Ne ias gene 1 mea e pp oy ” fe Way ‘ . 4 f AA | Wo a) AA oy tA, A LOM, LV As 7, REPORT OF THE ‘usually DEPARTMENT NGy Jersey. Agieuleual College sacsaguaens Station, | New Brunswick, N. J., BY BYRON D. HALSTED, SC_.D., _ For the Year 1907. TRENTON, N. J.: THe Joun L. Mureuy PuscisuinG Co., Printers. 1902. er ei ppowalrcint ore APN pS ah iaht ter b PH fin Je WULiote ie WA oe Saale ’ ew Phased yeh fina Ne ‘ \isiat ; ¢ ityre ‘ > . ’ ‘ \ 5 WAS > k ’ pnaen™ cet , : igi ri ni tg ? p on , S ¥ ) Wels yt aA Al ‘ , yy wre TS ue iv Vi be ERA iiss send 2 4 b ? . \ ry (atecic BOTANICAL GARDEN. TABLE OF CONTENTS. * PAGES. REPORT OF DEMS HODANES Tapa cteltstal ail x etenatee oleic ects bes oso how's 382-460 Outline of the Subjects’ Considered’. 3: jo. g05.5.....00 385, 386 THEE SPOLLI Ent ATCA c vparaiad ae atts cede Ate alevalela cd cbele 386, 387 HMEPCLIMEN ES WWibi EULA pS) rash « ciavdtee stele c ovcs oscars 388 Potato, Hxperimentsiini tO Oly eee seed aie. oc cee 388, 389 Hmeperiniontstiwitha Beans. fs Ai cite She s.e 6 enero ats 389, 390 Experiments in Crossing Lima Beans.............. 390-392 Experiments with Pomatoes=.t .aescae sees asd onecn 392-396 Crossin sr TOMALOES veveciete: cicinlcieretonmie Beateraicls cs Barak 392-395 TOMA; SLOCKMPlANUS! coo stcte Weiciee es cce cee cect ae 395, 396 Experiments in Crossing Cucumbers.................- 396 INGLES ON CU CUMDOLS vec; close see eos deoha.s aya elore wacderdle sine 397, 398 Experiments in Crossing Eggplants................ 398-400 Experiments in Crossing Sweet Corn.............. 400-408 Crossings WwithvNed Grange. vcs cries selate faa 400-403 Crossing with White and Black Grains......... 403, 404 Inbreeding of the Crossed Corn................ 404-406 Wide Pollination in Crossed Corn.......:......... 406 Breeding of Corn for Prolificness.............. 407, 408 Hxperiments’ with’ Salsify: Hybrids. :.........6606 <6 408-410 OLUETOTOSSIMET Napa vier atals 5 ocorcratslene ates ere ahaa eo eeeel Saysiahe 410, 411 Plant Breeding and Improvement in Our Experiment SSCA ULOTLS sv heel tera Ta iescre. sieve cheats exe delenetsseterelncanalereiere ars 411-419 MRPOLUIMENLS whol salad) PlANTSis sce ocicciciscic¢ aleve wieis era's 419 HR PELINICINES WU WiGEGB cia chert) cie'ele) ere eveieis sieivle s sate, oie ales 420 MXper Ments: With. Lawns Grassesiaisec << s)cedcee'ewis a» lees 421 Experiments with Ornamental Plants.............. 421-424 Experiments with Phloxes and Their Allies....422—424 Wearnlouis we GlOMmONIAGE Ries overs ciejsid sis sielew oid, 0 wre etake 424 EES PCTIMIOULS WHEE, SDLAVADES. «occ sie oy 0 Viole eesieineivie 424-426 POETS CIC s PILRUIST OT eer oraie ia) o/s)cie.d ciers 6s 4.010 w/e ore cote 425, 426 Soda Bordeaux and Paris Green... 3... 6600. bocce 426 PT PAA AT STS RULSUs nore crere o10 wivisvare wie «ele 916.9 0.5, aim ee 426-429 Asparagus Rust on the College Farm............... 429, 430 EXperiments with Pear Bent. ..:...'50.0 oe ou vies 430-433 ERS Ge RULGS a tat ot es iabeiel et wares, 6) vars: a6) a:0rs Wye) si migalapa Gina 434, 435 Broomatane WU pOne VOMIALOL . oo. 2.0 sis asia mioe- a clear iets nis 435, 436 “, (iii) lv TABLE OF CONTENTS. REPORT OF THE BoTanisT—OContinued. PAGES. Hreot, UPON! Grass. tes 2 < otis Shere .syete sic. o's ent oh eC 436 Notes*Upon® Comm: Simtici. crecrecs ete cieress © vic'eis, hele che cree 437 The Blizhtcof Cucumbers str oo seic ec « cece a itele eee 437, 438 The Mildew of the Grape.c.o.. se. de ccc ccs oem ee eee 438 Tulip cMould isisaconest coe eee Oe hE acne state eee 438-440 Fungi as’ Related tof Weathers .i8 Ac ds..2 5 2 sete 440-442 The New Greenhouses, <2 20,0 .)0)<'6 = © s\5/0-5/ 41 av s 0:2 emt ene 442 Seedless "Tomatoes 0 2i2).%2%- s.ciec 3s ee sels, «ole eee 442-445 A Study of Dimorphism in Buckwheat............. 445-448 Spraying Experiments in Greenhouse.............. 448, 449 Albinism in Sweet Oorn . 2220s Aettloe vier ols so leiceieiete 449-451 A. Study: of Dodders:,.. 20088 2 2aRised ses tee cc oe see 451-454 Notes Upon -Dodderigic. 23325 ote es iets See 454-457 Self-Fertility in. BusheBeanssicisow. . cine 5. ne wees 457 The Dwarfage of Beans by Cutting the Seeds.......... 458 The. Simple-Leaved Ampelopsis............---ecccesc0e 459 REPORT OF BOTANIST. (883) REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. oe For the year ending November 30th, 1901, the work in the Botan- ical Department has been largely upon the two acres of the Experi- ment Area at the College Farm, supplemented with studies in the Laboratory and field work in various parts of the State. As for the past eight years the experiments in the field have been largely devoted to truck crops, with less attention to tests of fungi- cides and more to the breeding of varieties of corn, beans, eggplants, tomatoes, cucumbers, squashes, etc. Starting with a white and a black variety of sweet corn in 1899, a combination of the two has resulted in a few instances, the present season, in ears that were entirely with red grains. At the same time interesting points in plant-breeding have been obtained. The crossing of a yellow variety of tomato with a red one has re- sulted in producing plants of remarkable vigor and a blending of qualities that may be of much profit. One of the results is a number of plants that are remarkable for healthy vine and fruits that are nearly seedless. The work of combining two varieties of dwarf lima beans has re- sulted in an improved sort that is very promising. In this connec- tion there have been reversions to the pole type that with these new crosses may prove advantageous. The most immediate results in the crossing have been with the eggplants, and a new form has developed that may surpass all others in the desirable qualities in this vegetable fruit. All the crosses show a vigor and productiveness of plant that is very gratifying. In cucumbers the progress in breeding for a spineless fruit has pro- gressed ; many types are reached but none are fixed. Squash crosses are showing some features of interest. The testing of salad plants has been continued and the Swiss Chard and New Zealand spinach have shown much to recommend them for general use. The hybrid salsify has bloomed and fruited this season and a good stand of plants for testing the quality of the roots next year is now upon the ground. Observations upon the asparagus rust have been continued and 25 (385) 386 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE additional facts determined with regard to its spread through the United States and its dependence upon the prevailing characteristics of the weather. 4 As usual the work with weeds has been the identification of foul stuff in commercial seeds and the observations upon the weed plot, which has been maintained for several years in a wild condition. ° The finding of broom rape upon clover and another species upon tomato are some of the weed events of the year. A new greenhouse, 24 by 80 feet, was used for the first time last winter, and in it some results were obtained in germination, particu- larly as to albinism in corn, the dimorphism in buckwheat and the checking of mildews with various fungicides. Some studies were made of the dodders, which as parasitic plants are often serious pests to clover, flax and other field crops. One bulletin has been issued from this department since the last annual report was published ; namely, June Ist, 1901, Bulletin 151, ‘‘ Bean Diseases and Their Remedies,’’ with four page plates, nine figures and twenty-eight pages. The Station Herbarium has grown with the usual annual accessions from various sources. In its many details the work at the Experiment Area and in the greenhouse has been, as formerly, in charge of Mr. J. A. Kelsey, and any success in results in crossing and spraying is largely due to his faithfulness. The Experiment Area. In the accompanying plan, Figure 1 shows the method of plotting the two acres known as the Experiment Area ; it also locates in the plots the various crops that have occupied the ground the present season. The seven series from 0 to VI. run up and down a slight incline of the field and are separated by four-foot paths, while the four plots, 33 by 66 feet, in each series extend right and left of the plotted page.” To improve the soil, naturally a gravelly clay underlaid with yel- low gravel, stable manure at the rate of twenty tons per acre has been added each spring during the past seven years. Last autumn nearly all the plots were sown to rye after the regular crop was re- moved. This made a good live cover that helped to hold the surface soil from washing in winter, but grew too rapidly in the spring, so that barley is used instead this season. * The plotting is given in full detail in the report for 1894, p. 279. 387 EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. "AI W109 pessorIp "IC6T Ul Boy JUeMITIEdxg ONT, *T ‘SLT “AT sroqminony ‘soysenbg "AI pavyo ‘TIT W109 "AT syusidsso “AI SBUITT "AI “III $907BUI0T, “AI W10D passo1p ‘TI “[ SeWOTH Surm10W “IIT AJIS[BS *SBUIL'T “III 890) 8M10 J, TI] syuvldssq pessorp ‘TIT soyseubg “saSSBIN) ‘S[BIUOUL -BUIO Te 1 mt "II XolUd ‘TI SBUIT'T ‘prByD “II ‘ost Iueldssq TI W100 Q ‘IT SeO}JBMLOT, possorN “JI “I SoOywUMOY, “JI SeOPVULOT, Passolp *T AJIS[Bs pluqdAH *T suvog ‘T u10N pessolp ! AJISTRS D *] 8009}8]0g passoig ‘soysenbg ‘U109 pPessolQ *‘L SpB[Bg *[ U10Q passorp ‘IA SAHIYHS ‘A SHIYHS ‘AI SHINS ‘IIT SHIYAS ‘Il SHIUAS ‘T SHINS ‘0 SHINAS ‘eoly jJuetIIedxy ouL 388 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENTS WITH TURNIPS—Concluded. Series I., that had been in turnips for seven years, was set this year to crossed tomatoes. First, because the demonstration was made that lime is a satisfactory remedy for the club-root ; secondly, turnips do not thrive as a continuous crop for many years, and thirdly, owing to the limited space, the land was needed for other experiments. The reader who is interested in the club-root experiments, which were the chief reason for holding turnips for seven years and twelve consecutive crops upon the same land, will find the tabulations and conclusions upon pages 410-413 of the report of this department for last year. POTATO EXPERIMENTS IN 1901. Only Plot I., Series II., was in potatoes the present season, and this for the seventh consecutive year. The continuous cropping with potatoes is not advisable and was only indulged in for the sake of the experiments with soil fungicides for the scab. The results have not been uniform in these experiments, and while sulphur gave much promise the tests need to be many upon various kinds of soils before final judgment is rendered in the case. Owing to the demands of other lines of field experiments, mainly with plant breeding, the tests with potatoes must for a time be considerably curtailed. Last season it was found that a shavings mulch gave a gain over the adjoining uncovered land of nearly as 5 to3. With this in mind and the fact that the mulch seemed to protect the potatoes from scab, it was concluded to continue Plot I., Series II., in potatoes, although for the seventh crop, which would very surely be a small one. The early part of the season was unfavorable for potatoes and the crop throughout the State is only a fraction of the average. The upper third of the plot was mulched with shavings that are purchased in bales of 100 pounds each and used for stable bedding. Fresh shavings to the depth of two inches were applied in July, and thereafter no cultivation was given to this portion of the plot. The harvest was upon October 8th, and the following table shows the results in number of marketable potatoes, weight of the same and number of hills: Belt 1. Belt 2, Belt 3. Belt 4, Belt 5. Belt 6. Patataen Mulch........+00 24°. 28 AO - 40+) 27 ae aia No Maleh....... 76, 86-78 45 ) 47 ee . Mulch...... 6i. 5] Tit 10) 7 ee Wieightiecisc01- oo ee 4 2 2 4 eig LNo Mulch....... 17}... Gh 172 114) -SEaee No. of hills ¢ Mulch secccoccccee 14 18 19 19 19 18 ‘No Mulch....... 34 35 <36 34 37 ~~ 32 EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 389 Total potatoes upon mulched ground 180, and upon the unmulched area 310. By bringing the two portions to the same size the relative numbers are : for the mulched soil 360 and the unmulched 310. The relative weights became for mulched land 91 pounds and 67? for the unmulched ground, a difference of nearly a half in favor of the mulched area. The following table is of the amounts of scab, estimated as in former years, in terms of per cent. : Belt 1. Belt 2, Belt3. Belt 4. Belt5. Belt6. Average. IMrolcheuvescesacescsescses 65 40 70 45 45 5 45 Wnmtlechedt. sic sccsee se. 50 50 75 70 60 60 61 It is seen that the mulched land shows less scab, which may be due to the potatoes forming nearer the surface of the soil, sometimes even in the mulch, where there may be fewer scab germs. EXPERIMENTS WITH BEARS. Plot I., Series V., has been continuously in bush beans since the Experiment Area was started in 1894, with two crops for each season, excepting for the present year. Only two sorts, namely, “*Green Flageolet’’ and ‘‘Saddleback Wax,’’ were grown, they being planted in alternate rows upon May 16th. On account of the cold, wet weather, shortly after planting, the stand was not good with the first-named sort and the rows of the other were somewhat broken. Upon July 30th it was recorded that there was much bacterial blight upon the ‘‘ Green Flageolet.’’ This isamong the most suscep- tible of all the bush beans to this disease, but the alternate rows of the ‘‘Saddleback Wax’’ were not exempt. This last-named variety is but little inclined to the blight, and this selection of the extremes in susceptibility was purposely made in order to study this obscure point. Microscopic examinations were made of the leaves and other parts of the two varieties, but enough evidence is not yet found to warrant any conclusion as to the exact reason for the great susceptibility in the one case and comparative immunity in the other. The hope of a natural cross between the two sorts, by growing them side by side, was not realized, and the demonstration is made that, with plants like beans, where close fertilization is easy, and possibly the rule, one must resort to castration and the other accompanying details of hand pollination to secure a cross. Beans, peas and plants : = 390 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE of that class are very different from corn, which crosses so readily that difficulty lies in keeping a variety pure when grown anywhere near another variety. In another part of the Experiment Area, where ney suspected crosses between the two above-named varieties of beans of last year were grown this season, there was considerable of the bean-pod spot (Colletotrichum lagenariwm Pass.) upon the ‘‘Saddleback Wax.”’ This is interesting as showing that this disease may appear upon a piece of land after it has been almost entirely absent for some years. There was no record made of the yield of the two varieties, the comparative productiveness having been fully determined in previous years. The crop was such, however, as to confirm the opinion ex- pressed before, that, under good culture and a fair degree of manur- ing, bush beans may be grown upon the same soil for at least eight years, with two crops in each season. EXPERIMENTS IN CROSSING LIMA BEANS. Last year twenty plants were secured as crosses between the ‘‘ Hen- derson’’ and ‘‘ Burpee’’ types of dwarf limas. The seeds upon all this score of plants were planted this year and the results are here recorded. In a general way, it may be said that the vigor of the plants was satisfactory. There were many individual differences from the time the seedlings unfolded their first true leaves, and the plot showed those evidences of a mingled blood that plant-breeders find so diffi- cult to set down in words. Some rows, that is, plants from one parent, were more uniform than others, favoring the ‘‘ Henderson”’ or the ‘‘ Burpee’’ as it might be. As they increased in age all of the hundreds remained true to the dwarf type excepting seven plants, and those were given poles and climbed, with one exception, with the vigor characteristic of genuine pole beans. It remains to be deter- mined what the progeny may desire to do. In passing, it may be said that the future of these climbers is full of interest, for they represent a combination of qualities that may be of commercial im- portance. These plants are treated separately elsewhere. In fruitage there is a remarkable constancy for all the twenty sets of plants adhere when quite closely to a type of pod and seed that make it easy to distinguish them from either of the crosses. It is not necessary to repeat in full the statement made in the report of last year, where a full page plate was employed to exhibit the cross EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 391 in comparison with the pods of the two parents placed along side. The engraving here introduced will serve to show the characters of the seeds as shown in a small quantity of each. Opportunity has come this season to test the quality of the cross, and it compares favorably with that of the ‘‘Burpee”’ and is far superior to that of the other parent. While not as large a seed as the ‘‘ Burpee,’’ it is large enough for a lima, and, when its yield is noted, the practical grower should be pleased with it. The following is the result of the crossed plants for the year. Some parents produced only a few seeds last season and those from two out of the twenty failed to produce plants this season : No. of No. of No. Green, No. Green, Parent. Plants. Ripe Pods. Filled. Empty. Total. EAS Wa cbcccrareteacesase causes’ Wailea. 2: sccouhacssuveee sv cedsecs pai cd Seance Dice a Receiteteteescassesstote 2 2 35 3 40 Geesiecuehacat ess ssastincecdssse 3 13 ST Gare eee 50 Bere eakeechistcbocSececencesbess 1 5 11 16 (he ose PAC EEC ADOC DOP REEEEEe 19 425 46 5 476 OSE CHE RB CORER CT nae emer ee 20 592 65 18 675 Ueeunecnetccsccctcccdcedeseweses 70 1,200 325 40 1,565 ercecatneceteseceacntecsasteseus 1 9 Leeeckacees 26 Wiset oes dubeeccsdessiecesesacescs 72 1,227 338 95 1,660 ieee crcccenasscecseacuvecccsaes 32 775 85 40 910 Lea ecewccetvesacencsacsnscese 33 570 5d 21 646 Eymrececeiencacaacce scl westanese 5 193 co Lee 237 heneeavcicewedessesssscuwxs sass 29 705 305 25 =1,035 Peer epee asters ceccccaoubevess 28 940 165 15 1,120 Die cetnestesctsststssveassscassse 46 995 131 10 ~=1,136 HOirsacssawanceceavesverss a -csoue HANCOR ccc cnccce tik tiscoste.x cesdeveur Ip taceweeeh Wiiodasesssecevaese teste casccauee 21 332 25 10 357 WS icaseecesacwvare tassendess)-scess 69 1,597 312 80 1,989 efrthcasvuneoskeunoess ices tet soces 16 560 210 30 800 20 5 96 35 10 141 Pais. Sts cascecnsens 472 10,236 2,241 40s 12,879 The average number of pods to a plant is 27. A corresponding plot of ground was devoted to alternate rows of the two parent varieties and these harvested the following : No. of Green Empty Plants. Ripe Pods. Pods. Pods. Total. BUEPOG.« caeatenwecss ccc evas 369 449 1,056 620 2,125 ERGO GGYAON, .csteessedincsnace 700 3,550 340 350 4,240 It is seen that the ‘‘Henderson’’ produces about twice as many pods as the ‘S Burpee’’ upon a given area, and this is due to the 392 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE fact that the plants are smaller and may be grown closer together. Another fact is the earliness of the ‘‘ Hendersou,’’ for four-fifths of the pods were mature, while less than one-fourth were ripe in the lot of ‘‘Burpee’’ plants. The average was six pods to a plant. With the crossed plants, while the yield was 27 pods per plant, the matured pods made up five-sixths of the crop and the empty pods one-thirty-second of them all. In short, while the productiveness is more than four times that of the parents, the earliness is ahead of the ‘‘ Henderson.”’ The relative size of the beans is well shown in the engraving (Plate I.), and the cross is seen to be nearer the ‘‘ Burpee’’ than the ‘‘Henderson.’’ In quality the same is true, and, while not as ‘‘rich’’ as the ‘‘ Burpee,’’ it is nearer to it in this important quality than the ‘‘ Henderson.”’ The following eight plants were pole beans : No. of Ripe Green Green Parent. Plants Pods. Pods. Empty Total. IS s cag eco scone canes 1 24 2 14 40 Oe aceestenccesssees 2 64 35 107 206 15.. 2 61 130 60 251 MBE Socks caeesceesscsie 1 23 42 57 122 Oy ceacasseeeeate cence 2 209 355 132 696 8 381 564 370 1,315 The two from the parent plant No. 20 are remarkable in their very large yield, one of them giving 404 pods and the other 292. Both are valuable stock for further growth, as these and all the other six plants are, of course, not like the parents, and become the starting points for new lines of breeding possible for pole limas. EXPERIMENTS IN CROSSING TOMATOES. Tomatoes were given much attention and space in the Experiment Area. From the large number of lots of seed saved from crossed plants of the previous season the following were chosen from red- fruited plants: numbers 6, 7, 17, 25, 32, 33, 52, 62, 84, 92, 97, 104, 144, 150, 168, 176, 178, 182, and from yellow-iruited plants num- bers 98, 112, 113, 122, 125 and 126. The performances of these parent plants are given in full upon pages 431 to 439 of the report for 1900. The whole of Series I. was devoted to the seedlings of these crosses and Plots I., II. and III. received the above numbers 6 to 182 and EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. Plot IV. the six numbers 98 to 126. sented by ten plants. The following table is made up from the results of each set of plants : Range of Fruitfulness. Parent (Red) No. 6 7 17 25 32 33 52 62 84 92 97 Parent No, 104 144 150 168 176 178 182 Parent (Yellow) No. 98 112 113 122 125 126 Plot IV., bearing the yellows, is perhaps the least congenial soil for tomatoes, and this may account for the somewhat smaller average for the last six lots of plants. The following table shows grand averages for the four plots: The full record of each of the 240 plants, considered in brief above, is kept on file, in which the time when each fruit was picked is given and the earliness or lateness of the plant, along with its productive- 48 to 120 57 “125 47 “ 110 45 “ 128 39 “ 130 72 “ 139 50 “ 102 29 * 110 17 © 125 40 “ 72 42 “ 133 51 to 131 58 “ 143 51 “ 188 28 “ 103 66% 39 65 “ 140 48 “ 179 43 “ 92 31 “ 105 3o “ 81 40 “ 66 36 “ 101 22 “ 139 ness, are a matter for reference. There were, therefore, three plots with plants from red fruits and one plot with plants from yellow fruits. Each parent number was assigned to a belt and was repre- Average Fruitfulness, Two Yellow. 84 98 78 84 81 “ No Two One One “ No One “ Yellow. “ “ Two Red. No “ 64— 90 78—102 63—108 54— 75 “ Average. 77 90 855 64.5 394 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Plant No. 67 of the 1900 crop was from a seed of a red fruit result- ing from a cross of ‘‘ Golden Sunrise’’ upon the ‘‘ Dwarf Champion,”’ and with a record of 83 fruits, all of which were below average size, but nearly free from seeds. The plant was unusually large and vig- orous, so that it was dubbed ‘‘Giant,’’ while the foliage had a mot- tled appearance, as if the differing green of the two parents had not fully blended. Thirty-seven seedlings from the fruits of this unusual plant were set in Plot II., Series II., and the following is the record of the yield for each : Bp = Ser Gus eae = 2 Ey ° 2ee et LON LO iS) < na o) SoA fy a rer ROMs 240 yal oi Ad IS 280 arb) azo INO) 9 bere oR ear a5 OD Oe Thin. (See Pl. II.) Ca rer sbccly levees Buacet SL. leonsh teat trees TR Ola ce Normal, SO Bicacs DL sae MA Qe AP 8 SAR Sie 10) 8: rede Thin: COA eahaneaeheg 0050 Potato-like. (Pl. II.) Oi Bses a ene 2 2 4 red. Fruit plum-shaped. (PI. II., 2. ) SH IG: ccc 1 Sep en, 1Or Fed. CY ee abel 7 8 2 4 16 2 41 yellow. Rank growth. (PI. II.) Oh on eaeere I 889) 15° 17/30 red CO eae 2° 4 <4 10 20\ 30 red. SURE ettet siete Sse ahah. “Bais «Sele Ro Cae eee MIO, cel POM MOT TLIO mes ies baie aa Me te aaa sauce, Mietaa,. .coraPoecey Gave) Oo iee fOr (Aas ees RO eee ee Moe? Castner ee. aay ete have ae, UO RON 0 OOS Ie ier cos Ree er URE, Cae AGNs anced eat stot ee O10 0 Erect, bushy. (Pl. II.) Los) I: Scones wade (2) Ate, Chk 19) (23 14 O14 (95. 60155" cred: 15 tats Gr 0.0) SONG iss 1 L 4 HS 5) 160 432 0932) ored. BOTs skis carte ole) atan eLeteese Le VO) DDoS 8b) MON Sb NB. on L ae Lb 16) (8 80! 14 10 145 °94° 45189 ‘yellow. iy pe Peo ler ton lie cdd 1G? et OND 4201S 7eavellows RED ree pth wae, 4 ele 446 6295 98) bn126." (81384 vellow,. BOD cccot 01 00 AGL Anis Matta! sesill teese) S22! acta evel ered PEE Oe DO) TCG, SOD ees fiat. iDietecn Gi hie) VerneL Ol ee Laeee) 94 490490 yellows: REUBEN, neh Natce~ Satie, ow ciietgh ad cia Piece meee Toes ON e) 4 crea. OO. ae 1 8 19 25 65 80120 80393 13 406 red. ‘‘Dulcamara.”’ (Pl. II., fruit3.) MD eachn) face feee LON. cel Soom eOl tOunon CSoMmL S193 mSVeLLO We eS DG :rcsceyianes 5 a PO 20: LO a Pere neice, RCcea Wea pecel tareadelh Wescott cxcaiieMnA a alk 2B ins« Made ea Or 20 LOL od Pon cOMereds Oe Ot ee ate HeG) 160014 Dele Set) See Omnea, BO ccs 1 Noe OS) Ake 4231 288) ed. SOON cases eee ce Ae 18 Bid AOA 2 1 S8ie Oeos ered. LOrS y-Seeeceee T1012 ee Seo) ose onmGoneneds ce os, i as. cet tats mM Tneet je aad Bie gers os: | eee . 26 2 16 11 18 22 90 22112 yellow. See hss se 1 7, 8 213) 9/4. 05: 16) 49, 40) 589) red: US: Tree 3 93315) el Bloemomere e 44 4 48) Cvellon,. SOR Tees S28) Paw th 10 9 10 4 46 8 54 red. PLATE 11. Variations in ‘lomatoes—seedlings of No. 67. Stems and leaves No. 1, a fine nine-leaved, fruitless plant. No. 4,a potato-like fruitless plant. No. 5,an upright plant with plum-like fruit, nearly seedless. No.7, a rank-growing plant. No. 13, erect-bushy fruitless plant. No. 24, a fine-leaved spreading plant, with small cherry fruit. PLATE II. Variations in Tomatoes—No. 1, an average red fruit, also in sectional view. No. 2, plum-shaped fruit, with nearly solid flesh. No. 3, the cherry tomato, with many seeds. No. 4,a type of the yellow fruits, and sectional view of same, ‘(sse]3 aapun uMoIZ asoy} 10} "KX 9}¥][q 29S) P]Py ay} UI UMOIZ se Ssoussatpoas SprvoU 11ay} ZulMoys dorzo oo61 jo £41 ‘oN wo1 sa0jewo J, Ill ALVITd EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 395 It is seen that the number of fruits ranged from 0 to 406, ten were below ten and six were over a hundred. Some showed marked earli- ness and matured all their fruits, as Nos. 16 and 17, while others were late as Nos. 7, 18 and 35. Plate II. shows variations in the foliage and fruit of this lot of tomatoes. Plant No. 177 of the 1900 crop was from a seed of a red fruit re- sulting from a cross of ‘‘ Golden Sunrise’’ upon ‘‘ Dwarf Champion,”’ with a record of only 27 fruits, all small and with the seeds ranging from none to six to a fruit: This plant was remarkable for its great size, standing above the surrounding plants. The flowers were of unusually large size and added to the gigantic appearance of the plant. Several of the seedlings from this plant were deformed and failed to reach much size, and only five specimens were set in the field, with the following results : Lot177. Aug.24. Sept.21. Sept.28. Oct. 5. Oct.25. Totalripe. Green. Total. Color. Planteliss.<. Ba. it 2 1 8 12 4 16 red. Senos being from the plot where hybrids occurred the previous season, and natural mixing was to be expected. There were but few plants among all these suspects that proved to be hybrids, and these were- invariably in the rows with the cultivated species. These hybrids, similar to those of 1900, were of two types, previously described, and were large in size and enormous bloomers. The seeds of these plants: were sown in mid-summer for a second plot of seedling hybrids, and have made a good stand for passing the winter. A large amount of artificial crossing was done with the rows of the two parent species, that the stock of the hybrid may be so far inereased next year that the roots may be tested as to their merit as an article of food.* Other Crossing. Two species of Martynia have been grown the present season for the purpose of hybridizing. Several fruits were obtained between Martynia Louisiana Mill. and M. lutea, with the former as the mother plant ; but the three fruits upon the latter parent were too young when the frosts came to give viable seeds. What this union of two * Some of the above facts were given by the writer in a paper before Section G, American Association for the Adyancement of Science, at its meeting at Denver, Colo., in August. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 411. quite different species may produce is a matter for the future, but possibly an acceptable pickle may result. Many attempts were made to cross the trumpet creeper (Tecoma radicans (L.) upon the Martynia, but without success. While closely related, and in many peculiarities the same, one is a hardy vine and the other a tender herb, a combination of which characteristics one: is not likely to secure. The breeding together of the ordinary field flax (Linum usitatissimum L., and the ornamental species L., grandiflorum L. (?), has been at- tempted, and several full-sized seed vessels were secured upon the latter species ; they all but one proved to be seedless. In this in- stance the two species are widely separated in this, that the blue flax of the field has all its sex organs alike; but in the scarlet species of the gardens there are two lengths of the female organs. Plants with sex organs thus developed are combined with difficulty with other species. It is said that plants of one form of pistils are sterile to their own form and need the pollen of the other form of flower for fecundation. If this is the case it only heightens one’s desire to: effect the cross, if it is a possible thing. PLANT BREEDING AND IMPROVEMENT IN OUR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The following is an Shetract of a paper read at New Haven, Conn., November 12th, 1900: A brief letter of inquiry was sent to each Experiment Station, and from the fifty stations now on the official list reports were received as follows: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Con- necticut (New Haven and Storrs), Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Lousiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York (Geneva), New York (Cornell), North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming. The list of Experiment Station responses are taken up alpha- betically, omiting those reporting no work in plant breeding and selection. Alabama.—Bulletin 56, May, 1894, is upon ‘‘ Crossing for the Pur- pose of Improving the Cotton Fibre;’’ Bulletin 71, April, 1896, is: *The fourteenth annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural: Colleges and Experiment Stations. / AL2 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ‘‘Experiments with Foreign Cottons,’ and Bulletin 83, June, 1897, has for its title ‘‘ Hybrids from American and Foreign Cottons.” ‘‘The combination of the Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium manti- ‘mum yields a cotton plant which produces fibre of the best grade in ‘strength, maturity, twist, length, fineness and yield per acre.’? * * * California. —‘‘ In answer, etc., * * * for our work in the origina- ‘tion of new varieties by crossing, ete., we can only confess to have -done nothing, nor have we published anything on the subject. Mr. Burbank, Judge Logan and Mr. C. P. Taft, of Orange; Mrs. Shep- herd, of Ventura, and others, have undertaken much in this line, as you know, and because of the activity of private propagators we ‘have given very little attention to the subject.’’ Connecticut.—Mr. J. B. Olcott, of Connecticut, was at one time «strongly advocating the improvement of lawns by a method of grass cuttings, thus producing a uniform turf of the same strain of grass. Georgia.—‘‘Some years ago we did a good deal of work in crossing varieties of cotton.”’ Illinois. —Bulletin No. 21 gives the results of Mr. McClure in the crossing of corn, and Bulletins Nos. 53 and 55 report the work of Professor Hipkins in selection with reference to the chemical compo- sition of corn. Considerable work has been done upon inbreeding of -corn. Three generations of inbreeding results in almost sterility, the ‘first generation showing a degree of unproductiveness that would practically amount to the ruin ofacrop. So pronounced is this result of even the first generation from inbreeding that we are led to wonder if this is not the practical cause of barren stalks, which in this country amount ofttimes to 20 per cent. of the crop. The results of Mr. McClure’s work are briefly summarized as fol- lows: ‘‘In 1889 sixteen crosses in corn were produced ; in 1890 one hundred and fifty-eight.’? Among other things the results indicated ‘‘that corn grown from crossing two distinct varieties will be larger ‘than the average of the kinds crossed, or when the parents are nearly equal larger than either.’’ Indiana.—For many years we have grown with much care a variety -of yellow dent corn, which is known as ‘‘ Purdue yellow dent.’’ Jowa.—Bulletin 14, August, 1891, is upon ‘‘ Breeding of the ‘Orchard and Garden Fruits,’’ in which notes upon seedling crosses -of apples are recorded. Bulletin 22 (1893) contains a section upon ‘‘Rosa Hybrids,’’ which were of the Russian type of Rosa rugosa as the pistillate parent with ‘‘General Jacqeminot,’’ ‘‘ American Beauty,’’ and other standard roses, the hope being a double hardy + Wes —— EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 413 rose for the prairie region. In Bulletin 32 (1896), Professors Budd and Hansen report upon ‘‘Some of Our Advances in Breeding: Fruits and Shrubs,’’ and figure new hybrid roses of great promise. Hybrid strawberries, grapes, plums, pears, apples, are also considered. In Bulletin 36 (1897), under ‘‘ Hybrid roses, gooseberries and straw- berries,’’ Professor Budd shows still further advances, and an engray- ing of a heavily-fruited hybrid between a wild gooseberry of Mani-- toba and the ‘‘ Champion.’’ Kansas—Professor Kellerman, assisted hy Mr. Swingle, began the crossing of field corn at the Kansas Station in 1888. From the report for the next year, 1889, the following: ‘‘ The effect of cross- ing could always be plainly seen the second year, whether visible the first year or not. The crosses * * * were generally of two types: (1) those in which the kernels were uniform, and (2) those in which they were variable.’? From Bulletin 17, December, 1890, it is gathered that ‘‘The product of ‘the third year is generally true to- the seed planted.’’ Forty-nine crosses of 1890 were planted in 1891, and of the 33 harvested, 25 showed intermediate characteristics between the parents. The bulletin concludes with the following: statement: ‘‘ The characters secured by crossing can be retained.”’ Louisiana.—From Bulletin 26, February, 1894, it is gathered that three years earlier, ‘‘Some stalks of cane, partly white and partly purple, were selected from the field of Soniat Brothers’ Tchoupitoulas plantation. They were called by them bastard canes. These stalks: were planted as follows: First row, the entire stalk ; second row, the white joints of each stalk ; third’row, the colored joints of each: stalk. At the end of the season, four distinct canes, as far as color could direct us, were obtained.’’ By selection, the varieties have become fixed, received names and ‘‘are different from any other in our collection.’’ Maine.—It is gathered from the reports of 1898, 1894 and 1896- that much work has been done in improving tomatoes, and particu- larly through a species hybrid between the ordinary form (Lycoper- sicum esculentum Miller) and the current tomato (L. pimpinelliafolium Dunal), the latter bearing small fruits in racemes like currants. By blending these two species, the ‘‘ Lorillard,’’ a standard forcing variety, being used with the current, and selecting and furthermore uniting the hydrid with the ‘‘Lorillard’’ again, the fruit has been brought up to an acceptable market size and the quantity much increased, 414 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Maryland.—Considerable work is in progress along breeding lines ‘in both the Horticultural and Agricultural Divisions, but nothing has been printed. Massachusetts. —They have hundreds of seedling strawberries, seed- ling raspberries, some of which show great merit, and seedling straw- , berries, some of which are of great promise. A lot of seedling plums not tested in California have been sent to them by Luther Burbank for trial and distribution, the entire stock being in their hands. Michigan.—From the bulletins and reports it is gathered that a large amount of work is done at the central and sub-station upon ‘the trial of varieties of fruit and vegetables and their improvement through selection. In the earlier days of the Agricultural College some crossing and hybridizing was accomplished, in tomatoes in particular, by Professor Bailey, before he went to Cornell University. Minnesota.—Bulletin 62 has been received upon ‘‘ Wheat Varie- ties Breeding, Cultivation.’’ Professor Hay, the author, is one of the leading breeders of cereals on this continent, with a rival of sig- nificance along his line in Dr. Wm. Saunders, of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Canada. As early as 1889 Professor Hay published ‘from the Minnesota Station, bulletin 7, upon ‘‘ Improving Corn by Cross-fertilization and Selection,’’ The following facts are taken from the summary of the bulletin recently issued : ‘‘ Hybrids vary greatly in yield, in grade or quality, in rust resistance. * * * By syste- matic selection of * * * hybridized wheats, improved varieties are originated at slight cost. * * * Three out of thirty varie- ties, first originated by selection, are being disseminated, and seven new hybrids are very promising.”’ Mississippi.—Did considerable work in crossing some of the ‘‘Heyptian’’ varieties of cotton with our native sorts. : Missouri.—Here they have two varieties of seedling strawberries not yet named—promise to have much commercial value. They are also working on radishes and plums. Nebraska.—The Professor of Horticulture kindly referred me to the thirteenth annual report, where it was found that ‘‘ Work has begun in improving the sand cherry by selection, * * * by hybridi- zation with cultivated plums and cherries. The wild plums are be- ing treated in much the same way.’’ The wild black raspberry and wild grape are being considered, and the hybridization of beans and of watermelons are going forward, while a co-operative experiment in corn breeding with Dr. Webber, Chief of Section of Plant Breed- ing of the United States Department of Agriculture, is well projected. _ =. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 415 Aside from the work noted in the report referred to, by letter it is Jearned that this division has recently begun an important piece of work along the line of the production of new varieties of apples by means of hybridization. ' New Jersey.—Some work is being done in the breeding of truck -crops, particularly beans, eggplants, tomatoes and sweet corn. _ Nothing is yet ready for distribution. A hybrid has been secured ‘between two species of salsify, that shows great vigor and may prove less liable to the white mould than the old garden form. New Mexico.—‘‘ In the earlier part of the history of the Station an -attempt was made of originating varieties of wheat by crossing. In 1898 cross-pollination was performed with the ‘Wolf’ and ‘ Yellow Egg’ plums.’’ New York (Geneva).—‘‘ This Station has given more or less atten- ‘tion to plant improvement by crossing, etc., since 1883. About that time Prof. Godd originated the ‘Station’ pea, which is regularly listed by some seedsmen, and the ‘Station’ tomato. Since 1893 ‘the work with strawberries has been continued till the present. Only -one variety has been disseminated for trial, viz., the ‘Hunn.’ Par- ticular study is given to the improvement of grapes and in fixing -certain characters. This work is fundamental and preliminary to -any marked advance in the improvement of this fruit. Some atten- ‘tion is paidto apples and pears, also gooseberries and currants. At ‘the close of 1889 the inventory showed the following Station seedlings under test: Apples, 81; pears, 39; apricots, 5; cherry, 1; peach, 16; plum, 42; grape, 636; currants, 53; gooseberries, 680; black -and dewberries, 182; raspberries, 958; strawberries, 429; total, 3,122. To this list were added, in 1900, apples, 65; pears, 35, and ‘something over 3,00) grapes. A few were discarded, but the present number of Station seedlings under test is more than 6,000. Many hundreds in past years have been discarded. ‘«The one who, of all others, has been the leader in point of time -and amount of work in the breeding of corn is the late lamented Dr. K. L. Sturtevant, who, as early as 1883, in the second report of the New York (Geneva) Experiment Station, recorded much study of, -and tests made with, the crossing of corn. Each annual report for ‘several years contained details of the hybrid corns, with observations upon the same.”’ New York (Cornell).—In the horticultural department they have made rather extensive studies, for many years, of plant-breeding, but for the purpose of arriving at the principles which underlie the 416 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE subject rather than producing new varieties. Only one commercial variety have we sent out, and that is the ‘‘Ignotum’”’ tomato, a rather full history of which you will find in the latter part of Bailey’s- ‘‘Survival of the Unlike,’’ and also in ‘‘ Plant-Breeding.’”