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NITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

POAC he eT LL:

REPORT

OF

THE COMMISSIONER

FOR

LSS9.to.bSol;

[FROM JULY 1, 1889, TO JUNE 30, 1891. ]

CC
19Ldaz

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1893.

Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring therein), That the
Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, covering the operations of the
Commission for the fiscal years 1889-90 and 1890-91, be printed; and that there be
printed 8,000 extra copies, of which 2,000 shall be for the use of the Senate, 4,000 for
the use of the House of Representatives, and 2,000 for the use of the Commissioner
of Fish and Fisheries; the illustrations to be obtained by the Public Printer under
the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing.

Agreed to by the Senate March 23, 1892.

Agreed to by the House May 10, 1892.

CON TENTS.

Page
anon Orch eke OMmisslONerscee ses. = sone cts Soe date Seamless tssinces wane 1-96
Report upon the Inquiry respecting Food-fishes and the Fishing-grounds.
Byshichard lath pumice sss-qsssce 55 Sete ale Soci Somes see neeeer ese ce ce 97-171
~ Report on the Inquiry regarding the Methods and Statistics of the Fish-
eries. By Hugh M. Smith ....-...... Whee noodle Ease sess SeGSt Ie eot 173-204
APPENDICES.

Report upon the Investigations of the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Alba- )
tross from July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891. By Z. L. Tanner..........-... 207-342
Report of Observations respecting the Oyster Resources and Oyster Fishery
of the Pacific Coast of the United States. By Charles H. Townsend .. 343-372

Report on the Coast Fisheries of Texas. By Charles H. Stevenson .-.-.-.--.. 373-420
A Review of the Sparoid Fishes of America and Europe. By David Starr

Jordan and Bert Kesler 22. ..2 222 s2%.2-22-+2 Steen Se eee ow oe ee cis Ses ces 421-544
On Fish Entozoa from Yellowstone National Park. By Edwin Linton. --... 545-564

Plankton Studies: A Comparative Investigation of the Importance and
Constitution of the Pelagic Faunaand Flora. By Ernst Heckl. Trans-
lated by George Wilton Field ............... BEBO Rees aaorseseeeeee 565-641

Ill

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Plate . 1.

LIST ‘OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.
BRITO Pb ATURE NG een noes aevetere cette ins cate cla Rie Neyo ateteclNeiora aici a wins ele vereTateiela'varetars avatevonsyarara

OYSTER RESOURCES AND OYSTER FISHERY OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

2. Chart of San Francisco and San Pablo Bays, showing the location of Oyster Grounds.
3. Fig. 1.—Float and Packing Boxes, San Francisco Bay ..-..----.-----+-+-...-...-5-----

Ne 2.— Oy Sten SLOOP wan HM ranCiINCOlBa yn sn acss nce sacs = anna a eencnai ens ccisieee men <eemins
4. Map Showing the Native and Cultivated Oyster Beds in Willapa Bay, Washington... -
5.. Fig. 1.—Oyster Float and Bateau, Willapa Bay-..--..2-..-52-22.52..022-500-20-e cece

Wis. 2 — TRO USeNaU Alby Aa- cae eee so aiee ee mn cee eee cael ace eee Secte cls beet ceetonte tes
6. Shell-heap in Algodones Lagoon, Gulf of California, accumulated through the drying

no
~1

of oysters by Yaqui Indians. Live oysters around margin.......-..........-------

. Culling Oysters; single float in foreground, double float in background; scows, etc.

The Morgan Oyster Company's Station at Millbrae .............--...-.-.------2:---

- Inclosed Oyster Bed at Low Tide, Showing how thickly Oysters are laid out; M. B.

IGE TS Ena h Sum NSW bre GN ae eee eae nee BS ooo eoReneab abtmaceEmusouere cucecbooneao

. Large Double Float, with Scows, Tongs, Baskets, and other features of the Oyster

Hishory- Mess Morachan'’s Hstablishmtent 2. S222): 2/1 a- eee) seine 2 ate satnasieeialei=

Se Loncine Ovstersin) ally MTancisCODaYscts ce scile oe cc. maja noses aiaic siaeres sasielenieeee
. Bay Center, Washington; center of Oyster Fishery of Willapa Bay...............---.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS.

. Fig. 1.—Green-turtle Cannery at Fulton, with Turtle Pen in the foreground .-........-.

Fig. 2.Fish and Oyster Boats in ‘‘ Vegetable Slip,’ Galveston ....-..-......-.---.---

aMugit cephalus Linneus. Striped Mullet. s. =... 2200222222222 secseen se cenne cece =e eee
. Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill). Spanish Mackerel ....-....-..-..--....-..-------
Caranz hippos (Linnwus)., ‘Crevalle; dackish,=- 2-224 2.2.02 hens nicnee es een cae e
PPRONLALOMUSs salearria (luinnseus):) eBLUehSh's 2 aiqsen aia a e\ctalsysacisislseine ere sce acai e cco =
. Trachynotus carolinus (Linneus). Pompano ...-.-- eee Be Dal ER eee omc akan ee
a uoceus uineatus ( bloch) a) Striped ass) AOCkiSh) a5 42 =-ela see tleseiscrs aden elas
19.
LSU aTU SHO Ms (LOCI) ae GCE SID POT are erie a 2 Seis epee sare aaa] alate a Slehala areinte -rolecyecctata tale ale
. Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum). Sheepshead....-....--.-----------+---.0-----
S Scuenavoceuaig (uinneus), . Redish Channel Bass: - 22s 2/222 senccns.s seaeecseeeceeee
Pei O OUTER CRATES) (LANTUS) ar MUM a a) tet a asettae tates oc ac cite nana as Sons seeptocrarne
. Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Trout; Sea Trout ..........--.------
. Micropogon undulatus (Linnus). Croaker ..............-------+--- Denes sae astm datas
26.
. Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan and Gilbert. Flounder.............-.-------++--2+++-

EUR DELUSINTG TILES (OL OTOO]) has SO WALSID ==). k wae cosets a cia elma nsiate's e ela aisles cals <2

Lachnolaimus faleatus (Linneus). Hogfish; Capitaine...............-.-.-..---------

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE.

. Lutjanus griseus (Linneeus). The Gray Snapper or Mangrove Snapper......-.--------
. Lutjanus caxis (Bloch and Schneider). The Schoolmaster..............-...--.----.---
PRL OUE OO CROC) = PROG. SNAP POrs aaa ne cess ae om shia aisias = la seiersieicm acislnia esimensios'ar
. Lutianus analis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). The Mutton-fish or Pargo Criollo --.--.-
. Lutianus synagris (Linneus). The Lane Snapper or Biajaiba ....-.-..-.--.-.---------
. Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch). The Yellow-tail Snapper or Rabirubia..-......--.--------
. Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier and Valeuciennes). ‘The Cagon.....-......----------

VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE—Continued.
Page

Plate 35. Hemulon album Cuvier and Valenciennes. The Margate-fish or Jallao......-.....--- 544
36. Hemulon macrostoma Giinther. The Striped Margate-fish ...........-..-...-.--.---- 544
37. Hemulon parra (Desmarest). The Sailor’s Choice or Ronco Blanco..........-.-..-.--. 544
38. Hemulon sciurus (Shaw). ‘The Yellow Grunt or Ronco Amarillo ...............-.---- 544
39. Hemulon plumiert (Lacépéde). The Common Grunt or Ronco Ronco...........-.-.--- 544
40. Hemulon chrysargyreum Giiuther. The Small-mouthed Grunt ...........-....-...--- 544

41. Hemulon rimator Jordan and Swain. Young. The Tom-tate or Flannel-mouthed
Grantr see sak soe Stee bao ae cle ete = pee ee ae aha Stn ee ol aot a ce 544

42. Hemulon rimator Jordan and Swain. Adult. The Tom-tate or Flannel-mouthed
GXUGG =. ess sek tee eet basen ete seein saws ee cints Se lciereie els ei eis eters cat are te 544
43. Anisotremus virginicus (Linnzus). The Porkfish or Catalineta.............-.---..--- 544
44. Orthopristis chrysopterus (Linnzus).. The Pigfish .......-.........--.--------+--.---- 544
45. Stenotomus aculeatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). The Southern Porgy .....-.--..---- 544
AGr Stenotomusienrysops i(Uinnee us) =.) NOUSC Opie see alee = ae lalele ale lelet tat ate te la a ee ee 544
47. Stenotomus caprinus Bean. The Goat-head Scup-....------------ 2-0 sene=ne =e eae sae 544
48. Calamus calamus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). The Saucer-eye Porgy-.--.---------.--- 544
49. Calamus proridens Jordan and Gilbert. The Little-head Porgy or Pez de Pluma ..... 544
50. Calamus bajonado (Bloch and Schneider). The Jolt-head Porgy or Bajonado -...-..--. 544
51. Calamus penna Cuvier and Valenciennes. The Little-mouth Porgy or Sheepshead Porgy 544
52. Calamus arctifrons Goode and Bean. The Grass Porgy ..-..--.--..--.--.-----+--+--+-- 544
53. Sparus pagrus Linneus. The Red Porgy (the true Porgy or Pargo of Rhadba) Se wide as 544
54. Lagodon rhomboides (Linnzus). The Pinfish or Chopa Spina .......-..-..---.------- 544
55. Archosargus unimaculatus (Bloch). The Salema...... A SS Secs Be ead ae ae 544
56. Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum). The Sheepshead. Adult -.........--.------ 544
57. Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum). The Sheepshead. Young..--.-...-.-------- 544
58. Diplodus holbrooki (Bean). The Ring-tailed Bream. Young..-.-.-.. SPAR AMAABERATe Coe oe 544
59. Diplodus holbrooki (Bean). The Ring-tailed Bream. Adult...-..............--..----- 544
60. Hermosillu azurea Jenkins and Evermann. The Hermosilla..............-.-----.-.-- 544
OL yKaphasus sectatrie (linnsus). {the Rudder:fish’. 2c. o-ces6 se eeee. eee ee oe see eeee 544
62. Medialuna californiensis (Steindachner), The Medialuna ..............-.---.-------- 544

ON ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

G3: Wipe dito 18.2. 552d oe Sa e PD le Se ae Pn, WT 564
CRN OF Polo ES ee nem PRS SS A a RS ee eS Ne nee: 564
655 Migs .20:t0/32) 52. 22s pce Besa sate a eee ae oe oe eae a 564
G6. Migs 83:h0 89.226 foc db Poste se aoe EK Se CR ORE Ea eg Ok 564
OY SETS AO POD2) cc:t pia(citw ise ere aicisis,s57 wis eauats Saige ie araeneere oe Ok ereleiein ee Rae eek ee ee 564

REO es
OF THE

UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

FOR THE

FISCAL YEARS 1889-90 AND 1890-91.

In accordance with the resolution of Congress, the accompanying
report presents the work of the Commission for the period commencing
July 1, 1889, and ending June 30, 1891.

The appropriations for the current expenses of the work of the Com-
mission during the two fiscal years covered by this report were as fol-
lows:

Appropriation. 1889-90. | 1890-91.

Compensation of Commissioner..............-.-.----------- $5,000 | $5, 000
Propas ation oh food-tishes a2- --s2e sce sees nese se eee eee 150,000 | 150, 000
Distrib ubloniohtOGdtisShes as... sae nce ce ee eee eee see 35, 000 50, 000 .
MciInenANCE OL VESSCIS see sais omic tonic cise bis smyeiasceisees 53, 900 53, 900
Inquiny respecting food fishes. s2esececa0 ss. 2cene soca see 20, 000 20, 000
UALS MC ALMA WUE Ye. sferstate eraeia ne aieamines acim cis seit cine ne 10, 000 20, 000
Maintenance of Neosho Station, Missouri ...........--..--- 5000! |e -artere rs

ALO bal eae ee eee ate EN rae EE ER Boheme Ph Rael Oe 278, 900 | 298, 900

As required by law, detailed reports of the expenditures under these
appropriations were presented to Congress December 1, 1890 (Mis. Doc.
No. 5, House of Representatives, Vifty-first Congress, second session)
and December 1, 1891 (Mis. Doc. No. 16, Senate, Fifty-second Congress,
first session). These reports exhibit the expenditures for the conduct
of each of the Commission’s stations, and also for the special lines of
inquiry conducted by the Commission.

H. Mis. 1183——1 A

2 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

INQUIRY RESPECTING FOOD-FISHES AND THE FISHING-
GROUNDS.

A full account of the operations of the division conducting these in-
vestigations will be found in the accompanying report of Mr. Richard
Rathbun, assistant in charge (pages 97 to 171).

My last report contains an outline of the preliminary investigations
respecting the fishing-grounds of the North Pacific region, begun by
the steamer Albatross in the summer of 1888, and which it was pro-
posed to extend to all the waters adjacent to the territory of the United
States on the western coast. During the past two years these surveys
have been completed between the Straits of Juan de Fuca and the
Mexican boundary line, or off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and
California, and a partial examination has been made of the shallow-
water area composing the eastern part of Bering Sea.

Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. 8. Navy, who has commanded
the Albatross ever since she was placed in commission at the beginning
of 1884, has been in direct charge of the conduct of these inquiries, and
it is a pleasing duty to make official record of the uniformly capable
and efficient services rendered by him in this connection. As com-
manding officer he has displayed rare seamanship, and at the same
time such tact and discretion under difficult and often perplexing con-
ditions of administration as to merit the strongest commendation.

During July, 1889, the Albatross was placed at the disposal of the U.S.
Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, and was used in visiting the prin-
cipal Indian settlements in the southeastern part of Alaska. Subse-
quently the fishery investigations were resumed to the south of Cape
Flattery and were carried southward as far as Cape Mendocino. Dur-
ing the following winter the region between Point Arena and Point
Conception was examined, and in the autumn of 1890 the remaining
section of the coast from Cape Mendocine to Poimt Arena.

The summer of 1890, beginning in May, was spent entirely in Bering
Sea, where it was found that the principal banks frequented by the
cod are located off the northern side of the Alaska Peninsula, com-
mencing at Unimak Pass and extending, with only a single break,
parallel with the coast to near the head of Bristol Bay. Kulukak Bay
also furnishes several smaller grounds. Only two banks are recog-
nized in the southern part of Bristol Bay, both of which afford excel-
lent fishing in moderate depths of water. The most western one, called
Slime Bank, is peculiarly infested during the summer season with
immense numbers of a large jelly-fish, which are said to remain near
the bottom and to greatly interfere with fishing operations during that
period. Baird Bank, which hes to the eastward of, and nearly adjoins,
Slime Bank, is the largest fishing-ground which has yet been discov-

ered in Alaskan waters, its size being slightly greater than that of

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 3

Georges Bank, in the Northern Atlantic. The best. fishing-spots occur
in the region adjacent to Port Moller and Herendeen Bay, two impor-
tant inlets for shelter during stormy weather, of which the entrance to
the former and the channel through the latter were surveyed and
mapped. A coal mine had been opened near the head of Herendeen
Bay just previous to the visit of the Albatross, which took the first
output of coal and found the same of good quality for steaming pur-
poses. The starting of this new enterprise marks a decisive step
toward the development of this region, and should it result in the
establishment of a permanent settlement it can not fail to advance
materially the interests of the neighboring fisheries.

The season proved too short to complete the investigations in Bering
Sea as originally planned, outside of the fishing-ground above referred
to, and it will be necessary to resume the work at some future time.
The position of the western margin of the continental platform was
defined, however, for a considerable distance, and a good beginning
has been made toward a knowledge of those physical and biological
features of the sea which relate to the habits and distribution of the
fur seal and other aquatic mammals.

By the surveys of the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California,
the contour of the continental border has been developed from the
shore line into depths of 200 fathoms as far south as Point Conception,
the region between the latter place and San Diego having been pre-
viously explored. <A great wealth of hydrographic information of value
to navigation has thereby been obtained, in addition to a very fair
knowledge of the fishery resources. Very few defined fishing-banks
were discovered, but food-fishes of many species, and of good quality,
were generally distributed along the coast. Halibut were taken as far
south as Heceta Bank, off the coast of Oregon, but they are apparently
nowhere sufficiently abundant south of Cape Flattery to induce the
sending out of vessels equipped solely for their capture. Several kinds
of flounders and of rock-cod are very plentiful, however, and only the
lack of suitable markets stands in the way of the erganization-of an
extensive fishery almost anywhere northward of the region tributary
to San Francisco, where much activity has now prevailed for a number
of years.

A very careful series of temperature and density as well as biologi-
cal observations in different parts of San Francisco Bay, by Mr. ©. H.
Townsend, the naturalist of the steamer Albatross, seems to indicate
that the waters of that region are not, as has hitherto been supposed,
unsuited to the breeding of the Atlantic coast oysters, and further
investigations regarding this matter are awaited with much interest.
Should the establishment of self-sustaining beds of the larger and
better quality of oyster prove possible in this bay, it would certainly
tend to stimulate the development of an important industry.

nee

4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Under authority from the President of the United States, the Com-
missioner has been gratified to assign the steamer Albatross to a spe-
cial scientific investigation of the waters lying off the western coast
of America, between Cape San Francisco and the Galapagos Islands, on
the south, and the Gulf of California, on the north. This inquiry, which
took place during the early part of 1891, was planned and personally
directed by Prof. Alexander Agassiz, director of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoblogy at Harvard University, who also paid a large propor-
tion of the running expenses of the cruise. Scarcely anything had
previously been learned regarding the physical or natural-history char-
acteristics of the region, and the expedition proved entirely successful,
promising results of an important character. The materials and obser-
vations obtained have been placed in Prof. Agassiz’s charge for elabo-
ration, and three reports bearing upon the same have already been
published.

The most extensive and important operations on the Atlantic coast
have been conducted in the interest of the oyster industry. A com-

plete survey has been made of the coast waters of South Carolina, |
which, it is expected, will direct attention to the abundant resources |
contained within the boundaries of this State. The oysters are |

almost exclusively of the raccoon type, seldom growing upon the
bottom, but forming narrow ledges or flats along the borders of the
bays and of the numerous winding tidal channels, between the levels of
high and low tide, wherever the conditions are favorable for their exist-
ence. The cause of this surface distribution has not yet been entirely
explained, but the observations so far made suggest that possibly the
relatively high specific gravity of the water prevents the spat from
sinking below the surface. Should this prove to be the case, the estab-
lishment of self-sustaining beds below the level of low tide may be im-
possible, but further investigations are required before passing finally
upon this question. In any event an important industry is insured in
the use of the raccoon oysters as seed, which, when planted in suitable
localities, grow to a good shape, and improve greatly in flavor and
consistency. This method of oyster farming is already practiced sue-
cessfully in two or three places, but only on a very limited scale, and
the business is susceptible of extensive development.

The States of Maryland and Virginia have both become greatly con-
cerned regarding the future prosperity of their oyster fisheries. The
fact that the oyster beds of Chesapeake Bay have apparently been
deteriorating for a number of years has led to the very general convic-
tion that some radical changes in the management of the industry are
necessary in order to prevent a very serious depletion. In the spring
of 1891 the steamer ish Hawk began an investigation of this region,
the principal object of which was to obtain as much accurate informa-
tion as possible respecting the present condition of the beds, and the

My

inst ariel i de
pple eae —
2 nn

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. S)

practicability of extending the area of production by artificial plant-
ings, as has been done in Long Island Sound. The survey was first
taken up in Tangier Sound, where a similar inquiry had been conducted
by the Coast Survey about twelve years before, in the expectation that
the results obtained would afford the data for a very instructive com-
parison. By July 1, 1891, the delineation of the beds had been about
completed, and the dredging work was soon to be commenced. a

During both summers the oyster beds of Long Island Sound have
been subjected to extensive investigations, and much information has
been secured regarding the natural features of the region, the habits
of starfishes and of other enemies of the oyster, and the conditions of
spatting during the two seasons. The summer of 1890 was chiefly
spent in making a physical and chemical examination of the waters of
the sound, the former inquiry being undertaken with the codperation
of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey. This had for its object to
ascertain, by a series of careful current observations, the extent of the
movement of water through the sound and the adequacy of the flow to
prevent stagnation and consequent harm to the oyster beds. The
chemical studies consisted in making tests of the waters in all parts of
this area, both in inclosed and exposed positions, to determine its sani-
tary condition. The result of these researches proves very conclusively
that no damage need be apprehended from the present condition of the
waters, and that a sufficient flow takes place to insure, under existing
circumstances, the prompt removal of polluting matters; but itis not
to be denied that the sewage and other sources of contamination might s

e so increased as greatly to endanger the welfare of the oyster-
grounds.

Dr. Bashford Dean, of Columbia College, New York, an expert on
the subject of oyster-grounds, who left this country near the close of
the last fiscal year for an extended visit in Europe, has been commis-
sioned to study the methods of oyster-culture now practiced in Kuro-
pean countries, and to prepare an illustrated series of reports regarding
those matters, which, it is expected, will be at least suggestive to
American oyster-growers.

The physical inquiries in the mackerel region off the southern New
England coast under the direction of Prof. William Libbey, jr., referred
to in the last annual report, were conducted during a part of July and
August, 1889, and again during the summer of 1890. The former season
the work was performed by means of the schooner Grampus alone, but
during the latter the Coast Survey steamer Blake was detailed to act
in codperation with the Grampus, and, through the courtesy of the
Light-House Board, a party of observers was also stationed on the
Nantucket New South Shoal light-ship. Parallel lines of observing
stations were carried seaward from the coast for distances of 130 to 150
niles, the lines being 10 minutes of longitude apart and the stations 10

6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

miles apart. At each of these stations, which numbered several hun-
dred in the course of the two seasons, the temperature of the water
was taken at regular intervals between the surface and bottom, or down
to depths of 300 to 500 fathoms, where the depth of water exceeded
that amount, and at the same time a full set of meteorological observa-
tions was recorded. The result has been to furnish a large series of
vertical temperature sections through the water which show very clearly |
the relations of the Gulf Stream with the colder waters of the Arctic
current, and the surface variations are accompanied by very complete
meteorological data, with which, it is hoped, a correlation may ulti-
mately be rendered possible. These observations will undoubtedly
throw much light upon the habits of several species of pelagic fishes,
of which the mackerel is most conspicuous, and even the movements of
such bottom fishes as the tile-fish will probably find their explanation
in a knowledge of these physical characteristics.

Dr. H. V. Wilson, a graduate of Johns Hopkins University, was ap-
pointed resident naturalist at the Woods Holl Station in the spring of
1889, and has served in that capacity during the past two years. The
laboratory at this place has, therefore, been kept constantly open dur-
ing this entire period, and in the summer months a large number of
biologists have been present, as in former years. Dr. Wilson’s studies
have been directed toward the practical needs of the fish-cultural oper-
ations, and have related chiefly to the sea bass, the cod, and the Atlan-
tic salmon. A comprehensive study of the life history of the lobster
has also been taken up for the Fish Commission by Prof. F. H. Herrick.
Important observations regarding the natural history of many fishes
and experiments relating to the artificial propagation of several of
these have been made by Mr. V. N. Edwards. His investigations,
moreover, have furnished conclusive proof that the hatching work of
the Fish Commission has been exceptionally successful in increasing
the supply of cod on the southern New England coast, and show that
the larger fish resulting from these plantings will to some extent enter
more Shallow waters than are generally frequented by the cod, schools
of this species now often making their appearance in places where they
were never seen before. Ixperiments relative to the propagation of the
Spanish mackerel and inquiries regarding its embryology were in
progress in the lower Chesapeake Bay during the latter part of June,
1891, being conducted by a party on board the steamer Fish Hark.

The investigations respecting the interior waters of the country have
been conducted upon a very extensive scale and with important prac-
tical results, having reference mainly to the fish-cultural needs of the
regions Which have been examined. They have covered, to a greater
or less extent, twelve different States and Territories, as follows: The
Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming; Colorado, Utah, Missouri,
Arkansas, lowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Florida, and

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 7

Alaska. The Alaskan survey, the preparations for which were de-
seribed in my last report, was specially authorized by Congress and
was executed during the summer of 1889, the work being in charge of
Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, the ichthyologist of the Commission. The objects
of the inquiry were to study the natural history of the salmon and the
physical characteristics of their environment, to obtain information
regarding the methods, statistics, and conditions of the fishery, and to
ascertain the necessities and advantages of Alaskan waters for the
artificial propagation of these species. Owing to the difficulties in the
way of reaching their working grounds, the party did not arrive at
Kadiak until the last of July, and was thereby prevented from extend-
ing its observations beyond that island and Afognak. Considering, how-
ever, that Karluk River, on Kadiak Island, furnished at that time about
one-half the entire yield of the territory in canned salmon, and that
ample opportunities were afforded there for making a very thorough
study of the subject, the expedition was entirely successful in its mission.
The results were reported to Congress during the winter of 1889-90,
and in that connection the Commissioner recommended that action
be taken to prohibit obstructions impeding or preventing the ascent of
salmon in the Alaskan rivers to their spawning-grounds and to pre-
vent destructive methods of fishing, or that a system of leasing fishery
privileges under fixed regulations be inaugurated. It was also sug-
gested that additional legislation might provide for an increased pro-
duction of salmon by fish-cultural methods, thus avoiding the enormous
waste of eggs and. young fish under their natural conditions, and re-
pairing to some extent the injury caused by overfishing.
In the majority of the other inland investigations the Commissioner
_has had the advice and codperation of Dr. David 8S. Jordan, president
of the Indiana University, who has also participated personally in the
explorations of Colorado, Utah, and the Yellowstone National Park
during the summer of 1889. During the next summer Prof. S. A. Forbes,
director of the laboratory of natural history of the State of Hlinois, and
Prof. Edwin Linton, of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsyl-
vania, undertook for the Fish Commission a very detailed investigation
of the invertebrate fauna of the Yellowstone National Park from the
standpoint of the natural food supply for fishes. It was considered
that the planting of fishes in this region would be largely dependent
for its success upon the abundance of these lower organisms, and it is
very gratifying to be able to announce that the observations in this
respect were attended with entirely satisfactory results.

8 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

METHODS AND STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES.

The conduct of this division has continued under the direction of
Mr. J. W. Collins, assistant in charge, but since his designation, in Au-
gust, 1890,as the representative of the Commission on the Government
Board of Controland Management of the World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion, much of the supervision of the work has devolved upon Dr, Hugh
M. Smith, the principal assistant in the division, to whose accompa-
nying report (pages 173-204) reference is anade for a detailed account
of the nature, scope, purposes, and results of the work during the period
under consideration.

The inquiries have been mainly confined to the collection and com-
pilation of the statistics of the fisheries of the United States, giving
the quantity and value of the products, the capital invested, the number
and nationalities of persons employed, and to the study of the methods
and relations of the fisheries with a view to their improvement.

The limited appropriation and the consequent small force available
for this work preclude the possibility of an annual investigation of the
fisheries of the entire coast and inland waters of the country; even if
this should be attempted, it is open to question whether the variations
in the fisheries from year to year are generally sufficiently marked, or
whether at this time the results would be of sufficient importance to
warrant the largely increased expenditures that would be required to
properly conduct the work. Comparative statistics are more valuable
when they relate to definite intervals of time than when they cover
successive years. The researches of the Commission, which have been
addressed to every section of the coast, furnish data for the comparison
of conditions at intervals of three or four years and the determination
of the influences of the methods and means employed upon the pros-
perity of the fisheries. Thus pursued, they furnish important material
which has been or may be useful as the basis for the regulation, protec-
tion, maintenance, and improvement of the fisheries, and for advancing
the physical and financial conditions of the fishermen.

The investigations undertaken during the two years covered by
this report were more extensive than had previously been carried on.
Field work was done in twenty-two States; complete studies of the
coast fisheries were made in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas; inquiries begun "
during the previous year were brought to a close in New York and Cali-
fornia; and special investigations were made in Maryland, Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Oregon, Washington, and elsewhere.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. a

The inquiry on the Pacific coast placed the office in possession of
definite information concerning the results which have attended the
introduction of shad and striped bass to that region and disclosed a
very satisfactory outlook for the establishment of important fisheries
for these species. Shad are now found along the entire coast from
_Monterey Bay to Puget Sound, and are caught for market in each
State. In 1888, without the use of special apparatus, over 100,000
pounds of shad were taken, and the following year the catch was con-
siderably larger. Recent advices show that the shad is annually
increasing in abundance, and in places has already become one of the
most important food-fishes. The striped bass is more restricted in
its distribution than the shad, and seems to be found chiefly in San
Francisco Bay; it has not yet reached the commercial prominence of
the shad.

The important fisheries of the New England States were carefully can-
vassed in the early part of the fiscal year 1890. No other investigation
of this region had been made since 1880; and in view of the changes
that had taken place in the extent and methods of the fisheries it was
considered desirable to secure full and precise information regarding
them, because of the international questions in relation thereto then
pending or likely to arise. The inquiry covered the ocean, shore, and
river fisheries of the region and the shore industries related to or de-
pendent on the fisheries. Special studies were made of the more
important branches, as the sardine industry, smoked-herring trade,
lobster-canning business, etc., and at Boston and Gloucester a compre-
hensive canvass was conducted regarding the extent and methods of
the wholesale trades in fresh, salted, and smoked fish, lobsters, and
oysters. The decrease in the fishing industry of this section which
has occurred since 1880 has been largely in the whale and mackerel
fisheries, while the general branches are fully as successful as formerly.

The researches in the South Atlantic and Gulf States indicate a very
marked development of the fisheries since the last general investiga-
tions were made, the advance in certain lines being phenomenally
large. The resources of both these regions are only partly utilized, and
the fisheries are no doubt destined to undergo still further improve-
ment in the near future. Especially worthy of notice are the recent
increase in the shad and oyster fisheries and the attention which the
subject of oyster cultivation is receiving in every State.

A number of important papers relating to the fisheries were pub-
lished during the year, an analysis of which will be found in the report
of the division, which also contains remarks on certain important fea-
tures of the fisheries during 1889 and 1890, as well as an account of the
miscellaneous relations and work of the office.

10

tion of the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Jommissioner.

FISH-CULTURE.

stations operated were:

The work of this division has continued under the immediate diree-
During the year ending June 30, 1890, the

1. Schoodic Station, Me. 12. Wytheville Station, Va.
2. Craig Brook Station, Me. 13. Sandusky Station, Ohio,
3. Green Lake Station, Me. 14. Northville Station, Mich,
4. Gloucester Station, Mass. 15. Alpena Station, Mich.

5. Woods Holl Station, Mass. 16. Duluth Station, Minn,
6. Cold Spring Harbor Station, N. Y 17. Quiney Station, 1.

7. Gloucester City Station, N. J. 18. Neosho Station, Mo.

8. Battery Island Station, Md. 19, Leadville Station, Colo.
9. Fort Washington Station, Md. 20.
10. Central Station, Washington, D.C. 2.
11. Fish Ponds, Washington, D. C. 22.

Ohio.

Baird Station, Cal,
Fort Gaston Station, Cal,
Clackamas Station, Oregon.

During the following year the same stations were continued with the
exception of that at Sandusky, the work conducted there being trans-
ferred to the Commission’s new station on the island of Put-in Bay,

The fish-eultural work of the Commission during these years

was increased over that prosecuted during the year 1889 by the opera-
tion of stations at Green Lake, Me., Gloucester City, N.J., Neosho, Mo..
Leadville, Colo., and Fort Gaston, Cal.
The following tables show the work done at the respective stations
during the two fiscal years:

Summary of production by stations.

Species and source of
supply.

Schoodic, Me.:

Cr:

Gr
Gl

Landlocked salmon..-..
vig Brook, Me.:
Landlocked salmon
Atlantic salmon
Von Behr trout.-----.--
Rainbow trout.----...-.-
Loch Leven trout ...--..
IBTOOKAINOMU es. s see «2
een Lake, Me. :
Landlocked salmon
yueester, Mass. :

Cod
Pollock
Haddock

Woods Holl, Mass. :

Sea bass =-. =. - aera

Seup
Squeteague
Mackerel
Tantog
Cod
Haddock
Flattish
Lobster

st twee rete eee ee

1889-90. 1890-91.
soi | ae |Adults and ; Adults and
Eggs. | Es ae yearlings. Eggs. Fry yearlings.
|
635, 000 DA OOO) teveetera tere 456, 900 1135 000)\|-- 6 22 ewer
BR re eee aan oe M7. BROU a tae s eee 5, 289 | 7, 367
| Bo; O00 oe eee GP SSD | = Seas Bele sie eee cme 123, 835
ine dio Rhenedrecci| |stats eee eae a eh etal eee eae eer eee eee ae 3, 580
fee ae sie srl Dui ooo ie cre ere Ue Wl Sti et ol eesti ote. sic
Wo 2 aamcsotn: [loge <n ieee [ee eae ae Re eae eecer lee aie ee 11, 297
reas en eRe, 0. WORN oe ececuenee 4, 251 | cee
10, 000 150000. ceteee eel ee eae ao 3,000) =: 522 -seemees
ee tate es 14,957, 500 |2~..22-, cele et 2 =2> =| 28, 968,000 [oes
lestezotes<t 1458995 000 Ee ceeese ase Sees eisetat 14,827; 500) | 522. sceeeee
see 5st sk 5, 192, 0001| Seneca ce eae | pee eee 78,500 ooo ae eee
|
eae ee ots } 8,893,500 |e Saeed Sore | eeeaeer eke [ance see. cael eee eee eee
ee eae a 396, 000°). ot bee: Beets SS Os te os a eee
(eA ee 997.500: | acces oben Cee eee oe cE ees eee ara Eee
Fae ey ag 688,500 |.) 3o3 Fee eee Ee Sa) see
eee See: 732'-500: || i: series es dees ioe Saalineecee dees oe esas 3
pe SER See ee 6; 826.0008) 22.22 Sache eee eee 36, 4.16 (000 tee ceas amet
Nera 528 (000 jc ncn Seek Meee Sa ewer nl grace ee re
th ere 4;086, 500 |... cococltee ee ce ot eal 9, B50" S00 aeons
250,000 | 4,511,000 |..... ACaood Mrcotceeco wl tebe DOD OOO Nee wea tee eta

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND’ FISHERIES.

Summary of production by stations—Continued.

1¢

Wytheville, Va.:
Rainbow trout....-.-.---.
Mon Behriroup --.=-.5.;
ISPOOK: GLOUWD 2 sai: /5.5 = 12.2
Carp
Goldfish
DBO CE hence eaeserioe
PROGKIDASS a eames s 5 cies
Sandusky, Ohio:
Whitefish
Pike perch
Put-in Bay, Ohio:
Whitefish
Pike perch
Lake trout
Northville, Mich.:
Whitefish
Lake trout
Rainbow trout
Von Behr trout
Loch Leven trout....---
Brook trout
Alpena, Mich. :
Whitefish
Duluth, Minn. :
Landlocked salmon
Lake trout
Von Bebr trout.....----
Brook trout
Whitefish
Pike perch
Quincy, Ill.:
Catfish
Brook pike
Buffalo
Yellow perch
Pike perch
White bass -...-..------
Fresh-water drum
IBIACKOASS oe Geet eee
Crappie
Rock bass. ----- Sa ee
Sunfish
Neosho, Mo.:
Rainbow trout
Von Behr trout..-...---

Make trouts.s-ceo=25-)- = =

22, 000, 000
19, 000, 000 |

28, 460, 000
2, 600, 000
12, 500

58, 000

162, 000
265, 000

39, 276
237

30, 628, 000
36, 200, 000

10, 600
33, 600, 000

Ge see
19, 143
6,175
10, 000
7, 800

28, 000
24, 850, 000
580, 000

10, 604
200

71, 625, 000
58, 000, 000

“2,285, 000.
226, 000.

80, 000

110, 000

20, 500, 000

10, 000, 000
60, 000, 000
192, 000

24,060, 000

20, 000

358, 000

15, 000

11, 330, 000°
10, 100, 000

1889-90. 1890-91.
Species Bud sounte of = a 7 Pr 3 = ae
supply. a sti Adults and 7 F Adults and
Eggs. Bry yearlings. Eggs Ery- yearlings.

Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.:
> PRELATI UIC Sal NOVO =s= = 25 4-|24--05 2% =i BOOTS 00h lactase ates stant -2| Fac Chew ERE eat uals

Landlocked salmon.....|..---.------ RO O00! Pes teaches alee cae sae: s8| Pee ccs sec el ac ccame ames.

GHEE OU Disa cca = oiel| Ph haeie, miers = AO QUO: | eae eter eate at aol lapare ay vp om = oye BONG Ne Soe case ety

ce CD IL GWT O Tie saad [SESS OOne See) BEES eben ESA eres (aeetadie nents Aor ONK Vase terat=s te see
Gloucester City, N.J.:

Sint l = dee. SF eee aceasta GC, 2OLMO00 etna kas Sse lree seacoast 6/155, 000}: 2252-62555
Battery Island, Ma.:

DG aS See ea ree TONG37, O00) | 2248000! lessees cece ec|| $6,290) 1000! | aay 47, O00! waa scone
Fort Washington, Md.:

SG he ee sees 34, 446, 000 BOO LOOU mam msetants ley = 32, 361, 000 EAOSO0O) eerie aa
Central Station, Washing-

ton, D.C:

SIREG| ecco! Gee Sees Sore HEnpDe Epc eA OS TOME! |eetatstai a) ate/ararate 8, 140, 000) | 14, 972, 000 |.-.----...--

ESPN T ENE NVML CU eis ete eee | err chores olapeseial Piatate See ee sls ae laysiaysiosis lal sis acl sie oe TI SST a2 oe oe ee

Be EON Gee = soon Sao ace Saeco e DOOM (sot eae ean cowie e Pes ee Ue bal ia ee

Totes, TTBS 2 Se See [PE AA SGS oS ee Sees (OS TORTS eet | Remon a See S7PO Galore saa ee

Whorcn, UVETIWPunnn ni bse Ge eo | Ryeeisere tee eel [eatin CSO PR APIS) SCS eae a ene ea a = AGMAGT Ale oer ee

Landlocked salmon. .--.-|:----------- SOO OY eyo ele sae Sl ontop arte oe Dt Tae de ane

VINNIE ID ete Hatten iee'| © a apn ain syne as AP SOOKOOO oa satan eto cateeiaaee sole BR GUOT OOM aa re ete

STU St oe Sas 2S 2 eegeyel EEERS Green| Kee rsen a Se eel [ere eel, ill I sane oe 4005000) |S 2522 ones. <2

MEET WAITED tenet Rar iste ote afew =e fee CAT RN ee ies 3 eae len Wee ene et ellen oeiso.s Se
Fish Ponds, Washington,

DWiG.: :

Sinful 2 Soc se@seoe cote. ol ae ce Sorters) Gare irae eich Sees ant Ne reper rae ates ene perp a 800, 000

“UETE hxc 2 ROE tego nti seal (UE g OE a eae DB4 TOON a eah ue ae eae rare 337, 040

ATG NEC S Eee Re Pe | ee ee [Aire ee ee ae GT ee AS ise pee nicl [eieemse ane ne 23, 029

ST Pelt 2a SSE AS RD DB ey et ape [a eee merge 4d hate) She re ye abe Spi Face Rata 1, 650

18, 655
14,775
16, 795

12

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Summary of production by stations—Continued.

Taal |
1889-90. 1890-91.
Species and source of : = =
supply. nee mete Adults and ee r Adults and
Bees: = yearlings. Eggs. iy yearlings.

Beadville, Colo.:

IBYOOKOTTOUb... c= sees = 75, 000 126 B81 le eo en aee 55060 eee ee 59, 000
Baird, Cal.:

Quinnat salmon.......-- 1, 554, 000 84000) a Scirewteve 2, 988, 000 722,000 | -25 sseeomee
Fort Gaston, Cal. :

Oui ain Sal MON se oeee ap olsse ccc nes | Seer ree ell eres ote cteiel| eee teeters D9;000| Cee eer emens

Clackamas, Oregon :
Quinnat salmon

Connecticut River, car No.3:)

Shad
Steamer Fish Hawk:
Shad
Spanish mackerel.......
Collections in Idaho:
Black-spotted trout. -..-
Collections in Montana:
Wihitefishioa i] 5-20 scane
Germany, gift of Herr von
dem Borne:
Von Bebr trout
Saibling
Loch Leven trout.....-.-
Germany, giftof Herr von
Behr:

765, 000

0, 596, 000

4, 901, 525

Von Behr trout ..-----.- DE O00 D Nersameeseser leer cee 295 150 nie ais. <iste aes See eee
New York Fish Commission:

BROOK UrOUb se ccec ae = oslo se se cesaes| So cee ees aaa «aseecios sas 20; 000")... 2020s: |S eeeeeeeeee

Monty Behritroltsmesnts oa ceces 2 coe keels cece seer cee onan 100:000, |Z. 4..0.2.2:| 4

DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD-FISHES.

