REPORIe: FOR: IOs.

ON THE

LANCASHIRE SEA-FISHERIES LABORATORY —

ar
THE UNIVERSITY: OF LIVERPOOL,
AND THE

SHA-FISH HATCHERY AT PIEL,

=

DRAWN UP BY
Professor W. A. Herpman, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
Hon. Director of the Scientific Work,

Assisted by Mr. Anprew Scorr; A.L.S., and

Mr. James Jonnstrone, B.Sc.

WITH ILLUSTRATION

LIVERPOOL :
PrRintED BY C. TENLING AND Co., Lrp., 53, VicrorRIA STREnt.

LES O5O:s

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NIVERS

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With Complim

jul Use Ceca

Rerorr on the INvesricaions carried on during 1905
in connection with the LancasHrrE SEA-FISHERIES
Lasorarory at the University of Liverpool, and
the Sra-Fisnh Harcuery at Piel, near Barrow.

Drawn up by Professor W. A. lerpMaAN, F.R.S., Honorary
Director of the Scientific Work; assisted by Mr.
Anprew Scort, A.L.S., Resident Fisheries Assistant
at Piel; and Mr. James Jonnsronr, B.Sc., Fisheries
Assistant at the Liverpool Laboratory.

(With plates, charts and figures in the text.)

CONTENTS.
1. Introduction and General Account of the Work. (W. A. H.) 1
9. Sea-Fish Hatching at Piel. (A. S.) - = = - == ale!
3. Classes, Visitors, &c., at Piel. (A.S.) - = = = ily
4. Report on the Tow-nettings. (A. S.) - - - - 20
5. Faunistic Notes. (A.S.) - - - - - AT
6. Mussel Transplantation. (Andrew Scott and Thomas Baxter) 58
7. Trawling Observations. (J. J.) - - : - - 88
8. Marked Fish Experiments. (J. J.) - - - - - 108
9. Parasites of Fishes. (J.J.) - - - - - - 151
10. Ichthyological Notes. (J. J.) - = - - = - 186
11. Sewage pollution at Llanfairfechan. (J.J.) - - - - 192
12. Oligodyn amic action of” Copper (W. A. hae anc - = ler
18. Sea-Fish Hatching at Port Hrin. (W. A. H.) - - = 203

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL ACCOUNT
OF THE WORK.
Tuts Record of 1905 naturally starts with three events
of considerable importance in connection with scientific
sea-fisheries work in the Irish Sea. These are :—

Ist. A renewal of the agreement between the Lanca-
shire and Western Sea-Fisheries Joint Committee and the
University of Liverpool confirming the appointment of
the Professor of Zoology as honorary head of the scientific
work, and giving an improved status and tenure to the
two scientific assistants.

2nd. The completion and formal inauguration of the
new Laboratories of Zoology at the University, which
provide greatly increased accommodation and _ facilities
for both laboratory investigation and museum work on
the fisheries of the districi,

254

pansy
Ff

9

~

3rd. The recognition of these laboratories by the
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the award of a
grant to the University, towards expeuses, on account of
the scientific fisheries work carried on in the department.

The new laboratories were opened on November 18th,
1905, by the Right Hon. the Earl of Onslow, formerly
President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries—
“the first Minister for Fisheries ” this country has had—
in the presence of a large gathering of Zoologists and
Fisheries Authorities, including Mr. James Fletcher,
Chairman of our Local Joimt Committee, Mr. J. R.
Ragdale, Chairman of the Scientific Sub-Committee, and
other representative men; and amongst those who gave
addresses on the occasion were Sir Thomas Elliott, K.C.B.,
Permanent Secretary of the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries, and Sir John Murray, K.C.B., the eminent
Oceanographer.

In the accompanying fig. 1, showing the front
elevation of the building, the arrows at the side point to
the windows of the floor devoted to the Fisheries Labora-.
tories, and the plan (fig. 2) shows the accommodation—
three rooms, one large and two smaller, in addition to
the Fisheries Museum. One of the smaller rooms is at
present devoted to bacteriological work, the other is Mr.
Johnstone’s laboratory, and the larger room will accom-
modate two additional investigators.

As a result of conversation and correspondence with
the Chairman of the Joint Committee and the Chairman
of the Scientific Sub-Committee, I have been led to make
the suggestion that it would be to the advantage and
convenience of the members of the Scientific Sub-
Committee that they should be brought into more intimate
and more constant relation with the details of the work
carried on in the Fisheries Laboratory by having periodic

Wert Hove

STA “FISHERIES
LABORATORY

FIRST FLOR

Fie. 2,—Sea Fisheries Laboratories and Museum,

|

Reports printed and submitted at the quarterly meetings
of the Sub-Committee. This suggestion has been
approved, and the remainder of this Introduction,
summarising as it does the work carried on during the
past year, will serve as the first quarterly report to be
submitted at the February meeting. Succeeding Reports
will deal naturally with the quarters to which they refer,
and each will bring the account of the work up to the
end of the month preceding that in which the meeting 1s

held.

Sra Fisu HatcH ine.

Mr. Scott’s operations at Piel have resulted in very
much the same measure of success as in the previous two
years—we cannot expect any marked increase upon these
numbers or any extension in the work with the present
accommodation at the hatchery. The tanks will not hold
more fish than the number now dealt with.

Although Port Erin is not in the L. and W. District,
it is impossible in thinking of broad results to discriminate
between the young fish set free in Lancashire waters and
those set free round the Isle of Man. The Irish Sea is
one natural sea-fisheries area, and whatever benefits one
part is likely to benefit the whole. True economy and
efficiency will be best attained by working the two insti-
tutions, Piel and Port Erin, as much as possible together,
so that each supplements the other and both contribute
to the common good. Lancashire can help Port Erin,
and has helped this year by getting a supply of adult
plaice to stock the spawning pond; while Port Erin can
help Lancashire by carrying on rearing experiments
which are impossible at Piel in the absence of a pond.
Consequently it will be of interest to the members of the
Lancashire and Western Committee to know that over

5

five millions of young plaice were hatched in 1905 at
Port Erin, and were set free in the sea round the south
end of the Isle of Man. It is important also to note that
large numbers of fry from the previous year’s operations
which were left to develop in the pond passed through
their metamorphosis and grew rapidly, being found of
various sizes from one to five inches in length during their
first year of lite. The largest of these young plaice,
spawned, hatched and reared in captivity, which we have

taken from our pond, measured over six inches.

Markep-Fisu EXPERIMENTS.

This work was commenced by Mr. Johnstone last
year, and has been carried on further with the co-opera-
tion of Dr. Travis Jenkins on the steamer. The essence
of the experiment is that certain picked living fish are
marked with distinctive numbers in the manner described
further on by Mr. Johnstone, and are set free at localities
duly noted—those of such fish which are subsequently
captured being returned, with particulars, to our labora-
tory for observation and record. The object of the
experiment is three-fold. The results may be expected
to give us information :——Ist as to the growth of the fish,
2nd as to the migrations of the fish, and 3rd as to the
numerical proportion of the fish caught, and consequently
as to the intensity of the fishing in our seas. The results
are rather startling. For the details Mr. Johnstone’s full
account given below should be read, but the following
may be taken as a summary of the matter:—-In the case
of the Lancashire stations about 50 per cent. of the
marked fish have been re-captured—which may be an
indication that the fishing is so intense that half of the
available fish are captured in the year. Whether this is

“ over-fishing ” it is impossible at present to say, but the
é

6

numbers certainly suggest that we may be getting
dangerously near to the local extinction of the species.
Of course in other parts of the district where the fishing
is not so intense the proportion of the marked fish
re-captured is not nearly so high. It is interesting to
note that in the similar experiments carried on off the
Hast coast of England during the International investiga-
tion of the North Sea 40 per cent. of the marked small
fish transplanted from inshore to the Dogger Bank were
recovered in the same neighbourhood. The total per-
centage of the marked fish recovered in the North Sea
from all parts of the area was 19 per cent. per annum.
In our experiments in the Irish sea the total over the
whole area was 23°25 per cent., but in a number of the
experiments a full year has not yet elapsed.

The evidence so far tends to show that the plaice
grows about 3 inches in the year, during the summer
(May to September), and that a fish 8 inches long in April
and weighing 1 lb. will by September be 11 inches long
and will have doubled or trebled its weight with a corre-
sponding increase in value—a strong argument for the
protection of undersized fish.

Important information as to the migrations of the
fish throughout the district seems forthcoming, but
observations during another year at least are desirable
before we draw conclusions. In winter they travel into
the sheltered estuaries and bays, and chiefly in a northerly
direction. In the summer they move offshore into deeper
water, and chiefly in a southerly direction. The cost of
these experiments is comparatively slight, and the
information gained is most valuable—I have no hesitation
in recommending to the Committee that the work be
continued during 1906 on the same lines as in 1905.

g

ScHEME OF ScrentTIFIC Work.

At the quarterly meeting of the Scientific Sub-
Committee held at Preston on November 8th, 1905, I
submitted a scheme of scientific work in progress and
contemplated. The headings of this scheme (as drawn up
in November) were as follows :——
“L—Distrrbution of Fish Eggs.

“ This has been attentively studied during the present
year, and from one to two hundred bottles of plankton
have been examined. In regard to future work, tow-
nettings should be taken by the steamer as formerly, and
surface and bottom gatherings made every time the net
is hauled. Bottom tow-nettings need not be made at
(1) Blackpool Closed Ground, (2) aear Nelson Buoy,
(3) off the River Mersey. Tow-nettings should be sent
regularly by the bailifis in the Western District. One
should be taken every fortnight by the bailiffs at
Carnarvon, Pwllheli, and New Quay.* So also with the
bailiffs at New Brighton and Fleetwood. Hensen net
collections should be made by the steamer, beginning
early in January, and continued as often as is practicable.
2-H is bel ovoid a

“The food of the plaice, dab, and sole have been
studied during the present year from the point of view of
the competition between fish on the same ground. A
large number of observations have been made and
recorded, and will be published in the next Report. This
work should be continued. It is best done by a scientist
on board the steamer, but when neither scientist is on
board a parcel of fish containing half a dozen soles, dabs

* The investigation of the plankton of Cardigan Bay is most

important from the point of view of immigration of species into our

area, and it would be well to obtain as many tow-nettings as possible
from these parts.

8

and plaice not less than 9 inches long, FROM THE SAME
catcH, should be sent every fortnight either to Piel or
Liverpool as is most convenient. _ Uncommon Inverte-
brates should be preserved and sent to the Liverpool
Laboratory for identification.
(3-H xamination of olheliiis by Betas
“The Morecambe mussel beds and the cockle beds near
the Ribble Estuary should be examined at intervals.
Other shellfish beds should be treated in a similar manner
as time permits. The transplantation experiments should
be continued, and samples of the transplanted shellfish
should be sent to Liverpool as often as they are taken.
The usual bacteriological examinations will be made
from time to time as the Committee requires the informa-
tion. But if desirable any one bed can be systematically
examined and reported upon. Several inspections have
been made during the present year of the Morecambe
mussel beds, and a_ bacteriological examination has
already been made of the mussels at Llanfairfechan.
“4.—Fish-marking Experiments.-
“Nearly 1,000 fish will have been marked and
liberated before the end of the present year. <A con-
siderable number have been returned—varying from
5 per cent. to 50 per cent. of those liberated according to
the “Station.” Tables and charts are being prepared
shewing the results, and the whole matter will be
discussed in Professor Herdman’s forthcoming report.
Mr. Johnstone proposes to give a preliminary account of
the results of these experiments at the next meeting of
the Scientific Sub-Committee. It is proposed, if the
Committee agree, to carry on these experiments during
the next year, with whatever modification the results of
the past experiments may suggest. It is proposed to
mark flounders as well as plaice.

9

“5—Fish Parasites and Diseases.

“A large amount of work has been done by Mr.
Johnstone on board the steamer on the above subject. It
is proposed to carry this on, but a Report is being
prepared. This is work which can best be done on board
the steamer, but when a scientist is not on board parcels
of fish might be sent to Liverpool or Piel. Inedible fishes
are also desired. Large ray and skate should be examined,
but this can obviously only be done on board the steamer.
“6—Hydrographical Work.

“Tf it is proposed to provide the steamer with a hydro-
graphic research equipment (water bottle for collecting
samples of water from the bottom or from intermediate
depths, thermometers, &c., at a cost of about £25), and
the necessary equipment for analysis ashore, then the
following scheme might be adopted : —

“A collection of water samples, with exact observa-
tions of the temperature of the water at the surface,
bottom, or intermediate depths, should be made quarterly
along the following lines : —

“1. Fleetwood to the Skerries;

“2. Bardsey Island to New Quay ;

“3. Holyhead Harbour to Calf of Man;
“4. Mull of Galloway to Point of Ayre;
5. Ramsey Bay to Fleetwood.

This would take one week every three mouths; and several
of the lines might be combined with the periodical
inspection of the Manx territorial waters.

“Samples of water would be examined for salinity
ashore.”

Some of these subjects require no further explanation
as they have been before the Committee in the past, the
marked fish experiment is discussed above, and the others
are all in progress with the exception of the hydro-
graphical work which has not yet been started.

10

Foop or FiIsuHes.

I desire now to draw attention to the observations on
the food of Plaice as compared with that of Dabs caught
at the same time on the same ground. It has often been
said that Plaice and Dab compete for the same food, but
this does not seem to be the case. Mr. Johnstone’s
observations, made on the steamer and in the laboratory,
show that on the whole the adult Plaice feeds chiefly on
Mollusca (Serobicularia, Solen, Maetra, Tellina and
Nucula), less frequently on Polychaeta (Verews, Pectinarca,
&c.) with an occasional Kchinoderm or Amphipod; while
the Dabs of much the same size feed for the most part
on Ophiurids (“brittle stars ’’) and Crustacea, especially
small crabs and hermit crabs (Pagurus, Carcinus,
Porcelana, Portunus, Hyas, Corystes, Crangon, &c.), with
some Polychaete worms, occasional Mollusca and
Zoophytes. The contrast is evidently between Molluscs
as .the main food of the Plaice and Ophiurids and
Crustacea as that of the Dab. But the Dab is evidently
a greedy and omnivorous feeder, and many kinds of
invertebrates may be tound together in its stomach.

Some years ago, in the Ist, 2nd, 3rd and 4th of these
Fisheries Laboratory Reports (for 1892-3-4 and 5) we
recorded a series of observations made on the food of
various fishes, both small and large, which showed fairly
similar results. In 1894, in the case of the Plaice,
Mollusca were found in over 72 per cent. of the stomachs
and Polychaeta in fully 22 per cent., so that these two
food matters occupied together about 95 per cent., and the
following year the same two groups, although reversed in
order, occupied 96 per cent. of the stomachs. In the case
of the Dab our former records give no such uniformity of
result, and merely show that there is considerable variety

1]

in the food of this fish. It is possibly its omnivorous
habits that enable it to get on so well in the struggle for
existence with other fishes.
The contents of the stomach of a cod caught off °
Blackpool in December last are interesting, viz. :
3 dabs 6 to 8 inches long,
7 other flat fishes (too much decomposed for
identification),
3 herrings (or sprats) 3 to 5 inches long,
9 other round fishes (not herrings, very much
decomposed),
13 shrimps,
and a large mass of semi-digested matter, chiefly
composed of fish bones.

OtrHER Minor INVESTIGATIONS.
Herpineg an ,Carnaryon, and, Cardigan
Bays.

Several lots of herring sent by the bailiffs on the
instructions of Dr. Jenkins were examined in the labora-
tory. About half of these fish were “spent” and the
other half were “full” herrings. It is evident that the
winter herrings spawn somewhere on the coasts of Wales,
and close attention will be paid to the occurrence and
condition of this fish during the next year.

Prawlime Obsenvatrons’.

During the last year some interesting hauls with fish
and shrimp trawls were made in Luce Bay, in the Scottish
District; and in Fishguard Bay in the Milford Haven
District. These hauls are quoted and discussed further
on in this Annual Report. Large plaice were still
abundant in Luce Bay in October and November, 1905.
In Fishguard Bay we took a varied and abundant catch
of fishes in the shrimp trawl.

12

Oc currence “of Rare. irs hes?

Several rare fishes have turned up during the last
year. ‘Two scarce rays, Raia fullonica and Rata miero-
cellata were recorded for the first time (with certainty)
from Carnarvon and Cardigan Bays; a sole, the sand sole
(Solea lascaris), which does not often occur in our area,
was taken also in Cardigan Bay. Finally several young
specimens of Venter vulgaris, a fish which has not been
seen in the Irish Sea area before, and is a Mediterranean
rather than an English species, was taken off Pwllheli last
September. In many ways the occurrence of rare animals
last year was somewhat remarkable, and is to be con-
nected with an exceptional northerly movement of
sub-tropical Atlantic water.

Parasites and: Diseases ot Bishes.

Mr. Scott has been making some observations upon
ectoparasites of fishes at the Piel Laboratory; and a
number of tapeworms and “flukes” from the intestines
of tishes have been investigated by Mr. Johnstone in the
University Laboratory; all of these are described and
figured further on in this Report. A peculiar disease
infesting plaice at the Port Erin Hatchery, and causing
considerable mortality, has been traced to a fungus which
inhabits the liver and kidneys of the fishes, and destroys
the tissues.

SHELL-FISH TRANSPLANTATION.

The result of the mussel transplanting operations in
the spring of 1905 has proved satisfactory. The mussels
taken from the Heysham beds and deposited in the
* Ringhole ” (between the old harbour and the West end
pier at Morecambe) have grown on an average about
¢ of an inch in seven months. Those left on the scars

have only increased + of an inch in length. This gives

13

a nett gain of } an inch in favour of the transplanting.
At the period of the transplanting, the mussels varied
from 12 to 1% of an inch in length, so only the larger
ones left have reached the minimum legal size and
become marketable. It has been found that 100 trans-
planted mussels weighed five lbs. in December, while 100
from the scars that had grown to a marketable size, only
weighed two lbs. A bag of mussels from the scars
contains about two and a half times as many as a bag from
the “ Ringhole.” The results from the transplanting in
the Wyre and at Overton have been equally satisfactory.
This work is described fully in an interesting article by
Mr. Scott and Mr. Baxter, which will be found further on
in this Report.

The tow-nettings collected by the steamer continue
to yield valuable information. A sample of the organisms
collected by the bottom tow-net while trawling off
Aberystwyth on December 15th, 1905, contained one
plaice egg in which the larva was well advanced. From
the appearance of the larva it is estimated that this egg

had been spawned ten days previous to capture. The
earliest record for plaice eggs in the southern part of the
Irish Sea, previously known, was January 26th. The

occurrence of this egg seems to indicate that some of the
plaice on the South Wales coast spawn early in December,
and about very much the same time as plaice frequenting
the North Sea.

Several other minor inyestigations have been under-
taken by Mr. Johnstone and Mr. Scott, and will be
found described below, but the above is probably sufficient
to give members of the Committee a very fair knowledge
of the work that has been devised and carried out during
une, Waa W. A, Herpmay,

University oF LIVERPOOL,
February, 1906,

anak

14

SEA FISH HATCHING AT PIEL.
By ANDREW Scort.

Our attention, as in former years, during the fish
spawning period, was devoted to the incubation of the
eggs of plaice and flounders, and the results for 1905
are practically the same as those obtained in 1904. The
adult plaice were brought from Luce Bay by the fisheries
steamer, and the flounders from the River Lune by the
police cutter belonging to the Northern portion of the
District.

The plaice commenced to spawn on March 2nd, and
the flounders on the following day. The first fertilised
eggs were obtained on March 10th and the last. on May
5th. During the two months that the spawning lasted,
about thirteen and a half millions of flounder eggs were
collected and about one and a half millions of plaice eggs.
The eggs were incubated in the usual way and yielded a
little over thirteen millions of fry. The fry were set free
in Morecambe Bay by Captain Wright. At the end of
the spawning season the parent fish were liberated in the
Barrow Channel. About a dozen of the largest and most
vigorous plaice were retained for one of Mr. Johnstone’s
marking experiments. These were marked and set free
on May 31st, when the steamer was employed in carrying
on some investigations on the off-shore fishing grounds.
The following tables give the number of eggs collected,
and of the fry hatched and set free on the dates specified ;

Puarce (Pleuronectes platessa, Linn.).

Eggs Coliected.

Mareh 10 ... 15,000
a = ee oO000

Pe SG) m2 sp AO OOO

Sb LO <1 0000

i PA nk > SO O010)
eee ey OO000
eel: (rae. OOOO

re Pat POU OOL

ae | as fe eee 10 8 OLOTO)
April 4. Lf 90000
# 6 .= 90,000
., LOTS OOOO

i 12 £>, 902060
b= 2.21 SO:000

i ee Se ON)

iS EO: ® a iZO000

i 2 forO00

53 OA 2 60000

2 267 =. 60:000

As 98° Vy 20R000
May ee 51001018)
a Dies 0,000

Total Eggs 1,400,000

Fry Set Free.

133000 2... April
XSF 0K0) gee re

34,500

35,000

44,000

51 500

66,500

79,000

79,000

79,500

(2:000K) 2... i

1925009)... “Max
79,500 fy
70 000

79.000

62,000

66,500

52,000

52,500

35,000

44,000

26,500

1,230,000 Total Fry

«
3
”

”

3
iyi

16

Frounper (Plewronectes flesus, Linn.).

Hges Collected.

March 10... ~=200,000
» ld =. 260;000

ow VG. 280 0G0

5 16) 2 300000

a ce, 23601000

2 6d 2 4505000
ik es 00,000
2 See OO 000

Be Bl Se See 001000
April 4 2 1£000;000
. Gre tace ne FOOLO00

i 10... 1,000,000
_ 12 .. 900,000

i 14... 900,000

o 17... 800,000

5 OTe, 2 OO 000
i Dil 100000

“A 24 ... 650,000

. 26, =... cO00;000

x 250 Se O00;008
May 1 ... 800,000
‘3 5 ... 300,000

Total Eggs 13,470,000

CeTGeeen, She

Total Number of Eggs
Total Number of Fry

Fry Set Free.
177,000... April
243 0007s. =e
248, COO-* 2... es
266,000 i
330,000
400,000
486,600
PHN SOLOS Fae ae
TAZ 300 Sen.
SSO00) 222 ae,
800;0007 24,
SS000. Se: a.
800,000) se."
SOG O00 easy
TL OO. as
622,000 ... May
622,000
577,500
6215500" ==
55116910) 0 Rae te
445,000
267,000

11,972,000 Total Fry.

14,870,000
13,202,000

17

‘CLASSES, VISITORS, &c., AT PIEL.
By ANDREW Scorr.

The Education Committee of the Lancashire County
Council again placed at the disposal of the Sea Fisheries
Committee the usual sum of money for forty-five student-
ships, open to fishermen residing in the Administrative
County of Laneaster. The studentship holders were
divided into three classes of fifteem men in each, as shown
by the following lists :—-

Class held March 6th to 17th—J. Butler, Flook-
burgh; R. Johnson, Bolton-le-Sands; J. Threlfall,
Morecambe; A. Woodhouse, Morecambe; J. Johnson,
Junr., Morecambe: J. Moss, Fleetwood; N. Leadbetter,
Fleetwood; D. Leadbetter, Fleetwood; RR. Birch,
Lytham; C. Whiteside, Lytham; H. Robinson, Marsh-
side: M. Johnson, Marshside; J. Foster, Marshside; R.
Johnson, Banks; J. Bond, Banks.

Class held March 20th to 3lst—R. Butler, Flook-
burgh; W. Wilson, Baicliff; J. Bell, Morecambe;
D. Bell, Morecambe; A. Wilson, Morecambe; J. Lead-
better, Fleetwood; H. Macmillan, Fleetwood; J. Meadows,
Fleetwood; N. Johnson, St. Annes; T. B. Harrison,
St. Annes; R. Rimmer, Marshside; H. Wright (Hutch),
Marshside; J. Wright, Marshside; B. Abram, Banks:
W. Leadbetter, Banks.

Class held April 5rd to 14th—G. Thompson, Baiclitt ;
W. Woodend, Bardsea; H. Shaw, Flookburgh; J. Wood-
house, Morecambe; T. Woodhouse, Morecambe; J.
Wilson, Morecambe; Rd. Brown, Morecambe; John
Raby, Overton; R. Roskell, Fleetwood; R. Atkinson,
Fleetwood; D. Herbert, Fleetwood; R. Wilson, Fleet-
wood; D. Abram, Banks; W. Rigby, Southport; B. Ball,
Southport. In addition to the men originally selected
for the third class, two fishermen, S. Rimmer, and W.

5

18

Parr, from Blackpool, were also present, the studentships
being granted by the Blackpool Education Committee.

The usual votes of thanks to the Sea Fisheries Com-
mitee and to the Education Committee of the Lancashire
County Council were proposed and carried by the fisher-
men. One of the most noteworthy fishermen students
we have ever met with was a member of the third class,
James Woodhouse, of Morecambe, a fisherman close on
eighty-two years of age, and still following his arduous
vocation with surprising activity. On several occasions
during the summer, when fishing im the vicinity of Piel,
he paid us a visit. Mr. Woedhouse proved an attentive
student, and in a short speech stated he had learned much
about the habits and life of fish that was new to him.

A class in Nature Study for school teachers was held
on two week nights and Saturday afternoons during the
last two weeks of April and first week of May. The class
was attended by seventeen students, all teachers in the
schools under the Barrow Education Committee. This
is the fourth class in Nature Study for teachers that has
been conducted at Piel.

The dates for the next classes for fishermen are
practically settled. Two will be held before Easter--
March 12th to 25rd, March 26th to April 6th —and one
after EKaster-April 25rd to’May 4th. <A fourth class, if
required, could meet from May 7th to 18th.

Mr. M. A. Fenton, H.M. Inspector of Schools, has
inspected the laboratory and equipment for teaching
purposes. A report giving a summary of the apparatus
in stock, and also of the previous classes for fishermen
and school teachers, has since been forwarded to him.

Mr. Haweridge, Director of Education for Barrow,
Mr. Hopkinson and Mr. Baxter, members of the Com-
mittee, and others have recently visited the establishment.

PrLate I.

‘VAS AHL WOW (TANNVHD MOUNNVG ‘ANVIS]T VOY) 11g Ao

*A1OJBIOGL’T OJULIV]A, OATYSVOUL'T

(ad Sas “[ 4W 9 yfvasojoyg )

MALA IWYANTD

19)

The Scientific Sub-Committee and representatives of
ihe various Education Committees in the country visited
the establishment under the leadership of Mr. James
Fletcher on two occasions while the classes for fishermen
were going on.

A considerable number of additions to the Library
have been made during the year, partly by purchase
and partly by presentation. The most noteworthy are: -

Six volumes of the Challenger Reportspresented by
His Majesty’s Government.

Twenty-five volumes of publications relating to
Marine Biology—presented by the Trustees of
the British Museum.

Complete set, Journal of the Marine Biological Asso-
ciation presented by the Association.

Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca-—purchased.

Vols. I., II., III> of Crustacea of Norway, By G. O.
Sars—purchased.

British Hydroid Zoophytes, Hincks— purchased.

British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, Bate and Westwood --
purchased.

British Starfishes, Forbes-—purchased.

British Sea Anemones and Corals, Gosse-—purchased.

The Study of Fishes, Gunther—purchased.

American Food and Game Fishes, Jordan and Kver-
mann—-purchased.

Nordisches Plankton, Brandt u. <Apstein, Kiel,
Pts. 1-4-—purchased.

Also a large number of reprints of papers from the
Reports on the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland, 1902-
1903— presented by Mr. E. W. L. Holt, Scientific Adviser,
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for

Ireland, Fisheries Branch,

2% %.-

REPORT ON THE TOW-NETTINGS.
By ANDREW Scort.

During the year 1905 three hundred and sixty-five
iow-nettings have been examined. These collections were
made in various parts of the Irish Sea, extending from
Luce Bay in the North to Fishguard Bay in the South.
Of this number, two hundred and ninety-seven were taken
by the steamer, forty-one by the Welsh officers at Car-
narvon, Pwllheli and New Quay, and twenty-seven by Mr.
Chadwick at Port Erm. <A continuous series from any
particular area can scarcely be expected under the present
system. The primary work of the steamer is to patrol
the whole coast line of Lancashire and Wales, from
Haverigg Point to Kemmaes Head, and occasionally visit
the Isle of Man and Milford Haven Districts. The
Fishery Officers have their particular sections to supervise,
and Mr. Chadwick has many duties to perform. The
tow-nettings can, therefore, only be taken when time
permits, or in conjunction with other work. such as
collecting trawling statistics, and are lable to be mter-
rupted through pressure of work or stress of weather. At
some future period a more regular system of collecting
may be attained by the provision of a special scientific
steamer. Meanwhile we make the most of the material
we get, and are very grateful for the opportunities
afforded us. ‘The information derived from these tow-
nettings is gradually extending our knowledge of the
periodic occurrence and distribution of the pelagic
organisms In our area.

Ii is proposed in this report to deal specially with the
result of the examination of the collections from Cardigan
Bay, as it is the only area from which we have a series
representing every month 1m the year,

The collections from other areas such as Blackpool,
North Wales, and Port Erin have been interrupted from
the causes already mentioned, but the information gained
from these, as to distribution, &c., will be given where if
appears useful. <A report on the distribution of the
organisms from year to year may be given at a future date,
and will contain further details. The report given last
year was only intended as a record of the monthly
occurrences of groups of organisms without mentioning
the genera and species, and was primarily prepared for use
in the fishermen’s classes.

The present report is the first, so far as we know, that
deals with the organisms present each month of the year
in the waters of Cardigan Bay. — Sixty-six collections
from this area have been examined. Of that number
thirty-one were taken by the steamer im various parts of
the bay, twenty-two by D. Pritchard, Fishery Officer at
Pwllheli, and fourteen by E. Wilhams, Fishery Officer at
New Quay. The following lists give the occurrence from
month to month of the organisms identified in the

Cardigan Bay tow-nettings.

January.

Autolytus prolifer, Sagitta bipunctata, “ Mitraria,”
Meganyetiphanes norvegica, Calanus — helgolandicus,
Pseudocalanus elongatus, Paracalanus parvus, Centro-
pages hamatus, Anomalocera patersoni, Acartia clausi,
Oithona similis, Fish eggs (Plaice).

February.

Biddulphia, Coscinodiscus, Medusoid gonophores,
Autolytus prolifer, Sagitta bipunctata, ‘* Mitraria,”
“ Mysis stage” of Crangon, Calanus helgolandicus,
Pseudocalanus elongatus, Paracalanus parvus, Centro-
pages hamatus, Temora longicornis, Anomalocera

29

a

patersoni, Acartia clausi and A. discaudata, Oithona
similis, Cyclopina littoralis, Canuella perplexa, Euterpina
acutifrons, Alteutha’ interrupta, Copepod nauplu,
Naupli of Barnacles, Oikopleura, Fish eggs (Plaice, Dab,
Flounder, Haddock, Coal Fish, Bib, Rockling).

March.

Biddulphia, Coscimodiscus, Pleurobrachia pileus,
Autolytus prolifer, Sagitta bipunctata, ‘ Mitraria,”
Pseudocalanus elongatus, Paracalanus parvus, Centro-
pages hamatus, Temora longicornis, Acartia clausi and
A. discaudata, Oithona similis, Cyclopina littoralis,
Copepod nauplii, Nauplii and Ostracod stages of Barnacle,
Ascidian eggs, Fish eggs (Plaice, Flounder, Dab, Cod,
Rockhng).

April.

Biddulphia, Coscinodiscus, Pleurobrachia pileus,
Sagitta bipunctata, “ Mitraria,” Crab zoea,” “ Mysis
stage ~ of Crangon, Paracalanus parvus, Centropages
hamatus and C. typicus, Temora longicornis, Acartia
clausi, and A. discaudata, Copepod nauplii, Naupli of
Barnacles, Ostracod stage of Barnacles, Ascidian eggs,
Oikopleura, Fish eggs (Plaice, Brill, Coal Fish, Sprat,
Rockling, Common Dragonet). Post larval pleuronectids.

May.

Coscinodiscus, Pluteus larve of Starfish, Pleuro-
brachia pileus, Medusoid gonophores, Sagitta bipunctata,
larval Polycheta, ‘“‘ Mitraria,” ‘“‘ Mysis stage” of
Crangon, Crab zoea, Calanus helgolandicus, Pseudo-
calanus clongatus, Paracalanus parvus, Centropages
hamatus, and C. typicus, Temora longicornis, Acartia
clausi and <A. discaudata, Oithona similis, Copepod
nauplii, Naupli and Ostracod stages of Barnacles, Podon

23

intermedium, Ascidian eggs, Oikopleura, Fish eggs (Brill,
Solenette, Sprat, Rockling). | Post larval pleuronectids

and gadoids, voung rockling.

June.

Biddulphia, Rhizosolenia, Gelatinous alge, Pluteus
of Echinus, Pluteus of brittle starfish, Pleurobrachia
pileus, Medusoid gonophores, young Aurelia, Sagitta
bipunctata, larval Polycheta, ** Mitraria,” ** Mysis stage ’
of Crangon, Zoea and Megalopa of Crabs, Idotea marina,
Paracalanus parvus, Centropages hamatus and C. typicus,
Temora longicornis, Acartia clausi, and uA. discaudata,
Copepod nauplu, Podon intermedium, Oikopleura, Fish
eggs (Brill, Turbot, Solenette, Weever), one young Sole

i= = Dal Fel aie
(5mm. long, young Rockling.

July.

Rhizosoienia, Ceratium tripos, C. fusus, and ©.
furea, Pleurobrachia pileus, Medusoid gonophores, young
Aurelia, Sagitta bipunctata, * Mitraria,” “ Mysis stage ”
of Crangon, Zoea and Megalopa of Crabs, Tracheliter
stage of Jaxea nocturna, Hrichtheus stage of Squilla,
Pelagic stage of common lobster, Paracalanus parvus,
Centropages hamatus, and C. typicus, Temora longicornis,
Isias_ clavipes, Anomalocera patersoni, Labidocera
wollastoni, Pontella lobianeoi, Acartia clausi, and <A.
discaudata, Oithona similis, Canuella perplexa, Monstrilla
angelica, Podon intermedium and P. leuckarti, HKvadne
nordmanni, Oikopleura, Fish eggs (Weever), young

Weevers, young Rocklings, young Garfish.

August.
Noctiluca, Sagitta bipunctata, Autolytus prolifer,
‘““Mitraria,’ “ Mysis stage” of Crangon, Zoea and

224

Megalopa of Crabs, Trachelifer stage of Jaxea nocturna,
Erichtheus stage of squilla, Paracalanus parvus, Centro-
pages hamatus and C. typicus, Temora longicornis, Isias
clavipes, Anomalocera patersoni, Labidocera wollaston,
Pontella lobiancoi, Acartia clausi, and A. diseaudata,
Oithona similis, Euterpina acutitrons, Podov intermedium

and P. Jeuckartn, Ascidian eggs, Oikopleura.

September.

Biddulphia, Coseinodiseus, Chetoceros, Ceratiun
tripos, C. fusus and C. furea, Pleurobrachia pileus,
Medusoid gonophores, Sagitta bipunctata, larval Poly-
cheta, “ Mitraria,’ “ Mysis stage” of Crangon, Para-
calanus parvus, Centropages hamatus, Temora longi-
cornis, Acartia clausi, Oithona similis, Canuella perplexa,
Kuterpima acutifrons, Podon intermedium and P.
leuckartil, Larvie of Gasteropods, Larvee of Lamelli-

branchs, Oikopleura. -

October. -

Cheetoceros, Bellerochea, Ceratium fusus, Pleuro-
brachia pileus, Sagitta bipunctata, Larval Polycheta,
Pseudocalanus elongatus, Paracalanus parvus, Centro-
pages hamatus, Temora longicornis, Acartia claus,
Oithona similis, Kuterpina acutifrons, Oikopleura.

November.

Coscinodiscus, Noctiluca, Sagitta bipunctata, Tomop-
teris onisciformis, ‘* Mysis stage” of Crangon, Megalopa
of Crabs, Calanus helgolandicus, Paracalanus parvas,
Centropages hamatus, Temora longicornis, Anomalocera
patersoni, Acartia clausi, Oithona similis, Euterpina
acutifrons, Oikopleura.

25

December.

Biddulphia, Coscimodiscus, Ceratium fusus, and C.
furca, Noctiluca, Pleurebrachia pileus, Sagitta bipunc-
tata, Autolytus prolifer, Tomopteris onisciformis, larval
Polycheta, “ Mitraria,” ‘‘ Mysis stage” of Crangon,
Meganyetiphanes norvegica, Calanus — helgolandicus,
Pseudocalanus clongatus, Paracalanus parvus, Centro-
pages hamatus, Temora longicornis, Anomalocera
patersoni, Acartia clausii, Oithona similis, HKuterpina

acutifrons, Oikopleura, Fish eges (Plaice).

irematks: on the i Occurrence and
Dsiei bei .on of (Ocean 11 6.

‘Taking the months in order, we find from collections
which could only be secured during the second half of
January that twelve difterent organisms were present, and
the bulk of these were copepoda. Pseudocalanus, Para-
calanus, Centropages and <Acartia were the most con-
spicuous, only a few of the remaining three were noted.
Calanus and the schizopod JJeganyctiphanes were limited
to bottom gatherings. Sagitta, though present in
immense numbers at the bottom, were comparatively scarce
near the surface. Observations elsewhere were rather
limited in January owing to uncertainty of the weather,
and only four inshore areas were dealt with, but these
practically take in the coast line from Blackpool to New
Quay Head. It is therefore noteworthy that though
Diatoms were absent in the coastal waters, representatives
of three genera occurred at Port Erin.

During January arrangements were completed for
the Fishery Officers at Pwllheh and New Quay to take
tow-nettings in their divisions at least once a fortnight,
in addition to the collections made by the steamer when
circumstances permitted. The extra gatherings were

26

begun in February and continued throughout the year.
The tow-nettings for February comprised eight surface
and five bottom samples. Copepoda, so far as number
of species go, reached the maximum point in this month,
when fourteen forms were noted, but only four of these
(the same as in January) were at all common. Sag?tta
was again abundant near the bottom. Copepod nauplii
and the nauplii of barnacles made their appearance in
February. Seven species of fish eggs were noted and
two species of diatoms. Five other coastal areas were
examined, one off-shore station and Port Erin. Diatoms
appeared to be scarce in distribution throughout the Irish
Sea. Three genera were represented at Port Erin, two in
Cardigan Bay and one in Fishguard Bay. Altogether
thirty distinct organisms were detected in Cardigan Bay.
Port Erin, with fourteen, was the next richest area.

In March owing to pressure of other work the
steamer was unable to investigate Cardigan Bay, but the
Fishery Officers sent in five samples, which were repre-_
sentative of the whole month. ‘Twenty-three organisms
were noted, including eight species of Copepoda and five
species of fish eggs. The ostracod stage of barnacles and
the eggs of species of Ascidians appeared for the first
time in 1905 in this month. Five coastal areas were
investigated, also four stations in the central portion of
the Irish Sea, but Port Erin was not represented.
Diatoms were apparently present throughout the whole
of the Irish Sea in March, and were represented by the
genera Biddulphia and Coscinodiscus.