? They have produced at least one thousand varieties of pumpkins and squashes, none of which, however, were of sufficient commercial im- portance to be introduced. They have made great numbers of crosses with flowers, fruits and other things, but not for the purpose or origi- nating varieties which could not be propagated and named. The original desire was to make varieties of fruits and vegetables, but it soon changed for the more important one of arriving at principles first, as there seems to be a lack of comprehension of this subject in: the public mind. North Carolina.—The principal success heretofore has been in. the growing of a great variety of colors of the popular shrub, generally known as ‘‘Crape Myrtle.’’ They are also working toward’ getting a tomato more resistant to the Southern bacterial blight. starting with the little cherry and plum sorts that are the most resistant. They have also a new eggplant, that seems resistant to- this blight. In the way of garden vegetables they are at work trying: to produce a lettuce that will suit the winter gardeners better than. any they now have. Oregon.—The work has been undertaken along the line of fruits: and flowers only. They havea very promising pear, that was crossed several years ago with the ‘‘ Winter Nelis’’ and ‘‘ Bartlett.”” The tree has borne fruit this year, and has the qualities of the two parents. They have fifteen crosses of roses and a number of good crosses of the pelargonium. Rhode Island.—In the horticultural department strawberries and beans have been experimented with. The selection of bush fruits- is also underway here. The agricultural division is investigating the peculiar characteristics of the corn-plant, and will endeavor to deter- mine, if possible, what characteristics of the stalk, leaves, etc., are correlated with the best yield of seed. An attempt is being made to establish a standard for the corn-plant, at least of two varieties, and to breed to it for improvement. Similar work is being carried on in studying the characteristics and seeking to improve the yields of several varieties of timothy, wheat and rye. An attempt is also being made to secure, by selection and breeding, strains of several varieties of soja beans and cow peas in the endeavor to secure plants. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 417 which will be especially adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Rhode Island. South Carolina.—The only work in the lines mentioned has con- sisted in producing new varieties of cotton from artificial cross-breed- breeding and by hybridizing the Gossypium Barbadense and G. her- barium. In both lines they have succeeded in producing cotton superior to either parent. South Dakota.—Several hundred crosses were effected this year, the work being outlined as follows: (a) Crossing of several Russian wheats on fife and blue stems; (0) selections from both the blue stems and the fifes ; (c) the crossing of spelt and barley and spelt and hard wheat; (d) selections from spelts, oats, barley and corn ; (e) the crossing of the two best varieties of field peas; (f) the crossing of our two most promising varieties of corn; (g) work has also been begun on clover, Turkestan alfalfa, about twenty species of grasses and the species of salt bush. The lines of work in the Horticultural Department may be sum- marized as follows: 1. The breeding of native fruits by selection and crossing. 2. The breeding of apples and plums. 3. The breeding of an extra early smooth tomato by crossing and selection. 4. Hardy stocks for the orchard fruits. 5. Cultural and variety tests of vegetables and fruits. 6. Hardy hedge and ornamental plants. 7. Forestry and tree-plants. Washington.—They have begun the improvements of wheat, both by crossing and by selection, and are attempting to produce winter wheats that will stand if on rich soil, will not shatter out with hand- ling, have white grain, no beards, yield well, and resist bunt. In selecting, they are working with two distinct objects in view; the first is to improve standard varieties; the second is to determine the effect of continued selection in any given direction. For the latter, characters are chosen that easily show the effect of selection when there are effects, such as breeding beards upon bald wheat, and vice versa; breeding rufus chaff from white, etc. Wisconsin.— They have been at work for several years past in seek- ing to improve the varieties of the native plum, the apple, the Mis- souri currant (Ribes awrewm) and the dwarf Rocky Mountain cherry (Prunus besseyii). They have also commenced some work with wild black cherry (Prunus serotina). They are doing this work chiefly by growing seedlings. In the apple they have planted selected varieties in an isolated place, with the express intention of planting the seeds ‘from all the fruits that grow on the trees, In the native plum they 27 418 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE are planting seeds from trees that are located to favor cross-fertiliza- tion. In the wild black cherry they have started with the finest wild variety that they have been able to find, and hope to secure a fruit large enough to have commercial value. In the above digest of the results of our Experiment Stations in plant-breeding it has not been the intention to include all the work done along the above line in the United States. Much has been accomplished by persons who were not associated with Experiment Stations and Agricultural Colleges, and, in fact, did their work even before these institutions came into existence. In this connection one first recalls the development of our American grapes and the infusion into them of the European blood, and call to mind the names of Bull, Rogers, Haskell, Ricketts and Moore, of the East, while Rommel, Jaeger and Munson have labored faithfully in the Southwest. These and others have already made America famous for its long list of varieties of superior cross-bred grapes. Among pears we have blended the blood of the common with the Chinese species, and obtained varieties that have made pear-growing possible, if not very profitable, over a wide region where it was pre- carious before. The names of Keiffer and Leconte will be associated with these excellent results in hybridization. Tr The fact that the ordinary varieties of Eastern apples were not hardy in the great, cold Northwest, early led to importation from Russia, and the crossing of the common species with the Siberian Crab, the good results of which are still in store for the people of the twentieth century. For similar reasons the native plums in the West and South have been placed under culture and bred with the European types. Along with this is the advent of the Japanese plums and the formation of a group of hybrids, that places the name of Luther Bur- bank among the word’s great horticultural benefactors. Less distinct from the Experiment Stations than many of the plant- breeding enterprises included in the above general remarks is the work upon the citrus fruits by Messrs. Webber and Swingle, of the United States Department of Agriculture. The ‘‘ Florida freeze,” from which catastrophe the orange growers now date all passing events, aroused the government to the point of seeking for a more hardy orange, and the hybridizers are well on their way to produce it. Space does not permit of more than a passing allusion to the hun- dreds of florists who are constantly keeping American floriculture in the van, particularly as to new crosses of carnations, chrysanthemums and roses. For the last few remarks I am indebted, in part, to the excellent paper, ‘‘ Hybridization in the United States,’’ by Professor Bailey, in ‘the recently-issued report of the Hybrid Conference, held at Ches- wick and London, in July of last year, at which Professors Webber, Swingle and Hays took part, and besides, Professor Bailey, Dr. Mac- farland and Mr. Thomas Meehan sent papers. In this world’s con- ference upon a world-wide subject, the United States took its full share of honors. It now remains for the Experiment Stations to follow up the work so well begun, and remember that he who improves the plants of a -country improves its products and its people. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 419 EXPERIMENTS WITH SALAD PLANTS. Swiss Chard was grown in belts 4, 5 and 6, Plot IV., Series V., -sown early (May 13th), while two belts elsewhere (Plot II., Series ‘V.) were sown late (July 28th). Both sowings grew well and fur- nished an abundance of the leaf stalks. The early lot was somewhat affected with the leaf blight (Cercospora beticola Sacc.), while that sown late was nearly free. This verifies the results of former years, that the blight does not flourish upon the late-grown plants, and ‘those who wish an abundance of a wholesome pod herb can obtain it from Swiss Chard when the seed is sown in ordinary soil as late as ‘the 1st of August. Some plants that had been removed to the green- house in autumn, and after furnishing leaf stalks through the winter, were again taken to the field, where they made a fine early growth. ‘This test shows that the Swiss Chard is easily handled, and when there is opportunity for continuing the growth indoors it can furnish acceptable greens during winter. Some attempts were made to test this salad in the city market and ‘with reasonable success. Nearly all who used it were desirous of ‘getting more. New Zealand Spinach.—A few plants of New Zealand spinach were taken from the greenhouse to the trial grounds in early spring ; else- where seed was sown at the same time. The plants thrived and fur- nished throughout the hottest weather an abundance of tender leaves and tips of stems. While the plants from the greenhouse covered the ground rapidly, those from seeds were fully as large in September. This is an excellent salad plant, that is worthy of attention by every one with a garden and a fondness for greens throughout the season. - Parsley.—Two varieties were grown in small quantity and both thrived and made fine plants. It transplants readily, and the field- grown plants may be treated as above mentioned for the chard. 420 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENTS WITH WEEDS. The piece of ground, 11 by 33 feet, called ‘‘the weed belt,’’ has been continued for the fifth season. Plants have grown wild, ripened their seeds and scattered them as in a wild state. The following is the list of fourteen species most prominent during the year : . Rumer acetlosella L. (0), (7), (4), (1). Bromus racemosus L. . Abutilon Abutilon L. (7), (2), (6). . Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. (6), (3), (2). Daucus Carota L. (12), (0), (0), (4). . Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. (0), (0), (0), (9). . Silene noctiflora L. (9), (18), (14), (7). . Taraxacum Taraxacum L. (0), (0), (9), (5). . Convolvulus arvensis L. 10. Melilotus alba L. (0), (0), (0), (12). 11. Oxalis stricta L. (0), (0), (0), (8). 12. Plantago lanceolata L. (0), (0), (11), (10). 13. Rudbeckia hirta L. 14, Ambrosia artemisefolia L. (3), (5), (1), (1). SANDOR wh It is seen that there are three new species upon the list, and of the eleven old ones many have changed places. A brome-grass, the field bindweed and yellow daisy are the ones that have come toward the front, while the ragweed, for example, has dropped from the head to the foot of the list. The smartweed, velvet leaf, wild carrot and catchfly are all near their places for 1900. There are many competitors not in the above list, among which the following are mentioned : Three kinds of clover—white, alsike and red ; five kinds of grasses —timothy, foxtail, redtop, a poa and a fescue; dock, mereury, goose-foot, four asters, burdock, flea bane, salsify both cultivated and wild, broad plantain, asparagus, tomato, young grape vine and small cherry tree. One of the things observed is the tendency for the ground to become covered with a growth of low plants,-as the clovers and grasses and bindweed ; along with this there is a formation of a second layer of foliage, represented by the sweet clover, yellow daisy, velvet leaf and smartweed. Above this will be the cherry tree and the grape vine, providing the latter reaches the tree, as it is very likely to do in time. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 421 EXPERIMENTS WITH LAWN GRASSES. The nine plots of grass selected in the spring of 1896 have been kept closely cut with lawn mower during each season, and notes made from time to time upon the condition of each plot. The following table shows the species of seed sown in each plot and the condition -of the stand of grass, in percentage, for the past six years : 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Plot 1. Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.).... 90 50 40 45 55 60 «“ 2. Fine-leaved Fescue (Festuca tenuifolia Sib.). 5 50 40 40 40 45 “€ 3. Sheep’s Fescue (Festuca ovina L.).. .......... 10 50 40 40 30 25 “ 4, Rhode Island Bent (Agrostis canina L ) ..... 80 80 90 90 90 95 “* 5. Wood Meadow (Poa nemoralis L.)......+ e000 60 65 70 85 80 85 “ 6. Kentucky Blue (Poa pratensis L.)...........0+ 50 65 90 90 85 8 “ 7. Rough Meadow (Poa trivalis L.)...00.-..ss000 $0 65 70 70 45 70 “ 8. Redtop (Agrostis alba vulgaris With.) ......00 100 90 70 60 25 2 “ 9. Perennial Rye (Lolium perenne L.)........-+4 100 85 70 40 20 15 It is seen that the ‘‘ Rhode Island Bent’’ holds up well, and the ‘stand, this autumn, at time of last inspection, was approaching perfection. In the dry weeks of summer it becomes brown, and for ‘this reason the present rating may be high. It is exceptionally fine in texture. The ‘‘ Kentucky Blue Grass’’ has proved very satisfactory ‘for the last three years, but some weeds have crept in the present season. In the ‘‘ Wood Meadow’’ plot the grass has held its third place for three seasons. The ‘‘ Meadow Fescue’’ has made a gain this dry season over the previous year, and, being at one end of the row of plots, is favored by a border gutter along one side of the plot. The ‘‘Redtop’’ shows a poor stand and the ‘‘Perennial Rye “Grass’’ is nearly gone out. The leading weed in autumn is the crab -grass, that fills in all vacancies. EXPERIMENTS WITH ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The following ornamental plants were grown this year, several for ‘the sixth successive season : Chrysanthemum.—A type of hardy chrysanthemum has been grown in the Experiment Area for several years and uniformly free from the rust (Puccinia Hieracii Mart.), that has been so destructive to the greenhouse chrysanthemums. Last year it was stated in the annual -report that Mr. Kelsey found the rust upon some plants in a florist’s garden. The present season a plant of this affected sort was set in 422 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE the midst of the chrysanthemums in our Experiment Area, with the result that the rust is now to be found upon the plants that for years: have been free from the disease. That this is the same species of rust now so troublesome indoors is still a question, and as only one stage of the fungus is found its exact species is not determined. Last year some of the original plants were removed to a place nearly a mile away, and these remained free from the disease. Pzonias.—The plants are gradually increasing in size. Hot, dry summer weather injures the foliage somewhat; otherwise they are fine. Japanese Redbud.—Some of the trees have died, the winters being too severe for them. The foliage is too tender for our most trying summer weather. its general distribution in the State.’’ In Nebraska, Mr. John Sheldon has made a special study of the rust, and through Professor Bessey, of the Experiment Station, he reports as follows: ‘‘ From observations made near Lincoln and the reports that have come in, there seems to be much less asparagus rust = a oa 428 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE than last year ut this time. Much of the brush that grew in the early part of the season was badly rusted, but the continued dry and hot weather of the summer helped to check it on a few small patches that showed rust now. A few AScidia showed on them early in the season, but not in sufficient number to bring about general infection.”’ To the northward in South Dakota, Professor Saunders reports : *¢T cannot find as it is spreading. * * * It was observed lately infecting a field near Yankton.’”’ In North Dakota, from Professor Bolley, it is learned that ‘‘the disease * * * did not make much headway upon the garden plot of asparagus until this last summer, when the attack was general and very destructive. The -crop began to yellow early in August, and by the last week in August, when it should have been very green, it was strictly brown and dried up. * * * This season has been simply a good growing one, with a little excess of rain in the early part of July.” In matter of range, record is made of the rust having been observed in Wisconsin, and that it is now as far southwest as Texas, where it seems to bein a violent form. From the notes upon the rainfall in various States for the present year, it is not clear that there is a close relation between the weather and the amount of rust. It is likely only one of the controlling factors. In our own State it is gathered from personal observation, conver- sation with asparagus growers visiting the Station and letters from -other accurate observers, that the rust has not been as severe as last year. Why there is a decrease may not be easy to determine. The present season has been noted for its moisture and high temperature in summer. For example, the rainfall for the three summer months for this year were: June, 3.54; July, 5.87; August, 9.43, or a total of 18.84 inches (see table elsewhere), while last year the same months gave 3.08, 4.74 and 2.68 inches, respectively, or a total of 10.50 inches. It is seen that the summer rainfall this season was nearly double that of 1900. To show that the precipitation has been ex- cessive, it is stated that the average rainfall for June, July and August for the last twelve years, including the present excessive one, is 13.56 inches. It is only suggested that in this increased amount of moisture there may have been a condition favoring a greater growth of the asparagus and a consequent increased power over the enemy. It is also possible that the rains may have served to wash the spores from the smooth stems before they had time to gain a foothold. Another point of climatic difference this season, that distinguishes it from others, is the excessive heat of July, which was 3.4 degrees ' EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 429 above that of the average of the past twelve years. Asarule, one month, as July or January, etc., varies but slightly from the others, and, therefore, a seemingly small increase or decrease in the total average temperature is a great deal, and marks the month in which it occurs as either hot or cold. How this increased heat may have affected the rust is not clear, but it possibly was advantageous to the asparagus plants, giving them greater vigor and consequent resistant power. Again, it may be that the considerable decrease of the rust may have been due to the effect of the natural enemies, the darluca in particular, which has been working unknown to the aspargus growers: generally, and its presence is a hopeful sign here among fungi, as with injurious insects when some other insect is its parasite. Another reason for the decrease may be the introduction of the French stock and the larger acreage of the ‘‘ Palmetto,’’ both of which sorts are far less susceptible to the rust than the varieties that. ten years ago were the standard sorts. The record for the year is encouraging, for, while it shows that the range of the enemy is no less widespread, there are indications of its destructiveness being abated. If much of the decrease of the past season has been due to the peculiarities of the season, as further observations may establish, it would be important information upon the case in hand. Asparagus Rust on the College Farm. On October 18th an inspection was made of the four plots of asparagus, row by row, and not plant by plant, as formerly. The whole field showed much green, and was in a far superior condition to that of last year, and better than in 1897, when the first observa- tions and records were made for this field. The first evident thing was the comparative absence of the rust from the ‘‘ Palmetto ”’ vari- ety, and the three rows of this sort in each plot were easily selected from the others, because of the deep green color and a large size of the plants. One other sort, ‘‘ Argenteuil,’’ of which there is but a single row, showed equal exemption, but this is of younger plants than the ** Palmetto ’’ and much smaller. In order to make a more definite record, percentages are assigned to the amount of rust, as in former years. Upon the same basis as for other years, the ‘‘ Palmetto’’ does not show more than 20 per cent. of the rust, and the same is true of the ‘‘ Argenteuil.’’ There 430 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE seemed to be no observed difference among the other varieties, namely, ‘‘Mammoth,’’ ‘‘Elmira,’’ ‘‘Columbian,’’ ‘‘ Colossal,” “¢ Brunswick’’ and ‘‘Cross Bred,’’ and for these the record is 50 per cent. of rustiness. The same area gave 77 per cent. last year. It was observed that the rust was much more abundant upon the west than on the east side of the plants, and it is suggested that the dew dried off quicker on the side toward the morning than the afternoon sun, and then the spores did not have as good an oppor- ‘tunity to infect the plants as upon the west side, when the moisture remained longer. EXPERIMENTS WITH PEAR BLIGHT. Owing to the change of management of the pear orchard, in which the experiments with pear blight were being carried on, the work is, of necessity, brought to a close, and here is given the results of the ‘four preceding years. The plan of the experiments is given below : CULTIVATED ROWS. SODDED ROWS. | =e 3 — ro Fs Og 5p ro 2 om 8b me oo ee Se) | 8) as loge | a0) ie ee ge | 2 | 8 | 2 | #2 | 2 | ge a a a as Z os S) ag Z | SFo Winter FROW 1< (JAMUATY) Fevcereseres coceee seers 1 2 3 4 5 6 y Pruning. | Winter and Summer Row 2< (January and July) Pucccesss 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Pruning. Summer BEOWVS< MCUULLY)\) - Pmcsuscaceseveusscncenencene 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Pruning. MRO WA —CHECK si scsscvivescssconssoassssssssesse0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Winter ROW 5+ (JADUALY) 7 .....-sececeseersseesees 29 30 31 $2 33 34 85 Pruning. Winter and Summer Row 6< (January and July) Poses 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Pruning. Summer Brow iT (JULY)! ph ccetsee ce seteeereteeees 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Pruning. Fig. 2. Plan of the Pear Orchard Experiment; the numbers represent the trees. F EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 431 The results for the first year were given in detail upon pages 378-383 of the Report for 1897. The blight had been severe over the whole Keiffer orchard, then twelve years from setting, and from it ‘the block of 49 trees was selected for its uniformity in size of trees -and amount of the disease. It will be seen from the above scheme that in the rows running in one direction (up and down) all the trees in a given row receive the ‘same soil treatment, while in the rows running at right angles to these ‘the trees are pruned alike. Three rows are kept in sod and three. rows under cultivation. The row lying between these two belts of three each was treated the same as the other portions of the orchard, which surrounded the experiment block upon all sides. One row each of-the sod (row 1) and the cultivated belts (row 5) received barnyard manure in duplicate amounts, namely, five tons per acre of a mixture of horse and cow manure well rotted. Two -other rows (rows 3 and 7), similarly situated, received commercial ‘fertilizer, consisting of equal parts of ground bone, acid phosphate and muriate of potash, and at the rate of 900 pounds per acre. Rows ‘2 and 6 received no manure or fertilizer and separated each of the -above pairs of rows. The orchard had been under cultivation, and the ground prepara- ‘tion consisted in seeding down, upon the 15th day of October, 1896, ‘the land under the right-hand three rows of trees. A mixture of ‘timothy and clover was used ; the catch was fine and a rank growth covered the ground by the next July. In the pruning experiments the rows were taken at right angles to the soil treatment above described, and consisted in only two points of difference, namely, in the times of the removal of the blighted twigs. The trees of the upper row were pruned only in January of each year ; in the row next below, in both January and July, and in ‘the third row only in July. The middle row of the seven received no pruning, and rows 5, 6 and 7 were a duplicate of rows 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The first pruning was in January, 1897, and, following a season of unusual blight, was very severe—so much so that more than half of the tops of some of the trees were removed, many of the large limbs being entirely removed. Any branch showing the dead tips and blighted patches were cut below the latter. In the July pruning only twigs showing the dead, leafless tips of ast year’s destruction, and the dead twigs with their blighted leaves attached and that had been killed the present season, were removed. 432 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE In the summer pruning the trees were not cut nearly so severely as in the winter, because the green foliage served as a guide, and not: the blighted patches upon the branches. The average length of the summer prunings was not far from three feet, while that of the winter was perhaps three times as long. The following table shows the amount of pruning each tree received: in terms of branches for the four years : | uy 79 16 10 14 29 12 | 13 | | f 27 33 43 9 62 10 50 Died. Died. Died. | | 44 25 85 82 58 116 18 Bi serasiceseesssse oo Rantatecovecssouctace Died. buster cences casesacea| ccccuesecomeracenees Died. | 4 | (Soneacseus < 172 121 92 ei OOK ye ce ee tak cos anteaucisaeuderarsebesests 90 81 261 This shows that the number of red grains has greatly increased, while the white and dark grains have correspondingly decreased as a natural consequence. The ears, while agreeing in being very nearly all red, show many differences, particularly in the number of rows of grains, and some- what in the intensity of the red, it varying from a light pink to a dark purple. This latter variation may be in the same ear, or, upon the other hand, an ear may be solid of any one of the many shades of red. The original red ear, “X.,” was ten-rowed, those of its greenhouse progeny were ten, and the following table gives the field crop de- scended therefrom : Wrimiber Of « S-TOWCU CATS: tc. ciscsec csaceeccosesccettencecedevecsesessccuesyi esses 3 " S10) «45° sf ced eiedebashewunnscsccedaecdud dlls secon ssdseas'ce conde 10 oe fe I Svths dacs aeeedunlicdterrectecrecdcenceicsecsecsscenseeseien: 42 ‘s ocala ees GO eS chest SEEDER OC HOECEE CEL EICECE CD CEPOL DRE OrE 15 a ET Ge pes Com vce tacceetdenc ba ccmetascscas seclsteccneeveccs accesses 6 Belts 3, 4, 5 and 6 were planted with grains from ear “X.,” above mentioned. As before stated, the plants were not quite normal size, which may be explained by the situation of the plot and peculiarities of the season. It remains to be shown whether the size and earliness are varietal peculiarities. The following table gives the number of grains of each color for five average ears: 382 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Unco ored. Black. Red. Wyte ccenatactatennaerea=: web aneneadanans Sua even dueledtests 60 0 444 Bt ascend iemata nite eee vente (aanetae ieeaue aera eecad assent 0 0 420 Se heist: aM RM Oe aa eae eee sa abs cata ceuae aay ised oes vodaee 10 0 550 ieee 7 72 0 432 BN 0 0 480 IAVOYA GE! fo .sccencs saceseni petlesteceaceseceesesu=s LO 0 465 This is not so much of a gain in red grains as shown for the ears from the greenhouse-grown plants. This is explained above by the fact that these belis grew a crop one generation nearer to the original cross than the adjoining two belts. The greater number of grains per ear shows that upon the same plot the greenhouse-grown plants pro- duce smaller ears than those raised in the field. Something of the character of the ears may be gained from the following table: WumberiofS=ruwed- Cars .dssadee+ cou tosnccs soucussondesesec ee cones ee 6 * 55 War a Me NoaGoncuadabonsdoncuSne tameceeseccaeet en tee eae eee 15 oe SED HES Ose idsdeceale ete bew deat ee Been Se teen ee een 38 < SOAs ws MC Sobacoaneedaedeu pacde ell towenestencee in ecetes tees tasaaee 14 2 16a Ss Pe OP a se (he de Dee a Bee ee es 6 Plate 1. shows four ears from the above lot of corn. The one upon the left is untreated; the next to the right is from the greenhouse- grown seed; the next ear was close-fertilized, and the one upon the right was cross-fertilized. It remains to be seen what the relative vitality of the grains from these ears may be. Selecting Corn for Prolificness. The work of selecting corn for prolificness was continued the pres- ent season. Plate IJ. shows the two stalks that were selected in Sep- tember, 1900, as the beginning of this work. One stalk is standing in its place in the plot (IV., series VI.), and another, with triple ears, is placed by its side for the photograph. It may be seen that the six ears are all evenly mixed with the dark and light grains. One stalk bore ears with eight, ten and twelve rows, respectively, and the other, ten, twelve and fourteen ears, respectively. Samples of the results of 1901 are shown in Plate III., and the re- sults of this selection are given upon pages 407 and 408, in the report for last year. % = -) u PLATE 1. Crossed Corn—ear a, untreated; 4, from greenhouse-grown seed; c, close-fertilized; @, cross-fertilized. PLATE II. Prolific Corn selected for seed from the crop of crossed “ Black Mexican” and ‘* Egyptian’ in 1900. hig A * tel t ’ , a) , 5 he ’ vr . * | : a | My ‘ ‘ j ’ 7 + “ ? ad ' A ” * i * 4 : ql ” ; i “ f . , i - dehis ee lig. ee ee << oA, 1% PLATE III. Samples of Prolific Corn selected for seed from the crop of Crossed “f Black Mexican”’ and “ Egyptian” in 1gor. PLATE TV. Samples of Prolific Corn of the crop of 1902. - EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 383 During the present year a plot was given to a further study of the increase in yield of corn by selection. Plate IV. gives samples of the result. The corn of this plot was unusually large and vigorous. Single-eared stalks were rarely met with, the main portion having either two or three ears to each plant. There were numerous stalks with four and several with five ears. It is probable that the triplets will be selected for seed as the tendency to ear may be overdone. As two ears are better than one, when both are good, so three good ears are better than a large number, when the quality decreases. The three plates show that the mixture of black and white grains is maintained without much change. ‘The plan is to keep the two colors and let this breed, if established, be a mixed prolific. EXPERIMENTS WITH EGGPLANTS. Crossed Stock. The crossed eggplants occupied Plot II., Series II., and Plot IL., Series I1J. They were the representatives of four crossed fruits se- lected from the crop of 1901. Seeds were sown March Ist, and plants set in the field May 20th, three rows to a belt, eighteen plants in a row. There seemed to be no practical difference between the crossed stock and the parent varieties as to the time of bloom or earliness of fruit; no such contrast as was remarked the preceding season. A comparative record of the number of fruits produced by a parent and crossed stock was not kept, but the latter seemed to be fully as productive in 1901. ‘Towards the close of the season the parent sorts ceased blooming, while the crossed were covered with flowers and young fruits up to the time of frost. The plants received but two applications of soda-Bordeaux early in the season and so were practically unsprayed. The foliage was but lightly infested by the leaf blight, while the fruits, in common with those of the standard varieties, suffered severely. In order to make the spraying of eggplants worth while, the ap- plications during the fruiting season should be frequent—at least once in ten days, and oftener in case of washing rains. Perhaps of more importance than spraying is the careful removal of all fruits as soon as they are of marketable size, or of any smaller spotted fruits. 384 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE The shape of the crossed eggplant fruits seemed to be much the same as in the crop of 1901; not over 10 per cent. of the plants pro- duced fruits strongly resembling the “N. Y. Improved” type, the re- mainder adhering closely to the “Combined” type of first season’s crop. A number of flowers were fertilized with pollen from the Karly Long Purple this season, and the seeds of their fruits, together with seeds from others most nearly approaching the form desired, have been saved for further trials. Variety Tests. In Plot IV., Series 1V., eighteen rows of eggplants were set, each row representing one of the following varieties: . New York Improved Large Purple (Burpee). Improved N. Y. Purple (Thorburn), . New Jersey Improved Long Purple (B.). . Fordhook Improved Spineless (B.). Row 1 2 3 4 “ 5, Early Long Purple (B.). 6 df 8 . Long Purple (Th ). . Early Dwarf Round Purple (B ). . Early Dwarf Purple (Th ). “9. Black Pekin (Th.). “ 10. Round French (Th.). “ 11. Delicatesse (Th ). “© 12. Black Snake (Th.). < S13) Striped (Th.).* | “ 14. White Pearl (B.). “15. Mammoth Pearl (Th.). “ 16. Round White (Th.). “ 17. Long White (Th.). “ 18. Burpee’s Black Beauty (B.). Probably the above list of eighteen is scarcely representative of eleven distinct varieties. There seemed to be no appreciable difference between Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Plants of Burpee’s “Black Beauty” (No. 18) were not secured until late in the season, so that only two fruits were obtained. These were of much the same shape as the “N. Y. Improved” type, except that both were rendered decidedly irregular by a sort of lateral outgrowth. In color they were noticeably darker than the latter. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 385 Nos. 15 and 16 appeared alike, and differed from the “N. Y. Im- proved” type chiefly in color, and, when cooked, could be scarcely dis- tinguished from that variety. The “Black Pekin” is smaller (one- third or one-half) and almost round, while the “N. Y. Improved” is oval in form and of a lighter purple. ‘The “Round French” is some- where between the “Black Pekin” and “N. Y. Improved.” The “Dwarf Round Purple” sorts (Nos. 7 and 8) were alike, with fruits small and of good quality. The “Delicatesse” (No 11) appears to us very similar to the “Dwarf Round Purple.” The “Long Purple” variety of Burpee and that of Thorburn seemed the same. The fruit of the “Snake” (No. 12) was long and very slender; worthless for cooking. The “Striped” was of an oval shape and about the size of the “Round Purple.” The “Round White” is about the size of a hen’s egg; quite ornamental; only of fair quality. The “Long White” is about half as large as the “Early Long Purple;” usually curved. EXPERIMENTS WITH TOMATOES. The usual amount of space in the Experiment Area has been de- voted to tomatoes. The chief work has been in developing the crosses that have been described in previous reports. Further progress has been made toward a type of vine of remarkable vigor and fruit, in which the seeds are much reduced. This portion of the work was fully illustrated in the record of last year. Much difficulty is expe- rienced in getting a combination of yellow and red color that yields a blush, and, when obtained, to have it regularly reproduced in the offspring. OBSERVATIONS UPON SALSIFY HYBRIDS. The third-generation plants in Half-plot I., Series VI., were from self-sown seed. Owing to their great number and irregularity, a com- plete color record was scarcely. possible, but frequent observations were made so long as flowers were produced, and it is thought that practi- cally all the different shades were noted and that those occurring most frequently are indicated in the following table: 25 386 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Color Chart Number Number. Color. of Plants, 21 Darker red red orange............2s00-00« Saaneaweeiesees as svn eaeooene 4 22 Dark red red orange (center yellow).....scceccccsc-csecossceeee = 2 22 eee ast “. (center mottled)...ic.sssecoces sasmancusaed 5 31 Darker red orange (center yellow)....... Sapa sucue doses peeeaemeee 1 Al _ Darker orange. red Grape, 5...2.2-.0200s sesshsenssesasccesese sania 1 82 Dark yellow yellow orange.......... Gaacmentanenacad caseeniceneeee sous Parent type tan MeO Ween -s. cc lcsunnesteucatcotnutascuavetonssvanersseshsdaq-a0-o--ccsessoresses sasaaevangeneel 150 224 ie 6 OU (center light):...c sonendenenees sepecetecenereseeneae eae 12 234 = 6) UF (center yellow) x:-css0: casvec svcccescnenee eee ee 234 se) OS SS eontersmotiled ) 2.2 c.csss.cosessesss.-steeneereseeee 30 Boo | ILE pray, OF TURSCUs...cc of twins (Nos. 3 and 4) where both ears gave albinos. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 411 In the second set nine ears gave albinos, four being of the older and five of the younger ears. It is to be noted that in all instances but one where one ear of a pair showed albinism, the other also did the same. This indicates that the whole plant is affected. Special test of prolific corn was made as follows, twenty grains in a planting from each year: Ear. Albinos. Green. Ear. Albinos. Green. Plantdeess) A: 3 17 Plant 6..... A 20 B 2 16 B 20 C 1 19 C 20 Plant. 23.5., A 20 IPlantivirc.s, AC 3 16 B 18 B 1 18 Cc 16 Cc 19 Plant 3..... A 5 12 Plant 8..... A 1 19 B 2 16 B 1 19 C 5 13 Cc i 19 Plant 4... A 20 Plant 9..... ' A 1 19 B 19 B 2 18 Cc 17 C tf 13 D 2 16 E 3 Wf Plant 65..... A 20 B é 20 C 18 D 17 In this test it is noted that when one ear of the set of three to five from a stalk showed albinism, the others did also, with but a single exception. Plants 2, 4, 5 and 6 gave no albinos. The oldest ears (A) gave 3, 5, 3, 1 and 1 white seedlings, respectively, or a total of 13. The next oldest gave 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, or a total of 8. The third ear gave 1, 5, 1 and 7, or 14. The single fourth ear gave 2 and the fifth ear 3 albinos. The white seedlings do not seem to be attributed to over bearing of the stalk or to age of the ear when twins or triplets are produced. Several tests were made of inbred corn in contract with wide-bred ears. The former received only the pollen of the same plant, while the latter has the tassels removed before the silks were receptive. 412 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Inbred Corn. , Albinos. Green. INO: Winp caasatnccenenetecetnncasescsta Pactunesscashaceseocncecascors 13 47 MEP ADS a scdesencarncctenscnseconetensen ten etesercsaeeccesace cere 15 38 Sip GUM scddeseiaceendees Biececcccenecentececstececdhwaser«coccesnanes 7 48 Wide-bred Corn, Green INO: iil jecpes sees os scar srespepassenererescanswns deeviadencutssccctorestabeees pebeseacee 60 Sey naheccosees oe Sedencssas gookuivensssucstencocaevcastoacsscecuseces eaceetessisccecrnetel eS eocapadiseneuanadtersaacsonceses seueesreeeccuesene 65 There were seventy grains planted at four different times from each of the six ears. Of the inbred corn over a quarter were albinos, while none appeared among the two hundred seedlings of the wide-bred grains. Plate VIII. shows the plants in one of the tests when two weeks. old. Rows 2 and 3 are particularly poor, as shown in contract with the plants in row 4. The albinos, although present, are not easily seen in the engraving. The number of tests in all the above-mentioned germinations is too small to warrant any conclusion, but the results as a whole point towards close fertilization as the cause. It would be well for all growers of corn to detassel the plants from which the seed ears are afterwards selected. ON THE BEHAVIOR OF MUTILATED SEEDLINGS.