The results obtained by stocking public waters with species of fish
which are indigenous to them have been difficult of exact determina-
tion; that good has followed is shown by the continued increase in the
value of the fisheries, demonstrated by carefully collected statistics.
In those waters where species not indigenous were placed it is clearly
shown what is possible of accomplishment. For information relative
to the acclimation of the shad and striped bass on the Pacific Coast
reference is made to page 175 of this report. Many of the streams and
lakes of the Yellowstone National Park, formerly barren of food-fish,
are also now furnishing an abundance of trout and whitefish, the
result of plantings of former years.

The following table summarizes the work of distribution of various
species of food-fishes during the two years covered by this report.
The large increase over former years in the number of adult and year-
ling fishes distributed is the result of systematic efforts in rearing.
This feature will continue to receive attention, it being applicable to
fresh-water, marine, and anadromous species. The advantage of stock-
ing waters with fish of a size large enough to protect themselves or
to escape from their enemies will be very readily appreciated. The
details of distribution will be found in Tables A and B, pages 75 to 96
of this report.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Summary of distribution.

Species.

Buttalo
Bihatiens 23205. -2-2
Quinnat salmon. -
Atlantic salmon .-
Landlocked sal-
mon
Loch Leven trout
Rainbow trout. - -
Van Behr trout. .
Black-spotted
trout
Brook trout
Lake trout
Saibling
Whitefish
SG) See eee
Brook pike
Yellow perch....
Pike perch
Sea bass ....-.-.-
White bass -..----
iBIsck bass... ..--
Crappie
mock bass: ..4-.-
Sunfish
Scup

drum
Squeteague
Mackerel

Year ending June 30, 1890.

Adults |

13

Year ending June 30, 1891.

Adults

|
Eggs Fry aay Total. Eggs. Fry. Boake Total
| lings. | lings
|

al panel Si eee F > eee 11,068 TTA) ects nes eee CNS A wee eee ee ss
Rita Soe el eile Siaie eters 26,316 QO SLOWS seek. ea eee etal tse oe oao CUO 338,809
Sek 4 AEA) |S SS CE SOOO OB) SS Re SOE IG eS See al CREAT coe) ce cera ete cs 11,385 11,385
A Sar ati Inertia 16,005 TGO0SI SL Sees |e 2h. -/22 =|, VSO; 561 36,561
ES Ceara Ee nate 2'195 DEG Paige Sorte tn Gems tha gs Fleas Ae ee
2,264,000 |*68,401,000 |........ 70,665,000 | 837,000 | 67,035,000 | 800,000 | 68,672,000
2'454,000| 2,940,475 |........ 5,394.475| 3,677,900| 5,678,525 |......... 91356,425
190,000 503,150} 91,395 ASE BID erst Seen ce clieee bee aeteee 113,835 113,835
345,000 462,100 | 17,380 824,480 325,000 166,289 7,367 498 656
85/000) \s22.54—. 55 9,989 94,989 40,000 18,000 25,772 83,772
i AS SS 020) Ve pea 57,635 208,135 150,000 11,981 56,380 218,361
Fa Ole ee 6,279 82279| 139,750 31400 | 33,760 204,910
See «yee (oe See ee 1,000 POT RAR Reese eeeene Care| emer erat) Meri ctcrics
177,500 195,381 9,866 382,747 50,000 24,831 74,153 148, 984
1,075,000 1,405,000} 18,001 2,493,001 985,000 1,658,641 | 416,611 3,060, 252
TAI baie ateta hat 8,000 |...--- Fa Neer Nom al Osa e 4 een cata
/18,210,000 | 93,378,000 3,000 |111,591,000 | 75,925,000 | 48,702,000 10,000 | 124,637,000
PMR 2 SIG EWE AL CE Tell ter ae ees Cee oy 400,000|....----.| 400,000
ea We Sei all Habel advan oh 70 CA eR ae aed cae tee Crteges eee omer ae sel | Pie Sng. aE
See ac mee 754,000} 15,402 OO AQ Di aa ee ee alle ort sacs = ean 9,568 9,568
19,000,000 | 36,730,000 1,000 | 55,731,000 | 70,000,000 | 62,400,000 | -..-..-.. 132,400,000
RRS PTGS EDO tc oe: AeROS SOO ee eee ete Sa oe eee ee
BS ae i ascaa! 10.004 LODO MISS Gee hee lTe Be Tea eee
BEA Senta alse mince eie 62,157 G2 oT lSseesscteceileceh acess cl aA OL 43,731
IGHIGR OPEC Ors ln et 20,454 20.454
SOOT tsas Goll reeuie ae 15,504 15,504
GSSRD yl se ia eae i hein ae 2,262 2,262
SUGOUD etc a. aha eet laa rccasetieaon en mae
SE | EE Sees 200 PAN otra he eee Pal ais a Sarefercsal ais staleyeate =e | aoteatere Stee nm
ee CODY EE 00 eae ap age 2.05 aa = Nl Rn eM GE eR TE eg
sere metals bee 6587500)|/22-s-.-- 688/500 )\2- = scan saclic on «reese See ee ae sels ceeaeecees
pc (Sash |Salad \oiilc.isc.] '776,000|.-.-0--2:f 776,000
Hae OOO! aitetercte M2 OOO a ejarsarm eyo otere ler -cane irene elle areola elarata |icteie a aimee ree
lesa DOUllearmeees QTSB DOO es eee see biayp tet AO eee ed 55,384,000
14,899.000 |.--.-.-- 14,899: 000) tt oa ae ote 14-8270,5003|'- 3S 2h.58 14,827,500
52720000) |e sste~. Se 20S000i 20 sae pe fer 78,500 78,500
4,086,500 |.......- 4,086,500 |....-..---- 3,350,500 3,350,500
AeA OOON mer - eer 4761000) ee ac --5= a Ose DOO|E = a= 3,533,500
44,280,000 261,706,606 | 383,942 |306, 370,548 |152, 129,650 264,076,667 |2,016,152 | 418,222,469

* In addition to these 2,144,000 were deposited for rearing in the fish ponds, Washington, D.C.
t Besides these 2,054,000 were deposited for rearing in the fish ponds, Washington, D. C.

In addition to the foregoing there were furnished for distribution,
but lost in transit, during the two years:

In 1889-90:

6,731,000 shad fry, 50,000 pike perch fry, and the following adults and yearling
fish: 48 catfish, 810 carp, 20 buffalo, 3,250 Atlantic salmon, 100 landlocked
salmon, 11 Loch Leven trout, 1,531 rainbow trout, 133 Von Behr trout, 101
brook trout, 131 lake trout, 921 yellow perch, 560 white bass, 988 black bass,
507 crappie, 1,241 rock bass, and 158 sunfish; a total of 6,791,510.

In 1890-91:

5,508,000 shad fry, 7,700,000 pike perch fry, 288,000 whitefish fry, 61,569 lake
trout fry, and the following adults and yearling fish: 6,944 carp, 5,386 gold-
fish, 172 tench, 10,000 Atlantic salmon, 300 Loch Leven trout, 6,702 rainbow
trout, 400 Von Behr trout, 1,742 brook trout, 6,694 lake trout, 325 perch, 1,415
black bass, 1,440 crappie, 173 sunfish, 328 rock bass; a total of 13,599,590.

14 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

STATION REPORTS.
ScHOODIC STATION, MAINE (CHARLES G. ATKINS, SUPERINTENDENT).
1889-90.

This station was conducted jointly by the United States and Maine
and New Hampshire. Operations were begun September 1, 1889, and
871 landlocked salmon were caught and impounded. Of these, 557
were females, from which 1,215,455 eggs were obtained by November
24. The losses were 163,005, there remaining in February, 1890,
1,052,450 good eggs, of which the State of Maine received 48,000, New
Hampshire 73,000, aud the United States 931,450. Of those belong-
ing to the United States, 635,000 were distributed to various State fish
commissions and other hatcheries, as mentioned in the details of dis-
tribution (pages 75 to 96). One shipment of 20,000, sent to Fort Gaston
Station, California, was a total loss, as a result of detention while en
route, the losses on the other twenty shipments amounting to but 4,246
eggs. The 296,450 eggs retained produced 214,000 try, which were able
to take food at the time of their release in local waters, in June, 1890.

Tableof spawning operations at Schoodic Station, Maine, 1589-90.

Tem pera-
ture, Fish at first handling. Females spawned. Eggs taken.
T a.m.
; Females. tec
ATCC ra eee os) A ewe ilag Pr ee i a = P ot a |
| } | rs E | Bo | :
bi 3 | Bf GR ASS TD ieee 2 came es 3
q 4 | n 7 c ~ Hea ery |
eR AVS | Bl ora | Bey) SU | Reale pe cata a q
— | S % 6 Bi a lee eae Saree ©
oR sR] te ole ite BI epg eter ee e A
ree ee | —| Se er ait | at 2 EEA
1889 oF. | op | | Db. Oz.
Oct. 27| 47] 47 18 13 5 ete? 31. Oy) Pea e 18 eat OLae 1, 932
28 50 51 19 14 5 jsmacoe 5 Jo-=-}---2[--- 22. De ee 0 8 1, 288
9) 40) 47 2B) = LOS een Ontan sal Tei Uae a il Pees 1 0 11 1,771
30 | 388] 47 96 41 Bb el 5d ree. 2 DH | ia 0 12 1, 932
31) 38) 44 44] 21 O89 aon sot 1 DT ace eS: 115 4, 993
Noy. 1] 38) 44 15 S3} 6 1 Ul a eb 4 | 2 lees ao eel 9, 666
2| 35) 45 3 23 Heel lem as) Fula sacle F. 9 Biles sas 6 sat 15, 629
3| 50] 48 14 7 (ele faa | epee 3 Saleeace | 4 0 10, 312
AA 2 Gy 31 19 12 i aT (Se ele See 103|25 94 2 8 0 20, 624
5 | 42) 46 23 13 10 | 4 6: | Pera 6 10 1 4. Ok 10, 956
6! 85) 45 20 10 10 | 4 6 19 6 ee (ean 1 32, 868
7 | 386) 44 13 8 5 3 PAA |e S78 2 Tal} (ble Wes 37, 219
g| 391 44 7 15 22 12s I 33 Diba SBN Dye i 71, 699
9] 40] 42 49 14 25 Tee aly 25 34-| ~ 9] 26 (5 67, 833
10 | 33} 42 66 12 54 O51) S26ii a5 anal 37 26 | 8/2929. 76, 211
Vy} “s£)) 49 30 6 od 14 | -10 34) 34 21728" 6 73, 150
12} 40] 43 39 6 334) = 13/4) Mel Slliae Pa lle eet eae Galette) 55, 587
13 | 46) 44 38 9 297) = 12 aloo 38); 24/° 9) 32 33 82, 979
14 44) 44 66 8 58} 16] 33] 9 401 37 Tal) Sieeale 82, 169
15 2 | 43 51 4 47 18 seule 40 40 135) me 91, 357
16 | 211.37] 63 4) 59 | ese ST eG row econ ero 2) 39 7] 101,667
17 | 24) 37 6 1 5 | 1 Vo 8s 17 51 4} 20 15 53, 975
1g | 33] 38 4 1 Syl es 2) 1 SOM OI) Sah aeeoee 57, 682
19 | 31] 38 Sei pReee aa cata te ieee eee PE ook GaSe oe 2) |e ale! 28, 034
20 | 39] 39 8 1 Te ean Allon eee Boeke lees = 8 10 22, 234
91 | 46] 41 Ft eee Bill gues ST :|: 281 al eas oes | Alama al mel 12a 31, 902
992} 38] 40 6h peeed ial Oe et i San, PPS ba ONE has 0) 2°) 17296 44, 792
93 | 38) 41 5 1 Cea ted Pel) a = 6 Otaleee sau 38 14 100, 218
ESO AO ss fase h see | ae yee I Sens adel Saale Beles fil Gale 9 7 24, 774
' | jie al a et 6 We Se
821 | 280 | 541 | 181 | 317 | 43°) 7 |) Si7| 512 | 780 er 5 ( 1,215, 455
| |

pe ES ee) ee Sb $e

a6 Fee

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 15

The weighing and measuring of 825 mature salmon (312 males and
513 females) gives the following:

Average weight of males.pounds. 3.98 {| Average length of males.-.inches. 21. 30
Averago weight of females..do... 3.91 | Average length of females..do... 20. 60
Weight of heaviest male..-.do-.. 6.00 | Length of longest male --... do... 26.00
Weight of heaviest female. -do--- 50 | Length of longest female. -...do... 24. 00
Weight of lightest male. - -.- copes 91 | Length of shortest male ---. do... 16. 00
Weight of lightest female. --.do--. 00 | Length of shortest female...do... 17. 00

— ol

bo

At the close of the fishing season in November, 1889, a new depar-
ture was made, being the restripping of the fish prior to their liberation
from the inclosures. Most of the females were found to contain eggs,
the aggregate amounting to 33 pounds, or about 75,000 in number. In
development these eggs proved to be quite as good as those taken pre-
viously. .

1890-91.

Active work was begun October 29, 1890, and between that date and
November 15, 510 landlocked salmon were captured. Of this number
371 were foiates: which yielded 778,796 eggs. In March, 1891, there
remained 649,906 good eggs, of act 163,000 were ered for hAien
ing and fpeeation | in local waters, and 29 000 turned over to the Maine
fish commissioners. The remainder, 456,900 eggs, were mainly con-
signed to various fish-hatcheries, national, State, and private, enumer-
ated in the details of distribution; the eggs reserved were hatched, and
in June the fry were released in local waters, with the exception of
50,600, which were held in rearing troughs beyond the present year.
Two thousand of the fry retained were derived from eggs taken at the
final stripping of the brood salmon prior to their release in November,
1890, and were placed apart for purposes of observation. They w ae
discovered to suffer a less mortality during June than the others; the
death rate during that month among the larger number being 15 to
each 2,000, while the loss of these 2,000 fish obtained from the late eggs
Was pat 3d. A portion of the eggs which produced the fry under con-
sideration must have remained in the parent fish nearly a month
subsequent to the dates when the brood fish were first relieved of their
spawn.

CRAIG BROOK STATION, MAINE (CHARLES G. ATKINS, SUPERINTWNDENT).

In the report for 1889 reference was made to the intention to establish
a permanent station at this point and to purchase the property then
under lease. Congress by act approved March 2, 1889, having appro-
priated $11,000 “ for the purchase of ground, construction of buildings
and ponds, and purchase of equipment of fish-hatchery and rearing
stations near Craig Brook, Reed Pond, and Branch Pond, Maine;”
and the agreement of the owner of the Craig Brook property to sel! the
same to the United States having been obtained, the Attorney-General
was requested to have the title examined and the proper transfer made.

16 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

This was done, and the site became vested in the United States by
deed of Thomas Partridge, dated September 4, 1889.

Active operations in construction were immediately commenced.
During the year ending June 30, 1890, the principal items were, a one-
story building 24 feet by 50 feet for the rearing of live food (maggots)
for the young fish; for use in connection therewith, an ice-house 11 feet
by 15 feet; a storage-house 12 feet by 20 feet; a cellar 20 feet by 20
feet for the wintering of the live food; two small buildings 15 feet by
31 feet, and 15 feet by 20 feet, one for use aS a mess-house for the em-
ployés of the station and the other as an office and quarters for the
Station’s foreman; a shed 20 feet by 50 feet, with cellar, and fitted with
hogshead tanks for the wintering of fish; a timber dam at Craig Pond,
with penstock running 60 feet into the pond, permitting the water to
be drawn from the pond at a depth of 4 feet below the surface; astone
dam across the brook, above the hatchery, to which the water was led
by an 8-inch aqueduct about 425 feet long; a stand of 100 outdoor
rearing troughs; a stone foundation for superintendent’s dwelling; a
number of ponds, grading, ete.

During the year ending June 30, 1891, plans and specifications were
prepared for the suverstructure of the superintendent’s dwelling and
office and a stable, and a call for proposals for the construction of the
same was duly advertised on September 16, 1890, but no response
thereto was received at the date fixed for their opening, October 15.
Owing to the lateness of the season readvertisement was deferred till
January 13, 1891. In answer to this three bids were received. The
lowest bid was that of Carlton McGown, of Ellsworth, Me., at $3,970
for the dwelling and $995 for the stable. In view of the limited funds
for this work the building of the stable was deferred and contract was
made, under date of March 5, 1891, for the dwelling only. The plans
called for a neat two-story cottage of ten rooms, with woodshed, ete.,
in the rear. Work on the same was promptly begun. ‘The farmhouse
on the property when purchased has received some repairs and is avail-
able for quarters for the employés. The series of rearing ponds on the
slope of the south bank of the brook, commenced in the fall of 1890, was
completed. They are about 15 feet by 50 feet in size and nineteen in
number, and receive their water supply from the brook through a pipe
conduit. A road from the station to the town road was constructed
and other improvements tending Ke the development of the station were
made.

An additional appropriation of $14,000 was made for these special
constructions at Craig Brook and Green Lake by the act approved Au-
gust 30, 1890.

ihe saga fish-cultural work of the station during the period covered
by this report follows.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 17

1889-90.

During this year the fish-cultural work embraced the propagation of
the Atlantic and landlocked salmons and the brook and rainbow trouts,
the Swiss lake trout, the saibling, and the Loch Leven treut. The
adult Atlantic s eine: purchased jointly by the United States and the
State of Maine in the summer of 1889, 410 in number, were inclosed at
Dead Brook, and in the following October, the commencement of the
spawning season, 292 were recovered. Of these, 186 were females, which
produced 1,904,000 eggs. In February, 1890, there remained 1,733,675
good eggs, sine were divided between the Se ae rs, Bian recely-
ing 600,000 and the United States 1,137,159. Of these latter, 890,000
were consigned to various State and other hatcheries, and 247, 159 re-
tained for hatching and subsequent liberation in local waters.

Besides the Atlantic salmon eggs produced there were received and
developed eggs as follows: 3,500 of the saibling and 7,400 of the Swiss
lake trout, presented by Herr Max von dem Borne, of Germany; 18,300
of the Loch Leven trout, transferred from the Northville Station, Mich-
igan, and 56,300 of the landlocked salmon from the Schoodice Station,
which were hatched and reared for the stations at Green Lake and
Craig Brook. To accommodate the fry anticipated from this large num-
ber of eggs from June till October, 1890, 100 new troughs were built,
increasing their total to 163. These troughs were 8 inches deep, 123
inches wide, and 10 feet long, with a capacity of 2,000 fry. Only 11 of
the troughs were under shelter, but those in the open air were provided
with double lids, which form a peak when closed.

The incubation of the eggs was without event until the yolk stage
was reached, May, 1890, when they were attacked by a disease hitherto
. unknown here and by which 30 per cent of the stock was destroyed in
sixty days. The epidemic first appeared among the Atlantic salmon,
but ultimately affected, and with greater fatality, the landlocked sal-
mon, saibling, and Swiss lake trout. Prior to the appearance of the
disease the fry had been counted and set apart in lots of 1,000 to 4,000,
and while some lots were wholly destroyed, others were tat partially,
and still others escaped entirely.

The rearing operations were successful. Of the original stock of
144,256 fish, chiefly of the previous year’s hatching, 113,139 were on
hand October and November, 18389, when most of them were liberated
in local waters. The percentages saved are shown below:

cae | > at atart. | Number | Number | Per cent
Kind. Age at start. at start. | at close.| saved.

CAG AMG1C SALMO 6 are aja niaielatane ciate ele One year...--- 1, 520 1, 356 89
WOR este ore oe ae thant Soe a In the egg. 109, 965 91, 856 83
andlocked‘salmon’.5 =<). - 1c a One year.....- 80 78 97
WOe saath eaee.cee be saces Ae,|| seating CLG r sn 26, 191 17, 630 68
Rainbow drowtet.- ai. -ss 3 seee eee ee CO mers se ee 2, 500 947 38
BVO (EOMtcmics-sichetesieseckse ci Ba aes eee 4, 000 1, 272 | 32
otal eas ae sess occas a saleeeceaitee cae s 144, 256 113, 139 78

H. Mis.

18 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The heaviest losses having occurred among the species derived from
eggs received from a distance, viz, the rainbow and brook trout, it is
inferred that packing and transportation were factors in the greater
mortalities shown, especially since the smallest loss occurred among
the Atlantic salmon, which were produced from eggs taken at the
station.

When liberated, the Atlantic salmon were deposited in neighboring
brooks. The landlocked salmon, with the exception of a few hundred,
were taken across the country and placed in Green Lake. Of the113,159
reared fish, 14,139 were still further retained for winter feeding, among
them some of each kind and age. These were placed in special tanks,
with the exception of a few which were kept in the open-air troughs
till late in the winter. The mortality during this period was small.

1890-91.

The collection of Atlantic salmon eggs was conducted with the codp-
eration of the States of Maine and Massachusetts. It having been de-
termined to devote more attention to the rearing feature, it was decided
to reduce the egg-collecting to a scale commensurate with the capacity
of the station, but a smaller number of eggs was obtained than was
desired, owing to the scarcity of adult salmon, only 133 being secured.
At the spawning time, October 1890, 77 of these remained alive in the
inclosures, of which 52 were females, yielding 553,400 eggs. The good
eggs remaining in January were divided, Maine receiving 264,000,
Massachusetts 153,000, and the United States 134,218. The share of
the United States was increased by the Maine commissioners, who con-
tributed 183,000 for purposes of hatching and rearing.

In addition to the salmon eggs, there were also produced 23,146 of
the brook trout from fish artificially reared. These and other eggs re-
ceived at the station are noted in the list below:

Original | +
Kind. Source. number , umber
of eggs. sg!
Atlantic salmon -.---- Produced at station .-..........--.- 317, 218 | 316,308
Landlocked salmon-.-..| Grand Lake Stream Station. -....-.-. 21, 906 21, 824
Brook trout ..-.------ Produced at station .-.-.-..----.--- 23, 146 14, 524
Loch Leven trout .--. Northville tstavion esse seesaene eee 16,583 | 16,457
Von Behr trout. .----- Germanivejs-c2.- teacher ene 15, 119 13, 824
Scotiishscatroub eres) SCChlant ae =e nee nen eenenemee ase 12,374 | 9, 367
Ota snare .oicc ae |eis sis ais (ce, ciaaie slorempste Hem ae ieeeeiete 406, 346 | 392, 304

Both the Von Behr and Loch Leven trout eggs arrived in poor con-
dition, having already commenced hatching, and gave practically no
results. AJl other eggs were good, and the epidemic usually incident
to the months of May and June of former years did not occur. About
150,000 fish of the hatching of 1890 were cared for in rearing troughs
till the present fiscal year, all being liberated in October, 1890, except

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1s.

14,736 Atlantic salmon, 490 landlocked salmon, 31 saibling, 490 Swiss
lake trout, and 490 Loch Leven trout, which were further held for
observation during the winter months. Their history while subjected
to rearing methods, from June to October, 1890, is shown below:

Stock Per cent

=. Stock
Kind. July 1. | October1.| saved.

PAM ANUIO SALMO <2 4 See ch oe oe eb eee cise meet 247, 159 124, 267 50

| landlocked salmion:.. - 45:52 scse0 ceeds oS Sto. c& 56, 363 7, 849 | 14
/ SEN OTT OSs IE oS 8 ee ee aoc aeebe ans sees 2, 635 41 2
i SSE IEG) Gr AEs dos da ociomnr coe Sob eonereceelOce 6, 821 3, 916 57
; HOCH UOVER TLOWUI Ss a8 te caw ce tk eee ssa eaee 17, 889 11, 797 66
AUT Ie Re BS Soe ou tt ae NY he ged BSS oe Be 330, 867 147, 870 45

In addition, there were brought over from the last fiscal year 1,471
s ‘ 2 years old, which are included in the following statement:
fish, 1 and 2 Id, whicl luded in the foll ¢ statement

ec | Pere
. Be Origina ocally dis-| Trans- and on

ane number.| tributed. | ferred. | hand July
1, 1891.

Atlantic salmon of 1888 .......---- EM RAS Ae ae ec |e ee Ao a 66

ate! eens eee, ee 713 GiB Asses S28 eee ee ee

TBOOK a2 Ft ASe So! 124, 267 103, 226 20, 329 100

TBO Lp ae ae hoe GS) | See Sore = eee [lets eee 289, 249

Landlocked salmon of 1888 .....--. 78 68

E889. 2323. 2=,< 180 126

HO90F. Seto 7, 849 429

1891 Crees 21, 824 12, 166

Rainbow trout of 1889 -....-....... 180 176

Brooks trou OL 889s sec. ae oes See 240 218

SOU Ao sae Actiem ey 14, 524 1, 381

Salblimcy of 8908-2 as -ioa- acetate ee 41 19

Swiss lake trout of 1890 3,916 STORM aes ee ee 179

Loch Leven trout of 1890 ........-. 11, 797 11, 297 10 480

Ci eee ae GRA ST: eta re re | are eto 10, 862

Von Behr trout of 1891 -........-..- Tet pe eee ee CP ees 1, 085

Scottish sea trout of 1891.........- ELEY Galle tee tel (eae ae ee 97

Mota lessees ees ee ee. ae 541, 645 125,780 | 29, 869 316, 701

In July, 1890, the water temperature rose to a maximum of 72° F, in
rearing troughs fed from Craig Brook. In conduits supplied in part by
spring water the temperature was 69°, and after passing through four
rearing troughs in succession it was 72°. In August the water in the
hatchery was 58° to 76°; in open-air troughs, 59° to 75°; and in the
ponds 58° to 744°. Experimental lots of salmon fry were kept in two
neighboring streams, and in one of them, at East Orland Bridge, the
water rose August 4 to 82° without injuring them. The September
temperature was 69° to 53°; October, 63° to 46°; November, as low as
37°, from 24th to 29th; January, 32$° to 35°, with nearly all the fish
remaining in the open-air troughs; February, 324° to 36°, with weather
comparatively mild and the ice on Alamoosook Lake 294 inches thick.

20 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
GREEN LAKE Station, Marne (C. G. ATKINS AND H. H. Buck, SUPERINTENDENTS).

By act approved March 2, 1889, to which reference has been made—
under Craig Brook Station, Congress directed the establishment of a
fish-hatchery near Reed Pond or Branch Pond, Maine. On August 22,
1889, Mr. Charles G. Atkins, superintendent of Craig Brook Station,
was instructed to proceed to the localities mentioned, with a view to
their examination and the submitting of a report, with recommenda-
tions as to the site desirable to be acquired. Reed Pond, or Green
Lake, was reported as being the best location, and one to which land-
locked salmon are native. The stream in which they spawn (Great
Brook) is one of the finest in that region. Branch Pond failed to fur-
nish the necessary requirements for fish-cultural work, and its further
consideration was waived. Mr, Atkins recommended, therefore, that the
location of the permanent station be in the vicinity of Green Lake,
calling attention to sites at Great Brook, the spawning-ground of the
landlocked salmon, about the center of the lake, and at Mann Brook,
near the station on the Maine Central Railroad, at its extreme north-
western end.

After due consideration of the recommendations, the Commissioner
determined upon the site at Great Brook, and on December 6 directed
that negotiations be opened for the purchase of the necessary land and
water privileges. The site selected takes in the whole of the stream of
Great Brook on both sides, running from Rocky Pond to Green Lake,
securing the outlet to Rocky Pond, with all privileges of damming, etc.,
and embracing a territory of about 820 acres. Definite proposal to sell
was received on April 25, 1890, and on the 20th of the following month
the papers were referred to the Attorney-General, with the request
that the title to the property be examined and arrangements made for
the transfer of the same to the United States. In accordance with
agreement with the owners, a survey of the property for the determina-
tion and establishment of its bounds was made in August, 1890. The
examination of the title was completed in May, 1891, and the purchase
money passed. Plans and specifications were prepared for the con-
struction of the dwelling house, stable, and box flume to bring the
necessary supply of water from Rocky Pond to the hatchery. Adver-
tisements calling for proposals, to be opened on May 21, 1891, were
published, commencing April 23. The lowest bids received were those
from Mr. Carlton McGown, for the construction of the flume, at 973
cents per running foot, and from Mr. Austin M. Foster, for the hatch-
ery, dwelling house, stable, etc., both of these gentlemen doing busi-
ness in Ellsworth, Me. Mr. MeGown, however, owing to ill health,
declined to execute the contract for the flume, and one was entered
into with Mr. Foster, at the rate given in the bid of Mr. McGown, who
made good to Mr. Foster the difference between their bids. On account
of this declination to execute the contract some delay was caused, but

”

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 21

on the 20th of June it was duly signed by Mr. Foster. For the hatch-
ery the price was $4,174.80; for the dwelling house, $3,007; and for
the stable and tool-house, $1,317, contract for which was made June 13,
1891. The flume, which will have a length of nearly 7,050 feet, will
aggregate a cost of about $6,800.

1889-90.

Pending the acquirement of a site, it was decided to begin fish-cultural
operations at Green Lake in the fall of 1889. A camp was established
on the lower part of Great Brook for the collection of eggs, arrange-
ments being made by erecting barriers to prevent the further ascent
of the salmon and an inclosure for their retention till ready to spawn.
For the development of the eggs secured a cheap structure containing
the necessary trough space was put at Mann Brook.

Operations in spawn-taking were begun November 4, and in eleven
days 294,700 eggs were produced from 75 females, the catch of males
being 50. The eggs developed slowly, the water being very cold. On
April 8, 1890, 10,000 eges were forwarded to Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.,
and from those remaining there were produced 150,000 fry, which
were liberated in Green Lake, in June. In October, 1889, a consign-
ment of landlocked salmon and rainbow trout, which had been held at
Craig Brook Station till 7 months old, was received and liberated
in Green Lake and tributaries.

Upon weighing and measuring the Green Lake salmon it was found
that they were twice the size of those of Grand Lake Stream, 69 full-
roed females averaging 7.8 pounds in weight and 25.5 inches in length;
the average weight of 50 males being 5.01 pounds, and their length
22.3 inches. One female weizhed 11 pounds 9 ounces and measured 30
inches; another, 11 pounds 6 ounces in weight, was 305 inches long;
one male reached 13 pounds 8 ounces in weight and was 31 inches long.

1890-91.

The production of landlocked salmon eggs between October 31 and
November 21, 1890, was 185,000. The fry from these, with the excep-
tion of 3,000 released June 10, 1891, on account of fungus, were kept in
rearing troughs beyond the termination of the present fiscal year. The
adult fish captured, 46 females and 21 males, were again found to be of
large size, the former averaging 7 pounds in weight and 25.2 inches in
length, and the latter 6 pounds 9 ounces in weight and 25.1 inches in
length, while 3 females and 4 males were in excess of 10 pounds weight
each. At the close of spawn-taking, in November, the barriers were
removed and these brood fish set free in the lake. Another consign-
ment of reared fish, 7 months old, consisting of Swiss lake trout, land-
locked salmon, and Loch Leven trout, was received in October, 1890,
from Craig Brook Station and placed in Green Lake and its tribu-
taries.

22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The station remained under the superintendency of Mr. Atkins till
January, 1891, when, the other work intrusted to his charge requiring
more of his time, it was placed under the conduct of Mr. Buck.

GLOUCESTER, MAss., STATION (A. C, ADAMS, COMMANDING SCHOONER GRAMPUS,
IN CHARGE).

1889-90.

In the conduct of operations at this station the work of collecting
eges devolved upon the officers and crew of the schooner Grampus and
covered the period from September, 1889, to May, 1890. The fishing-
grounds were visited by the Grampus, and the brood fish obtained by
hand lines and held in the ship’s well, being afterwards transferred to
live-ears at the station. The supply of eggs from this source being in-
adequate, owing to the limited catch, hand-line fishing was discontinued
and arrangements were made to secure the eggs from the vessels of net
fishermen, the Grampus each morning visiting the fishing-grounds
situated 8 miles 8S. by W. of Eastern Point Light, where the greater
part of the crew were distributed among the fishing vessels for spawn-
taking, due compensation being made the fishermen for eggs and ac-
commodations. Between October 18 and January 3, 42 such trips
were made with the Grampus. By January 1 it was found desirable to
utilize a larger proportion of the Grampus crew as spawn-takers, and
after that date the vessel anchored near the station and each morning
the spawn-takers were put aboard the fishing vessels as they were
about to sail out of the harbor.

Pollock.—Kggs were first taken October 18, 1889. By December 20
181 ripe fish had been handled, from which 40,166,300 eggs were ob-
tained, and fry produced to the number of 14,899,000.

Cod.—The collection of cod eggs extended from October 25, 1889, to
May 5, 1890, during which time 14,957,000 fry were produced from
47,556,000 eggs, derived from 242 fish. The period of greatest success
in hatching was during the month of January, when 60 per cent of fry
were produced from alleges taken. During a short period in February
the proportion of spawning fish was greatest. Eggs were transferred to
Woods Holl Station, February 2 to 9, to the number of 3,198,700, and on
April 4 a further consignment of 687,400 to the same place was made.

Haddock.—Spawning fish were obtained from February 13 to May 7,
246 females producing 30,322,000 eggs, from which 5,192,000 fry were
hatched. In the manipulation of all of these species difficulty was
experienced from sediment, which caused many eggs to sink, more
especially of the cod and pollock. After the cessation of storms many
eges which had sunk were cleaned and restored to the surface by means
of increased circulation of water. Great interest in this work was
manifested by the fishermen, who extended many courtesies to the
Commission’s spawn-takers.

On May 15 the hatchery was closed.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 23
1890-91.

The egg-collections were again made by the officers and crew of the
schooner Grampus. From December 9, 1890, to January 20, 1891,
the second mate and three seamen were stationed at Kittery Point,
Maine, to collect eggs from Ipswich Bay and forward them by rail to
Gloucester. The remainder of the spawn-takers were engaged collect-
ing from the nets of fishermen from Gloucester,

Pollock.—EKges were first taken October 51, 1590, and in the twenty-
nine days following $8,054,700 were delivered for hatching. ‘The
spawning fish were principally taken in nets near Baker Island, a few
being taken on hand lines to the southward of Thatcher Island.

Haddock.—But few haddock eggs were obtained prior to the close of
the station, April 1, the appearance of the schools of fish on the grounds
being later than usual. On April 5 schools of haddock in fine condi-
tion made their appearance and remained accessible, along with a
smaller proportion of cod, till after June 1. The production of eggs
was 1,154,100, which were obtained off Thatcher Island and Gloucester,
the adult fish being associated with codfish, though often found 5 to
10 miles farther offshore.

Cod.—Beginning November 26, 1890, eggs were obtained to the num-
ber of 110,112,300. Early in December two trips were made with the
Grampus to Ipswich Bay, resulting in the collection of nearly 10,000,000
eges. After this time such large quantities were secured from the two
sources that the hatchery was twice overrun, the receipts December 1
to 15 being nearly 19,000,000, while from January 6 to 21 the numbers
brought in ran from 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 per day. About 16,000,000
were received overland from Kittery Point, Maine, a journey of five
hours by railroad.

More than 43,000,000 cod eggs were sent to the Woods Holl Station
during the season, but they produced only 150,200 fry. Nearly
15,000,000 eggs gathered at Ipswich Bay, and shipped from Kittery
Point, Maine, to Gloucester, an equal journey by rail, developed at the
Gloucester Station over 20 per cent of fry. About 30,000,000 eggs col-
lected at Gloucester and hatched there, and hence not subjected to
transportation by railroad, produced 25.5 per cent of fry. Of the eggs
shipped to Woods Holl, over 11,000,000 were from Ipswich Bay and
were reshipped from Gloucester. The Cape Ann eggs sent to Woods
Holl were but 15 minutes longer on the road than were the Ipswich;
Bay eggs shipped to Gloucester. When the season was far advanced,
February 20, 1891, at the suggestion of W. P. Sauerhoff, fish-culturist,
an experimental shipment of a half million cod eggs was made from
Kittery Point to Gloucester in two air-tight fruit jars, of 25 quarts
capacity each, which resulted in the hatching of 71 per cent, the fry
being healthy. The jars were filled with sea water and packed in snow,
thereby lowering the temperature two or three degrees, or to 33° F.
These eges were not dissimilar to those previously forwarded from

24

Kittery Point.
mInany eggs, which were discharged overboard; but upon testing

After

storms the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

turbid water caused the sinking of

a lot of

eggs which were too heavy to float at the time of their receipt, it was

found that

with

sare they hatched with good results.

The question

of impregnation was usually determined by the use of the microscope
when the eggs were first received.
The surface temperature on the collecting grounds, about 45° F. at
the commencement of the season, gradually fell to 33° by December 25,
from which time till March it ranged from 34° to 37°,
During the whole period of operations copepods were abundant in
the water used for developing the eggs
Below is a condensed statement of operations:

and were considered injurious.

> . No. of eggs < 5
. . No. of y ; No. of fry f Pe” | No.of eggs
er pra- T 2 OF Or ¥ 3
ikea Period of opera | females No. of Cla aleasadhin shipped to anes
tions. neue taken. : atang | Woods Holl cna

| spawned. local waters. Station overboard.
Wodetae cs. casc- Nov. 26-Mar. 18 | 228 | 110,112,300 | 18, 968, 100 43, 514, 300 i fe 200 |

Haddock ..--. Jan. 29-Mar. 9 | 16 | 1, 154, 100 (RAUB SS es eames. setae 5, 100 |
IPOlOCK 52222 5= Oct. 31-Dec. 2 151 38, 546, 200 14, 827, Q00 Cer ena. ens ee eed
AOI Soe oss accsecgsasn sis 395 | 149, 811, 600 33, 874, 600 ines 43, 514) 1, 870, 300 |
i 5 i | meee lel

Woops HoLut STATFON, MASSACHUSETTS (JOHN MAXWELL, SUPERINTENDENT),
1889-90.

The fish-cultural work of this station covers a period of eight months,
and was conducted chiefly by the resident employés of the station. In
the propagation ofscod the. force was increased by the assignment of
Mr. Richard Dana, who was placed in charge, the period of active work
being from October 14, 1889, to April 4, 1890.

Cod.—As a source of egg supply, 3, 403 adult codtish were obtamied
from fishermen October 22 to Noweniben 19, 1889, and placed in live-
ears and in one of the tidal basins. Here, under as natural conditions

as practicable, the brood fish were held to await maturity, when they
were stripped of their eggs every two or three days until the supply
was exhausted. Many of the adult fish died immediately after being
placed in the inclosures, the temperature being then 55° I’., and some
died each day until the water temperature fell to 46°. A great many
became blind, and it was supposed to be caused by the glare of the
sunlight, the water being shallow.

In the two months following 91 fish yielded 8,545,700 eggs, and from
these there were hatched and liberated in local Here when from three
to six days old, 5,861,100 fry. At the termination of the spawning
season there were remaining on hand 1,000 of the brood fish, which were
retained in one of the tidal basins to determine their value as spawn-
producers the succeeding fall. On February 11, 1890, 2,374,200 eggs
received from Gloucester Station were put in process of hatching, with
the result of 584,700 fry, and a second consignment, April 14, of 621,500
eggs, from the same source, produced 416,300 fry.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 25

Haddock.—A consignment of 1,138,200 haddock eggs from Glouces-
ter, Mass., April 14, produced 528,000 fry. |

Flatfish—The eggs of the flatfish were secured after February 3,
1890, 87 ripe females being taken in fyke nets in the harbor near the
station. The yieid of eggs was 5,541,100, and the fry produced and
liberated in local waters, 4,086,700. The adult fish were obtainable in
abundance, except when driven into deeper water by cold weather,

_ Lobsters.—Brood lobsters were collected from the pots of local fisher-
men, November to May, and placed in inclosures to await maturity,
some, however, being marked and released after their eggs had been
stripped, in order to determine, if possible, the frequency of spawning
under natural conditions. The eggs were taken subsequent to April
16 from 723 adults, the yield being 8,317,600 and the production of fry
4,511,100, or 54 per cent. The fry were released in local waters when
2 to 4 days old, except a few which were experimentally held in the jars
six weeks and afterwards transferred to the aquaria. The hatching
was conducted in the Chester tidal jar, the improved McDonald tidal
box, and in the universal hatching jar. Eggs taken April 22 (water
temperature 45°) hatched June 4 (water temperature 59°), a period of
42 days. A lot of eggs brought in by a local fisherman and thought to
be on the eve of hatching, remained in process of development 99 days.
When they were received the embryos were well developed and the
water temperature 36°, but no further growth was observed till the
temperature rose to 54°, May 18, when the eggs hatched.

For consignment to Galveston Harbor, Texas, 745 healthy lobsters,
7 to 10 inches long, were collected and packed in sea moss in 105 wooden
crates, prepared at the station. Among them were 385 females, of
which 37 bore impregnated eggs, estimated at 250,000 in number. The
adult lobsters all died before reaching their destination, but the eggs
were planted on the Gulf side of Galveston Harbor breakwater, about
4 miles from the shore.

