russell, Fourth Edition, 1921. 16/- ““THrE MICRO-ORGANISMS OF THE SOIL,”’ by E. J. Russell and Staff of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, fad. 1/6 The following Monographs are in preparation :— “Sor Paysics,"’ by B. AsiKeen, D.Sc; “Soi, PRotozoa,’’ by D. W. Cutler, M.A., and Lettice M. Crump, M.Sc. “Sort BactertA,’’ by H. G. Thornton, B.A. “Soi. Funcr anp ALcz,’’? by W. B. Brierley, D.Sc., and B. Muriel Bristol, D.Sc. *“CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE SOIL,’’ by H. J. Page, B.Sc. 9 ‘‘TNORGANIC PLANT PoISONS AND STIMULANTS,’’ by Winifred E. ) y. Brenchley, 1914. The University Press, Cambridge. 9/- “THE MANuURING oF GRASSLAND FOR Hay,’’ by Winifred E. Brenchley, D.Sc. Longmans, Green & Co., 39 Paternoster Row, London, E.C.4 (in the press). ‘‘A GENERAL TEXTBOOK or ENnromoLocy,’’ by A. D. Imms, D.Sc. Methuen & Co., Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.2 (in the press). The following are obtainable from the Secretary, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts :— ‘“AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS AT ROTHAMSTED, ENGLAND, DURING A PERIOD OF 50 yEaARS,’”’ by Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert, M.A., LL.D., Tages, ete., 1895. 37m **Stx LECTURES ON THE INVESTIGATIONS AT ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL STATION,’’ by Robert Warington, F.R.S., 1891. 2/- ‘*GUIDE TO THE EXPERIMENTAL PLoTs, ROTHAMSTED EXPERI- MENTAL STATION, HARPENDEN.’’ 1913. John Murray, 50 Albermarle Street, W. 1/- ‘“*PLANS AND DATA OF THE EXPERIMENTAL P tots.”’ 1923. 6d. For use in Farm Institutes ‘*A STUDENT’s Book on Soi_s AND MANuRES,”’ by E. J. Russell, 1919. The University Press, Cambridge. 8/- For use in Schools ‘‘Lessons on SOIL,’’ by E. J. Russell, 1912. The University Press, Cambridge. 3/- For General Readers “Tue FERTILITY OF THE SOIL,” by E. J. Russell, 1913. The University Press, Cambridge. 4/- ‘(PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL StraTion,’’ 1872-1922, by E. Grey, Superintendent of the Experimental Fields. 5/-. Obtainable from the Secretary, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. 10 INTRODUCTION The Rothamsted Experimental Station was founded in 1843 by the late Sir J. B. Lawes, with whom was associated Sir J. H. Gilbert for a period of nearly 60 years. Lawes died in 1900 and Gilbert in 1901; they were succeeded by Sir A. D. Hall from 1902 to 1912, when the present Director, Dr. E. J. Russell, was appointed. For many years the work was maintained entirely at the expense of Sir J. B. Lawes, at first by direct payment, and from 1889 onwards out of an income of £2,400, arising from the endow- ment fund of £100,000 given by him to the Lawes Agricultural Trust. In 1904 the Society for extending the Rothamsted Experi- ments was instituted for the purpose of providing funds for expan- sion. In 1906 Mr. J. F. Mason built the Bacteriological Laboratory; in 1907 the Goldsmiths’ Company generously pro- vided a further endowment of £10,000, the income of which is to be devoted to the investigation of the soil, thus raising the total income of the Station to £2,800. In 1911 the Development Commissioners made their first grant to the Station. Since then Government grants have been made annually, and for the year 1922-23 the Ministry of Agriculture have made a grant of £22,030 for the work of the Station. Viscount Elveden, M.P., has generously borne the cost of a chemist for studying farmyard manure since 1913, and until his death the late Mr. W. B. Randall defrayed the salary of a biologist. |The Sulphate of Ammonia Federation and the Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Association jointly defray the cost of a Guide Demonstrator for the field plots. The laboratories have been entirely rebuilt. The main block was opened in 1919, and is devoted to the study of soil and plant nutrition problems; a new block is being erected for plant pathology. The library has been much expanded and now contains some 20,000 volumes dealing with agriculture and cognate subjects. The equipment of the farm has also been expanded. The most important development of recent years has been the reorganisation of the work of the Station so as to bring it into touch with modern conditions of agriculture on the one side and of science on the other. The general organisation of the laboratory is now completed; it is hoped to reorganise in the near future the farm and field work and to improve the field technique. The general method of investigation at Rothamsted is to start from the farm and work to the laboratory, or vice versa. There are four great divisions in the laboratory—biological, chemical, physical and statistical—which may be regarded as the pillars on which the whole structure rests. But the method of investigation differs from that of an ordinary scientific laboratory where the problem is usually narrowed down so closely that only one factor is concerned. On the farm such narrowing is impossible; many factors may operate and elimination results in conditions so artificial as to render the enquiry meaningless. In place, therefore, of the ordinary single factor method of the 1 scientific Jaboratory, liberal use is made of statistical methods which allow the investigation of cases where several factors vary simultaneously. Thus in the crop investigations a large number of field observations are made; these are then treated statistically to ascertain the varying degrees to which they are related to other factors—such as rainfall, temperature, ete.—and to indicate the probable nature of the relationships. Thus the complex problem becomes reduced to a number of simpler ones susceptible of laboratory investigation. It has been found desirable to widen the scope of the work by repeating some of the more important experiments elsewhere, and some twenty centres in different parts of the country have been selected for this purpose. In October, 1921, the Station undertook, so long as its funds should allow, to carry on the continuous wheat and barley experi- ments at the Woburn Experimental Farm, till then conducted by the Royal Agricultural Society, and Dr. Voelcker gives his services as Honorary Local Director. In December, 1922, E. D. Simon, Esq., generously placed his Leadon Court farm at the disposal of the Station for experimental purposes. This is being used as a large scale test of the soiling system for keeping dairy cows (see p. 26). REPORT FOR THE YEARS 1921-22 In order to appreciate properly the Rothamsted experiments, it is necessary to understand the purpose for which they are carried out. This purpose is to discover the principles underlying the great facts of agriculture and to put the knowledge thus gained into a form in which it can be used by teachers, experts and farmers for the upraising of country life and the improvement of the standard of farming. The most fundamental part of agriculture is the production of crops, and to this most of the Rothamsted work is devoted. On the technical side the problems fall into three groups, concerned respectively with the cultivation of the soil, the feeding of the crops, and the maintenance of healthy conditions of plant growth. The subjects will be taken in this order, THE CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. Cultivation has been reduced to a fine art, and a good farmer independent of financial considerations could obtain very satisfac- tory results without consulting the scientific worker. In practice, however, costs dominate the situation, and efforts are continuously being made to cut them down. Scientific investigation of all cultivation processes therefore becomes necessary. This is done in the Physical Department under Dr. Keen; the effects produced 12 by the cultivation processes are investigated, especially those con- cerned with tilth, water supply and resistance to the passage of implements; and the actual working of typical implements is studied by means of dynamometer tests so as to see what power is required to do a given piece of work and how this is affected by the design of the implement. The first of these enquiries is needed to find out exactly what work has to be done and, if possible, to state the result in engineering terms; the second shows how far our present types of implements are efficient, and if they are not, where the wastage of power occurs. It is fully recognised that the nature of the soil largely deter- mines the amount of power required to do certain cultivation work. The measurements are showing that the farmer can alter his own soil so as to reduce the power requirement. Thus, on our heavy soil at Rothamsted the drawbar pull on a plough turning three furrows is of the order of 1,500 lb. and the ‘‘power factor’? (i.e., drawbar pull in Ib. multiplied by time in seconds taken to plough 1 ft. length of furrow) is of the order of 550. But when the land is chalked there is a saving of power, which may vary from almost nothing up to 15%, according to the condition of the soil. The following are some of the data :— Drawbar pull in Ib. = Percentage Reduc- tion in power factor Unchalked| Chalked siehar cM to/ “due to Chalking Field and Date SAWPIT. Stubbles: Difference Autumn; dry. clear: Ci 476 not Nil significant Cross ploughing weathered furrows | Spring... et Oa 461 60 Lae GREAT Knott. Oct.| 924 802 122 14.7 January : very wet| 1258 1181 (ids 4.6 When the land is very dry or very wet, the chalking shows its effects least, but in moist conditions it acts strikingly. Farmyard manure and coarse ashes also reduce the power re- quirement in ploughing. | On Hoos field the reduction has been, as compared with unmanured soil :— Due to Farmyard Manure Coarse Ashes 22.6% 12.3% (values for unmanured soil: drawbar pull = 1,472 lb. ; power factor = 614.) Even artificial manures have some action. This has been studied in the first instance on the Broadbalk wheat field where, however, the effects are much intensified from the circumstance that the same manures are applied vear after year. The reduction in power requirement brought about by the use of artificial manures has been :— 13 FULL MINERALS, AND, IN ADDITION :— No Sulph/ammonia | Sulph/ammonia | Sulph/ammonia Nitrate/soda Nitrogen 200Ib. per acre | 400lb. per acre 600ib. per acre 275lb. per acre Plot 5 Plot Plot 7 | Plot 8 Plot 9 14.2% 12.7%, 16.3% 21.5%, 8.1%, when compared with the unmanured plot. The mineral manures have caused some reduction in power requirement, and a still further reduction has been caused by addition of sulphate of ammonia, but nitrate of soda has acted the other way and increased the power requirement. There are, however, other ways of altering the resistance of soil to the plough, and an interesting electrical method is being studied. The depth of ploughing influences the power consumption more than might have been expected. An increase of only one inch in depth, 7.e., going from 5” to 6” deep, increased the power consumption no less than 32%, a portion of which is due to the resistance offered by the ‘‘plough-sole’’ produced below 5” depth. Against this, maladjustments of the hitch were not particularly wasteful of power, although they caused bad ploughing. Perhaps the most surprising result was that the drawbar pull was practi- cally the same whatever the speed of ploughing within the ordinary limits of the tractor; hence the power consumption per acre depends mainly on the speed and is smallest at the highest speeds. Another way of stating this fact is that the paraffin con- sumption per hour for the same tractor is approximately the same whether it is taking 14 hours or 3 hours to plough an acre of ground. The factors determining the resistance and the power con- sumption are intimately bound up with the physical properties of the soil which are systematically studied in the Physical Depart- ment. These physical properties determine also the water relationships——evaporation of water, percolation, etc.—which are being carefully investigated. | This work has important applica- tions in tropical and sub-tropical countries where irrigation is practised, and the Indian Government regularly sends experts to study for a year or two in the Physics Department. Dr. Keen is also co-operating with Professor Sven Odeén, of Stockholm, in elaborating the original Odén apparatus for estimating the amount of fine material of different sizes in soils. SOIL AGRDETY. The electrometric method used in the Physics Department by Mr. E. M. Crowther is giving good results and is sharply distin- guishing soils of varying degrees of acidity. The values are 1+ labelled pH, and the lower they are the greater the degree of acidity. Thus the following Garforth soils have been tested :— pH value Very acid, wheat bad . 7 aoe Less acid, wheat poor 4.44 Still less acid, wheat better 4.65 Still less acid, wheat good 4.82 Another set gave these results :— Acid, finger and toe prevalent on turnips 5.64 Less acid, no finger and toe 6.13 It is also shown that there is a closer relationship between the pH values and the Hutchinson-McLennan ‘‘Lime requirement’’ values than might have been expected, and the latter afford useful guidance in placing similar soils in order of acidity. THE FEEDING OF THE PLANT. Farmers are now thoroughly familiar with the fact that the production of heavy crops necessitates a skilful and adequate use of fertilisers. In spite of the severe agricultural depression of the past two years, there has been a considerable consumption of fertilisers : in some cases greater than in pre-war times; this is shown in the following table :— AVAILABLE SUPPLIES OF FERTILISERS IN TONS: GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. (@) (1) Min. Ag. Statistics, 1921, Vol. LVI, p. 107 and private communication. No information is available as to actual consumption on farms or as to stocks~carried over from one year to ancther. 1912 1918 1919 1920 1921 | 1922 Sulphate of Ammonia €0,000 250,000 240,000 240,000 112,000 147,000 Nitrate of Soda 100,000 9,000 40,000 100,000* §5,000* 33,000* Superphosphate 700,000 650,000 580,000 660,000 450,000 515,000 Basic Slag .| 300,000 550,000 485,000 5£0,000 210,000 283,000+ Potash Salts (in- cluding Muriate and Sulphate of Fplanh) pcre sare 80,000 5,000 50,000 125,000 53,000 201,000 * Net imports for all purposes. + Ignoring imports and exports. Artificial manures influence not only the amount but also the character of the plant growth, and very often the quality of the produce. So long as farmers were confined mainly to farmyard manure they could and did discover for themselves its effects on the crop. But there are now more than thirty manures available for the farmer, and an ingenious chemist could make up over 6,000 different recipes for the potato crop alone, to say nothing of the mixtures required for other crops on the farm; and to add to the complexity of the matter no manure acts in quite the same way on two different farms, while even on the same farm the effect may vary considerably from season to season. Hence the need for experimental work to discover the general rules by which to guide farmers as to the most suitable of the possible mixtures, 15 ‘The experimental work falls under two heading's :— 1. The influence of fertilisers on the yield of crops under different conditions of soil and climate ; 2. Their effect in altering the composition or quality of the crop. The effect of fertilisers on crop yield is studied in three ways. The most direct and accurate is the method of water cultures and pot cultures used in the Botanical Department. Here the condi- tions are so rigidly controlled that the factors, except the one under investigation, are kept as nearly constant as possible. The results are plotted on curves which, if they pass certain statistical tests, can be used as a basis for physiological deductions. Ex- periments of this kind have shown that the plant responds to two kinds of added substances: the usual nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds required in rather large amounts; and certain substances not yet fully known, which are required in very small amounts only. Agricultural chemists and farmers are familiar with the use of the former, but not of the latter. Dr. Winifred Brenchley has already studied certain cases, notably manganese, and this year Miss Warington showed that broad beans and certain other leguminous plants die prematurely unless they receive a small quantity of boric acid in addition to the so-called ‘‘complete”’ plant food. The results suggest that some of the anomalies and unexpected failures in fertiliser experience may be traceable to the absence of some of these substances required in homeopathic doses only. But we must caution farmers that this work is still a long way from practical application and they must on no account be beguiled into buying ‘‘catalvtic’’ or ‘‘radio- active’ fertilisers in the hope of getting something outside the usual fertiliser constituents. | We have tested several of these supposed ‘‘radioactive”’ fertilisers, but failed to obtain any benefit from them. This method of experiment is invaluable where the factors can be controlled, but otherwise it breaks down. For this reason it does not give entirely reliable guidance for field practice where the weather conditions are entirely uncontrollable, and it completely fails to show how weather conditions influence the efficiency of the various fertilisers. A second method is therefore adopted. The Rothamsted data, extending as they do over a long series of years, can be subjected to modern methods of mathematical analysis. The variation in crop yield from season to season is traced to two types of causes: (a) annual, the variation in each season being independent of the years before and after, e.g., weather; (b) continuous acting, of which there are two forms, steady, such as soil-deterioration, and variable, such as weed infestation. Mr. Fisher has devised methods for finding out how much of the variation is due to each of these causes, and has been able to trace out the average effect of rain above or below the average in amount in each month of the plant’s life. Methods are being developed to find out how much the crop yield is likely to be altered by deviations from the average weather and other conditions, and important results may emerge. There must always be a risk about crop yields whatever steps the farmer may take. At present the risks are entirely speculative. 16 It is hoped as a result of this work that they may become calculable and therefore insurable, just as is the risk of death. We want to be able to say to farmers, “‘If your soil and weather conditions are of a certain kind, the chances are so many to one that a specified fertiliser mixture will give an increased crop of so many tons or bushels per acre.’’ The difficulties of the work are very great, but they are being steadily overcome. Meanwhile, however, the farmer urgently needs. precise in- formation about fertilisers, and it becomes necessary to adopt a third method which, though not as accurate as the single factor or the statistical methods already described, nevertheless gives some of the information desired. This consists in repeating a field experiment as exactly as possible at a number of centres carefully chosen to represent important soil and climatic conditions. For example, a Wold farmer sees our experiments, and asks if he could get the same results on his own farm. At present we cannot say, because we do not know the effect of differences in soil type and climatic conditions; but this can be ascertained by repeating one of our typical experiments on a typical Wold farm and then comparing the results with our own. This is being done on some 20 carefully selected farms in different parts of the country. FERTILISER INVESTIGATIONS. In addition to field and pot tests these necessitate a consider- able amount of chemical work, which is carried out in the Chemical Department under Mr. Page. THE NEW NITROGENOUS MANURES.—UREA. Our experiments indicate that this substance has a value between that of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. In addition it has two attractive features—it is highly concentrated and it exerts no harmful influence on the soil (p. 93, p. 101). AMMONIUM CHLORIDE. Experiments made in the past two seasons at Rothamsted and the outside centres show that the yields from ammonium chloride, when those from ammonium sulphate containing an equal amount of nitrogen are put at 100, are :— 1921 1922 Rothamsted | aver ot aU): Rothamsted Siero ce Cereals 104 | e 103 99 Pataaeed 112 ) U2 . 110+ 98 85 Mangolds 95 | 95 98 * Two groups of results in each case. + With dung. The value without dung was 99. 17 Examined in detail the results appear to fall into two groups. In both years the larger number of the values fall between 90 and 100, but a second group of values falls distinctly above 100. The indications are that ammonium chloride would generally be about 5 to 10% less effective than ammonium sulphate containing the same amount of nitrogen, but in some circumstances, which we cannot yet define, it may be somewhat more effective. THE NEW BASIC SLAGS AND MINERAL PHOSPHATES. The object of these experiments is to compare the respective fertiliser values of the old Bessemer slags, the more modern open- hearth slags, some of which are of high and some of low solubility in the official citric acid solution, and the mineral phosphates. The general result up to the present is that the high soluble slags are quicker in action and more effective than those of low solubility, but the low soluble slags are more effective than their solubility indicates. These effects are seen in their simplest form in pot experiments where all conditions of growth are carefully controlled. In the field, however, the effects may be masked by various factors, such as water supply, temperature, etc. A comparison made in 1922 gave the following results :— Por EXrenr- FIELD EXPERIMENTS | Turnips Bacieys All crops Leesa = 1922 Tons per Per Bushels per Per acre cent. acre cent. Open hearth | slags 90% soluble . 114 | Dane 108 27 80 30% soluble . 106 | 23.3 104 29 | 85 Mineral phos- | | phates: Gafsa 109 | 23.2 103 7 LS en ee Nauru 101 | 223 99 — | — Goma | 100 «=| «| em too’ | 34. Ss |: 100 The turnip results in the field fall into line with those of the pot experiments, although the differences are probably within the experimental error, but the barley results fall out altogether. Inspection of the growing crops, however, showed that up to the end of June the appearance of the barley plants accorded with the pot experiments, but all this was lost before harvest. In the grass experiments two distinct cases arise :— 1. If the herbage is poor, and the growth poor, the slags may increase the yield of hay; 2. If the grass is better and gives larger crops of hay, the slags may not increase the yield, though they may in- crease the amount of clover and thus improve the quality. This is seen on inspection or on botanical analysis, or, better still, by a grazing test. The following results were obtained in the last two seasons ;— B 18 |. POOR GRASS LAND: 11 CWT. HAY ONLY PER ACRE. 1922 Cwt. per Acre. Control . ‘ : : : : EOE Open hearth slag, 90% soluble : : ; SS. + ,, 30% soluble : pte | ey Gafsa phosphate. : ; ‘ : Sees Il. BETTER GRASS LAND: 1-13 TONS HAY PER ACRE.