The steamer was again engaged in other work in
April, and the collections sent by the Fishery Officers
contained the only material available. These were
taken on the 12th, 18th (two tow-nettings ) and 29th.
The organisms numbered twenty-five, and included six

27

species of Copepoda and six species of fish eggs. The
Zoea stage of crabs and the post larval stage of Pleuro-
nectids, probably plaice, began to make thei appearance
amongst the plankton. Five coastal areas were examined,
also three off-shore stations and Port Krin Bay. ~The
distribution of many of the organisms had now become
fairly uniform. Diatoms were present in every area
except Carnarvon Bay, and were represented’ by
Coscinodiscus and Biddul phia. Chaetoceros and Rhizo-
solenia occurred at Port Krin in addition to the two others
mentioned, but nowhere else. ‘Twenty-nine organisms,
including the eggs of ten species of fish, were noted from
Port Erin in April.

The tow-nettings taken in May numbered ten, and
comprised four collections from the Fishery Officers, and
three surface and three bottom gatherings made by the
steamer. The organisms represented in the material,
including the eggs of four species of fish, reached a total
of thirty-one. Nine species of Copepoda were noted. Of
these, Centropages hamatus, C. typicus, Acartia clausi
and A. discaudata were the most abundant; the last
two in some cases forming the bulk of the material
collected. Post larval pleuronectids were less numerous
than in April, and young gadoids made their appearance
for the first time. The presence of gelatinous alge
interfered to some extent with the working of the tow-nets
in three of the other coastal areas investigated, and pro-
bably had some connection with the abnormal results.
At Blackpool only Pleurobrachia and this alga were
noted. The collection from Port Erin on May 11th was
also rather remarkable. It was practically a gathering
ot Chaetoceros.

In June twelve collections were made, of which four
were from near the bottom. Gelatinous alge had by this

38

time become very abundant along the Welsh coast
extending to Fishguard Bay, but apparently did not
come very close to the Jand. None of the tow-nettings
taken by the steamer produced a single copepod, while
those taken off Tremadoc, Aberaron and Kilan Head,
yielded six species. Out of a total of thirty organisms
only eight occurred between two and three miles from the
land. The alga was entirely absent from the tow-
nettings taken by the Fishery Officers. The collection
from Port Krin showed a great change from the previous
month, and twenty organisms were noted. Chetoceros
had entirely vanished, its place being taken by a swarm
ot Rhizosolenita which was represented by a few indivi-
duals in May.

The organisms in Cardigan Bay plankton attaimed
them highest number in July. Kleven collections were
taken and thirty-six different forms, with a fairly
uniform distribution, were found to be present in the
area. No other portion of the Irish Sea, at any time .
during 1905 contained plankton so varied as oceurred in
this bay in the months of May, June, July and August.
Various unusual forms appeared in July such as the
larvee of the crustaceans Jaaea, Squilla, and lobsters, also
the rare copepods Pontella lobiancot and Monstrilla
anglica, The gelatinous alga was gradually disappearing
from the water. The only areas that contained any
were Carnarvon Bay and Bahama Bank off the Isle of
Man. Diatoms were practically absent in all the regions
investigated, a very few Rhizosolenta were noted at Port
Erin and in Cardigan Bay, and Coscinodiscus at Port Erin
only.

The tow-nettings taken durmg August numbered
fourteen. Ten of these were collected by the steamer,
and the remaining four by the Fishery Officers. A con-

29

siderable reduction in the number of organisms apparently
set in early in the month; Diatoms, Ceratium and
Coelenterata were entirely absent. The young lobsters
had also gone from this area, but a few occurred in
Carnarvon Bay and one in Lune Deep. The Protozoan
Noetiluca made its first appearance in this bay during
August, and was also diffused throughout the Irish Sea
at that time. Young Javea, young Squilla and Pontella
lobiancot continued to be represented. Fish eggs and
young fishes had disappeared from all the coastal waters.
At Port Evin one or two eggs of the Norway topknot still
remained. Diatoms became more plentiful in other areas.
Representatives of four genera were noted between Red
Wharf Bay and Rhyl, one in the Ribble and two at Port Hrin.

In September five gatherings were taken. The
number of organisms remained practically the same as in
August, but a great change had taken place in the con-
stituents of the plankton, not only here but all over the
area. The larvee of Crabs, Javea and Squilla had gone,
and also some of the copepods, including the species of
Pontella, Anomalocera, Labidocera, and a few others.
Twelve species of copepoda were present in August and
only seven in September. Diatoms, Ceratium and Ceelen-
terata re-appeared, and small swarms of gasteropod and
lamellibranch larve were met with. Diatoms had become
well diffused throughout the Irish Sea. Three genera were
represented in Cardigan Bay, four along the North Wales
coast, one at the mouth of the Ribble, Blackpool and
Port Erin. Three species of Ceratium were present in
every one of the areas examined, excepting Port Hrin.
(‘elenterata were uniformly distributed. A few zoea of
crabs (Porcellana sp.), aud late megalopa stages of other
species were found along the North Wales coast and off

the Ribble,

30

Only one collection could be made in October and so far
as tt goes it shows that the plankton had become almost
as poor in constituents as we tound during January.
Practically only copepods remained, along with a few
individuals belonging to other five groups. From the
other areas examined we find that Diatoms were prevalent
all over. Port Erin and Luce Bay were especially rich
in species, no less than five being common to both.
Ceratium was uniformly distributed in the northern
division and Voctéluca extended from the coastal waters
to the centre of the Lrish Sea.

In November five collections were taken, and the
plankton was very similar to that of October. Slight
ehanges had occurred. = Chetoceros was displaced by
Coseinodiscus, and Ceratium by Noetiluca. Amongst the
Copepoda Anomalocera had returned and Calanus took the
place of Pseudocalanus. ‘The Plankton in the other areas
remained practically the same as m the previous month.
Acanthometra appeared at Port Eri for the first time im
the year.

The weather during December was unsettled,
and the work im consequence was restricted to fewer areas.
Eleven tow-nettings were taken in Cardigan Bay and
revealed a considerable development in the plankton. The
constituents numbered twenty-four. Cosc/nodiseus, Cera-
tium, Coelenterata, and Pseudocalanus re-appeared. A
single specimen of a developing egg of the plaice was
found in a bottom collection on the 15th which makes
the earliest record for the Irish Sea.

The year 1905 was remarkable for the huge swarms
of single organisms that made their appearance from time
to time throughout the whole of the territorial waters
between the Duddon and Fishguard Bay. We do not

remember any previous occasion on which these invasions

31

were so marked. In some eases these visits were strictly
loeal, and in others diffused over a wide area. The

following are the most striking instances, giving the date
and locality of the occurrence, and also the name of the

organism :

Jan, 26. Patches Buoy, Aberystwyth. Sagitta.
; 2%. Off Llanon, Cardigan Bay.

Feb. 21. Tremadoc Bay. Diatoms (Coscinodiscus).

Mar. 28. Off the mouth of the Duddon. Sagztta.

April 4. Carnarvon Bay. Ostracod stage of Barnacles.

39

,, 18. Tremadoc Bay. Copepods (Temora longrcornis).
,, 29. Off New Quay Head. _,, My
May 11. Port Kr. Diatoms (Chetoceros).
June ll. Red Wharf Bay. Diatoms (Coseinodiscus and
Biddulphia).
15. New Quay Head. Copepods (Centropages and

Acartia).

, 19. Port Erin. Diatoms (Rhizosolenta).
,, 23. Fishguard Bay. Crustacea (Megalopa of Crabs).
», 27. Llandudno Bay. Noetiluea.
,» 2s. Off Puffin Island.
, 29. Entrance to Mersey. .
,», 80. Blackpool. b
July 5. Red Wharf Bay.
, 5. Beaumaris Bay. .

. 7. Off St. Tudwall Islands. Porcellana zoea.

, %. Off Nelson Buoy, Ribble. Nocttliuca.

Reel f a i x

14. Off Ynys Fach, Cardigan Bay. Megalopa of

Crabs.

», li. Tremadoc Bay. Copepods, Temora and Acartia.

,, 18, Off Nelson Buoy, Ribble. Cladocera (2 species
of Podon).

July 20.

Aue, fe

Sep. 14.
Oct. 10.

oe
og

Carnarvon Bay. Noctiluca.

Tremadoe Bay. Copepods (Acartia discaudata).

Patches Buoy, Aberystwyth. Rhizosolenia and
Ceratuun.

Off Llanon. Cardigan Bay. Rhizosolenia and
Ceratiun.

Off the mouth of the Duddon. Crab Megalopa.

New Quay Head. Copepods T'emora and Acartia.

Tremadoe Bay. Porcellana zoea.

Llandudno Bay. Noctiluca.

Entrance to Mersey. .,

Off Nelson Buoy, Ribble. Noctiluca.

Tremadoe Bay. Porcellana zoea.

Off Llanon, Cardigan Bay. 100 Squilla larvie,
105 Pontella lobiancoi.

Carnarvon Bay. Zoea and Megalopa of Crabs.

Off Nelson Buoy. x 2

Llandudno Bay. Diatoms (four genera).

Beaumaris Bay. Noctiluca.

Off Nelson Buoy, Ribble. Noctilica. ~

Blackpool. Noctiluca.

Patches Buoy, off Aberystwyth. 30 Squilla larvee.

Entrance to Ribble. Noctiluca.

Off Liverpool N.W. Light Ship. Noctibaca,

Entrance to Mersey. Sagitta.

The appended table shews the occurrence of pelagic

fish eves during the year.

aietatavelall(otetelovelall etetersiehe ee ee cea, a pice eee mac aes pgagcteoy tle Nerstortiercravs Taqu1adea(]
ecceee ate Sie ela alee <r | shai acy § ceil cas wee + eclevviclecccce|eecne PAB AP on inl Maigtiogs SEDO ICES
+ + see ee 8 we ele ee ea Goce eter a||\eceve\elee||)) =16/s;61s)| 616.6 0p 9,8 aa Pe ee ee + eccecel| reeves seeoreele: -eeereeseeesees oun’
+ eoscea| «2 ‘evesesiaccoee Aye suofelelele||imieraierepe|||eie ¢efe) o\\\ele.s)s,ael}iwicr™ sire a sew ele wen ne + eee e eels we eee aria lie aes oe ea ACT
+ eee ceelereeee late ec eeee + =e sie a'e6/|\eie oie viall(e\e ejeielel|ineleielee + esc eecleseses + wlelele's ¢/o/eleie/eielvieieve sje judy
sisislre cele |le's/e fe ei|(aiaial nies [prea cineieas Bee face al Beware tees 4+ te ee elreeseelecereelso-see aa + + ge eed ee OL EN
Sforsvatotall okay urznelleratatemerc Pavers wecre [lcrcbe vers + ) + alee |p s + or) ue) |feveve fete n}|lviela)uiere/|injoretnle)s)|) isis \elels of ste alle Si ILI re) 010 (0 [eh fi
Ce cceclovcccelesrescricvercelsneseclecevas Hyg ceed (cepa sg nliereleiltrictenaheral|(stekteareln| |jetecsisieie|lelstenere/ See |e ake aaa a: skel efisye etait + Kyenue pr
AVG, NVOIGUV() NT

——— a — — i ——_—_---— ——— =— — — — —-— — —— — —
eee + + +. Vea es Blale ela |leretacelcveilitre;eisis! [in tatei/clen |felefuliste(aillisioralvieie|lis/e)elsiele)|sleels lara] lfelvrslsvele|| (se 16/alere|{ersi9ie1evellsvaxe(einlai| elec seri eve (orstere Ease nese Ne TL
4. + [eens + dtevaieters||(alslevetalebiatsterelsis\|iecoleteletwfisrerelsislel|/aiueleleiel|(eielele res + ec ve rele cre elesees(eseree vee oe | cece cece esc cccene oun
ae Rlevalelelel|(cieletersvelliete (eveveceiidiereteraya)|lavetereteten ic evrtereyo\|isiie/(etw ‘elsif sdeYereln\aitie/ee\ete/ sl laleVelulsye|l(s! sisveiers||isleseferece/|lelelerenere + Sec veelvevevcicvcnvclecevvrertveeven eve Key
= aretatelevaitordtaverste|tareiaiterels + 4b atetefereia yk SCCOICIt ate ale SR Pe Ae ae eet a eae Scarce cae judy
Sraxe ejois||lofevereievelh osdyexeretal|(ovevevaiereeteteveveveTs le leat 4+ meer are ese ee PaO Cae a caer i ae (ence ne ha ee ook ae RT OSCE |
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| eeeee nee | peer. | eee ne | ea | ee eeee | + Ce eecclenresalecccee | oases | cheer ee eres eens ysnony
== + ae Syoteyn hail \elavailelatatlfetertera sa) |lerels-disiel|isielsiateratiakstel olatellisielaielels aeroeaa | ceanceaeat eoacee | + @leielens 0]. 2 000) os ees [RSS PRE ere S25 Ayn
Desig | Oooo bei. ltecoces ie el aro As ee kfc ead = Haig | |
+ | + | [eee aca eaae~ aia aa paras ee re ee ey oun (’
eraturatayel|eialalstetattsiretaletela)|t<kauyislare Aes sel ofa ag a eae agate | + + ecseve spoales sere tesiae sens pial e\eve;minyn' Avy
a ieliaaleie ricye Lo lleeevrrloasees | Nexaite sieve} l ekciea {Tarateretess}t eeeee |
af Je | af | “hs Bile | |, =e | rd aE ‘ile a3 | Sratersta’oivpeionerstereieleiscs judy
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ese eceleecwee (sotone + eceees eso Sar te a tensa a | ei abana as Sean i
+ were ccleceseclecesos + + siajaysie + + | ae Coo ole ot osc conn ouilogapanlancoe | + bee eee + cece cere cece cece pady
Ses ee id ee ied ie acre + + | + + + | + POSS Gas mma asad + + + cysts hele cos ST TATA
Sin eciew|oie ss ccfivieenwir|le eave oevuce == ae alge miata =e [Pees a area ea ea aie ca + meinen ses Kena Cho
eee eee) Belem | | [eC eee Sec ~ || Me ee Oe ee eee a
n|) = Ce eNO Go) din eect bal.) ea oe A Ste took (Tesi el ah eas!
Pelee Weel oeen leg |e |e |e | A Pee Vig a lee ale eRe:
er a eee ols | eae | fine jm Or | gb |g s Sema a = ‘ &
Bile Gee Beak gel 22 | eee Slee) e | |e ‘ Sear
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les FE | | ct |

40 “A'N ‘SQNN0U) AHOHS-4IOQ NO

30

The following Tables show the occurrence from month
to month of the various organisms identified in the

plankton from the areas named :—

January.
i —* l [ee ae ea ee |
ieke ig 2 ig 2 eI
S ; \eZ Sy dare i a if Blpeeey ts
2 SElSSSS Geese ae 2 2 jee! e |e) 8
am fe OO mS] 6 Sig S14 ase oO; OL Oe | = ) =
a ee Fe ale | as BR OZ OZIOAIMA A) e | 4
|
l ea tag
‘CINACUGIEROS, Gonsonessnssadocsace petiolate a8 gaadoc-ddcood Hotbot Haesse eudoad Beactnwesaodlbacson ashes
IBhokolvMhOare), sdosoceucdossoneneeor ire econ Seer eecea meee pe siemtera eek tts oh Steams taseaer alae Rerece spy ieee
BORCINOMISCUS. oe ..e..cs.ceecs0s- Jet el catsen| sheer bern Pee aera cslectess S24 vce hoerawe’ ele “Hrlaeeste
Ceratium tripos........-.....+.+ Ee se oa Her a Pe nena Wee celeeatie ea aes facil Seow Paes St eon
Sagitta bipunctata ............ eee ae eee St a eo He al ewajste| see syste ci sce |p Gable ate site ees tes i) Sateen
Autolytus prolifer............... Wat ales leat. eae se fel sesthalt Pecans ahaa NORA Eroson nea Laat
Tomopteris onisciformis ...... Wee alta ss cal erecta naciee debe a bcaactll eee Lease beret aseai Lokctee oats bv feast
AVCUTET a ane IBS ee ae, (Sacen i ae san nies al teen eols cares EAL cules pace ore
Meganyctiphanes norvegica...!......|....060..04. art ele aR Lp aaenl Manaobnaaance besaae L vitae (Pars eens e Bagtiog
Mysis stage of Crangon ...... lets Hoplledes walbacere Bel scecca| a Lisem a ssaecalaaeete louis | Lontune latent Wee
Calanus helgolandicus ......... ee a Berner +.) sts ltieaeist bo bor 6eseon|6ansor Pepe Lana ny Neier tse
Pseudocalanus elongatus ...!......|......)...06 de | Seal [ Veta wi feerseloe [setae Sosieaten Wop a emery | Mee 2 SONS ae
Paracalanus parvus ............ Eee =e | Baaaoe + oe bocbeel bondateenacal eben: tse dell eels | Rapbee
Temora longicornis ............ eee AP ea ssa lSeecae oktaas SRA LG ted en ecctae Wea rascal Saceeal sone ee pereee
PNCartis, ClAUSL ..c.2...0cess0s-8° Le ec hepa +14 | + J... eeetcegeaersd eat Lert (Sats hsane Reree
Centropages hamatus ......... ees AP |peoosdllausace Mesa TI | Boheon becotite cocco pa sanedacnaa haéasd baceco Hoodes
Anomalocera patersoni......... aah Sle) Reticence Se ee eh ee eee eee eet ao baceonlsanng: Mere
Sithona, similis ..............02-- UF eal nent ge es ie Se lca Nae Eee a ee Werte sides
INTO TERY (eas Ue rice seers Amcneae raisvostnatte Glows heaters Naess aula os Sa eect Bere tanec Deca reno RoSdoolRacsan Baosce
| |
| | | ; |
Sayeed) | aide |e es ee fea) tas

36

February.

| | | | ; |
| | = | 3 | ee |
: |o py SEP Ke ike lene
oie cet raion ener: | 8) 8
| 0 > Se |e 5 5 3 Ss 5
Bie Peele | Sle |e) eeil sce, | Salpe
@ fae | eo) S| AS aie 2 ae eke ac | eee
A Salsa Smog alozlozion|aal a) 4 | 3
| | 4 | ts! | ~ AA | — ae —
—. - : ! — — —- - —-
(CUEEYE eels) fo'sis wy soe aon acorReenecicod Recesn HEeesE Hocdod Hacmcerencd pocsec nae: Vere Bacecn bpeaoe sR Sy -
oeeiceedpiten, #sees aie esa s.s, tte tetera sleet Nene uk alae Sees eet ete eee
PI ZOSO EMI tee acta s aces ooce mek ioe cease aaetee tae eel ace cee vcoee | fecanes i aaa ate Lat ae ol ome alle ges tb a.
OSGINOGISCUS: Ws asee dooms es sisee Hel eee scents! teres sie] eets stele emisote =f eesaes Seo Rees Ree |e en te eee + a
(CRIED Het 80) adage rodedsso5ea hooead Hades booaoal bic Gans Boss beso [eonae Poon: edBod EAnsse|hacshel bessss + ne
Gematimm ShUSUSs! ar cadet osms sce lprerecte |sars-cte|sexce Gls |sciv.ceperesonre| seen ES-aen tea PeeAa Rocaad Sumrel babce + | an
Ceratium Pura se ceesccecneccecctsloceee le snetial sees acct saerice| ameete Detebal Barden bragce Baracs| Bart. 4 hosece BE
Sagitta bipunctata ............)..feeafeceeleeeees Were clap Pape iieere [bots pete, | hee Wee Pa ie
Autolytus prolifer............... 2 oe cei Peer eee | + | + |... ees Fees Hogar Hesse boone ee Were
barnvalmeolychaetamre sens. cscel terse c<sealso sone see sete ees) Bea Been massed Erearal eocenct Eerie bt ah ent
COUNMMGIAIEUAN of. s cice comiete cisteaiaisin ase ole arses Leiaciarel| erecta Viesosalechens Se BAP Rg) Borcee Cacao Seeeacl BaCgBe fe secs lect cca
Plenroprachia wplleushon-sjesee| sere) - sect telee tal teeter Leona Bapece Receae) Ranend tosebe Bacensy boeacc doses.
Medusoid gonophores ......... Se isedico arek al cquteel eae Oe ee je sinc Sa)mcdaebidtes sires dol pase oeoee eee
TRESTLE Rs Boe ee Sparen aaeE eee ce Ganeed Kereial Mbcacdl wactec [eae eetede oar Reeaee eae Lieeselle aes eelemeer | (Eee es
Mysis stage of Crangon ......) + |.....-|..-0+-|-.000 Bateue tales a ee cee =e #| Beet | adeel eeeee
Calamus heloolamdicus ss.ccenss|sesesie|ssteses| saree) en ese lncestel Sa (ese tl Ws Peet Reeee =f || Silscisa | sense betas
Pseudocalanus elongatus ...| + |......)....0-[.-.2 e+! oe ee ae bee a ee oe Ped dann: fae, Eye
Paracalanus PATVUS .....e sees Eh ee seal e eee eae |Gtae co Nei id fies eel Pores Bronce = Oe ener ets eee
Temora longicornis ............ Se ee bh oer pee We asec Pear mts reed er bt Saat Fey.
Acartia clausi ..........+.++.+. ct ea eh oh a5 i} ae |) ae) ae | oon. ee 8 EF Hl ame ee a.
Neopian), Custer nits EY 25 ce eb cpertson paces6| hacocd) sobbe0 bateno boosac =f; ulsisteotake feecieel isentels |n.< Saige wowal dosed amesiee leeaag
Centropages hamatus .........|......|----++|..-+++ ee anal eea + {+ ] 4]... emer Care aA Le | tees
Centropaces rity Pl CUS Mee suco|mese|- meme osc eetrel scaee ay basse bacaadlboneos npbenelsusenoleteso. FP anooa|peones
Anomalocera patersoni ......]......]......|.... sel Baeboal bancce Sn Bech ae Recacd Pecsed Maeeee keen. hscrct (Accel: ae
Oithona similis .........-..:ssceefeeeeee| eee leer es ane hae + a bape Nena eonece tz ulbaesies aN
Cyelopina Mittoralis’ 2.7 ¢..ccesec\s..004|----nalooeene eee ee ae ILS aes lever. acer Note «| eee ane eee
Camella: perplexa (xfs ncike.see|oc-os|cososusees Veen Sean ty Tota Le esosalebyeu stant eee bee Seeiateckine ee.
Kuterpina acutifrons .........|......[s.seee|-e20 beoese pascde SB Nl gett een: Reber Reece Gocnod) aenead beso | sas
Alteutha interrupta ........-[eceee| eens eeeee|eeeeee cree SE ae ey et oe Skee. lees Re eae BSBES -
Copepod. mam piay. jre-5 seecean slo sccne|asmeten|ncamen| sateen bss], Se clic eden cal eeeamel te. oh ancora
Gieriped manplites sf cents ecuclcncers|-acaosbeence heres | eeshs pe el oe Linear Peet ee ae eee Lec a ae
Oikopleura ........eeceeeeeeeee ef eeeeeleeeeeefeeeeeeleeweee Boca. eles Re Si Nite Uist ee hone
Fish eggs sree see sen denen less alandess [aeeebel sete Weenies her |S cdkssh keeaoe Se sarees scree a
Sach See
| | nae
yn cee ee hol Om a aie) A eee nee

3

1

March.
| es S 2 ia |
| as Bm a= ae | -
Sl obec eee em erste eel. siesdeeute
Sle Ble ee cle oye) (2 le lane ete |eniisalas
3) 8/2 Sin sla wis |B id lS | ex SRS ae
@ |2e\ Selec 8 ak ave ale cla cle cia S| 8/5! 8
S SP ee eros es Fi Fa © teks Salas pa) 4)
| |
|
Biddulphigngesssssseceec ress atu IN heal sais STA Sato BS Poet Bt eae = | spon ea eel ae
(Qrostorkavevolstewisy © asoecneccborsoecoe alee Seta Gama | =e al eerie ates | ke oe Se ee We es cdledoee = antes
(CRA Miitan, TEE) Mee ganoo-okaoBand babbod Saeeee Heneee |-eeee (ete Beane Wecescel peace Soya baaeee eRe a Na [Ps aed PS 3
Sagitta bipunctata ............ ce, eae vel bee ee } + | + ST He Oe Je) ae || ak Li s(Gietovdl oie ome neta ieteniers
Autolytus prolifer............... SE AES See Eee el Wa nee oe listed ater Sra sh St Th a age ate na cell Oe ee
PVN vee s ee ae saat rae tsescalta saddles snes Reerer SHTA staal stenttaler ast ame ea mee ae aa Pema ee
Pleueobrachian pileus: |... .savltee.se|vaeneslvecaselcversalsr see NSS Eo 0 NI ae ls ae Beeeon Scher el eee ae Beate:
Medusoid gonophores ......... 4° |boqpor|bonsbe Beerco Gectbe mopeéc Barer Loddon hesede buceee! sash oo} sscobe soste 3/ blazes
Rasiphean sivadO) vececcereeee-cnlleccte- Ree nl bocoee Eakcdn elcodaprcrcc Daecon seme A a eee ey rd (eee hi erste sonic
Meganyctiphanes norvegica...|...... Encded| bones boacos boosce boatoe booaed|bonper +] + | + feeeeeefe eee |-terwmiss
Mysis stage of Crangon ...... Po arses ete SEO Cees acted scl sdsete sie +] +] + |... [Bsrorsicl nolne oialarametete
Calanus helgolandica .........!...... I Riedl. Beth oce ee ee Bonne Ween aes set nee | Pee eal aemone te Boe |
Pseudocalanus elongatus SEG aa Pl Ea eal etl etal Oe Shy |e al ee eee |e Ge Allen 54
Paracalanus parvus............ ae an ot biel SES | Nees Cea ie Aloha oct lee Be call Seca ct
Memora, longicornis ..........-|2s«0 ae heres leat ete e Eee | St gets |e 1 en ee Pe ne |e
Neamt an Clalisiy a nc.sscceescce + LES rales qa eardl as seeee| Gee fone A) weeelimer || Se | Borert aedce
ANcanrtianGiscaid ata s.cs.sstees|accnce | Bosal eer Se A ee ole Bassas ee sels ee eesti Seecocl sense Koenco
Centropages hamatus ......... at Se cise ciel slelaered See Gonece S| hanads Hesnep + > S eal Baacna Baccod Gnccoe
Myton: Simislise |. ).0¢..2-c0r002)0-<02 peel catia Dice ee fe) eee a eee es ee ee
Orcllay site, UMKCITS Coecossoetod baoooa bancod baqoss horton sacnes oe BARRE Been cera RGceaE mopeen Mesote teocta paesoe
Giardella thompsoni .........|......|....+. ast Ree OA eee nea Se ae ee BR ee Oe ieee toed ee Paes
Alteutha interrupta............ | = | BOBO SOO Sa borete Hanada Reeree Beneae lear lsat la We eral Sooeec|meaeee Ge ctce
Elaithalestnise cromiserrss saute see Aeeeel oe | eee ae Seno le Pe [See BI ee eer ae ee ae |e Mr a
Copepod mma np lite Arete a s-cecesleeee secrete saeece Jo ee Se Ale tee a = au aera 6 layin lartares | Sater Poe
Barnacle nauplii .....:......... Pesci le nerraty Gate fet Hatome “fe Wise) ote seiwche sine mic eciemoc | Sareacrs |seseena lees et Feces
Barnacle ostracod stage Ali YBa sont I ate DS Aa DON aia oe EERE eee Wea daasaeelavesnaleceasat eens [Masks
Crab zOeay seers ke ate ees A ae eed Ae ite a eS eV Soy eee BS ty Rotten | Pe cee botece
Mikamleura Mey. ah s.c noite eect auely Bick We cticl heEe eee Beattie ea Seine eae ame ted besarte os ie ee
PAS CIOIAM KOO OSW rosa hater cero) see nealleat sie ee eae PRs ae Bit eae tern al Reta coneol Becca Buona Sone
Mish enon Wt eh Atos tev acc: 2 all eee Ree make Be Woot dled yt he SC es Oy I ee pe en A
IDRIS eboc hoes enn aoe eon UC BPERE aa IEEE are Tce aa ea ae de 08 fetes cates eaeees eaeees eneees
| | | |
Eco Pca oT a FS
13) |=) = | 1d slero ue OY A) ABS | 15s 3)/—]—
| | |
SSS B22...

38
April.
a
1O >

i = | . las A = aa! zz

[os ca SEs tsstiiues | stsos auites =
) @ (Os se Pala Be ge
| x ERE ESEEE Fe Aa
@haetocerOsy, sii. cecssesoacoe eros |-seaee | Be eBan ficaar| Honso| Basaac ssaneol badness
Bidduliplia myc .sserseess eae Bice ee a (Oe cael PAB Elam | ener
INIA AGSOIS THE morons 357 Secononds 0d boomed] Reseed booacol daaraal Sabape RBEsAE| saeacs
Coscinodiseus | sss-eessee se fie wcres fe ti Ste lbevanine SP Koodo
(CYP (iki cath IWS ieee eee ceereeee ec Rtoadel BESSanl Aascannl hBbaaa patoas bemecs| Reeroe
Pleurobrachia pileus ......... fai Nerds id ae al soesieal seen Cee
Medusoid gonophores ......... Sel Wiis 2 [boon ste a Elec el totale
Alcyonium eggs |.:...........+. SI DRrAgS LS Nica sie |[brerabinall asicemial Merstelee
Sagitta bipunctata ............ i= poppet Sl Mier aan Boden? Sh bopans
Autolytus prolifer............... =f 4 sedeine| ze emiore 2 Fl bona hodeoslhaaaas
anvalePolyehcetareesn-cosstes acess sade veces Soot banat bosses SaRaor
POOR ATLA! 5. cones tenoeeeissereaal swear 4] de dles|soeectd|saeceal acess + Jeeeee
Pasiphaea:, SIVAAO s; .io5c.<00- safes srinc|iesescleoered 1 \|bobooe|hobbo0|bxbo08
Meganyctiphanes Morvepica.. .\0oi2..|.s.2.|222-<clnecere[arcsec|s-seeisleceeer
Mysis stage of Crangon ......|......|...... sey Weidecisal ots chess Sl Ree
Calanus helgolandicus .........]......]/..... SR] | Gaieat| pobpee| Boban BagaAe
Pseudocalanus elongatus ...... Ae [Sates] seine SE \\ ee ope Ucicwtets| Saree
Paracalanus parvus............ + |eeeeee ste ah ches Hl ivietroe Sea Boer
Temora lJongicornis ............ oak BREE +] +] + ] + /.e.-
NCAT ANC LAUGH | tece-mens acne cost AE leeesied Zee selects aeiee es 5 a ROBE
Acartia Giscaudatar 0a. s4|ronesdlos sae sleou valascett|-oeee. seals seeice
Centropages hamatus ......... + Le sens fe ete i aareseis + |i...
Centropaces: tyPiCUs = yc.cecctcl-cecce|saerns[asseesence ere) sele=ia +E sloeieed
Anomalocera patersoni ...... oes eed: Ser bleed gp ee.
Oithona similis... -c....ccsns-+: | © ak Ronson Geesce heGerd hoseee bknon rotons
Alliteutha simterrupbar. atecncenecmelscececlteuene|menes| snot Aslarencal snemaalseeeed
Copepod nauplii ............... smi HoEsoe + | + Jee... vil teactas
Barnacle nauplii: .:............. Ae al Sores 3%s Sie i a ee Vi al ESE
Barnacle ostracod stage ©......|).4..<|:.s-ss|-s00e. +} +] + |...
GralbeZzOCd. doen sees =| Ree Petes Med Neecess Sess sa2
Rodontaimbermediumy We neee el sete] ses setae sede eee lnctenraslee ates
Rodonleuckartii’ ../cusaccnacec ato neswis| cores al Sateen eeees Al teenie lenaea wastes
(OitL:e} 0} AUN WeneteecGastecdaneeacsaric botooe besecs hocsoe Sa Bern ee || Saeeate
IASON CMON EyHTUTS Sea emeoaraeBbaemcon Basdde paoece = Niwetre (bates Se) Naess
LSI, GYRE Rea peace ine daiaocceaeoce fra Wewicetid| eateries +} be] + ese
WISI BLATV 20-0 sees tisecosaseeermc| samen secaiae a ieee dein ere = pl Boeede
my. Cen, Vasnceecnee memset neat ot | Mayors = eal eet =f. Uh grins lantesse
Tdoteay linearis’... .:-.2s-eeesee Toe eas a ce Bes ariel heer ee Re cS
icotear marina, 25.2..0..28e se: igh Beto =P sarc Bacace | L arestlal Soles
20 | — | 19 | 19] 6] 20 | —

g |¢ is | :
Dm In: In eae ;
AE SS 2 | -5 | 2
oleate ale | A eee
DM ID Im "|se4| © bts ©
tH Olt dit dia S| 1 81 g
CASA OCOA SS A et SS)
ea eT SES |
Mereletaa| anise Fae ae Se tort
=e ie clots + <fow Resecys'| a SSE
Beales Dettreeleeeseefeweeeal oF ieee
Dn eee Sew i absence | =|= | Gemeee
cs alten nase coma ees [ecaneafl te leereee
Roe Sete” a
“eee cess + sheets setegg caeeee canees
Se ouoe Se cues hyena
Sal eee se oP rece cas or
pa Olea PS REE ec.
Tazo PGall baseless.) eae
Oe Geen 2 yc) Sa
+ 4 sobs a tls veoalhescealeneste eee:
AE Gliese 2 a aero Daren, + lees
BE |e Pet Lata (ie eae Sees
+ cece rere Cae ae cee
Altea tall eec eel nend | meee ee ee:
|
SE |, ac te cee ee
| |: 2 ol eam ee cee [rcae
RoE eae) eterno adaacs Jeeseeelseeeee| + Rage
So alieetsatee ae |. ov5| ceap Saeed
DO BAR e esa ty DoS aeicy! Eman Saciic’
tee ti cite eleite eopiean te Ps Gots Picci ae '.
elegy eae SE bin fe 0 | ge eee:
Ls eae 1 Navan | [eengeeliemtiedl Sy 1 aie
Sa Oe a Ea
Ls eee Wert Ceres sehen feo ees
BAPE E Diver nlf 5 5] eee ae Eee
saa Aah eee eee ack es | ee BP sr
mia nee Te Cds hoc a7 eee eee | coe
SEU bee eee ree en ee
eA | een SIN ct Ne asic oe + i.
Wades tsa Mol ciara oie all eoe ReCe ee cee
|
Rein dateen lloceceals ste clcee aeel ameee wee
poet mts, -:| il eee
17 | == | 13)| 2a one