Other fish After May 23, sea bass, mackerel, squeteague, tautog, and
scup eggs were successfully handled to the extent of several millions,
all of them being of the floating character and collected from the pound
nets of local fishermen.

The following table exhibits the fish-cultural work of the station
during the year:

‘ . r op Average 7
- Spawning No. of eggs| No. of fry | 5~| Tempera-
KGnd. period. taken. produced. iaichen ture.
(yes WSS = ee ee ee Noy. 18—-Jan.18..| 8, 545, 700 5, 861, 100 8351 | 47° to 35°
NO aren tts eee areas Sea -eeeimeiclls ane et sajeisiciaciras *621, 588 ALG 300) |e ceeetcclee see =
1D See Ser tie eerie cheer Mepi2—lle ts. *3, 201, 400 DAS OOM Breteretets =) 3To «39°
ind docksesas- nocac-sosshascee tees |teceeie teases csmase *1, 338, 200 28, (LOOM Seria cet ie «aye otc sisvete,~ Sara
SPE SI Gam race ae nie eioce slo aeenimiss Feb. 3-Apr. 24 ..| 5,848,100 | 4,086,700 |....-...-. 87° 6460
WAGUStON id= Soa. shaaeters eictej-Sce\sie sisi Apr. 16—June 13.) 8,317,600 | 4,511, 100 573 | 502 6240
Silo essere ae ees ae nee ea June 14-20... ..- | 443, 900 396, 300 83 | 613° 624°
MGANDASS 245 < sehistasieioteces. Hoes ser May 28—June 20.| 4,271,209 | 3, 893, 700 104 | 56° 64°
MAGE GMOS o eee n ads cissces tose adie oe June 2-11....... * 2,915, 000 688, 700 90 | 59° 619
IC(ROWEE a TORE E Er See moc eamacae ame due Geese sea) 237, 600 227, 600 65 60°
INSTI Sa eae Sea eee 4 May 21-June 24. 807, 600 732, 200 87 | 569° 64°

* From Gloucester Station.

26 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Experiments were made by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards for the. purpose
of determining the times of spawning of different fishes, and the period
of incubation and character of their eggs, etc., the results of which are
shown in the following table:

| Date. | Lggs. lemper- Tene!
ies a eas Se ee ature | ature |
Mon ial When When No. of i Nambar when when
egos egos days | Number Gharacter | fommearit foes eges
were were iateh-)|thandled. || eee oh ar) were were
taken. ( hatched.| ing. Hoge es | taken. |hatched.
| | |
| | | | ° fs)
WiatitiShe 2s. -- ane | Apr. 12] Apr. 29} 17 | 192,000 | Adhesive, 22 | 38 46
| | | sinking. |
4-spotted flounder... May 12 | May 20 | 8 50,000 | Floating. 26 Nese 95g! 56
Sand dab ....... ee ee docs Wescdos.. | 8 100: 0004) seu-doie a. 24 51 | 56
PINE OMe a alesse ae | May 21 | May 26 5 etl, OO?) xtart OO eareners 26 56 56
DOMES cccosenc- s- June 4] June 9 5 412 000M Ee eetLOnes see 26 Wee 5%!) 60
Squeteayue.-....--. ; June 6] June 8 2 207, OOU)|\a ae O tam me 28 60 60
Miackerel.<.. 2.3 =<... So 2Ghiy seal) diraiey 2) 3 L5ONO00w seen Om eces 24 60 60
pst LLU Re eae May 13} June 10 26 5) 000) |e suit Ome |e ee eee te IF Sei Gi
Gumnzen so eases May 22 | May 27 5 100,000 | Floating. - 26 56 56
Moaduis hic. 2 lc sinions May 28 | June 28 3 | 200 | Sinking. - - 5) 56. |. - 65
WCW ees: f= see eee June 14 | June 18 4 | 158,000 | Floating. 26 61 63
Lamprey cel -.-..--. June 2} June 17 i | 300°] Simlsing~-|---- == 2 == *70 70
SMEG) SSeS oe neice Se June 23 | Sept. 27 Some 1) eC es see ae [:G-esehber G4 66
Codtishix 7 saeee Bee eeeae seealeck he seeau le omaesee Vohn sare. Floating -. 18 (jist. scale ees
TESTU Rava ten es ele Sie FS Se ERT SYS Ge | eg ee 2 eee ee oon estaee ES LAG) mache 20° | 13.23 2.¢)se2eeeeee
WODStELse on asec Sees leotaeee Seale ceo sealbe ees aeu \ sa tees ..-.| Sinking... TS esc sees ESacsses-
| |

* Hatched in fresh water.

The mean of the salt-water temperatures and densities during the
period of egg devolopment is given by months below:

Month. spe ee ~| Density.
|
December pee nesses eee 43.1 | 1.0255
QUEEN aoa eens pcbeqoe eos 39.3 | 1.0256
INSET te ko eeckeceeeade seis 36.4 1. 0255
March 822. 225..222 -ston sean 36.1 1. 0255
VATD Rls ee age ee en 43.3 1. 0255
May soccee a. seca ec eee 53. 4 1. 0255
WUNC as aes sae ee Se eee ias 62 1. 0255

Collections of specimens of marine plants and animals were made
throughout the cooler months and forwarded by express to the aquaria
at Central Station, Washington, D. C., one consigninent transferred by
the steamer Tish Hawk comprising 600 fishes, crustaceans, ete., repre-
senting forty species.

1890-91.

Mr. Alexander Jones was in immediate charge of hatching the cod
and flatfish, but being temporarily detached before the lobster season
opened, the manipulation of that species was directed by the superin-
tendent.

Cod.—Through the agency of Mr. I. Spindel, 3,000 selected brood cod
were procured, principally from Nantucket Shoals, and, as in previous
years, held in inclosures till the spawning season. They suffered less
mortality than those impounded the preceding season, but on January

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 27

8, 1891, 300 died from the effects of slush ice, which formed inside the
live-cars from snow that fell between the wooden slats. - Besides having
their gills choked up, many were found to contain in their stomachs
lumps of ice as large as walnuts. Less blindness occurred, probably
on account of greater care in handling the fish at the time of their cap-
ture, a feature being the avoidance of the usual custom of thrusting a
finger into the eye socket of the fish when removing the hook.

Of the brood fish only 587 yielded eggs, these being 67,599,000 in
number and producing 56,266,100 fry. Eggs were stripped about every
other day, from November 17 to February 7.

Consignments of eggs, by rail, were received from Gloucester Station
to the number of 43,168,500, from December 16 to January 19, but of
these only 16,332,000 were thought to be good twelve hours subsequent
to arrival, and their total production was but 150,000 fry.

Observations during hatching this year led to the conclusion that
those eggs which sink within five or six days after being taken are
defective in their fertilization. The results of attempts made at im-
pregnation by the dry method, though not conclusive, were unsatis-
factory. The eggs that sunk were transferred from jars to boxes, and
vice versa, and close attention given them. Those placed in jars would
in a short time become milky and glutinous and so foul that cleansing by
washing was impracticable; while those in boxes, without turning milky,
would adhere together and to the hatching vessels, finally perishing.

The profuse abundance of copepods in the hatching vessels through-
out the season was thought to be injurious to the eggs and fry, since
they were seen densely congregated about dead eggs and the weaker
fry, and were in constant friction with the live eggs and fry in their
crowded condition. Attempts to exclude them by means of cheese-
cloth strainers were ineffectual, owing to their minuteness. Another
unfavorable element was the employment of hatching boxes which had
been used during the summer preceding for the live storage of meduse
and other low forms of animal life which exude slime and poisonous
substances. It was found that eggs kept in the boxes which had been
used for this purpose were invariably attended with a high death rate,
butif early removed to other vessels they immediately recovered. Vig-
orous efforts to cleanse the infected boxes failed.

Hatching was one to three days earlier in the tidal boxes than in the
inverted tidal jars, owing, presumably, to the greater circulation and
light afforded the eggs. The fry produced were liberated in neighbor-
ing waters when they were 12 to 48 hours old. —

Flatfish—Adult flatfish to the number of 71 were taken with a fyke
net in Woods Holl Harbor and yielded 4,689,700 eggs, which produced
3,350,800 fry. The spawning period of the flatfish was between Ieb-
ruary 3 and March 7.

28 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Lobster.—In the hatching of the lobster greater success than formerly
was met, by the substitution of the universal hatching jar for the tidal
jar, whereby the clotting of the eggs was greatly diminished. The pro-
ductive period was from April 28 to June 30, during which time from
482 lobsters were taken 4,353,800 eggs, yielding 3,533,900 fry, or 81 per
cent. The eggs were obtained from lobsters captured in pots operated
by the employés of the station and from local fishermen, who codperated
in the work, saving all the ripe eggs from among the lobsters handled
by them.

The monthly mean temperatures and densities of the salt water used
in hatching operations of the station were as follows:

Month. I Saieee “) Density.
Wecembervee. == -2-25525--—= 36.4 1. 0252
BMA WAY Soot oegasosa. >sosase 33.1 1. 0274
MODI AEA eaten ee oe eee 34.1 1. 0308
Marche i ecpeeeae seen nae eae 35.7 1. 0274
AMDT faeeeee assets stem 44.3 1. 0256
IWR f sepa sedanesoos ac se aaa: 52.1 1.0271
‘Mit Cspsadasseaesacce seasaH 61.2 1. 0259

CoLp Sprinc Harpor Station, New York (FRED. MATHER, SUPERINTENDENT),

This station has continued in operation as in previous years. Most
of the eggs received and consigned as foreign exchanges passed through
it, where they were examined and, if necessary, were repacked before
they were forwarded to their destination. A considerable number of
Atlantic salmon eges were hatched here for the Hudson River, the pro-
duction of that and other species for the two years being as follows:

7 oe ee EES ey
Kind: Sues: received, produced.
1889-90. |
Atlantic salmon ....-- | Craig Brook Station............---- 600, 000 | 506, 400
Landlocked salmon.. | Schoodic Station .-.-.-..-..-------- 85,000 | 80, 000
Wake trowbe.4 --2:. == Northville: Station... 6-022 - sete 500, 000 | 470, 000
1890-91. .
Loch Leven trout... -. Northville Stabion)s-soceeerese ees 20, 000 18, 000
MAkeveroulteatee «ead (RSs eens Some aaberodac 500, 000 | 482, 600

GLOUCESTER City STATION, NEW JERSEY (JOHN GAY, IN CHARGE).
’ ?

1889-90.

The propagation of shad by the Commission has been confined mainly
to its stations on the Susquehanna and Potomac rivers, though some
attention has been given to work on the Delaware River through the
use of the steamer Fish Hawk and one of the distributing cars. In the
spring of 1890 Mr. W. J. Thompson, of Gloucester City, who is largely
interested in the fisheries of the Delaware River, offered to erect on his

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 29

_ property a hatchery building for the Commission, free of expense, the
Commissioner, however, to furnish the necessary equipment. Mr. John
Gay, inspector of stations, was directed to examine the location, and
on his report and recommendation the offer of. Mr. Thompson was ac-
cepted. Immediate steps were taken to ecup the station, and active
operations were inaugurated. On April 22,1890, the steamer Fish
Hawk arrived with the necessary materials, and her crew speedily
fitted up the building. By May 12 the establishment was ready for the
receipt of eggs, the water being derived from the supply of Gloucester
City.

The first eggs received were those transferred from the Fish Hawk.
The spawn-takers commenced taking eggs May 13, visiting the fisheries
daily by the launch Petrei. Their collections for the season closed
May 28, 1890, amounting to 6,396,000 eggs, which were obtained from
seines, as follows: Gloucester Point, 30,000; Faunce’s, 1,752,000; Rice’s,
922,000; and Howell Cove, 3,792,000. These eggs, together with the
3,654,000 transferred from the Mish Hawk, made a total of 10,150,000,
and ented 6,204,000 fry, which were liberated in Big ember Or eek
New Jersey, a stream near Gloucester City. The water fearpemee
in the hatchery was 58° May 12; 60° May 15 to 23; and 63° May 31.

Further details concerning the operations at Gloucester, N. J., will
be found in the account of the operations of the Fish Hawk, pages 55
and 56.

1890-91.

In the previous year’s work it was found that the water used was of
too low a temperature and also contained injurious ingredients. In
order to obtain supplies of amore suitable character for the work, a
pumping plant was put in with a suction pipe laid to the Delaware
River, connection still being maintained with the city supply for cases
of emergency. The steam launch Petrel was again assigned here.
The Fish Hawk being needed tor other work, the propagation of shad
on the Delaware River was conducted by this station only. The col-
lection of eggs began April 30, 1891, and was continued till June 2,
resulting in a total of 12,465,000. Fry produced from these eggs
amounted to 6,155,000, of which 4,930,000 were turned over to messen-
gers for distribution and 1,225,000 deposited locally in Big Timber
Creek. The seines attended for spawn were those at Gloucester Point,
Faunce’s, and Howell Cove. The largest day’s production of eggs,
1,242,000, was on May 1, the Howell Cove seine furnishing 973,000 of
these. During the season but one ripe shad was obtained at Gloucester
Point, a source of 2,500,000 eggs the year preceding.

The weather was abnormal and the river being low from a drought
in the headwaters was made lower by prevailing winds from the north
and northwest. There were snow flurries May 6. The catch of shad
was within 25 per cent of the usual number, but spawning fish were

30 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. *

very searce, and ripe bucks of such infrequent occurrence that it was
at all times difficult to secure enough milt for purposes of fertilization,
A great’: many shad moved upward to headwaters, many being seen
in the vicinity of Egypt Mills, Pike County, Pa., and in New York State,
as much as 300 miles above the ocean, higher than known since the
building of the dam at Lackawaxen in the year 1823. The head-
waters were made accessible to the spawning shad by the construction
in 1889 of a fishway at the dam by the joint action of New York and
Pennsylvama, Fishing operations ceased June 3, and the station was
closed June 6,

BATTERY ISLAND STATION, MARYLAND (W. DE C. RAVENEL, SUPERINTENDENT).

1889-90.

As in previous years, in addition to the operation of the Commission’s
Station on Battery Island, the canning house of Mr. 8. J. Seneca, at
Havre de Grace, was rented for the season and equipped with 100 hatch-
ing jars of a capacity of 8,000,000 eggs. This auxiliary hatchery being
located in the proximity of the railroad station proved a valuable ad-
junct to the work of distribution. The collection of spawn began April
21 and continued till May 20, 1890, the aggregate number of eggs se-
cured by the two establishments being 32,405,000. Of these, 12,637,000
were transferred to the cars for hatching en route; from the remainder
12,248,000 fry were produced, which were also mainly distributed by
the messenger service. ‘To procure the eggs, 60,600 fathoms of seine
haul and 179,925 fathoms of gil) net were attended, the number of seined
shad examined being 22,800 and of those from gill nets, 16,700, a total
of 39,500, of which 985 were stripped.

Karly in May continued heavy rains caused muddy water and backed
the run of shad down the bay, so that the seine catch was reduced to
one-third of that of the previous year and the gill-net catch to one half.
Of the entire production of eggs, more than three-fourths were obtained
prior to the freshet period, commencing May 7. The eggs, though
scarce, were of unusually good quality and afforded fry of superior vigor.

1890-91.

Shad hatching was again conducted both at Battery Island and at
the auxiliary hatchery at Havre de Grace. On April 17, 1891, twenty
spawn-takers began operations, and from that time until June 6 were
interrupted by storms but two nights. By the 1st of May 26,370,000
eges had been secured, and by the end of the season a total of 63,110,000.
Of these, 837,000 were turned over to the Delaware Fish Commission
and 7,413,000 to the Fish Commission’s cars for hatching en route to the
places of deposit. From the remainder were produced 37,747,000 fry.
The eggs obtained on each of nine days were over a million, on twelve

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 51

days over two millions, and on three days over three millions. The
water in the vicinity of the station was so extraordinarily clear that
seines could be hauled with any advantage at night only; operations
were therefore suspended the first week in May, one month earlier than
customary, with one-half the usual catch, the catch by gill fishermen
being about two-thirds.

The attendance of the spawn-takers was on 49,600 fathoms of seine
and 224,700 fathoms of gill net, which afforded 35,200 adult shad for
examination, about equally divided between the two classes of nets.
The number of fish stripped was 2,013.

The average water temperature during the last fifteen days in April
was 60.8° F., during the month of May 62.1°, and the first nine days
in June 70.8°.

When fry accumulate in large numbers between deliveries to mes-
sengers they are kept in large storage tanks rather than in the col-
lector aquaria, this method having been found so advantageous that its
application is general in the station. The tanks are 96 inches long by
18 wide and 16 deep, partitioned midway between the ends to form two
separate compartments, which are provided with guard screens at their
outlet ends. The water circulation is derived from two one-fourth-inch
jet cocks, to which gum tubing is attached, under 10 pounds pressure
to a square inch. As many as 300,000 to 400,000 fry are supported
in each subcompartment, the variation in number being regulated in
accordance with temperature.

An experiment was made of holding shad in standing water, 25,000
fry being placed in a 12-gallon can and one-fourth the water changed
every four hours. At the end of twelve days the loss was 4,185, and
of these 40 per cent occurred in the first sixty hours. The temperature
of the water at the beginning of the experiment was 56°, but gradually
rose till on the twelfth day it was 70°; on the following five days it
dropped to 52°, when heavy mortality occurred.

The purchase of this station, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, Mary-
land, which had been occupied under lease by the Commission for a
number of years, was provided for in an act approved March 3, 1891.
By direction of the United States Attorney-General, an examination of
the title to the property was made by the United States district attor-
ney for Maryland, who, on June 26, 1891, reported the same good in Mr.
T. B. Ferguson, by whom a deed transferring the same to the United
States was duly executed.

32 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Forr WASHINGTON STATION, MARYLAND (8S. G. WORTH, SUPERINTENDENT),

1889-90.

This station, lying on the Potomac River, about 12 miles below Wash-
ington, was open during April and May, 1890, and produced during the
ege-collecting period of thirty-two days, commencing April 15, 35,202,000
eggs. The catch of shad in this vicinity was less than one-half that of
the four preceding years. Of the eggs obtained (55,202,000) 34,446,000,
after being held thirty-six hours, were measured and forwarded on the
river steamers to Central Station, and 756,000 of inferior quality were
held and hatched, producing 356,000 fry, which were liberated. in the
Potomac River at the station. The eggs were derived from sources as
follows: Fort Washington seine, 10,224,000; Chapman Point seine,
2,842,000; Tulip Hill seine, 3,835,000; Moxley Point seine, 1,078,000;
gill-net fishermen, 17,223,000.

The weather of the preceding winter and of the spring months of 1890
was unusually mild, effecting no advancement in the spawning period
of the shad, but probably accounting for the abnormal presence of large
numbers of young shad, alewives, and sturgeon in the upper waters of
the Potomac. Several schools of fingerling shad and alewives were
hauled nearly ashore at different times by the seines at Fort Washing-
ton and Moxley Point. Many sturgeon, 12 to 18 inches long, were daily
captured by the Fort Washington seine. The water temperature April
15 was 57° F.; April 30, 60°; May 15, 68°.

The equipment of this station was improved by the introduction of a
larger steam boiler and pump, which were obtained by transfer from
other stations, and a larger water tank.

1890-91.

The production of shad eggs during the season, April 21 to May 17,
1891, was, by measurement thirty-six hours subsequent to fertilization,
32,544,000. These were forwarded on trays to Central Station, except
183,000 retained for hatching, producing 170,000 fry, which were released
in the Potomac River. For two months preceding the commencement
of operations there were continuous freshets in the Potomac, culminat-
ing March 28 in an extreme flood which overflowed the Fort Washing-
ton wharf and freshened the water in the lower river to such an extent
as to destroy thousands of acres of oyster beds. Upon the cessation of
freshets the water became clear, as in the previous year, and being held
at a low temperature by the prevailing cold weather, the conditions
favored the spawning of the shad in the wide waters many miles below
the station. In the vicinity of Fort Washington all fishing by daylight
was unremunerative, as on the Susquehanna River, the catch being
but two-fifths to one-half that of ordinary seasons. The operations of
three of the best egg-yielding seines and many gill nets were suspended

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 33

on May 15, thus terminating the collecting season. The eggs collected
amounted to only 57 per cent of the average of the four preceding sea-
sons. The water temperature at the station differed from previous
years, becoming lower instead of higher as the season advanced. On
April 22 to 26 it was 66.6° F.; May 1 to5, 66.29; May 9 to 13, 64.8°.

The following is a statement of the egy yield from the operation of
the Fort Washington seine and the shad catch during the years 1887
to 1891, inclusive:

| Catch for 7 days F,
ending— 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891
PAP TILT as = =< payate 2 83 382 484 BTS) Serer ae
ANT CLT 2 Dil eee eta 1, 600 485 929 1, 484 939
PATIO T Sta. ce 778 1, 536 | 1, 904 1, 031 1, 254°
WUE? CSRs eee er 2, 270 2, 898 150 796 714
Miler Uliset 2 aioe cnc 2, 053 3, 196 1, 614 191 211
IN (Syl Se ae ere eee 2,817 984 1, 070 231 20
Waly Spr etc ease 747 1, 107 GG rate msaicle al a raretttatelato vay rs Oe
URLOpen te ee reel Sa wrare cin See 2d | atorcarst Neee toca eat tea terre ee istenetee seat
Total catch. - 10, 348 11, 212 6, 217 4, 606 3, 138
Seine production |
of eggs for the |
WGEINSSSeS ceecrse 20, 956, 000 | 22, 657,000 | 17,738,000 | 10, 262,000 | 5,276,000 |

For the removal of loose stone which obstructed the hauling of the
Fort Washington seine an 8-foot beam trawl, in connection with the
Seine capstans, was successfully employed. A useful fixture for remov-
ing the fish scales from the eggs was also devised and put into practical
operation. ‘This consisted of two 18-inch flared tin pans with handles,
one nesting within the other, 2 inches of the bottom of the interior
one being evenly cut off and covered with quarter-inch stretched twine
netting. It was operated by filling the lower pan with water above
the netting, and gently ladling in 2 or 3 gallons of eggs, when they
would drop through the meshes, leaving the scales behind.

An advance was made in transferring the eggs to Washington, by
changing the time of shipment from evening to early morning, by which
the afternoon heat was avoided.

CENTRAL STATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. (S. G. WORTH, SUPERINTENDENT).

1889-90.

The scope of work of this station has continued as in previous years.
The operations in hatching were as follows

Received from—

Number of

Number of

Species. eggs. fry hatched.
Brook trout .-..-..--- Northville Station ............- 37, 500 30, 500
Whitefish s:..-~ 22222: Sandusky Station .............. 5, 000,000 | 4, 400, 000
Landlocked salmon-..| Schoodic Station -.............- 39, 000 18, 200
Shades eenceceseeascc. Fort Washington Station ..-..- 31, 220, 000 | 23, 493, 000
Yellow perch ......... Central’ Station: -< <cc.cesccces > 956, 000 754, 000
Ota ete ee ees sere cheapic sma shltcenic 4 Hhscn|Souewce saces 28, 695, 700

H. Mis. 113——3

34 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In addition to the receipt and preparation of fingerling fish for dis-
tribution, there were received and distributed the following eggs: 2,500
of the br ae trout, from Northville Station; 80,000 of the ae trout
from Wytheville Station, which were repacked and forwarded to France,
England, Germany, and Beiseue ; 3,226,000 eggs of the shad, which were
partially developed and then franiverrel to the cars for complennnn of
hatching en route to the places of planting.

The following table exhibits the distribution of fingerling fish:

Species. Received from— Number.

Carp reteset sasdcboc Fish ponds, Washington -.................-.- 28, 700

2 Bt Pe Ase Seon Wytheville Station - 2... 5-6 mstoe i eeenine ores 1, 078

: Goldeshene a. aseese= == Fish ponds, Washington ............-..------ 15, 972
tO ee cba seSnsessee

Golden ide.-..-.....----
Rainbow trout.
Rock bass .-.-

Black bass
Crappie. ....-.-
Spotted catfish
Yellow perch ....-..-..

The hatching of the yellow perch was of an experimental character.
Details will be found in the Bulletin of the U. 8. Fish Commission for
1890, pages 331-334,

The following are the mean temperatures of the city hydrant water
used at the station by months:

|
1889. °¥ahr. | 1890. ° Fahr.
AU oe aoe SA fo || cdhanuary. 525.7. 45
August: : 2c. sosn- . 95 | February .../..- 43
September --.--- 70 March: -e2hee2 =~ 45
October e=---- -- 62 Atprileaeseeeenae 55
November. .-.--- 52 IMiaiy, = eo nietetereere 64
December -..---- Eu) Siledhubiehcencoseeane- 74
1890-91.

The hatching work proper at this station was as follows:

Species. Received from— | Eggs | fo teeoas

5 Fd | |
Rainbow trout...-.--.- Wytheville Station ........ 25, 000 11, 980
Brookstrotite.. <c-2--:2 Northville Station ......... 25, 000 | 20, 700
alkkewbromtcesec- ose clace= ss GO> 3.05), .acteee ee tee 100, 000 | 87, 500
Von Behr trout. 2...-.|.:2.-. 06. see eeeeecee 28, 000 16, 400
IWihitetishice sce =scc ccc i ee oe GOstcs see ee eee ee 1, 122, 000 722, 000
Landlocked salmon ..-| Schoodic Station ......-.... 30, 000 25, 200
SMelietocn Aare he coc eOOld.: Spring Harbor Station 1, 000, 000 400, 000
SCE Yo Eee. pet seep Fort Washington Station .- 18, 800, 000 14, 972, 000
Totalifry hatched 2.) \*-.<.c-aiscss ces eee eee eee eee eee eer 16, 255, 780

4

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISIL AND FISHERIES. 35
There were received from Wytheville Station and forwarded to Eng-
land, Germany, and Switzerland, 75,000 eggs of the rainbow trout;
from the Northville Station, 20,000 Von Behr trout eggs, which were
transferred to the Wytheville Station, and 2,878,000 whitefish eggs,
which were transferred to one of the cars for hatching en route to Sack-
etts Harbor, for stocking Lake Ontario. In addition, 8,140,000 shad-
eggs from Fort Washington Station were turned over to cars Nos, 2 and
3 for hatching en route to places of deposit.
The fingerling fish received and forwarded were as follows:

| Species. | Received from. Number.

| |
(ORI Seb edeae DOGS SOnoes | Fish ponds, Washington, D.C ......-...------ 331, 391
Golgitshsec--5 2200 = lett (Oy oe 6 doo boss 83 SEC OD ORE ME DESC E CoP MoSee 18, 493
Meneh) sss-Accesse= to 4: lesiaeis CO ieneeter ASE ECE RUS oe Buen essere 5, 156
Rainbow trout.....---. | Wytheville Station...........--.--------..--. 12, 166
ROCK DESS! omseimeanae os) oe QO teens a oe oes 2s sian caceeece nm agen oot 1, 560
Black bass: .--..--.... Qrincyastabiontes: ct selector 262
(CTS otebhecedessand besos GID) Sekbao Seeder eles hessncpocenececortae 170
Sunfish) co oes cs ees [tee sa: GOWs Se Sse hs oc dlalsaaid - ie t ciotlstias Sete elena 135
ROCK DANS pecs cig eo oie Isaacs QOPsceecea esas tos dace aceesacus stents vacate 59
Meow: Pexreht= i.e sine soe nc DOM esas oe masters ecicesnecosch nasi cctened 6
121) So SOC ee Oe a delice aera CO ah a alee ie ee te ee SE ee 4
Rainbow trout.--..-.-. INOrtbwalle: stablon\ shade - eee essere oe serscietele 266
IBYOOK GLOW. 22 = secinc ce lene <2. CO er yt Be pee oer Se en oster ha Neeierre oot 50
Goldfish 53-4 s2c2- ceo INGOSHOISUATION seedic oo meee van ceaes caseeeeaee 2,077
Totals: 8d see ak IER Ape tae SE SARE RD een gee eR h esta eee Say 371, 795

An account of the operations of the Aquaria at Central Station will
be found on pages 54 and 55.

Fis Ponps, WASHINGTON, D. C. (R. HESSEL, SUPERINTENDENT).

1889-90.

On May 31 and June 1, 1889, the station was completely submerged
by a disastrous freshet in the Potomac River, and nearly all the fish
in the ponds escaped.

In November the ponds were drawn, and the fish of fingerling size
available for distribution were as follows: Leather carp, 29,450; scale
carp, 1,029; blue leather carp, 167; blue scale carp, 70; tench, 25; golden
ide, 20; goldfish, 15,415.

On April 25 and May 5, 1890, 2,144,000 shad fry were received from
Central Station and placed in the west pond for rearing.

Much care and expense was involved in repairing the damage re-
sulting from the June overflow, and in eliminating the river fish and
objectionable water plants that found unavoidable lodgment in the
ponds on that occasion.

36 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

1890-91.

The ponds were drawn in October and November, 1890, The fish
produced, by actual count, were: Scale carp, 50,000; leather carp,
290,000; blue leather carp, 503; blue mirror carp, 490; blue scale carp,
1,129; tench, 1,678; golden ide, 12; goldfish, 23,100.

In paaaia to these, a conservative estimate gave 800,000 young shad,
averaging 3 to 5 inches in length, as the product of the fry placed in
the ponds the previous spring. In view of the success met with, a fur-
ther planting of 2,054,000 fry was made from Central Station in April,
1891.

WYTHEVILLE STATION, VIRGINIA (GEORGE A, SEAGLE, SUPERINTENDENT).
1889-90.

The tenure of the station has continued as in previous years under
lease from the State of Virginia. The work embraced the propagation
of the rainbow, brook, and Von Behr trouts, the black bass, rock bass,
carp, and goldfish.

Of the rainbow trout there were obtained from brood fish held at the
station 310,000 eggs. Of these, 158,000 were distributed to other hatch-
eries, as noted in the details of distribution, and from the remainder
were produced 61,000 fry, which were held at the station for rearing,
being reduced by July 1, 1890, to 43,960. The period of egg-taking
was from November 28, 1889, to the end of the following March. The
distribution of rainbows reared from the take of the previous season was
begun on September 18, 1889, continuing till the close of the following
March. The output was 38,796 yearlings and 480 adults. There were
also distributed 900 yearling and 245 adult brook trout, and 230 Von
Behr trout. The adult fish of these varieties were from three to four
years old.

Fish of a summer’s growth produced for distribution were: 3,484
rock bass, 2,330 carp, and 1,535 goldfish. Supplies of black bass and
rock pace for brood fish were obtained from Wolf and Reed creeks in
the vicinity of the station. Of the pond fish, the goldfish spawned
early in April and the black bass and rock bass a month later. The
first goldfish hatched in ten days and the first carp in fourteen days.

1890-91.

The spawning of the rainbow trout commenced November 10, 1890,
and by March 4, 1891, there was a yield of 400,000 eggs. Of these,
195,000 were transferred to other hatcheries, and the remainder retained
at the station for hatching and rearing, the survivors on July 1, 1890,
being 60,000. The distribution of yearlings was commenced in the fall,
and 37 990 were consigned to applicants in Virginia and adjoining
States.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ae

The fingerling fish derived from the ponds comprised 810 black bass,
4,427 rock bass, 6,931 carp, and 1,911 goldfish. A consignment of 75
adult black-spotted trout was received June 9, 1890, from the Leadville
Station. Owing to injuries received in transit, only twenty of them
survived the heat of the first summer, but these were in good condition
July 1, 1891. A shipment of 5,000 eggs of,this species arriving Julye
29, 1890, from the same station, hatched immediately, about one-half of
fio fry denis during the first week. The remainder were further re-
duced in numbers by the escape of some from the ponds, but several
hundred were preserved in good condition.

There was the usual lack of success with brook trout. Twenty thou-
sand eggs arriving from the Northville Station January 18, 1891, imme-
diately hatched; 7,600 fry died in the troughs by March 1, and the
remainder soon after perished in the ponds.

Unfavorable results also attended the handling of Von Behr trout
eges and fry. Of a consignment of: 20,000 eggs from the Northville
Station, received February 2, 1891, many were found either hatched or
dead on arrival. A second rane of 20,000 arrived in good con-
dition February 20, 1891, but they underwent 20 per cent loss in hatech-
ing, and the fry perished, though apparently healthy—a portion in the
troughs and the remainder in the ponds subsequent to transfer, April 9.
Muddy water during the hatching season and the presence of lime in
the station water supply are supposed to have been the obstacles to
successful operations with this species and the brook trout.

SANDUSKY STATION, OHIO (HENRY DOUGLAS, SUPERINTENDENT).

1889-90.

The agreement with the Ohio State Fish Commission, under which
the operation of its hatchery at Sandusky was conducted by this Com-
mission, was renewed.

Higgs of the whitefish and pike perch were obtained from islands in the
western part of Lake Erie, and from Port Clinton and Toledo. Those
of the whitefish were collected during the month of November, 1889, to
the number of 62,100,000. Of these, 10,000,000 were shipped to the
Pennsylvania hate sere at Krie; 6,000, 000 to the Wisconsin State fish
commissioners; and 6,000,000 to Conical Station, Washington, D. C.
The Paar were Hate ned at che station, producing 30,628 000, all of
which were liberated in Lake Erie except 100 000, at to Warren,
Ind., at the request of the Indiana State Fish Commission.

Pike-perch operations covered the period between April 12 and 26,
1890, during which 81,000,000 eggs were obtained. Of these the Penn-
Sy heer hatchery at Erie was given a consignment of 18,000,900 and the
New York Fish Commission 1,000,000. From the remainder, 36,200,000
fry were produced and liberated the first week in May.

38 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
PUT-IN Bay STATION, OHIO (J. J. STRANAHAN, SUPERINTENDENT).

The sundry civil bill approved March 2, 1889, provided $20,000 “ for
the purpose of establishing and equipping a station at some convenient
point on Lake Erie, to be designated by the Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries, for taking spawn and the propagation of whitefish.” An ex-
“amination and consideration of the facilities offered by the different
places contiguous to the spawning-grounds of the whitefish demon-
strated the advisability of establishing the station at Put-in Bay, Ohio.
Through the efforts of Mr. Valentine Doller, of Put-in Bay, the citizens
of that place donated to the United States a site on the south shore of
Peach Point, and containing about three-fourths of an acre. On An-
gust 31, 1889, the Attorney-General certified to the sufficiency of the
deeds given to vest a valid title to the property in the United States.
Cession of jurisdiction over the property having been given by an act
of the legislature of Ohio, passed April 10, 1889, and the plans and
specifications for the required hatchery having been prepared pending
the examination of the title, advertisement calling for proposals to con-
struct the same was made September 6. The lowest bid received in
response thereto was that of Mr. George EK. Gascoyne, of Put-in Bay,
with whom a contract was entered into on October 12. For the erec-
tion of the necessary steam and water plant, a contract was made with
Messrs. Shaw, Kendall & Co., of Toledo, Ohio, on March 11,1890. The
erection of the hatchery was completed on August 11, 1890, and on
September 16 the machinery was ready for use.

The act approved September 50, 1890, provided an appropriation of
$10,000 for the completion of the equipment of the station, including
the purchase of a steam launch for use in the collection of the eggs of
the whitefish. Plans and specifications for this vessel were prepared
by the chief engineer of the Commission, Mr. W. B. Bayley, U.S. N., and
after due advertisement for proposals for her construction, a contract
was made with the Craig Ship Building Company, of Toledo, Ohio.

1890-91.

On July 1, 1890, Mr. J. J. Stranahan was appointed superintendent
of the station. On November 5 active measures in the propagation of
whitefish were begun; 157,500,000 eges were obtained from local fish-
ermen; 200,000 were received from the Conunission’s station at Alpena.
Of the eggs collected, 47,500,000 were transferred to the Ohio State
hatchery, Sandusky, Ohio; 10,000,000 to the Wisconsin commissioners ;
14,000,000 to the Erie station of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission;
and 125,000 to Mi. Carl G. Thompson, at Warren, Ind. From the eggs
retained, 10,000,000 fry were produced and placed in Lake Erie. The
hatching occurred in March, 1891, and the fry were liberated toward
the end of that month.

About 150,000 whitefish eggs were fertilized with the product of male
lake herring, the result being a fair percentage of hybrids. Late in the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 39

+ season a sinall number of herring eggs were secured and impregnated,
these producing a small percentage of fry.

On February 11, 1891, 200,000 lake trout eggs were received from the
Northville Station, and produced 192,000 fry, which were liberated about
the end of March, at points in the lake in the vicinity of the station.

The collection of pike perch eggs was begun April 14, 1891, they too
being taken by the fishermen; 149,000,000 eggs were obtained, of which
58,000,000 were sent to the Erie hatchery of the Pennsylvania Fish Com-
mission. In the collection of these Mr. William Buller, superintendent
of the Erie hatchery, rendered active assistance. The eggs held at the
station produced 60,000,000 fry, which were liberated in the lake prior
to May 20, 1891, the season’s operations in fish-culture terminating with
their release. Experiments were made with the pike perch eggs looking
to the separation of those that mass in lumps. The method pursued con-
sisted in detaching the lumps from the eggs already free, by means of
ascreen. The lumps were then rubbed between the palms of the hands,
separating the eggs. It was found that eges so treated hatched with
no greater loss than those naturally free. Attempts to hatch the eggs
when in lumps, however, resulted in almost total loss.

NORTHVILLE STATION, MICHIGAN (FRANK N. CLark, SUPERINTENDENT).
1889-90.

Whitefish.—The collection of whitefish eges for this station was lim-
ited to Lake Erie, 10,000,000 being derived from the vicinity of Monroe
and 25,000,000 from Sandusky. These were carefully prepared for ship-
ment and distributed to other hatcheries for hatching. The disposition
of the good eggs, 28,460,000, is given in the details of distribution.

The success heretofore attending the partial trial of graveled troughs,
as practiced during the three preceding seasons in developing trout
eggs, led to the adaptation of the method to all the trout eges handled
at the station, and with results highly gratifying. This consisted in
spreading as evenly as possible 10,000 to 12,000 eggs over a space of
gravel bottom 12 by 15 inches. The eggs were allowed to remain on
the gravel until the eye spots were clearly developed (a period of about
forty days), being then taken up and placed on wire trays for hatching.

Von Behr trout.—The readiness with which the Von Behr trout has
become acclimated, together with its hardiness and rapid growth, has
greatly encouraged its further propagation. From the brood stock
163,400 eggs were obtained, of which 58,000 were transferred and 75,000
held for hatching at the station. The spawning season began October
21, 1889, and continued seventy-three days. From 75 females, 3 and 4
years old, the production of eggs was 85,700, and from 239 females, 2
years old, 77,700. Of this species brought over from the previous
season, there were 6,175 yearlings delivered for distribution.

40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Brook trout.—The spawning of the brook trout covered a period of
eighty-five days, commencing October 14, 1889, the number of eggs:
obtained being 322,000, In addition to these there was a consignment
of 25,000, received January 25 from the Leadville Station. The eggs
from brood fish were derived as follows: From 478 females 2 and 3
years old, 269,300; and from 224 others 18 ménths old, 52,700. These
were transferred in ten shipments 265,000 eggs. In aauititn to these,

75,000 were retained at the station, of which 25,000 were for stocking
aes waters of the Yellowstone National Park. The inconsiderable loss
in hatching operations is ascribed to the development of the eggs in the
earlier stages on gravel. Of brook trout yearlings, 7,500 were deliv-
ered for liberation in various waters.

Loch Leven trout.—From 500 females maintained at the station
291,100 eggs were obtained October 25 to December 50, 1889. Com-
mencing January 20, and continuing thirty-five days, 162,000 of these
eges were transferred, shies 75,000 others were held for rearing. A con-
signment of 13,000 eggs was received from Germany on March 11, 1890,
but these heyelaned aie about 25 per cent of fry. The distribution of
yearlings commenced September 17, 1889, 10,000 being liberated.

Lake trout.—The eggs taken aIoUAEA to 3,954,000, an excess of
600,000 over any previous season. The transfers from these eggs
amounted to 2,600,000, and 200,000 were held to be hatched. Of those
transferred, 1,000,000 were sent to Duluth Station; of those retained,
100,000 were held for the Yellowstone National Park. In February,
1890, 13,152 yearlings were turned over to car messengers for liberation.

tan trout.—Results with the rainbow trout, as in preceding
years, were-unsatisfactory. From 2,500 brood fish, one-fifth of which
were 3 and 4 years of age and the remainder 2 years of age, only 119,000
eggs were secured, and of these only 52,600 survived to the age when
the eye spots are visible. 12,500 eggs were sent to the Wyoming Fish
Commission, and from the remainder only 5,000 fry were produced.
19,143 yearlings were distributed through the messenger service.