* | Yield of Hay | Live weight increase in cwt. per acre | Sheep, lb. per acre 1921 1922 1921 1922 Bessemer clas. 7). 24.3 Weer. 7)" 259 143 Open hearth, high | | Saly« ; : ae. 2:9 | te: 6 | 43-3 112 Control ee |: | aoe eget lite : | e Open hearth, low sol. 26.5 | 21.1 1° CVSS © eae Gaisd Ponta ever a|) |) 20.4 Bako, © 4|' Ss 107 Control ; , | 26.4 20.1 |. 80 115 | | er TS * The slags used on the grazing land were not identical with those used on the hay land, but they were of similar types. Inspection shows that the amount of clover is highest on Bessemer slag plots. There is less on the high soluble open hearth slag, still less on the low soluble slag and Gafsa plots, and least of all on the unmanured. The effects are beginning to show in the live weight increases. THE POTASSIC FERTILISERS. A beginning has been made with a test of the new potassic fertilisers, especially on the potato crop. In 1921 the crop yields were very poor, owing to the drought ; the advantage of potash showed, however, in keeping the plants alive some time after those on the “no potash”? plots had died. In 1922 the yields were much better; the chloride gave practically the same yield as the sulphate. When, however, salt was present in addition to the chloride there was a drop in yield, especially where no dung was supplied. Taking the yields with potassium sulphate as the standard, the results were, for the potato crop :— ROTHAMSTED | OTHER CENTRES Dung | No Dung Dung No Dung Potassium sulphate . 100 100 100 100 Potassium — chloride alone , 98 106 99 104 Pot/chlor. plus salt : pure . ! .| 100 96 — — Pot/manure sults (20% K,0) . | — = 94 — Syivinike’ “reer; _- — 93 82 Raat are! ~~ — 92 88 The experiments are being continued, 19 MAGNESIUM SALTS AS FERTILISERS. Field experiments made in 1922 with magnesium sulphate in- dicate that while apparently ineffective in ordinary conditions (apart from the potash-starved plots at Rothamsted), it has, in certain farming conditions, a considerable fertilising value :— EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ON THE YIELD OF POTATOES RECEIVING POTASSIUM SULPHATE. ed ARMSTRONG COLLEGE CENTRES ROTHAMST = BLAyDON | WALBOTTLE | Dung No Dung Dung No Dung Complete manure and— | No magnesium | sulphate ne eEOO Tag; “| -100 100 100 Magnesium sul- phate (a) | 102 | 114 | ‘108 129 118 G37 | ae a een (a) Sulphate of potash used in complete manure. (b) Muriate of potash used in complete manure. We cannot at present explain this result, but the experiment is being repeated. ARTIFICIAL FARMYARD MANURE. This material is now being made at a number of centres and on a large scale. Some 2,000 tons of straw, in lots varying up to 80 tons in quantity, have now been treated under the direction of Messrs. E. H. Richards and R. L. Amoore on different farms in the country—mostly in the Eastern Counties. The material has been considerably improved by the introduction of phosphates, but there remain difficulties connected with the wetting of the straw. The product is not yet up to a good sample of true farmyard manure, but it is being steadily improved, and the 1922 results are distinctly promising. The following is a large scale test made by the Chelmsford Institute with potatoes on an Essex farm :— No Artificials Artificials plus Artificials plus Manure only Cow Manure Straw Manure Tons Cwts. Ors. | Tons Cwts. Ors. | Tons Cwts. Ors. | Tons Cwts. Qrs. Meame es lo Fl oO | 7 - 14 Bae 2130 6=6(0} 9 5. 3 Seed ° 1g Q 1? oe | Noa | 18 0 Chats .. a | | 4 3 Ss 3 | tk Doral «| 4-15 1 | S16 Me i7° 0 }10 “1k It is also shown that this artificial farmyard manure does not lose nitrogen on exposure to weather, while heaps of natural farm- yard manure under similar conditions lost as much as 10% to 30%. The deveiopment of practical applications of this kind involves an immense amount of detailed work and a business organisation differing entirely from that of an experimental station. Artificial 20 farmyard manure has therefore been handed over to a non-profit- making syndicate — the Agricultural Development Company (Pyrford) Ltd., the Chairman of which is Viscount Elveden, M.P., and under these auspices the work is progressing favourably. The results indicate that this is the best method of bringing a new discovery into practical use. The nature of the gas given off in the fermentation of straw and Nile Sudd (papyrus stems) was studied in the Chemical Department at the request of the Air Ministry. So long as air was present, the gas obtained was carbon dioxide, but when the air supply was cut off methane and hydrogen were obtained in addition. The relative proportions of these two gases depended on the reaction of the medium; if it was kept neutral by means of calcium carbonate there was a considerable quantity of methane along with a certain amount of higher hydrocarbons ; if it became acid the total evolution of gas was much diminished and the methane largely disappeared, hydrogen being the chief constituent. The maximum production of methane was obtained at a temperature of 35°-40° C. and in presence of some nitrogen com- pound to serve as nutrient to the organisms. In these conditions a yield of 4,400 cubic ft. of gas was obtained per ton of wheat straw, and 9,400 cubic ft. per ton of Nile Sudd; of this gas 38% was carbon dioxide and 62% combustible gas made up of 56 parts of methane and 6 of hydrogen. The maximum production of hydrogen was obtained when the medium was allowed to become acid, but the total yield of gas was then only 1/30th that given under neutral conditions. EFFECTS OF MANURES ON THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY @F EROPS. Fertilisers affect the habit of growth and the quality of the crop, but the changes, though recognisable by the practical expert, are often so subtle that the chemist is as yet unable to characterise them or to connect them up in any definite way with the chemical composition. In the Rothamsted experiments the practical expert is asked to grade the produce, and his reports are used by the chemist in seeking to trace the chemical relationships. Malting barley and potatoes are being studied in some detail. MALTING BARLEY. The experiments are carried out at 13 different centres as part of the Research Scheme of the Institute of Brewing, and full details are given in their Journal. |The same seed and the same manurial treatment are adopted at each centre. The yields are given on p. 104. The samples of grain are valued by a committee of expert buyers and are analysed by an experienced brewers’ chemist; certain typical samples are separately malted by a maltster. The results will show how quality is affected by manurial treatment, soil and season; in addition, it is hoped from the data thus obtained to deduce chemical relationships which will enable us to express better than at present the value or quality of barley in chemical terms. The experiment began in 1922, one of the worst seasons in the last 30 years for quality of barley. When the barleys from the different farms are compared, their values are related to nitrogen content; when, however, barleys from different manurial plots on the same farm are compared, the relationship is less marked; it can be shown statistically that the effect is reduced at least one-half (p. 50). POTATOES. The relative effects of sulphate of potash, muriate of potash and salt have been studied. |The samples were valued by an expert buyer—George Major, Esq., of Major Bros., King’s Cross Potato Market. There was no obvious connection between manuring and valuation. Cooking tests, however, showed certain relationships. The professional cooking test was kindly carried out by Messrs. Lyons, the well-known caterers, who placed the potatoes in the following order :— MESSRS. LYONS’ COOKING THESE: ORDER.OF QUALITY. 1. Sulphate of potash. 2. Muriate of potash. 3. Muriate of potash and salt. No potash. No farmyard manure was used with this set. A home cooking test gave the following result :— 1. Sulphate of potash. 2. Muriate of potash and salt. 3. No potash. 4. Muriate of potash. No dung was given to this set. On the dunged plots the differences were smaller. It will be observed that both agree in placing the sulphate- treated potatoes at the head of the list, and of the others the only fertiliser as to which there is disagreement is the chloride. Certain differences were detectable in the laboratory. The tubers receiving sulphate of potash had a higher specific gravity and a larger percentage of dry matter than any others, excepting only those from the no-potash plots receiving dung. The quantities of starch are being determined. WHEAT. The wheats grown at one centre—Seale Hayne, Devon—and receiving respectively sulphate of ammonia, muriate of ammonia and no nitrogen, were examined by Dr. Humphries. The two samples grown on muriate of ammonia contained slightly more gluten than those grown on sulphate, but no difference could be detected by the expert buyer or the miller. The baker in one case put the ammonium chloride plot above, and in the other below, the ammonium sulphate plot, but he preferred the unmanured wheat. 22 THE RELATION BETWEEN QUANTITY OF FERTILISER AND CROP YIELD. These investigations started from the Broadbalk result that the second increment of nitrogenous fertiliser produced a larger incre- ment of yield than the first. If this proved generally true in farm practice it would mean that under normal conditions of price a farmer would be well-advised to manure pretty liberally. The Broadbalk experiment has, however, certain unpractical features, and a series of field trials under ordinary farm conditions has been carried out, The results with wheat in 1920 favoured this view (Report 1918-20, p. 79), the yields without nitrogen being 28.9 bushels and with the higher dressing 35.9 bushels per acre. Unfortunately both in 1921 and 1922 the wheat crops were very poor, the yields without nitrogen averaging 17.5 and 13.4 bushels per acre respec- tively, which values were hardly raised in 1921, and only to 17.1 and 19.7 bushels by the single and double dressing respectively in 1922 (p. 93). No definite conclusion can be drawn from these figures. Potatoes made much better growth. The tops were not weighed, but the tubers increased in yield with successive incre- ments of sulphate of ammonia, and gave a record crop for this land. The increases for the second increment, however, were not greater than for the first, but probably slightly less; nevertheless under ordinary conditions of price the results would have been very profitable. The figures were :— GREAT HARPENDEN FIELD: POTATOES, 1922. (Mean of duplicate set.) | ‘Tons per acre Treatment Dung (15 tons) No Dung Basal manure only: no nitrogen! 6.07 5.50 - bs plus 14 cwt. sul-! phate /ammonia| 729 | 137 oe ee plus 3 cwt. sul- phate/ammonia 9.73 8.97 bs », Plus 44“ewt. sul- phate/ammonia| 10.08 8.98 Basal manure (with dung) equals 4 cwt. super, 1!4 cwt. sulphate/potash. Basal manure (no dung) equals 6 cwt. super, 2 cwt. sulphate/potash. (1) Of this 444 cwt., 3 were applied with the seed, and 14 given later as a top dressing. These apparent discrepancies are being fully gone into during the coming season. THE SOIL POPULATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF PLANT FOOD IN THE SOIL. The important investigations by Mr. Cutler and the staff of the Protozoological Department have necessitated considerable revi- sion of our ideas of the soil population. It had always been supposed that the numbers of organisms present in natural soil Za were fairly constant so long as the conditions of temperature, water Supply, etc., remained the same. Mr. Cutler’s work showed that this is not the case ; the protozoa and bacteria vary in numbers from day to day (p. 38), while Mr. Thornton has shown that the bacteria may vary from hour to hour. Careful experi- ments are being made to see if the production of plant food by the organisms varies in the same way. The changes in numbers of bacteria seem to be brought about by changes in numbers of active amcebe, but it is not clear why the amcebe should fluctuate as they do. It does not appear that their variations in numbers are determined primarily by variations in moisture supply or temperature ; there seems to be some deep seated biological cause at work. Besides these hour to hour and day to day variations, there seems to be a seasonal variation in numbers; bacteria, protozoa and, apparently, fungi and alge, are uplifted in number in Spring and Autumn, but depressed during Summer and Winter. Laboratory experiments have been begun to find an explanation, but the problem is clearly very complex. The depressing effect of protozoa on bacteria in the soil was directly demonstrated by inoculating protozoa and bacteria into sterilised soil; the numbers of the latter were greatly reduced (p. 38). This experiment has often been attempted before, but without success, the experimental difficulties having proved too great. The Bacteriological Depart- ment, under Mr. H. G. Thornton, has successfully worked out methods by which the bacteria in the soil can be counted, and their changes in number followed, to a degree of refinement and accuracy that satisfies statistical tests of far greater stringency than had been previously applied (p. 37). THE CONTROL OF THE SOIL POPULATION. This work was seriously checked in March, 1921, by the death of Mr. W. B. Randall, who had provided .funds for the main- tenance of a special assistant. It is, however, being slowly continued. The disappointing results given by certain organic agents which promised well have been traced to their decomposition in the soil. This is in the main bacterial, and a special study has been made by Messrs. Thornton and Gray of the bacteria which break down phenol, cresol and naphthalene. The introduction of certain groups into the molecule retards decomposition and intensi- fies activity; thus nursery experiments indicate that dichlorcresol is some 25 times as potent for sterilising purposes as ordinary commercial cresol. The large scale experiments are recorded in the report of the Cheshunt Experimental Station. The effect on the micro-organisms of treating soil with phenol is being studied in the Bacteriological and Protozoological De- partments. Three groups of bacteria are found capable of decomposing this substance, belonging respectively to the Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas and Clostridium types; the Myco- bacteria are interesting among soil bacteria in that they appear to have a definitely discontinuous geographical distribution; the Pseudomonas organisms are apparently of chief importance in phenol decomposition, as they greatly increase in numbers 24 when phenol is added to the soil. But there is also an unexpected chemical decomposition which has been studied in the Chemical Department by Mr. Sen Gupta, under Mr. Page; it appears that the small quantity of manganese oxide in the soil plays an im- portant part here. Serious efforts are also being made to control wart disease of potatoes. Sterilising agents have been found capable of destroy- ing the organisms in a badly infested plot of land so that perfectly clean tubers could be grown; the various problems arising out of the practical application of the method are being studied by Dr. W. B. Brierley, Mr. W. A. Roach and Miss Glynne on plots of land at Ormskirk and at Hatfield. THE PLANT IN DISEASE. (ENTOMOLOGICAL, MYCOLOGICAL, INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE DEPARTMENTS.) Much damage to crops is caused by the attacks of insects and fungi. These pests can often be kept in check by spraying, but on the farm it would usually be cheaper, where possible, to enable the plant itself to resist the attacks. Both methods are being studied. In the case of one disease—the Wart Disease of Potatoes— certain varieties are absolutely immune. Attempts are being made to find out the reason for this. Immunity might be due to some- thing made in the leaf and distributed throughout the plant, or, on the other hand, it might result from some special characteristic of the lower part of the plant. In order to test these possibilities, Mr. Roach is building up new varieties of potatoes by grafting one sort on to another; he has grafted immunes on to susceptibles and vice versa; the resulting plants are then grown in infested soil. So far the substitution of a top from a susceptible plant on to an immune variety has caused no loss of immunity, nor has the substi- tution of the top from an immune to a susceptible variety conferred immunity. It does not appear, therefore, that immunity is the result of any action in the leaf. Considerable attention has been paid by Dr. Davidson to the aphids attacking broad beans. It is shown that the rate of multiplication of the insect on the plant differs for the different varieties of bean, though unfortunately the most resistant of the beans has little commercial value. | Attempts are therefore being made to breed a variety of high resistance and at the same time having a value to the farmer comparable with that of the present kinds. Even with the same variety, however, the power of resistance is affected by the dissolved substances in the plant tissues, and this can be modified by changes in the nutrients supplied to the plant. In both directions there seem to be possi- bilities of the control of this troublesome pest. The usual history of this particular pest is that the asexual forms (which do the damage to the crop) continue throughout the Summer, and are then followed by sexual forms in October which produce eggs that lie dormant through the Winter and hatch out in the following April. Dr. Davidson has, however, shown 25 that the asexual forms can continue living on beans in a green- house through the Winter and flourish vigorously during the following Summer, thus forming a further source of infestation. This is of importance in certain branches of the glass-house industry. Mr. J. G. H. Frew has made a study of the biology of the gout fly, and it appears possible that the severity of the attack can be diminished by appropriate manuring. The relation of the time of sowing to the probability of attack is being studied. Another method of control under investigation in the Entomo- logical Department is through the agency of the natural enemies of injurious insects. Parasites of certain pests—the earwig, pear slug larva, and pear leaf midge—are being bred by Mr. Altson for supply to the New Zealand Government. The discovery and suppression of winter or alternative hosts is connecting the entomological work with the weed investigations which have for some years been made by Dr. Brenchley in the Botanical Department. While one hopes for the fullest possible measure of success of these methods of controlling pests, it remains highly probable that control by spraying will always be of great importance. Serious efforts to improve this are therefore being made by Mr. Tattersfield, in conjunction with Dr. Imms and Mr. Morris. For insect pests the spray fluids may be of two kinds—contact poisons and stomach poisons. Of the latter, arsenic in one or other of its combinations is well known and is quite effective, but unfortunately it is poisonous to man and animals. Of the contact insecticides, nicotine is at present the best, but it is subject to the disadvantages of restricted source of supply and high price. Systematic attempts to find substitutes are steadily yielding results ; the method consists in finding the toxicity of an organic compound towards certain test organisms (bean aphis, the larve of the common Lackey moth and of Selenia illumaria), then pre- paring derivatives to see which groups and positions tend to the greatest increase in toxicity. The experimental difficulties are great but it is believed that they are now overcome; some of the new substances are sufficiently promising to justify study on the field scale. Considerable attention has been given by Messrs. Tattersfield and Roach to the extraction of toxic substances from tuba root (Derris elliptica), and as the percentage of toxic material in different consignments may vary between 7 and 22, a method of evaluation has been devised (p. 45). Fungi are controlled by spraying just as insects are, but little is known of the processes involved. Dr. Henderson Smith finds that the number of spores of the fungus (Botrytis cinerea) killed by a solution of phenol of given strength, is for short exposures small; for longer exposures it rapidly increases, but there is always a residue of spores that die very slowly. The results are expressible by a sigmoid curve. One practical result is that an experimenter can ascertain the strength of a fungicide which, in the steeping of seed, would cause the maximum injury to the fungus with the minimum injury to the grain. Heat acts much in the sate way as phenol, with the distinction 26 that there is no delay in action such as is occasioned in the case of fungicides by the slow penetration of the chemical agent. APICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS. The circumstance that Dr. Imms was interested in bees led the Ministry of Agriculture to suggest that the Entomological Department should undertake the study of bees as honey pro- ducers, leaving bee diseases to be studied at Aberdeen as at present. Mr. D. M. T. Morland was appointed to be in charge of the work, and he will at an early date proceed to the United States to study the methods in use there. In the meantime, two minor problems of practical importance are being investigated : the suit- ability of metal combs in place of those naturally built, and the situation of the frames in relation to the hive front. A field laboratory has been erected and is now in working order. THE ASSOCIATED FARMS. WOBURN. In 1921 the Royal Agricultural Society gave up the Woburn Experimental Farm which they had carried on continuously since 1870, and its two best known fields—Stackyard and Lansome— were in October, 1921, taken over by the Rothamsted Experi- mental Station so as to ensure the continuance of the permanent wheat and barley experiments which are second only to those of Broadbalk and Hoos fields in point of age. The necessary funds are obtained from a special grant of the Ministry of Agriculture. Dr. Voelcker continues to supervise the experiments as he has done since 1890; the continuity of the records is therefore assured. It should be recorded that he acts in an honorary capacity, freely giving much time and trouble to this work. His report will be found on p. 61. LEADON COURT. In December, 1922, E. D. Simon, Esq., then Lord Mayor of Manchester, offered us the use of his farm at Leadon Court, Ledbury, for experimental purposes, himself generously defraying the expenses incurred. It was decided to devote the whole farm to a test of the soiling system of keeping dairy cows, which has aroused much interest among farmers. Small scale trials at the Harper Adams Agricultural Coilege had indicated the feasibility of all of the processes involved, but no conclusions as to the economic value of the system could be reached. Mr. J. C. Brown was appointed manager. The farm is 240 acres in extent, there being at present 110 acres of arable and 140 of grass, of which 20 acres will be ploughed out, making altogether 130 acres of arable and 110 of grass. It is expected to maintain a herd of 100 cows in full milk, and in addition some 30 dry cows, and some 30 young heifers coming on ; also a herd of pigs. It is also hoped to have a considerable amount of wheat for sale. 27 The scheme of cropping for 1923 is as follows :— Expected Yield Acreage Green Food tons per acre 10 Rye 10 16 Marrow-stem kale 20 8 Mangolds 30 12 Seeds in wheat and pea 10 10 Clover aftermath 5 Dry Ration 12 Wheat and pea 3 10 Clover 3 18 Mixtures (beans, peas, wheat, and barley) 23 26 W heat The ration per cow will be, from mid-October to the end of May—60lb. green fodder and 15lb. dry fodder (8lb. mixtures and 7lb. hay). For the rest (June to mid-October) the cows will be at grass, aided by forage crops. _ On the best pasture the cows are being grazed in rotation, the aim being to secure the advantages of the continental practice of tethering without its disadvantages. They receive also one feed per day of chaffed rye and peas. LOANS OF LANTERN SLIDES TO LECTURERS. Lecturers on agricultural science can obtain from the Rotham- sted Experimental Station the loan of certain lantern slides free of charge, but on condition that all breakages are replaced. CO-OPERATION WITH SCHOOLS AND OTHER AGENCIES Three of the departments have found it advantageous to invite the co-operation of public and elementary schools for the collection of data, and it is satisfactory to record that the scheme has proved successful. In the first instance, a committee of the Science Masters’ Association, under the chairmanship of O. H. Latter, Esq., M.A. (Charterhouse School), was formed, and a number of public schools co-operated. Relations have now been secured with practically every type of educational institution: public schools, secondary schools, training colleges, and rural schools. Certain observations on weeds carried out by training colleges and country school teachers are proving very useful to the Botanical Depart- ment; other observations of times of flowering, ripening, etc., are of assistance to the Statistical Department in estimating the effect of season on plant growth. 