Author: Pennsylvania Department of Forestry

Title: Report for tlie years..., 1903-1904

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1905

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg070.2

<2084601>*Form:serial2 InputHHS EditFMD

008 ENT: 980409 TYP: d DT1: 1904 DT2: 1904 FRE: g LAN: eng

010 sn 86045118

037 PSt SNPaAg070.2 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State

University, Pattee Library, University Park, PA 16802-1805
090 19 634.908 $bP3 $l+(date) $cax $s+U 1903/04
090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 70.2 $l+(date) $cmc+(service copy, print master,

archival master) $s+U 1903/04
110 1 Pennsylvania. $bDept. of Forestry.

245 10 Report for the years ... $cPennsylvania Department of Forestry.
260 Harrisburg, Pa. $bHarrisburg Pub. Co., state printer $c1905.
300 1 V. $bill. $c23 cm.
310 Biennial
362 0 1903/04
500 Issued "together with some suggestions concerning the present needs and

the future policy of the Department, and brief papers upon subjects

connected with forestry."
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580 Confinues: Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry. Statement of work done by

the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, during ...
580 Continued by: Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry. Report of the

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1903-1904

LIBRARY

SPHOCL OP ASRiCULTyRE
AND EXPtRlMPJT STATiGN

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STATE i;')Ll.i''-;r

UBRARY OF
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Book No.

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DEPARTMEIT OF FORESTRY.

REPORT

FOR THE

YEARS 1903 AND 1904,

TOGETHER WITH SOME SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING THE

PRESENT NEEDS AND THE FUTURE POWCY

OF THE DEPARTMENT,

AND

BRIEF PAPERS UPON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH FORESTRY.

HAKRISBURCr, PA.:

HARRISBTTRG PUBLISHING CO., STATE PRINTERS

11)05.

x^

73

• • • •

• *

• ■ •

•

•' : : *

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

OF^F^IOIA.!^ I^IST".

THE STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION.

Robert S. Conklin, President, Columbia, Lancaster County.

J. T. Rothrock, M. D., Secretary, West Chester, Chester County.

John Fulton, Johnstown, Cambria County.

Mira L. Dock, Harrisburg, Dauphin County.

S. B. Elliott, Reynoldsville, Jefferson County.

Meetings of the Commission are regularly held on the first Friday in each
month.

OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY.

Commissioner of Forestry, Robert S. Conklin, Columbia, Lancaster County.
Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, Irvin C. Williams, Esq., Royersford, Mont-
gomery County.
Clerk, A. Elwyn Strode, West Chester, Chester County.
Clerk, George W. Howard, Chester, Delq^are County.

136570

(3)

Hftoi

CONTENTS.

Page.

Illustrations, List of, 7

Letter of Transmittal , 9

Report of the Commissioner of Forestry from June 1 to December 31, 1904, 11
Report of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, former Commissioner of Forestry, to June

1.1904, ^ 28

Report of the State Forester, George H. Wirt, 47

South Mountain Camp Sanatorium, Report by A. M. Rothrock, M. D.,

Camp Physician, gg

Forest Fire Legislation in Pennsylvania, Review of, by I. C. Williams,

Esq., Deputy Commissioner of Forestry 73

Rational Method for the Cultivation of the Willow, by Paul E. Arnold, .. 84

Timber cut in Pennsylvania in 1902 gg

Timber cut in Pennsylvania in 1903, 100

Forest Fire Losses in 1902 io2

Forest Fire Losses in 1903 iqq

(4)

I

(5)

PLATE

PLATE
PLATE

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

IL
IIL

PLATE IV.

PLATE V.

PLATE VI.

PLATE VII.

PLATE VIII.

PLATE IX.

PLATE X.

View from South Mountain Reservation, near Mont Alto,

Franklin County, Looking Into Cumberland Valley,
Map of Pennsylvania, Showing State Forest Reserves,
Pennsylvania Forest Academy and Forestry Students,

Mont Alto, Franklin County

Corner in White Pine Plantation. Two Years After

Planting,

Pack Horses Carrying Water for "Back Firing" Against

Advancing Forest Fire

Winter Scene. Down the Street, South Mountain Camp

Sanatorium

Reservation Forest. Before Improvement Cutting.

South Mountain Reservation ,

Reservation Forest. After Improvement Cutting. South

Mountain Reservation,

The Forest Nursery. South Mountain Reservation

Partial View of South Mountain Camp Sanatorium

Page.

1

12

20

28

36

43

48

53
60
68

(6)

(7)

■h

I

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

(S)

December 31, 1904.
Honorable Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor of the Commonwealth:

Sir: I have the honor to present herewith my Report for the
I )epartment of Forestry since June 1, 1904, the date of my appoint-
meni as Commissioner of Forestry.

ihe Report of my predecessor in office, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, is hereto
appended and covers his administration of the office of Commissioner
of Forestry and the work done by the Department during the year
19' :> and for the year 1904, to and including May 31.

There are also submitted herewith the Report of the State For-
ester, Mr. George H. Wirt; a report upon the Camp Sanatorium for
poor Consumptives, at Mont Alto, by Dr. Addison M. Rothrock; a
report upon the State Forest Academy at Mont Alto (included in
the report of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, and of the State Forester); a paper
detailing a ^'Rational Method for the Cultivation of the Willow,"
by Mr. Paul E. Arnold; a "History of Forest Fire Legislation in
Pennsylvania, as Province and State," by Irvin C. Williams, Esq.,
Deputy Commissioner of Forestry; and a statement of the amount of
timber cut and the losses by forest fires during the two years co veered
by this Report, tabulated from information collected by the Depart-
ment.

I desire to thank you for your uniform courtesy, ready co-opera-
tion, and unwavering interest in the cause represented by this
Department, a work which is constantly on the increase and coming
to be most important, affecting as it does the well-being of our
citizens and the whole industrial life of the Commonwealth.

I have the honor to be, with great respect.

Your most obt.,

ROBERT S. CONKLIN,

Commissioner of Forestry.

(9)

KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY.

(10)

Since June 1, 1904, the Commonwealth has acquired for
purposes, through purchases made by the State Forestry
tion Commission, the following lands:

Acres.
Adams and Franklin (South Mountain Reserva-
tion), 238

Franklin and Fulton, 5,025

Juniata and Mifflin (Rothrock Reservation) 1,097

Centre, 3,368

I*ike, 6,182

Clinton and Centre (Hopkins Reservation), 641

Clinton (McElhatton Reservation), 1,301

Lycoming (Loyalsock Creek Region), 5,903

Lycoming and Tioga, 54,214

Union, Centre, Snyder, Mifflin and Huntingdon

(Central Reservation), 27,998

Total, 105,972

forestry
Reserva-

Perches.

145
82.5
53.6
81

110

121
40.
41

117.7

145.6
137.4

Including the lands acquired for the same purpose during Doctor
Rothrock's term of service, the Commonw^ealth now owns and has
imder forestry control the following lands:

Acres. Perches,
Adams and Franklin (South Mountain Reserva-
tion), 40,323 77

Franklin and Fulton 7,859 13.5

Juniata and Mifflin (Rothrock Reservation), 7,805 110.6

Cumberland, 860

Dauphin, 3,353 93

Lackawanna, 2,853 147

Wyoming, 1,176 90

Bedford, 5,686 54

Huntingdon (Trough Creek Region), 6,146 155

Monroe, 5,622 4

Elk, 2,263

Clearfield, 17,546 116

Cameron, 22,752 153

(11)

12

Centre (Nittany Mountain), 4^135

^^^tre, 3 974

^^^^^^, 47,377

^'^^^y 47,810

Clinton and Centre (Hopkins Keservation), 88,518

Clinton (McElhatton Reservation), 7,394

Lycoming (White Deer Creek Region), 3,617

Lycoming (Loyalsock Creek Region), 5,903

Lycoming txhd Tioga, 72 272

Union, Centre, Snyder, IMifflin and Huntingdon

(Central Reservation), 144 310

"^^^^h 549,565

28
121

80
124

39

99

99

41

37.7

100.2
22

Forest Taxation and Tax Sales.

Under the provisions of the acts of March 30, 1897, P. L. 11, and
April 28, 1899, P. L. 98, the Commonwealth has purchased at tax
scales in various counties 56,069 acres for forestry purposes. Of
this amount 32,821 acres have been redeemed by the owners within
the limitation period of two years, leaving a balance of 23,248 acres
to which the State's title has become perfect and indefeasible. This
area is included in the statement last above exhibited.

Some curious facts are met with in connection with tax j^ah^s.
It was a dictum of a former Governor of the Commonwealth that
every acre of land in the State, no matter how poor or where situate^
i& worth at least a dollar. Under the above acts we have purchased
lands at tax sales for a price as low as two and one-half cents per
acre. Other prices in a number of instances are seven, eight, nine
and fourteen cents per acre.

Since large areas are advertised and sold everv two years for
unpaid taxes, the query naturally arises: Why are- the taxes not
paidf We find the answer in a further search of tax records For
illustration, a tract of 1,100 acres, partly lumbered, in a certain
county, was valued for taxation purposes in the year 1902 at |2.22
per acre, and the taxes on this land for that year were ten mills for
county purposes, ten mills for road purposes, thirteen mills for school
purposes, and eight mills for poor purposes. Seated and highlv pro-
ductive land could not long bear a taxation rate of forty-one mills
Much less then can it be borne by unseated and, in this case, unpro-

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Centre (Nittaiiv Mouii(ain), 4^135

^ '^'"ti'^N 3/J74

1;:^^^^^' 47,377

^^^"^^^ 47,810

Clinton {uid (\niiio (Hopkins l^eseivation), 88,518

Clinton (McEiliat(on Keservation), 7^394

Lycoming (White Deer Creek Reo-ion), a'ou

Lyconiin- (Loyalsock Creek Keoion), 5^903

Ly('omin<^ aftd Tioga, 72 272

Union, Centre, Snyder, MiUlin and Huntingdon

(Central Keservation), 144 310

T^»^^^^ 54I),5(M

28
121
80
124
31)
91)
91)
41

37.7

100.2

00

Forcsl Taxalion and Tax Sales.

Under (he provisions of the acts of March 30, 1897. V. 1.. 11, and
April 28, 1899, 1\ L. 98, (he Commonwealth has jMirchased at (ax
scales in various counties 50,009 acres for forestry purj.oses Of
this amount 32,821 acres have been redeemed by Mii' owners within
Ihe limi(ation jieriod of two years, heaving a balance of 23,248 acres
to which (he State's (ide has 1h come perfect and indefeasible. This
area is included in Hie s(a1ement last above exhibi(ed.

Some curious fac(s are met widi in eonneclion wi(h (ax sales.
It was a di((um of n fornn-r (Joverner of (he Commonwealth that
every acre of land in (he S(a(e, no ma( ler hew poor or where si(ua(e
ir. wordi at least a dollar. UndcT the above a((s we have purchased
lands at tax sah's for a i)rice as low as (wo and one-half cents ])er
acre. Other prices in a nund)er of ins(ances are seven, eight, idne
and fourteen cents pei* aci-e.

Since huge areas are advi'rtised and sold everv (wo years for
unpaid taxes, the (piery naturally arises: AVhy arc- the taxes not
paid? We (ind the answer in a further search of tax records For
ill"s(ra(icm, a (rac( of 1,100 acres, jmrdy lumbered, in a cerlain
(oun(y, was valued f(»r (axadon jmrposes in (he vear 1902 at |2.22
I)er acre, and (he (axes on this land for that vear were ten mills for
county purposes, ten mills for road juirposes, (hirleen mills for school
lairposc's, and eight mills for pc;or purposes. Sc^atc^l and highlv pro-
ducdve land could not long bear a (axadon ra(e of for(v-cme mills
Much h'ss then <an it be bornr> hy uns(^^lted and. in this case, unpro-

Y.

Y.

7:

rr.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

ductive land. It is cheaper for the owner, after he has removed all
marketable timber, immediately to abandon his lands to tax sale.

In the year 1904 the treasurer of Dauphin county advertised nearly
6,400 acres of land to be sold for taxes, or about two per cent, of
the entire area, and Dauphin county is comparatively well seated.

Full and fair contemplation of the above facts can lead only to
the conclusion that unproductive forest lands in the hands of private
owners should be exempt, or nearly exempt, from taxation, and
should be taxed only when they yield their returns to the owner.
It is the experience of this Department that the excessively high rate
of taxation is the direct cause of the abandonment of large areas.

Forest Administration.

Scientific forestry methods have thus far been applied to only a
small portion of the reservation areas. The time and the resources
of the Department have, to the present, been almost fully occupied
with the acquisition of lands. What has been done and what is
now under w^ay may be found more fully described in the reports of
the State Forester and the former Commissioner of Forestry.

The time is nearly at hand when the whole reservation area must
be subjected to this treatment if good results are to be looked for.
Many tracts are in a condition for immediate treatment and improve-
ment cuttings will be required more rapidly than the present
resources of the Department can take care of the demand. The
money return to the State, simply from thinning out undesirable
trees, is not inconsiderable. This is shown by the work being done
now on the Mont Alto Division of the South Mountain Reservation,
where the areas thus treated are returning several times their orig-
inal cost to the State, while they are at the same time maintained
with an improved forest covering rapidly growing into great value.

The first great need was land. A large area is now in hand, and
purchases are being rapidly made. The time is not far distant when
the State will own and control one million acres for reservation pur-
poses. Lands may, no doubt, be had for some years to come, within
the limit of purchase price prescribed by law. When they no longer
can be had for that price, the State will still have in reserve its
power of eminent domain.

With holdings now aggregating nearly one thousand square miles,
we must begin the work of business-like administration. It has
been suggested that 25,000 acres is a convenient size to establish for
the reservation unit. No warden can patrol more than 5,000 acres
and do it well. Five wardens to a reservation, with a forester and
an assistant forester at the head of it, will constitute a reservation
administrative force of seven men constantly occupied with duties

u

15

other than manual labor, but which all must be ready to render when
emergency demands.

For this reason we have begun the training of a class of native
Pennsylvania forest administrative officers at the Forest Academy,
who will not only know the theory of their work, but, from actual
practice, will be schooled in the doing of every species of labor likely
to come under their direction in actual practice. This may be an
idea peculiar to Pennsylvania. If it is, we are glad of it. At the
same time we believe it to be good business sense and propose to
follow this method. A sufficient number of planters, sawyers, axe-
men and other laborers can usually be found in the immediate neigh-
borhood, and mountain labor of this character is not expensive.

Forest Nursery.

The forest nursery at Mont Alto, which, at the time of the last
Report, had been established one season, has been steadily improved
and enlarged. No more ideal spot could be found upon the whole
reservation for growing seedling trees than the one now occupied
for that purpose. Many thousands of young trees have been started
therein. When of sufficient age these will form the stock from which
plantings are to be made in all available places upon the res^^rva-
tion. Fifteen thousand young white pine trees now form the nucleus
of our first white pine plantation.

Surveys.

The recommendations with respect to surveys, the breaking up of
the lands held for forestry purposes into distinct reservations of
suitable size, the placing thereon of a sufficient number of trained
employes for the purpose of care and watchful oversight, and the
undertaking of forest improvement in obedience to the laws of scien-
tific forestry, contained in the report of Doctor Rothrock and the
State Forester, form our present and immediate future reservation
needs. All of these suggestions I most respectfully and earnestly
desire to emphasize.

It is a necessity that when the reservations are acquired they
should have an accurate demarcation by means of correct surveys.
Maps of the reservations ought to be made therefrom, showing all
lines, roads and trails. Topographical surveys could then follow,
giving location of springs, streams and other surface features most
valuable to be known in the progress of reservation development.
The State foresters could make their timber and valuation surveys
and immediately proceed with the application of the principles of
practical forestry.

Present Reservation Needs.

Every reservation would be the better for having its own nursery.
Elach should be supplied with a stone crusher, a traction engine,
a sufficient number of saws operated by steam, water or electric
power, and, when the reservation is comparatively level, a steam
road roller would be a valuable adjunct. The protection which could
be accorded the reserves with a force no larger than above stated
would be such that we might look for almost a complete cessation
of timber stealing and forest fires could be controlled and fought
from every vantage point.

It is hoped to establish a sufficient number of shelters or outposts
at convenient points on the reservations for the use of wardens and
other employes. These may be buildings small in size and of the
cheapest character, unless intended for regular residence. All should
be connected with each other and with the reservation administra-
tion office by private telephone. Each reservation should be in simi-
lar connection with the Department, but not necessarily over private
wire. The German signal towers, mentioned in the report of the
State Forester, would be of great use where there is no telephonic
connection, or if for any cause such communication should become
interrupted. Each reservation has need of, at least, one good team
oi draft horses or mules, together with such heavy wagons and
sleds as may be most necessary to carry on the work.

Roads and Trails.

Next after the need of means and trained men for reservation work
is the necessity for roads and trails. Every part of the reservation
should be accessible. Administrative and improvement work can
scarcely be carried on without them. Then again these would form
the surest means of preventing the spread of fire. It is of little use
to cut lanes and then allow the floor to become covered with grass
and small bursh, a result sure to follow unless the ground is kept
bare by its use as a road. The trails need be little more than mere
paths, large enough for a horse and rider, making short cuts where
roads could not well be built.

Reservation roads can be built for comparatively little money.
For expensive macadam or other modern systems of road making
there is no need. A well-drained road with hard earth floor, kept
in repair, and maintained open and clean, will meet every demand.

There is a growing belief that the public roads running into and
through forest reservations should be wholly under the care and
keeping of the Department of Forestry. The township supervisors.

16

as a rule, give them scant attention, and, in order to make them pass-
able, the Department must of necessity assume som-e care. While
it is true the Department is by law permitted to spend |25.00 per
mile in their repair, the great difficulty experienced in procuring
honest and efficient work for the money expended is one of the
reasons little money has been used in work of this character.

Then, again, as the lands are acquired by the State, they are imme-
diately removed from taxation. In mountainous townships this
places an additional hardship upon the remaining lands, both seated
and unseated. We can scarcely be surprised that neglect of reserva-
tion roads will follow. Such removal from taxation directly contrib-
utes to excessive tax rates hereinbefore mentioned. If every super-
visor did his full duty with reservation roads, the remaining private
lands in a township would bear this burden without any immediate
return from the reservation to compensate. I am convinced that
suitable legislation directed as above suggested would meet with the
approval of all citizens and taxpayers directly affected by present
conditions.

In accord with the provision of law and the above suggestions,
some of the main roads in the Mont Alto Division of the South
Mountain Reservation have been repaired and are now maintained
in good condition. Citizens of the locality who use these roads
commend the work of the Department in the highest terms. What
was formerly a wretched mountain road has been converted into a
good highway.

The work of new road building on this reservation, done mainly
by the students of the Forest Academy, is more fully described else-
where in this volume.

Appropriations.

The question has been asked whether it would not be better to
receive from the Legislature, for the use of this Department, a specific
appropriation to carry on the administrative work, rather than have
these expenses paid out of the general fund, as provided by section
f;even of the act of February 25, 1901. Speaking from the experience
derived from the use of present methods, the answer is: No, not at
this time. The Forestry Commission is and has been more than
careful in the matter of current expenses. It is their endeavor not
to spend a dollar unnecessarily, and they conscientiously believe
they have not done so. The present needs of the Department are
large, but expenditures are always kept below the needs. Large
sums might and probably ought to be spent at this time in the
various directions of which mention is made herein, but it has been
the policy of the Commission to make haste slowly. The desire is

17

to see a solid, healthy growth and gradual development rather than
the opposite. They believe that the people generally approve this
course, and what the people commend is that with which they will
be best satisfied. As soon as the people demand greater activity,
greater protection to reservations, greater administrative develop-
ment, the Commission and the Department stand ready instantly to
respond.

The reason specific appropriations would not be most appropriate
tit this time is that we are constantly meeting new conditions. It
would be almost an impossibility to forecast for two years the
amount to be appropriated. Extraordinary demands may require
extraordinary expenditures and without the appropriation to meet
them the Department would have to abandon its work. We believe
that with the present business-like and conservative management
of the affairs of the Department the best results may be attained
for the people of the State through the present methods.

Rules.

In accordance with the provisions of existing law the Forestry
Commission is empowered to make rules and regulations for the
government of the reservations. The Commission therefore, on the
5th day of August, 1904, by resolution, adopted the following rules:

RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE FORESTRY

RESERVATION LANDS.

(Adopted by resolution by the State Fo^'estry Reservation Commis-
sion, August 5, i904.)

1. The game and fish laws of the State must not be violated.

2. Birds' nests must not be destroyed or in any other manner inter-
fered with.

3. Open camp fires or other fires must not be made, except in a
hole or pit one foot deep, encircling the pit so made by the earth
taken out.

4. Every camp fire or other open fire must be absolutely extin-
guished before the last member of the party using it leaves the
locality.

18

5. Lighted matches must not be thrown upon the ground. In
every case they must be allowed to burn out or be otherwise extin-
guished.

6. Living trees must not be cut down or injured in any manner.
Dead and down timber may be used for camp fires.

7. No person will be permitted to erect a camp who has not
accepted in writing the camping rules and received a camping
permit.

8. Every person receiving a camping permit must report to the
Commissioner of Forestry at Harrisburg any violation of law or of
the rules for the government of the State Forestry Reservation
Lands coming under his observation.

, 9. No permanent camp or other structure may be erected on the
reservation.

10. The pre-emption of any ground as a special camp site to the
exclusion of others who may desire to camp near, and who have per-
mission to camp on State lands, will not be permitted.

11. All persons who desire to picnic upon the State Forestry Res-
ervation lands, remaining for a less time than a day ,and not over
night, are not regarded as campers and will not be required to pro-
cure a camping permit, but will be governed in all other respects by
these rules.

12. During the month of November in each year no dog of any
description shall be used for hunting purposes on the State Forestry
Reservation Lands, nor shall any such dog during that month be
taken by hunters into camps on said lands.

13. The making of fires by hunters who stand on deer or other
"runways'^ is forbidden.

14. The placing of advertisements on the State Forestry Reserva-
tion Lands is prohibited.

15. Superintendents, wardens, detectives, and all other Reserva-
tion employes are required to remove immediately from State lands
all persons who take deer running dogs thereon, and to kill the dogs
when found in pursuit of deer. They are also required to remove
therefrom all pel-sons who do not properly guard their camp or other
fires so as to prevent destruction of State property by the starting
of general forest fires, or campers who do not have proper camping
permits.

All persons who desire to camp upon the State Forestry Reserva
tion Lands must first apply to the Commissioner of Forestry. A
blank application containing the rules for the government of campers
will be forwarded to the applicant, who must sign and return the
same to the Commissioner. If in proper form, in the absence of other
objections, a permit will be granted.

19

Persons who violate the laws or any of the above rules will sub-
ject themselves to immediate arrest without warrant, to be dealt
with according to law; and may be denied all future privileges of
camping, hunting or fishing on the State Forest Reservation Lands.

All State Forest Reservation employes, without first procuring
a warrant, are vested by act of Assembly with power to arrest on
view all persons detected by them in the act of trespassing upon any
forest or timber land within the Commonwealth, under such circum-
stances as to warrant the reasonable suspicion that such persons
Lave committed, are committing, or are about to commit some offense
against any of the laws now enacted or hereafter to be enacted for
the protection of forest and timber lands. They are likewise vested
with similar powers of arrest in the case of offenses against these
rules, or for offenses committed against the laws for the protection
of the fish and game found within the State Forest Reservations.

All constables are requested, in case fire occurs within their town-
ships, to notify the constables of the adjacent townships toward
which the fire is traveling.

During the season of 1904, this Department issued over 2,000 per-
mits to campers. These were mainly hunters who were encamped
on the State lands during November, the deer hunting season. In
order to bring these rules before the people, especially before those
who were likely to be more affected thereby, we had a circular letter
mailed to every newspaper in the State, with a request for publica-
tion. In a very large number of instances this request was granted.