* The particular form of mutilation of seedlings here considered is that of the removal of the plumule. Several kinds of plants have been tested during the last twelve months in the deplumuling of the young seedlings. The first of these was the garden radish, representing a small, large-rooted and short-lived plant. Soon after the seedling was above ground the pumule was removed upon alternate rows of plants, while the other rows were left to grow normally. The first thing to observe was the much deeper green of the cotyledons of the deplu- muled plants. This was followed by a remarkable elongation of the petiole and the large size of the obcordate blade, the former attaining a length of three inches and the latter a breadth of an inch and a half. These cotyledons were raised at an angle of about 45°, and the very dark-green blade had a thickness nearly double that of the normal *Abstract of a paper prepared for the fifth meeting of the Society for Plant Mor- phology and Physiology, at Columbia University, January 1st, 1902, and published without illustrations in Torrey’s February, 1902. =, aac Sh PLATE VIII. Ins; rOWS 4, 5 <é Inbred and Wide-bred C« Rows 7, 2 and 3 are from Inbred g m Wide-bred grains. , : See, , [BuO N 9u0 ‘paynunydaqy semoyung “7% pajnunydaq ysenbs *F !yeunoN ouo ‘paaoway png yILM sariopy Surus0yy *e ! poaaowmay pug WU soysipey ‘7 “ssurjpsag pawn] Ploy wel EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 413 cotyledons. A microscopic examination showed that the greater thick- ness was due to increased size of the cells instead of to a multiplica- tion of the layers. The chlorophyll was excessive and the amount of starch so great as to practically render them black when blanched with alcohol and iodized. The roots grew to nearly market size, and had . the tests been made with a turnip-shaped sort instead of a long variety, it is very likely that the roots would have been fit for the table. See 1, Plate IX. The second species was the common morning-glory (Jpomea pur- purea). Here the cotyledons are large in the seedling, but quickly are lost from sight by the development of the much larger alternate true leaves. After holding on for a few days, as a rule, the cotyledons lose their green color and drop from the stem. In the deplumuled seedlings petioles at once begin to elongate, as was shown to be true with the radish, while the remarkable green develops in the blades, that likewise become double or more the normal size and become the organs of photo-synthesis from the mutilated plant. Their dark green is shared by the long, arched petioles (quite different in this re- spect from those of the radish) and the hypocotyle. The latter be- comes of twice the sectional area of the normal plants, that are now several feet high and bearing flowers and become a store-house for the starch, that is robbed of its proper use by the absence of any stem. The root system of the deplumuled plant is not different from that of the normal specimens. See 2, Plate IX. A third type of plant put to the test is the Hubbard squash, the seedlings of which naturally have large cotyledons. In these the seed leaves remain near the soil, without any apparent elongation of the hypocotyle, but there is a remarkable increase in the size of the coty- ledons, until they are sometimes four or more inches in length and very odd, to say the least. Normally, the true leaves come forth from the pumule rapidly, and, due to their large size, the cotyledons are soon out of sight and quickly wither away. Dwarfed squash plants, de- pending entirely upon the cotyledons, have been kept in apparently healthy condition for four months, the size remaining practically the same after the first four weeks. These plants, unlike those previously mentioned, need frequent attention, for buds will develop in the axils of the seed leaves, which, when removed, will be followed by others without any determined number. If left undisturbed a whole thick cluster of stems and small leaves will develop. See 3, Plate IX. 414 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE The eggplant, as representing a slow-growing type of bushy plant. was employed for the tests in question, and it was found that they behaved in a manner similar to the radish, in that the petioles became ridged and nearly upright, and bore the thick, almost fleshy, much-en- larged oblanceolate blades well up in the air and sunshine. In this form the deplumuled plants will stand still, in a very liberal sense of. that term, for an indefinite time—not weeks, but long months. The last type of plant to be considered is represented here by the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). As with the other types. the plants in alternate rows were deplumuled. The first change was quickly observed, namely, in the enlargement of the cotyledons, but here the most noticeable thing observed was the elongation of the hy- pocotyle, which finally reached fully nine inches or double that of the normal plants. There is a greater tendency for pypocotyledonary growth in the sunflower than any other of the types named, and this was remarkably accentuated in the mutilated plant. The structure of this stem, even at the end of three months, retained, generally, the primitive structure it possessed as a young seedling—that is, for ex- ample, the wood zone was made of a series of stout bundles, evenly disposed, without the filling in and completion of the thick ring of zylen, so well demonstrated in the normal plant at the same age. See 4, Plate IX. The experiments illustrate how an organ normally designed to store food for the developing seedling may persist, in case of an emergency, — and take on a greatly increased size for that purpose. The petiole may assume a direction in connection to its enlargement that will aid the blade in its work of photo-synthesis. Along with these changes in the seed leaves there may be others in surrounding parts, particularly the hypocotyle when it becomes thickened, remarkably, and green in the morning-glory and greatly elongated, but slender in the sunflower. In case of the radish, a place for any surplus growth is provided for in the root naturally destined to be fleshy, and the hypocotyle is not modified. - Perhaps the greatest surprise is the length of time a plant will hold out when it is deprived of the means for making a successful struggle for life and all possibility of reproduction. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 415 FUNGICIDES AND SPRAYING. The fungicides employed in the greenhouse during the past season were kerosene emulsion and soap, and, at the Experiment Area, soda- Bordeaux. The constituents of the emulsion were in the following proportions: PRR ccrdig ore fuchicsnen ui anntayeencctasadernatreceAaienttapens scnauadas’ || & Pinte, FA ardd SOB i.nscceccnncccesscnscnnsnesccaccsssseccesescsonsasesqpecseccccsce 2 OUNCES, WiretiaIe occcsceces curs SECS ESTE TEESE EEE SHEESH SESE EE EEE TEESE EE ET EEE HEE EEE 8 gallons. This formula is the same as that frequently recommended as a greenhouse insecticide, with the exception that it calls for twice the quantity of water. To prepare, the requisite amount of “Ivory” soap was dissolved in about one gallon of boiling water, and, after removing from the fire, the kerosene was added. Drawing the solutions through a knapsack pump is a very satisfactory method of combining them. Ten minutes “pumping into itself” should produce a creamy mass ° that will not separate. After adding the proper amount of water the emulsion is ready for use. A considerable quantity of the concen- trated emulsion may be set away in closed vessels and drawn out as needed. The soap solution employed consisted of “Ivory” soap and water in the proportions called for by the emulsion formula, namely, two ounces of soap to eight gallons of water. How Applied—For testing different strengths of kerosene emulsion and soap upon-a few potted plants, an atomizer was used; but for treating the larger number of plants in the bench, a knapsack pump was employed after the first two weeks. The atomizer is very conveni- ent where only a pint or two is to be applied, but for larger amounts the knapsack pump is much more satisfactory, it applying the solu- tion more thoroughly and in a much shorter time. A—In the Greenhouse.—For testing the fungicidal values of kero- sene emulsion and soap in the Station greenhouse, mildewed plants of Phlox Drummondii and the common verbena were employed. On No- vember 8th mildewed seedlings of these were selected and transferred from the Experiment Area to the coolest benches in the greenhouse. They were disposed in twenty-one cross-rows, five plants to a row. The disease thrived under the new conditions, and by the end of two weeks its presence upon the plants was very apparent. Spraying 416 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE was begun November 27th, and between that date and April 1st twenty-six applications were made. During cloudy weather, when the conditions were most favorable to the mildew, the applications were made every two days. For a time there was no striking contrast between the sprayed plants and the unsprayed; but after the third week the mildew was much more conspicuous upon the unsprayed. These made but feeble growth and developed almost no flowers. Before the end of the season two- thirds of the phlox plants were dead. The check verbenas survived. but were practically worthless. The plants treated with kerosene emulsion, although not wholly free from mildew, were not sufficiently affected to prevent their making a vigorous growth, and in due time blooming freely until the end of the season. Plate X. shows a portion of the spraying experiment with phlox. The untreated rows are upon the right and treated rows upon the left. About midwinter a verbena plant seriously affected by mildew was transplanted to a box and its foliage divided as nearly as possible by a board partition. One of these halves was sprayed every six days with kerosene emulsion, whileethe other was untreated. The appear- ance of the plant at the end of the season is shown in Plate XI. The soap solution was applied throughout the season at the same intervals as the emulsion, and while its effect upon the mildew was apparent, the plants so treated were plainly inferior to those sprayed with emulsion. A limited test was made of the fungicidal value of half and quarter- strength solutions of the greenhouse fungicides employed. 3 potted plants were sprayed with half-strength kerosene emulsion. “ it 3 “cc 6 ‘ “6 “6 quarter “ 3 3 “ sc ic “ half ce 6 soap. 3 “c “ “ ce “ quarter 7] a 77 These plants were sprayed at the same intervals as those in the bench. The half and quarter-strength emulsion seemed to prevent the mildew about as well as the full-strength solution, but it is desired to make a more extended trial of the weaker solutions before advising their use. Half and quarter-strength soaps checked the mildew but little; the plants so treated being severely infested. PLATE X A portion of the Phlox bed showing the rows of Untreated Plants on the right, and the two Sprayed rows upon the left. aa re Le par, ' yr 4 Meo D wi > AM JayVO ayy afr ‘paXvadsusy ior se YIM jo (ay3t1) jyey-auo yuxyg vueqieA V Sl xray Lich “UOIS|NUGY eUasora yy YA parwo.y sv EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 417 B—In the Field—There was practically no spraying during the past summer at the Experiment Area. It was intended to spray with soda-Bordeaux two belts of bush beans, one belt of stock tomatoes, one belt of watermelons and all the crossed cucumbers. The first application was made July 12th, the second July 23d, after which it seemed almost impossible to repeat the applications as frequently as conditions demanded without neglecting other duties. Spraying was therefore discontinued. No appreciable results followed the two applications. FUNGI AS RELATED TO WEATHER. The following items are gathered from the “Weather and Crop Bul- letins” issued weekly by the State Weather Service during the months of April to September: July 8th—“Tomatoes backward and showing some blight ;” “Plums rotting ;” “Apples dropping.” July 15th—“Blight or fungus has appeared on the apple trees, leaves becoming yellow and spotted ;” “Tomatoes and potatoes blighting.” July 22d—“Less injury by insects and fungus.” July 29th—“Plums rotting on the trees.” August 5th—“Potatoes blighting and much affected by scab;” ‘Po- tatees being blighted:” “Potato vines turning yellow and some rot showing ;” “Plums rotting somewhat ;” “Some blight appeared in to- matoes ;” “Potato rot feared if present showery conditions continue ;” “Asparagus rust spreading rapidly, both on old and new beds;” “Pota- toes on low ground rotting;” “Apples dropping badly;” “Grapes doing well, very little rot;” “Sweet potatoes making too much vine ;” “Potatoes a heavy crop, but rotting badly; “Grapes doing well, no rot;” “White potatoes rotting in low fields.” August 12th—“Early potatoes being dug, some fields badly rotted ;” “A large crop of potatoes is being dug, some rot showing ;” “Potatoes show indications of rot on wet land;” “Many tomato fields are affected by blight;” “Some potatoes rotting in low ground;”’ “Cantaloupes poor, vines scalding ;” “Plums rotting on the trees.” August 19th—“Muskmelon vines have commenced to blight ;” “Plums and peaches both rotting ;” “Only one case of rot in potrtoes heard from, and that is in low, damp ground ;” “Some rot in polatoes on wet ground ;” “Potatoes show signs of rot ;’ “Some peaches rotted ;” 27 418 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE “Asparagus rusting;” “Late tomatoes blighting;’ “Many peaches have rotted on the trees ;” “Peaches a light crop, early varieties crack- ing and rotting owing to excessive rains;” “Peaches, good crop, but frequent rains have caused much rotting;” “Corn in low fields scald- ing;” “White potatoes rotting in low fields.” August 26th—“Some potato rot;” “Potato crop heaviest in several years, but rotting in low ground ;” “Peaches and plums rotting on the trees ;’ “Grapes out of danger from rot.” September 2d—‘Potatoes rotting in places;” “Potatoes a large yield, but rotting ;” “About one-third of the potatoes have rotted.” September 9th—Potatoes in many places are rotting badly ;” “Heaviest and finest yield of potatoes for years, no rot;” “Tomato blight severe, fruit dropping from the vines.” September 16th—“Potatoes all dug, some rot.” Temperature andfi/Rainfall Since 1889. The following table shows the temperature, in degrees (F.), and rainfall, in inches, for the present year, and the average for the past thirteen years since the Station was established: -———Temperature.-——, — Rainfall. -——— Month. 1902. Average 13 years. 1902. Average 13 years. SP ANUATY:-.cesdana-nacessacensa ), AO. 29.9 3.28 3.66 HeBruary ssussss0sees ppepbacweie) hee 314 6.24 4.05 (March ‘scssteccss-teancenteo- 4020 38.4 4.34 ' ease AGilscccusoaecsns.cavaaerassase 50.2 49.1 3.62 3.42 WMitivinvesseasmecscocscqctnsnesees 60.3 60.6 2.04 4.50 JUNC. ccccscsnscsescesscenrssoaee 67.5 69.7 6.57 3 54 DULY cavsncceane-Seeeeneanssaen: 73.0 74.0 4.78 4.96 PATIPUStswenapscenesslrensontene see 70.1 72.5 3.91 4.21 September.......0.sseaseossers 64.6 66.3 5.65 3.68 October ..c-sccsseeccsccssee cess 56.0 53.9 6.39 3.68 November czcccceesessvcecsaesiunto-o 43.5 2.20 3.99 December ........0006 SE 5) br 34.3 7.23 3.39 In temperature, 1902 had a cold January and February, with a warm March, April and May, an average and cool June and August, with July somewhat below the normal. There was an excess of moist- ure in February and June, with a small rainfall in May and less than the average in July and August. rr EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 419 NOTES UPON SOME RUSTS AND MILDEWS AT _WERNERSVILLE, PA. While sojourning for health at Wernersville, Pennsylvania, during several weeks in the spring, some observations were made upon the parasitic fungi of that region. Rusts ——Among the first of the rusts to appear was an Aecidiwm upon Ranunculus abortivus. 'This host is very common in the open woods, and the rusted plant is easily detected by the small, spade- shaped leaves, that stand up edgewise upon long, slender petioles. The diseased plants last for only a week or so after the cluster cups appear, thickly covering the under side of each leaf. The fungus seems to destroy all the portion of the plant above ground, and while, during one week, the display of rust is extensive, at the end of the next there is little left excepting dead leaves. There were some small quince orchards in the region, and one in particular was bordered upon two sides by a hillside covered with cedar trees. In some instances the branches of the quince trees and those of the cedars interlocked. The cedars bore an abundance of the large, yellow galls commonly known as “cedar apples.” These are the conspicuous formations of the rust fungus known as Gymnospor- angium macropus, and in another form does much damage to the apple leaves and fruit. Upon the same cedar trees was an abundance of another species of Gymosporangium (G. globosum). This does not produce spherical galls like the one first mentioned, but causes a swelling of the small branches until they are somewhat spindle-formed, and become covered with an orange coating at the time when spores are set free. Upon the quince leaves, before they were full-sized, the rust appeared in considerable quantity, sometimes occupying all of the under surface when the numerous clusters of deep cups were pro- duced. Later on the fruits probably became infested, for the mummy fruit of the previous year showed that the fungus had destroyed them. This Roestelia auraratiaca, as the orange rust of the quince is some- times called, botanically, might be reduced by separating the two host plants of the fungus by cutting away the cedars near the orchards or exercising care in setting quince trees apart from the cedars. The ash trees showed conspicuously the rust (Aecidium Frazini) that is common to the species of /raxinus. In the present instance some ash trees were entirely free, while others of the same species had x be Ath be 420 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE their leaves badly infested. This fungus works upon the leaf stalk in particular and causes it to twist into all sorts of fantastic shapes. Wild roses, in some places, were so badly infested with a rust (Phragmidium subcorticum) that they were practically destroyed. This fungus, of an orange color, attacks the canes, as well as the leaves, and distorts and dwarfs them. This fungus was found in patches upon the untilled hillsides, while in other places the rose- _ bushes were free from it and healthy. Among the herbs infested with a rust may be mentioned the sweet cicely (Osmorrhiza brevistyles), which is usually more or less affected with the Puccinia Pimpinille Strauss. - . Mildews.—The Peronospora Ficarie Tul., upon Ranunculus recur- vatus, was quite abundant early in the season. Other hosts for same mildew were Ranunculus abortivus and R. repens, but it was most conspicuous upon the first-named crowfoot. A chickweed (Cerastium longipedunculatum) was abundant in that region and badly infested with Peronospora alsinearum Casp. The mildewed plant usually remained small and produced no flowers. In some patches all the plants were diseased and dwarfed. The tall figwort (Scrophularia Marylandica Lu.) showed the most conspicuous mildew, its large leaves being much discolored and some- times distorted by the Peronospora sordida Berk. This is one of the mildews that produces a decidedly violet coating upon the infested part of the leaf, and, also, the border of the mildewed spot has a dis- tinct purple border, as seen from the upper side. Some of the young plants were so badly infested as to be ruined. , The galiums were badly mildewed with Peronospora calotheca DeBy. It was most common upon the upright Galiwm Sp., where the whole plant was dwarfed and rendered of a pale color. Many other fungi were met with, of which only one may be added here, namely, a smut upon Actea or Baneberry. This Urocystis in- fests the whole plant, from the base of the stem to the divisions of the large, compound leaf. A large number of specimens of these various parasite fungi were gecured for further study and distribution. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 421 FUNGOUS ENEMIES OF PLANTS IN NOVA SCOTIA. A trip was made into Nova Scotia for personal health. Five places were visited, namely, Halifax, Wolfville, Kentville, Digby and Yar- mouth. Wolfville and Kentville are in the region of extensive fruit- growing, and particularly the orchard, crops. This is the home of the Gravenstein apple. Plums are grown quite extensively. The following are some notes made upon the prevailing fungi in- festing crop plants: Apple— Anthracnose of fruit or ripe rot (Gleosporium fructigenum Berk.). Scab (Fusicladium dendriticum (Wallr.) Fckl = Venturia inequalis (Cke.) Ad.). Barley— : Smut (Ustilago Hordei (P.) Kell. & Sw., and U. nuda (Jens.) Kell & Sw.). Bean— Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Bri & Cay.). Beet— Leaf-Blight (Cercospora beticola Sace.). Backberry— Leaf-Spot (Septoria Rubi Westd.). Rust (Ceoma ( Uredo) luminatum Lk. ; Sya. Puccinia Peckiana Hwe ). Catalpa— : Leaf-Spot (Phyllosticta Catalpe Ell. & Mart.). Cherry— Black Knot (Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sace.). Fruit-Mold (Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Schrt.). Leaf-Spot (Cylindrosporium Padi Karst. Septoria cerasina Pk.). Clover— Leaf-Spot (Phyllachora Trifolii (P.) Fekl.). Rust ( Uromyces Trifolii (A. & 8.) Wint.). Currant— Anthracnose (Gleosporium Ribis (Lib.) Mont. & Desm.). Hollyhock— Rust (Puccinia Malvacearum Mont ). Horse-C hestnut— Leaf-Spot (Phyllosticta spheropsoidea Ell, & Ev.). Maple— Leaf-Spot (Phyllosticta acericola Cke. & Ell.). Oats— Rust (Puccinia coronata Cda, and P. Graminis P.). Smut (Ustilago Avene (P.) Jens, and U. Levis Kell. & Sw.) Magn ). Peach— Leaf-Blight or Shot-hole (Cercospora Persica Sacc.). Leaf-Curl (Ezoascus deformans (Berk ) Fckl.). Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.). 422 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Plum— Black Knot (Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc ) Potato— Leaf Mold or Early Blight (Alternaria Solani (E. & M.) Jones & Grout). Scab (Oospora scabies Thaxter). Quince— Rust (Gymnosporangium sp., Syn. Restelia sp ). Rose— Rust (Phragmidium subcorticium (Schrank) Wint., and Ph. speciosum Fr.). Rye— Smut ( Urocystis occulta (Wallr ) Rabh.). Strawberry— Leaf-Spot (Spherella Fragarie (Tul.) Sacc.). Tomato— Leaf-Spot (Septoria sp.). Violet— Leat-Blight (Cercospora Viole Sacc.). Many specimens of nearly all the above species of economic fung? were collected, together with a large number of those upon weeds and wild plants. After further study these will be ready for distribution among the various centres of mycological investigation. TABLE OF CONTENTS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGES. RPORM OR. TH h SOLA NTS Mmetetes acive Meier cit, are) oS. "b oe as 459-554 Outline: of- Subjects! Considereds Plesk sec acs occ wa he's ¢ 461-463 AMINE, SB o-Guyeymbaney al 2.Witers hee Bhs Pana eeacyy nets “Mee co a 463 HRNeCLIMENtS. With oweels COL 0.04 cis access ors Sa vote es 463-471 DEvclopines ae ELOUlG MCOEME Seni. 5.5 10 so ste sieteie 5 a ale vee bs 468, 469 Crossing, Corn—New- Seriesas. sock acc cabecie cloak cee ce 469-471 Opservattons upom Salsifys Ey bridses: « eich< wae. cosas 471-473 MIXPEriMencsuwiths PISSPIAMUES! men chi. Olio she cea ec cc creel 473-477 PANES ELE AD LAME ernie es eas che ee Cee chcT eke ele ess Delelc cus 476 INGWimOrOSSESy Oly WP Tamils wwe cacs.c Cars Oe en bias aes cs 476, 477 Breeden Se Gia CUCUIMIDEES wan tnt elcrce ce oe coe ate ws ca ae 477, 478 LOBSUTE Ol SOUASNER as cieteict c clelace eee Rave sree eee Ske 478-482 HXPCTIMEN CS PWallian LOMATOGSH vse ania, s occcerreg Sect o ase case 482-485 MESiSe Ole VarlGtlasenic ie til ta eh oe ee ee ow a ence 484, 485 MMPCMUIMenH Se whe HONS: the 0. se ae ee ae Ce Noe ee uae 485-490 Grogeen, dasia Beans. im 1903. o.)/a.2. a sakec uae. 488, 489 Varictalsstudy, of ima Beans... 5 2.2. 5-65 ok. 56.08 489, 490 REpeMMentspwithmiwUneiClGeS assets. aoc cele ce eee kb eee 490 ID Seymetia Wa aCerod HSM haya) TEAC ONS a eee ee Sr ee Ne ee 491 Experiments with Japanese Redbud................... 491, 492 Hxperiments. with luawn Grasses: <2... Secs coos Saye 492, 493 ICRI SEM Omena eran mI een ein mets c uO aust elects acale- dace & 493-495 PULAU eer YPC ar one meare emma waists te oes dy Ss cnaylsy bm. ay ena Galena os 495-497 ALU Ae VIELC LOM Gm) ay tal ee esp occa ore kes ote als cic ane ote one 497 Experiments with ay SRS ES ee Re 498-504 CSW MGI OUST SLES, Menta AT et ia ane Sol Ao Ta cea OA aR ee Sia EE 499, 500 CDRS ESTELG LspINGY SME GeV EP CTC ny tg ayes are oes shales Qcelele © de ste 's 500-502 RSLTIED RC Pm IVIG) UE CNESE Maser Pet tee ee eh ts Ck Lae Pats ease eal 502, 503 BLOOMP la PO MLDODGEORIAEO: « . s.'sj< 0s erie calels caewaasle 503, 504 AN AVSMIANGY Of Tice ea tss cl By Tits To ote! Sia agai le SC a oa 504-510 Asparagus Rust upon College Farm................ 509, 510 Experiments with Seeds and Seedlings................510-517 ede va be GPM ELON. oc oc. ct oct.c'e wb eve as ce wm wend 511 NEN GHIALOGs SOMARL SECOS. 6 loc ode cee we scene ols fe DLO OLE SESE Ne O MeN LeLE LY TEAS: i, Let eig o One ee ae bed ge be diate 516 AVE HULL EAC UMRAD OS ISL MeE eres 2 Sid ccs, uo yA gia. a) a, 0: bt Cyeta wie tn Roel ah 517 Da OUME OTE T Va UICC WG gc he dia) ciel adc ce s,mjo viwadlere he.’ we alereio 517-536 rowoervovndews Of the: Orchard. 5.0% cas.cela sees 523-524 Powdery Mildews of Fruit Garden.................... 524 Powdery Mildews of Vegetable Garden................ 525 PoOWwOery. Mildews. OL» Greenhouse: oso dws we tees USO TABLE OF CONTENTS. ’ ReEporT OF THE BoTantst—Continucd. PAGES. Powdery Mildews of Field and Forest.............. 526, 527 Remedies for Powdery Mildews..!......-.---.---.-- 527-531 ist lof sPowdery’ Mildews. 3...2sG2so5 =. oon eee 531-536 BHunvivasekelated to. Weatherire. ih... nots siete cles eee 536-551 Mildew, oF Lima Beansh.. .cc1ecs see Soe eee 540, 541 Thesotting: Of Potatoes. «> 0: ’ eeietnals aS 7. SRR pat ete . HXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 471 ears in the plate from being up to the average of the meagre crop. As the matter now stands, the “Country Gentleman” is easily fertil- ized by the “Black Mexican,” while the latter is with rare instances crossed upon by the “Country Gentleman.” In other words, the “Black Mexican” is highly prepotent, as determined in other experi- ments. It was observed that the dark grains of the “Country Gentle- man” were not usually of the same shade as the full “Black Mexi- can,” but instead inclined to a lead color. The white grains upon the “Black Mexican” were, with few exceptions, as light as those of the full “Country Gentleman.” The quality of the two varieties is superior, as determined by actual test by those who are able to judge of the culinary merits of this vegetable. . Further Observations Upon Salsify Hybrids. The salsify to which the most attention was given the past season was that if Plot IV., Series III., consisting of hybrids of Tragopogon porrifolius L. and T. pratensis L. Twenty-one rows were planted here in August, 1902, the seed for the first eight being from first-genera- tion crosses produced that season in Plot III., Series IV., while that for the remaining thirteen was produced by third-generation hybrids in Plot I., Series VI. Rows 1 and 2 were offspring of hybrids that appeared in rows of 7. pratensis, while the hybrid parents of rows 3 to 8 were developed among plants of T. porrifolius. The seed planted in rows 9 to 21 was gathered from second-generation hybrids in Plot I., Series VI., and represented the following colors of Prang’s list: 21, 22, 31, 41, 92, 224, 225, 233, 243, 333, 355 and 384. The stand of plants was fairly good, and the season’s color record, including about 700 plants, is herewith given. Rows 1 and 2: SERIE e320 LCL Wig he cat score tel ans euchek ee, Oates chciorcs, a cciele) sos a's 18 23 ELE aL LOL era remy tere = eattrel gether toe eidtce ois ae 1 Pree Le CUMLOU SIMO LET NE a pee HET ee suas ace cvetatel a's see's 9 DAE. ve Same (GENE LO TS VEO) iheireve aici's,< see «la es, esse" 10 re Ss ee i ed SOS N(GCONLOTAMOLLICM)" cave coca eelens eds + There was one “Albino” plant and one with flower heads changed to green. Rows 35 to 8: 472 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Parent type 93 Parent type 224 225 233 234 234 235 235 242 242 248 243 253 333 333 300 Velloyrn Soo 2.8 Sie ae eae tone we or oreie eect ee 12 hight violet: red vyioletijs:- acs so cee Cae eee ae 2 Lighter “ 4 See Ruth ocayatelnytte © e\eie Sio.e ePctee GR 2 ed wiolets \ oss net mie cam Sebo ee es eee il Ereht red . vidlets eee ee cate ees ceo ee 12 4 wy “~~ h(centersmoitled): Sick os. seo ff fei chterred “violets cass: Spite seine. eee saiee 2 ar 27 “SE(Genter In Obbled) aa... aets + 22 ete uf Dark. red red! violet ee on eee ates eee 2 4 a as /a(centenmmottled) tice... oer 1 Red red .vidletn © masa. iets ace eee cee EE 1 reas he =-)<(center Mottled)? i4eee e ee 14 Orange gray (brown) (center yellow)............ is Red jgray=(russet) Aico coe tke. sce ee eee 4 s . ‘|, (center emotiled) Wek. wie cee alt DPaghter red gray (Tusset) i. o's Seciss. oS alessio 6 Uke eee 1 There was one “Albino.” Rows 9 to 21: 21 yal 22 OL 31 41 41 41 61 61 61 82 92 Parent type 93 95 Parent type 224 225 233 234 234 234 992 = ID Darker red red orange (center yellow)........... af = Se A a (center mottled) ......... 5 Dark red red orange (center yellow)............. A i Darker * red [Oranges Mies ans eedes eters Pts ee oe G td ef = a ¢(Genter: yellow) = 77..o chine or alt Darker, orange Teds OLrane ec nccsie ars © clare ovenetate ome 3 ps “3 ‘e ** (center yellow) ..5..... - = aS a “(center mottled) ....... ib Darker orange: yellow Oranees |. « 3 oietomie oer 6 ss Ss ‘Sa. (Center mottledyc-.=- -s ss. Sane 5 ighter violet red mioletismesce cic o> oe Stereos 1 “s ‘ ; 3S kA ee aes 12 (center yellow) .......2.. 19 = ie ie (center mottled) ........ 2 Laight Tred violet: 2k oo Acre eer ww a oes oer 3 * (COTLET SVEN Owe iaeesrctons kis oe oseiniatere - 22 Lighterired eray (TUSSeCh)eecse emir Sie ism eo eaenaiarevel al: : ¢ oe s° \(center- yellow)... 5... 3 Light yellow erase (eziraite) 4 oercrte uate state ete soy elo tatere 4 Lighter ‘“ Se erty Teh tre a A> aoc 5D EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 473 A mixture of seeds, representing the various colors in rows 9 to 21 was planted in Plot IIT., Series IT]. No attempt was made to record the number of hybrid plants of different colors in Plot I., Series VI., but it can be said that all the colors recorded in the plot just considered were observed here, and as a whole there seemed to be no striking contrast between the two plots. An attempt was made the past season to cross 7. pratensis and T porrofolius with their hybrids, and also with Scorzonera or “black salisfy.” The seeds from flowers thus pollinized were sown in Half- plot I., Series ITI. EXPERIMENTS WITH EGGPLANTS. In 1900 cross-pollination was effected between the “New York Improved Spineless” variety of eggplant and one that is known as “Early Long Purple.” The new greenhouse provided for the propa- gation of a large stock of plants from the seeds of fruits that resulted from the above work in crossing. The following season was unusually favorable for the growth of eggplants, and two plots were occupied with the crosses, while other portions of the area contained speci- mens of the parent species, grown for sake of comparison. The cross was early manifest in the upright habit of the “Long Purple” and the large, broad leaf of the “New York Improved.”* There was the purple color of the young stems and leaf-stalks of the former com- bined with the stoutness of the latter variety. The vigor was so remarkable that it suggested the idea that crossing of varieties might be of importance for this point alone. When the fruits reached marketable size the evidence of a cross was confirmed, because instead of the long, slender and usually curved form of the “Long Purple” or the nearly oval shape of the “New York Improved,” there was a fruit that closely combined the char- acteristics of the two and produced a shape agreeing with that of the “Bartlett” pear. In weight it was heavier than the “New York Im- proved,” and agreed with it in color. No change in this latter feature was expected, because both parents were of a handsome purple color. A serious objection to the “Long Purple,” as grown here for years, is the lateness in coming into bearing. The fruits, although of high *The term “Spineless” of the full, long trade name is omitted because the “spines” were much in evidence. 474 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE quality, are small, and altogether the variety is not profitable. The large slices of the oval fruits of the “New York Improved” are not well suited for the frying-pan, while the longer and smaller fruit of the cross are of a convenient size for cooking and the table. The cross has a desirable size and shape and is an improvement upon the “New York Improved” in its superior quality. In the “Long Purple” the seeds are confined to the lower half of the fruit, and the cross under consideration holding to this characteristic gives two-thirds of its fruit free from seeds, and therefore several slices that are solid flesh. A striking fact in connection with this cross, in its first season, was it earliness, for its plants began to yield marketable fruits on July 20th, while it was August 8th before they could be gathered from the “New York Improved,” and were rare upon the “Long Purple” until after September 10th. In 1902 the crossed eggplants occupied Plot II., Series Il., and Plot IJ., Series III., and were the representatives of four selected fruits of the previous crop. The plants were thrifty, and it was ob- served that toward the close of the season the parent sorts ceased blooming, while these crosses blossomed freely up to the time of frosts, and then the plants contained many young fruits. It was noted that the general shape, previously mentioned, was adhered to and not over 10 per cent. of the plants produced fruits of the “New York Improved” type, while none were long and slender like those of the “Long Purple.” During this season no less than eighteen commercial varieties, all that could be readily procured, were grown to compare with the new cross, and while there were several that seemed alike, none of them resembled the cross either in great vigor of plant or shape of fruit. Several cross-pollinations were made be- tween some of the widely separated forms, as the “Black Snake,” a long, slender and crooked fruit, and “Round White,” a handsome fruit, about the size of an egg, and the standard sorts, as “Black Pekin,” and the “New York Improved.” Eggplants in 1903. The work with eggplants the past season was devoted chiefly: to crossed stock occupying the greater part of three plots, namely, Plot IL; Series ITI., Plot I., Series TV., and Plot JI1., Series V- 3Um- EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 475 favorable weather prevailed throughout the summer, and the plants grew slowly and were later than usual in producing fruits of a market- able size. The same conditions seemed to be equally unfavorable for the development of the leaf-blight and fruit-rot, usually so injurious to this crop. The foliage of the Experiment Area plants was practi- cally unharmed, and the fruit-rot did not make its appearance until late in the season, and developed much slower than usual. No fungi- cides were apphed during the summer. The two plots in Series III. and IV. contained about 200 eggplants, representing the third generation resulting from the crosses made in 1900 between the “New York Improved” and “Early Long Purple” varieties. The seed producing this season’s stock was taken from fifteen selected fruits of the crop of 1902. The number of plants from a single fruit varied from ten to about sixty. No record was kept of the number of fruits produced, but the third-generation stock began fruiting as early and were as produc- tive as plants of the parent types. Some of the fruits resembled in form and size those of the original parents, but the majority were noticeably different and more or less bell-shaped. In the first half of Plot III., Series V., the following varieties of eggplants were grown the present season: 1. “New York Improved.” 9. “Black Beauty.” 2. “Black Pekin.” 10. “Early Long Purple.” 3. “Early Dwarf Purple.” 11. “Long White.” 4, “Round French.” 12. “Black Snake.” 5. “Striped.” 13. “Japanese.” 6. “Delicatesse.” 14. - No. 9,297. %. “Round White.” 15. os “ 9,298. 8. “Mammoth Pearl.” Many of the above varieties were grown in the Experiment Area in 1902 and were briefly described in the report for that year (pages 384-5). The “Black Beauty” variety was given a more satisfactory trial this season and is a desirable sort. In number and form of fruits it resembles closely the “New York Improved,” but of larger size. 476 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ! Japanese Eggplants. Of the three Japanese sorts, No. 9,298 is the only one that showed much value. It resembles closely the “Black Pekin” variety. The other two have not been especially productive, and their fruits have been too small to be of any particular value. All three of the Japan- ese varieties have been crossed with the “New York Improved,” and results of such crosses may be reported later. Plate III. shows the three types of Japanese eggplant fruits. The first lot of six plants to the left are from seed sent direct from Tokio, Japan, by Mr. D. G. Fairchild, in letter under date of June 3d, 1902. It is seen to be a very slender fruit and usually much bent or twisted. The sort shown in the middle of the plate is from seed sent out by the Government under the lst number 9,297, and is elongated pear- shaped. The third bears the Government number 9,298, and is a nearly round variety, and, as before stated, resembles the “Black Pekin” in shape, color and size. New Crosses of Eggplants. The following new crosses of eggplants were grown the present year: 1. “New York Improved” upon “Black Snake” gave fruits that were ten to twelve inches long and three to four inches wide. The color is like both parents and therefore purple. The quality is excellent and the shape is desirable from the culinary standpoint, as it permits of numerous slices of acceptable size for cooking and serv- ing. On account of the shape of the fruit they rest by the lower end upon the ground and are less lable to decay than the round sorts. 2. “Long White” upon “New York Improved” gave fruits vary- ing much in color and shape, as the parents were quite unlike in these respects. ‘The curved form of the male parent was present in many of the crosses, while its white exterior blended with the purple of the mother plant in producing a variegated surface, some fruits being spotted white and purple, others somewhat striped, and others of a nearly solid shade of green. 3. “Round White” upon “Black Pekin” gave fruits that in variety of colors were nearly the same as in No. 2, there being a blending of PLATE IIT. Japanese Eggplants. ‘Three varieties are shown in the upper portion of the engra ing, and with fruits from p shown below with labels, ations with ** N. Y. Improved”’ PLATE, IV. Cucumbers. Upper half shows a series of ‘* White Spine’ and *‘ White Pearl” crosses. Lower half shows a corresponding set of ** Telegraph”’ and ** Zuaim”’ crosses. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 477 white and purple here as in that case. In shape, however, there was a decided difference, for here both parents were of the round type and the crosses deviated but little from the form common to the two parents. 