28 Recently, through the assistance of the Ministry of Education, it has been possible to reach the rural school teachers, and lectures on agricultural science have been given at vacation courses by the Director and members of the staff. Certain problems in soil physics are best attacked by simple experimental studies of a number of soil types. During the un- precedented drought of 1921 several of the upper science forms of the public schools determined the moisture contents of specified field soils in their district, thus obtaining information required by the Physical Department for its investigations on the water relationships of soils. DEMONSTRATIONS AND LECTURES TO FARMERS AND STUDENTS. The appointment of Mr. H. V. Garner as Guide Demonstrator has made it possible for the Station widely to extend facilities for visiting the plots. Farmers and agricultural students are cordially invited to Rothamsted at any time convenient to themselves. May and June are good months for seeing the grass plots, July for the cereals, and September and October for the mangolds and potatoes. In the Winter, Mr. Garner is available for giving lectures on the Rothamsted results to Farmers’ Clubs and similar organisations. 29 PUBLICATIONS DURING THE YEARS 1921-22. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. CROPS AND PLANT GROWTH. IT. Wintrrep E. Brencuiey. “Effect of Weight of Seed upon the Resulting Crop.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X. pp. 223-240. Experiments were carried out in water cultures with peas and barley, in which the competitive factors were eliminated as far as possible in order that the results could be more closely correlated with the initial weights of the seeds. The chief results are as follows :— 1.—There is a steady and considerable rise in the dry weight of the plants as the initial weight of the seed increases. This occurs with both a limited and an abundant food supply. 2.—The efficiency index (rate per cent. increase per day) falls gradually as the weight of the seed rises. With prolonged periods of growth this tends ultimately to counter-balance ,the initial advantage gained by plants from the heavier seeds, but with annual crops as cereals, roots, peas, etc., harvesting occurs before this equilibrium is reached, leaving the advantage with the heavier seeds. 3.—The relative development of shoot and root is to some _ extent influenced by the initial weight of the seed, but may vary with the species and with the amount of available food. 4.—The results lend support to the growing agricultural practice of advocating the use of large heavy seed, especially with annual crops. The advantage in the case of perennials would appear to be less, if any, but this has not been determined by laboratory experiments. Il. Wunirrep E. BRrENCHLEY, assisted by KHARAK SINGH. “Effect of High Root Temperature and Excessive Insolation upon Growth."’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 197-209. When similar water culture experiments are repeated at different seasons of the year and under different environmental conditions, certain variations in result occur which appear to be associated with the temperature of the nutrient solution in which the roots are immersed. Under ordinary environmental conditions of temperature and sunlight the growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding, even when each plant receives a similar supply of food and water. Not only is less dry weight produced, but the pods become thin and distorted, and fail to develop their seeds properly. Growth tends to be depressed in hot sunny weather when no protection is afforded. The chief detrimental factors concerned appear to be high temperatures at the roots, acting together with strong and prolonged sunshine, though the two factors acting in- dividually are much less harmful. Under these conditions, crowding shelters the roots from overheating and the leaves from too much sunlight, and up to a certain point crowded plants make better growth than those spaced well apart. Overcrowding, 30 however, still depresses growth, probably because the light and root temperature reductions are too great. Provided insolation is not excessive, the amount of daily fluctuation of root temperature over a total range of about 22° C. (6.7°2—28.9° C.) has comparatively little influence upon growth; high maxima and low minima give similar results to low maxima and relatively high minima, provided the average mean tempera- tures are not too dissimilar. With high root. temperature a difference in the degree of insolation or in the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays may have a considerable influence on growth, a slight easing off of the solar conditions enabling much _ better growth to be made. With very strong sunshine, reduction of high maximum root temperatures (29° C. or above) allows of satisfactory growth when unprotected plants are rapidly killed. The inhibi- tory action of too high temperatures at the roots is thus clearly shown. Nevertheless, the growth so made is less good than under more normal conditions of insolation, thus demonstrating the harmful action of too powerful sunlight, when all the root temperatures rule high. Root temperatures appear to be of greater importance than atmospheric temperatures, as good growth can be made in hot atmospheres, provided the roots are kept relatively cool. There is some reason to believe that the minima are of as much importance as the maxima, i.e., that plants can withstand very high maximum temperatures provided there is a considerable drop to the minima, but cannot put up with the constant conditions of heat induced by fairly high maxima and high minima. Ill. Kuarak Sincu. ‘“‘Development of Root System of Wheat in Different Kinds of Soils and with Different Methods of Watering.’’ Annals of Botany, 1922. Vol. XXXVI. pp. 353-360. A study of the development of the root system in different kinds of soil and under varying conditions of manuring, watering, and cultivation, is of considerable importance in the Punjab (India), especially where the crops have to depend mainly on artificial irrigation. Duplicate pot experiments were carried out in which wheat plants were grown in various kinds of soil, watering being done on the surface in one case, and in the other through a small porous pot sunk to the level of the soil in the middle of each large pot, thus carrying the water directly to a lower level. The observations were preliminary in nature, but indicate that wheat plants in pots show better growth when watered from below than when watered from above. The difference is greater in light soil in the early stages of growth, but it is more marked in heavy soil in the later stages of growth. Under the experimental conditions the development of root and shoot was best in pure sand, provided it was supplied with an adequate amount of water and was underlaid by a layer of farm- yard manure. The growth of wheat is better in a mixture containing 25 per cent. sand and 75 per cent. Rothamsted soil, than in pure Rothamsted soil, or in a mixture of 50 per cent. sand and 50 per cent. Rothamsted soil. Moreover, wheat plants do not 31 grow well in brick powder even when underlaid with a layer of farmyard manure. IV. VioLet G. Jackson. ‘‘Anatomical Structure of the Roots of Barley.’’ Annals of Botany, 1922. Vol. XXXVI. pp. 21-39. acy The root system of a well-developed barley plant, whether grown in soil or water culture, consists of two types of roots : (a) a thin branched type, and (b) a thick ‘‘unbranched”’ type, with very abundant root hairs. The present paper embodies the results obtained from an anatomical investigation of the two types. A branched root possesses a much thickened stele with a single large axile vessel and six to eight xylem groups, all bounded by a very thick-walled endodermis. In an ‘‘unbranched’’ root neither the endodermis nor the stelar tissues are thickened, the xylem groups number from twelve to sixteen, and the middle of the root consists of thin-walled pith cells traversed by four to six ducts. The chief function of the ‘‘unbranched’’ roots is probably to provide the plant with a plentiful supply of water and its dissolved food, at the time when vigorous growth is setting in. This fune- tion is provided for by :-— (a) Abundant root hairs; (b) An increased number of large vessels and central ducts ; (c) The existence of a stele composed almost entirely of thin-walled elements. This view receives support from the fact that these roots are formed only during the early stages of the plant’s vigorous growth. Researches on the development of root and shoot showed that the formation of ‘‘unbranched’’ roots had entirely ceased by time the plant had finished its vegetative growth and was entering on its reproductive phase. At this period of the plant’s history, the nitrogen and ash constituents are migrating steadily from the straw into the grain, so that there is no need for a large root- absorbing area. On the other hand, if the ‘‘unbranched’’ roots functioned chiefly as buttress-roots, the plant would need them even more when the heavy grain is being formed; but that is just the time when their development ceases. Therefore the most probable function for the ‘‘unbranched’’ roots is to ensure a good supply of water, etc., when the plant is in a condition of strong vegetative growth. V. KaTHERINE Warincton. “The Effect of Boric Acid and Borax on the Broad Bean and certain other Plants.’’ Annals of Botany, 1923. Vol. XXXVII._ pp. 1-44. Boron appears to have some special function in the nutrition and development of the broad bean, as this plant fails to grow satisfactorily in nutritive solution from which boron is withheld. The results of the experimental work are:-— 1.—In water culture a continual supply of boric acid appears to be essential to the healthy growth of the broad bean plant, concentrations of one part of boric acid (H,BOy,) in 12,500,000 parts—25,000 parts of nutrient solution being beneficial. In its absence, death occurs in a characteristic manner, the apex of the shoot becoming withered and blackened. The addi- tion of boric acid after these symptoms have set in, but before 32 death finally occurs, results in a renewal of growth by means of new lateral shoots and roots. This type of dying has not been observed in broad bean plants grown in pot culture, and it is concluded that sufficient boron is present, as a trace has been detected in the soils used. 2.—The absence of boron does not cause death in barley, growth being healthy in ordinary culture solution. 3.—Excess of boric acid is poisonous to the broad bean, injury being apparent with one part of boric acid (H,BO,) in 5,000 parts of the water culture medium and with 0.5 gm. or 1.0 gm. per 221 Ibs. of soil in pot culture, according to the method of application. 4.—Boric acid is more poisonous to barley than to the broad bean; in water culture a concentration of one part of Hy,BOs; in 2,500,000 parts of nutrient solution, and in pot culture .5 gm. per 221 Ibs. of soil is injurious. Smaller quantities are either in- effective or slightly favourable, though the benefit is usually evident to the eye only and not shown in the dry weight. 5.—Injury is marked by (i.) retardation of germination, (ii.) first chlorosis and later brown markings of the leav es ithe barley leaf becomes. spotted but that of the broad bean shows a band of brown along the margins. (ill.) Retardation in maturing in the case of barley in soil culture. 6.—Preliminary experiments show that several other plants, and especially Phaseolus multiflorus and Trifolium incarnatum, appear to benefit from the addition of small quantities of boric acid to the nutrient solution, though rye, like barley, is apparently indifferent to low concentrations. 7.—Boron is found to be present in considerable quantity in the dried shoots of the broad bean plants grown in a nutrient solution containing no boron, and also in the seed. In garden- grown plants a larger proportion of boron was present in the pods than in either the stems or leaves. No more than a trace was detected in the barley seed or in the dried shoots of untreated barley grown in water culture. 8.—It is suggested that the function of boron in the case of the broad bean is probably nutritive rather than catalytic, since a supply is required throughout the life of the plant. A parallel is drawn between the action of boron on plants and the vitamines on animal life. VI. KarHertIne WarinGton. ‘The Influence of Manuring on the Weed Flora of Arable Land.’’ Journal of Ecology, 1924. Vol. XII. Examinations have been made of the weed species present on the variously manured plots of fields which have been cropped continuously for a considerable period with :— 1. Winter wheat (Broadbalk Field). 2. Spring barley (Hoos Field). 3. Mangolds (Barn Field). The data show that the chief factors which determine the dominant species are the crop and the methods of cultivation, the most important weeds being quite different in the three fields. Winter fallowing has a particularly striking influence on the weed flora, 33 However, in the event of any serious deficiency such as an in- adequate nitrogen supply, or a prolonged application of ammonium salts only, the influence of the manurial treatment becomes the most important factor and the flora undergoes modification of a similar nature irrespective of the methods of cultivation. In such cases a perennial type of weed, as Equisetum arvense, Tussilago farfara or Cirsium arvense, was invariably found to predominate. Comparisons are between with the weeds recorded in 1867 on Broadbalk and Hoos fields and those found at the present day. Considerable reduction in the number of species has taken place in the former case, while changes in the individuals comprising the flora have occurred on both fields. The distribution and relative abundance of species and individuals are also described in the case of Broadbalk field. METHODS OF STATISTICAL EXAMINATION AND RESULES: STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF SMALL SAMPLES. VII. R. A. Fisuer. ‘‘On the ‘Probable Error’ of a Co- efficient of Correlation deduced from a small Sample.’’ Metron, 1921. Vol. Lig. 4 ‘pp. 1-32. Agricultural experiments deal almost invariably with a number of replicated plots, or parallel experiments, which is statistically small; approximate methods suitable for large samples are there- fore liable to break down, and to lead to erroneous conclusions. This paper gives the exact form of distribution for correlation co- efficients obtained from small samples. By changing the scale upon which the correlation is measured, correlations from small samples may be treated with accuracy, and at the same time corrected for the small bias which is introduced by the standard methods of calculation. AGREEMENT OF THEORY AND OBSERVATION. Mill R.A. Fisuer. “On @igeinterpretation of y*, from Contingency Tables, and the Calculation of P.’’ Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1922. Vol. LXXXV. pp. 87-94. Statistical tests of the agreement of series of experimental observations with any hypothesis, by which it is intended to inter- pret them, may be carried out by calculating the statistic ,2, which measures the discrepancy. The distribution of \*, when the hypothesis tested is in fact true, can be calculated, and in this manner cases in which the discrepancy is excessive may be detected. In this paper it is shown that when the data to be tested have been used to construct the hypothetical expectation it is necessary to adopt a more severe test of agreement than that previously in use. This change of procedure, which particularly affects tests of independence in contingency tables, and of the goodness of fit of theoretical curves, may be simply and accurately effected by taking account of the number of degrees of freedom in which observations may differ from expectation, instead of merely the number of frequency classes. c 34 THEORY OF STATISTICAL REDUCTIONS. IX. R. A. Fisner. ‘‘On the Mathematical Foundations of Theoretical Statistics.’’ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1922. Vol. CCXXII. pp. 309-368. The main desideratum in the statistical reduction of data is that the statistics calculated shall include the whole of the informa- tion supplied by the data. [t has been possible to put this requirement in a mathematical form, and so to lay down general conditions for the complete exhaustion of the data; in particular it is possible to ascertain for any special statistical method pro- posed, of what percentage of the total information available it makes use. Many such tests are applied to current statistical methods, and in particular to the estimation of the numbers of soil protozoa by the dilution method. RAINFALL IN BRITAIN. X. R. A. FisHer and W. A. Mackenzie. “The Correlation of Weekly Rainfall.’’ Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1922. Vol. XLVIII. _ pp. 234-242. To study the effects of weather on crop production by means of simultaneous crop and weather records from different parts of the country, and thereby to reduce the number of years required for the accumulation of data comparable with the existing Rothamsted records, it is necessary to know the correlation between the meteorological records of different stations. Such information is also necessary in repairing defective records from those of neigh- bouring stations, as also in estimating weather conditions over local areas, such as river basins. This paper is a study of records from Aberdeen, York, and Rothamsted in respect of weekly rainfall. Even Rothamsted and Aberdeen 375 miles apart show a distinct positive correlation (average value .3717) in rainfall; the intermediate station, York, 150 miles from Rothamsted, and 225 miles from Aberdeen, gives average correlations .5898 and .5275. All three comparisons show well marked annual oscillations, the rainfall being most uniform in winter and least so in the early summer. Meteorologists suggest two possible causes for this novel phenomenon : (i.) the summer prevalence of local thunder- storms, (ii.) the more northern track of the summer cyclones. Whatever its cause, it is apparent that simultaneous crop and weather observations will throw light especially on the effects of summer rain or drought. PREDICTION FORMULAE. XI. R. A. Fisner. ‘The Goodness of Fit of Regression Formula and the Distribution of Regression Co-effi- cients.’’ Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1922. Vol. LXXXV. pp. 597-612. Statistical predictions are based upon regression formule, and their importance required that the correction established in Paper No. VITI. (see above) should be applied in detail to such cases. It 32 was possible to find the exact distribution of the discrepancy between prediction and observation, and to render previous methods more exact in other points besides that mentioned above. In addition the true form of the distribution of the regression co- eficients was established, for which approximate forms only had been previously available. INHERITANCE CORRELATIONS. XII. R.A. FisHer. ‘On the Dominance Ratio.’’ Proceed- ings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1922. Vol. XLII. pp. 321-341. The effects of selection on the inheritance correlations show themselves in the dominance ratio. |The value obtained from human measurements are all close to $4, and this value is not readily intelligible upon the simpler theory in which the effects of selection are ignored. When selection is taken into account it is demonstrated that the dominance ration will rise to 4, thus pro- viding the final step necessary to bring the whole of the existing correlation measurements in mankind into harmony with the Mendelian theory of inheritance. CROSSOVER RATIOS. XIII. R.A. Fisuer. ‘The Systematic Location of Genes by means of Crossover Observations.’’ (American Naturalist, 1922. Vol. LVI. pp. 406-411. It is shown how the whole of the information supplied by crossover observations may be utilised in determining a consistent system of crossover ratios; the method is based upon that developed in Paper No. IX. (see above), and the working is analogous to that of a solution of least squares. ACCURACY OF BACTERIAL COUNTING. XIV. R.A. FisHer, H. G. THORNTON, and W. A. MACKENZIE. “The Accuracy of the Plating Method of Estimating the Density of Bacterial Populations.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 325-359. As a rule, the accuracy of biometrical determinations must be ascertained empirically from a statistical study of the observations ; in certain cases, as has been shown in the theory of hemocytometer counts, the law of variation may be calculated, and the accuracy known with precision, provided the technique of the counting process is effectively perfect. A study of the extensive bacterial count data accumulated at Rothamsted by Cutler and Thornton, using Thornton’s agar medium, indicated that the same law of variation, the Poisson series, was obeyed by the number of colonies counted on parallel plates. Statistical tests were devised which proved that, save for a small proportion of definite exceptions, the necessary perfection of technique was effectively realised. — In studying the exceptional cases it appeared that these fall into two classes : (i.) an abnormally high variation which, when investigated experimentally, has been traced to certain bottom spreading organisms isolated from soil from. Leeds and from Rothamsted, 36 and (ii.) an abnormally low variation ascribable to defective pro- cedure in the preparation of the medium. Application of the same tests to other extensive series of bacterial counts showed that a similar approach to theoretical accuracy, though rare, had been obtained by Breed and Stocking in counts of B. coli in milk. It should be emphasised that all cases of departure from the theoretical law of distribution, which have been investigated, are associated with large systematic errors in the counts; for this reason simple tests are presented by which such deviations from the theoretical accuracy of the method can be detected. ACCURACY OF APHIS COUNTS. XV. R. A. Fisner. ‘Appendix to ‘Biological Studies of Apuis Rumicis,’ by J. Davipson.