The effect of the rules has been good. Few violations have been
reported, and, with probably 3,000 hunters upon the reservations
during the deer season, not a forest fire was reported from this
source. The sportmen of the State and the people generally have
given them their approval, and the Department has been in receipt
of many letters containing words of commendation.

Permits are to be had for the asking, and without charge. The
applicant presents his application in writing, wherein he agrees to
abide by the rules, and, if there are no objections filed against him
or otherwise known to the Department, the permit is issued. All
that we desire to know is the names of those who are camping,
where they are located, and for what length of time. If a camper
knowingly violates these rules, the Department reserves the tight
to refuse the grant of future privileges.

Prosecutions.

At many places near the reservations we have been annoyed by
petty thievery. Before these lands came into the reserves they were
the prey of all who chose to avail themselves of their supposed right
to take therefrom all kinds of timber, both standing and fallen.

II'

20

Oampiiig parties would heretofore locate themselves thereon without
the knowledge of the owners and destroy growing timber at pleasure.
To break up this practice it became necessary to forbid every one
taking anything from the reservations. While it is true dead and
down timber should be removed, we have steadily refused the privi-
lege unless it could be done under the care of a forest officer.

The following prosecutions were brought during the period cov-
ered by this report:

Jan. 23, 1904, S. S. Craft, Snow Shoe, Centre county; cut-
ting timber at hunters' camp; fined, |20 00

Mar. 8, 1904, Ephraim Naugle, Tarrtown, Adams county;

removing wood from reservation; fined, 5 00

Mar. 30, 1904, Frank Tasker (col.), Brownsville, Franklin

county; cutting trees; fined, 5 00

May 3, 1904, Abraham Creager, Tomstown, Franklin

county; removing wood; fined, 5 00

June 15, 1904, John Butler (col.), Brownsville Franklin

county; cutting trees; fined, 20 00

(And in default of payment was com-
mitted to prison.)

July 20, 1904, Edward Trash, Tomstown, Franklin county;

removing wood; fined, 5 00

The following named persons voluntarily made settlement for
illegally cutting trees:

Jan. 23, 1904,

May 9, 1904,

" 28, "

James Craft, Snow Shoe, Centre county, . . 15 00
David Chambers, William Haines and Geo.

Uzzle, Snow Shoe, Centre county, 25 00

Charles Welsh, Tomstown, Franklin county, 2 50

Harry E. Brown, Black Gap, Adams county, 10 00

The Forest Academv.

ft/

In accordancis with the provisions of an act of Assembly, approved
May 13, 1903, the Commissioner of Forestry has established a Forest
Academy at Mont Alto, Franklin county, on lands belonging to the
South Mountain Reservation, for the purpose of providing instruc-
tion in forestry. The academy is in charge of Mr. George H. Wirt,
State Forester. The work at this school is now in its second year
and is being successfully carried on.

During the first year of the existence of the academy everything
done was of necessity largely experimental. We believe now that

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('aiui)iiig parlies would lu'retufoie locale llieniselvcs thoroon without
ihe knowledge of the owners and destroy growing timber at pleasure.
To break u{> this practice it became necessary to forbid every one
taking anything from the reservations. AVhile it is true dead and
down timber should be removed, we have steadily refused the privi-
lege unless it could be done under Ihe care of a forest of1ic(»r.

The following proseculious were brought during the period cov-
ered by this report:

Jan. 23, lfM)4, S. S. Craft, KSnow Shoe, Centre county; cut-
ling timber at hunters' camp; fined, |20 00

Mar. 8, 11)04, Ephraim Naugle, Tarrlown, Adams countv;

removing wood from reservation; fined, 5 00

Mar. 30, 1904, Frank Tasker (col.), Brownsville, Franklin

county; cutting trees; fined, T) 00

May 3, 1904, Abraham Creager, Tomstown, Franklin

county; removing wood; fined, 5 00

June 15, 1904, John lUitler (col.), JUownsville Franklin

county; cutting trees; fined, 20 00

(And in default of payment was com-
mitted to prison.)

July 20, 1904, Kdward Trash, Tomstown, Franklin county;

removing wood; fined, 5 QO

The following named i>ersons volunlarily made settlennmt for
illegall^^ cutting trees:

Jan. 23, 1904,

May 9, 1904,

" 28, "

James Craft, Snow Shoe, Centre county, . . .«:5 00
David Chambers, William ITaines and (ieo.

Uzzle, Snow Shoe, Centre county 25 00

Charles Welsh, Tomstown, Franklin county, 2 50

Harry E. Brown, Black CJap, Adams county, 10 00

The Forest Academv.

In accordance with the provisions of an act of Assembly, approved
May 13, 1903, the Commissioner of Forestry has established a Forest
Academy at Mont Alto, Franklin county, on lands belonging to the
South Mountain Keservation, for the purpose of providing instruc-
tion in forestry. The academy is in charge of Mr. Ceorge IT. Wirt,
State Forester. The work at this school is now in its second vear
and is being successfully carried on.

During the first year of the existence of the academy everything
done was of necessity largely experimental. We believe now that

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

21

the purposes and plans of the institution are well in band, and that
it will do the work for which it was established, and in a satisfactory
and successful manner.

Four students were admitted immediately upon the opening of the
academy, in June, 1903. In September following ten new men,
selected by the Commissioner of Forestry, were added, making the
first regular class in the institution. One has since been assigned
to State reservation work in Pike county, and the class at this time
contains thirteen members.

The men of the first class were paid at the rate of |30.00 per month,
out of which they were obliged to maintain themselves. We learned
from experience that it will be cheaper for the State and better
for the students and for the school to reverse this policy, i.e., main-
tain the student at the expense of the State and pay him nothing.
This is the policy which was employed when the second class was
admitted in September, 1904, seven students being received at that
time. Students now admitted will furnish nothing but their per-
sonal clothing, a uniform such as may be adopted, and a horse and
riding outfit, every thing else being provided by the State, including
tuition and use of books.

The students chosen for the work at the academy must possess
the qualifications demanded for that work. We require that they
shall be competent physically to do the manual labor and competent
mentally for the scientific and literary part of their training.

A competitive examination has therefore been decided upon as
the best and fairest means of making selection of students. Every
applicant must submit the record of a physical examination, which
must be made and certified to by a regular practicing physician. If
this prove satisfactory the applicant will be allowed to enter the test
for education qualifications, provided he is within the age limits of
from 17 to 25 years.

The examination for educational qualifications is conducted only
in what is known as the common school branches. A good common
school or ordinary high school education will enable an applicant to
pass successfully. The examination for the class last admitted was
held at Harrisburg, August 2G, 1904, and was conducted by a com-
mittee of well-known educators who prepared the questions, con-
ducted the examination personally, and marked and graded the

papers.

Appointments are made from those having the highest averages
and in the order of their standing. By these means every applicant
is afforded an equal opportunity with every other applicant, and no
possibility of favoritism can be present.

If the Legislature see fit to continue the appropriation for carry-

22

ing on the work there— and that it is a necessity goes without say-
ing—another class of ten students will be admitted in September,
3905. We hope to keep the classes at ten each and with the three
years^ course as now adopted, the academy will have at all times
thirty students. The first class will be ready for practical work on
the reservations, in the service of the State, about June, 1906.

We hope in this way and by these means to develop a class of men
for State service upon our present and future reservations. To this
end their training is made both theoretical and practical, and it is
believed that at the end of their three years' course they will be
equipped for the work to be done. Assignments will then be made
upon different reservations as circumstances may require.

The course, as at present outlined, is as follows:

«

First Year.

First Term: Arithmetic, book-keeping, business law, physical geog-
raphy, botany, forestry.

Second Term: Algebra, book-keeping, business law, study of soils,
meteorology, botany, forestry.

Second Year.

First Term: Geometry, commercial geography, elementary law,
civil and criminal, embracing the duties of constables, fish, game and
forest wardens, advanced botany, dendrology, forestry.

Second Term: Trigonometry, economic zoology, civil government,
geology, forestry.

Third Year.

First Term: Surveying, leveling, draughting, physics, German or
French, inorganic chemistry, forestry.

Second Term: Triangulation, topography, draughting, elementary
political economy, road making, German or French, forestry.

During the practical work periods in the first and second years,
and at other convenient times, in addition to the field work in for-
estry, lectures will be delivered at stated intervals on medical emer-
gencies, physiology and hygiene.

The recommendation made by Doctor Rothrock, in his report,
with respect to cavalry drill for the students, we believe to be sound
and something which would produce good results. Tlie need of
expert horsemanship among the forest officers is constantly felt and
at no time more so than in the fire seasons. In addition, they become
sworn officers of the law with power to make arrests without war-
rant. A knowledge of cavalry tactics and the attendant drill and

training therein cannot be otherwise than beneficial to the State
service.

Some efforts have been made looking toward securing a competent
instructor in tactics and one who would also be qualified to teach
the higher branches in mathematics. At the time of this writing
no definite arrangements have been made.

The Camp Sanatorium.

Under the authority of an act of Assembly, approved May 15,
3903, the Commissioner of Forestry was authorized to select a suit-
able site and erect buildings, within the bounds of the forest reser-
vation in Franklin county, to be used as a sanatorium for poor con-
sumptives. For this purpose there was an accompanying appropria-
tion of eight thousand dollars.

A suitable locality among the white pines of this reservation was
chosen. Buildings were erected and equipped. An unfailing and
pure water supply was provided, without possibility of contamina-
tion, and the camp opened for the reception of patients in the early
summer of 1903. Through the munificence of private persons, friends
of the cause, some cabins were erected on this site a few months
before the passage of the above act. These formed the nucleus of
the camp and proved the value of the open-air treatment at this
place.

A further discussion and description of the camp sanatorium will
be found herein in the reports respectively of Dr. J. T. Rothrock,
under whose direction and oversight the camp was successfully estab-
lished, and Dr. Addison M. Rothrock, the physician in charge of the
camp.

Illustrations.

The illustrations appearing in this Report are such as we deem
necessary properly to set forth facts, conditions, and theories herein
contained. A good picture is frequently worth pages of descriptive
matter, and there is no mistaking the object described. The imagi-
nation of the reader needs not to be called upon for assistance.

There is no intention whatever to make this Report a "picture
book." Not an illustration has been inserted for the purpose of em-
bellishment or padding. We feel that each is here for a good pur-
pose, that it illustrates some fact. Not all persons who read the
Report will have the privilege or opportunity of visiting the reser-
vations and seeing for themselves the conditions and facts herein
described. We know then of no better way in which to bring these
vividly before the people than by means of well-selected illustra-
tions.

24

EXCERPTS FROM REPORTS MADE TO THE DEPARTMENT BY

FOREST WARDENS IN 1903.

Adams County.

No fires on the Caledonia Division of South Mountain Reserva-
tion.

About 6,500 acres burned over on the Mont Alto Division, same res-
ervation; almost all standing growth killed; 30,000 cords of w^ood
killed, not totally destroyed; constables fought fire when called
upon; all fires believed to have been maliciously set; small game and
insectivorous birds suffered.

Clearfield County.

About 500 acres burned over; much only partially burned and will
(lie later; probably 100,000 feet B. M. destroyed.

^^Constables in this county pay no attention to fires. They never
have been paid for anything done. I think they had best not be
encouraged, for if they do get paid they would maliciously start them
to get work."

Centre County.
(See Clinton County.)

Clinton County.

Three small fires; 2,000 acres burned over; land mostly barren;
loss not great; about 50,000 feet B. M. destroved.

Constables paid no attention to fires, which were caused by rail-
roads; pheasants and rabbits destroyed.

Franklin County.
(See Adams County.)

25

Constables refused to go out, as required by law; they are informed
it is not their duty (by county officials).

Fires are believed to have been started maliciously, as well as
by bee hunters. Turkeys and pheasants were destroyed.

Mifflin County.

About 4,000 acres burned. All the tracts of the Rothrock Reserva-
tion burned more or less; some all over, others but small parts. Tur-
keys, pheasants, woodcock, squirrels, rabbits and many small birds
destroyed.

Monroe County.

About 1,448 acres burned over. Young timber all killed; bark on
pine trees badly scorched; origin unkown. Constables did their
duty.

"Secure the good-will of the people who live in the woods. Circu-
late literature through the State, in cities as well as in country
places, which will teach the purpose of forestry and the damage done
by fires. A great many fires are started by inexperienced hunters
and fishermen."

Young pheasants, rabbits and fawns were destroyed.

Pike County.

About 2,200 acres burned over. Some constables did their duty,
others did not. All fires were started maliciously and intentionally!

" was heard to say : *No w is the time to burn

the woods, in the old of the moon, when the sap is down, then the
pasture will start quickly.'"

A fire in May kills all the young pheasants and deer.

Potter County.

About 1,200 acres burned over. Loss about 80,000 feet B. M.
Constables did their duty. One fire was started maliciously, two were
accidental. More assistance is needed. Pheasants and rabbits de-
stroyed.

Tioga County.
(Covered by report from Potter county.)

Huntingdon County.

One hundred and fifty to two hundred acres burned; loss slight;
mainly small saplings.

26

27

EXCERPTS FROM THE REPORTS MADE TO THE DEPART-
MENT BY FOREST WARDENS IN 1904.

Adams County.

About 145 acres burned over. One-fourth of the standing growth
will die. Constables did their duty and were paid by the county.
"It is the opinion that careless arbutus hunters caused two fires."

Bedford County.

No fires on State lands in 1904. The constables did their duty
in suppressing fires in other parts of the county and were assisted
by the warden.

Clinton County.

No fires of any consequence on State lands.

Franklin County.

About 665 acres burned, 100 of which were State land. Timber
all young and all killed. Constables responded promptly and did
their duty. One fire without doubt of incendiary origin, and another
believed to have been started by soft paper gun wads from old
muzzle loading guns.

Huntingdon County

Four fires reported covering 3,575 acres. Young timber all
damaged. Two fires caused by an engine used in lumbering opera-
tions. Turkeys, pheasants and rabbits killed. Cass and Union
township constables were at the fire. County refuses to pay the
constables.

Mifflin, County.
No fires on State lands.

Monroe County.

About 3,600 acres burned. All young timber killed. (See re-
port on Pike county, in which some of this area is located.)

Pike County

Two hundred and fifty acres burned over. No large timber killed,
but young timber all killed. The constable was not at the fire,'
which was extinguished by the forest wardens and some hunters.

It is believed the fire was started by hunters who used this method
of driving the deer from cover.

Potter County

Two thousand acres burned over adjacent to State land. "The
fires were prevented from reaching the State reservation bv the
admirable work of our constable and men sent out by the owners
of the land. All the constables did their duty." (The above is
worthy of special mention. R. S. C.)

Fires started from railroad locomotives.

"The best method of preventing forest fires that I know of is to
give people living near the State lands to understand that if they
set fires and they communicate with the State lands, they will be
reported to the Forestry Commission and will be punished to the
full extent of the law.

"This is what I did last spring and it worked well."

Snyder County.

About 500 acres burned over. No constables at the fire. Fires
believed to have been set maliciously.

Tioga County.

About 1,000 acres burned over. Timber nearly all small and
about four-fifths killed. "Chas. Sabin, constable, of Stony Fork,
Tioga county. Pa., failed to do as ordered."

Rabbits and pheasants killed.

Union County.
(See Snyder county.)

AMOUNT OF TIMBER CUT AND LOSSES FROM FOREST FIRES

DURING THE YEARS 1902 AND 1903.

Tabulated statements of the amount and kind of timber cut in the
State of Pennsylvania, during the years 1902 and 1903, will be found
on the following pages. These amounts are from reports made to
the Department by those engaged in the lumbering industries.

While it is true that Pennsylvania is not yet barren of timber,
it is also true that the rate of cutting is greater than the rate of
reproduction. If it w^ere not so, there would be little need for the
application of the principles of scientific forestry to conditions as
found in this State.

The tables setting forth the fire losses are deserving of careful
study. They raise the question, why is such waste permitted? It

28

will, no doubt, continue to be thus until the people of this Common-
wealth reach wiser conclusions, when the officers of the law do their
whole duty in enforcing the statutes made to better these conditions,
and when county officials cease to grasp every opportunity to be
used as an excuse for evading a ready compliance with onr most
salutary laws relating to re-forestization and forest protection.

REPORT OF DEPARTMENT WORK TO MAY 31, 1904.

BY J. T. ROTHROCK, M. D.

Existing law permits but does not require an annual printed re-
port from the Commissioner of Forestry. There are certain con-
clusions which I have reached after eleven years of experience as the
official head of the forestry interest of Pennsylvania, and I desire
to embrace this final opportunity of placing them upon record.

State forestry is a matter of business and not of sentiment. It
is commenced and continued because the most vital interests of the
public demand it. Hitherto it has been resorted to only after serious
damage has been done to the public interests by excessive reduction
of the forested area of the country. This statement is equally true
of this country and of those portions of Europe in which forestry
has long been practiced and where it now has attained its most
general and most scientific development. Under every government,
State forestry seems to have arisen to remedy existing evils induced
by private or corporate use of the woodlands. As a rule a hard nec-
essity has obliged each government in turn to protect existing and
restore wasted forest areas, because the perpetuity and prosperity
of the Nation's life depended upon it. No government seems to have
commenced this work before great damage had been wrought within
its area. The previous experience of and injurious consequences to
other countries were wholly neglected or overlooked.

It is unfortunate that so long a period must elapse between tho
commencement of forestry operations and the realization of the
good results which they are expected to produce, and that the injuri-
ous consequences in the meanwhile should be constantly increasing.
For example, it is perfectly clear that the State of Pennsylvania is
today paying the penalty for denuding our mountain sides of timber,
and that this penalty will probably increase in severity for the next
half century, in spite of restorative measures now in progress.

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On June 1, 1904, Pennsylvania was in actual possession of 448,592

acres, 44.G perches of land. This land was located in the following
counties:

Acres. Perches.

Adams and Franklin (South Mountain), 40,084 92

Franklin and Fulton, 2,833 91

Juniata and Mifflin (Rothrock Reservation), 6,708 57

Cumberland, 860

Dauphin, 3,353 93

Lackawanna, 2,853 147

Wyoming, 1,176 90

Bedford, 5,686 54

Huntingdon (Trough Creek Region), 6,146 155

Monroe, 5,622 4

Elk, 2,263

Clearfield, 17,546 116

Cameron, 22,752 153

Centre (Nittany Mountain), 4,135 28

Centre, 606 40

Potter, 47,377 80

Pike, 41,628 14

Clinton and Centre (Hopkins Reservation), 87,876 78

Clinton (McElhatton Reservation), 6,093 59

Lycoming (White Deer Creek), 3,617 99

Lycoming and Tioga, 18,057 80

Union, Centre, Snyder, Mifflin and Huntingdon,

(Central Reservation), 116,311 114.6

Total, 443,592 44.6

This land belongs absolutely to the Commonwealth, with practical-
ly no reservation of private rights except such as will be extinguish-
ed within a brief period. Every business consideration demands that
it should be cared for. It must be guarded against forest fires,
against malicious and lawless plundering, and it must be made to
produce a crop of timber. Undesirable trees must be weeded out and
only timber of desirable character be allowed to occupy the ground.

It is frequently supposed, and the supposition is often acted upon,
that any man accustomed to live and work in the woods is compe-
tent to care for the forestry interests. It cannot be too strongly
emphasized that as a rule the day laborer, who has hitherto wrought
\a a lumbering camp is, of all persons, the man most unfitted, by
his previous education, for the work of forestry. The legitimate
business of lumbering in this country has been to destroy and remove

30

timber, and I wish to add here that in this work the lumberman was
taking the only course that was open to him, and that under the
conditions then existing no fault whatever is to be found with him.
On the other hand, the work of forestry is to restore and perpetu-
ate the forests by methods which are wholly unknown to the lumber-
man, and which have had no existence in this country prior to the
present forestry agitation.

The experience of every man who has taken nn active^ and leading
part in the restoration of our American forests is that we are required
to produce and develop a wholly new class of men, and that these
men must receive their training in American forests. We are not
yet ready for the introduction of the highest scientific methods which
are practiced in the forests of Europe. It is unfortunate that this is
so, but we must accept the facts as they are and hope for the early
coming of the time when forestry may reach its highest scientific
development in our own country.

Clearly then, our first duty is to obtain competent, trained men
to direct and do our forestry work. These persons should be edu-
cated to regard themselves as the representatives of a wholly new
class of public employes. They should regard their calling, as it is
regarded abroad, as an honorable profession, which is equally impor-
tant to the State as is either branch of the military service of the
Nation, and exactly the same high principles of truthfulness, honor
and honesty which exist at West Point and Annapolis should be
developed in those who are to care for the forestry interests of this
Commonwealth.

It needs no explanation whatever, or argument, to convince any
thoughtful person that a well-considered, unchangeable plan is re-
quired for the development of a crop which requires a half century
or more to produce, and that a time-serving policy would not only
be detrimental but absolutely fatal to the work of forest restoration.

The Commonwealth has wisely undertaken to train its common
school teachers. It does not expect an immediate compensation in
dollars and cents for the money so expended, but it does look
forward and confidently expects that these teachers will train up
a race of citizens whose worth and value to the Commonwealth will
be greater than any pecuniary returns.

It is quite clear to those who have had the largest experience in
dealing with these forestry problems that the State must undertake
a similar work in training its foresters. These men should be selected
from the applicants by a competitive examination, and only those
having the best physical and mental development accepted. They
should be educated at the expense of the State, under such obliga-
lions for faithfulness and continued service on their part as may

1 •

81

appear desirable. They should never be discharged except for cause,
and should be promoted in the order of rank and efficiency. It is
gratifying to say that Pennsylvania has already commenced work in
this direction. Her Forestry Academy in Wiestling Hall, Mont Alto,
has closed its first year auspiciously. There seems to be now nothing
left for the State to do to produce such a class of foresters as I
have mentioned above except to continue further along the lines
upon which the school has started.

These foresters, educated at the expense of the State, would of
course be supposed to enter into the service of the State. In the
course of years, however, the number of foresters so trained would
probably be in excess of those required for the care of the State
lands. This would be no detriment to the State. The farm wood
lot and the care of larger tracts of land owned by individuals would
receive scientific care and attention in proportion as the means for
rendering such service were furnished, and these foresters, unem-
ployed by the State, would nevertheless j^ender important service in
such duty.

State forestry will no doubt be the main help of the Common-
wealth for the purpose of maintaining the wood supply, equalizing
the flow of water, and other such services as woodland generally is
known to render, but every acre of land devoted to forest will be
a public benefit, and private enterprise may thus be counted upon
to supplement the forestry work of the State.

Attention may be called here to the fact that the forestry school
now in operation exacts an honest day's work of its pupils. They
are not only supposed to study but to labor, and no one who is too
weak, or too indolent, to render such services is a suitable student,
or likely to be long retained, in the Forest Academy. All of the work
done in the nursery and most of the labor done upon the roads, in
the improvement cuttings made upon State lands, in opening fire
lanes, etc., has been done by these pupils.