4. “Fordhook Improved” upon “Mammoth Pearl” gave a mixed lot of crosses, some of the fruits being purple, while others were white. The male parent does not differ essentially from the “New York ln- proved,” and the mother plant is close to the “White Pearl.” There is, therefore, in this cross a blending of the large, well-formed purple sort with a much smaller, more slender and white variety. The one thing that deserves special mention in this connection was the remarkable vigor of the crossed plants and their great pro- ductiveness. They occupied a half plot, while adjoining them were standard commercial sorts, and the difference was remarkable. The crossed plants averaged fully twice the size of the others and kept in bloom up to the time of hard frosts—-near the 1st of November. Two years ago, when the cross between “Long Purple” and “New York Improved” were grown for the first time, the same observation was made and set down in the report for that year in the following words: “The plants of this cross have proved of remarkable vigor, so great, in fact, that it has been suggested that for this reason alone the cross is a great gain.” The crossing of eggplants is not a diffieult matter, the flowers in all their parts being of large size, and it is recommended that it be engaged in by growers of this truck plant for the added strength and consequent fruitfulness that it brings. BREEDING OF CUCUMBERS. Plot IV., Series I., was devoted to the crosses of the “White Spine” and “White Pearl” cucumbers that were obtained in 1899. Plate IV. (upper half) shows the range of variations in these crosses, the fruits being taken when nearly mature. It is seen that some of them are very short, not much longer than broad, while others are quite long. Some of those of medium size were comparatively smooth, and by selecting from these it is hoped to obtain a fruit that will be more desirable than either of the parents. A corresponding set of fruits was selected from the plants (Plot III., Series III.) of the cross of “Telegraph” upon “Zuaim,” se- cured in the greenhouse during the winter season. The two smallest 478 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE fruits are full-blooded “Zuaim” cucumbers, grown for the purpose of comparison. As stated in the last report (pages 389 and 390), this is an old variety that has long been grown commercially in Austria, the seed of which was secured by Mr. D. G. Fairchild, of the United States Department of Agriculture. With us the “Zuaim” produces short, plump fruits and in lhmited numbers. The “Telegraph,” upon the other hand, is a popular indoor variety, the fruits of which are very long, comparatively seedless and with a consequent firmness of flesh. It was with the hope of developing these characteristics in field-grown cucumbers that the “Telegraph” was used as a pollenizer. By comparing the series of sections of six different fruits of this cross with the corresponding series for the “White Spine,” “White Pearl” cross, it will be seen that there has been some loss of seediness and corresponding gain in the flesh. The effect of the male parent is shown in the tapering stem end of the crossed fruits. A glance at the two sets of fruits will make this very apparent. Should one center his vision upon third fruit from the left in each of the six rows the differences in mind will be quickly established. It is this grade of fruits that is reserved for seed. The year was an exceedingly poor one for all crops of this class, and the yield was poor and the fruits not what might have been ex- pected with all conditions favorable. Melons, for example, were an entire failure in many parts of the State. CROSSING OF SQUASHES. During 1903 the whole of Series 0 was in crossed corn, and, fol- lowing the old-time practice of farmers in growing pumpkins with their corn, squash seeds were planted in some of the hills. Thus a small portion of Plot I. received seeds of “Long Island White Bush” squash and another part a few plants of “Mammoth Bush Summer Crookneck” were grown, while a third portion carried some vines of a novelty named “Delicious.” A part of Plot II. had the “Golden Hubbard,” in addition to the corn, while Plot II1., in like manner, bore the old standard “Hubbard,” and the remaining plot (IV.) had some vines of the “Boston Marrow.” During the season time was found for attempting some crosses. Thus, pollen was taken from both the summer varieties to pistillate flowers of each of the four late sorts, and the reverse was also true, EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 479 but in no instance was any fruit obtained as a result of the various attempts, fully twenty-five, between the summer and the late varieties. Otherwise were the results between the two bush varieties, and full- sized fruits were obtained with both the “Flat” and the “Crookneck” variety, as the mother parent and these specimens resembled in all respects the variety furnishing the pistillate flowers in the cross. Among the late squashes crosses were secured only between the “Hubbard” upon the “Boston Marrow” and the “Delicious” upon the “Golden Hubbard.” The “Hubbard,” for example, always failed when attempts were made to breed other varieties upon it. In pass- ing, it may be remarked that the wet weather that prevailed while the bags were upon the blossoms may have largely decreased the suc- cesses, for the young fruits (pistils) decayed rapidly when covered, and the setting of fruit was poor with flowers left in normal condition. It is seen that there are four crosses secured—that is, the recipro- cal ones with the two summer sorts, and the two which involve all the four late varieties, which will be enough for a supplemental crop in the plots of corn that it is planned to grow the coming year. The two varieties of summer squashes that have been crossed upon each other differ greatly in the form and color of their fruits, those of the “Long Island Bush” being white, disk-shaped, and, except for their scalloped sides, are comparatively smooth. There is very little differ- ence in the general appearance of the fruits of different plants of this variety. The “Crookneck” squash produces long, yellow and somewhat bell-shaped fruits, and there is often a noticeable difference between the fruits of different plants; in some the smaller or “neck” end is much curved, and in others but slightly. Some may be thickly beset with wart-like outgrowths, while others are nearly smooth. As to size of fruits and productiveness, the two varieties did not seem to differ much; marketable fruits ranged in weight from one and a half to four pounds. The foliage of the two sorts is much alike, except that that of the “Crookneck” is somewhat darker and the leaves of the “Long Island Bush” are slightly mottled. The leaves of both, unlike those of the winter sorts, are deeply lobed. The leaves are also smaller than those of the winter varieties. The four varieties of winter squashes selected for crossing differ strikingly from each other in some respects. In color of foliage ‘there seems to be very little, if any, contrast. The leaves of the 480 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE “Hubbard” are somewhat larger than those of the other three, and while many of the leaves of the “Boston Marrow” and “Golden Hub- bard” are apt to be crinkled or fluted, those of the “Hubbard” and “Delicious” are plain. In the cross of “Hubbard” upon “Boston Marrow” we haye a union of two varieties having very different fruits; those of the “Hubbard” are dark green in color, while those of the “Boston Mar- row” range from a light yellow to a darker reddish yellow. In form the “Hubbard” tapers gradually at both ends, while the “Boston Marrow” ends abruptly, tapering at the stem end only. At the Ex- periment Area the latter variety produced larger fruits than the “Hubbard.” The “Golden Hubbard” squashes may be a light yellow or a darker orange-yellow (different shades than appear in the “Boston marrow’), except at the outer tip, which is dark green. Though smaller than the “Hubbard” squashes, they are of nearly the same shape. The recently-introduced “Delicious” variety has fruits of about the same shade of green as those of the “Hubbard,” and of much the same form as those of the “Boston Marrow.” In size, the few fruits ob- tained this season were fully as large as those of the “Golden Hub- bard.” There was considerable difference in the number of plants of the different varieties and no record of number or weight of fruits was kept, but it is thought a like number of plants of “Golden Hubbard” yielded a greater number of fruits than any of the other winter sorts. By weight, however, the “Hubbard” may be more productive, since its fruits averaged a large size. The “Boston Marrow” would be given third place in this list, although its yield was fairly good. The “Delicious” made but a poor showing, since it commenced to fruit much later than the other sorts and matured only about half a dozen fruits. In connection with the question of pollenation and-crossing among squashes, it is well to look at the botanical side of the matter. The genus Cucurbita, to which the squashes belong, is made up of the fol- lowing annual species under cultivation: (1) Cucurbita Pepo L.; (2) C. moschata Duch.; (3) C. maxima Duch. To the first belong the pumpkins which were grown by the American Indians in their fields of corn before this country was settled by Europeans, and may be native to the warmer portions of this continent. From this species EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 481 has come a group of gourds, like the “nest-egg,” “orange,” “mock- orange,” “pear” and “Turk’s turban,” that are grown to some extent for ornament, and, being hard-shelled, serve as domestic utensils. These represent the C. Pepo var. ovifera, so named from the egg form above mentioned. A second variety includes the bush sorts of plants that run little or not at all, to which the name of C. Pepo var. condensa has been assigned, from its compact or condensed habit of growth. Under this variety are gathered the scallop and crookneck squashes and bush pumpkins, and furnish the many sorts of summer squashes. The Cucurbita moschata Duch. are long, running like ordinary pumpkins and squashes, which Bailey* states is “possibly of East Asian origin.” This is not grown with us to any extent, and fur- nishes, among others, the winter or Canada crookneck variety. Under Cucurbita mavima Duch. are classed the forms that are most generally termed squashes, as illustrated by the “Hubbard” and “Mar- tow” types. The flesh of the fruit is orange, and in shape is not crooknecked. These three species differ in nothing more strikingly than the stem to the fruit. In C. Pepo it is very hard and deeply grooved close to the fruit at maturity, while C. moschata has the stem also grooved, but much enlarged as it joins the fruit, while in C. maxima it is large, soft and is neither ridged or enlarged as it joins the fruit. The leaves of C. Pepo are much lobed and dull green, and in C. moschata they are rounded and grayish, while C. maxima has a kidney shape in evidence. Bailey states that C. Pepo and C. maxima do not cross, neither do C. maxima and C. moschata, but C. Pepo and C. moschata have been bred together. Our successful pollenations have been, first, between varieties of C. Pepo and, secondly, between sorts of C. maxima, and all attempts to hybridize the two species have resulted in failures. There is an opinion more or less current among truckers and others that melons, cucumbers and pumpkins will mix with each other, and this subject naturally comes up with the work that is given above. Many melons are poor in quality and suggest that they have been hybridized with pumpkins, squashes, cucumbers or other species of the same family. This conclusion as to origin, as determined by taste and possibly gen- eral shape of fruit, which varies greatly in many instances, is contrary * Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. 31 482 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE to the careful work of various experts. For example, Professor Naudin experimented many years with different species and found that they rarely hybridized, and then the results were usually sterile; Professor Bailey made numerous pollenations between our two com- mon species of Cucurbita, and he states that “all our experiments show that Cucurbita pepo and C. maxima do not hybridize.” A few years later Professor Pammel made extended attempts to produce hybrids, and from his work concludes:* “(1) that pumpkins (Cu- curbita pepo) and squashes (Cucurbita maxima) will not hybridize; (2) that pumpkins and watermelons (Citrullus vulgaris) will not “mix,” nor will squashes and melons “mix:” (3) cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), sugar and muskmelons (Cucumis melo) will not hybridize, nor will they “mix” with pumpkins; (4) the different forms of Cu- curbita maxima will readily cross with each other—*Mammoth Chili,” “Hubbard,” “New Prolific Marrow,” “American Turbin,” &c.; (5) The forms of Cucurbita pepo, as the “Long Warted,” “Nest Egg Gourd,” “Vegetable Marrow,” “New Golden Bush,” “Bush Scalloped,” “Ttalian Striped,” “Perfect Gem,’ “Common Pumpkin” and “Sweet Sugar” will readily cross with each other. When we find that two species of the saine genus (Cucurbita) do not hybridize, it is scarcely to be expected that plants in different genera will “mix.” EXPERIMENTS WITH TOMATOES. The crossed tomato stock the past summer was confined to the first three plots of Series II., and included about 200 plants. These were descendents of a few special selections from the first crop of crossed plants in 1900, and represent the fourth and, in a few in- stances, the fifth generation. A majority of the plants represented combinations of a few of the original numbers. Such combinations were made in the summer of 1901, when considerabie crossing or breeding was done of the choicest representatives of the second generation. A type of tomato has been developed from a combination of No. 144 upon No. 150 (144/150), the original parents of which came from the same red fruit that resulted from a cross of “Golden Sun- rise” upon “Dwarf Champion” in 1899. The yields of these parents for 1960 are given for the season in the tables in the report for * Results of Crossing Cucurbits, Bulletin 23, lowa Experiment Station, 1893. ‘ : Wys11 ay uodn , fuoiduieyD) jie ,, . fas . 5 AjoTVA J9yIOUI ay} puw “yay ayy uodn | ‘asttung uaplor),, uered ayeur ayy YIM ‘aSetjoy puw ‘SMarA vary) ul 10]UAad ay} UL UMOYS St ,, MOT[2A UONFIS,, 24], saojeu0T ‘A ULVid EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 483 that year. The two plants were remarkable for their good qualities, and breeding them together has resulted in a type of plant resembling the “Dwarf Champion,” or orginal mother plant, but with a fruit that is yellow, like the male parent, or “Golden Sunrise.” Plate V. shows this new tomato, called “Station Yellow,” in the middle row of the picture, while the male parent variety, the “Golden Sunrise,” is upon the left, and the female parent, the “Dwarf Cham- pion,” is to the right of the cross. It should be said, in justice to all three sorts, that the specimens for the photographs were taken at the close of the season—about the middle of October—and when there was no opportunity to make any selection of the best fruits. The upper portion of the picture shows the general contour of the tomatoes looking from the blossom end, while the corresponding view upon the stem end is shown in the three fruits in the middle row below, which are given interior views of the same three varieties of fruits. The first and second row from the left are yellow fruits of nearly the same character, the “Station Yellow” being somewhat more firm or “solid,” and therefore less polygonal or “angled” in general outline. The latter variety has a tendency to develop a blush upon the maturmg fruit, perhaps due to the cross with the red “Dwarf Champion.” The character that makes the variety dis- tinct is in the vine, which is of the upright habit of its red mother, and does not have the prostrate or sprawling method of growth of the “Golden Sunrise.” The nature of the foliage of the three varieties is indicated by the spray of each that are shown in the upper part of the plate. To those who know the bushy habit of the “Dwarf Champion,” with its thickly-set leaves upon a plant of under size, and the nearly opposite characteristics of the “Golden Sunrise,” will expect what is obtained in the cross, namely, a larger plant than that of the female parent, and one with something of the great vigor of the male parent. To say that it is a yellow “Dwarf Champion” is not telling the whole truth, because the differences are more than color of fruit. The plants and the fruit are both somewhat larger than the “Dwarf Champion,” and the foliage is not so much infolded or “curled,” or “potato-like,” as some are pleased to call it. On account of the tendency to blush that is developed in the “Sta- tion Yellow,” it has been selected as a sort with which to breed further with red varieties, in the hope of establishing a kind with the blush fully developed. 484 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No. 177 was originally from a red fruit resulting from a cross of “Golden Sunrise” upon “Dwarf Champion” in 1899. Concerning the plant the following is quoted from the Report for 1900 (page 438) : The plant (No. 177) “was a giant in stems and foliage, standing high above the surrounding plants. Its leaves combined the char- acteristics of the two parents, and the flowers were of unsually large size. ‘The most remarkable point was the smallness of the fruits, being about an inch in diameter and two ounces or less in weight, with seeds ranging from none to six for each fruit. There were only twenty-seven fruits produced upon this plant, four of which were green at the close of the season. The cross expressed by the numbers 177 upon 177 (177/177) imdicates a union of two plants from the same original parents, some of which were made. The most progress toward a seedless fruit seems to have been made in case of a number of plants developed from the No. 177. Seeds of third-generation fruits of this number were sown in the greenhouse the past winter, and some of the seedlings were remarkable owing to their having three, and in one instance, four cotyledons. From these seedlings a few small and almost seedless fruits were obtained and from these came, for a late setting, the plants in rows 5 to 10 in Plot III. Several of these have produced more and larger fruits than their parent plants and bore a very limited number of seeds. Specimens of these fruits are shown in Plate VI. The number of seeds in each fruit ranged from five to fifty, while those of ordinary tomatoes is among the hundreds. Tests of Varieties of Tomatoes. A portion of Plot IV., Series V., was given to a test of several varieties of tomatoes, some of them being classed as “Novelties.” To the test was added the “Dwarf Champion” and “Golden Sunrise” for sake of comparison. The table below shows some of the results: Total No. Total No. Ripe Green Grand Average Rank Name of Variety. Fruits. Fruits. Total. per Plant, in Size. “ Dwarf Champion ”.........+. 103 20 123 24 8 “ Golden Sunrise”. ........060. 232 36 268 53 5 << Hreegomicscccensnce vstseaneee 374 47 421 84 6 ‘Crimson Cushion ”.......... . 253 31 284 56 2 “Chalks Barly ocus..-scever 312 19 331 66 7 <*'‘Pondr08a”..sscseaseuessss sees 209 38 247 49 1 Marvel” iiveversecesseeecenees 431 or 462 52 3 SOMaOTNTS csepenesneaseee setae 428 62 490 98 4 9 “'Thorburn’s Farliest”...... . 528 60 588 HY, PAW Bayi. **Seedless’’ Tomatoes The group of fruits upon the left are from cuttings of No. 177 grown in the field. ‘he fruits upon the right are from various seedlings of No. 177. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 485 It is seen that fruits of the “Thorburn Earliest” outnumbered those of any other variety, but they were of the smallest size. The “Magus” stood next in fruit record, and the tomatoes ranked fourth in size, so that this variety gave a greater yield in pounds of fruit than any other sort. This variety has a somewhat upright vine, “potato-leaved,” some would say, and resembled much the “Dwarf Champion,” but is a much larger plant. The largest tomatoes were produced by “Pon- derosa,” but it was only second in number of fruits per plant. The “Dwarf Champion” variety did poorly in this test, yielding only twenty-four fruits per plant, and these of the usual medium size. EXPERIMENTS WITH BEANS. The first three belts of Plot I., Series V., were planted June Ist with alternating rows of “Green Flageolet” and “Saddle-back Wax” beans; and on June 27th the same varieties were planted in belts 4, 5 and 6. While the stand of the “Saddle-back Wax” sort was good, there were scarcely any plants of the “Green Flageolet” obtained from either planting. With the few that appeared, about a dozen attempts were made to cross-fertilize “Saddie-back Wax,” only one of which was successful. An average-sized “Wax” pod containing three black beans was secured. Considerable leaf and pod-spot (Colletotrichum) developed upon Experiment Area beans this season. The product of a late fall plant- ing “Saddle-back” and “Bountiful” varieties was much more severely infested by disease than earlier crop. Experiments with Dwarf Lima Beans, Lima beans have been grown upon the Experiment Area since 1896, when they were employed to test various fungicides for the diseases of this crop. The following season, Plot IV., Series III., was planted to three varieties of dwarf lima beans, namely, “Burpee,” “Dreer” and “Henderson.” For this crop the “Burpee” far exceeded the other varieties in marketable pods for the same area—1. e., producing 99 pounds to 45 for the “Dreer” and 39 for “Henderson.” By shelling the pods of each variety the ration of productiveness of seeds was -determined to be as 20, 9 and 8, respectively, for the three sorts. In 486 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE time of maturing there is no difference between “Burpee” and “Dreer,” while the “Henderson” gave pickings at a much earlier date and has a long period of fruiting. At that time a full description of each variety was prepared and published later in the report for the year. The “Burpee” and “Dreer” are closely related and belong to a distinct variety of the species, with the botanical name in full as follows: Phaseolus lunatus var. macrocarpus Benth.—that is, the large-fruited lima—while the “Henderson” belongs to the species, but not the variety, and botanically is simply Phaseolus lunatus L. In order to show something of the history of the three sorts and how recently they have been developed, the following is given as gathered from a bulletin* by Professor Bailey. The “Burpee” origi- nated with Mr. Asa Palmer, of Kennet Square, Pa., and was intro- duced to the public by Mr. Burpee in 1890 as the “Burpee Bush Lima.” In 1883 Mr. Palmer found one plant of his pole hma beans had rerooted after being eaten by cut-worms. It remained dwarfed ‘and produced a few seeds, and from these seeds the variety was devel- oped. The “Dreer” originated from the “Challenger” pole bean by se- lection of dwarf forms which a Mr. J. W. Kumerle found growing in his field of beans at Newark, New Jersey, and was introduced in 1889 by both Thorburn and Dreer. It is of the same blood as the “Burpee.” Of the “Henderson,” Professor Bailey writes: “It was picked up twenty (thirty now) or more years ago by a negro who found it grow- ing along a roadside in Virginia. It was afterwards grown in various gardens, and about 1885 it fell into the hands of a seedsman in Rich- mond. Henderson purchased the stock of it in 1887, grew it in 1888 and offered it to the general public in 1889.” Thus all varieties were introduced within two years. In 1898 the experiments with lima beans were limited to the two sorts, “Burpee” and “Henderson,” and while the study of the diseases and their treatment were leading points in the work, a comparison of the two varieties was not overlooked. It was found that the “Hender- son” is much less subject to the various bean diseases than the “Bur- pee.” The former will bear a half more plants in a row, owing to their smaller size, and then weigh but a trifle more than two-thirds as many of the “Burpee.” The yield of fruit is, however, under such condi- tions much in favor of the “Henderson,” and the latter furnishes pickings much earlier than the “Burpee” and fully as late in the season. *The Dwarf Lima Beans, Bulletin 87, N. Y. Cornell Experiment Station, 1895. TXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 487 During 1899 belts 1, 2 and 3 of Plot 1V., Series I1I., were in lima beans for the fourth successive crop, and with the two varieties of the previous season grown as before in alternate double rows through- out the half plot. The sprayings were eleven in number, extending from June 2d to September 12th, and there was very little disease, the “Henderson” pods being all in:healthy condition. ‘The records show that for 1899 the yield of marketable pods, in pounds, was greater for the “Burpee” than for the “Henderson,” thus making the average for the past two years about equal. In 1900 two adjoining belts (1 and 2, Plot III., Series 0) were planted with seeds from plants suspected of being possible crosses between “Burpee” and “Henderson” while standing in the adjoin- ing rows of the crop of the previous year. In the “Burpee” belt there were twenty plants that were different from the rest, and appeared to be crosses between the two above-named varieties. Many of these plants were much smaller than the “Burpee” and near the size of the “Henderson,” and had the darker and more glossy foliage of the latter sort. Some of them, however, were nearly as large as the “Burpee,” and showed but little of the characteristics of the ‘“Hen- derson.” ¢ A record was made in the Annual Report (1900) of the general type of the plant—that is, whether nearer one or the other plant— and a number of green and ripe pods and a plate showed the form and relative size of the pods and seeds. In 1901 seeds of all the twenty plants above mentioned were planted, and all produced from one to seventy-two plants, excepting two (Nos. 1 and 16), which failed. In vigor the sets of plants were generally satisfactory. “There were many individual differences from the time the seedlings unfolded their first true leaves, and the plot showed those evidences of a mingled blood that plant-breeders find so diflicult to set down in words.” Some rows were more uni- form than others, favoring one parent or the other, as the case might be. All the planis of the plot remained true to the dwarfed type excepting seven, and those were given poles and climbed, with one exception, with the characteristics of genuine pole beans. Oppor- tunity came for testing the quality of some of the crosses, and it was found to compare favorably with that of the “Burpee” and superior to that of the “Henderson.” There was a variation in quality, as there was in the character of the plant and seed, among the several sets. 488 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE In 1902 selected seeds from the several sets of crossed plants were planted and a crop grown and harvested for each. There was little io be added to the observations upon these sets of beans of the pre- vious year. From this large stock of seeds the following numbers, 2, 4, 5, 6, 15, 18, 19 and 20, were selected as being the most promising. Crossed Lima Beans in 1903. Plants representing a fourth generation of the crosses between “Henderson” and Burpee” drawf limas were grown the present season in the first two plots of Series I. The seed was planted in Plot I. June Ist, and not until June 22d in Plot II. The twenty-four rows in the first plot and the first eight in the second were from seed of dwarf limas, selected in 1902 from the most desirable of the crossed plants, and eight such selections were used the present season—a different lot of seed being used for each four rows. A medium stand of plants was obtained from this “Bush” seed, and of the twenty-four rows in the first plot, six were wholly free from climbing or trailing plants, and six others contained only a few speci- mens that were somewhat inclined to run towards the end of the season. All the remaining twelve rows contained a large percentage of climbing plants. None but dwarf sorts appeared in four of the first eight rows of Plot II., and in the other four there were six pole limas. The remaining twelve rows in Plot Il. were from seed of crossed plants that had required poles the preceding season. Each three rows represented a different lot of seed. Considerable variation was noted in the different rows of crossed limas the present season. In case of the dwarf sorts, some rows were earlier than others, and some were especially fruitful. The yield, as a rule, seemed equal to that of an average “Henderson” plant. In certain rows the pods were much like those of the “Henderson” type, while in others they were noticeably larger, although smaller than those of the “Burpee” variety. A like variation in fruitfulness and size of pods occurred among the crossed pole limas. The pods of these, in most cases, were larger than those of the “Henderson” variety, and some were nearly equal to those of the “Burpee.” == EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 489 The limas were not seriously harmed by disease in 1905. The pods were lightly infested by the pod blight, and mildew became quite con- spicuous, but not until late in October. No fungicides were applied. Varietal Study of Lima Beans. In connection with the work in crossing and breeding lima beans a small space—a row thirty feet long—was given to a test of each of the following varieties, with the results as shown in the table below: Number ' Number green Number Total Kind. of plants. pods. dry pods. pods, “ Henderson ”’ ....+++ seveceuntsaccts 36 664 205 869 CHOEPCG ”? 2 pccccensseanscsnacuceseces 46 165 oes 165 se*PHOrbDUIN””s ccccacieee deed aveese ces 38 LO Penance 15 o Dreer ae cece eeeeeee CO reeeeateeeeeee . 44 225 erete 225 SOWA OW=lGaE Unc cccasctcessonreevexe 47 709 181 890 In this set there are two groups of dwarf limas represented, the first and last named being of small stature, dark-green foliage and with the pods and seeds comparatively small. The other three varie- ties are closely related, with large plants and pods and seeds. Plate I. of the report for 1901 shows the seeds of “Henderson” at 1 and 4, and of the “Burpee” at 3 and 6, both in the green and ripe condition. It is seen that the “Henderson” and “Willow-leaf” were far su- perior in productiveness to the other three sorts. This may in part be due to the season, which was very dry in May, so that the plants had a late start. This was followed by an unusually wet June and August. A more even rainfall throughout the growing season might have given quite different results. The only disease that seemed to make any headway among these trial beans was the mildew, and for its development the wet August seemed particularly favorable. It was noticed from time to time upon the three larger sorts, and doubtless had somewhat to do with their low yield, but upon the smaller podded sorts it was not in evidence. All of the five varieties were remarkably uniform, with the excep- tion of the “Willow-leaf,” among which were fourteen plants that were somewhat larger than the others, and with the leaves broader than the type. The pods of these plants were somewhat above the average in size and in number to each plant. The seeds of these have been saved for further testing as to fixedness of character, productiveness and market value. 490 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Plate VII. shows small heaps (thirty seeds) of each of the five varieties, as named below their respective seeds. The lower row shows corresponding heaps of the six bush sorts of the crossed limas that were grown the present season. It is not easy to make a comparison of these several sorts, because. they have no one point that is a unit of measurement for all. How- ever, the number of pods per plant has been determined, and, avoid- ing all fractions, is as follows: ‘Flenderson” <.tscscssenecoesen 2 “Burp.-Hend., No. 2”......° 8 CReSIRERCG rah cco doce sities cuxeceenn alee “Burp -Hend, No. 4”...... 11 SU DORDUTH Asi ..scthussess Ceseme “Burp.-Hend., No. 5”...... 9 MBIDREOLY ca Guesasce(enenenesaean OO “Burp -Hend., No. 6”...... 8 “ Willow-leaf”.. .... decqpanconko ‘‘ Burp -Hend., No. 18”...... 10 ‘‘Burp.-Hend., No, 19”...... 10 The “Henderson” and ‘“‘Willow-leaf” lead in number of pods, but they are smaller than those of the other sorts. EXPERIMENTS WITH FUNGICIDES. The systematic use of fungicides for the current year has been con- fined to spraying in the greenhouse, a report of which has appeared in the bulletin* issued during the summer. In the field spraying has only been done to preserve the crop plants from the ravages of insects. The tests with fungicides were omitted that the effect of clean culture might be noticed for the year. As stated elsewhere, the eggplants were comparatively free from disease until late in the season, when the moist conditions favored the rapid growth of the fruit rot. In hke manner the tomato plants suffered but little until in September, when the leaf-spot became evident, and during the following month the foliage was considerably affected. The plants upon the Experi- ment Area were not blighted to the extent seen elsewhere, and this seems due in part to the regular practice of keeping the vines clean of diseased parts during the growing season and burning all vines and rubbish on the Experiment Ground whenever the crop is removed. * No. 167. Some of the Newer Fungicides. June 29th, 1903. PLATE VII. Dwarf Lima Beans. Piles of twenty-five seeds of five standard sorts in the upper row, and of six of the crosses in the lower row. ‘EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 491 EXPERIMENTS IN SHADING. But little has been done the present season in the matter of shad- ing. While previous experiments have shown that an artificial cover may be of considerable service to certain crops, this important feature of the experiment work has been set aside owing to pressure of other things. The use of lath-shading* (with spaces between the lath equally the width of the lath—that is, half-shading) has proved very effective with nasturtiums the present season. These plants often have their foliage burned by the hot sun, and a small amount of shading will prevent this. In case of the canary-bird nasturtium (Tropaolum Canartense), the lath-shade made all the difference between plants with burned leaves and no flowers and those with sound foliage and abundance of bloom. The lath frames were placed high up above the plants, so that they did not interfere with the climbing of the plants or the care of the ground around them. EXPERIMENTS WITH JAPANESE REDBUD. In 1896 two dozen plants of the Japanese redbud (Cercis Japonica) were set out in a single row in a portion of the Experiment .\rea devoted to ornamental plants. In a visit to the nursery from which the plants were afterward obtained it was determined that the cercis was badly attacked by a leaf-spot fungus (Cercospora cercidicola 1.) which produced large, circular, brown spots in the handsome leaves, which afterward died and fell to the ground. In September of the first season of the experiment after faithful spraying of certain plants with fungicides, a visit was made to the nursery from which the plants had been obtained. At that time the redbuds, by the thou- sands, in the nursery rows, were nearly all leafless from the attack of the leaf-spot. The difference between the plants and those taken to the Experiment Grounds, many miles away, was very striking. This is a forceful illustration of the healthfulness that may follow the removal of plants from a locality where its kind has been grown for years in large numbers and a disease has developed to a serious extent. As the plants experimented upon were all comparatively *The method of making lath frames is described in the annual report for 1897, page 344. 492 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE free from the leaf-spot, there was no marked difference between the sprayed and the unsprayed specimens. The experiments with spraying mixtures was continued in 1897, and the record shows that “but very little blight upon the foliage during the whole season, and no marked effect can be recorded for the fungicides.” The spraying continued through 1898, “but with- out results, owing to the absence of the redbud blight.” All this time the plants had showed marked differences in hardiness, The record for 1899 contains the following: “Two or three of the trees were much injured during the last winter. No blight developed during the summer, but several were somewhat injured by sun scald.” This tenderness to the extremes of winter’s frost and summer’s sun has been so great that at the present time the number of the healthy plants is lmited to three, while fully half have died and several are unshapely and worthless as ornamental dwarf trees. One of the three that has proved hardy is an especially fine specimen, and nearly per- fection in its shape and luxuriant foliage. This plant flowers pro- fusely in early spring and fruits abundantly in autumn. Seeds are gathered from this, and it is hoped that, by careful selection from its seedlings, a hardiness may be obtained, after a few generations, that will place this redbud among our most attractive lawn trees. EXPERIMENTS WITH LAWN GRASSES. The nine plots seeded to grasses, as shown in the following table, have been kept cut with the lawn-mowcr during each season since 1896. The condition, or stand, of each kind of grass is given in per- centage, following the plot number and kind of seed sown: Plot. 1896, 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1. Meadow Fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds.).... 90 50 40 45 55 60 60 80 2. Fine-leaved Fescue (Festuca tenuifolia Sib.).. 5 50 40 40 40 45 45 40 3. Sheep’s Fescue (Festuca ovina L.).......+s0000 - 10 50 40 40 30 25 40 40 4. Rhode Island Bent (Agrostis canina L.)...... 80 80 90 90 90 95 95 95 5. Wood Meadow (Poa nemoralis L.).....+..000 60 65 70 85 80 85 90 85 6. Kentucky Blue (Poa pratensis L )........0006 - 50 65 90 90 85 85 80 80 7. Rough Meadow (Poa trivalis L.).......00.000 90 65 70 70 45 70 60 50 8. Redtop (Agrostis alba vulgaris With.)......... 100 90 70 60 25 25 20 50 9. Perennial Rye (Lolium perenne L.)........... 100 85 70 40 20 15 15 40 EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 493, The “Rhode Island Bent” has held the first place for four years, and gives a very satisfactory turf for a lawn. ‘The texture is fine, but, in dry spells, it sometimes turns brown. In the “Wood Meadow” the makers of fine lawns will find a valuable grass; the turf of this has improved gradually from the start, eight years ago. The “Ken- tucky Blue” is another grass that has proved very satisfactory and secured a high rating since 1898. Aside from “Redtop” and “Peren- nial Rye,” which have been poor, the other four species have main- tained a middle place in the list of varying percentages of merit. In these plots the weeds have been permitted to grow, the chief of which during the whole season is the dandelion, and in autumn a crab grass fills all vacancies, and is much in evidence in some of the plots. At one time during the season the plots were left uncut for a time to permit an estimate being made of the mixing that had gone on among the grasses of the various plots. It was thus determined that the “Kentucky Blue Grass” had spread so much that it made up fully 50 per cent. of the first three plots and Plot 9, and was even more largely represented in Plots 5, 7 and 8. It had not made any head- way in Plot 4 where the “Rhode Island Bent” held nearly full sway. A little cf the Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata 1.) had worked into Plots 1 and 2. FRINGED PHLOXES. Phloxes, and particularly Phlox Drummondw Hook., have received attention for the past three years, and several species are now repre- sented in the Experiment Area. The large genus Phlox, of seventy species, is so named from the Greek for flame on account of the bright red color of many of the flowers. There are four species in the State, one of which, the “Moss Pink” (Phlox subulata l.), is the early bloomer that covers many otherwise nearly bare hillsides with a pink mantle and is among the first showy flowers of the season. In the south and west the representatives are much more numerous, as in Alabama* there are eleven species. The species are herbs and generally perennial, with P. Drummondit an annual and a striking exception to the rule. It is of this species that the following is concerned. The Drummond Phlox is a low, erect and much-branching plant, with long leaves, more or less clasping the * Plant Life of Alabama, Dr. Charles Mohr, 1901, pages 684-686. 