39
May.
aa | Rae ee

E S| le ja |& Cait aa ae

Sc) elector tay ele |e E ': s|2| &

Blog Peleus | 12 |2alsailsela.| 2 | 2 | =

4 \s 82 8|2 8/2 cs | la ia lss| o | | «

q |2e SS 25/8 28 sia sla ola oie oiS S|.3 | 8 | 8

I | = 2 — n S | 8 Gs] | Cla = fi Ras | os} =) (Sy 4) z

OQ Mel=Ssiselionioeg BR OAZIOAZ CARA 4 Ay | a

Chaetocenost yen scaceeuccacescecs d veces a [seawall swan aceree | saweisicl sates Cogeac|bbesteinetecd SHgKod bRhaasKockoD el eae
IBidcralp nian re steetoccemesaceealacsossleesectls csr “ge besadel boeaeo hotaceleeecee Bensee asec bide al tiering tele
Coscinodisclsmeenetcas race leeowalscaewdloweses sei Danace STs ae ae PAR OpaI Net oa Sak a calley ane. Se scbo
IP VHIZOSO Lema cee tare cree al Siarreoteeetterctal clam onc lien eeatee Issue Pee Bea kce fe ee ama ihe Sel Ate =e ui|eseens
Gelatinous algae, ......-....5.+- Etet dlharaatota sicresies steal stev[Eesacrer Boonool Saasor Baead HBpaps-dooacd enocee levidnetell detoe is
(Cenmiimibtesl, Saal (0s ypeahpeoasceReceen| Aorper Heseeel BeEaee Aeros bacanel Heoses eect near Reeser) seer Hocrco Bricoso a Nero
(Carrey iibiin, TWICE ace secesabocked Goceeal Reenea Caeser boecoel honted Roqceel badied MuAane HE eee a heen od kor oori trance = |iaweee
Pleurobrachia pileus ......... Ste Mid aae [sae sel ea cek ates tee loa toa kis Heecespactyyeseess oer as) Monee aac
Medusoid@ conophoresient-ca...\see0-2]-4oes|seey-4|seseee oF |) Eatedh lassie serve oe Ree ak ae Beart Biscatel aaesea esncon
TPARURI@UIS). cheno cada oeee tone CRE car ONPG] OR ene Er aeanme) near |e ag aS eon teeta arias See eel ene ees San dael Gace al eonsrio
SRISTITEY OVO UICIETIED (opeaedoerssa Racned| Harton posses Sie becedc a7 |honsoalbooawolbscrse |--2- +4 Rear aaceeel Beaaor bodote
ANTI INYAUEIS! 10740) Nes nyh Ssaecodacsar porped Aaceealborcaa bonson a [botand eacadd Reoseel koepoc Seber sores) eins al Coodapliacane
ILaravell IRolheliesihy, Tpke dsorceel aarnea pecscol Harsco perce eases © in| Rdcaite heeebs Pecerd Mascon peraor bodeor| Saerbal baacsc
SOIT AEI ES 2 5 Go es cae ope ee reEe Meares ol Hera Roceee Hodasalbadac =i Boas col Hanes Marsan Hemeee Bronce pacar pecan) Sacco
Miysisistacevof Cramgom: (oy..<\Yayece\eer sacle esleoeer = Tew istata | ossislete ceaialleteaies aeilaaeetss Baaacol bcreealeuedan
TSU CICS) |. Sasceonr ice eeecee Rene Neer Protas Seicetial Hanae aie [eae <s Ldoadalb stale! baggeu parse) an oaoe Peer) bated becom
PAGCAN OM OLAS Sewer series) aise Altay sey eeeaa asec eae am Wai Ibaqsoolpaceea|aances Tia Roca de] brecsc|baased hocooa
Calanusshelsolandieus re tececc|ersas|seceee ieee verre seer et S| bepooul Hesaes Reeica emenoa recoee bcstee Laered cetooe
Pseudocalanus elongatus ......]..,...|......[-..++ Beeeeel Beraee ae handon|abanaalboosor zine Baesed baceda Kasead boots
Paracalanus parvus ............|....-- ereeol kere ance ReSAbe aris lesbo ccleces|Aemtsys FP) |hoosed|aacon0| boca @hel st:
Wemora’ lonpicormis (7. -.-2----.|e--e-- easel Bodaee ae [pease Tai [tee sel eetesie Wodoss A> |boades|4 ~os6alyocono|boosor
JNCENABIE TOIRNUISIS So Setins sdocgonese ol bosded|Hacase |e ect -iepteteeleete ess qe. |besorslhnasarlessahs fra |tatebatel aeeeevaliasoae eects
Aicantiang discadatal gene. eeeerc eases ketess ase Pasaod weanee aii bo ascol eaten Nansen EeSaac encchal Enonas| KaGacalaqbaon
Gentropages: Wamatus seeecet|seeeee|see sees << a= |bosder Ol Nessie lscusial yee Sa oobsal oaeare| sscanol boreee
(CSIMTHOYORYEEIS! THYAOKELIS ao sacanod boosee| socabelbocsec booborl hadage ard gooselsas60el perooolbadqodl sasanel baoaec lateral | Semesters
Anomalocera patersoni ......|....../...... Lseoak Eee mee pe te ae WF ee ieee Waa UpePehreal a at tole ie ets a etal ae
(Onulaoyateh afsitatil HEP SES6 on sacn sk oasiod| Esoned| tb oodod| Zosbod| be odecal Reamer =f eal Mere ctor Soxacinvel qeunianl tise selemieseG Senet oa Ganon
(Crojseqerersl, MERON Gpesocopocopoed| bape oo bopdonl hossddlMeered|eppeea aie Dente bo aceel aeecen: =e liens eonsclBevedalaedesz
Barnacle matipliiiy s,s escogss24s|qe- ese seseds sass. feat [seeeiss staapegs sse's |aepsisio|aitee atilnastias \saatee |. neeceleeeees
Bamacle ostracod stage’ ...:0.|s.-s8\aoacse\-eroa STEAK es al ee RUE a ded enter IEE Sa Jeveeee i Beat sonsoe
Podonwinitermedinm’ ,, ).3.s.<s4|, 300 cel iseaaeleeusak (ox eos ol eaesee pees | Ae Lae eared Ih Versace leer 9 Lye:
ikopplemmenpee aeneeecc.t wases este sancae Gesman | eaeser |heceatileienee De te nal UtRas Raprelernoel eared Bockoe Pe aleebaee
JASCO TEND ESE), -conswendoooe seco sl Sraoea| bosses eens pee 3 Sr lhe Soe A aN Si eal Beer Meee Me eal a Paaars Perce
LTT ASR g Tc ccanoAs SB OpAE ERR OsC al HRomre HEERGe neers Se eS AN Sao Aodde ance becdae BO soa oscart | + fee
Bi Shvdlarycoeeee cee cence cones h ae arta areteetal ence SA een ee bee 2 Al ae ae Bee ea aceee |e toy: Woe bone | Pe oknes
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IRINZOSONSVE) boacatadsqsoosen5 shod booseo|pacnus|pounac|paosoe opape ate || "rats Fleeceeclonenccllaccuee|Saceee Jestees alist
( Claysiericvoye IS \it RL Pamseertee ae ceaoeacd Boctiog Hostad Haceicsl osood Hacasal aaa ea Soe os BBecal booekicl ME meee cae ee pasec':
Gelatinousmalgae We eamcssetb-one sees eliee- ele Seer = an Beene = il (ees | Hosea Serial Batoce becca: |reicSent fence ee
Cera tim tripOss...-.cc.sacnct os |-rce: BeaboolBacncalhaceas p00500)bo0n50| bases] booonc Peeee beeen Eee Be ee
INI@EMIITER,- aaScecencencsceso0ss606c ae ol Beppe ete ictal seret to's see ete a i Bacane Roepe peace |:vesee|oeeeee + bom
IITA casnae acnocucceaoboee nccna passed hocace) Bdacsd bacsan pceron aig 1 poBansl Ae concl konenn Bocas Bareee Base Ban oah| bocca
IDielawiayw rs) [ALES 5552 casnesbnsn4| tn osn0|6osdbo|poqeon|acoccc [Least 7a BoGacd basses Rosson paocds pander oped Earods| beso
SIOeMEBMaveR PRY TOILET mensoreoasd boos5o| hoesvo|hosdo4| hoopob |Pasesias [escola 9eh oue|s aeesiet | leuisll atest leaner Lactae | + fees.
Pleurobrachia pileus .........|...... se i) Se Ih ap 'poccor = | am |boseedseehac stow cere Baaeee Boban) Seco =
Medusoid gonophores .........|....+.|-s+2+[-+00+- es aia erence 7 a iy hosdee| Rucang REE seoloende leas [ccnae| “SEs NR cee
Woumne mArirelia ®5.:cesecerienict cer |oxec slo) ssainal a tel[ouereicie|sinetete Fe |basadellanongal s00505|bassoe lye vase) eaoass (Boasts Boos
NSaAelboa PUIPUNCtAtA ceee.cnccmcic|ee mcislnom-cisl> cores + eee SEA te ls aenvalseeteae Ted | Seco ferent aah One
ANUTIGIN AUDI [OHO NR et ce penn ssobe| poasoo bospoalboeson 4 ponnbel Honore| Hoobod hasand Penna bacodd bean be [:isiesice| sates tpaeotat
Mamvallwpolychaetay Seip scr c-2as|eec seem. saloiset «s arta Beers SS Baten Paneer beseec mocoecl Baaace Be pbbr | sRoodlarasee
ANIC ATED too. ajo esiccviestsre eee ase lee veer sate fe We seeclelsatderse fa Moen Reread bocca’) Sconce Burana BerscAboscoolpacace
Mepanyctiphanes norvegica...|...---|......|----0s|-.+-se)ses=+6)- eo sR hee one Pecees| Bagaca Baasor | civcloe name oes
OCHO ER, WDE TE meee ace gues ear seosec) be deed Ndas-oboecgs|eacuor “fo “| siciestois | ae sil Satsarcia| Steereta| Sctes oe |neeeee|soeese|eceees
Mysis stage of Crangon ......|...... hea 0 eased bonaad Raboce Sei potSod heiceee pabbe ay enews apie Heitor sce
MORRO RZOCE ules coccstee eee dte ons TF» |PEREOL 2B | SR bsobse Goal Wimeel feecer pean ait boacbe IsaGsec Se |Posscc
(Cinzio) Nukeremallehohy Borsasonanseadense| hosson|hoosor S| an a peepee a mar nau Apes poenee a bungee Sal oor
Calanus helgolandicus .........|......|....++ BE Nes pa) Bonds Betene HooeoH Romie Heoser Sacred Rocona iascco boteod Hore
Pseudocalanus elongatus ...|......|......|.-.=- a a Baer SP ecal SCeAEl beeaee, okaoe a a ene ec eet ae
Parsicalanus ParVvus) cesses. -l| bes sof-riesl- Ste ectat Mstess Sl HEArOn Babee Bator STi) seve et eee Lowe Binder
iNevaaroydas Woymkeatefoyn als} socsoqanesse poasnc|so055 ete sll etal setae a pel ee cael Sethi soee ne 3 Noigsten | aaeies 1B sean
J NCERAD ECE NETSI Eee nisn sade bones Heaton] RoGsae Se et: sees =| Wl serecis.s/emecticl ements Sal Peco tec a eulkeerer
ANCRTTE SCIEN ITO AIAN See aneeeecel batecc| seeesel race a| ba toc acooee a}: [oaibea iba sballtcaeae| Namertel tepaer Memes | Piteee [ere
Centropages hamatus .........]......|...... Sn le ae Cee af lPesees Locale tidy ee ae eeicacel Heeb:
Centropacesmtypiciis ccc. .cccleeseee|Sesmeel eee) eeeee| sees SF) lboosae Liatsck ech Gael eae ele |overealeweeee
abidocera, wollastoni .jss..:--.|--..--|+-e-2- eas Beets) Aasee Romie Bacar aateaes eee eas here dead aed tach
SITLHOMAV SIMMS: cals sccathncas tls ecbel tween setee =te ell seracrstal Socewe = Lsjelic vonlca tea coheed eee ene aimed Bereoe
Copepod nauplii 500. Seon) es |BOssos Nanane | bopseb|Racaas a ie cena Rapa Soon ss pace. Bapros beds =F hl eseeee
Barnacle ostracod stage ......|......|......[..... S| Bochincl Bacear | Beare houtee Faeesso Mock heebinn borooe Sac) Basane
IRodongintermediuml. esis ee alae acd| ner olor eee eels ete ts cee Woe 1 Ree oe | Retin Wa Sora bes Se
HV PMe PHOLHIMANL.< 4°. 9, odie cate | sosesio= | Setow nin -.se anal oelzotem paternal vee te MleeaseG eB BseascBecaen [Sete rneuees af Altos te
(Crilzayay SU eB ceancncesonsecetnae| paecea bosses a Tl pete walocse ef ai scteciaal eateete Berane cfrathanectealtecats Ee cise
PASCICMAIM EL OS © ayacetes aneaeesee re [eorbisn)| se derals aeetaafseteseal| eee eae ate wilerctoatets ReanAq| Hossog) hooked Becadal Bocce ai bocdae
LSU) Gif erence epoca Soacknn Beste al sntpas ar || ae [bese SHE u[e Sgteteal ete atte rece | Rete Meee te Sil ketttes
REE MLATIED iy ios acs cgceeee eer ateos decors aimee accep abe |boosos alert rears Pepe St [Seis sitste siecle eee |e
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[RIAD ATEY, Sousscnccdcoscoshoner Lae eel Me bee) | ee tael aa si Steet (ae leo Neier ae areemee a ee
Gelatinous algae ............... Lio: ee lseanae bees joc lbeoade (alate alte a fipesae's mal Berroco acacac| hema
Cera tiMmMtripOse eye Neti ce ea eee Pte [sas eae ae [etl ams a ctectels ei ereetere
Werabiimlmusus)eesss-e- 2 seek am eee |ericesdlbeveeien |Loss 2 aesthetic [tlle = RS ee Lean
CETTE TRITHCES, Sebeoscobnoos GEaalsoonce| baron Reece Zee eee a OR (Eee MeN TSee ove acres ee | aay

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NOctilwGalae piesa os oe een bey ieee ta tet an aa eas eres |erererc| aia tae!| Pera ae | eae liseada ees
Bichinwsy Pluteus: 2255. <escec dws obabe Perera acpi Beeeocl Eneaes| sncane Hocrocl eee leseinee| Sai conan bcestel hues
Pleurobrachia pileus ......... TH hele hire mn hee et = ee aout [owes eee let =i (Seen
Medusoid gonophores ................ ele eo =| ates arta ea jee eee ol Daa |e Neo a Ee
IRAN TSE eer ean a eee (| Stew aly ane dal eae Gane e ein Konseel brctoe Soon acti
Sagitta bipunctata ............ Se oh el eee SHE ah! BET er ih ate Dene Lae 6s a | Pea ee Sow ee Ae ete
NGiuO bya PEOHECS elees re Joi else ascalicc wclvscodl Sone aA Dace Ronee aout be ee pees ome) reese me f
Tomopteris onisciformis ............ eaeeals Recs Redan Seanbe|bodeos Macao Moree = ella ee stl rata ete eer
Warval\ Polychaetamsesin.cce. ++... ee ail Racers) acted eet beet OY ee \eacnes eee RBRRA hesAtl bother Senace
ge Mirani See ermetten foes al es Ie eee nano DR 1 es el L istceslal Cece hale cyatic lea We leeks [sea
Mysis stage of Crangon......... Meant e ft ee aa 3 HR ol hae Salle a | ae eee ve [in dea Se A sc
ZOCac Oot Crabs see eens cook. SL a se (ie a es mets 1 ea ae eee ees Tee lhe oe are
Megalopa of crabs ............ ee] BE loccaes +f fp aR fee ee eae =i ys ea Be Se ie ae Pee
Hrichtheus stage of Squilla...').....!......1.0.:..1......1...... Paes Sha fe Nal: acalec Ml eek ael eae Glee ge
Trachelifer stage’ of Jaxea...'......!...... ae Nees actos SP bl Aicettia) © eee Memeo BeBe? [sc lace Heel Ata
Relagieystage of lobster. .....)..2.... 5... [Sees mee Et | Ene Hol poste REERBE LBEbea Bonrealliteend aaceae teres
Centropages hamatus ........i + / +/+] 41... spe |e ue |e hot ee beatae see lLseealberrast [Hee
Bentropases ty pieus. a ces8 ..c..stocsueel cone ek ea Weeeee SIP eleobopo| bandpdl Rrodeal Eaeasal hagaas| Uasdoa|sacdue LAgobo
Pseudocalanuselongatus 22.12) hho eo Be osc ReeaBe patie |S act Eta betes Sey eet New ery ree os
Walanus heleolandicus 4... ssssc-cech oo Beth Bin | ee eo ERatnal ieee ly Eranee ei Seta years ae
Paracalanus) parvus ---es....4s00s.2: ees Bae mea eas 1 eral tere ee LL 1 aoe cua Sr a eee eee
Hemora longicornis ............ aie eesti | Metall cst ecto fost (Seon ae | ens | tas eyes bn eran
Acartia, Claus! ....0.0c.:ce065s ep.) [Ses | Petey | fh regen CAR ta Re 0 De ge ty ee aa Seen
Agartia discatidatar sss hcl: ome 2 eae [Ne ipeed a(S Aaah Ae aL S Ate. Salo ee tal Mim eae ie
ISHeVS Hellennilores! W oaodnonocdo-necned oacse. He es hes = a are Sssdal hecros| Hoceca Haase AIP. | ondocl roca cal eden
Enomaloeera, PatersOmi 4 .2..(.0cc) Get cle. SH EAep snl borst a MARAE Epecns laannc ae Bocsee Hance
Labidocera wollastoni ......... Be | icity Me sca SIE eee er Meee | Nr ed Pea eee eRe Sa) Sea
ontellaobiancotessc.e sale We ce eae en Geer =e Frenne Mec aa aah ne PaSacal earcod Honscaliopene Hecaea
Orth onap similis eee eae ee {RS aa eae al, ee SE eye Da de 5 Ee ie aaa ate oe Se ee el ee
Canuiellamperplexayees-ne.a0 see eenee Heel asl dou Bn Gare! acaba Ledeen eaced laceen Heer scone later
Euterpina acutifrons ............... oar [reer as| get eee AAI oll ee Reet Urea atana Lae ANE AMUN
AUSTIN OE STOLGTAET 685270 a eausens tcc ees neta | eee Ne Wf i ata (tet at) fe au Be [heat ests,
Monstrillaanolicaly Shs:c2.5-.50- 65 ee Rae ic aan el GeeeGclneasee SacHael aur beteecl Leman eran Se aee
Podonintermediums: » 0) Nips at, aber esate {ov ST Eee | ere] Me Peete a aaa eee aes ate |e
odon leuckartiie .. o.0. 20.05.20. de: ceva tees ene 5 a eat Face | Re eine RT| cate AE 5
Evadne nordmanni ............'...... sd ee | Sees 2 Yj eaodino| posses Heeaae BEReos tected Aekredl bose tecics
Bepepod: mampli ett .ce<alc. tle .scalccscclh eon eee Bier ic heen HRP Me eee BeSie o| =e
Ostracod stage ot barnacle |...... | SNA ss oleae es [RP ee aa ena Pa em ea
Bukoploura: «0. feccdsess. oss eee Egil noe Sr oP os ae eee pe +] +] + [ee
PEricanos eh nt ste eas cae Wits ch eS es yee ee ll ane Pe ee pega eae de aceon yer eee Bad
HSRC OS URRY eo ctor. ceeet ee steel se ae oreo Borten| PSeesel ia seer eae fete Mate
Misha arvicel sa ceetenncc eee SMe Ser el a Been [eae fe lh VOR a eh 2 ee TR) eS I MSc ee
Bioumonbolicas..) it sae ee. | OANA E LS Ane ai ee, | Shot Haceesc| Gacane Rooted Rec B ec Gecnoal Mocabel Reeaon Meese laren
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RS Cae elite? Rial aes Lit an a | |
1esvoWol vit lita at Ane. caaenndasn Adee BBSsec Ranson hacen inca Beene Peers eaaoal cies 3) Beane aoe a Pa le Sel are
PUlIeZOSOLONAe a reece aa eens Hanes sean ete Pe eens We ae? edo [nee (SaaaBs A as eS lem AS ae Sean eee
(Closter sacsqoohusebssoasnlladsas tees ae TSM ee ra Ward set icone meen te | Naeem oe = |
(Ola saves lHOlstny vanensoaosbesoac.Sanc Beosae Koved Haren apn Nake IF. ciiel| Sastatal eee) ewes prtetelennees PRED BER Sn Pec -
Gelatinous; aleae a0... ..22s-csce|-Rer [eee |e ec ae eee [EAN heal ota Praecion asec Pree. ene. ee
(Clase ionaale tay of0}scpaconcuadhasceod panI06 ater ES eer aU ie Sek ese a4 Meer ct epee Panaun|saox6a saeco. +) + Lo...
(OTHE HP UIiia be INDE LUEHR Acecommnaberiadoen aasor Bla eee Vieetne | Bee este intenr a bey <P BEESBH Sadan Haeseo atesce ie a ee
Cerwgiim Mur Gam aaccs sehen etemasse a eee | + itaeens Breet etter Nostuaateanetns |S erat S| eS yea.
INforoinlllitcily Aoagnaettancter ee eaocuce spiel stele ets [Bes Sal a AE sobos [reset lise eee Gotteeeh oe eee eee
Pleurobrachia pileus ......... AP ibodace ESeane Reeesh| Baasedl hedanel bashed ernaule GSeucc Garena maaspe Eh as scldeeste
Medusoid gonophores ......... ota metas aera Heme deson Beane 1. Sahiaw [seven dae wet ooleeidee ek cree slope Aner ae
Sagitta bipunctata ............ SO ee al Maat: Bl eect Sr SA EAR Heel Netsehic St arity ivan ce nee = erst
EATIE OMY) ePLOLMeT a asvsecee oe eel heee es Badond Baca can eters ie all ete tee’ GAceoel ecaec| Seeabelnacsso =" lo Rise stele
harsvallPolychestan Weclare- sen |eeeeid: seer [cece ey Bens Beton We aie peers reese eres Meee aCe nS nee e
bail VEN Geen aces Buc saison seine cee eee sie Wawel Se a eae kek ocean ets ae pee | aoe jen dae oe teas
Mysis stage of Crangon ......)...... eV basase Nice ied peste BE beoaan bicaer HacHed Hececel narrse Rares Beene Sacer
Anear Ole Ora Oss sees neces nasee talon ere PA ete | PARES I ae a ES A eto Pc Ne ala he ee ae ome ae Naas"
Mepaloparot Chas: enc. cce- cee = in ee 7d Ves sl Vice eae Nba ai) ee Steere cal Asc Rotanel aces +e Pe | ene
Emichtiheus stageror Squilllas..|¥ snaa|- «c|cesesinees seloe er se Fi) Aboteas| posi aeesnc| Sond ere [Mycccicbiedhadl eee
Trachelifer stage of Jaxea ...|......|.....-|....+- reso Vetere UA Weep ay SA taal | acta late Gee Bee e eS ABE gett a
Pelagicystacetof Lobster 2 ...2.\-<--cc|'ae-selesece|enceee ad esa Bocce |. -a-20|-sereelerceealeweens Dies Spl Mec NES.
Calanusvhel@olandicusw access -1| chee aeesenlsmeceslest mec neeeeleeeee 4) | ecaaelBarano| postu |. one Lracorctocies ne tine
Peon Ocdianis ClOmeLb US ela tleale- la sedl ecco .ora lees aes eae es S| ee ees ext eae een
Paracalanus parvus............ Eta |eenree rs ae ee =e Ret eed ate ee Nea ee cee laters cS ea | ea
Memorasloneicormisie, cc -res|ee ee Che lies Seite zt OY) Sof RE Spl ae ee | Oe Rea Lea a te) ee
ANOM ABE OE NEISIE Wssceratseossescd Haaaie = Ma ee a a Ve i ee a WR Le Be ae al eae oie es -
Acariia) Giscaudatan soc. cel see SHOAL eal eee Nees Jb |... oc Tellswok wall anoesent | Meceie eaele al cee ee Ra
Centropages hamatus ......... ea | ey Ae ac Stee tS ol), Wate eae Oa ers) earns eee Ieee eee ee
Wenwropages: bypicus! i <2.-sv cabo. selemeeneeemleecsct saan ores eee a eerie es Need eal es S| ei ara.
NISTASICIAVAIPES erecrdeadent bates see scl ereets deems emeterl eeet el ee tee SA ees Gann Heceiacl Recoac Wobaad raanelbounce teeta ceeees
Anomalocera patersoni ......|...... eee aces MBAacs SA he a) ee Oe ea a ell vee co eae ee ees Ee
Labidocera wollastoni .........|......|...... ee atl Peas an| Rate! aE ee Fela | sare Stabol stereo ete | Sseinted omeeeral ete ac as ae eee
Jefor rely MOLE TNOC, | sasecohocaos| sane oblboanes|sacdeu|Gnasnelaosses “wl. ca adcaee aa oemamel smear Reigrtec' sect aal sects eee
[Perey oormreiley, |sievalCoetls!) Agoslbes elbossosl looses Koass4l badeadl sone 2 ll Gear (sosboc| Goekes Bddeas Weesen Besccs beso.
Ovitsivaraerira Neb aAS ponasa doeaeced LomieclbacosalHouasclboseod| bosses SPR ee ae Sa ee ees [late ea eee ety
iuberpinavacutilnons pee cece |seaal ase seco an ad at ae AES hal cette stereo cll caster ontes oe eee eee
Alteubhs, interrupta,...aewcado.4| sie. <a|nacer|-atena|- odie vaca | aecek SE hsdrod| Bao] Boones |; esse stal'oa a 9 oie Pea
Hersiliodesnlrttorallist yeste. oa. [sacs 4): Sracia| sehssteal Sete larson le tee eke eee Ieee lees |. . dows acatel seo | oeea
(Copepod! maples, Wemcte -.aaendl cease Se cecal feecree eaccredl sce ae | setecras | Seance | Seats lacks | Ceicetets rete |. ners Ele sscet
Podon intermedium --Bel.3.2.2).4..< el ee oe ath ot Roose sega Wey ow ER aera cee are al Croc areellepeeete + | + |. cose
IRodonwleuckartitaewceeeeerel tore: BE Weaceal Retacn Babbar ete a le UN ey cate tsisl stern ccetel iste erate aa (a a
IBV UGE, | ys dcccaacetesiearcentoes eos ns aicie| hesocd RECHoe Boband Eaueco|sosaca|pocooel bosaanlaapacelhocsca|| Se EOC aac
TG Royer) Tah a ha hacseptas SaaS ACH BE) HAE Gon BECBEH Koes El La Ganel Katemel se taon| reas baontol Darema bedeoa botcoc se |ehessels seni
CORO META lo-.c.5s2iauc se oaecee aoe Aw aa ay agile a aol Be Ree 1s | SN Se eee +o
eritomure as [i om takuamecmltras ss BU Reece iets ee nae Bet WW eg Nene ASE) Re iene
Se ess eae ne Behe Ssh Geese boeoch aitood iotace bubincl ecacut ee Aa sl Danie ie cot leeds +e
Pen PRRs cc eee OC
a ie
6 | 19) 5 | 20 Sages a Ue RES |e pe | 18} 17 | —9
| | ®
3 aT zs a Sat = i

43

Oithona similis

Canuella perplexa

Euterpina acutifrons
Hersiliodes littoralis
Copepod nauphi
Podon intermedium
Podon leuckarti
Kurydice
Idotea linearis
Idotea marina
Oikopleura
JASCidian) CFOS ee. j.5esc53- ee. |
Young gasteropods ............
Young lamellibranchs

September.
| | | | | : Sea iiiees |
Ale eal é |6 2 ae

Sa cele aun |e hey le ie \el=el es

g. ofp ES. / 5 Wen Se mee one he rele ;Ale |e

Srey SiS ey Sl Pe GO alee egy oh el os | ;

Sie S| se NSS) SRS Sue SE BCS ae fe = a thats

= ededee és egieesescseee 3 |/é 5

= | |? ~~ — | ewe | _— 4 ~ 4 i= < r=} —= |

(peste | pe nse as

IBiddullphigy Vpascrsse = scscre sae «|e eas |p seceleennee sey ieee el SE Reser SBE ASH Scat esRC oe Benn Hea Gareccace borsne
Rhizosolemian -as-eu-encte ste tener Wats ord] ae aed ee a a haces Lara ies oat ie ery fs Ais irc a tle ce er Eel alia 0 Leer
Coscimodiseussss-..5.552) 0252+] s0cee + lees oT eae SE een eee eee Aeon ee enlarge baba
@hestoceras ete cee eee {eae ay. ace apiiiee ee + |... Sey LAs epele Been [er tase e IL ee SAL nene a |
Cera tinny tripOSseee cee ee ee aen esis’ ste dens 7 Bebaee | ay abo eaedee eee eee Le fe elie salleset
Geranium! fuss asset cee)- cee Fl | Re oes nee HO Bt yee) Ye Coe Res ee a Na UBS oy SE eet
Ceratiumetunca cc ses-aaecete. Pistesi isa 25 eles Grea bokseo Hhaste HG Bel tata ReaD Alesse
INoctilucan ie renesesccanateck cece 5 Sau ae Gan ane eee RNS se, Womcealtedans| Sssinslucnasomeeeen| arson: ah NO sete e ake
» Somimawes JOU WES “cogoconoden beasaelbauso6 boenoel aoa ery a Peatoe hanieel papeoe poopecra cde poreonedriaomacned noosa:
Pleurobrachia pileus ..........| + | + Je... Neer heal anehooleeecer esse ee oleae a el EAA
Medusoid gonophores :........ seer | WSS ioe ce ea et =fee [oeeseapos meee Lees soe tein ene Sal bere
Sagitta bipunctata ............ ae ale ae} sacbee ae Cee sel Leased] acetal Meee ber anonike peace sei | ae ee
Tomopteris onisciformis ...... eeesen lear alee STRESS NS Ma ate Mere Ee iL a | ees Seer fea e
Juarval Polycheta ............ ee tf Mtoe Re he act Gol aero SO Pecan et eB en Gee ece seca Eee eT Bees eric
pe Mitral ase eterna. ss inshaesnsi> eee |cosbod Sacccnl Se Bertie 2 Ret bee Goadoe Goehncuec asta Goksosesoaseoceod beacet
Mysis stage of Crangon ...... ie (i ed Ree Sel epee SS BEEN Gaaeel GREE A tea eacicy a all Berar hocae
Roca, of Crabs® 65.5 2)..0.0...205: Re Aiea Ie ce pe stew rae [era me epee) ot leads el eat. Sera Se Les hen ee ee
Megalopa of Crabs ............ beaies SES aa BTS SL ces el Pee yl Wes Sena beeper i Pls Aa ged [toot
Calanus helgolandicus ......... bate [adaealearasts podacEl Nosnete eee eee onan BEER caeey Maren) Eben. os | |yaeeek
Bseudqcalamusselonsatusa taclaatesaledss: (eee ce seca saneiienaes Boch Be posnna npr meraa sandy peices ie sRoc oe \iiattan baaeee
Paracalanus parvus............ parse Hl TSE eda E oiel HOSAEE S| AM las es OR ane Sa lacs al Reerio
Temora longicornis ............ | Se ese les oe aod + | seed bea or allee aera oe, oh i ei en eee lsat
Acar tiaaclausiemssas en tees ee i | El ae aar neve Ca Gare Her nH RRR BERL apenas Pacitel cece Scooeal becacd
Centropages hamatus ......... eee a ee BE aad Fe AL nl LACEA Kat Batee coe aaa nc EAE 14 (a
Anomalocera patersoni ............, ae | asrestst + Boreed badkad bopedH bodead adorei aaae adeno = sil ASRS poe
Labidocera wollastoni .........)...... Se tenaee TIE, 1 ae Al tal Dee! ae Ane Le aR Lut ae AL le Oi ted a ati

44

October.
—_ | | 1 | ~
= 3'| nN R R = _ ;
| g] x} eloSle ig fe le le p 2 | 8) eee
Blo a palPu| & 5 |o OS | Sy eats ete talesit slash 122!
ee PS | OCS | EEN | GO GM | Cl) es akg
2 Sa) 6 Bl Pe S| Boel ope le 2 rel Gaels
|g lm | O m(Scleaa aie SESE SSS eal] 3 o 3
| Salsa e Oa SaEmozlozioziaa 41414
val rehicare,
IBiddiuoll phan mec cce eens nce enieate a ence Bomaae Be Scdensberad noeaed acaan Sraape Beers Bee aonencscd Sass ae ++
UIZOSOleMia yee se eae echelons PTS | MN bare roe Cae rd ere aoe bee a eae {se se
Chaehocerostaus sere scseeees cee eeee ee reeticesee [seaee Sees soee ae | Ed eet Reereal boceicnl Ace ereaecr ieee. +} +
Coscinodiscus ...............-+. EN be | ea | ae We) PD ie a eh ties) hee |ge | ae
IBRChe AS unLUMe eo eceee secon eee ee ee eae Wertige Maceion Sere Mespedes bce Peete en) MR cop pen ead oe
Bellenoehwe. accep oe ree oy Bape enacts Pe asain feces eo eel Seeecel Skeecs Reman Ranaan Rees alt, amet Eo
LOTS RYAITIONG) {535 sonsnegosacsupsseece codaca Gbae0c ee. Be ctod| Sects Pomecol Bansnd haental nbcere Ba tene Baaca pomeus Sco: 2 =F
SUCHIERGTauithe hc Jecadepueeaessnees codeod Saaeed Laccad bacsen Heaeod Hacsed sosdual besos Betis aces peccnic aurora Saaces +
Ceratium tripos.................. Be) Bee ies Smal Bole De aed bor teed Em oe eden oe Weaias |botood Sontag Npeenc + | +
CeratrumenususS :..-c-ccosseo ss = ee eae a ee eee te eer leat Fea cu) Sod-cd 9 scade Stack so 00
Ceratium dura) <:....5--.------ yal tenet Soe Wee Berea) amen Hae arse Jeo noes peter barra pees Seen + +
INoeiibicate Soc acstesmeoesee cae cee See Yk OSE We eseheorsatellaaete ncteers [Parser | bo] AD feveree seeeseleeesenleeeee
SLOWe TILA a TUE TSS Sapa esecnAcdsno sobeod Boceoe Se) en BCR neg Hens al Las oa oasoul Satoh peewee Mnackc BE a
Pleurobrachia pileus ......... S i Poses Mass Sorbet Ae cso |easiee ee een ene \roeagal haem “fey [eats
Medusoid gonophores ......... BSE Desig | MC el Lee eee No er Ura Be tab baoe ee ae | jeone toate ae
Sagitta bipunctata ............ SP) SP) SP) SR soca So Ber Nicer ap | Rosse BArene Ba see +/+
Autolytus prolifer............... Spl BERS Rosrne) SSArod cesere Herren Hota Heard hacoot Bereta Ssaeed ReeRes Boeous “ocho:
Larval Polychaeta ............ gt Be peor| MERE corsod sees salen Src, Rasa tiaaca faSasaettes nies ede aaads
CGA, NUTS Se aa ee sir FD Eee Socnad Sconue Hathod sobsne Se SEES CR naneco boaiec PPR ee iets beer +) +
Mysis stage of Crangon ...... Sal ened seems ee ic taee adsoh Speck ertcc + RordcH Berecd Noord ne seog eqeckr
Meranyc tiphanes mORVenI Casale. soctsecae | seissee bceosio ese [terials tree n aS B Paral. ota oal fees bape +
MeralOparObaGhas. qs.ssesse celoneacetoeses|vecntee S| babes Sousa Nccadd hooad: eats | pep oad Baton Saescs scoebul neeeoc
Calanus helgolandicus ............... We cee Feprsse en gal SEPP PPepenrere Preers Stee Rocke ere oe BS) +
Pseudocalanus elongatus ...|......|......|...... Re peas Hotnod Rarrog sseecn Bocsod hoceog Hdsecd Acasco RagsSclusnnde =f
Paracalanus parvus............ 2 nl Reece | ol Ab cere afi Wcsie tt |eieses|seeeae Se eres ieee + | +
Temora longicornis ............ ah" eaceees Fae) aie ketone a gel BEEBE BecEO| Senet i, ar2e| Baden eocend Sons =
AlGarita, ClAUSL © 25. .c2082s 6. c0-3% “fe [Pa se Beesae Sf cs = ae Beer Hera ita wale Neo we ected Belge | + | +
Centropages hamatus ......... +} +e] + | # pene. S| Beaeead bacccc| ae) Seem acrelctsectss | sieiate eeteeae
Anomalocera patersoni ......|......|...... sie ond Cerny etree Meeeiad Hea Hace G Baber | eats eee Reel eee
Labidocera wollastoni ......... Se Be oc BaaDe ibe beseee Locke damacy becca ccs | Sr Ieee FR el ae Pee
Ouphonassimilise pessoa eee Sd pe baed Retecn oO hasan a Oe emer eed ees |e ees eae + +
Euterpina acutifrons ......... $e sopsoo|| SP || aR -\boocos Sil paaseg Bacean reese Badsoc baabed Seon +/+
Herahodes littoratis) 200.2008: {is scnstos soa |saxnce ae i SELEY ee eee ee Pees Bails pee eects 2
Copepod nauplii ............... Races wie esc BSE Fees Daas Mego [ace [see Tego Reed Bees 7 ie cvaaieecene
Idotea marina .................. ee oa Scere laeoee [een Scosche ancp tee eas tineoms jasisiaw Reger Beasee, Bec Hee NCeN ic
CRS GUI Se oo. os< voy ccs eaten onan Bevan eee ie oe eee Wipes oie eesaery ee een ae [ie Gieeaaee +) t+
Asuidinn (Ogg8 |<... .....+.dien-|sacen eee le acts See |anceel cst acle aee oeeee Peades | Kaen ena ReneS. | a fected
|

November.
| | | | ¢ |
era { S tp) \F 2 4 . .
8 | sy ofialé Bele th ee Wee et la eit ial te | 2
Bile glee als [a 16 (oe leosla.| |= |e
ge 5/2 Sip Sle els Pla jal |s4! o |] . | ¢
S 2S SR eS/5 25 Bia Pie cle cle olS $| S$] 8! &
| eelSaeelOmiSmlEMlOzZlozlogiaa| 3 | aes
| J ihe dl mes | | | i . ; | | |
) |
Bidduilphitag see -caecctecess [P scsracial| sarenistel potayare | Hoesan BECcael Heodael Henobo Hteaeel bescee aeenee heeres heened Ae ee ite
[PUR AO OME ANE), sulondscdsoctonsonsed be eto BdoteH MaeHae aed Fie ae oo Ne Pe ccf storage os [ee ee Bee Wee a
(CIMAEHOEOROE “noasadencscomsododnee ean eee cece eae cl MERA ey a Settee ee ete Meme | Se Aan Mette el itcpad oleate as
CORCINOGISCISHMEechonestee nse: ceeeelt orcas = a | ea eee evil eloerelNeserss Ear Ate ee ee + |i...
(QereninigIA, WANDCE Ko oenoscbs0H/onbes Hob000|/soc550 hoedoo a0. |kecsealsoosb: boosca|bocone AP |koos00|bocoonl bocce =f al scsaaits
(CEH THSUE! cece cosssebbopecol aceetel Heeeeel eet allt | Meee || Soni sd eee gaat sol bake ona Ue Le BEM sce
(ChiAANTHAT) GRIROE! 4caecsqanadadenad| Nobaua Heaadel NecapS aime heaps slate ole Sonosileiecctes ator Ne cpeil tates aa leant ate tA ey,
IN(@retiniliiet Bese susad acaasetnunecaeel Honacel Neemee Seo se fe SEA ea aceel ee + | tay beeen Sat | ke ae
JACRTD NOTIN, | cacckdbaSoDSNeNceel POSED SOeae BEBE Geiceaal MOBAAe leery les Sis cmeiel peat al Kee sy nel Fn an un | eS ees
Rieurobrachiampileds se.ss- ce s|oecess|sece: Fadl cir al noeaecnitornc sanaam cored beceee sponte eee alas ote Pease 8 we
Medusoid gonophores .........|......]......|-..--- nl beree eacene Benet. Haxdbiste bates ince cinlatey he, | Scena ee
Saeiititan ip umetata merce sen. -sse)- elec lsn see STL esl lai te on | a SN See rate Ih eam alin tees + (eas
Atuito lyase EG er eas. cscs = |eemeysle|crossele acme Sun | Gasetoc| SHBawe Pararie Aborcs| Rasmesl peace Me ohne) Seensel MmeanelLASeoe
Tomopteris onisciformis ...... eaebes| erica Secsne pooreel Saanee fee Seteacts apes Heeemee Hctets| Benen baaoe hese anel Baca
Larval polychaeta Be heaeN mcea heoed ae) mere NS aera 8 del co iret oe ok Nepalese thy cba ee ee ae ede
SAVING ATUL AM a eoe-ee as cins zee oIe Print tic seal eameelle cease le eas ck ee od aa ee a aa le ape adee
Meganyctiphanes norvegica |...... Ihe, Atal gael ne Wee acs oll leer [nts her Beer lettre alle akon (ae ee
Miysism stage Ole Cramp Onl ler 1ac|scecra) ceaseless ae Ste || fstectes = ea Peete [esisaretell ace eSostc eonitial Haba ca Peonoal bees
Miemalopa, Of Grabs is. . 20-5. se5|eer deloeasne|soeres eae eee Se ae HE eee ec e Pecl ane lee
Calanus helgolandicus ......... lhe ce sling lace Wid ete [eaees: + | Ste Paes a (Fb or [eae OE ee PEO PEs
Pseudocalanus elongatus ...|......|......[....00|.0006 et ol ed eles ecto ee rae a eet Re el Be Web ceoc
Paracalanis. parwus ssc se -se-sleecerleewertlesse ac Seeds [Poesia eee ee Senece cere ier oe es
Memorag lon eicomnisy sees eaeeaes|-eece| sees + | + |... alee | rata rate sateskec Sf SA arte Faecal BaRSnel botoar
NcartianClauSivias seocceeeetocee serie cena nccsen sles it eae ee Se tesa emee SES ol Ea ee era (a ee a ha eee
Centropages hamatus ...............|...... SE) |) SS ye ee oe | et ee) = OP) (ae ral eee Se sl ed lr:
IRSTENS: COBIAN esi" kelaneenaddaedoesec] mabodt Heceoe “16. |Hacedd Paccod neseos Bacdss pooace Hebe) bias hemeec ete eed eer
Anomalocera paterson ~..-..}.....0):.2..-|...0.. leasees|eeeae rime | Banaao| Bcanad aaeee RAneea Hesanecdcnee sted |Noteeets
Labidocera ‘wollastont s..c0-0-|: occ scsccec closes es Pe ELT ADE HE AIOE ig ol ent Fal ter (ee) Et vl etl
Orthonarsinilistsscescss eee eceeae spouses SES [Pe Le TLR otal eased ee a se aah we vataneerns ta |E aes
Euterpina acutifrons ......... Bea) Macc Hamer eae sd ae FOND aaee hecee Ramee peers es ease eel Mah oes
Hersiliodes littoralis .........|...... \igaeae etd Me galas Sr» Rae PRE FED Male || AL AAA anal 68
CorycaensPameh Cusine. .csccearcles eel eaeealancoesl: cece k tmeleeneas ETS A UR te Wie ll ad Nedac eral Seen setae
Rodonvinbermecdiumy | see stee reece ltecneeloasces aay Bpcoadl SonoE Hoaeoe eres IGS a el orate lL tae Bacson Gepasalsonaae
Oni 6) 0) (SUI?) consdcedodooon bas oLeeeET ponsed Meee Hate + | Wee is 4 a ae 2. eee Je) ae le =e eee
|
| | ae ee ae | aa
Sethe OME 20 eT eat, | ae |
1 (

46

Blackpool.

Off Shore Stn. —

Lune Deep.

Port Erin.

Luce Bay.