It is quite within the limits of probability that a person who has
never handled a pick, shovel, or an axe, may, in course of time,
become able to direct and manage efficiently a body of men who are
using these implements. It is quite clear, however, that he will more
certainly win the respect and obedience of the men who labor under
his direction if they realize at once that he is practically familiar
with and accustomed to the use of such tools. We, therefore, make
no apology for the statement that every young man who enters the
Forest Academy is, during certain portions of his study in that insti-
tution, obliged to do a full day's work under the direction and super-
vision of a "Boss." It can be clearly shown that this pupilage does
not in any way interfere with the self-respect of any worthy student.

t flrLstruSon oVr. t ^° "°^ ^^^- ^"^ '''Sher courses of scien

ients I Lnh T . ^ "^''^ ^""^ "•1^'PP*^*^ educational estab-

tZ Z\ ^^'* '' *** '"PP'y P'"'''"P"y « needed class of men for

methods ""'" '"' *° '"™'^'^ ^'^-^ ™- »>y the most Tr':;

EeLrttn enr-"l*' f P"*^* *'^* *^^ «»"*»' Mountain Forest
.nen should' ZT^ ' advantages of the labors of so many young
men, should soon become the model reservation nt th^ of ^ ^
a matter of fact, already many miles Sle Ian andt. Stt.d:

til liif rndT rr ^' :r *^^* ^^^--«- ^^ ^hriiro

IZ f ?.?*,' ^^^ ^''^**t pleasure here in calling attention to

the^fa.thf„l service, and to the fine spirit of the students of the

alLrTeen'^mSe iT '"" "f""^ *'^ ^"^^^^^ ^^-^ l^a«
diieaay Deen made by me, namely; that, as the students of tin«

schcK.1 are all supposed to ,wn their own horses, nd Is he, can

a wS Scy ifTheVr'^ f^T "' *'^ ^'^^*^' ^* ^-'^^ ^^"^^d ^"
arrd braTstate. ^ ''''"' "°'''' "«"'^- ^^^'^^ -^"^ -"^

The reasons upon which I make this suggestion are first that if

nlilT- ! , °^*=^««'ty for, or a possibility of. State defence
agamst mternal or external foes, that the mounted Hflemen will he
a most important factor in the public service, and f u rhermorr t is
wel known today that time is required to produce such a soTdTor

My second reason is, that of all the men withi^ L Stite Tmits
there is no class whose daily life would so well fit them Jo 'Th
service as those are fitted who live and wo"k cons an«v in t

a7d ski.?7r ''' "^""*^'°«' ^"'^ -"^-^ l'--e hrmos'fearles
and skilful horsemen, and whose keen eyes and steady nerves afford
the^best physical condition for the development of an expert Hfle'

tra^nrnf ','n/tr° '"' ""^'"^ *^'' suggestion is that the military

Spfrmeans oV;^^^^^^ '""P""' accompanying it, would be a
lieipnu means of developing gentlemanly carriage nrooer d^nnrf
ment and self-respect among the students themselves 'X students
of the school already wear a distinctive uniform

CollV^^^h wir^ti^^^^^^ -'.'' -^-* -^ 0' t'^e

+1.^ '4.' ticizens, and it was a wise provision bv \vh\oh

sta^d?ng upon^t Ch , """," T'" ^''''' '"^" "' ''' ^^^^'^^^ "^ timber

33

fact the settler would have preferred to have it without the labor and
cost of clearing it. Timber of the finest quality, which would today
have been a fortune to the land owner, was cut down and burned
simply in order to get rid of it.

Today the conditions have wholly changed, the State realizing, too
late, that it would have been wiser to have retained several million
acres of those public lands, is now reversing its policy and purchas-
ing back again at a higher price, without the timber, the land which
it once sold at a nominal price with the timber upon it. But the law
authorizing an unrestricted warranting of the public land remains
unrepealed, and it is still possible for the citizen to secure the remain-
ing unwarranted public lands which the State possesses at the same
nominal cost and then actually sell them back again to the Com-
monwealth at a price greatly in excess of that which was paid.

This policy is certainly unwise. In the first place the policy is
not sound from a business point of view; in the second place it sub-
jects the Forestry Reservation Commissioners to censure for doing
the very thing which they were appointed to do. Unwise as the pur-
chase may seem under such conditions, it can readily be shown that
it would be still more unwise not to purchase the land, even at this
excess of payment.

The presence of land owned by an individual and surrounded on
all sides by land purchased by the State often becomes a menace to
the latter. It is, therefore, suggested that it would be wise to enact
that before a private individual, or corporation, could secure any
tract of land by warrant, that his application for the same should be
referred to the State Forestry Reservation Commission for a deci-
sion as to whether the State had not better retain it, and that if
it was decided that the State should retain it, that no warrant upon
the land should be granted.

It is needless to dilate upon the necessity which exists for the
State to have all of the lands purchased by the Forestry Commission
surveyed as promptly as possible. Unless this is done there may
arise serious doubt, even on the part of the State officials, as to the
best manag<Mnent of certain areas. A still more urgent reason for
this survey exists in the fact that it will protect the State lands
against depredation.

It is well known that where the Commonwealth possesses its
largest land holdings there is a class properly designated as timber
thieves. They are men who are not known to possess, or to pay
tax, upon a single acre of woodland, and yet they are constantly
engaged in the manufacture of railroad ties, and cutting hoop poles,
firewood, or other woodland products.

In addition to these who are depredators knowingly, there are

34

many persons who own woodland lots, but who are uncertain as to
the exact location of the boundary lines of their own property. In
some instances these parties, through an honest error, cut beyond
(heir own limits. There is, however, another class of land owners
whose chief concern is to cut up to their boundary line at least, and
they reckon the crime a small one if they cut on, within the line
of their neighbor. If they happen to have transgressed they find
ignorance a ready plea.

I desire particularly here to call attention to another class of t^-ans-
gressors upon the State lands who may, without any qualifications
whatever, be called criminals. I refer now to those individuals who
invade State lands in the autumn and cut down the young, growing
chestnut trees simply for the purpose of obtaining the fruit. Cases
of this kind are known to have occurred, especially in Clinton county,
and upon lands for which no State Warden had been appointed. As
a matter of fact, it is often extremely difficult to convict these crimi-
nals by any circumstantial evidence.

Such depredators reveal clearly the necessity for efficient wardens,
or care-takers, upon all of the State's holdings. Unless the State
means to protect its land it had better cease to buy it. The out-
come of tolerating such depredations is to develop rapidly a growing
criminal class in our woodland regions. Every hour that these crimes
are tolerated will simply increase the difficulty of breaking up such
pernicious practices.

The most important problem before the public today is the sup-
pression of forest fires, both on public and private lands. All efforts
at timber restoration will be more or less neutralized so long as the
present existing condition continues. Bad as it is at present, how-
ever, there is great ground for hope and encouragement. It is but
a few years since it was deemed, by the average citizen in this State,
no crime to fire the forest. There are some uncivilized portions of
the United States where this belief still exists and where, regularly,
spring and fall, the woods are systematically fired; indeed there
are some who honestly advocate that it would be wiser if there were
a spring and autumn firing demanded here by law.

It is quite true, as these persons allege, that timber can be found
growing where these fires constantly occur. An examination, how-
ever, of such regions will prove that the forests consist mainlv of one
or two species of the hardiest trees and that the timber is usually
sparse in quantity and bad in nuality. Some of our most valuable
trees would be absolutely exterminated if this were done. At present
Ihere is a growing realization of the fact that it is a crime to start
a forest fire. This at least is a hopeful change in public sentiment
and may be regarded as the promise of the time when forest fires

3S

will be as effectually held in check here as they now are in Germany
and France.

There exists, however, urgent need for continued educational
etforts in order that the sentiment in favor of forestry protection
may be sharpened and increased. Even under existing laws it is
quite possible to diminish, materially, the frequency and severity
of these annual conflagrations. In the spring of 1904, Dr. H. M.
Longsdorf, of Cumberland county, was appointed warden for one
of the worst fire infested districts of the State. By his active work
and business methods that district was almost wholly exempt from
fire during the past season.
• I am not sure that it is the duty of the Forestry Department to
enforce the fire laws of the State upon grounds belonging to private
parties, or to corporations. Through the influence of the friends of
forestry, laws have been enacted which seem to be amply sufficient
for the protection of the individual land owners, and if they fail to
demand the enforcement of the laws so enacted in their interest, it
would appear as if they should bear the penalty themselves.

On the other hand there is no doubt that it is the duty of the
Department of Forestry to bring to justice and punishment every
one who creates a forest fire upon the State land. This has been
done in a large number of instances, and the effect in the districts
where these criminals have })een convicted has been most salutary.
There are, nevertheless, counties in this State where every obstacle
seems to have been thrown in the way of the enforcement of the
law. It is not for me to characterize the conduct of a court which
fails to enforce needed, helpful, and constitutional legislation. It
is respectfully suggested that it is the duty of the Forestry Depart-
ment to oblige the constables of townships to suppress these forest
fires upon State lands, and to see that they receive their legal com-
pensation for so doing. A law a})proved on the 30th day of March
1897, reads thus: '

"Section 3. The fire wardens of each township throughout the
Commonwealth shall, in the first week of each term of the court of
quarter sessions of their respective counties, make returns to said
court, under oath or affirmation, of all violations occurring within
their respective townships, which may come or be brought to their
notice, of any of the provisions of any law now enacted, or hereafter
to be enacted, for the purpose of protecting forests from fire, and it
shall be the special duty of the judge of said court to see these
returns are faithfully made; and on failure of any fire warden to
comply with this provision, or if it be found upon examination or
inquiry by said court that any fire warden has either wilfully or
negligently omitted to report all such violation occurring within hi?

36

township, or having failed to perform his duty as sot forth in section
one of this act, such fire warden or constable shall be deemed guilty
of wilfully or negligently making a false return, or neglect of duty,
and the court shall suspend him from office and direct the district
attorney to indict and try him, and if found guilty, he shall be fined
in a sum not exceeding fifty dollars, and undergo an imprisonment
rot exceeding three months, both or either, at the discretion of the
court.''

I would call particular attention to the fact that it is a special duty
of the judges to see that these return.^ are faithfully made.

I firmly believe that in every case where constables of townships
fail to do their duty in suppressing forest fires in public lands, that
the Forestry Department should endeavor to bring them to punish-
ment for failure to perform their duties, and where they have hon-
estly rendered their services required by law in suppressing fire on
State lands, and for which the county commissioners refuse to remun-
erate them according to law, that the case should be carried by the
Department to court, and if the decision of the court is against the
Department, that an appeal should be taken to a superior court.
The present condition is intolerable.

On the State lands it is important that fire lanes should be cut
as promptly as possible, and that these lanes should so cross each
other that a fire, once started, could be confined more readilv to
limited areas. These fire lanes should be practically kept clear of
underbrush. No better example of a fire lane can be found than that
which has been cut through the woods over the ground beneath
which the pipe lines conveying the oil are buried.

In the care of the State lands up to this time but few wardens
have been appointed. There is a twofold reason for this apparent
neglect of an obvious duty. In the first place it was difficult to
obtain a suitable class of men for this work. There is no la(!k of
candidates, but the absolute unfitness of many of these for the work
was so apparent that it would have been nothing short of a crime
to have appointed them.

In the second place the largest body of the State lands still
remains unsurveyed for the reason that the external boundaries are
not y^\ fixed, and that constant additions to these areas continue to
be made. The appointment of a warden to care for lands which
have not yet been properly outlined upon the ground would have
been, in many instances, premature, and likely to have led to con-
stant conflict. Another reason, and a still more important one, is
that as the forestry movement is a new one and can only advance
as rapidly as public sentiment allows it to move, that 'the Com-
mission would have been severely censured for reckless extravagance

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townsliip, or liavino- failed to poifonii his duty as set forth in siMtion
one of this act, siieli tire warden or eonstabh' sliall be deemed '^nUiy
of wilfully or neoliovntiy niakinn^ a false return, or neohn-t of dnt3%
and the court shall suspend him from ottiee and direct the district
attorney to indict and try him, and if found guilty, he shall be fined
in a sum nor excei^din- fifty dollars, and underoo an imprisonment
not exceeding three montlis, both or eitlier, at the discretion of the
court/'

I would call particular attention to the fact that /f is a special duty
of the judges to see that these returns are falthfxdhj made.

I firmly believe that in every case where constables of townsliips
fail to do their duty in suppressino^ forest fires in public lands, that
the Forestry Department should endeavor to brino- ihem to punish-
ment for failure to perform their duties, and where th<'v have hon-
estly rendered their services recpiired by law in suppre^'sing fire on
State lands, and for which the county commissioners refuse to remun-
erate them accordin- to law, that the case should hv carried by the
Department to court, and if the decision of the court is aoaiust the
Department, that an aj^i^eal should be talaai to a sui)eHor court.
The present condition is intolcMable.

On the State lands it is important tliat fire huies should be cut
as promptly as possible, and that these lanes should so cross each
other that a fire, once started, could be confined more readily to
limited areas. Thc^se fire lanes should be practically kei)t cl(^•ir of
underbrush. Xo better example of a fire lane can be found than that
which has been cut throu-h the wockIs over the -round beneath
which the i)ipe lines conveying- the oil are buried.

In the care of th(^ State lands up to this tiiue but few ward(Mis
have been appointed. There is a twofcdd reason for this aj^parent
iieo-leet of an obvious duty. In ihe first place it was dillicult to
obtain a suitable class of m<Mi for this work. There is no lack of
candidates, but the absolute unfitness of many of thc^se for the work
was so apparent that it would have been nothino shcut of a crime
to have apj)ointed tliem.

In th(. second place tlie lar-est body of the State hinds still
remains unsurveyed Un- the reason that th<' exiernnl boundaries are
m)t yi^\ fixed, r.nd lliat ccmstant additions to these areas continue to
be ma(h'. The appointment of a warden to care for lands which
have not y,^i been properly outlined upon the orcind would have
b(M'n, in many instances, premature, and likelv to have led to con-
stant conflict. AnotlH^r reason, and a still more important one, is
that as the forestry movement is a new one and can onlv advance
as rapidly as ]mblie sentiment allows it to move, that the Com-
mission would have been severely censured for reckless extravagance

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

37

_ and waste of public funds by appointing even a few of the many
wardens wliose position were most clearly indicated. To have ex-
ceeded the limits imposed by public sentiment might have led to a
serious check to the forestry work. It is unfortunate that such condi-
tions should prevail, but we can only accept the facts as we find them
and utilize the forces that are favorable to the work. '

I am of the opinion that there should be, however, for every five
thousand (5,000) acres of State land, one competent mounted warden
appointed, and that he should live permanently upon the land as-
signed to his care, and that the State should claim and require from
him all of his time. That it should be his duty to protect the State
lands against depredations and forest fires, and to assist the Game
and Fish wardens, and constables in the performance of their duties
For the service of such a warden employed throughout the vear
the sum of 150.00 per month would be an ample compensation, unless
he were a trained forester, capable of rendering professional service
as such, to the State.

From the fifteenth of March until the fifteenth of June, in regions
which were especially liable to destruction by forest fires these
wardens should have the authority to employ, temporarily, 'one or
more assistants to prevent fires from acquiring a start. It usually
costs as much to suppress a forest fire as it does to prevent it In
the former case you lose the timber, in the other you save it This
same authority should be given to the wardens for the months of
October and November.

At present there is no fixed standard of payment, and no fixed
erea assigned to our forest wardens. There existed reasons, which
Jt IS not necessary here to detail, why this was unavoidable It
appears, however, that the time is ripe for a complete, radical change
HI the matter, and I cannot too strongly urge that it should be made
at once, and that no warden should, under any consideration what-
ever, be retained in tlie service of the State unless it can be shown
that he renders a faithful, conscientious, and an effective service
AVe cannot too soon discharg(> any warden after it has become appar-
ent that he does not have a personal, honest interest in the work.

In addition to these wardens, there should, in mv judgment be
appointed a superintendent over every five wardens. ' These supeVin-
vendents should be men skilled in forestry, capable of conducting
business transactions and of directing the necessary work in the
region assigned to them. It is possible to obtain such men for $100.00
a month. In addition to their salary, they should be obliged to be
constantly upon, or in the immediate vicinitv of their ground and
a suitable mount should be supplied by the State for such officers
The basis upon which the Forestry Commission is moving is that

38

the State must have, eventually, at least one million acres of land.
It is to be hoped to acquire this during the present administration.

If the recommendations here made should go into effect, it would
mean the appointuient of two hundred wardens. This would require
for their salaries the sum of |120,000. In addition to the salaries
of the wardens there would be required ?48,000 for the services of
the superintendents. This means an expenditure of |168,000 annu-
ally for the care of the State lands. It is well to face this problem
squarely at the outset. The State has entered upon a problem which
President Roosevelt has wisely pronounced to be the most impor-
tant question of internal government before the people today. It has
entered upon it, not because it wished to do so, but simply because it
was necessary for the continued prosperity of the people. Without
it the fertility of our soil would diminish, the flow in the streams
of our State become irregular, our wood-requiring industries would
languish, and the balance of Nature, which it has required unknown
centuries to produce, would be changed, to the infinite harm of
our citizens.

We may wisely postpone the consideration of this subject, or we
may foolishly refuse to provide the means which the forestry w^ork
requires, but we cannot change the laws of Nature or avert the
disastrous consequences of our failure to obey them. I, therefore
urge, as earnestly as I can, that this work of properly' caring for
the ground which the State acquires be at once attended to, and
and that no short-sighted, parsimonius policy be allowed to inter-
fere with the work which has been so well begun, a work which
''helps every one, harms no one, and which pleases God."

It is never economy in the long run to neglect to provide for our
national safety, because in its keeping rests the prosperity and safety
of every individual. If the forestry work of the State is not to be
properly done, it had better be abandoned at once, but if abandoned,
disaster to the Commonwealth may be regarded as assured.

We think it worth while to expend a million or more dollars in
decoration of the Capitol and ground upon which it stands. Is it
wise to expend less upon the preservation and perpetuity of the
Comniou wealth for which the Capitol exists?

Thus far we have not considered forestry from the point of view
of its financial returns to the State. Whatever else will happen,
there never will come a time when the world can find a perfect sub-
stitute for wood. We may go further than this and say that we
cannot think it possible, or probable, that the demand for wood will
fail to increase as the centuries pass. Whilst in many lines of indus-
try we are finding substitutes for wood, at the same time we con-
tinue to find and multiply new uses for it.

89

The basis of our national life, that upon which everything else
immediately depends, is agriculture. Our population is increasing
rapidly and making every possible allowance for the increase of
yield in our acres, as we farm them better, the fact still remains
that every acre of soil which will produce a better crop of cereal
grains than of anything else, will ultimately be devoted to farming
interests. This, of course, means that the production of timber will
be limited to such portions of the State as cannot be farmed, and
that in order to supply the timber which is necessary for our indus-
tries and our comfort, every acre of timber land must produce its
largest crop of timber.

As the population increases, and as the timber of the country be-
comes scarcer, the price of the forest productions will eventually
increase. This means that the State will receive a large financial
return for every cent which it has invested, or will invest in timber
production, if it conduct its operations upon a proper business basis.

It is not too much to say that over and above all of the climati. and
agricultural advantages, growing out of forestry to the State, that
there will be in the long run more than a return of interest and prin-
cipal to the Commonwealth for the money which it devotes to forest
preservation and restoration. It is an established fact also that
the increase of financial return to the State, in forests which are
properly managed, is always in excess of the difference between the
money expended for good and for bad management.

In order that the State may realize these financial returns, two
things are requisite. First, that the annual destruction of grow-
ing timber by forest fires should be prevented. There are certain
districts in the State where this will be a slow process. There are
certain other districts of the State reservation where protection of
the growing timber is quite possible. For an example, in the pur-
chases already made, the Commonwealth has come into possession
of many abandoned farms. The largest proportion of these farms
is ready at any time to be made into plantations of white pine.
These old farms have now, or had, buildings upon them, and they -
are suitable locations upon which the warden of that district might
reside, and where he could care for and protect the growing tim-
ber. A most encouraging start in the production of white pine ??eed-
lings has already been made at the nursery connected with the for-
estry school on the South Mountain Reservation.

There never will be a surplus of white pine in the world, nor will
there ever come a time when the market for it will fail.

As a side issue it would perhaps be wise for the Legislature to
consider the propriety of furnishing (under certain fixed conditions
which would guarantee successful planting and growing, or at least

40

41

render it probable), to the land owners of the State, gratuitously,
white pine seedlings. These can be raised at an almost nominal cost.
There is not a portion of this Commonwealth in which white pine
cannot be grown successfully, and there are but a few farm houses
or barns whose comfort and often whose safety would not be in-
creased by a wind screen of pines on the side most exposed to severe
storms. On almost every farm there is an acre or two of ground
where these seedlings might be profitably planted and prove to
be a good investment; and what is true of white pine is, in a meas-
ure, and under certain conditions, true of every other valuable
kind of timber-producing tree which grows within the limits of
this State. The market value of our common black locust, in the
near future, is already assured, and until our citizens learn how to
produce these seedlings, themselves, it would probably be wise for
• the State to make this gratuitious offer.
I desire to invite attention to the following:

AN ACT

To encourage the preservation of forests by providing for a rebate

of certain taxes levied thereon.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That in consideration of the public
benefit to be derived from the retention of forest or timber trees,
the owner or owners of land in this Commonwealth, having on it
forest or timber trees averaging not less than fifty trees to the acre,
each of said trees to measure at least eight inches in diameter at a
height of six feet above the surface of the ground, with no portion
of the said land absolutely cleared of the said trees, shall, upon filing
with the county treasurer of their respective counties and with the
tax collectors of their respective townships or districts an affidavit
made by said owner or owners, or by some one in his, her, or their
behalf, setting forth the number of acres of timber land within the
requirements of this act, be entitled to receive annually, during the
l)eriod that said trees are maintained in good condition upon the
said land, a rebate equal to eighty per centum of all taxes, local and
county, annually assessed and paid upon said land, or so much of
the eighty per centum as shall not exceed in all the sum of forty-five
cents per acre, the said rebate to be deducted from the said taxes,
pro rata, and receipted for by the respective tax collectors or county
treasurers: Provided, however. That no one property owner shall
be entitled to receive said rebate on more than fifty acres.

Section 2. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are
hereby repealed.

Approved—The 11th day of April, A. D. 1901.

WILLIAM A. STONE.

This law is just and wise in all of its provisions. To admit that
this law has not become as widely operative as it should have been
is simply to admit an undeniable fact which requires an explana-
tion. In some counties the rebate allowed by law has been grudg-
ingly given; in others it has been wholly refused, even after all of
the legal requirements had been observed. In other counties the
statement has been officially made to the assessors that if certain
parties demand the tax rebate for standing timber, that an increase
of value should be placed upon the land to compensate for the tax
reduction. It appears if this statement be substantiated, that
there should be more legal redress. The law, I believe, declares that
assessment shall have a certain fixed proportion to the value of the
property assessed. If there is any deviation from this by the county
officers, upon their own individual authority, it would appear as if
it w^erc official malfeasance, to which at least the attention of the
court might be called.

In assisting to frame the law creating the Department of Forestry,
the Hon. William A. Stone, then Governor of the Commonwealth,
forseeing that the Forestry Commission would be, of necessity, re-
quired to devote a very considerable portion of time and labor to
this work, had inserted a clause allowing each Commissioner, in
addition to his annual expenses, a salary of |300 per year. I be-
lieved at the time that it was unnecessary. I have since become con-
vinced that it was a wise provision, for the reason that there come
times when it is necessary for the members of this Commission to
leave their homes for a considerable period, at a financial lo3s to
themselves, in order to attend to •the work of the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth is neither disabled, poor, nor blind, and is there-
fore not a subject for charity. It exacts compensation in some shape
for the service which it renders and it should therefore grant com-
pensation for the service which it receives, and I therefore suggest
that, in addition to the actual expense of travel on State duty, that
the members of the Commission should receive a compensation of
?7.00 a day for the time actually expended in State work, pro voided
that no Commissioner, except the President of the Board, should
receive for his services, in addition to the necessary expense of travel,
a sum greater than |500.00 a year. This would enable the Commis-
sioner to attend to his duties without great financial loss to him-
self, and yet the sum would be too small to make a place on the
Commission worth seeking by those who had no other interest in
the work than to draw the salary.

Pennsylvania, in the general condition of her forestry legisla-
tion, may be safely considered as well in advance of auy other State
in the Union. It is needless to say, howeve*', that rht^re is still

42

room for great advance in our forestry laws. Some of the changes
have already been hinted at in this report.

There remains one direction in which our State may safely move
along a line which has hitherto received scant recognition from the
friends of forestry. I allude now to the use of the State Fort stry
Reservations as outing grounds and sanatoria for the citizens of the
Commonwealth, and especially those whose limited means preclude
the possibility of their seeking the more distant regions to which
cur ^'summering citizens'' go. Every acre of land purchased by the
Commonwealth as a part of this Forestry Reservation system has
been paid for by the citizens of the Commonwealth; it therefore is
absolutely theirs, theirs to be used for any purpose which they may
seek or assign to it. It is nothing whatever to the purpose to assert
that this land was purchased for the purpose of forest restoration
and production. This is entirely true; but the public has not been
slow to recognize the fact that it might properly be utilized for
other most important purposes without in any way interfering with
its uses for forestry.