494 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE stem by the broad base. The flowers are many, in flat-topped clusters, and under cultivation has run into a great variety of colors, from white to a very dark red. Mr. Drummond, a maker of large botanical collections in the Southern States, collected the seeds in Texas and sent them to Eng- land in 1835. ‘The species was described by W. J. Hooker in the Botanical Magazine, along with a picture of the same, and all under the name of the American collector. Within the space of sixty-eight years the Drummond Phlox has become one of the favorite garden ornamental plants, and Bailey* writes: It “is of the easiest culture. This fact, together with the profusion and long seasons of its bloom, is an important reason for its popularity.” This phlox is a favorite in Europe, and Robinson+ writes: “Noth- ing can excel its beauty and usefulness either as a border plant or for furnishing cut flowers. Its colors are varied and brilliant, and are not injured by bad weather like those of many other flowers. The wonder is that it is not more generally and extensively grown in gardens. It may be used in a variety of ways apart from border decoration. Beds of standard roses carpeted with it are highly effec- tive, and the fact that the plant does not in any way touch the growth and well-being of the standard roses, the naked stems of which they both hide and ornament, should in itself be a sufficient inducement to plant this phlox especially for that purpose. It is also a very suit- able plant for the embellishment of rustic vases and boxes, but it is when grown in masses that its beauty and diversity of color is seen to the best advantage.” It strikes freely from cuttings in autumn, and may thus give early flowers in abundance indoors for winter decoration. With us this phlox is half hardy, and many seedlings from self- sown seed have withstood the winter in the open field, where there was no semblance of protection. During the coming winter a cover- ing of dry cornstalks from the plots bearing sweet corn will be used over a portion of the area devoted to phloxes, and where an abundance of volunteer seedlings have established themselves since the last hoeing. In 1901 the variety known under the trade name of Phlox Drum- mondti var. cuspidata was grown for purposes of crossing, and some * Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. + The English Flower Garden, 1889, page 601. *sIaMOY JO SuLtoy Ariejs puv pasury snowed surmoys ‘xo[yd puowunscy Jo janbnoq v jo ‘aaoqe wor Suryool *MalA Wo "saxo|yq pasung THA ULVTd EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 495 of the results were shown in Plate VI. of the report for last year. A yery much larger number of variations have appeared the present season, some of which are particularly rich in both outline and colora- tion. Instead of the long, slender, single tip to each petal, as shown in the variety known among phlox growers as the “Quedlin- berg or Star phlox,” these often have a finely cut margin that is sug- gestive of the celebrated fringed gentian. One of the variations has been a pure white, with the delicate margin above mentioned. It has not yet been demonstrated that these types can be fixed by isolation of the plants so that fertilization within its own variation will be secured. Single plants may be multiplied by cuttings, and with care and time it is hoped that certain of the more desirable of the fringed types may become reasonably stable. Plate VIII. shows some of the forms of the fringed phloxes as grouped loosely in‘a bouquet, the photograph having been taken from above. Near the center is a spray of pure white, and the effect is that of some of the mort attractive “Starworts” (Stellaria), “Starry Campion” (Silene) and other members of the pink family. Above and to the left of these are some with a rich, solid maroon, and because of their dark color they are nearly lost from sight in the picture. Others nearby have a dark center and a light border, and by this means the starry outline is well shown. A plain engraving cannot more than barely suggest the effects of these clusters of blossoms. There are fifteen or more distinct types, between which there is a decided difference as to form and color. DATURA HYBRIDS. Datura is a small genus, of about twelve species, native to the warmer portions of the globe. In our State there are two kinds, and these grow as weeds in rich, moist soil, under common names, as “Stramonium,” “Jamestown,” or “Jimson Weed,” and “Thorn-apple.” In this locality the two species Datura Stramonium Li. and Datura Tatula li. are often in nearly equal numbers, and this, together with the fact that the chief difference is in the color of the stem, leaf-stalk and flowers, led to a testing of the seeds of some of these plants. Ripening, but still unopened, pods were gathered last autumn of D. Tatula, quickly recognized by the prevailing purple in stem, leaf and flower, and of D. Stramonium, which has white flowers and the 496 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE other parts of a uniform green. As a result of these sowings it was ascertained that, in some instances, as high as fifteen per cent. of the seedlings were of the species other than the one bearing the pod that produced the seeds. This led to a further study of these two species, and while in the greenhouse the large, tubular flowers were easily, and generally, self- pollenized—the anthers maturing and discharging their contents be- fore the corolla had opened—it was found that the two species crossed artifically with ease. Early the past spring, in the Station greenhouse, reciprocal pollena- tions were made between Datura Tatula L. and Datura Stramonium L. and well-developed seed obtained. Both species were readily fertilized with the ornamental sort, Datura meteloides DC., but several at- tempts to fertilize D. meteloides with the other two failed. About forty plants representing Datura Stramonium, fertilized by Datura Tatula, and six of which Dalura Tatula was the pistillate parent, were started in the Station greenhouse and transplanted to the Experiment Area (Plot IV., Series II.) July 11th. More of the crossed seeds were sown in the same plot July 14th. From those of D. Stramonium upon D. Tatula eighteen plants were obtained. and over seventy of D. Tatula upon D. Stramonium. z Those who are familiar with the two parent species can observe a difference in habit in these hybrids, but the untrained eye would not be likely to detect anything to separate them from the purple species (D. Tatula). In other words, it does not matter in what way the union took place, whether J. Tatula upon D. Stramonium or the reverse, the offspring have all taken the purple color of the D. Tatula parent, and none of them retain the green stems and leaves and white blossoms of the D. Stramonium. The crossing needs to be more extensive before any conclusions as to the results obtained can be safely drawn. It would seem that, were it not for the very general self-fertilization prevalent in these two species, they would soon be blended into one hybrid at the loss of the green D. Stramonium. These large, “heavy-scented” flowers are not apparently favorites with any of our insects, whatever may be the facts in Asia, the prob- able home of D. Stramoniwm, and in tropical America, where D. Tatula is reported as being native. It remains to see what the second generation of the hybrids may be, EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 497 for then it may be found that the green form is restored. A further study of the species may reveal before-undetected characteristics that may assist in a rational study of the hybrids. Datura Meteloides DC. At the same time that the above experiments were in progress hybridizing was under way with D. Stramonium and D. meteloides. This latter is one of the daturas native of New Mexico that is culti- vated as an ornamental plant, the flowers being six inches or more long, tubular and white or pale violet, while the foliage has a deli- cately soft velvety appearance due to a fine coating of hairs. The stems and leaf stalks are a pale purple, and the white flowers show a tinge of the same color. The species represents a division of the genus that is distinct from the one to which D. Z'atula and D. Stra- monium belong. Here it was found that the pollen is shed some time before the tube of the corolla develops into a bell, and it was necessary to re- move the stamens several days before the time of blooming. In some instances success attended the application of the pollen of D. mete- loides to the stigma of D. Stramonium, but all attempts to fertilize D. meteloides with the other two failed. The style of D. meteloides is fully twice the length of that of D. Stramonium, and this may ac- count for the failure of pollen of the latter when applied to the stigma of D. meteloides. Two pods fairly well supplied with seeds resulted from the D. meteloides upon D. Stramoniwm, and several seedlings were grown to fruitage in the open field during the past season. One set of these plants, all without much variation, have the green color of the D. Stramonium, while the seedlings from the other pod all have a uni- form purple color that is even more intense than the parent D. mete- loides. ‘These hybrids as a whole were of the same general type as those between D. Tatula and D. Stramonium growing nearby. All seeds from D. Tatula fertilized with D. meteloides failed to germinate. In a portion of Plot II., Series V., more crossing of D. meteloides upon Stramonium and D. Tatula was accomplished, and many at- tempts were made to work D. Stramonium and D. Tatula upen D. meteloides, but without success. One flower of Datura fastuosa L. (D. cornucopia) pollenized with D. meteloides produced a seed-bearing capsule. 32 ‘ 498 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENTS WITH WEEDS. The weed belt has been continued for seven years without inter- ference in any way—that is, plants have spread by roots, seeds have ripened and fallen, germinated and grown as they might be able in the fierce struggle with other kinds. It is needless to state that the ground has been occupied, and so to say two or more crops of plants have been made.during the season, for some weeds are early in com- ing to the front and others delay until near the close of the season. The following is the list of fourteen species that have been the most prominent during the year, arrayed in the order of their aggres- siveness, the worst appearing at the head of the lst and the least objectionable at the foot. Those weeds that were in the lst for previous years, with their rank, are given in the table. Thus it is seen that in 1897 only five of the present lst were then much in evidence, and, for example, the wild carrot was then twelfth on the list, while now it is second in rank. 1897. | 1893. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. Rumer acetosella L. SOTTE].. ...secese-cesae cesses teaseeneeseeces cosessens| 7 4 3 1 1 1 Dau us Carota L. Wild Carrot........ce sewei| s,s canmeaser|| Yanweesesl i 5 2 2 Bromus racemosus L. Broom grass........ deans] Soscbucqs| Tamas... ee Ahonen eee 512-513 INotes-upon.; Pole sim as eos: idee beni eee 514-515 Green?) Pod JBushi(Beanstaaencc hee a sears 515-517 Yield of: Green=*Pod™:B6anst eeriscenhie nap eee 517 Classification of Green Pod Beans................ 517-518 Wax) Busi (Beant Sis euccictsve eene coca opie eee ea eee 518-521 Crossing Amongathe’ Besnsc oes t ae a ee eee 521-522 Beans from Department of Agriculture............ 522-523 Rield Notes supon “Bush Beans. i-.cives oe chee oieanie ake 523-525 Seed! Holder forvBeans,-ete -esa kes koe eee 525-526 Hixperiments': Withjweeasnite cose chars cick ee olsen 526-527 Observations: upon. Salsify: Hy pridse 22 sacs oc eee 527-529 Experiments with Lawn Grasses...-............-....- 529-530 Hxperiments:; withi} Weeds" coca... 5 acetone eee 530-531 Experiments; swith? Camliflow er aiss sumer cerc de nerne cee 531 Aralia; Cordata ‘asia saladvhlantr.wetce rl oie ome ee 531 Experiments swith © WT aliGss sactee tosis ee ee arena 531-532 Notes! pons: NAStUntiinisan sneer ore ook eee “oa, ae 532-533 Report «blanks! seek ce Roe aces 6 te eens eet eee 533-534 Run Si Weather andaCropsiescccinic cask cae acre ois eee 535-538 Notes: upon’ Winter: Injurys:to (Plantss-2+ 2s. s se eee 538-546 Notes upon Weather of Growing Season.............. 546-551 Raintallefor Pasta Sreteen: Veass xs secon sche oo care oe 549 Temperature for Past Sixteen Yeurs.............. 550 Sunshine for Past Sixteen Years.................- 551 List of Seedsmen and Others Favoring the Station...... 552-553 (447) Report of the Botanist. Byron D. Hatstrep, Sc.D. Farle J. Owen, B.S., and J. K. Shaw, B.S., Assistants. Plant breeding has been a leading feature of the work in the Botanical Department, for the year ending November 30, 1904, and along lines mentioned in the annual reports for some time past. During the year the “Voorhees Red” sweet corn has been sent out to four hundred persons and from these many satisfactory replies have been received. A year of substantial progress has been made in the cross between the “Black Mexican’ and “Country Gentleman” sweet corn and two new varieties from these reciprocal crosses are in sight. A very full list of sweet corns have been grown the present season and many crosses se- cured, some of which among the superior sorts it is hoped will be a material gain. A very early sweet corn may be had without re- sort to the two frequent method, now in vogue, of growing a dwarf dent or flint sort for the early crop. A full list of beans has been grown, including the wax and green-podded bush beans, and the pole, and dwarf limas. The crosses among the last named varieties have given at least two sorts that after five years of selection are ready for distribution. Many crosses have been secured this season among the wax varie- ties and also-among-the *green-podded sorts with indications that some success has attained the attempts to breed the wax and green-podded varieties together and these and the lima beans. A considerable portion of the Experiment Grounds has been devoted to the work with tomatoes. Nearly all the commercial varieties have been grown for the purpose of selecting the best sorts for further work in breeding. Many crosses over a wide range of varieties have been secured. Opportunity was offered for a study of the earliness and other characteristics of many varieties as also a comparison of their yield under the uniform conditions that obtained upon the trial grounds. ‘The “Station (449) 450 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL Yellow” tomato has been grown another year and its type is so well fixed that now seed of this yellow upright or “dwart” variety is ready for distribution. Crosses among the eggplants have been grown for another year and with several new commercial varieties further breeding has been carried on. Last year crosses were obtained between certain bush squashes. These have been grown the present season and some progress has doubtless been made in fixing the characters of these crosses. Many other combinations have been made this year. Among others, there is a possible hope of one between the bush and the winter sorts. ; The work with the fringed Drummond phlox has been confined to the selection of a w hite variety of great beauty w hich in time it is hoped will become fixed. Bulletin No. 170, “Experiments in Crossing Sweet Corn’, of twenty-four pages and four page-plates, was published February 5, 1904. Mr. J. A. Kelsey, after several years of faithful service, and owing to severe illness, was obliged to resign his position as assistant on April ist of the present year. Mr. E. J. Owen, a graduate of Rutgers College was appointed assistant in horticul- ture in March, Said shortly after Mr. J. K. Shaw, of the Univer- sity of Vermont, was added as assistant in breeding. Sickness on the part of the writer has continued and prevented him from giving the full amount of attention to the Department. The Experiment Area, Upon the next page is given the plan of the Experiment Area which consists of two acres divided into seven series with four plots to each series. Paths four feet wide separate the series, while each series is again divided by two-foot paths running lengthwise of the Area thus making twenty-eight plots each 33 by 66 feet and containing one-tw entieth of an acre. The soil is fairly uniform in quality throughout, it being a mix- ture of clay and gravel and at the outset was not of the ‘best for garden purposes. Its texture has, however, been much improved by the annual application of stable manure at the rate of twenty tons per acre for the past ten years. 451 EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. “AT 201d ‘OSTA! III 31d “OSTIN II 49d *° 4d ‘T 291d ‘APSTES ulo,) ‘suvag ‘TIA SHTaaS ‘yoOl VAUV LNAWINAdXa “AI 3°ld AIA old GC) AE tld ae ANT, Fld “AI 39ld “OSTIN soysenbsgsurvag sueog ulO‘), puv SUBIgG UIOD puke suvIg UIOD pure suvag IIT 4°ld TIT 39ld, Steed IIT #9id TEL 791d SOe8d ‘IIL 4°ld III 3°ld AJjIs[es syueld 20q S]Ue]] 354 SoOJPUOT, A}ls[T®S sooyeUOy =i LL Old “OSIW “TL 2d SURO “JI IO[d SuKag J] pur [SOT “TT PUL T SIO[q I] PUP T srid "LO[q See9q ‘[ 30[q “Ost ‘T 30d S90} BWO I, SeuUIV] SIOJBULOL, ‘So0VRWLO L, ‘u10%) ‘AJISTES ‘TA SHTaas ‘A SHTAHS “AISHIMGS ‘INLSHIaas ‘Il Sarags ‘I SaTaas 452 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL Experiments in Crossing Sweet Corn. One of the results of the experiments in the crossing of sweet corns has been the production of the “Voorhees Red.” This new variety was shown in Plate 1 of the report of last year where four ears of it were displayed, with its male parent, the “Black Mexi- can’ upon the left hand and an ear also of its mother plant, the “Egyptian” upon their right. A history of the making of this variety by breeding and selec- tion was given in Bulletin 170*, in which it was offered for free distribution to the people of New Jersey. Within the State the requests for this corn numbered two hundred and ninety-four (294) and to each of these a packet of fifty grains was sent inclu- ding the following circular: The sample of sweet corn contained herein represents a cross between the “Black Mexican” and “Egyptian,” the former being the male and the latter the female parent. Both of these are old and well known varieties. The “Black Mexican,’ as the name implies, has grains that are charac- teristically black or dark blue, this color being one of the chief objections to a kind that is otherwise very acceptable. The “Egyptian” is a larger sort, somewhat later in coming to market size and has the grains white or amber-colored. _ From these two varieites the new kind has been developed and is most easily characterized by the red (dark red when dry) color of the mature grains which are a handsome pink when in the green condition ready for the market. The Director has kindly consented to his name being associated with it, and, therefore, it will be known as the Voorhees Red Sweet Corn. It is desired that the one who receives this packet will plant the grains under favorable conditions for growth and, to preserve it unmixed, it should not be grown near any other variety of corn, whether sweet, field or pop sorts. The Experiment Station, at which it was bred and from which it is distributed free, imposes but a single condition, namely, that one of the best ears gathered when fully mature be sent by mai: to the Experiment Station. This is in order that a larger free distribution may be made the coming season. BYRON D. HALSTED, Botanist. New Brunswick, N. J., March 15th, 1904, Notes from Growers of Voorhees Red Sweet Corn. In order to obtain an impression of the value of the “Voorhees Red Sweet Corn” as a variety for general use the following four EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 453 questions were sent to each of the 294 persons in the State who requested and received a sample last spring for trial: Have you found the plants large, medium or small? Were there one, two or more ears to the stalk? Was the corn excellent, good, medium, fair or poor? Were the rows eight, ten, twelve cr fourteen? In reply to the first question 25 considered it large, 83 medium and 6 small. It is seen that the variety may be considered medium-large. In answer to the second question, 57 record it with one ear, 94 with two ears and 18 with three ears. This shows that the variety is more apt to have two than less or more ears. As to the quality 45 reply excellent, 10 very good, 43 good, 8 medium, 12 fair and 1 poor. From this it is noted that the excel- lent and good far outnumber all the lower grades. There are, in fact, but few that consider the corn below good in quality. In number of rows the record is as follows: 6 eight, 30 ten, 76 twelve, 26 fourteen, 3 sixteen rows. It is seen that twelve is the prevailing number. The attempt to plant the small patch of a dozen or fifteen hills by itself led to many vicissitudes, in other words, it could not take a part of the regular garden with its superior soil and care but a place was sought elsewhere and the isolation brought many casualties w hich if catalogued here would make a long list. Here area few: “A horse got in and destroyed nearly the whole crop, leaving but two ears to mature.” Wishing to keep the corn pure I did not plant it until the roth of June so that the other varieties would be done tasseling. Unfortunately a hen and brood of chickens nearly cleaned it up at the time it was coming up so that with the best of care afterward only succeeding in saving four stalks from which I have seed enough for another year.”” “I had just planted sweet corn in the garden and the only available place for it was near the woods. It came up well but was all eaten up before it got very large.’ “I planted it with other corn and when it matured I was unable to identify it.” “Unfortunately the only ground available, that is, far enough away from other corn was rather too light for best results and the crop wlule fair is not as good as it should have been.’”’ “I have been sick all summer and it did not get the proper attention. I would like to keep the seed T have and try it next year.” “Just before planting time I met with an accident and I had to trust to help that was not interested. I am in hopes of doing well by it next year.” “A small striped worm played havoc with the plants.” “A heavy wind storm blew — er 454 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL it down flat when it was in the silk.” “It was pillaged by children and not an ear was left.” ‘Our Voorhees corn was destroyed by cattle so that we shall not have even a few grains to plant.” The following notes are more to the point: ‘Planted upon good ground it grows large and fine, two ears upon nearly all and three upon some stalks. Quality excellent!” “Stocky and thrifty; excellent; the best and sweetest corn we ever ate, superior to ‘County Gentleman,’ which I had considered the best.’ ‘The flavor was excellent, very sweet and tender, never ate better ” “Seven or eight feet tall. Invariably at least two ears and some- times three; excellent.” “I think you have a good variety.” “A good many of the stalks had two ears and some more and of very good quality.” ‘I find it of very good quality and a very thrifty grower.” “Large, somewhat less than ‘Stowell’s Evergreen’ and excellent.”. “Of fine growth; not a plant that cid not have two ears, some three and two with four; the quality excellent.” “All right ; eight feet high, two or more ears to stalk and quality excel- lent.”” “Mostly two ears to stalk and the corn was very tender and excellent.” “Vigorous stalks, more than half had two ears; the quality was excellent and was fit for the tab!e for a compara- tively long time.” “Smaller than ‘Country Gentleman’; ears mainly two to a stalk, two had three ears ;‘quality excellent.” “The plant are medium but perfect in shape with the corn superior— very fine flavor.” “Medium to large; mostly two ears; excellent.” “The new corn is splendid.”’ ‘‘Most had two ears to the stalk, some few three.’ ‘‘We consider it a very good corn, but not equal to the ‘Country Gentleman’.” ‘What corn I used I was greatly pleased with.” ‘Uniform in size of stalk; two ears upon all but two stalks; excellent; from first to last being without difference except in being only a tinge of color on the earliest ears picked.” “Medium size, uniformly two ears of good quality.”’ ‘The plants were seven to eight feet high with two to three ears to the stalk.” “We planted several varieties of sweet corn; the Voorhees was the best of all; it was excellent.’ ‘Generally two ears, quality excel- lent.” “About evenly divided between one and two ears and al- most entirely twelve rowed; quality excellent.” “It grew splen- didly and very quickly we ate one mess and thought it delicious, but the chickens got the rest except two ears saved for seed.” “Planted June 2oth and first picking September 22nd, it was very good.” “Large; 47 stalks, 58 sound ears; good.” “Fine growth, 46 stalks gave 21 with two ears; the quality the best we know of. We have ‘Country Gentleman,’ ‘Stowell’s Evergreen,’ and other highly recommended sorts’ but ‘Voorhees Red’ exceeds them all EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 455 in quality. It remains in an edible condition for a "consider able period.” “The stalks were very large and strong, but the corn was not as sweet as the pure “Black Mexican.” “Large enough. My whole family agreed it was the most tender corn and best generally we ever had on our table.” ‘We think it is a fine corn and will sell well.” Several reported for size, yield and quality in brief as follows: ‘Medium, one to two ears per stalk; excellent.” Below is given a report of two correspondents in full: First: “Received thirty grains of corn and planted three to a hill; hills four feet each way. The nearest plant of the corn variety 200 yards, a screen of trees intervening. Soil a rich deep loam. One application of sodium nitrate to the soil surface when the plants were well above ground. Plants grew nicely and had an even yield of medium well-formed ears—tw elve and fourteen rows to the ear. Corn was milk-white while young, peculiarly sweet and tasty. As the corn grew older it became pink; at ma- turity the ear was varigated-pink and violet, becoming darker as it grew older. The finer ears were selected and marked. A short time follow- ing our first (and only) cutting for the table, our neighbor’s cow made a raid and was discovered in time io save a few hills. Fortu- nately one of the marked ears reached maturity. This will be mailed the A. C. E. Station.” Second: “The corn in question was planted on ground that had been planted to potatoes the previous year but had not been broken up prior to that for many years; no fertilizers were used as the soil was deemed rich without them; and unluckily the plants did not receive as much cultivation as the rest of the garden did. The plants would average at least six feet in height and the yield was very abundant, ears of average size and of unsurpassed excellence. Of the thirty to forty ears reserved for seed a very few are mixed. The great majority of the ears were true in color to the last kernel.”’ A packet was sent to the horticulturist of the Experiment Sta- tions with the view of testing the new corn under as wide a range of climatic and other conditions as possible. The following is a copy of the letter of transmissal to the Experiment Stations and gives in its closing paragraph he chief reason for the test: Dear Professor: In connection with the publication of Bulletin No, 170 upon Corn Breed- ing, now coming from the press. a sample of the Voorhees Red Sweet Corn is sent you, with the wish that you may find an opportunity to test it, 456 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL The inclosed circular was prepared for the instruction of the New Jer- sey crop-growers who may receive the corn; but if the Station Horticul- turists send the single sample ear asked for it will give means of testing the comparative vitality of the grain from seed of common origin as grown in the various sections of this country. With best wishes I remain, Yours sincerely, At the time of preparing this portion of the report only a few samples have been received. The two ears from Professor Geo. C. Butz. of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station are of medium size, both ten-rowed, and with the grains of a uniform dark rea color. Five ears were sent by Professor H. L. Price, of the Vir- ginia Experiment Station, all of medium size, two ten-rowed and three twelve-rowed, solid red in color excepting one grain. The two ears from Professor W. F. Massey of the North Carolina Experiment Station were of fair length (five :nches) not well filled out at the top, solid in color, but of a pale pink quite in con- trast with the dark red of the Pennsylvania samples. A single ear from Professor F. H. Burnett of the Louisiana Experiment Station was of good shape but not well filled out and the grains all had a color that was much lighter pink than the North Carolina samples. So far as these four lots of samples go there is a strong indication that the shade of pink color may vary with the climatic conditions under which the corn is grown and that in the South- ern states it may be much lighter than with us at the North. Sample grains sent from Professor J. T. Higgins, of the Hawaiian Island Experiment Station are of a delicate shade of pink, almost the rose tint, which fact is in accord with the results obtained at widely separated localities in our own country. From all of the most northern states like Maine, Minnesota, etc., the word has been received that the untimely frosts put an end to the experiment before any ears were large enough for seed. Although the season was unusually short in the northern belt of states the results show that a more rapidly maturing variety than the “Voorhees” needs to be used. Crossing Corn—New Series. In 1903 Plot 1, Series III, was planted with alternate rows of “Black Mexican” and “Country Gentleman.’ The first named variety as previously described is black-grained, medium in size of plant and in time for maturity and with eight rows of large grains upon the slender cob. It is of remarkably high quality but with the serious objection of being’ nearly black and, therefore, not a mets OY, —— ‘+ PLATE I. First year after cross between ‘“‘ Black Mexican” and ‘‘Country Gentleman” Corn. Upon the left is an ear and two sections of the ‘“‘“Mexican” parent and the ‘‘Gentleman ” is similarly shown upon the right. The crosses are shown between them. ‘ a oe ae peroneal EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 457 largely grown for the table. The “County Gentleman” upon the other hand is a white-grained sort somewhat larger in plant than the “Mexican” and ten days, or so, later in coming into season for the picking of the ears which have the long, pointed grains irregu- larly set upon the cob. It is seen that the two varieties, named above, are very unlike, in fact, it would be difficult to select two sorts of first-class sweet corn with fewer points in common. It was strikingly noticeable last season that the “Country Gentleman” was abundantly fertilized by the “Mexican” while the reciprocal cross was apparently the rare exception. It was almost impossible to find an ear of the white sort without few or many dark grains while among all the “Mexican” ears only sufficient white grains could be found to plant but a few hills the present year. Hand pollination was successful with the “Gentleman” and ears were thus obtained that showed the cross in every grain. The color of these crossed grains was a shade of lead color and in this respect is quite different from the cross that developed into the “Voorhees. Red.” Forty hills were planted this season with grains from the same hand-pollinated ear of “Mexican” upon “Gentleman.” The ear from which the grains were taken is shown near the middle of plate II of the report for 1903. This block of hills standing by itself at one corner of the Experiment Area has shown a vigor of plant and evenness of growth that has been remarkable and being bred. within themselves it is evident that each ear is very closely related to all the others. All came originally from the ‘same two stalks that were bred together followed by a further breeding within the family of brothers and sisters, so to say. On the other hand the hills representing the scattered white grains upon several “Mexican” ears crossed naturally and widely showed a great range of vigor and in fact presented an unevenness of growth that contrasted strongly with the companion set of hills above described. Plate 1 shows a set of six ears embracing the first generation of the “Mexican-Gentleman”’ crosses. The ear to the left is a typical specimen of the “Black Mexican” variety. it being slender eight- rowed and the grains of a uniform very dark color. At the oppo- site end—to the right, is an ear of the “Country Gentleman’, is comparatively short, with the long white grains arranged with- out regard to definite rows. The contrast between the two parents is easily made by a study of these two ears. The two ears nearest to the “Mexican” ear, and left of the middle of the plate are the result of the “Mexican” as a pollinizer 458 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL upon the “Gentleman,” that is, the grains from which these ears were produced came from an ear of “Gentleman” corn that had been artificially pollinated with the ‘Mexican’ and the grains as before stated showed the immediate imfluence by being lead- colored instead of white as in the normai “Gentleman.” The ear nearest to the “Mexican” is twelve-rowed from base to tip and represents those that are perhaps more nearly like the “Mexican” than the “Gentleman.” The number of white (colorless) grains is 121 disposed in the twelve rows as follows: 10, 6, II, 15,7, Q 15, 9, 10, 5, 12, 12. ‘Twenty-five grains are tinged more or less with the dark and these also are quite evenly distributed over the whole ear, there being from one to five in each row. The black grains number 311 and were arranged among the white ones, as shown in the plate, with the rows as follows: 31, 28, 28, 27, 30, 24, 15, 24, 20, 29, 25, 30 There are nearly three colored grains to one of the white or colorless kernels. The next ear to the right approaches more the type of the “Gentleman” in general shape and in having the grains irregularly disposed in the upper half. Below the middle the rows are quite distinctly twelve in number. Here the mixture of white tinged and black grains is practically the same as in the ear to its left. This type of ear is very desirable in its size and shape and it remains to be determined what will be the result from planting the three colors of grains separately and developing a breed, if possible, from each by selection for a term of years. A practical test of the corn as it became ready for the table this season demonstrated that the combination has produced a sweet corn of very high quality as might be expected from the reputa- tion of the two parents used in the experiment. Turning now to the reciprocal cros:, namely, the “Country Gentleman” as the pollinator and the “Black Mexican” as the mother plant, quite different results are obtained in the first gen- eration. It will be recalled that the white grains were very few upon the “Mexican” ears in last season’s efforts to effect a cross. These white grains from several ears were planted by themselves and types of the results for this year are shown in the two ears to the right of the middle of the plate and left of the type of the male parent, the “Country Gentleman.” The ear nearest the middle has its fourteen rows well defined, but otherwise there is not much resemblance to the mother parent (“Mexican’’) for the grains are long and narrow and white (colorless) with only ten exceptions. It is practically a ‘““Gentleman” ear in its shape, it even having the bend common to its male parent that suggests the general outline EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 459 of a fair-sized banana. ‘The exposed ends of the grains are more regular in outline than upon the “Gentleman,” a fact doubtless due to their being in well formed rows. ‘There is a shade of amber in them all that might also serve to distinguish them from the “Gentleman” grains. The ear figured next to the left of the “Gen- tleman” is very much like the one already described and differs from it in being somewhat larger in diameter and having the four- teen rows, quite distinct at the base but much less so above the middle, and in this it is a further approach to the male parent. There are six grains that show the darkness that suggests the “Mexican” parentage. The differences between the reciprocals in this cross aré very striking. ‘The mother plant in each case has given in the first generation an ear that resembles more «he male’ than the female parent. In other words the two crossed ears upon the left of the middle of the plate are from a “Country Gentleman”’ ear fertilized by the “Black Mexican” and they would be classed with the latter rather than the former; in other words, they go with the male parent and three-fourths of the grains are of the same dark colar and to be distinguished from the ‘‘Mexican”’ chiefly by their much greater length. In the same way the ears that have come from white grains in “Mexican” ears of last season have given ears this year that in their size and shape and the color of the grain, closely resemble the “Gentleman.” In short, the male parent in both crosses has controlled to a large extent the character of the ear. Perhaps the most subject to remark is the almost entire removal of the dark color from ‘Black Mexican” grains in the first season after the cross, while in the reciprocal it is retained in nearly three-fourths of the kernels. A glance at the sections of the cobs in the lower portion of the plate shows something of the differences in the size and shape of the cob and of grain between the parents and the two crosses. The pair to the left is of the ““Mexican’’, the outer most showing the upper end of the section and the embryo (chit) of the grains while the obverse is seen to its right. The broad grains with their large embryo are quite in contrast with the corresponding pair from the “Gentleman” ear shown at the extreme right of the plate, with the long narrow irregular grains. In the “Mexican” the embryo is upon the upper side of the grain, that is, occupies a large part of the side toward the tip of the ear. The “Gentleman” grains observe this general rule only in part, as many of the kernels have their embryo in the opposite direction. The two sections shown in the plate are broken from the same ear and the 460 NEW JERSEY- STATE AGRICULTURAL chits are seen upon the end, the right one showing the section to- ward the stem (butt) end of the ear. The two crosses as seen in section indicate that cob and grains have the blended form and size of the two parents. Experiments with Sweet Corn in 1904. During the present season an extended study of the varieties of sweet corn was made with a view of breeding and selecting for better sorts, particularly for the early crop. To this end one hun- dred numbers have been grown. In some instances the same variety is represented by two or more numbers with the hope of detecting differences due to locality from which the seed was obtained. The following is the list, the varieties being arranged alphabetically as nearly as possible, followed by the source of the seed used, and various results obtained during the experiment: In the list the letters under the head of “Mixing” are as fol- lows: B, black; W, white; F, flint, and Y, yellow. And for “Maturity,” VE, very early; E, early; ME, medium early; M, medium; L, late; ML, medium late; and VL, very late. 461 EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. nro ri lo N Oo “AWse[NIOg BAS ARIA RARAAADA pam ee ca co co eoere Segpe are haan JAA ¢ HM € HH SG AT AZ pas Ft Fe et Fat tn ca yy Fc Noo w Wr ARON COM CDN AMRAMRANMReEAAMARAMAARNQMAAMAAMAMAMAMm N ne CV ET SF SS 18 1 © 00 00:6 00 00 68 89 1S 1 LO eH GO 69 & GW 00 69 00 S S 0010 Anrn nie *SUIXITN ‘queg Jed ‘q)SueT “AV Z ss) 6 va eb le 4 2 F8) ‘a1901Seay “AUD e14XG 8 ae /a he wie se 6 © 6 se "£35) ‘A[ IBA xossy 8 eee OL Cie me On 9 “Ing ‘OU AA ‘Us0ISIOAG 7 Cee I Je BMO] ‘podiiyS ‘Uee1s19Aq Ue Ry ‘WIH ‘UICO ploy ‘UseI1s1IOAM a ae eR ‘Ioq “AQ S,Alio7 ‘Weels1eAq ¢ eo .Na.e ncovera aes sere “IDL ‘pomoy VOSA G me we 6 a 6.6 & ov ele S, & 856.0 3 “IDA ‘ueidésg ¥ @. 6. 08.6 © ise. 50! we) .e 66. le 2 8 00 ‘ad 2» “M ‘u0od ae ee ae uosun| ‘winipeyy AqGsoIp $ beet now a Ge sa 2 Ore. > “lid ‘AL IBA Aqsolip Goa ec ‘dxq ‘uemeljuey Aljunop 8 Suite re.-e "erp e008 6 “u9H *qoo eu MM. 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TOC Cy OGeGl oh On ‘HH ‘UOSs.1epuepy{ i} re Way Odd Orin coe ty fh . ‘uoH ‘uosIepueHL 9 Ole lero (en 8) ver ae ‘SIH “AG “x STIIey ‘Dele we ee ‘wey qseq §, puoWMIe FT x an) ~ “SOTOUL ‘yysue'T “AV @ ae) ear ace 60, evelelm “MOBY ‘UMBG ueploy ye i ete tn . ; nell ‘uejueg uaploy ee eee ese ee ee “Ing ‘melueg uweploy 65 OOO a 6 Ing ‘AT IB yooup.10,7 oh epemel@.¢ 6s (0,\e es iets. s “Ing TW jo SIT 6 0) 6) oct) Ore) wee mty OyIeI Ul SILT ‘paeg Jo 901n0g pue omleN "SIvO JO ‘ON rn win n 463 EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 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Cele cs bs 3S od)? 0 > BS ‘MH ‘ould 21-8 oP 6 ab) Be Jekeve © em are yag ‘s yooig ‘I9IWdIg GL-OT g Ole es Yes ‘Id “IOIS[eox $,10}}0g OT-8 CAP ¢ obey ae ED ee ke eu ee eee Le “IU ‘purlwog ZI. BG MB PL Ce ee ‘MOT ‘UPeidg $,qoieyd 31-8 AP Mera- sabes ay ek “IUL ‘PHQ4sH 8 Al19g OL-8 "Eg 9 Sys" ye) 6 ee cain 6 1s there YW ‘'N ‘£8q.0 doeg ZT-0L "APY 6 a MS ore sone) abe ew She Teen “IU ‘ foe ates cis sn ODS 164) 88) Drip hook ese a ee 45% 10 MP BTV AM ic ee ces ie tey am, eisai 72 S-)| 40) Henderson’: 52.2 4a oor 45 14 27 Stripped Evergreen...... e866 12 | 58 Minnesota Harly............. 44 8 47 Liv. Evergreen red cob. ..... .65 LO | (Oni zaer eh eee ie en eee 44 2 6" Banswnazpack. coe coe ci ...62 zigzag | 95 Malakhov (white)........... 44 8 42 Hickox Improved...........55 14*5)|. 39 “Hlendersonies «1a eee 42 14 48 Liv. Evergreen white cob..... 54 104)! 36°Golden"Dawnt. 4c 40% 10 9 Burbank’s Early Maine.......50 10 | 64 Old Colony2a3.c2ers2 eee 40% 12 75 Roslyns’ Hybrid.............50 Veal -7OgPremier poe) 6. 3a .ee ae ee 40% 12 12 Chieago Market... .......+.. 4914 D2 Slr 6 Cory sb. Barly. 2 22202 eee 40 10 66 ePerrsystiigbrid=*)o-c ae a 4914 12 | 26 Evergreen Holmes Imp....... 40 24 96 Malakhov (amber)........... 4914 So le4t Siawathalcvs..o: a ot oeer 40 12 10 Burbank’s Maine. ........... 