Landlocked salmon.—A consignment of eggs from Schoodic Station,
received February 28, 1890, was wholly without results.

1890-91.

This station, one of the first established by the Commission, and at
which the work of the propagation of whitefish on the Great Lakes
was inaugurated, has for many years been occupied under rental. The
company owning the property having decided to sell the same, the
Commission was given the opportunity to buy it. In view of its
advantages, Congress was asked to make the necessary provision for
its purchase. This request was met by an item in the. sundry civil
bill, approved August 30, 1890, appropriating $15,000 “for the pur-
chase of the grounds and buildings located at Northville, Mich., now
occupied by the U.S. Fish Commission, under iease as a fish-hatching

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER Of FISH AND FISHERIES. 41

station, and for the purchase of additional grounds adjacent to those
now occupied and used as such fish-hatching station.” An appropria-
tion of $5,000 was also made by the same bill for the erection of new
buildings on the property. Deeds transferring the property already
under lease and the additional adjacent grounds deemed necessary for
the station, as also the right of way over contiguous lands for a pipe
line and the control of certain water rights, were passed in February,
1891. These were referred to the Attorney-General, and toward the end
of the following month was received his certification as to their sufti-
ciency to vest in the United States a valid title to the property. The
houses on the property being sufficient for the immediate needs of the
station, it was the intention of the Commissioner to proceed at once with
the construction of additional ponds, the introduction of an increased
water supply, ete., to meet the expense of which the appropriation of
$5,000 for new buildings was supposed to ve applicable. The First
Comptroller of the Treasury, however, deciding that the money could
be expended only for new buildings, as defined in conimon parlance, the
work had to be deferred till Congress could be asked to modify the phra-
seology of the appropriation so as to permit its use in the way desired.

The brood fish on hand at the commencement of the fiscal year were
found to be as follows: Brook trout, 945; Loch Leven trout, 4,545; Von
Behr trout, 2,075; rainbow trout, 4,053.

Whitefish._—The propagation of the whitefish at this station was dis-
continued and an expansion of the work made at Duluth and Put-in
Bay stations. This permits the application of all available water supply
and space to the hatching and rearing of trout, and will obviate the
necessity, by reason of insufficient space for their care, of liberating the
fingerlings in advance of the regular season of distribution.

Von Behr trout.—Kges were taken during sixty-five days following
October 24, 1890, and numbered 324,900, of which 226,000 were trans-
ferred. The fingerlings and yearlings furnished for distribution were
18,655. ‘There were received from Germany, through the Cold Spring
Harbor Station, in February and March, two consignments of eggs of
this species aggregating 31,000. ‘

Brook trout.—Eggs were taken through a period of seventy-three days
following October 7, 1890, the number obtained being 240,200, of which
110,000 were transferred to other hatcheries. Fingerling and yearling
brook trout to the number of 16,795 were furnished for liberation, com-
mencing September, 1890,

Loch Leven trout.—The collection of eggs of this species continued dur-
ing the months of November and December, 1890, the number obtained
being 222,200, of which 80,000 were transferred. Fingerlings and year-
lings furnished for distribution numbered 14,775.

Lake trout.—EKgegs to the number of 4,901,000 were forwarded from
the Alpena Station, the production being greater by 1,000,000 than in
any previous year, ‘To stations of the Commission, State commission-

42 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ers, and foreign countries, 2,285,000 of these eggs were reshipped, and
from the remainder were produced 1,200,000 fry. In April, 1891, more
than 600,000 fry were liberated in inland lakes of Michigan, 513,000
being held for rearing. ‘The number of lake trout fingerlings and year-
lings distributed from August 1, 1890, to May 18, 1891, amounted to
187,805, an increase of 100 per cent over previous seasons.

Rainbow trout.—The rainbow trout heretofore used as breeders were
transferred, the water at the station having been found but poorly
adapted to this species. ~

Landlocked salmon.—A shipment of 26,000 landlocked salmon eggs
from Schoodic Station produced no results, all the fry perishing.

ALPENA STATION, MICHIGAN (FRANK N. CLARK, SUPERINTENDENT),

1889-90.

The collections of the lake trout eggs which were handled at North-
ville Station this year were made principally through Alpena Station.

The collection of whitefish eggs began November 5, and continued
into December, lakes Huron and Michigan affording about 43,000,006;
about 40 per cent of the spawning fish were obtained from gill nets.
Snowstorms and gales were encountered as usual in this work.

The production of fry was 33,600,000, which were mainly liberated
in lakes Michigan and Huron. Onaccount of the mild winter the eggs
were fifteen to twenty days earlier in hatching. The temperature of the
water in November was 384° F. During the four months preceding
April 2 the water temperature varied but one degree from 34° F, On
April 8 the temperature was 38°; April 30,.42°; April 15, 52°,

1890-91.

The whitefish eggs collected this season were mainly from Lake
Huron, in the vicinity of the station. The taking of spawn began
October 4 and was concluded December 6, 1890, the result being nearly
51,000,000, of which about one-third were from fish taken in gill nets.
Most of the eggs were from the first run of fish, the greater portion
being obtained within a period of eight days. There were transferred
to other stations 20,500,000, Hatching occurred April 10 to 30, 1891,
and fry to the number of 24,060,000 were liberated during April and
the early part of May.

The collection of lake trout eggs commenced September 23, 1890,
in the vicinity of Beaver Islands, the entire number, nearly 5,000,000,
being forwarded to Northville Station. ;

The water temperature September 30 was 60° F.; October 31, 459;
during three months following November 30 it was 325° to 33°; during
March, 34°; on April 15, 36°; on May 5, 46°.

The immediate supervision of the station has been under Mr. 8, P.
Wires, foreman.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 43

DULUTH SraTion, MiInNEsoTa (R. O. SWEENY, SR., SUPERINTENDENT).
1889-90.

Operations consisted principally in developing eggs transferred from
other stations, though a number of pike perch eggs were collected.

Whitefish. A bout 26,250,000 whitefish eggs, in seven consignments
of two cases each, received from Northville Station January 4 to 31,
1890, produced 24,850,000 fry. Some of the eggs hatched prematurely,
owing to the high temperature attained during their transfer, resulting
in the release of about 7,000,000 fry from January to March, inclusive,
in advance of the normal nate. which commenced sheik April 15.
The fry were placed in Lake Superior, off the mouth of Lester River.

Brook trout.—LKges to the number of 30,000, received from Northville
February 3, 1899, began to hateh March 21, and 27,000 fry were released
June 12, in Baptism River; 1,000 fry were held over to the succeeding
fiscal year for further rearing.

Lake trout.—1 000,000 eggs received from Northville January 5, 1890,
in four cases, produced 935,000 fry ; of these, 400,000 of premature hatech-
ing were liberated in Lake Superior in April. There were also 300,000
released in June. The balance were held for further rearing. The
normal hatching of the eggs commenced March 21,

Loch Leven trout.—There were 12,000 Loch Leven trout eggs received
from Northville February 27, and from these 11,000 fry were on hand,
in rearing troughs, June 30, 1890,

Von Behr trout——Kgegs to the number of 8,000 were received from
Northville February 27. The fry produced therefrom, and on hand June
30, 1890, amounted to 7,280. A consigument of eggs from Cold Spring
Harbor, New York, was without result, they being dead on arrival.

Landlocked salmon.—There were 48,000 landlocked salmon on hand
in troughs and rearing ponds June 30, 1890, which were the product of
60,000 eggs received from Schoodic Station in March.

Pike perch.—On May 5, 1890, 600,000 pike perch eggs were collected,
the fry produced therefrom amounting to 580,000, which were released
May 9 to 25, at the mouth of Lester River. -

The water temperature, after remaining at 32° F. for four months,
rose to 34° April 10, 1890, the mean morning temperature during April
being 34,3;°, and during May 453°. In February the mean air tempera-
ture was 12$°, maximum 40°, and minimum 16° below zero.

1890-91.

During this year many improvements were made looking to the com-
pletion of the station. In consequence of the denudation of the land
areas along Lester River (caused by disastrous forest fires, the opera-
tions of lumbermen, and the clearing incident to the suburban growth
of the city of Duluth) it was found that the gravity supply of water to
the hatchery from that stream could no longer be relied upon. When
the hard freezing weather occurred the stream was dried up, and the
lake was drawn upon, water being obtained by pumping.

A4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF Frsi? AND FISHERIES.

the Alpena Station, and hatched April 15 to May 19 following. the
product in fry beimg 11,330,000, .

Lake trout.—There were also received from Northville 500,000 lake
trout eges, which produced 486,000 fry, a part being liberated April
28 to June 30, and 128,000 being retained for rearing.

Von Behr trout.—15,000 Von Behr trout were produced from 20,000
eges received from Northville, the fry being released in Baptism River
and other local waters, in June, 1891, except 400, which were retained,

Landlocked salmon.—50,000 eggs from Schoodie Station produced
30,000 healthy fry, which were retained for rearing.

Pike perch.—On April 29, 1891, 47,000,000 pike perch eggs were col-
lected by the station employés at Fond du Lac, a point 30 miles dis-
tant. There were 12,000,000 of the fertilized eggs placed overboard at
the spawning-grounds, and 35,000,000 put in process of hatching, the
universal jar being used in their development. The fry obtained
amounted to 10,100,000, which were liberated May 15 to 23,

Carp.—610 carp were distributed, these being the survivors of a
shipment of 1,000 received from Washington, D. C.

Of fingerling fish, brought over from the spring of 1890, there were
released in local waters 100 brook trout, 20,000 landlocked salmon, and
- 235,000 lake trout.

The first rainfall of 1891 at this station occurred April 10, when the
water again commenced to flow through the flume from Lester River,
The general thaw setting in at this time furnished an abundance of

vater by gravity, which, however, was turbid and unsatisfactory. The

temperature of the Lester River water in October was 403° I., and in

November, 32° without variation. In July, 1891. it reached a maximum
75°, the minimum being 69°,

|
Whitefish—On February 6, 1891, 12,000,000 eggs were receiyed from
|
|

of 7
QuINCY STATION, Inuinors (S. P. BARTLETT, SUPERINTENDENT).

The work of collecting and distributing the native food-fishes of the
Mississippi Basin from the overflow ponds and lakes formed during the
seasons of high water, inaugurated in the summer of 1888, was con-
tinued during the period covered by this report. The kinds and num-
ber of fishes collected during the two years were as follows:

Kinds | Season of | Season of
z ie 1889-90. | 1890-91.

Cathishwcs teen ssi sen ee ee rae eee eee ST 6y it see eee
Butalo seo ese =. -hasye faa 25 -eaeee See See Ree eee are 2; 210! | osa-meaa2 a
3rook pike =. =.= = 2 xen oo tate eee eee eee ame AMY ss coenes= 2

Perches Mose actos a be = 5k oe Se re ee oe Se tee eaters 16, 323 9, 958
HreshSw aver Grit. 225. eee eee eee eee mer 200s 25-<~ St fees
PUK Oipore bse saeco ere ees cceee cere ee ee aes eee ee eeieeeciee 1, 000 4
MAIIBG PASS estes Sols oo See SLE ee ee Reese 4ON604' | is S2etee se
Blacks basse teste na toe ae ee eee Ee One eeeee 63, 145 44, 405
(Onsite S52 Bee ee Pee Sonnet ae ae one asso e8cisjys 55 18, 575 21, 901
1 yy Oia dy hs CRSA S oa OUR ER aR AoA eR era. eerste Be tac 2, 854 10, 802
Srimiishl ccvon ee aa.< © cr Sol te sek cae a aera Oe a etermneters 6, 973 2,435
Dota eee ou cea Ree. CE A See Soe ele 133, 075 89, 505

‘

: REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 45
NEOSHO STATION, Missourr (WILLIAM F, PAGE, SUPERINTENDENT),

As stated in the report for the year 1889, the early work at the Neo-
Sho Station was confined to the laying out of the grounds and their
-inclosure, the building of the necessary ponds, and the introduction of
the water supply. In October, 1889, was begun the construction of
the hatching house, a one-story building, 19 by 37 feet, with a two-
story tower, 13 feet square, on the northeast corner. Owing to the
desirability of getting the station ready for active work at an early
date, the building was erected by the purchase of the necessary mate-
rials and the employment of temporary labor, instead of under con-
tract. An appropriation of $4,000 having been made by Congress on
September 30, 1890, for the completion of the station and its equipment,
plans and specifications were prepared for a dwelling for the superin-
tendent of the station and for a hatchery annex, containing an ice-house
and workshops, and in February, 1891, advertisement was made call-
ing for proposals for their construction. Contracts were awarded to
the lowest bidders, that for the superintendent’s dwellin g being given
to Mr. James T. Broughal, of Joplin, Mo., at $3,790, and that for the
hatchery annex to Mr. James Robinson, of Neosho, at $890. Work on
these buildings was begun in April, and at the end of the year they
were rapidly nearing completion. The appropriation of $4,000, above
referred to, proving insufficient for the purpose, a further appropriation
of $1,000 was made by Congress by act approved March 8, 1891,

1889-90,

October, 1889, marked the commencement of fish-cultural operations
at this station, 600 black bass, for breeding purposes, being received
at that time from Quincey, Ill. There were received at the same time a
number of crappie, which failed to thrive, and others were obtained from
Indian Territory. In December, 1889, 42 carp of a summer’s growth
were received from Washington, D. ©. Such rapid growth followed
their introduction into the ponds that they spawned twice during the
hext summer. Other breeding fishes introduced were the tench, golden
ide, and goldfish, which were derived from other stations, and channel
catfish obtained from the Grand River, Indian Territory.

The fry from 25,000 lake trout eggs received from Northville Station
in January, 1890, were attacked by a disease which was accompanied
by a white spot in the yolk sack. Only 750 of the young survived, but
these were healthy.

A consignment of 25,000 brook trout eggs from Northville Station
January 16 arrived in good condition, but the fry perished during the
absorption of the yolk sack, being affected in the same manner as the
lake trout fry.

About 12,000 Von Behr trout fry of inferior quality were obtained
from 20,000 eggs received from Northville Station February 11,

46 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

With the rainbow trout better results were secured, more than 22,000
fry being on hand June 30, 1890, as the product of 25,000 eggs received
from Wytheville February 12.

The earliest observed spawning date of the goldfish was Mareh 12;
of the carp, May 5; of the tench, May 23.

Predatory birds and other animals were very numerous, and many
were destroyed.

1890-91.

The fish available for distribution in October, 1890, consisted of the
production of the previous fiscal year, These numbered 63,570, and
were as follows: Rainbow trout, 21,051; Von Behr trout, 11,937; lake
trout, 506; rock bass, 1,380; carp, 1,782; tench, 9,907; goldfish, 17,007.

The black bass commenced building their nests in the ponds toward
the end of March, 1891, and more than fifty were. observed. By June
30, 1891, many of the young had attained a length of 14 inches.

Crappie, carp, tench, golden ide, rock bass, and goldfish, as well as
the black bass, reproduced by natural methods, in the ponds, the young
being retained there until the season for distribution in the subsequent
fall months. An addition ef 23 breod crappie was obtained through
the Missouri fish commissioners.

During cold weather it was observed that the carp and tench in the
ponds remained active, the channel catfish, however, being dormant.

The golden ide received as fingerlings in December, 1889, made such
rapid growth that they were of an average length of 18 inches by June
30,1891. They were at first very wild, but were rendered gentle by the
methods used in their feeding.

The rock bass held as stock fish commenced spawning April 21, 1891,
a chain of nests being formed around the margin of the pond in water
4 to Ginches deep. The nests were oblong hollows, the size of a hat
crown, and were covered with coarse gravel. There were 1,500 to 1,800
eggs in each, of a deep straw color, somewhat smaller than shad eggs,
and slightly adhesive, though not in lamps. The nests were closely
guarded by the male parents, the period of hatching being eight to ten
days.

A thousand rainbow trout, hatched in the spring of 1890, were re-
tained as brood fish and have made rapid growth.

On January 17, 1891, 17,400 rainbow trout eggs were received from
Wytheville Station, which afforded more than 13,000 fry for transfer to
the rearing ponds.

A consignment of 17,000 brook trout eggs arrived from Northville
Station January 25, 1891. The fry from these underwent a loss while
in the yolk stage, as in the preceding year, but on April 1 more than
11,000 remained on hand for rearing. By June 1 some of them were 3
inches long.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 47

A consignment of 19,000 Von Behr trout eggs, received from North-
ville February 5, 1891, produced satisfactorily, there being more than
17,000 fry on hand April 1. A second consignment of 6,900 eggs from
the same source also produced well, there being 5,500 fry on hand May
11. These, in addition to the 17,000, were retained for rearing.

Vigilance was required to protect the stock of fish against predatory
animals, and during the year there were killed 168 birds, 21 mammals,
and 98 reptiles, not including frogs.

In addition to the constructions provided under the Specific appro-
priations before mentioned, there was built, for the use of the Com-
mission’s distributing cars, a siding from the Kansas City, Fort Smith
and Southern Railway. <A connection was also made with the water
main of Neosho for supplying the station, as well as the distribution
cars while occupying the railway siding.

LEADVILLE STaTIOoN, CoLtorapo (E. M. Ropinson AaNnp H. D. DAN, SUPERIN-
TENDENTS),

In the report for 1888 mention was made of the location of a station
near Leadville, Colo., for the breeding and rearin g of trout, and of the
appropriation by Congress of $15,000 for the necessary constructions.
As soon as this sum became available, July 1, 1889, plans and speeifi-
cations for a fish-hatchery were prepared and proposals for its erection
invited by advertisement. But one bid being received, and that for a
sun greater than the appropriation, a second call was made, resulting
in the receipt of three bids, the lowest being that of Mr. L. G. Hunt,
of Pueblo, Colo., at $12,672. This was accepted, and on October 14,
1889, formal contract for the construction of the building was made.
Work was immediately begun, but owing to many causes, chiefly bad
weather and roads, the building was not completed till October, 1890,
final acceptance of the structure not being given till November 1,

In view of the failure to receive suitable proposals in response to the
first call, and the delay that would ensue before new proposals could
be obtained and the contract let, which would have resulted in theloss
of a year’s time in the active work of propagation, it was decided to
erect a frame building which could be used as a temporary hatchery
and afterward as a rearing-house for fry. A box flume, some 740 feet
in length, was laid to bring, by gravity, from springs on the hillside, a
supply of water to the hatchery. Active work was commenced on Sep-
tember 9, 1889, and the structure was ready for the reception of eges
about the middle of October. In the meantime, by permission of the
owner, Dr. John Law, 8,000 brook trout were taken from the Evergreen

Lakes and held in ponds till ready to spawn. From these fish 568,000
eggs were obtained and placed in troughs in the temporary hatchery.
The erection of this temporary hatchery was under the general direc- °
tion of Mr, John Gay, inspector of Stations, assisted by Mr, William

48 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

P. Sauerhoff, an expert carpenter, who had had many years’ experience
in the fish-cultural work of the Commission, On September 21, Mr, EH.
M. Robinson, for a number of years connected with the Commission,
and who had been in charge of fish-cultural work at several of its
stations, was appointed superintendent.

- An additional appropriation of $20,000 having been made August 30,
1890, for the completion and equipment of the station, plans and speci-
fications were prepared for a superintendent’s dwelling and_ stable.
After due advertisement, contracts were madein May, 1891, at $5,887.93
for the dwelling, with Messrs. Baldwin & Chronister, and at $1,820 for
the stable and wagon house, with Mr. W. W. Cable, both contractors
doing business in Leadville. The supervision of the work of construc-
tion was placed in charge of Mr. George H. Tolbert, under the general
direction of Mr. H. D. Dean, who was appointed superintendent on
April 15, 1891, sueceeding Mr. Robinson, who had resigned to take
charge of a private fish-cultural establishment.

1889-90.

The period of active fish-cultural operations extended from Novem-
ber, 1889, to June 30, 1890, the collection of eggs being 568,000 of the
brook trout previously referred to, and 12,000 of the black-spotted trout.
In addition to these there were 25,000 brook trout eggs and 20,000 Loch
Leven trout eggs forwarded from the Northville Station.

The distribution of brook trout eggs included 50,000 to Fort Gaston
Station, California, and 25,000 to Northville Station, Michigan. The
remainder of the eggs were retained for hatching and rearing, with
the exception of 126,800 fry, which were given to Dr. John Law, in
exchange for the use of his stock fish.

There were collected from Twin Lakes 1,014 black-spotted trout for
breeding purposes, and from Rock Creek, 32; 100 of these were for-
warded to Wytheville Station. From Rock Creek there were collected
58 brook trout.

1890-91.

The eggs obtained this year from the stock brook trout of Dr. John
Law amounted to 180,000. They were of the later yield, and defective
in fertilization, as a result of the scarcity of milt. From these a ship-
ment of 5,000 was made to the Wyoming Fish Commission, at Laramie.
The eggs retained hatched at different times, and a high mortality oe-
curred among the fry as a result ofcannibalism. The number remaining
on hand May 1, 1891, was but 41,000.

In addition to the eggs taken by the station, 20,000 brook trout eggs
were obtained from Caledonia, N. Y., January 31, 1891. On May 1 the
fry from these amounted to 14,000.

A consignment of 100,000 eggs of Von Behr trout was presented by
the New York Fish Comunission, the young therefrom being 68,000 on
May 1.

f

ane

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 49

On June 30, 1891, in addition to the fish already mentioned, there

_ were on hand the following: 149 brook trout, 1,000 black-spotted trout,

and 5 rainbow trout, all breeders; of yearlin gs, 19,000 brook trout, 700
black-spotted trout, and 500 Loch Leven trout. Of the black-spotted
trout there were also 800 fry and 50,000 eggs,

The distribution of fish took place between September 16 and Novem.
ber 21, 1890, when. 20,000 yearling trout were furnished to Nebraska,
16,000 to South Dakota, and 23,000 to Colorado waters.

The construction of the new hatchery was sufficiently advanced by

January, 1891, to permit the introduction of the water supply, and
about the middle of February the eggs were transferred thereto from

the temporary hatchery.

The temperature of the water Supply in December and January was
44° F. without variation, and in April 43° without change. During
eleven days in January, 1891, the air was below zero.

BAtRD STATION, CALIFORNIA (GEORGE B. WILLIAMS, JR., SUPERINTENDENT).

; 1889-90.

The act approved March 2, 1889, appropriated the sum of $4,000
“for the construction of a quarters building at the U. S. Fish Com.
mission Station, Baird, California, and its equipments.” Plans and
specifications were prepared for a 14-story building 30 by 40 feet, with
two 12-foot additions. Owing to the isolation of the station it was
found impossible to contract for the construction of the building, and
it became necessary to do the work by the purchase of materials and
the employment of such men as could be secured in the vicinity. The

cost of the building, including the compensation of the employés, was

$3,882.58, and for its equipment and incidental expenses, $117.42,

- The construction of this building was begun October, 1889, and was
completed late in April, the slow progress being caused by continued
rains, which prevented the prompt delivery of materials. The building
is substantial and comfortable.

On July 1, 1889, preparations were begun for the capture of the
adult quinnat salmon, The high water in the preceding March having
destroyed the piers, stringers, and racks of the dam in the McCloud
River, built for obstructing the ascent of the Salmon, the erection of a
practically new structure was made necessary. Two new spawning
Sheds and salmon corrals were built, new seining apparatus provided,
the seine-haul cleaned, the roads repaired, the buildings overhauled and
painted, and a rotary pump geared to a water wheel, so that a supply
of 7,000 gallons of water per hour was obtained.

By driving the salmon upward from the shallows situated below the
dam, and the constant use of the seine in conjunction therewith, a suf-
ficient number of fish was secured in the first run, August 27 to Septem-

H, Mis, 113——4

50 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ber 26, 1889, to produce 1,105,000 eggs. The captures amounted to 1,129
males and 382 females, 252 of the latter being in spawning condition.
The small production was the result of the decreased run of adults.

Of the eggs taken, 974,000 were shipped to the hatchery of the Cal-
ifornia Fish Commission at Sisson, where they were hatched and the fry
released in the Sacramento River. Those retained produced 60,000 fry,
which were liberated in McCloud River.

On October 7, 1889, stormy weather began and rising waters made
imperative the lifting of the obstructing racks, thereby permitting the
free passage and escape of the adult salmon into the head streams.
Fishing for the late run was resumed October 16, but another rise in
the river, five days later, submerged and washed out a portion of the
dam and endangered the safety of the power wheel and buildings.
Large numbers of salmon again passed on above. Receding water
permitted the renewal of the dam November 5, but there were very
few brood fish subject to capture remaining in the lower stream. From
November 9 to 19, something over 600,000 eggs were secured. These
were from a catch of 94 males and 170 females, 119 of the latter having
ripe spawn. Freshets continued every month till June, 1890, the
height of the water reaching 15 feet in February. On December 2 the
wheel boats requiring to be dropped into an eddy for safety, the water
supply was obtained by means of the steam pump.

On December 14, 1889, 125,000 eggs were forwarded to New York,
for shipment to France and Norway; on December 16, 100,000 to Fort
Gaston Station; and on December 17, 355,000 to the California fish
commissioners at Sisson. From those retained, 24,000 fry were pro-
duced and liberated in McCloud River, 1,000 being held till March, and
successfully nourished on corn-meal mush boiled with beef. The total
loss on the 1,709,000 eggs taken was 71,000, or about 4 per cent.

The early run of salmon yielded their eggs in water at about 60° F.,
the temperature descending as low as 50° on one day; the late run
spawned in a temperature ranging from 45° to 50°,

1890-91.

In consequence of damages sustained from the high water of the
previous spring, it was again necessary to renew the obstructing dam
and accessories. Its rebuilding was commenced July 1, 1890, native
timbers, cut in May by the station employés, being utilized.

Everything was in readiness August 27, when the schools of spawn-
ing salmon arrived. Between this date and September 23, 1890, 912
fish yielded 3,652,000 eggs. Of these, 50,000 were forwarded to EK. Cha-
zari, City of Mexico, and 2,838,000 to the California fish commissioners,
from September 24 to October 10, further shipments being discontinued
on the receipt of a message that their hatchery was filled. The remain-
ing eggs were developed at Baird Station, the production of fry being
582,000,

=r

REPORT OF COMM™'SSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Sik

Seining for the fish of the late run was commenced November 6,
1890. The continued iow waier of the river, however, permitted unin-
terrupted fishing by cannery operators on the Sacramento River below,
and only a small number escaped their nets to reach the station. The
season of collecting terminated November 25, with the obtainmeut of
64 ripe females, which produced 263,000 eggs. Of these eges, 100,000
were forwarded December 31, via New York, to France. The remainder
were hatched at the station and produced 140,000 fry, which, with the
982,000 fry of the earlier hatching, were liberated in McOloud River
and its tributary, the Pit River. The total loss of eges at the station
was 205,000, or about 5 per cent. In releasing the 722,000 fry the seine
skiff was used with much advantage, the cans being placed therein and
the fry put out in small numbers at various shallows in the river
occurring in a distance of about 5 miles.

Fort Gaston STation, CaLirornia (Carts. W. E. Doucu ERTY, U. 8S. ARMY, AND
FRANK H. Epmunps, U. S. ARMY, IN CHARGE).

In view of the urgent and many requests received from citizens in
the regions of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast to stock their
waters with suitable food-tishes, and the difficulties and cost attending
shipments from the eastern stations of the Commission, the question of
locating fish-cultural stations on the inilitary reservations of those
regions was considered, and Lieut. Commander J. J. Brice, U. S. Navy,
who was employed under detail from the Navy Department, was di-
rected to make a reconnaissance, Upon his report and recommenda-
tions the reservation at Fort Gaston, Humboldt ounty, Cal, was
decided upon as offering the necessary requirements; and, in compli-
ance with the request of this office, the Secretary of War, on October
16, 1559, gave instructions permitting the use of a portion of the same
by the Fish Commission. The organization of the station was intrusted
to Mr. Brice, who arrived at the place the latter part of November with
some of the equipment. The use of a building, 32 feet by 16 feet, into
which an abundant supply of pure, cold water was led by gravity,
was granted by the commandant of the post, Capt. W. KE. Dougherty,
U.S. Army, who also undertook the general charge of the conduct of
the station. Mr. W. H. Morgan, who was Serving as fish-eulturist at
one of the eastern stations of the Commission, was assigned as foreman.
Capt. Dougherty remained in charge of the work tili October I, 1890,
when he was succeeded by Capt. F. H. Edmunds, U. 8S. Army, who had
been placed in command of the post.

52 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

1889-90.

In December, 1889, 100,000 quinnat salmon eggs were received from
Baird Station. These were developed in universal hatching jars and
hatched from January 5 to 25,1890. The fry commenced feeding in
February, and were transferred in March to ponds, in which they
remained till the end of June, when the water temperature becoming
‘ather high they were released in Trinity River. They were about 4
inches long and were 90,000 in mumber.

High water in Trinity River prevented the establishment of the pro-
posed barrier dam in advance of the upward movement of the spring
run of salmon, consequently no eges were derived from this source.

1890-91.

Dams and traps for stopping ald capturing the salmon and trout
were constructed both in the Trinity and Redwood rivers. On the
latter stream at Redwood, a point 13 miles distant from Fort Gaston,
an auxiliary station was established.

The collecting of the eggs of the quinnat and steelhead salmon was
begun in November, 1889, and continued three months. A dry season
caused low water inthe streams, and but a comparatively small nuimn-
ber of fish ascended to the usual spawning-grounds. At Fort Gaston
there were secured 45,000 eggs, producing 40,000 fry, 30,000 of which
were liberated in Supply Creek, a tributary of Trinity River, and 10,000
retained for rearing. These latter were liberated subsequent to June
30, 1891. Atthe auxiliary station at Redwood 30,000 salmon eggs were
collected, and produced about 25,000 fry, which, at the age of 1 month,
were released in Minor Creek, a tributary of Redwood River, where
they remained in schools for some weeks.

During the development of the eggs the temperature of the water
was 38° to 45°, and the period of incubation fifty-seven days.

There were three new rearing ponds constructed. In one of these
about 200 breeding rainbow trout were held till after June 30, 1891.

A water supply independent of that of the military reservation was
obtained by means of a trench which was constructed along the moun-
tain side over a distance of about a fourth of a mile.

CLACKAMAS STATION OREGON (WALDO T°, HUBBARD, SUPERINTENDENT).
1889-90.

By July 1, 1889, many quinnat salmon had collected below the ob-
structing dam across Clackamas River.

The station was visited by the Commissioner September 5, 1889, when
it was decided to purchase a steam pumping plant rather than attempt
to rebuild the reservoir dam on Cedar Creek. Pending the introduce-
tion of the pumping machinery, which was in operating condition by

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 53

September 19, a temporary hatchery was built for the earlier take of
eggs, the building being supplied with water by gravity from a small
brook.

From August 19 to September 11 four slat traps were constructed,
one being placed in the Clackamas dam and the others on the shallows
below, at the lower end of the ripple, in the swiftest water, and in such
a position that the current passed through, leaving the fish stranded.
Wings were extended from the trap mouths upward at an angle, throw-
ing nearly the entire volume of the stream through the slats. The fish
were then surrounded by a seine, which, being drawn downward, forced
them into the trap. Fish were also captured by means of dip nets and
the seine.

The period oceupied in collecting eggs was from. August 28 to No.
vember 6, 1889, the production being 4,514,000 from 957 fish. The
largest day’s operations, September 27, yielded 208,000 eggs, the small-
est day’s production being 4,000. There were only two days when no
eggs were taken. No record was made of the number of male fish
caught; they were, however, largely in excess of the females.

Mr. Reed, of the Oregon Fish Commission, received 1,000,000 of the
eggs late in October, 1889. These were hatched and released, under
State supervision, at the Cascades on the Columbia River. All other
eggs taken were hatched at the station, and the fry, 8 to 10 weeks old,
deposited in Clackamas River and Cedar Greek. The distribution of
fry extended from November 5 to April 15, 1,000,000 being conveyed
7 to 10 miles up the stream and put owt in small lots in the rapids.
The fry liberated amounted to 85 per cent of the eggs retained at the
Station.

All eggs were measured in‘a eup of 1,000 capacity and remeasured
just prior to hatching.

On November 7 the brook had increased in volume, in consequence
of rainfall, and the pumping outfit was but little used in the subsequent
operations.

From January 2 to 8, 1890, there was snowfall and such cold weather
that it was with difficulty the hatching troughs were prevented from
filling with ice, the thermometer registering as low as zero. Another
cold spell prevailed late in February, when the water in the station
was down to 31° F. On February 1 the river rose 14 feet, covering to
a depth of 3 inches the grounds occupied by the hatchery and quarters
buildings.

54 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

1890-91.

An additional steam pump, as a reserve in case of accident, was pro-
vided. In the month of July, 1890, the obstruction rack was placed in
the dam to arrest the upward passage of the adult salmon. <A gate with
sheerbooms, for facilitating the onward passage of drift timber on high
water, was introduced into the dam. Five days were consumed in re-
moving the saw logs, which had grounded in the seining area, but all
could not be cleared out, and the strong current incident to their pres-
ence being a barrier to successful operations in hauling, it became nec-
essary to use gill nets in the capture of the adult fish. Owing to the
construction of a dam in the river below the station and the operation
of nets by commercial fishermen, the ascent of a great number of fish
was hindered.

The collection of the eggs was commenced September 16, 1890, and
the first hatching took place about the end of October. Kggs continued
to be taken until November 16, the total from 1,094 females amounting
to 5,860,000. Of these, 700,000 were delivered October 22 and November
5, 1890, to the Oregon fish commissioners. ‘The remainder were hatched
at the station and the fry placed in Clackamas River and its tributa-
ries. The fry produced were 4,902,000 or about 95 per cent of the eggs
retained.

In January, 1891, the hatching took place so rapidly that use had to
be made of the troughs of the improvised hatchery of the previous year,
to prevent suffocation among the fry. Hatching terminated in Febdru-
ary, the fry having been liberated from week to week, within a river
scope of 3 miles, as they arrived at the age to begin to take food.
About 1,000,000 were released subsequent to March 1. In the months
of May and June, 1891, the rack and traps were again overhauled and
put in position for the operations of the coming season.

AQUARIA AT CENTRAL STATION, WASHINGTON, D.C. (W. P. SEAL, IN CHARGE).
1889-90.

In July, 1889, a new hot-air engine, equipped with vuleanized rubber
pump and piping, was introduced for circulating the salt water, the
brass piping being laid aside. By February, 1890, the water was ren-
dered so clear by means of filters that all objects could be distinetly
seen. The salt water lost by leakage was made up by supplies produced
at the station by dissolving Turk Island salt in filtered water at the
proper density; 1,000 gallons of sea water from Chesapeake Bay were
furnished by the steamer Fish Hawk,

Collections of salt-water objects were received throughout the year,
principally from Woods Holl Station, some being received from Glou-
cester Station, Mass., and others from Portland, Me., and the New Jer-
sey coast. Fresh-water specimens were derived from the fish ponds,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 55

Washington, D. C., the Potomac River, creeks in Virginia accessible
to the station by wagon, and from Fort Washington Station, Md.

Spawning was observed in the fresh-water aquaria as follows: Yellow
perch, fifteen deposits of eggs from December to April, inclusive; three
mussels in March and April; rainbow and tessellated darters in April.
Yearling rainbow trout were held through the month of May in a tem-
perature of 72° to 76° F.

In the salt water a rainbow trout spawned in March, 1890, after hav-
ing deposited eggs a month previous in fresh water; several nests were
built by the two-spined sticklebacks in April and May; several common
killifish spawned in April; and in June king crab eggs were received
and hatched. From unknown causes mollusea, hermit-crabs, anemones,
starfish, and sea-urchins could not be successfully kept.

Colored and plain sketches were made by Mr.S. IF. Denton illustrat-
ing the spawning habits of mussels and of rainbow and tessellated
darters.

1890-91.

Two collecting trips ‘were made down the Chesapeake Bay, and
specimens were also obtained from Woods Holl Station, Cold Spring
Harbor, and from other sources through the distribution cars. Young
Shad, 3 to 4 inches long, received from the fish ponds, Washington,
D. C., in October, 1890, were with partial success held in the salt-water
aquaria. Atlantic and quinnat salmon, and rainbow, brook, and lake
trout yearlings were successfully kept in the salt water. About No-
vember 1, 1890, a large female skate was received and placed in a salt-
water tank; in January several eggs were deposited, which, on May
12, were found to contain living embryos. Both the common newt and
top-minnow reproduced in April in fres’ water.

In December, 1890, the salt-water temperature fell to 48° F'., when
artificial heat was introduced into the tank room, which maintained a
temperature of 50° to 54° during the remainder of the winter. In June
the temperature went up to 80°.

STEAMER F isn Hawk (Lieut. Rosperr Pratt, U. 8S. N., COMMANDING).
1889-90.

After the establishment of the shore station at Gloucester City the
Fish Hawk, as in previous years, entered upon the propagation of shad
on the Delaware River. The vessel was anchored off Gloucester, the
water supply used in hatching operations being taken directly from the
river. The crew began taking eggs April 30, using the launch Petrel.
The river temperature was 57° F. By May 15 the water had risen to
63°, when the collections of eggs amounted to 27,234,000. On May 2
they amounted to 33,915,000, when the work closed, the temperature
being 64°. There were produced 20,596,000 fry, which were liberated

56 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

principally in the headwaters of the Delaware River. In addition,
3,654,000 eges were transferred to the land station, for lack of space,
and 15,000 forwarded to H. H. Fields, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,
Cambridge, Mass., for biological study. .

The Gloucester Point seine afforded 2,488,000 eggs, which produced |
81 per cent in fry; Faunce’s seine, 10,566,000 eggs, which produced 70
per cent in fry; and Howell Cove seine, 20,861,000, which yielded 65
per cent in fry. The number of days when eggs were obtainable from
these seines was 12, 14, and 17, respectively. More than 1,000,000 eggs
per day were procured during five days at Faunce’s; at Howell Cove
more than 1,000,000 a day for five days and more than 2,000,000 a day
during five other days. The average production of eggs to each fish
was 49,000, which is largely in excess of the yield at the Susquehanna
and Potomac river stations.

1890-91.

On June 17, 1891, operations were commenced in the propagation of
Spanish mackerel, the locality selected being Cape Charles, Virginia.
At the end of the fiscal year covered by this report,-June 30, 1891, the
work was in progress, the results to that date being embodied in tab-
ular form. Subsequently, 1,364,000 eggs were obtained. These were
collected on sixteen days between July 7 and 30, the fry produced and
liberated therefrom being 410,000. The total eggs obtained were
2,494,000 and the total output of fry 776,000.

The ova were derived from adults taken in trap nets, which were
regularly used in market fishing. The most forward eggs produced
fry in 214 hours, the longest period of hatching being 323 hours, and
the average period about 26 hours. The fry were released in Ches-
apeake Bay.

Table showing operations in the propagation of the Spanish mackerel.

| Fish stripped. | | Hour of— | | anes
Date ————| Number of | = SS = Date of | of fry
lWrales.|Females.| ©2385 aaa Dep enue Hatching. release. | ralensed
Pats peel ae sa 2) |e eral ae eye a |
1891. | | | |
June 17 | 15 5 240,000 | 7:30a.m. | 5a.m.June 18. | June 19 80, 000
18 | 10 7 300, 000 | 8 ams |S ame dinne dss |store a. eneteeeeeeentes
19 3 3 315,000 | 8:15a.m. | 5p.m.June 20. | June 21, 200. 000
23 5 3 80,000 5:30a.m. | 8a.m.June 24. 25. 20, 000
25 | 1 | 1 60, 000 | 7 a.m. | 8a.m.June 26., | 27 20, 000
25 3 | 3 . 20, 000 | 8 ams") -9 a.modune 26;, |23-c.-5--¢ |eeecee aes
29 7 5 115, 000 | 5 am. | 8a.m.June 30. | June 30 46, 000
Total..| 44 27 | 1, 130, 000 et See bene sete ee ee eee eee 366, 000
|

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. at
ADDITIONAL FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS.

New York.—In response to a resolution of the United States Senate
of December 18, 1890, directing the U. 8. Fish Commissioner to report to
itupon the desirability of the Government’s establishing a fish-hatchery
in northern New York, near the St. Lawrence River, the following com-
munication was addressed to the President of the Senate:

U. 8. CoMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
Washington, D. C., January 26, 1591.

Str: In obedience to Senate resolution of December 18, 1890, directing the U. S.
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries to report to the Senate as to the desirability of
the establishment of a fish-hatchery in northern New York, near the St. Lawrence
River, I have the honor to report as follows:

The basin of the St. Lawrence, including Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain and
the innumerable smaller lakes and tributary streams which drain into these, com-
prises fully one-half of the area of the State of New York, about one-fourth of the
State of Vermont, and on the Canadian side a more considerable drainage area.