The constantly increasing demands made for camping grounds
upon the State oflScers, who have these lands in charge, cannot
longer be ignored. These demands must either be granted under
certain conditions or they must be wholly refused. We may gain
something to guide us by the action of the forest authorities of New
York, who allow camping parties in any portion of public lands of
the State, provided that no permanent structures are erected. The
citizens of that State may erect their tents for camping purposes
upon any portion of its vast public domain. For the purpose of the
sportsman this is all sufficient, and the example thus set is already
practically followed by the forest authorities of our Commonwealth,
as the following extracts from the forestry rules will show:

"7. No person will be permitted to erect a camp who has not
accepted in writing the camping rules and received a camping per-
mit.

"8. Every person receiving a camping permit must report to the
Commissioner of Forestry, at Harrisburg, any violation of law, or of
the rules for the government of the State Forestry Reservation
lands coming under his observation.

"9. No permanent camp or other structure may be erected on the
reservation.

"10. The pre-emption of any ground as a special camp site to the
exclusion of others who may desire to camp near, and who have
permission to camp on .St ate lands, will not be permitted.

"11. Al? persons who desire to picnic upon the State Forestry
Reservation lands, remaining for a less time than a day and not over

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uight, are not regarded as campers and will not be required to pro-
cure a camping permit, but will be governed in all other respects by
these rules."

The fact that a permit is required to camp on the State grounds
is practically no hindrance whalever, as any reputable citizen of the
Commonwealth can obtain this permit by simply asking for it, and
the only object of this requirement is in order to enable the authori-
ties to know who is upon the ground; and this is what any private
citizen would expect to know about persons who were upon his hold-
ings.

There is, how^ever, another class of citizens who have still stronger
claims upon the liberality of the State. I refer now to those in fail-
ing health, and particularly to those who are threatened with tuber-
culosis. An invalid is always to a greater or less extent a tax. Even
if he does not require help from his family or from the public, his
earning capacity is, as a rule, reduced below that of his healthly,
normal condition. In other words, invalidism is a loss to the Com-
monwealth. The more chronic it is, the more serious is the loss. The
broad proposition, then, is true: that in order to avert this drain
upon the productive energy of the State the Commonwealth is justi-
fied in doing what it may to diminish it.

It would certainly be a moderate estimate if I were to say that
within the limits of Pennsylvania there are today five thousand
of its citizens who are in need of rest, change of scene, and life amid
healthy surroundings, and who, nevertheless, are so reduced in cir-
cumstances that they cannot seek these conditions in remote regions.
It may be, indeed, that some of them are the bread winners for their
families, but in the ordinary course of events most of them will
soon cease to be such, and become charges upon those whom they
are now endeavoring to support.

Furthermore, it is true that those of this number who are afflicted
with tuberculosis may become public scourges, because their dis-
ease is one which may readily be transmitted from one individual to
another. They walk our public thoroughfares; they swarm the slums
and back alleys of our cities; they ride in our public conveyances;
they are everywhere about us. They cannot be ignored; they should
not be ostracized; they are brethren, human beings requiring our
sympathy and our aid, for in most instances their disease is (heir
misfortune and comes from no fault of theirs.

Common prudence demands their separation from those to whom
they might communicate the disease; common humanity demands
that we assist them so far as in us lies; common sense dictates that
we grant them the use, under proper restrictions, of the State For-
estry Reservations; because, first, they are the part owners of these

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uight, are uot regaided as camijers and will uot be required to pro-
cure a camping- permit, but will be governed in all other respects by
these rules/'

The fact that a permit is required to camp on the State grounds
is practically no hindrance wha!<'V( r, as any reputable citizen of the
Commonwealth can obtain this permit by simply asking for it, and
the only object of this requirement is in order to enable the authori-
ties to know who is ui)on the ground; and this is what any private
citizen would expect to know about persons who were upon his hold-
ings.

There is, however, another class of citiz(Mis who have still stronger
claims upon the liberality of the State. I refer now to those in fail-
ing health, and particularly to those who are threatened with tuber-
culosis. An invalid is always to a greater or less extent a tax. Even
if he does not recpiire help from his family or from the publii% his
earning cai)acity is, as a rule, reduced below that of his healthly,
normal condition. In other words, invalidism is a loss to the Com-
monwealth. The more chronic it is, the more serious is the loss. The
broad proposition, then, is true: that in order to avert this drain
upon the productive energy of the State the Commoinvealth is justi-
fied in doing what it may to diminish it.

It would certainly be a moderate estimate if I were to say that
within the limits of Tennsylvania there are today five thousand
of its citizens who are in need of rest, change of scene, and life amid
healthy surroundings, and who, nevertheless, are so reduced in cir-
cumstances that they cannot se(Ov these conditions in remote regions.
It may be, indeed, that some of them aie the bread winners for their
families, but in the ordinai'y course of events most of them will
soon cease to be such, and become charges upon those whom they
are now endeavoring to sui)port.

Furthermore, it is true that those of this number who are afflicted
with tuberculosis may become ]Miblic scourges, because their dis-
ease is one which mny readily b(^ transmitted from one individual to
another. They walk our jniblic tlioroughfares; they swarm the slums
and back alleys of our cities; they ride in our public conveyances;
they are everywhere about us. They cannot be ignored; they should
not be osli'acized; they ar(» brethren, liiiman beings requiring our
sym])athy and our aid, for in most instances tlicMr dis(\ase is I heir
misfortune and comes from no fault of theirs.

Common prudence demands their separation fiom those to whom
they might communicate the disease; common humanitv d(Mnands
(hat we assist them so far ms in us lies; comnion sense dictates that
we grant them the use, under piojjer restrictions, of the State For-
estry l\eservations; because, first, they are the part owners of these

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

u

lands, and second, because in going upon the reservation they cease
to be propagators of the disease, and third, because their restora-
tion to health is practically as certain there as it would be in any
known part of the United States. This is not a wholly new experi-
ment, as the following will show:

AN ACT

Making an appropriation for the erection and fitting of a sanatorium,
and for the maintenance thereof on the State Forestry Reserva-
tion at Mont Alto, in Franklin or Adams counties, and authoriz-
ing the Commissioner of Forestry to make and enforce rules and
regulations governing the same.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That immediately after the passage
ol this act, the Commissioner of Forestry shall select a suitable site
for the erection of a sanatorium for poor consumptives, within the
bounds of the State Forestry Reservation, located near Mont Alto,
in Franklin county. He shall have authority to select and decide
upon a design for said sanatorium, and the material out of which it
shall be constructed, and shall have full power to make contracts
for its construction, but he shall make no contracts in excess of the
appropriation herein named; the total cost of the said sanatorium,
and its maintenance for the two fiscal years beginning June first,
one thousand nine hundred and three, shall not exceed the sum of
eight thousand dollars.

Section 2. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this
act the sum of eight thousand dollars is hereby specifically appropri-
ated out of any moneys in the State Treasury not otherwise appro-
priated; the said appropriation to be paid by the State Treasurer
upon warrants drawn by the Auditor General, from time to time as
the work progresses, upon specifically itemized vouchers, approved
by the Commissioner of Forestry and the Governor.

Section 3. That after completion of said sanatorium, the same
shall be under the control and management of the Commissioner of
Forestry, who is hereby empowered to take control of said sanatorium
and make and enforce such rules and regulations, in relation thereto
and the use thereof, as in his judgment shall be deemed best and
proper.

Approved— The 15th day of May, A. D. 1903.

SAML. W. PENNYPACKER.

By authority of this act a camp sanatorium has been successfully
opened near Mont Alto, in the South Mountain Forestry Reserva-
tion.

45

Since June 1, 1903, there have been seventy-one inmates in this
camp. Of this number there have been discharged, or are now ready
to be discharged, or soon will be ready to be discharged, enough pa-
tients to aggregate sixty-six per cent, of the entire number, in such
condition that they may be regarded as cured of tuberculosis. By
the term cured I mean that these patients are now so nearly restored
to their normal condition that they have ceased to be a danger to
the public and can follow some healthful out-door vocation with
almost no probability of the disease again appearing. On the con-
trary, it is supposed that the vast majority of those who are dis-
charged as cured will continue to improve until there shall be no
apparent signs of tuberculosis about them. It is not to be expected,
however, that if after these patients have been discharged as cured
they should return again to the conditions under which tuberculosis
originally developed, that it will fail to re appear, and if it should
so re-appear, it cannot be logically regarded as a failure on the part
of the sanatorium work, for like causes may always be expected to
produce like results. An appropriation from the Legislature should
be requested this winter to increase the efficiency of, and to enlarge
the facilities for continuing the work at Mont Alto.

It does not appear, however, that the State should confine its
efforts in suppression of tuberculosis to the work so well commenced
at White Haven and at Mont Alto. The State land is to be found
now, or soon will be, it is hoped, in every portion of our great Com-
monwealth. White Haven is situated in the northeastern portion of
the Commonwealth; Mont Alto is situated in the southern central
part, but there remains the whole of the western half of the State
which is entirely unprovided for, and it is not likely that any reser-
vation will be created in a portion of the State which is unfitted for
sanatorium purposes which we are now considering, because the land
which would naturally fall into our forest reservation is high, dry
and healthful as a rule.

I would, therefore, respectfully submit that the Forestry Com-
mission be, by law, empowered to set apart upon the State Reserva-
tions suitable areas of one hundred acres each, upon which those
who are in search of health might be, under certain restrictions,
allowed to go and erect permanent cabins or cottages in which to
remain so long as the physician in charge considered their presence
necessary for themselves or desirable for the camp, and that these
cabins or cottages should be built in accordance with fixed plans and
placed so as to conform to the arrang(unents adopted for the camp,
and that when those who erected those buildings should h(s dis-
missed frohi the camp, that the said buildings were to become the
property of the Commonwealth, and the builders thereof should have
no further rights in them whatever.

46

The object of this last restriction may require an explanation. In
the first place it would prevent the outlay of unnecessary expense
upon the buildings, which would tend to make them desirable as
permanent homes for the inmates. In the second place, the delivery
of these cabins to the Commonwealth, by those who had erected
them, would be a return to the State for^the benefits which the
inmates of the camp might be supposed to have received, and thus
in time a sufficient number of buildings would be erected without
cost to the Commonwealth to accommodate a very considerable por-
tion of our population who might be in need of such abodes. It is
quite within the limits of possibility to erect a building of this kind
sufficiently large for two individuals to pass a winter in, comfortably
and safely, for sixty dollars. The only expense to the Commonwealth
for such camps would be that of a physician, dispensary and an over-
seer; the patients being expected to care for themselves, and keep
the camp in a safe and sanatory condition.

It needs but a moment's consideration to realize that such isola-
tion of the patients would reduce to a minimum the danger of ever
communicating the disease to other persons, and would at the same
time place them in communities by themselves, where they could
be supervised and where their surroundings would be of a character
most likely to lead to a return to health. And it may be regarded
as fairly probable that this plan offers th<3 cheapest solution, in part,
of a great problem which is pressing upon us, and the consideration
of which cannot long be delayed.

In conclusion, I wish here to offer my sincere thanks to all the
officers and citizens of the State who have in any way assisted or
encouraged me in my labors during the eleven years of my official
service.

'

47

REPORT OF THE STATE FORESTER.

GEORGE H. WIRT.

It is very true that the greater part of the preliminary work on a
forest reservation is of such a nature that at the end of one year it
is difficult to note much advance over the work done in the preced-
ing year. We are still almost at the beginning of preliminary work,
and it is necessary for us to make haste slowly. To do this one must
accept the conditions as they are and the results that follow, until,
with a gradual change, larger and better results can and must be
expected. i

For the year 1903 the Forester may seem to have very little to
report owing to the above, and, in addition, to a very small force
of regularly employed men. But during 1904, with a larger force of
men available, a real appreciable amount of work has been accom-
plished.

The old Mont Alto estate is now undergoing a systematic improve-
ment and forestry work proper is being rapidly advanced. Aoove
all, there is a better understanding of local conditions and needs
which gives one an insight into the future, an idea of the work that
must be done, the questions which must be met, and the methods
to be followed. For these reasons this report will be in two parts.
The first part will deal with the work that has been done during the
years 1903 and 1904 and the results; and the second will deal with
the needs of the immediate future, not only on this reservation, but
also on the other reservations in general.

Part I.

It is nothing more than proper that, before an enumeration of
the work done, some explanation be made relative to the force of
men available and their relative ability. First, it must be understood
that it was the idea to have those regularly appointed do the greater
part of the work on the reservation, and in fact what forestry work
has been done was done by them, as well as a large part of the
work of clearing away old buildings, rubbish, etc.. and a number of
the repairs and changes made in and around what is now the Forest
Academy. The year of 1903 began with an Assistant Forester and

48

^

two student-assistants whom the Forester could use for accomplish-
ing his work. In April of that year another student-assistant came.
These men were willing enough to work; but the student-assistants
w^ere young and not accustomed to hard work. Indeed, they were
hardly strong enough to do a man's work. In September, 1903. ten
young men reported for duty. These constituted the first class in
the Forest Academy. On the first of April, 1904, the Assistant For-
(ster and one student left the school. In September of 1904 seven
new students reported at the academy, becoming the second class,
and making in all twenty men. Most of these are young men who
knew very little about work before coming here, and there are at
present only a few who can do the work of an ordinary laboring
man. They are here as students; consequently they do not work as
many hours as a laboring man would, not averaging more than five
hours a day through the whole year. When these matters are con-
sidered the work that has been done does not seem small to those
w^ho realize what some of the work necessitates; to others it is use-
less to explain.

Improvement Cuttings, Etc.

In the fall of 1902 thinnings were begun in several small stands
of white pine near the South Mountain Camp Sanatorium. As soon
in 1903 as the weather permitted this work was continued until
about two acres were put into good condition. Not only was the
stand thinned, but the remaining trees were pruned to a height of
from twenty to thirty feet. Two car loads of imlp wood and about
twenty cords of branch wood were obtained from this operation.

In addition to the two car loads of pulp wood, as above, and about
125 telephone poles, used in the erection of telephone lines on the
reservation, about six hundred cords of fire wood were removed from
the reservation during the year. Requests for fire wood were re-
ceived constantly, and early in the year an arrangement was made
for the sale of dead wood. Persons who purchased wood were asked
to sign the following agreement:

"In return for the privilege granted to me by the Department of
Forestry, in allowing me to obtain wood at fifty (50) cents per cord,
from State land, I hereby promise:

"First. To cut onlv dead wood unless otherwise directed.

"Second. To have wood, before removed, in such shape that it
may be measured and the cords estimated.

"Third. To pay for all wood in advanc^e of removal.

"Fourth. To notify the superintendent, or his agent, at least twen-
ty-four (24) hours before beginning work of cutting or of removal.

"Fifth. Never to fire the woods, and just so far as in my power
to aid in keei>ing fires out of the woods."

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Inhere is a very large amount of dead and worthless wood on the
reservation that is better out of the forest than in it, for many
reasons. It is policy to dispose of this with least cost and with as
large a revenue as is possible. At first, objections were raised as
to the base of measurement, the general desire being that a certain
sum be charged for a one-horse load. This, of course, would be
unsatisfactory because of the irregularity in the amount hauled.
Later, it was stated that the price was too high. At this price, until
the wood is chopped, hauled to market, and split for the stove, it
costs the user about |2.00 a cord, where green cord wood, delivered,
costs 13.00. Such being the case, it is readily seen to be compara-
tively cheap wood. However, the good-will of the people is one of
the things most desired. If it is thought the wood is costing too
much and no one is allowed to take green wood, it is not likely that
fires will be created, so that dead wood can be had for little or noth-
ing. It is not at all necessary that the wood be cut into cord length
and ranked, but it must be measured, either on piles or on the
wagons, and paid for before removal. There is then no question as
to the money. The sale of wood kept two men busy most of their
time; but along with this duty they were able to guard a consider-
able area of the reservation. The promise in regard to fire, no doubt,
did some good in most cases. The fact that each man had to put
his name on paper below such a promise made it more effectual
than if simply taken orally. In this connection, it is safe to say
that if the forestry work in this region has done nothing else for the
good of the community, it has accomplished one result, which is
of much importance. It is a fact that absolutely refusing to give
wood away and protecting the reservation from theft has forced a
number of men to work out for themselves an honest living.

During 1004 three more carloads of pulp wood and nearly tbirty
cords of branch wood were cut from the pine grove's near the Sana-
torium. At the foot of Pine Mountain an improvement cutting was
begun and nearly one hundred acres have been cut over during the
year. Over two hundred cords of first-class fire wood, two thousand
feet board measure in logs, twenty-five telephone poles, two hundred
fence posts and one hundred rails were taken out. Two-thirds of
the fire wood has been sold to local customers alone, and there is
• still a demand. Two dollars per cord is the price paid for this
wood, ranked along the road in the forest, and it is then hauled from
one to five miles into the valley. The cords are put up full measure
find a reputation for '^lonest cords'' is already established. The
d(Muand ])romises to hold out for some time and to such an extent
that th(» wood will be needed faster than it can be cut. Up to this
time, the wood was mixed as cut without making any grades out of it.

50

From now on it will be more satisfactory to grade it and fix the price
accordingly.

The sale of dead wood has continued during the year at fifty cents
per cord, about 885 cords having been removed. This method has
also been adopted on the Caledonia part of the reservation and seems
to be a success. On a tract of land near Pondtown, the dead wood
was removed in this way during 1903. A fire occurred there in April,
1902, killing everything on the ground. Now there is a thick coppice
growth of oak and chestnut from eight to twelve feet high and in
good, thrifty condition. On adjoining land, where the trees were
killed by the same fire, but were not removed, the sprouts are not
so thrifty nor do they cover the ground with so dense a growth.

Plantations.

On one of the spring Arbor Days of 1903 eight hundred two-year
old white pines were planted in what is known as the Monahan Field.
At that time the ground was still cold and wet, so no more were put
in. About the first of May eight hundred more were planted. This
filled up the enclosure made in 1902, when five thousand two-year
old white pines were planted. This plantation is doing well. On
an average over ninety per cent, of the seedlings planted grew suc-
cessfully.

In the spring of 1904 a small area within this plantation was
cleaned of weeds in order to get a good photograph of the seedlings.
It was noticed at the end of the season that those still surrounded
by high weeds did as well, if not better, than those from which
the weeds were removed, and that the average growth during the
year 1904 was eight inches, while that of 1903 was only five inches.
In the spring of 1904 two thousand two-year old western catalpas
were bought and planted on an area within the sanatorium enclosure.
One thousand were planted ten feet apart each way and one thousand
were planted with white pine two years old in alternate rows five
feet apart, the catalpas being ten feet in the rows and the white
pines being five feet in the rows. One thousand white pines were
planted pure. These seedlings are in the same plantation and sub-
ject to the same conditions and the plantation itself was the first
of a series that is being planned for experiment and observation.
In the fall of 1904 about one-half acre was planted with western and
eastern catalpas in alternate holes four feet apart each way. The
eastern catalpa were two years old, once transplanted. The
western were raised in our own nursery, but were only one year old.
Another half-acre was planted with western catalpa and b'ack locust,
each one year old, and raised from seed in our own nursery. These

51

plantations will be carefully watched and measured and handled in
various ways in order to test, thoroughly, the possibilities of the
difl'erent species. Other experiments will follow this coming spring.

Fires.

In April of 1903 one of the worst fires for some years occurred
in this neighborhood. The fire came at a time when everything was
perfectly dry in the woods, and during an extremely high wind.
Day after day and night after night it was fought, but with no avail.
There were several reasons why it could not be stopped sooner. The
first was a lack of system in fighting. It is only right that the alac-
rity with which the local inhabitants responded to the call for
fighters and the fearlessness with which they fought be recorded
and acknowledged here. Many of the older men have fought fires
year after year from boyhood and know how to do it well. When
the furnaces were running it was not unusual for almost the whole
force to go to the forest fire. There were plenty of men and ic did
not take them long to surround a fire. They would begin at one
end of the fire line, and, not far away from it, start their back fire,
a large number raking clear a path through the woods, several firing,
and a number scattered along the line to keep it from "jumping
the path." In this way they could go very rapidly and even gain
on the front of a fire that was driven by the wind. Different con-
ditions now exist. Men are not so easily had and it is barely possi-
ble to put a force of twenty-five men in line. Under the old system
such a small number makes little headway in catching a "header"
going faster than a man can run, or, even when it is going more
slowly. Not infrequently, after a day's or a night's firing, just about
the time the men think they have reached the worst point and expect
to follow an old road, they arrive on the spot to find the fire ahead
of them, on the other side, and all their past work for nothing. It
is disheartening to say the least. The thing that must be leained,
and the thing that is most difficult to get the older men to see, is
that every man of the small force must be in front of the running
fire, at the danger point, until it is cut off. Then they should sepa-
rate, one part following down one side line and the remainder follow-
ing the other side. In this way the raging fire is stopped at once
and the slow burning fire is fought leisurely. Another cause of poor
success is not from lack of roads, but because the roads have grown
almost shut. The men have no base from which to work. Again it
occurs that just about the time the fire is conquered the men are
completely tired out, and either lie down to rest or go home for
eonicthing to eat, with no one near to take their places. The fire

\

52

starts up again and in a few hours is on its road of destruction as
fierce as before.

Altogether about 10,000 acres were burned over, of which at least
eight thousand acres were reservation land. The expense foe the
extinguishment of these fires was nothing less than five hundred
dollars. The actual loss incurred over the entire area could not be
less than thirty thousand dollars, in addition to which there must be
considered the indirect loss to soil, streams, birds and game.

In April of 1904 there was a small fire which burned over about
four hundred acres. Fortunately a newly-opened fire lane led to a
most advantageous point in front of the fire, allowing the force to
get rapidly to the place of danger, and by quick action in stdTting
a back fire, the fire was kept within a small area. At this fire the
outfit or kegs and force pumps, as planned by Doctor Rothrock, Ex-
Commissioner of Forestry, proved to be of immense help and a per-
fect success. In November there was one small fire covering possibly
fifty acres and doing little damage. It occurred on a damp day aijd
burned slowly. When it was discovered, toward evening, it was
already dying out, but a force of men was called immediately and
a half-hour's work, with brush, was enough to suppress it.

Nursery Work.

The nursery work of the past two years has been very encouraging.
In the spring of 1903 the nursery was almost doubled in size and
about twenty pounds of white pine seed, some eastern catalpa and
two pounds of red spruce seed were sown. The nursery was kept
Clean of weeds and in good shape generally. Two large compost
heaps were made for fertilizer, to be used in a year or two. In the
fall a variety of seeds was planted, among which were white and red
oak, ash, maple, horse-chestnut, chestnut, birch and others. An
inventory of stock, at the end of the fall work, showed about 14.5,000
seedlings, as follows:

1,500 Three-year old white pine, transplants.
30,000 One-year old white pine seedlings, ready to be transplanted

in the spring of 1904.
100,000 One-year old white pine seedlings, to remain in bed«- for

another year.
10,000 Red spruce.
3,000 Catalpas (eastern).
500 White oaks.

Although the nursery work for 1903 was satisfactory, that of 1904
was more so. One of the older students of the Forest Academy was
placed in charge and supervised the work during the entire year.

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He planted in the spring something less than twenty pounds of white
pine seed, collected in this neighborhood in the fall of 1902; about
one pound of yellow pine (Pinus mitis); two pounds of Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga Donglasii); one-half pound of black locust, and six
pounds of western catalpa, four pounds of which failed entirely to
come up. These seeds did very well, but during the summer a num-
ber, in fact, most of the red spruce seedlings, were killed by a fungus
which seemed to persist in spite of constant working and of a coat-
ing of dry sand. Some of the white pines also damped off, which
will account for a lower estimate at the close of the season.