Coscinodiscus
Biddulphia

Rhizosolenia
Cheetoceros

Cerartinica bel OSs asey ieee detect =
Gerahiumy GSS)... cins<etene
Ceratium furca
Noctiluca
Acanthometra
Pluteus
Pleurobrachia pileus
Medusoid gonophores .........
Aleyonium eggs
Sagitta bipunctata
Autolytus prolifer..../..........
Tomopteris onisciformis ......
Larval Polycheta
‘“* Mitraria ” dactnstaeetenes
Meganyctiphanes norvegica...
Mysis stage of Crangon ......
Calanus helgolandicus .........
Pseudocalanus elongatus
Paracalanus parvus............
Temora longicornis ............
Acartia clausi
Centropages hamatus .........
Anomalocera patersoni
Orthona, sumilisec. seo. 5 e.-ee
Kuterpina acutifrons
Monstrilla anglica
Monstrilla longicornis .........
OnkowlemPale. de h.n-cesessieseee
Fish egos

eee wee eerste eeeee

ae
NM BR
@ iene
» \e4ia6
A pla” |e
4 el O/F ©
ERIOZIO“|
|
|
Pa one
Stee ce
se eeee rpaaaese ee
ee ere
ala Bees.
ee, Eetelbocee

wee tele e ewes we eeee

Se ee ee

December.
esis |.
Belfast te lies
RoR iiquat pata db =e ape?
SS\SS/PS|E EES
alsa rliomiog
p30) af Te ioe
Bera) See set De |eeoses| 25
i
Bits aS | eee BRE DEA
poate 2 Mit set oT AEE A
Sevcioha cll feheteo Lares 'oedtctermic tere +
bagwes Je BE osadh ae
oe eile eae
Pe + eee teel at el
Siegler coal EME a RANTS
nite? | ee es | ero eee ee
Sta csoje72'| Skavetarexe| wistow ere.| steve atele +
Leena a ee Jesesee[eeeeee] ae
Lee = basen epee fi
Be Set oi ia mia ie ieeTete erate +
Seashell eee steceltrase etecll ele moves +
Dae alt miceeenl erate tees ce j se
peta Ree eet is betel tate
bree ctl erceeae eer (is
aerctoeate + + sete +
ae ae ae || 2b Weed! SE
hee Sn et | ee |e
Geese 4+ a | ee th eat
Gece ale toler eee | heehee at
Me se |, Se We aosaal ae
sreaie is'| iol wtoyarall Stareevete'l nae vier +
lepebsie tates siatatetarel| eteten eats | steterstate +
Jeers teens eee Ease +
= 108 8) Mae ee ae
|

teen

Se ee eee

eee ee we eeae

ee ee ie ee ead

tee ee ee ee ewww ee

seen

se eeee

AT

FAUNISTIC NOTES.
By ANDREW Scort.

(1) Acanthometra sp.—This Radiolarian only occurred
at Port Erin in November and December. In 1904 it
was noted at Port Erin in February, and off Rhyl in
March.

(2) Noctiluca miliaris.—A most extensive visitation
of this organism took place in 1905, and its movements at
the beginning appear to be peculiar. It was first noted
in a collection from the Mersey on June 7th, then at Port
Erin or the 19th, and at Fishguard Bay on the 23rd. It
did not occur in the tow-nettings taken on the North
Wales Coast on June 6th, 20th or 2ist, nor in twenty-
three gatherings from Cardigan Bay, representing the
whole of June and July. At the end of June it had
become well diffused in the Northern area, and continued
to be so for the rest of the year. It turned up in Car-
narvon Bay on July 20th and in Cardigan Bay in August.
These records seem to pomt to a southerly drift rather
than a northerly, though one naturally expects that the
invasion would come from the South with the greater
volume of water that enters the area by the South
Channel. An earlier collection at Port Erin, in June
might have thrown more light on this point. In any
case, some time would elapse before the organism reached
the Lancashire side after appearing at the Isle of Man
if the distribution took place from the North, and
Noctiluca was not present at Port Erin on May II1th.
Some of the tow-nettings taken during June, July and
August off the Lancashire coast were pure collections of
this protozoan. So far as we know Wocteluca has not

occurred at Port Erin previous to 1905,

48

Every opportunity of examining fish for parasites of
all kinds is taken full advantage of. Mr. Johnstone is
working out the Protozoa and internal worms, the leeches,
trematodes and crustacea being left to me. A number
of trematodes have already been recorded in a former
paper, but the group is by no means worked out.

(3) HK pibdella sp.—Plate VIII., fig. 1.

Several specimens of a form closely resembling
Epibdella hippoglossi (Miller) were found on the skin of
the common dog-fish (Scylliwm canicula). The fish were
caught in the trawl net when the steamer was at work
South of the Calf of Man in June, 1905. The parasites
were confined to the head of the fish and were mostly
round the gill slits. A single specimen was taken some
years ago, but owing to its contracted state could not be
worked out. ‘The parasite measures about 2 mm. and the
body is of an oval form, thin and flat. The suckers are
rather difficult to make out, and so far as can be seen the
posterior one has no hooks. Until more specimens are.
secured it is probably better to merely -record its
occurrences and leave it unnamed.

(4) Acanthocotyle sp.—Plate VIII., figs. 2-4.

A much contracted specimen, about 1°8 mm. long,
belonging to this genus, described by Monticelli in 1888,
was found when examining washings from trawl refuse
brought up in Fishguard Bay in June, 1905. The usual
habitat of the members of this genus is on the skin of
skates and rays, and as a number of rays were taken in
Fisheuard Bay it is practically certain that the Trematode
had been detached after the fish were captured. The
genus is easily recognised by the large posterior sucker
armed with numerous rows of teeth, and by the presence
of a small secondary sucker or adhesive disk on the
margin of the large one. The shape and position of the

49

adhesive disk is one of the characters by which species are
defined. In three species the disk is circular, and in a
fourth lingulate. Figure 4 shows the shape and position
of the adhesive disk in the specimen from Fishguard Bay.
This is the first time we have found the genus in the Irish
Sea.

A number of bass (Labrav) and mackerel were
examined during 1905. The Trematodes already recorded
from these fish were again found.

(5) Mierocotyle labracis, van Ben. and Hesse.—Plate
Ts ie. 3;

(6) and Diplectanum aequans, Diesing.—Plate IX.,
fig. 4, are from the bass. The former is a large species,
but appears to be rare, while the latter, a very small form,

is always plentiful on the gills of the fish taken near

Piel.

(7) Octobothrium alosae, Hermann.—Plate IX., fig. 1.

A large number of specimens were found on the gills
of a shad, Clupea alosae, sent to us by Mr. Robert Jones,
Fishery Officer at Carnarvon. Not previously recorded
for the district.

(8) Octobothrium scombri (Kuhn)—Plate IX., fig. 2, is
the mackerel trematode. This is a very slender species
and easily overlooked.

Two members of the Hrrupinea were added to our
list during 1905.

(9) Trachelobdella lophii (van Ben. and Hesse), from
the gill chamber of an angler fish (Lophius piscatorius)
brought to the Piel laboratory by the steamer.

(10) Platybdella soleae (van Ben. and Hesse).

This is the little brown thread-like body often seen on
the black side of the common sole. A number of the soles
caught between Lancashire and the Isle of Man in 1905
were covered with the Platybdella,

D

50

(11) Larvae of Lobsters.—We have not previously
met with these in the tow-nettings, and their occurrence
amongst the plankton is worthy of special notice. One
was taken off Ynys Fach on July 14th, one off Llanon on
the 22nd, twelve in Carnarvon Bay on August 10th, and
one in the last pelagic stage in Lune Deep on August 25th.

(12) The Erichtheus stage of Squilla was recorded
for Cardigan Bay in the report published last year. It
was found again in the same area in 1905. In July and
August these larvae appeared to be fairly uniform in their
distribution between Ynys Fach and St. Tudwall Islands,
and extended seaward as far as the Patches Buoy off
Aberystwyth. Over 100 specimens were found in a tow-
netting off Llanon on August 9th.

(13) The Trachelifer stage of Javea has also been
previously recorded. It occurred in 1905 in Cardigan
Bay during the months of July and August, and in Lune
Deep in August. Mackerel caught off Walney early in
July were found to be feeding entirely on larval
crustaceans, such as Zoea and Megalopa of Crabs, «e.
One or two had been feeding exclusively on young Javea,
and their stomachs were well filled.

(14) Pontella lobiancot, Canu.—Piates I. and II.

A regular invasion of this rare Copepod into Cardigan
Bay was noted in July and August. It has not been taken
at any time on the British coasts until 1904, so far as we
know. Two males and one female were found in a tow-
netting taken off Llanon on October 27th of that year. In
1905 we have noted its occurrence on the following
occasions:—July 3rd off St. Tudwall Islands, 14th off
Ynys Fach, 17th Tremadoc Bay, 21st Tremadoc Bay, 22nd
off Llanon, 51st both at New Quay Head and Tremadoc
Bay, August 9th off Llanon (105 specimens), 15th New
Quay Head. This is one of the Pontellas that has a lens

51

in the rostrum, but I find that the lens is somewhat
rudimentary in the female though well developed in the
male, as shown by the figures now given.

(15) Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock.—Plate LV.

Mention is made on page 46 in last year’s Report of
the occurrence of a Monstrilla in Luce Bay which
appeared to be rather different from any of the described
species. A number of males of the same form were taken
off Llanon on July 22nd. After a careful examination of
the appendages, I am inclined to regard it as only a
variety of Lubbock’s species. The fifth feet of the female
are much longer and narrower than in typical specimens,
and the male has a peculiar comb-like structure on the
inner margin of the last joint of the antennules.

(16) Corycaeus anglicus, Lubbock.

Specimens of this rare Copepod were taken in a
plankton collection from Fishguard Bay on November
11th, 1905. The late I. C. Thompson found it at Port
Krin, but this is the first record of its appearance in the
coastal waters of Wales.

(17) Grardella thompsont, n. sp.—Plate III.

Description of the male: Length, exclusive of furcal
hairs, 137 mm.; body seen from above, cyclopoid in
outline, moderately robust; antennules slender, seven
jointed, about as long as the cephalic segment, third joint
very short, fourth and seventh joints longer than any of
the others; antennae and mouth organs (figs. 5-7) nearly
similar to those of G. callianassae, Canu; swimming feet
also like those of the type; endopodites in every pair
longer than the exopodite; fifth feet two-jointed, narrow,
and longer than the genital seement, outer margin of
second joint furnished with two small spines; apex of the
jomt with a spine and a hair; abdomen five-jointed,
fourth joint much shorter than the others; furea

moderately long and narrow, and equal to the combined
lengths of the last three abdominal segments.

One specimen in a surface collection from Bahama
Bank, March 7th, 1905.

This new species has a general resemblance to the
type G. callianassae, but differs in having a more slender
fifth foot, which has two marginal spines on the second
- joint instead of only one as shown by Canu, and by the
shorter furca. The furca in Canu’s species are nearly as
long as the whole abdomen.

The species is dedicated to the memory of my
colleague, I. C. Thompson, who studied the Copepods of
Liverpool Bay for many years with marked success, as
shown by his numerous reports on the subject.

(18) Caliqus scombert, Bassett Smith. Plate V.

This parasite is occasionally found when examining
the gill chambers of mackerel, and has already been
recorded for the district. C. B. Wilson in Part I. of his
work on the North American Parasitic Copepods* is
inclined to doubt the validity of this species and the
accuracy of the figures given by British authors. It
appears desirable, therefore, that figures of the form from
the Irish Sea should be given. We have not yet been
fortunate enough to find the male, and the illustrations
give the characteristic features of the female only. The
parasite measures 5°57 mm. in total length, and the
abdomen is composed of a single joint. There is a decided
contraction near the distal end, but no trace of a division.
The fourth feet are similar in structure to other Caligi,
and have a basiopodite with a three-jointed exopodite.
Sternal fork slender, sides rounded and tapering to a

* Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol,
XxXvill., pp. 479-672 (reprint No, 1404),

53

blunt point. The width of each prong is about equal to
one-third of the incision.

(19) Anchorella scomberi, Bassett Smith.—Plate VI.

This species is here recorded for the first time from
the Irish Sea, and has been found on the gill rakers of
mackerel caught off Walney and in Carnarvon Bay in
1905.

(20) Anchorella paradova, van Beneden.—Plate VII.

Another Copepod parasite from the mackerel, not
previously recorded for the area. It is found on the gill
filaments, and thus differs in its habit from A. scomber:.
This species is quite distinct from all the other British
members of the genus, and is probably not an Anchorella
‘at all. The male of A. scombert has two pairs of
maxillipeds, but I find after a careful examination that
the male of A. paradowxa has only one pair.

(21) Fish Eggs.—aA table showing the distribution
from month to month is given on page 33. ‘lwo interesting
records have been obtained from the examination of the
plankton collected in 1905. The first and most important
is the occurrence of plaice eggs at an earlier date than any
previously known to us. On January 26th a spent female
plaice was caught in the steamer’s trawl net when at work
off Aberystwyth, and two plaice eggs were captured in
the surface tow-net. A bottom tow-netting taken on the
same ground on December 15th contained one plaice egg
in which the developing larvae was clearly visible. From
the appearance of the larvae it 1s concluded that this egg
had been spawned ten days earlier than the date on which
it was captured. The occurrence of this egg seems to
indicate that some of the plaice on the South Wales coast
spawn early in December, and about very much the same
time as plaice frequenting certain areas of the North Sea.
The other point is the finding of the eggs of the spotted

54

dragonet Callionymus maculatus. The fish has already
been recorded from the Irish Sea, but the eggs have not
been met with in the district. So far we have only found
them on two occasions —at Red Wharf Bay on July 5th,
and at Port Erin on the 8th. They can only be dis-
tinguished from the eggs of the common dragonet by
measuring the size of the hexagonal markings. The
hexagons are much smaller in the egg of C. maculatus
than in C. Lyra.

(22) Young Fishes.—A large number of post larval
pleuronectids were found amongst the plankton collected
in March and April extending from Cardigan Bay to
Liverpool Bar Lightship, and also in the neighbourhood
of Port Erin. One young sole, 7°5 mm. long, was taken
in Tremadoe Bay on June 21st, post larval brill near
Puftin Island on June 28th and off Blackpool on July 4th,
post larval Zeugopterus in Ramsey Bay on July 11th.
Post larval stages of gadoids, Belone, rockling, weevers
and Liparis also occurred occasionally in various parts of
the district. ‘

Cyr

Or

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Prate If.

Pontella lobtaneot, Canu.—

Fig. 1—Female seen from above, n.s. 4 mm. x 18.

9

be]

be)

a3

ches

3

Pontella lobrancor,

antennule. x 45.

rostrum. x 68.

endopodite of first foot. x 143.
fifth pair of feet. x 68.

abdomen seen from left side. x +45.

Pirate III.

@aniue=

Fig. 1—Male seen from above, n.s. 3°77 mm. x 18.

ob)

99

93

bap

be)

+9

+3

99

rostrum. x 90.

right antennule. x 40.

right antennule, hinge joints. x 156.
fifth pair of feet. x 68.

Pirate LV.

Giardella thompsoni, 0. sp.—

Fig. 1—Male seen from above, n.s. 1°35

29

99

39

+)

+)

99

9 re

519)

ble}

bP)

~
‘

mun. +yoc (OG:

antennule. x 90.

antenna. x 90.

mandible. x 293.

first maxilla. x 293.

second maxilla. x 190.

maxilliped. x 156.

firsy Loot. x 36:

third foot of endopodite, 2nd and 5rd
joints only. x 136.

fourth foot. x 156.

a0

Rian eye
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock.—

Fig. 1—Female seen from above, n.s. 2°4 mm. x 22.
5» 2—Male seen from above, n.s.l’'4 mm. x 45.
», 3— ,, Inner edge of last joint of antennule.

TO:

», 4-——Female abdomen. x 102.
» O— ,, fifth pair of feet. x 190.
», 6—Male fifth pair of feet. x 190.

Prats VI.

Caliqus scomberi, Bassett-Smith.—
fi

Fig. 1—Female seen from above, n.s.5'57 mm. x18.
fon) ’

» 2— 3 antennule. x 136:

3 oO 5 antenna. ~< 90.

» 4—- ,, first maxilliped. x 90.

» O— ,, second maxilliped. «x 90.
3. 0-240 Lorin toot. » ooo

99

55 sternal fork’ “x, 1907) 5=

Pirate VII.

Anchorella scomberi, Bassett-Smith.—
Fig. 1—Female zn situ. x 4:5.
55 o-—_lemale:- 9x 7-5.

y= Maile alescmcean

» 4 Female antennule. x 293.

yD 5, antenna. < 29s:
jx O° Go mandible. ~x7ocu:
ee » 6. malas sot ee oae

33 (O— -55. | maxilliped. Samal)
5, 9—Male first maxilliped. x 293.
», LO— ,, second maxilliped. x 293,

Prarie

kgs

ee eS —

= ate i
<<

Se

PONTELLA LOBIANCOI, Canu., female.

A Scott cel.

PONTELLA LOBIANCOI, Canu, male.

Prare i

if

Prats LV.

GIARDELLA THOMPSONI, N. sp.

PAE Ne

\ ‘

in
\
ty

\
/

i}

iA {
WAN Rpt

i NSott, del.

MOoNSTRILLA ANGLICA, Lubbock.

CALIGUS SCOMBERI, Bassett-Smith.

PLATE

Vie

PiATE Vole

ANCHORELLA SCOMBERI, Bassett-Smith.

PagAtrE VA

ANCHORELLA PARADOXA, van Beneden.

A.Scott, del,

Hic.
Pes:

Pe DELLAS Ssp:
2-4. ACANTHOTYLE, sp.

PLATE

IX.

AScolbelah.

hire.
Fie.

Fic
Fig

ile
2.
5)
. 4,

PLATE X.

OcTOBOTHRIUM ALOSAE, Hermann.

ae SCOMBERI (Kuhn).
MiIcROCOTYLE LABRACIS, v. Ben. & Hesse.
DIPLECTANUM AEQUANS, Diesing.

ca att Shey: oT,

ee

wet

Prat VILE.
Anchorella paradova, van Beneden.—
Fig. 1--Female in sttu. x 40.
smi eae PF (back view). x 18.
a) b= Maley eee
,, 4—Female antennule. x 295.

SNES) —se-antenna. , <. 190;
Soh emma nciole. ox 29a
i | woamaxilla: x 2935;
eats: we masxiiliped. < 190)

,, 9—Male maxilliped. x 136.

PAT Ry Alek
HE pibdella, sp.—
Fig. 1-—Seen from ventral surface. x 40.
Acanthocotyle, sp-—-
Fig. 2—Seen from ventral surface. x 45.
,, »3%—Teeth of one of the rays. x 30d.
» 4—Adhesive dise. x ,a86.

PrawE Xe
Fig. 1—Octobothrium alosae, Hermann, seen from ventral
side. =x Ld:
5, 2% —Octobothrium scombert (Kuhn), seen from ventral
side. x 18.

Microcotyle labracis, van Ben. and Hesse, seen

-
—~

trom ventral side. x 14.

», +-—Diplectanum aequans, Diesing, seen from ventral

side. x 34,

DS

MUSSEL TRANSPLANTATION AT MORECAMBE.

By AnpreEw Scott, A.L.S., and

Tuomas Baxrer, Member of the Sea Fisheries Committee.

HisTorY oF THE Brps.

The mussel beds at Heysham, near Morecambe,
usually known as the Morecambe mussel beds, have long
been famous. They are undoubtedly the most extensive
mussel producing grounds in the district under the control
of the Lancashire and Western Sea Fisheries Committee,
and perhaps also on the whole of the western seaboard of
Knegland. The quantity of mussels present at any time
amounts to many thousands of tons. There are probably
more mussels on these beds, than on all the other beds in
the district put together. The animals are in good con-
dition during the season, and are favourably regarded by
the consumer. That this is actually so is shown by the >
fact that various fish-salesmen throughout the county,
and especially in Manchester, place orders at the
beginning of the season with many of the Morecambe
fishermen for a definite number of bags each week.
Consequently we find from the returns supplied by the
Midland, and London and North Western Railway Com-
panies, at Morecambe, that large quantities are sent away
annually. The average quantity sent off during the past
five years, up to the end of March, 1905, amounts to close
cn one thousand nine hundred tons per annum.

Although we have not been able to find very much
information that could throw light upon the point, we
regard the mussel beds at Heysham as having been in
existence for a very long time. It is possible that many
of the ancestors of the present mussels were used in

59

making the mortar for building the first church at
Heysham. The mortar consists of burnt sea-shells and
is almost indestructible. The original church, traces of
which are still discernable, is supposed to have been
founded by a colony of Trish Christians in the sixth or
seventh century. Heysham or Hessam is mentioned in
the Domesday Survey, and was one of the towns of the
Saxon Manor of Halton. The salmon fishery of the Lune
at Lancaster was granted to the Abbey of Furness by
Stephen, Earl of Boulogne, confirmed by Henry I., and
further confirmed by Henry III., but we are unable to
state whether this grant also included the fishery at
Heysham or not. At any rate, it is well known that the
mussel beds of Heysham were at one period farmed by the
Lord of the Manor, and receipts over six hundred years
oid, for farming the beds, ave preserved with the early
documents of Hornby Castle. | There is also evidence that
the beds were in existence three hundred years ago. From
an interesting work ‘ An History of Richmondshire in the
“ North Riding of York, together with those parts of the
“ Kverwicschire of Domesday which form the Wapen-
“takes of Lonsdale, Ewecross, and Amunderness, in the
“Counties of York, Lancaster and Westmoreland, by
“Thomas Dunham Whitaker, LL.D., F.S.A., Vicar of
“Whaley and Blackburn, Lancashire,” Volume II.,
1825, we quote the following statement compiled from a
survey of Heysham parish im 1584, which throws a good
deal of light on the customs of former days. “ This
‘“ manor (Heysham) was divided between free tenants and
“tenants at will, of whom the free tenants paid annually
“to the lord £18 6s. 9d. and a pair of spurs; tenants at
“will, £18 11s. 6d. . . . . Boon journeys were due
“to the Barton of Heysham. .-. . There were four-

“teen persons who farmed the mussel fishery for the rent

60

“of £11 5s. in return for which, they were free to gather
“mussels on the lord’s sands. . . . The lord had also
“ profit of court, estrays, goods of felons, and wrecks of
“the sea, the last of which might be very productive.”
The manor of Heysham in the time of Henry VIII. is
stated to have been worth rather more than £50 per
annum. It thus appears that the mussels in those remote
days were of considerable importance and money value
to the local fishermen. They were also a valuable asset
to the lord of the manor, producing fully one-fifth of the
profits of the whole manor. In the article on mussels in
the Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. XVII., 1898, p. 110,
it is stated, ‘ The chief localities of natural scalps on the
* British coast are Morecambe Bay in Laneashire, the
‘flat eastern shores, especially that of the Wash in
‘“ Lincoln and similar shallow bays.”

Coming to our own experience, we find, from con-
versations with the older fishermen in Morecambe, that
the conditions of the mussel skears to-day are practically
the same as they were fifty and sixty years ago. This
area, like all other shellfish beds, is subject to various
influences over which man has no control. New banks
are formed by the action of the tides, and growth of the
shellfish. The channel may alter a little and smother
the mussels with sand, or undermine the outlying beds
so that they are gradually disintegrated by the currents.
Every winter many hundreds of tons are swept away by
the gales into deeper water and lost. An invasion of
starfish may depopulate a whole skear, leaving only a mass
of empty shells behind them. Before the advent of
‘ailways or the institution of Sea Fisheries Committees,
the fishermen and local farmers used large quantities of
the smaller mussels for manure. This system of destruc-
lion, which may be regarded now as an extremely

61

wasteful one, perhaps did more good than harm. It
helped to secure a better quality of mussel than could
possibly be derived from an over-populated bed. The
clearing away of large quantities of small mussels gave
those that were left more room to spread over the skears,
increased growing space and a better chance to obtain an
efficient food supply. The result eventually, as we find
now, would be a larger mussel, and a well-filled shell,
instead of a stunted one with very little inside it.. We
look upon the removal of the smaller mussels in days
gone by, as a crude attempt to improve the condition
of the skears, and a forerunner of transplanting now
conducted, with the authority and assistance of the Sea
Fisheries Committee. In former days all the mussels
removed for manure were utterly lost, but the present
system involves no waste of any kind. The mussels are
simply removed from an over-populated or starved bed to
a fresh area where there is plenty of growing room and
food.

In the pre-railway days the large mussels were
hawked about the neighbouring villages and sent inland
in great quantities. On the completion of the railway,
then known as the Little North Western, to Morecambe,
in 1847, a better and more rapid method for distributing
- these shellfish was opened to the fishermen which was
quickly taken advantage of. The improved facilities
for conveying the mussels to the large towns of the
county gave rise to an increase of the fishing population,
and was one of the causes that led up to the great trial
in 1874 between the fishermen and the lords of the manor.

The original grant of the fishery at Heysham, which
is thought by some people to have been given in the tenth
century, included all the area from the middle of the
Kent flowing into Morecambe Bay, to the middle of the

62

Lune, and no fishing could take place without the consent
of the lords of the manor. Thus Morecambe, or Poulton as
it was formerly called, had no free fishery. The enhanced
value of the mussel beds through the opening of railway
communication became apparent, and led to much friction
between the lords of the manor and the fishermen. The
former asserted their right to claim rents for permission
to remove the mussels, while the latter disputed the
existence of any documents that gave the lords of the
manor control of the fishery. The dispute ended in a
trial at Lancaster, when the verdict went in favour of
the fishermen being entitled to free fishing. Shortly
after this verdict was given, the lords of the manor asked
leave to appeal against the decision of the court on the
erounds that important evidence had been secured since
the trial. The judge, however, ruled against the lords
and from that time onwards the fishing has remained free.

At the present time considerably over 100 men, or
fully one per cent. of the present population of Morecambe
are more or less engaged in mussel fishing. At the last
census the population was 11,798.

The following statistics of the mussels sent off by rail
during the last five years, are supphed by Mr. Edward
Gardner, Honorary Fishery Officer at Morecambe :-

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. 1903-04. 1904-05,

Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. Cwts.
September ... 24319 ... 2063} ... 68822 ... 48572 ... 3747
October ...... 74594 ... 6143} ...10051} ... 65024 :.. 78173

November. @..\ 73344...) 72440) <6 7612 0) .aeie. G0ebs
December ... 4062} ... 44364 ... 59764 ... 4162 ... 3488

January ...... 62024 ... G1312 ..: 64654 .:: 3761 4: 48073
February ...... 38802 ... 4659} :.. 54952 ... 4240)... 39314
Marchy. .sdists 34224 ... 2703% ... 44884 ... 3873 ... 29403
BPN, “shit gep ZOOSE »..5 DUAIA AIS eens a=

63

DESCRIPTION OF THE SKEARS.

The mussel beds at Morecambe are locally known as
‘“skears,’ aterm which is also apphed to any rough
ground, and each has a particular name amongst the fisher-
men. <A few of the beds are situated in front of the town
itself, but the most extensive and most valuable are those at
the top of Heysham Lake. The latter present, at low water
of a spring tide, an almost unbroken line, over two miles
in length, and are in the form of a tongue-shaped pro-
jection extending from the shore in front of the Grosvenor
Hotel, very nearly due West into Grange Channel. At
the shore end the beds are nearly half a mile wide, but
gradually taper off as they reach the deep water. This
extensive bank is divided in the centre by two narrow
passages that never ebb dry. The floor of the beds in
general is hard ground which has become covered in
many places by the tubes of the * knaar ”’-forming worm,
Sabellaria alveolata. After a “ strike” of mussels takes
place mud accumulates and in time the mussels appear
to be growing on the top of a mud bank. When the
mussels have been removed during a fishery, or by the
action of storms, the hard ground is exposed again. At
high water the whole of the beds is covered to a depth of
many feet, and they can then only be fished with the long
‘“eraam,” and this instrument has to be worked from a
boat. he handle or shaft of the long craam is some-
cimes between thirty and forty feet in length.

The accompanying chart* shows the skears and gives
the name of each one. We are much indebted to Mr.
Edward Gardner, the honorary bailiff at Morecambe, for
information relating to the mussels, which has been of
much assistance to us, and to several of the fishermen who

*The chart has been carefully copied from the rough draft, and is
the work of Mr. Johnstone,

64

represented Morecambe as Fishermen Students in the
various classes held at Piel, for help in the survey of the
beds and in the preparation of the chart.

‘In front of Morecambe, the most important areas are
the “ Ringhole,”’ now used for depositing the mussels
removed from the overcrowded beds, “ Baiting Knott ”’
and “‘ Stone Skears.” These two are small banks where
mussels grow very rapidly and take on shells of a fine
uniform structure. <A little beyond the West End Pier,
a large bank with three mussel beds is shown, the major
portion of this is the “ Old Skear,” on the top of which
is a hedge baulk (“old Dick Bond’s”’) for catching fish,
a structure composed of stakes driven into the. ground
and the whole interlaced with twigs. The other two beds,
though small, produce fine mussels, and are known as
“Seldom Seen’? and “ Reap Skear.’’ The three beds
are connected with each other by skear ground, which is
also suitable for growing mussels. The beds at Heysham
though more or less continuous have all local names.
Starting from the shore under the hotel there is a tract of
sand, and then another of stones. These lead to ‘‘ Hey-
sham Flat,” a mussel bed nearly half a mile square. The
westerly portion of this area is usually covered with good
mussels and was one of the regions thinned in April, 1905,
when 1,562 bags of mussels were removed to the “ Ring-
hole” in three days. There is a hedge baulk (“ Fell’s ”’)
on the top of the bank. A large boulder of granite many
tons in weight les on the middle of the flat, and on the
South side there are a number of small boulders locally
known as the “freestones.” Attached to “ Heysham
Flat” are two more beds known as “ Knott End” and
“Whelk Hill” Skears. ‘Knott End Skear” is about
one quarter of a mile square, and is covered with a vast
number of mussels. In six days during the trans-

65

planting work in 1905, 3,272 bags, or over 240 tons of
undersized mussels were removed to the “ Ringhole.”’
“Whelk Hill” is another valuable skear. “The “ Old
Gunnel,” on the North side of “‘ Heysham Flat,” is a
deep water mussel bed that never comes adry. ‘The
“Great Gunnel”’ and “ Little Gunnel,” separated from
each other at low water by “ Little Out-skear,” are narrow
water-ways leading between Morecambe Channel and
Heysham Lake. “ Little Out-skear’’ is a small but im-
portant bed, and close to it is another little mussel skear
‘“Cockup.” The bottoms of the two gunnels

.

known as
are also covered with mussels. The outer portion of the
Heysham beds forms a continuous bank over a mile in
length, by about a quarter of a mile wide at the shore
end and tapering off as it reaches the channel. It is
known by the names of “ Great Out-skear,”’ ‘ Bank Side
Skear,” and ‘‘ Jacky John Skear,” the latter being the
end of the whole series of mussel beds. ** Bank Side’ and
“Great Out-skear” were found to be covered with
mussels about a year old, when visited in June, 1905.
‘Low Skear ” is a valuable bed situated at the bottom of
Grange Channel. “ Walmsley Skear ” outside *“* Heysham
Flat,’ was formerly a mussel bed, but is now smothered
with sand. “Patrick Skear” in Heysham Lake is
another small but productive bed, and is covered with
large sand knaars. ‘‘ Lake Skear,” below the entrance
to the Harbour at Heysham, is occasionally fished when

the weather permits.

SprcraL NOTES ON THE SKEARS.

The above Skears may be divided into two sets.

(1) Those that ebb dry at low water of an ordinary spring

tide: Stone Skear, Baiting Knott, Reap Skear, Old

Skear, Heysham Flat, Knott End, Little Out-skear, Great
E

66

Out-skear; and (2) the déep water skears that seldom or
never dry at low water even of a very high spring tide,
where the mussels have to be fished for with the “long
craam ’?:—-Little Skears, Ringhole, Seldom Seen, Old
Gunnel,, Whelk Hill, Cockup, Great Gunnel, Little
Gunnel, Bankside, Jacky John, Low Skear, Patrick
Skear.

The depths of water on the skears at low water of a
sixteen feet tide is as follows: ——

Little Skears ... 4to 6 ft.) N/sideof Gunnels 10 to 14 ft.

Ringhole ... 10 to 20 ft.| Great Gunnel .... 5 to 15 ft.

Reap Skear ... 4 to 10 ft.) Little Gunnel... 5 to 10 ft.

Seldom Seen ... 4tol0ft.| Bank Side ... 6 to 20 ft.

Old Gunnel ... 4t010ft.| Jacky John ... 18 to 25 ft.
Low Skears ... 20 to 30 ft.

History oF THE TRANSPLANTING.

When the Lancashire Sea Fisheries Committee was
established about the end of 1891, thé wholesale removal
of mussels, for purposes other than food or bait, was put
an end to. One of the Bye-laws prohibited fishing for
mussels except by hand; or with a rake not exceeding
three feet in width, and used only from a boat when the
bed was covered with at least four feet of water. Another
Bye-law prohibited the removal of any mussels less than
two and a quarter inches in length. These Bye-laws
worked well for some years, and would have remained
satisfactory for an indefinite time, or so long as the pro-
duction of new generations did not greatly exceed the
quantity of legal sized ones removed by the fishermen.
The mussel beds in the district are of all sizes, and the
conditions in some places more favourable for the pro-
duction of new stock than in others. So far as our
knowledge goes the Heysham Skears are the most prolific

67

in the whole area supervised by this Committee. These
skears were amongst the first to show the effect of the
Bye-laws. The over-production was much greater than
the removals, and in a few years the beds became over-
crowded with the new generations. The additions settled
on the top of the older stock and soon grew over them.
In some instances the older layers were eventually
smothered. In others an efficient food supply was pre-
vented from reaching them and they slowly starved. The
result was, the fishermen found it more and more difficult
to get their orders completed with legal sized mussels, and
they occasionally took the smaller ones. This brought
the men into conflict with the officers of the Committee,
and prosecutions naturally followed. The difficulty in
complying with the two and a quarter inch size limit,
without evil consequences to themselves, led the fishermen
(o approach the Committee with a petition, for the reduc-
tion of the size limit to two inches. After much agitation
on the part of the men, the Bye-law was revised and two
inches became the minimum legal size in 1902. This
concession in the size limit was practically made to allow
a greater thinning to be done. So far as Heysham was
concerned, the reduction in limit had very little effect.
The over-production still greatly exceeded the removals
and the difficulty in obtaining sufficient legal size mussels
continued. <A further reduction in the size hmit would
have proved unsatisfactory from the consumers’ point of
view. Large mussels have the preference over the
smaller ones and also command a higher market value.
Other solutions to this problem had to be looked for, and
finally a system of thinning was adopted. This thinning
had a two-fold object. (1) To remove large quantities of
small mussels from over-crowded beds leaving the

remainder more growing space; and (2) to re-stock older

68

beds that had been depleted from various causes, or
establish new beds on suitable ground, either with the
mussels removed from their original site or with others
taken from areas altogether unfavourable for growth.
We might point out here that this solution had been
advocated for some years in the Annual Reports on the
Sea Fisheries Laboratory. Professor Herdman in the
first of these Reports,* referring to the destruction that
occurred amongst the mussels in the southern Division,
says, ““ This miserable waste could probably be prevented
“by providing fixed objects for the mussels to attach to,
“and by taking care of the young beds when once they
“were established, by thinning out from some places and
“laying down in others,”’ &., and again in the general
conclusions 1a the Report upon the methods of oyster and
mussel culture in use on the West coast of Francey,
‘Expressed briefly my opinion is that where mussels are
“crown successfully on the bed system the best we can
‘do is to farm these beds carefully.” Further, in the
conclusion on the Report on the mussels and mussel beds
in the Northern Division, by one of us,t referring to the
favourable conditions for the production and rearing of
the mussels, the following solution was offered. “ All
‘that is necessary is to remove some of the seed mussels
“from the beds where they are too crowded to places
‘““where they are few in number or entirely absent. Many
‘of the mussels on the various beds under the present
“conditions are certain to be lost, through having too
“little room to grow, when consequently they either get
“choked off and perish miserably, or become so stunted

** Lancashire Sea Fisheries Laboratory Report for 1892, page 39.

+ Lancashire Sea Fisheries Laboratory Report for 1893. Appen-
dix, page 79.

{ Lancashire Sea Fisheries Laboratory Report for 1895, page 30,

69

‘in their growth as to be of little or no marketable value
“either as bait or food. Under the present conditions
‘the beds are allowed to seed themselves, and consequently
“it takes much longer for the mussel to spread over any
‘considerable area than if the young mussels were trans-
“ planted from places on the present beds where they are
“too close to new ground. By this means the mussels
“would certainly reach a marketable size much sooner
“than if left to look after themselves, and a convenient
“time for moving the seedlings would be when the close
‘season begins, as they would be less liable to be dis-
“turbed than if done at any other period, and by the
“time the close season had expired they would, no
“doubt, have firmly established themselves under their
‘“new conditions.” We reproduce these remarks in case
any of the Members of the Committee have no copies of
the earler reports, and to show that over-production has
been going on for a long period.

Early in 1903 the Sea Fisheries Committee passed a
resolution granting a sum of £50 to enable the Morecambe
fishermen to thin the overcrowded beds.* The money was
not intended to be regarded as a payment for the work,
but rather a small inducement to the men to do something
that would eventually be for their own benefit. In April
of that year a large number of men gave several days to
the work for a very little sum, and one or two days for
practically nothing. The transplanting was not com-
pleted when the money had all been expended, but the
fishermen, recognising the importance of the work, and
to mark their appreciation of the assistance from the
Committee, continued the operations for a few days
longer. The quantity of mussels transplanted then was

“Mr. John Fell, then Chairman of the Committee, did much to
bring about the initiation of this successful result, and the improve-
ment in the mussel fishery at Morecambe dates from that time.

70

estimated to be about two hundred tons. The results
from the thinning and transplanting proved satisfactory,
and the Committee felt justified not only in continuing
the work but also extending it to other places.

In March, 1904, the Joint Committee granted £75
for re-stocking mussel beds at Morecambe, Overton in the
Lune, and Flookburgh. The Finance Committee
allocated the money as follows:—-Morecambe £50,
Overton £15, and Flookburgh £10. The work at More-
cambe commenced on the 18th of April and went on to
the 5th of May. About sixty men were employed in the
operations, and the mussels were removed to the selected
places by boat. The sum paid to each man was 3s. per
tide. ‘This left a deficit of 5s., but the payment of that
and also of some men who worked an extra tide was
arranged for by the Morecambe Fishermen’s Association.
The quantity of mussels removed to new beds was about
3,174 bags or nearly two hundred tons. The following
table shows the quantities taken from certain particularly
ever-crowded skears and where the surplus mussels were
laid down* :— f

Date. Places. No. of
April 18th, ) Taken from Heysham Flat near _ bags
May 4th and; Fell’s Baulk and laid down in ‘*e"-
5th Ringhole fs 1180
: Taken from Heysham Flat near
aaa and | Fell’s Baulk and laid down in
y Old Gunnel and Ringhole ... 580
Taken from Big and Little Out
April 27th f Skears and laid down in Old
Gunnel and on Seldom Seen
) Skear . 300
: Taken from 1 Big Out Skear and
April ae and | laid down on Seldom Seen
Skear 834
) Taken from Heysham Flat near
April 30th } Fell’s Baulk and laid down
) in Old Gunnel as 280

Motel... 3,174

fa’

Transplanting at Overton took eight days, and during
that period 1,345 bags weré removed from existing beds
and deposited in the Channel as shown in the table. Here
again 'the grant was expended before the work was
finished, but the men continued without pay and com-
pleted the operation® :-—

; No. of

Date. Places. bags

taken.
April 18th & 19th Taken from Anchor Skear, and
laid down in the .Channel

near the Weir ie ey 510
April 20th Taken from Abbey Light Skear,
and laid down in_ the
Channel above and _ below

the Lighthouse ede at 195
April 21st Taken from Crook Skear, and
laid down in the Channel

above the Lighthouse oe 280
April 23rd Taken from Crook Skear, and
laid down in the Channel

below the Lighthouse pes 210
April 25th Taken from Crook Skear, and
laid down in the Channel

near the Weir Pa i 250

otal!) 4. .. 1,445

At Flookburgh thirty-three men and fourteen boats
were employed during two tides and 220 bags of mussels
were transplanted. The mussels were taken from
“Roosebeck Skear’’ and deposited on ‘ Flookburgh
Skear.’ In June, 1904, some of the Southport fisher-
men made an experiment in transplanting cockles. A
quantity was removed from the over-crowded beds to

* Vide Superintendent’s Quarterly Report for June, 1904.