48 S|) 71 ‘Maule’s 23 (55) and “Shaker’s Early” (78). “Crosby” is an old standard medium early variety, often grown to follow “Cory.” Cne strain of seed of this variety, called “Crosby Medium” (21), was from Professor Munson, of Maine, and was a selected strain of the famous “Maine sweet corn” for canning. It produced a good number of short but well filled ears. The “Don” is a new sort that with us did not exhibit especial merit. “Maule’s XX” was fairly prolific, but with ears rather short for a medium early corn. The varieties having grains noticeably larger than the last are “Asylum” (5), “Champion” (11), “Metropolitan” (56, 57) and “Premier” (70). “Champion” is, perhaps, the most popular of these. The ears are large and well shaped. “Asylum” sometimes called “Early Mammoth,” is much like ‘“Champion.” On some ears the rows were more or less zigzag. ‘‘Metropol- itan” has longer and slimmer ears, and made a good showing. “Premier” proved to be fairly productive, but the ears were rather short. ‘“‘Kendel’s Early Giant” (44, 45) is easily dis- tinguished from the foregoing by the peculiar appearance of the grains which are large and thick, and not as much shriveled as are the true sweet corns. It seems to be less sweet than most EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 477 of the genuine sweet corns. These facts suggest that it may be a cross between a true sweet and a flint corn. The third. class, the.“late’ corns, is divided upon tite shape of the kernels, the first sub-class having this longer than broad, and includes “Ferry’s Evergreen” (25), “Gold Coin Evergreen (26), “White Evergreen’ (28), “Mammoth Late’ (50) and “‘Sto- well’s Evergreen’ (83-85). The first three may have de- scended from the last variety named, which, it has been said, came from a cross of a true sweet with a dent field corn. It leads all varieties in popularity, as shown by the table, and is much grown for forage, as well as for the market. ‘‘Gold Coin Evergreen” produced rather larger ears than ‘“‘Stowell’s. ‘White Evergreen” is, as its name indicates, somewhat lighter in color than the other “E,vergreens.”’ ‘The second sub-class of the ‘‘late”’ corns includes “Columbus Market” (14), “Egyptian” (23), “Pharaoh’s Dream” (67), “Moore’s Concord” (61). ‘“Sherfield” (79) and “Silver Coin” (80). Probably the best known of these is “Egyptian,” which is a very late variety, bearing good- sized ears of twelve or more rows. The second division, those with zigzag grains, is divided into two sub-divisions, the first of which are of the true “Country Gentleman’ type, and the second posibly a cross of this with an “Evergreen” corn. ‘The first sub-division is separated into two classes, according to season. “Banana” (6) is about two weeks earlier than “Country Gentleman,” with ears rather more pointed. It is a good productive variety. The second class contains “Country Gentleman” (19), “Ne Plus Ultra’ (62) and “Zig- zag’ (gt). The first is a well-known late sort of excellent quality. “Ne Plus Ultra” is identical, or nearly so, and ‘“‘Zig- zag’ is very much the same, but with us appeared to be some- what earlier in season. The second sub-division, having “kernels large,” includes “Zigzag” (90) and “Zigzag Evergreen” (92), which are very similar in appearance, and, while the arrangement of the kernels resembles that of “Country Gentleman,” the size is much larger. The second grand division includes those sorts having wrinkled kernels of various colors other than the usual amber white, and is easily separable into five divisions, according to the color of the kernels. The first division, with kernels decidedly darker than the great majority of sweet corns, includes “Aristocrat” (4) and “First of All” (32). The first is a new medium early sort, introduced by Dreer in 1903. The ears are of fair size, with grains broad and flat. ‘First of All’’ has more slender ears and 478 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL smaller kernels. Under “color red” is the “Voorhees,” a variety originated at this Station from a cross of the “Black Mexican” on the “Egyptian.” Under “color black” is the “Black Mex- ican” (99), referred to above, an excellent eight-rowed, medium season variety, much liked by those who do not object to its dark color. We have two yellow corns, the “Golden Bantam” (34, 35) and the ‘“‘Golden'Dawn” (36). Their color and taste suggest them to be the result of a cross of a small sweet with a yellow field corn. ‘Golden Bantam” is very small both in stalk and ear, and medium early in season, while “Golden Dawn” is somewhat larger and later. The “Striped Evergreen’ (27) is a peculiar sort, in that the grains are longitudinally striped with narrow bands of bright earmine. Rarely a pure red kernel appeared, and there were a few solid red ears. The striping varied in amount, and frequently failed to appear, leaving the ear pure white. The last of the three grand divisions, comprising the flint “sweet corns,” is separated into two divisions, according to color, the first of which is further divided upon the number of rows. The first sub-division of eight-rowed flint corns contains “Buck Mountain” (8), “Landreth’s Early Market” (53) and “Lan- dreth’s Earliest Table’ (87). “Buck Mountain” is medium early’in season, and produces ears of good length. “Landreth’s Early Market” is about the same in season, but the ears are much smaller. ‘‘Landreth’s Earliest Table” resembles “Buck Moun- tain” in appearance, but is smaller, and one of the earliest corns grown. The “Adams” (2), or “Early Adams,” and “Adams’ Extra Early” (3) are the best known of the flint corns. The former is large and rather late, with a tendency to produce dent kernels. ‘Adams’ Extra Early” is a small early corn, with iarge short ears, and “Bryant” (7), a small eight-rowed early yellow flint. The Malakhov Sweet Corn. Professor N. E. Hansen, Horticulturist of the South Dakota Experiment Station, while in Russia, procured, among other plants and seeds, a sweet corn that bears the name of “Mala- khov.” It has been grown by the introducer for some years past, and this spring a package of it was obtained ‘hrough the courtesy of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and bearing the number of “9573—(white).” It is 95 of our list. Packets containing fifty seeds each were sent out to two or more repre- My “te 1,998 re ei yyy Plyeane2 sp 4a) 8 seteanenre err er E LA. j Udadad BLEED ; HQauge - —_ =_ - = -_ -_- - —_ eed - - ~ - > - _ a” -_ r Loa - - - v- PLATE III. Malakhor Sweet Corn with sections of ears in the upper portion of plate. The lower ears are of Apache Corn long grown by the Indians in New Mexico. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. eee sentative men in each Congressional district of the State, while a quantity was grown upon our own experiment grounds. All reports sent in agree that the plants are small, one stating the average height to be 4% feet. ‘The number of ears to a stalk is ranged from one to four. As to quality, the reports are usually excellent or good. ‘The number of rows to the ear is almost invariably eight. Several of those who grew the corn sent sample ears to the Experiment Station. Below is given some of the remarks submitted to us: “We tried one small mess of it, and it was pronounced very sweet. It grows very quickly.” “Planted it on the 22d of May, not expecting to see any results, but, to my surprise, it was up in a few days, and grew rapidly, soon tasselling out, and ears setting while it was only about three feet high. We had one meal from it the first by two weeks of any other sort—near the 4th of July. Shall give it another trial.” ‘Planted May 31st, and used for table August 5th. It can be planted closely, and get a fair yield of early corn.”’ “It is a very early kind of corn, as I planted some of my own at the same time, and the ‘Malakhoy’ came two weeks earlier. The stalks I do not think were over two and one half feet tall!’ “I put it on my table sixty days from planting, and it was plenty old enough. It had excellent ears, of good quality.’”’ ‘The corn is too small to be profitable for market, but it is valuable for the home garden on account ‘of its earliness.”’ Upon our own grounds, it gave ears in fair number, that averaged four inches in length. They had the rows always to the number of eight. Two crops might be grown during a single season. Alongside of the above we grew a few hills of another “Mala- khov” corn (96), also received from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and under the list number of “9357—(amber grain)”, grown by Upton Galligher. The two varieties grew nearly the same with us, and the color of the dried grain is practically alike in both. The last named has the ear somewhat longer and more even in diameter throughout. Plate III. shows two of the ears of the “amber” kind (96) upon the left hand of the upper row, while two of the “white” (95) are shown upon the right hand. The depth of the grain is indicated in the two sectional views of an ear at the extreme right. ; 480 . NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL A Second Crop of Sweet Corn. Mature ears were gathered upon some of the earliest varieties, and a small plot of ground was planted with grains from each upon July 27th. This set of quick-growing corns grew fairly well through the early autumn, and had it not been for the untimely frosts would doubtless have yielded returns comparable with the first crop. Upon October 24th a few ears with grains large enough to eat were gathered from ‘First of All’. (32), ‘Peep?o! Day” (65) and““Landreth’s ‘Table’ (87). Daessize of the stalks and the output of marketable green ears was very small, the average height of plant being two and one-half feet and length of ear three inches. No seed matured from any variety, thus prohibiting a test of the value of a second crop for future planting. The Apache Corn. Through the kindness of Professor Fabian Garcia, Horticul- turist of the New Mexico Experiment Station, a packet of corn was obtained last spring of a kind that has been grown by the Indians of the arid regions of the Southwest for a long time, and known as the ‘‘Apache” Corn. ‘The grains, as they were received, excited comment because of their peculiar bluish color. A small quantity of this corn was planted in land adjoining: the experiment plots, and where the soil had not received any manure for many years. With the unfavorable conditions of soil and a wet growing season, quite opposite to that of its ancestors had been accustomed to, the stalks grew to the height of from eight to nine feet, and produced ears averaging eight inches in length and nearly two inches in thickness, with rows varying from fourteen to eighteen of closely set dark grains. ‘Phis‘corn maybe of valtte as a breeder with the Eastern sorts, particularly in those regions of the State where the soil is sandy and ordinary corn often suffers from dry spells. Its having been grown for long in an arid region may have developed desir- able qualities now hidden from view. The seed that has been grown here is ready for distribution to those who may desire to make a trial of it, either alone or to breed with other field varieties. The lower portion of Plate III. shows three ears of the ‘‘Apache” corn and the comparative depth of grain and large size of cob. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 481 Crossing of Squashes. In 1903 six kinds of squashes were grown as a supplemental crop with the sweet corn, as follows: (1) “Hubbard,” (2) “Boston Marrow,” (3) “Delicious,” (4) “Golden Hubbard,” (5) “Mammoth Crookneck” and (6) “Long Island White Scallop.” Among the winter varieties, crosses were secured only between (1) “Hubbard” upon (2) “Boston Marrow,” expressed by the fraction 1-2, the numerator representing the male and the denominator the female parent; and the (3) ‘“De- licious” upon (4) “Golden. Hubbard,” as expressed by the frac- tion 3-4. With the bush or summer varieties, full-sized fruits were obtained with both the “Crookneck” and the “Scallop,” or flat type as the mother parent, and the crosses are represented by the fraction 5-6 in one instance and 6-5 in the reciprocal. A consideration of the differences among the varieties that were crossed is to be found in the report for 1903, pages 479 to 482. The fruits resulting from the cross did not differ from others upon the same vines; in other words, in no instance was there any noticeable effect of the foreign pollen upon the form or other character of the squash. During the present season seeds from these crossed fruits have been grown, and one of the remarkable features of the bush plants has been their great vigor. Of the winter crosses, only one fruit was obtained the present season, namely, of the “Delicious” upon “Golden Hubbard,” and this was pollinated with the “Hubbard” upon “Boston Mar- row,” 1-2. The seeds of this fruit, it is presumed, carry the “blood” of the four varieties above named, and its progeny might be expressed by the compound fraction 1-2—3-4. The fruit in question is of the “Golden Hubbard” type, and, therefore, resembling the female parent more than the male, or “Delicious.” It is oval and pointed at both stem and flower end, with a prevailing orange color much mixed with ereen toward the blossom end. One other winter squash was added to the list under experi- mentation, namely, “The Warren,” which takes the record num- ber (7), and becomes of special interest, as there is hope that a hybrid may be secured between this and a cross of the bush varieties, which, being upon the latter, is considered in a later paragraph. >» 482 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL The two varieties of summer squashes differ greatly in the form and color of the fruits, those of the “Crookneck”’ (5) pro- ducing long yellow and somewhat bell-shaped fruits, with much variation in the shape of the “neck,’’ some being slightly and others much curved, while a few are thickly beset with wart-like outgrowths, while others are nearly smooth. The ‘Long Island Scallop” (6) is uniformly white, disk-shaped, and, except for their scalloped sides, the fruits are comparatively smooth. One of the results of the combination of these two varieties in the first season after the cross was made in the plants, is the remarkable vigor in the plants, in striking contrast with the parent types, grown near by for comparison. In the cross represented by the fraction 5-6—that is, with the “Crookneck” as the male parent—the fruits combine the shape of the two parents; in place of the long yellow crook neck of the one and the disk-shape of the other, there often results a jug- shaped fruit, with the shallow scallops long, making a fluted surface, narrowing into a straight, short smooth neck. . The upper row of fruits in Plate [V. shows the parent ‘‘Crook- neck’? (5) at the left, and a series of types of the crosses with it as the male at its right, while in the lower row is the “Scallop” (6) at the right end, and the crosses with it as the male to its left. In the upper row it is seen that the “Crookneck”’ type is strongly adhered to in No. 2, and less so in No. 3. Both of these types carry the orange color of the parent in distinct bands, with irregular borders, between the more or less distinct scallops. No. 4 has a distinct lemon color throughout its whele surface, while Nos. 5 and 6 approach the “Scallop” type, particularly in the color which may be termed a cream-white. There seems to be some correlation between the orange color and the shape of the fruit; that is, the nearer the fruit approaches the shape of the male parent, the nearer it does so in color. ‘There does not seem to be the same association between shape and warts, or warts and color, as these protuberances are produced without apparent order. In the lower half of the plate, when the “Scallop” is the male, the fruits are arranged with those most like the female parent near it at the right. ‘In this series there is an-entire absence of orange or lemon color of the female parent, but the shape of the “Crookneck” is suggested in No. 7. This type and some of the others have a delicate pink white which is solid in No. 7, but limited to bands in No. 8. The fruits, Nos. 9, 10 and II are cream white. PLATE IV. Crosses between ‘“Crookneck” and “Scallop” Squashes. The upper row begins with the Crookneck parent followed by five forms of the crosses with the Crookneck as male parent. The lower row has the Scallop as male parent at the right with five crosses to its left. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 483 The following additional bush squashes were grown the present season: No. 8. “Early Bush Squash.” This is cream-white scallop squash, with fruits quite deep in cross-section, and more or less ribbed. No. 9. “Golden Bush.” This is a squash of the scallop type, quite flat, of a solid deep orange color, and very smooth on top and bottom. No. 10. “Mammoth White Scallop” is well named, being quite like No. 9, excepting in color, which is a cream white. No. 11. “Strickler’s Summer’ is an orange-colored squash of the “Crookneck’”’ type, but with the neck but little curved. It is well supplied with warts. No. 12. “Silver Custard.” This is a handsome cream-white squash, somewhat ribbed, and flat upon the bottom side and deeply oval above the scalloped rim. No. 13. “Giant Summer” has a long orange fruit, shaped like an Indian club; with but few warts, arranged somewhat in rows. Seeds of Crossed Squashes. As before stated, a double cross was secured this season be- tween the cross of “Hubbard” (1) upon “Boston Marrow” (2) as the male parent and “Delicious” (3) upon “Golden Hubbard” (4) as the female, a cross represented by the compound fraction 1-2—3-4. The seeds of the “Hubbard” are large, oval and white, the surface resembling that of a white kid glove. And the same is true of the “Boston Marrow” seeds, excepting that they are more elongated and somewhat thicker. The ‘Delicious’? has a seed quite like the “Hubbard” in color and texture, but very much smaller, while “Golden Hubbard” bears the same relations to the “Boston Marrow.” The double cross of these four varieties has seeds that are perhaps nearer the “Delicious” than any other, but smaller and much more “boat-shaped.” Instead of being flat, like all of the parents, the seeds in question are decidedly oval. It is note- worthy that the seeds of the cross do not combine the sizes of the parents, but are a deal smaller than the smallest of their ancestors. 484 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL The relative sizes of these five sets of seeds are shown in the accompanying figure, where the seeds of the offspring form a cross and the four parents occupy the corners, all being indicated by their record number. In the crosses of bush squashes there is a decided difference between the “Crookneck” (5) and the “Scallop”? (6), the former being much smaller than the latter. In the crosses there seems to be a variety of sizes, the individual fruit having much influ- ence in this particular. In no instance were seeds of any crossed fruit found as large as the “Scallop” (6) parent, ‘but on the EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 485 other hand there were many cases where the size fell below those of the ‘““Crookneck” ancestor. Perhaps the greatest variations was found in the fruits of the cross expressed by the fraction 5-6; that is, where the “Scallop” was the female parent. The accompanying figure is an attempt to show something of the differences above noted. Running through the center, from right to left, is a row of the ““Crookneck” (5)-seeds, and vertically a row of the “Scallop” (6), thus forming a cross. The differ- ence in the size of the seeds of the two parent varieties is thus 486 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL made evident. In the upper left-hand corner of the “‘cross”’ is a set of nine seeds from a fruit resulting from a cross repre- sented by the fraction upon each seed. Seeds from another fruit of the same cross are shown in the upper right-hand corner. The considerable difference between the sizes of these sets of seeds is quickly seen, and also their relative sizes as compared with those of the parents. In the lower half of the figure are two corresponding sets of seeds from fruits of the 6-5 cross. The average size of the seeds of the 6-5 crosses is nearer the “6” than the “5” parent, while the 5-6 crosses are nearer the “5? than the “6.” In other words, the male has the greater power to control size, but there are individual exceptions to this possible rule. Three fruits were obtained upon the 5-6 cross, the flowers of which received pollen only from “Warren” (7), a running win- ter squash of the turban type, and hope was entertained that a hybrid had been secured between Cucurbita Pepo and C. Masz- ima. The fruits grew to fair size, but upon opening them they contained no seeds. The ovules were numerous and perhaps one-half the size of normal seeds, but their contents were watery and embryos entirely absent. In connection with this negative result, it may be of interest to bear in mind that the fruits grew to marketable size, through the stimulus, it may be, of a foreign pollen that was not able to fertilize the ovules. There is some encouragement in the result to make further attempts to secure a hybrid. Experiments With Eggplants. The cross between the “New York Improved Spineless” variety of eggplant and the “Early Long Purple,” secured in 1900, has been again grown the present season, and the fruits from all the plants are so uniform in form, color and other char- acteristics that this cross is ready for distribution under the name “‘Jersey Belle,” suggested in the report for last year. This cross has uniformly shown the upright habit of plant of the “Long Purple’ combined with the broad leaf of the “New York Improved.” There is also the purple color of the young stems and leaf stalks of the former parent and the stoutness of the latter variety. ‘This combination has secured a vigor and pro- ductiveness that has been in evidence since 1901, and in inter- esting contrast with the parent stocks grown for comparison with it. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 487 The fruit, instead of being of the long, slender and often curved form of the “Long Purple,” or nearly oval, as in the “New York Improved,” is a combination of the two extremes, with a general shape that agrees with that of the “Bartlett” pear. No change in color has developed, as both parents were of the handsome deep purple so popular with the consumers of this vegetable. The fruit of the ““New York Improved” are large and oval, and the slices are not well suited for the frying-pan or serving upon the table, while the cross is a decided improve- ment in this respect. In the “Long Purple” the fruit is too long and slender, but has the seeds confined to the lower half, and the “Jersey Belle,” holding to this latter characteristic, often has two-thirds of its flesh free from seeds. The cross gives three or more slices free from seeds, where the ‘““New York Improved” furnishes but one. In 1901 it was particularly noted that the cross was remark- able for earliness, for as the record runs its plants began to yield marketable fruits on July 20th, while it was August 8th before they could be gathered from the “New York Improved” and were rare upon the “Long Purple” until September roth. In 1902 it was observed that “toward the close oi the season the parent sorts ceased blooming, while the cross blossomed freely up to the time of frosts, and then the plants contained many young fruits. It was noted that the general shape (pear) was adhered to, and not over 10 per cent. of the plants produced fruits of the “New York Improved type.” In 1903 the record runs: “Two plots contained about two hun- dred plants, representing the third generation of the above cross. Some of the fruits resembled in form and size those of the parent types, but the majority were noticeably different, and more or less bell-shaped.” Seeds were, of course, saved only from plants that produced uniformly fine fruits of the pear-shape above mentioned. Seed of the “Jersey Belle” will be ready for free distribution to the truckers and others of the State in time for next season’s crop. Other Varieties Tested. Early Long Purple. Florida High Bush. Excelsior Tree. New Excelsior Tree. Fordhook’s Imp. Spineless, Striped, ; Black Pekin. Scarlet Chinese.. Black Beauty. 488 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL The last named has a flat and scalloped fruit, with a scarlet color that makes this fruit easily mistaken for a tomato. It shrivels when mature, like a pepper. Attempted crosses of it with other sorts it is hoped have been successful. Other Crosses of Eggplants. One of the crosses made in 1902 has been grown fcr its second generation the present season, namely, the “Long White” upon the “New York Improved.” In the report for last vear it was stated that this cross varied “ much in color and shape, as the parents were quite unlike in these respects. The curved form of the male parent was present in many of the crosses, while its white exterior blended with the purple of the mother plant in producing a variegated surface, some fruits being spotted white and purple, others somewhat striped, and others of nearly a solid shade of green.” By selecting the seeds from the plants producing oblong pur- ple fruits a reasonably uniform lot of fruits has been obtained the present season. Plate V. shows some of the variations in form, those in the upper row being from one lot of seed> and those in the lower row being from another. Some of them are not fully mature, as indicated by relative size of calyx. The color is fairly uniform, and is of a pale purple or pink, with some excepting, which are nearly green. One plant produced white fruits, thus showing the “blood” of the male parent in the cross two years before. This cross between two strikingly different varienest brings much vigor to the offspring, and the indications are that in a few years, by careful selection, a new variety may be established, that will have an oval or oblong shape quite acceptable to the growers of this vegetable. The greater difficulty will lie in getting a color that is suited to the taste of the consumer. In case of the eggplant, the color of the skin plays no part in the appearance of the vegatable when it comes to the table, and it would seem that a light purple, or even pink, ought to be accept- able as the purple that custom has come to expect in the egg- plant. EXPERIMENTS WITH TOMATOES. The Station Yellow Tomato. The cross resulting from a combination of “Golden Sunrise” upon “Dwarf Champion” in 1899 has proved so well established ‘osses between ‘“‘New York Improved Spineless” Eggplant aud the ‘Long White” Variety. PLATE V. Various samples in the « The size of Fruit is much increased and the color is sometimes pink instead of purple. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 489 by the many trials during last year and the present season that it warrants the above name, given to it in the report for 1903, where it is figured with its two parents in a full-page plate. The “Station Yellow” gets its fine color, nearly that of a ripe lemon, from the male parent (“Golden Sunrise”), and the upright or dwarfed habit of vine from the female, or “Champion” ancestor. When the fruits are fully mature, they usually have some of the red of the mother parent, showing as pink streaks radiating from the blossom end. In extending the description of the new variety, the following is taken from the last report. “To those who know the bushy habit of the ‘Dwarf Champion,’ with its thick-set leaves upon a plant of under size, and the nearly opposite characteristics of the ‘Golden Sunrise,’ will expect what is obtained in the cross, namely, a larger plant than that of the female parent, and one with something of the great vigor of the male parent. To say that it is a yellow “Dwarf Champion” is not telling the whole truth, because the differences are more than color of fruit. The plants and the fruit are both somewhat larger than the ‘Dwarf Champion,’ and the foliage is not so much infolded or ‘curled,’ or ‘potato-like,’ as some are pleased to call it.’’ Aut During the present season, this variety has shown a thickness of wall of the fruit that is a pleasing response to selection in this respect. It seems to be a general fact that firmness of fruit, thus rendering them good for marketing and slow to decay, is associated with a thick wall. This also adds to the percentage of edible flesh, as only the filmy skin is removed for. the table, and correspondingly diminishes the less desirable pulp. It may be said, in addition, that there is only one other dwarf yellow known to the writer, and after growing it the present season, there is no reason for confusing the two, because differ- ing in both plant and fruit. In addition, the “Station Yellow” has a different pedigree, that is within the reach of all who may wish to know it. Seeds of this variety have been saved from the best fruits of the best plants, and they are ready for free distribution to the crop-growers of the State. The Magnus-Ponderosa Crosses. During the last winter reciprocal crosses were obtained in the greenhouse between the ‘““Magnus” and “Ponderosa” varieties. 490 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL These crosses fruited this season in the field, and proved very satisfactory. The “Magnus” is a fine “pink” fruited ‘“‘potato- leaved”’ standard variety that is popular for its good qualities of fruit and plant, while the “Ponderosa” is still more widely known as a remarkably productive large-fruited pink sort. The latter variety has some objectionable qualities, among which are the irregular shape of the fruit and the unevenness with which it ripens. The fruits, while large and “‘meaty,” waste badly in the preparation for the table, a single fruit often not yielding more than two whole slices. The general shape of the “Pon- derosa’” fruit is well shown in the middle of the left row in Plate VI. The “Magnus,” shown in the corresponding row to the right, has a comparatively smooth, deep fruit, somewhat inclined to be angled, as indicated in the middle specimen. The foliage of the two varieties is quite distinct, the “Ponderosa” being of the ordinary type, while the “Magnus,” as above stated, is “potato-leaved ;” that is, the parts are thick, wrinkled, and of that general character of shape, texture and color which has sug- gested the name applied to this type of tomato foliage. These differences cannot be well shown by a fragment in a picture, but something of them are to be seen. The crosses are shown in the two middle rows, theone upon the right being the “Magnus” pollinated with the “Ponderosa,” and the remaining row the reciprocal. The former is near the mother type in foliage and character of the interior of the fruit. This latter fact is shown by comparing the sections of the fruit seen at the bottom of the respective rows. If the “Magnus” has a fault in its fruit, it is in the large cells, giving a preponder- ance of seed cavity. The opposite of this is true with the “Pon- derosa,”’ which is remarkable for the large number of small seed cells and a high percentage of flesh. The cross upon the “Mag- nus” has secured something of this excellent quality, but at the same time somewhat of roughness and grooves at the stem end of the fruit, although the latter is not enough to be serious. The reciprocal of the above, namely, with the “Magnus” pollen upon the “Ponderosa,” has given a plant more like the female than male parent, while the fruits are close to those of the above-described cross. There is somewhat more gain in content of flesh. In other words, the solid core is broken by seed cavities, and the fruit may be expected to be oblong to some extent, as in the ‘‘Ponderosa.”’ In short, thus far the crosses are better than either parent. The fruit is a fine “pink,” as ” and ‘*Magnus” (Magnerosa) tomatoes are shown in the center while the parents are upon the left (‘‘ Ponderosa”) and right (‘‘ Magnus ”’) of them. PLATE VI. Crosses of ‘‘ Ponderosa EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 491 might be expected, as the ‘““Magnus” and “Ponderosa” agree in this character. . “© Seedless ’? Tomatoes. Several plants of the old “No. 177” stock have been grown the present season. The “Giant,” as it is called, and the begin- ning of the “Seedless’ stock, came originally from a cross of “Golden Sunrise’ upon “Dwarf Champion” in 1899. It was so large that it stood above all surrounding plants, and made a spread of about ten feet. It was remarkable in having but few (27) fruits, all about an inch in diameter, and with seeds rang- ing from none to six for each tomato. Plants in successive generations have been grown from these seeds each year since 1899. The following is taken from the report for last year: “Seeds of third-generation fruits of this number were sown i the greenhouse the past winter, and some of the seedlings were remarkable, owing to their having three, and, in one instance, four cotyledons. From these seedlings a few small and almost seedless fruits were obtained, and from these came, for a late setting, the plants in rows 5 to 10, in plot III. Several of these have produced more and larger fruits than their parent plants, and bore a very limited number of seeds. Specimens of these fruits are shown in Plate VI. [1903]. The number of seeds in each fruit ranged from five to fifty, while those of ordi- nary tomatoes is among the hundreds.” The plants the present season are in many ways a duplicate of the last. The fruits are two inches in diameter, and nearly seedless, as tomatoes go, sufficiently so for all practical purposes of propagation. It is interesting to note that all of the many attempts to cross the “Giant” upon other varieties failed, and in several instances when pollen of ‘“‘Potato-Leaf” (104) and “‘Yellow Prince” (148) was used upon its flowers there resulted marketable sized fruits, but without any seeds—cases of seedlessness far beyond the breeder’s desire. Further Experiments With Tomatoes. During the present season, a large portion of the experiment area has been in tomatoes. Seeds were obtained from a long list of dealers and others, representing a wide range of country, in order that a great variety of conditions of seed production might be included in the experiment. A study of these varieties 492. NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL has been made, as they grew in the same plots, and some of the results are given in the table below. A large amount of cross- ing was secured between a wide range of kinds. The table shows the experiment number for each sort, and the name and source of the seed, followed by the number of marketable fruits at each of the seven pickings. ‘To this is added the number of cracked, rotten and small and green fruits. The average fruit per plant, together with the average size, gives something as to the yield of each sort, while the total of marketable fruits (near the mid- dle of the columns of figures) indicates the real product. The season when these latter fruits were gathered is shown by the figures under each date of picking. Thus it is seen that “Bet- muda” (11) gave the largest picking on August 8th, while the “Duke of York’? (32) on August 29th. A glance, for example, at the figures for No. 3, “Advance,” and No. 4, “Arcadia,” give much information as to the profitableness of those two varieties as grown under the conditions that obtained at the Station eat dens for 1904. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 493 | ; Rei } | -| - fas] lal BI] EI | | : > —) al A Yio | = 2s No. NAME AND SOURCE. |7/2|7 lel Sle| | 213 = oe m| mlm] wm) ml & -| 9s ari feel — =| Es 5315/5] 5) 51 21 ola Sial = |8l aim ; 3 | be) te) be) be) BES S85 S1o! 2 | & @ 8 a =| 5/5] 5'6| S| S\5 £/s| & el o|o| 8 2 5 <)< |<] <<] ajnje,O A) a S| ela] wa D a bAems Bins, 2 ..--2sbed 3] 1) 5 Gl 1] 2| 0|19] 0| 8| 33] O| 60| 10\s. |m.e. | 161 Rees FT cree. OF eevee ali ote O} 5|10|10) 5 of 0|34| 3/10] 80] 0|127] 21ls. |m.e. |.... oAdvance;,Hlm: -.-....%.... 0} 7| O| 2} O| O} O| 9} O]16] 126] 0/151] 30]v.s. |m. e. 6 A Aveddia, der: 22. -- 50 - = <6. «« 16/24/34|14| 2] 2] 0]/92]/11|30) 50} 0/183] 31/m.. |e. ae 5 Arcadia, thee cncre eosin 5| 9}21| 5} 1) 4] 0/45] 9|43} 22] 0/119] 19|m. le. ae 6 Atlantic Prize, Ee een a 5} 5}15)19]17| 1| 2/64] 0|22) 45) 0/131] 22/m e. 132 7 Atlantic Prize, Thr........ 3}14)16) 4] 3] 1] 0/41]16/24| 54) 0|135| 22|m. le. me. 8 Beauty, Bt. Peel roraiete inl avec 5| 7|25|25| 3] 2| 2/69] 0/23} 46] 5|143| 29|m m. 187 ENT Ae eee 1| 5|27|26/11) O| 0|70| 0/34) 81] 0/185] 31}/m. |m. iets TO Selmoent.brik. 3. SS. ce os 3} 9|18|29|14| O| 2)/78) 3|40) 64) 0/185] 31|m. |m.1. 4 11 Bermuda, Lan............ 11/22}12| 4] 1) 0] 1/51) 6/39) 28) 0/124] 21|/m. |e. 1 12 Best of All, Dione sre ae hoe 6} 4/38|17|21| 2| 1/89] 1/39} 34] 0/163) 27|m. |m.e. 11 13 Brandywine, J. & S Se Seeman 5} 2}20|17|16| 3} 0/63] 1/16] 49} 0|129| 22)m. |m.1. 5 14 Bright and Early, Vk...... 0} Z| 2] 3} 1) 0} 0/13] 2/31] 333] 0/379] 63}v.s. |m.e. , 6 15 Brinton’s Best, J.€S...... 4| 8)21|27|22| 5) 0/87) 2|21| 52] 4/166] 28/m. |m. 9 16 Brinton’s Best, Rolfs. ..... 1}16|16}13/17) 5} 0}78| 2|17| 91] O|188} 31/m. |m.e. pes 17 Buckeye State, Fer........ O} 0|12|14)14| 8] 4/52) O} 4| 18] 4] 98} 16)1. iE 76 18 Buckeye State, HIm ...... 0} 3] 7|21|19} 6] 0/56) 0]15| 24} 4) 93] 16/1. {LL Re ® 19 Canada Victor, CSE Po Sales 10|22)12| 013] 0 reed 0|37| 106| 0)200) 40\m. |e. 21 20 @ardinal | Ervs ~ pn. 2 = = « O} 5}12| 8] 5] 2| 0/32) 2/22) 74) 3/186) 31/m. |m. 13 Sigh: Olle, <5, cs «100s 0.0 O} 9} 6)14}17|) 7| 2|55} 2}12) 19] 0] 88} 15|m. |m.1 2 22 Combination, Bur......... O} 4] 4| 8} 5} O} Oj21) 2/12) 72) 0/107] 21\s. [m. 12 23 Combination, Hlm........ O} 6| 2| 4| 4] 4] 0/20] 1] 4) 49] O| 74| 12s. m. oh. 24 Conqueror, Liv........... 0} 6| 2] 2} O| O| O}10} 1/55] 14] O} 80] 13)m. |m. 12 55 Gream City, Cur... 0: ...... 1} 2} 3] 9) 1 2| 0/18} 0/63} 18] 3|102) 17/m. |m. 2 26 Crimson Cushion, Hen. ....| Q} 1/14/11] 6] 3| 1/36) 1/18) 12) 0} 67] 11)1. m. 52 27 Crimson Whirlwind, Sal ...| 2} 4/14/18}11| i 1|53| 1/15} 26] 2} 97) 16)m. |m. 1 28 Cumberland, J. & S....... 1| 4/11|10| 8| 0] 0/34] 0/26) 155) 0/215) 36|m. |m.e. 5 29 Dominion Day, Bru....... 3/24/30] 8] 1] 2| 2|70| 5|29| 37| 0/141) 24/m. |m. e. 2 30 Democrat, Thr..........- 0| 7/19|14|13| 0| 0 53 0|22|. $3] 0/158] 26jm. |m. | 1 Silencer Ohl... sce fone e,s 0} 3}20/13) 8| 0} 0/44) 1)27| 95) 0/167) 28|m m. 2 32 Duke of York, Rolfs....... 0} 0/13/23!28\14| 9/87| 1/37|” 57|10/192| 32/1 5 1 33 Earliana, Bru............ 4} 3/50) 4| 0} 0} 0/61) 9\28) 40] 0/138} 23|m. |e. 13 POE Marhbrint OP CL. t.cms «seen © 4/12|39| 5 al 0} 0|60| 7|32| 46) 0/145] 24|m. |e. ae. 35 Earliana, Gry............ 2/11/40} 5| 0} 0} 0/58 Age 20} 0/125) 21|m. le. = 36 Earliana, Hulsart......... 1/15/25} 5] O} 0} 0/46} 9|29| 51] 0/135) 23/m. |e. CARS 37 Earliana, Rolfs........... 1] 6/32] 9] 5] 0] 0/53) 5/26} 79) 0/163) 27|m. |m.e. |.... 38 Earliest nr) JJ. Oy D7 ee 4/13|34| 0} O| O} 0/51] 1/36] 169] 0/257] 43|m. |e. 12 Se Pinriiest galls: ss sc wy wee © 1]10/25}11] 8} 2) 0/57) 8/27) 73) 1|160| 27|\m m. e. | 1 40 Earliest, PONENT te Sa he Pn dei 1/20/20] 6] 3] 0| 0/50) 0/19) 166) 9/235) 39|m. |e. 1 At Marly Br. Sco. «ee oc» 1} 4| 5] 6) 3] O| 0119] 4)24] 145] 1/193] 39)/s m. e. | 4 42 Early Ruby, Liv. ......... 2}21}11} 5} O} 1| O|40) 9/49} 31] 0/129) 22|m. fe. 54 43 Enormous, Gey........... O} 4/13|16| 7) 8/10/58) 1/17] 21)13/110) 17/1 L 30 44 Enormous, Hrs. .......... 0}21|10| 6|14| 5) 6/62) O}11 8] 7| 88| 15/1 "i aes 45 Essex Hybrid, Fer........ O} 4] 6} 1] 1] O} O}12] 1/47) 22] O} 82] 14|/m. Im.e. 29 46 Everkarge, Lan........... -O] 5] 5) 5] 1) O} 0/16) 2/36 5| 3} 62] 12)m. |m.e. 9 AT, SURCEIAIOT) SOS storsia« ciow's od. 0} 7|15|22| 6] 3] 1|54| 2/45) 32] 0/133] 21)m. |m.1. 1 48 Favorite (Liv’s), Btl ...... 0} 7/22|17| 9} 4| 2/61} 2|21| 66} 0/150] 26|m. [m. rMm2 49 Favorite (Truckers’) Bur. .| 0] 3|20|34/16] 3) 3/79] 0/30) 48) 6/163) 33\m. |m.1 22 50 Favorite (Liv’s.), Liv. .....| 0|/11}24/30)10| 2) 0|77| 0)13) 57} 2/149) 30/m m. ses 51 First of All, May.......... 1/18}13] 3) 2} 0} 0j37| 2/51} 79} 0/169) 28/m. |e. 2 52 Fordhook First, Jer....... 3} 6|19|27| O| 1] 0/56) 0/25) 48) 0/129) 26|m. |m.e 41 53 Fortune, J-&S,.....:....... 1) 3|17/26/20} 8} 3)78) 1)22| 77| 8/186) 31|/m m. 2 54 Freedom, Hen............ O} 3}10)12| 8| 2} 0/35) 0/24) 158] 0/217) 33\s m. | 29 55 Mropmoere crs as. -u.- 2 nies 0} O| 5} 8| 2] O} 0/15) 2/32) 136) 0/185) 31\s m. 3 CviGeTaaA Ge MOGI Ne © sus ccteio «5,6 0c 5) 8} 5| 4] 5} 1/28} 0/21) 15/12) 76) 13}v.1. |m.1. 3 57 Giant Climbing, Chl....... 0} O| 5) 8} 2) 5) 5/25) 1112 5|14| 57] 10}v. 1. j1. 2 Fe MSTAMIUIN SLRS ptehe bs thie oa 0} 2} 8|10)14) 5| 0/39) 0/40) 75) 0/154) 26)m. jm. 1. 0 59 Honor Bright, Btl......... 0} 2) 5]19}28|13} 0/67] 0)29| 47] 2|/145) 29|m.~- |m.1. 81 60 Honor Bright, Brk........ 0} 4) 8]18/26)17| 0/73) 0} 9| 63) 2/147) 26|m. |m.1. |m.e 3 UR ale oe 1} 9]/26)/21|18| 4| 1\80! 4/22) 50] 6/162) 27|m. {m. 2 494 Table of Yield of the Trial Tomatoes. NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL Et he | mi | | : alosfielel sis | .1.| | No. NAME AND SOURCE. [2 {.3/UI°|./2/2| Isiz Ba] nm} 2) nimia| =|) - 19} 5} . us l= | | | | al leieisiel ai @ | sisl— |e #8 S| Sea) als al) 2 | 8/S\5 | 8 44 |<) <4) <4 [nial jO/A) a |O;a |e |e 67 LaCrosse Seedling, (Sal)... .| 1 9 2| 0} O} ql 0} 3} 3/36] 12) O| 54! 17|m. 68 Leader, Vile ener oak oe | 4) 7] 5} O} 2| 2| 0/20) 0/94) 26] 0}140| 28)m. 69 Liberty Bell, J. & S....... | 4| 7/23/15] 8] 4| 1/62] 0/24) 94) 0/180] 30|m. 70 Longkeeper, Evr.......... me) ey 6| 2] 0/46! 0/31] 64] 0/141] 24)m 71 Lorillard, Gees eee | O} 3} 9/20/16} 4| 0/52] 4/19] 53) 0 ee 26)m 72 Magnificent, Mau.......... O| 5}13|27/22| 7! 