During the summer an attempt was made to transplant western
catalpa in the most unfavorable part of the year. On some of the
hottest days of July, seedlings, in their first season's growth, were
rudely pulled from the seed beds and transplanted. These seed-
lings all grew in spite of their hardships. By fall they were only
about one-half as high as those left in seed beds, but all had good
roots and a short-thick, well-barked stem. All of the western cacalpa
seedlings seemed to be as liable to attack from caterpillars as those
of the eastern variety, no fewer than ten different kinds being found
upon the seedlings. The catalpa worm, common on eastern catalpa
trees, proved to be the most destructive. Bordeaux mixture sprayed
over them several times during the growing season was sufficient
to destroy the caterpillars and prevent any damage.

The inventory at the end of the fall v. oik was as follows:

Name of Seedlings.

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Red Oak (Quercus rubra)

Chestnut Oak (Quercus prlnus)

White Oak (Quercus alba)

Red Ash (Fraxinus pubescens)

Common Horse Chestnut (Aesculns hippocastanum),

Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia)

Chestnut (Castanea satlva, var. Americana)

Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis)

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii)

Red Spruce (Picea rubra)

Eastern Catalpa (Catalpa blgnonioides). not transp!anted.

Eastern Catalpa, transplanted

Western Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). transplanted

Western Catalpa, not transplanted

White Pine (Pinus strobus)

White Pine

White Pine

White Pine

Total •.

of
of
of
of
of

Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Spring of
Fall of
Spring of
Spring of
Spring of
Spring of
Spring of
Spring of
Spring of
Fall of
Spring of
Spring of
Spring of

1903
1903
1902
1903
1903
1904
1903
1904
1904
1903
1903
1903
1904
1904
1902
1903
1903
1904

12

Inches

20

10

inches

660

6

inches

420

14

inches

5.350

9

inches

390

25

inches

510

12

inches

745

1*,^

inches

1.500

2"^

inches

5,575

^/i

inch

3,000

30

inches

485

46

inches

420

10

inches

4.720

30

Inches

17,000

3 to 5 inches

2,400

3

Inches

1.500

5

inches

71.400

2

inches

75,000

191,085

Of these, about 90,000 will remain in the nursery another jear.
leaving about 100,000 to be planted in plantation this coming, year.
These are ^'heeled in" over winter and will be ready for transporta-
tion as soon as needed. Three pounds of yellow poplar seed and one
bushel of black walnuts were planted. The remainder of the beds
unused were dug up for the frost to act upon. Compost, lime and
manure were mixed with the soil. Twenty pounds of white pine
seed, one bushel of walnuts and a large quantity of locust seed were ^
gathered, for i)lanting in the spring of 1905.

Roads.

The first work of the year 1903 along this line was laying out a
trail two feet wide at a seven per cent, grade. This trail was almost
completed, but had to be abandoned for the time being because of
other work. It is about two miles long and will avoid the steep
walk or ride up the main road, which leads to the Sanatorium
from Mont Alto. The road was in a bad condition, and at best is
steep, some places the grade being as high as thirty per cent, and
perhaps more. After the establishment of the Sanatorium it was
seen that this road had to be in good condition in order to facilitate
getting back and forth to the town and railway station. The work
was placed in charge of the superintendent of the reservation and
for a little over five hundred dollars he made, for one mile and a
quarter, one of the best roads in the county out of one that was
regarded as the "worst pull" in the whole county. People who
frequently use this road have made the statement that from two
hundred to five hundred pounds more can now be hauled up thj hill
on one load.

During the year about twenty miles of old roads have been opi ned
up and cleared of brush. On one road, about six miles in length,
not only the road itself, but about four feet on each side of the
road was cleared of small and worthless growth and the best trees
trimmed. These roads will make effectual fire lanes for the future,
and as far as possible will be worked into the road system of the
reservation.

In the spring of 1904 work was continued on the road from Mont
Alto to the Sanatorium. Eight-tenths of a mile more was repaired,
extending from the Monahan field to the "Camp." On account of
having to quarry all the stone used in the bed of the road, and of
increased expense for hauling, this part of the road cost more than
the mile and a quarter built last year. The total expense was about
seven hundred and fifty dollars. This road has stood the trial of a
j^ear's rains and travel, and as yet shows no signs of needing repairs.
It is a good example of road building in the mountains and proves

55

that it is not necessary for supervisors to pay $2,500 per mile for
making good roads.

As stated above, the grade up the mountain on this road is exces-
sive and several routes have been surveyed roughly to determine
where an easy grade to the top of the mountain can be cut. The
best route is to follow Brandon's Hollow to the White Rock Road
and then turn to the right on the flat and meet the main road at the
31onahan field. Such a road is a necessity, so in connection with the
improvement cutting made at the foot of Pine Mountain, the new
road was begun and extended a third of a mile to the end of the
improvement work. There was no road by which the wood could be
removed without considerable sledding and the new road simplified
the matter; but the ultimate aim is to push this road up the moun-
tain as soon as possible. The grade is mostly three per cent, and
no where over five per cent. This piece was built entirely by the
students from the academy, the value of the labor being estimated
at about f575.00.

Survey.

In October, 1903, the county surveyor began the outside lines of
the State lands, and in November, 1904, finished the boundary lines
of the Mont Alto estate and adjacent lands purchased by the State.
There remain only a few small interior tracts to be cut out. Occa-
sionally difficulties have been met in the form of local attraction,
inaccuracy in drafts, and at times the removal of corners.

For use on the reservation there has been purchased a surveyor's
compass and a transit. The survey of roads was begun and on a
tract of about fifteen hundred acres, enclosed by two main roads
and the boundary line of the estate, some measurements and data
for a working plan have been taken.

Forest Academy.

The last Legislature passed an act providing for practical instruc-
tion in forestry on the Mont Alto Reservation. In accordance with
this act, ten young men were appointed and reported for duty on the
first of September, 1903. Each student signed a contract, the most
important clause of which was that he would apply himself dili-
gently to such studies as might be assigned to him and would labor
faithfully and earnestly upon the forest reservations at whatever
work he might be set to do. The student was paid for his services
thirty dollars per month and in addition received his horse feed free
of charge. These boys came from various parts of the State. They
varied in age and mental and physical attainments, but under most
circumstances each one showed a perfect willingness to answer
any call that was given him. From the time they came, almost until

5(1

the Christmas vacation, there was more than enough to keep the
whole force busy in. the field. There was considerable work in the
nursery. They cut open the old roads for fire lanes, helped on the
survey line, and at innumerable small jobs that had to be done on or
about the reservation. It was the intention that half their time
should be spent in study and instruction, but the outside work was
pressing in many instances, the weather favored outdoor work, and
there was a desire to gi^e the young men a taste of continuo.us hard
work.

Several attempts were made to give the students definite time
for instruction, but other work would interfere, and it was not until
the third week in December that a program could be arranged and
carried out. Previous to that time they received instruction only
on about six rainy days and what was given in connection with their
work. The program which was finally adopted is as follows:

8:00 to 8:50 A. M. Second vear, forestrv and B arithmetic.
8:50 to 9:30 A. M. Business law.

9:30 to 10:20 A. M. First year, forestry and history of com-
merce.
11:30 to 11:50 A. M. A arithmetic.
1:00 to 2.20 P. M. B algebra.
2:20 to 3:00 P. M. Political geography.
3:00 to 3:50 A algrebra.
4:30 to 5:30 Tree botanv.

In September text-books were obtained and every evening th(»
students were required to be in their rooms at work from seven
o'clock to nine forty-five. Saturday mornings were usually sp(*at in
excursions into various sections of the forest, either for botanical
study or the collection of seeds, and following each excursion an
essay was written on what was studied or seen. Later in the fall,
after most of the students obtained ponies, cavalry drill was insti-
tuted. Occasionally infantry drill was substituted. The program
was followed more or less closely until the last week in March, 1904.
Outside work then began. The nursery had to be put in shaix', then
the improvement cutting was carried on, and during July and August
the new road in Brandon's Hollow was built. As director of work
in the woods, a man who has worked in the forest for a living and
who is a splendid overseer, was obtained. The instructors of the
winter were two in addition to the Forester.

After the new class of boys came in September, 1904, a new pro-
gram was adopted. Classes recite every morning, and every after-
noon there is work outside to do. The first-year class has been doing
the nursery work; the second-year men have been making roads

57

and improvement cuttings. These additional students were ap-
pointed after a mental and physical examination and with the pur-
pose of giving them a thr(»e-years' course, provided the school is sup-
ported as it should be. This course corresponds with the course
given at other schools where practice figures as largely as theory and
is one that will fit a hard-working young man for any position which
the State may have for him in forestry work. The plan of studying
and working every day, regularly, has given good results and will,
no doubt, be adopted permanently.

In the fall of 1903 a uniform was adopted, but it is already out of
date and needs to be revised.

Summary.

The year 1903 may be said to have been a year of beginnings and
the year of 1904 has seen those beginnings gradually unfold, giving
great promise for the future. The survey, which is the foundation
of forest management, has been successfully finished. Of next im-
portance was the first work on the road system. One of the prin-
ciples of forest finance is to obtain early revenues, and although the
Mont Alto estate has been in the possession of the State less than
three years, not an inconsiderable revenue has been taken from the
forest in the last two years. The importance and future work of the
Forest Academy cannot be estimated, for it is right to suppose that
upon it will depend the trend and efficiency of forestal work in this
State before many jears.

Part II.

What follows is, in many cases, of a very general nature, and
ai)plics to other reservations as well as to the South Mountain Rc^ser-
vation.

Completion of Survey.

No effective protection can be given any property before the boun-
daries of that property are established and known. Especially is
this so in regard to forest land. When lines are not w<»ll marked,
there is always a temptation to encroach just a little on the other
man's land and to remove wood or timber, if it is the kind desired.
When such is the case and the offender is to be brought to justice, it
is necessary to delay matters, sometimes considerably, until a survey
is made and absolute title to land proved. The uncertainty in regard
to lines often leads to much unpleasantness for those who are in
charge, making matters disagreeable both for the wardens and neigh-
bors, perhaps for years to come. Nor can the best management be
( arricd on Avithout a survey, for one* does not know what land and

5S

growth is to be planned for, and no divisions or compartments can
be made. Very often growth along the border should be dealt with
first. In a word, as the foundation of forestry work is the map,
the survey should be hastened as rapidly as possible.

After the boundaries come the roads, streams and contours. The
State already has a contour map of the South Mountain region which
will no doubt be of assistance to the Forester; but it is incomplete
and in such condition will never be satisfactory to those who have
to work with it or to those who will have to depend upon it for
reports. Maps like those used by the Bureau of Forestry at Wash-
ington, in New York State, and at Biltmore, as bases for forest man-
agement, cost from fifty-five to eight-five dollars per square mile.
The State has large forest areas for which maps are needed now or
will be needed before they can be made. Some action ought to be
taken in this direction at once. Those in charge of the survey of the
State, which is being made in connection with the Geological Sui'vey
at Washington, might thus bring about the survey of the Staters
own land immediately.

It is hard to obtain a large tract of woodland that is not dotted
here and there with small interior tracts. They are a constant source
of trouble and especially before a survey, for very often their boun-
daries are not given on any paper. The owners themselves seldom
know their lines, and it is not unusual to overstep the bounds. There
is a constant excuse for trespass. When it comes to planning roads
and for other reasons these interior tracts cause more expense than
five times their value. This condition exists on each reservation
and there are two things that should be done: Locate the tracts
by well-established marks at once, and then as rapidly as possible,
obtain possession of them at whatever cost.

In this connection ought to be considered the question of perma-
nent demarkation for lines and corners. Obviously whatever is used
must be lasting and of such a nature as not to be easily removed.
In the South Mountain region a limestone set on end is the usual
mark for a land corner. In the forest any corner mark should be
at least two feet out of the ground. A substantial stone about eight
inches square and four or five feet long might perhaps be the best
for the purpose. On the top of the stone could be cut lines indicating
the angle made and perhaps even giving the direction. The manner
of putting the stone into the ground is a consideration. If cemented
it is not likely to be removed without considerable work. Iron posts
of various patterns have been used also. A very simple method is
to have railroad iron welded into a T, burying the cross-bar about
four feet under ground. Between corners smaller stones or irons
should be set at regular intervals. In some instances, as on the

59

Delaware Reservation, nothing would be more practicable than to
build a trail or road along the boundary. Another method that could
be adopted in many cases is that of planting trees, such as white
oak or hickory, at regular distances on the line.

Roads.

When once a map is made a working plan can be made. But in
the absence of either there is still a great deal of work to do in the
way of improvement cuttings. The promptness and profit with which
this work can be done depends upon the rapidity with which the
roads are developed or improved. Nearly all the wood that is removed
in this way is of small value, consequently cannot stand much ex-
pense for bringing to market. This work should be completed as soon
as possible, for it is not until the worthless stuff is removed that the
forest can do its best. At least fifteen hundred acres of the Mont
Alto estate should be improved each year. This will mean, on an
average, the necessity of rebuilding three miles of good twelve-foot
dirt roads and the repair of about fifteen miles of minor roads.
Finally, at the end of fifteen years, the estate will be under fairly
good forestry conditions and in thirty years, with the completed
road system, will yield a revenue on all moneys invested equal to
that on any other investment in which the State is interested.
Within reservation bounds the Department of Forestry should have
entire control of all roads, so as not to be hindered by local influence.
For road work then each reservation should have a stone crusher
and steam roller. The road system will afford the best possible pro-
tection from fire.

Sale of Products.

With the work of improvement cutting comes the question of sup-
plying the market with the material removed from the forest. There
is usually no trouble to dispose of wood that can be worked up into
a few staple products, as for instance, railway ties, trolley ties, fence
posts, pulp wood, and a limited amount of fire wood. However, it
occurs that there is usually much more wood that is good for noth-
ing but fire wood than the market demands. The question the For-
ester must meet is how to get rid of such wood and at least cover
expenses. The first thing to be considered is a decrease in the cost
of transportation, for this will make it possible to supply more than
a local market. The first efficient help in this direction is good roads.
Another is to allow the wood to dry out before removal, lessening
the weight to be removed. Another is that of changing the wood
into a form of product which will create a new demand, or that, by
reason of the change, will bring a price which will more than pay

■"•4

no

fur the cost of manufacturo and transportation. For instance, if it
cost forty-five cents to cut and ranli a cord of wood, and two dollars
to take it to market where it brings only two dollars and fifty cents,
we make five cents per cord. By an investment of six hundred dol-
lars an engine and saw can be taken at will into the woods and
made to produce, by sawing the wood into short lengths, a product
which brings four dollars in the market with the following cost:
Thirty cents per cord for chopping poles and hauling to saw, and
fifty cents per cord for sawing. With the same cost of trans-
portation we have a gain of one dollar and twenty cents. Five
hundred cords of wood yield more than enough to pay off the invest-
ment, and what is made after that is pure gain. In addition, the
c^igine and saw are on hand for other uses. Reduce the cost of trans-
portation by improving the roads and still more gain is made. Or,
the forester can make charcoal, a light but valuable product. There
is still one more way of disposing of small material, namely, to bring
into the neighborhood of the reservation such industries as will
utilize the stuff, as acid factories, extract mills, box factories, etc.

In this connection the Department of Forestry could do nothing
better than obtain and have on file a list of establishments in the
State using wood and their specifications. No man who has a pro-
duct to sell can do a good business unless he is in touch with mar-
kets and demands, and for that reason each forester in charge of a
reservation should have at hand information relating to the needs
of the establishments in his neighborhood and their scale of prices;
and, at times, even of those in other parts of the State. At a glance
he could determine what product is most desirable and w^ork accord-
ingly.

Nurseries.

On all of the reservations there will always be the necessity of
resorting to more or less planting in the forest, and for that reason
plants will always be in demand. This condition necessitates the
establishment of nurseries wherever practicable. This work should
not be delayed any longer than it takes to prepare the location and
to place a man in charge who will care for the young plants. Any
ranger or superintendent could carry out the directions of the fores-
ter. It takes at least one year to get a nursery under way and two
years more to raise a sufficient number of plants to begin planta-
tion work. ]f a nursery is established on each reservation the com-
ing year it is safe to figure on having at least one trained warden
for each reservation until the work of planting can begin.

Within the South Mountain Reservation there are numerous old
fields that must be planted up if they are to have an early forest

l-H

H
o

2

xa

<-»■

S
00

O

c

o
e
s

P3

(I

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9

61

growth upon them. In addition to these there is a large area of for-
est land denuded and impoverished by frequent fires. Nature
must receive aid in regeneration of such places if valuable wood
or any good results are to follow. There is a nursery on this reser-
vation now which will gradually supply enough material for this
work, but there are other reasons why this nursery should be
enlarged as rapidly as possible and made the central nursery sta
lion for the State work. The nursery is in an ideal location and
can be extended without much trouble, a great deal of the available
ground having been used recently as gardens. At a slight expense
water can be piped directly to it, facilitating the matter of supply-
ing moisture in dry seasons. By reason of the location of the Forest
Academy a large nursery at Mont Alto is advisable on account of
the opportunity for studying the propagation and growth of the
economic trees of the State, and the larger the nursery the more
experience each man can gain. The old fields near here should be
devoted entirely to demonstration of different mixtures of tree
growth, and this will require a variety of plants to be grown.

In this place it may be well to urge adoption of the policy of dis-
tributing seedlings among farmers under certain conditions. Under
present conditions, nurserymen charge our people such prices that
il is impossible for farmers to purchase stock enough to plant up
their abandoned fields profitably. There are reasons why the prices
should be where they are; but if the State wants private people to
practice forestry it must do what it can to make such a movement
possible. It would not be wise, on the other hand, to distribute the
plants gratis and without instruction as to preparation of soil, plant-
ing and care of plantation, for then proper care of the plants might
not be taken. If such a policy is adopted, the nursery at Mont Alto
is the one which ought to have precedence.

Rangers.

As with the laws, numberless plans of work might be made, and
yet without efficient men to execute them little good would result.
It is no new song when protection is considered, still it must be
repeated that protection is the first step which must be taken in
. the management of the reserves. It is little short of mismanage-
ment if this question is not considered in all its phases and imme-
diately and satisfactorily solved. Anything short of proper protec-
tion is a hindrance to the movement of forestrv and a financial loss
to the State.

One of the necessary factors in protection is the force of rangers ;
however, the other work they will have to do must not be lost sight
of. Under present conditions it Is impossible, anywhere in this

62

State, for one man to guard efficiently more than five thousand acres
of forest land. During fire seasons this force ought to be doubled in
most cases. In some localities, as for instance on the Mont Alto
estate, where small communities are scattered not only all along the
borders, but also at frequent intervals within the tract, it is impos-
* sible for one ranger to watch more than three thousand acres. Future
developments will demand more intense work, consequently more
rangers; but that need not be thought of now. The present con-
ditions must be met and the future will look after itself. On this
estate of twenty thousand acres there are now one superintendent
and four regularly appointed wardens or rangers. Under the most
favorable circumstances this number would be sufficient; but under
the conditions which exist, if the superintendent and forester are
expected to do what is best for the State, we need two in addition
to the four now employed. - . .

These men must be strong, active and capable of directing any
work that will come within their ranges. They must be fearless
and law-abiding, for under existing laws each one is given the power
to arrest without a warrant. They must be conscientious, for they
are their own "bosses" most of the time. Their judgment must be
quick and discriminating, for they will meet all kinds of pleas and
disputes, and above all they ought to be temperate. Drunkenness,
either on or off duty, should be a reasonable excuse for immediate
dismissal. To the layman, the ranger appears to have little to do
and need be any one who is good for nothing else. Just the opposite
is the case. It is the best class of rangers w^hich the State hopes to
obtain from its Forest Academy.

An ordinary man can be had for an ordinary price. The men
wanted for rangers are not ordinary men and their work is not ordi-
nary work; it is strenuous, and they ought to be treated accordingly.
They are obliged to live on State land, inside the bounds of their
ranges. This will frequently mean isolation from community life,
religious and school opportunities. It is not unreasonable for them
to ask for a good road communicating with the outside world, and
above all a telephone. Aside from its ordinary usefulness to the
ranger and his family, the telephone is one of the most efficient helps
in time of fire. All rangers' stations should be connected by tele-
l)hone with the managing office of the reserve. In all cases a horse
is a necessary part of a ranger's outfit, and better work can be done
when a horse is available. Last but not least, a comfortable house
should be provided. Some of the prettiest cottages in the forests of
Germany are those furnished by the Government to the wardens.

The initial salary of rangers ought, by all means, to be uniform
throughout the State, increasing with terra of service and efficiency

',

68

up to a maximum limit. This salary should be based upon the work
that is to be done, upon the requirements for the position, and the
conditions to be lived under. Good salaries must be offered if good
men are wanted. It is poor policy to get the man for the lowest
price. The salary should also cover expense of feeding a horse, and
there is no reason why any variation should be made in this item.
As a rule it costs as much to keep a horse in the woods in one place
in this State as in another.

The position of superintendent is one which may exist for a num-
ber of years, but while the posilion is in vogue, the superintendent
should be considered as the chief ranger of a reservation and as
such has important work. He is necessarily an assistant to the
Forester and from the nature of the work being done, the Forester
being the source of all plans for the reservation, in the future both
rangers and superintendent should report to the Forester and receive
orders only through him. In several instances misunderstandings
have arisen from the lack of some system in regard to the matter.
A manual setting forth the purposes of the reservation, duties of
officers and the broad principles of forestry should be prepared in
the near future in order to place the forestry force on a definite foot-
ing where they know exactly what to do and what to expect.

As valuable aids in the matter of protection from fire, we cannot
urge too strongly that telephones be at each ranger's station. The
value of good roads will be appreciated in a few years and no objec-
tions to building them instead of fire lanes, so-called, will be in
evidence. Where it is not possible to increase the force of rangers
during fire season, and even when it may be possible to do so, a
valuable aid in protection is the observation tower. With a system
of from one to four of these towers, located on the highest points
of a reservation, the least puff of smoke would be noticed, and in
less than ten minutes headquarters could be informed of the loca-
tion and size of the fire and how many men are needed to fight it.
One of these towers can be built for fifty dollars, the price of one
man for two months' work and after being built could be used for
years. The Mont Alto Division of this reservation needs two such
towers. ' :3 !«!■

" ■ -*.

Expenses, Returns and Accounts.

In the foregoing suggestions nearly every one presupposes the
expenditure of money. It is apparently a requisition for a vast sum
of money to be spent upon the forest. Most people will say forestry
IS nothing but an expense and a waste of money. Let us ask the
question if what is suggested is practicable or reasonable. The
experience of other nations shows that it is. It is safe to say that
under the present conservative policy of expenditure it were pos-

64

«5

sible to make use of millious of dollars in the course of a few years
and yet get no good of it in the end. There is no better example of
a conservative policy than that of our roads. Millions have been
wasted and still millions can be spent before good roads will be had.
In a diseased body, can tissue be built up when the waste is greater
than the repair? Every one arswers ''No''; and yet food is being
taken all the time. It is necessary first to stop the disease and then
get rid of it. Who would show his ignorance by making the state-
ment that Chicago was unwise to expend a vast sum to clear up
the debris after her large fire and then invest her money in build-
ing a larger and grander city? Yet she might have chosen to expend
small sums at long intervals and never have reached half the size
she was before. A fire company can never suppress a fire so long
as the fire can overcome the effect of a small stream of water being
j.layed upon it. But the minute the stream of water is increased to
such an extent that the fire is no longer able to drive it to steam,
then an effect is produced. The condition of the forestry movement
is exactly analogous to these instances. The destruction and waste
in the forests exceed the growth or we would not need forestrv.
This fact must be met and conscientiously considered. Forestry in
this State, or in any other State, will never prove a success until
it is thoroughly realized that it is a business proposition and that
the money necessary to push it through is not an expense, but an
investment. An example of what is meant can be found in a state-
ment of financial results in the State forests of Saxonv, Germanv :

Year.

1817-182G,
1847-1853,
1884-1893,

Per Acre Per Year of Total Forest Area.