72

~

another place where there were none, and a favourable
report was given regarding the results.

The work of transplanting shellfish was continued
and still further extended in 1905. At the Joint Com-
mittee Meeting held in March, a sum not exceeding £250
was voted for re-stocking shellfish beds. The allocation
of the money was left to the Scientific Sub-Commitee, who
decided to expend the following sums. For re-stocking
mussel beds, Morecambe £75, Overton £15, Flookburgh
£15, Knott-end (Fleetwood) £5, Hambleton (near Fleet-
wood) £5, and Bardsea (near Ulverston) £2 10s. For
re-stocking cockle beds, Southport £15 and Lytham £5.
The total expended on mussels was, therefore, £117 10s.,
or an increase of £42 10s. over the sum spent in 1904.

At Morecambe, where the bulk of the money was
expended and the most important part ofthe operations
were carried out, the transplanting began on April 12th
and finished on May 2nd. The work was done during
the neap tides and in the period of three weeks there were
nine working days. On some of the days sixty-four men
and thirty-two boats were employed. Over 4,634 bags,
estimated at 547 tons of mussels, varying from one and
five-eighths to one and seven-eighths inches in length,
were removed and deposited in the “ Ringhole,” from
which the mussels previously laid down had been removed.
To mark their high appreciation of the efforts of the
Committee to assist the shellfish industry, the Members
of the Morecambe Fishermen’s Association passed a
resolution that no fishing of the transplanted mussels
would take place before November 13th
which was loyally kept.

a resolution

The following table shows the number of bags
removed each day :—

-lr
eos

No. of
Date. Places. bags
taken.

April i2th Taken from old Dick Bond’s Baulks
(Old Skear), and laid down in the
Ringhole __... . 480
Aprillsth Taken from old Dic x Bows aalke
(Old Skear), and laid down in the
Ringhole ..., AS ee ... AS
April l4th Taken from old Dick Bond's Baulks
(Old Skear), ‘and laid down in the
ninghole ... ou xs Re: 3
April 15th Taken from Knott end Skear and laid

down in the Ringhole —... Bee, pO)

April 25th Taken from Knott end Skear and laid
down in the Ringhole —... eo ace)

April 26th Taken from Knott end Skear and laid
down in the Ringhole ... Be. O28

April 28th Taken from Knott end Skear and laid
down in the Ringhole —... Meee ters

April 29th Taken from Knott end Skear and laid
down in the Ringhole —... Bee Abi

May 2nd = Taken from Knott End Skear and laid
down in the Ringhole _... ea) NOLO
Total... Seren Ace gbes

The transplanting at Overton was done in four days,
and 946 bags were removed to new areas. The quantity
is less than in 1904 and is accounted for by the fact that
the mussels were carried a greater distance. In some cases
boats were used, in others carts, for conveying the
mussels. The work gave employment to thirty men.
(Superintendent's Quarterly Report, June, 1905, from
which these figures and those below are taken) :——-

74

No. of
Date. Place. bags
taken.

Aprill2th Taken from Abbey Skear and laid
down in the Channel oth An SD

April 13th Taken from Abbey Skear and laid
down in the Channel wat .. 204

April 14th Taken from Crook Skear and_ laid
down in the Channel hs Saas
April 145th Taken from Crook Skear and laid
down in the Channel eo .. 144
Lotal =e sc *864

At Flookburgh two days—<April 10th and 11th,—-
were given for the transplanting. On the first day,
thirty-five men and fourteen boats were employed, on the
second day, eighteen men and nine boats. The mussels
were taken from ‘ Roosebeck Outer Skear” and laid
down on “‘ Cope Skear.”” The total number of bags was
230 and the average size of the mussels removed was
about one and three quarter inches.

The transplanting at Bardsea was also done in two
days, May 2nd and 5rd. Six men and two carts were
employed and thirty-four cartloads of under-sized mussels
were removed to a new area.

At Hambleton, 420 bags of mussels were taken from
the River Wyre and laid down in “ Staining Hole,” and
at Knott End 330 bags were removed from various un-
favourable skears and laid down in deep water. Although
this is the first time that the industry in the Wyre and
at Bardsea has been assisted by the Committee, the men
belonging to Hambleton made an experiment in trans-
planting in 1904 which gave very satisfactory results.

The following is a short account of the procedure
adopted in. the transplanting at Heysham. A

* In May an additional hundred bags were taken from the
_ Skears and laid in the Channel.

75

meeting of the Morecambe Fishermen’s Association is
held and instructions are given to the men to the effect
that a definite sum of money has been allocated to them
for transplanting undersized mussels. Suitable days are
fixed, and also the hour when the work should commence.
The skears to be dealt with are also decided upon. On
the day appointed, the fleet of boats, each manned by two
or three fishermen, set off from Morecambe so that the
skears are reached some time before low water. The

Fic. 3.—General view of Skears, with men at work.

boats are there either anchored or run ashore, and the men
at once begin work. Each man has a basket and a craam,
a sort of toothed rake; with this instrument he rapidly
rakes the mussels into the basket. | When it is filled, the
whole contents are washed in the sea water and then
transferred to the boat.* The operation is repeated until

* Occasionally some of the mussels are fished from the deeper water
by means of the long craam, According to the fishermen these give
the best results.

76

the boat has as much as it can carry in safety—from ten
to fifteen bags, representing a weight of from three-
quarters of a ton to over one ton of mussels. As soon as
the boats are loaded they sail for the selected area. Hach
one anchors as it arrives, and all are inside a portion that
has been previously marked by buoys. ‘Two men station
themselves beside the mussels each armed with a shovel,
while a third man attends to the anchor rope. Captain
Wright, the Chief Officer of the Northern Division,t

Fia. 4.—Collecting and washing the mussels.

usually supervises the arrangements. As soon as he sees
that every boat is ready and not too close to its neigh-
bours, a signal is given to unload. As the men discharge
the mussels, the man attending to the anchor pays out
the rope and allows the boat to drift slowly with the tide.
The boat is kept moving so that the mussels will not be
deposited in a heap on each side. On every successive

+ Who has given us much valuable assistance.

~ aw

day a new portion of the selected area is buoyed, and there
is.thus no overcrowding. In 1905 all the transplanted
a local name

5

mussels were deposited in the ‘ Ringhole,’
for that portion of Morecambe channel extending from
the West End Pier to about midway between the old
harbour and Central Pier. At the end of the operations
the ** Ringhole ” was inspected at a very low ebb by one

ev

Fia. 5.—A loaded boat and fishermen using the craam.

of us, when it was found that the bottom was well covered
with mussels and all had become attached. The illus-
trations in the text are reproductions from photographs
taken on April 15th. On that date sixty-four men and
thirty-two boats were employed and forty-eight tons of
mussels were transplanted in a single tide.

The money voted for re-stocking cockle beds resulted
in the transplanting of about 300 bags at Lytham and
260 bags at Southport,

78

RESULT OF THE TRANSPLANTING.

The transplanting work has been a complete success
from its inception. In the late Mr. R. A. Dawson's
Report for the Quarter ending September, 1905, referring
to the Morecambe mussels, it is stated :——‘‘ The mussels
“that were transplanted here last spring have grown
“rapidly, and the fish are of first rate quality. I am
“informed the merchants prefer these to the mussels

Fie. 6.—Discharging mussels,in Ringhole.

“taken from other beds in that vicinity.” That was the
result of the first transplanting experiment. Many of
the mussels transplanted in 1903 were what are known
amongst fishermen as ‘ blue nebs”’—very old mussels
with thick shells of a dead blue colour, much corroded,
especially in the hinge region, and having no epidermis
yn them. When the shell is opened the animal is usually
found to be thin and watery. © These mussels are

79

commonly met with on the sea shore. They are exposed
to the air for a long time between each period of high
water, and are beyond the reach of a continuous supply
of food. “ Blue nebs ” may justly be regarded as mussels
that have ceased growing and are only existing. They
are of no money value as food, hence any good return
from the transplanting of such mussels would be readily
noticed. The result was almost incredible. At the end
of about five months, the old, starved, undersized “ blue
nebs ’. had grown three-eighths of an inch and reached
legal size. The animals were in fine condition and the
mussels found a ready market. The fresh growth was
sharply defined from the old. This new addition was
quite uniform, thin, and of a polished black colour on
the outside, a marked contrast to the old ill-shapen and
corroded shell. A mussel which under its original con-
dition could never be any use as food had been turned into
a valuable commodity at very little trouble and expense.
To induce two blades of grass to grow in place of one is
the desire of the agriculturist. The result from trans-
planting “blue nebs”’ that had not increased in length
for years might well be compared with inducing crops
to grow on land that had never before produced any.
The money value of these mussels that had been trans-
planted for £50 is estimated to have been at least £500.
The result from transplanting ‘‘ blue nebs” raised
the expectation that something better could be had from
thinning the overcrowded and more healthy beds and
depositing the excess in new areas. ‘This is now being
done at Heysham each season. In 1904 the mussels were
taken from various skears that constitute the Heysham
beds and deposited in three new areas, viz., “ Ringhole,”
* Old Gunnel ” and * Seldom Seen” Skears. The mussels
laid down in the former place gave the best results, and in

80

1905 all the mussels were deposited there. In order to
protect the mussels as much as possible from ordinary
steamer traffic and fish trawling, they are laid on the
landward side of the hole. The mussels in the
“ Ringhole” are practically always under water. Ata
very low ebb a few may be exposed for a short time. They
are thus placed in reach of a continuous supply of food.
The mussels transplanted to the “ Ringhole ” in 1905
varied from one and five-eighths to one and seven-eighths
of an inch in length. During the months of May, June
and July the mussels all over the Northern Division grew
very slowly. At the end of August a marked advance
was recognisable in the condition of the transplanted
mussels. In September the new growth reached half-an-
inch. Early in November the mussels had increased
five-eighths of an inch, and in December, or seven months
after removal, the average crease was found to be six
eighths of an inch. In other words the mussels had
grown from about one and seven-eighths to two and five-
eighths of an inch——a result largely due to transplanting.
The mussels left on the original site had also grown during
the seven months. The majority left on the particular
beds that had been thinned in April were one and seven-
eighths of an inch long or one-eighth under legal size.
At the beginning of December they had only grown one-
quarter of an inch and had attained a length of two and
one-eighth inches, or an eighth of an inch above the
minimum legal size. The mussels taken to the
“Ringhole” had, therefore, advanced a nett half inch
more than those left untouched. Not only that, but the
fishermen receive one shilling per bag more for “ Ring-
hole” mussels than they obtain for mussels taken from
Heysham Skears.* From November 13th to December

* An ordinary bag of mussels, when sent to the markets, weighs
14 cwts,

81

31st, 262 tons have been recovered.t <A hundred average
sized mussels taken from the Heysham Skears in December
weighed two pounds, and an ordinary bag will contain
about 7,000 mussels. A hundred mussels from the
“ Ringhole ” in December weighed five pounds, or 2,800
mussels to the bag. The transplanting had thus increased
the bulk two and a half times. The original quantity
transplanted was 4,634, which multiplied by two and a
half becomes converted into 11,585 bags. Hach of these
bags has improved one shilling in actual money value
above the mussels that have reached a legal size on the
original site during the interval. This represents a sum
of £579 for transplanted mussels. So that for the expen-
diture of £75 in April in removing mussels from Heysham
to the “ Ringhole ”’ there is a nett gain of over £500. The
enhanced value of the fishery, however does not end there.
It has to be remembered that the thinning of the original
beds had led to an improvement in the condition of the
mussels that were left, and more mussels have become
marketable than could have been possible under the old
state of affairs. Taking the fishery all through, we find
that there are more marketable mussels to meet the
demand and a greater employment for fishermen than
formerly. They can now work from their own homes
instead of visiting other areas for their supplies. A few
years ago, owing to the scarcity of legal sized mussels,
some of the men had to reside at Piel and fulfil their
orders with mussels from Roosebeck Outer Skear. Taking
all things into consideration and allowing for loss from
various causes, both in the “ Ringhole” and on the
thinned beds, since the middle of April, 1905, we venture
to state that the money value of the Morecambe mussels
+ By the end of February, 1906, a much greater quantity of
mussels was taken out than had originally been put in.

}

82

will have been increased by at least £800 at the end of
the fishing season in 1906, a result entirely due to the
grant of £75 from the Sea Fisheries Committee to enable
the fishermen to thin the beds.

We find that the increase of length varies according
to the time that the mussels are left untouched. A
number of those deposited in the “ Ringhole” in 1904
have recently been recovered, and the addition to the
original shell in some cases is well over an inch. The
weight has also increased, 100 weighing ten pounds or
about 1,400 to the bag.

The results in the Wyre have been quite as good as
at Morecambe and from the samples that have been
examined we conclude that the conditions there are in
every way favourable for transplanting.

The transplanting in the Lune also has been a
success. Mr. Richard Gardner, of Sunderland Point,
has supplied us with much valuable information regarding
the effect of the work at Overton. All the mussels
transplanted in 1905 were the ordinary ‘ blue nebs.”’
When these mussels were fished again at the beginning
of the season it was found that the old shells had taken
on a brown skin which almost obscured the old blue
appearance. From the opening of the fishing season in
1905 to the middle of January, 1906, about 6,000 bags had
been sent away from Overton—-a weight of 375 tons. Mr.
Gardner estimates that about two-thirds of these mussels
were transplanted ones. The mussel fishermen at
Overton recognise the value of the work and make the
improvement go as far as possible. Each bag of mussels
sent away contains a small proportion of untransplanted
mussels, which by themselves were of no value whatever,
and now the average price received by the fishermen is
3s. per bag. Further, unless transplanting had been

83

carried out at Overton, there could only have been one
month's fishing in the season 1905-1906 instead of at
least four months, and many of the local fishers would
have been compelled to go elsewhere to find work. The
average number of people engaged in mussel fishing at
Overton from the beginning of the season to the middle
of December is stated by Mr. R. Gardner to have been
fifty.

GROWTH OF MusSELS AND DESCRIPTION OF

OVERCROWDED SKEARS.

. Under favourable circumstances it is probable that
the mussels will grow fully half an inch in length each
year, and at the end of three years reach the minimum
Roosebeck

oe

legal size of two inches. The mussels on
Outer Skear ” which were investigated im 1895 and 1896,
and found to be in flourishing condition, grew half an
inch between September of one year and August of the
next. The skear was much overcrowded and could not
be regarded as suitable for growing mussels quickly. The
‘* Roosebeck Skear ” was not then over-populated to any-
thing like the condition that the Heysham Skears are at
all times. On the latter the mussels, as we have already
seen, grow about one-quarter of an inch in seven months.
The same mussels, when transplanted to favourable areas
grow three-quarters of an inch. Our experience is that
even in a good situation the rate of growth varies
inversely (roughly speaking) as the number of mussels
present. Fewer and more equally distributed mussels
grow faster than those that are plentiful and closely
packed together.

The meaning of the expression
can be much better understood from an actual visit than

‘overcrowded skear ”

84

from any amount of detailed description. The accom-
panying text figure is a reproduction from a photograph
of the Heysham (“ Knott End’”’) Skears, taken in April,
1905, immediately before transplanting commenced. It
gives a fair idea of the general condition of the beds at
that time. In some parts the mussels were much smaller
and even more crowded than is shown in the illustration,

occasionally three generations of mussels could be recog-

Fic, 7.—An overcrowded mussel skear.

nised living together on the same bed. Other parts were
nearly clean, a condition due to the fishing that had
taken .place during the season. The photograph
indicates roughly the depth of the mussels and
shows that they were simply growing one on _ top
of the other. At that part of the bed the shellfish
were nearly one foot deep, and about 18 per cent.
just failed to pass through the two inch gauge. The

85

average size was one and a half inches, and one hundred
of these mussels weighed seventeen ounces. Another
skear “ Great Out Skear,” covered with mussels one year
old, that is, three-eighths to five-eighths of an inch, was
found to be populated to the extent of 16,000 per foot
square. In some places a few two year old mussels were
mixed with the younger ones, and an area one foot
square contained 10,000 one year old mussels, 200-300
two year old mussels being also present. ‘The mussel in
its natural state usually lives with the pointed end down-
wards, and consequently a large number can accommodate
themselves to very little space. Mussels of the same age
are never of a uniform size when they grow up, but when
they first settle upon the skear as spat they are all nearly
alike. Some slight favourable circumstance soon enables
a few to grow faster than the others. This advantage
becomes all the greater as the mussels increase in age.
At the end of the first year one may find a margin of a
quarter of an inch between the largest and smallest ones.
The competition between them becomes keener, and ere
long many of the smaller sizes are overwhelmed and
smothered, while the survivors continue to grow and still
further overcrowd the bed. The mussel, to enable itself
to keep at the surface, lengthens its byssus, and in time
the whole skear may be covered with mussels that are
only attached to their fellows, with practically no attach-
ment to the ground. ‘The sea gradually undermines the
bed, and very soon these mussels can be torn away in
masses or rolled up lke a carpet. | When the mussel bed
reaches this condition the end comes with the first storm.
The seas sweep the mussels into masses, pounding them to
pieces or carrying them away into deeper water, where
they become buried under the shifting sands of the
channel bottom. This process of destruction goes on year

86

after year, and often when the fisherman is looking
forward to a profitable fishery his anticipations are ruth-
lessly shattered in a single night. <A bed that twenty-
four hours previously may have been populated by tons
of marketable mussels of considerable money value
becomes changed into a clean bank with a hard bottom.
Then the process of re-formation of the bed begins, and
in time the bank becomes again covered with mussels.

When the Heysham Skears were visited again, about
two months after the transplanting, it was found that the
removal of nearly 350 tons resulted in very little appre-
ciable change in the appearance of the beds. The clearings
that had been made in April had certainly been more or
less covered again by the mussels spreading out, but the
overcrowding was just as bad. The proportion of
minimum legal sized mussels had advanced from 18 per
cent. to nearly 25 per cent., but in many places, however,
the stones, zoophytes and mussels themselves had a
covering of spat from the spawning that had taken place
in the interval, and four generations could be
distinguished.

We conclude by giving a summary of the results
obtaimed :

Amount expended: 1905, £50; 1904, £50; 1905,

L715),
Kstimated profit: 1905, £500; 1904, £500; 1905,
£800.

A sample of the ‘‘ Blue nebs”’ transplanted at Wardley’s in 1905,
has been sent to Piel for examination, within the last few days, by
Captain Wright. Careful measurements of the new growth haye been
made, and it is found that the average increase during a period of ten
months is thirteen-sixteenths of an inch. The following is the amount
of new shell, in sixteenths of an inch, added in each of eight mussels
during the time stated.

INGOs 1k, “INO YP Now SE No. 4. No. 5. No: 6. Nowe No.8:

PLATE XI.

No

Fies 1, 2and 4. Transplanted Mussels.
Fig. 3. A Mussel that has not been transplanted.
All from Morecambe.

PLATE

Mussel transplanted to Ringhole in 1904.
Mussel transplanted at Wardleys in 1905.
Mussel transplanted at Wardleys in 1904.

DIAL.

Plate Xiil

20) Baitin
oe Knott 4

Vw "CENTRAL PIER
ce [OLD HARBOUR

MORECAMBE

2 WWwEST END PIER

“j-@ GROSVENOR HOTEL

CHART

SHOWING THE POSITIONS
OF tHe

| MUSSEL BEDS or SKEARS
a

Se CaBeE

MUSSEL BEDS: #

= SHAM

ee : a, 111 0181

Pishertes Aunusl Report

Plate Xiil

? : oa K ; i
oy is at ae
x t ue ey Kear 4 <_-* CENTRAL PIER
; ez as ’ = se + | OLD HARBOUR
i rime gts “ate
x aed he ote! j
eats cs : / MORECAMBE
<a {e) 8
ie Gye
Old Skear Bank —S~_

YEOMAN. Eg
BANK

CHART

SHOWING THE POSITIONS
OF THE

AT
— MORECAMBE
en ee Near Naze MUSSEL BEDS <€
sy 2 —— \HEYSHAM HARBOUR Bautks: My,
ee a
27

CLA BY LESS oO Mah Ee I
=

87

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES,

All the figures are natural size, and are reproduced
trom photographs of the mussels. They represent average
samples.

Prats XI.
Fig. 1.—An old “ blue neb”’ from the first transplanting
experiment at Morecambe (1905) showing
the result after a period of four months in a

favourable area. The black portion is the
new shell. .
Fig. 2. The same mussel seen from the back. The old

shell has been broken to show the thickness.

Fig. 3.--A mussel from Heysham Skears, showing the
growth in seven months when left in its
original situation. The white line indicates
the size of the shell in April, 1905.

Fig. +—-A mussel from Heysham Skears showing the
result in seven months after removal from
the skears and laying down in the Ringhole.
The white line indicates the size of the shell
when laid down in April, 1905.

Prarm XT:

5.—-A mussel from Heysham Skears laid down im the
Ringhole in April, 1904, and recovered
in November, 1905. The white line
indicates the original shell.

Fig. 6.-_An old * blue neb” taken from the River Wyre,

laid down in “ Staining Hole,” near Ham-
bleton, m April, 1905, and recovered in

November of the same year. ‘The black
portion shows the growth in the seven
months.

Fig. 7.—Old “ blue neb” from River Wyre, laid down in
“Staining Hole” in Ap “Ail 1904, and
recovered in November, 1905, The black
portion is the new growth that has been
added in a period of nineteen months.

PRATER SO EEE:

Chart showing the mussel beds at Morecambe.

88

TRAWLING OBSERVATIONS.
By Jas. JOHNSTONE.

1. TRAWLING OPERATIONS IN LUCE BAY.
TRAWLING IN FISHGUARD BAY.

3. FOOD OF PLAICH, DABS AND OTHER FISHES.
4. REPRODUCTIVE PHASEHES OF HERRINGS IN
CARNARVON AND CARDIGAN BAYS.

SHA TEMPERATURE AND CATCHES OF WHITING.
6. OCCURRENCE OF LARGE PLAICH AT NEW

QUAY.

bo

ox

1. Trawling Operations in Luce Bay.

During 1905, as for several years past, the Fishery
Board for Scotland has kindly permitted the Committee’s
steamer “John Fell” to trawl in Luce Bay for the
purpose of obtaining spawning plaice. Two-visits were
made in 1905—one on October 12th and 13th, and a second
on December 6th and 7th. On the first occasion the
weather was all that could be desired, and the trip was
made without any trouble; but the second trip was
unfortunately deferred until December, and as very
unfavourable weather was experienced time was lost. The
trip was a most unpleasant one, and the results were not
nearly so successful as they might otherwise have been.

On 12th October, one haul was made with the shrimp
trawl: the net was one with a half-inch mesh bent on to
a 30 feet beam. There was no object in making this haul
except to obtain some idea of the immature fish present
in the Bay. The results of this haul are given in Table I.
They are very similar to those obtained in 1904, except

89

that small dabs were very much more numerous on this
occasion than formerly. As im 1904, a large proportion
of the small plaice obtained in the shrimp trawl were
infested with the peculiar Trematode Gasterostomum sp.,
a parasite which we have not observed in fishes from any
region in our area other than Luce Bay.

TABE RL.

Luce Bay, 12th October, 1905. Shrimp Trawl.

Fish caught. Nuinber. Sizes in inches.

SOlGS) ccna. (eee ee eee 1 | 9
Phare ah reser: 1 | 14

yj BNealacteGls ects aeetren eee erre: 2 13

53 Rese deertne Cee an as Reece 1 124

>) MORES E 2 tie ene Sah 9. 2 175 2—6
Dabsi tases a secere se dll 14—9
Brills aia act ones 8 24 —5
Arnoglossus laterna ...... it 44
RAV SR a esueiac sete seats 6 44—104
Coding re rarstes::: elas... 3 3—4
Grey Gurnardsi pn a.c-. 4 | 3
Siphonostoma typhle ........ LO =
Gasterosteus spinachia ...... Numerous. —
Cotiuststonpie cere eee a tec: { —-
Agonus cataphractus ......... 12 | —
Callionymus lyra .........e es Numerous. —
Centronotus qunnellus ...... 6 | —
Gobius MinutUs ........cee eee Very numerous. _
Acanthtas vulgaris........ ie 1 | -
Sato dy (Seb ee a ane Ree rerBe 1 Gill. o
Pandalus aunulicornis ...... 2 Gills. ---

90

Four hauls on the 12th and six on the 13th were
then made with a fish trewl consisting of a net with a
7-inch mesh throughout bent on to a 30-feet beam. There
was considerable difficulty in working the trawl on this
occasion on account of the extraordinary amount of
seaweed on the ground. In 1904 the same part of Luce
Bay was comparatively free from weed; but in 1905 it
was in parts very foul, so much so that it was found
quite impossible to get the net aboard on the third haul
on October 12th, owing to the great mass of weed which
it had taken and which had caused the net to catch also

a quantity of sand. It was, therefore, necessary to cut
the tails, and the catch was almost entirely lost. Then

other parts of the same area were tried so as to avoid this
debris, but it was found that the largest plaice were
among the seaweed; hauls IIf. and IV. were made on
comparatively clean ground, and it will be seen that the
proportion of large plaice taken was much lower than in
the other hauls. To avoid the fouling of the net, and
the damage to the fish entailed by the weight of the weed
and the time it required to get the haul aboard we were,
therefore, obliged to resort to the foul ground again.
Short hauls, varying from three-quarters of an hour to
50 minutes were made, and by this means Captain
Wignall was able to steer between the Scylla of too much
rubbish in the net, and the Charybdis of too many small
and useless fish. But even with all due precaution some
of the plaice obtained were badly crushed and scarred
and subsequently died.

Tables If. and III. shew the results of the trawling
on 12th and 15th October.

ot

DBR hh
Luce Bay, 12th October, 1905. Fish Trawl. 4 hauls.

Fishes caught. Ii IEE TV
OPC Sip eet ween Ue M A ot an a teene ue == a= 1
BPlaicerover Itimehes! “io:2.4.. 16 ee il
ere vinden titer lh 5 Zod 8 10.0 | 59 120
1B) Oye dae Aiea Bere a Tie, Prarie 5 bn, d4 16 | 26
IIe SAR UU Renae: 10h
Flounder [3 ree ee eneee ck 1 | —
Grey gurnardor pene sate zee a7) ]
Nellowzs 7:dox BRS es here 9. = | 1
Herring... ioseeed aes tet a8 | = | I
Raiaeatist 2 ee ee ae = | ey | 5)
Raia clavata, cireularis and
WUACULAUH 1 fare ty ae aul | (even) fal
es ee |
Total Edible Fishes...... 86 Sy a

Jesh some Gl i
Luce Bay, October 18th, 1905. Fish Trawl. 6 Hauls.

Fishes caught. V. WALES S| AVA | NANO Nec x.

Plaice over 14 inches., 19 26 1 18 17 ils}

do. under 14 do. 76 12 ) 10 Tee} os
Dash tele eee ae 38 WD) 7 14 12 oy
Brill WW eae orate eee jl = =e 22 = 4
ur both hoses eee == a —_ — iI ==
IOUNGETS) are cere ree vat - 10 mths ==
Whiting 222 ans. ahs eee - yl 9)
5-bearded Rockling Li} = |
IAG: UGE tsb aoohoanenauecout: = — 1 = —— =
Raia clavata, circularis |

and maculata ......... 34 nih 14 4 13 | 12

Total Edible Fishes... 169 | 87! 39) 56; 64 | 114

Q9

va

Sizes of the Mish Caweht:
D

As a general rule the fish caught on board the
‘John Fell” and the Bailifis’ cutters are not measured
individually; only the largest and smallest fishes caught
are measured and recorded. On the present occasion,
however, an attempt was made to determine the character-
istic sizes of the plaice on the “ large-plaice”’ grounds
which we were seeking. Hauls 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were
made on this ground; it is obvious from an inspection of
the tables that Hauls 4, 5, 6 and 11 were made on a
ground which was different in respect of the distribution
of plaice. In Hauls 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 all the plaice
caught were measured and the sizes recorded.

The average size of the plaice taken in these hauls
is 14-44 inches. But this number gives us no clear idea
of the sizes of the fishes present on the ground, and I
have therefore prepared a chart (p. 95) which shows the
numbers of plaice taken in these hauls arranged in groups
in which the size varies from inch to inch.

This Chart shews that the greater number of fish
taken in the hauls selected were from 11} to 16} inches
in length. Few were caught which were smaller than
113 inches or larger than 165 inches. The “ mode” or
predominant size of the plaice present is 13} inches. If
the curve is “smoothed” the position of the ‘“ mode”
changes slightly and is about 14 inches.

It should be observed that no one form of fishing
apparatus used alone gives a representative sample of
the fish present on a fishing ground. In the haul of the
shrimp trawl quoted it will be seen that only four plaice
were caught which were larger that six inches. This is
because the

oe

draught ” of water through the shrimp net
is so much less than through the 7-inch mesh employed
in the other hauls that very few large fishes were retained

93

in the net. It will also be seen that slight changes in
the position of the ground trawled over influence the
nature of the catch very greatly; and that the presence
of weed or debris in the net has also a great effect. To
obtain a true picture of the kind of fish even on such a
small area as the shallow waters of Luce Bay, a number
of hauls would have to be taken, employing not only a
shrimp net but also such a large-meshed net as was used
in the present experiments, and perhaps also, a net of
intermediate mesh—say four inches.

3c

ot

15
ov
=)
is}
U

fish

ea

of

inch groups
Rape Vinee ioe ee ISO, | Tie. IG. Bae
Fia. 8.—Sizes of the plaice caught in Hauls 2, 7-10.

Strict account was, however, kept of the plaice over
and under 14 inches in length. ‘Those over 14 inches
are usually mature, and with the exception of a few males
those under that size hmit are immature. The results
are :—

Plaice over 14 inches im length... 2.)
Plaice under 14 inches in length ... .. 343

94

The larger fish were therefore 27:3 per cent. of the
total quantity caught.

The largest dab caught was 152 inches.

The largest flounder caught was 172 inches.
Both were unusually large fishes.

A turbot was also taken which measured 50 inches
and weighed 20 Ibs.

Dabs and Plaice.

Except in the single haul with the shrimp net com-
paratively few dabs were caught. The ratio of dabs to
plaice was 1 : 2°5.

The usual Physical Observations. were
taken. These were:.

Wind: N.W., ight to fresh.

Weather : Rainy and dull at first, fine later.

Sea Temperature: 10°1° C. to 11°8° C.

Aw Temperature : 46° F. to 55° F.

Specific gravity of the sea water at the surface: 1026°3
to 1026-4.

Transparency of the sea water : 16 to 18 ft.

Invertebrates taken in the nets.
Simple and compound AscipIaNs (very numerous).
Motiusca:-—Mactra stultorum, Pecten opercularis,
Modwolus, Holis sp., Loligo media (common), L. vulgaris (7
specimens), Buccinum, Fusus and Cyprina (dead shells).

Crusracka: Pandalus annulicornis, Crangon vulgaris,
Cancer pagurus, Carcinus meenas, Portunas holsatus, P. puber,
Stenorhynchus longirostris, Porcellana longicornis, Hupagurus
bernhardus, Homarus vulgaris, Hyas araneus.

Potyzoa :—Flustra was taken and other encrusting
forms were observed but not identified.

EcHtnopERMATA: -Solaster papposus, Ophiura spp.,

95

Astropecten, Asterias rubens, Echinus miliaris, Echino-
cyamus pusillus, Thyone sp., and Cucumaria plancei
(very abundant).

C@LENTERATA :— Actinia equina, Alcyonium digitatum
and Fhizostoma pulmo. Many zoophytes were, of course,
taken but were not identified.

Five Hauls on December 6th and
hth os Oo:

On this occasion the same fish-trawl net was employed
as on October 12th and 13th. All the plaice taken which
were over 15 inches in length were retained for hatching
purposes and taken to Port Erin. No special observations
were made on this occasion and I give only a table
shewing the results of the five hauls. The plaice caught
were, as a rule, smaller than in the fishing operations in

October of this year.

Luce Bay, December 6th & 7th, 1905. Fish Trawl.

5 Hauls.
Fishes caught. lk Wee eal Le IDG, JIN. V.
\
Plaice over 13 inches.) 28 2 15 24 20
do. under 13. do. 94 56 15 48 46
Dabs.teas: eee ee Bach 0 2 49, 28 27
Brill oe eee == — aes 1 if
Lemon sol6sse-esn-se — Sr ah ene foe ee 3
Cod fore eee at Ay i Srey SAE USS 5
Herring: -.-.avasstheensee: aeage | eer eran ta | 3
Gadus minutus er. eves — |. 1 | i —
Raia batts entree 2h 2 — | 4 3
Raia clavata, circularis
ana maculata... 222 ea® 200. 265) 48 34

Total Edible Fishes...| 196 | 88 Nand

96

2. Haul with a Shrimp-trawl in Fishguard Bay, Milford
Haven Fishery District, on June 23, 1905.
1—Physical conditions, &c.
Wind: calm.
Weather: fine.
Sea: smooth.
Bar.: 30°6.
Air temp.: Dry 66°5, wet 64°5.
Sea temp.: 14°2 at surf.
Spec. grav.: 1026°2.
Transp.: 18 feet.
Net used: Shrimp trawl net, 3in. mesh, 50ft.
beam.
1 hour haul, 3°55 p.m.—4 p.m.
131 to 8 faths.: bottom of black sand becoming

hight later.

2. 26 aAcean
Soles: 10, 8%in.-153in.
Plaice: 16, less than Sin. :
Plaice: 75, over 8in.
Dabs: 22, less than 8in.
Dabs: 30, over Sin.
Ray: 5, under 4in.
Ray: 6, over 4in. J Mostly R. clavata.
Brill: 1, 234in.
Grey gurnards: 4, 103in.-12in.
Grey gurnards: 15, 4in.-9in.
Sprats: 1,890.

Iimneidible Hashes.

Solenettes: 11.
Galeus vulgaris: 1.
Callionymus lyra: very numerous.

oF

Invertebrates caught.
Motiusca:—Nucwa, Scaphander lignarius (feeding on
Nucula), Mactra stultorum, Psammobia sp., Natica catena
(one specimen var. alba), Loligo media (very numerous),
Sepiola atlantica, Rossia macrosoma, Philine aperta, Natica

spawn.
Crustacea :—Corystes, Portunus, Atelecyclus heterodon.

EcHInopEeRMs :-—Ophiura spp., Asterias rubens, Echinus
esculentus and I). miliaris.

Just outside Fishguard Bay, in water of 16] to 20
fathoms, we had another haul with the shrimp trawl on
the 24th June. The results were:

Dabs: 2; ‘tim. to 9in.

Whiting: 4, 74in. to Llin.

Raia maculata: 2, 144in. to 15gin.
Sand eel: 1, Gin.

Onus trieirrhata: 3, Gin.

Gadus minutus: 35, 5in. to din.
Shrimps: 1 specimen.
Callionymus lyra: not abundant.

The invertebrates were very few indeed. One
specimen of Pasiphea sivado was taken: Loligo media was
numerous; Pecten opercularis, Echinus esculentus and
I). miliaris were the only other invertebrates noticed.

It is mteresting to compare the three closed areas:
Luce Bay, Blackpool Closed Ground, and Fishguard Bay.
In the former we have a rich fish fauna (rich in point
of number and species) and a peculiar distribution of
plaice and other flat fishes in respect of sizes—-plaice of
all sizes being found on the same shallow-water area.
Blackpool Closed Ground presents a great abundance of
individuals belonging to a very few species, and this

G

98

abundance varies exceedingly from season to season, the
variations in the nature and abundance of flat and other
fishes being greater than can possibly be accounted for by
accidental circumstances; again, during the months of
October, November and December, im which we have
trawled in Luce Bay we have observed hardly any
variation in the numbers and kinds and sizes of fishes
which might not be due to the accidents of the
observations. In Fishguard Bay there was a fish fauna
both abundant and various. It ought to be stated,
however, that we have only one or two observations
of the fish on this ground, and it may easily be the case
that variations in distribution as marked as those on
Blackpool Ground may occur in different seasons of the
year. Obviously, closure of an area does not always
produce the same results; many other circumstances-
physical conditions, fishing im adjacent water, and the
like, must operate in masking the effects of the closure.

The haul outside Fishguard Bay presents no features

worthy of note.

q 3. Food of Plaice and Dabs.

The following observations relate to the examination
of the stomachs of plaice and dabs taken together on the
same ground, and in the same hauls with the trawl-net.
Comparatively few fishes have so far been examined, but
it is hoped to devote considerably more time in the future
to this branch of work. The examinations have been
made from the poimt of view of the supposed competition
of the two species with each other in respect of food. » The
individual sizes of the fishes examined are not given, but
in the great majority of cases the plaice were from Sin. to
about 12in. in length (9in. would represent the average

size), while the dabs were rather smaller (about 8in. lone).

5

i)

The quantities of the two kinds of fishes taken in the
hauls are also given.

June 20th, 1905.—-Near Puffin Island. 109. plaice
and 110 dabs:
No. examined. Food.
6 plaice ... ... Serobicularia (common), ,
Solen, Pectinarta, I’chinocyamus.
6 dabs_... ... Hermit crabs (common),
Ophioglypha (common), polychaetes.

23rd June, 1905.— Fisheuard Bay. Shrimp trawl;
7 plaice over 8in., 30 dabs over Sin.:
3 plaice ... ... all Mactra.
3dabs_... ... all young Carcinus moenas, } to + meh

in breadth.
July 6th, 1905. Beaumaris Bay. 101 plaice 6hin.

to Lliin.; 53 dabs 94in. to 12im. :

10 plaice. 10 dabs.
All feeding on Mactra 1. Ophioglyphaand Natica,
and Serobicularia, 2: do. do.
1 also on polychaete worms. — 3. do. do.
4. do. do.
5 do. do.®

6. Hermit crabs.
7. Soft crabs.
8. Polychaete worms.
9. Mactra and Scrobicularia.
10. Scrobicularia.
In this case three of the dabs and three of the plaice
were feeding on the same animals.

July 12th, 1905. Bahama Bank. 29 plaice and three

dabs :

3 dabs.
1. Hermit crabs. All the plaice caught were
2. Solen, Hermit crabs. used for the marking

3, Solen, Polychaetes. experiment,

100

20th July, 1905.—Three miles W.N.W. from

Llandwyn. Six plaice and 20 dabs :—
5 dabs examined.
1. Crabs. $. Solen.
2. do., Solen. 5. Ophiuroids, Solen,

8. do., Mactra.

2lst July, 1905.=-Three miles W.S.W.—-trom
Tremadoe Bar Buoy. 11 plaice and 316 dabs : —
8 dabs examined.

iL Soft crabs.

2 Polychaetes, Portunus holsatus.
3. Porcellana longicornis.

4, Aphrodite, Philine aperta, erabs.
5 & 6. Mactra.

i Ophiuroids.