1/75] 0/29} 31] 0/135] 23)m. | 73 Macnus, Drre-)) tc. - acl a 0/13]28] 12] a 1|61| 0/25] 56] 0/142] 24/m. 74 Magnus, Hivr----.7-.---.- | O| 6]18/23|11| 6] 0/64] 1/18} 34] 0/117| 19|m. Zo' Magnus Goyer tec: | O} 1)24/20] 7] O| 0/52] 2/25) 58} 0/137) 23)m. 46) Maenusy lilo ers ae ...... 4] 3!25]10] 5] 1] 0/48} 1/25) 62) 0/136] 23]m. ROD Rotonre wErssety ee ee 3| 7/29|10| 2! O] 0/51} 0/37| 90} 0/178] 29/m. 106 Prest. Cleveland, Far...... 0|10}18}11|10] 0} 2/51] O]31| 86 168] 28|m. | 107 Prizetaker, ini eiee oe ac 2| 0} 8] 8] 3] 3] 0/24] 3/23] 32] 0] 82] 16Js. 108 Prizetaker, Him Bh ay anes 6/13]15]11} 9} 3] 1/58] 3/35] 95] 0/191] 32s. TOOLPrincess.. lave sew tas Gack 1} 6/11/11] 4| 0} 0/33] 0/44] 127] 0/204! 34ls. 110 Quicksure, Iow........... 5| 6/21|15| 5] 2| 0/54] 0/15) 156] 0/225] 38]s. 111 Richmond; Lan........... | 9/25] O| 1] O| O| 0135] 3/43] 13] O} 94] 19|/m. Tt? Rosalind, slhrs. kit oe a. aa 4 4| 5] 4] 2! O| O]15] 1/45] 11 6| 78| 13|m. TS) Rose*Peach denver se. oe. O} 5) 4) 3] 2] O} 0/14) 0/51] 58} 0/4%23] 21]|s. 114 Royal Colors, Liv......... 4 2} 0] 8} 3] O} 0/14] 0/22) 60} O| 96) 19}s. 15 Royal Red: "Bil. 5... - 2} 3/21/29) 9) 3| O|67| 0/21) 24| 4/116) 20|/m. TAG Royal Rede titvercce sce aac | 3] 3]20)20]13] 1] 3/63] 0/21] 29] 7|120] 24|m. | 117 Santa Hosa, J. ds 9.1.,-5>- 2| 4/17/23) 6] 3] 0|55| 0/30! 20} 0/105] 18]1. | 118 Shippers’ Choice, Ham.....| 1| 5/12|20)13| 3] 0/54] 0/15] 30! 0! 99| 20/m. | 119 South Jersey, Liv.........|20/56]13] 0] 0] 0] 0/89] 3/40! 62] 0/194] 32|m. 120 Stirling Castle, Elt. ....... | -O] O] 3] 3] 1] 1] O| 7 0119] 239) 2/267] 44lv.s. T2UStoneLBtl atin cemere oe. | 4/11}19]24|12| 3) 2|75| 0/20} 75] 0|170) 28|m. 122 Stone, Hulsart poeae Se Sekt, | 2} 5|13}23]15] 0} 1/59} 0/26] 36} 0/121] 20/m. OS Stone; WiAve eee ee fie ons. | O} 9/19|30)14) 8} 1/81] 0/24) 27) 2|134| 22)m. 124 Stones Rolin ine nee oe ae | 3} 6/20) O}11] 3] 3/46] 0j/16) 39) 4/105) 18|m. 125) Saccess,; Bulecs que cee ae | O| 7|13|29|25] 4] 2/80] Oj21| 44) 0/145) 24[m. | 126'Successs Mause. scott ae | 2| 7|12)19/15) 5) 0/60) 1/17) 45] 0/123] 20|m. 127 Success, May............. 3] 2}13/12|16] 5} 0/51} 0/22) 56] 8/137] 23)m. 128 Sut’s Best of All, Thr...... | 6| 7/30! 7!11] 1] 1 63| 2|27| 37| 0/129} 22)m. 129 Table Queen, May........ 0| 5/14/16] 3] 0} 0/38] 0/20] 10] 0} 68] 11/m. | 130 Terra Cotta, Thr.......... 2} 8{29/13] 0] 0} 0/52)-0/26| 62} 0/140) 23|/m. |! 131 Tree, Kuttawa, Evr....... 3] 6] 5] 4) 2! O} 0/20] 0/16] 74| 0/110) 18/m. | 132s ree HAM: <0) aoe eee | 1! 6/21} 9] 5] O} 0/44] O]19| 13] 8| 84| 14J1. | . PERSEESSHRBEBSERES SEES 9B PEBBRRBBRRSES°SSSEREESRSESSESSEREREREO OBE @ | Season. —ee . eae ro AEDES ED — — als ais ODED i) y a 2990 to oh " ®@ Popularity » OH OHO: OF HwwaNn: PNA EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 495 4 ViTOCST WIA ° Table of Yield of the Trial’ Fomatoes, “/-l Oe} rAyA nw col j ~ log SSS) SPST ors No. NAME AND SOURCE. |2)%|7 |2/3),4/4 (= ee) e| 8) Ebel. ) Be GE) Gp| Ee Ee SS 1S» 5 5/5 5) 3) 4)! oo! “5 ks SOTO gs ) ti si TL 133 Tree, Giant, Fmr......... 9 al 3 2 Of O|11)_0 0 my Im.e,. > & oe ape Aa ne B is 23 toe 1 | | 0} Of 8]10 g ‘oh 1/26}! bs ) “4 mi fe. 4. 13 ee, Giant, Sal.. -..2..4:.: Aly 135), 52f 4 +} a | ee re Ls ated ge ey sas ai ‘| 20 1 0 i 2 6 oe ‘ “0 nae nes 156 erate tag ANCOR be ohio aio eite Al de aahs 4 Tr i f ,° we rf 138 TET, Rolfe. 0222 o OPS RSISSP at BP ole tatty 6 SOURS yy sil 139 Volunteer, Liv. .. ....+] 0/11/13/22} 2] 0} 0/48] 0/26 0 m. |m.e. 29 SAQAWalGOr; HUNT. acc os ale eane ee 3} 3/24/11] 9] O} O|50} 2|16 m. |m.e, 4 tateWonderj Elt..35... 0. een 2| .Op:3pi6|s ¥} 2} coh 4\c0/20 v.s. |m. 0 142 $5,000,000, Sal........... 1)13}15|15} 8) 4} 0|56| 0)27 jm. jm, 0 DAS LSOS, POT cieccc eswens Set 4) 4/10} 9} 1] 0/28) 0/31 0 m. |m. 0 144 Golden Queen, Btl. . 0} 15}174, (9) 3) 3 47 i 39}, A May |; /108 = aie a vee iy. 4 4 . 22/12 : # out 2 0 5}m.'|m. a olden Sunrise, Da eyes] -bO} 12114}. |, 8}, 0/3440} : OI), 0] 83 m.) jm, ) 147 Lemon Blush, Thr beens “0/13 of 3 O} 0/49}-1/26} 5 F 3)m. |m. a 148 Yellow Prince, Liv........ 1] 712] 9} O} 3)/32} 1] 5 5|m. |m. 7 149 Aristocrat, Hmy. .. ¢ 4.57 + -3{24| 9] 3] 2} 0/43] 1|22| 70| 0/136 Ss... |m.e 67 150 Aristocrat, Him.. »)) 9/4. -2}/0|*4/11| 8] 6] 2] 0/31] 0/10 1s."* |m, aoe 151 Aristocrat, Liv.... ...5 2..1.0}. 0/141 .3]. 2|. 0} 0/21} .O}. 5). . OnE |... 152 Aristocrat, Vau....... a9... 4/16|15} 3] 6] 0/45] 2] 9) | H -oomiee. |.... 153 Champion, Btl.........-.. 2/15/11) 5) 5] 0/41) 0/16 gk tS Imre. | 182 154 Champion, Brk....... 2.2/0} 4) 5} 4] -4]-O]-0}17} 0} 9 sf Snr Sanee 155 Champion, Hen........ Y. J. 41. 6). 3 1].0). O| 0]14).1). 7). (68) Of S8irGlsiodaH |.... 156 Champion Scarlet, Brk..+ || 1] 6|15|12| 4 0] 0/38} 2/22 ma. {ma}-€ 5 157 Champion Scarlet, Vau...,. .| 0/10/18! 3] 3] 0} 0/34! 0{30} ° 0 |m.@ wate 158 Dandy Dwarf, Liv. . ...». .| -0|-2|- 8} 4} 0} 0! -0)14|- 0}19 0 is. 0 ms 1 159 Extra [Ey. Tree May.;.}). ..|.3)13]29|13] .6] .1]. 0/64} 0]10) ; nv.of}mite 5 160 Fordhook Fancy, Thr. «.. . 3/20] 7] 6] O| 0/42) 0/21 {no.,-; {mae 16 161 Kansas Standard, Btl. ~~. . 4/15!12] 9] 0] 0/40} Oj1s Mm. |My 3 162 Kansas Standard, Bur. =‘ ..|-0|- 6/12}15{14| -0|-0!47} 0}12 1 mim: eck AGS MOdGLE VAI. 5.0 usc SN als 1], 4/12|12] 1} 0). 0/30) 0/12) . 0} (79) )13\mloymye. 0 164 Purple Dwarf, Liv... .+ ..| O! 5} 6/15] 6] 3] 0/35} O}11 SLA GMs 0 165 Quarter Century, Bur. ©... .| 0 “aI27 11| °7| 0} l49} 2)24 0/149] °26}m. ri, 1l 166 Qua aa Century, Thr...” :.. 8h: 1|-0/65)|- 0 : 132) J22i SS yie'e. |... 167 Station Upright, Chl...... 1 0 124| 21|m. ee e. | 3 i Biation Oe unre Bests ; 2 0 ma a m m. : F 1 ton Awart,: part} . 2-2 PP, | . f 540) Ta. ¢ i 0 Stone Dee Te ie tse 6] 137} 23}1. th: jae 171) Stone: Dwarf, Thr ¢! tor! 4h sh O,134Al 22> odmhy ylovle SOBIq & birt “sole tiswCU” srlt to sori 10 OW | 2IFOSTIOM tert booitom od [ive bR Byptipe Besser. of Fpmeterio cto vd bre ted (i189 SHI SCO, HelB AMET 6 -@NTISe 10 SEO ment po O*% OY : rinos. of BY regarding the first two ‘pickings with dates.of August, Is je} Bs ) IS 1B9C THOR Vigvlti bi aqmiiod 6 ebVi4i 5 Or Pe ae era SB it is seen that the following are the twenty 2 2 \ i) BESS is SAINI ERC cis PC LTIQITD varieties, yielding fifteen Qtr more tharketable fruits per row oO -, fil ) / mtibe ) C9 Of BI TAN eh coy Se . ie ies Cerone {ibhie CSIiaoiqg tWarmrrssidse qJt t 2roro DSS norm ie an % » te _ No.of oe No. .of MOCK AROIHIMOT SHI TO IoMeT Mt DiggmeSitie £ oveg “Och Sbath Jetséy (ad 9c}. corrrb.. ro176c] | Earliest, Thor: (40). loreal’. 9/@tyy Nolte’s Earliest, (9B)-.- U7 -9- ere ty AT toh Perfection, 100), wn eno fMyd. -« tory A , Nolte’s Earliest, (94) 0.00.20 Pest OLfAll, (OD Lic cvenics ver. < ober 19° Aronia atayors os eas te tiene eiaitlae 40 Pnizetaker, (C108) ag. % jane ic.» eae 19 Bachmiond): (UU) 5 55.3". nes cateaee03 $457 |} Atlantic Prize, (7)................ 17 Berraidsts CU) aoe ddd cele ote he 33 Marliest of Ally (G8): sac. .s ss teeeec 17 Canada Viator (19)! .. cei wees 32 Penoturm, (Gales acc. sts cance eet 17 Dominion Day,(29).}@. 58:2. 9007927 9;|}Earliana, (84))}).:[9. lorem. at oyor! 16 Early Ruby, (42) 6 ae nas yyrente at 123 _ | Extra E, Tree (159), 9. opens ee repre) 16 7 Money. Maker, he le it = IS Une, (L 2b de sere cere erns tins see 28 enorssy sft to e9rmisn ont cos} sel jerlt eortortsy boetirrt-ller 496 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL The leader (119} of the list it will be noted by glancing at the table, ceased yielding fruits after the third picking and the same was nearly true of the two sets of ‘ Nolte’s Earliest,” “Richmond,” “ Early Ruby,” ‘‘ Earliest of All,” and “ Earliana.” Arcadia fruited through a longer period as did ‘ Bermuda,” “Canada Victor,” ‘‘ Dominion Day,” and “ Perfection.”’ “Stone” fruits all through the season and “‘ Ignotum” and “ Prizetaker” have a prolonged period and rank as “‘ medium ” in their season. The Late Varieties. By regarding the last two pickings, September 7th and roth, it is seen that the following twelve varieties have over ten fruits: Name. “Total Yield. Final Pickings. Dakesoryorkss (82) 12. aoe ot oe oe ee 87 23 Stone wp wL 1C169-) . aes eee se Aa tee aoe 87 20 EMOnMBIIS 243). nop. oe ci se Ee oe os See 58 18 Honorepright: (60) 25.2: ioe oe ee eee 73 : 1/ Honore srifnt (619 soon se ec oe ae ere ae 74 16 Stone Diwt-.(1.70): - 4epiete tac ee ie ebhicciel- ee 3 16 Hoenony Bright: (59) Fits: ee. o- oe oe 67 13 Melroses(S4)). . 2.0 yah Jee es eee Bebe & 82 13 iBuckeyerstate (17) ce St ie e-Sicloeee eee eee 52 12 INGVElEyes( OG). ©. sss sate bs Re eer ee eta 1 12 HNHOrMoOus AZ), <.. eae oe, is oe eee eee 62 abk Morte =(53)8 ... see ee ae ee ele eee 78 dati It is worthy of note that all three of the sets of “Honor Bright” show closely the quality of lateness; likewise both of the sets of “Enormous.” ‘Two of three of the “Dwarf Stone” find a place here, and by glancing at the general table it will be noticed that No. 170 came within one of getting a rank also among the early sorts. It wasa comparativ ely heavy bearer from August Ist to September 7th. “Buckeye State’ (17), on the other hand, had no early fruits, and the same was true of the “Duke of York, 4 which leads all others for its September pickings. “Giant Climbing” gave a small yield in the height of the tomato season, while “Fortune” was a heavy bearer during the middle of August. The same is true of “Melrose” and “Novelty.” Size of Fruit. There is much difference in the average size of the fruits of the several varieties of tomatoes. This is regardless of the small-fruited varieties that have taken the names of the various orchard fruits to which they bear some resemblance, namely, EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 497 “Cherry,” “Plum,” “Peach” and “Pear,’’ to say nothing of the “Currant,” which term is applied to the allied species Lycoper- sicum pimpinellifolium Dunal. In other words, the ordinary commercial tomatoes may be somewhat unsatisfactorily classified under the five groups, very small (v. s.), small (s), medium (m.), late (1.) and very late (v. 1.). Among the first group are: “Advance” (3), “Bright and Early” (14), “King Hum- bert” (64) and “Wonder” (141), while upon the opposite end of the scale of sizes are: “Giant” (56), “Giant Climbing’ (57) and ‘‘Ponderosa” (103). ‘The remaining three groups contain larger numbers, as, for example, the “small” (s.) has over twenty numbers, the leading sorts being the “Aristocrat” £149) and “Champion” (153) among the dwarfs, and “Acme” (2), “Freedom” (54), “Prizetaker” (158) and ‘“Quicksure” (110) for the standards. Among those classed as “large’’ (1.) are “Buckeye State’ (17), “Crimson Cushion” (27), “Duke of Nau! (22). Paiotieus. (43), oanta Rosa~ -(117), “Tree” (132) and “Dwarf Stone” (169). The group marked “medium” includes the majority of the varieties in the list. ‘These vary somewhat, and with a wider knowledge of them, could be divided into three sub-groups. Of - the most pupular sorts, it includes “Beauty” (8), “Perfection” (99), “Favorite” (48), “Trophy” (136), “Atlantic Prize’ (6), “Golden Queen’ (144), “Mikado” (89), ‘Matchless’ (79), “Honor Bright” (59), “Paragon” (98), “Royal Red” (115) and ‘““Magnus” (73). Popularity of Varieties of Tomatoes. From the Bulletin by Mr. Tracy, referred to under the popu- larity of varieties of sweet corn, it is gathered that cf the many kinds of tomatoes grown at the Experiment Grounds this season the following are the most popular among the seedsmen and by inference among the growers of tomatoes. Name. ~ Times. | Name. Times. ES BANTCUs (Gao oss Ole Siete nee ie le ae x's 187 WiMtCHICKS Crise ts cs Skee < i nes date 86 Uae el). ..yhokld. seidee 2 Paves a 186 Honor, Brisies/Be)s Cal fs. tes cake 81 Ohampien, (153). 7.4. a0. © Sacks 182 Pataca lBnye teh s.can,d ot ok ee peel 80 Peprecsion, (90) <5 cycstate a es otis: 4 173 Buckeyesptate; (17) 2. 0%. diss es 76 Hesvorite, Litviy (48) oii: cise betel’ 162 Hoyal Haw (115) 7. tics. + pew nenes 76 Armes Glia rarenid 2 Sre,: Lees ate kh Gee 161 Ma cnusrig ay tsite t t2 ch ook Mad oe tien 71 Ponderdesie (103) 44 420 ras sss eels 154 [ Tomotupy (G2)0 ko he o> Rete eee 70 PAOTSNE Ge CASIO a bo chy ala avis cia t0.0 9s, 135 TMAPELIA (NE Jae wery.t' ydivuthike aoe. a 69 PA OS ww) eS 132 Aristocrat Dwarf, (149)........... 67 Golden Queen, (144).............. 108 Early Ruby, (42) 22 5....202.% ost po 54 MRA SOE y Beckie crea Shad. s 103 | Crimson Cushion, (26)............. 52 498 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL From the 266 seed catalogues it is seen that eleven are listed more than one hundred times and twice that number over fifty times. Some of the varieties that now take a high rank have come toward the front since the Bulletin above considered was prepared. It is seen that some of these varieties are popular for earliness as shown by their names being in the list of those leading in the first pickings. Other sorts are the standards for the main crop in mid-season. Scale of Points for Tomatoes. An attempt has been made to construct a scale of points by which to judge the merits of any ordinary tomato. In other words, a number of the leading characteristices have been esti- mated separately, and the individual judgments afterwards brought together upon the basis of one hundred units, as is done in the various ‘“‘scales of points” now in use by live stock men in recording their opinions at fairs and elsewhere. In the construction of such a “score card” for tomatoes, the difficulties are numerous, and the present one is offered only as a report of progress. Fifty of the one hundred points were arbitrarily assigned to the fruit, and the remaining fifty to the plant as a whole. Naturally, the plant comes before the fruit, but the scheme has been arranged in the order in which the work was carried out; that is, the fruit as a whole was taken first, and its interior qualities were next considered, followed by those of the plant. It is seen that the fifty points for the fruit are considered under ten headings with varying values, as indi- cated by the number of points at the head of each column. Thus “surface,” whether smooth or grooved, etc., is. of more conse- quence than mere “color” or “skin,” although a bad color or a weak skin are serious objections. In the same way, “cells” and “flesh” are of more weight than “size” and “shape.” A tomato although medium in size and out of shape, if it has sthall “cells,” little pulp and “‘solid flesh,” is still one of much merit. In the plant itself “form,” or desirable habit of growth, is sought. In this the standard varieties are judged separately, from the so-called dwarfs. Much stress is put upon “vigory or ability to thrive under suitable conditfons. The “foliage”, needs to be “heavy,” not “thin,” and strong, to resist the:: hot: sun of our mid-summer days and the fungous and other enemies: that attack it. Greatest stress of all is laid upon “productive-, ness,” a quality of plant that needs no explanation. Some sorts EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 499 are more subject to disease than others, from various causes, and a place is given for a record upon this point. It is not to be inferred that the several charactericiics exclude each other, but, contrariwise, they are often inter-dependent. For example, under the fruit proper the size of “cells” is in- versely as the amount of “flesh,” so that a low mark for “cells” is followed by a low one for “flesh,” and vice versa. And while few “seeds” is judged 5, the accompanying small seed-cavities calls usually for a high score under “‘cells’” and “flesh.” Let the reader take numbers 3 and 4 in the list. It is seen that ‘“Ad- vance’ gets 30 points out of a possible 50 upon fruit, ard 29 for plant, or a total of 59 points, while “Arcadia,” next to it, has 42 for its fruit and the same number of points for plant, giving a total of 84 out of a possible of 100 points for the per- fect tomato. It is seen that “Advance” is much below suitable size, and is below standard on “shape,” “surface” and ‘“‘color,” while the interior is inferior from its many large “cells” and con- sequent thin “flesh” and abundant seediness. The fruits decayed badly. The plant was weak in stem and foliage, and yielded almost nothing, losing fourteen points in “product.” On the other hand, the “Arcadia” lost only a single point on “‘shape” (lop-sided), ‘“‘surface” (slightly grooved), ‘‘cells.”’ “flesh,” “flavor,” “‘seeds’* and “decay.’’ It was up to the standard in productiveness; that is, was among the highest in tl is season’s trials upon the grounds. The above score of points does not consider the time of matur- ing of the crop; that is, whether the variety is “early,” “medium” or “late,’’ as the seedsmen’s catalogues state.. So lorg as earli- ness is a desirable quality the above rating, it may be claimed, does injustice to those sorts that are bred for a quick turning of a crop. In other words, had there been a place oiver for earli- ness in the scheme, such varieties as “‘Earliana’’ would have received a higher score than is now accorded them. Such a place was not given in this test, because the scale of points here tenta- tively adopted was for this set of varieties which, starting out upon the same day (March 4th), has been treated alike so far as possible, regardless of the time of fruiting. Some sorts pro- duce a few fruits and those early, which might suit the trucker, who, getting the cream of the market, clears his ground for some other crop. The man with a garden and a score of tomato plants desires a constant supply of fruit throughout the season. For the up-to-date trucker, the “South Jersey” may bring the most money, but it might be a source of discomfort in the home 500 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL, garden. Those who wish to know how the varieties differed with us in season fruiting may be pleased to consult the table of yields, and, with it in mind, apply the results given in the scale of points. Scores of Tomatoes Grown in 1904. | | | ee | | 3 ee | z | | be : S 3| 8 | 1 Sl al sll éle|siS eh Sed es Was a|Sla| elolels a | g| | |4/5/4/3) 5)! 2) 3)£) 5/4132) a a\a\ala|S\ Sle lmlalAlslaleiala lal o Jest ae Pay | | Ga Males ee TAS MUMS ore Geeveunpse oi 4|4 | 7 3 Silatal Cleo leo | 5 | 50] 5 ne 10] 15| 10} 100 1 Ree wbrsae ere ontels 3 oi Auten se 3| 4) 5| 4| a | 39 : a s < A 70 2 ica WBE 6S bac écunasaee (Bea) Sto le re) SANS! es Heccl lEsra |g. 5] Seve Ake Aye 3 Atcanee: isthip Ae ae eeaa | ales a | Sale é | Fil S52) ASO) ) Ale 7s ei q 59 A YAeveryd eh 5 5 ba doogas | 4] 3] 6] 3] 3] 6] 6| 4] 3] 4/42] 4| 7 8/15] 8| 84 Fi ArcAgin., eC-remete sr lis 6 + = Al] 3) Si 2) 21 61-6) 45] 34-2437) 41 WZ Si es asia 6 Atlantic Prize, Btl (4 [Sol 41S eon! Sibu) 4a oA Als Ales] | 11] ‘S]s 74 7 Atlantic Ere, AW its Sean | 4 Z 3 PAOD: | la a" | = lee ‘ : Z ns Beauty, Bilas. 5c... 4 312) 5 | : Beaty lveweteee «acim oie A.W SL SOM Poulet Dal! eal) 4 eat tae | 39| 4] 9] 9)12] 9} 82 10 Belmont, Bee Sees eee ms , G 2 f 3 : 2 5 2 : 3 : i Se B iiokre IUT 3 Buea ooo 12 Best of INE Die Q esto abo 4| 4] 6|3)].21) 5) 6) 4| 4] 4] 41) 4) 8] 8/15] 9) 85 13 Brandywine, J. & 5. aeseeio.A AWS 6 | 3/|2)5|6|4)] 3] 4] 40] 4) 9] 8/10} 9} 80 14 Bright and Early, Vk...../ 2| 4] 6| 2] 2/3) 5| 4) 2] 1/31] 4| 8) 8) 2) 9| 62 15 Brinton’s Best, J.&S..../ 4| 3] 6| 3] 21 5| 5] 3| 4] 5/40) 4) 9| 8/14) 9| 84 16 Brinton’s Best, Rolfs......| 4] 3] 6| 3] 2) 5| 5| 3) 4] 5|40| 4] 9] 9/13) 9] 84 17 Buckeye State, Fer........ | 41 Se Go iy oe heos Onlee | 5| 5| 41] 4] 9] 8/11) 9) 81 ve Backer oete eo) 4) 4) 81413) 8) 8) 8) 8] slasl a) a al'a gl Troyes (GAY Sap BS E : 30 Cardinal: 1b ih Sites te ocean Ss | 6 | 3] 2) 3|5| 3] 4] 3] 35] 4 4 8| 5] 9| 68 51 Climbing; Chl. 2. ---- - do 4 | GAZ | 5 5| 3) 4] 5|40| 41 91 9) 91 9 77 22 Combination, Bur... ....-| 3] 4] 7] 3| 2| 3] 5: 4| 3] 3/37] 4] 8| 9} 3] 9) 7o 23 Combination, Hlm........ 2/4|7| 2/3) 3] 4] 3/3] 4135) 4) 7) 8 3) 9 68 24 Conqueror, Liv.......---- 4} 2) 5|3| 3] 4] 4] 3) 3|/ 1/32] 4) 8) 8) 2) 8 64 25 Cream City, Cur.........- )3| 4] 5) 1) 2) 5] 4) 4) 2) 1/31) 4) 8 8| 3] 9} 65 26 Crimson Cushion, Hen....| 3] 3] 5| 3] 2] 5] 5| 4| 5} 3] 38) 4| 9} 8) 6| 9] 74 27 Crimson Whirlwind, Sal. ..| 4| 2| 4| 2| 2] 5| 5| 3/ 4| 4/35] 4] 8| 8! 9| 91 73 28 Cumberland, J.& S......-| 4] 3] 7) 3] 3] 4] 4] 2)| 2 2/|34| 4| 8 3 a 3 69 29 Dominion Day, Bru....... ae SES 9h es OI 5 5) eae: 4 a3 ; fears ae re a Demorreer a ae | 4| 4 5 | a1 eel al al 3|3 341 4| s| s| 7| 9 70 laqaem, ARS Os CORO | | 7 32 Duke of York, Rolfs. ..... | 4| 4 3 | 2|/2/5|5] 4) 4] 4/39] 4) 9) 9/15] 9] 85 33 Earliana, STA AP hte fic atetciele ANT RAD SG) dei) aye oy) Ge Ae at ion fico pee re 7 10\ 9) 75 34 Earlina, Ee ys Sin Ge eee | 4] 4| 6] 1] 2} 5] 5] 3) 3 g 36 ‘ i 7 73 5 i (i AGGRO Conrad Bos Epa erteib ceca te ote lcoveltctl wey sleeker! At fe 7, LU sare 36 ae Shiite Oa 4|4|6|1|2]5| 4] 3| 3] 3 33 4| 7| 7 8| 9| 70 37 Earlina, Rolfs..........-- | 4) 4/6] 1 Pe Ao cA Sih Sales ee 4| 8/7] *S} (Sing 38 eee # ATS Dressy s,f- io. ob | Aa) Qe 2 | 2) AL 4 ae 2 3 32 ri 3 = a q 69 t:anet on eee ate abel (Sg 5 bate Kaas Ira Pal oat spe age rh Reacicats Thr ER AEE oe 4131) 613. 2| 5)-51/.4/.21 4138)" 3! 8 8l Si sige 41 Early Bird, J.&S........ asia Gaeo eal olla | eae psa Ans 8 3) 8| 65 aa va Rabie 200-1 $72) 9121218) 2) 212) aaa) 3) 6] dla] @) normous, LY. ew we wsoee 44 Enormous, Hrs.........-- 4) 4| 6) 3] 3] 5| 5] 4| 4] 5| 43) -4) 9] 9)12) 9 86 45 Essex Hybrid, Fer........ P| | | (piece | are | eect Ul en | Pee) a eam me eee elt yo 46 Hwverlargey. Tae Par oar eniae Bee ac \ ecg Ce Ale, esl ong | eo Boe mie 4 3 ‘ ° rh: AT Excelsior, kOWaeiss- soe ce. stovoke [ashi seta eeate kellie atel ste |iaaiel| sic el yevece oo re 48 Favorite, Liv.’s Btl....... 4) 417) 3|3)|5| 5] 4] 2). 4] 41) .4|- 9}. 9]10) 9) 82 49 Favorite, Truckers’, Bur...| 4| 4] 6] 2| 2] 5] 6| 5| 3} 4] 41] 4] 8) 9/13 2 BH 50 Fayorite, Liv.’s, DW rewote se | 4) 4) 7| 3} 2) 4 5) 413) 5) 41) 4 : : 7. ie 51 First of All, May......... 412) 52) 2) 4) 4)°3 | 32) 30), 4 3) Bt ea) Sarre 23 hie aS aes | 4 3 8 3| 3 5 A 3 3 3 35 4\10| 9/13] 10| 81 ry Baers | et 3| 417121113] 4| 3] 2| 4/33] 4] 9] 9] 6] 9} 70 55 Frogmore, Drr..........- 3141 6|1|2|3| 4] 4! 3] 3]33] 4] 8] 8| 2] 8] 63 501 OCOOCHHMNOS MRAM - MOM +H hROONMNANBOnEOMNM OOK HHAMAKRRAINGFOROROMORAAR ‘TB}OT, puBiyH Re RS eR OSH ORRNw:: BOO (OO ROR OOFrOFORR RRR EON REE EEE ER EEE ESSN OREEENOOD ‘aswasiqy FSSHSGHADAOR AHH AADHAAAAAAGHA HARA H OAH DH OHH HS nwo “jonpor DORGAN AAN SHS AMO DADS AAMODAAT AAD HAD AAOOOMADODGSNOPNHNVOROAOAAN Hs Hi AS Pp d Sn ee eee ee oe _ re ree | ome | oe Ae Boe oe oe hoe el sn ree et reece Son eee el Comal eet ee 0 0 GOD OH OD B= GD B= © 0D 90 00 0D) 00 00 00 00 00 00 DSDDDHAAWD AHH HW HH WG > 0 HH 0 00 0 GH G0 00 0 00 GO GO 00 GO I= GO I B= 00 00 GO 00 00 00 GO G> G0 00 40 G0 G0 I= GP ks G>.GO GO 0 00 G0 G0 20.00 20 20- ol ee en SS se oDETOT, 3 FSDSHSASASRHS RH HOOOOADSDAADA AAD AOA DD EER ADA HHH HAH WB ST HO > 00 O FG G0 0 00 Im G00 00 Ln are ree ee “WLI0,T NTH HH HN HID HT TTT TT RT TH GT St TR a OD 9.09 HOD HOD 09 00.9 SHR RE tS 0 tt 9 HE OD ST ‘ym soy OL | REFRSSSISS 1ABSHS : 2 SSIS Ss QRSPHS RTA SA SASRAA ABBA DG DDR TCDD ED “ABO, Te OU A 1 HD 0 Ht DO RH Rtg SD A 1 HD RH tH 19 tH 1D OUD 09 0 AH at tt 09 4 09.00 09.00.09 tH tt rt tt CD wt Et It tt eG Seo Ga ae eS EE ee “sp99g TID ODED EDI HHH SACD IED 21 LODENODED 10D ODONON ED DCN HED O99 NF U-09 wt HCD 6D O9 ODID EN ED O60 CO WH wt HH HO 69 wt HU C9 WH ED OD OF “IOABL IT DOD OD ODED ODN NED ADCO COED 55 UBUD HH 50D SSH OU UH CN Het 09.09.00 st 010 tH 09.019 HOD HOD tt 0 OD ON St NC WH OD AE : ose oes 4 “YSsop iT HINODOMOOKNOO i9i9INM | f INMcOINIWH 10 "MD UD UD CO CFD HAD CO HO 1D A A AD HD AD HO COD SHAD HD 19 HH HD 1D ODO HID OO “STT2D OMincOininincwoinw© AOdssH | > Ito ist SH 1D HOD HH CO OVD 1 6 O19 9 1 HAD 1919 OD HH OD 1 1D 09 HSH 09 0919 19 60110 ST “10[O) CAUCUS UCN OD CD ENED LOUCNODEDE 2 1 LANDED 160 LAAANAAN HOA ANAA CDEC OANAAAAA I AAAAAAA A Scores of Tomatoes Growing in 1904.—Continued. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. “UlyS CD OD EDO EDODENCD ACT SOUOVODOVOD 5 1 LAUCUEDED 10D LODENENED ENED ODED ED EDEN CD OD EV ED OVEN CD 69.69 ON ON OD C9 69 69 69 69 69 ED ED EDEN ION ODED CI CD CD . a oes se . . i! ‘QOBJING IDO ONON OOD WOhKb i... hhh 0 {OOCOhSHEOOOHMOOSOOLOOWOOSOOOO HHS WOWOTEONMOS -odeyg CO OUCD DOD OD AHH ON LOUSH tt SHR RH Set 1010.00 009 HH ON 09 wt HD 09 CN HD 09 iH OD 9 9 SH OD MEH CD CD HCD 69 COD CD OD EEN A NE I CD *OZIG SHH SHH HH COM ta SRR Se Let tt ttt 0 tt SC tt 09 tt RH 09 HOD SH MCD HN HON SH SS CO SIE CO 1 ee et PER One tn. r E ROR RE, Eh tk R aae ae rr riren aeem ba eS CeCe. Er nee cate SM Sata mere Von tate SIRES Sek PMS En ep calgg orem neie' ge as weigs “oe S/S se a Re ee + eee By al Nagata NOR RA So TER eee ah! Hien tye SEVIS AC PERT: COME Bon iS cits Cea St shuns Gee oe Basi: fay ees AS By cob pesipas ac bebe Sky tabs cs eee Pe cath ae cer ena Bi iih: S peRee oe lee ge ois: op was oe ya al Ee eal Ti Se ae a OOM th roe Fin Bi Nt alte oe er te a! ae Se Nes ey Oe bee, Fe A ee ae : ete ORL ried came toe | oo te eS big ae eee |: eee er ers . s tend fy ee wt ce Ae ‘ hive ate ep a : i SW Sie 5 BER she = ahs 1p ARS Se 8 te sate tees: § A fdfee S igea SMA ee ss sO gs "SEE igs AAS ES OA. cy 18 essed oc. - eau. Ova Operas anks b Lt we OD gt em See Eee “jd .- 2 +h ESSERE (847 SEE gee meme ESOC gage eee eRe ou ane a eds sen Bg eS 8 OT BAR IAA of ot anor Bo i geed PSSM COM eS Ore og GUD 8-35 PA Ene . Se oSma-o SHAQ aaah 8 SHAG BY ‘ Geet ge -b SS OT -FSRd06n KOSS BA ida ggHe eB @UOG =o aeeae ddog 92 che ce W SA QQuMmaG GEIS eee; o™~ aid 3 oe Q epnroka ogo o- oe o OSSHROO OD nnSe oes orn SBaaves sa? CES a oD HHHE EO 8 Feu Ss: BOSD Voe ease So 2h, o BoD MOR Am HeeoHMOoSSs Sfogss oa o Ps PEEP EEE ret ECE EEE EEEEEE Ee eee CEE Ces Es eee eee EEE eS 940 805R O90 3 sere AVOSA,COOnR HE’ = OO ad 5° BECO EE RRR EEE PE EC EPR C cr bit ttt ota aia mies tmer LL. ORDBOHAMM OR DBOHNAMAHDIONDRAONIAMDHOOMDRBOANDHOOL OD a DON WDBOHAMMNON SORIANO PRONG MON DPOB Ho BASS ARA AAAS SS aoe oS NAAN ee Dee Ne Re A Bn I A ee ee ee ee 502 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL Scores of Tomatoes Grown in 1904.—Continued. 3 i) & 3 S s|e|¢ 5 | 9° 3 oh ll Pea eS : S| a 2/2] a] sl e/a] 214) Fiala) si2i3/s o/8/5/3\3\3\ 2/3) 8|3/5| 5le/3\ ele Bla lalalslslalalelAleicelslela | 193° Stone, Div..cm. eactetee a os «1 4) 4] 6] 3} 2] 4/6 | 3] 4/40) 4; 8] 8/14) 8 122 Stone; Roliss- once. sii 4/3] 6] 3] 2] 4] 6; 4] 3] 4/39] 4; 8] 8} 8] 8 195 ‘Success; burs ooo see ae ots | 4] 4] 7) 2} 2] 4| 5] 4] 3] 4/389) 4) 8) 814) 8 126 Success, Mau............. 4) 41 6-2) 31 51 6) 4) 33) 4) 414! “9 8) ras 187 Success; Maya... ste... 4| 3} 6] 2) 2] 5] 6| 4] 4] 4] 40]-4) 9) 8! 9) 8 128 Sut’s? Best of All, Thr.. 4) 3] 6] 3) 2) 6] 5) 37 4] 4/40) 4) - SP slates 129 Table Gueen, May........ ‘Hidde doleddlcaalcshe eae alee eee 4| 8] 8] 6 8 130) Terra Cotta, Lhts.ss... -: | 3] 4) 6) 3) 1) 4] 4) 3) 3] 3) 34) 4) 8 8) 9178 131 Tree, Kuttawa Dwf., Evr .| 4] 3] 6| 3] 2] 4] 5| 3) 3| 3/36] 4) 8] 9] 3/10 132 Tree Ham< ol. cme oie dere: - } 3) 2) 54) 33) 25) Gi 54) 35/3) 4) S55) 4) Se Siees aie 133) Tree; Giant; mr... --.-)- } 4) 3 “i 3) 35) 5 6) 44 2 S| S9i) 259) “Slee Zieeg 134 Tree, Giant, May.:....... | 3| 2] 4) 3) 3] 6| 7] 3] 3} 5/39] 4; 9) 9] 5) 9 135) -Lree; Giant; Sale 222... =: \- | 4! 41 7| 2) 3| 5] 5] 4] 3} 3] 40) 4] 8] 8/10) 8 V6 VhrophyswOersece cer att 4) 3) 5] 2) 2) 5! 5] 44 3] 5/38) 4) 8) Ss) 10/8 ST, we ee Slgeuaatey eee) cost ons os 141/316] 3] 2| 4] 5|-3] 3] 4/37) 4) 9) 8) 13) 9 TSS EEE Roltsvese. si. 2% <% Moneymaker (91). DD Season medium early. Atlantic Prize (6). Best of All (12). Cumberland (28). Dominion Day (29). Earliest (39). Marvel (77, 78). Michigan (85, 86). Mississippi (88). Picture Rock (101). President Cleveland (106). Quicksure (110). Sutton’s Best of All (128). Tree Giant (135). Trophy (136). T.T.T. (137, 138). DDD Season medium. Belmont (10). Brandywine (13). Brinton’s Best (15, 16). Cardinal (20). Conqueror (24). Crimson Whirlwind (27). Diadem (31). Everlarge (46). Favorite (Livingston) (48-50). Ignotum (62). Jewel (66). Liberty Bell (69). Lorillard (71). Matchless (79-82). New Jersey (93). Optimus (97). Paragon (98). Perfection (99, 100). Royal Red (115, 116). Shipper’s Choice (118). e Stone (121-124). Success (125-127). $5,000,000 (142). 1903 (143). EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. DDDD Season late. Honor Bright (59-61). Novelty (96). Fortune (53). CCC Fruit large. Crimson Cushion (26). Enormous (43, 44). Santa Rosa (43, 44). BB Fruit purple. © Fruit small. Acme (1, 2). Early Bird (41). Minnesota (87). Potomac (105). : Prizetaker (107, 108). CC Fruit Medium. D Season medium early. Excelsior (47). Fordhook First (52). “Pink” (102). Table Queen (129). Terra Cotta (130). Waldorf (140). DD Season medium. Beauty (8, 9). Democrat (30). Imperial (63). Longkeeper (70). Melrose (84). Rosalind (112). DDD Season medium late. r Buckeye State (17, 18). Favorite (Tucker’s) (49). Grandus (58). CCC Fruit large. Duke of York (32). Giant (56). Giant Climbing (57). Ponderosa (103). Tree, Giant (132). BBB Fruit yellow. Golden Queen (144, 145). Golden Sunrise (146). Lemon Blush (147). AA Standard ‘potato-leaved.” B Fruit red. Red Mikado. BB Fruit purple. C Foliage yellowish. Multicolor (92). 4 Princess (109). CC Foliage not yellowish. Maenus (73-76). Mikado (89, 90). Potato leaf (104). AAA Dwarfs. B Fruit red. C Fruit small. Aristocrat (149-152). Dandy Dwarf (158). 595 596 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL CC Fruit medium. Champion Scarlet (156, 157). Extra Early Tree (150). Kansas Standard (161, 162). La Crosse Seedling (67). Quarter Century (165, 166). Station Upright (167, 16°. CCC Fruit large. Dwarf Stone (169, 170) BB Fruit purple. C Fruit small. Champion (153-155). Fordhook Fancy (160). CC Fruit medium. D Somewhat “‘potato-leaved. Model (163). Royal Colors (114). DD Not at all “potato-leaved.” Kuttawa Dwarf Tree (131). Purple Dwarf (164). BBB Fruit yellow. Station Yellow. Yellow Prince (148). AAAA Small fruited. B ‘Currant’ form. Currant (177). BB “Cherry” form. C Fruit red. Red Cherry (176). CC Fruit Yellow. D Fruit very small. Yellow Cherry (183). DD Fruit small. Gold Ball (172). Golden Nuggett (174). CCC Fruit pale vellow. Ivory Ball (175). White Apple (182). BBB “Plum” form. C Fruit red. D Fruit very small. Red Plum (180). DD Fruit small. King Humbert (64). CC Fruit yellow. Golden Fig (173). Sumatra Fig (181). Yellow Plum (187). BBBB “Peach” form. C Fruit red. Red Peach (178). bd CC Fruit Purple. Rose Peach (113). CCC Fruit yellow - Yellow Peach (186). EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 507 * Field Notes for the Season. The accompanying field notes upon the varities of tomatoes which follow in the order of the above scheme of classification are kindly provided by Mr. Shaw who had charge of the tests at the gardens. -No garden plant has appeared in so many variable forms in © so few years of cultivation as the common garden to:nato. Cer- tain types date back to the wild state of the plant, and distinct forms have appeared from time to time in cultivation. These have varied so greatly under the influence of changing environ- ment and natural and artificial inter-crossing that the varieties now under cultivation present much confusion. There are three distinct types of plants to be found among the common garden varieties, the usual type or “standard” tomatoes, the “‘potato-leaved” and the “dwarf” sorts. These three groups, together with a fourth, containing certain “small” varieties of minor account, furnish the basis of the preliminary classification here presented. Each of these four divisions presents varieties bearing fruits of three distinct colrs, red, purple and yellow, with the exception of the the “potato-leaved” group, in which, so far as the writer’s knowledge goes, there is no yellow variety. The red-fruited “standard” varieties are sub-divided upon the size of the fruit into “small,” “medium” and “large.” The “small” sorts are again divided according to season. The “early” sorts include “Advance” (3) and “Bright and Early” (14). Somewhat later in season are “Combination” (22, 23), “Free- dom” (54), “Frogmore” (55), “Stirling Castle’ (120) and “Wonder” (141). All these, while smooth, vigorous growing and prolific, are very small. The “medium-sized” varieties are divided into “early,” “medium early,” “medium” and “late” sorts. The “early” sorts are again divided into “smooth,” “rough and round” and “rough and flat.” The “smooth” sorts are “Arcadia” (4, 5), “Earliana’’ (33-37) and “Earliest” (40). The “Earliana” is a distinct variety, introduced by Johnson and Stokes in 1900. With us it was scarcely as early as some, but no other early tomato exceeded it in the production of marketable fruits. It is a leader -among the early tomatoes. Seed from five sources were planted. No differences could be detected, except that No. 37, from Pro- fessor Rolfs, of Florida, was later and more vigorous. “Arcadia” could not be distinguished from “Earliana.” “Earliest” (40) was productive, but the fruit was not so uniformly smooth as the “Earliana.” 508 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL The next group, “rough and round,” were early and produc- tive, especially “‘Nolte’s Earliest’? (94, 95) and “South Jersey” (119), but they were inferior in appearance to the ‘Earliana.” “Richmond” (111) was badly affected by the “blight,” but this may have been due in part at least to its location at the end of a plot next to the “weed plot,” referred to elsewhere. The varieties in the next group bore fruits distinctly more flattened than those in the last “Atlantic Prize” (7), “Earliest of All” (38), “Early Ruby” (42), “First of All” (5) and “Leader” (68) were very similar. ‘The fruits were much subject to the rot, and the leaflets were thin and curled. The ‘‘medium early” sorts are fifteen in number. They fall between the early and the main-crop varieties, and lose much of their value on that account. The “Trophy” (136) was the first of the modern garden tomatoes introduced, and it has held a place for more than thirty years. “Michigan” (85, 86) has been much grown, but with us it was a little under-sized. “Mar- vel’. (77, 78), “Best ot All” (12) and, “T. “T..1-” Gaara are other varieties worthy of cultivation. The next group, ‘“‘season medium,” includes many of the best known commercial varieties. ‘Belmont’? (10) and “Brinton’s Best” (15, 16) were somewhat alike, reasonably smooth and pro- ductive. ‘‘Diadem’’ (31) is peculiar, in having markings like bits of gold leaf on many of the fruits. There are two distinct varieties known as “Favorite.’”’ The best known of the two is “Livingston’s Favorite’ (48, 50), which is distinguished from ‘‘Trucker’s Favorite” (49) by its red color. ‘‘ Jewel” (66) or “ Chalk’s Early Jewel” is a new sort, bearing some resemblance to the “Michigan.”’ It is not as early as some have claimed, but is a handsome tomato for the mid-season. ‘Matchless’ (79, 82) is valuable for the main crop. “New Jersey’? {93) is not as well known as some, but seems to be worthy of consideration. “Paragon” (98) is one of the oldest and best varieties on the list, w hile ‘ “Perfection” (99, 100) resembles it, but is a little earlier in season. ‘Stone’ (121-124) is one of the leading main- crop sorts at present. It is of good size and shape, and produc- tive. ‘Success’ (125-127) is, perhaps, a little larger, but other- wise not widely different. “Under “season late’ are ‘Honor Bright” (59, 61), “Nov- elty” (96) and “Fortune” (53). ‘The first is a marked variety which has been highly recommended for long-distance shipping. The fruits are at first ‘pale green, and pass through a waxy white and lemon yellow to a yellow ish red, the changes occupying two EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 509 \ or three weeks. The foliage is also yellowish, and the color of the ripened fruit is not attractive. “Fortune’’ produced espe- cially vigorous plants, which were fairly productive, but the fruit, while of good size, was rather soft and thin walled. The varieties producing “large” fruits were “Enormous” (43, 44), “Crimson Cushion” (26) and “Santa Rosa” (117). The first was the best of these, producing a large number of well- shaped fruits all through the latter part of the season. “Santa Rosa” is a new sort which with us produced large ill-shaped fruits. In many markets a purple (“pink”) tomato is preferred. Varieties of this color are not as numerous as the red ones, but there are enough to permit a wide choice. They are divided into three classes, according to the size of the fruit. The five “small”? sorts are all medium early in season, and are usually too small for profitable marketing. “Acme” (1, 2) is the best known of these, and possibly the small size of the fruits with us may have been partly due to an unfavorable location. The medium-sized sorts are separated according to season, into “medium early,’ ‘‘medium” and “late.” None of the “medium early” sorts made especially good records with us. ‘Pink’’ (102) is a strain grown by C. C. Hulsart, of Matawan. It is of fine appearance, but lacked productiveness. Among the “medium” varieties is “Beauty” (8, 9), which is perhaps the best known of the purple sorts, being handsome, vigorous and productive. The “Tmperial’’ (63) has a solid fruit, of good appearance. “Mel- rose’ (84) probably belongs here, though only three plants were of this type, two others being red, and the sixth yellow-fruited, all from seed of the same packet. Somewhat later in season are “Buckeye State’ (17, 18), “Grandus” (58) and “Trucker’s Favorite’ (49). The first is a variety worthy of attention, being of good size and productive. ‘‘Grandus” is cailed a “pur- ple-fruited Honor Bright.” It resembles that variety in its color changes and yellowish foliage. One of the plants in this set was “potato-leaved.” ‘““erra Cotta” (130) is evidently a cross of some garden sort with the “peach” tomato, it being larger than the “peach” but having the same peculiar “bloom.” The third class of “large” purple tomatoes contains four varieties. The “Duke of York” (32) made the best showing with us, being productive and with a large proportion of the frvit smooth enough for market. The “Giant” (56) and the “Giant Climb- ing” (57) were distinct sorts of the old rough tomato, and of but little value commercially. ‘‘Ponderosa’’ (103), the best known 510 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL of this group, is large and “meaty,” but many of the fruits are irregular, and it is much subject to decay. The fruits do not mature evenly. There are three yellow-fruited varieties among the “standard” sorts. ‘Golden Queen” (144, 145) is the better known, while “Lemon Blush” (147) is perhaps superior to it, having fruits more firm or solid. The ‘‘potato-leaved standards” are comparatively few, and nearly all of them bear purple fruits. The “Red Mikado” was not grown, and is inserted merely to make the classification more complete. “Multicolor”? (92) and “Princess” (109) had the peculiar yellow foliage that appears in less degree in “Honor Bright.” The “Magnus” (73, 75, 76) is vigorous, though some- what lacking in productiveness, but the fruit is of excellent shape. It seems to be the best ‘‘potato-leaved’’ tomato. No. 74 was not true to name, being a red tomato, and not “pcotato- leaved.” “Mikado” (89, 90) and “Potato Leaf’ (104) were not distinguished from each other. The location of the former on the end of the plot was unfavorable, and may account for its small product and high percentage of decay. A special effort was made to obtain a large number of “dwarf tomatoes, and eighteen varieties were grown. ‘These are first separated according to the color of the fruit, and secondly upon size. ‘The small red varieties are “Aristocrat” (149-152) and “Dandy Dwarf’ (158). *“‘Aristocrat’’ (150) proved to be a purple sort, resembling “Champion.” Among the medium-sized red tomatoes, “Quarter Century” (165, 166), “Kansas Standard” (161, 162) and “Extra Early Tree’ (159) made good showings. All were superior to the better known “Champion.” The ‘Dwarf Stone’ (169-171) is a new variety, introduced by Livingston in 1902. The fruits were uniformly of large size, and the plants were healthy, vigor- ous and productive. Our experience the past summer indicates that it is the best dwarf, and a variety well worthy of cultivation. The purple-fruited dwarfs are separated upon size, being rated as either “‘small’ or “medium.” ‘Champion’ (153-155) is the best known and perhaps the best of the purple-fruited sorts, but it is inferior to several of the red-fruited varieties. “Model” (163) and “Royal Colors” (114) appear to be cross of a “dwarf” and a “potato-leaved”’ sort. Two yellow-fruited “dwarfs” were grown—the “Station Yel- low,” which is a variety originated at this Station from a cross EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. str of a “Champion” and “Golden Sunrise,” and ‘Yellow Prince,” which somewhat resembles it. The varieties grouped together as “‘small sorts’ include a num- ber of varieties, developments of the “pear,” “plum,” “peach” and “cherry” tomatoes, as well as the “Currant,” which is a separate species. The characteristics of these are well shown in the table of classification. None are of especial value from a commercial standpoint. Eight varieties of tomatoes were received from the Bureau of Seed and Plant Introduction of the Department of Agriculture. No. 3147 was‘a red sort, of the “plum” type, closely resembling “King Humbert”-(64). Nos. 3150 and 3151 were similar to this, but with yellow fruits. No. 3153 was of the common type, early, but irregular, watery and full of seeds. No. 3158 was a very small red tomato, intermediate in form between the “plum” and “pear” types. All of the above came from Italy. No. 3623, from Smyrna, was an irregular red sort, and No. 4491, “Prince Bismark,” from Italy, was a large, rough, yellow “peach” tomato. No. 6091, from Russia, was the best of these, being red in color, of good size, and fairly smooth, but in no way superior to many of our native sorts. - A Second Crop of Tomatoes. ‘Seeds from the following earliest varieties of tomatoes, namely, “Arcadia,” “Earliana,” “Red Cherry” and “Red Pear,” were sown for a second crop, in the usual way, late in July, and the plants afterwards set in the trial grounds. As with the second crop of corn, the early frosts interfered with the growth of these plants, but by giving them shelter during the coldest nights fruit was obtained from all the varieties of practically full size, and thereby seeds were secured for further use. At least two weeks might have been gained at the beginning of the first crop in early spring, and thus made it easy to have secured a second crop from these and other quick-growing sorts in an ordinary season without any guarding against the cold nights. 