Total Income. - Expense. Net Income.

|1 To |() 80 ■ |0 1)5

2 50 1 02 1 54

G 66 2 29 4 37

At our stage of the work, when there is nothing definite as to
what will be done one year from the next, it is impossible to place
a limit upon the expenses wliich must be made unless that limit is
so far above the actual needs that it does not count in the end. The
Department must deveh)p the reserves as rapidly as imssible to
accomplish its purpose and to limit it to a definite amount each year
will only frustrate the object for which it was established.

It is the Forester who has to keep all the accounts and make report
at end of each year, and it is a part of his business which is most
interesting to him. He is the one who must know whether the forest
is yielding any net return or whether it is still giving a negative
result. Upon his financial calculations he bases his working plans.
How can he do this if part of the bills and none of the income ^^o

through his oflice? It is simply impossible for any forester to do
good work under such circumstances. It cannot be urged too strongly
tiiat the forester is the directing officer of a reserve, and that all
reports and moneys should pass through his office, so that he may
keep an accurate record.

The Forest Academy.
The policy to be pursued in the future with reference to the Forest
.Vcademy Avill depend entirely upon the intention and purpose of
{^uch a school.

There is no doubt that the State is in need of men who can properly
tare for its reservations, and in need of them immediately. It is also
right that she help to educate them for the special work which they
are to do. The need of rangers is not questioned, but foresters are
needed as well as rangers, and the latter without the former are of
little value except for protection.

The Legislature could have done nothing better for forestry than
the establishment of a special school for the education of rangers
and foresters upon one of the State reservations. It might have
provided for a chair of forestry in some well-established school, but
^uch a course would never have accomplished the same valuable
results that the present policy will. The State is in need of prac-
tical men rather than theorists, but some theory must be taught.
Forestry is, primarily, as a study, the study of nature, and this can
best be done under natural conditions rather than from text-books,
and dried specimens. As a business it cannot be learned from books,
but must be learned from practice and experience. There conld be
no better way, then, to train men both in theory and in practice than
to place them where thi^y must work and study at the same time.

The teaching force of any school cannot cover the entire field of
instruction. There should be in addition a first-class reference library
and a complete set of forestry books. Five hundred dollars for this
imrpose ought to be available at once. Another valuable means of
instruction is the museum. A herbarium will be started this year
and a collection of seeds is already under way. In this museum
should be tools, wood-workinj^ implements, various parts of trees,
woods, sections of trees, curiosities, etc. Above all it must not be
a museum simply to be filled with the curious or to be used only
for pleasure, but must be for instruction. An arboretum, also, will
be started this coming spring, having in view the growing of all our
native trees and as many exotics as will grow in this region.

In conclusion T d<^^i^e to record my appreciation of the ailvice
and help given by Mr. David Knepper, Superintendent of the Mont
Alto Division of the South Mountain Keservation, in much of the
work that has been accomplished.

5 .

66

THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN CAMP SANATORIUM.

REPORT BY A. M. ROTHROCK. M. D., Camp Physician.

The South Mountain Camp Sanatorium is located in the South
Mountain range in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, in the heart of a
State Forestry Reservation of fifty thousand (50,000) acres of land.
Its nearest railroad station is the town of Mont Alto, which is four
miles from the camp on the Waynesboro Branch of the Cumberland
Valley Railroad.

The altitude of the camp above the sea is about sixteen hundred
and fifty feet. The camp is situated on the eastern slope of the moun-
tains which rise like a basin from three to four hundred feet around
it; this basin being opened by mountain passes to the southwest and
Lortheast and east. The temperature during the summer is seldom
oppressive, the nights are then almost always comfortably cool. It
. is impossible not to recognize the invigorating character of the at-
mosphere. This is remarked upon by almost every one who comes
during the summer months to the camp. In winter the temperature
usually falls below that of the lower lands on either side, though it
was frequently observed during our experience in the winter of 1903
and 1904 that the mercury was lower in the Cumberland Valley than
at the camp. The minimum temperature during the past winter in
camp was sixteen degrees below zero. It will be remembered,
however, that the past was an unusually inclement winter.

The soil is rather more compact than is considered desirable; more
sand and less clay would have been a decided advantage for the pur-
pose of a sanatorium, though, as a matter of fact, no difficulties or
camp troubles can thus far be traced to this cause. One distinct
advantage that this camp has is that it is removed from all sources
of atmospheric contamination. It may be said that the air which
lue camp inmates breathe is filtered through miles of foliage

Furthermore, it is reckoned an advantage that therc^ are no adverse
mfluences surrounding the camp. Its isolation is such that no hos-
tility or dread, on the part of others, is caused bv the presence of so
many consumptives.

There is an abundant water supply for all purposes in the ramp
during the driest season. This water is piped directly from the foun-

(m

tain head, where th(^ water emerges from the ground and is bevond
all possible chance of contamination from any sources whatever

This camp was started in June, 1903. It was then a mere experi-
ment; but has already passed beyond the experimental stage and
become an assured success, so far as the object for which it was
started is concerned. It is well-known that there are thonsands of
people in this Commonwealth suffering from tuberculosis in its ear-
liest stages, who abandon hope of restoration to health because their
means do not allow them to seek more distant locations which have
an established reputation for the cure of this disease. As it is impos-
sible or them to go there in search of health, this camp was opened
with t lu^ object of bringing health to them, if possibles and thus to
prove that out-door life in Pennsylvania is <,uite as likelv to work a
c uie f(,r consumption as living in the open air is in anv^ other part
of our countrv. '

Fn.the,.„,<.,v. the fact l„.i„K on.e establisl„.d tl.at tuberculosis can
b.' cued in the mountains of Pennsylvania, effort «ill b,> made to
«•".<■ he patients bv the san.e u.ethod of treatment at or near their
own hon.es. Indeed, it n.av b,- said that one of the n.ost beneficial
discoveries ot recent vears in this dirc-ction is tl.at the- cure of con-
s".npt.c,n by proper food and propc-r liviufj is possible- and probable
m almost anv district of this Slate. '"oaoic

It cannot be too strongly in.prc-ssc-d upon those- who applv for
adnnssion that we have no hospital or nursc-s on the ground." Our
n st.tution ,s a camp simply and solely. Every inmate- is expected to
.are fc.r himself or lu-rsc-lf absolutc-ly. Tho.sc- who are too wc^k or
loo mdolc-nt. or too ,„„„d to do so had bettc-r stav awav They will
only ..on.c- to Krief. nnd,-r present ccnditions. by coming io Mont Alto
The hospital stage, wc- hope, will come in the future when the c-on-
- .ons under which the inmates live will not be so rigorou Z
. .as not arrivc-d ,.,. At presc-nt every patient is ex,>ected o .^ '

car. for it."" ""' '""'"" ''' *" ^•'"'« '"« "^•" ^''dding and

Furthermore, every patient is expected to keep his or her cabin

. in f the inmates: there is no room for then, in <-amp. All that
I'.' State fu.nishes IS a good cabin, ten feet sc.ua.c-. in which two
...-n arc- housed; and for the womc-„ tl.c-rc- are comfortable' twc

B posed to he use two wonic-n, though und,-,. ,„„ditions whc-re the
inmatens agre-c- three- inn.ates can be aecon.m„datc-d

In aeldition to the shelte-r. above described, c-ael. cabin or cottage
.. furnishe-d with two good wire- bc-ds. <wo chairs, wood stove n,
O.I stove and lantern. The inmates must bring their own ockin!
i!te-nsils and care for them. >■■ o«n cooking

68

Tliere are now accommodations furnished bj the State for thirty-
tive patients; in addition to this, by the generosity of the hidies of
IMioenixville and Kennet Square, a cottage 1ms been erected which
will contain four patients.

The rules of the camp require:

First: That no patient shall go more than live miles from camp
v»ithout permission.

Second: That when a patient leaves the cam]), for more than
twenty-four hours, the key of the cabin or cottag(^ must be left with
the superintendent in charge.

Third: That there must be no spitting upon the ground in the camp
or in the neighborhood.

Fourth: No tobacco can be used in any form by the inmates, nor
are they allowed to make any improper use of alcoholic licpiors. Pro-
fitne or indecent language will not be tolerated, and a proper observ-
ance of Sunday is expected and required.

Fifth: Winter and summer Uw inmates of i\w camp must sleep
with their window^s open. If they wish to sleep with closed windows
they can find abundant opportunity for doing so at home.

Medical attendance is free and there is no charge whatever for
anything the State furnishes in the camp. The necessary food can
easily be obtained in camp; milk, butter and eggs are brought in
daily, and fresh meats can be obtained whenever required. The
niinimum cost for food per week is about f2.50; $4.00 a week will
furnish an abundant supply of everything necessary for camp living.
Each cabin or cottage is allowed a small space of ground upon wliich
to raise vegetables. In addition to the food supplied by the gardens,
the light work which the care of the ground necessitates is, in most
instances, a decided advantage to the patient. Abundant reading
matter is furnished and there is a good croquet ground within the
camp limits. There are many very attractive woodland walks in the
region immediately adjacent to the camp.

Health must be worked for. There are many persons of whom it
is true that they are literally "too lazy to live." One reason why
better results, as a rule, are obtained in the treatment of disease in
public institutions than at home is because the inmates are under
control and obliged to observe rules and conditions upon which
restoration to health depends. The authorities in charge of this
camp have a personal interest in every inmate of th(^ camp, and de-
sire ^othing so much as to be instrumental in helping them. It is for
this reason tliat this is written so plainly. There must be no misun-
derstanding.

There are limitations to the power for good of the open air i.i the

>

X

72

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68

TIhm'(' arc now accoiniiKKladoiis furnished bv (lie Slat*' for tliirtv-
live patients; in addition to Ibis, bv the of^iei-osit y of (bo ladies of
IMioenixviUe and Kennel Sipiaic, a collate lias been eiceliMl wliicb
will contain four patients.

The rules of Ihe tamp require:

First: That no patient shall *^o nioi-e than live miles from camp
v»ithout pormission.

Second: That when a palient leaves tbe camiK for moi-e (ban
Iwenty-fonr bours, Ihe key of tbe cabin or cotlap' musl be lef( with
ibe superintendent in ebar^c.

Third: That tbere must W no s]>ittino u)ion liie "ground in ibe <ami)
or in the neighborhood.

Fourth: No tobacco can be used in any f(uni by ihe inmales. nor
are they allowed lo make any impi-oju'r use of alcoholic liciuo] s. Pro-
fane or indecent languaoe will not be lolerated. and a proper observ-
ance of Sunday is expected and retpiired.

Fifth: Winter and summei- ihe inmales of the cam}> musl sleep
yy'iih their windows open. If Ihey Avish to sleep wilh closed windows
Ihey can find abundant opporlunily for doino so at home.

Medical attendance is free and Ihere is no char<;-e whatever for
Jinything the State furnishes in the camp. The necessary food can
easily be obtained in rani]): milk, butler and eo^s .,|.,. iHonobt j,,
daily, and fresh meats can be obtained whenever reipiired. The
minbnum cost for food per week is about *L'..-0: .S4.0() a week will
furnish an abundant supply of everythinj,^ necessary for camp living.
Each cabin or cottage is allowtnl a small space of ground upon whii^i
to raise vege1al)les. In addiiion to the food supplied by the gardens,
the light work which the care of the ground necessitates is, in m«)st
instances, a decided advantage to Ihe jmlient. Abundant reading
r.iatter is furnished and there is a good croipiet ground within the
camp limits. There are many vr ry attractive woodland walks in the
region immediately adjacent lo the camp.

Health must be worked for. There are many jiersons of wIhmu it
5s true Ihat they are literally ^'too lazy to live." One reason whv
better resuHs, as a rule, are obtained in tlu^ treatment of disease^ in
public institutions than at lunne is because the inmates are umler
conlrol and o1)liged to observe rules and conditions u)>on which
restoration to health depends. The au1h(»rities in charge of this
<nmp have a i.ersonal interesi in every inmate of the cam]), and de-
sire nothing so much as to be instrumental in helping them. Ft is for
Ibis reason that this is written so plainly. There must be no misun
derstanding.

There are limitatiims to the j^ower for good of the open air i.i tbe

X

X

X

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

09

treatment of tubereulosis. There comes a ])erio(l in tlie liistory of
ovi^vy fatal ease in wJiich it is cruelty to the patient to take him or
lier from honn^ It is belicned that a majority of cases of incipient
tuberculosis can be cured by open-air life combined with pioper food
and judicious medical treatment.

When a consumptive patient sutlers from severe hemorrhages,
from night sweats, and has become much emaciated, we do not advise
his leaving home, and we "will not knowingly accept a patient of
this kind in the camp.

The greatest existing need of this camp is that the State should
furnish the funds for boarding the patients. We hope that this
will be done by the next Legislature. Beyond doubt the percentage
of good results would be vastly increased if this were done.

No one except a citizen of Tennsylvania can be accepted as an
inmate of this camp.

All applicants must be protected against small-pox before they
can be admitted to camp.

The appropriation made by the last Legislature was for the pur-
pose of determining whether or not the South Mountain region
afforded a suitable location for the out-door cure of tuberculosis.
This question may now be regarded as absolutely settled in the
affirmative and probably no more suitable location 'for this purpose
could be found on the Atlantic slope.

It is well that this fact should be fully recognized now because
the people have fully adopted the idea that this disease must be
arrested in this State.

Apart from all ideas of expediency it is a well-recognized principle
of modern civilization that those who are too ill to care for them-
selves, by honest labor, must, in some way or other, be cared for by
their fellow-citizens. W^e cannot allow a man to starve to death in
our midst; neither can we allow him to perish by cold.

Then, since this responsibility is upon us, it is from every point
of view unwise to delay in the exercise of our public charity until the
sufferer is beyond all hope of cure and all that we can do is to smooth
his pathway toward the grave. It were wiser far and cheap* v to
provide for him in the earlier stages of the disease, while there yi^t
existed a chance for his recovery, and a restoration to the ranks of
our healthful and productive citizens.

There is also another reason which appeals to our instinct of self-
preservation. It can no longvi' be doubtf^d that tuberculosis is a
contagious disease. It is true it is not contagious, in as marked
a degree, as small-])Ox, but it can ncM-ertheless be communicated by
one person to another; and any disease which can be so commun'i
cated it is in tin* power of man to prevent.

.70

ItH cause is a veiilabhs livino-, (kinoiistiabh^ ^viiii, which, when
planted in a suitabh^ body, produces (he disease. Tliis fact is estab-
lished beyond all doubt and no case of consumption exists which is
not due to a previously existing consumptive germ. We know the
conditions under which these consumptive^ germs thrive and we rec-
ognize also the conditions which destroy them. No more productive
cause of the dissemination of tuberculosis in a community can be
found than an ignorant or careless person who is himself suffering
from the disease. Whenever he walks through one of onr crowded
thoroughfares and expectorates upon the sidewalk he creates the
possibility of introducing tuberculosis into a previously healthy fam-
ily. It is noteworthy in this connection that those who are most
likely thus to disseminate the disease belong to a class whose igno-
rance and improvident habits make them sooner or later charges
upon the community. The dark, crowded alleys of our cities are
hot beds of the disease.

These people should be prevented from endangering the livi's of
their fellow-citizens. There is absolutely no known method by which
this can be done except to isolate them and place them where careful
supervision and kind care will prevent their becoming a source of
danger to others. We should remember in this connection that there
JS a possible danger of a host of consumptives at large, absolutely
diminishing the energy and effective power of a nation and thus
destroying the fountain head from which all our prosperity comes.

There exists, therefore, no need of further explanation'^as to why
the coming Ix^gislature should grant a liberal appropriation which
will change the camp into a thoroughly-cMiuipped consumptive home
where the indigent consumptives of this district mav come in the
earliest stages of tln^ diseasi' and be maintained until thev are cured
and cease to be a source* of danger to the community.

Thus far they have provided and prepared th<^ir own food In
doing so many of them have been obligc^d to work at times when the
succ(^^sful treatment of their cases demanded that thev should rest
and in others the desire for food has been destroved bv the labor of
preparing it.

Encouraging as our success has bec^n under existing circumstances
we have great reason to believe that it would have been much greater
under more suitable conditions.

First of all larger accommodations are necessarv. The present
utmost capacity of the camp is thirty-six patic^nts. I't should at once
be increased to seventy-live, and therefore more cottages are neces-
sary. Tlie plain, rough board cabins have done* thf^ir work and have
done It well; but in appearance they are discrc^ditable to a great
Commonwealth like this, especially when it is considered that for

71

the sum of three hundred dollars a neat, comfortable cottage, capa-
ble of accommodating two persons, can be erected.

From our experience here we are led to believe that the more
nearly the cottage system is adhered to the better will be the results.
We are absolutely opposed to the idea of massing these patients, for
the convenience or economy of administration, under one roof.

To meet the requirements of this increase of the camp a kitchen
and dining-hall would be necessary. It is also of very great impor-
tance that bathrooms should be provided, as the mere effect of bath-
ing upon the patients, apart from the fact of personal cleanliness,
is admitted by all competent physicians to be most beneficial. We
are most fortunate, indeed, in this connection in possessing an abun-
dant supply of most delightful and pure mountain water, which is
piped directly from the springs in the side of the mountain into the
camp, and is therefore beyond the possibility of any contamination
whatever. An improved system of sewerage is absolutely necessary.
This is required not so much for the safety of the camp as it is to
remove, wholly, all possibility of the camp ever becoming a source
of danger to those outside of its limits. It is absolutely certain
that up to this time it never has been a source of danger. We wish
to be equally sure that it never will be. Indeed it seems to us, indi
vidually, to be possible to destroy by heat anything and everything
which comes from the camp that could in any way injure those out-
side of it. We wish to be most explicit on this point.

Public institutions with their large facilities for the accumulation
of practical knowledge should be bound to disseminate it for the
public. A well-appointed laboratory with a competent microscopist
should be upon these grounds, not only to aid in the correct diag-
nosis and prognosis of the cases, but also to assist the physicians
of this neighborhood in the diagnosis and prevention of contagious
diseases by means which cannot be found outside of a well-appointed
laboratory. The increase in cost of this addition, in comparison
with the good which it would accomplish, would be so small as
hardly to merit consideration.

There should also be, in addition to the matron, two good graduate
nurses and an orderly. A stenograpluu- and typewriter would b(*
of great assistance in maintaining the records of the camp in a proper
manner. It is usually possible to secure a suitable person, for a
very small compensation, from among the inmates of the camp.

During the year of 1904 just ended there have been treated in
this camp fifty-nine patients; about sixty-six per cent, of whom have
been either cured or are fairly started on their road toward recovery.
There have been twelve deaths; but the greater' part of these who
have died were so ill when they came that nothing could have been

72

done for tliom anywhere, and they have gone home again to spend
AN hat remained to them of life with tlieir own families. Five of the
deaths were not due to pulmonary consumption; two being from
eardiae diseases, another from Jiriglit's disease, one from menin-
gitis, while the lifih was a ease of tubercuk)sis of both lungs and
bowels in an infant, praelieally moribund when sent here, and who
lived but a few days after reaching camp.

AVe have with us now in camp twenty-one patients, all of whom are
better than when they came and in some of whom the results have
thus far been remarkably good.

73

A KKVIKW OF FOKFST FiUE J.K(USLAT1()N IN PENX

SYLVAI^IA.

BY I. C. WJLLIAMS, KSQ., Deputy Commissioner of Forestry.

li

The Province of Pennsylvania and subsequently the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania have been engaged for a period of over two
hundred and twenty-five years in an effort to subdue the forest fire
evil. The problem has not yet reached a solution.

When King Charles 11 of England, by letters patent in 1G04,
granted to his royal brother James, Duke of York, all of the New
Nc^therlands district, which by him was claim(^d to include the whole
of the South (Delaware) River country and the colonies below, it
became necessary to formulate a code of laws for the government
iheieof. These laws were promulgated at Hemptstead, Long Island,
the same year, and were subsequently, in September, 1(>7(>, upon
petition of the magistrates, extended by Governor KSir Edmund An-
dres to the Delaware River provinces.

Among the Duke of York's laws thus promulgated and extended
is probably the first forest fire law enacted for Pennsvlvania; and
then enacted not for the saving of the forest, but for the protection
of corn grounds and enclosures from conflagrations stjirted within
the forest. This portion of his code is as follows:

''If any Person whatsoever shall kindle any fire in the woods or
Grounds lying in Common, or in his own Grounds so as the same shall
runne into any Corne Grounds or Enclosures of his Neighboures
h(^ shall be Lyable to pay all Damage; of whatsoever Sort, and half
so much mon. for a fine; or if not able to pay the Court shall Adiudge
the lerson guilty of Corporal punishment not exceeding tweentv
Strii)es, or do Service to Expiate the Crime."

In 1082 the grant of Pennsylvania was made to William Penn.
At a meeting of the Provincial Assembly, held at Philadelphia,
March TO, 1083, there was promulgated the following law relating
to forest fires:

''Chap. XCIII. Be it &c.. That Whosoever shall presume to sett
on fire, any Woods, Lands, or Marshes, in this Province or terri-
tories theivof, before the first day of th(^ first moneth vearlv; Thev
shall yearly make good all the Damages that shall theVebv'hapiM^
to any of the inhabitants thereof." • m

74

This law was subsequently, in 1(11);^, abrogated by the reigning
sovereigns of England, William and Mary, but was re-enaeted the
same year.

The next act of legislation bearing upon the subject is the act
of the Provincial Assembly passed November 27, 1700. This statute
was considered by the Queen in Council February 7, 1705-6, and not
being acted upon upon, became a law in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Charter to the Proprietary. The text of the act in
full is as follows:

"An act against unseasonable firing of woods.

"For the prevention of dangers and damages that may ensue
upon firing of woods at unseasonable times of the year:

"Be it enacted by the Proprietary and Governor, by and with the
advice and consent of the freemen of this Province and Territories
in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, That
whosoever shall presume to set on fire any woods, lands or marshes
in this province or territories, before the first day of the First
month yearly, or after the first day of the Third month, shall make
good all damages that shall thereby happen to any of the inhabitants
thereof.^'

It will be seen that the firing of the woods at seasonable times,
viz., during March and April of each year, wa» looked upon as a
matter of course, something that was to be expected, and probably,
from long practice, regarded as necessary in the work of clearing
and settlement.

That the practice of burning the forests soon became pernicious
and resulted in the destruction of fences, crops and buildings in
communities which were being rapidly settled may be believed, be-
cause on March 27, 1712-13, an amendment to this act was passed,
giving these damages and this destruction of property as the reason
for its passage. The text of the amending section is as follows:

"And be it further enacted, Tliat if any jn^rson or persons do at
any time hereafter set on fire any woods, lands, marshes or cripples
though within the time limited by a law of this province entitled
An act against unseasonable firing the woods,' within one mile of
any fences or buildings, without giving notice to the possessor of
such improvements at least twenty-four hours before he do so he
or they shall pay all damages that shall thereby happen to any
such buildings or fences." ^ ft- j

The next act dealing with the forest fire question was passed
March 29, 1735. This law distinctly shows a marked change in
sentiment with respect to the expediency of setting such fires. Up
to this time firing the forest was not looked ui>on as an offc^nse pun-

75

ishable ciimiiially, except in thi' Duke of York's first statute. Previ-
ous legislation was direct(>d toward Uie recovery of compensatory
damages. The act of 1735 contains a penal provision, but this was
applicable to servants and slaves only. We see here the distinction
preserved to this time between the land owner who was supposed
to set fires for beneficial reasons and without malice, and similar
acts of servants and slaves, who being non-owners, were presumed
to act maliciously. The act of 1735 is an interesting piece of legisla-
tion and is as follows:

"An act to prevent the damages which may happen by firing of

w^oods.