In Lake Ontario whitefish were formerly very abundant. The value of this fishery
has declined year by year, and at present the production is relatively insignificant
compared with the whitefish fisheries of Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Michigan.

In the waters referred to a like decline was in progress, but those who were inter-
ested in those fisheries were prompt to recognize the necessity of legislation to
restrain and regulate the methods and apparatus and seasons of capture.

Artificial propagation was also systematically resorted to to supplement and rein-
force natural reproduction, and whitefish hatcheries were established by the States
of Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin and by the Canadian Government. Entering the
field at a later date, the U. S. Commission has established stations for the collection
and hatching of whitefish at Alpena, Mich., Duluth, Minn., and Put-in Bay, Ohio.

The result of the codperative fish-culture work by the Canadian, State, and United
States Fish Commissions has been not only to arrest the alarming decline that was in
progress, but to determine a marked increase in the catch of whitefish in those
waters in which fish-cultural work has been carried on.

The marked contrast between the present conditions of the whitefish fisheries of
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario sharply defines and emphasizes the necessity of artifi-
cial propagation as a means of maintaining and improving our important commer-
cial fisheries and of creating such in waters where they have not before existed.

We can not afford to neglect so important an economic resouree—one which gives
such substantial and valuable returns for moderate expenditures. =

We can not expect individual enterprise to undertake such work in public waters
in the expectation of private gain. Men, however public-spirited, will not sow the
seed of a harvest which all men may gather. Our lakes and rivers and coast waters
must be farmed by the Government for the general use and under such regulations
as will establish and maintain the largest production.

Another important commercial species which formerly existed in Lake Ontario in
marvelous abundance, but.which is now so rare as to be an object of envious interest
when seen, is the Atlantic salmon. Sixty years ago each season it ascended the St.
Lawrence in vast numbers and swarmed in all its tributaries. Following both shores

_ of Lake Ontario it ascended all the smaller streams which fall into it and which

afford suitable spawning-grounds for the mature fish and favor able nurseries for the
fry during their period of river life.

The following extract from the annual report of the department of marine and
fisheries of Canada for the year ending June 30, 1869, will be instructive as well as
suggestive.

58 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

[Special report of Messrs. Whitcher and Venning on fish-breeding at New Castle, Ontario. ]

“We proceeded yesterday to New Castle, Ontario, in compliance with your direc-
tions, and made a personal inspection of the fish-breeding establishment there under
charge of Mr. Wilmot. The premises are situated on Baldwin or Wilmot Creek, a small
stream traversing the township of Clarke, in the county of Durham, and discharging
into Lake Ontario, about 40 miles east of Toronto. This creek is well situated for
salmon, as it forms a natural inlet of the sheltered bend of the lake between Bend-
head and Darlington.

“Although at the entrance into the lake it passes through a marshy lagoon, the
bed of the stream farther inland is of a gravelly nature and the water is pretty
clear, regular, and lively in its flow.

“In early times it was famous for salmon, great numbers of which frequented it
every autumn for the purpose of spawning. They were so plentiful forty years ago
that men killed them with clubs and pitchforks, women seined them with flannel
petticoats, and settlers bought and paid for farms and built houses from the sale of
salmon. Later they were taken by nets and spears, over 1,000 being often caught
in the course of one night.

“‘Coneurrently with such annual slaughter manufactories and farming along the
banks had obstructed, fouled, and changed the creek from its natural state and made
it less capable of affording shelter and spawning.

“Their yearly decreasing numbers at length succumbed to the destruction prac-
ticed upon them each season from the time of entering the creek until nearly the
last straggler had been speared, netted, or killed.”

The history of the salmon fisheries of Wilmot Creek, so graphically told by the
Canadian commissioners, has been repeated in every stream of the State of New York
which drains into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. All were frequented
by the salmon, and from each, each season, went out a numerous colony of parr and
smolts, which descended the St. Lawrence to the gulf, where they remained until
they had attained size and maturity, when, obeying the impulse of reproduction, they
ascended the St. Lawrence and distributed themselves to all the tributaries of lake
and river, carrying back to these inland waters the rich harvest of the sea which they
had garnered.

This magnificent fishery has ceased to be. Did it exist to-day, and were the con-
ditions which made such a fishery possible prevailing to-day, a hundred streams now
barren would afford salmon fishing as attractive as the more favored waters of Can-
ada, and the catch by net in the lake itself would furnish the motive of a valuable
commercial fishery.

The cause of the disappearance, practically, of salmon from the streams of the St.
Lawrence Basin has been chiefly and primarily the erection of obstructions in all of
the rivers, which have prevented the salmon from reaching their spawning-grounds,
and so natural reproduction has been absolutely inhibited.

The restoration and maintenance of the whitefish fisheries of Lake Erie, or of the
salmon fishery of the lake and rivers, would either of them furnish sufficient motive
for liberal expenditures on the part of the Government, if we consider the matter
from a purely practical and economic standpoint. It is not only possible, it is
entirely practicable, to restore and maintain these fisheries, by adequate recourse to
means and agencies entirely within our control.

The regeneration of the fisheries must be accomplished through fish-cultural work,
systematically and persistently pursued. Their maintenance must be assured by
concurrent regulation of the lake fisheries by the United States and Canada and by
the enforcement on the part of the State of New York of such regulations and require-
ments as will permit the salmon to ascend to their spawning-grounds. In the absence
of such regulations and requirements it will not be reasonable to expect that the
results of fish-cultural work will be permanent or compensating, however extensive
such work may be.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 59

A fish-cultural station planned to meet all the requirements must be very extensive
and complete in all its appointments, and will involve larger expenditure than would
be required for a station devoted exclusively to the production of whitetish or the
salmonidwe. The hatchery must be commodious, providing at once for the hatching
of 100,000,000 of whitefish and for the incubation of 1,000,000 salmon ova. It must
also provide trough accommodations for holding 1,000,000 salmon fry for some weeks
after they begin feeding. Quarters, offices, storage rooms, and shops must be erected ;
an extensive system of ponds for rearing the salmon must be constructed, for none
would be released in open waters until they were of sufficieut size to have compara-
tive immunity from capture by other fish.

At the first installation of the station and for several years it would be necessary
to draw our supplies of whitefish ova from our collecting stations on the upper lakes
and our salmon ova from Maine. With the improvement of the fisheries we should
expect to find our eventual source of supply in Ontario waters, and the location of
the station should be with reference to this. Wherever placed it should be conven-
ient to transportation routes, and should control a gravity water supply which should
be without stint or measure.

The cost of such a station as I have indicated, complete in all its appointments,
would not be less than $20,000, exclusive of cost of site and water franchises, and for
its maintenance there would be required an appropriation of $9,000 per annum.

Respectfully,
MarsHaLt MCDONALD,
U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries.
Hon. Lrvi P. Morton,
Vice-President.

A consideration of the report resulted in an appropriation of $5,000 in
the bill approved March 3, 1891, providing for the sundry civil expenses
of the Government during the fiscal year ending June 50, 1892. This
appropriation not being available till July 1, 1891, action in the matter
was necessarily deferred.

Vermont.—On January 12,1891, Hon. W. W. Grout, Representative
from Vermont, introduced in the House of Representatives a bill pro-
viding the sum of $15,000, “for the purchase of ground, construction
of buildings and ponds, and the purchase of the equipment for a fish-
hatchery and rearing station to be established in the State of Vermont,
at a place to be designated by the United States Fish Commissioner.”
The bill was referred to the Committee on Commerce, by which it was
returned to the House on January 30, with the recommendation that it
pass. The bill as presented failed to become a law, though provision
for the station was made in the sundry civil bill approved March 3,
1891. The appropriation not being available till July 1, 1891, no action
could be taken till after that date.

Montana and Gulf States.—Congress, by act approved March 3, 1891,
provided the sum of $2,000 “ for investigation respecting the advisa-
bility of establishing a fish-hatching station in the Rocky Mountain
region in the State of Montana or Wyoming, and also a station in the
Gulf States.” Instructions were prepared covering the extent and
character of the investigations and early in the following July, when
the appropriation became available, Prof. B. W. Evermann, assistant
in the Division of Scientific Inquiry, was charged with the same.

60

RAILROAD SERVICE.

The following statement exhibits the mileage of cars and detached

messengers in the work of distribution:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

W hite-

=F 4

oY
ce |

: Salmon | Pike | Other | Other Total.
Items. Carp. | Shad. jana trout.| fish. | perch.| fish. | work
2 Ab a wte, Bees 2
heat No. eats Selec ced 683 9, 014 719 2,775 | 18; 104 Bt 3 31, 205
“cy Si aa ita ee ATOR ii > ATOB ult oee kt a eee 11, 642 aoe 20.
“NS eae DAGB | ed B8 ace esc ol aed, 2 ol eee 8,13 01
Car No. 101, Philadelphia, |
Wilmington and Balti- | | Sq
hc ee eS a BS ae ee aeeellne cee 33.2): -ces eee Pre Pee
bbehatn oats Re em 284.) 12,233) 20; 615 | 1, 647 |----+--- 155/230! (| aaetee ae 50, 009
| 9,739 | 22,902 | 34,427| 2,366 | 2,775 | 44,976 | 8/186 | 195, 321
eed No. Sees % Pre OG Serer | 932 9,451 | 773 | 2,652 | 93.547 |..-. a 37, 355
aa el aa 9,045 | 8,239| 21458| 1,002 |........ 5, BO: |. aoe 45, 335
Co ee Rae 1,564} 7.881 6.879 2,540.1 s sae 20, 149° ace ee 39, 013
Car No. 101, Philadelphia,
Wilmington and Balti-
MODS ets | 332817. eee Wace men acote weer eee Papas 3 Bo |
Messengers....-:.....<<..:| 10, 385 | 17, 252 19, 860 peesdossce 1, 127 6; 642. spo 55, 26
=. |
20,994 | 37,585 | 57, 648 | 4,315 |. 3,779 | 55,929 | sesuee 180, 250

Thanks are due to the following-mentioned

furnished free transportation for the cars of the Cominission:

Name of railroad. 1890.
Miles.
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe.. 1, 689
surlington and Missouri River in
NEL SOY 2 eee aie ea a 354
Burlington, Cedar Rapids and
BROUUITEN Tt seat As? Sei oo He 1, 063
Canada Southern.............._.. 251
Chicago, Burlington and Quincey .| 6,558
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul. 34
Chicago and Towa.............2..|.....
Chicago and Northwestern ....... 397
Chicago and West M Roligzan’. S25) | tees
Chicago, Burlington and Northern 2,575 |
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific | aa ae
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago
POLE See LOUIS. oe ce 307
Delaware and Hudson........-.. |...
Denver and Rio Grande. ....__..|)77 7777
Detroit, Bay City and Alpena.... 210
Detroit, Lansing and Northern _.|....____
Duluth, South Shoreand Atlantic. 410
Duluth and Tron RRO RG soa so. ake ee
Flint and Pere Marquette........ 1,331
Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri
VEUCY ale ae eae aaa 452
Grand Rapids and Indiana....._, 758
ct gel Boy Oo EE TES SOTA atl leat
Hannibal and St. Joe ....... 2.2! 1, 808
Mlinois Central_...... 20025007077 441
International and Great Northern|........
Jacksonville Southeastern ...____ 262
Kansas City, Fort Scott and
alt PR Sa a
Kansas City, Fort Smith and
ae SE eae
Lake Shoreand Michigan South-
LOS SS OEE Se aa nS & 448

| 1891. |
|

| Ailes, |

2,136

| Missouri, Kansas and Texas

Name of railroad.

railroads, which have

Mobile and Ohio
Montana Central
Montana Union

Utah Central
WADA ho — oat ee
Wisconsin Central

Total

1890. 1891.
Miles. | Miles. ;
755 632.
‘tee 170
262 | 2a a
2,546 |. 5, 627.
770 985 —
2,175 234
7 28
90 |... ‘
ste 45
4,119 11, 465
202 |. Senn
211: | a
Ridiwenne 136
186 |e
198 490 —
1,149 822 ~
4,292 |e eee
987 1, 598
648 612
eas 36
see eee 64 -
Se 15, 379
GS 24 hd
2,795 | 4,933
462 962
41,339 | 73,344

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 61

+ GENERAL ADMINISTRATION.

~ In the conduct of the routine of the office and matters of administra-
tion the Commission has continued to receive the efficient aid of the chief
elerk, Mr. J. J. O'Connor, and the disbursing agent, Mr. Herbert A.
Gill.
g INVESTIGATION BY UNITED STATES SENATE.

. ' During the latter part of the fiscal year 1890 there appeared in the
public press a number of articles adversely criticising the administra-
tion of the Commission, and making charges of inefficiency, extrava-
gance, and dishonesty on the part of its personnel. These charges were
given such a wide circulation that the Commissioner deemed it proper
to call them to the attention of Congress, and at his request the follow-
ing resolution was introduced in the Senate by Senator Edmunds on
June 3, 1890:
_ Resolved, That the Committee on Fish and Fisheries be, and it is hereby, instrueted
to make an early inquiry into the administration of the affairs of the United States
Fish Commissioners’s office, and especially in respect to the changes in the force,
‘compensation paid to employés, and any alleged favoriti-m, or other undue admin-
istration, and report to the Senate thereon.

Resolved, That the said committee have power to send for persons and papers.

On June 5, 1890, the resolution was agreed to, and the investigation
was placed in the charge of a subcommittee consisting of Senators
Stockbridge, Squire, and Blodgett. The first session of the committee
was held on June 13, 1890, and was continued at intervals until Sep-
tember 15, 1890. The testimony (Mis. Doc. No. 77, U.S. Senate, lifty-
first Congress, second session) embraced 666 octavo pages of printed
matter, and the report of the committee (Report No, 2361, U.S. Senate,
Fifty-first Congress, second session), with a synopsis of the testimony,
86 pages additional. Thereport is as follows:

The Committee on Fish and Fisheries of the Senate, to whom was referred the
resolution of June 3, 1890, as follows:

Resolved, That the Committee on Fish and Fisheries be, and it is hereby,
instructed to make an early inquiry into the administration of the affairs of

‘e
the United States Fish Commissioner’s office, and especially in respect of the

: changes in the force, compensation paid to employés, and any alleged
favoritism, or other undue administration, and report to the Senate thereon.
a Resolved, That the said committee have power to send for persons and

papers.

Beg leave to-make the following report:

| The passage of the foregoing resolution was owing to the publication of certain
charges of a rather sensational character which appeared in the press of the country,
seriously reflecting, not only upon the administration of the affairs of the Fish Com-
mission, but also upon the character and integrity of some of the officials connected
therewith.

|

t

62 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The charges so made, having been brought to the attention of the Commissioner,
he very promptly asked an investigation,
The maladministration charged included among other things:

(a) Entire lack of system and proper discipline in every department of
the Commission, resulting in a greatly increased and useless expenditure of
money.

(b) That the Commissioner and other officials, taking advantage of their
positions, at the expense of the Government used the boats and fish-hatehery
stations of the Commission as a means of private enjoyment for themselves
and friends.

(c) That the employés of the Commission were addicted to the use of in-
toxicating liquors to the extent of neglecting their duties and disgracing
the service.

(d) That falsified statements of numbers of fish planted in the various
lakes and rivers of the country had been prepared under the direction of
the Commissioner, with the deliberate purpose in view of using the same
before the committees of Congress in order to influence more liberal appro-
priations than might otherwise be made.

(e) That political considerations were governing the matter of appoint-
ments within the Commission.

(f) That the Commissioner was guilty of nepotism.

(g) That under the present régime the rule was, increased appropriations
and an extravagant expenditure of money in all branches of the work of
the Commission; among other things an unwarranted increase in the sal-
aries of certain fayored employés.

(h) That the time of certain employés was being taken up, and material
belonging to the Government used, in perfecting certain patents solely for
the personal benefit of the Commissioner.

(i) That the present force of clerks and assistants in the Commission had
been very greatly increased, with a corresponding expenditure of money,
while the practical and scientific results do not compare favorably with
those attained under Prof. Baird.

The charges summed up can be best expressed in three words, viz, inefficiency, ex-
travagance, dishonesty.

Your committee at its first meeting after the passage of the resolution of investi-
gation appointed a subcommittee, consisting of its chairman and Senators Blodgett
and Squire, to investigate the affairs of the Fish Commission in respect to the
charges referred to. Every person whose name was known to the committee as being
in any way connected with the publication or dissemination of the said charges was
notified that the committee would give him an opportunity to be heard and would
also be glad to have him submit the names of any persons whom he desired subpee-
naed; also that any material and relevant interrogatories which he might desire to
have propounded to witnesses would be so propounded upon filing the same in writ-
ing with the clerk of the committee.

The hearings of the subcommittee were not public; neither were those who stood
in the light of prosecuting the charges nor any member of the Fish Commission per-
mitted to be present or represented by attorney.

In all, 63 witnesses were sworn and examined, a very great majority of whom
were subpemnaed at the special instance of the persons appearing to have charge of
the case against the Fish Commission. In every instance the committee accepted
all the interrogatories filed, and although many were of doubtful relevancy, they
were propounded to the witnesses designated, and also upon request of the same
individuals subpeenas were issued for every person whose name was furnished where
it was in the least made to appear that the testimony of such persons would be at

ms) F
£ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 63

all relevant to the subject-matter of the investigation, and great care was exercised
to secure a full and impartial investigation of the pending charges without favor to
anyone.
The testimony so taken and submitted with this report comprises over 650 printed
“pages, so that, in order to facilitate an examination of the same, your committee
have prepared, and herewith submit as a part of this report, a synopsis of the testi-
mony, indexed and arranged under separate topics, with references by page to the
printed volume of testimony, which, as your committee believe, renders any lengthy
detailed report entirely unnecessary.

It will suffice to say, in a general way, that not one of the charges affecting the
administration of the affairs of the Commission, or the standing and integrity of any
official connected therewith, has been proven to have any foundation in fact what-
ever; further, that after a most searching examination into the administration of

the affairs and methods of the Commission, your committee are satisfied that there
has not been extravagance, dishonesty, or inefficiency in its conduct; but, on the
contrary, throughout the entire Commission the most perfect system and discipline
prevail, resulting in an economical and judicious expenditure of the appropriations
made by Congress.

The profligate use of money, as complained of, is not a charge which can be made
against the present Commissioner and be sustained. The increase of the expenses of

the Commission is entirely due to the enlarged field of work.

And right here your committee beg to call particular attention to the testimony
(pp. 339,to 346) for a full statement of the work of the Commission in the past and
what it is doing to-day.

We find that the Commissioner has not used the boats, fish-hatchery stations, or
other property of the Government for purposes not within the scope of the work of
the Commission. It is true that members of Congress and others have been invited
to visit the stations and inspect the work of the Commission, but such visits have
‘resulted in no expense to the Government, and it appears from abundant proof that
‘where entertainment has been provided upon the occasion of these visits it has been
at the private expense of the Commissioner.

The charges of intemperance, when fully examined, narrowed down practically to
-aspecific charge that one certain official, upon a single occasion, drank liquor and
| became intoxicated. The testimony is not of such a character as to create the im-
| pression upon the minds of the respective members of the committee that the official
| was in the habit of using, even occasionally, stimulants to an excess, or in any such
\way as to unfit him for his duties. The party himself denies the charge of ever
| being intoxicated, and a number of reputable witnesses who had been intimately
associated with him swear unqualifiedly that the man was not of intemperate habits.

Respecting the allegation that the records of the Commission have been falsified
(for the purpose of showing a greater number of fish planted in the lakes and rivers
[than was actually the case, your committee have to say that the records of the Com-
| mission in the matter of the distribution of fish and eggs are kept in such a manner
jas to almost preclude a possibility of anything of the kind, but beyond that, it satis-
| factorily appears from the showing made that the records respecting this branch of
' the work have been kept with a conscientious regard for the truth. Equally ground-
‘less are the charges that the Commissioner has been governed by political considera-
‘tions in the matter of appointments to positions in the Commission, or that he is
i guilty of the charge of nepotisin.

It is true, as has been charged, that the force of assistants employed in connection
\ with the work of the Commission has been increased over the number employed in
former years, and that there has been a corresponding increase in the cost of main-
‘taining it; but it must be remembered that during the fiscal year ending June 30,
| 1887, there were but twelve fish-hatching stations in operation, while during the
t year ending June 30, 1890, there were twenty-one; also, that the production of eggs,

be
‘

64 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fry, and yearling fish for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, was 259,000,000, while
for the year ending June 30, 1890, it was 358,000,000, or an increase of 99,000,000.

It should also be remembered that the amount of money available for the propaga-
tion of food-fishes and for the general administration was, in 1887, $136,614.92, while
in 1890 it was only $160,000. We feel warranted in saying that the practical and sci-
entific results of the work of the Commission exceed anything heretofore attained
and that with a very moderate increase in cost to the Government over former years.

In conclusion, your committee, in view of the great importance to the country of
the work of the Commission and the urgent necessity for its continuance, ask a
careful examination of the testimony herewith presented, believing that it is suffi-
cient to convince all fair-minded persons that there is no just cause to criticise the
policy of the Commission or the course of the Commissioner and his subordinates in
the matter of administration, but, on the contrary, that they deserve commendation
for the conscientious work which they are performing.

FRANCIS B. STOCKBRIDGE.
WATSON C. SQUIRE,
Rurus BLoDGETT.

PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY.

The editing of the publications of the Commission and their super-
vision through the press has continued under the direction of Dr. T.
H. Bean, the ichthyologist of the Commission. These publications
consist of “Reports” and ‘¢ Bulletins.” In the former are published the
reports of the operations of the Commission; and in the latter, such
articles as are ‘relative to new observations, discoveries, and applica-
tions connected with fish-culture and the fisheries.” Prior to 1883 the
Bulletin was chiefly composed of short articles, extracts, etc., from the
official correspondence, and translations of foreign publications. Since
then, however, the increase of the operations of the Commission has
made it possible to apply this publication almost exclusively to the
results of the Commission’s work. The law authorizing the Bulletin
limits the number of its pages to 500, and permits its distribution in
parts. The articles composing the Reports have likewise been pub-
lished and issued prior to the completion of the volume as a whole,
resulting in the early dissemination. of the knowledge acquired by the
investigations made by the Commission. The law authorizing these
two volumes provides for their distribution by the United States Senate
and House of Representatives, and a small quota by the Commission.
From the number assigned to the Commission, the policy is to supply
various public libraries and institutions of learning, and such persons
who, by reason of their professions or occupations, are specially inter-
ested in the subject-matter.

During the fiscal year 1889-90 the following papers were issued:

The report proper of the Commissioner for 1886 (Report for 1886, pp. I to LVI).

The beam-trawl fishery of Great Britain, with notes on beam-trawling in other
European countries, ete. By J. W. Collins. (Bulletin, 1887, pp. 289 to 407.)

The aquarium: A brief exposition of its principles and management, By Will-
iam P. Seal. (Bulletin, 1887, pp, 274 to 282.)

i

]
Explorations of the fishing-grounds of Alaska, Washington Territory, and Oregon
; during 1888, by the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, Lieut, Commander Z. L.
Tanner, U. 8S. Navy, commanding. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 1 to 95.)
Report of explorations made during the summer and autumnof 1888 in the Alle-
_ ghany region of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and in western Indiana,
with an account of the fishes found in each of the river basins of those regions. By
David Starr Jordan. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 97 to 173.)

Suggestions for the employment of improved types of vessels in the market fisheries,
with notes on British fishing steamers. By J. W. Collins. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 175
to 192.) "

Notes on fishes collected at Cozumel, Yucatan, by the U. 8. Fish Commission, with
descriptions of new species. By Tarleton H. Bean. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 193 to 206.)

The most recent methods of hatching fish eggs. By William F. Page. (Bulletin,
1888, pp. 207 to 218.)

REPORT: OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 65

During the year 1890-91, there appeared—

Review of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1885. Compiled by Hugh M. Smith
and Merwin-Marie Snell; with introduction and description of fishing vessels and
boats, by J. W. Collins. (Report, 1887, pp. 1 to 333 and 45 plates.)

A report upon the fishes of Kalamazoo, Calhoun, and Antrim counties, Mich,
By Charles H. Bollman. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 219 to 225.)

Notes on fishes from the lowlands of Georgia, with a description of a new species
(Opsopodus bollmani). By Charles H. Gilbert. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 225 to 229.)

The sturgeon and sturgeon industries of the eastern coast of the United States,
with an account of experiments bearing upon sturgeon-culture. By John A. Ryder.
(Bulletin, 18&8, pp. 231 to 328.)

A review of the genera and species of Serranide found in the waters of America
and Europe. By David Starr Jordan and Carl H. Kigenmann. (Bulletin, 1888, pp.
329 to 441.)

Report on the preposed introduction of the Jamaica mountain mullet into the
United States. By Tarleton H. Bean. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 443 to 451.)

The transplanting of lobsters to the Pacific Coast of the United States. By Rich-
ard Rathbun. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 453 to 472.)

Preliminary report upon the invertebrate animals inhabiting lakes Geneva and
Mendota, Wisconsin, with an account of the fish epidemic in Lake Mendota in 1884.
By 8. A. Forbes. (Bulletin, 1888, pp. 473 to 487.)

Report of explorations in Colorado and Utah during the summer of 1889, with an
account of the fishes found in each of the river basins examined. By David Starr
Jordan. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 1 to 40.)

On two species of larval dibothria from the Yellowstone National Park. By Ed-
win Linton. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 65 to 79.)

_ The artificial propagation of sturgeon in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. (‘Trans-
lated from the German.) (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 81 to 90.)

On certain wart-like excrescences, occurring on the short minnow, Cyprinodon

- variegatus, due to psorosperms. By Edwin Linton. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 99 to 102.)

Notes on the crab-fishery of Crisfield, Md. By Hugh M. Smith. (Bulletin, 1889.

- pp. 103 to 112.) i

Report of explorations made in Missouri and Arkansas during 1889, with an ac-

- count of the fishes observed in each of the river basins examined. By Seth Eugene
Meek. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 113 to 141.)

Report of explorations made in Alabama during 1889, with notes on the fishes of
the Tennessee, Alabama, and Escambia rivers. By Charles H. Gilbert. (Bulletin,

1889, pp. 143 to 159.)

4 H, Mis. 113——5

4 :

66 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Report on the salmon and salmon rivers of Alaska, with notes on the conditions,
methods, and needs of the salmon fisheries. By Tarleton H. Bean. (Bulletin, 1889,
pp. 165 to 208.) ; .

The fishing-grounds of Bristol Bay, Alaska: A preliminary report upon the inves-
tigations of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross during the summer of 1890.
By Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. 8. Navy. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 279 to 288.)

Notes on an improved form of oyster-tongs. By HughM. Smith. (Bulletin, 1889,
pp. 161 to 163.)

A contribution to the life-history of Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy, a parasite infesting
the trout of Yellowstone Lake. By Edwin Linton, pH. D. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 337
to 358.)

The collections made by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross dur-
jng the years 1887, 1888, and 1889 will, in accordance with law, be de-
posited in the U. S. National Museum, under direction of the Smith-
sonian Institution. The féllowing papers giving the results of the
study of the collections, were published in the Proceedings of the U.S.
National Museum under the general title, ‘Scientific Results of Explo-
rations by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross.” They are:

No. I. Birds collected on the Galapagos Islands in 1888. By Robert Ridgway,
curator of the department of birds. (Proc. U. S. N. M., 1889, pp. 101 to 128.)

No. IL. Birds collectedon the island of Santa Lucia, West Indies, the Abrolhos
Islands, Brazil, and at the Straits of Magellan, in 1887-88. By Robert Ridgway,
curator of the department of birds. (Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1889, pp. 129 to 139.)

No. III. Report on the batrachians and reptiles collected in 1887-88. By E. D.
Cope. (Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1889, pp. 141 to 147.)

No. IV. Descriptions of new species of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands
and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887-88. By David Starr
Jordan and Charles Harvey Bollman. (Proc. U.S. N. M., 1889, pp. 149 to 183.)

No. V. Annotated catalogue of the insects collected in 1887-88. By L. O. Howard,
acting curator of the department of insects. (Proc. U.S. N. M., 1889, pp. 185 to 216.)

No. VI. List of the plants collected in Alaska in 1888. By Dr. George Vasey.
(Proc. U. S. N. M., 1889, pp. 217 to 218.)

No. VII. Preliminary report of the collection of mollusea and brachiopoda obtained
in 1887-88. By William Healy Dall, a. M., curator of the department of mollusks.
(Proc. U. S. N. M., 1889, pp. 219 to 362.)

No. VIII. Description ofa new cottoid fish from British Columbia. By Tarleton H.
Bean, ichthyologist, U.S. Fish Commission. (Proc. U.S. N. M., 1889, pp. 641 to 642.)

No. IX. Catalogue of fishes collected at Port Castries, St. Lucia, by the steamer
Albatross, November, 1888. By David Starr Jordan. (Proc. U.S. N. M., 1889, pp. 645
to 652.)

No. X. On certain mesozoic fossils from the islands of St. Paul and St. Peter, in
the Straits of Magellan. By Charles A. White. (Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1890, pp. 13, 14.)

No. XI. New fishes collected off the coast of Alaska and the adjacent region south-
ward. By Tarleton H. Bean. (Proc. U.S. N. M., 1890, pp. 37 to 45.)

No. XII. A prefiminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross on
the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of twelve
new genera and ninety-two new species. By Charles H. Gilbert, professor of zoédlogy,
University of Indiana. (Proc. U.8.N.M., 1890, pp. 49 to 126.)

No. XIII. Catalogue of skeletons of birds collected at the Abrolhos Islands, Brazil,
the Straits of Magellan, and the Galapagos Islands, in 1887-88. By Frederic A.
Lucas, assistant curator of the department of comparative anatomy. (Prov. U.S.N.M.,
1890, pp. 127 to 130.)

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 67

No. XIV. Birds from the coasts of western North America and adjacent islands,

collected in 1888-89, with descriptions of new species. By Chas. H. Townsend, resi- .
_ dent naturalist of the steamer Albatross. (Proc. U.S. N.M., 1890, pp. 131 to 142.)

No. XV. Reptiles from the Clarion and Socorro islands and the Gulf of California,

_ with descriptions of a new species. By Chas. H. Townsend, resident naturalist of the

steamer Albatross. (Proc. U.S. N.M., 1890, pp. 143, 144.)

No. XVI. Plants collected in 1889 at Socorro and Clarion islands, Pacific Ocean.
By Dr. Geo. Vasey and J.N. Rose, botanist and assistant botanist, Department of
Agriculture. (Proc. U.S. N.M., 1890, pp. 145 to 149.)

No. XVII. Descriptions of new West American land, fresh-water, and marine
shells, with notes and comments. By Robert E. C. Stearns, adjunct curator of the
department of mollusks. (Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1890, pp. 205 to 225).

No. XVIII. Lists of fishes obtained in the harbor of Bahia, Brazil, and in adjacent
waters. By David Starr Jordan, president of the University of Indiana. (Proc.

U.S. N. M., 1890, pp. 313 to 336.)

No. XIX. A supplementary list of fishes colle®ted at the Galapagos Islands and
Panama, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species. By Charles H.
Gilbert, professor of zoblogy, University of Indiana. (Proc. U.S. N. M., 1890, pp.
449 to 455).

During the period covering the months from February to May, 1891,
the Fish Commission steamer Albatross, by special authorization of the
President, made an extended cruise along the west coast of Central
America and the Galapagos Islands, including also the west coast of
Mexico and the Gulf of California. The scientific work of the vessel
was under the direction of Prof. Alexander Agassiz, of the Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass. The specimens collected

were taken in charge by him, and groups distributed to specialists for

examination and report, and the results will be duly published.

The distribution of the publications of the Commission consisted of
1,953 copies of the Reports, 2,045 copies of the Bulletins, and about 6,500
copies of articles, in pamphlet form, extracted from the Reports and
Bulletins. In addition to these there were issued 1,572 copies of the
reports prepared by the Commission in conjunction with the Tenth
Census on the “Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States,”
and 1,278 copies of the report from the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries of the House of Representatives in an “Investigation of
the Fur-Seal and other Fisheries of Alaska” (Report No. 38383, House
of Representatives, Fiftieth Congress, second session), of which a num-

_ber were assigned by act of Congress to this Commission.

+

The accessions to the library, mainly obtained through gift and ex-
change for the publications of the Commission, embraced 1,694 volumes,

including pamphlets and periodicals. Of these 457 related to fish, fish-

culture, and the fisheries, and 1,237 to geology, botany, zodlogy, and the

natural sciences in general.

i ale

68 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ERECTION OF FISHWAYS AT THE GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC,

By act of Congress approved February 1, 1888, an additional appro-
priation of $25,000 was made for completing the construction of the
fishways at the Great Falls of the Potomac, there being already avail-
able for this purpose $5,042.32, the balance of the previous appropria-
tion of $50,000 made by act approved July 12, 1882. In pursuance of
instructions from the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, Col. J. M. Wilson,
then in charge of the Washington Aqueduct, addressed me under date
of June 4, 1889, as follows:

OFFICE OF THE WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT,
Washington, D. C., June 4, 1889.

Sir: I have the honor to inform yon that I have this day received from the Chief
of Engineers your letter of the 14th ultimo to the Secretary of War, with various
indorsements thereon, together with copies of the letter of the 31st ultimo to you
from the Acting Secretary of War.

The Chief of Engineers has directed me as follows:

“Col. Wilson will place himself in communication with the Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries with a view to having detailed plans and specifications pre-
pared, contracts drawn, and an inspector nominated. After approval by this office,
the work will be carried out under the direction of said inspector, Col. Wilson con-
fining his supervision to seeing that the dam is not injured and that the disburse-
ment of the money is properly made.”

In view of the foregoing order I have the honor to request that you will please
cause to be prepared and sent to me, at your convenience, plans and specifications in
detail of the proposed fishways, and that you will nominate as inspector such person
as you may deem fit to inspect this important work.

It has been the custom of this office to pay ordinary inspectors about $100 per month,
but in view of the character of your work, which will probably require the services
of an expert, I think his salary should be higher, probably from $120 to $140 or $150
per month, depending upon his skill and capacity.

The plans and specifications should be complete, the latter entering into the
minutest detail, as they become a part of the contract, and any omission, however
trifling, may lead to complications with contractors.

As soon as these plans and specifications reach me, I will prepare advertisements
inviting proposals, and after the work is awarded will, subject to the approval of
the Chief of Engineers, enter into contract for the work.

As soon as the contractor is ready to begin, I will notify you, and your inspector
can then be appointed and assigned to duty.

In all payments upon vouchers, I shall request your certificates as to quantity of
materials received, time employed, etc., and, based upon them, will make payments
as required by order of the Secretary of War.

If agreeable to you, I will be glad to see you at this office any day between 11
a.m. and 12:30 p. in., to consult in reference to this matter; or, if you prefer it, I
will take pleasure in coming to your office any day you may mention after 4 p. m.

Iam, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, :
JOHN M. WILSON,

Colonel, U. S. Army.
Hon. MARSHALL McDONALD,

Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D. C.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 69

After conference with Col. Wilson and acting in accordance with his

i suggestions, the work of preparing the necessary plans and specifica-
_ tions was assigned to Mr. C. E. Gorham, the engineer officer of the
~ Commission.

4

During the winter of 1889-90, the plans and specifications were care-
fully studied and revised and were ready for transmission in April,
1590, but owing to various delays and the difficulty of finding a suitable
person to designate as inspector, were not transmitted until after the
close of the fiscal year covered by this report.

WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Section 16 of the act of Congress approved April 25, 1890, ‘To pro-
vide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of
America by Christopher Columbus by holding an international exhibi-
tion of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil,
mines, and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois,” directs—

That there shall be exhibited at said Exposition by the Government of the
United States, from its executive departments, the Smithsonian Institution, the U.S.
Fish Commission, and the National Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate
the function and administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace and its
resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and
their adaptation to the wants of the people; and to secure a complete and harmo-
nious arrangement of such a Government exhibit, a board shall be created to be
charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement, safe keeping, and exhibition
of such articles and materials as the heads of the several departments and the di-
rectors of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum way respectively decide

shall be embraced in said Government exhibit. The President may also designate

additional articles for exhibition. Such board shall be composed of one person to
be named by the head of each executive department, and one by the directors of the
Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and one by the Fish Commission,
such selections to be approved by the President of the United States. (U.S. Stat. 26,
pp. 62 et seq.)

In pursuance of law, the Commissioner named Mr. J. W. Collins,
assistant in charge of the Division of Fisheries, as the representative of
the Commission on the Government Board of Control and Management,
and his designation having been approved by the President, Mr. Collins
entered upon his duties in August, 1890. No active work was under-
taken until April, 1891, when certain of the personnel were appointed,
a building at 210 Tenth street, N. W., Washington, was leased and fitted
up for offices and work shops, and the preparations commenced.

In response to a communication from the Secretary of the Treasury
requesting an estimate of the money and space required for an adequate
exhibit of the fisheries and fishery resources of the United States at
the World’s Columbian Exposition, the Commissioner of Fisheries re-
plied as follows:

In compliance with your request, I have the honor to transmit herewith estimates
of the cost of preparing, placing, caring for, and returning such an exhibit of the

70 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fisheries and fishery resources of the United States as should in my judgment be
made at the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893.

Such an exhibit should not only be an exposition of our fishery resources, and of
the present conditions, methods, and results of the fisheries, but should also show
the origin, progress, present conditions, methods, and results of the inquiry in
regard to food-fishes and the lishing-grounds—an inquiry which has been most fruit-
_ ful in results, economic as well as scientific, and which has served as a model, a
stimulus, and an inspiration to other nations seeking the best means for the utiliza-
tion of the resources of their waters.

The exhibit should show also the beginning and progress, as well as the present
condition, of the commercial fisheries, and the development of methods, apparatus,
vessels, and boats to meet the new conditions or exigencies arising from time to time.
It should show the origin and development of public fish-culture in the United
States, and the present conditions, methods, and results of the work of the U, 8.
Fish Commission.

The exhibit, in its essential features, would illustrate an industrial and economic
evolution, probably as distinctively characteristic of the genius of our people as is
the evolution of our social and political institutions.

Detailed estimates, aggregating $150,000, were submitted as neces-
sary to carry out the plans of the exhibit proposed, and an allotment
of 40,000 feet of floor space indicated as requisite to provide for the
convenient and proper display of the exhibit contemplated. In the
estimates submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury provision was
made for a limited aquarial display in the Government building, hav-
ing for its object an exhibit of a series of the economic fishes of the
country, more especially those which have been bred artificially for
the purpose of stocking new waters or the improvement of the fisheries
in those waters to which the species are indigenous, but which had
been depleted by improvident fishing.

The suggestion that an aquarial display was contemplated awakened
general interest and commanded such approval and expectation that
it was determined, if practicable, to enlarge greatly the plans first con-
templated, and make an extensive and systematic exhibit of the water
resources of our entire country, both marine and fresh. These plans
required the erection of an expensive building with suitable plant for
installation and maintenance. It was recognized that it was not proper
to expect the General Government to appropriate so much money to a
building for temporary uses. The subject was brought to the attention
of the Director-General by the Commissioner of Fisheries, and the
difficulties of the enterprise discussed. In view of the interest and
instructiveness of the exhibit suggested, the directory of the Exposi-
tion determined to erect a suitable building according to the plans of
the Commissioner of Fisheries and to equip it with the necessary plant.
The Government Board of Control and Management undertook, in con-
janction and codperation with the Commissioner of Fisheries, to install
and maintain the exhibit during the period of the Exposition. The
display thus arranged for by the liberality of the management and the
coéperation of the U.S. Fish Commission will doubtless be one of the
most novel, attractive, and interesting features of the Exposition.

>:

The Commission has continued to coéperate with tl

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

STATE FISH COMMISSIONS.

“a

ie fish commissions

of the States and Territories in stocking our waters with suitable kinds

of food-fishes.

The accompanying table exhibits this association:

Statement showing the kinds and fumber of eggs and fish furnished to State and Territo=
rial fish commissions during the fiscal years 1890 and 1891.

ne

_ Minnesota

*

‘

State or Territory.

Species.

Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois

Kansas

Maine

Massachusetts......
Michigan

Nevada

New Hampshire...

New Jersey

New N40) eee

*Deposited by the U.S. Fish Commission in waters designated by the State Commissioners.

