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Pere at
REPORT
OF THE
FIFTY-THIRD MEETING
OF THE
BRITISH ASSOCIATION
FOR THE
~ ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE;
HELD AT
SOUTHPORT IN SEPTEMBER 1883,
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1884,
Office of the Association: 22 ALBEMARLE SrreET, Lonpoy, W.
LONDON: PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
AND PARLIAMENT STREET of
7
CONTENTS,
ees
Page
Oxsects and Rules of the Association ..............0..cceoeseeeseedeestacsccensectae xxi
Places and Times of Meeting and Officers from commencement ............... XXVili
Presidents and Secretaries of the Sections of the Association from com-
PELE TCS IED yrange cilestice'v asinania oe «sch viene ch «a wkicloaspicctdo ecialveratumeeeoseen denies =: XXXV
MRD dele fokanin Sy cai sdeuptnernanpnap aon sec 4a aaceaappanaanteneeoimeticyat xlix
lectures to! the. Operative Classes... 2... cic. .cd ie escescehidecssdesddeececcobonccdeck li
Officers of Sectional Committees present at the Southport Meeting............ li
Table showing the Attendance and Receipts at Annual Meetings ............ liv
NRE MME CONE 22 yc. Coos vc ce cescuecsastecsdaudetecch sscidetanascdsedcauieeticnssee lvi
PenGees ARO CONCH, 1883-84) /,...55.ce2isssosicceseneneveonsdeversedasusscedeessseadcs lvii
‘Report of the Council to the General Committee ...........ccccceeeeeeeeceeeeeee lviii
Recommendations of the General Committee for Additional Reports and
REA MEE SI OTEES 6 83 sececisch inst hccds cvs {dows deeb deleo geek duday htedele Ixi
SMITE ETT EATING cc snot. dowe ce 4s carpin scion dacQabccs na ssiaeen teas (raubnessae Ixviii
Hinees-Of Meeting in 1884 and 1885...........:.....sssssccececlescoesecsssensssaceces lxix
General Statement of Sums which have been paid on account of Grants
MEE TRUE ENENOR CIs AICckt Oty steel sieseccen cs ebivaed tom aheteecicadacasateds Ixx
Arrangement of the General Meetings ...........:.scccsesscceccreseccesscceeneeseees Ixxx
Address by the President, ArnrHuR Caytry, Esq., M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.B.S.,
Sadlerian Professor of Pure Mathematics in the University of Cambridge... 1
REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor G. Carry Fosrrr, Sir
Wi11am Tomson, Professor Ayrton, Mr. J. Purry, Professor W. G.
Avams, Lord Raytrren, Professor Jenxry, Dr. O. J. Loner, Dr. Jonn
Hopkinson, Dr. A. Murrueap (Secretary), Mr. W. H. Preece, Mr.
Hersert Tayitor, Professor Evrrert, Professor Scuusrer, Sir W.
Siemens, Dr. J. A. Fremine, Professor G. F. Frrzcrratp, Mr. R. T.
GLazmBRooK, and Professor CuRysrat, appointed for the purpose of con-
structing and issuing practical Standards for use in Electrical Measure-
aa a eens ec tals dyes ng an oan aekenwsems encjere scsaaran eed 4]
Sixteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Evgrerr, Pro-
fessor Sir Wittram Tuomson, Mr. G. J. Syuons, Sir A. C. Ramsay,
AZ
1vV CONTENTS.
Page
Professor GErxiE, Mr. J. Guatsorr, Mr. PEnertiy, Professor Epwarp
Hutt, Professor Prestwicu, Dr. C. Lz Neve Fosrmr, Professor A. S.
HeErscHEL, Professor G. A. Lepour, Mr. A. B. Wynnz, Mr. GaLLoway,
Mr. JosrpH Dickinson, Mr. G. F. Deacon, Mr. E. WErHER=D, and Mr. A.
SrRaHAN, appointed for the purpose of investigating the Rate of Increase
of Underground Temperature downwards in various Localities of Dry Land
and under Water. Drawn up by Professor EVERETT (Secretary) .......... 260
Report of the Committee, consisting of Captain ABNnzEy, Professor Stoxss,
and Professor ScuusteR (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of deter-
mining the best Experimental Methods that can be used in observing Total
MI OLAEEE CIPHER Mecpncsesascendetevsraceciescecsossocasssesusedesehensience sar teveseeeenretees
Report of a Committee, consisting of Professors G. H. Darwin and J.C.