Crabs.
24th July, 1905—17 miles 8.W. by W. from Calf
of Man. No plaice, 14 dabs :—
11 dabe’ examiumed.

oaks

i Ophiura albida, Nereids, small crabs.
2&3. Ophiura albida, small crabs. :
4, Crabs, large quantity of some zoophyte.
5. @ Ophiura albida, Hulima bilineata.

6,7 & 8. Ophiura albida.
9 & 10. Ophiura albida and hermit crabs.
els Ophiura albida, hermit crabs, small Carcacrus.

13th September, 1905. Red Wharf Bay. 50 plaice
and 75 dabs:
6 plaice examined. G dabs examined,
All feeding on Scrobicularia. 1. Carcimus,

2. Carcinus and other crab

remains.

3. Crabs and polychaete
worms.

4. Corystes, Tellina, Solen*

5. Ophiuroids and Scrohi-
cularia.
6. Tellinaand Scrobicularia,

1o1

12th October,

dabs :

ad

(/ plaice examined.

1& 2. Nucula.

3.& 4. Polychaetes.

5 Pectinarta, Cucumarta.

6. Solen.

7 Solen and Serobicu-
laria.

25rd November, 1905.—

plaice, 36 dabs :-

1&2. Pellina:
3. Tellina and Serobicu-
larta.
4, Nercids.
5 & 6. Neretds and Scrobicu-
laria.
7th December, 1905.—
dabs :-

6 plaice.

10 plaice.
1 to 8. Stomachs empty.

9. Small Amphipod.
10. Errant Polychaete.

1905.—Luce Bay.

59 plaice, 16

6 dabs examined.
Pecten, Carcinus, Car-
dium, Solen, Serobi-
cularia.

2 & 3. Solen and Hyas.

4, Ophioglypha, Solen.
5. Scrobicularia & Solen.
6. Scrobicularia and

Nucla.

Off Conway Bar Buoy. 122

5 da bse

1. Virgularia miralilis,
Obelia longissima,
Bougainvillea ramosa,
Hydrallmania falcata,
Lafwa dumosa.

Crabs.

Crabs and Ophiura sp.

Crabs and Psammobia.

. Shrimp and Psammobia.

Luce Bay.

bo

ce ce
as

oO

>

~/

66 plaice,
°
il i
1 & 2. Empty.
3&4. Cardium echinatum.,
Crab, simple asei-
dians.
Hermit erab, Solen.

dabs.

6. Philine, 2 simple asci-
dians.

fe Five Simple ascidians,

8. Ophiuroids.

2. Hermit crabs and
Stenorhynchus.

10. Actinian, foot of large

lamellibranch.
libs Foot of (2) Cardium.

to?
In this last haul, nearly all the stomachs of the dabs
examined were half empty.

16th December, 1905. Off Patches Buoy, Aberyst-

with:

8 plaice. 8 dabe:
i, Solen and poly- ly Ophiura albida.
chaetes. 2 to 4. do. do.
2. Amphipod and Solen. 5. Nereids.
3 to 8. Empty. 6. Solen, Serpula, Eupa-
gurus bernhardus.
is Bupagurus bernhardus
8. Ophiura albida,

Philine aperta, erabs
One cod, caught off Blackpool on 8th December,
1905. The fish was a female 37din. long, was in bad con-
dition when received, and the contents of the stomach had
undergone considerable post-mortem digestion. They
were :
+ dabs, Gin. to 8in. long;
7 other pleuronectid fishes ;
3 herrings (or sprats), 5in. to Sin. long;
9 other round fishes—not herrings ;
15 shrimps.
There was, in addition, a large mass of semi-digested
food matter in the stomach, most of which consisted of

the disarticulated bones of fishes.

4, Reproductive condition of Herring in Cardigan and
Carnarvon Bays in Winter.

* Three lots of herring caught m these areas were sent
to me by the bailiffs on Dr. Jenkins’ instructions. They
were examined for the condition of the roes, and for the
food contents of the stomachs. The details are :—

108

(1) 13 herrings caught in Nevin Bay, Carnarvon Bay,
one mile from shore in three fathoms on December Ist,
1905

S were spent females:
) were spent males,

In all cases the stomachs were empty.

(2) 12 herrings caught off New Quay on December
4th, 1905, at night

1 was a spent female:
+ were spent males;
+ were full females:
4 were full males.

All the stomachs were empty.

(5) 12 herrings caught close inshore in Nevin Bay,
Carnarvon Bay, on sand and on gravel on 15th December,
1905—

+ were spent females ;

were spent males:

1 was a full female;

3 were full males. 2

All the stomachs were empty.

These results are extremely interesting. It is
evident that full herring are to be found off the Welsh
coast in winter, and probably deposit their spawn there.
It is most desirable that samples of herring from all the

Welsh fisheries should be obtained and examimed.

5. Sea temperature and catches of Whitings.

The connection between hydrographical observations
and the abundance of food fishes is well illustrated*™ by a
discussion of the sea temperature and the catches of
haddoek made by steam trawlers fishing off Granton on
the East coast of Scotland. A curve is given in the

** See D’Arcy Thompson, Granton Trawling Statistics. Report
on North Sea Investigations, p. 265, 1905,

104

article referred to, which shows the closest correspondence
between the catches of this fish and the temperature ot
the sea. I have tried to see if a similar correspondence
existed between any food fish and the sea temperature in
our own area, but we do not possess data to enable such
a comparison to be made as it should be. The shrimp
trawl. statistics taken by Mr. Eecles on the Liverpool
Shrimping Ground during the years 1895-1899 do,
however, yield a reliable series of figures. | Most unfortu-
nately we have no good records of sea temperatures. On
board the * John Fell” the temperature of the sea at the
surface is always taken at the beginning of a haul with
a trawl net, and the thermometer, which is a reliable one,
is always correctly read to one-fifth of a degree centi-
grade. | Untortunately the “John Fell” has a wide
district and the number of temperature observations in
Liverpool Bay are rather few for our purpose. The
average monthly temperatures are calculated from the
records of the “ John Fell” and the New Brighton police
cutter. I think the latter temperature data are not quite
reliable but they are the best we can obtain.

The figures shewing the variation in the abundance
of whiting from month to month during the year are,
I think, quite reliable. All the figures for each month
during the period 1893-9 have been grouped together and
averages have*been calculated. Accidental fluctuations
are got rid of by the statistical device of taking three-
monthly averages for every month. ‘That is, the average
for January is really the average for the three months
December-January-February; that for February is the
average of the months January-February-March, and so
on.

The figures so obtained are as follows:

105

Average catches of immature whiting on the Mersey
Shrimping Grounds during the years 1895-9; with the
temperature of the sea for the year 1905 :-

Average tem-
No. of Average perature of the
hauls. catch.* sea at the

surface (°C).

JADUAT VE | see s: 39 | 33 orl
Kebriiary 2 38 | 62 6-4
March 4... sin Wi 2S 5b
Anh 2 ane 56 99 8-6
Ea ore eater ane 75 83 1
JMC zee woke ee 74 | 28 15
Jil, gt | ee aa! 17-7
AUSUShe Pate yor 90 | oie 17°3
September... ... ay) | 759 14-5
October=— 5, =: 68 466 10-1
November... ... 45 250 8:3
December 5 Wie ot | 48

* *€3-monthly averages taken monthly.”” io
That they may be the more easily understood I have
represented these results on the chart. The curve has
been * smoothed.”
Now, one must remember that the temperature obser-
vations are few and imperfect, and that the form of the
curve might be different if a more extensive series of

observations were available. Nevertheless, it will be seen

106

that there is a correspondence between the abundance of
whiting and the temperature of the sea water. It must
be confessed that results hke this are very tantalising and
make one wish for more extensive series of statistical
figures.* I think, too, that they indicate the value of
exact hydrographical investigations.

The form of the curve for whiting should be noticed.
This curve is constructed from a great number of observa-
tions and probably yields a tolerably accurate picture of

Jany, Feby. Mar April) May. dune. July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec.
Big. 9. Relation between abundance of immature whiting and the
temperature of the sea.
the abundance of young whiting en the Mersey Shrimping
Grounds. There is a minor maximum of abundance of
whiting in the month of March. This is due to an
immigration of fish of the previous year’s spawning.
Then in June the fish become scarce and immediately
begin to become more abundant, attaining the maximum

* It ought to be possible to obtain daily temperature records
from the yarious lightships off the coasts of Lancashire and Wales.
I would suggest that this be attempted.

LO7

for the year in the month of August. The fish present
at this time are probably those resulting from the same
year’s spawning. Then when the temperature of the
sea falls whiting become less abundant, and a minimum is

reached in December and January.

6. Occurrence of large Plaice at New Quay.
Two hauls made by Mr. E. Williams, the Bailiff

stationed at New Quay, are of interest as shewing that
large and mature plaice are not necessarily confined to
comparatively deep water, but may occur close in shore.
The hauls were :—

ith March, 1905.—Oft New Quay head, four miles

INGE:
Bae be eC aaa het -

Plaice: 80, 251m. to Tin. in length.
Brills: 2, 19im. to 16in. im length.
Whitings: 15, 18in. to I4in. in length.
Skates: 2, 19m. in length.

27th March, 1905.—-Near the same place:
Soles: 5, I4in. to 12in. in length.
Plaice: 50, 17im. to Sin. in length.
Whitines: 6, 16mm. to 151m. in length.
Skates: 7, 12in. to 8in. in length.

That large and mature plaice occur only sporadically
in inshore waters is due, I think, to the fact that such
large fish are necessarily few in number, and are easily
fished out in comparison with those of smaller size, and
not to any necessary connection between the habits of
the fish and the depth of water.

108

REPORT ON EXPERIMENTS WITH MARKED
FISH DURING THE YEAR 1904.

By Jas. JOUNSTONE.

A preliminary account of these experiments was
given im the report for 1904,* and the methods adopted
(which were those elaborated by the International Fishery
Investigation Staff) were explaimed. At the time when
this preliminary report was written, 591 fishes had been
marked and liberated, but since then +64 other fish have
been dealt with. Many of the latter experiments are still
incomplete; inasmuch as sufficient time has not yet
elapsed to allow of the recapture of the fishes. Tt is only
with regard to Experiments I. to X., which were made
before the end of March, 1905, that any conclusions can
be drawn, and many more fish will doubtless be recaptured
from the later experiments.

The first few batches of fish marked and liberated
were to some extent experimental, as we had not at that
time sufficient experience of the method to enable us to
avoid errors. Much difficulty, for instance, was
experienced im finding suitable labels. he first hundred
of these were obtained from the Marine Biological
Association, and were used in the first Luce Bay
experiments. Then 100 aluminium labels were tried, but
these proved to be most unsuitable. The colour of the
metal and its lightness induced us to try it, but we soon
found that the corrosion caused by electrolytic action
between the label and the silver wire was very rapid, and
only a small percentage of these was returned. Then
some hundreds of thin brass labels were obtained, but
again these were imperfect, inasmuch as the metal was

* Report Lancashire Sea Fisheries Laboratory for 1904, pp. 91-97.

109

soft and the label was too thin. None of these had
resisted corrosion in the sea for a longer time than 12
months, and even after six months the corrosion was, in
some cases, so great that it was difficult to read the
number. The later labels obtained were made of thicker
and harder brass, and have been quite satisfactory.

The great majority of the fish marked have been
plaice. A dozen soles were marked and liberated, but I
did not regard the method as suitable for this fish and no
more were dealt with. None of these soles has been
returned. A few other fishes were also marked, and out
of four dabs so treated one has been returned. The only
flounder marked has also been re-caught. There is no
reason why these marking experiments should be
restricted to plaice and flounders, but it must be said that
the difficulties of marking other fishes are very much
ereater, and suitable methods will take some time to
devise.

It was hoped that 1,000 fish would be marked before
the end of 1905, but the stress of other work interfered,
and two or three trips were abandoned because of
unsuitable weather.

I give below a summary of the experiments made up
to the end of 1905, and of the results obtained.

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the
assistance received from all who have been asked to
co-operate im these experiments. Both Dr. Jenkins and
Captain Wignall have given me every facility which was
possible, and have been most kind. We are: greatly
indebted to those who have returned marked fishes. The
Officers of the Committee, Messrs. Wright, Gardner,
Kecles, Jones, Pritchard and Williams, have given all the
assistance possible. Several Members of the Committee,

Messrs, Dean, Garnett and Harley in particular, have

110

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112

most kindly acted as our agents and received marked
fishes and paid rewards. Finally, many gentlemen not
connected with our Committee have given us much
assistance. I refer more particularly to Mr. R. Knox, of
Douglas, Mr. G. Holmes, of the Cumberland District, and
Mr. Rust, of the Milford Haven Fishermen’s Association.
Both the Irish Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction and the Fishery Board for Scotland have
instructed their officers to give us every assistance. It is
needless to say that without this cordial co-operation the
experiments would not have been possible.

The total number of plaice returned is, therefore,
195, or 254 per cent. of the whole. But of the 855 fishes
dealt with 142 were liberated in Luce Bay while trawling
there for spawning plaice, and as’ there is very little
fishing (and no trawling) in this area, it was not expected
that many of these fish would be recaught. Again, 290
fish were liberated since the end of March, and many more
of these will doubtless be recaptured. If we consider only
the fish which have been liberated in the Lancashire and
Western District area before the end of March, 1905, the
results are very encouraging. Of 452 such fishes 148, or
542 per cent., have been returned.

It is quite certain that a number of fish have been
recaptured and have not been reported. I have heard of
several such cases. One was only discovered after being
exposed in Douglas Fish Market, and several were sent
from other markets or fishmongers’ shops. In some cases
the approximate localities where these fish were caught
could be traced, but this was impossible in others. In one
case a fish-label was sent to me which had certainly been
fried. In this case the mark could not have been noticed
until the fish had been cooked—a fact which does not say
much for the care with which the cook cleaned the fish.

118

.

In another case three labels were sent to me which had
certainly lain in the finder’s waistcoat pocket for some
months. They were accompanied by a very unconvincing
statement of the circumstances under which the fishes
were caught. Another case was reported to me as follows:
“.... I heard yesterday from a fish hawker of .. .
that he bought some fish of a trawler at... . and he had
a marked fish and he laid it to one side and the cat ran
off with it. He says the No. was L 307. Of course I
said ‘ No label, no pay’... .’ Other analogous leakages
have no doubt occurred.

Then again, the proportion of fish caught depends
obviously on the amount of fishing which goes on in the
areas to which the marked fish migrate. Thus, the small
proportion of fish returned from Luce Bay is to be
attributed simply to this cause; and the same may be
said of the relative lack of success which has attended the
marking of fish in Carnarvon and Cardigan Bays. <A
glance over the general summary will bear this out. <A
high percentage of the fish liberated on Blackpool Closed
Ground has been returned because these fish have for the
most part travelled alongshore into the shallow waters of
Morecambe Bay, the Ribble Estuary, and the Mersey
Grounds; and so also with the fish liberated off the
Mersey Banks. Although a number of fish have been
returned from offshore grounds, it must nevertheless be
borne in mind that fishing there is less intense than along
the shore, where, in addition to trawling by half-decked
boats, stake nets, trammels and “tees” also play their
parts.

The chances that a fish lving on the Eastern side of
the Irish Sea will be captured comparatively early in its
lifetime are greater than one imagines. We have a record
of one plaice which was captured three times before it
was three years of age. This fish (No. L 485) was first of

H

114

all caught in the Barrow Channel by Mr. John Wright,
Head Bailiff at Fleetwood, and brought into Piel
Hatchery, where it was marked. It was then taken out
to beyond the Morecambe Bay Lightship and liberated.
It returned again into Barrow Channel, and about ten
weeks after its first capture it was again caught by Mr.
Wright. It was then kept alive in the Piel tanks for a
couple of days and again taken out to beyond the same
Lightship. But hardly a month afterwards the
unfortunate fish was recaught by the Fleetwood smack
FD 99 and sent to the Liverpool Laboratory.

At least four plaice have crossed the Trish Channel.
One of these, No. L 352, was liberated on Blackpool
Closed Ground on 15th November, 1905, and about six
months later news of its capture at Courtown Bay,
Co. Wexford, Ireland, reached me via a coastguard
officer, the Irish Board of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction, the English Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries, and Dr. Jenkins, who formed the last link of
this official chain. This fish, supposing it had made a
straight course for Courtown (which it, most probably,
did not) had travelled at least 130 miles in 6 months.
Other two fish have been reported from the East Coast of
Ireland, one from near Balbriggan, in Co. Meath, and
another from Belfast Lough. In each case the brass label
had disappeared, but the bone button and silver wire
indicated that these fishes had been liberated on the East
side of the Irish Sea. One probably came from Blackpool,
and the other from Luce Bay. Finally, a Luce Bay fish
was taken in a herring-net in Campbelltown Loch on the
Argyllshire side of the Firth of Clyde. It is to be noted
that all these fishes must have crossed water of at least
_ 50 fathoms in depth, unless, indeed, the Campbelltown
fish made a circuitous journey round the Lochs of the
Clyde.

115

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131

Remarks on the different experiments.
Statveon I.--Luce Bay:

Strictly speaking, Luce Bay is not within our
Lancashire and Western Fishery District, but as we have ©
been interested in this fishing ground for the last few

6% =79 PICK)
prant some

years we thought it a useful thing to
marked plaice there. There is very little fishing of any
kind, and no trawling, in the neighbourhood of Luce Bay,
and the chances of a successful result depended on
offshore migration of the fishes, or migration into the
Solway Firth. This offshore migration was indicated by
one fish which crossed the North Channel and was found
in Campbelltown Loch, and the Solway migration was
shown by another fish which was found near Annan.
Only one other fish was recaptured, and this was taken in
the Bay itself.

Station II.—Ramsey Bay.

Only four fishes were found out of 54 liberated in
this Bay. Three went offshore and one was found on the
North-West Coast of the Isle of Man. Here again there
is little inshore fishing, and in consequence of the Manx
Fishery Laws all the territorial waters are closed against
trawling.

Station, bilo -Ofrt Pwitin Taland:

Unfortunately the aluminium labels were used for
this experiment, and as the label itself appears to have
been corroded away in a comparatively short time,
leaving only the button and wire attached to the fish, it
is probable that many of these fishes have been recaptured
but have escaped notice. The migration of the fishes
actually found are indicated on Chart II. by the red
circles surmounted by a horizontal line. Most of the

132

fishes found were caught in Red Wharf Bay within the
first four weeks. One, however, was taken in the Dee and
one in Carnarvon Bay, having probably gone through the
Menai Straits.

Station! LV —20#2 sGreat, Ornves (Meads

In this experiment the results are almost exactly the
same as in Experiment III. Two fishes were found in the
Dee. Two, however, made very extended migrations, and
were found in Newport Bay, in the Milford Fishery
District, and off New Quay Head, near the Southern
extremity of our own area.

Station V.—Newcome Knolls

This experiment is remarkable because of the
extraordinary manner in which the fishes hberated have
scattered. Within the first 12 weeks after lberation
marked plaice from this station were found in Red Wharf
Bay, Menai Straits, the Wallasey shore, the Ribble, and
Morecambe Bay. Three also were recaught off the
North-East Coast of the Isle of Man. Later on the other
fish caught were taken in the waters round Holyhead, and
these were probably those which had migrated to that
area in the first three months.

Station, VI.— Blackpool Closed Ground:

This is the most interesting of all the experiments
made, and the results are, on ‘the whole, consistent with
each other. They are represented on Chart I. by the
black circles. If note be made of the length of time
elapsing between the liberation and recapture of the fish
(this time is indicated by the small figures within the
circles), then it is fairly easy to trace the migration paths
of the fishes recaught. Out of 78 plaice liberated, 16 were
found in the waters of Morecambe Bay, and two in the

138

Ribble, during the first 16 weeks. This shows, on the
whole, a general migration inshore and in a Northerly
direction during the winter. But again it will be seen that
11 fishes were found in Red Wharf Bay and Liverpool
Bay generally at periods of from four to 13 months after
liberation, and that two fishes actually crossed the Irish
Channel and were found off the Irish coast. It is only
reasonable to suppose that many more fish entered
Morecambe Bay (and the Ribble) from Blackpool Closed
Ground than were recaught, and that in the Spring
following the experiment these fishes began to migrate
out from the Bay (and the Ribble) and to proceed offshore
and in a Southerly direction. If the times of recapture
be noted, this course can be traced with some degree of
probability. I have represented it on Chart I. by lines
and arrows. The thick limes indicate the winter
migration, generally inshore and to the North, and the
thin lines the spring and summer migration, generally
offshore and to the South.

The chart shows exceptional migrations. But we are
dealing with creatures possessed of volition, and to some
extent capricious in their movements. When one
remembers this, and reflects on the multitude of influences
acting on a marine fish so as to determine its movements
and habits, it would be too much to expect that simple
undeviating migration paths should be followed without
exception.

Station VII.—Luce Bay.

For some reason or other the second Luce Bay
experiment was more successful than the first. But few
fishes were returned, and the only conclusion to be drawn
is that the fish population of the Bay is an indigenous
one, for most of those returned were caught in the area

154

where liberated. One, indeed, went to Girvan, in the

Clyde: this was initially the largest of those recovered ;

and one went to the Solway, and conversely this initially

was the smallest of those recovered.

Station VIITIT—2} Miles W.from Liverpool
Bar Lightship.

Here again we mect with consistent results. Of the
fish set free on this Station 16 went inshore, and in the
main in a Northerly direction towards the bays and
estuaries. Most of these were caught in the Ribble and
in Morecambe Bay within the first 12 weeks. After this
interval two were found in offshore waters and two far to
the South in Cardigan Bay, while one had crossed the
“head of the tide” and was recaptured off Workington
in the Cumberland Sea Fishery District.

Station IX—10 Miles W. from Carnarvon
Biag> Bb wo y.

Again we are comforted by finding that the results
of the experiment are uniform. Of 50 plaice liberated in
Carnarvon Bay 12 were found. Nine of these went South
and eight were caught in Tremadoe and Cardigan Bays.
One at least left the district and was caught in St. Bride’s
Bay, in the Milford Haven Fishery District, 20 weeks
after liberation. The single inevitable exception to this
general Southerly migration was observed by a fish which
found its way into Liverpool Bay (probably through the
Menai Straits) and was caught in a stake net on Wallasey
shore. It is remarkable that so many fish from this and
other experiments should have rounded the rocky,
precipitous coast of the Carnarvon Peninsula.

Station X.—Morecambe Bay Lightship.

This also was a very remarkable experiment. At the
time when it was made I was busy at Piel conducting the

135

Fishermen’s Classes and could not go to sea except for a
day at the week end between the beginning of March and
the beginning of May. On March 16th, Mr. John
Wright, the Chief Fishery Officer at Fleetwood, came
over to Piel and trawled in Barrow Channel for plaice,
which were brought into the Hatchery and marked there.
The fish were then kept alive in the tanks for a day, and
were put on board the “John Fell” and taken out to
beyond the Morecambe Bay Lightship, where they were
liberated. For about a week nothing was heard of these
fishes, and then they began to come back into Barrow
Channel again, and within the first two months 16 marked
plaice from this experiment alone were caught in this
area. It is not, as might appear, the case that this
abundance of recaptures depends simply on excessive
fishing, for practically all these fishes were caught by
two or three men working stake nets. It is evident that
there was a general inshore migration towards Morecambe
Bay, and that most of the fishes participating entered the
Channel. ‘Two fish travelled North along the Cumberland
coast, and crossing the head of the tide were caught in
the Solway Firth. I think it probable that the fish, after
leaving the Lightship ground, struck the Cumberland
coast and most of them came South but that a few went
North.

It will be seen from Chart 1., where these results are
represented by the blue circles, that quite a number of
marked fish were caught on the ground round the Light-
ship. But it will also be seen that these fishes were mostly
caught there three months after liberation, and taken
together with the results of the Blackpool Experiment,
this indicates that the fish, after finishing their first
inshore migration ‘and feeding for a time on the shallow
water grounds, began to migrate outwards again.

136

The exceptions to these general conclusions are
represented by two fish which went at once directly North
and were caught near the Bahama Lightship, and by one
which at once went South and was caught in Holyhead
Harbour about seven weeks after liberation, having in
that time travelled at least 55 miles.

Station XI—Morecambe Bay Lightship.

It was thought advisable to repeat the above experi-
ment, so in May 44 plaice were liberated near the same
place but a little further to the West. None of these fish
(which had also been caught in Barrow Channel by Mr.
Wright) returned to that area, and in one month three of
them were caught to the South-East of the place where
liberated. Very few of these fishes have been returned,
but such recaptures as have been reported show a general
tendency of the fishes to travel to the South and East into
shallower water. While trawling in Barrow Channel for
these fishes, Mr. Wright caught two of those which he
had already trawled there. These were measured and
taken out to sea to be used in this experiment, and one
of them has already been recaptured.

Station XII—Off Chicken Rock, I.O.M.

At the end of each hatching season the plaice
remaining in the tanks at Piel are turned back again into
the sea. We thought it might be useful, however, to
mark some of these fishes and liberate them in deep
water. Accordingly 11 large mature fishes were taken out
from Piel in the “ John Fell” and marked and liberated
in the deep water South-West of the Calf of Man. None
of these fishes have been returned to us. But after a
sojourn of two months in small tanks large plaice are not

137

possessed of great vitality, and I think it possible that
the transportation and handling and the marking
operation may have killed these plaice.

Statien “PR _Off, Memmaes, Head.

Thirty plaice were liberated on this station, which is
at the Southern extremity of the Lancashire and Western
Sea Fishery District. Only five have been returned, and
these were caught immediately to the South-West of the
station.

Station XIV—Near Liverpool Bar
Lightship.

Hearing that plaice were plentiful on this area in
July last we caught and marked 35 fishes. Up to the
present all the fishes returned from this lot have been
found in the immediate neighbourhood of the station, no
migrations of any extent having taken place. ‘The results
are represented on Chart II. by the blue circles.

Station XV—Near Morecambe Bay
Lightship.

Nineteen plaice were liberated here, but only one has
been returned, and this was caught near the station but
about five miles 8.W. by 8.

Station XVI—Near Bahama Lightship.

Twenty-one plaice, three dabs, and one brill were
liberated here on July 7th. Only one plaice has been
returned, but one of the three dabs set free was sent back
on 8th November last. This is the only dab out of four
marked which has been returned to me.

138

Statiom XVIL—Blackpool Closed
Ground.

Thirty-one plaice were liberated on this station in
July last, and five have been returned. With the
exception of one fish (which went offshore) all these were
recaught on the inshore waters North and South of the

station.

The fish liberated on the three last stations were not
all in a perfectly sound state. They were caught in the
vicinities of the three stations and kept on board in the
tanks for a short time only. When we caught them the
surface of the sea, and the waters for some depths down,
wele swarming with the jelly-fish Awrelza—-so much so
that the sea was literally carpeted in places with these
creatures. When the net was hauled an enormous
quantity were always included among the catch, and the
fish caught were always very sickly. Even when great:
masses of seaweed ox mud were taken, the fish caught
never exhibited the same lack of vitality as was shown in
these catches, and the result is probably due to the contact
of the fishes with the poisonous stinging cells of the jelly-
fishes. I think it quite probable that a large number of
these fishes died some time after liberation.

Stations XVIII. to XX—Nevin and
Aberystwyth, Carnarvon and
Cardigan Bays.

‘Thirty-one fish were liberated on these three stations,
but none has been returned so far. Five of the fish
marked were small rays, but the rest were plaice and in
good condition when liberated. These poor results are
due, I consider, to the fact that the amount of fishing on

139

the Welsh coasts is so very trifling, and that the fish have
simply not had a chance of being caught. Most of the
fishes liberated on the Welsh stations have been caught
on the grounds round Kilan Head, in Tremadoc Bay, and
on the trawling grounds extending from New Quay to
Dinas Head. That the comparative lack of success
attending these experiments is due to the absence of
fishing on the part of the local Welsh population may be
seen by considering the tables where I] have given the
port of registration of the vessels catching the fish (when
ascertainable). In the case of the fish caught off Kilan
Head the captors were Southport half-decked boats, and
the fish caught in the waters South of Kemmaes Head
were taken by Liverpool, Milford, or Brixham boats. In
only one case was a marked fish taken by a Welsh boat—
a Carnarvon smack. Kven in the case of the Red Wharf
Bay fishes, the captures were usually made by Hoylake
vessels registered (for some reason or other) out of
Douglas.

Station XXI—Luce Bay.

On the occasion of trawling the Bay for spawning
plaice for Piel, 20 plaice were marked and liberated. Only
one has been reported to me, and this was caught on the
shore of the Bay.

Station XXII—Formby Channel.

Several attempts were made to mark a number of fish
in October last, but on two occasions very rough weather
was experienced and the experiments were abandoned.
The last lot of plaice marked in 1905 were set free in
Formby Channel on October 26th. It is, of course, far
too soon to discuss the results of this experiment.
Hitherto only six fishes have been returned. Three have

140

been caught im the neighbourhood of the station, and
other three (not included in the tables) from Morecambe
Bay.

Intensity of fishing.

It is customary, in investigations of this kind, to use
the results for making deductions as to the intensity of
fishing in the areas dealt with. If, say, 100 plaice are
liberated and spread themselves over a comparatively wide
area, and if within a certain period, say one year, 50 of
these are recaptured, it may be argued that of all the
plaice present on the same area 50 per cent. have been
captured during the same year. Information to form such
estimates of the intensity of fishing on the East side of
the Irish Sea is afforded by the summary table. In the
case of nine experiments the data are complete—a
complete year having elapsed between the time when the
fish were liberated and the time when the summary was
drawn up. ‘The last column gives the percentages
recaptured, and the figures may mean that in the course
of one year 6 per cent. of the plaice in Luce Bay and
the adjacent waters were captured, 12 per cent. of those
on the fishing grounds round the Isle of Man, and so on.
Now we may leave the Luce Bay experiments out of
consideration, and those made on Stations III. and IV.
may also be ignored, since these two experiments were
vitiated by the faulty nature of the labels employed. On
the other hand, Experiments V., VI. and VII. may be
considered together, since most of the fish liberated on the
stations so numbered have apparently spread themselves
over much the same area—the Irish Sea North of Holy-
head, South of St. Bees Head, and Hast of the Isle of
Man. Within this area about 80 plaice out of 180 have
been recovered—a percentage of about 45. That is to say,

141

in this area fishermen have captured, in one year, about
45 per cent. of all the plaice present on the ground which
were over eight inches in total length.

I think that too much may easily be made of this
argument. It would be justifiable to make the percentage
of marked plaice returned indicate the intensity of plaice
fishing 7f the marked fish behave normally; 7f, when
liberated, they spread themselves uniformly over wide
areas. Then it may reasonably be contended that the
proportion of marked fishes re-caught represents also the
proportion of the unmarked fishes caught. I think
that the marked fish behave normally, but it is the case
that there is a certain amount of segregation in the distri-
bution of the marked fishes. The figures indicating
“intensity of fishing” are to be regarded only as
approximate indications of the degree of exploitation of
the local fishing grounds.

On the other hand, the results of the Luce Bay and
the Welsh experiments indicate a much less intensity of
fishing. In Luce Bay and the adjacent waters this is
accounted for by the anti-trawling legislation of the
Scottish Fishery Board. Plaice are only caught in this
area by lines, trammels, and other forms of fishing, which
are very ineffective when compared with trawling. But
in the Carnarvon Bay experiment this is not the case.
The low proportion of fish returned, 12 per cent., is due
only to the fact that there is very little fishing indeed in
Carnarvon and Cardigan Bays when compared with the
Coasts of Lancashire, Cheshire, and that part of the North
Welsh Coast exploited by Hoylake smacks. The same is
to be said of the other Welsh experiments, for though the
complete year has not yet elapsed it is apparent that
nothing like the same proportion of fish as in the case of

the Lancashire experiments will be returned,

142

These estimates agree generally with what we know,
from other considerations, of the intensity of fishing on
the East side of the Irish Sea. It is well known that
there is a very great amount of fishing on the Lancashire
Coast proper, that the Coasts of North Wales are not
exploited to the same extent, and that the two great
Welsh Bays are fished to a very much less extent again.

These estimates must be regarded as_ only
approximate ones. It is no doubt the case that a certain
number of the fish liberated in each experiment must die
from injuries received during trawling which were not
at first apparent. On the other hand, there is also no
doubt that a certain proportion of marked plaice have
been caught by fishing boats and have escaped notice and
so have not been included in the above summary.

Influence of different kinds of fishing.

The tables give information as to the kind of vessel
or fishing instrument by which most of the marked fishes
were caught. This information was not always given, so
that all the cases are not included. The figures are :—

No. of

Method of fishing. | gee:

| returned.
Ist class sailing trawlers (smacks) ... oe 66
2nd class sailing trawlers (half-decked boats) aa) 47
Stake-nets ... — + ae ake | 25
Steam trawlers 10

Lines, ‘“‘ tees,” trammels, hedge- balks, * draught-

mets et (iit ay 6
Information not given wr 43) £2. +7 4]
; 195

This table gives one a rough idea of the relative
importance of different methods of fishing in the area
embraced by the experiments. It must be remembered,

145

in appraising the relative influence of sail and steam, that
marked fish may have been overlooked especially aboard
steam trawlers. On the other hand, it has to be
remembered that steamers are excluded from the
territorial waters in which the majority of the marked fish
were recaptured. On the whole, the figures in the table
agree fairly with practical experience of fishing methods
in the district.

Rate of Growth of Plaice in the Irish Sea.

This is very variable, as might be expected. The
growth of a fish depends on the amount of food present on
the ground which it inhabits, and it is well known that
different grounds vary greatly in this respect. The
present experiments were not favourable for observations
on the rate of growth. In order to study this to the
ereatest advantage, a large number of fish would have to
be marked and liberated before the period of the year
when growth begins. We did, indeed, set free 566 before
the end of March, but of these the great majority
captured were taken before the end of July, and only a
comparatively small number after that time. In May,
June and July we set free 227 plaice, but few of these
have been recaptured. Conclusions as to the general rate
of growth based on these are not reliable. Up to the end
of July, however, our figures afford reliable indications
as to the growth rate. These figures are :—

Average increase in length up to the middle of January...... 0:04 inch.

Do. do. do. February ...0°04 _ ,,
Do. do. do. WER Vereced 0-07

Do. do. do. 2) ENvprall sRecabted 0-2

Do. do. do. May?) o:ice0. 0-42

Do. do. do. AA bEOKe) soqeeanece 0:86

Do. do. do. AWN? eanoonter 15

Do. do. do. August ...... 1:95

Do, do, do, September...2°62

144

These figures will be more easily understood by
consulting the diagram below. In this the black columns
represent the actual increase in length of the plaice
captured from month to month.

Inches. Cents.

|

| |
un M0 AD Ky | | | | Ht !
Jany - Feby- Mar: Abril -May-JunedJuly- Auq-Sept-.

Fic. 10. Actual increase in growth of the plaice during the months
January—September. The figures on the left hand indicate
inches of growth, and those on the right centimetres.

It will be seen from the chart that the growth of the
plaice is very slight during the months January,
February and March; practically the fish does not grow
at all during this period. Then from April to September
the growth is very rapid, and it is only during this season
of the year that growth really takes place. By the end
of September the average increase in length of the fishes

8

On

—e

ro

=

145

liberated before the end of March was about 22 inches.
I think, however, this number is too low. If we consider
also the fishes liberated during the summer, and include
them in the calculation of the growth rate, we get a
curve which, however, is not represented in the diagram.
This indicates that by the end of September the average
increase in growth was just over three inches; and,
moreover, the slope of the curve indicates that im
September the fishes were not growing nearly so fast as
in the two preceding months.

In a few cases exceptionally large increases in length
have been observed. One fish, set free on the Mersey
Deposit Ground on 12th November, 1904, and
recaptured by a Hoylake smack off Great Orme’s Head on
3rd December, 1905, about 124 months afterwards, had
grown 51 inches. Perhaps a more extraordinary
instance, however, is that of a plaice set free near the
Liverpool Bar Lightship on 6th July, 1905, and
recaptured by a second-class trawler on 23rd September,
1905, only a mile or two from the place where it was
liberated. In 11 weeks this fish had added 4 inches to its
stature. These, however, are quite exceptional cases.

The “ Homing-theory.”

It was suggested to me by A. Scott that the facts of
Experiment X. lend some support to the theory (which
has been more favoured in relation to fresh water than
sea fish) that fishes tend to return to the places from
which they are taken. At first sight this is very plausible.
It is true that 17, or about 25 per cent., of the fishes
caught in Barrow Channel and taken out to the
Morecambe Bay Lightship returned again to Barrow
Channel; and if we consider only the fishes which were

KK

146

reported during the first eight weeks the supposition is
still more plausible. Again, of the plaice caught in Red
Wharf Bay and liberated off Puffin Island and Gt. Orme
Head, a fair number did go back into the Bay. But I
think that the theory (which is a priort improbable) is
discounted by the other migrations observed. ‘Thus the
Newcome Knoll fish, which were caught in Red Wharf
Bay, scattered everywhere, when they might more easily
have returned into the Bay, and the Blackpool fish also
caught in Red Wharf Bay went North, for the most part.
It is more likely that there was a migration already in
existence, in each of the cases of apparent “ homing,”
into the areas into which the “ homers” travelled, and
that these simply obeyed the impulses which led to this
migration.

Fish caught in intra- and extra- territorial waters.

It will be obvious from a glance at the charts that the
greater number of fish returned have migrated along the
shallow waters within the territorial limits. The line
defining the seaward limit of the Lancashire and Western
Sea Fishery District is indicated roughly on the charts,
and it will be seen that, of the fish returned, the place of
capture of which could be defined without doubt, by far
the greater number have been caught within the
territorial waters. Of 173 fish, the places of recapture of
which are marked in the charts, 124 or over 71 per cent.
were caught within the district, and 49 or over 28 per
cent. were caught outside the limits of the latter. It must
be remembered that some marked fish recaught by steam
trawlers may have escaped identification, but I have
reasons for concluding that comparatively few have been
allowed to escape notice. It is also to be borne in mind
that there is more fishing along the coast and within the

147

territorial waters than on the offshore grounds, and that
there is a greater chance that a fish will be recaptured in
the former area. However, it seems most probable that
the migrations made by the majority of marketable plaice
on this side of the Irish Sea are mainly along shore and
in territorial waters.

Influence of size on migration paths.

Nevertheless a fair proportion have been recaptured
from places well outside the territorial waters, and in
some cases at considerable distances from the place of
liberation. If the sizes of these fish be compared with
those caught in the territorial waters, it will be seen that
the sizes of those taken outside are usually greater than
those caught inside the district. But the difference is not
very striking, and is to be seen only when considering
averages. The fish dealt with in these experiments have
for the most part ranged from 8 to 12 inches in length,
and though the very smallest of these do not migrate to a
marked extent, nevertheless it is difficult to draw. any
distinction between plaice of different sizes within the
limits indicated above. Other influences—the season,
abundance of food, &c., operate more powerfully than the
exact age of the fish.

General conclusions. °

The experiments here described have so far been
made on too small a scale to yield conclusions of a high
degree of probability, and it is advisable that they be
repeated on a larger, scale before any inferences of a
practical nature be made from their results.