512 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS WITH BEANS. Crosses of Lima Beans. Since 1900 work has progressed upon crosses between the “Henderson” as the male and the “Burpee” as the female parent. The history of this breeding is given from year to year in the annual reports for the past four years, together witn the charac- teristics of the parent varieties, and those of the*crosses that have been made from them. In report for 1900 (page 430) is a plate showing the half- opened pod of a “Henderson” and a “Burpee” variety, and of two crosses between them. At page 392 of the report for Ig0I a plate shows heaps of the dry seeds and of the fresh seeds of the parents, with corresponding heaps of a cross in comparison with them. In last year’s report, at page 490, is a plate of seeds and leaves of five varieties of dwarf limas, including the “Hender- son’ and the “Burpee,” and piles of seeds of six of the developing crosses. Thirteen selected crosses were planted the present year, and of these numbers 5, 12 and 13 resembled more nearly the “Bur- pee” parent, while numbers 1, 4 and 11 were of the “Henderson” type. The other numbers, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, were nearly intermediate in all respects. Plate VII. shows sample pods and seeds of the. thirteen crosses above considered. ‘The quality of the above crosses compares favorably with that of the “Burpee,” a variety of high grade but lacking in productiveness. Out of the ‘above crosses two “have been selected, and one, nearer the ‘‘Burpee” than the ““Henderson,” is named the Station Bush .Lima, and the other, approaching the “Henderson” type, is called the Kelsey, after Mr. J. A. Kelsey, a former assistant, who for years cared for these crosses in their culture and selec- tion. Notes Upon Bush Lima Beans. The following twenty-»ne numbers (80-10%) of Bush Lima Beans were planted side by side across a plot and gave a length of row for each sort of thirty-one feet. PLATE VII. Samples of the ‘‘ Burphends” (‘‘ Burpee” and ‘‘ Henderson”) crossed Lima Beans from 1 to 13 grown in 1904. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 513 ° s iow =) _ wal ri 2 No. NAME AND SOURCE. S 3 8 5 5 P s & 2 E 2 2 3 = | Sires Bi geese Zz =< = & SE IGG BoE Sie. Ole. hear ine ncisecitte sacar 396 wee 2h. 34 81 re Be (Barlier)"Golenssu oo: 334 573 1 i 1 \% 191 82 es i: aT Ceo e Pele oo ee ae ee 98 162 1.6 3% 83 2 pela 21 Ue Aya le ae Per eae PON 462 764 1.6 1 15-16 84 ee PEMEINTD Sot TA eel ooh ae ee 240 Ei Cg % 85 > ROT NEL ok Atta ar Ties Sd A ee ee ed 391 Bae) ek -. 7-16) toy 86 Dreer’s Pine CANE. octet ete os CihSwee cays 300 7054 /2.5 ° 1 41-16 71 87 a SF Pinte. Seo erent eer: oe 184 331 1.8 1 10-16 BSabreers) Wonder Bushs ores oo 2k ees site 386 HOge. bo52,-1F 1-16 89 Henderson’s New Bush. Hen.............. 623 aoe" «2:3 ~2" 11-16"" 16% 90 ee iS ve af Gy: ke Sai ee ee 955 2,139 2.2 2 % SieJaskson-wonder. Goris. ec) an Se 1,250 Beis 2. O'* 1B % 24 Pacer Sunk. Mle secu dave css cia cace > 443 noe ool: 7 2 3-16 15 S3--Dwart, barre Waite, . Fer. on00..6.. eg... 118 192: 1.6 7-16 3 Se Salrens iNew BUS opmal., .2.5io4 -cke os - c/s 65 tas 0-20. ee 36 Bo. WOnGer DnAn. } OOK. trocar tte sen cie Oh, vies 259 Bats ye 1.2 71-16 + SGUwWoodws Prone Bush Wd.s 2s... bk ee re 1,075 2,059 1.9. 2s at-t6 9 OF Willow lest fama. ° May, ieee. oro). eee 1,360 Ried. 2.0. °2 13-16 2 BS wWoods Protec: Mag. 2.605200. 2 2easen et 696 Peso 1.9... 1 3% 99 Wood’s New Prolific. Vk.................. 664 Mags, V.7 2). kL. S16 RE OREOTEMIRIN: © Oh TGTY Cie Oy derek oe ak tee 1)2% 2 2 199 332 1.6 The above test of the leading varieties of bush lima beans shows a great range in number of pods, seeds, etc. Among the “Burpee” group, the row with California grown seed (83) did the best, with 462 pods and 764 seeds, weighing 1 15-16 pound. In the same way, the ‘“Dreer’’ seed (86) from the Pacific Coast was superior to that from the East. Again, the same thing is true with the ‘‘Henderson” (90), which, by the way, is the leader in yield for the whole plot. The “Jackson Wonder” (91) gave much the largest number of pods and seeds, but the latter are thinner than the ‘*Hender- son,” and do not exceed the latter in total weight. Number gI differs also in the seeds, being marked with brown, which imparts a color to the cooked product that may not be altogether desirable. Plate VIII. shows a sample pod and seeds of each of the twenty-one numbers that were grown in the gardens during the present season. 514 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL Notes Upon Pole Lima Beans. Fifteen rows of pole lima beans were planted on May toth in Plot 1, Series II, and alternate hills were pruned from time to time in an attempt to dwarf them. The remaining hills re- ceived poles and were permitted to grow in the usual manner. The following table gives some of the facts concerning this group of beans. oh) ee ej 3 = < g 3 fs z * mM Oo = = : No. NAME AND SOURCE. S “5 = 2 3 2 oe gil og = E 2 2 a a 4 = =I = 8 5 A | Al =) =) = > o 5 Zz 2 Zz < = A 65 Imp. Early Bearing. Burbank.... 12 179 352 1.9 1 1 -16 66> Challenger:= (Cole. =. 22. .2--- see 9 119 352 2.9 15-16 34 67 Earliest Golden. Ham........... 6 218 420 1.9 1 4% 2 68 New Evergreen. J.&S.......... 12 143 261 1.8 34 69) Imp) Barly imia. Sali’. 2 4.20 eee 4 190 236 TZ % 70 Ford’s Mammoth. J. &S......... 6 62 169 2.7 7-16 30 71 Ford’s Mammoth. Wood......... 9 153 388 2.4 15-16 72 King of the Garden. Cox......... 14 161 358 2.2 15-16 136 73 Panmure Extra Early. Mau...... 2 266 568 2.1 1 4% (au SembertMa Comers: oe 2. < teoteae 10 312 664 21 1 13-16 39 (ospelberts Aaa ee. otk eee 11 169 354 2.0 % ‘ ~6' Imp. Salem, J. &S:2.-......: et 2 58 100 ez 5-16 4 Wdorimyp. SHOtWEllen Gees Ses <-> teins 8 500 988 1.9 15-16 1 7S -barce White, =Btle....... ssc 4 478 819 i Va ef 2 3-16 136 AOOLMN Ole mee WOO Geis = cere 3 135 313 2.3 4% It is seen that the ‘“‘ Panmure” (73) and ‘‘ Large White” (78) were the most productive while the ‘‘ King of the Garden ” (72) and “New Evergreen” (69) with the largest number of vines gave small returns. The “Challenger” (66) led in the largest average of seeds to the pod followed closely by ‘‘ Ford’s Mam- moth” (70). The “ Improved Early ”’ (69) was particularly low in this regard. The following numbers have large flat seeds not easily distin- guished when shelled namely, Nos. 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 and 76. ‘The smallest seeds are those of No. 79 while Nos. 66, 69, 70, 77 and 78 are medium in size. It is interesting to note that the two most popular pole lima beans, namely, “Large White” (78) and “King of the Garden” (72), gave such widely different results in the present trial. The column marked “October pods’ contains the marketable PLATE VIII. Samples of the twenty-one lots of Bush Lima Beans that were grown in 1904. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 515 green pods at the final harvest, late in the season. It is seen from a glance at the marketable green pod at the final harvest , that “Imp. Shotwell” and “Large White” produce late, while “Panmure,” ‘“Ford’s Mammoth” and “King of the Garden” ripen their crop comparatively early. It is seen that “King of the Garden” and “Large White” are equally popular, and far exceed any other sorts in this regard. Pruned Limas.—The pole lima that were pruned showed a remarkable tendency to twine, and needed pinching back almost weekly. The small portion of each plant that was left to grow bloomed freely, and seeds were saved for a continuation of the experiment in the coming season. Green Pod Bush Beans. A set of green pod bush beans, embracing fifty-six numbers, (1 to 56), was planted on May 5th in rows side by side, each being sixteen feet in length. With the exception of No. 7, they all made a good stand of plants. On half of each row, that is, eight feet was left to grow and mature its crop without any crossing upon that portion, and none of the green pods were picked for testing the quality. The following table shows some of the facts con- nected with this trial. The weights of vines, indicating size and vigor, show that there was much variation, in fact, all the way from 734 pounds for the “Canadian Wonder” (8), California- grown seed, to 9-16 of a pound in “Extra Early Valentine” (48). The weight of the mature, but not entirely dry, pods is more to the point, for this is more nearly a measure of the marketable product. The “Burlington Medium” (5) is a trifle ahead of “Bountiful Bush” (2), with 27% pounds. This is a variety with a long slender pod of fine size, while “Bountiful” has a shorter and broader pod that is inclined to curve. Some- thing of the relative size and shape of the pods of the several varieties may be seen in Plate IX , where all excepting No. 7 are shown. ‘That No. 5 had larger pods than No. 2 is shown in the next column in the table. It is also shown that the “Boun- tiful’’ averages just one seed more per pod than the “Bur- lington.”’ 516 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL Yield of Green Pod Bush Beans. 7 ‘% So 1S aia No. NAME AND SOURCE. 2 2 5 3 a aes @ ¢ © a a4 go Se ee 33 53:88 gies eS ay Zh A2noe Lesh STS) yay ew Nd Cee! 8 Irs he ae 3 1-8 lbs. 1 1-8 lbs. 190 651 3.4 #80 2 Bountiful Bush. Hen.......... 5 9-16 “ > Sari Kill Sains 220 676 2:9 6 3; Boston Snap. Brkess. iss... 8 2, Bh es 1 1 254. 815 saci 4 Breck’s String and Shell. Brk. 5 BG eee 1 2 Seles 160 605 3.7 1 5 Burlingame Medium. Brk...... A 0-1Gn. or 2, % “ 200 784 3.9 8 6 Byer’s Bush. Chl. (3 vines)..... 2) 9-16 Li i=16t es 200: 737 3.6 4 7 Canadian Wonder. Thr........ 2 TG. aes Jie Ne ESL ese 35 60-1426 8 sf re WOx.te tere sintns 7 Yao 215-16) e 218% 120) SSeS ee 9 China Red yes IN. Ko... 5c. 1 Ve Ae Si 61 189.4320 esi Gimsirel Qe 1D Tk oe ee ee Deed — Grae J ool 6. S00) Lens ae 11 Dwarf-Chocolate. Thr......... Bwile-65 3% 1 Ce 250 928 3.7 1 12 Dun Colored. Thr..... 1 Sear OE aes 125) Sin vee 2 BGinclam rane ars oe etre a” 5-16 -* 1 5-83)" = 260 580 2.2 14 Earliest G. P. Bush. Ham..... S32 dns oo dO 1. 9-16 53.5 192 ;. -606) 3% ae 15 Emperor of Russia. Thr....... 2-16 Ss 1 * 187 608 3.2 1 16 Emperor William. Hlm........ 15-16 “ 5-60 >> 65° 148° 2226 ieeHverbesrmeass ePhr. 255).55 eae 13-16 “ 7-16 “ 135 ‘375 lem 9 18 Imp: Goddard. Fer........... 2 15-16-25" 1 ye ma 125% *:390° nS lees 19 Dwarf Horticultural. Btl...... 2 18 ‘ 15-16 2 135 401 2.9 124 7 ian ; Hen... ee 1 5-16. 58" S08 Nise ae 21 Snap or Horticultural. N. K.... 4 1-8 ‘ 2 ‘ 175. +568 Spares 22 Marblehead Horticultural. Fer. . 1 ess f % * 168.» 53403 au 3 23 First. on Market... Lan........2:. 1 7-16 “* 85° (275 3362 a 24 Landreth’s Searlet. Lan........ 2 Tere 1 ye ee? 165 700) <4.)2 ee Joe hichimimne we arescasls 82s t6 baie. 1: 9-167 + 5-1 6ey 130°. } 35 Wan 2 Ih, Loncrenowe -oblener. 2. tes eas 1-116 13-16 > 150 . 585 °3.9 9 27 Low’s Champion. Ggy......... 1 tee. 13-16 “ 100 340 3.4 29 28 White Marrowfat. Btl......... gen Weal hy oe I=) Geta 150: 490 7302 2s 29 ES: ty Ehime eee 41-1635 he S516. or 175 451 205 57 30 2Marvelwotsbarisss Mbhr. Sins ee: 2 (albinos 1 1-8 * 274 1,060 3.8 2 31 Early Mohawk Dwf. Drr........ 2 V1=16F Ss 1 Lave ts 120 - 390° 352-138 32 e 7 Bush? SE bree i... 2 A AGE 1 5-8 “ 225 644 3.8 33 oy os Green. Bruise trens 1 13-16 15-16 “ 120°: . 42a" aR ae 34° Prolhe-Ereets “low! is... ee ee 5 % * 1 34 275 -1,000% S267) 44 35: Reftte6eset Bale yGte ee ites, eeeere 2 1 TG 1 7-16 150 490 3.2. 115 36 ae Greenbrae. 232s paeeoe 4 3-16 ‘ 2 285. 1,172. 34:0 37 ‘The:silver.. oalowstcte cy. wen ite 3 Sie 15sEG, 4** 150 486 3.2 38 ‘Silver Bush?: Maw) 22:25 2.425 1 3% 12-16 302° L153" Sz8> yer 39 Burpee Strineless. Btl......... 2 bah 6) 11-16 “ 160 506: 3-1 18% 40 Mammoth Strineless. Drr. . 1 13-16 1 200 657 3.2 41 Strineless Dwarf. Thr......... 2, 3 CO 150 ° 407 2.7 42 Giant Strineless. Wd.......... 2 THB5 L S3=16 251 754 3.0 43 Tennessee. Ier............... 29-16 1 T1654 100 332 3.3 ... 44 Earliest R. Valentine. Hen..... 1 7-16 1 Waa ESI Tos So 235~, 868,03 GunteL 45 Black Valentine. Hen....... 1 7-16 13-16 215 806 3.7 3 46 Strineless Valentine. Btl....... 1 1-16 5-8 195 794 4.0 47 Early Red Valentine. Btl. ..... 1 Sees 1) Aes 200 \. S20 aaen 48 Extra Early Valentine. Nk..... 9-16 “ % 115 412" 3.5 ee Silt A 49 Dwarf Prolific Pickler. Vk..... bo - on me or) ee ASS 1.6) ois" 137 §=©434 PLATE IX. A Group of Green Pod Bush Beans taken when of marketable size and showing the seeds only partly developed . ‘osevestp jods pod or} jo seoue4surl Suew ut Aanfut oy} Surmoys pue zis []NJ Jo ov Spoos oyg USyM WOYe] SUvo” Yang XBAA JO dnois ¥Y ‘X ALVId EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 517 Yield of Green Pod Bush Beans. = 3 spelt ie ean - No. NAME AND SOURCE. 2 2 Be ue BD “a ai 36345 2 a5 a5 aS, oe» Soy 8. oo a = ay Zu A2n nm 50) Warren Bush. .Ggy.. ... 06.2.0. 1 5-8 lbs. 13-16 lbs. 125 341 2.6 14 51 Green Winter. Sal............. 1 5-8 “ 15-116" * 285 1.040) S68... 52 Wonder of France. Brk. .... 1 : 9-16 243.5 (645-275 7 53 Early Yellow 6 weeks. Btl..... ie -O=1Giccs % * Pi waeO. 2k vi OG 54 ba LS Me Brats: ese 1 4% " 13-16 “ 207 DOG Zee we 55 Long PR ie ee Drrate 1 Dien. = i Alo 180 470 2.6 81 56 Early pee *. Gt oe INE SRS os Sr WEHLG? A LL. 7-16% 235 974 4.1 The “Landreth Scarlet” (24) is seen to be the most seeded, the average being 4.2 per pod, while the “Eclair” (13) and “Emperor William” (16) yielded near half as many seeds. The “Eclair” has a very long slender pod, and when ready for market the seeds make up a very small part of the pod. On the other hand, the “Emperor William” has a long, wide pod; that is, these two sorts low in seed contents are almost opposites in the make-up of their pods. The greatest number of pods, 302 and 300, were produced by Nos. 38 and Io, respectively, both of which have pods of small size, and the two sorts are in other ways much alike. The “Silver Bush’’ (38) is a very little more seedy than the “Crystal Wax” (10). The “First of All” (23) has a very large flat pod, while the “Warren” (50) has an equally wide pod, but not much more than half the length of No. 23. Enough has been said to indicate that there is great variation in form and size of the pods. There are many other important differences that are not indicated in Plate X., such as tender- ness and the presence or absence of the fibers along the back of the pod, that is termed the ‘‘string.”” This plate indicates some- thing of the age of pods that are at their best for the table. It is not possible to get the best results unless the pods are picked before the seeds are of full size, and when much younger than this they are still more delicate, but the yield is correspondingly reduced. Classification of Green Pod Beans. Upon the color and size of the seeds the following prelimi- nary classification of the green pod beans may be made: 518 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL I. White Seeds. 1. Small. Crystal (10), Prolific Tree (34), The Silver (37), Silver Bush (38), Winter (51). 2. Medium. Boston Snap (3), Emperor William (16), Ever- bearing (17). ; ; 3. Large. First on Market (23), Marrowfat (28-29). II. Black Seeds. 1. Small. Valentine (15). 2. Large. Warren (50). Ill. Green Seed. 1. Wonder of France (52). IV. Red Seeds. 1. Medium. Champion (27). 2. Large. Canadian Wonder (7-8),Land. Scarlet (24), Pick- ler (49). : V. Seal Brown. Chocolate (11), Dun Colored (12), Stringless (39-41). VI. Light Brown. Bountiful (2), Burlingame (5), Eclair (13), String- less (40, 42, 46), Tennessee (43), Six Weeks (53-56). VII. Mottled Brown and Red. Best of All (1), String and Shell (4), Earliest (14), Empress of Russia (15), Goddard (18), Horticul- tural (19-22). VIII. Mottled Brown and Pink. Longfellow (26), Valentine Red (44, 47, 48. IX. Mottled Dark Brown. Byers (6), Marvel of Paris (30), Mohawk, (31-33), Refugee (35-36). X. Mottled Grey. Lightning (25). XI. Pink Eye China (9). Wax Bush Beans. On May 4th a set of forty-eight including a few duplicates wax bush beans was planted in rows side by side. A half of each sixteen-foot row was permitted undisturbed to grow and mature its crop, while the remaining half was used for crossing, and from this portion pickings were made of the young pods to make a test of the quality, so far as possible. The following table shows some of the facts obtained in this trial: EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 519. Yield of Wax Beans. % % re bike Pe od No. NAME AND SOURCE. ah 5 § 8s 8 u A oo a2 e336. 2 aes a3 aCe BL ea) BS B ay Zu Zn nm 101 Brittle Wax Bean. Bur....... 3 ¥% \bs 1 11-16 lbs. 160 550 3.5 1 Ppaebiemarek.y WAL. 6e.c) 5 cs tas 3 14-16 “ 1 Ya 207-5. 718. 3.5 3 103 Black Wax. Bart.......<..... 2 1-8 “ i 1=t6y 175 571 3.3 80 104 Dwarf Black Wax. Bart...... 2053-16774 1. S167 160 622 3.9 105. Dwarf Black Butter. Bru..... 2 1416 “ nem 5 (or 148:.729 4.8.42. 106 Prolific German. J. &S....... 5 Venn ** 2’ 9-16." 231 837 3.6 £59 107, Imp.erolific: Thre. 6s -..s2 6% 2 9-16 “ L1G TAR SChinllenpers te bRes .. 6 cia se sis) he 2 15-16 “ 7-165 255° 770 °3.0 | 5A 109 Currie Rust-Proof. Cur....... So D=1B es: 1 Ul eat Wh G0c oe, 10 a trevinger, > Elita steer china ines es 5 9-16 “ 2 5-8 ae 200 675 3.4 4 111 Davis Kidney Wax. Btl...... 3. “7-160 1 % “ 1427500 .3:.5. 68 112 - Mg x Nv erc ye. oe 1 Bit 209 = 677 «3:2 -.3. 149)-Detroit: Wax.) N. Ws.s. 3.5... 315-15 —" 2 1-8 “ 160 575 3.6 51 114 Flageolet Gg. Pod. Bru........ A Ra1G tt 2 % OS G35) oh 3.3 athens RS ine 115 + Scarlets /Peri a5... . 5 “3 2 15-16) 5" 132 467 3.5 32 116 Fuller’s Ringleader. J.&S.... 3 ad Leb 16 se 195 2 Ft 6366 1 117 Fuller Black Wax. Ggy....... TS b-16 > e° 13-16 ‘“ Vis) 1DL0i03.0 2 148) Golden (Wax... Btlh toot 2S O=TG. TD7-16i*" 185. 602 3.2 172 119 is + BTS cess ae Sijls-lore sate) UlGereay SelOn? (30 Seb bes%> 120 * sh Nieiare-vievs. . Shit 3 Tay St 1 13-16 “ 178 682 3.8 121 Imp. Golden Wax. Cox....... Su T=169s¢ 2 = Dot. ideo (Sco 122 > 43 AS Hien. ie ee 2 LOG Fs Lp p-1L6n 248 625; 2.7 123 Dwarf Golden Wax. Fer...... 3 12-16 “ 1 6-8 ‘“ Py AC UNE Es Yaa Es 124 German Black Seeded. Fer.... 5 1-8 “ 1 ye 320 1020 3.1. 25 125 Golden Crown. Thr........... 3 % 1? 9-16.25 200. 685 3.4 2 126 Keeney’s Golden. Fer........ (pe SV Reed 3 DE het 211 -658-: 3.1,. 40 127 Grennell’s Golden. Fer........ 1-163 5 mo - 1-16 40 238 748 3.1 1l 128 F ‘ez Herecwcrck 3 3-16 .“ Teal 6 192 630 3.3 129 Golden Scimita. Hen......... 6 * 2 py tered 209)" S736 2k7 >. ve 130 Golden Eyed. Thr............ 4 5-16. “ 2 = 247) Wiguetl |, 5, 131 Jones’ Stringless. Vau........ 3 15-16 “ t- 10-16. >: 196 654 3.3 22 132 Keeney’s Imp. Refugee. J.&S oe o=16) ** 3 ‘ 280 918 3.2 3 133 Keeney’s Refugee. Hlm....... 4 ve 2) 21-16; 2al 698. (3.0% 025% 134 Round Kidney. J.&S........ 2 15-16 “ 1 BY tg 135 468 3.4 12 Iss Market: Wax. Hen... 003 .°.% 3 %“ Lts=16 "5 184 620 3.3 1 136 Dwarf Pencil Pod. Fer........ 3 ne 1 5-8 ‘ 135 609 4.4 137 New Profusion. Mau......... 3 15-16 “ 2 1-8-5 240. 644 2.6 ..: 138 Landreth’s Scarlet. Lan....... 3 9-16 “ Zs 7-160 tea 80D 26.0 7 1SOlReturcee: tN es Ah eee te 3 3-16. “ ir -3-LGF 184 690 3.7 59 140 Stringless; ~ Bamix ras -) ds. as, < os 2 1-8 “ 1, 1-167." 194: 607s BOs +7 3 Tal Saddleback,” Hilts ae as sjs,0 50s, 3 we ‘s* 1 has 235 700 3.0 26 142 Wardwell’s Kidney. N.K..... 1 4 he 95 283 3.0 165 143 ic bs Bass. <2k, 2 li-16s < L> 5 2a1Ga1* 164 436 2.6 144 s a Bye. 2 a4 2 ae tite 1 ad 144 442 3.0 ..: 145 Crystal White. Fer........... 1 5-8 ‘ LL =16" =" 320 1,396 4.3 32 146 Yosemite Mammoth. Drr..... 5 % 1 13-16 “ 102: 206'-+1 -1- 66 © 147 Allan’s Imperial. Sal......... 2 4%“ 1} 46-16-.* 250 672 .2.7 5 148 Livingston’s Pencil Pod. Liv. . 3 9-16 “ 1-15-16". 219 687 2.9 i1 *] Vine 34 lb. §1 Vine 7-16 lb. 520 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL In the first column are the weights of the vines at harvest time, and they range from over seven pounds for “‘Kenney’s Golden’? (126) to 1 1-16 pound for “Grennell’s Golden” (127), that stood next to the first named. In other respects these two sorts were not so widely different, as is shown by the weights of the pods, namely, 344 and 2 1-16 pounds, respectively; in fact, the lighter weight of vines is followed by a larger number of pods and seeds, while the number of seeds to pod is the same for both. The two varieties with greatest number of pods are “German Black Seeded” (124) and ‘Crystal Wax” (145), the former a black and the later a white-seeded variety, and quite the opposite in general appearance. ‘These two sorts lead also in the number of seeds, the smaller white ones being in excess of the larger black ones, and bringing the average for the former up to 4.3 per pod. The “Yosemite” (146) stood high in weight of vines (5 3-8 pounds), but had only 192 pods, with 206 seeds, or an average of but little more than one to the pod. Next to this in seedlessness is ““New Profusion” (137), with an average of 2.6, which is equalled by one of the “Wardwells’ (143). The most seedy of all the forty-eight numbers is ‘‘Dwarf Black Butter” (105), which has nearly five (4.8) seeds, and the next is “Dwarf Pencil Pod’ (136), with an average of 4.4 per pod. The former is a long, straight, flat member of the biack-seeded type, while the latter has a long curved pod with seed also black. The palatableness of a dish of wax beans is dependent upon many things, some of which are outside of the variety of the bean. Tenderness seems to count for more than anything else, and this requires that the pods be properly cooked soon after they are picked. As a general thing, the pods are picked after they have passed the point most acceptable for food. In other words, the pods need to be picked as soon as the seeds begin to change the outline of the surface of the pod. This may be while the pods are too small to yield the desired profit to the market gar- dener. The expert housewife decides that a string (or string- less) bean pod is good when it will snap off like a pipe-stem. Wilted pods fail in this test, as also do those that remained upon the vines until the pod toughens, becomes stringy and the seeds are evident from the outside. Such pods are still more objec- tionable when the variety is black-seeded, and then the large beans discolor the whole in the process of cooking. Plate X. shows a set of the pods of the forty-eight numbers of wax beans, * each nearing maturity. EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 521 Weight of Wax Beans. The number of marketable pods per pound was taken of some of the large, medium and small podded varieties, and the follow- ing range was determined : Number of pods No. Name. to the pound. 102. TESTS Gals ice) Teh ere es OR aay Deke GLUCHEE Mone ERERENS fy.) Cie Caen DCRR CE Te 120 108. a ete Kosi x aie ent Ee see Pin torent dlc c ais: RYE Cte aa Me en oO 104. AD Wes Clee Veit. seen Chaithaness nora cei e sieceenetat eo cketeceaes wie te ait 120 105. WE POEs TAGS LETT I a asscsie care Ge Che oie cb rcbetebets ba foiclone/ he sinus 0) os 120 115. WMIAS OLE SCAT Ote, Ger cic eis are ete or ctw’ ye ceca hel a alictes ono! ode bbers "2 119. loa leyay AWA Sane eRe oe IA Oh EE RAS OE See cee 110 124. Germanic. SCCOCUC. scares sc ates clere he belernte s/ele. o etete ofa 104 129. Gold Ons SCUMILAT secs oe picterorde tere a crickofoncawhe Sik te a/are here te oie 74 132. KEENE YS LIN Pat CP LUE OC oc) b-Ge by ciois avece sole eipivisnetssshnieie- sess e'> 118 alse ING Wye SRP SIONS hsbc sec lerareintee at ob. s Shere See ea Si H's oils agai shee 116 139. ELEMIS CO Meiers orton Ae ole eae cek o SE MMOS atethele oes Sele 90 142. Wardwell SPRGIGNeY, ise e dese. St Sasaave kts sda 80 145. Cetra een lee VWI Ney on oho 9 Cat nce ins coe lakesatehe sia idiaias sustoss & suas 184 146. NGOS STING VE ATYATINGE Ulan cs cree: petite: esl'c. care i seetioncsie, bu keeeevers 70 148. WsiIVANSSTON'S PEN CIAP OM Vros nitelote cis cteletecieees al etie tc —o 110 It is seen that the “Yosemite” is the largest, followed closely by “Flageolet,”-‘‘Golden Scimitar’ and ‘Wardwell’s Kidney.” The Crystal White’ is much the smallest variety, and the black and golden wax sorts may be taken as average in size of pods, when ready for market. Classification of Wax Beans. I. White. Davis (2), Golden Crown, Jones, Stringless, Crystal. Il. Black. Bismarck, Black Wax (6-,Rust Proof, Cylinder, Fuller (2), German, Scimitar, Pencil, Landreth’s, Saddleback, Yosemite. III. Red. Flageolet. IV. Orange-Yellow. Market. V. White Eyemarked Brittle, Detroit, Golden Eyed, Kidney, Ward- well’s (3). VI. Mottled, Pink and White. Golden Wax (6), Keeney’s Golden, Grennell’s (2), Allan’s. VII. Mottled, Pink and Dark. Keeney’s Refugee (2), Profusion, Refugee, Pencil Pod. Crossing Among the Beans. Much time was given to cross-pollination among the beans during the season, and it is too soon to determine what success has resulted from this work. The large number cf varteties was grown primarily to study them with the end of combining the best qualities of the superior sorts. The immediate result 522 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL or an. attempted cross has been termed a “suspect,” and some of those obtained early in the season with wax beans have been grown for their first generation, with the result that a few were able to mature before “the frosts put an end to their growth. It is noted that seeds have been obtained as a result of “work- ing” “Bismarck” (102) upon “Detroit” (113) ; that :s, a variety t “Detroit” ) with large oval white seeds with a large mottled “eye” was pollinated w ith a variety (“Bismarck” ) which has a long seed that is uniformly black. The result is a seed that is black and mottled brown, and near the shape of the male parent. It is as if the mottled ‘eye’ of the ‘Detroit’ had become spread over the whole seed, but, more than that, the shape or the seed is nearly that of the “Bismarck.” In a second case, instead of the ‘Detroit,’ the “Bismarck” was worked upon ‘“‘Keeney’s Refugee” (133), which has a long seed mottled throughout with two shades of brown. ‘The result is a bean that, while having nearly the same shape as No. 133, has a fine blue as the background, with flecks of a lighter shade. This is a*bean strikingly different from any of the forty-eight numbers grown as wax beans this season. In a third case, with the “Bismarck” remaining in the same position, the female was “Grennell’s Golden” (127), which has an oval seed of good size, and with a mottled “eye” that extends well out into the otherwise white skin of the seed. The seeds resulting are near to the “Grennell” in the markings, but the shape is more flat, possibly due to partial maturity. It will require the second generation to decide whether there is any cross in this case. A fourth attempt was with “Bismarck” as the female and the “Davis Kidney” as the pollinizer. In this case the male parent has a solid white slender seed of medium size, the “Bismarck” being black, as before described. The result here is a seed of solid color, which is between seal brown and black. Neither the white or the black controlled, and there is no tendency to become streaked or mottled. Some other cases will need the next generation to give suf- ficient proof to warrant the opinion that the cross was actually made. Beans are easily self-fertile, and the stamens of a flower may have deposited pollen upon the stigma before their removal by the breeder. Beans from the Department of Agriculture. Twenty-four packets of beans, mostly native of Mexico, were ‘EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 523 received from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and a row of each sort was planted in the gardens. They all showed marked vigor, and a tendency to run and cover all the space of two feet between the rows. At the time when the wax and green podded variety of beans were in bloom no flowers had appeared upon these, and they blossomed only sparsely in the season. Only three varieties matured any seed, namely, Number 9404 and 9405, the first a brown, and the latter a black bean, and No. 3382, a white-seeded sort. The other numbers, all of which failed, were 9147 to 9160 and 9438 to 9444, and No. 10,544. This test suggests that for their complete development these beans require a much longer season than the common garden bush beans, and possibly a warmer or drier climate. There was no opportunity to secure any crosses the present year, but the few seeds secured from the three sorts may be earlier and more prolific next season. " Field Notes Upon Bush Beans. The following notes are kindly furnished by Mr. K. J. Owen, who had immediate charge of the beans upon the experiment grounds: GREEN PoppED Brans.—Fifty-six varieties of Green Pod Beans were grown at the gardens during the past season, and all came up well excepting “Canadian Wonder’ (7), which showed the least vitality, and was represented by only a half- dozen plants. The vines as compared with the wax beans grown near by are of a larger growth, and number 8, also “Canadian Wonder’ (California-grown seed), was noted espe- cially for its large, erect vines, with dark green leaves and broad pods, fully seven inches long. This set of bush beans was planted May oth, and nearly all of them were in bloom on June 22d. A majority of them were ready for market on July 2d, making the average time of 56 days from planting to picking. A later planting (July 21st) was ready for picking in about 50 days. The “Lightning” (25) takes first place in respect to earliness, while “Crystal Wax’ (10) is among the first in the list in desirable qualities. The former is not “viny,’”’ has an erect growth, comes into bloom four or five days ahead of the other varieties, and produces dark green flat pods of medium length, ready for market 50 days from time of planting. This variety 524 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL led all others for the season in the second crop from 1904 seed by blooming 28 days after planting. It does not, however, rank with the most prolific, nor is it a stringless variety. The seed when ripe are flat and mottled. ‘Crystal Wax’ (10), on the other hand, produces much vine, and has a tendency to run. It is among the latest to bloom and pod for market, but ranks as one of the most prolific varieties. The round, plump, medium- sized pods of a very light green color are stringless during the marketable stage. The seeds being white cause the pods to be marketable for a longer time than No. 25. Also, the beans when dry are excellent for cooking. In fact, the color of the seed is an important quality in bush, or string, beans, the white or light sorts being most desirable. “The Silver” (37) and “Silver Bush” (38) are very similar to No. Io in respect to vine and fruit. “Prolific Tree” (34) was found to be desirable, because of its bearing quality and the excellent flavor of its crisp, round string- less pods. The pod-spot, which attacked the bush beans quite badly during the rainy ‘‘spell,’” was not so prevalent with the green pods as with the wax beans. It is to be noticed that a larger percentage of hand pollina- tions between varieties of green pod beans are more successful than among the wax sorts. For example, five hundred trials among the former gave thirty suspected crosses, while a thous- and of the latter resulted in only twenty “suspects.” Wax Brans.—On May 4th forty-eight rows of wax beans were planted, representing about thirty-five varieties. All came up well, and were in bloom on June 13th. The leaves were noted as being of a lighter green than those of the green-podded sorts. Fifty-seven days after planting, the pods of all varieties were ready for market, with the exception of Nos. 126, 138, 139, 145 and 148. A second planting from the commercial seed, made June 11th, began blooming on July 9th, and on July 24th the earliest were ready for picking. A third planting from the commercial packets, on July 19th, matured before any danger of frost. On July 21st a planting from seed of the first crop was made for the purpose of obtaining any “‘suspects” liable to result from natural crossing of the varieties. These began blooming August 24th, 34 days after planting. Several varieties were tested at the table, and No. 145, “Crys- tal Wax,” stood second to none, possessing all those qualities EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 525 mentioned under No. 10 in the green-pod notes. It would seem. that the same variety is sometimes placed in both groups of these bush beans. ‘‘Yosemite Mammoth” (146) is of fine quality, having a large, round, yellowish pod, with less seeds than the black wax sorts, is not stringy, and has a flesh of excellent flavor. The Black Wax varieties are good as to productiveness, earli- ness-and color, but they soon get too large for eating, and the color of their seed is not desirable. All the white-seeded varieties did well, and a separate plant- ing was made of these, in order to effect crosses among them the more readily. Owing to the lateness of the seascn, but four mature “‘suspects” were obtained. The “Golden Wax” stands high as to color and productiveness, but 1s more string and less tender than some varieties mentioned above. Among the desir- able characteristics of the wax beans are earliness, productive- ness, and light-colored, large, round stringless pods, containing few white seeds. Seed Holders for Beans, Etc. In the study of the many varieties of beans, it 1s necessary to have the seeds, for exaimple, so that all of a group may be brought under the eye at a glance. In tiie case shown at the top of Plate XI, are the fifty-six sets of seeds of the green pod bush beans, extending from the upper left-hand corner to the empty pocket in the third row. Thus, “Best of All’ (1) is at the corner named, and, passing along the upper row, the corre- sponding corner on the right is occupied with seeds of “‘Light- ning’ (25), and just below it, upon the end of the second row, is “Warren’’ (50). ‘The small white sorts are easily seen near the middle of the second row, namely, “Crystal’’ (10), “Pro- lific T'ree” (34), “The Silver” (37) and “Silver Bush’ (38). Any differences in the seeds of these three numbers are quickly detected. As a matter of fact, they are all much alike. The medium-sized white seeds are easily located, as ‘“‘Boston Snap” (3), “Emperor William” (16) and “Everbearing’ (17). The last two are of the same long type, while No. 3 is a plump oval bean: The “large” include “First on Market” (23), which is a flat bean. somewhat resembling the limas of the Sieva type, and the pair at 28 and 29 are both “white marrowfats,”’ and are seen to be practically alike. . When it comes to the other beans, the reds, browns, and even the mottled sorts, give nearly the same dark appearance in the 526 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL engraving, but the differences are quickly distinguished in the tray. ' It only need be said in passing that the case is one that once served for holding dram vials filled with weed seeds. By re- moving the vials, the pockets are filled with the bean seeds, and a glass front is then fitted to the case, and the seeds, being all large, are held securely, and are easily seen beneath the trans- parent cover. The pole and lima beans that were under experimentation this season fill up the remaining portion of the case. The latter are so nearly the same whitish color that they differ to the eye chiefly in size. The last twenty-one pockets, 80 12 I00, are filled with dwarf limas, and among these, near the middle, the “Jackson Wonder’ (91) is strikingly evident because of its dark color, in fact a dull red mottled with black. A special holder, shown in the lower part of Plate XI., was made for the wax beans by boring shallow 11-inch pits in a cherry board and fitting a glass cover to slide close to the seed- cavities. In this case are the forty-eight numbers cf the wax beans that were under trial. Asin the other holder, the numbers run from the first at the upper left-hand corner horizontally for each row until number 48 is reached, at the lower right-hand corner. The number for each kind does not show distinctly in the engraving. When the final adjustment is made, the name of each variety can be placed under its pocket. : Experiments With Peas. A portion of plot 1, series VI, was devoted to experiments with peas. Through the kindness of Professor W. T. Macoun, of the Experimental Farms at Ottawa, Canada, seeds were obtained of four varieties of peas. The original peas of this lot were obtained of a New York seed house in 1896, and suc- cessive crops of these varieties had been grown by Professor Macoun at Ottawa each year since that date. These peas were sown in parallel rows with seed of the same sorts obtained direct from the same seed house that originally furnished the Canadian seed. The seed purchased from the New York house this spring was grown in Jefferson County, New York. The com- parison was, therefore, between seed with its ancestory Canadian since 1896 and that from a more southern locality. The seed was sown on April 26th; upon May oth row 1 was more advanced than row 2. Row 3 was a little better than row PLATE XI. Bean Holders. The upper case holds one hundred samples of green podde« bush and various sorts of Lima Beans. The lower case has forty-eight numbers of Wax Beans EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT. 527 4, while row 6 was in advance of row 5. The same differences were observed on May 17th. Row 6 was the first to show bloom, which was on May 27th. Upon June 14th the “Abundance” and “Alaska” were ready for picking. In the time of fruiting, maturing, etc.. there was no material difference between the Canadian and New York “Abundance” plants. The New York “Alaska” seed gave some- what larger vines. On the other hand, the New York “O’Rourke” seed produced the smaller plants. The following table shows some of the facts recorded for a thirty-foot row of the three varieties: . 2 NAME OF VARIETY. 3 : 5 ae | a8 24 ie fy 2 4 & 8 ro) 3 3 3 3 a 2 & & SRADONGENGG OANACR Seven aoc tc cons g ae 2 2 6-8 lbs 1 10-16 Ibs. 356 1,486 - Mea © Orisa. accede terest s6 3 11-16 Lade-a6i- = 616 2,416 sag AT a: Fit VT: [eee Se ee a 1 es Cet Br 519 1,852 New: York. 522.5 ecw oth: e+ 6-16 6? 1 fe 512 1,814 Daniel O’Rourke, Canada—weight not taken. 1,000 “ . New Or Kure stat cra osc = 1 3-16"."* Us Sa 514 1,410 Further Observations Upon Salsify Hybrids. Plot III., series II., was sown last season to a mixture of seeds of a hybrid between the garden salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius L.) and the wild species (7. pratensis L.). The season’s record for colors of the blooms, according to Prang’s list, is as follows : - 528 NEW JERSEY STATE AGRICULTURAL No. ZAP OATKeCL TCOsCOQOrANLZ EC. hi cicicidicis = win’s = coe Geeeroe 6 2 ATK TCO TEA OTAN RCs. 2. ctrecchs «te snaloleeiohays Skee 4 ote earker-red. Oranele. Sate. ose dele es Se eee 37 41. “Darker orange red orange...... oof. 3s e8ee: 28 61 Darker orange yellow orange......... ...... 9 S2-obark yellow yellow, Orange....... c. sacs oon Zz S2Be Dark “yellow. occ oe Oe ree Oe eee oe ese eee 8 Parent types oan OV Cliow. ne eee ce Ne eee ha eo ree aba eRe 28 Gero ht sy CHOW. bec eo Stes sss ese w cee hee eee ees 13 Siren SHEL YEW OW eric cu ic ees eccrine eee i 223 Wiolet reds VAiGlet x. 212 5-1 fh a cherries bletv ota 4 Parent type. 224 *Jbisht violetsred- violet... 32> <--.6 set ees sens 10 2252 EIS Hter Violet. LEG sVIOlCt. ooh oa, teen ce eee 31 Deo TRE VIOLA seein oS Lee el eee eee eee 78 234) Asie ht: TeGRVIOICES 5 tes Sat eee oo cee eee 86 235). Laighter red violet. ai icaccesk he tee eee ee ee 6 aoe Wark Ted\red. VIOlCE.2 2] oe eo aie eee 50 ZAS eed TEC: WADIELS. Sooo ne os oie ais ee ei eee 31 2050. Orance 2Tay s(DIOWD)e 2 eek oo: cee eee 5 Soom uichter: ViOlek. Tred Violet: sea. os hee oe et 16 Sota LaASht TeGaVIQNets:~ 228 loca meee eae al BoD, Lighter Tred? array: (russ6b) soa.