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 142-145. A special method was developed for determining the accuracy of Dr. Davidson’s counts on Aphids; by this means it was possible to show that the 19 varieties of bean tested could be assigned to only six degrees of susceptibility to aphis infestation. MANURIAL RESPONSE OF POTATO VARIETIES. XVI. R. A. FisHer and W. A. MackenziE. ‘“‘The Manurial Response of Potato Varieties.’’ Journal of Agricul- tural Science, 1923. Vol. XIII. pp. 311-320. In an experiment carried out at Rothamsted (1922), twelve potato varieties were each tested with six different manurial treat- ments, each test being triplicated. Consequently it was possible to test a question upon which very little information has hitherto been available, namely, whether different varieties respond alike to manurial treatment. It is impossible to generalise from a single test of a single species, and it has seemed to the authors of more importance to call attention to (i.) the kind of data required for such an enquiry, and (ii.) the type of statistical treatment needed to elicit an answer, than to emphasise the fact that no significant differences are observable in the manurial response, although the varieties differed much among themselves in yield, and the different treatments also resulted in large differences in yield. SOIL ORGANISMS. XVII. E. J. Russeti. ‘‘Les Micro-Organismes du Sol dans leurs rapports avec la croissance des plantes. Post- tion actuelle du probléme.’’ Ann. de la Sci. Agro-- monique, 1921. pp. 49-67. A review of the present position of our knowledge on this subject. ALG. XVIII. B. Murtet Bristor and Harotp J. Pace. “A Critical Enquiry into the Alleged Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X. pp. 1-30, Four species of green algze were grown in pure culture on six media which had as a common basis a solution of mineral salts devised by Schramm, but differing in that the nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate ; for each of these sources of nitrogen there were two media, one without added sugar and the other containing 1% glucose. The cultures were aerated daily with sterile air free from combined nitrogen. The initial nitrogen-content of the medium in each flask was ascertained from check analyses of that medium, and the nitrogen-content after six months’ growth was determined by chemical analysis of the whole of the contents of the flask. In practically all cases a good growth of alge was obtained, and in a large number the growth was luxuriant. Nevertheless the analytical results afforded no evidence whatever that any fixation had occurred. In fact, those cultures the growth of which had been most luxuriant had a final nitrogen-content that was, if anything, slightly lower than that of the medium originally. This result differs from that obtained by Wann (Amer. Jour. Bot., 1921., Vol. VIII.) Investigation showed, however, that the method by which he estimated nitrogen breaks down in presence of nitrate. The results give the appearance of nitrogen fixation even when none occurred. The chemical methods used by the present authors were free from these sources of error and, as already stated, no fixation could be detected. While it is quite conceivable that green alge might under certain conditions, as yet unknown, assimilate atmospheric nitrogen, there is so far no trustworthy evidence that they candoso. BACTERIA. XIX. “H.-G. Tuornton:. “On the Development of a Standardised Agar Medium for Counting Soil Bacteria, with especial regard to the Repression of Spreading Colonies.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 241-274. For counting bacteria by the plating method it is a first essen- tial to accuracy that the plating medium should give uniform results. The medium should be exactly reproducible, 7.e., different batches should give similar results. In the medium here developed, this has been achieved by using pure chemical compounds as food constituents, selecting those compounds that did not alter the re- action of the medium during sterilisation. Further parallel platings of a suspension of organisms made on a single batch of medium should develop the same number of colonies (within the limits of random sampling variance). This necessitates the independent development of each colony on the plate, which on agar media is frequently prevented by the develop- ment of bacteria that form rapidly spreading colonies which interfere with the development of other bacteria. A special study was therefore made of a common ‘“‘spreading”’ organism with a view to limiting its growth. It was found that the organism spreads over the agar surface by active motility and that the factors controlling its spread were (i.) the existence of a ‘ 38 surface film of water on the agar, and (ii.) the rate of multiplica- tion previous to the drying of this film. In the present medium this rate of multiplication has been much reduced so that spreading colonies are greatly restricted. | The medium has the following composition :—K,HPO,, 1.0 gram; MgSO,, 7 HO, 0.2 grs. ; CaCl,, 0:1 er.; NaCl, 0.1 gr.; Fe€i,, .002 ers. ;; KN@,;-0:5 ers. Asparagine, 0.5 grs.; mannitol, 1.0 gram; agar, 15.0 grs. ; water to 1000 cc. Reaction brought to Pu 7.4 before sterilisation. (For the rigid test of this medium, see Paper XIV., p. 35.) PROTOZOA. XX. D. W. Cutler, LETTICE M. Crump, and H. SANnpon: “A Quantitative Investigation of the Bacterial and Protozoan Population of the Soil.’’ Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, B., 1922. Vel CCC. pp. 317-350. The results of 365 consecutive daily counts of the numbers of bacteria and of six species of protozoa in a normal field soil are given, and the methods of counting bacteria and protozoa are described. The numbers of both bacteria and protozoa rarely remain the same from one day to the next. The fluctuations are very great, but it has not been found possible to connect them with meteoro- logical or general soil conditions. Fourteen-day averages of the daily numbers demonstrate that well-marked seasonal changes in the soil population are super- imposed on the daily variations in numbers. — In general, both bacteria and protozoa are most numerous at the end of November and fewest in February. These changes are not directly influenced by temperature or rainfall, but show a similarity to the seasonal fluctuations recorded for many acquatic organisms. There is a slight tendency for the various species of flagellates to fluctuate together from day to day, but this is not shown by the two species of amcebe. An inverse relationship is found between the numbers of bacteria and active amcebe in 86% of the total observations. A two-day periodicity obtains for the active numbers of one species of flagellate (Oicomonas termo). XXI. D. W. Cuter. “‘The Action of Protozoa on Bacteria when Inoculated into Sterile Soil.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X. pp. 137-141. Soil sterilized by heat was inoculated with :— (a) Bacteria alone ; (b) y + one species of ameceba ; (c) » + one species of flagellate. Daily bacterial counts made on each portion of soil showed that the one containing no protozoa sustained a greater number of bacteria than those containing protozoa. Also the bacteria in the protozoa free soil did not exhibit the fluctuations in numbers characteristic of soil in which protozoa were living. 39 XXII. S. M. Nasir. ‘Some Preliminary Investigations on the Relationship of Protozoa to Soil Fertility with Special Reference to Nitrogen Fixation.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X. pp. 122-133. A perusal of the results shows that the presence of protozoa has no depressing effect on the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either in the artificial culture media, or in sand cultures. From a total of 36 experiments done in duplicates or triplicates, 31 showed a decided gain, while only 5 gave negative results. The average figure for fixation works out to be 8.5%, which is well above the experimental error. The highest fixation of 36.04% was recorded in sand cultures in the case of ciliates. All the three types of protozoa gave higher fixation figures. |The experiment was repeated six times, and every time concordant results were obtained. XXIII. D. W. Cutter and Lettice M. Crump. ‘“‘The Rate of Reproduction in Artificial Culture of Colpidium Colpoda.’’ Biochemical Journal, 1923. Vol. XVII. pp. 174-186. Methods are given by which it has been found possible to obtain comparable results when studying the reproductive rates of certain protozoa in mass cultures. It is shown that within a relatively short period after inocula- tion, under certain conditions, a varying proportion of the organisms die; and that this is correlated with the age of the culture from which the inoculation was made. By means of three hourly counts it was found that death occurs even during the period of maximum reproduction. Evidence is supplied that in certain strains of Colpidium the rate of reproduction from inoculation to the maximum numbers attained is constant. XXIV. MADELEINE PEREY. “Les Protozoaires du Sol.’’ Ann. Sci. Agron., 1923. Vol. LXIII. pp. 333-352. A short review is given of our knowledge of soil protozoa together with an account of the species of protozoa found in certain French soils. XXV. H. Sannon. ‘‘Some Protosoa from the Soils and Mosses of Spitsbergen.’’ Journ. Linn. Soc., 1923. Vol. XXXIV. Samples of soils and mosses brought back from Spitsbergen by the Oxford University expedition of 1921 and 1922 were examined, and an abundant protozoal fauna, practically identical with that found in soils and mosses of temperate lands, was found. Protozoa were found to be considerably more numerous in some of the soil samples than in others, but no close connection could be found between the numbers of species present and the physical or chemical properties of the soils. Descriptions are given of seven previously undescribed flagellates, of which five, however, occur also in Rothamsted soils. 40 FACTORS DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. XXVI. E. J. Russert. ‘The Physico-Chemical Problems relating to the Soil."’ Trans. Faraday Society, 1922. Vol. XVII: Gapp: 219-223. A general survey of the physico-chemical factors operating in the soil and their influence on fertility. The soil is regarded as a system formed of four components : (i.) mineral particles ; being disintegrated and decomposed rock fragments which, through the action of weather, water, ice and other factors, have in course of time been reduced to dimensions varying from about 1 mm. in diameter to molecular orders of magnitude. (ii.) Colloidal material; either very fine particles or a jelly coating the larger particles and consisting of materials such as precipitated oxides of iron and aluminium, silicia, etc., or both. (iii.) Intermingled in most intimate fashion with this is the organic matter, residues of past generations of plants and animals, which represents the source of energy for the large population of soil organisms. (iv.) The soil solution, being the soil water and everything dissolved therein. The whole mass is permeated with air. It is shown that the agricultural and physical properties of the soil can to a considerable extent be explained by such a system, but there are facts which do not as yet readily fit it. A more detailed discussion of certain aspects of the subject is given in the following three papers. XXVIII. H. J. Pace. ‘“‘The Part Played by Organic Matter in the Soil System.’’ Trans. Faraday Society, 1922. Vol. XVII. pp. 272-287. The influence of the humic material of the soil, on the physical and physico-chemical properties of the soil is discussed. Owing to the colloidal nature of this humic material, its chemical nature and mode of formation are still little understood. The established agricultural practice of using dung, green manures, etc., to maintain the fertility of the soil, however, depends in a large degree on the colloidal nature of the humic material derived from such organic manures; even without more knowledge of the chemical nature of humus, its effect on tilth, moisture relationships, supply of plant nutrients, and soil reaction can be explained, at any rate on broad lines, in terms of its physical, i.e., colloidal, properties. XXVIII. B. A. Keen. “The System Soil—Soil Moisture.’’ Trans. Faraday Society, 1922. Vol. XVII. pp. 228-243. A general discussion of the relations existing between the soil and its moisture content, with especial reference to the physical significance of the various divisions of soil moisture that have been proposed from time to time. XXIX. E. M. Crowtuer. “Soil Acidity in its Physico- Chemical Aspects.’’ Trans. Faraday Society, 1922. Vol. XVII. pp. 317-320. 41 A general discussion of the methods used for the determination of the acidity and lime requirements of soils, with especial reference to the hydrogen-ion concentration of soil suspensions and the action of neutral salts on acid soils. XXX. W. B. Haines. ‘The Volume-Changes Associated with Variations of Water Content in Soil.’ Journal of Agricultural Science, 1923. Vol. XIII. pp. 296-310. A new and simple method of measuring the shrinkage of moist soil on drying is described, which at the same time gives values for the pore space and specific gravity of the soil. Diagrams are given showing the characteristics of the shrinkage for diverse samples, including pure clay, heavy loam, sandy and peaty soils. The shrinkage is shown to take place in two stages, in both of which there is a linear relationship to the moisture content. The first stage is largely governed by the clay-content of the soil and its limit is fixed by the point at which air begins to replace water in the pores of the soil. The second stage, called the residual shrinkage, 1s smaller than the first, and seems to depend upon the more highly colloidal material which has been supposed to surround the clay and other particles. Explanation of the shrinkage is developed .on these lines with confirmatory experiments. The effect of alternate wetting and drying of soil in producing a good tilth is illustrated. XXXI. B. A. KEEN and H. Raczxowski. ‘The Relation between the Clay Content and Certain Physical Properties of a Soil.’’ Journal of Agricultural Science, 1921. Vol. XI. pp. 441-449. A simple experimental method has been described for measur- ing certain physical constants of soil, using small brass boxes into which soil passing a sieve of 100 meshes to the inch has been packed by hand. The quantities determined are :— . The weight of unit volume (1100 ccs.) of air-dry soil, or the apparent specific gravity. Amount of water taken up by unit weight of soil. Pore space. Specific gravity of the soil. The volume expansion of unit volume (100 cc.) of soil when saturated. The results for one soil only are given, and discussed, to illustrate the method. With the co-operation of the Science Masters’ Association it is being applied to a number of soils by various schools. The particular soil used was obtained in six depths, as follows : 0-6”, 6-12", 12-18”, 2-3’, 3-4’, and the constants were determined in each depth. It was shown that 1 and 4 varied inversely with the percentage of clay in the soil, while 2, 3, and 5 varied directly with the clay percentages. The effect on the constants of the larger quantities of organic matter present in the top two layers of soil was, weight for weight, approximately equal to that of the clay, except in the volume expansion results where the effect, if any, Was within experimental error. — oo 42 It is possible that the fraction fine silt II., whose upper limit of diameter is .005 mm., has similar effects to the clay fraction. XXXII. B. A. Keen. ‘‘Evaporation of Water from Soil II. Influence of Soil Type and Manurial Treatment.’”’ Journal of Agricultural Science, 1921. Vol. XI. pp. 432-440. Further experiments have been done on the evaporation of water from soil, using the same apparatus and technique as described in an earlier paper. The present series of experiments was designed to investigate the effect of clay content and manurial treatment on the evaporation. Two soils have been used, one containing only 6% clay and the other 15%, and from each soil samples were taken from plots which had received (a) no manure, (b) artificial manure, (c) farmyard manure. The rate at which the soils lost water over concentrated sulphuric acid and at a constant temperature was found to depend firstly on the amount of clay present, and secondly on the amount of organic material in the soil. The differences due to content of organic material were more obvious in the soil containing the larger amount of clay; the farmyard manure plot lost water at the slowest rate, and the un- manured plot occupied an intermediate position. In the sandy soil the differences in evaporation due to manuring were small. There is evidence that the moisture equivalent of these soils measures the percentage of water at which the evaporation is first directly affected by the soil particles, and that at percentages of water in excess of the moisture equivalent evaporation is taking place substantially from a free water surface. XXXII. E. J. Russert and B. ‘A. Keen. “The Effectcoy Chalk on the Cultivation of- Heavy Land.’’ Journal of Ministry of Agriculture, 1922. Vol. XXVIII. pp. 419-422. Measurements taken with a dynamometer showed that dress- ings of chalk applied 8 years ago were still effective in facilitating cultivation, the saving of drawbar pull being in these trials no less than 180 Ib. on a three furrow plough (see p. 12). THE PLANT IN DISEASE. INSECT PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL. XXXIV. A.D. Imus. “Recent Research on the Head and Mouth-parts of Diptera.’’ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 3rd Series, 1920. Vol. VI. pp. 106-109. A short discussion of the subject from the morphological standpoint. XXXV. J. Davipson. ‘‘Biological Studies of APHIS Rumicis Linn. IV. Reproduction on varieties of Vicia Fapa—with a Statistical Appendix by R. A. Fisuer.’’ (See No. XV.) Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 135-145. The reproduction of the bean aphis on 18 varieties of field beans was tested and compared with reproduction on Prolific Longpod broad beans. 43 The mean values of infestation for the varieties ranged from af to 1,037: These values allow of the varieties being tentatively grouped into classes representing various degrees of susceptibility ranging from 98% to 3%. The results obtained indicate that resistance or susceptibility may be largely determined by genetic factors in the plant. XXXVI. J. Davipson. ‘‘Biological Studies of APpuis Rumicis Linn. V. The Penetration of Plant Tissues and the Source of the Food Supply of Aphids.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923, Vol. X. pp. 35-54. The food of aphids is the juices of plants which they obtain by penetrating the tissues by means of a delicate piercing organ formed by four chitinous stylets. The piercing organ passes between the cortical cells—occa- sionally through individual cells—to the vascular bundles. The saliva secreted by the aphis acts on the middle lamella of the cell wall. It also causes plasmolysis of the cells; and it is able to convert starch into sugar. The phloem tissue is the chief source of the food supply, but other cells of the plant, such as cortex and mesophyll, may be tapped for nourishment. The sucking out process is usually intracellular, although in- tercellular suction sometimes goes on. The varying physiological constitution of different plants or even varieties of the same species of plant is important in relation to the biology and physiology of aphids. The composition of ‘‘Shoney dew’’—the sugary excrement of aphids—is in close relationship with the particular species of plant and aphids concerned. XXXVITI. H.M. Morris. “The Larval and Pupal Stages of the Bisiontip&. Part I.’’ Bull. Entom. Re- search, 1921. Wok XII. pp. 221-232. Deals chiefly with the biology and metamorphosis of Bibio marct whose larve infest grass-land and have been reported to injure various crops. XXXVIII. H. M. Morris. “On the Larva and Pupa of a Parasitic Phorid Fly—Hypocera INCRASSATA MEIG.”’ Parasitology, 1922. Vol. XIV. pp. 70-74. Deals with the biology of a species not hitherto investigated, which parasitizes larve of Bibio marci. XXXIX. H.M. Morris. “The Larval and Pupal Stages of the Bisriontp&#. Part II.’’ Bull. Entom. Research, 1922. Vol. XIII. pp. 189-195. An investigation of the biology and metamorphosis of DiLopuus FIBRILIS and D, ALBIPENNIS, the former species being recorded as injuring the roots of various plants. 44 XL. H. M. Morris. ‘‘On a Method of Separating Insects and other Arthropods from Soil.’’ Bull. Entom. Research, 1922. Vol. XIII. pp. 197-200. Describes an apparatus consisting of a galvanized framework supporting a graduated series of sieves, which enables arthropods to be separated from soil by means of a current of water. XLI. H. M. Morris. ‘‘The Insect and other Invertebrate Fauna of Arable Land at Rothamsted.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 281-305. A detailed study of the soil fauna of Broadbalk field, involving a comparison of the invertebrata of plots 2 (dunged) and 3 (un- manured), their distribution in depth, and relative numbers. The main conclusions are that the bulk of the fauna is concentrated in the first three inches of the soil, and that there are on an average 15,000,000 invertebrates per acre in plot 2 (receiving farmyard manure annually) and 5,000,000 in plot 3 (unmanured since 1839). The dominant organisms are insects which numbered over 7,700,000 in plot 2 and about 2,500,000 in plot 3. The total amount of the nitrogen contained in these organisms works out at 7349.6 gm. (16.2 lbs.) per acre in plot 2 and 3409.2 gm. (7.5 Ibs.) per acre in plot 3. It is unlikely that there is any appreciable loss of this nitrogen from the soil. The observations show that although the introduction of farmyard manure greatly increases the invertebrate population of the soil, the organisms which exhibit increased numbers are saprophagons and not directly in- jurious to the growing crop. XLII. J. G. H. Frew. ‘On the Morphology of the Head Capsule and Mouth-parts of CHLOROps Ta:NIOPUS Merc. (Diptera).’’ Journal Linn. Society, 1923. The head capsule is described and some modifications suggested of the homology of its facial aspect in Cyclorrhapha as put forward by Peterson in 1916. The following conclusions are arrived at :— The dorsal and lateral borders of the oval depression mark the position of the arms of the epicranial sature. All regions of the head dorsal and lateral to the oval depression are derived from the paired sclerites of the head and the frons and clypeus lie within the depression. The antenne arise on the vertex. The superficial plate of the fulcrum is the clypeus or fronto- clypeus. The torme are the chitinised plates joining the sides of the clypeus to the sides of the basipharynx. XLII. J. C. F. Fryer, R. STEnNToN, F. TATTERSFIELD, and W. A. Roacu. “A Quantitative Study of the Insecticidal Properties of DERRIS ELuiptica (Tuba Root).’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X. pp. 18-34. Extracts of Derris elliptica are shown to have a high insecti- cidal value, particularly for caterpillars. They are not so toxic to aphids. 45 The principles of the root toxie to insects are the white crystalline derivative, usually called ‘‘tubatoxin,’’ and a resin of a golden yellow colour identical with the ‘‘derride’’ of Sillevoldt. The dry root itself may be used in a finely powdered condition worked up with water together with soap or other emulsifying reagents. As the pure poisons found in derris root are solids and only slightly soluble in water, their toxicity appears to depend upon their degree of dispersion. A biological method of determining insecticidal properties quantitatively is described. It depends on dipping insects for a constant period of time in known strengths of highly dispersed emulsions or suspensoids in dilute aqueous solutions of saponin. Results agreeing with those given by the chemical method described below were obtained, and it enabled a comparison to be made between extracts of derris and nicotine. To certain cater- pillars, tubatoxin and derride are shown to be of the same order of toxicity as nicotine. XLIV. F. TATTERSFIELD and W. A. Roacn. ‘‘The Chemical Properties of Derris Exxietica (Tuba Root).’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X. pp. 1-17. The toxic principles of Derris elliptica have been isolated and some of the more simple properties examined. A chemical method for evaluating the root has been outlined and a suitable extraction apparatus described. The most important constituents of the root are a. white crystalline derivative, usually called ‘‘tubatoxin,’’ and a resin or a series of resins identical with the ‘‘derride’’ of Sillevoldt and the “‘tubain’’ of Wray. Besides these two, yellow crystalline deriva- tives and a liquid resin were isolated. ‘*Tubatoxin,’’ the yellow crystalline derivatives, and the resins contain methoxyl groups and these compounds appear to be inter- related. ‘‘Tubatoxin’’ by exposure to light, and by prolonged boiling with organic solvents, is converted into three yellow crystalline products and a resin. This suggests that the ‘‘anhy- droderride”’ of Sillevoldt may have been formed during the process of extraction and may not exist as such in the root. The poisons from the root are readily extracted by means of organic solvents. Ninety-five per cent. alcohol extracts them together with non-toxic derivatives. Benzene, dry ether, carbon tetrachloride are also good solvents for extraction purposes and have a selective dissolving action on the poisons. Petroleum derivatives are not suitable for complete extraction. Prolonged boiling with solvents may cause some loss of toxicity in the extracts owing to chemical change in the ‘‘tubatoxin.’’ — For economic purposes, benzene and its congeners, or alcohol, are probably the most suitable extraction reagents, provided the temperature of extraction is not allowed to rise too high. The root may be evaluated by chemical means by extracting the dry root with dry ether, and the genuineness of the extracts confirmed by the determination of the methoxyl content by the Zeisel method. Extracts from different deliveries varied between 46 7 and 22 per cent., and the content of CH,© in the extracts between 13.5 and 14.7 per cent. A qualitative test for ‘‘tuba- toxin,’’ devised by Dr. Durham, is outlined. The amounts of the non-toxic constituents vary widely in different consignments. They seem to have some value as emulsifying and wetting agents. As the root, however, arrives in this country in a dry state, in which the constituents have probably coalesced, the use of foreign emulsifying and wetting reagents is necessary, and for maximum efficiency the use of organic solvents for preparing highly dispersed suspensoids appears advisable. FUNGUS PESTS. XLV. WiriiaAm B. BrierRveEy. . ““On Mutation of Speties.’’ British Medical Journal, 1922, Oct. 21st. The main genetic bases of ‘‘higher organisms’’ are discussed in relation to the concept of mutation and then in relation to hereditary changes in the protozoa, fungi and bacteria. |The concepts of mutation held by microbiologists are considered, and it is shown that they cannot be equated with those applied to ‘higher organisms.’’ Micro-organisms have not yet been found susceptible to factorial analysis and cytological information regarding the genetic structure and behaviour of their hereditary mechanisms is not available. In the protozoa and fungi, and probably in the bacteria, there is the possibility of the origin of apparently new forms in the normal developmental processes, and it is suggested that ‘‘mutations’’ are due to the selective isolation of such forms. XLVI. WhriAMm B. BrierteEy. ‘Some Aspects of Vegetable Pathology in Relation to Human Disease.’’ British Medical Journal, 1922, Nov. 18th. The need for extreme caution in making comparison of animal and plant diseases is emphasised, and the lines along which animal and plant pathologists may work in common are suggested. These are mainly comparative morphological, physiological and life history studies of the several pathogens in relation to such problems as systematy, infection, immunity and _ susceptibility, mutation and other genetic aspects, epidemiology, technique, etc. A plea is made for the definite recognition of a science of medical mycology with adequate teaching and research opportunities. XLVIT. Wrivxiam B. BrierLtey. ‘‘Comparative Pathology of Plants and Animals.’’ British Medical Journal, 1922. The idea of disease accepted in general pathology is that of the invasion of a defensive host by an active parasite, a see-saw balance in which there is an inverse relationship between the health and vigour of the host and the incidence and virulence of the disease. This concept is criticised and evidence given that in diseases of plants it is not necessarily true. The data at present do not allow of such a generalisation and each particular disease complex must be considered separately. The disease complex is 47 regarded as the co-ordinated resultant of the activities of the host und parasite each, within the limits of its hereditary constitution, being modifiable by the environment. Lines of comparative research in animal and plant pathology are suggested. XLVIII. J. HeEnpERson Situ. “‘The Killing of Botrytis by Heat, with a Note on the Determination of Temperature Co-efficients.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol X. When a mass of spores of Botrytis cinerea is exposed to the action of moist heat by immersion in water, the individual spores are not all killed simultaneously. A few die quickly, a few after prolonged exposure, and the majority at intermediate periods. The whole process, when the numbers dead at successive intervals of time are plotted against the time, gives a smooth curve, of sigmoid and approximately symmetrical shape. The higher the temperature used, the more quickly does the reaction proceed; but at all the temperatures examined, ranging from 37° C. (where 8-10 hours are necessary for its completion) to 50° C. (where the last spore is killed in about 180 seconds) the curve has the same shape, and the process is exactly the same, except for the change in speed. In this respect the action of heat differs from that of phenol, where the shape of the curve changes progressively as the strength of phenol is raised, from the sigmoid type into a J-type and eventually into a strictly logarithmic curve. The difference is assigned to the occurrence with phenol of a stage of penetration, during which the poison is making its way through the external coat of the spore, a stage which is absent in the case of heat. The shape of the curve agrees excellently with a recognised type of frequency distribution, and can be adequately and reasonably explained by supposing that the individual spores differ in their susceptibility to the action of heat. The effect of temperature on the velocity, of the reaction is unusually great, and is well expressed by the formula of Arrhenius, if the temperature is reckoned from 0° C. instead of from the absolute temperature. By combination of the formula for the curve and the formula for the temperature-velocity relationship, it is possible to express completely for the spores of Botrytis the whole of the killing process within the limits and under the conditions used in these experiments. XLIX. J. HENDERSON SmiTH. ‘‘On the Apical Growth of Fungal Hyphe.” Annals of Botany, 1923. Vol. XXXVII._ pp. 341-343. The fungal hypha grows in length exclusively at the tip, and the portion of the hypha behind the extreme tip never elongates after it is once formed. This was determined by direct measure- ments in a series of fungi selected from widely separated and representative genera, and may be taken as a general rule applic- able to all, or at least to most, fungi. In alge, growth may be apical or may be intercalary; in filamentous bacteria it is inter- calary, each segment elongating for itself and at the same rate as the others, 48 I. Srpyt T. JEwson and F. Tarrersrienp. ‘The Infestation of Fungus Cultures by Mites.’’ Annals of Applied Biology, 1922. Vol. IX. pp. 213-240. Mites are a serious pest of fungus cultures. The species that most frequently occur are Aleurobius farine and Tyroglyphus longior, with an occasional infestation with Glyciphagus cadaverum. They can be controlled by exposing the cultures to the vapour of Pyridine, after which treatment the fungi can be sub-cultured safely. An exact description of the application of the method is given. (Commercial Pyridine is as effective as the pure material.) If these pests occur in laboratory apparatus, they can be eliminated by the application of strong ammonia. Ammonia and its vapour are very rapidly effective against mites, but they should not be allowed to come into contact with cultures of fungi for too long a period of time in too high a concentration. Pyridine is shown to have a slight toxic action to fungi, and to inhibit growth completely in certain concentrations which, how- ever, are not at all likely to be objectionable in practice, especially if the treated cultures are sub-cultured. A brief analysis of the toxic action of Pyridine on both mites and fungi is given. (a) In the case of mites, minute doses have so powerful a paralysing action as to render it probable that Pyridine is specific in its toxic effect to these pests. (b) In the case of fungi, the action of Pyridine upon the germination and growth of Aspergillus niger was closely studied. It is shown that up to about .25%, Pyridine has apparently very little toxic action and no feeding effect, but that above this con- centration the toxicity increases with great rapidity. It is shown, however, that the toxic action is one of inhibition of germination and that the neutralisation of the base up to 0.6%, the highest concentration tested (even though spores have been exposed to its action for three weeks), permits growth to take place rapidly. Pyridine acts chiefly as a poison through its basic properties but not by the change in the pH of the medium which ensues on its addition. WART DISEASE OF POTATOES. LI. WiriiaM B. Briertey. “Some Research Aspects of the Wart Disease Problem.’’ Report of International Potato Conference, London, 1921. The empiricism of present control methods is emphasised. The disease is a complex state depending upon the physiology and genetical constitutions of the host and the fungus, and this dual entity exists in relation to a changing environment. The several factors in this complex and their relation to the immunity or susceptibility of potato plants to wart disease, are discussed. The problems under investigation at Rothamsted—tuber quality of immunes and non-immunes, nature of immunity, germination and infection studies, soil sterilisation, ete.—are indicated, and other aspects of wart disease research suggested. 49 LIT. W. A. Roacu. ‘‘Studies in the Varietal Immunity of Potatoes to Wart Disease (SyNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICUM SCHILB., PeERc.).’’ Part I.—The Influence of the Foliage on the Tuber as shown by Grafting. Annals of Applied Biology, 1923. Vol. X.° pp. 142-146. Grafting experiments of a preliminary nature have been carried out to throw light on the functions of the various organs of the potato plant in rendering the tubers immune or susceptible to Wart Disease (Synchytriwm endobioticum Schilb., Perc.). Composite plants were built up by grafting in the following ways :— 3 plants of the type Immune | grafted on Immune 3) be - Susceptible _,, % 4 e ,, Immune - Susceptible 2 - bs Susceptible + The results indicate that the character of the foliage has no influence on the immunity or the susceptibility of tubers to Wart Disease. It follows that no compound synthetised in the leaves is likely to be responsible for separating potatoes into “‘immunes’’ and “‘susceptibles.’’ The investigation is being continued with the view of finding, if possible, the chemical differences corresponding with the biological differences between immune and susceptible varieties. TECHNICAL PAPERS. CROPS AND CROP PRODUCTION. LIII. E.J. Russert. ‘The Barley Crop. A Study in Modern Agricultural Chemistry.’’ Journal Inst. Brewing, 1922. Vol. XXVIII. pp. 697-717. Barley, like wheat, flourishes best in relatively dry conditions, and the map showing its distribution in England and Wales is much like an inversion of the rainfall map. In Norfolk it occupies no less than 15% of the land in cultivation and in other counties of low rainfall it occupies between 9% and 14%; in the wetter counties, however, it occupies much less. The yield is chiefly determined by the quantity of nitrogen supplied. When barley is grown year after year on the same ground at Rothamsted the yield steadily falls off for some reason which cannot yet be found. This falling off is less with farmyard manure than with artificial fertilisers. In ordinary farm practice there is no indication of falling yields, but rather the contrary; given adequate manuring, however, the yield is still limited by the season and the strength of the straw. It is often stated that the quality or malting value of the barley is inversely related to the nitrogen content of the grain, and where large differences are concerned this is generally true. But on any given farm it does not appear that the nitrogen content is much affected by the manuring so long as the conditions are not pro- foundly altered; the valuation also is not influenced in any regular way. D 50 High malting value seems to be associated with favourable conditions during the second part of the plant life when vigorous growth is followed by good ripening. These conditions almost necessitate a low nitrogen content since nitrogen assimilation occurs mainly in the early part of the plant life ; if there is vigorous growth afterwards it is mainly an accumulation of non-nitrogenous material. In these conditions, therefore, low nitrogen content would be related to malting value. But a low nitrogen percentage might equally result from a low nitrogen intake in the early life of the plant, and in this case there would be no necessary relationship with malting value. LIV. E. J. Russerr. ‘Report on the Experiments on the Influence of Soil, Season and Manuring on the Quality and Growth of Barley, 1922.’’ Journal Inst. Brewing, 1923. Vol. XXIX. pp. 624-654. Experiments have been made on a uniform plan on a number of farms known to grow barley well. The yields are given on p. 104, aus also are the percentages of nitrogen and the values assigned by the maltsters. As this is the first year of the experiments, no conclusions are drawn; the following results, however, were obtained :— Nitrogenous manure (sulphate of ammonia) produced its usual effect of increasing the yield by about 5 bush. for 1 ewt. sulphate of ammonia, excepting only in two or three readily explained cases. The valuation was usually unaltered, but in one case it was increased and in two cases reduced. Phosphates were ineffective at several centres on heavy soils where they would normally be expected to act. On the very light sand they apparently depressed the crop. We believe this to be a true effect attributable to the well-known action of phosphates in accelerating maturation. If this is confirmed by later observa- tions it will necessitate a modification in the manurial treatment of barley on light land. Contrary to our expectation in this bad season, potassic fertiliser was without effect on the valuation, although it had in several cases a marked effect in increasing yield. The indication of this season’s experiments are that a farmer can vary his manurial treatment within the limits of usual practice without influencing the maltsters’ valuation. The nitrogen content was usually related to maltsters’ valua- tions when the barleys from different farms were compared, but the relationship was much less marked (only about half) when the barleys from differently manured plots on the same farm were compared. This result agrees with that already recorded above. FERTILISERS. ORGANIC MANURES. LV. E. H. Ricuarps and G. C. Sawyer. ‘Further Experi- ments with Activated Sludge.’’ Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1922. Vol. XLI. pp. 62T-71T. If activated sludge is aerated for a_ short period in an ammoniacal solution there is no loss of nitrogen, any nitrogen not ad 51 found as ammonia or nitrate in the effluent being recovered in the sludge. There is considerable evidence that the extra nitrogen in activated sludge, over and above that found in the old type sludges, is derived from the ammonia of sewage. There is no evidence of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. “The numbers of protozoa in well-activated sludge approximate to 1,000,000 per gram of wet sludge. The cell content of these organisms alone may account for a large proportion of the extra nitrogen. There is complete correlation between the numbers of active protozoa and bacteria in activated sludge under varied conditions cf working. Observations made in working the experimental tank at Harpenden Sewage Works confirm the laboratory experiments designed to find the source of the extra nitrogen content of activated sludge compared with ordinary sewage sludges. They afford no evidence of: fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, but suggest that in addition to colloidal nitrogen, ammonia is removed from the sewage by physical or biological means, or both. The propor- tion of total nitrogen in the Harpenden sewage recovered in normal working by the activated sludge process is greater than in the older methods of sew age purification, vic., 15% compared with 10% by precipitation and 4% by septic tanks. With sewage of half the average strength and supplying twice the normal volume of air per gallon of sewage, the recovery of nitrogen was as high as 27% of the total nitrogen in the sewage. Field trials show that activated sludge has a high manurial value in marked contrast with the old type sewage sludges tested on the Rotham- sted farm in past years. LVI. H. J. Pack. ‘Green Manuring.’’ Journal of Ministry of Agriculture, 1922. Vol. XXIX. pp. 104-112; 240-248. Green manuring is discussed as a substitute for dung, the -supply of which is insufficient. Variation in type of soil, climate, system of cropping and the like, necessitates different systems of green manuring; similarly the maintenance of productive soils in good heart by green manuring is a problem distinct from that of building up the fertility of run-down or naturally infertile land. Thus such systems of green manuring as find applic ation in this country vary considerably from district to district. Although the beneficial effect of green manures, and of dung, depends on a variety of factors (which are discussed in detail), the prime function of either is to supply humic material to the soil. Artificials can fulfil most of the other functions of green manures or dung, but not this one. LVII. H. J. Pace. ‘Saving Expense by Green Manuring.’’ Modern Farming, 1923. Vol. VI. No. 9. In seeking to develop the use of green manuring as a substitute for dung, one of the greatest difficulties encountered is that of fitting the green crop into the rotation, without disturbing the latter. In practice this resolves itself into growing the green crop (i.) during the autumn and winter before roots, (ii.) in early autumn before winter corn. The first method finds application in potato districts (of which instances are quoted), but its feasibility as a preparation for mangolds or swedes is uncertain, and merits 5é trial. The second method is difficult to apply in many seasons, except at the end of a bare fallow, when mustard is often grown for turning in before winter corn. Various details of green manuring practice are described. LVIII. E. J. Russert. “The Possibility of Using Town Refuse as Manure.’’ Journal of Ministry of Agriculture, 1922. Vol. XXIX. pp: 685-691. Six types of refuse are sent from four towns :— 1.—‘Dry”’ refuse: the contents of refuse bins and ‘‘dry”’ ashpits. 2.—Separated dust: finely divided material separated mechan- ically from the dry refuse through a 3in. or 5/16in. sieve. 3.—‘‘Mixed’’ refuse: the contents of privy middens and ash closets. 4.—Night soil: the contents of pails containing crude fecal matter only; this is produced in towns where the pail system is used. When dried and granulated it contains some 54% nitrogen, 54% phosphates and 24% potash. 5.—Mixed night soil: i.e., dry refuse, plus night soil, or separated dust, plus night soil, mixed in certain proportions. A 50% mixture offered at Rochdale contains 2.9% nitrogen, 3.6% phosphates (half being soluble and half insoluble), and 1.2% potash. Market and slaughter-house refuse are sometimes mixed with de a) see ee is Ess Loves: Wheat : é _ 13-35 11 4 20. 6 ike je} 6 12 Oats + ; i ‘ L612 | 10 10 18 12 1464 A Vesey OE Barley . J : F 19 19 | 12 16 18: 1S 63 in ot Roots . : ; : 38 17 31 35 aves 17 13 Potatoes . . : 47 11 = 26 12 17 16 — Clover . ’ . ‘ iy Sei | 8 16 356 Grass: | Temporary hay Owies 8 13 4 13 Permanent hay ; 40) 6 | CasH BALANCE (+) or Dericit (—) PER AcrE. Oct. 1919-Sept..1920)Oct. 1920-Sept. 1921/%ct. 1921-Sept. 1922 £ s. £ s. ter Wheat ? 3 Fi f " + 5 5 og 2 4 12 Oats ; H F , ; ° +. 4 0 ae 8 S| 1 Barley 3 ‘< ¢ js | 5 =ay! 16 —=iGt* 15 Roots Z ; : ’ 5 , 17 9 — 13 12 Potatoes . ‘ * ‘ A . =i] 4 —29 15 — Clover. ; : 4 , d == 5 2 3 Grass: Permanent hay. P if +. 16 —1 14 | _— Temporary hay . , ; a ll } -- \, Protea) ; ! Total farming loss £410 £960 - 16 £308 - 11 ; ( (176 acres) ) (173 acres) | (140 acres) * As stated in the 1918-20 Report, the figures there given include the estimated value of unsold material. ‘(he saies are now complete and the final figures are given-here. + Carried on from 1921: see p. 56. From 1920 onwards the financial results are deplorable, and they show clearly why many of the arable farmers to-day are in their present position. 