"Whereas by an act of the general assembly of this province passed
m the twelfth year of the reign of King William the Third it is
enacted that whosoever shall presume to set on fire any woods
lands or marshes in this province or territories before the first day
of the first month yearly or after the first day of the third month
shall make good all damages that shall therebv happen to any of
the inhabitants thereof. And whereas it hath on experience been
found that the setting the woods on fire at anv time hath proved
rather hurtful than beneficial to this province aiid great losses have
happened by occasion of such fires:

"For the prevention thereof:

"Be it enacted by l»atrick Gordon, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor
with the King's royal approbation under the Honorable John Penn
Thomas Penn and Kichard Penn, Esquires, true and absolute Proprie'
tones of the Province of Pennsylvania and of the counties of New-
castle, Kent and KSussex on Delaware, by and with the advice and
consent of the representatives of the freemen of the said Province
in (General Assembly m(>t, and by th(^ authority of the same That
the act of assembly hereinbefore recited and everv clause and article
therein be and is \wivhy repealed to all intents,^ constructions and
jMirposes whatsoever.

"And be it further enacted by the authoritv afort^said, That whoso-
ever shall i)resume at any time or times hereafter to set on fire or
cause to be set on iire any woods, land or marshes whatsoever within
tins jjrovince, so as t4iereby to occasion any loss, damage or injury
to any othcM* person or persons, every such person or persons so
olhMiding shall and ar(> hereby declared liable to make satisfaction
tor the same in any action or actions on the case to be brought by
tlK^ party or i)arti(^s grieved in trie court of common pleas in the
county where the offense was committed.

^'Provided always, and be it further enacted bv the authority
atoresaid That where the party injured shall nof demand above
lorty shillings for his ktss or damage, it shall and mav be lawful
to and for such person or persons to apply to anv justice of the
peace of the county where the offense is committed, who is herebv
empowered and required by warrant under his hand and seal to
cause the party offending to be brought before him or some other

il

76

justice of the peace of the same county, and if upon examination
it shall appear to such justice by the testimony of one or more
credible witnesses that the defendant is guilty of the charge exhib-
ited against him, then the said justice shall issue forth his warrant
to two or more substantial freeholders of the neighborhood, thereby
commanding them in the presence of the defendant (if he will be
present) to view the place or thing damnified or inquire into the
loss sustained by the plaintiff, and to certify to the said justice upon
their oath or affirmation what damage in their judgment the plain-
tiff hath sustained by occasion of the premises; and that upon return
of such certificate to the said justice he is hereby empowered to
grant execution for the recovery of the said damages, together with
such costs of prosecution as is usual in the recovery of debts under
forty shillings.

"Provided also. That no costs of suits shall be paid to any plaintiff
in any suit to be brought for any matter or thing in this act men-
tioned if the jury who shall try the cause do not assess above forty
shillings damages, any law, custom or usage to the contrary in any-
wise notwithstanding.

''Provided also, That where any offense shall be committed against
the tenor of this act by any servant, negro or slave without the
direction of his, her or their master or mistress respectively, and
such offender be thereof duly convicted by the oath or affirmation
of one credible witness before any justice of the peace of the respect-
ive counties, such offender or offenders, unless his or her master or
mistress will pay the damages sustained with costs of suit, shall
be whipped with any number of stripes not exceeding twenty-one
on his or her bare back at the direction of the justice before whom
the party shall be convicted and further shall be committed to the
workhouse of the county where the offense is committed, there to
remain until the costs of prosecution shall be paid."

This law recognized no "seasonable" time for setting the forest
on fire. It continued unchanged for sixty years. The independence
of the colonies had been secured, the national government had been
successfully organized, and the promise of uninterrupted industrial
success was before the minds of the people. The reduction of the
forest land to agricultural purposes was gradually being accom-
plished. The evil of wilful and negligent firing of the forests was
becoming more apparent and more burdensome. Therefore, further
to deal with the problem and mould the law to meet the changed
conditions, the act of April 18, 1794, was passed, and the probabili
ties are that the second and third sections of this act are still in
force. This act is as follows:

"An act to prevent the damages which may happen by firing of

woods.

"Whereas, it has been represented that numbers of persons are
in the custom of setting fire to the woods for different purposes,
thereby producing an extensive conflagration, injurious to the soil,

77

destructive to the timber, and the infant improvements within the
State: Therefore

''Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That
whoever shall at any time hereafter wilfully set on fire, or cause to
be set on fire, any woods, lands or marshes whatsoever, within
this Commonwealth, so as thereby to occasion any loss, damage,
or injury to any other person or persons, every such person or per-
sons, so offending, and being thereof legally convicted by the oath
or affirmation of one or more witnesses, in the countv court of
(luarter sessions where the offense is committed, shall pay a fine
not exceeding fifty dollars, and not less than twenty dollars, 'the one-
half of such fine to be paid to the informer, and the other half to
the overseer of the poor of the township where the offense is com-
mitted, for the use of the poor in the said township.

^'Section IT. And be it further enacted by the authority afore-
said, That where any person or persons so offending as thereby to
occasion any loss, damage, or injury to any other person or persons,
every such person or persons so offending, shall be and hereby are
declared liable to make satisfaction for the same, in any action or
actions on the case, to be brought by the party or parties grieved,
in the court of common pleas of the county in which the offense
was committed.

^'Section ITT. And be it further enacted by the authoritv afore-
said. That where any party is injured, and shall not demand above
fifty dollars for his loss or damage, it shall any may be lawful to
and for such person or persons to apply to any justice of the peace
of the county where the offense is committed, who is herebv empow-
ered and required, by warrant under his hand and seal,*^to cause
the party offending to be brought before him or some other justice
of the peace of the same county; and if, upon examination, it shall
appear to the justice, by the testimony of one or more credible wit-
ness or witnesses, that the defendant is guilty of the charge exhib-
ited against him, then the said justice shall' issue his warrant to
two or more free-holders of the neighborhood, therebv command
ing them, in the presence of the defendant, if he will be present, to
view the place or thing damaged, or inquire into the loss sustained
by the plaintiff, and to certify to the said justice, upon their oath
or affirmation, what damage, in their judgment, the plaintiff hath
sustained by the occasion of the premises; and upon the return of
such certificate to the said justice, he is hereby empowered to grant
execution for the recovery of the said damages, together with the
costs of prosecution, as is usual in the recovery of debts under ten
]>ounds: Provided, That if any person or persons shall apprehend
him, her, or themselves aggrieved by the determination of any
justice of the peace, in consequence of this act, he, she, or they shall
have a right to appeal from the judgment of the said justice to the
next court of common pleas of the proper county.

^'Section IV. And be it furllKM* enacted by the authority afore-
said. That wheie any offense shall be comniitt(Hl against tile tenor
of this act, by any wiiite or black servant, without the direction
(»f his, her, or their master or mistress, respectively, and such

ii;i

r

^1

78

offenders be thereof duly convicted, by the oath or affirmation of
one credible witness, such offender or offenders, unless his or her
master or mistress will pay the damages sustained, with costs of
suit, shall be committed to the gaol of the county, there to be kept
to hard labour for three months, and from thence until the cost of
prosecution be paid.

''Section V. And be it further enacted by the authority afore-
said. That the act, entitled 'An act to prevent the damages that may
happen by firing of woods,' passed the twenty-ninth day of March,
one thousand seven hundred and thirty-five, is hereby repealed and
made null and void.''

Herein the criminal asj)ect of starting forest fires was further
emphasized. What was formerly a crime only when committed by
a servant or a slave now became so without distinction of person.

The act of March 29, 1824, was passed to prevent the destruction
of woods and timber land by unlawful cutting as well as by fire.
The first three sections of this law relate wholly to unlawful cut-
ting, and the penalties to be applied therefor. The title to the act
and the fourth section are as follows:

"An act to prevent the destruction of timber, and supplementary to
the act entitled, *An act to prevent the damages which may happ<'n
by firing woods,' passed eighteenth of April, seventeen hundred
and ninetv-four.''

*♦♦•♦♦«♦»«

^'Section 4. And be it further enacted by the authority afore-
said. That whosoever shall wilfully set on fire, or cause to be set
on fire, any woods, lands or marshes, whatsoever, within this com-
monwealth, every such offender or offenders, being thereof legally
convicted by the oath or affirmation of one or more witnesses, in
the county court of quarter sessions of the peace, where such ottens<*
has been committed, shall pay a fine not exceeding five hundred dol-
lars, one-fourth to the informer, and the residue to the overseers or
directors of the poor of the township or county, as the case may
be, where such offense has been committed, for the use of the pooV
of such township or county; and shall moreover undergo an imprison-
ment at hard labor, in the jail of the proi)er countv, for anv term
not exceeding one year."

The fifth section of this act repealed directly the first and fourth
sections of the act of April 18, 1794, mpra.

When the codification of the criminal hiws of the (\)mmonwealth
was undertaken in the year 18()0, the subject of the malicious firing
of forests and woodlands was com])rehended in the eighth divi-
sion, relating to offenses against real property. Section 140 of the
act of March :n, 1860, commonly called the "Criminal Code," reduces
the iH^nalty fixed by the act of 1824, from five hundred dollars to
one hundred dollars, leaving the term of imprisonment at twelve

79

months, as in the former act. This law, however, does not cover
the case of negligently allowing the escape of fire from one's own
lands to the lands of another. While this offense could no doubt
have been comprehended under the general law of negligence in
an action for damages, ^^^^^. subsequent legislation made this a mis-
demeanor and fixed a penalty therefor.

Until the year 1867 no special laws relating to this subject had
been enacted; but at this session was passed the act of March 26,
3867, fixing penalties for setting forest fires in the counties of Clear-
field, Fulton and Elk. It also extended the statute of limitations
so that prosecutions might be brought within six years.

This is the first statute which offers a reward as such, for the
apprehension and conviction of the offender. It directs the county
commissioners to pay to the prosecutor in every such case the sum
of fifty dollars and to the district attorney who secure the convic-
tion the sum of twenty dollars.

Following the act of 1867 was another special act approved the
9th day of April, 1869, relating only to Union county. By the act
of June 2, 1870, the provisions of this law were extended to the
counties of Schuylkill, Lehigh, Berks, Lycoming, Centre, Snyder and
Luzerne, from which Lycoming was subsequently excepted by act
of May 19, 1871. The penalties imposed are fines ranging from fifty
to fi^^^ hundred dollars and imprisonment from one month to twelve
months, within the discretion of the court. It continues the idea
of reward contained in the special act of 1867 by providing for the
payment to the informer of one-half of the fine imposed.

The preamble to this act of 1869 is interesting from the fact that
it offers as a reason for the passage of the act some of the ideas
which the forestry administration of the State has been urging upon
the people from the very inception of its work. The reports of the
Division of Forestry up to 1897 amply prove this statement. The
preamble is as follows:

"Whereas, There being certain mountain and other wild lands in
the county of Union which are fired from year to year thereby
destroying the young timber and causing the land to^be worthless
for the purpose of timber: And whereas. Should such young timber
not be destroyed it would add to the value of the land, ^in the course
of twenty years, from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre, thus
increasing the wealth of the connty thousands of dollars, there-
tore, &c." '

The legislative assembly of 1879, in considering the matter of
forest fires, followed that of ten years earlier in writing into the
general statutory law of the State the provision for paying a reward
for the arrest and conviction of such offenders. By the act of 11th

80

June, 1879, the penalty of one hundred dollars fixed by the act of
1860 was raised to three hundred dollars, with a term of imprison-
ment as formerly. The county commissioners were therein directed
to pay to the prosecutor, after conviction of the defendant, the sum
of fifty dollars as a reward.

This continued to be the state of the law until the passage of the
more comprehensive act of June 1, 1887, providing for the encour-
agement of forest culture and imposing penalties for the injury and
destruction of forests. In addition to the offenses defined in former
laws there are added here those of carrying over or into any forest
any lighted candle, lamp, or other fire without having the same
inclosed in a lantern or other closed vessel; the discharging of fire-
works on forest land or among the trees thereon; and carelessly
or wilfully starting fires on one's own land so as to communicate
fire to such forest or timber lands belonging to others. The penalty
was inadequately fixed at fifty dollars for each offense, but was
increased to one hundred dollars by an amendment approved May
14, 1891. In case of the refusal or inability to pay a fine, the defend-
ant is to be committed to the county prison for a period of one day
for each dollar of penalty imposed.

This act contains an innovation in forestry law, and one withal
that is wholly commendable, being in line with the determination of
later legislatures to have small causes finally disposed of in the
justice's office. It gives to justices of the peace the power of sum-
mary conviction, saving to the defendant the right of appeal to the
court of quarter sessions when the fine imposed is over five dolla'^s.

Every one who understands the situation knows that the fire men-
ace in the forests is the great drawback to a wholly successful forest
policy in this State. Among all the States, Pennsylvania is yielded
the prize for a business-like forest administration, and with a policy
for the future well outlined elsewhere in this volume. Relating to
the forest fire problem we seem to have a plethora of laws, and yet
this problem is unsolved. An act, wise and far-reaching in its con-
ception, is that of March 30, 1897, and if rigidly applied and adhered
to would to a degree heretofore unknown prevent the wholesale
burning and destruction of valuable forests. This is the act making
constables of townships ex-officio fiie wardens, giving them author-
ity to summon help for extinguishing fires in their respective town-
ships, providing for the payment of those so engaged and dividing
the cost thereof between the count v and the State. It likewise
requires constables to make to the courts (juarterly returns of vio-
lations of the forest fire laws, providing ])enalties for failure to do
so, and making it the ""^special duty of the judge of said court to
see these returns are faithfully nwde.'^* This act is more honored in

ui.V-.i

81

the breach than in the obsc^rvance. The constables refuse to extin-
guish fires because the commissioners refuse to pay them. It is
un-American to be compelled to perform labor without just compen-
sation, except as a punishment for crime. The commissioners refuse
to pay because they catch at the straw of unconstitutionality and
stubbornly adhere thereto, notwithstanding that to this time the
logic and weight of the argument is overwhelmingly on the side of
entire constitutionality. Nothing more is necessary on this point
at this time than the opinion of Judge Dunham in Gunder v. Wyom-
ing County, 12 D. R. 78; 26 C. C. 598; printed in full in the Report
of this Department for 1901-2, at page 30; and in addition thereto
the opinion of President Judge Rice in Baker v. Wamn County,
11 Sup. Ct. 170. Then again this Department has knowledge of
only one county in the State where the constables are regularly
required to make the returns demanded by section three of the act.
There may be others, but the fact is not known.

If this law is worth anything and can be made to serve a useful
purpose, why not enforce it? If it is worth nothing and is useless,
repeal it, the quicker the better, and let us have something to the
point that will meet the emergency. The next step would probably
be a regular system of State fire wardens, as in other States. But
are the people ready for this? Is it possible that they cannot trust
their own local officers with the enforcement of so salutary a law?
Forest fires in Pennsylvania must be controlled and prevented some-
time, either now or in the future. It would be vastly cheaper to
do it now. County commissioners in this State are too prone to erect
themselves into little de facto supreme courts and d(M-lare unconsti-
tutional laws enacted for the protection of their own citizens, because
the enforcement thereof would mean the taking of a dollar from the
county treasury. Claimants in these cases are most frequently of
limited means, without ability to carry on an expc^nsive la>\suit,
and are thus wholly repressed and disheartened.

It is a question whether the five hundred dollar limit of losses to
be paid by any one county in one year is a wise provision. If the
whole fire loss of a county were to be divided between the countv
and the State, would we not find here the very means for cutting
these losses to a minimum? It is true the losses at first might be
hard upon the county treasury, but that would be the signal for
putting the commissioners and the citizens of that county so on
the alert that they would see that no more serious conflagrations
occur. In other words, the whole fire lU'obhMii would be so1v(m1. and
by the count i(»s themselves.

The act of March 22, 1899, is practically a rcjMHition or reduplica-
tion of the act of March 30, 1S97, so far as it relates to making the

82

constables ex-ofiicio fire wardens. It, however, extends to borough
constables and gives them the power to arrest without warrant, the
same authority with which they are invested by the act of 29th
April, 1897.

The act of April 29, 1897, last cited, authorizes constables and
other peace officers to arrest on view without warrants persons
detected in the act of trespassing upon forest or timber lands under
such circumstances as to warrant the suspicion that there has been
committed or is about to be committed some offense against the laws
for the protection of such lands.

As was well said by the former Commissioner of Forestry, it is
better to prevent fires from starting than to extinguish them after
they have begun. That this fact has been patent to the Legislature
for a period of more than thirty years is evidenced by an act ap-
provc^d June 2, 1870, entitl(>d ^^Vn act to protect timber lands from
fire,''. the preamble to which is as follows:

''Whereas, It is important to the people of the State that timber
land should be protected from fire, which, owing to malicious con-
duct and carelessness of individuals, is causing vast havoc to the
young growing timber, especially upon our mountains, therefore, &c.''

The trained detective on guard will do more real good in prevent-
ing fires than many men summoned to extinguish them after once
started. The above act of 1870 calling for the appointment of such
detectives was improved and its scope enlarged by the amendment
thereto approved July 15, 1897. The amendment fixes the penalty
for the refusal of county commissioners to appoint detectives, it
divides the expense of maintaining detectives between the county
and the State, and fixes a limit of |500 to the expense to be incurred
on this account by a county in any one year.

The purposes of the act of 1870 were further enlarged by the act
of May 2, 1901, which provides that where county commissioners fail
or refuse to appoint detectives to ferret out and bring to punish-
ment those who cause the burning of timber lands, the Commissioner
of Forestry may make such ai)i)ointments on recpiest. AN'lien the
Commissioner makes such appointments and convictions are ob
iain(d thereby, the county wherein such fires and convictions
occurred may be deprived of KState aid for ineffiwent county detect-
ives appointed for the same purpose.

Th(^ cause of forestry in Pennsylvania received an impetus in the
creation of a Department of Forestry by the act of February 25,
1901. The raising of the fore stry work to be a co-ordinate branch of
(he State government has lent to it a solidity and dignitv which il
might otherwise not have attained so early. Thai portion of the
Depart ment ad relating to forest fires is section two, referring onlv

83

1o the kindling of fires upon the reservations. It imposes a penalty
of fiom 1100 to 1500 with costs; and in default of payment of both,
an imprisonment until both are paid.

To provide for a more thorough protection of forest lands and give
more effectiveness to the work of the employes of the Department
of Forestry, the Legislature, by act of March 11, 1903, conferred
upon them the same power given to constables by the act of April
29, 1897; that is, after taking the oath required of constables, to
arrest on view and without warrant all persons detected trespass-
ing upon forc^st or timber land under such circumstances as to
warrant the reasonable supicion that such persons have committed,
are committing, or are about to commit some offense against the
laws for the protection of such lands, or some infraction of the rules
and regulations made for the government of the reservations. This
gives power and large discretion, but not more than the circum-
stances surrounding such offenses usually demand. It is so easy
to start a fire, so easy to make rapid retreat, so difficult to prove
the crime after the offender has left the locality, that every obstacle
should and of right ought to be removed from the exercise of all
reasonable measures necessary to detect and bring the guilty to
punishment.

The solution of the forest fire problem is, in all probability, nearer
at this time than it ever has been before. The record of the year
1904 is a decreased destruction by fire. Better protection is being
given to timber lands than heretofore. A united sentiment on the
part of the people is beginning to demand an honest enforcement
of protective measures which will protect. County officers are slowly
awakening to the fact that supineness on their part will not much
longer be tolerated by those who place them in office. Like large
bodies, all real reforms move slowly; but that they move is what
lends hope and encouragement for the future.

The laws for the protection of forests from fire, as they are now
( onstituted, are numerous and various. That we have a sufficient
number of laws is true. That they need to be better enforced is
also true. A complete recasting and combining of the forest pro-
lective laws is probably a necessity and would be a convenience,
besides eliminating conflicts of phraseology and penal provisions!
Much of the present legislation is experimental. The Legislature was
dealing with what to it was a new subject. The test of use has now
been api)lied and the weak and strong features have been made
apparent. It simi)ly remains to crystallize experience. With the
('xpression of a hope that the time is now rip<' for that process, the
above is commended to tlh' respectful consideration of intelligiMit
and thinking Pennsvlvanians.

84

A KATIDNAL METHOD FOR THE ( ULTIVATION OF THE

WILLOW (SALLX).

BY PAUL E. ARNOLD.

Willow culture is not of recent origin. It dates back as far almost
as history itself. As early as 400 B. C. Theophrastus, who lived
about that time on Sappho's Isle of Lesbos, Greece, recommended
the almond-leaved willow for basket weaving and the water willow,
having the best, lightest, and, at the same time, strongest and tough-
est wood, as particularly adapted for the weaving of warriors'
shields.

Althougl\ the culture of the willow is very old and certain mem-
bers of the numerous family "Salix" are to be found everywhere,
in forest and field, on the steep and almost barren hillside and in the
fertile valley, in garden and vineyard, on the banks of brooks and
creeks as well as on the shores of the sea, vet a cultural treatment
of this valuable plant has heretofore been given but small considera-
tion. Neither has forestry, in whose domain this species belongs,
cared more about the willow than the botanical study absolutely
demanded, nor has agriculture paid it due attention until about
thirty years ago.

The general and most profitable use finds the willow in weaving,
in wicker work of all kinds and it is the purpose of this article to
illustrate briefly how the willow has to be cultivated and treated
for the above purpose.

1. Is there any demand for the osiers {willow)?

Before taking up the culture of a plant unknown to him, unknown
at least as far as its market value is concerned, the righteously
careful farmer asks himself this question. Up to date he has been
satisfied with the willows provided by nature, those that happened
to grow on his farm, along the creek, or, perhaps, he has planted
one or two slalks for his own use; but now all at once he is ap-
proached with the proposition of stocking entire stretches of land
with the willow, dedicating tljciii entirely to osier culture. He
notices the inopjiganda started all around him for the general intro-
duction of this new idea, which to him is neither agriculture nor

85

forestry, and, careful as he is, he fears o\^er-production, having never
realized the enormous demand for osier willows nor having ever
known that thousands and thousands of dollars annually wander
into the pockets of fori^igners, who are smart enough to supply the
American basket industry with the material, a thing he might have
done himself years and years ago.

To give a slight idea of the enormous demand for willow rods of
the finer and finest qualities, I call attention to the one great centei*
of wicker industry in and around Lichtenfels, Province Oberfranken,
Bavaria, Germany. The beautiful and highly artistic products of
the clever Lichtenfels basket weavers find their way to every part
of the globe. They are to be found in madam's boudoir in Paris,
in milady's chamber in London, in the glittering and extravagant
houses of sultans and oriental grandees, in the odd little huts, hidden
between Norway's mountains and fjordes, in Italian palaces, Span-
ish castles, and in the homes of our well-to-do Americans.

According to the latest reports of the Nuernberg Board of Com-
merce, the export of basket and wicker ware to America alone dur-
ing the first three months of 1902 amounted to 305,000 Marks (about
$73,000). In all Germany, the wicker industry at present gives em-
ployment to somewhat close to 80,000 people. The greater part of
the peeled willows used in the manufacture of the finer goods is of
either French or North German origin.

I have made inquiries of merchants, manufacturers and shippers
of merchandise, to find out whether merchandise, which, up to this
time, generally, has been packed and forwarded in solid wooden
boxes, could not be forwarded at a substantial saving in freight rat(*s
in willow baskets especially constructed for this purpose, and,
according to the nature of the goods to be forwarded, woven either
coarse or fine, and I have been informed that this has already been
practiced to a large extent, and that the only reason why it is not
generally adopted is that there is a scarcity of baskets, of weaving
material. I am convinced that the denmnd for osier willows and
the new uses the willow will be put to will keep pace with the
extension of osier culture, even if the culture should experience a
boom such as it has never known before. Alreadv we see a great
number of articles made of willows, which we have not met in
former years.

Stylish traveling automobile and lunch baskets, wicker furniture
of every kiiul Jind descri[)tion, made of whole or split willow rods,
cairiage, and even automobile bodies, are to be seen, as dainty,
light and comfortable? as they can possibly be nuide, and who knows
what new schemes with the willow weaves our inventive manu-
factureis may not suriuise us with in the future. Moreover, with

86

the increase of commercial intercourse grows the need of a cheap,
durable, light packing material, and this the willow essentially
makes. Tough, elastic, and light in weight, it makes boxes and
baskets that conform to the shape of the comodity to be shipped.
Willow is not only lighter in weight than packing box wood, but is
more durable because of its elasticity and toughness.