ApAms, for the Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Observations. Drawn up by
AGL apesd eID SIDYVIEN apewestettenitce'ssivss cs so+esssessieon o0secnesenenemsenaeseserasseaeenesseammed
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. Roprrr H. Scorr (Secretary),
Mr. J. Norman Lockyer, Professor G. G. Sroxrs, Professor BALFouR
Stewart, and Mr. G. J. Symons, appointed for the purpose of co-operating
with the Meteorological Society of the Mauritius in their proposed publica-
tion of Daily Synoptic Charts of the Indian Ocean from the year 1861.......
ig of the Committee, consisting of Professor Caytry, Professor G. G.
SroKEs, Sir Wizr1am THomson, Mr. JAMES GLAIsHER, and Mr. J. W. L.
GLAIsHER, on Mathematical Tables ......... Soci enece sp eeearaesient acs aasencenseaeoes
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Crum Brown (Secretary),
and Messrs. Mitnr-Hotmz, Jonn Murray, and Bucuan, appointed for
the purpose of co-operating with the Scottish Meteorological Society in
making Meteorological Observations on Ben Nevis .........sccseesceeeeceeeeeees
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Scuuster (Secretary), Sir
Witiiam THomson, Professor H. EH. Roscon, Professor A. S. HErscHet,
Captain W. pe W. Asyey, Mr. R. H. Scorz, Dr. J. H. Guapsronn, and
Mr. J. B. N. Hennussry, appointed for the purpose of investigating the
practicability of collecting and identifying Meteoric Dust, and of consider-
ing the question of undertaking regular observations in various localities...
Report of the Committee, consisting of Captain AnbNnzy (Secretary), Pro-
fessor W.G. Apams, Professor G. C. Foster, Lord RayteicH, Mr. PREECE,
Professor ScuustER, Professor Dewar, Mr. Vernon Harcovrt, and Pro-
fessor AyRTON, reappointed for the purpose of fixing a Standard of
DWihibe aCe wfc. ccscececocecacnevacucumepeecewetastesceenensecdosens steers se senameeae ryt
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors WILLIAMSON, FRANKLAND,
Roscoz, Crum Brown, and Opiine, and Messrs. J. Mittar THomson,
V. H. Vrey, and H. B. Drxon (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of
drawing up a statement of the varieties of Chemical Names which have
come into use, for indicating the causes which have led to their adoption,
and for considering what can be done to bring about some convergence of
the views on Chemical Nomenclature obtaining among English and foreign
CHEMISES: soos cece ccceccdsccccssscsecaceccousbosssulecotecmeeteranedecbeesce coeete teammates 1
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors Op1ine, Huntine-
ton, and Hartiey (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investi-
gating by means of Photography the Ultra-Violet Spark Spectra emitted
by Metallic Elements, and their combinations under varying conditions.
Drawn up by Professor W. Ni HARTIBY. .. 29.5. soegetescecseeciosoesse sve scree teeees
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors W. A. TrzpEn and H. E.
ArmMstrRonG (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investigating
Asomeric Naphthalene Derivatives ...5....:..ce+ecessontubwessters eve sasecostenenes
45
49
118
118
126
CONTENTS. Vv
Page
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor VALENTINE Batt, Pro-
fessor W. Boyp Dawkins, Dr. J. Evans, Mr. G. H. Krnawan, and Mr.
Ricaarp J. UssHer (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of carrying out
Explorations in Caves in the Carboniferous Limestone in the South of
MMM EE Secale’ ca socccee css SossNcascewacectcancdsouateebvocanssecduton aaoeceaese sce 132
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor A. H. Green, Professor
L. C. Mratt, Mr. Joun Briee, and Mr. James W. Davis (Secretary),
appointed to assist in the Exploration of Raygill Fissure, Yorkshire ......... 13:
Eleventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors J. Prestwicu,
W. Boyp Dawktins, T. McK. Hueuss, and T. G. Bonnuy, Dr. H. W.
CrosskEy, Dr. DEann, and Messrs. C. E. Dr Rance, H. G. Forpuam, J. E.