60 DETAILS OF PLOUGHING COSTS. Cost oF PLOUGHING ONE ACRE oF LAND. Horses. Tractor. 1921 1922 1921 | 1922 21 hours @ 98d.=17/-|\@ 7d. = 12/3 3 hours @ 4/—- = 12/- | @ 3/6 = 10/6 Ploughman: 13 days @ 8/5 = 12/7\@ 4/104d =7/3] Driver . 3 @ 1/28= 3/7 | @10d.= 2/6 Implements 2/-| 1/6] Implements 2/6 oie 31/7 21/- 18/1 | 15/- APPROXIMATE PARAFFIN AND OrL CONSUMPTION FOR PLOUGHING 3 FuRROWS. Titan Paraffin per acre. 2 to. Jogi aise: 34-42 gals. : average 24 average 41 Austin per hour: approx. 1 gal. 14 gals Oilsper aere, 720). 9.0:06 gals. 66 gals. Time to plough one acre about . 21 hrs. 3 hrs. The farm manager supplies the following notes on the tractors during the season 1921-22. Hours of facalins Oil ” Petrol Work. ahabove nates Consumed.” Consumed. Austin . 8355 | 8355 gals. 17 gals. lta Titan . 2478 | 3714, a ee Totals .|135% days} 1207 gals. 48 gals. 54 gals. * Calculated at average rates for Austin 1 gal. per wk., Titan 1 gal. per day. The consumption of paraffin per hour seems to be the most constant factor for purposes of calculating. The difference in the cost of various operations is brought about mainly by the width of the implement used and the speed maintained. The number of hours exclusive of threshing = 870 or about 109 working days, equivalent to 6,090 horse hours, 22 horses per annum. While a horse may put in 280 days’ work, a good deal of this is of a maintenance type and not strictly seasonal. The tractor hours probably represent the time put into the important work of the farm by 34 horses. Types of work done :— Ploughing Roller + harrow. Sub-soiling. Roller only. Cultivating. Cutting and binding. Drag + harrow. Overhauling at end of season :—— Parts . £3 11 8 (supplied free). Labour ot 10 0 Threshing. 61 WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL FARM. REPORT FOR 1922 sy Dr. J. A. VOELCKER. SEASON. Beginning with a warm, dry October 1921, autumn cultivation and sowing made good progress. The winter was marked by little rain and only occasional frosts; it was followed by a cold and sunless spring which retarded the growth of winter-sown crops, and by a very wet April which delayed the sowing of spring crops. The early part of May was cold and wet, the latter hot and dry, this continuing throughout June and making the obtaining of a good swede crop difficult. In July rainfall was excessive, and, from then to harvest, cold and wet weather, with absence of sunshine, prevented the proper ripening of corn crops, all being considerably damaged by rain. Mangolds, being put in early, were an excellent crop, as also Potatoes, but Swedes were almost an entire failure, and Hay, though a fairly large crop, was not of good quality. The rainfall for the season was 25.41 inches, there being 193 days on which rain fell. The rainfall was heaviest in July (4.02 ins.), and in April (3.89 ins.); in August and September, 2.07 ins. and 2.48 ins. of rain fell. FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1922. 1. Continuous Growing of Wheat (Stackyard Field), /6th Season. “Red Standard’’ wheat (10 pecks to the acre) was drilled on October 10th, 1921. Farmyard manure (plot 11B) was ploughed in on October 5th, Rape Dust (plot 10B) on October &th, and mineral manures given to the several plots at the time of drilling the wheat. The nitrogenous top-dressings were put on: May 17th and June 17th, 1922. The wheat crop was cut on August 11th, stacked August 29th, and threshed on December 22nd. The results are given on page 62, The crop results were very similar to those of 1920. The main features shown are: — The unmanured produce averaged 8.5 bushels of corn with 7 ewt. of straw per acre; farm- yard manure gave only 2 bushels more per acre, Rape Dust doing 62 Continuous Growing of Wheat, 1922 (46th Season). (Wheat grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied every year.) Stackyard Field—Produce per acre. SSS Head Corn Tail | | ied eae Plot. Manures per acre. hie Weight = chat bushels. | yoshe1, | 2 “if lb. lb. cwt.q. lb 1 | Unmanured : : : ; 8.9 59:7 SieShle too Oana 2a | Sulphate of ammonia (=25 lb. am- monia) . ule a <4 60 = 1 2 24 2aa | As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Jan., 1905, | repeated 1909, 1910 and 1911 ‘ 8.8 60" |) 12:1) 9B Sakaag 2b As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec., 1897 . 10 60- 2 Ohh 2bb | As 2b, with 2 tons lime (repeated), ec 9.4 60 63| eee 3a | Nitrate of soda (=501b.ammonia) .| 13.8 580 18 12) 2540 3b | Nitrate of soda(=251lb. ammonia) .{ 13.4 | 59.7 | 10] 11 112 4 Mineral manures (superphosphate, 3 | cwt.; sulphate of potash, 4 cwt.) nay: 60 6] OGRE 5a | Mineral manures and sulphate of am- | | monia (=25 lb. ammonia) . : 14 1 61 a ee ce 5b | As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Jan., 1905. iM aP all Wwe | 8 16s SPue 6 | Mineral manures and nitrate of soda | | | (=25 lb. ammonia) : ; : 14.0 60.2 8)" shee 7 Unmanured . : : : 8.1 60.7 =) 4 we Gea 8a | Mineral manures and (in alternate | | years) sulphate of ammonia (=50 | lb. ammonia) F 4.8 60 36. | 7 2524 8aa | As 8a, with 10 cwt. lime. Jan , 1905. | | repeated Jan., 1918 : -t. J989) 60 [AQ] Ossie 8b | Mineral manures, sulphate of am- | ) monia (=50 lb. ammonia) omitted | (in alternate years) , Bas 60 | =o) ae 2s 8bb | As 8b, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan., 1905, | repeated Jan., 1918 : 9:9 1 60 16)" 11=°0 +0 0a Mineral manures and (in alternate | | years) nitrate of soda ( =50 lb. ammonia). , , Lio 59. 2a .4- | ae, ie 9b | Mineral manures, nitrate of soda ! (=50 lb. ammonia) omitted (in | alternate years) . 8.0 61.2 6 1) “OF eae 10a | Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate of soda | (=25 lb. ammonia) : j 18.3 60 12 | Le OO 10b | Rapedust(=25 lb. ammonia) . NSE) 61 8) elt SOE lla | Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., nitrate of soda (=25lb.ammonia) ; 11.8 60 Si! aes ie 11b | Farmyard manure (=100 |b. am- ea a ae 597° | 8 | sia aaa SS better (5 bushels increase); the highest crop was 18.3 bushels of corn per acre from superphosphate and nitrate of soda, the next best, 16.7 bushels, being irom minerals and sulphate of ammonia, with lime. Apparently the 10 cwt. per acre of lime applied last in 1918 to plots 8aa, 8bb, was nearly worked out, but the 1 ton per acre (plot 5b) continued to show an influence, as did, to a slight extent still, the 2 tons (plot 2b) given as far back as 1897. 63 2. Continuous Growing of Barley (Stackyard Field), 4Gih Season. Owing to the wet state of the land it was not possible to drill the bariey until April 18th, 1922, when ‘‘Plumage Archer’’ (10 pecks per acre), was sown, the mineral manures going on at the same time. Farmyard manure had been previously (March 13th) ploughed in on plot 11B, and Rape Dust (plot 10B) applied on April 12th. The nitrogenous top-dressings were given on June 17th and July 3rd. The barley, despite an unfavourable season, grew better than usual; this may in no small measure be due to selected seed being used; indeed, the variety (‘‘Plumage Archer’’) proved, over the farm generally, to answer considerably better than the other varieties, ‘‘Bevan’s Archer’’ and ‘‘Chevalier,’’ also grown. The newly-limed piots (3aa and 3bb, limed January, 1921,) seemed, from the outset, to be better than the unlimed. The crop was cut on September 11th, stacked October 11th, and threshed on December 21st. The results are given on page 64. The crop was the highest recorded since 1917, the unmanured produce being 13.5 bushels of corn and 94 ewt. of straw per acre. The highest yield was 38.3 bushels of corn per acre, with farmyard manure; the next highest, 33.8 bushels, with minerals and nitrate of soda. Unlike with wheat, rape dust gave but a poor crop. As in previous years, the use of potash (plot lla) seemed to benefit the barley more than that of phosphate. The most striking ‘results, however, are those showing the influence of lime. Not only have there been notable increases in plots 2B, 2BB, 5AA, 5B, 8AA, and 8BB, as compared with the corresponding unlimed plots, but, where lime was put on plots previously treated for many years with nitrate of soda, there was a marked restoration of the yield, though the lime had only gone on the year previous. It would appear from this that not only where sulphate of ammonia is used continually is lime a necessity, but that lime will also tell where nitrate of soda has been similarly used. It should be mentioned that some of the barley area was ” attacked by ‘‘gout-fly,’’ and this was investigated on the spot by Mr. Frew, of the Entomological Department. The plots least affected were the ones most highly manured, 64 Continuous Growing of Barley, 1922 (46th Season). (Barley grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied Plot | 10a 10b ila 11b every year.) Stackyard Field—Produce per acre. } Superphosphate 3 cwt., sulphate of potash 2 ewt, Head Corn ie — Straw Manures per acre 7. Weight 4 chat, bushels beehel > lb. 1b. |ewt. qr. lb. Unmanured 149 49.5 19 LON Sets Sulphate of ammonia a (= 25 1b. am- monia) 4.9! *| 54 << 2) yaelz | As 2a, with 5 ewt hia, Mar., 1905, repeated 1909. 1910, and 1912 6.3 56 = a Peltes As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec., 1897, repeated 1912 : j : 23.6 48.2 40° \° iS esOne As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec., 1897, | repeated Mar., 1905 . : 24.0 48.2 40 LO Mesias Nitrate of soda (=50 lb. ammonia) 11.4 51 28 6 312 As 3a, with 2 tons lime, Jan., 1921 3\0) ise 32 16) Opes Nitrate of soda (= 25 lb. ammonia) L730, || SAS 32 Sia ee As 3b, with 2 tons lime, Jan., 1921 BLA Im AGS hee 10 0-16 Mineral manures! : 18.0 49.7 24 10-3) 26 As 4a, with 1 ton lime, 1915 : 19.3 49.7 30 Ll ts Mineral manures and sulphate of ammonia (= 25 lb. ammonia) 13.6 50 24 oO stas As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Mar. 1905, repeated 1916 28.8 5 /mean |e 14 ite As 5a, with 2 tons lime, Dec. 1897, repeated 1912 : 26 9 48.4 142 borers Mineral manures and nitrate of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) 300 48.5 | 46.) “W620589 Unmanured F é 12.6 48.7 20 8 2 le Mineral manures and (in alternate years) sulphate of ammonia ! (=50 lb. ammonia) : ; 3 2.0 50 = Oo” See As 8a, with 2 tons lime, Dec., 1897, | repeated 1912 : é ; 26 2 48.7 | 56 16 3 16 Mineral manures, sulphate of am- monia (=50 lb. ammonia) omitted (in alternate years) : 4 ih} 50 | = 14 OR 80 As 8b, with 2 tons lime, Dec., 1897, | repeated 1912 ; : L727 D055) | 2a 12.3240 | Mineral manures and (in alternate veats) nitrate of soda (=50 lb. | ammonia) : : : 33:8 47.3 | 96) \- tO pee Mineral manures, nitrate of soda | ' (=50 lb. ammonia) omitted (in | alternate years) - : : 27.3 48, Deel Oa ok amlemetes Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate of soda / (=25 lb. ammonia) , 25.1 47 | 46! 14 1 26 Rape dust (=25 lb. ammonia) . 10.8 49 | 26 Te & Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., nitrate of | soda (=25lb.ammonia) . : 29.1 49 -| 44] 17 3 24 Farmyard manure (=100 lb. am- . monia) 35/3° || "40,6° [va |) 1okigea 9 ol lt WIA Care ak HS 3. Rotation Experiments. Tue UNEXHAUSTED MANURIAL VALUE OF CAKE AND CORN (Stackyard Field). (a) Series C, 1922. Swepes. The previous rotation being concluded with wheat (1921) following red clover, swedes were put in as the first crop of the new rotation. The drought towards the end of May and through- out June made the swede crop very uncertain ; the seed was drilled on June 18th, mineral manures (superphosphate 3 cwt., sulphate of potash 1 cwt., per acre) being applied shortly before (May 26th). A plant was, with difficulty, obtained, and a small crop, though uniform over the area, was grown. A top-dressing of 1 cwt. per acre nitrate of soda was given after singling. The crop was, later on, fed off with sheep, one half with cake, the other half with corn. (b) Series D, 1922. Barvey after SwWEDEs. The swede crop of 1921 being too small to feed off on the land, it was removed, and barley (‘‘Beaven’s Archer’’) drilled on April llth, superphosphate 2 cwt. per acre and sulphate of potash 1 cwt. per acre having been applied April 7th. 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia per acre was given later as a top-dressing. Red clover was sown in the barley on May 22nd. The barley was only a moderate crop and was cut on September 30th. It took a long time to cart, owing to bad weather, but was ultimately stacked October 11th, and was threshed December 16th. The results follow. Rotation Experiment—the Unexhausted Manurial Value of Cake and Corn. Series D (STACKYARD FIELD), 1922—Barley after Swedes (carted off). Head corn Tail | a corn Straw Plot SS SS Ss — chaff, | Weight | etc. | Bushels. per Weight. 4 AP | Bushel. ax ae, [been mb cwt. ar. Ib. 1 Corn-fed Plot . £ ‘ 2S erro le) PZ Ono, 2 2 | Cake-fed Plot . | 20.3 Oe tee ee same | The yield was poor, and not equal to the manured plots of the continuous barley series in the same field, where, however, “Plumage Archer’’ had been grown as against ‘‘Beaven’s Archer”’ here. Moreover, the yield after feeding of corn was somewhat above that after feeding of cake. 4. Green Manuring Experiments, 1922. (a) STACKYARD FIELD. Series A. After the growing of gréen crops (tares and mustard) in 1921 it was decided to make a change in these plots, the whole area of 4 acres being divided into an upper and a lower half, and a re- arrangement made by which, while the alternation of green crop and corn crop was kept up, there should be every year one half in E 66 green crop and the other half in corn. Further, it was decided to limit future enquiry to the two green crops, tares and mustard, both in this field and in Lansome Field, and to omit the third crop, rape. Accordingly, after the green crops of 1921 had been fed off by sheep, wheat was sown over the lower 2 acres, and green crops again on the upper 2 acres. Wheat (‘‘Red Standard’’) was drilled on October 12th, and winter tares on 1 acre on October 12th. Mustard followed on the remaining 1 acre on May 27th, 1922. It was very noticeable that the tares were markedly better on that part of the land where in earlier years (since 1911) rape had been grown, than where tares followed tares; a like difference was seen on the lower half with the wheat crop, this being better on the strip that had carried rape than where tares had been the crop. This would seem to open a question as to whether the repetition of the tares crop had not had an injurious effect. The wheat, following green crops fed on, made little progress, and was a very disappointing crop. It was cut on August 24th, stacked, and threshed December 22nd. The results follow. Green Manuring Experiment (STACKYARD FIELD). Produce of Wheat per acre, 1922—after Green Crops. Series A. | Tail | Head Corn Sock = ae é Straw Plot Weight | Chaff. Bushels. per | Weight | a Bushei. | ese he | : ms |. ae —|- lb. Ib owt qv. |b. if After Tares fed off . ; : 6.9 60 5 "Sate Oana 2 After Mustard fed off : A hes) 58.6 6 | eee bas These poor results are quite unaccountable, especially when it is remembered that on land only a few yards off in the same field the unmanured yield after 46 years was higher than here. More- over, not only had very fair green crops been grown in 1921, but these had been fed off by sheep which had 14 ewts. of cotton cake per acre as well. This opens up a whole series of problems in relation to green manuring, and which call for careful investiga- tion. The tares on the upper half grew well, were fed off by sheep, in July, 1922, receiving * cwt. cotton cake per acre, and then a second crop of tares was grown, this being similarly fed off along with cake in October. Mustard, sown on May 27th, was fed off with cotton cake, a second crop then grown and this likewise fed off. (b) LAaNSOME FIELD. Green crops of tares and mustard had been grown on the old plots of this experiment in the summer of 1921, and were ploughed in towards the end of July. The area was then extended by the addition of 3 more 4-acre plots, one of tares, one of mustard, and the third left as a control plot. To all the plots alike (now 5 in 67 number) basic slag at the rate of 5 ewt. per acre, and sulphate of potash | cwt. per acre, were given on October 14th, 1921, and tares and mustard again sown. These did not come to much, and so the land was cleaned and green crops again put in on June 28th, 1922, when they grew much better; the mustard was ploughed in August 28th and the tares October 16th, wheat then being drilled over the whole area. 5. Malting Barley Experiments. Experiments were carried out, in conjunction with Rothamsted and other centres, on the influence on yield and quality produced with barley by different manures and combinations of these. The variety of barley supplied was ‘‘Plumage Archer.’’ (a) WaRREN FIELD. . The field selected at Woburn was the heaviest one on the farm, the soil being a fairly heavy sandy loam, just on the junction of the Lower Greensand and Oxford Clay formations. | Previously the land had grown a crop of mangolds which had had 8 tons per acre of farmyard manure. Five plots of 4-acre each were marked out, and barley—at the rate of 10 pecks per acre—was drilled on April 19th, 1922. | Mineral manures were applied at the time of sowing the seed, in accordance with the plan given below, the nitrogenous top-dressings being applied later, viz., on June 20th. The crops grew well and showed but small differences until nearing harvest, when, owing to the unfavourable weather, they got somewhat ‘“‘laid,’’ and ripening was much retarded. Plot 2 (complete artificials) was the least ‘‘laid,’’ and plots 3 (no nitrogen) and 4 (no potash) were rather before the others in ripening. The crops were cut September 9th, 1922, and _ threshed January 24th, 1923. The results are given in the following table :- Malting Barley Experiments (WARREN PreL_p), /922. Produce of Barley per acre, after Mangolds (manured). | | - | Tail Head Corn es ‘ Lee oe | Straw, Plot Manures per acre Weight | | Ss Bushels per Weight | : Bushel | Ib. 4 Ib. | cwt.q. Ib. 1 No manure ‘ : ; : «| 4259 49.9 54 28 318 Superpbosphate 3 cwt. ) 2 pour Sul/Potash }cwt. || 44.7 | 48.9 | 65 | 26 3 0 Artiicials §( Sul/Ammonia 1 cwt. } | | { Superphosphate 3 cwt. ) ¢ leh 5 } - ; mit | a¢ oe 5 ea | Sulphate of Potash 13 cwt. i ae PS Superphosphate 3 cwt. | ; 9 29 0 4 Sulphateof Ammonialcwt. ° j aes oA ae 3 Sulphate of Potash 13 cwt. | ; ge : 49.1 50°) -2GF Oise : { Sulphate of Ammonia | cwt. ad 2 The differences between the plots were but small, and, the un- manured produce itself reaching 424 bushels per acre, showed that the land was a good deal richer than had been expected, and that it really needed no more manuring. (b) Great HI. Simultaneously with the foregoing, an experiment on an adjoining field of light sandy soil, but entirely on the Lower Greensand formation, was carried out. A light crop of swedes had been fed on this land by sheep, receiving also a little cotton cake. It was desired to see whether mineral superphosphate given in addition proved an advantage to the following barley crop. Two plots of 4-acre were marked out, and to one of them super- phosphate at the rate of 3 cwt. per acre was given previous to the drilling of barley (‘‘Plumage Archer’’) on April 25th. The crop was cut on September 16th, 1922, and threshed on January 24th, 1923. The results were :— Malting Barley Experiments (GREAT Hitt), 1922. Produce of Barley per acre, after Swedes fed off by Sheep. . | Tail | Head Corn Gain s Straw, Plot Manures | Weight | he | Bushels per Weight t bushel | ; | lb. lb. | cwt. q. |b, 1 With Superphosphate . aN SHHS) op ker) 99°. Do" aaie 2 Without Superphosphate Ape stew aie 69 | cases ie On this lighter soil the crop was lower than on Warren Field, but was by no means a bad one for the land. The straw, however, was much shorter, and only about half the yield of Warren Field. The addition of superphosphate did not appear to have increased the yield either of corn or of straw. 7. Experiments with Potassic Fertilisers (Sulphate and Muriate) on Potatoes. In 1922, experiments were carried out at Woburn, in common with other centres, for the purpose of testing the respective in- fluence of sulphate of potash and muriate of potash, on the yield, quality, etc., of potatoes. The field selected at Woburn was Lansome Field, and the variety ‘‘Kerr’s Pink,’’ the seed having been obtained direct from Perthshire. The soil is a light sandy loam, very suitable for the growth of potatoes. Spraying with Bouillie Bordelaise was carried out on September Ist and 2nd, and a second time on September 20th, though there was but little appearance of disease. It was noticed during growth that the plots treated with muriate of potash were lighter in colour than those with sulphate of potash, and also that the tops were bigger where no farmyard manure had been given. The lifting of the crop began on November 15th when the crops were weighed, and the returns are shown on page 69. In this table the weights are recorded as taken when the crop was lifted, whereas the separation into ‘‘ware,’’ ‘‘seed,’’ and ‘“‘diseased’’ was not made until several months later when the potatoes were actually sold. Owing to difficulties in disposing of 69 Experiments with Potassic Fertilisers on Potatoes (LansomeE Frevp), 1922. Produce per acre. Kerr's Pink Plot. Manuring per acre. Weight per acre. Series A with Farmyard Manure 12 tons. T. c. gq. Ib 1 | Superphosphate 4 cwt. edz 2 0 0 : + 13 cwt. Sulph. Potash - 3 (Sulph. Ammonia 13 cwt. |e = 56) ome 0 2 | (Superphosphate 4 cwt. ieliSia = ih 0 16 | + equivalent in 4 (Selph Ammonia 14 cwt. Muriate of Potash) | 12 ] 3) 16 Series B without Farmyard Manure. 5 | (Superphosphate 6 cwt. als} 8 2a + 12 cwt. Sulph. Potash ;| 7 |\Sulph. Ammonia 2cwt. ) 6 ( Superphosphate 6 cwt. eles se lics 0 12 7) + equivalent in r 8 (Sulph. Ammonia 2 cwt. Muriate of Potash)| 13 19 Te erlee the crop, the actual removal from the heaps and sale only began in the middle of March, 1922, and continued till the close of May. Hence a division of the crop into the three sections would give no fair comparison, as the shrinkage in weight owing to storage, sprouting, etc., would vary with the time of keeping. It may, however, be said that there was, on the average, no difference between sulphate of potash and muriate of potash either in respect of ‘‘seed’’—which worked out at 7%—or of ‘‘diseased’”’ —which did not exceed 1%. The duplicates, with the exception of plots 2 and 4, agreed very fairly. Muriate of potash gave, on the average, 10 cwt. per acre more yield than did the same amount of potash as sulphate. Also the yield was 1 ton per acre more where, in place of farmyard manure, additional superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia were used. The crop all round was a splendid one; it gave but few diseased tubers, and, after being pitted, it kept well throughout the winter and right on to May, 1923. POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 1922. Though the transference to Cambridge of the work hitherto done at Woburn under the terms of the Hills’ bequest, brought to an end my official connection with this, yet the experience I had derived during a period of 25 years, and the interest I felt in the methods of enquiry pursued, determined me to carry on the ex- periments so far as I found this possible. Similarly, the many enquiries that had been initiated and were still in progress in connection with the Woburn field experiments rendered it desirable that these, too, should be continued. This I have succeeded in doing, and the present is an account of the work carried on in 1921-22. 