(OF Neca Seas anne eee eCcectbose
Von Behr trout
Whitefish

Shad

Carp
Pike perch
Car
Black bass
Crappierssocsaos- 5822-5 sss teres
Yellow perch
White DASsn2 222 ee oe eee wists
Catfish
Sunfish
Pike perch
Buffalo
Brook pike
Rock bass
Landlocked salmon
Whitefish
Pike perch
Black bass
Carp
Crappie
ROCKIPAAsSa.- osteo eee
Wallow PELOn- ce ssa-c cea ate
peveloosed salmon
Oss ae A A ee OP eo OER

do

Landlocked salmon
Lake trout
Carp
Von Bebr trout
Carp
Lake trout

IBTaG ks Dassieisemane ne mee ele ie oe
Yellow perch
Von Behr trout

Landlocked salmon
Atlantic salmon
Landlocked salmon
Rainbow trout
Lake trout ~

Loch Leven trout
Saibling
Whitefish
Pike perch
akourno ut. aaceosesas seco eoss
Von Behr trout
Cinie-cauaaas e220 ae Be ace
Black bass
Crappie

“1, 329, 000°
20, 000
aaa iia
1, 000, 000

9

2, 249, 000

10, 000
10, 000

50, 000
16, 000
30, 000
40, 000
250, 060

Sie 25, 000
40, 000
20, 000

1891.

Fish Eggs Fish
alate ae sterols s/epea aint 500
ie Buaieeehlsd.8 so ue. 3, 000
CSRs 178 9) 897, GOON Ns. 2.2 fooe
Spe tata ei sttatel eeetnreleet= 5, 000
ne fak post Se S00N estat ens a
St ateiclaetaet tee 837, 000 2, 200, 500

AO0G | Serle a= 4,000

DE | Setsals at -tetel all sw 'sia aeteeitetaes

(Dull lvere «2 = amayecte 450

eS CT Re eee 3, 000
#171705 000)| salt oo ee *£8, 000, 000
| SUD MCE tan 6, 690
ALR GOLOURE dees cos *11, 782
Paice |e ee *5, 53D
CHUTES ieee *1, 495

AG TSBOOISLR Finite ctec sl see tae ae
SPC (0T | eee ae Seana ee ea abe a

SAP ADS IMS 8 oes on +995

ATV OO0Al eat on. Seals aOR ee

ICA LS0S Pee ae eel (ape RN Ry te
SOL peretns os 2/5 e maki| o aerete ot esate
arora PCE Broa 3, 159
> ELOONGNO | HES caet on. lam wanes = sae

F500 CUO eo Sees (Loe eee Soe

S00 Ree ce a's tieteatetae nies

Bae earn a ere eee eae 5, 000
Bost eaceela| set te Oe a 820
MCR E ER ec c| Sts ae eee 520
Seeloe stactoarets nae eee sie 390
ee D5 000! (Peeve tees
etn on 5 RR eet a a
epge Seite gen $ DU ODOT Meee
Siti oe) 150; 0000}. 2 2 ecen
D500 jt eas eh 2, 000
te 20, 000) | xttsomsca.
aacitats tela etell eit = sees 45, 000
See os aee a pO ODON |S asanwes= rts
22 el Ie tea se ae ol beanies Se Beare

115 U0) es eee eee ae Ape ae

5 {ity a ees ee SMES cope ae es 2

aie eaat ear LO"000) |Saece conceer
RESTS Ey AD) OOO: Nae os CLL Ee
Soest cose Ae 20) O00 4. -22 Wee coe
HBAS cee oe OO, OUD) | Saeetaats ae

(2

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Statement showing the kinds and number of eggs and fish Surnished to State and Territo-
rial fish commissions, etc.—Continued.
.

State or Territory.

Species.

— —— a |-

Ohio

Oregon
Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

Utah

Vermont-.--.:-----

West Virginia
Wisconsin

Wyoming

* Deposited by the U. 8. Fish Commission in waters designated by the State commissioners.

Brook trout
Von Behr trout
Loch Leven trout .....-----..--
Catfish
Whitefish
Quinnat salmon
Atlantic salmon
Whitetish
Pike perch
Shad
Carp
Landlocked salmon
Crappie
ROCK DASS 22. a2 e.caenieae ails eiee
Black bass
Atlantic salmon
Landlocked salmon
Lake trout
Carp
Black bass
Yellow perch
Landlocked salmon
Lake trout
Von Behr trout
Carp
Rainbow trout
Car
Von Behr trout
Whitefish
Carp
Rainbow trout
Lake trout
Brook trout

1890 1891.

Legs Fish Eggs Fish.
Sie tee eee ale ee at el ae eee 500
whee bac asec S| 22 eee eae 1, 425
alieupe ke Case luecanpenboee eee seeere ee 800
Lee Sen ene oo Bea saseee ot So nzeoicna 50
BE Soe iced Men tere ei 47,'500,'000) | .es.s-2seeee
1 J000F000tR eee eee ee 700; 000i)|.2 20 eee eee
100,000: | coc cteece Se leeee sete este ees
OOOO 0009 Pee smeme eee 14, GO0;000)||-2222-eessee
1851000; OU sas. ees seer 58; 000;\G00) |e steam eee
ee 42: 000; 000"|.2222552 22.| eee
oy oe Se 2000 cast ceecce ae 5, 000
Stee ens a betee ake seein 40, 000 cc seeeeee
ode eas) ears Roeetsse seattle enone aan *1, 350
win ciaplacceee A eee te oe Ree ee eee *425
dain Weaicnlllae + eeeusee Se ee ee eee *200
10, OOO "| = .aixtarara spats ohciall wea Gte mye ietarelete lhe else ee eaten
10,000 \|n-2. e268 2clents ite one ae re eee
scenes | Ute ee 202000) se esaneeeeee
Deas SEES 1 700d sence pene 2, 000
wesaue Seenn al ges cmeceunee poebee meee 1,718
warersete bec oeEh a ceewacioe al cake oe teers 636
207000! reasee pte 255.000) -.4-.eee eee
325; U00"| oe. ies ocicnicll moet -iccc = ol ee erie
10000: |e cccmccdeqcal serene e onece| Cece eee
Se eee GOON aaat taeeeeee 500
bee cemeaeae siesehics esmeee 20; 000) |< aeeeeeeree
Weedieniceeniste UU te 5 Somcins 1, 000
205000 || ctcc'sajeleiie'a eh Sea Sale wc - cere oe eee
6S 00030000 Sena eeeemers 10;000; 000!) 22esceeeeee
L asian eel iooee cminceeealseceeace eer 25, 000
12,500 isc caeee os| sss Suess eee peemee eee
TMU |oanaomecoace 100,000.02 ee eee
Jielaia/elareitae iain etataatete tate 20, 000 5, 000
A etre om ema Soe eaters 5, 000
Pahl Sate usec 710
eaeleieceee ses 1,476
nap asia Settee Se miami Gooeseoks aac 290

COURTESIES EXTENDED AND RECEIVED.

RELATIONS WITH OTHER GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.

The work of the Fish Commission was very much facilitated by the
cooperation of the other offices of the Government.
The Light-House Board granted permission to place observers and
physical apparatus on board the light ship at Nantucket New South
Shoal, to make temperature observations.
The Navy Department furnished officers and crews for the steamers
and granted facilities to the vessels at the various navy-yards.
A dredging outfit was furnished to the eclipse expedition to West

Africa in 1889.

The Superintendent of the Census, after conferring with the Com-
missioner, appointed Capt. J. W. Collins and Mr. Charles W. Smiley
to take charge of the fishery census.
Division of Fisheries was granted to the census employés and deskroom
was furnished to several clerks. At the request of the Superintendent

Free use of the records in the

| REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 73

of the Census, the statistics gathered by the Commission concerning
the whale, porpoise, seal, and walrus fisheries of the United States
were furnished to the Census Office.

The Secretary, of War authorized the location of a fish-hatchery on
the military reservation at Fort Gaston, Cal., and continued the privi-
lege of allowing Fort Washington, on the Potomac River, to be used
as a Shad-hatchery.

Acknowledgments are due to the Government Printing Office for the
excellent manner in which the publications of the Commission have
been handled and for many courtesies extended in the matter of prompt
compliance with requests for other official printing and binding.

To the Signal Office we are indebted for records of temperature ob-
servations on the North Atlantic Coast.

The Agricultural Department furnished flowers and erase seed for
the Neosho Station.

The health officer of the District furnished monthly statistics of the
Washington fish markets.

The steam launch Blue Wing was loaned to the District Commission-
ers while the police boat was being repaired.

The steamer Albatross brought animals from the Galapagos Islands
for the National Zoédlogical Park, Washington, D. C.

RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

Belgium.—In February, 1890, 25,000 eggs of the rainbow trout were

forwarded to Maj. W. Turner, igen ite in exchange for 25,000 eggs
_of the Von Behr trout, which were received during that month.

Canada.—During the fall of 1890 100 carp were sent to tlie inspector
of fisheries at Winnepeg, Manitoba, and during the winter of 1890-91
10,000 eggs of the Von Behr trout, 10,000 eggs of the Loch Leven trout,
and 10,000 landlocked salmon eggs were forwarded to Mr. W. P.
Greenough, Portneuf, Quebec.

France.—100,000 eggs of the California salmon were sent to the
Société Nationale d’Acclimatation, Paris, in January, 1890, and 90,000
in January, 1891. Both of these shipments were received in Srcollant
condition.

Germany.—In the fall and winter of 1889, crawfish, catfish, sunfish,
white perch, and tortoises were sent to Max von dem Borne. Of these
90 crawfish, 3 catfish, 14 sunfish, and 3 tortoise were received alive.
In May of 1890 and in the winter of 1890-91 white perch, sunfish, and
strawberry bass were sent to him, but all except two white perch died
before reaching their destination.

To Herr von Behr, president of the Deutsche Fischerei Verein, were
sent, in 1890, 20,000 brook trout eggs and 40,000 landlocked salmon eggs ;
and in 1891, 100,000 whitefish eggs, 10,000 rainbow trout eggs, and

20,000 landlocked salmon eggs.
In January, 1890, 10,000 rainbow trout eggs were sent to Herr Carl
_ Schuster, Freiburg.

a

74 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

There were received from Max von dem Borne, in January, 1890,
50,000 eggs of the Alpine variety of the Von Behr trout and 20,000
saibling eges, and in March 15,000 eggs of the Loch Leyen trout which
had been obtained from Seeweise. In April of the same year 10 large
golden tench were also received from him.

About the middle of February 70,000 Von Behr trout eggs arrived by
the steamer Aller, 60,000 being given by the Deutsche Fischerei Verein
and 10,000 by Herr Carl Schuster. Of these about 56,000 proved to be
in good condition. In the following winter there were also received
from this society 70,000 eggs of the Von Behr trout, of which 60,000
were in good condition.

The 300,000 whitefish eggs and 30,000 Von Behr trout eggs sent by
this society in February and March were an entire loss.

Great Britain.—To the Midland Counties Fish Culture Establishment
the following shipments were made: In the winter of 1889-90, 15,000
rainbow trout eggs, 200,000 whitefish eggs, and 15,000 landlocked sal-
mon eggs; in the winter of 1890-91.200,000 whitefish eggs and 15,000
rainbow trout eggs.

In July, 1890, 15 garfish, 3 or 4 inches long, were sent to the Brighton
Aquarium.

Mevxico.—In response to an application from the Mexican Government,
50,000 lake trout eggs were sent to Senor Esteban Chazari in January,
1890, and 50,000 in January, 1891; 25,000 rainbow trout eggs and 10,900
Von Behr trout eggs were also sent to him in January, 1891.

Norway.—Twenty-five thousand eggs of the California salmon were
sent to Walter E. Archer, Stavanger, on December 28, 1889.

Switzerland.—At the request of Mr. Alfred de Claparéde, the Swiss
minister at Washington, 30,000 eggs of the rainbow trout were sent to
Switzerland in January, 1890; these were followed in January, 1891, by
a Shipment of 40,000 more.

MARSHALL MCDONALD,
Commissioner.

s)

an

-
»

aac: s

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

A.—Details of distribution, 1889-90,

®

Species and disposition.

Cattish:

Indian Creek,
Silver Creek, New Albany. Ind
Sangamon River, Decatur, Ill
BEAA Sex Leu ela © VIG OME a MLC also attain chelate fatale iajarmie n\sinjela)atae aie
Doss Top Repel Wee Weary eta NUE eee eS se Se ee eer cae
Pond of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Gales-

burg, Iil..-.

City Reservoir, Belleville, Il

New Albany, Ihde taQnanoaasccaGeo6ns maneeeeee

Hitec le aixe: OW AeELOO) Mb ee 2 toot ccm cecwcemnceccm caene
SHOUT Ae sa WALOLLOO, Wl aa seeis Meee aictaveisicthelecomuinaresce ses

Mill pond, Red Bud, Il
Creve Coeur Lake, Creve Ceur, Mo
Echo Lake, Kansas City, Mo
Pond, Little Blue, Mo

Aime pend CCE WM Or. eae x aise olastetarn ocelot /mre ie aciamtinsieierers eect ee sere
Soldiers’ Home, Leavenworth, Kans
Dipleye uae; Concordia) Kams) es <2 lairccoyetole, af<tatares mimiclar aleve ntaraieie ata We eee aces ae

Chappawaunsee Creek, Quantico, Va |

Carp:

Applicantsiin Alabama. -2-<---- 2-22. . -een eeennn

Goldfish :

Applicants in

SARIGANS DSc setae oc oh reat eer ek wine cisiaeitinaisioeeie's
@alitorniaer ce aaa catseeo ns ocean eerryarerie oa eens
Colorado
(CONTE CHIC UE == 5 Seca araloenn Sho apace aict A sla: = Sieciarn store
Delaware merece eterna eras ease ewer
MW LOui Gee eee ee wa ta mes ecaresaecatac omen sss
Georgia
Idaho

Tnogeboya MIG OCI eee ARE ney Ree Meee ee Rar cee
TOT DE CC es see Steel MME 2 GR a a ne ne tee Seno
1G ANSPEISIE LS ee Te Ses Mine ff 8] oe ee EL OY Te Bil ne Ub a ae
TQS aH ATK) cg 7A Ea ee eee eae a
AG OUISTAN Yar oe Sek eerie ae cen iaae moa PES)
AM [entave) 2 SSS 6 eee Ue ee eer er ere rrr ree
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan

Minnesota
IMGSSISSIP DL poe see esas h are aaa cnenac re sae
INTIS UE seer eee ane ecaac cure eae eee |
OMAN weer Mer coger cams eos ae sama

INO WnG ime eee nie a ao aadcaitatinn sacs Sabo eteene
New Hampshire
ENG MDIEOESOy)<ciccas ea toon gee sero so ina decree
New Mexico
New York

MOTOS ONE oe earer tee eager Preeiata aoe Jott arastanoe
BENDS VIVA «cage s15as apace saad kee
DOM eRUSaM Cl Cate se sctaoet [ans Se Sens Sancta |

MOUTH ISO bo oes = 5 os ae ae es Sass ees o ee
PBONNESS Ot eee ata bot knee os eee
Texas
Utah

WA CUMS erence neh o se eee ah cts 4.1228 can cee de
WwaShin oon arc ewe sets cee seeder sancoceae
IWIGSt Varina: sores oa ss<sdeeeaseesssesecreles
Wisconsin
Wyoming

A 5D
Manitoba

ALA DAN DEAR Hee eens pana asec ote oe wake oer eee
JTS MTSE EE Ss 3 55S 5 I Fe a Se
WMonmechiCutte: mess stsecet ates. ceeds eset se cee
WGlWATO I car eee eased as So tas sdaees cosce sce
District of Columbia..-.-..- Jessa anaes 2aNhAS
(elon dates vor cee ee ec on Cae Be ree setae
Georgia ..
Idaho

Iowa...

CC ee

Adults and

| yearlings.

500
500
1, 745
900
1, 585

76

A.—Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continned.

Species and disposition.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Adults and

(soldfish—Continued.
PA PMOCANGA aN VCANARE A pan nee oak nan cemanacis Seesmic scene
Kentucky
TOUISIAN DE Mo eesti oes wees sees erer eaeeee ee
Maryland
IMWASKACHUROUES).(525,c+6-0 +52 soe ecowtne =n ceeeore
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Mississippi
Montana

ORIG hens Siete sacleat oo bee cece ee eae ee

Pennsylvania Ri MEAN GRE METE Wo zd yk
Rhode Island

ap PRY See a irc ie acl ae mB En, co
Utah

Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Buffalo:
Indian Creek, New Albany, Ind
Silver Creek, New Albany, Ind
SEPTY fen eaTay Ys SV Gey hed Ofetetsy vy ol Oe ee ee a ee
Ponds of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company,

Galesburg, Ill
Citysareservoir: Belleville, Tl esate =e oe beck co kcueeeoes
Creve Coeur Lake, Creve Coeur, Mo....-...-----.------0-+----
ETivabe PONG MhrOsts Lex,sscasnts haters cee nen nal a ee eee ee

Athens, Tex
Shad:

pcanine River ounsvalli@onmies-anee, seen etree tees eeee OEE
Farmington River, Poquantic, Conn ......---..-..--.------+--
Connecticut River, Windsor Locks, Conn ..............--.---
Poly oke, (Mass. -ceene cer beceee cece

Delaware River, Gloucester Nedise. soc beeen nee cone eeen ne
Connecticut River, Warehouse Point, Conn
Housatonic River, New Milford, Conn
Hudson River, West Point, N. Y
Newburg, N. Y

Catskill Ni Wieser nema el cee een! aos

Delaware iver, Callicoon, N.W.-cseeteeeceeee sneer e ee nemo.
Lambertville, N. J

Lackawaxen, Pa

Gloucésser uN: Siete Sone eet ee neces

Delaware Water Gap, Pa

’ Mullica River, Elwood, N. J

@ Distributed as fry from Central Station

-|a(84,446, 000)

cee eee eewne

(3, 654, 000),
15, 000 |

6 Deposited for rearing and distribution in fall of 1890.

yearlings. |

1, 489, 000
.

cai Oi 67
Bea ee ae 49
Sern ees ee 216
eR! Be vis 592
[ae ee 90
PCR eT 78
feeb a4 284
De 124
oxi eee 146
Rey aE 4
Ye et eae 112
Bi Gc Rant oe 12
BARE 7 566
{Me Sime os 22
yer a eee A 1, 372
Ree aes | 198
Pan 135
Se eae 18
:: 5. ae 776
hate A en 400
es Riis 280
Stan Gone 332
peat San 48
324
6
pra rue 1, 193
eee eneal 838
areas ea: 60
Seo T alae 75
peehaek ll oe igs 50
Seen Saat 50
Bh ASS 1,010
shee ER 450
Lae teee 300
siecle 85
CAE Aer 100
ake Oe 150
152/000) sseeeeeeee
A11, 000"|- === =s sae
167; 000) |-22eeeoeeeee
35;\000" |: sseseeeneee
6: 2045000)|.2scee eee
4,026, (000 |-2---neuenee
99544000) |-aeeee eee
5) 619: 000 |-<2-aeeeeee
375, 000" ee eee
1,952, 000 |-+--eeeeeeme
3, 557, 000 |. 2:-csaeweee
31970: (000! cana een
500 (000s: eee
SO1000 |e ae
799; 000)= cc cae
500,(000-/aceeseeaeee
35610001 Seoreen eee
1, 600,,000"\-szasebeeees
1,518, 000 |-:ceeeeees
\b(2, 144, 000)!.......2-.0-
720/000" Sac aa eee
1.,180\0004| seen ee eee
1,207, 000 1.2225 eee
9.070000 eae
909, 0002. Sasser
500,000): sseaeenee

326, 000

1, 162, 000

506, 000 |.
471, 000 |.
1, 000, 000

}
*
,
b

PAR

Landlocke

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

A,—Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continued.

Species and disposition,

Eggs.

Fry.

(7

Adults and
yearlings.

Shad—Continued.

Neuse River, Goldsboro, N.C..... Rtaleiafaiateefais-eal sisisicisio cs see sare
Pasquovwmbehiver: WlizabethinNn. © o.. tes sce ge ewec sxe cece
Six Runs, Clinton, N.C --.---- ech boopad saab aeldsdede mrnsoocas
urricane Creek) Blackshear: Gai... sc2 sce cic=t te ccetee see es
Wiaithlacoochee River; Quitman, Ga... ese. oe sc eco eee:
Ocklocknee River, Thomasville, Ga-.--.5-..--:.--0--.ec--e-

Chattahoochee River, West Point, Ga....-........-----00--- |

Alabama River, Montgomery, Ala ........--....-+--..--------
Escambia River; Flomaton; Ala......---...-.2---ssceseeseee-
Rombigbee River, Demopolis, Alas..522..2-s-s2secse-csdedss:

Taunton River, East Taunton, Mass.............-----++-.---

Hudson River, Newburg, N. Y..-.-.-- Scie nisit sides ieee es eicite ce
sLonesiOrecke Woverm Dele s2oscccsecdusiessevenesce werent ccces
Susquehanna River, Havre de Grace, Md......-..-..-.------
Susquehanna River, Fites Eddy, Pa-.:-..--..---.----..------
Boshhiver weush Station Mdss2eet os st cose sete sence es
ee iners Hitomi deas= asa. 0 -cenins cei etoe eee vesjee
Gunpowder River, Gunpowder Station, Md..........-- Ss
North-East River, North-East, Md
VAnreseLmerm hi Chin Onde Wai ass. eet cea cle. Sosa kan wet one
Navannal River tAnensta, Ga.-2-22s:2-sesesscescocsssseens
Ocmulgee River, Macon, Ga

Orcochee: Rivers Midville Gait is 2.-c ove sos ee ee eee
Eli RVeMe Rey TOLaSs Galle -cotecn hes sact echt ecetees canner |
Big Whitewater Creek, Butler, Ga .--..--..--- soceerdoacSa5e |

Delaware Mish Commission: .scsscsee.tsceeeauccsscccseas soci

Quinnat salmon:

Cahiforiayhish) Commission's.) .1--= see =e ease Aaa cees oe oe
Société Nationale d’Acclimation, Paris, France -.-.........----
Walter E. Archer, Stavanger, Norway..........-.-.--.------
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Fort Gaston, Cal......-...-.-

MeCloud) River: near Baird) Cali... ci. <.2---s2se5-cees=te ce!

trinity River, near Hort Gaston, Call... 2-22-22 s22e.n2-eee on
Oreponyhish; Commissionens- sa] sete eel eee en nine nee ee

Clackamas River and tributaries...............--------------
Atlantic Salnion (Salmo salar) :

New Hampshire Fish Commission
iRhodeilsland Wish Commission 2. - 22.22 -oe--e--2 <2 et ec
Pennsylvania Fish Commission -.....-..-----------.---+-----
Benjamin Lincoln, Dennysville, Me....-......--.----.--------
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Cold Spring Harbor........--
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Fort Gaston, Cal

Alamoosook Lake, tributary to Penobscot River, Maine....-.

Craig Brook, tributary to Alamoosook Lake, Maine.-...-.-.--.
Meadow Brook, tributary to Alamoosook Lake, Maine. ....--
Colton Brook, tributary to Alamoosook Lake, Maine......---

Wardwell Brook, tributary to Alamoosook Lake, Maine... --
Leach Brook, tributary to Alamoosook Lake, Maine.......... |
Toddy Pond, tributary to Alamoosook Lake, Maine..-....---- |

Canary Brook, tributary to Toddy Pond, Maine......-.-.-.-.-
Harriman Brook, tributary to Toddy Pond, Maine..-..-...-..
Sucker Brook, tributary to Toddy Pond, Maine.........-.----
Heart Pond, tributary to Toddy Pond, Maine
Grays Brook, tributary to Toddy Pond, Maine ....-...--..----
Raymond Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York... -.
Balm of Gilead Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York.
Carr Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York.......---
Thirteenth Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York ..-
Minerva Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York...--.
Deer Creek, tributary of Hudson River, New York.-.....-.--
Clendon Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York....-.
Whipple Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York...-.-

Eleventh Brook, tributary of Hudson River, New York.....

Wallkill River, tributary of Hudson River, New York....---
Nussequage River, tributary of Long Island Sound..........
Salmon: -

Miaimeshisht Com SsiOheeectee sans 2s aco scise sa ossee ch coee
New Hampshire Fish Commission
Mermontitishi Commission ss. Saach = Secese es Nose chet ste
Rhode Island Fish Commission
New York Fish Commission
ncianaehish) Commuissiont-sos-n52264-22042552-5 21 ceecsece dee
MiChIgAniehiislis COMmmISHIONeesee see see sce seas clessose 2 seen se
Minnesota Fish Commission
Nevada Fish Commission
E. R. Hewitt, Ringwood, N. J
feo) We Hooker: Brattleboro, Vtise-ssa: = sosseccesscnass <eeces
Megantic Fish and Game Club, New York
Herr von Behr, Schmaldow, Germany................-.------

wmeenecescce
|r rec eee teeee

2, 249, 000

1, 329, 000
100, 000
25, 000

| @ (100, 000)

40, 000
10, 000
100, 000
40), 000

b (600, 000)
(109, 000)

25, 000
10, 000
25, 000
10, 000
40, 000

a Distributed as fry from Fort Gaston Station.

b Distributed as fry from Cold Spring Harbor Station.

1, 328, 000
1, 042, 000
497, 000
388, 000
650, 000
650, 000
200, 000
1, 290, 000
400, 000
400, 000
1, 505, 000
1, 420, 000
500, 000
1, 256, 000
985, 00U
850, 000
1, 317, 000
1, 600, 000
1, 700, 000
200, 000
2, 600, 000
2,565, 000
1, 000, 000
900, 000
1, 000, 000

84, 000
90, 000

i i es

78

A.—Details of distribution, 1889-90-~Continued.

Species and disposition.

Landlocked salmon—Continued.

Midland Counties’ Fish Culture Association, Malvern Wells,

England

Duluth, Minn

U.S. Fish Commission Station, Northville, Mich

Fort Gaston, Cal

Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y ...

Washington, D

aa iste

Green Lake, Me..............

Bucksport, Me

Grand Lake Stream, tributary to Schoodic River, Maine..-..
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y...-.

Great and Mann brooks, tributary to Green Lake, Maine
Green Lake, tributary to Union River, Maine. -
Eastern River, tributary to Penobscot River, Maine
Tributaries of Lake George near Caldwell, N. Y

Mianns River in Westchester County, New Yo

Pleasant Lake in Sullivan County, New York -
- Silver Lake in Sullivan County, New York....

E. P. Thorn, Plaintield, N. J

Deer Creek: nearsbel Ain Midas. sccc<. sses-ccce

Hazel Run, near Fredericksburg, Va
Loch Leven trout:

Michigan Fish Commission. ....---.-..---.----

New Hampshire Fish Commission
New York Fish Commission

U.S. Fish Commission Station, Fort Gaston, Cal
Leadville, Colo-

IESG B pets toil

Craic Brook, Mes-c.--ssee---

Duluth, Minn. -

Pine Lake, near LaPorte, Ind
Madison River, Yellowstone Park, Wyo
Caldwell Creek, near Cresco, Iow:
Light Springs, near Cresco, lowa
Goltax ake: near Hart, Wich. 5. 2...2-<.<.5--
Star Lake, near Baldwin, Mich

Crooked Lake, near Baldwin, Mich. .... eae omteiee

Esall Lake, near Alpena, Mich
Turtle Lake, near Alpena, Mich

Zukey Lake, near Hamburg Junction, Mich. .-
Indian River, Indian River, Mich ..-....-- so
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Northville, Mich

Rainbow trout:
Green Lake, near Dedham, Me

Colorado State Fish Commission..............-

New Hampshire State Fish Commission

Henry Stewart, Walhalla, S. C.............2.---
The Government of Switzerland..............-..
Midland Counties Fish Culture Establishment,

Wells, England
Carl Shuster, Freiburg, Germany
Major W. ‘Turner, Florenville, Belgium

U.S. Fish Commission Station, Neosho, Mo-....-
Mountain Creek, near Carlisle, Pa............--
Running Mountain Stream, near Carlisle, Pa---

nt, Malvern

Yellow Breeches Creek, near Mechanicsburg, Pa..-.---......-.

_ Trindles Run, near Mechanicsburg, Pa-.-.--..--
>

Hoglends Run, near Williamsport, Pa

East Deer Creek, near Stewardstown, Pa-.--..-.

West Deer Creek, near Stewardstown, Pa

Ebaugh Creek, near Stewardstown, Pa.--.-...--

Bowman Creek, near Stewardstown, Pa

Sutton Run, near Stewardstown, Pa..........--
Thompson Kun, near Stewardstown, Pa...... -

Fuller Brook, near Bradford, Pa
North Branch, near Houtzdale, Pa............-
Officer Run, near Parkersburg, Pa
Doe Run, near Parkersburg, Pa...............-
Buck Run, near Parkersburg, Pa
Dennis Run, near Ercildoun, Pa
Dipping Pond Stream, near Brooklandville, Md
Staley Creek, near Marion, Va
Wheat and Gunstock Creeks, near Liberty, Va
Clear Fork Creek, near Rocky Gap, Va--------
Peach Bottom Creek, in Grayson County, Va
Clinch River, near Tazewell C. H., Va

iC reek near NOrbhebrabenh, Vides ston he oe cece ea eeas| soc mee nee

Eggs.

15, 000
(30, 000)
(20, 000)

(60, 000)
D(85, 000) |
€(30, 000))

(30, 000)|

(25, 000) -
(30, 000),
(25, 000)| . -

(20, 000)

(20, 000) -

(12, 000)

5, 000
20, 000
23, 000
23, 000

Fox Creek, near Seven Mile Ford, Va .-.---.........--------- [ote wom eget use eee
a Distributed as fry, from Duluth Station, Minnesota.
b Distributed as fry, from Cold Spring Harbor Station, New York.
e Distributed as fry, from Central Station, Washington, D.C.
d Distributed as fry, from Green Lake Station, Maine.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Adults and

| yearlings.

Pate, Selene, a pees ee a Adults and
Species and disposition. Eggs Fry yearlings.
Rainbow tront—Continued.
Little Calf Pasture River, near Goshen, V. A. - 2-22 222222222 ee |e eee eee eee ee |eee eee eee ee 2, 000
Calf Pasture River, near Goshen, ASIANS 24 07. Ripe rae ils Seb ee ee [Aa ede Ea ie eer eee 1, 975
Cripplei@reels, near beverly, Murnace, Wajas------ 222-2 |e ae cen a [meine ie aime 400
Reed Creek, near Wythev FIGS NEN ee oR Res Se aoe (eee fi (pun ede teen 480
Applicants i in Vir rginia pe tuogsgoee Sessa ce es eeeersessoestesedilee sce ebaeeegilesessassco se 576
Newberry Fork of Catawba River, near Old Fork, N.C......|..-.-..-.--.|-----.------ 500
Nantahalapimecsmeam ds arce rege No Oren. Ue cososes ase soos seals tac dancees| ce -bete cee 1, 000
Welillilany IGiK ee SEE MGIB ECO INICIO A SEAR AO Seen eo eeS sao oceos en eee ee eee eee 200
Running Creek, Hema nayille Nis fo ae cote a te ge Seg ee Pues ee heme 500
Tuckasege EVeL NOAH US DOLO: Na Ge scse eaten eaenae ae el iooc cn cene se [ces ereyech satan i= 1, 500
Applicants in Maree GeanGlina ods ate kee eke Mand Wocece gece | seein eoeeee 750
Mearkork nicer Neatsnon bins, Menmess cose 5. once siiston rine a wjeaee ce aaeane camer e 500
Horse Creek. near bemel, Penn. = ccs a. 2c - coos cscs - BE) A= aie eiey pee ae 3 ee Se 250.
Applicants in Ike NSSG Losec otkiodage 5 hc sopmongreseetoemer el Sa SnSe R55 HE Abeo ese den 1, 250
Curtiss Manufacturing Company’s Dam, near Baltimore, Md-}........-.-- pose ce coerce 450
Applicants in Mary jiScR Cla ae hs rea aa aR ek ie Da aes A gD 2, 200
Rearerwaumereek= near Alexandrian Vial se totes sos peceaeclyee sess lesa mae see ce 350
Pike Branch, near “Alexandria, AUIS Sirah We oe Cnn SE Pe eee Mise es ee el et a cl 75
Difficult Creek, near Hunters, SR Seo ac lS pb ee a Deane | OPM Lal aoe 250
Applicants in Pe TOS as Rape arises ao ea oeeer Senet qCeaOe SES e BER aer pape eeer te 407
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Northville, Mich...........-- [eee oe ee ca teeta 157
vey Onan eH is bi COMMISSION ace = maa seein oe oie =i | IZA RUN ResosessseS2|Ss2Ssatesc~ -
Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park ..-...-..-...-....- See ee Sees Ie r 990
Rattlesnake Creek, near Petersburg, Ohio..............------ a aOR EA DRE 9 Be 100
Rocky Fork Creek, near Peter sburg, (OT Re ee eae ae ers ae ees ame [Se ee ees 100
MandentGreel nearbeterspure Ol0-..-.-2--5s-s2-2--c--csfacee- semeees Oe eee eee 200
Fall Creek, near Petersburg, Ohio...........-..-.-.--..-----.|-.---------- |e eretereeen mt 100
Applicants Tin (OM) s26no sceoscuee tom Soeet Seb se othe Ss nsseGies |SoetSeosssel[beseoueceses 518
inchonuencekemearm Dover wDOlen oy aks caine atin mis/ pci em nein |S 3 aie ate nye ol oper mre Sees 200
Tyler aud Poplar Crepes mene Hein Wie te ace lm soe = stem aiSelepe| emnwinn oe aural taas ot 490
Atilicants nell ols pes sees Se esac eee = tte e ee ceee Sel one teem ele cea mentee ae 100,
Chip pEcanOeP River ymenBevOMbICCl On Qasr cre csr te- semis meee isos dean am me eels clare 1, 000
Fall Creek, near Indianapolis, 0601) Soe eee DANE nee ee SeaPaeneen ae 250
White River, Tasers Give biracial bts Ov ae eRe: Oe SR Se eae c oe aSbe See Sonesta os 250
Brandy wine Gree siear Shelbyville, Und S60. 0s. 0le aboly cede ie a sfede ce an cee 368
Big Blue River, near Shelbyville, rer ctee nen ear aet a. Cee eeu Ree 368
Little Blue River, near Shelbyville, C3 | ete SS ae dtc Se (ea ee Re EN gc yea 368
Conns Creckcn can ohelbyrwille daddio = 5.2 Soak eee za soc aldo c nce sa[eensee amen en 368
Maio Gk Ruven CRE MSNELNY VELLG; SENG: «Sse sleet aa cee sence| osc a 55-nacetilecaeteeeeee oe 358
JOLENE TOOTS dherkyeres mate ips ie 4 Oe) fa UB aN se ees ee Oe ene Fn aE S| | ASSP ee 1, 800
SACU CHUA Ie ent a dea sal Ae ie a he ale ae ncn eme a cicunia ss a's [seterf a ajeck este | Sa Bare ele 950
South branch of Catfish Creek, near Peosta, lowa...--...---. [erccnethe sare ie ce Reamer 500
Spring Branch, near Manchester, Iowa........-..----.--.---- We 3 ce ace ae eee eee 500
Kinney Creek, near Vaneeburg, Ky SRpe ace pee doe auke ane rie | eats aoe chaps eee aa saree 1, 000
Passaic River, near Prov SECT JN geal ite, a aa 0M ght UN eae fhe U2 200
Stoney Brook, near Boonton, N. ghee ga AP AL? Deb Rie Riad WIRE Sa cpio 2 ll ttedi 150
Troy Brook, near Boonton, N. Tipe aes cene eens Serer ae Reo Pelt etl ee ese oh 150
North branch of Raritan Riv Gbancar Boonton Ned) aoe Jeno ches eee meee Saat 100
Whipping River, near Boonton, ING ROAR ER At RRS Bae mee eee) Peace bay sete eae See eas 100
Tron River, near Iron River Station. Mich............2....2-.|..220 sso. pease a 1, 300
SphimceproGls, near Colmm~bpiavalle; Mach eye -- a n\¢ om eieieiaaee| ace «decree Bocas ae ese S 500
Barker Creekenear OSCOas MuICh. 92-22 se a oss Sa6 oe eee see en SY Boa gt [ere ete mice eee 500
PoLdeBrook enearcuawhOMe MA Chy sa. 2. teaser anne cele oicaebeloe camo nme [BESS 600
South Branch of BAW. ae EGE: Oar aw Ue av MEIC 22 e| re ee ere |S rela wise ee 500
SINsOnUOrceke nuaribawe Pay nMiGD — 2242-2 cot aee recon tec ete Sees, Cree ee [arses Skee — 275
Trowbridge Creek, near Vanderbilt, Mich....- SO SSS Seer 4 eile = eae Ee ee ee 1, 500
Niewanidoreek- mean Wolverine; Mich... 2. so-s<seccie.seesccuclel st oeeacne Re ae Sa8 © 1, 000
Applicants in Michigan 2g the edo Soe seer noo sen etec eae a Ises Sa eRe eee aos 750
Callsnawiualce, mea) Schenectady, No Y, 22.2 Xsan come en cee| onsen oceee a. We Staines ae 100
Applicants in Massachusetts. .....-....-.----- Nace ou ere atta eee yee 24 lek ene Bota 250
Ratiesmake Creek) NEAraWiibe) WLS, Pans sooo: on Son koe lom een e aes a closes cocee nas 250
Von Behr trout:
Hevpueranch near bnrooklandivalle, MGs. 5 Jeecnyas- emia dasealbmec nee occ octane oa ce ce 237
WennOn GEA SnOG OMIMISSIOME = ono cto ac Sao ctmgie e oles ee aes ae AO HQOD Mae oe aac 5Sopes. rece se
IVES COU SIEE ASI © OMMASSTON ore ere rse ec no rn ete eee oe eee OOOO so cecee a5,.c0 (Sas neato css
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Neosho, Mo....-..--.......-. (AUTCU0) reese aes onsee see eon
Sebi Mimo S22. eee (CHC) | erences ES RE SRS = See
West Aspetuck Creek, near New Haven, Conn --.--..----.---)scecccece ec che nc ccecce nee 200
Rinchenwoneelka near Over wMele ceases. oats se ere mcr se ns 2 Sccledaaraelee aces Gone Solow Slocae cee 200
North and South Branch of Bear Creek, near Decorah, Iowa.|............).-...-2.---- 2,970
Baldiwaineneeke mean OLEsCOs LO aseian ita tems Se wes soe ce Scie ees ee oer es dilclcemeicaulec css 250
ean Gis Che elon oats OLESCO: MLO Weber econ see ts Soe ciais < soteoe loathe oe ecu ke cccamees 250
PASSAIC iver ned ero VIG ONCO UN el some os wcrc eck seen sec cnc| ace cdoce oe celles acemeeaee 200
incoln ake, near Reed City, Mich... .2.2-.:-:----.:-2--.--<- DEA aCe en pean ss 497
Np CAMts iON ChAFAM eect ase tauase See koa ca = we cae ae soa ct a Gee Val Ve Ee eee 1, 275
Rattlesnake Creek, near White: Mulls, Pa: co. .222. 2. ceca! of ites See See 200
Delaware wish). COMMISSION = <a sAceeee: ooo ase ees eneeenas ox SAODUM Mews aoaeta cll scenes
New: dierseyabish Commission. <- s--5s2-caal Pee oe neces oe eas TC UN Weak BER oot PART e un ce
PACU owith PRIM MOOR Nien. ape eteet coe tunes cease BAGOD tes ans ener chase ace mere
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Duluth, Minn...........----- G5N000) | SSes toss cnaleac nemesis
Miohisanel ish Commissionweres osce-cces gscus tea an sce teeaue As UGTO ee ante ee eee Berta
New Hampshire Fish Commissicn..........-.--..--:---eece0 OAC el eemerme caese) beast sesoc
U.S, Fish Commission Station, Craig Brook, Me ....-........ ; (A000) eee seem elemaos JpSocoe

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF

A.—Details of distribution, 1S89-90—Continued;

FISH AND FISHERIES.

79

80

REPORT OF

A,—Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continued.

COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

@ Distributed as fry from Central Station

b Distributed as fry from Cold Spring Harbor Station.

e Distributed as fry from Duluth Station

Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry. ae
Black-spotted trout:
Fast Fork Gardiner River, Yellowstone National Park .....-|-......-----|
Brook trout:
Mend owebrook. NEAr ONAN WUG..¢ .nien'= ome nein esis es clei a ie laine mines e ni
Craig Brook, near Orland, Me . .....- 2-0 cee ns- 2 «teen anisole ce uenn acces
Pine Oregk, MOAT OlbOn EA cS acseccic nk tenia dele eia ere sotee | see ae oe noe
Paris Grn ole, Lan COCKE a oo mai cane = mnie miei ee ile ee ie eet ata
ASB Hayward, Ny as htn bon WON. irae mac sleet= abn n'etaimnteie orton a mia] ores oes e ort
Ohnehwiver weEarsCazewell Was acc elects su alento ciate tee eee ers
Eyypt Branch, near Brooklandville, Md......--------.--.----|..--..--.--»
PHS WVArNeL. hee AU MEIN Ns Seem te wb cee cle cles ciebenetnem sett 40, 000 |
Bellevue Trout Club, Castalia, Ohio.....--.. 2.00.5... 56-265 20, 000 |
Henry E. Maynard, Northampton, Mass......-..-...--.------ 25, 000
IDPS WeOWeN DEatole POLO. abe me ace sels ee | nine wee ae lela 25, 000
Gharles Ff. Orvis: Manchester, Vit-.jc.. =... <= siswieiecicscmeccinic 15, 000
Baptism River Club, St. Paul, Minn .-.----.-----. 2-2... 30, 000
PPLLOMMES SUPORUS DUES sth meee seta siete mais ea aia mi nial 2, 500
Deutsche Wischerei Verein, Germany -.--.--------.---------- 20,000 5) ce alejegn mis | te tne er
ito et kt a SU cLON PNEOSNOsMEOne cee eee cies cee cee (257000))|>.. 5322 eee| eee ees
Mead villerColoze.-se3 kone eee (25000) |iz tec soSecan' ence ene
Central Station, Washington, D.C ..--. (87; 500)'||. soe. 5 5. Sal Soe
RIGOR RU, DOA OU DANO. LOW a= cca s ae ceeee cena esate mae |S nae tte 10}/000) |} 24 = eeeee ees
Spring Creek mearWecona by UO Wa serie = metnaoriste ela eo a etal leis le a eiy settee teeter 985
Mernonm Springs near, Cresco, lo wal oe scoala ce eee eae ee ee eee ees - eee ees eee 500
Trout Streamion [sland of Marthas Vineyard) 22.22.00 2282. |s anaes noe oe ane 200
Gardiner River, Yellowstone National Park ........-.--...-- Wee i ety [I Ds 4,975
Spline PrLrook. men Oxtord. Machina meme nae one a ance [>eetohetiooe 2] oem omens 100
EDDM CAN Ts mu MLC MIE ANS seis a eee esas ae amen kee eet | se Sean ee ae eee 500
ING WW JiersOY ss). sae cecteieds Seccie sade seman uc ccelee Chee ete cele sapere mee 500
Baptism River, tributary to Lake Superior in Minnesota. ...|..--...--.-- 27,000) | neteieeeemer
Lester River, tributary to Lake Superior in Minnesota......|.---.--...-- 1000 | eerie
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Fort Gaston. Cal ..........-. 50.000 We. s cet oo al Seer
. Northville, Mich..-..-...... | 250009) ities a2 6 iat pace
Mr Onn Mraw, ealville. \ColOs.cscessjosaeanssenswles scciesstoculoe veeeeleeere 126; 881"). So-2e ee seer
Lake trout:
Pleasant Lake, Sullivan County, N. ¥...-....:.-..)..--.2.-- | lenses eee 265; 0009)2-=eeerenes
Sackett Lake, Sullivan County, N. M).-----.-.2..2..s.2---<-- eax LNT Bees: 1057000). seers
Oigero ake Otsero County, (Ne <22.2~)22 30-1 oes ss aie [hes Se ote 50; 0008 comarca neers
aiken Wrestehester County, IN. 22222. ccc fee nce mee lemeeseseobice 50; 0009) =) eee
Vay OMIM eo wes CommisslOnenentoeencecamaeime ner aia sacs oe 2OOKO00N Sst 22.02 5] Be eee
Now Hampshire HishiCommission'- 5520.92 2c se62asseciee 50,000 ee so a5: 5 tel eee
Wermont Mish-Commission_/-..< scccc= saci cteems ccm cence 325;,000){)2s-Sece8 = See eee
MEINNES Oba ISN COMMISSION +2 ¢ oso. tatoo we ces et cise eeeeee 250; 000) .2 3 Se See
Nebraska Hush OMmiImMIssionss. to tss2co =f dacs ates eee eee 200000: |. soe: 2 [ate e See
E. Chazari, City of Mexico, for Republic of Mexico ....-.--- 50,000) | 22... c0S Sere
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Neosho, Mo-....-.-..-------- 25; 000)!)..2'8 3.286 ao eet
Cold 'Sprino Harbor, IN. Ys-=-) 6(5005000))| 2222 sees eee
Dualuth, Minneass--sceensece €(L,0005000))|22-2 eee eee BREE RS 8 05 ors
Pine wake near lacPorte, Indah s. 222.22 Je be a a Se crs 500
Elder, Green, and Otter Lakes, near Fremont, Ind: ---.....2-.|.--.<\s.+.<.|2<-----s--ce 390
Ake Nears CHMON Gs kN Cc ok as saan TARE Sree nue eee ee Oe ees at. JL eee 1, 000
ake Maxinkuckee: near Indianapolis. ind 52222 224-3 fee alece nee eee | eeeeeeee 1, 900
FAS PUG AMUN ANU ANA fet flava miss Sia ase De Seas auage visvere ee al Meroe ejeene ae eee meee ae 1, 150
Hokey wake near Ann Arbor: Mich <2. .<2aesssesces occiscs onan leeeees ceoeen beet eee oes 2,500
PAP PCAN IN LICHIOAD oo Mos ack acne nice ot one ane See ate a | te ean ee Bee aaa 1, 998
Bioney Oreek nearsnunter and: No Vylsoc- Sate ceons bee ote Amen ee ce eae nee eee 1, 000
Newey onc tishi@Ommission S255 -hcocnce secs ce oe eee ee el eee ne 1, 082
PAT BlcAntsANuOONNeGhOU ba. 2 5.05 ait u = sce se Lee RU ee | ee ee | eee eee 1, 486
Lake Superior, off mouth of Lester River, Minn..............|..-...2..--- 935; (000:1|<[somerememterts
Saibling: .
New Hampshire Fish Commission. -...-..-..--:.--.-----scce- A000. <.ee Sen Saree
Newer ork: HisiMOmmissions—-s<.2-nsanece ee Lee ence eee 4,000) |... 22h. 2e2 eg See eee eer
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Craig Brook, Me...--.-.-.-.-.. (4,000) |. <=. 3. ete) = neers
Whitefish: :
Lake Ontario, near Sacketts Harbor, N. Y......-.-..--....--- 1;/800;000))| ene ee eee
Black River Bay, near Sacketts Harbor, N. Y 15000; 0008) S2cemeaemer
Chaumont Bay, near Chaumont, N.Y .....-..---.--.--2.<-..-.- 10005000): 2 oeeeeeseee
Metro niver, near Wetroit, Mich! <-2¢.-eeicsc tucker. ce on ere | Sere snes see 500/000) |: 2eseeseeees
Pennsylvania ish / Commission - 2222). 2 = sece sc eeecr cae ee eee 10, 000,000.22 ecco aes] E seseeeeeee
MVASCONS NY ISh. COMMISSIONS. a: tenn scar eee eet pies oe neeiee 6; 000, 000" 222s Siete calves
U.S. Fish Commission, Central Station, Washington, D. C - --.}a(6, 000, 000)!............|.-----------
Lake Erie, near North, Middle Bass, and Put-in Bay Islands -..|..........-- 27: 984:,000)..|\2osene eee
Takpelrie meat Monroe, MICH o2. 2 at cess uae ct spa eeiote enn cee dloee eee mee 2544000) | Seen cee
PPUn Cama His COmmUussION so + 222 5.6) t c/n oe eiclen olelteite eee ee emer eee 100:000> | Seaeeesae
Melamearcskish, COMMISSION)= -ss---- soe ance e ee eee eeeeeee ease 15000, (000!) ce ese2 48 4e| eee
New onks Wish G@OmmMISsiOns===2ee ons ciee acme eee ame se cine ces 1,:000;'000)|\2 20222 se cs See eee
IndianasshiComMISsiON - 52... c=. scene wecee scree cesscesee 10,000) .0c.38.2 ee Rees
Midland Counties Fish Culture Establishment, Malvern
WIGS MOLINO secon sce: ac nces Sos cebeaeaece sence eecet cae 200, 08D | 22.24. 5.08 bo eee
U.S. Fish Commission station, Duluth, Minn................- fe(26/ 250/000)! eeepc Pe oe

Whitefish—Continued.

Brook pike:

Yellow perch:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

A.—Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continued.

81

Species and disposition.

Lake Huron, near North Point, Michiescssecscccascsccccscsaes
South Point, Mich

Sulphur Island, Mich

Middle Island, Mich

Thunder Bay Island, Mich.............-..-

East Tawas, Mich

Miller Point, Mich

Sturgeon Point, Mich. ---.. Be ee oh NE ee

Mackinac Island, Mich

Lake Michigan, near Epoufette, Mich
Scottreeoinis Miche 22 6.52 s..csccecc scenes

IMamistigitewMinGh sas gee 2 seinen eee =

Thompson, Mich

Long Lake, near Alpena, Mich
Turtle Lake, near Montmorenecy, Mich
Grand Lake, Presque Isle County, Mich
Detour Passage, near Hay Point, Mich
Lake Superior, off mouth of Lester River, near Duluth, Minn.
Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park
Twin Lakes, Yellowstone National Park................-----

HAV SAMONSNLVEL WCCALUT LM noe sade nace ce ees ewan = yaiele =~)

Potomac River, near Washington, D. C
PACTS lnercuis cp LEN VE cu Vel oa) Ol mate eisia slesetat ors ee aicine = eStats lspaialoiays sos
HistiRockRiver Blahmock Indico: o-cceeecs.c-ss--2cescess-
Blue Ridge, Ind

Biome B UG suiver SOel Dy Wille; UN w= = Soc se «de em cajet = Secon
Little Blue River, Ray Crossing, Ind
Brandywine Creek, Fairland, Ind
Comus Creek, Waldron, Ind
Des Plaines River, Riverside, Ill
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company's ponds,
Galesburg, Ul
MeSlerdisaikce mW aberlOO wll’ oto Sos os acces fee ele forces sate Sralase widens
Schoors Lake, Waterloo, Ill
Mill pond, Red Bud, Ill
MippleWceek; bl ymoubthy Te eect. acl eine es sis e se
Crooked Creek, Macomb, Il
mole Head lake: bardolpo sls: 5... -<cscie seen cee een. ecens }
Little Wabash River, Louisville, 11
City reservoir, Litchfield, Il
Saylor Springs Lake, Saylor Springs, Ill.......--.---..+..-.---
Tilinois Central Railroad Company’s ponds, Clinton, Tl
eruvace; pond, Potomac, lls lo2 ess 6 rcew en sce sseee oss oe
AKG UIVely Kank AKEGs INS nec 4 so ana aitare viele oles cisisc eames |
Insane Asylum reservoir, Jacksonville, Hl...-......-.---- ABs
Deaf and Dumb Asylum reservoir, Jacksonville, Il
MACOUPINELVeL NUACOUPLM La. . jac - secs nee e acess cece sae
Beaver Dam Lake, Macoupin, Il
Mill pond, Monmouth, Il
Kcho Lake, Kansas City, Mo
Pertle Springs, Warrensburg, Mo
Private pond, Nbhlow Bln YM Se 55/8 pe aan ot lon ee oe eee
Private pond, Independence, Mo
Reed Creek, Liberty, Mo...-.-...-.-- Ta RaShee ee es ee cis Sete Sse
RUGS PRULVGMy INIONOIS s NObe oe eee cilooec woe hee Sane secon aos
City water-works pond, Moberly, Mo
Lake at Soldiers’ Home, Leavenworth, Kans..-...----.-..-.- |
Sibley Lake, Concordia, Kans .----- BASSE Ec RE ees
ake Geneva, Lake Geneva, Wis .:--.------+--------++--c----
Wedarshirens Walloon lOwa=-- ses. oass sstcs escape cbas SaaS ooo
Charles City, Iowa

Cedar Rapids, Iowa

skenm city park Meokuls, LOWa. 2c. 3. cc-c% a-ncieseeectssae-e5-
BinephiversMnltordsNGDES sce. gece Aa nSocce seace oes sececeee
Loup River, Ravenna, Nebr
North fork of Elkhorn River, Norfolk, Nebr........--.------
Headwaters of Elkhorn River, Stuart, Nebr........-...--.--- |
Nebraska State fish ponds, South Bend, Nebr
Uneven Great: Malls month sees see aces ele bore
Missouri River, Mid-Canon, Mont
ET Ate PONOn Helena, NMONb=se-s.0 nas. cecen otek cacecs sedans ote
HOS be We@ssee ae Cee aa tee cc) 9 Se ao, seca md acne ences |

JX OVEECAS PY LS cee ee See ae ee Fe

Monee HorkuRiver, sWanslow;, Ark s2cue. jee. Men eiccs scecedeccc
Barren River, Bowling Green, Ky is222s. 2 7.5- -2s-le s---- qe
Shenandoah River, Riverton, Va...... 5

H, Mis. 113 6

Fry.

2, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
1, 400, 000
2, 000, 000
3, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
3, 000, 000
3, 000, 000

1, 500, 000

1, 500, 000

1, 500, 000

2, 000, 000

1, 000, 000

200, 000

3, 000, 000

24, 850, 000

50, 000

ees wee eee

) Adults and

yearlings.

82

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF

FISH

AND FISHERIES.

A.—Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continued.

Species and disposition.

rears
Eggs.

| Fry.

Adults and
yearlings.

Pike perch:

Sea
Wh

Fre

Black bass:

sh-water drum:

Pennsylvania Fish Commission ...+...++++ aa a'ainiaain(ata(ain/Oinia/evausl
New York Fish Commission
White River,. near Noblesville, Ind .......-...---...--.......
Tributaries of White River, near Shelbyville, Ind
Flat Rock Creek, near St. Paul, Ind
Turkey Lake, near Cedar Beach, Ind
Flint Lake, near Valparaiso, Ind
Long Lake, near Valparaiso, Ind
Indiana Fish Commission
Twin Lakes, near Earlville, Ohio
Cuyahoga River, near Ravenna, Ohio
Mahoning River, near Warren, Ohio
Embarras River, near Charleston, Ill
Sangamon River, near Virginia, Ill
mear/Petersburg, Dl = ssc2--- eee ane vena |
Spring Lake, near Pekin, Ill
Mackinac River, near Pekin, Il
Kankakee River, near Kankakee, Il
Chicago, Burlington and Quiney Railroad Company’s ponds -
City reservoir, Belleville, Ill
Lester River, Duluth, Minn
bass:
Buzzards Bay, off Massachusetts coast
ite bass:
Indian Creek, New Albany, Ind
Silver Creek. New Albany, Ind

ee ee

Flat Rock River, Flat Rock, Ind

Blue Ridge, Ind
Big Blue River, Shelbyville. Ind
Comus Creek), Waldron: Ind S222 -tSeeccns sone Saeecr seinen enee
Sangamon River, Riverton, Il |
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. Co. ponds, Galesburg, I].
City reservoir, Belleville, Til |
Kipple Creek, Plymouth, Dl
Wrogkenioreck. Macomb: Mie saaceees aac mencce pcos ese tees |
Bigger Head Lake, Bardolph, Ml...--... 2-222... ..--- sce ce.
Little Wabash River, Louisville, Il
City reservoir, Litchtield, ll
Saylor Springs Lake, Saylor Springs, Ill
Wabash Railroad Company’s ponds, Lanesyille, Ill
James River, Nichols, Mo

Cedar River, Waterloo, Lowa
Charles City, Iowa
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
ipnivate pond urost, Mex ao.) ea scoe eee ess shea e eee
Private pong A thong, “Lex. (cee sss. cc nsec eee setetose meee eee
Jones Fork River, Winslow, Ark

Indian Creek, New Albany, Ind
Silver Creek, New Albay, md: o23io22 ass 5-cedecs syeceaes
Small lakes in cemetery, Winton Place, Ohio
Indian Creek, New Albany, Ind
Silver Creek, New Albany, Ind
Flat Rock River, Flat Rock, Ind

Blue Ridge, Ind
Big Blue River, Shelbyville, Ind
Little Blue River, Ray Crossing, Ind
Brandywine Creek, Fairland, Ind
Comus Creek, Waldron, Ind
Sangamon miner, Decatur, Ul 2... 25-3252 deceess ocsaee econes
MEA EIAINCR RR IEMOM eLVerside, Uke.) 22.2 sa5 4528s essa ee ead
Chicago, Burlingtonand Quincy R. R. Co. ponds, Galesburg, Ill.
City reservoir, Belleville, D1
Hsiandolsake Waterloo: cL bac’ eae ase he seem ce cae eae
Schoors Lake, Waterloo, Ill
Malin ond sodabsndsmlle 6 co mon Se aa eee oe oe eee ee ee
Kipple Creek, Plymouth, Il
Crooked Creek Macon Wl: 2. Sas see se eh st ah eae
Bicrer Head Lake; Bardolph, Dl... ..2-...52-2-soe2sct2- 2 kck
Little Wabash River, Louisville, IL
Cityreservorr, mitebfeld ON. o. O22 sss 2s2 Sse ce ce sctachecse ad
Saylor Springs Lake, Saylor Springs, Il...-.......--....-----
Illinois Central Railroad Company’s ponds, Clinton, I]
IPTivate MONROE OUOMaG HA eke Soko n esse. Sasso se sss a see saa oe
Kankakeemuver, Kankakee, Ul... 22.:55252222220225262-285¢
Insane Asylum reservoir, Jacksonville, Ill.......-........---.
Deaf and Dumb Asylum reservoir, Jacksonville, Il.....-.-..
HmparrasRAVEL ;\CHALlestOn wlll ue eavsce cece tonienceas caeeeas

18, 000, 000
1, 000, 000

i

rs

2, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
| 9,980, 000
| 3,500, 000
| 1, 500, 000
500, 000
2,500, 000 |
| 2,500, 000
| 2,500, 000
1, 500, 000
| 1, 000, 000
300, 000
500, 000
500, 000
3, 376, 000

i i

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF

FISH AND FISHERIES.

A.— Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continued.

83

Species and disposition.

Black bass—Continued. .
Macoupin River, Macoupin, Il .......-.----.-----------------
Beaver Dam Lake, MR COU PRiy llores eeepc os aecine sae ee |

AVG Upond, Monmouth, Tie eos -eeeeateeeinee =
Creve Coeur Lake, Creve Coeur, Mo .........-:..5------- Peete

Echo Lake, Kansas (Chilis IW) oS seb pron see deenpesrooucresose

Pertle Springs, Warre nsbur BW Seacnersocves bbcrceceseesece

Private pond, Tinie Te MG pee napceean nner cpEae sas ooeeoee |

Inde pendencer Morey: s.\lesaqaa- mae c oe es aa
eed Oreo ks ln ebb lOe see nate cle acios cisjsiee a ona = saosee saa ae
James River, Nichols, MOM Re eae sees a ele Seo oo hablo cites Gels s

U.S. Fish Commission ponds, Neosho, Mo ...---.--.----------

City water works pond, Moberly, Mo .--.--.-.----------------
Lake at Soldiers’ Home, Leay enworth, K RANG eee eee ees
SiDle valance COMCORGI ay CAN Sai lcs psicaciaeien\se velp'y > 2 = ae = =
Private lake, Monroe, aii Reman ee eerie Ege PLES CT aoe
BakeGenevai lakeGentva, WiS-5--.- -2<--- 20-55 .sceecscesen-
Mississippi Riv er, Ferryville, Wis
Cedar River, W aterloo, OWE ene mn See ee oe ee eee eons
CharlestCitya Low ares ciess = cen ese tere ee
@edarRaprds lO wae) ecrcice <n este oars ee eicees cree

Spirit Lake, Spirit Lake, lowa.-..........:-+s0c------2--0--=-
Lake in city Dan keKCO MU mlOW dana niaseceser aes a -ieess casa
lee RLVEL MalfOnd ONG DI seein - 22 cidaiaie\e'r a's Se visisis elec eee ec eels
pnp River wR aVvenNa, NGO bs2-- -mininctncies sraicise aes ose ge === ae
North Fork Elkhorn Riven Nortolks (NeDMiocss sos dec oss = secee
Headwaters Elkhorn River, Stuart, Nebr ....-..-------....--
Nebraska State fish ponds, South Bend, Nebr
Sun River, Great Falls, Mont
Missouri River, Mid- Cuiion, NMOMT Sa ctate te reo cacen esc oe
Private pond, Helena, Mont .........----- SS SORE Orewa
TOS Okee ss enste stenoses so we sala cigie osc oa

Ones HOrkARUVer. WANs low, ATK «osm ccccln es <cceec- sees en rac
Barren River, B owling GMEODs eye e oss Sava yee ane sec es tek cite
Private pond, Gordonsville, Witve ss aincicniteesnens toeenocs sane
City reservoir, Charlottesville, Wiel eM ewacivwavers Selteen cantante sek
NavtilimivertlexinetomaVarcces suscse. veceece= session cmacins te
Reomyelaliss Marriotis ville MG cus a cle sects varidee siz siete
Delaware Fish Commission, Wilmington, Del.......-..--.---

SSS eee eee ee

Crappie:

Small lakes in cemetery, Winton Place, Ohio..........--...-.
Indian Creek, New Albany, IODC Se hatiseo Ap EU DAES eee seer
Silver Creek, New FAlliparniy: lin diets eo aenesioes Beret e
Flat Rock River, Hi epeOOke MnO ee es ese eee ae eee. eee
IBluewRid ee nd) ose. - ose ene eis eens oe ae
Big Blue River, Shelby ville, Re ees Sete ere as ee ee ale
Little Blue Riv Ermhays Crossineoumn dass. ese ce sanen oe cs
Brandywine Creek, Fairland, TE | Eee AL a a
Sangamon River, Decatur, i [EE DR AA Bide oO ee Nae ae pede
Chicago, Burlington and Quincey Railroad Company's ponds,
Galesburg, Il. Fe oe eette eh aerate ork on hee os oes SES
City reservoir belleville. Wl, 20. 4. feces ss ete scenes sosces osc
HSlindeakeauaterlon pleased. oe so ese ne ea sae aos
Schoorsshalkce mV aberloo mbes so seio 26 a hclewa esas semeceue.wesee
EGppleiC reek we byMOWGM ese cee em = oe aecetoc cs cee eee ea cal

Crooked Creek Wacom Meee: 2... oo 2s Soc oe we eels Seale |

Little Wabash River, Louisville, Ill.-.............-..----..--
Saylor Springs Lake, ‘Say lor Springs, GL ee Se ea ee ee eee
Insane asylum reservoir. J. acksonville, 0 ee a A a ae aes 8
Deaf and dumb asylum reservoir, J acksonv ille, hi ieee ee
Embarras River, Charleston, Ree er seine os toe ia oer nee
Macoupin River, Macoupin, SHIREA oa Seale scan oe oe Sos fe
Beayer Dam Lake, WG ication ee
Mais e ond e\Monmonmuhilees sateen sos elect octane aoe
Creve Ceeur Lake, Creve (OTD TRI 6 Ra ee er aes Soe Geese Se
Pertle Springs, Warrensburg, 1.117 ee MDa Ma! Sees
Private pond, Independence, IMG Saas tes ee gece se sseaus sass
U.S. Fish Commission ponds, Neosho, Mo..-.-.-..--...-.----.
Sibley Lake, Concordia, Kans ...---.-- ste ie ates 6 sete Ane ee
Private lake, Monroe, Wis ...-.-.-- eee eaea oars ee
Lake Geneva, Lake Geneva, AW ATi Ee Be Cee See ee eee er
MOSSISSIN pI oeimen, Herty ville, Wiss. -2s-s024----c-225-. sane
Cedar River, nerinGh liar Aue tet piso jo Hc gf

Charles! Cuyal Onda. enema cn oes cnr eerste io Se
Lake in City Park, Keokuk, MOngae eee eeee eae es Conese
North Fork of Elkhorn Riv Cie NOntOlK, INGDYSsh2acs2 == sss.
Headwaters of Elkhorn River, Stuart, Nebr .......-..----- nie
Nebraska State fish ponds, South Bene Neb. 25st ereats.
Si hiversGreab Walls, MONG scars eess-s cranes scseseeneete-
Missouri River, Mid- Canon, Mont wieisa.

Ce oe

jee ece ee rcere
eee eee epee re

were er ewes

See ee

Adults and
yearlings.

84

A.—Details of distribution, 1889-90—Continued,

Species and disposition.

Fry.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

Adults and

yearlings.

Crappie—Continued :

Private pond, Helena, Mont...ceessesesssaresansessessnceneeelon

Frost, Tex

Athens, Tex

Barren River, Bowling Green, Ky

Shenandoah River Riverton, Va
Rock bass:

Applicants in Maryland

West Virginia

North Carolina

Wil PING. . -. . 0. seen we eee oe nee snes eneece-

Pennsylvania

Texas
Republic of Mexico, City of Mexico
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Neosho, Mo
North Fork of Elkhorn River, Norfolk, Nebr
Headwaters of Elkhorn River, Stuart, Nebr
Sunfish :
Flat Rock River, Blue Ridge, Ind
Big Blue River, Shelbyville, Ind. .....-----------------+++-+--
Little Blue River, Ray Crossing, Ind
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company’s ponds,
Galesburg, Il
City reservoir, Belleville, Il
TRland Lake, WitterloO; UUs 256. cece t ect w emcee na - = eons
Schoors Lake, Waterloo, Il
Kipple Creek, Plymouth, Il
Crooked Creek, Macomb, Il
Biggar Head Lake, Bardolph, Ill
Little Wabash River, Louisville, Il
City reservoir, Litchfield, Ill
Saylor Springs Lake, Saylor Springs, Il
Private pond, Potomac, Il
Kankakee River, Kankakee, Ill
Insane asylum reservoir, Jacksonville, Tl
Deaf and dumb asylum reservoir, Jacksonville, Tl
Embarras River, Charleston, Dl
Macoupin River, Macoupin, Il
Beaver Dam.Lake, Macoupin, il
Pertle Springs, Warrensburg, Mo
Private pond, Little Blue, Mo
Private pond, Independence, Mo
Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Blue River, Milford, Nebr
Loup River, Ravenna, Nebr
Sunskiver, Great dalls, Mont:--2--- -------<eese==----2- ee -===
Missouri River, Mid-Canon, Mont
Private pond, Athens, Tex
Jones Fork River, Winslow, Ark
Barren River, Bowling Green, Ky
Scup: ors
Buzzards Bay, off Massachusetts coast
Squeteague:
Buzzards Bay, off Massachusetts coast
Mackerel:
Buzzards Bay, off Massachusetts coast
Tautog:
e parnenands Bay, off Massachusetts coast..-.--..---....--------
od:
Massachusetts Bay, off Massachusetts coast -.----..-.--.----
Vineyard Sound, off Massachusetts coast
Pollock:
Massachusetts Bay, off Massachusetts coast
Haddock:
Massachusetts Bay, off Massachusetts coast .........-..-----
Vineyard Sound, off Massachusetts coast......---..---.------
Flatfish:
Buzzards Bay, off Massachusetts coast.....----------.-------
Lobsters:
Galveston Bay, near Galveston, Texas...........---.---.--.---
Buzzards Bay, off Massachusetts coast. --....--.---..---------
Total*

44, 280, 000

3596, 000
227, 500
688, 500
732, 000

14, 957, 500
6, 826, 000

14, 899, 000

5, 192, 000
528, 000

4, 086, 500

4,511, 000

261, 706, 606

* Figures inclosed in parentheses are not included in summations,

383, 942

= *

Carp:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91.

85

= == ee ——s
Species and disposition. Eggs Fry. oan

Ppobcants:) inp Adl aby Sarita pararaayatataie eee alsfercte ctetet y=! raiatas eee ee eal os we V atane orc ai SESE EEE 860
Palla pOOSakulivier Cowl est StablOUs All Aine mia s/5ee acre cence cease oe aa! acjeacileeaeee wacoes 4, 000
Applicants in Ai SII. Ee ty tape he See ok RE DS OE SAR TRON eg 1, 620
INO SENTE EIS SS Sn CC ORES HOSE cia AOC REET Scicie al ee ee eee |e ener ee '690

Wiasita vier tain Geli ag Ake ots. 6 sorte stocicces see Setaeienl Asan. oe owellace ucts sie cet 5, 000
MEANS AST s Me OOM SSO Ms ats meme 6a). sseiy sce seen ee Seer sea esac acento abuse oe age. 3, 000
SUED RCA Sandan OAL OMUL SR ee aes Stan = ele satel Dania sl teers ia | oA Sie see eres eee estas 60
(COOTE ND 29 32 Se pa SC HERE AB SOc par COREE reece Set Men ee aee eters are oe eee | 255
CcloradovHishtCommMissionsers=s sacs se ote te Sees acescenee|4esese set ele ee en ees 5, 000
PAU PUICAMUM © OUNECHCUbs= al <n cece, Sees x nesamniseie dels oe | cake wea aon eee cee 210
IDG TOI Re Be sorta cn cetin, SER eae ieee are teh | eee eae mins eal hoger ar 120

Mel anonkis MAG OMMISSIONM se. seer nis le seine aisle sim sie sta easiararase | ier s Notaea| ole aloo Mca 4, 000
PAD MUCAn (SMe SOM u Ole Colum Daye st: eae ea h.5 a4 ist coc c |= See cee | atten tne aos 65
JG GG Sa eerie cS e Cea Ber ge ACO B EE CECE EEE aE el BRET oe erase Bence wice 250

(CCU Gc cor Bae eBpEeae Gi OUD DUB DDeOe Ee nee CeRne hace tadtcien|a cSraseaae 880
Chattialooenes, Riven Wiest Ont, Gas sn aseaonas ss neoee ae aed lease neers [es ee onan Sa 2, 000
Georgia Fish COS SUSE) ISN 070 ee RS OR el REN age CS 3, 000
PAR IO ILC AIT GORI TALC DE Olrate tae chara = aie aleinia(= ore <ie/a mi aellaieleioin iste cleto ea lacie oe caer | reer eee 1, 220
MMOS ike sees assesses ss Pr aTaG a Bo; a | atey ayaa ote aces atte Narn ete aye ate eat eran 750

HIM OTS PLAS yO OMS S 1 Ole ace aes Se Se ee wien isc Seles cia ee See allen 2 ota Chto | see eee oes 6, 690
PAST LLC ATUL SSL TP UTM AML ayer rare leiatats 3 tesa she creiaaiei os) arSaa win) cin in sre |S e eter g/t ie | ee oe ee 260
AMCSANPMORUNGODY) o5 =~ aaa eoom casa 520s ae wees baal ace eee eb ee eee 510

Shawnee Lake, Shawnee, Indian Territor Wie stele paid Saree ele ain Saale ere sie ae aatane | aoe eee 1, 500
Spring River, Quapaw Agency, mda anie ern boryan tacencet a ee se hetss lobe eee: 500
Applicants i HAIOWE) ise dee URS ABCD R EAP Ep Ep Or COo ee erie eee 690
Kansas 6,170

Kansas Fish Commission 5, 000
AMpplicantsint Kentucky to22. 22 Je. eh ene. usa aeeeee es = ath Se Se eee ee [he Beek 340
Renan ie iiet WARGB DANE N IVS 20 nsec cabal aieiik saesois «sees alanck ok ovaeh |e sens aes 6, 000
Cumberland River, Barboursville, TGs pt ote oe Sais tacatcie de sc bllecics Se econ ae eee 5, 957
JNiollis agi) 100) IDOI CVOG) CaaS ober Sane bop HOOeS near A Re oOeee SaBmeee raceme aes erie ae 570
EVISU NOP (ate sre els sh ois aiciare aia, ortyels, sisi sie siapatsizyanto sills hoe we eae toes | Precast 150

DIV Trea Te VA eUTN APSE oh 52 cen Strate ce SERA Sy tee Wim ene | ed ee ge [Nc ee a 660

Mon OCaOyukinerjhnederickidunction, Mid) 92.28 55 2.25.82 set |boe toe conn cule cee nee eee 4, 980
PALE MtEVLVer panels MUCi sn. -')-.= acca e se cutces ecm a oumele Seer ems (eee eae nen 4, 989
PatapSCOPRIVOLr RelA) ELOUSE! ~.< ).5 024-5 Jace saseene coke cece: sive cto Seta ty Re 4, 000
Gunpowdershiver, | Cockeysvillow Md. 2-4. se s.da0 lev enaacccnan| so == ule obeelee niece eee 4, 000
Aa ier BGO PN ens siaces a tein aa eas aw banc wie Soldat oka bots alls cute Sane ee ee 4, 490
MVGnUHeHaN teu MOL we NOLUNMOAS te MICs ~ ooo 2 se Sooo cle nan ade suclseccn saben ee beeben eee oe 4, 490
PA plc amin any MAaAsSAGhUSOtiSes- wlan sshsckeec eo ase Poets as s|scesnte eon lees see neneee | 800
IMEC) thane 3 oe eR eEPCN Ee ABCr Pr DEP EERE ee ape er eel Ciacneeee eae | 430
Aukevplakevdambureyd tim ctlons Mich: 9s 24.cc. 50058 scceebiee| sea ge hs aedeeeletonea acest 5, 000
PAN PHGAMUS IIE VEN ES OL Amts esa: fa setae nae Gee ae a marco mene | cee ccin oeeepee neice seme cee oe 1, 150
IMAssiSSippLRIveL) St.Paul Minn. 2550.52.52. 22 5) lesen ees ee oe 1 9c avail oot en 6, 000
Takei superior near mluthy Mann). 35.2. sete sere sou gckacds fare 5 aealaaoee oe cullemee cence cae 500
MummTexo basis hi Commissions slim ss -c eae ceraace aca c some ee one ten Mean oecene 2, 000
XM hice yas) meV WI GR EVERIO Oe oa s cA per e ce Sopoe ce Seep SE eeesen Seseee canara Sleescarne Ae 270
Peari River, VACKSOM MME Soe sa acere seeweacicesit es SEO Ree ristsal acer ene ae 3, 000
* Applicants in AUN Seterraillad opine by 8 Rae pears CU Ie De NR) anit ar ta P= Me or EY 150
EMC Ovg CLEC I NGOS HOMO) ens mse eto arnis sale slas’-lscis aide cme cl scene ceceeel Meee eeemee ae 450
- Shoal Creek, Boyden, TU gana se Rape REECE BE Dace Cet Ee SSOe En. Gare eontsee lan tae ec erse 3.500
Northihork Sprinsehiver amen Mor ss2c5 sen cne bono sacle eeeeGe o[bgiuen eens 4, 000
Missouri Fish CUTER S30 os Sak BIN el ep AERC Pie A <td | fee gees Sel aie em ry _ 45, 000
ASTOR GE TIS Ti AU fo) NENG) pop seocee Baas se 3o ce BEe Ee peer Ser eareed Oe steceoneae eae ransarus 1, 000
Nebraskans ees ots ost Phe ue) ae eee oe ea eee ia 1, 150

NOWad a s26 25-5 ee wines apavata oseiore eae ate aoe ee | ee rn AA Rr 110

SNE WadlOrsey, ses riaas see ck tata oe as etna se re | Seve Sate cll seks Ge Seine 150

INIGK Tele Tiy eh) Gee Bes aE Sore ae eee |, See ke eeaeea |NARESS Tee at) ‘ 190

ANG Wal GAG ORNs Se seesete Sam ert Soe alee ale ce eee ens ey |e eee RT 150

INGE DOS al Seg ae REE RUE SPOe Neti EE |S cot See ed (RE ier ara ae 1, 270
Oguacaakeyboposity Ns tact. =: f.- fascv bes saemtiaccesicees joovecscanees|SBarhmoccaas 2, 000
New one HISHE GC ONINTISSLOU pes oer coco k ana Saag ut eee eres 5 727 a) ets Sea eae 5, 200
PACD DL CaTiGS ime N OLUhY CARON As arsi-iaisietet-e os aS ats te oS en Neat | ner ete su traciciehetete orale 2, 080
PINOT niRID pico tate acres! coiecinis oleic: 2's a Ste A a [eee all eae le 2 90

OW Ome eeter aye oad ccare aye vies wre oan see tion 2 a geval ncetaee Goer. 810

WAV AAA GEM aay ne ly(er rin tel iO) ye ove eee ay Ghee ee Ms SCT a |e ee eee 8] (geen remot ol 2,000
PiiwamnviecicG War ival len Ohi OM mma te ones secre ao) cs rte ah a eee ee ay ee ai ee Ed 2, 000
EME eCsOnRL ONG bUnbOUuN ONION eS ts raawis cua taaas cio cote e ant oe ees doc biol Gon Geeeeoeae 2, 050
IBbasseaken Chandon, ODI Geter meee seo Same Sao aos fas teeta (bee ek a Stello eee ae | 2, 050
A Dp licanio sO Ob An OM ae aes saa ttt aaa ce Shek se easel ee ee airs sbd eect ors 300
PR OTITIN Vahey eee eae en Re hee oe le eee ea eee 3,190

Branoawinese iy criCoatsvillewe ames esas ts. Sie esac Te ee Gel ae 3, 000
East Branch Brandywine River, Downington, Beh oem collicn eee Rie #, 000
Perkiomen Creek, Perkiomen, Teh: 2 Saye ape = Rie ar eos a 2,943
Pennsylvania TEAS) SCREEN STELSTCOLEIT ale GO pS PRI er a ae 5, 000
Ap lidanisrimunino dapinlond eee Aen ered uses eee ie nee e(Sa yu se 30
SOUG Hy CAO Lina pee eee seca en cee seer ccc ale eee Le erin pata cian oiala 150

Honei Cane Greels PA Devil ey Sa) Oe ane a wee Ne ee Seat ene ea lcosasehenaealensacs es soe 5, 055
Applicants in bulls LOVEE. aa see rae ety eRe ae | are RMT 870
PICTUINESS Celery eters aerate ere Sate oars ar Neto [cite Swot ciait lore ould Sits Ge 2,110

BUD AHs arate cieteinislalereetetstscinisersiciticiee moe cmcleomice ciel sce cteecin deci otemibisie eames 2, 120