In speaking of the demand for willows, the willow market, we
furthermore have to consider that the increase and keeping of a
willow plantation is not unlimited.

There is, therefore, no reason to fear an abundance of osier wil-
lows exceeding the demand, flooding the market and reducing the
value of the production. If American agriculture intends to con-
quer this market, especially if it aims to crowd out the foreign wil-
lows, it is not only necessary that we enlarge our willow plantations
considerably, that the best and most serviceable species of willows
be planted and treated more carefully, but the willow grower must
bring his product peeled, not raw, to the market, then there will
be no end to the demand.

2. la the willow an aquatic plant exclusively f

The occurrence of willows in humid regions, their apparent pros-
perity in the direct neighborhood of flowing water, have given cause
to the general opinion that the willow is an aquatic plant. Where
meadows thoroughly swampy give but a poor harvest of grass, one
has sometimes thought to improve the ground by planting willows.
But the sad and sorry aspect of such property with its moss and
brown reed grass certainly is not improved by the starving stumps,
neither is the ground; and as to the expected improvement of thJ
fertility of the soil, it generally does not compensate for the space
given up to the willow.

On the contrary, the roots, withered in the depth, show plainly
that the continuous humidity and the sour humus originating there-
from, hurt the willow as much as every other cultivated plant. It
is a well-established fact that the best varieties of willow culti-
vated in Germany are found growing wild in vineyards, hedges
borderlands, and mountains, and that they require for growth no
more moisture than do other aboreous plants. Every basket maker
knows that willows grown, for example, in vinevards, are much
better fitted for planting than those produced close to the water or
in swamps.

The willow grown in this constant humidity is thick, narrow, rough
and brittle, while the same species grown on dry soil distinguishes
Itself through softness, pliability and tenacity.

It is true the willow requires a certain deg-ree of humidity, but

8?

Willi proper preparation of the soil it finds. this moisture in sulficient
(juantity in the sub-soil, provided it is planted in ground where the
roots may spread out freely in every direction. With this point in
view and depending on observations which I had the opportunity
to make during my studies and travels in Bavaria and the Pfalz, I
once risked to start a willow plantation on poor dry sandstone, in
the Ore Mountain, Saxony. I have obtained rods from ten to twelve
feet in height. The willow can stand a greater degree of moisture
in the soil than nature demands and this is one of the many advan-
tages; and it does not, by unproductivity, always punish mistakes
made in that direction.

Whoever takes an interest in osier culture, whoever wants to
obtain the best results with a willow plantation, has to consider
that, although the willow cannot dispense v.ith a certain degree of
moisture, it is not an acjuatic plant exclusively, and it prospers
most on moderately dry but deep soil. In every case, however,
growth will be deficient in saturated, stagnant soil.

3. The next question to answer is what claims upon soil^ climate^ and

localization the willow makes ^

The kind of soil has a distinctly recognizable influence, not only
upon the thriftiness of the willow, but upon the quality and whole
outward form of the rods. Marks of this influence are detected in
the growth, in the more or less strong inclination in the rod for
branching out, and even in the color of the bark. It is a general
rule that the willow refuses to grow on no soil except that impreg-
nated with stagnant moisture. Even soils of pure sand, provided
thev have some cohesiveness, stand the test: and heavy, clavt v as
well as moist, cold mud soils, after drainage, have proved favorable
to willow cuUivation. It is thus evident that the willow makes small
claims upon the soil with a deep understratum of cohesive, moist
sand, less in a soil of dry loose siind, pet-bog, gravel, a stony moun-
tain slope, and least in a clay soil largely mixed with oxide of iron.
Poor limestone soils are less salutary for willows than a ground
containing little liine. Phosi)oric acid is a very important ingredient
although potash is the material essential to a thriving condition of
a willow plantation. Thes(^ three substances have been identified
in relatively large (juautities in the ashes of willow wood chemically
treated by Professor Schro(»der of the Forest Academy at Tharandt.

As for climate, the willow may be said to thrive in almost any cli-
mat(\, but singl(» varities make particular demands upon it. The
willow cultivator has to take into coiisideiation not onlv the earlier
or later unfolding of vegetation in a country, but also the earlier
or later rising of sap in the particular variety of willow. If vcge-

(

\

o

tatioii starts early and the fatal si)rinf,^ frosts appear, ^rc^.at harm
by freezing is done to the tender shoots that have just come out.

The grower should take precaution against this by his choice of
locality. The willow is friendly to sunlight and can endure no shade
above or near it. Fruit trees, forest trees, and high buildings are
a ruin to the willow plantation. In respect to local position, the
willow planter should be particularly conscientious in his choice.

4. What varieties of willow are recommended for new 'plantations^
having regard for the hind of soil and jpur pose of asef

Hardly any other genus of plants has so many sub-species as the
Salix, the study of which is rendered unusually difficult because of
the great number of varieties, of hybrids, and of striking transforma-
tions. One hundred and sixty species and varieties are given in
Anderson's "De CandoUe prodromus systematis regni vegetabilis,"
Vol. 16, Paris, 1868. These varieties are scattered the world over.
Germany has from forty to forty-five, well defined. To me it seems
better from the agricultural side not to meddle with too many
varieties, but to narrow to a few tried sorts and plant these with
great care. France has not planted so many varieties as Germany,
and yet she has carried on willow culture and the basket industry
for a century with such acknowledged expertness that she is famous
in this branch of industry and dominates the market.

The French grower recognizes and plants only the trustworthy
kinds, KSalix amygdalina, 8alix viminalis and Salix alba, and only
these in their superior varieties. Salix amygdalina, L. (italica nigra
variety) is especially adapted to dry soil and Salix viminalis L. and
alba to moist soil. These three varieties suffice for the farmer who
intends to engage in the improved culture of willows.

5. Proper Willow Cultures,

These, it should be understood, have had their soil thoroughly
cultivated before planting. The plants have been placed so de<'p
down in the ground that their heads do not project a particle above
the surface and only rods grow upward, forming at the time or the
annual felling a field of regular close growing willow^s that is verv
much like a hemp field.

Since the roots of the willow strive to spread out in the ground
on all sides, seeking food and the necessary moisture in the lowiM-
strata, therefore a looseness of soil that descends well is recpiired.
The vigor of the roots of the willow is the best guide in this matter.
It is a good thing to bring the undca* soil to the top to protect the
plants from the encroachment of wc^eds at the earliest jreriod of
unfolding. Hoeing much below the ground level, however, would

89

do more harm than good to the delicate liltk* roots (liat are spread-
ing out near the surface. Older growers, especially the French,
were led by these reasons to see the necessity of trench-ploughing
the ground selected for the willow plantation, and the immediately
perceptible, really noble results of this procedure established the
utility, nay, the indispensability of a preliminary preparation of
the soil. Trench-plowing not only loosens the soil to the desired
depth, not only staves off weeds for a longer time, but it brings down
to the lower strata the layer of vegetable mould always forming at
the surface because of the fall of leaves and manuring, and which
gives rich nourishment to the lower roots. The question naturally
arising is, how deep, for the good of upper and under ground parts
should one trench-plow? Experience has shown that one and a half
feet deep gives the desired result, although on plantations where,
soon after trenching is begun, sand appears that is light and fine
enough for use as blotting-sand, it is well not to plow deeper than
about fifteen inches.

The next question is how to trench-plow?

If the selected place requires the digging of ditches or platband
cultivation, this work should precede trench-plowing in order that
the soil dug out and throw^n on the parterre may be turned up along
with the trench-plowed soil.

If the ground is not level, it should be made so before anything
else is done, and this for two reasons: first, water collects and
remains in the hollows, a condition which would ruin willows planted
there; second, were trench-plowing to precede leveling, the soil on
the elevations would be loosened and carried awav and willows
planted there could not grow for lack of the loose soil they require.
The good upper soil dug away from the elevations is set aside and
used later when they are plowed. If it were thrown into the hol-
lows, there would be an excess of rich soil, while on the hills there
would be a deficiency.

Trench-plowing, as has been said, cannot begin until a perhaps
uneven ground has been leveled and until every possible ditch has
been dug, whether it b(^ constructed for drainage, irrigation, or
parterres, and until the displaced ground has been evenly distributed
over the surface.

Trench-i)lowing begins with the throwing out of a ditch at one
end of the fi(Od or border i>lot, about twenty-five inches wide and
twenty inches deej). The displaced ground is thrown backwards.
When this is done, a new strip also Iwcmty-five inches wide is meas-
ured off by means of a line. This is cut down along the string to
the dej)th of a spade and th(» eulin^ slo])ed wall is thrown into the
bottom of the ditch. Now follows a second lighter cutting, and lastlv

90

the crumblings are shovelled out and thrown on top. In this w^y
the first ditch is filled up and a new one of the same depth is formed,
which is refilled by the same process as was the first.

D.

a a

bb

A

('(•

a a

bb

I^

C

cc

A B

Plan of Trench-plougliing-.

A, first ditcli, refilled with soil displaced from the second ditch C;
lowest layer cc is vegetable mould from C; middle layer bb is the
second cutting-out, and top layer aa the final shovelful of C; B is
firm soil; D is displaced ground of A that was thrown backward.

The whole field or border plat is gone over, the last ditch being
filled with the original contents of the first ditch, which were thrown
i jack ward.

The next matter for the willow cultivator to consider is the season
at which he should trench-plough. This would evidently be before
winter. The choice of the late fall, the months of October and Novem-
ber, promises best success. This gives the turf in the subsoil time
to rot and the soil to settle. The winter frost has made it brittle
and it has crumbled to its utmost, so that it is accessible to the little
roots which are very tender at first. By early winter or late autumn
the farmer has had time to know whether his willow field requires
anything else to be done, whether it should be drained by the con-
struction of ditches, whether it can be irrigated to advantage, and
how such water can be introduced in the most practical way.

91

As above expressly emi)hasized, the willow is no exclusive water
plant in the sense that it is most thrifty in a very wet soil. It even
dies in a certain superfluity of water.

A condition of moderate moisture suits it best. Too wet an area
must be drained, therefore, and the best method for this is by open
trenches, covered pipes being, to my mind, not suitable for willow
culture on account of the many roots. If there can be a complete
draining" ofl:* of w^ater, it is w^ell, but there are cases such as stretches
of low-lying, flat country and marshy and peaty ground where
trenches only help. For such parterre or border bed cultivation is
recommended. As can be seen in the figure below, parterre plan, on
the side of the field where the greatest rush of water is supposed to
be, is dug along its whole length the collecting or main trench out
of which at measured distance are conducted cross-trenches, through
which means parterres or border-beds are formed, the contents of
the trenches serving to form the elevated plats.

(hound Plan of a Pari eric.

On the side opposite that of the collecting trench a reservoir for
irrigation or current drain is constructed. The width of the ])lat-
Isinds, therefore, the length of the distance between the cross-
trenches, is determined by the quality of the soil. Should this be
solid and clayey the trenches should be ranged more closely together
than if it were loose soil. The success of cultivation with parterres

02

depends essentially upon the breadth and depth of the trenches
which should be so deep that the impermeable layer can yield water.
The breadth of the trenches depends upon a necessarily exact bank.
The result of the interconnection of parterre cultivation with a svs-
tern of drain-ditches is that even if there is no complete outlet of
water, at least the worst of the moisture is drained from the raised
border-beds. The water standing in the trenches has another advan-
tage. It protects the willow from night-frosts by attracting Irost
and drawing it away from the plants.

From what has been said it is clear that preparation of the soil
for willow culture is not unimportant.

6. What part of the willow is suited for slij>8^ and how are slips

prepared ^

Chiefly slips are chosen for the raising of cultivated willows and
these are generally the thickest as well as the thinnest rods grown
a year before. All the rods within twenty inches of the very top
()f the plant can be utilized for this purpose, and should be shortened
by an oblique cut to the length of twelve inches. These pieces are
\ariously called slips, shoots, cuttings and sprigs. They expel a mass
of roots throughout their entire length not at the buds, but on as
much of the bark as is covered with soil. The longer, therefore,
the slip is within suitable standard limit of length the more roots
start from it and the richer the nourishment of the young plant. If
the length exceeds that prescribed as much of the slip perishes
down in the moist subsoil as was in excess. On the other hand, if
it is too short, the slip must wither up, especially in continuous dry
weather, for it is only superficially set in the ground. With the
length given above good results are sure. It is recommended that
when possible the full-length rods be procured and the cuttings there-
from into proper slip-lengths be made directly before planting. In
this way you may know whether the desired species has been fur-
nished, and the percentage of failures will be lower if the cuttings
have not been made so long before. One should take care to make
the cut close above a healthy bud which, sitting uppermost at the
surface, can germinate, with no cone above it first to dry up and
later to decay. For cutting slips any good, sharp i)ocket-knife will
be suitable.

4.

What is the correct season for planting^ and horn is this worh

done 'f

Tin? si)ring is the planting time for willows and as early as the
weather permits. The ground should be sutficiently dry for walk-
ing upon and planting. Late planting should be avoided when pos-

sible, as it causes a small yield. The ground evened off and trench-
plowed before winter is now brittle, disintegrated and suflBciently
set. If trenchs are present, one looks first to see if over winter
their partitions have crumbled away and fallen in, and if so these
should be repaired. Then pulverize with the hoe the crumblings
of soil lying on top of the ground and put the whole plot in a garden-
like condition.

A planting line has been previously prepared on which are marked
cff the distances at which the setting out will be done. The string
has first been marked off with a colored pencil every five or ten
inches according as one has decided to plant. Next a little piece of
colored (red) worsted is tied wherever there is a pencil mark. The
line is untwisted a little, the worsted slipped through and knotted.
This w^ork is not so troublesome as might seem and requires about
one hour's time. One's pains are richly repaid by time saved in
jdanting and by the beautiful regularity of the willow field.

To get the best results slips must be planted close. A width of
ten by twenty inches, ten inches apart in the row and twenty inches
between rows, gives success. There is no question but that the
closer the planting, the taller, more slender and more nearly branch
less will be the rods that come up. The possibility of working a
willow plantation comfortably, that is, of keeping it free from
weeds, and the probability that too many boarders at one table
will soon put an end to successful growth will be discussed, for they
must be considered and exactly weighed before the planting itself
takes place.

The measured off planting line is fastened at one end of the plot
and is stretched taut and straight in the direction that the rows
are to extend. The cut slips are bound together in bundles of one
hundred with the buds or eyes looking all in the same direction.

Holding one of these bundles in the left hand, plant a slip in the
ground, close to the point on the string marked with red worsted,
l>ressing it down in an obli(iue direction and so fully into the ground
that not a vestage i)rojects above the surface. Care should be taken
not to put a slip in upside down. The bud must point upwards.
Strong reasons command that as long as the plantation lasts the
])arent-plant should remain in the ground as deep as possible. The
farther it gets, in the course of time, towards the surface, the more
exposed it is to the effects of air and of deposits of water, and the
sooner it becomes cracked, hollow and sickly, followed quickly by
death. In this respent is willow cultun^ distinguished from the
wild ])lanting method. The former method would keep the parent-
plant deep ill the ground.

X(»\v comes the matter of culting. It is of great imi)ortance that
the cut should be made close to tlu» parent-plant, because in time

iiA.

94

shorter or longer cones stand up, forming a top-piece that grows
more and more out of the ground. From the very beginning, while
planting, the parent plant should be assigned to its proper place,
and no growth above ground encouraged. During the first year a
slip will germinate only one sprout, which must grow out of the
ground like an asparagus stalk. If in planting one inch or several
inches of the slip stand out above ground, then there germinate,
instead of one strong, slender, branchless rod, two or three rods,
which forming forks, ruin the shape of the future top and prema-
turely weaken the parent-plant. After this necessary digression,
we go back again to planting. The first row has been planted at
equal distances. One takes now two extra pieces of wood, cut for
this purpose, twenty inches long, and measures this distance on the
still unplanted area at lower and upper ends of the field and at right
angles to the line measure, the little wooden measures are then
stuck in the ground upright, the line fastened to them and pulled
taut as before. In this way the desired distance of twenty inches
between rows is obtained. The work of planting according to the
markings on the line as above described is repeated. There is one
more thing to think of in planting, and that is keeping the varieties
pure. I do not mean by this merely the procuring of superior tested
osiers. That would be a matter, of course, deserving attention; but
I mean that in case several varieties are to be set out in the same
field they should not be planted promiscuously, but carefully sepa-
rated according to species.

8. Care of the willow plantation.

Weeds are extremely harmful to the willow plantation. When
(hey ^^t the upper hand in a deeply and closely planted field they
soon prove fatal to it. Assiduous weeding is necessary and hoeing
the soil flat. Beside the advantage of destroying the weeds, hoeing
furthers the growth of rods by facilitating the entrance of air and
moisture and also, in connection with the later copious ground shade,
by bringing about that condition of cultivated soil called top dres-
sing. This is indispensable for willows as it is for other agricultural
plants. The most harmful weeds are those bred by root shoots.
The wild bindweed (Convolvulus sepium) is one of the most trouble-
some. To prevent this dangerous enemy from coming up the under
parts of the willows must be examined every monlh and 1h(» roots to
which bindweeds are attached should be drawn or dug out. Some-
times replanting is made necessary. (Japs occur in everv osier ])lan-
lation. They must be filled up as soon as j^ossible, since grass. Hie
inveterate evil of the willow planta(ion, grows in them. Replant-
ing may be done in the fall or spring. Whole vigorous roots of the

1)5

respective species and not slips are used for this purpose and are
stuck down deep in the soil. Young willow plantations require
complete protection from grazing cattle and find it in hedge-fences.

9. What is the proper time for cutting,, and how are the rods cut

and preserved f

The harvesting of the rods begins whenever the rising of the sap
ceases, whenever, therefore, the wood is fully ripe. The outward
evidence of this condition is the complete bareness of the rod from
top to bottom, every leaf having dropped off. In all cases it is well
and safe not to remove the rods before December, nor after January.
In the spring they are artificially brought into sap again.

(renerally speaking, if the production of wickers is the chief end
of the willow cultivation, the annual cut must be the guiding law,
only one-year-old branchless rods will serve as material for finer
wicker-work. Hence rods must be cut every year. The way the cut
is made is by no means a matter of indifference. It has, indeed, the
greatest influence upon the growth of the willow. In other words,
it controls the more or less great inclination of the rods to branch
out. The cut crops the rod close to the parent-plant, so that during
the next year only the lowest buds succeed in unfolding. Not a
slanting cut is made, but one at right angles to the stem.

Years ago when I was looking more closely into the rational
methods of cultivation in Oberfranken, Germany, willow growers
advised me never to cut except very deep. One said to me, you
can never cut too deep, but you can easily cut too high. Any exist-
ing troubles, be they never so small, are likewise removable. Even
in case your willow rods are useless as wickers, they can be sold
for poles.

Having been cut, the rods are sorted. The branchless are kept
strictly apart from the branched and are bound into bundles of two
hundred, provided with a label giving assortment number. On
account of greater durability the label is preferably made of shingle-
wood rath(4- than paste board. The rods are brought home, and for
fourteen days exposed to the open air; that is, they are put under
an open shed or enclosed yard exposed to the air. After this time
they are brought under cover to a room free from currents of air
and sunlight, but not at all damp or close. Never lay them away in
rolls of mud and straw nor cover them with sand. Told does not
hurt them.

As a rule never sell your willows on the sloek. Th<» planlation will,
in a short time, be ruined by the erroneous cutting.

I already remarked that if willow culture is to Imm-ouk* a mon*
valuable industry commercially for agriculture, the rods must be

. \

broii^^lit to file market in a peeled state. Some one may inlerpose
here the objection that they eannot be peeled in winter, but this is
cvercome by the fact that the sap can be made to rise in the rods
by artificial means. There are in use two methods of p<^elin<jj. The
winter peeling process and the water peeling process. The winter
peeling process is carried on in special rooms heated to the desired
degree by stoves, or, preferably, by steam heat. Day and night a
temperature of fifty degrees Fahrenheit is maintained. Semi-dark-
ness should prevail and the rooms be of a good size. The rods in un-
broken bundles are placed in troughs filled to a height of five inches
with fresh water. The tops of the rods uro often sprinkled with warm
water. In a few days the bark can be removed with slight trouble.
This method is employed less often than the water peeling process,
which deserves the preference. April and May are the proper months
for water peeling. The bundles of rods are struck on the ground
until their lower ends are all even. After that they are placed iu
the open air, if it is warm enough, in about two and a half inches
of water. Running water is most suitable. In this process, as in
the other, bundles should not stand too close and the tops are s])rin-
kled with warm water. When little green leaves have sprouted
along the rods from bottom to top and a mass of roots has appt^^red
at the foot, the rods must be peeled within the following eight days.
The bundles should be opened before the peeling, to permit evapora-
tion. In fine weather and bright sunshine the work of peeling pro-
gresses best, the peeled rods dry quickly, remain clean and take on a
dazzling whiteness.

Peeling is not difficult and requirc^s only a little practice to suc-
ceed, when it is done the willows (rods) are (^xposod to the open air
to dry. They are spread out thinly, so that the air and sunshine
(an effect the drying and they do not lie on the bare grass, but
upon something laid betw^een. The more (piickly the rods' dry the
more beautiful and white they keep. At night and during rain
peeled willows must be brought under cover. When dry they are
placed upright in an airy room that is free from dust and dirt and
remain there a fortnight. At the end of this tinu' they are ready
for sale and are stored until then in the darkest possible dry place.

I again (^nphasize the fact that th(»re is a greater demand for
peeled than for green willows. Therefore, the work of peeling is
paid for by the getting of a higher price, and ev(My willow grower
should submit to the trouble of peeling in his own interest. The
cost of new wiHow plantations is gr<'at, but they are very remnnera-
tive enterpris<*s. In the nuitter (►f their management and the income
fiom them, many kinds of condilions are involved. With a moderate
market, the returns from willows are not easily matched, either
in amount or eerlainty, by those accruing from anv other utilization

97

of the soil. It is clear that the full growth and other conditions of
willow^ planting, the position in relation to sale and trade, not to
mention the shrewdness and initiative energy of the grower, together
with actual prices obtained, are all important influences upon the
profits. These are small from the point of view of timber, but as a
means of earning wages no other branch of wood production equals
willow culture; but it requii-es great attention, special diligence, and
strictness of management. The cost of property, preparing the field
and planting should not exceed |120 to the acre. To this must be
addtnl the cost of the slips, which is between twenty and twenty-five
dollars to the acre. A well-managed willow plantation may yield a
yearly net income of seventy-five to eighty dollars per acre, and will
last from twentv to thirtv voars.

I will close with the discussion of another question of political
economy. Although I do not think it advisable to carrv on willow
culture on an audaciously largi^ scale upon such farming lands as can
be utilized with success for other agricultural products, yet it is
by this indisputably paying branch of industry safe and economically
l»olitic to raise the value of acres that have hitherto vielded to
farming small or no profits. I am looking at the matter from the
economic viewpoint. The main task of farming must always be the
production of bread; in other words, the culture of such plants as
supply numkind, either directly or indirectly, with sustenance.
Neither bread nor any enjoyable fruit grows on the willow and no
domestic animal can be nourished by it. The willow, even agricul
turally cultivated, is nothing but a forest tree. As such its product,
like our forest trees, has a high and important value for industrial
purposes. Like the forest, indispensable to mankind, the willow
has, in all cultivated soils, limits that must remain unalterable.
The willow is only profitable if it stands on its own ground, and its
ground is, as in the case of forests, that on which the cultivation of
agricultural plants does not pay.

There are a few places in Pennsylvania where willows are grown
for Philadelj)hia basket makers, as for instance at Edgely, near
Trenton, on the road to Philadelphia; but there are many areas,
bringing in little or no profits, which are very well adapted for willow
culture if these lands are cultivated as above described.

To make such tracts capable of cultivation and utilizable is only
right and worthv of everv farmer's consideration.

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