70 I. The Hills’ Experiments. These—if | may be allowed still to apply the term to them—- embraced in 1922 :— (a) The action of compounds of Lead on wheat. (b) The action of Chromium compounds on wheat. (a) Leap Compounbs. In previous work in 1912 (Journal R.A.S.E., 1912, pp. 324-5) it was found that lead salts, when present to the extent of .03% of lead in the soil, exerted no harmful influence in the case of the phosphate, nitrate or carbonate. In 1914 (Journal R.A.S.E., 1914, pp. 312-3) the same salts, but in higher amount (up to .10% of lead), and with the sulphate and chloride additionally tried, similarly failed to show any injurious effect. The subject was then left for a time, but I returned to it now, taking still higher amounts of the metal and using the following compounds of lead, the oxide (litharge), carbonate, sulphate and chloride. The quan- tities now employed were respectively .25%, .50% and 1% of the metal. The salts were mixed with the whole of the soil in each pot, and each experiment was, as usual, in duplicate, the soil being that from Stackyard Field. Wheat was sown on December 20th, 1921, and nothing was noticeable with regard to germination except in the case of the lead chloride sets. In these .25% slightly retarded germination, .50% still more so, and 1% very markedly. The full number of plants did not come up in any of these. The only differences between the crops, and only signs of any toxic influence were with the chloride; with this, .25% did not appear to do any harm, but with .50% there were only one or twa weakly plants left, while with 1% the few plants that came up at first died away entirely. Plate I. shows the appearances very clearly, and the compara- tive weights in the case of the chloride are given below. Lead Chloride upon Wheat, 1922. Treatment | Corn | Straw Untreated . : ' ; | 100 1 1G Lead Chloride. . |.25% Lead 136.3 | 116.1 Lead Chloride : ; f 50% Lead = = Lead Chloride , ' , 1% Lead — | ~s From this experiment it would result that lead present as chloride in a soil will produce a toxic effect as soon as the quantity exceeds .25% of lead, but that in the forms of the oxide, carbonate and sulphate, no harmful influence is exercised up to 1% of lead. (b) CHromium CoMPpouNnDs ON WHEAT. 1.—The experiments of 1920 and 1921 with chromate and bi- chromate of potash were continued for a third year, the same pots without alteration or addition being used again for a third corn crop which was sown on October 27th, 1921. By way of recapitulation, it may be said that in the first year ™ 3) ‘apuoyyD se pee if ‘yuao aad | (8) Sapopyo se pvay yuso sad Qc, (f/) : eplo[yD se pea] “jue tad ¢z. (2) ‘ayeydyus sv pea] ‘yuaeo aad | (p) : ayeuoqied se pea] “}u90 sad | (9) !aprxo sev pray yua0 sed | (9g) | payeasjuy) (”) ‘726 ‘LVAHM NOdN SANNOdUWNOD AVATI—I ALVI d a a cual 72 .025%, .01% and .0059 of chromium were shown to be fatal to barley, whether chromate or bichromate was used, and that in the second year only the .025% prov ed still harmful to wheat, any injurious effect from a1, and .005% having passed off. Now in the third year, wheat being again ean, the .025% also lost its ill effect, and exercised, as did the lower amounts, a_ slightly stimulating influence. 2.—The fresh experiments started in 192] with chromate and bichromate of potash, and also with chromic acid, were continued in 1922 with a second wheat crop. In 1921 it had been found that .005% of chromium was not a safe amount to use, whether as chromate or bichromate of potash or as chromic acid, but that smaller amounts of .0025% and .001% exercised a decidedly stimulating influence. On continuing, without further additions, for a second wheat crop in 1922, the results showed that a marked increase of crop was obtained from the .005% application (which the year before had been destructive), and a like, but decreasing, benefit from the smaller applications. Putting together the results of 1 and 2 as here described, the general conclusion is reached that, while .005% of chromium is not a safe amount to have in a soil for the first year of growth of _a corn crop, smaller quantities will not prove harmful, but rather stimulating, and that .0059, and even .01%, will lose its injurious effect in a second year, and .025% in a third year, a stimulating influence taking then the place of a previously harmful one. The changes shown in the first 2 years may be illustrated by the accompanying curves obtained with potassium bichromate. Il. The Relative Effects of Lime and Chalk, 1922. This experiment, a duplicate, in pot-culture, of the field experi- ment in Stackyard Fieid (Series B) started in 1919, was continued for a fourth year, no further additions being given, and wheat being sown again on October 26th, 1921. Lime, it may be recalled, was given at the rates of 10 cwt., 1 ton, 2 tons, 3 tons, and 4 tons per acre respectively, and chalk to supply the same amounts of lime (CaO). The results obtained were very similar to those of 1920, and in the following table the figures for the 4 years are collected. Lime and Chalk upon Wheat. c QO? y ? 1919 1920 1921 1922 Average of 4+ Years —— ie = | = Treatment | Barley Wheat Wheat Wheat Corn Straw 1 Core ‘Straw || Corn Straw Corn |Straw| Corn |Straw | ait a : No Lime. 4 - ‘ 100 100 100 | 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Lime (CaO) 10 cwt. per acre | 120 116 117. | 107 128 108 98 | 113 116 111 Pen. . hee 96.8 108 | 98.5| 98 | 102 From this it would appear to be clearly established that calcium silicate is a far from inactive form of lime, and that this may have a bearing upon the experiments recorded under II. in this section, as regards the relative efficiency of lime and chalk. 7g ‘d 9as ez oun Zz oun[ ¢z ounf 6h TL any | ZI ‘sny Granny | te, ‘ez Gem tc, Se deel Jeyory aseunjtq | °" Aapieg 1g dees] 7Zg ‘9eq | CT AON cP TZ LZ awl ee ve ace aqO[) MO[[AA WUUIMOZIIG | *** splosuryy | * | | gg pur |Z4g°ddees| or ‘8ny | Or ‘sny | gz Ain{ | 02 ¢ ‘AON | 072, ‘§ “AON “ prepurys poy | yeau A | eon as 11 ‘sny | 11 -3ny | o¢ A[nf | tz, ‘tz °qeq | 1Z, ‘61 99a Joyory aseunjg | Aajieg ) Ovsyon es Zl ‘sny | ZT ‘sny psny | 1Z. ‘6 JEW | TZ. 6 JFIN Jayory oseunyd Aapieg cg ‘daas | OT ‘sny 6 'sny | Zz Am[ | 0z, ‘SG “AON | OZ, ‘b AON “ prlepurys pay yeay MA ems “ 11/(¢ “AON | O€ “390 e IZ. ‘€1 ady | 12, ‘zt “adv ee cae Mime nr crc jazem suoas.t] LOT “390 | 92 “3deS se Len SUL 20 vale, 8) acy yarq9 uesty J l'ysnq ¢.c¢| ZI “sny | zi sny | ¢€ ‘sny |Z. ‘O€ JPN | IZ, ‘IT “JW Joyory asvunytq | ** Aare 'ysnqz.o¢] + 8ny | + Sny | 2z Ajnf{ | 02, ‘6 “AON | 07, ‘9 “AON ““pIepUueIS poy | °” yea M ‘-ysnqzz| ¢€‘3ny | z‘3ny | oz Aint | oz. ‘0z 90 | 02, ‘ST 290 "* prepueys pay |“ yeau AN ‘ Yoo ESE (6 ‘sny |} 9 Bny | o¢ Atnf | 02, ‘€Z 390 | 02, ‘12 “0 “+ wOdy ee a yeouM | "** prepueys pa “ysnq Z.0¢| P i : ee .Q Ay ak tone at To ws JOTPA tu ele (6 sny |} 9 ‘8ny | gz inf | 0z. ‘11 AON | 02, ‘6 ‘AON + paepueis pay } yay MA ‘ymoe.Te | cr eunf{ | cr eunf | 6 ounf | 0z, ‘9z ‘ady | 0z, ‘92 -1dy "pay peoig | °" JIAOTD te : ‘ Save Jayo1y eseun “iste Aglare ysnqeg | ¢ 8ny | ¢8ny | oz Ainf | tz, ‘+1 2eW | Iz. ‘+1 3eIN sabia teagoek cone ee pees ‘qsnqZ.1b} $z Stnf | ¢z Aqnf | ct 4qnf | 0c. ‘b1 390] 02. ‘6 "90 gajutmy Aer |" sivO "¥M90.LT 1 Auf | o¢ eunf{ | gzaunf | gt, ‘or ‘ady| gt, ‘gs ady ase *-oanzxifa, |(IA pag) Ao sse14y }-yog.1z| ¢z ounf | 12 eunf | ey ounf | oz, ‘Zz “Ady | 0z,'9¢ “adv "poy peoig |’ JBAOTD \‘ysng pp | €z 4inf | 12 Ataf | pt Atnf | 02, ‘6 390] 02, ‘9 0 “+ goqutMA Aoi | °° 16) ; aeiieee ‘peystuyg | “ueseq ei! ‘peusiay ae “SJaue A, ‘doa9 PLACES ung UIMOS UIMOS sunieg | s8unies ‘(IZ6E 3S9AIBH) ONTILLSAAUVH GNV DNIMOS AO key ainyseg qed iat Piety yearn “* [apsy preyuseg See eee sooyy sooyH 29[}1'] y[eqpeorg ydmes ete preA¥9e1S “* pueleaz MON uspuadiepyy yeer4y }SOM at ysea ‘SOOP{ su07yT “* prayureg sayy wae SOM “e e+. seo ‘si9}SO4q = youy ef] ysoM jseo ‘Jouy yeor1y 78 cA ee A720) eae or Apnf 6 L Ajnf OL x zt Ayn foes sae 6 “AON Sue 97 3das lesan" ghoz:ideg O6in €z ydas 9g ‘dass | gz 3das ens ee 6 ‘idas “ysnq $1) ‘ysnq $z | gf 1das “ysnq €¢ €. 190 ysng 8Z | 97 "3das suo} #47 | pT “AON 86 pue $6 'ddaas | OZ +190)! | suo} f6T | zz “AON rysnq €€ | o¢ ydag "ysnq 8b | g1 ‘Sny | ‘MO ZT =| ZZ oun ‘ysnq oT | £ “3idag ‘MOTT | €z oun peyreo ‘ysnq gf | [z‘3dag ‘aaoy ted} ‘paystug PIAA | BunaeD 90 PO ‘ydas ‘any ounf 9g ydas oz oun{ jou LT ydasg ‘uvdaq suyaed 9 9 3das l ¢ "~O gz aunt @ oun 1z eunf ee see ‘ydas das “sny ¢ ‘sny ‘Bny ¢ ‘dag b “ydas pc sny £1 aun 6 ounf ‘Sny “uesaq sunjng Le eo aay: zz, ‘1 Ae IZ. ‘62 “°O ZZ, ‘81 AN ZZ. ‘St “ARN IZ, ‘82 390 Iz .§ ‘oad tz. ‘87 “IRIN 1Z,‘Il ‘AON 7Z. ‘9c Ae 02. ‘9c ‘Ady IZ. ‘92 "PO | 81, ‘OL ‘Ady 07, ‘22 sady IZ. ‘92° RO ‘poystuy BuImos 1Z.'61T ‘3das | bine te ady Zz, ‘tT AeW 17. ‘62 “PO cc. ‘81 12 Z, ‘SC ‘JIN Ian 82, 20 ‘ZT ydas Le IZ. ‘81 ‘PO Zz, ‘St IRIN TZ, ‘OT ‘AON 7. ‘61 Ae 0z. ‘97 ‘ady IZ. ‘2 90 8, ‘8 ‘ady 02, ‘97 ‘ady 12. be 10 ‘uesaq surmos 1Z.'bz ‘das | oe doig pUuz ) doi 3st) PI aqo] MOPAR TuUurMeazi1g - Prepueys pow Jayoiy esewunyq Jayo1y sseunyq ~~ prepuris poy sveQ jtazutr A, Aery Soya A JOIUTAA =) prepurys Pea Jeyory aseuntq “" paepurys pez yoreuojy s,jSin py yulg §,10y 9qO[*4) MOTO AIUUTIMOIZIA YT Jayory osewny[g Jaquray sain wee tee tee Pet “ prepueys pew oe " prepuris pay PeXTIN tee sae wee pew paepuris pay see see Avy coe " IOAO[D xf spjosuey On an Aayreg } Aagjaeg tal Tal\ a PoXtW SyeQ | Pu sayo}aA |} FEST AN Aagpieg yea AA sapams “** $90}8]0g me spjosury Agpieg s1eo IIAO[D you MA ay MM (as Uip) Aa] sseary, IaAo[D yeOUM wee tae “Ajaie A ‘doig (Z26I 389AIVH) ONILLSAAUVH GNV ONIMOS AO SALVA “Wau AA a wae oa wee ese yak Plata weary on see wee 1epsy pleyused soo sooH apa] y[eqpeorg “+ s1aAMBSG yidmes preAy¥oR}S puryeaz wen 3s uapuedir yy yearn 1saM as =e ysea ‘sOOoP]T Suo’'T be “+ pjeyureg 3saA, ySoM Le ys¥a ‘S 1a}sOy youy ayy ISOM ie jsva ‘}JOUy yeaIDH In the tables, total straw includes straw, cavings and chaff. 79 CROP YIELDS ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS Nores.—In each case the year refers to the harvest, e.g., Wheat harvested in 1921. In previous reports the figures for total straw only have been given. CONVERSION TABLE 1 acre 48 “5p | 1 bushel (Imperial) | 11b.(pound avoirdupois) ) 0°404 Hectare 0°346 Hectolitre 0°453 Kilogramme ... (36'346 litres) 1 cwt. (hundredweight)=! 508 Kilogrammes : 3 (100°0 Wilogrammes | =| eee eral... W206 lb. ... Smee 12. | |1 bushel per acre... =| 09 Hectolitre per Hectare ... | 2 lb. per acre = 1°12 Kilogramme per Hectare ... | _1 cwt. per acre =| 125°60 Wilogrammes per Hectare or 1°256 metric Qui ntals per Hectare | 01 0°963 Feddan. 84 Ardeb. 1°009 Rotls. {113 iO Rots: bal |1°366 Maunds 0°191 Ardeb per Feddan. 1°049 Rotis per Feddan. 117°4 Rotls per Feddan. | In America the Winchester bushel is used — 35'236 litres. 1 English bushel = 1032 American bushels. CROPS GROWN IN ROTATION. AGDELL FIELD. PRODUCE PER ACRE. M. O. | Cc. | Complete Unmeneeee I Mineral Mineral and | ea"|| Manure. Nitrogenous | 1 Manure. Year. CROE = |e : — ak 6. | Sip 4. as yA Clover || Clover | Clover Fallow. or |Fallow. or Fallow or | Beans. | Beans. | Beans. | AVERAGE OF THE FIRST EIGHTEEN COURSES, 1848-1919. Roots (Swedes) cwt.* 33°4 | tS welu6. 4 191°3 | 360°7 317°4 Barley— Dressed Grain bush. Des} 21°9 24°4 24°4 334 37,5 Mota strawecs. oGwit. 14:1 14°0 3 16°00 We 202 22°9 Beans— Dressed Grain bush. oat = Nee — 22°3 Total Straw :.. cwt. — 9:2 —— Sie 11533 Clover Hay cwt. = 30°7 =F 586 = 60°2 | Wheat— | Dressed Grain bush. , 24°6 223-77 1) 29°0 SC 4 We Stel 316 Total Straw. Cewt.)|23'9: | ZINE 291 | 30:3. || 318 | 30°7 PRESENT COURSE (19th), 1920-22. 1920 | Roots (Swedes) ... cwt. | 20°5 Fal H63°9 | 270°0 || 26271 56°4 1921 | Barley— Dressed Grain bush. ; 13°0 24+ 12°8 26°3 10°9 2557) Offal Grain Ib. |eo7 0. } zee 0 | 58.0" | 39°0 65°0 Straw Ib. | 891°0 601°0 | 5960 ,1124'0 | 444°0 1444°0 | Total Straw, ..-cwt. |) 10°9 78 79 14°2 63 iy fag! Weht. of Dressed | oe : : cae = ae td Grain per bush. y! | yo 51°0 56'5 56'8 56°4 56°7 Proportion of Total | | ) Grain to 100 of- | 63°0 i990 | 86:3 | 97:5 || 92:2 77°71 Total Straw ) | 1922 | Clover Hay cwt. — 44 == SR ey | 3 (1 crop only) | | + Plot 6 was more badly attacked by Gout Fly than the other plots. : * The roots on this plot were badly attacked by finger and toe disease in 1920. In 1920 Rape Cake was omitted from plots 1 and 2. * Plots 1, 3 and 5 based upon 17 years. “Plots 2, 4 and 6 based upon 16 years. 80 pee ICAL REPO EDS, 1921 and 1922. Rain | Drainage through soil. rubspenalare (Mean). | No. of | Total | ene | Bright rd Fall. |: ¥5:,/ 20 ins. | 40 ins. | 60 ins. | SUD: : £3 | Solar 1000 meant deep. deep. deep. | shine. || Max. as 6 | Max Acre | ora | I bb . ; 0 Gauge. | Acre | Gauge i / | l q 1921 Inches., No. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. |; Hours. } le OR AR. Al Jan. 2°452; 18 2°103 2° 202 2°087 | 42°9 | 48°8.| 3977" |" 4278)" Gory Feb. ... 0°214 | 7 0016 0068 0°053 | 17-9 || 45°2| 34:0) 39°61) 789 Mar. ...| 1°065| 12 0005) 0°028 | 0°028|) 1321 || 51°8| 364] 43°0| 99°5 April ... 1s 568 | 10 0°114 0°120 0110 | 195°7' |) 55°2"| 37°33|. 46 aioe re 14451 14 0°065| 0113! 0°120]} 228-8 || 62°0| 43:3) 53°7| 122°7 _ June 0194 2 — | 0°005| 0°009]| 2160] 67°4) 47°5| 59:1) 125°4 / July 0°179 | 3 = 0°003 0°006 240°0:|| 76°8| 534} 649)132°1 | Aug. iS OO A = — I) 145°2:|| 69°2'|. 52°7 | ol oueiaaee Sept 2133 By |) 05925 0°893 0°850 || 174:0 || 676) 49:0] 584] 1148 Oct. Ofer | ee). — — — || 154:2|| 63°6| 464]. 54:0 | 1066 Nov 2 SOO © pli 0°969 |; 0966 0°796 68'°9 || 43°9| 33°3| 42°76] 69°2 Dec 1°908} 16 1-569 | 1°586 14204) 47'3 47°9:'| 36°71 413) |e vat | | | ita / | | petal 16092 | 119 | 5:766| 5°984) 5°479|| 1723-0 || 58:3| 42°5| 50°7| 101°7 je 1922 Jan. 3148 vA 2°811 2°862| 2°638 | 53°7 || 43°5 | 32°71. 38°5>) Spaee | Feb. 2507 16 e754 Rey Alless 1°612 || 104°9 | 44°90 | 33:6) 382ie7eer |) Mar, 2 2 26D" |e 1 1°349 1°477 LAOS aSse5 | 45'2| 34°38 | 40:9) 8053 April ... 3°520 19 1°458 IS S¥5) 1°390 | 149°8 48°7 | 34:7 | 4158 |aObi May 1°579 7 0°144| 0°224/ 0°235 || 280°2||- 65°4| 450 | 531) i208 June 1038 $ | — 0'016 0°022|| 228°8 || 65°9| 481] 59°8|121°6 July 4°605 19 1661 1°748 1°599 14955 || 6347 |- 49°7 | S78 20 Aug. Z'950)| 16 0°675 0698 0°651 WA 63°2:| 49°2.) 5 7eOn es Sept 2882! 15 1:085/ 1111) 1010] 1026) 60:5! 463] 54°8]|1102 Oct. 0°764 13 0175 0°194 0°159 1400 || 52°8 | 40°0 | 48°4| 99°7 Nov L433 8 0°813 0°854 0°751 56°8 || -47°0°| 34°71 Ale Ss ayes Dec 3°091 18 2/9) 2741 QionZ 55°51) 4954.) 236° Sol 24 Or an torers | faye 29°782 174 14624 15°178| 14°045 | 1562°6 || 53°9| 40°4| 47°8| 97-1] s | RAIN AND DRAINAGE. MONTHLY MEAN FOR 52 HARVEST YEARS, 1870- 1 —-W921-2. = Drainage. Drainage % of Evaporation. s =r | : 3S | 20- in. 40-in. 60-in. || 20-in. | 40-in. | 60-in.| 20-in. | 40-in. | 60-in. er) fee omee| Gat Gauge Gauge pee Gauge Gange Gauge! | | | Ins. Ins. | Ins. | Ins. |} |) Insae ins. eins. September 2°334 || 0°751 | 0°714 | 0°655 ] 32,2, -| 3056 | 28°1 || 1°583 | 1°620 | 1679 October, <2 1)3°153)) 1’ 788"| 1°742 |.1°617 |56e7 | 55:2 5183) ||| 12365) /ss4 le ieee ' November 2°769 || 2°095 | 2°127 | 2°006|| 75°7 | 76°8 | 72°4 || 0°674 | 0°642 | 0°763 December 2°845 || 2°417 | 2°505 | 2:393 || 84°9 | 88:0 | 84°1 || 0428 | 0°340 | 0°452 January... 2°381 || 1°914 | 2°096 | 2°015 |; 80°4 | 880 | 84°6 || 0°467 | 0 285 | 0°366 February 1°983 |) 1°457 | 1°558 | 1°487 73°5 | 78°6 | 75°0 || 0°526 | 0°425 | 0°496 March 2°086 || 1°130 | 1°264 | 1°195 || 54°2 | 60°6 | 57°3 || 0'956 | 0°822 | 0891 April 2'032 || 0°658 | 0°731 | 0'697 || 32°4 | 36°0 | 34°3 || 1°374 | 1°301 | 1°335 May 2°006 || 0°461 | 0'523 | 0°489 || 23°0 | 26°1 | 24°4 || 1545 | 1°483 | 1°517 June 2°307 || 0°572 | 0°592 | 0°572 || 24°8 | 25°7 | 24°8 |) 1°735 | 1-715.) 735 July | 2°656 | 0°685 | 0°710 | 0°659 || 25°8 | 26°7 | 24°8 || 1°971-| 1°946 | 1:997 August | 2°693 || 0°725 | 0°726 | 0°683 || 26°9 | 27°0 | 25°4 || 1968 | 1°967 | 2°010 | Year 29°245 14°653 |15°288/14°468]} 50°1 | 52°3 | 49°5 |114°592/13°957|14°777 ! ! Area of each gauge scroth acre, S81 MANGOLDS, BARN FIELD, 1921 and 1922. Roots since 1856. Mangolds since 1876. Produce per Acre. | | Cross Dressings. 6. | 0. - (aE A. rte ‘oy ‘= Strip Manures. — SS SS = — Bee ‘ Nitrate of |Ammon. Ammon. Rape None. Soda | Salts. ae Cake. Ss = See | eee L, es aeaber aes, as we R 1625 2482 © 15501371178 5 (R16 | ; 3. a te On) oS" IL. 2:46) ue 2°49 2°62 3°12 : |R. 22°60) 31°01 25°44 25 20 25 75 2 | Dung, Super., Potash ... i. 3°49] 4°00 a | rene 5°34 ee | (R. 6:07\¢{R-19 18") ago 95-07 16:69 4 | Complete Minerals el 16-08 | a 111i 4-39 |; 34 5°03 3°50 5 | Superphosphate only ... pa oe see fey oe \{R. 5°46) 17°20 13:58 18°37 14:04 eee On ee Tt -ogls meme | 3°54 4°38 3°31 7 | Super., Sulphate of Mag., |(R. 5°74 1833 | 13°94 14°37 13 24 and Sodium Chloride (ie Se 1°38 429 | 3°20 4°45 3°56 Nene 4 x _., |{R. 560 753 2°57 2°87 1°20 Sodi Chlorid Ni Tee LO 3°02 1°63 os esi odium oride, LE aan’. Soda, Sulph. Potash, |! F- 20°15) and Sulph. Mag. (L. 4°53) | 1 | Dung ech ){R.1490) 1854 | 14°25 26°37 26 11 eo = Groh L. 3°35\ Gee | 3°59 5°57 5°46 . {R.18'15) 1246 | 929 31°55 30°35 Be eae Posh 1 T 3-51| 2 oer 2°20 6°34 5°40 (R. 532)7{R- 227") o54 98-46 21°89 4 | Complete Minerals soe {5 (R 2°49 |) (L. 0°95} 7 ogg |f 0-25 5°34 3°49 ( 5 5 | supeptospatconly | 190 SB! oss 955m ((R. 2°28 364 0°67 21°96 19 56 aay: and Potash (UL: 0°80) Aaa 0°30 5°55 3°73 7 | Super., Sulphateof Mag., |(R. 2°13 2°65 067 |. 18°45 18°97 and Sodium Chloride ||L. 0°78} 0°85 0°33 5°12 381 fe 172 0:93 0-40 6 98 765 aoe = Toes] ae 0:22 2°95 3°13 9 ! Sodium Chloride, Nit. iR. 2°89 Soda, Sulph. Potash jefe 104 and Sulph. Mag. a wee .0 R.—roots. L.=leaves. % * From 1904 onwards plot 4 N has been divided, 4a receiving Sulphate of Potash, Sulphate of Magnesia, Sodium Chloride and Nitrate of Soda: 45 receiving Calcium Chloride, Potassium Nitrate and Calcium Nitrate. + In 1922 the top dressings of Nitrate of Soda and Sulphate of Ammonia were omitted from plots 4—8 on series N and A as the plant had failed. The plant on Series A, N, O and plot 9, was badly attacked by Atomaria (pigmy mangold beetle), 82 T9IZ | 9€92 | Szcp || 9.68 | L-0€ | ¢.6¢ || Ozzs | T.z¢ “se poully =. 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Potatoes (Arran Chief). ae Field. -Y ield per Acre. Manure per Acre. | ist and 3rd | Plot ~ Plot Plot ‘ - is : , Tons Tons | Tons 8 tons Rotted Straw Manure—Single Nitrogen 2°30 2°18 1eOGh eet cae He Me “a Ny: Ph rel eens 263) eee 2a si a * ye 7 : he) 2°39 2°29 2 ewt. Sulphate of Ammonia ... 1°20 1°48 Pie 48h tr 1°66 137. 1°48 Bose o 152 19e| .- SBE Wey, oe st - 5a se aS Na ae fame) 1:27 -| 8 tons Rotted Straw Manure—Double Nitrogen 209° ae eee) 1°86 Geese »» “5 » 3032 2°59 250) 4 ey 3 , 2°16 2 68) *} 2°04 -| Control—No Manure 1°39 161 > 7} gee if i eos 1°45 1°39 e. re — coe | ae ia cers * ae ae Single Nitrogen represents 1 cwt. Sulphate of Ammonia added to 1 ton of straw. Double Nitrogen represents 2 cwt. Sulphate of Ammonia added to 1 ton of straw. RESIDUAL VALUE OF SLUDGE, 1921. Long Hoos Field. i | ~ é Dressed Grain. | Straw per Acre. Proportion | Offal Grain | i) Treatment of Plots | Yield per Weight | See peace | | Total Total Grain in 1920. | Acre. per Bushel. Straw. | Straw. to 100 of | Bush. lb. Ib. | Ib. cwt. Total Straw. | Manure per Acre. | Nl | = aL ee Ist | 2nd Ist |’ 2nd | 1st | 2nd | Ist | 2nd } Ist | 2nd | Ist | 2nd | Plot. | Plot. Plot. | Plot. Plot. | Plot.| Plot. | Plot. | Plot. | Plot.| Plot. | Plot. 1921, Wheat (Red Standard) after Potatoes (1920).* cae | an aaa Sa aaa er | Activated Sewage | | | | ) 2624 |32°7 |30°8 |62°2 |63°6 | | | Sludge, 13°3tons |29°8 |27°9 |\64°0 |64°1 | 371 mee | Farmyard ee 15 tons 34°8 |31°6 \64'0 64'1 | 296 | 371 | 2461 |2600 |30°3 |29°7 |74 5 |72°0 Controls... ... 126°0 |26°9 |63°3 63°0 Shean || GP) 2299 |1997 26°2 |26°6 O76 67°7 | 1921, “Wheat (Red Standard) after Barley (1920). if . Sulph. of Ammonia | | | | 1°45 cwt. é 247 | «(30 ~~ ee | 2738 B71: 54°6 Activated Sewage Sludge, 2°7 tons al | | 63°0 351 | 2857 31°4 64'1 Control ... el) CV Ae 405 2738 29°4 63°9 OTA | | 2333 30°3 | 6a°7 | Controle. a8 | 63°0 435 * In 1920 this set received a basal dressing of 6 cwt. Super. and-1 cwt. Nitrate of Ammonia per acre. No manure was given in 1921. + In acl this set was manured as farm, viz., 1 cwt. Sulphate of Ammonia and 1 ewt. 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Root Crops. Great Harpenden Field, 1922. Yield per Acre. Manuring per Acre. lst Plot. 2nd Plot. Tons. | Tons. Potatoes (Kerr’s Pink). | Dunged Series: 15 tons Farmyard Dung per Acre— Super. 4 cwt., Sul./Pot. 14 cwt. oe be on 6°73 ) 5°41 Super. 4 cwt., Sul./Pot. 13 cwt., Sul./Amm. 3 cwt. ) (half as Top Dressing) sos iat wa ee 7°92 9°17 Super. 4 cwt., Sul./Pot. 14 cwt., Sul./Amm. 13 cwt. ... 791 | 8°06 / Super. 4 cwt., Sul./Pot. 14 cwt., Sul. Amm. 44 cwt. | Super. 4 cwt., Sul./Pot. 13 cwt., Sul./Amm. 3 cwt. ... 10°54 9°62 (13 cwt. as Top Dressing) = as ; 10°08 | 9°37 Super. 4 cwt., Sul./Pot. 14 cwt., Mur./Amm. 290 lb. 10°66 10°74 Undunged Series: | Super. 6 cwt., Sul./Pot. 2 cwt. ery ate ee 6°10 490 Super. 6cwt., Sul./Pot. 2 cwt., Sul./Amm. 3 cwt. (half | as Top Dressing) 2 ae sist es Sted 7 99 7°89 | Super. 6 cwt., Sul./Pot. 2 cwt., Sul./Amm. 14 cwt. ... | 6°98 TEED Super. 6 cwt., Sul./Pot. 2 cwt., Sul./Amm. 44 cwt. | (14 cwt. as Top Dressing) Pe aes Eat | 9°60 8°36 | Super, 6 cwt.. Sul:/Pot. 2 cWt., Sul./Amm. 3 cwt, -:. | 8°72 9°22 | Super. 6 cwt., Sul./Pot. 2 cwt., Mur./Amm. 290 lb. ... | 9 21 aes feed: Swedes (Hurst’s Monarch). R 25°13 28°24 589 Ib. Slag,* 1 cwt. Sul./Pot. : (L 3°04 4°29 589 Ib. Slag,* 1 cwt. Sul./Pot., 2 cwt. Sul./Amm. (R 27 48 59°65 (as Top Dressing) © ... aa va nae 4 (r 3°82 4°87 589 lb. Slag,* 1 cwt. Sul./Pot., 10 tons Farmyard (R 28°75 32°37 Dung... sf Ses age ied ae : (L 4°22 4°12 589 Ib. Slag,* 1 cwt. Sul./Pot., 10 tons Farmyard (R | 32°61 32°43 Dung, 2 cwt. Sul./Amm. (as Top Dressing) a il EE 4°60 4°71 * Equivalent to 5 cwt. Super. R= Roots. L=Leaves. ree O38 SLAG EXPERIMENTS (Details of the Slags user are given on p. 97.) 1921 1922 | No. i = OF Treatment of Plot and Quantities Yield | Dry Matter Yield Dry Matter per Acre. | per Acre. per Acre. per Acre. Plot per Acre. “cw iby Btcwit nie lbsb Series Series) Series, lSeries Series Seri eries Series Series in B A B A B A B Hay. Great Field, 1921 and 1922 1 | High Grade Slag No. 251170 Ib...2 |23%6 24 9 1981 | 2108 | 17°9 |16°8 |1154 |1130 2 | Open Hearth Slag No. 13, 1925 Ib. (High Soluble)... .. |20°1 [27°8 |1669 lo262 1113-2 (20:0 | 876 1353 3 | Open Hearth Slag No. 14, 1930 Ib. | | | (Low Soluble) * Io5-5 |27°5 \2024 12304 |15°8 |26°4 1064 |1653 4 | Gafsa Phosphate, 750 lb. 25°7 |25°1 2016 [2149 19°1 |26°0 |1268 |1677 6 No Manure he 23°6 |29°2 l 984 | \2323 ||16°3 |23°9 |1140 |1583 Hay. Pattie Knott Field, 1921 and 1922 1 | High Grade, High Soluble ‘Slag | Namo a55 0s) Denis | AS 1) 1342 ites | 1139 3 | Low Grade, High Soluble Slag | ie No: 16, Li silby 168 1602 M7 AL 1378 4 | High Grade Slag No. We 522 Ib. . hg. || 1650 eZ 1198 6 | High Soluble Slag No. 18, 1113 Ib. | ieee | 1508 150 1117 7 | Low Soluble Slag No. 19, 1104 lb. imo eis 1386 14°8 1184 2 | Control. No Manure : - 158/ | 1509 16'8 1308 5 | Control. No Manure 161 1542 15°4 1233 Hay. Eittle Knott Field, 1922 1 | High Grade, High Soluble ‘Slag No. 15, 536 lb. E365) 1047 3 | Low Grade, High Soluble Slag No. 16, 1113 lb. 12°9 1067 4 | High Grade Slag No. 17, 522 lb. : a0 12°8 1005 6 | High Soluble Slag No, 18, 1113 lb. 13-2 020 7 | Low Soluble Slag No. 19, 1104 lb. | aes Foal 1070 2 | Control. No Manure. oe || 9 ae 1086 5 | Control. No Manure. | 13°8 1083 8 | Gafsa Phosphate, 422 lb. F | 22°6 867 9 | Nauru Phosphate, 280 Ib. | 20.9 1645 Hay. Great Field, 1922 HL.1 | High Soluble, Low Grade Slag No. 1, 872 lb. 16°7 1113 9 | High Soluble, Low Grade Slag No. 1, 872 lb. 29°1 1741 3 | Low Soluble, Low Grade Slag No. 2, 872 lb. W777 1197 6 | Low Soluble, Low Grade Slag No. 2, 1225 lb. 23°0 1600 4°| Gafsa Phosphate, 347 lb. be 20°4 1399 7 | Gafsa Phosphate 174 lb, Low Solute fieaw Geade | Slag No. 2, 612 lb. : ae ease te. 1400 2 | Control. No Manure || 17:0 1119 5 ¥ i te || 22°7 |. 