The value of these conclusions obviously depends on
whether or not a marked plaice behaves normally, that is,
like an unmarked healthy plaice. Fishermen express two

148

views: (1) that the marking stimulates the fish to travel
further than it would otherwise have done: and (2) that
the marking makes them sluggish. I do not think that
either of these views is correct; they are, indeed, only the
usual kind of conjectures made by fishermen with regard
to matters outside their experience. Nearly everything
we have seen of the behaviour of marked plaice indicates
that they behave normally. Marked plaice have never
been caught by themselves. Where they have been
caught in unusual numbers there have also been large
catches of unmarked plaice made. In the case of
Experiment XIV., for instance, an unusually large
number of marked plaice were returned, and all, with one
exception, from the locality where they were originally
eaught. But during all this time plaice were very abun-
dant here and large catches were made by the fishing
boats. The marked plaice, in fact, behaved just as the
other fishes on this ground did.

Again, it is not uncommon to catch perfectly healthy
plaice and other flat fishes which have suffered mutilation.
I may also instance the case of a marked plaice re-caught
a few weeks ago in Luce Bay, after 15 months from the
date of liberation. This fish was in excellent condition,
and the wound made by the mark had not become greater
than at first. The fish had grown 3} inches.

In the meantime one may summarise the results as
follows : —

1. The number of fish returned depends on the
intensity of fishing in the area into which the fish have
migrated, and gives a measure of the latter. Thus of the
fish liberated on the Lancashire Stations, where fishing
is actively carried on, from 25 to 50 per cent. have been
returned within the year following liberation; while on
the Welsh Stations, where there is very little fishing, the

149

highest percentage recovered was 25, and in three of the
experiments no fish whatever have been sent back.

2. The average percentage of marked plaice
returned from all the experiments is 25°2. This may be
regarded as indicating the extent to which fishing goes
on on the Hast side of the Irish Sea. It suggests
about 25 per cent. of the plaice present on the fishing
grounds at any time will be caught by fishermen before
the expiry of one complete year.

3. The majority of the fish returned have been
recaught by smacks. But it must be remembered that it
is more likely that marked fishes would escape recognition
if taken by a steam trawler.

4. The increase in size of the fishes recaught agrees
well with previous estimates. Roughly speaking, this
may be put down at three inches in the year; that is, for
plaice between eight and 15 inches in length. This
increase in growth takes place almost exclusively during
the months May to September. During the other months
of the year plaice do not grow at all.

The increase in weight is, of course, much more rapid
than that in length. The weight of plaice of eight inches
in length varies:from 75 to 90 grams (from three to four
ounces), while that of a plaice 11 to 114 inches long may
vary from 240 to 280 grams (95 to 114 ounces). That is,
a plaice which in April is only one quarter of a pound in
weight will, if allowed to remain in the sea, attain a
weight of from one-half to three-quarters of a pound by
the end of the following September. Marked plaice shew
much the same relationships of weight and length as
unmarked fishes.

5. Migration paths can, so far, only be roughly
determined, and many more experiments will have to be
made before the main tacts of fish migration can be

150

rendered clear. In the meantime, the main migrations
made by plaice on the Lancashire and Welsh Coasts
during the winter are along the shore and within the
territorial waters; the estuaries and bays are greatly
frequented by the fish. We have observed a_ general
Northerly tendency during the winter. In the summer,
while the along-shore migration, within the territorial
waters, still continues to some extent, an offshore and
Southerly migration has been noticed. There are, of
coursé, many exceptions to these general tendencies. Fish
liberated within the waters of Liverpool Bay remain there
for the most part. Only in two cases have fish liberated
on the West Coast of England crossed the Irish Channel.
Only three cases are recorded, so far, of fishes which, have
migrated out of the Irish Sea, and all of these are, most
probably, fish which were set free in Luce Bay.

EXPLANATION OF THE CHARTS.

Prats XIV.

=

Shews the results of Experiments V., VI., X.

Prare XY.
Results of Experiments I.-II., [V., VII.-VIIL.,
uy

In all cases the large cireles indicate the positions
of the “stations” on which the marked fishes were
liberated. Each of the smaller circles indicates the
position where a marked fish has been re-caught.
Obviously these latter positions can only be represented
approximately on the charts. The figures inside the small
circles represent the numbers of months (4-weekly periods)
between liberation and recapture.

Plate XIV

The lines and arrows relate only
, to the Blackpool fishes.

00 The thick lines indicate roughly
the main paths DEON VISIES

iy

ew,
qrerighton
Hoylake

XPERIMENTS.

tcome Knoll. RED.
kpool closed ground. BLACK.
les W from Morecambe Bay Li ght-ship. BLUE.

itor of the stations.
Wealely the postttors where the trish have
2liqDers TEepreseMnt The o7tlsts DELIWECEIE

Sea Fisheries Annual Re

Luce Bay

The lines and arrows relate only
‘ ta the Blackpool fishes.

OrkiNgION The thick lines indicate roughly
the mau paths laken by the fishes
we the winter ard the thir lines
those pursued tn the summer

Burrow Head

Mull of Galloway

S'BeesHead@

Point of Ayre

@0O
0)

QO ®

Wy
WD /Morecamee,

of”

e
Chicken Rock |

Om
NEW)
Brighton:

loylake

Marke FisH EXPERIMENTS.

Station V: Newcome Knoll. RED.

yprarnervon Station VI: Blackpool closed ground BLACK.

ff

| WA Station X: 5 miles W from Morecambe Bay Lightship BLUE
© 4 ;
® CA At ARVON |) Large circles diate the pasitton of the stations
IB AY by Small circles wudicate appraximately the postlions where thetish have
| bY beer recaptured, the enclased numbers represcrt the ots DELwveete

Wf liberation and recaplure.

Plate XV

=) © é ~ Yj,
a (iff NEW
gpyerighton Ys
oylake = % ) Liverpool.
4 Y
Ayre. WY Ax
y ty ®>5 Lh
WW UY Mp OO Sy
»
$
<
U

Y
XPERIMENTS. Y)

eBay, ( Black & Red f Hj
Red

Black.
rpool Bar Light Ship, Black.

ecambe Bay Light Ship, Red
Liverpool Bar Light Ship, “us

t of the stations.
wey the postions where the ish have

sea Webaciaa Minos Report. aie (3) Near Annan.

2 b a ) Sf Sotway FIRTH
hye WIGTON
25 Bay
Luce Bay 3
le Burrow Nead.
Mull of Galloway 2)

(2) Near Annan

"de
S'BeesHead ew

i

Ii

® y
Yporrow/7 MORECAMBE
yi
Ag
Chicken Rock
»
4
|
§
@ © s
@° .

y qe
wy jaylake
4 i
ae MarKeD Fish ExPERIMENTS.
iN STATIONS | &VII; Luce Bay, Black & Rea
oN STATION II: Ramsey Bay, V Black
ON STATION III; OFF Puffin Island, © Rea

STATION IV: OFF GtOrmes Head, © Black

STATION VIII;2% miles W. from Liverpool Bar Light Ship, Black
STATION XI: 14 miles W. from Morecambe Bay Light Ship, Rea
STATION XIV: 2 miles W.S.\W. From Liverpool Bar Light Ship, ©

Large ctreles kc. widuate the position of the stations

Small circles &c., radiate approximately the postlions where the fish have
bese recaptured,

CARINARVON
Bay

G) Off KilanHeoa
(3) Newport Bey

@ Newport Bay
© New Quay

2553

151

INTERNAL PARASITES AND DISEASED
CONDITIONS OF FISHES.

By Jas. JOHNSTONE.

1. CESTODA.

2. TREMATODA.

5. FUNGI.

{. TUMOUR FROM SKIN OF DAB.

fam describing here a small collection of cestodes
and trematodes made last summer from trawl fish caught
by the s.s. “John Fell.” As a rule the species collected
were taken from skates and rays. The usual method of
collection was to take the whole gut from the fish to be
examined and place it in a dissecting dish containing
fresh water. The gut was then slit up longitudinally and
examined bit by bit. Ina short time the fresh water
causes the worms to relax and they can then be detached
from the imtestinal wall without injury to suckers or
hooks. If they are kept in fresh water for about a
quarter of an hour complete relaxation takes place before
death, and in the case of cestodes bothria are expanded,
while with trematodes the animals die without any trace
of wrinkling. In the case of the latter animals it is
always necessary to make stained preparations in order to
determine the species and this is greatly facilitated by
gently pressing the worm, while alive, between a slide
and cover glass, or between two slides, according to its
size. The whole is then put into a flat dish containing
fresh water and in a short time the animal dies in a
beautifully flat and thin condition. I have found that
about 5 per cent. formalin makes the best general preserva-

tive for cestodes if it is desired to display the auimais in

152

as natural a condition as possible, or to make general
stained preparations of the proglottides. Before pre-
serving it is, however, desirable to rinse the animal very
gently in fresh water in order to get rid of the mucus and
chyle with which it is surrounded. In the case of many
species the strobila generally comes to pieces on being
preserved and if the whole organism is to be studied it is

necessary to preserve such worms, each ina separate tube.

I, GCESTODA:
BoTHRIOCEPHALID.

Bothriocephalus (=Dibothrium) punctatus, Rudolphi.—
Fig. 11.
Hosts: Rhombus maaimus and R. laevis; at all
stations.

Every turbot and brill examined has so far proved
to be the host of one or more of this cestode. Generally
the brill harbours only two or three worms, but im the
case of the turbot the number is much greater. One
turbot 303 inches in length, caught in Luce Bay in
October, 1905, was greatly infested, and I counted over
60 Pibothria in the gut exclusive of several which had
become detached. All were attached to the walls of the
pyloric ceca.

Two distinet varieties of Dibothriwm punctatus are to
be noticed (see fig. 11, A and B), and it is hard to resist
the impression that we are dealing here with two distinct
species. The general morphology of the scolex and
proglottides is, however, so similar in both cases that it
is probable that we have to deal with varieties only, or
at most physiological species, the difference being due
to the different habitat. The differences between the two
cestodes are (1) the length and thickness of the head and

168

the succeeding proglottides: and (2) the general appear-
ance of the strobila on preservation. In the case of the
two specimens figured the measurements are :
A (from the turbot )—
Length of head: 5°5 mm.:
Length of strobila: 49 em.;

Width of strobila at the widest part: 4 mm.

Ye
Fic. 11. Bothriocephulus punctatus, Rudolphi., A: from the turbot ;
B: from the brill. Mag. 22 dia.

B (from the brill)-
Length of head: 2°5 mm.;
Length of strobila: 69 cm. ;
Width of strobila at the widest part: 6 mm.

154

On preservation by killing in water and pickling in five
per cent. formalin, the whole strobila is more transparent
and thinner in the turbot than in the brill, and in the
latter case the edges of the proglottides are very usually
more or less crenulated. These differences are very
obvious and are generally constant. The smaller head
of the cestode from the brill is, in particular, a very
striking point of difference.

TETRAPHYLLIDEA.
ONCOBOTHRITD 2.

Oncobothrium uncinatum, Rud (Figs. 12).

Hosts: Raia maculata and R. microcellata, Cardigan
Bay: and R. clavata, Bahama Bank.

ey C

Fic. 12. Oncobothriwmn uncinatum, Rudolphi. A: the scolex

seen from above, mag. 32 dia.; B: the scolex seen from the side,
mas. Ji dia. , © > nooks:

This species has been recorded by van Beneden from
the coasts of Belgium as a parasite of Raza clavata, and
Trygon pastinaca, while Linton records it from the
Wood’s Hole region from Trygon centrura. According to
van Beneden it is very rare. I have obtained five
specimens altogether.

ees

155

The measurements of the largest of these are :-
Greatest diameter of head: 1°75 mm. :
Total length of strobila: 10:7 em. ;
Width of widest proglottis: 5 mm. ;
Length of widest proglottis: 17 mm. ;
but this worm is obviously incomplete.

The shape of the head is very characteristic of this
species but identification is made practically certain if the
top of the scolex be shaved off and cleared so as to display
the hooks. There is one pair of these on the margin of
each bothrium and the two hooks of the pair are connected
together at their bases.

Fig. 12 shows the scolex from the side and the same
seen from the top.

Acanthobothrium coronatum, Rudolphi.—Fig. 13.

Hosts: Raia clavata, Carnarvon Bay, and R. batis,
off-shore grounds.

Most of the specimens of this worm were very small,
measuring from 5 mm. to 20 mm. One, however, was
much larger, and I give the principal measurements as
taken from this specimen.

Length of head: 1:18 mm.;

Greatest diameter of head: 1:16 mm. ;

Length of head and neck: 3°5 mm.;

Diameter of hook apparatus at the apices:
0°24 mm.

This species is easily recognised by the general shape
of the head and the presence of the three large accessory
suckers above each bothrium. These accessory suckers
are not easily observed in such a view of the head as is
represented in fig. 13, but if the latter is propped up in
a watch-giass so that oue may look down on it from above

their disposition can easily be seen.

156

P. J. van Beneden in diagnosing the genus says:
* The four bothria are each armed with two hooks, united
at their bases and biturcated at the apices.” IJ have not
been able to see this union of the hooks. The extremities
(fig. 15) are closely apposed and one seems to fit into the

intel; als} Acanthobothrium coronatwm, van Ben. Scolex mag. 22
dia.. hooks mag. 200 dia.

other, forming a kind of ball and socket jomt. There is
apparently no fusion of the substance of these structures.

Calliobothrium verticillatum, Rudolphi.—Figs. 14.
Host: Galeus vulgaris, Cardigan Bay.

P. J. van Beneden recorded this species from Galeus
canis, Mustelus vulgaris, and Squatina angelus; while

157

Linton found it in J/ustelus canis m the Wood's Hole
region.

This cestode is very small and not easily seen among
the mass of food debr?s usually filling up the spiral valve
of the hosts. In the part of the strobila following the
scolex the diameter is often no greater than that of a
human hair. The following measurements apply to the
largest of four specimens found in the two fishes
mentioned above :

Length of head: 0°54 mm.;

Greatest diameter of head: 0°32 mm. ;

Length of hooks: 0:095 mm. ;

Width of proglottides immediately succeeding
head: 0°085 mm. ;

Width of proglottides about anterior third of
strobila: 0°16 mm. ;

Width of proglottides about midway between
head and extremity of strobila: 0-19 mm.:

Width of proglottides about posterior third of
strobila: 0°2 mm.;

Total length of strobila: 50 mm.

In spite of its extreme tenuity this worm is easily
recognized by the peculiar modification in shape of the
proglottides, and by the characters of the head. Hach
bothrium is divided by two transverse costz so as to form
three loculi, of which the most anterior is the largest. The
cost are situated rather far back so that the two posterior
loculi are very small. Fig. 14 is a view of the head
showing one of the bothria in face, but when the head is
rotated through 45° so that two bothria only are seen, and
these in profile, the latter are then seen to project very
considerably, giving the animal a most characteristic
appearance. At the summit of each bothrium there are

5

158

three accessory suckers, the margins of which I have
represented as seen from the side. These are, however,
very inconspicuous, and their existence would hardly be
suspected except on very careful study of the specimen.

Fie. 14. Calliobothriwm verticillatum, Rudolphi. Mag. 132 dia.
hooks mag. 366 dia.
I have not seen them so distinctly shewn as is represented
in van Beneden’s fig. 3, pl. XII.* The hooks are very
characteristic of the species. There are two pairs on the
lateral and anterior margins of each bothrium, and each

*s “¢ Vers Cestoides.’’

pair is united at the bases. They project considerably
from the margin of the head and are very conspicuous.
The shapes of the proglottides vary from region to
region of the strobila and give the worm a unique appear-
ance. There is no neck and the proglottides immediately
posterior to the head are each provided with four laciniate
lobes or lappets. A section of the worm is given in fig. 14
A, and shows the situation of these lobes. A litle way
further back (fig. 14 B) an additional rounded lobe appears
at the middle of the posterior margin of each proglottis,
and these median lobes characterise the region of the
strobila about one-third of the distance between head and
extremity. Further back than this (fig. 14 C) this
median lobe sub-divides into two, and further back yet
these subsidiary lobes disappear and the posterior margin
of the proglottides shew only a blunt rounded prominence
at each lateral and posterior corner. Towards the posterior
extremity of the strobila the proglottides lengthen out
ereatly until they are about thrice as long as they are
broad, and the terminal proglottis is always pointed.
The whole strobila withstands preservation in formalin
very well and does not break up on immersion in this

fluid.

PHYLLOBOTHRIID®.
Phyllobothrium lactuca, van Beneden.—Fig. 15.

Hosts: Raia clavata, Carnarvon Bay; R. circularis,
Beaumaris Bay; R. batis, off-shore grounds.

This worm, which is usually very commonly present
in the intestines of various rays, is easily recognised by
the extraordinary shape of the head and by the appearance
and length of the strobila. P.J. van Beneden’s figure of
this species in the “ Recherches sur les vers Cestoides ”’
(also in Bronn, Taf. XLI., fig. 10), is drawn from a

160

specimen in which the bothria have undergone extreme
contraction and the head has assumed a spherical appear-
ance, presenting very little indication of the true shape of

Fira. 5. Phyllobothriwmn lactuca, van Ben. Scolex seen from beneath.
Mag. 18 dia.

the bothria. Fig. 15 is drawn from a specimen which
was killed in fresh water and shows the bothria fully
expanded. The head is seen from underneath, being bent
over at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the
strobila; and fig. 16 is a view of the same scolex seen

Hia8

a ih
Pry dj
yp Wey

7

Fig. 16. Phyllobothriwm lactuca, van Ben. Scolex seen trom above.
Mag. 18 dia.

161

from the top. There are four bothria present, though it
is usually very difficult to observe the boundaries of each.
The edges of these organs are deeply wrinkled and
crenulated. | Even when a number of these cestodes are
killed in the same manner, the form of the scolices is often
extremely variable. The term “ lettuce-like,”’ however,
describes the general appearance very well.
The measurements of the specimen figured are : —

Greatest diameter of head: 3°

Length of strobila: 183 mm.;

Least width of proglottides (just behind the

neck): 06 mm.

5 mm.;

Greatest width of proglottides: 2 mm. ;
Greatest length of a proglottis: 175 mm.
The terminal proglottis is always the longest: it
generally tapers to a blunted posterior point.

Phyllobothrium thridax, van Beneden.—Fig. 17.

Hosts: Raza clavata, Carnarvon Bay and Bahama
Bank.

I refer a number of smaller cestodes to this species
principally because of the difference in the general
appearance of the scolex and strobila. Neither in
Ph. lactuca nor in Ph. thridax is there any myzorhynchus,
and I have been unable to discover any trace of accessory
suckers in the former species. In the worms identified
as Ph. thridax there are, however, small accessory suckers
on the anterior borders of the bothria as shewn in van
Beneden’s fig. 4, pl. 5 (“ Vers Cestoides ’’). The appearance
of the bothria is very variable, but there is never the
highly complex folding which is to be observed in the
scolex of Ph. lactuca: the bothria can generally be seen
to be four in number, with comparatively simple outlines.
The strobile in the specimens obtained were always

L

162

shorter and more delicate in appearance than in the case
of Ph. lactuca. In the median proglottides the irregular
alternating position of the penes on the margins of the
segments can usually be made out.

The measurements of the specimen figured are : —

Greatest diameter of head: 2:0 mm.;
Length of strobila: 36 mm.;
Greatest width of a proglottis: 1-6 mm.

iy Fi
Fig. 17. Phyllobothrium thridax. Mag. 40 dia.

Crossobothrium laciniatum, Linton.—Fig. 18.
Host: Rata batis, off-shore grounds.

The genus Crossobothrium was founded by Linton*
for the reception of a species having the following
characters: ‘‘ Body articulated, slender, flattened, sub-
quadrate; neck short or none; bothria four, opposite,
pedicelled, unarmed, each provided with one auxihary
acetabulum on the anterior border; faces of the bothria .
with a raised rim or border, which becomes more or less

** Commissioner’s Rept. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries,
part xiv., Washington, 1889, Pp. 470-4, Pl. 3, figs. 4-18,

168

free, cut, or frilled as the worm grows weak, or when
placed in fresh water or alcohol.”

From this diagnosis it appears that Crossobothrium
is closely related to Phyllobothrium, and indeed the
cestode figured here resembles greatly Ph. thridaz. The~

~e

IC oS, 7 f Wy fi: up
EG a ao Auxiliary
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WI acefabulum
Fia@. 18. Crossobothrium laciniatum, Linton. Scolex seen from above.

Mag. 100 dia.

differences, however which Linton emphasises as consti-
tuting the distinctive features of the genus are (1) the
bothria pedicelled here, imstead of being sessile as in
Phyllobothrium, and (2) the absence of a distinct neck.

I refer a worm obtained from the large intestine
of Raia batis very doubtfully to this species. The
specimen is indeed very different in appearance from
Ph. thridax, but in dealing with such highly variable
structures as the bothria of these cestodes too much

164

caution can hardly be exercised. In this specimen the
bothria are placed on short but distinct pedicels round
a large dome-shaped myzorhynchus. On looking down
on the latter structure from above, the insertion of the
bothria is well seen. The outlines of the latter structures
are fairly simple. Each is bounded by a raised rim or
border, which is most prominent on the anterior margins.
This rim is very slightly cut into or folded. The bothria
are set exactly opposite to each other. On the anterior
margin of each, and, as seen from above, apparently lying
on the myzorhynchus, is a large accessory sucker, or
acetabulum. Anteriorly this acetabulum has a thickened
rim: posteriorly this rim appears to be much thinner.

The single specimen obtained by me is a very young
one, and it apparently possesses a distinct neck, thus
differing in what appears to be an essential feature from
the worm described by Linton. But the age of the
specimen probably accounts for this difference. Linton’s
fig. 17 represents a young stage of Crossobothrium
laciniatum, and in this specimen there is a distinct neck:
that is, segmentation does not begin immediately behind
the head as in mature worms, but at some little distance
posteriorly.

I conclude then that this specimen is_ probably
Linton’s species, but may possibly be only a young stage
of Phyllobothrium thridaz, in which the preservation has
influenced the form of the bothria so as to give the worm
an appearance different from the typical one.

The measurements are :—

Diameter of head: 0°79 mm.;

Greatest width of strobila: 0°19 mm.;

Length of strobila: 8 mm. ;

Greatest diameter of accessory suckers: 0°15 mm,

165

Echeneibothrium variabile, van Beneden.—Figs. 19, A, B.

Hosts: Raza cavata, Carnarvon Bay, Duddon Banks,
Bahama Bank, and off-shore grounds; QR. batis, off-shore
grounds; Galeus vulgaris, New Quay. This is, perhaps,
the commonest and most widely distributed cestode
obtained during the past year. ;

The genus Lchenetbothrium was founded by van
Beneden to receive cestodes with the following charac-
ters: —The four bothria of the scolex carried each on a
Jong and protractile pedicel; bothria extraordinarily
variable in form; each distinguished by regular trans-
verse folds along the entire length of the bothrium.

These folds resemble the transverse lamelle of the
adhesive sucking organ of the fish Mehenezs, a resemblance
which suggested the generic name.

The most striking character of this species is its
astonishing variability. Figs. 19 A, B represent the two
most common varieties which I have observed. All these
cestodes were preserved in the same way: that is, they
were killed by immersion in fresh water for about a
quarter of an hour, and then put into 4 per cent. formalin.
The difference in the characters of both bothria and
myzorhynchus is such as almost to lead one to suspect
that the worms belonged to different species.

Variety A (Fig. 19 A) best answers to the
characters given by van Beneden in his original diagnosis
of the species. In these worms the myzorhynchus 1s
long and slender and is provided with a small accessory
sucker at its tip. In the figure it is almost concealed,
owing to the necessity of so arranging the scolex as to
get a good view of the most characteristic bothria. Each
of the latter structures is thin and leaf-like, but the
posterior extremities are rolled up and present a
characteristic notching of the edges and backs. The

166

lamellar structure of the bothria is not shown well either
in this or in any other specimen of the species that I have
seen. Instead one finds that the face of each bothria is
divided up into a number of separate loculi by means of
one axial, and several transverse ridges. Only at the
tip of one of the bothria are the transverse ridges con-
tinued across the whole face of the former. Five or six
loculi on each side may be counted and there are also
several in the broader, posterior, rolled-up part of the
bothrium, but the number and shape of these latter

cannot easily be seen.

oe EPO ese |

Fic.19. EHcheneibothriwn variabile, van Beneden. Varieties A and
B. Mag. about 40 dia.

I

Variety B.

This variety, which is represented in fig. 19 B was a
very common one. ‘The myzorhynchus is always more
rounded and club-like than in Var. A, and I have not
observed any indications of a sucker at its tip. The
bothria are thin and leaf-like, and are borne on compara-
tively long pedicels; their anterior extremities are more

ed

167

tapering than in Var. A. As in the former case their
posterior edges are rolled up and notched at the margins
and backs. Each bothrium bears from seven to nine
separate loculi which was distributed much as in Var. A.
A central, and four transverse ridges divide up the face
so as to form four loculi on each margin of the bothrium.
One loculus is nearly always apical, as shewn in the
figure. At the posterior edge two strong ridges, running
out radially, separate the face of the bothrium into three
cup-shaped loculi.

Seen from the side, as in the case of the bothrium at
the top left-hand of fig. 19 B, each of the latter structures
presents a very characteristic appearance when seen in
profile.

Variety C.

The cestodes identified as Var. C of Heh. variabile
differ so much from those already described that I hesitate
to place them in this species. But it is more probable
that they are only an extreme variety of the species than
that they are specifically distinct from the worms figured
as Vars. Aand B. The appearance of the strobila is very
like that of the others, and the anatomy of the proglot-
tides, so far as studied, is not different. The scolex
(fig. 20) is at first sight most dissimilar. The myzo-
rhynchus is very large, and is either tabular or flatly
dome-shaped. Its outline as seen from above is some-
4imes (as in the figure) roughly quadrangular with
rounded angles, but more often it is circular. At times
radial lines may be seen which appear to be folds dividing
the upper surface of the structure into separate compart-
ments. The bothria are placed on very short pedicels,
or may be almost sessile. Each is small compared with
those in Vars. A and B. It may be derived from such
a bothrium as is shown in Var. B, by the complete rolling

168

up of the anterior tips. The posterior margin shows the
characteristic notching of the edge and back, and the
division of the face into the three deep cup-like loculi by
two radial ridges.

P. J. van Beneden’s figs. 3 and 9, pl. III., “ Vers
Cestoides,” represent much the same condition as is
represented in Var. A. Fig. 2, pl. III. of the same book
shows the condition of Var. B. Variety C has been

Fic. 20. Echeneibothrium variabile, van Ben. Var. C. Mag. 40 dia.

figured by Olsson,* whose fig. 15 is very similar to fig. 20.
The variety is there described as “ Forma singularis
floribus Rosarum similis.’

Such ‘‘ varieties’ as are spoken of here are to be
regarded as conditions produced by the manner in which
the animal has died. he effect of the killing in fresh

* Hintozoa iakttagna hos skandinaviska hafsfiska. Acta Univ.
Lundensis. Lunds. Univ. Aarskrift for 1866. Lund. 1866-7.

169

water, and perhaps also the subsequent preservation, must
depend, to some extent at least, on the condition of
nutrition of the worm before death, and this would be
greatly influenced by the condition of the host, and,
perhaps, also by the nature of the material on which the
latter had been feeding.

Echeneibothrium, sp.—Fig. 21

A single specimen of a cestode belonging apparently
to the above genus was taken from the large intestine of
a Raia batis caught off the Calf of Man in July, 1900.

Fig. 21. Echeneibothrium sp. A: the scolex from the side; B: a
single bothrium seen from the sucking face. Mag. about 40 dia.

I at first identified it as Heh. dubswum van Beneden, but
a more careful examination showed that it could not be
this species. In Meh. dubium there are only about a
score of proglottides and the last one is about one-third
the total length of the strobila. In the worm described
here the characters of the strobila and proglottides are
rather those of Heh. variabile, to which species indeed the
specimen probably belongs.

170

Fig. 21 is a general view of the scolex. The myzo-
rhynchus is very long and slender and bears at its tip a
“cephalic bulb.” ‘The four bothria are each borne on a
long and highly mobile pedicel. In the figure one of
the bothria is seen from above, and close to it, on the right
hand, is one seen from the side; fig. 21 B is a view of one
bothrium seen from above and should be compared with
the right hand bothrium in fig. 21 A. The structure appears
to be a kind of hollow bulb with a triangular opening on
the top. Round this opening, but at some distance
from its margin, is a raised rim from which a series of
five or six radial ridges pass inwards towards the large
central opening.

In this specimen the latter portion of the strobila
is missing, and the characters of the proglottides actually
present are of little value for the purposes of identification.

Anthobothrium auriculatum, Rudolphi.—Pl. xvi., Figs. 1, 2.

Four specimens of a cestode were obtained in 1905,
which appear to be identical with the cestode described as
above. ‘l'wo of the specimens were obtained from Raza
clavata caught on Duddon Banks, but I have no record
of the host of the other two worms.

The measurements of the worm figured are :—
Greatest diameter of the head: 3 mm.;
(sreatest diameter of one bothrium: 1°3 mm.;
Least diameter of one bothrium: 1 mm.;
Length of strobila: 86 mm. ;

Width: ot proglottides behind the head:
048 mm.;

Length of proglottides behind the head:
0:04 mm.;

Width of terminal proglottis: 2 mm. ;

Length of terminal proglottis: 2.5 mm.;

Diameter of largest ovum: 0°043 x 0°040 mm.

171
Hive pie o be.

Fig. 2 is a view of the scolex with the bothria turned
to one side so as to expose their sucking faces. The
rayzorhynchus is very short and bears no terminal sucker.
In all the specimens it is a mere protuberance on the
anterior surface of the head. The bothria are four in
number, arranged in a cruciform manner, carried on short
but very evident pedicels. Each bothrium is oval in
shape, and their longest diameters are at right angles to
the axes of the pedicels. The sucking face of a bothrium
is surrounded by a strong rim or tip which is indented at
two places on each margin, and adjoining these indented
parts of the rim there are two transverse septa which
divide each bothrium up into three separate loculi. The
cavities of these loculi are very deep.

Lhe (Nee le

‘ This is very short. Segmentation almost immediately
follows the part where the pedicels are inserted. The
average distance apart of the segments is about 0'04 mm.,
and the edge of the strobila is thus finely and regularly
serrated.
Anatomy of the proglotiis: Fig. 1, Pl. XVI.

This corresponds very well with that of Antho-
bothrium auriculatum (Rudolphi), as described by
Zschokke.* The chief difference is the position of the
genital cloaca, which in my specimen is slightly further
from the posterior margins of the proglottis than in
Zschokke’s figures. These openings alternate from side
to side of the strobila in a very irregular fashion. ‘The
single genital cloaca contains both male and female
orifices. The cirrus sac is oval in shape. ‘The vas

* See Zschokke, Recherches Structure Anat. et Histol. des

Cestodes. Geneve, 1888; p.p. 261 ex. seq. Pl. vii., Figs. 106-107.

172

deferens is greatly convoluted. The vagina is a nearly
straight tube running transversely across the proglottis,
near the posterior margin. ‘The ovary is confined also to
this posterior part of the segment, and consists of two
lateral lobulated masses. The uterus appears to be a
greatly convoluted tube, but the walls of this where in
contact with each other appear to have broken down so
that the organ is a large sac, occupying the middle of the
proglottis. In the ripest segments the uterus, densely
packed with eggs, occupies almost the whole volume of
the proglottis, and only traces of the other organs can be
seen at its periphery.

The testes are situated on either side of the uterus as
two irregular bands. Immediately external to the testes
are the vitellaria, which consist of small densely packed
glands.

The anatomy of the proglottides in the specimens
described here corresponds fairly well with that of A.”
auriculatum. The identification of my specimens with
this cestode is, however rendered rather doubtful by
some characters in the scolex. Anthobothrium ‘appears to
possess bothria which are unilocular, that is, are
undivided by internal septa. But in the specimen figured
here there are certainly two transverse septa, not, how-
ever, very conspicuous, and these cross each bothrium,
dividing the cavity of the latter into three. This appears
to be a character which hardly warrants the identification
with the genus <Anthobothriwm. ‘These cestodes are,
however, so very mobile in life, that one must suppose
that the exact shape of the scolex after death and pre-
servation is due to the nature of the contraction, and that
the precise form assumed may be very variable.

173

TRYPANORHYNCHA.
Tetrarhynchus erinaceus, van Beneden.—Fig. 22.

Hosts: Raia clavata, R. maculata, R. circularis,
R. microcellata and R. batis.

Intermediate hosts: Pleuronectes platessa, Trigla
spp-, Gadus morrhua,, G. aeglefinus and Merluccius
vulgaris.

Fie. 22. Part of a proboscis of Tetrarhynchus erinaceus.
Mag. about 440 dia.

This is one of the commonest tapeworms of Irish Sea
fishes; it enjoys a very wide distribution both in its adult
and pleurocercoid stages. 7’. ertnaceus is always easily
recognised by the extraordinary hooks. Fig. 22 is a
view of a proboscis and shews the arrangement of the
hooks on one side of the organ. The larger curved hooks,
three of which can always be seen on one side, are about
0:05 mm. in length. Along one side of the proboscis is
a series of long, comparatively straight hooks which are
about 0°054 mm. long. The other hooks are short,
straight or slightly curved and their average length
is about 0°015 mm.

174

The other characters of the cestode need no descrip-
tion, as a glance at an everted proboscis is sufficient to
distinguish the species.

Tetrarhynchus tetrabothrius, van Beneden.

Hosts: Raia clavata and Acanthias vulgaris.

This cestode can generally be distinguished by the
presence of the four ear-shaped bothria and ‘by the shape
and arrangement of the hooks. On one side of the
proboscis seven hooks can generally be seen. They are
about 0°017 mm. in length, have expanded bases and
sharply recurved apices.

Il.—TREMATODA.
Distomum appendiculatum, Rudolphi.

Hosts: Pleuronectes platessa, Pl. limanda, New
Brighton shore.

In the summer of 1904 Mr. G. Eccles procured for
me a large number of small flukes in. to lin. long from
the sandpools on the New Brighton shore. These were
dissected by the fishermen attending the classes at Piel, in
order to see the characteristic method of feeding on
copepoda adopted by small pleuronectid fishes of this size.
In quite a number of these tiny fishes a small appendicu-
late Distome was found which is )). appendiculatum. This
trematode is probably far more widely distributed than
any other endo-parasitic member of the group.

P. Olsson (loc. cit.) gives the following list of fishes in
which the species is found :

Cottus scorpio, Clupea harengus,
Salmo salar, C. spratta,
S. fario, Gadus morrhua,

Corregonus oxyrhynchus, G. minutus,

G. virens, Molva vulgaris,

G. melanostomus, Pleuronectes limandoides,
G. merlangus, Rhombus laevis,

G. pollachius, Hippoglossus maximus,

Murena anguilla.

This extensive list of hosts indicates that the immature
form of the worm is to be found in some animal or animals
which are very widely distributed, and Pratt* has
described an immature trematode from copepods which
is most probably the young of 1). appendiculatum. In
the small flat fish referred to in the present paper,
copepods principally were found in nearly every specimen
examined.

Distomum gulosum, Linton.+—Fig. 23 C.
Host: Mackerel, off Walney Island, July, 1905.

About half-a-dozen specimens of an appendiculate
Distome were found by A. Scott in a mackerel dissected by
him, and I refer these wornis to the species described by
Linton as 1). gulosum, from the Butterfish, Rhombus
triacanthus, of the Wood’s Hole region. The principal
characters made use of by Linton in his diagnosis are
(1) the relative sizes of the oral and ventral suckers, and
(2) the tubular form of the vitellaria.

The measurements of the specimens figured here
are :-

Length: 10 mm.;

Diameter at ventral sucker: 1:1 mm.;

Diameter of oral sucker (transverse): 0°6 mm.;

Diameter of ventral sucker (transverse) :
05 mm. ;

* Zool. Jahrb., xi., 1898.

+ Bull. U.S., Fish Comm., vol. 19, for 1899-1901, p. 454,
Pl. 28, figs. 315-316,

176

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Diameter of opening of ventral sucker:
0:24 mm.;

Distance apart of centres of suckers: 1°8 mm.;

Diameters of ova: 0:024 x 0'0135 mm.

The oral sucker is nearly round, but has two notches
on its ventral lip; the ventral sucker is globular and
rather smaller than the oral one. The pharynx is long
and the intestine forks just anteriorly to the ventral
sucker, and the rami extend down into the appendix.
The latter is about one-third of the total length of the
animal, but is retracted to a different degree in some of
the specimens. The body when viewed in optical section
appears to be provided with small spines, but these are
only the edges of fine wrinkles which extend round the
body. The skin is quite unarmed.

The genital aperture hes on the ventral border of the
oral sucker, the cirrus pouch hes directly in front of the
testes and is provided with a “prostate gland”; the
testes are nearly globular, and are situated end to end
at about the middle of the body. The ovary hes some
distance behind the testes. The uterus is very
voluminous and. extends about half-way down into the
appendix.

The vitellaria are very peculiar: there are about
half-a-dozen contorted tubes situated immediately round
the ovary. The exact number of these structures is,
however, difficult to make out because of their tortuous

courses.
Echinostomum imbutiforme, Molin.—Fig. 23 A.B.
Host: Labraz lupus, Morecambe Bay, July, 1908.
In 1859 Molin* described a Distomum from the

* Nuovi Myzhelminta raccolti ed. esaminati. Sitzungsb. k. akad
Wien, Bd. 37, pp. S18-854. 1859.

M

178

intestine of Labrax lupus, with which the worm described
here appears to be identical. Molin gives no figure, and
T am unable to find one anywhere in the literature; the
diagnosis, however, indicates that the worm figured here
is most probably Molin’s species.

The diagnosis is :—

“Corpus teres, antice truncatum, postice acumina-
tum, spinulis minimis densissime armatum; collum
conicum, extremitate anteriori dilatatum; os terminale,
amplssimum, imbutiforme, coronula sexdecim aculeorum
majorum cinctum, apertura circulari; acetabulum ore
minus, ad colli basim, sphericum, apertura genitalis
bilabiata, ante et ad acetabulum.”

Measurements of the specimen figured : —

Length: 6°5 mm.;

Thickness at ventral sucker: 0° mm.;

Diameter of oral sucker: 0°39 mm.;

Diameter of ventral sucker: 0°33 mm. ;

Distance apart of centres of the two suckers:
1-f mm.*

Length of oral spines: 0°09 mm.

In the specimens described here all the characters
summarised in Molin’s diagnosis can be made out. The
coronet of 16 to 17 long straight and stout spines
surrounds the mouth, and are inserted on a prominent
raised lip. The mouth itself is conical, passing into a
short pharynx situated nearly halfway between the two
suckers. A little way behind the pharynx the intestine
forks, and between the fork and the anterior lip of the
ventral sucker the genital aperture is situated. The
latter is an elongated slit on the surface of a papilla;
its longest diameter is transverse to the axis of the body.

179

The ventral sucker is spherical and is rather less in
diameter than the mouth; it projects considerably from
the general line of the body. The testes are large, oval
bodies situated far back, near the pointed posterior end
of the worm; the ovary is smaller than the testes, 18
oval in shape and is situated at about the posterior third
of the body. The uterus is very voluminous, is crowded
with ova, and obscures greatly the relationship of the
vitellaria and their ducts. The latter glands are situated
on either side of the body as two broad bands of glands,
the edges of which bands are turned towards the observer
in the view presented. At the posterior extremity are
two small, clear vesicles, which are doubtless dilatations
of the excretory duct or ducts.

All the body is covered very densely with small,
straight spines; these are represented in fig. 23 A, which
shows the mouth, coronet, and the beginning of the
cesophagus.