Lez, D. MacxinrosH, W. PENGELLY, J. Prant, and R. H. TippEmay, for
the purpose of recording the position, height above the sea, lithological
characters, size, and origin of the Erratic Blocks of England, Wales, and
Treland, reporting other matters of interest connected with the same, and
taking measures for their preservation. Drawn up by Dr. Crosskey,
Te NeN MAAN een an sete te years a vaaschucecs darssccnsac aatcaceanse antecamnemre cence ccsces sae 136
Ninth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor E. Hurt, Dr. H. W.
CrosskEy, Captain Dovatas Gatton, Professors G. A. Lesour and J.
PreEstwicH, and Messrs. JAMES GLAISHER, H. Marren, 1H. B. Marren,
G. H. Morton, W. PENGELLY, JAMES Prant, JAMES Parker, I. Roperts,
Txos. 8. Stooxs, G. J. Symons, W. Torrey, E. Wermerep, W. WHITAKER,
and C. E. De Rancz (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investigat-
ing the Circulation of Underground Waters in the Permeable Formations
of England, and the Quantity and Character of the Water supplied to
various Towns and Districts from these Formations, Drawn up by C. E.
MPA cca addanadnvanacesn~sGedAcsedddacads bond dzimaedammementdos ueesiec con pais dase se 147
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. C. Wrtramson, Mr.
Taos. Hick, and Mr. W. CasH (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of
investigating the Fossil Plants of Halifax .............cccccseeeseeeeeceeeeeneeeenes 160
Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. H. C. Sorsy and Mr.
a G. R. Vine, appointed for the purpose of reporting on Fossil Polyzoa.
Drawn
pa by Mira Viena ((SECTELAITY)) atceo.ssccs-cconesessesaeasdesceeascceseneessese 161
Part I. Cretaceous Polyzoa. British area only ...........secseeseeeeeeeeees 161
Part II. Classification of Cyclostomatous Polyzoa, etc. .........sesseeeeeees 175
Part ILL. Pseudo-Polyzoan Forms.............sccsescesscececsecsecserseeeees w-- 205
Part 1V. Bibliography .............sseeeeee “Enecsostts pies neeacaeeeseeacase ase , 206
Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. C. WILLIAMSON
and Mr. W. H. Barty, appointed for the purpose of investigating the
Tertiary Flora of the North of Ireland. Drawn up by WitLIAM HELLIER
SPATE, EGS. FGzSS MRA. (Secretary):....:...cecsstecscesveeveeseecntecaseve 209
eS of the Committee, consisting of Mr. R. Eruertmper, Mr. Tomas
RAY, and Professor Joun MILN& (Secretary), appuinted for the purpose
of investigating the Earthquake Phenomena of Japan .........:.0ssessereereeses 211
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. R. Erueriper, Dr. H. Woop-
L WARD, and Professor T. Rupprt Jonzs (Secretary), on the Fossil Phyllopoda
of the Palaeozoic Rocks ............seesee0s petachtantaeeta eevee aaa ve eanea aoa sclnatten t's 215
Third Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. Scrarer, Mr. Howarp
Saunpers, and Mr, Tutsetton-Dysr (Secretary), appointed for the purpose
of investigating the Natural History of Timor-laut ............csseseeceeceeceeees
Report of the Committee, consisting of Lieut.-Col. Gopwry-AvsteNn, Dr.
G. Harrravs, Sir J. Hooxrr, Dr. GintHER, Mr. Skesoum, and Mr. P. L.
SciaTer (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investigating the Natural
veny of Socotra and the adjacent Highlands of Arabia and Somali :
and....... Sasa ees edeescwchessonaseneudadencsercsisaanance Socbntaderasarcssceoueoe sadueee 22
vi CONTENTS.
Page
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir JosrepH Hooxrr, Dr. Ginruer,
Mr. Howarp Saunpers, and Mr. P. L. Scrarer (Secretary), appointed
for the purpose of exploring Kilimanjaro and the adjoining mountains of
Hastern Mquatorial Adrien ie.t csi sveecesssstaisoe Gdve sevice cadets dente aneevestlceetes 228
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. Jonny CorpEavx (Secretary),
Mr. J. A. Harviz-Brown, Mr. P. M. C. Kermopn, Professor Newron, Mr.