1524 8 ft a if P22 260en 1534 Hay. ‘Gian Field, 1922 1C| High Soluble Slag No. 1, 872 lb 16°5 095 2C | Low Soluble Slag No. 2, 1225 lb. 18°7 1301 3C| Gafsa Phosphate, 347 lb. 18°8 1284 4C) Tunisian Phosphate, 336 Ib. i - 16:0 1086 5C| Florida Phosphate, 292 lb. bee 58 1042 7C | Nauru Phosphate, 263 |b. RE hope 1020 7D a ss aan he mic ae sat 155 985 8C | Nauru Phosphate Low Grade Slag No. 8, 411 lb. } 15°4 1012 8D im % e ie i or me 20°0 1287 C| Control. No Manure 10°9 730 D 1013 ee a "MBAS JO pjaIA aq} 10; wnay MO] Aq) ADUaY ‘Payseary) Sem joTd sty) UaqM FulMojq pur ysry BSeM 2104 TL, aio¥ ad [ “ON FeIS ‘q[ 9p pue c* BRIS “Q] Z09 ‘07 “ON BPIS “q| 9€9 S}ussaIdaI APIS han hd Tost “eluoMmuTy jo ayeyd[ns jo T ! ysejog fo aJeyd[NS "yM9 | St suLmMuey] [esey [ Water. op Vet eS) | i cane f l it |ze | 18 jest (6.S1| 2.61 |€9z1 |OOIT €9€T | gzz | €02'| S8t 1.16} 8.06 /s.19] 0.22! 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TON 1:2 ‘ont [Oz ONT! “TON |'z “ON |'0z ONT “ON |'2 ‘ON |'0ZON|'T ON | "2 ‘ON ‘0Z ON [Beis | BRIS | FeIS | FeIS | BIS | FEIS HIS 3eIS |e IS |) FeIS | BEIS.| FRI || SFIS | HEIS | F4IS | BeIS | FEIS | BPIS x 3 if 2 "Mo : | ats 2 OT fe I! Se “QI 23 | j AES THIOL | ) | ‘q ut ‘sppysug U1 JO OOL i “MENS [PIOL “MPLS H ‘210V aod | Jaysng tod WYsIA A aloy tad platz =o SAdocaeen OF UIeID [RIO] | ie eee oi meso | ans. Ss | S$}0[d J ae yo uoniodo1y | ‘aloy ied weiqs | eitk ; ‘uIRIN Passaic 96 GS6L P[Pl] SOOP{ suo7y ‘(19YOIy asvuln|[q) Aare O6+Fl evel | egce 8.0F wee eae ee ee ae@e see see ae oe oy ocor | O8hT | €.81 G0Teh | SBOE: le eiR ee | +66 9.¢+ ie tas Meee = ume Greets oe Pee ee 1891 | +091 €.81 9.L1 zose | 99 | +.6€ L.Ub Sati ae oe te Ee aOR CsOy Ty Bayete | bLEl | 6491 9.61 9.81 | LOSE OZLE | +.0b b.Zb “*. < “QL Q€6T ‘FL ‘ON 3eIS e1GNJos MoT ‘wizeeH UedO | £ | SII bho! Ler) Geet S| OleE— 3), 6Z9¢ L.8€ O.€y “she--” GT SR6T “ET “ON 481 SIGnIOS Meet TRO Bas) | SIbl | +6 1.91 G.00 | ZOE: |; Tese $.0b | 8.0b ae ‘QL OLTI ‘ZL ON 3eIS epery YSIH | T “q| “ql | “yMo “‘ymo | “dy | “dl yO “yo a ew at oi = eres +f i ee . =A h-Qopahe su, wee REE ee | a Vv a Vv a | V a Vv saiaG | Satias saliasg savas SOLAS | S9I1aS SaaS =| Salas ; : < | BS a Eset fe Se? ee Wd ‘aloy tad aay ey A1q] ‘aloy Jad plaryA ‘aloy tad 19 ey Arc] ‘aloy Jed plata bea tod saninuend Bae Sid tO 2Ue ees jo'ON 7761 | [Z61 ‘ZO6T PUL TZET ‘PPEyured 3S9\\ ‘pju0I—S\UIWITIIGX | BvyS ‘IQAOTD) Slag Experiments—contd. Swedes (Hurst’s Monarch) Produce per Acre. Great Harpenden Field, 1922. Manuring per Acre. Roots. Leaves. : | stag | Slag | Stag || stag | Stag | Shae | No: 20.| No.2. | No. 1. || No. 20.| No. 2. | No. 1. : “Tons. | Tons. | Tons. || Tons. | Tons. | Tons. Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate Potash 1 cwt., Slag full quantity .... | 25°92 | 2792 | 30°40 || 489, 3°82) 416 | Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate | Potash 1 cwt., Slag full quantity ... 32°08 } 30°31 | 30°40}; 4°01} 5°04) 4°20 Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate | Potash 1 cwt., Slag half quantity, | Gafsa Phosphate, 175 lb. ... ee 27°19 | 28°04 | 31°88 |, 4°18} 3°53) 410] Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate Potash 1 cwt., Slag half aanbh | | Gafsa Phosphate, 175 lb. ... 28°21 | 29°78 | 28°82 || 4°28| 416] 4°27 ' | ’ Sulpbate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate Potash 1 cwt., No. 7 Nauru Phos- phate, 2624 lb. ae res ... | 30°96 | 26°43 | 26°50 || 4°49) 400)| 3°98 Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate Potash 1 cwt., No. 3 Gafsa Phos- | phate, 350 lb. 45: sa ... | 27°83 | 31°12] 28°46 | 3°95| 458! 4°66] Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sulphate | | Potash 1 cwt. ine ee ae AT Oven AS | 25°74|| 4°16) 5°02 3°99} MegMemie eer «=e 26. OMA OS | 22°70 | 3°54 | 3°67) 3°19] ; NotTe.—'‘‘Full Quantity’’ Slag is No. 20, 1275 lb. per Acre. Nomar 1225) 7 No. i Wh Ae a ' Description of Slags Used. | | . Total Phosphate) Solubility | No. Type. as Cag (POa)2 Le | 1 Open Hearth, L.G., H.S._... Soe | 25°0 90°4 2 LAS enn a 150 Cy eas 8 Phosphate, Slag Mixture... a 5a 25°5 12 Talbot Process, H.G., H.S. ... ar SiS 80°7 13 Open Hearth, L.G., HS ee nae 227; 91°5 14 ee eT, SY ae hd a re el 15 ~| Talbot Process, H. &,, ES: Re 40°0 729 fect gals Open Hearth, L.G., oh Sige aa | 213 88'3 | 17 Bessemer, H.G., H.S. ae ee 42°5 772 18 Q@pen Hearth, L.G., H.S. ... e's 20°8 67°0 19 Ai an eG Si ie mae 20°2 21°0 20 rf r: LG: HS : Ny a? 78°8 L.G. = Low Grade. L.S. = Low Soluble. - H.G.= High Grade. H.S, =High Soluble. * On these plots the bouts were badly foie Sara due to extra hoeing on account of the growth of Wheatbind. 98 POTASH EXPERIMENTS. | Dry Matter per Acre. Manuring per Acre. * ield DEF acre. Ist 2nd 3rd Ist and | 3rd _ Plot Plot Plot Plot Plot Plot Clover. West Barn Field, 1922. ans a : -— 3 Ib. Sue | lb. | cwt. | cwt cwt Control : sass Person lassi) 1907-| 15°25 57. lone Sulphate of Potash, 210 lb. 1533> /21929+|° 2123") 18°6 =| 2550. | -26%4 Cement Works’ Dust, 511 lb. TSoiehe b710- | 1729 | 175. | 28 21°4 Potatoes (Arran Chief). Sawpit Field, 1921. With Dung, 12 tons per Acre. 2 . es oe | ‘Tons. Tons. | Tons. 3 cwt. Super., 14 cwt. Sulphate Ammonia, +70 lb. Sylvenite 3°57 (F351 3. “Seal 3 ewt. Super., 14 cwt. Sulphate Ammonia, - Seam ilico pats | 3°72 3 cwt. Super., 14 cwt. Sulphate Ammonia, 14 cwt, Sulphate ‘Potash | 3°67] 4°27 rae 3 cwt. Super., 14 cwt. Sulphate Ammonia, 1} cwt. Sulphate Potash, 95 lb. Sulphate Magnesium .. - au3 me ext vo») |*3 ORS 92 1S 5ee No Manure. Control . E2128 193' 48 liesas 3 cwt. Super., 14 cwt. Sul. Amm., 14 cwt. Muriate Potash ... “2:31 |:4°24 0s OF 3 cwt. Super., 14 cwt. Sul. Amm., 14 cwt. Muriate Potash, 84 lb. Sul. Magnesium 32 : , + 142743 41 3°90 | 4°15 Without Dung. 4 cwt. Super, 2 cwt. Sul. Amm., 625 lb. Sylvenite 3°49 | 4°04.) 3: ill 4 cwt. Super., 2 cwt. Sul. Amm. . ae 1°43 +). 1 4Seh eas 4 cwt. Super., 2. cwt. Sul. Amm., 2 2 cwt. Sal: Pataca Aa 3°48 | 4°28. | 3°52 4 cwt. Super., 2 cwt. Sul. Amm., 2 cwt. Sul. Pot., 127 lb. Sul. 1. Mag. 3°85. | 426" iseza No Manure. Control : Li 2a ey, | 1°65 4 cwt. Super., 2 cwt. Sul. Amm., 2 owt. “Muriate Potash = = | Alo aieawee | 4°00 4 cwt. Super., 2 cwt. Sul. Amm., 2 cwt. Muriate Potash, 111 lb. Sul. | Magnesium eS vee | wae, | 27 eae ae Potatoes (Arran Chief). Sawpit Field, 1921 4 cwt. Super., e cwt. Sulphate Ammonia, 232 lb. Sul. Potash 3°00 | 2°46 ).2°82 4 cwt. Super., 2 cwt. Sulphate Ammonia . 1°16 |.0°98 | 0°89 4 cwt. ce 2 cwt. Sulphate Ammonia, 5°4 ewe Sylvenite *1°93 |S3e5o 3°04 Control. o Manure. a? : “O° 78. | 110 ae Potatoes (Kerr’s Pink. (sreat Haxpenden Field, 1929. With Dung 15 tons per Acre. Basal Manuring (=Super. 4 cwt., Sul. Amm. 1°5 cwt. per Acre) | 8°78 | 72 MVekew Sulphate Potash 183 lb. + Basal Manuring Le re | 9°49 | 9°72 | 9°45 Muriate Potash 148 lb. + Basal Manuring . at her 9°22 19°60! setae Muriate Potash 148 lb. + Salt 497 Ib. ch Basal Mianurine ae ... | 9°84 | 9°49 | 9°14 Without Dung. Basal (=Super. 6 cwt., Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt. per Acre) 211 | 2°75 (oe Sulphate Potash 244 lb. + Basal as aoe 7°88 | 8°96 | 8°06 Muriate Potash 197 lb. + Basal . 8°62 | 8°73) | Fee Muriate Potash 197 lb. + Salt 662 Ib. + Basal _ 8°45 | 8°27 | 8:43 Muriate Potash 197 lb. Sulphate Manaceia al 344 lb. “+ Basal 8°68 | 8°90 | 7 GZ Muriate Potash 197 lb. Salt 662 lb. + Basal ; 866 | 8:02 | Ciao | No Manure 3: 23% |_2 87 lease Sulphate Potash 244 Ib. Sulphate Magnesium ; 344 Ib. pe Basal 9°25 | 8:79. | 714 Cement Works’ Dust 614 lb. + Basal : 747 | 666 | 6°38 Svlvenite 541 lb. + Basal . 8°38: | 7:92" |¥e00 Mangolds (Prizewinner Yellow Globe). Great p Harper Field, 1922. Produce per Acre. Roots. Leaves. Manuring per Acre. Ist Plot | 2nd Plot | ist Plot | 2nd Plot = a ae as Tons. | Tons. || Tons. Tons. | No. 9 Slag 4 cwt., Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Sul- H ; phate Potash 2 cwt. : re) ee ios ae ae ak 7 Ie nls | No. 9 Slag 4 cwt., Sulphate Ammonia 2 2 cwt. : fet LOS sll G 1 = | 4°73 4°04. No. 9 Slag 4 cwt., Sulphate Ammonia 2 cwt., Cement ! Works’ Dust si 18575; | W325) ke 576 5°96 No Manure 10°85 -. jj 4°25 . 99 POTATOES. Relative Effects of Sulphates and Chlorides on different varieties. Great Harpenden Field, 1922. Dunged Series. : Undunged Series. Actual Weight | Average Actual Weight | Average of Weight of Weight Potatoes. per Plant. Potatoes. per Plant. Variety. a a a Peae cee eee. | 2.) See Ss |e bSshe se lee) Se) Se] Se eee | cs | Se Sel Gel e ae 29} so} Bo} 69 a 9 Bo|] £9 co] Bo|] 299] « = mM) oe 5% | Boe | om BM] oh] oe =% |] <4] mM n 0 n ) i) e) jew | 9 | Ibe lb Ibs |e 1b. base Ib Iba bee bs edb Ib 16 | 122) 193 ap: Zeseelse || 172) 4 | 2°2512°54 11°00 Ajax ... ...4| 24 | 212] 123/|4°00|3°04/1°75|| 174| 18 | 4% |2°46|3-00/064 27 | 16%) 33 | 3°86/4°13/471}] 72) 23 | 4 |2°42|3°29|0°67 | 152] 113) 73|2°25|1:96|242]] 114| 83) 32 |2:25/1-46| 0°65 Arran Comrade 1OF| 102 | 13 | 2°56|2°15\) 2° 114 | 114! 13 188 | 2°25 0°30 bas) 105) 13 | 2°58 \.2: toe 25 | 18 13 eg he) 0°29 Tope) 192 | 3°21 2a A fo Oz | 138) 72 | 1°46) 1°96) 1°11 British Queen j/| 197/ 183] 193 | 2°82/2°68|2°75]| 164 | 114 | 84 2°36| 1-92 1°18 26% | 25 | 234 | 3°82|4°17|3°32]| 112 | 152] 32 | 1°96 2°63 | 0°75 72 | 11 UU | L- 11 | ose Borie | 8 1 1°80} 1°60 | 0°33 Duke of York...;| 83%] 14 | 14 |1'25|2°00/2°00|| 93 3 | 23 1°54 | 0°93 | 0°63 133 | 103 | 143 | 2°25|1°75|246]| 62] 104] 14 | 1°04/1°46| 0°42 163) 14¢| 10 2°36) 211)1 43122 | OF) 12 | 2:04/1°63| 0°35 Epicure {| 114 | 134 | 13 | 1°64/1°93)2°25|| 134 | 133] 32 | 1°93] 1°96/0°54 (| 16 | 183) 193 | 2°29 | 2°64|2°79]) 112) 124] 1 1°68} 1°79 | 0°25 | { 134 | 193 | 214 | 3°38 | 2°79 | 3°07]| 213 | 173| 43 | 3°07|2°46|0°75| Great Scott 214 | 242] 193 | 3°07|3°54/3°25|| 112 | 123 | 134 |1°96/2:13]0°42 ( 2Wz | 29 | 244 | 3°89 | 4°14) 350 144 | 134) 1 | 2°38] 2°65|0°50 ( 24 | 20 21 |3°43|3°33| 3°50] 162 | 194| 42 |2°-79|2°75/0°68| Iron Duke 21°} 183] 163} 3°00 | 3°08] 2°32] 102 | 204} 4 |1°79/2°89/ 1°00 23% | 234 23) | 3°96 |'3'32.3929)| 20 | 13. | 44 | 2°86|3°25'| 0°64 (| 26 | 232} 203 |3°71|3°39|2°89]| 212 |. 183 | 73 | 3°07 | 3°08 | 1°04 K. of K. ---} | 284) 272] 21 |4:07|4'63|420) — | — | — | —|/— |] — 294 | 29% | 304 | 4°21 | 4°21] 4°32 |] 194 | 153 | 52 | 2°75|3°10/0°82 ( 184] 202] 12 | 3°04|2°96|2°00|| 183] 202' 63 | 2°68 | 2°96 | 0°93 Kerr's Pink ...4) 25 | 222/15 |3°57|3°18|3°00|] 114] 193 | 34 |1°92|3°90|0°46 262 | 304 | 154 | 3°82 | 4°32/3°88]| 244 | 22 | 5 | 3°46/3°14/0°71 18 | 144] 302 | 2°57|2°04)1°96]| 9 94| 14 |1°29/1°5810°42 Nithsdale sea | Los 20s) 20° | 2521 2°93.) Bread?’ |) 1/5 1. |2°00:) 2°14 | 0°33 21$| 26 | 144 | 3°58| 3°71] 3°56]) 144 | 143) 24 | 2°04] 2°07| 0°63 (| 202) 17 | 122)3°46/2°83|2°55}| 20 | 194| 74 | 2°86|2°79|1°07 Tin Perfection ;| 212| 202| 233 |3°11/2°96/3°39]| 182/ 172| 83 | 2°68 | 2°54/ 1°21 | 17s} 195 | 23% | 2°50 | 3°21 | See | 17. | 7 | 3:11) 2°83] 1°00 { 25¢ | 232| 254 | 4°29 | 3°39| 4°21 |] 262 | 203 | 93 | 3°82 2°89 | 1°32 Up-to-Date ...4 | 203 | 252 | 254 | 2°93 | 3°68 | 3°64] 203 | 143] 8} | 2°93/2°38]1°18 ( 292 | 284 | 282 |4°25|4°07/4°11]] 21%] 21 |11 ia ; 3°00} 1°83 Nore.—7 Plants were set in each Row. Manures were:—Dunged Series: Basal Row: Super. 4 cwt.; Sulphate of Ammonia 14 ewt.; - Dung 15 tons per Acre. Sulphate Row: Basal Manuring; Sulphate of Potash 184 Ib. per Acre. Chloride Row: Basal Manuring; Muriate of Potash 147 lb. per Acre. Undunged Series: Basal Row: Super. 6 cwt.; Sulphate of Ammonia 2 cwt. per Acre. Sulphate Row: Basal Manuring; Sulphate of Potash 244 Ib. per Acre. Chloride Row: Basal Manuring; Muriate of Potash 197 Ib, per Acre, 100 Potatoes. Great Harpenden Field, 1922. Comparison of Varieties. . See i. | Wee TR ae, S aif aes pe m = 3) Az, Da = a o ° 2 <5 B6| =| @) Oa) ¢| vz | se © aa ae | eS Ou 2) Be ; MSepetose| lb.” | lbe SM Tae eb eles) lbs jelbanedh: ‘ ; | Average weight) i ¥ 3 is = | of Potatoes ;|16°21|10°54/16°08, 8°86 11°8816°58'16°89|21°62)17°63)13'49 17°49/21°47| lifted per row | | | | average ih on 2°70! 1°90| 2°43| 1°50, 1°81| 2°79 ‘767 3°28) 2°73| 2°23] 2°62| 3°17 pe eae 50) | a AS ee ae ao Comparison of Manurial Treatment. Dunged Series. | Undunged Series. Sulphate Chloride Basal ! Sulphate Chloride Basal Row. Row. Row | Row. Row. Row fe oe = ||(= | Le sae he we Ib. Ib, Ib. Average weight ) | | | of Potatoes+| 20°12 19°82 18°62, | 15°17 | 15°41 4°40 lifted per row } | | | Average weight } | 308 3°03 2:04 | 0°80 _ per plant S| ¢ PROFESSOR BLACKMAN’S ELECTRO CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Clover. Great Knott Field, 1921. | Yield Plots. | cae ee cwt. Electro-Cuiture - 420 Control Re 41°2 Cereal Crops. ————— : 5 — Dressed Grain. Straw per Acre. Mie ia Pte fal |__| Total wrain Plots. Yield | Weight | per Acre. St Total Pa per Acre. | per Bush. Pa Straw. 100 of | | Total ‘ _| Bushels.|___Ib. | __db. Ib. cwt. | Straw Oats (Grey Winter). Foster’s Field, 1921. Electro-Culture 40°7 43°4 241 1543 19°3 93°0 | Control I. jolel! 42°0 298 1220 14°9 101°4 | Control II. 31°6 422 234 1102 14°6 960 ‘Wheat (Red Standard). Foster’s Field, 1922. Electro-Culture 15°4 61°4 234 | 1229 15'8 66'°9 _ Control, North East 16'S} S60K6 249 L272 ifs}25) Vaiae | Control, South East 172 | 618 231 | 1196 | 142 | B15 — Ee a | Barley | (Plumage Archer), Great Knott Field, 1922. Electro-Culture 341 49° 273 -| 18088 22°32) | eee Control 32°4 48°6 244 | 1840 | 22°3 72'8 101] BORON EXPERIMENT Little Hoos, 1922. Barley (Plumage Archer). Dressed Grain. | Straw per Acre. Total Straw. = - — ——|| Offal Grain ‘Yield Weight | per Acre. Treatment per Acre, per Bushel. | of Plots Bushels. palb ee sais n 7) na | ow | o n | a a a a oe eye et A oViee ue uN Bm” wre uN BO wo} oN o o OL to o 3) ro) 5) Wn 129) io) i?) Yn Yn 2) WY Boric Acid | | | 20 lb. per | acre ... | 37°9| 40°8| 30°8| 51°71 | 51°8} 520 || 191 | 138] 84 Boric Acid | 8 lb. per | acre ee 36°5 | 40°0 41°31 51°5 52°0| 52°0 |] 169 | 113 Control ... | 34°9| 40°8| 38°6| 50°9| 52°4 52°5 | oe 134 | Series | 2025/1875 1850) 24°6 | 150 ||1825 1800 1850 23°4 | 119 | Series | Proportion of Total Grain to 100 of Total Straw. All plots received a basal ee of Be i ccphate 3 3 cwt.; Sulphate of Potash 1 cwt.; EXPERIMENTS WITH NITROGENOUS MANURES Sa Field, 1921. Potatoes (Arran Chief). Manure per Acre. Yield per Acre. 2nd | Plot. | Tons. | 4 ewt. Super., 1 cwt. Sulphate Potash Control 4cwt. Super., 1 cwt. Sulphate Patash, 2 cwt. Sulpbate Ammonia 4 cwt. Super., 1 cwt. Sulphate Potash, 193 Ib. Muriate Ammonia 4 cwt. agpet 1 cwt. ‘Sulphate Potash, 102 lb. Urea Sulpiete of Ammonia 14 cwt. * The bouts on this plot were badly broken down due to extra hoeing on account of growth of Wheatbind. Barley (Plumage Archer). Stackyard Field, 1921. Dressed Grain. | Offal Grain || Straw per Acre. Total Straw. cwt. | Proportion | of || Total Grain to 100 of | Total Straw Plot| Plot Plot | Plot ||Plot|Plot|Plo | 3 Lesh eee Yield Weight | per Acre. Manures per Acre. per Bushel. per Acre. Bushels. a lb. Ib. ; Plot | Plot | Plot | Plot | Plot | Plot | Plot| Plot 1 2 1 g 3 1 2 14 cwt. Super., 145lb.M./Amm.| 40°4 | 34°8| — |54°7/55°5| — || 197/135 1¥ cwt. Super....| 27°2 | 27°1 | 24°1| 56°0| 55°5 | 550 || 153 | 103 i2gewt. Super., lécwt. S./Amm.| 38°3 | 36°5 | 30°2| 55°7| 55°2 | 54°2 || 144 | 175 14 cwt. Super., i \| 762 Ib. Urea ...| 38°2 | 34°6| 29°2| 55°0| 545 | 54°2 || 150} 150 |} No Manure _...|27°5/24°7| — |55-0 54:5) — | 103 102 MALTING BARLEY EXPERIMENT. Plumage Archer. Long Hoos Field, 1922. | “T peieeea Guis.| Saas per Acre a. PES ee i _| Propor- Yield | Weight ge ’ He of eres ie eig rain é t Manures per Acre. oe he eel area Total ae Acre. |Bushel.| Acre. 'TaW to 100 of Total — >." ___‘Bushels! 1b. Tb. IIb. | “ew Strawn Super. 3 cwt., Sul./Pot. 14 cwt., Sul./Amm. lcwt. ... nat sas | SGRO me OOrS 1635) L2ISh eee 104 Super. 3 cwt., Sul./Pot. 14 cwt., Mur./Amm. 93 lb. ... Aa Perm ese) ¥/ » |coulere) 169 | 1388 | 18°5 96 Super. 3 cwt., Sul./Pot. 13 cwt. sep | SAS POOLS sl E88) 1263 a 7e0 93 Super. 3 cwt., Sul./Amm.lcwt. ... | 30°0 | 503 175 975) 107 Super. 3 cwt., Sul./Amm. 1 cwt., Mur./ Pot. 13 cwt.* 34°8 | 50°0 206 not| recor|ded. Sul./Amm. 1 cwt., Sul. pit: Ag oe BYerish || “Sioys} 191 | 1438 | 19°9 92 No Manure __... : -- | 28°6 | 50°5 14, Ipo2 Syl 94 *Muriate of Potash applied on April 3rd. Other Manureson March 24th. MISCELLANEOUS EXPERIMENTS. Clover. Hoos Field, 1921 and 1922. (Formerly Barley after Alsike). Yield per Acre. Plot. Manures per Acre. 1921. 1922. cwt. cwt. 1 Slag 8 cwt., Lime 10 cwt. pal a:0S) 1754, 2 | Farmyard Manure 14 tons, Super. 5 cwt., Lime 10 cwt. 53°8 179 3 Lime 10 cwt : , 3559 17°6 4 | Super. 5 cwt., Lime 10 cwt., Sulph. Potash 1, ewtle. ei ee ONS 19°6 5 Super. 5 cwt., Lime 10 cwt. : “i So Pry 42S) 13°0 6 Lime 10 cwt. 506 aa 41-1 130 7 | Farmyard Manure 14 tons, ‘Lime ‘10 cwt.. ois is 54°5 16°7 8 | Slag 8 cwt. cop Eealee ame 11°4 9 | Farmyard Manure 14 tons, ‘Super. 5 cwt. 350 Bae 50°5 17°2 10 | Control Sait nate ee ate 36°8 14°71 11 | Super. 5 cwt., Sulph. Potash 13 cwt.... as Eoalle Suse 20°3 12 Super. 5 cwt. ae aac Res an oe eae 49°1 aes 13 | Control “9 ( wae ace an sxe 36°6 94 14 Farmyard Manure 14 tons : ae ee ore 462 LOR 15 Horse Dung 14 tons, Lime 10 owe, he pes “ee Fe nga) 67 16 | Control es ae <8 Bis ee Salhi he | 17 Horse Dung 14 tons PF .:- Frc wes ee ne 54°9 11°6 18 Super. 5 cwt. ae rae Bo 39°7 613 19 Cattle Dung 14 tons, Lime 10 owe ee ape a6 5. |. tag 20 | Control * sate Ba wee cs sen Bicker. | 36 21 Cattle Dung 14 tons sate aon Ate mae sce |} Ghee | 58 Manures applied and Clover sown in 1920. 103 “LTI6T ‘lequieAoN ul paysnord sdo1io snourwnsey] S.9T|I2bT | 26 | 0.26'| 9.€€ |) +.SOT | Z.ST] 148 | LET | 8.26 | Z.8z || 39 ¢ -tedng ASE L AY SL eae, CLL | T8rl | SEL | 60S |6.S¢ || 9.22 | es | 26 ONG TS ASKS LO TEIN |) ‘TMO FT | 1a} vy ‘udy eyeydins 3 0.81 | 62ST} 601 | $.1S | b.S€ || 0.601 | 2.61 | ZEOT | FET | +.2ZG | T.1€ || yo € -aadns /4yM0 ST wury's JAo[D pay PSSST OTe MOOS EGG eGSs leh CuelEG GG GON V3), Ga ile lla | "ymo FT | qayyy ‘muy ayeydins J c.c¢ | b881) T9T | 0.26 | Z.Th || b.STT | 0.81 | OLET | bST | €.2¢ | 8.ZE || amo ¢ ‘rednS amo Br MMW 'S ||. oa soon &.09" | £-60)| LCG |785n) | ews |heele wGeSe = | CeO | Seo Pets Geo Sea eee ele "yo §T iy | ‘muy syeydins f Hy) PMO] “aT | “aT ‘qr | “usng eLearn ‘ar | “at | “usey : Ay oo ‘ysng | ‘aroy | esd uate Pohy Poms aloy |. ‘Q1DV Ind iad Pope] ‘aoy]. , | ‘a10V 1a Jad ; De O8 | Jad ea Jad | IY sIaAy S| oars Jed eon Jad |14 81944! platy Us yeeIT }0O[d JB ES | MPS | eng | EO Bo gg | seus mens | ee ree [elinueyy | aS | 535] Te ul a | [B20 e *uTBI£ | : E - | [TPRIOL [eHO Saucony z 59 | [BIOL TeHO poesia | uondtiosaq “ECOL ‘TZ61 ‘SZ6T ‘IZ6T ‘sding snourwmsay “platy soopy *Aapeg 10+ ‘aSvO STU} Ul UAT A[UO ayeydsoydsadns ,. | pao nh: eis ee ae ms , rier | | O€ | 20.2 1.6 cr SL.0-| OSp Ob | 06.1 | 0.8+ O€ cL.T | 8.09 | 09 1$-T | 2.81 Le Z8.1 0.ob es ee ““* wasO1IN ON | O€ | £€2.¢ 6.06 cr CL.T 0.6+ ORD Zeer | c.by O€ 88.1 EaLOe |" oes cc.T 6.L7 Le 16.1 6.6€ zo ‘“ ayeydsoyg ON O€ Lc | Ltr cv c8.T OL We | OVE c.Sv O€ 64.1 L.8S +9 Gell 9.0¢ Le OL.¢ 8.1+ e af ie ysejod ON O€ L1.¢ C.€P ch SZ.1 ¢.6+ ce | 06.1 | 0.82 O£ 88.1 €.09 ¢9 cG.T QCe ee 60.¢ L.vP oe “ ganuey ejetdmo5 Of Lica sSeGe cr cZ.1 | OTe ess an | 0.9€ O€ OL:1 6.9¢ c9 €y.1 | c.9r Le ‘Sydml Geek | a “ss ginuey, ON ee) =a s_| 7 I May | eS pie Soe pees at bs ak | aAq “mowuNng ‘uoyAy WOOL AA “yreg []EMIO “UAINGO AA | . . : - —— a = ee = —— —— ————— = = Pere"? 99.17) OME. | So | 86.1 | ez | es I sen | een orl wee | ede Loe | oct | vez | ie | ect | zee | co ueSonIN ON TE | 69.1 ONY Si vg ee a er ch | dp. | 0.68 | Ze | 68.1 Sob | O€ | 6yT | gz | ce | e9.1 | OC Ta ayeydsoyg ON I€ c9.T 0.éb Sr | 9'T | x0.Lé Bea) OS Le Orrer oi OS | (sy 4a! c.Er O€ 6.1 9.00 TE Se GOsL Te O26 ys 4 = ysejod ON ite L9.1 0.1 : = BY || Lyell | 0.68 | 9E | O8.T 0.6€ | O€ L£G.1 6.0€ TE | $9.1 | 9.2€ a “7 ginuryy ajatdwosd [€ c9.T L-9F cr €¢.1 0.92 St 9E-T | ¢.82 9€ | 9OL.1 WOE eS OGar C.SC SE.) [095 Tas. Ge aoe a ~~ ainuey ON *§ Ss Ss Ss tS “s OnteA loons? ‘sjaysug ‘ane, be sagt | ‘sjeysng jane, aueoaee | “sjaysng |anjeA lrnep bee ‘sjaysng j‘enye, Fhe ce *sjaysng -anpea ares cane | *‘sjaysng | ee Fl ey. eee SP | Las a! | ae a “yuowyealy, “wmeyalod “UO}IDA TTI ‘Ty Aoureg “‘Q1OBUT[A AA | ‘TEM yMeg ‘pajsweyjoy | | | | ‘9aj}}WIWIOD UOHeN[eA jtadxo9 oy} Aq pousisse Jaj1enb Jad ssurypiys ul anyea ‘403}eW Aap Jo *JU9d Jad se passaidxa uasor}IU {asoe sad sjeysng Ul pyaIy ‘S.LNAWIAAdXaY AAUTAVA ONILIVN-SAYLNAOD ACIS.LNO 105 Lawes Agricultural Trust TRUSTEES The Right Hon. Earl Balfour, P.C., F.R.S. J. Francis Mason, Esq. FProtessor J. B. Farmer, ea., D.Sc., F.R.S. COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT The Right Hon. Lord Bledisloe, K.B.E. (Chairman). Prof. HE. Armstrong, LL.D., Sir David Prain, C.M.G., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Vice-Chair- me, F.R-S. man). Dey A. B. Rendle, M.A., Erol sj): Earmer, M.A., Pale. S, D.Se., F.R.S. (Treasurer). Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., Ph.D. J. L. Luddington, Esq. Prof. T. B. Wood,M.A., F.R.S. The Owner of Rothamsted, Amy Lady Lawes-Wittewronge. The Incorporated Society for Extending the Rothamsted Experiments The purpose of this Society is to collect much needed funds for continuing and extending the work of the Rothamsted Station. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL Hiss.Grace the Duke of Devonsiires)P.C., K.G., G.C.V.O. (Chairman). The Right Hon. Lord Bledisloe, K.B.E. (Vice-Chairman). J. F. Mason, Esq. (Vice-Chairman). Professor J. B. Farmer, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Treasurer). The Most Hon. the Marquis of Sa VW: S. Prideaux. Lincolnshire, P.C., K.G. Dr. A. B. Rendle, M.A., F.R.S. Prof. H. E. Armstrong, D.Sc., T. H. Riches, Esq. Eee) ERS. Prof. W. Somerville, D.Sc. sir. W. Keeble, F.R.S. De J. A. Voelcker, M.A., J. L. Luddington, Esq. lala @F Robert Mond, - Esq., M.A, J. Martin White, Esq. FROSE: Prom I: B.. Wood, M-A,, Capt. J. A. Morrison. ieie., RS. Sir David Prain,C.M.G.,M.A., LL. Dage. RS: Sir E. J. Russell, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Hon. Secretary). Bankers: Messrs. Coutts & Co., 15 Lombard Street, E.C.3. Auditors: Messrs. W. B. Keen & Co., 23 Queen Victoria Street. E.C,4, ® a4 la, r ea: ~. ne ee A: 7 ‘ ® oe : art Vises i ‘ + Re ‘ P 71> * * 1 J eare - ; i, ‘ ia) r' ) = _ ‘ " sab i ‘ . all a 7 ‘ 1 vf 4 } / Cae UR ¥7 ( wiv | 54: Hon SN sagt Zope i ° * i . = ¥ . 7 1 a . ; * . ? - 2 i . ie od td rc . . ~~ @ bg i, . a7 ; > — “a * 7 es . f . 4 a