Molin’s species appears to be smaller than those
which I have described, but I have no hesitation in
regarding the Piel specimens as identical with the worm
described by him.

III. FUNGI.

I describe here an entomophthoran fungus, which
is apparently situated near to the genus Conzdiobolus,
but the exact identity of which is in the circumstances
indeterminable. This organism occurred in the viscera:
the liver, kidney, and mesenteries of plaice (Plewronectes
platessa) living in the open-air spawning pond at the Port
Erin Biological Station, and has been associated with a
serious mortality among these fishes. The description and
figures of this fungus given kere are based on the

180

examination of sections of preserved parts of the livers
and kidney taken from several fishes which were
examined by Mr. Chadwick, the Curator of the Biological
Station. In the absence of fresh material, and of cultures
of the organism, it is impossible to refer the fungus, with
certainty, to any known species.

All the fishes which died had wounds on the surface of
the body. In one preserved specimen, a fish about 14in.
long, there are three large lesions on the blind side, one
on the head and the other on the body and tail. Each
is a large shallow abrasion with inflamed edges and
some pus on the surface, but no indication of a fungus.
There is a somewhat similar lesion on the ocular side.
In a much smaller fish there is an annular lesion of the
skin on the ocular side. ‘The skin has disappeared,
forming a ring-shaped, clean wound, also with no indica-
tion of the presence of a fungus. In neither of these
fishes was the liver or kidney infested with the fungus.
This also appears to be the case with a number of fish
which died both in the spawning pond and in the storage
tank. But the appearance of the lesions on the fish
which died in the pond and the livers of which were
infected was identical with that I have described. It
is very reasonable to suppose that the fungus is the cause
of death, and that the superficial lesions are to be
associated with the presence of the parasite, but there is
no direct proof of this; and the death of fish in aquaria
from such wounds contracted in captivity, and due to
imperfect nutrition and not to the effects of any para-
sitic organisms, is far from uncommon.

With regard to the occurrence and incidence of the
epidemic associated with the organism, I quote from a
letter from Mr. H. C. Chadwick :—

“My acquaintance with the disease in the plaice

181

began on June 22nd, when two of our fish were found
dead in the pond, one at the surface and the other on
the bottom. The former was somewhat decomposed,
and appeared to have been dead some time. ‘The liver
of both was densely crowded throughout with the rounded
whitish cysts, of which I sent you specimens, and there
were a few scattered about in the intestinal mesentery.
The condition of the water in the pond had given me
some anxiety for some time before the above-mentioned
date, and, as it became worse, it was decided to drain
the pond. This was done on July 5rd and 4th, and
resulted in the discovery of a considerable number of
dead and dying fish. Many of the former were so much
decomposed, that examination of the viscera was impos-
sible, but a few were in better condition, and the liver
of every one was more or less infected with the parasite.
The same remark applies to the dying ones. In most
cases the infection was complete, but there were several
in which only part of the liver was visibly infected.
Many of these fish had open sores or abrasions on the
top of the head, like those of the specimens I sent you
on October 10th, and all were much infested with a species
of Lepeophtheirus.*

“What I have called dying fish were certainly
sickly. They swam about languidly, but I saw no
evidence of giddiness, or lack of co-ordination in their
movements. Some of them struggled gamely when
handled, but their general behaviour was not like that of
healthy fish. All the apparently healthy fish were
transferred to the lower storage tank on July 5th, and
were kept there, with as frequent change of water as
possible until August 7th. In spite of this, the water

in the storage tank rapidly assumed the dirty brownish
* Lepeophtheirus pectoralis (Miiller).

182

appearance of that m the pond before July 3rd, and it
smelled offensively. The water was run off several times,
and on each occasion dead and dying fish were found.
Slight infection of the liver was observed in several
during the early part of the time, but it was less and less
obvious as time went on. I find that 17 died during
that period. After the fish were returned to the pond,
three were found dead on August 14th and the liver of
one of them was found to be slightly infected. The
second had a dozen worms,” of the same species as those
I sent you some time ago, coiled wp in a mass in the
liver, which was highly congested, while the liver of
the third appeared to, be quite healthy. Another fish
was found dead on August 21st, with the lver very badly
infested. On September 20th the bottom of the pond
was again examined, and nine dead and 14 sick fish were
found. On this occasion no trace of the parasite was
seen, but every fish had the open sores on the top of the
head, and at the base of the tail on the unpigmented side.
The one I sent to you on October 10th was one of 17
sickly ones found that day, but all the viscera of six,
taken at random, appeared to be perfectly healthy.
Every one had the external abrasions.”

To the naked eye a portion of infected liver or
kidney appears to contain small white globular bodies
varying in size from 0°25 tol mm. In some cases, these
are very sparsely scattered through the tissue, but in
other specimens they are densely crowded together, and
seem to hang together. Fig. 3, pl. XVI., represents a
section through one of these masses. It will be seen that
we have not to do here with a cyst, but simply with the
mycelium and conidiophores of a fungus, the whole

** Nematode worms, with some plerocercoid larve of the cestode
Tetrarhynechus erinaceus, van Beneden.

185

forming a little rounded mass penetrating through the
tissues of the organ, which in the case represented is the
kidney.

The mycelium is comparatively simple, and the
hyphz themselves are about 0:005 mm. in thickness.
They are non-septate and are filled up with a homo-
geneous, lightly staming substance. he conidia in which
these hyphze terminate are oval bodies, very variable in
size, but, on the average, about 0°08 by 0°04 mm. im
diameter.

Apparently there are two kinds of conidium. One
kind (fig. 6, pl. XVI.) stains more deeply than the other,
in the ground substance and the cell inclusions. Scattered
irregularly over the section are a number of small, rounded
homogeneous granules. The other kind of conidium
stains more lightly and the ground substance is more
nearly homogeneous, while granules, as described above,
are not apparent..

Here and there in the sections are to be seen
structures which are apparently resting spores. These
are represented in figs. 7, 8. Each is a rounded body
measuring from 0:05 mm. to rather less in diameter. It
consists of the spore itself surrounded by one or more
distinct capsules. The substance of the spore usually
contains the small granules, to be seen in the conidia.
Fig. 4 represents such a resting spore beginning to
germinate and showing the beginning of a hypha.

I think there is little doubt that the organism is to
be referred to a genus of Entomophthorinee ; and is to
be placed near to the. genus Conidiobolus.” But, in the
absence of material for setting up pure cultures, it is not
possible to say more. The fungi of this group are either

* T am indebted to Prof. Harvey Gibson for assistance in this

identification.

184

saprophytic or parasitic. Conzdiobolus is parasitic on
higher plants, but may live saprophytically in nutrient
media, and apparently the spores may persist unharmed
in salt water. Our fungus, which is not necessarily the
above genus, and, indeed, may belong to an undescribed
form, is probably one which, as is typical in the group,
inhabits some insect. Insect life was very abundant in
the spawning pond in which the fish were living. Thus
the Port Erin Report of 1905, pp. 10-11, ‘As was the
case during the hatching season of 1904, our spawning
pond proved a death trap to myriads of insects, especially
Diptera and Coleoptera, which seriously hampered the
work of ege-collecting.” Over thirty species of Coleoptera
alone were identified by Dr. Bailey, of Port Erin, who
adds that all were local species, probably caught up from
the adjacent land by the wind and deposited on the surface
of the pond. I understand that the practice was to
depend on the growth of alge to keep the water well
oxygenated, and not to change it frequently. This
practice no doubt would favour the infection of the fish
by the fungus, assuming, as is probable, that the latter
originally inhabited some insect. In this case the death
of numbers of insects on the surface of the pond and the
liberation of great quantities of resting spores must have
infected the water, and the lack of frequent change of the
latter must have increased the chances of the infection of
the fish.

IV. On a Tumour 1n THE SKIN oF THE DaB
(Pleuronectes limanda).
While trawling in Luce Bay in November, 1904,

several unusually large dabs were caught, and while -
weighing and measuring these fishes several hard nodules

Sea Fish. Ann. Rep. Plate XVI.

‘ if j
vas efferens uterus testis iene
‘ ‘ ie

vagina vaSdeferens cirrus |

J Johnstone. del.

S.B.iith

Figs.1&2.ANTHOBOTHRIUM AURICULATUM.
Figs.3-8.FUNGUS IN PLAICE. Figs.9&10. TUMOUR IN DAB.

185

were felt underneath the skin. Two of these nodules
were situated close to the lateral line on the ocular side otf
the fish. Each was a little rounded mass about 3°5 mm.
in diameter and about one mm. above the general surface
of the skin. Just behind the anus was another tumour
which, however, was rather larger and more irregular in
shape than those on the side of the fish. It was situated
on the posterior and lateral lips of the anus.

Fig. 9, pl. XVI., represents a section of the latter
tumour in a longitudinal plane. The skin over the structure
is quite normal. Directly underneath the skin is a great
number of egg-like structures, each from 0:1 to 0°16 mm.
in diameter. Each (fig. 10) is surrounded by a thick,
apparently structureless, capsule. Within this the cell

protoplasm is finely granular, and stains densely. Round
‘the periphery of this cell (for the whole structure is
obviously a single cell) are a number of inclusions,
consisting of densely staiming substance of apparently
quite irregular form. The cell substance is usually
contracted away from the capsule at various points. The
nucleus is large, and is bounded by a kind of shell—
not a membrane, but a thick layer, which in section
presents a kind of scalloped appearance. The nucleus is
often vacuolated. Within it is a single large, densely
staining nucleolus.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Pruate XVI.

Fie. 1.—Anthobothrium auriculatum. Section of a proglottis. x 70.
a i Do. do. The scolex. x 17.
» 3.—Fungus in kidney of plaice. Section of the kidney.
x about 100.

», 4.—Fungus in Plaice, germinating spore. x 600.
5, 9-6.— Do. conidia. x 600.
5, 1-8.— Do. resting spores. x 600.

9.—Tumour from dab. Section, x 24.
,, 10.—One body from the tumour. » 220.

186

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES.
By Jas. JOHNSTONE.

Raia microcellata, Montagu.
Raia tullonica, Linn.
Solea lascaris, (Risso).
Dentex vulgaris, Cuv.

ome & po Fe

Raia clavata, showing arrested development of
pectoral fins.

6. Pleuronectes flesus, showing aryested metamorphosis.

1. Painted Ray—faia muicrocellatu, Montagu.

This ray does not appear to have been recorded for
the Ivish Sea area. On May 25, 1905, one male specimen,
16 inches broad, was trawled by the “John Fell” off
Llanrhystyd, in Cardigan Bay, in about two fathoms of
water. On 21st June, 1905, another male specimen, 20
inches broad, was obtained in Tremadoc Bay.

2. Fuller’s Ray—faia fullonica, Linn.

This ray has frequently been sent to us in baskets of
ray bought at Fleetwood, but so far we have been unable
to ascertain whether or not these fishes had been caught
in the Irish Sea area. <All doubt, however, was removed
on the 26th May, 1905, when one specimen was taken by
the “John Fell” in Carnarvon Bay. ‘The fish was
14 inches in breadth.

Both Raia fullonica and R. microcellata appear to be
much more common on the South Coast of England than
in the Irish Sea.

3. The Sand Sole—Solea lascaris (Risso).
One specimen of this interesting sole was taken in
Cardigan Bay, about two miles off Llanon, in about 12

fathoms, and on clean sandy ground. This specimen was
105 inches in total length, and was taken in the same

187

catch with 42 common soles. Several specimens were
afterwards taken in Cardigan Bay. ‘The colour of the
specimen in life was dark brown with numerous small
black spots and blotches.

The sand sole does not appear to be at all common in
the Irish Sea on the East side, but there is little doubt
that it is often overlooked. It is common in the Bristol
Channel, and Mr. Holt informs me that it 1s commonly
sold by Irish fishmongers who obtain their supplies from
the seas between England and ireland. It is nevertheless
a Southern form, extending as far south as Madeira, and
into the Mediterranean as far as the coast of Italy. The
British Islands appear to be the extreme Northern limit
of its distribution.

4. Dentex vulgaris, Cuy.

Five small fishes, which were taken by the “ John
Fell” in the trawl net, off Gimlet Rock, Pwllheli, I
identify as the abeve species.* This is the first occasion
on which this species has been taken im the Irish Sea, and
only five previous records of the existence of the fish in
British waters are known to me. Pentex occurs commonly
in the Mediterranean and neighbouring parts of the
Atlantic, but the British Islands appear to represent the
Northern limits of its distribution, and specimens in our
waters are to be regarded as occasional wanderers. The
eggs of Dentex appear to be pelagic,t and it is much more
likely that these should have been carried up into the
Irish Sea by what appears to have been an exceptional
northerly drift of Atlantic water during the last year,
than that the adult fishes should have spawned in our
area,

I have to thank Mr. E. W. L. Holt for kind assistance in this
identification.

+ Holt, Ann. Mus. Marseille, v. 4, 1899.

188

All the specimens are small ones, being from 1} to 2
inches in length. The adult fish itself may attain a
weight of 70 lbs.

The body is stout and slightly laterally compressed.
The following measurements of this immature stage may
be useful for purposes of comparison with the adult :*

Depth of body: 53 times in total length.

Greatest thickness of body: nearly 23 in total length.

Length of head: 3? in total length.

Depth of caudal peduncle: 3} times in length of head.

Diameter of eye: 31 in length of head.

Distance of anterior margin of the eye from the snout :
+ of length of head.

Radial formula: D. XI. — 12; A. III. — 9.

Mr. Holt poimts out that the scale-formula is not so
restricted as im his diagnosis of the adult. The transverse
formula is #{— >. and the longitudinal one about 60.

The teeth in both jaws are conical. In the upper jaw
there are two canines on either side, with four smaller
teeth in the symphysial space between the canines. In
the lower jaw there are three teeth on each side which
are longer than the rest.

In one specimen dissected there were tour large
pyloric czeca.

There are about six transverse bands on each side of

the body.

5. Ray showing arrested development of the pectoral
fins. :

An immature specimen of Raza clavata, caught off

Blackpool by the ‘* John Fell” in September, 1905, shows

in an interesting manner an arrested development of the

?

“wines” or pectoral fins. Fig. 24 represents this speci-
g P g Pp p

* Holt and Byrne Report Sea and Inland Fisheries for Ireland
for 1902-3, Pt. ii., 1905, pp. 156-161, Pl. xxvii.

189

men, which is a small ray measuring 4 inches across the
wings. On either side of the head is a deep notch which
causes the pectoral fins to stand well out from the body.
The dorsal side of the specimen is figured, but I have
indicated the position of the gill openings by dotted lines.
The median line of symmetry is disturbed, so that the

pO OO 0 0 6 62

-—: 2.*

Fic. 24. Raia clavata, showing arrested development of the pectoral
fins. Reduced.

head of the fish is bent to the left side by about 5 inch.
So far as can be seen without dissection, the external
borders of the notches are formed by the propterygia, and
the malformation is evidently due to the assumption,
during development, by the latter skeletal structures, of
a position which is much more nearly related to the

190

primitive position of the Elasmobranch pectoral fin
structures than the latter normally occupy in skates -or
rays *

The fish was alive, and apparently in good health
when caught.

6. Flounder (Plewronectes flesus) showing arrested
metamorphosis.

A flounder caught in a stake net near Piel, Barrow-
in-Furness, and sent to me some time ago, exhibits

Fic. 25. Flounder showing arrested metamorphosis. Nat. size.
several characters worthy of record. The fish was
pigmented on both sides, and it was this bicolouration—
the most perfect I have seen—which caught the attention

* A similar malformation is recorded by R. H. Traquair, Ann.
Scottish Nat, Hist. Jan. 1902, pp. 29-30, 1 fig. in text.

191

of the fisherman. The fish, however, is noteworthy in
other respects. Fig. 25 is a view from the right side, and
indicates the characters in question. The left eye does
not occupy the normal position, but is very distinctly on
the (secondary) dorsal margin of the head, and, indeed, is
easily visible from the “blind” side of the specimen.
The right eye occupies the usual position. The anterior
extremity of the dorsal fin is the most interesting
character exhibited by the specimen. It was first
suggested by Traquair that the forward extension of the
dorsal fin in the median, or pseudomesial, dorsal line,
irrespective of the asymmetry of the head, took place after
this asymmetry, due to the translocation of the eye, was
completed; and that the fin, though apparently arising
from the head region, does not really belong to that
region at all. In the specimen before us this hypothesis
is verified, so far as the facts go. The eye not having
crossed the pseudomesial line of the head, it is obvious
that the forward extension of the dorsal fin to its normal
position, with the anterior extremity just over the middle
of the eye, cannot take place. But we find that, though
the arrested shifting of the eye has prevented this forward
extension of the fin, the latter has still grown, and now
arches over the eye so that its anterior extremity is nearly
in the position it would have occupied had the eye
attained its definitive position.

192

REPORT TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC
SUB-COMMITTEE ON THE EXAMINATION OF
THE LLANFAIRFECHAN MUSSEL BED.

By Jas. JOHNSTONE.

Some time ago Dr. Jenkins suggested to me that it
would be desirable to make an examination zn situ, and
a further bacteriological analysis of the mussels from the
Llanfairfechan shore. The mussel bed there has very
little commercial importance, but it is alleged to be
seriously polluted, and circumstances arose which made
it advisable to examine it in detail. Avcordingly, Dr.
Jenkins and I visited the locality in question on the
afternoon of May 18th and collected a sample for analysis.

Strictly speaking, there is no mussel bed at
Llanfairfechan. The shellfish, however grow on the piles
supporting a sewer-pipe, and have frequently been
gathered and sent to the markets. The case of this mussel
supply has previously attracted some attention, and was
referred to in the proceedings of the Royal Commission
on Sewage Disposal (Rept. 4, Vol. 2 [Cd. 1884], 1904,
Question 16325).

All the sewage from the village of Llantfairfechan is
conveyed out to sea through a 9 inch iron sewer pipe,
which runs out over the sands in a direction nearly
N.N.W. from the patch of stones in front of the
village. The pipe is supported on wooden piles driven
into the sand at regular intervals. It is about 1,500 yards
in length and terminates very near the low water mark of
high spring tides. A pumping station is connected with
it, but there is no intercepting tank, and the sewage,
which is quite untreated, flows continuously through the
pipe and discharges on to the sands. About six months
(we were informed) before we visited the locality a block

198

had occurred in the lower third of the sewer and, as it was
impossible to clear the pipe, the latter had been cut; it
was, however, still found impossible to remove the block,
and a further cut was made in the pipe about 500 to 600
yards from the outfall. The crude sewage was, therefore,
flowing from this latter break in the pipe at the time when
we made our visit.

The ground round the pipe for the greater part of the
length of the latter consists of hard clean sand, which
affords no holding for the mussels. But the vertical and
horizontal wooden piles supporting the pipe are covered
with a thick growth of the shellfish, and here and there
the shellfish were attached to the pipe itself. The mussels
are mostly large, well-nourished animals with fairly
clean shells. They were generally well over the gauge
size, and, apart from the question of their contamination,
appeared very suitable for food or bait.

The sample for analysis was collected by taking one
mussel at regular intervals from the vertical piles on the
Rastern side of the pipe all the way up from the outfall.
Those which were collected from the piles in the vicinity
of the break in the pipe were kept apart from the others
and examined separately. The primary inoculations were
made on the morning of the 19th. The method of analysis
was that previously adopted in similar cases, and consisted
in inoculating about 0-1 to 0°25 ce. of the contents of the
stomach of each animal on separate plates of neutral-red,
bile-salt, lactose agar; and in further testing the colonies
formed on this medium for Bacillus coli communis by their
reactions on various sugar media. In every case
inoculations were also made to determine the presence or
absence of the spores of an anaérobic bacillus, presumably
Klein’s B. enteritidis sporogenes. The results were as
follows :— =

N

194

RESULTS OF PRIMARY CULTURES ON NEUTRAL-RED AGAR.

Mussel. Number of ‘* Colon-like”* Colonies.
Mussels | i :
from near | 2 About 98
the break - 3 0
in the 4 | 76 with several diffuse patches.
sewer pipe. | 5 60
F
Mussels ( a :
from below val 0
the break | 8 One diffuse patch.
in the 9 | with a diffuse patch.
sewer pipe. | 10

Primary cultures were also made from the stomach
contents in litmus milk under anaérobie conditions with
the following results :—

PRIMARY ANAEROBIC CULTURES IN LITMUS MILK.

Mussel. Enteritidis reaction. | Mussel. Enteritidis reaction.
es 4 6 4
2 | + 7 No reaction,
3 No reaction. 8 +
4 + 9 de
5 + i 0 Sr

The results of the tertiary cultures on the various
sugar media showed that Bacillus colt communis was
present in mussels 2, 4, 9 and 10, and probably in all the

195

others with the exceptions of mussels 3 and 7, which were
sterile both to this microbe and to the microbe usually
identified as B. enteritidis sporogenes.

A further analysis by Houston’s method of decimal
dilutions was also made. Five mussels selected at random
from all those collected were pounded up in a sterile
mortar with sterile water and three primary cultures were
made, both in neutral-red agar and in ltmus milk
incubated anaérobically. The results were : —

No. of
*Colon- | Enteritidis
like” | reaction.
Colonies.
wpe | LS ee eee ee ee ee a >
A: inlece.(= {35th part of a mussel) 26 | +
|
Milk de-
‘ | colorised
Bie in 1 cc. (== iwosth ” ” | 4 | but not
clotted,
: | No
. oO Pa ee a | .
C: in 1 ce. (=zgdaath sf 3 1 } etneeee

B. coli was therefore present in 1-1000th part of a mussel
in small numbers, but absent in 1-10000th part of a
mussel. £2. enteritidis sporogenes was present in 1-100th
part of a mussel, but doubtfully present in 1-1000th part,
and certainly absent in 1-10000th part.

Conclusions.

It will be seen, then, that Bacillus colt was isolated
from the majority of the mussels examined. The presence
of this microbe indicates the contamination by faecal
matters of the shellfish in which it is found. But
unhappily this organism must now be regarded as present

196

almost everywhere in shellfish bedded on our coasts, and
its significance les not so much in its mere presence as Mm
its relative abundance. It will be seen from the results
stated above that 73. coli was very abundant in several of
the mussels examined: these were they that were
collected from the piles in the neighbourhood of the break
in the pipe. ‘lwo mussels were quite sterile, and in one
or two others the microbe was present im very small
quantity; these latter shellfish were collected from the
piles some considerable distance from the break im the
pipe. Only in one or two of the mussels examined was the
degree of pollution at all excessive.

It is probable that the faulty condition of the sewer
pipe is the cause of the greater part of the pollution of the
mussels. The eddies caused by the tide round the piles
have excavated a shallow gutter directly beneath the
sewer pipe. As the tide lays bare the sands, this gutter
becomes filled with a mixture of sea-water and sewage
flowing from the break in the pipe. Then when the tide
begins to flow, some of. this water becomes washed up
against the mussels on the piles, and the former become
polluted. If the sewer pipe were in proper repair, so that
all the discharge Howed from its extremity, and still more
if there were an intercepting tank at the pumping station
and the sewage were only liberated on the ebb tide, I
think that the pollution of the mussels would be very
shght, and would be due only to the shght amount of
general pollution of the sea caused by the sewage from
the towns at the entrance to the Menai Straits,

197

NOTE ON THE OLIGODYNAMIC ACTION OF
COPPER UPON CERTAIN ORGANISMS.

By W. A. Herpman.

In connection with the investigations upon copper in
certain oysters and upon the pollution of certain oysters
by sewage, and so possibly by disease germs, which were
discussed fully in these Reports a few years ago, it may
be of interest to put on record now the recent remarkable
results that have been obtained in America, and else-
where, in destroying intestinal bacteria by means of
exceedingly minute traces of metallic copper.

The botanist C. von Nageli seems first to have
observed, some time in the eighties, that even the copper
dissolved by distilled water during its passage through the
copper still might have a toxic effect upon certain plants.
He then experimented with water in which copper coins
had been placed, and determined, for example, that one
part of copper in about a thousand million parts of water
is poisonous to some species of the water plant Sperogyra.
Other investigators, both in Germany and the United
States, have since extended the experiment to the action
of copper upon bacteria and upon protozoa. They used
copper foil in the water, and found that Bacillus typhi
was especially sensitive, and that at a temperature of
35° to 40° C. the toxic effect was manifested in one hour.
Pharmacologists as well as biologists have recognised the
importance of these facts, and their possible application
to the treatment of disease. Copper, while being
excecdingly toxic to micro-organisms and certain
parasites, 1s comparatively harmless to man. Professor
Cushing (1899) says :—‘* Copper thus seems to have a very

198

powerful poisonous action on certain living forms and to
be harmless to others, and the subject deserves further
investigation. It is possible that it may prove to act
prejudicially to some human parasites, and it is certainly
less dangerous to man than many other remedies used as
parasiticides and disinfectants.”

Kraemer, in a recent paper,* commenting on this
says:—* While various explanations might be offered to
show why such extremely minute quantities of copper in
solution are sufficient to kill unicellular and filamentous
algae, bacteria and unicellular animal organisms, and yet
not affect multicellular plants and animals, whose cells
are as delicate in structure as those of the unicellular
organisms, it seems that this is in a measure due to the
fact that in the latter the entire individual is comprised
of a single cell, which performs all the vegetative as well
as reproductive functions, and being entirely surrounded
by the copper solution all the hfe processes are affected,
there being no way for the organism to distribute the
solution to other cells, and thus by a dilution minimise
the toxic action of the copper. Or if some of the cells in
the multicellular organism are destroyed or injured by
exposure to the solution, others are formed to take their
place from the more or less deep-seated meristematic cells.
It is true that the idiosyncrasies in these organisms should
also be borne in mind, some of them being more resistent
than others.”

It has been shown, however, by Locket that the
poisonous action of minute traces of copper is not confined
to unicellular organisms. Merely placing strips of quite
clean metallic copper in water in which tadpoles are kept

* Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. vol. xlix,, No. 179,.p. 51, April,

1905, where full references to the literature of the subject will be

found,
+ Journ, of Physiology, 1895, vol. 18, p. 319.

199

leads in a few hours to the death of the tadpoles. This
observation has been confirmed by Ringer,t and more
recently by Roaf and Whitley, who have also shown that
a trace of colloidal silver in suspension leads rapidly to a
fatal result, while colloidal platinum under like conditions
is quite harniless.

It has been suggested to me by Professor B. Moore
that possibly the cause of the poisonous action in some
organisms and immunity in others, may be due to those
organisms which are poisoned throwing out excretory
substances which dissolve copper and form soluble
poisonous compounds which are absorbed, and so lead to
the toxic effects.

The matter has also been discussed recently as one
which may be of importance in killing algae and
pathogenic organisms in water supplies. Dr. G. Moore,
of Washington, found that one part in fifty millions was
sufficient to kill off fresh-water algze in water-cress beds,
and that 1 in 100,000 would kill cholera and typhoid
organisms in + to 5 hours. Rideal and Baines (190+)
found that 24 hours in a copper vessel was sufficient to
free the water from typhoid and colon bacilli. Bassett-
Smith,* as the result of a number of experiments, states
that “ Bacillus typhosus is more easily killed than others
of the coli group, being destroyed in 12 hours with the
1 in 10,000 dilution ” [sulphate of copper]. He also finds
that “ Zinc, or iron coated with zine, though less rapid in
its action than copper, yet after 24 to 48 hours appears to
free the water from typhoid organisms, and is the most

Holibrdi, USOT vol. 22), p- xiv. (Physiol. Soc. Proc.)

+ Communicated by the authors (Biochemical Department, University
of Liverpool)—the paper not being yet published.

* Journ, of Preventive Medicine, July, 1905.

200

valuable storage tank for all purposes that we possess.”
Finally, Kraemar has, during the last year, carried out a
series of most elaborate and interesting experiments in the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, “with a view of
testing the efficiency of metallic copper tor destroying
typhoid and. colon bacilli in water.” He writes as
follows :

‘From the experiments thus far conducted, as well
as the results obtained by other writers, the following
conclusions may be drawn :

“1. Certain intestinal bacteria like colon and
typhoid are completely destroyed by placing clean
copper foil in water containing them, or by adding the
organisms to water previously in contact with copper
foil.

“2. The toxicity of water in which either copper
coins or copper foil has been added is probably due to
a solution of some salt of copper, as first suggested by
Nagel.

“3. The copper is probably in the term of a
crystalloid rather than that of a colloid, as it has the
property of permeating the cell walls and organised cell
contents of both animals and plants, thereby producing
the toxic effects.

“4. While the effects produced by the oligo-
dynamic action of copper are apparently different from
those of true chemical poisons, the difference is
probably in degree only, and not im kind.

“5. Certain lower organisms, including both
plants and animals, possess a specific sensitiveness to
minute quantities of copper, and it has been shown that
they are not restored on transferring them to water free
from oligodynamic properties.

“6. Ohgodynamic solutions of copper are

en

201

obtained by adding either copper coins, copper toil, or
salts of copper to water: when copper foil is used
sutlicient copper is dissolved by the distilled water in
one to five minutes to kill the typhoid organisms within
two hours.

~

“7. A solution of copper may lose its toxicity by
the precipitation of the copper as an insoluble salt or
compound, by its absorption by organic substances, or
by absorption by imsoluble substances.

“$8. The oligodynamic action of the copper is
dependent upon temperature, as first pointed out by
Israel and Klinegmann.

“9. The effects of oligodynamic copper in the
purification of drinking water are in a quantitative
sense much like those of filtration, only the organisms
removed, like B. typht and B. coli, ave completely
destroyed.”

Now if these results can be extended to the case
of marine shell-fish, it may be argued that if
the typhoid organism is killed in two hours by
distilled water m which copper foil has been placed for
five minutes, a comparatively simple measure of washing
ought to be sufficient to render contaminated oysters
innecuous. The importance of such a result is obvious.
It may be asked why, considering the rather large amount
of copper that may be present in the tissues of the oyster,
should the copper foil be necessary. It is known, how-
ever, to be the case that in the normal oyster the copper
of the blood is united with a proteid to form an organic
compound, haemocyanin, in such a way as to be unable to
oxercise its toxic properties. It is probable that that is also
the case in these abnormal green oysters which Professor
Boyce and I investigated” some years ago, and where we

* Ona green Leucocytosis in Oysters. Proc, Royal Society, vol.
Ixii,, p. 30 (1897),

202

found copper stored up in greatly increased quantity in
the numerous leucocytes which characterise this diseased

‘

condition; so that probably these ‘“ copper” oysters even
cannot be trusted to free themselves from pathogenic
organisms through the action of their own copper.

In dealing with such a case as that of the oyster,
however, it must be noted that there are two further
conditions which may effect the successful application of
the above-mentioned methods. In the first place the
pathogenic organisms are not necessarily free in the
water, but may be im or upon the living tissues of the
molluse so as, possibly, to be protected from the toxic
action of the copper. Secondly, the washing of the living
oyster must be carried on in. sea-water: there is
apparently a difference in some of the experiments
between distilled water and tap-water, and what further
complications may be introduced by the salts im the
medium surrounding the oyster has still to be determined.
In conjunction with Professor B. Moore, of the Depart-.
ment of Biochemistry, we propose to investigate the whole
question of this oligodynanmue action of copper and other
metals upon the organisms in shell-fish—with special
reference to oyster culture.

203

SEA-FISH HATCHING AT PORT ERIN IN 1905.
By W. A. HErrpman.

As the Reports of the Isle of Man Fisheries Board
have only a limited circulation and are probably unknown
to members of the Lancashire and Western Committee,
it may be found convenient to have recorded here the
portion of the last report which deals with sea-fisheries
work in 1905. It occurs in the ** Report from the Hon.
Director,” as Appendix I. to the First® Annual Report of
the Fisheries Board.

The Report is made to Tynwald Court, and was drawn
up in June, 1905, and signed on July 5th. The Report
contams the following sentences :

“The Board entered into negotiations with the
Laneashire and Western Sea Fisheries Joint Committee,
with a view to obtaining the assistance of the Committee's
s.s. “ John Fell” in policing the territorial waters of the
Isle of Man, and, having made a preliminary arrangement
with the Committee, applied for and obtained from the
Tynwald Court a grant of £50 for the purpose of
carrying out such arrangement.

“The agreement is now in operation, and Dr. J.
Travis Jenkins, Superintendent of Fisheries to the Joint
Committee, and Capt. Wignall, of the s.s. “‘ John Fell,”
have been appointed Fishery Officers under the provisions
of the Sea Fisheries Act, 1894.”

The Appendix on the Sea-fish Hatchery and
Aquarium at Port Erin runs as follows: —

** The three previous reports were made by a Cominittee appointed

by Tynwald Court—this Committee and others being now replaced by
the ‘‘ Fisheries Board,”’

204

* Report rrom tur Hon. Direcror ror THE YEAR 1904-4.
(Drawn up June, 1905.)

“Last year, I considered that I was able to give a
satisfactory report to the Sea-fish Hatchery Committee
when I recorded the production and liberation of about a
million young plaice as the result of the first complete
vear of working with the necessary equipment. This
year IT am able to report that over five millions of young
plaice have been set free in Manx waters. This grati-
fying result is due primarily to the considerable increase
in our stock of spawners, eftected partly by the kind
co-operation of the Lancashire and Western Sea-Fisheries
Joint Committee, and partly by our own fishing operations
off Port Erin. The notable advance is due also in part
to improvement in the hatching mechanism and_ to
increased experience and skill on the part of our curator
(Ma. Chadwick) and his assistant (Mr. T. N. Cregeen),
whereby some wastage that occurred in the previous year
has been wholly avoided, and the inevitable loss in
working very greatly reduced. — It is hoped that our stoek
of spawners will be still further added to during the
present stunmer, and that the output next year will be
correspondingly mereased.

* A good deal of detail that was printed last year for
the information of the Hatchery Committee need not be
repeated. The condition and continued success of the
Aquarium has been very satisfactory.

*'The stock of adult plaice which furnished the eggs
hatched during the past season consisted of (1) 99 out
of the 105 fish with which the season of 1904 was begun ;
(2) 110 fish brought from Luce Bay by the s.s. ‘John
Fell,” on 19th November, 1904; and (3) 118 fish caught

in two trammel nets, efficiently worked by the assistant

curator (Mr. T. N. Cregeen) during July, August, and
September, 1904; making a total of 327. All the fish
were placed in the spawning pond as soon as possible after
capture, and no difficulty was experienced in keeping them
im a healthy condition throughout the year. They were
fed daily upon mussels, with the addition of lug-worms
as often as the latter were procurable. ©The worms are
dug, for the most part, by the assistant, at Port St. Mary:
but the mussels have to be obtained from Laneashire, and
about one ewt. per week is required to keep the fish in
good condition.

“The state of the pond has been quite satisfactory,
It was emptied and examined caretully in September,
1904, and again at the conclusion of the present spawning
season, in May, 1905.

“The hatching apparatus was carefully overhauled
and put into working order during the latter part of
January, and was in continuous operation, without
mishap of any kind, from 14th February to 15th May.
The improvements in the structure of the tanks and boxes
alluded to in last report have now been effected, and have
resulted in a great saving of eggs during this season.

“The first fertilized eggs of the plaice were found in
the pond on Mth February, 17 days earlier than last year:
and on the 17th there were 12,500 incubating in the boxes.
The daily yield of eggs gradually increased, until the
maximum was reached on 5rd April, when 515,600 were
collected. After this date the numbers ranged from about
224,000 to over 100,000 daily, until 25th April, when a
marked diminution was observed, and the last bateh of
the season, numbering 45,000, was placed in the boxes
on Ist May.

“The method of estimating the number of eggs was

essentially the same as that of last year, Ten dips with

206

a measure of known capacity were taken from each day’s
collection, and the number of eggs in each dip carefully
counted. The average of the ten countings was then
divided by the number of cubic centimetres in the measure
in order to obtain the average number of eggs per c.c.
This figure was then multiplied by the number of cubic
centimetres of water im the hatching box in order to
obtain the total number of eggs.

“The larvae were taken to sea in a fishing-boat by
the assistant, and were liberated at various points either
on the east or on the west side of the southern end of the
Island, at distances of from 1 to 5 miles from land.

“The numbers of larve in this manner set free

during the season were as follows : —

NMareh. vt 4.5 a ae vee | £4,000
ret eee i ea ctf he O00
PAT VA cat Paes oS sat -=, 20,000
TMC. weet pe ee sat i SOBDUU
on th ae Ae sa €93000
by Parte ws He ... 289,000
eS crcl pe Oe See sk od ... 204,500
a ae Mase =. ... 661,000
hy we 7 sh ... 40,000
rT, OO | 44 a ... 224,000
si Oy th ies a fe ... 415,000
batsle Vee nee led ... 240,000
Cah hee aa a ... 296,000
Spe | le wr se ... 048,000
sob aia Ae $8 sab ... 892,000
ero ci pene Le Bs ... 346,000
oe POL an i uy) ... 325,000
May 94." os at Bi ioe 2S s500
Le Phe Bee na $1; ... 106,500
;, Bee: rom ne A (96,000
are | ey nA wie 2.) 24k. 000
oo eager 7, a As me a. 80,000
oe es va «92,000

otal: 2 i ... 0,097,500

207

“At the close of the hatching season, in May, the
pond was drained to within 18 inches of the bottom, and
all adult plaice found in the smaller western portion were
transferred to the larger portion nearest the hatchery,
in preparation for the reception of a stock of adult soles.

“ During this operation, it was discovered that eight
of the adult fish had died since the pond was last drained,
at the end of September, 1904, leaving a total of 519
healthy fish. It was also found that a large number of
the young fish hatched during the season of 1904, which
had been left to undergo their metamorphosis in the pond,
were still present, and evidently thriving. Thirty-one of
these were taken at random, and were found, on measure-
ment, to range from 2} to 54 inches in length; but, while
the pond was being re-filled, a few others of the same
generation were seen which were certainly larger than the
largest measured.

“Tt is evident from these observations (1) that the
artificially hatched fry are perfectly healthy, and capable
of continued life and growth; and (2) that the young fish
which have undergone their metamorphosis in the pond °
have found there healthy conditions and abundance. of
their natural food.

“Tn accordance with an intention of extending, so far
as is possible, the hatching operations to other suitable
fish, steps have been taken to commence, on an experi-
mental scale, with the black, or true English, sole (Solea
vulgaris), which spawns rather later in the summer than
the plaice. Forty-six adult soles were brought by the
s.s. ““ John Fell” on May 31st, and are now confined in the
western portion of the pond. A number of these are
spawners, and although it is now getting late in the
season, it is hoped that sufficient fertilized eggs for our
purpose may stil] be obtained. It is proposed, unless some

205

unforeseen difficulty oecurs, to increase this stock, and to
deyote more attention to the hatching and rearing of the
sole during next season.

“Tt is a pleasure to report to the Board that Mr.
Chadwick, the curator; Mr. T. N. Cregeen, the assistant ;
and the boy, Willie Christian, have been most energetic
and efficient in their several spheres of work; and I
should like to add that Mr. Chadwick and I feel much
indebted to the secretary to the Board, Mr. R. Okell,
F.L.S., for his valuable help and for the large amount of
attention he gives to the affairs of the institution,

I have now to add that during last summer, after the
above Report had been issued, a curious epidemic,” caused
by a fungus which invades the liver and kidneys, attacked
the fish in the pond, and resulted in considerable mortality
of both plaice and soles. The fish that survived were set
free, as it was thought best under the circumstances to
clear out the pond completely, and start this season with
a fresh stock of fish free from infection.

“(Siened) W. A. Herpman.”

* Described by Mr, Johnstone in another part of this Report.

nn

3