R. M. Barroeron, and Mr. A. G. Morn, reappointed at Southampton, for
the purpose of obtaining (with the consent of the Master and Brethren of
the Trinity House, and the Commissioners of Northern and Ivish Lights)
observations on the Migration of Birds at Lighthouses and Lightships, and
of reporting on the same ............. Foals sade s ddvecaeties side th seid aeeate aobwenestiue 229
Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. PyE-Smira, Professor M.
Fosrmr, Professor Huxtry, Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Gwyn JEFFREYs, Professor
Ray Lanxesrer, Professor ALLMAN, and Mr. Percy SiapEn (Secretary),
appointed for the purpose of aiding in the maintenance of the Scottish
WOOIOLICASbAMLON esse Mseccsesnereceoonsenssscccdsceeesees sect tactee sf eeaeneetat eat eee 233
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Ray Lanxester, Professor
Newton, Professor Huxtry, Mr. P. L. Sctarmr, Professor ALLMAN, Pro-
fessor M. Fosrrr, Mr. A. Sepe@wick, and Mr. Percy Siapren (Secretary),
appointed for the purpose of arranging for the occupation of a Table at
the Zoological Station at Naples yo wc... sc.s.rs. spor snc erueees ones sastenyeausenee deuep 234
Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. Pyn-Smirxu, Professor DE CHAU-
mont, Dr. M. Foster, and Dr. Burpon SanpErson (Secretary), reappointed
for the purpose of investigating the Influence of Bodily Exercise on the
Elimination of Nitrogen (the experiments conducted by Mr. Nortz).
Br pwns yy: MT; AN ORAS ah caddie acens csiidane vince anamen cain sone ce teiivec sce eee ene 242
Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. R. Mztpota, General Prrr-
Rivers, Mr. Worrarneton Smirn, and Mr. Wit11am Corn, appointed
to investigate the Ancient Earthwork in Epping Forest, known as the
‘“TLonghion’ orf Gowperia” Camp. .-
duslecas «kee case S:toscadscor HEAR 456.
4, Ortho-Amido-Cinnamic Acid. By T. M. Moraan, B.Sc.........ccccceeeeeeee 458
5. On the preparation of Cinnamic Acid,. By T. M. Morgan, B.Se. .......... 458
6. On Manganese Bronze. By P. M., PARSONS......ccsssecelecsececescesceesceececes 459
bo
10.
. Report of the Committee on Chemical Nomenclature.............:2cceeeeeeeees 459
. Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of investigating by
CONTENTS. xi
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21.
means of Photography the Ultra-Violet Spark-Spectra emitted by Me-
tallic Elements, and their Combinations under varying conditions ......... 459
. Explosion of Carbonic.Acid Gas.—A Demonstration. By H. B. Drxon,
Rubpereapli, (OiSiacsecneetecteecesssstecensscereclateetacecy. Saamoee ean tae seecieeeeaeteaner mers 459
. Chemical Views on the Constitution of Matter. By Professor A. W.
Witiiamson, Ph.D., F.RS. «2.2.05... SE ORESECSEE RED AEE BREE OLESOE A eereccsertas sacs 459
. On the Atomic Weight of Manganese. By Professor Jamzs Dewar, M.A.,
Plus and ALBAN DER SCOT: ME Ahy Dien rere. ci. ccsseewontcecsecseeses 459
. On the Molecular Weights of the Substituted Ammonias. By Professor
James Dewar, M.A., F.R.S., and Atexanper Scorr, M.A., D.Sce.......... 460
. The Length of the Prismatic Spectrum as a Test of Chemical Purity. By
Wm, GLA DSTON I Be RSs 8 os « doaseckaceudes ton ost wate t= ete ate e eas ae 461
. The Application of Bisulphide of Carbon to the Scouring of Wool. By
Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY, Ph.D) .zcsviwaananesaccsuees ovesewedensed ene andevcons 462
. On the Conversion of Oleic Acid into Palmitic Acid, and Fusions with
Caustic Alkalies at High Temperatures. By Wa. Lant CarPENntrer,
Berea g BO Src an sn nn snsuesos oven aWboeh thea Qe tsm eas Gies dab aah taghd » afeceisiy