86

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

Species and disposition. Liggs. Pry veer
Carp—Continued.
Trinity River, Dallas, Tex. ....2-/ccccccescs ceca ce nicnceceenrs miaie (ene in-a,nra,err|) sist e(a'sate ote 5, 000
ISTAZOK IV OLs NWWACO, LOS mewn jaca acs snc socio cn ta’ binte pale neha | einim= mien mals || =e eee 4, 000
Nan argos. oan Marcos, (LOXsc-55 -ccccee sc cem oa bees oe a on alsin w'a(na'niminin ciel| wine ints emia 6, 000
Texas Pacific R. R. Co, ponds, Wills Point, Tex ....:-.-..-...|]------..----|-----0------ 2, 000
IMGs Get, (UO Sion ee = oie me oe meee ects a sen are 2, 000
Arlington, Tex... 5.22 «Fase. > =<] - mene deena | ase else eeen 2, 000
Meaduniven pexarkana. Nex loi ee ce. cakes, ceieen s cee mete] kicetocts = ebiciell ete eae re totes 5, 000
Spey DUNC N ASE LT OY WR ee ee sno e na Joon soneas 5 Peder caoetea| se aaoc>= 5, 840
Wo DAG HA@OMIMISSION io onesie nic wi<'sldelne sie es Bie Saas Shaw bar enaraats ae ce a (one earn 2, 000
WMermont. nish: GOMmmuIssiOn- <2 s4aces esse no cue wa oo cee eee as = =a «mel igeinee eate (eater tele 500
JAS elie GGT Nah Pe Re ees Aenenane peGUOrecoocmUaerecms jpccon eres boo) AsoS5c.ese 5, 350
Wid lecRiVer, WWESUUVIOW,, Vitbvsnat aiccviletcsaica cose aeceevce=|alee sche eed -aeeneeres 7, 000
BRON; Wlanassas) Via ose «co sisese bse n ea Sex se auje sacs se cee acls nese = Soha Aeteners eee me 5, 000
IRADIGAN TLV OL RADIA: Widhh- meas doje tore se ccc os aid te Seam 8(o el a elllalalete harass otesiane | simian ett terete ae 5, 000
ITHEcRIVEDs Le vlORS VIG. Vials oee sane ese b se enema aces eel emanate ae Cee ieee ee 4, 000
VEST bap OL) ener yy LUE OTC V2) toes stata = sm te orale la afm cle alee fas all le oie fees Pleo ee 4, 000
Neapsco Creek, Hreeston6, Waite cen2. 2-6 saad ec eens oo tm cine|accclan cee seel| eae ee oceeee 4, 000
phoney, Greek, mune vs CLECK, WW Bie cto nc cee alee ae aie tere ae eee red ote ole eine a 4, 000
Mah errinvkiven belied Viaieencetek asses eeeernort eee ce eeel ces «see aes te eee eee 4, 000
Gedar Runs Oatiettis.iv as-cast s oss we ooo ee See Seen s Seen ae cease ey ee eee eee 4, 000
TROGKHS TT RLVer brOCKS Nh wViak yee andar ee se mere Cee emek eer 4, 000
Tye River, Tye River Station, Va 4, 000
MeediGreeks Wytheville sViaiis2-2500s5 are) ele ne canoe! 2, 405
Applicants Washinotons-cass<eceesesenes se cser feee cece s 330
INOS tOVICINIAeaeee nackte thence bean ats 570
West Virginia Wish Commission: ):.--.....22.2222:he.-c02ce- 1, 000
ApplicantsvMWASGONSIN m... /csei+~ceee neces Jeeeke coe eccs ca |ececasednee| See 300
Wadconsin HishiGonimission <5 o-c2 seed cons cece de adt aes scl scemnacseee lee epee eee 25, 000
PA LCATEAANM Way ODED Dis <a acce cess tae ee ce <crciv sic sceiclelocinis cl's oa mete niecele | Meee ere eee 270
Wiyomino Kishi Commission... octe+ st cy ee eee c ca ctecenees <ctee| soe saan eee oe | ae 5, 000
Tench:
Applicants Colorado -..cac2cc=sccwcsds ce cde ccdecissac abel save oes cote | Sener eer ere 60
Shawnee Lake, shawnee, Indian Territory -...---=--o-0---2|-<---- cee |ee eee eee 1, 000
Amplicante mebn Giana... :ccecceuis ese <ceeeccee cece wens sige | ecsee Rees Lae aeeeenee 16
WGANBAS + >...< - soe eee eee eceniee e hows alee lleweie | cls ere ee | eee 320
Monocacy iver, Frederick Junction, Mdv.<-. 2 5-- 22.2 ome cies| oes celta ase ceaeieeeatete 400
Papuxent Rivers Waurel, Md 220. cscet ok. eklccec as cc eceaee twee see en eee a eee 1, 000
Applicants in Machiran. os jeaaccce ls cenecees occ taccewooccealleeceet soles | Sees 30
IMISSOUNI o5)-2)sertacem cc ecsapie ss te cee eclee meetonrd|sberde Denon en Seer e eee 200
Hackory; Greeks NGOSNOs WMO se sate ciacie le iclesaats io Bsste c eiatat Searcrc TOe lla see ae | eee ee 860
ShoaliCreek, Boyden, Mos 75.322 « sece-cenc cise ecrewk be calcerctecs cease oe Cee hee eee eee eee 3, 500
North Hork- Sprinp River, wuamar, Moto. .cccn cus haan ence ob eel enue ce bene ae de eeeeee eases 4, 000
Goldfish:
Ap plicanterin. Aa AMG. <=. oc .<ceicce bemeeebecemscscont ce mete cel We meme cemetal teeae eee ete 176
ATIZONG DOLrvitOry << cides cece nioninrneeiesetece shine te Sateen (Lae eee eaeae 41
PAA BAS 2 oc «hots oidte Civics Saco cintebilcre cite beeeonde | ee Bee ee el | eer erect A62
California esi soc tac- so tec en wscen se piscrememccme) Ase eee Hee ato nee 30
Colorado, sae tian seein ce cisien men eckinchichide Jace coe een Ee eee ae eee 103
Connecticnts 2 sscsccceecceneeneentocwemitiene te ee Sees oe a te ee eee ae 24
MBIA WALC 22.9.0 ors fist Centetawinictoialelsio lalaini rae ocala a a aces mee teem eens 42
District of. Columbiat... ste scesncceeeecceesosl saeas ve eee ee |Soaeeeee 11, 721
PN OTI das 285 3 2-40 22 aniokueer enon el op ecco sett Hoc eee eee |e aes 42
GO OR 1a ira yo esses keke Saeiecke caecum ease Be aeaeee | eee aeee= 70
MANO Fina 5 oo ara aw 3 nae rethatarere fe wiere RISrolo ai doee rah ec eee ae ae | Meee eres sete 6
Applicants and public waters in TWlinois. coos: cco snsecl| Ledeen sccsnen lemoeeee eee ce 1, 796
PETIDMGARES AM AN OAM AN as 22.5.5 on. 2 = 2 clarcrayaiatarcheyatatelotare ord ceatel voters atel| Ie nie SRE EE Ce eee 814
Endian “LErritbOry: 2 creje thyato aoe Mae ett ans gee Lee eee alleen 124
NOW Bion s oho 6 co cco sieparwinler Seetctotcrncraroe ara eile a sea ee ree RE el | ect Sere 99
URANSAS ES 5.5.5 22.5 2:5 ware aatarotortn cowie Caled to raell Ue ae Lee Eee bee ee 890
RONG M OMG & 625 =. 5.2 5 epatetientelo! fore Soret Foe dN aoe seek Pee ee eee 294
BSOMISIANGS 5 bs o-= 6 eave cnet tousoded ond sha eel Sees See eee eee eee 170
MMT GING ; SS = 25 255 5 ca ca teeter ghtearcronatalot tte sell ne eee hero Ree eee 6
DV TVA ING Fs, d <5 accra te tarorctorste ot oes wa oe haveh st apse ate co tebe ieee | eee ole eee 790
Masgsxchugetts:: «isso iscce scarce sone ss sean teens Beene leseee eae eee 129,
INET et ae eee RE Eee ne Rene Sere EEE veel ts Naas ta 48
Applicants and public waters in Minnesota 398
Applicants and public waters in Missouri..............----. 11, 542
APPLCAMts in MAssigGsippl- 222 --21-- aie <//ceeoccwew een aegewesr cee 48
INIODIASER 25 w cs. encores dee wloe seat os an ee eee ean ee eee eee 73
ENG WhdlGUhGNn. ces acide qn ancans See Ayia 252
IN OWMOKICO 2 at cactotaue Sasso ee mor eo eee 6
INOW AWOL Ker etc cite ‘ers aee Bande icac nate 455
INorbliGarolina: 22-4) cic wtteeeae wee eee 174
OHIOS Cee be ces wate osina sa aadea sane nese ase 283
Ontario eee ee st ay. oa eas aaecowiesa ee al ae ee 6
Pennsylvania 970
Rhode Island 18
South Carolina 176
South Dakota 6
PRENNESSEGrGc gt eaSe soo idee a sad eA: 400
IROXASHS sacts ce che id stuisletalsinre ant tae Mon gaeaee se 503

‘

ra,

87

U.S. Fish Commission, Central Station, Washington, D.C. -.-
United States Fish Ponds, Washington, D. C........-...--.--
Cadar RimiGatlebis ma cessossse sss ceeet eck ascakeent ease eee
Occoquan ‘Creek, Woodbridge, Va..-.--..-4.0-..c0----+-5-2-
Chappawansic Creek, Quantico, Va. --:....---..---...--+-.4--
Rappahannock River Fredericksburg, Va.-.-:.-.-.-.----.----
Miao ponieuivoer, Milo rde, Vide ae ence ae Soe tacinlla waelec cee eet
MaocktsmavivervNocksish, sWits.-c.220e-vennassenasaesaecce sae
nner blver, LavlorSvilloW a ossccese's, ce ceeke — Gals se eet sees oa
Potomac River, Wide Water, Va..-...------..--ti----+2--00-
RapidanvinerrRapidans Vides sts s as ace niocls.<'ssies' sales a
TyerRiver; Lye River Station; Via...) 222. se2 ec -s sess es
WNeabseo Greek Hreestone: Via). 22 see senso ee Sass see
OtiersRi ver jeivan's Ons Viel ys cts cn sie Rate Sea win wieclwios ols <feree o> =
abapScomivers hela Mids. a0 sei touts scm isistein eine stan 2 oes eee
aX Onby Vey Wr ATOls IMAC at. 2 ac(5(a'= aS afate ss we aie waist wiel= "= salsa S
MIGHOVTIN Py Ore DelHelLO i Wiadacis acheo-.aaccs s aS anlae/e7mee Saws cee
Stoney Creek, Stoney Creek, Va.--..-...-...-----------------
Neuse himeniG OldsborowNn Crs. +.scme ean eigenen be ek eee ese
Pasquotank River, Elizabeth City, N.C.......-.-------------
mimperevery MumMibervony Nic Gan! c- cae worn sees denand eno. 2
Newport River, Newport, N.C ......-.------.---- Stes Ac eet eee

@ongaree: River, \ColumbiayS: ©: 2... 22-15-25 en

PavannahwRivier, A Mousta, (Gar. toe ess oc ac ecccce esencccences
Ocmualeeevhiver. Macon Gai-- <2. tet Saiyan acne: nie
White Water Creek, Butler, Ga

MT oUVeI we yn OlGS Gases latte == Sosfena wos ace ae ne sewaccce |
Alabama River, Montgomery, Ala...,..----.--.--+----------

Chattahoochee River, West Point, Ga.-...---..-..-----------
Chattahoochee River; Bolton, Ga-.-.-----:--..---------+------
Almere hiver ELovwidenCe uals: Sen ceee wa ceta eeu etch Se
PLaEntonehiver Dichton wMiasss-2t. oe so-6 =~ ohne -ce Se s--!= =
Connecticut River, Warehouse Point, Conn........---.-.-----
LIMON VELA Oso Ee Ole NI uk ono neccms acecne cehegeas le

PAU any eIN ita Moan ete ota tela aereicte me eis aaa ara

Nien Din Our ease OA ener ck Ree kee Uooee ole

GlemiWallsaNi Wee. oe eeeeuas s Scoeeseetmetes

Brandywine Creek, Wilmington, Del....-.:---------------+-
Blackbird Creek, Middtetown, Del.-.-...........--..-.--------
Appoquinnack Creek, Middletown, Del..---..--.--.---------
pMmyroaoreelkk Clayton.) Wels. 225-205 ..s22eens cas sscessecne
MAeIPSIC Once kes Creswold Del ease aee een ske ae sss dee-sanees
ONES Crepe pDOVer sels stat sa os saeeeenesackceotaccesees
Murderkill Creek, Felton, Del........- Se SSC Seas aaeere
Misnillion’ CreeksMiltord Delhi... sinss ts) 22st o> ce sess ee
iprovd kill Greek.ehllendale, Dele. i5--<~-c aes k.ccce sees cee
Susquehanna River, Peach Bottom, Pa.:.........--.-------.

Golub Pack oo. ees ee Ce |

NGTIREN PENG Oly tbe neice aa /sf-'o'< (ob n e

near, Battery Station.......-.....2:-- |

Nanticoke River, Seaford) Del 52-6.--.<..-c<csc o2os< eee wie=
Gunpowder River, Gunpowder, Md
ie ner peo LOM EN le ste ae Sete eee ok EL ne oak eee
North East River, North East, Md
Bara hekoimer as Us highdiviel nh LO hares hens cance asin a te oem c
Tuckahoe River, Queen Anne, Md.........-.2--s-.--4-2.25--
Chester River; Chestertown) Midst. oot wa 5. 522 a2.22 bee.
PAC ke Ever nsac LAUNCH NEG aera scene et cokes tack setae oefe se
Wicomico River, Salisbury, Md

a Distributed as fry from Central Station.
b Deposited for rearing and distribution in fall of 1891.

b(2, 054, 000) |
360, 000
638, 000
333, 000
385, 000 |
375, 000
653, 000
360, 000
360, 000
354, 000
390, 000
365, 000
363, 000
681, 000
820, 000
723, 000
480, 000
568, 000
351, 000
600, 000
495, 000

, 594, 000

570, 000

931, 000

558, 000

558, 000

947, 000

947, 000

637, 000

1, 030, 000

3, 890, 000

1

1

a"

, 959, 000
, 900, 000
2, 559, 000
2,113, 000
056, 000
, 800, 000
138, 000
137, 000
275, 000
275, 000
413, 000
. 495, 000
275, 000
192, 000
1, 350, 000
1, 900, 000
2, 100, 000
412, 000
960, 000
1, 300, 000
1, 350, 000
1, 660, 000
1, 670, 000
1, 350. 000
450, 000
450, 000
1, 165, 000

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued..
Species and disposition. Regs Fry. Sere
Goldfish—Continued.
ep plucantsanyWiiakn Verrboryees:=.s-.- seen -oetes- =e 2=n =n -| Ora oe == 2a =| se ee es sea 226
MernmOnibe seen see no ssss Dae eale ae ace kecs cease sc |aeeeds sce gan Selcise nidinci= a | 6
Jahn hoo 833356 iio Peace OSE ae ence? aa] asec eesacsy poe eerssccc 2, 676
AOS) Wai eAT WEY One oes GN aa aoe ee eae Reema So eee ode scscsence 170
SWHSCOMSIN hice ccc seem eines ea edessbeenacs sacra eseees|oeeccc shale ee 34
WATER Se Oe OB Age Bao ae coated a= GABE EE CoSesol WH oSremecrd |jebeneerooer 62
. Shad: -
Hard soteR Iver) Wiest EOIN, Ne V) akaesaa ais cated saseee s2onesc0 5 |en- saeee ren BestOU0n hansen ers
J Ailloynriiig ae ls Ge Cer se ao ea Hee A ees al Pee ete 3325000) |=-- aoe anit
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, Delaware City, Del ---...-.|------.----- 400,000 |....---..---
Wola ware LlVer,uAaC Ka WiaxOn, Ie ay ae. ce sells eae praise Dalene we bsle[len a= a sea wim 894" 000K ecee's te semels
Melaware<Waber Gap wea sh.a-keeseeeetaaecl|oee es oh ewes 5S 000M Nes ana-eaiteo
. JERI ACCT WISE ON [RNS aed Sry el I AEA Ars Dee ee SAP OOM eee
CORDUT atin. INL Meee se ent Ie eel Bee aise ae S5OOO0N | tee eae Fae
GloucestentGilvNdiscess ct ser nc See tetekon-|Suadeeeee ae 25,000) |||Seocen oseaae
Bipelimper Creek Westville, Nid) cane o naka: 2 keane ooeee =| Seas Bowen Te 2O0NOD0N Seem eme acer
CohanseyeRivers:Brid@eton, Ni dh 22+ -22sc2eo--2-2-essece2eses|asccee eos es H00VO000 Bons atee sto
Potomac River, Fort Washington, Md........-..---.---.----- TOS OOO) ees ae tae

sewers eee

88

Sha

Qui

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.,

Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry.
—_ — \\2

d—Continued. : |
SSL LVON, Vi VOLOSS: GrBice -o.osacce near ateenocmaa smc aetee | a oah pe eeeeee 285, 000
Ocominlece River; Macon, Gar. 2.20 3. .6. S5 oes ones amen meee ool ate es eee eer 240, 000
Ocklocknee River, Ocklocknee, Ga-.....----- be Se ee co seek c al vas ce hanes } 600, 000
Mlapaliaikiwer Alanana Gane otiet~\. 5. cbse Senet net eae eke |p oe ese eS 540, 060
Withlacoochee River, Quitman, Ga..--.--+.--.----4---------- ae eee ds Sa 518, 000
Arkansas River, Porbssmith, Ark: - 25-2025, tc5c cn ewes Se eee es St 400, 000

Wa SS UYOD AAS anct ck Sone ae beatae ei Gace cee) 1, 462, 000
Wrever hiver Ooden; tah 2-2-0... s-.c.60 ssh ones eames | 2h ae, Oe 500, 000
Bear River, Montpelier, [daho. ....-2-s2--<<cccscteascneeccoce Pes penis, nee | 571, 000
Bean iaken bear lake, LUahO oases. ocean aoe coke en eee ee | hee cea 1, 194, 000
Delaware Fish Commission, Wilmington, Del .-........------ BOT \O00N ane eean
Savanna en ATM OUS UA, Gola. ooo ~ menos eee cee teens Nef oats siete eat 300, 000 |
Wathlacoochee nhiver © uitmoan,| Gai. —<co= oh eas acre wile ama tome | ooeie mintsinte ee | 513, 000
AT KONAAS Hever, OZATIC (ATI ceo2. a ceas ce onus Paes seeine ae dle 0 Bek age | 800, 000
POTOMAC LVL: Wes MUI CON WO. Oke or sans Se ere ee ta eis nim aie ee | eect ole eae Re tee
nnat salmon: |
California Fish Commission, Sisson, Cal...........----------- 1; 258370004) 5 2c ase eee
ONSET OLLy OL MEXICO, MORICO. 25 - .-- -ctsmic cine Ses eee 500004) =eoee eee
Société Nationale d’Acclimatation, Paris, France ..........-.-- 90000 a) neteoeeeenes
MicClondeniver near! BawrdnCall ann: occ oc esqce eae he eee en alec ee eet 722, 000
ePriNnity River, near Bort. Gaston Call 22-2. . 5-2 3.32 seecwckamer teem eee cier cee 30, 000
Redwood iver, MoLoiG aston ale oo. oe ee kn ee ae oe 25, 000
Oregon Fish Commission, Warrendale, Oregon. --.-.---------- ROD: O00 | nec eee
Clackamas River, Clackamas; Oreron: 622 -32:5-------s.7-16-<Nee ve naeeeme 4, 902, 000

Atlantic salmon:

Tributaries of Penobscot River, near Crai

g Brook, Maine ---.
Hudson River, near Troy, N. Y :

Landlocked salmon:

Loc

. Great South Bay, Newton, N. Y

Pennsylvania Fish Commission
New York Fish Commission
New Hampshire Fish Commission
Massachusetts Fish Commission
Vermont Fish Commission
Nevata mish Commission --seehessesoecnsaccees ccc neceeeeeee
Mme sOLaseishG OMMISSION Seen eee ae cice wae eye eae ee neeise
Wilmurt Fishing Club, Newton Corners, N. Y
Bisby Wishing Club; IProspectwNe Ne cacemis mice cena Jona ===
Blooming Grove Park Association, Glen Eyre, Pa---.-.-...----
George A. Starkey, Troy, N. H. (tor A. N. Cheney)
W.P. Greenough, Lachevroliene, Canada
Herr von. beh Schmaldow, Germany. .2.-+45---55---2--542—=
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Washington, D.C
Northville, Mich
Duluth, Minn
Craig Brook, Me

CrarosPontwiesr thostationon. s2-cs secs l oe sons ones eo ee eae
Green Lake, in Hancock County, Me-.--..--.+-----22----.--2--
Twin Lake, near Como, Wayne County, Pa...-....-----------
Lake Superior, off the mouth of Lester River, Minnesota - - -
h Leven trout:

Mountainy Pond, near Green Lake, Me
Long Island Sound, Glen Cove, N. Y
Bayville, N. Y

iNeprasicarhish Commission: i,t. s\s a= cease ease ae
‘New aampshire Hish Commission + -o2s0-5-2--2¢-seo0 seen
Berkshire Trout Club, Great Barrington, Mass ....--.....---

Catfish Creek, Dubuque, Iowa
Blood yahrn DW bUGWe sO Ws Wud agees aos ee eee eee eee eee
Waskqukoto Creek, Dubuque, Iowa
CleariGreelks Wuansine lower. cc-coscniccce se eres se emer eae
Big and Little Blue iver. Shelbyville, Ind

Tributaries of Eagle Lake, Warsaw, Ind
Private applicants in Michigan 222222. 225-222 226 nesses ee ae
Ohio Fish Commission at Toledo

b (30, 000)
(30,000)
(50,000)

e (21,900)

“""113, 600.
3,000 |

a Estimated product of 2,144,000 fry deposited in May, 1890.

b Distributed as fry from Central Station.

¢ Distributed as fry from Craig Brook Station.
d Distributed as fry from Cold Spring Harbor Station.

Adults and
yearlings.

10, 329

a5 a calli

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.— Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

89

Species and disposition.

Rainbow trout:

Starrucca Creek, Starrucca, Pa cssccaccstenncascasaansanccsace
lames van PhLON KUO PVE S225 set aoe Jae Poeraicaeis Siok 2 aaah see
Carroll Run, Monkton, Md
Beevuree hunir reeland, Mdss25- = 25-42 sae = sos ea sca acess
Creeksimnear Now Market, Miah .2 2 -2)0e0 easels deck ae
Tributary of Gunpowder River, Long Green, Md
Tributary of Deer Creek, Belair, Md
Patapsco River, Glen Falls, Md
Western Run, branch of Jones Falls, Baltimore, Md
Big Hunting Creek, Mechanicstown, Md
Little Hunting Creek, Méchanicstown, Md...-...-...-......-.-
Applicants in Maryland
Burns Brook, Delaware, N. J

New Hampshire Fish Commission..--...-..........-...------
Vermont Fish Commission.....-. asap ie sree aye far aias tics em are aS
JohnH. Gordon, south Bend; Wyo’. .2--.----+--csceos-2-snsne
Hon: Otto\Gramm, Laramie, Wyo-----------.------+------..s-
W.C. Harris, American Angler, New York City ...........-.
EK. Chazari City of Mexico (for Mexican Government)
Midland Counties Fish Culture Establishment, Malvern

WiCHaREng lange essa sesso ee et a vane want nee eae wns
Herr von Behr, Schmaldow, German
KE. Warner, Swiss consul, Havre, France, for the Government

of Switzerland
Frank H. Mason, Franktort on the Main, Germany. ..-. sete
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Neosho, Mo............--...-.

Howl: Ground Creek; Redwo0od,-Vaet.-. 22.2 see e eee eee ccc eee
Tributaries of Clinch River, Tazewell, Va...............-.---
Big Cedar Creek, Cleveland, Va
PLATS WEN VVAVULLOVELLG SMV lide e oetna na bccn clo cainacs noee ee ceesine
Colvin Run, Herndon, Va
Elk Creek, Natural Bridge, Va
PAUP DLICANUS uN) Vill PAMIN Sj saracia =n <scisttysao Abs ceeees evecare
Trout and Meadow runs, Romney, W. Va
‘Big Sandy Creek, Brucetom Mills, W. Via.--2-2-2.2.-0s000-5005
Mion eh alrchance weal sa. 2-1-5265 soca cemered Sapiens
PAL eIoUM eT CVIONLOWU We daae ae sae scimeciccncteosoes sac ace aes ae
CanmulbRuny Wenn diya Wales. = 2c ainen a ciamieme se csee Saeeaeie
Wiaste-House hun; Shenandoah Pa. 2.205.722 020. sola
irindlerkuny Mechamicsburey 9) - os qsin dee seeede sec ciee nc oe
Cochlin Run; Mechamicsburp) Pai -. = seco sec ascnscccse ene eee
Yellow. Breeches Creek, Williams Grove, Pa.....-.........---
Applicants: Pennsylvanians 225 24: sock sees ce sce ca ceec le
North Fork, Swananoa River, Black Mountain Station, N. C..-
Sugar Fork, Swananoa River, Black Mountain Station, N. C--
Stony Fork, Swananoa River, Black Mountain Station, N. C-..
Flat Creek, Black Mountain Station, N. C
Yadkin River, Salisbury, N.C
FE rN Clee eee PEEL Sees el oe aan

fApplicantsun: North Caroling o=- 02220. feh- oeeesieee ose
Dykes Creek, Rome, Ga
PACT LC ANUS COLO AG ahah co o< sess Stee /anisia ans onieo-cverce ES
East Cohoba River, near Birmiggham, Ala
HANGS VIC TEOMOTON Ce Ala). oss sii en cinew- See seins seccees
Cypress: Creelkmlorence, Alas ono. o- 2 ssa-c0 aole non 20 aes
PACT PILCAIMUS UM ACLU ANAS 62 esa cpt 52 eee te as bla lomiceae dale
NIGHTS SA aah eee ee ae a eens © SAR EN Dauit:

Fast Branch Cedar Creek, Meredith, Mich...............-----
North Branch Cedar Creek, Meredith, Mich
Mobaccoi@reek, Hatton, Micheess. «+. -co-s22c.c2- sneer nceinsce
Chippewa Creeks Hatton, Miche s sss-26cc0- 3 on ose on. se ceee
Stacy Creek, branch of Sturgeon River, Vanderbilt, Mich.....
Applicants in aiaea
IO fe OFO OS ScB o> SRC OEE NC CORRECT Ae Bee eee

10, 000
20, 000
5, 000
5, 000
10, 000
25, 000

15, 000
10, 000

40, 000

10, 000
(20, 000)
a (25, 000)

Weetoric coca ss

BEOTEEy Rinne ACvOnlicilo ay ee eet © Mee an yh Lee BS ORs NIN Bey epee All meh en wt

Hickory Creek, Newton County, Mo
Baynham Branch, Newton County, Mo
Big Lost Creek, Racine, Mo

Hine: Male Creel Newton County MOE sence ss oe oses = eins ese ecealacoceegaces-
a Distributed as fry from Central Station.

Adults and

yearlings.

90

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

Species and disposition.

Eggs.

Adults and
yearlings.

Rainbow trout—Continued.

Von Behr trout:

North Branch Indian Creek, McDonald County, Mo..........
North Fork of Elkhorn Creek, McDonald County, Mo .....--
Sugar Fork of Buffalo Creek, McDonald County, Mo ......---
Big Sugar Fork of Elk River, McDonald County, Mo .....-..
Little Sugar Fork of Elk River, McDonald County, Mo-...-..
Jones Creek, Jasper County, Mo ...-...........--.-.---------
Turkey Creek, Jasper County, Mo.................-------00--
Tributaries of Shoal Creek, Jasper County, Mo
Smaibligke Oar dOplin Oba ccc os. cere sanagn mena ee males ee
Spring River, Jasper County, Mo ...-.............-...--------
Crane River otone Conntiy, Mo 22-0... 2s.5.- 22 acces nies eae
Sacehiver -Asit Grove WO soos sta hoe eds - Seece. ae esnats
AGH MEVeD LOENCL Ml On sn oscceas snes -nccea cas dtesests sctene
Gasconade Manshield Miov.. 1.2 S25 bec cc eee ccacicacncaonte
Big Branch, Gasconade River, Cabool, Mo ..-....-.----.------
Copper Mine Branch, Carter County, Mo..........-.--...----
PACS LCs ES DMI SS QE Yee retina nlaielam wis ohne = elainteiataininiel wie te
Marmaton River, Fort Scott, Kans-.....-..........-.:--..5..
Marisdescygne River, Boiscourt, Kans .........-...------.-.-
Big Sugar Creek, Boiscourt, Kans ..--...........-------...4 oe
Five Mile Creek, Leavenworth, Kans...........-......-.-----
PAS Cantus in Kons ae eo teeta eae eee ecto ae oe aes
War Eagle Creek, War Eagle Mills, Ark..............--.-....
Tributaries of White River, Fayetteville, Ark............---.
Amplicants invA Teansans. <<. 2ae odo e a see ows peee eee cea en

Great Brook, Green Lake, Maine ..-..--.---...----...------- |
Heart cond near Orland, Maing. - “se-c2ee. ese sees naan eee
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Leadville, Colo.............. |
Starrucca Creek, Brandt, Pennsylvania. ---....-.-.-----------
Hemlock Creek, Stevens Point, Pennsylvania...........-----
Lake Superior off mouth of Lester River so
BapwrMeniven in Monnesotlesa--~2--.< 52s 5-0 os cs ceseneeee =
Nebraska hush Commiission..<0-- .<2 <<.52225-sses-s20-5225-4-
Wayans oenish) COmmIssiON ee oes. s< - no sn eas o cn tiacems see ea
Monnexota ish: (COMMISSION: --c.ss0c 522,55 555425555=2e Seb Res
Cibo ram, uarannie: WiyO. eee a5 <i nss 555-4 ae oes
PACMIN.: (hener, WlanGhesten > Vitus. 22420 snen ass Sena mceme ee
ASI. south bellevue; Ohio- 22442 25225 2-22-4sJasscecedsnases
W. P. Greenough, Portneuf, Quebec, Canada...-.-...----.--.
E.-Chazari, Mexico City (for Mexican government) -.-...---.-
US.E GC: Station, “W.ytheville,. Va --2:- 2 25552-52--:<52-ccbae

Central Station, Washington, D. C....-.

INGOSnO.MOns-c3- fone a IAG St

Daluth: Minne jee stews ee eee
Nez Percé Creek, Yellowstone National Park...........-.-.-
‘chormingtom Pend, ‘Romeo; Mich’.....-:2:.--..2-2---<5= sos"
Cathsh-Creek, Dubuque, Lowa. 92. on-52-2 52-2 ea see) See eee
Bloody hun Dapugue, Lowa oado.=- 2+ otssssaccceace leew cseee
Wasqukoto Creek;Dubuque, Lowa ..-..-----.-----5---2---5--
CleartCrepic eapRUAl LOW wos: cea ete cece paca cree
White River, Noblesville, Indiana .:.-......-...----..-------, 4
Big and Little Blue River, Shelbyville, Indiana. -..........--. |
Spearfish Creek, Spearfish, South Dakota...........2.....---
Tributaries of Menominee River, Marinette, Wis..--..--..---

1€, 000-

10, 000
(40, 000)
a (28, 000)
(28, 000)

b (20, 000)

Ohio ish’ Commission, Toledo, Qhio™ .-2!22. 22.25.22 22 eee nose seneee

Dayton, Ohio.) 2225s. 4-6 chore weeeenee
Garrettsville Anglers’ Association, Garrettsville, Ohio -...--- }

PAD DEC AMM DD OMNLO Gio <2 <n cas en ws samara sec eecambes seenenwee
Hoosac River, North Adams, Mass
Otsego Creek, Oneonta, N. ¥
Applicants TUNE EON 2 ota coe nee nee ee ce weno SRO |
North Branch of Indian Creek, Stella, Mo...............-.--- }
Sugar Forks of Buifalo Creek, McDonald County, Mo....-.--. |
Big Sugar Fork of Elk River, Pineville, Mo..............--. |
South Fork of Elkhorn River, Indiana Springs, Mo ...-..---.
Little Sugar Fork of Elk River, Pineville, Mo.........--.....
Plenesiorenk MnO elny NOs. -o cc nee saep eee nie eee emacs
unrkeyiGreck..scouana.MOv .. 2 cet ce ope teeneatoeeectecct ee

Grand kuiver Harrisonville, Mo. 2-2-2. 5.828 ooo An soasecee|senas Eeeeoee ee eee

War Eagle Creek, War Eagle, Ark

West Kork, Wihite River, Fayetteville; Ark <3. 222..t.522. -2.|visstakeewen |. sdb eee

a Distributed as fry from Central Station.

b Distributed as fry from Duluth Station.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. G1

B.— Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry.

Adults and
yearlings.

Vou Behr trout—Continued,

‘Brook trout:

Lake trout:

Applicants in Arkansas.......-..-----~-.--05-5---------020--|---2--2-2---] 22-22 --5----
Malaware Hish GOmmMISsION 2 ¢.-4--—-- 26-7. jn = [3 se = = = 87500. |==---s5-.-se
W. C. Harris, ‘‘American Angler,”’ New York City-.-------- | 8, DUD) pe ces See oe
WaewsVork Wish Commission ..--.-:-...-.....2s-s-+-<-2es020- efeeet CTD, Jeeta: eae |
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Northville, Mich .....--..--. Poole Oye en Bosses |
; Craig Brook, Me..2..----=--- | S000} keees cere ce |
Minnsencond iHartlandnNler .cccke sos yl coset lncss sec etaee ageMebase te 4, 251
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Leady ille, Celene sass See ae (203000) 28 See.
BIeETCea (necks rane tok deanna see ane ee aie a Sas aaa SEES 16, 660
Hemlock Creek, Stevens Point, 1 2-0 ie dia a ee ee ei ee Jee Fee te he 3, 920 |
Aen plicantsin NOW @ersey o-=----- 0-5-6 - - se win Sane eine ee ne ie ee 5 nn a
Gen. Geo. W. Hooker, Brattleboro, Vt .---.-....--------------- ZO OOUM Ea ek i
Dana Pearson, Northampton, MASSA Soe cece tc ejtageneeee sasae 20) 000) ee is = 22 |
U.S. Fish Commission Station, Wytheville, Va.-..-..----.-.- (28000) se 2s ee
Central Station, Washington, D.C ....! @ (25, 000)).-..-.-...--
IN'GOSTLOS IUD: ooo Rein een ae ee 02000} Fe ee |
West Fork of Gardiner River, Yellowstone National Park... -----.------|------------
CSU S Hohe ei Dr rng quien 0 eek IN i [ee he sal eee Se |
Bloody PR IT pice tae cit et e aleee oe sarees Sass see ca ae| nee alee eee ae mime
Wasqukoto ‘Creek, Dubuque, DS Se ee cera ahs Sein aa eye werk eee | age See
Cooley Creek, Lansing, rice 3 :
Greene River, Werley, Wis
Creeks tributary to Menominee River near Marinette, Wis..-|....--..----|------------
MIOrEAVOr aN ODIO VIG wing soeee ston te sSNA Oe Mo ecias|ocsee sees tis a] geese aae
Lies ed Be Ae Oe Re ee ee ea ee eee, Ars eer ae
Serna (Crea te Bak rial ay once tsp a" 6G) Nae ee eee ee en eee ere ss | |r eee
hnsh@resk, Grand) Rapids: Michi. 5.2250-5-2-+.52-222-<-<4<4 fee es SE Pe, cee ete a
Spearfish Creek, Spearfish, S. Dak .......---.-----------+----- SORE CAP thes ade
AAR Tr iSa Nd 1G DE Ee Se Se ee ee a eae ee ne oo |e ee a
Groshish Oo ommission.WaytOns OHiO™ soscs sce asee Sse 8 | Seas odea oan ee cece
MinomushCoammission,-Loledo; Ohio: 22.222. 22a co 2c Fee et he ease eens
Hagsac iver Worth Adamise MagS/s- 22205505 see omecokeas Se | ow ne cee Co aee aanseee
Heywood Creek, WVOSLOM Wang Nooo oot cites tae wer need - Nee eee a NL EER ae
‘West Pasture Brook, North Hatfield, Mass......-..--------.- ee hs. ee eine aoe eee
PICA NSTiE MASNACHUS EUS) oo) 4 aman a ats cin erdin a a iin aye am ts at we Pe tee
TDs inl eed Senniaretd UTE Cs) (ee eee Ps See | een Ie Si, eS
BAKO EGC TIGHT OOLO otee eon sae ce esas ce St cae oes ema saft cots one e |e ante sete
Platte River, Estabrook, Colo-...---..- LAE Se eee ee ee ae | eee eens AR ee 5 4
Mow reek. lMlOn\COlG 240552 ods a= Ae nk as oose Sandee st Galen Ss eb Sales neers oe
Grape Creek and tributaries, West Cliff, Colo....---.--...-.-- ae Bees ea
BASIS FUR CGAMTES (1110 QUOT LO aie ofa = ele eae a i
Mirgininions LaAtertish) GOMMISHION 2/52 euee onan mines cet ee 6 unleeis mown ten a[a-ant tense ce
Applicants for stocking public streams near Rapid City, S. D.|--.---.-----]------------
TT TEENS ee BEE ne EEE CEE GE Agere * ae get ee
ii Gramm oaramiGmWiVOb == --'- a6 s,cagess'scae-cceseeaoe ss | BS 000R sais == aces
Lester River, Tear ID TIP SLain Ch nee, ee Seo eEeE ter one Mesernese S| Seep hs aman id

SPleasanbaduake WH alls ure. Ny Wick wcot sce s sales scastcnsceceahss 99, 900
Mulspeiakecduibertiy, No Yoo. ..0 oi 0s-.a-se20-sseacce-s--e 99, 820 |
Sheldrake Lake, Eorleyville: Ne Wel 22 seo. oan sascae2esss 99, 790
Round Lake, Rockl PETC Bd (oO Ged aoe ae as ee 99, 730 |
Guilford Lake, Guilford, oe Cd I Ea a 82, 460 |
Comforts Pond, Susquehanna, LE Ae eee Gor Pr Eee aacence se 24, 500
Lake Hopatcong, Lake Hopatcong, N.J 62, 441
Tak echre, Neal Mat-inebay, OM sos 6255-02 Joe 2 sea ose aee sfaewonae eee ae 192, 000
Minnesota Fish Commission.........-----..-----------s20+-- BQO eee ote roma
Nemes psnine cise) COMMISSION. 222: 225052. 222. So S522 2 00D) ||= 2 ss -6- 5
PHO oUslind nash. Commussionio---= =. Ls. esses ssc e ec ss-|y ) 20000). 222 2 255
MOM NOP RISNACOMMISSION seasons see a= a oars tenes oars wy OOP OOUN 2 5-22-25 aa
Nebraska Fish Commission ..........-.-.----.-0-2----------4 50,000 |...--...2...
sonnel. Gordon; south bend, Wyo = -=:-=+2-2=.-.--2.2-5-s4< 30,000) |- 2 -- 2a = =
PE SOU Ards Granville Na Wij< oss. es slob le sees og NOOO! Ie Sees ae fo
Blooming Grove Park Association, Glen Myre; (Pa. ---- 2 SDN UU Weta ct = hee re
E. Chazari, City of Mexico (for Mexican Gover nment) -.----- PAO ONMD |e ns ove oe,
U.S: F.C. Station, Coid’Sprins Harbor, IN. V 252-2 2-2-5 -s2- b (500, 000)|..--------.-
Duluth, Ee eae SA €:(600:000) |: 22 s-2-5-

Put-in Bay, COLT ee Sa en Se tae oe Spe (20 O00) f2 2-2-2 a

Central Station, Washington, D.C..--....-. QL0G" 000) Sa50-2-22 6-2
WMilitenshnakebaerson.WMuichiz- <2. >. ose ss soachsaescleeee ss
Sand Lake, Sand Lake, Rirlip Ree eels Sy eee 40, 500
Crandall Lake, Cedar Springs, Mie te gs POS Crs salsa ae So 22, 500
South Lake, Cedar SMO a eMnGh ee ees ee os Saas Sess alee en ee 27, 000
Moore Lake, Cedars printas Machetes hes Secce aon o|Sseres tec oes 22, 500
Lincoln Lake, HPoONcee mils nMicChe ss sesso. woe oncsec sts see
Trufants, ETT REAN ICES BS COPE BE ECR IE ME eee 31, 500

a Distributed a as ate aan Central Station. e Distributed as fry from Duluth

Station.

b Distributed as fry from Cold Spring Harbor Station. d Distributed as fry from Put-in Bay Station.

92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.— Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

Species and disposition.

Eggs.

Fry.

a Distributed as fry from Duluth Station.

¢ Distributed as fry from Put-in Bay Station.

Adults and

yearlings.
Lake trout—Continued.
VENA ite) OC MAOL pV ON coma bin wince eile iain oie catenin acne e nia'e ole neat 45000 )-cL eee eee
Zukey Lake, Hamburg AhsbeQein te ebb pass See eS Bae Seed Boscedocise sc 225, '000."|\ cee eee
Walnut Lake, Oakl and, AMG ce ces winks mnie hc ace eee nante ere oral beats vce seen | eee ere 20, 000
Selkirk Lake, "Shelby ville, IM ab sae oh a eeen seni ean cl lloe cow en ce ae eee eee 3, 400
Fatal Lake, Greenville, MGT a ci a Pr OUI NEAT rh ng | LR a 500
Baldwin Lake, Greeny ille, Mi chy - = coos ate enone sue cle bays ts aceea| cere amine 500
Burgess Lake, Greenville Mich oo sec. a= sec se rine see eee es Sees eesce | hee eee eee 600
Murray Lake, Ionia, MUNGO St Soe Ae ee ce eee CEE coh es Sen Coe ea 2, 050
Rermiiake Grand mapas, Mich 22 .-.-:55--a-ss..<cecs seca |ocseme cee smnlliaenaeneeeen 400 —
Reed ake (Grand "hapide: MICH. <=. os. is acc vet ec Some ctes ser|acetie acess oe| acces Gaeeeee 400
Take. Odessa, lake Odessa. "Mich =< shot cece obs, cee cea ee one cemetns leeeeteeee mete 400
MOAT DeEAKO: IS DAL Uh, HUNCH 2S = secs meee oat ecto niet oc lees ase enim iain eaelnl fe eter tera 1, 100
CanpiakeyProvemont, Much. o:5-6.6c ce. a cee cc ccicc wentencsllocemcemace ns See eee aaeeee 1, 970
Meberts: Creek, Wlelhents, Miche cscs st ccsen. ote oscaGuncccee:|-casse sesh Seeeeee mene 1, 000
Mainstay ake: Watertord, Mich 2.220250. < c.f et2c cane) sce seeecee| decane nena 982
Orchard Wake OrchardGake. Mich .o.22 2552... c-e- oe secee fe Fee eases Maceo = Saaers & 6, 000
Union Bake;Oakland’ County, Mich)... <2. asnen cee aee loose snecn eee | aeeeeeneeaee 74, 000
Cooley Lake, Oakland County, MGGh 22225250 se5 swe sce c cine as| ocase meses lene caer 12, 000
ADplicantein Lowa sere ssck estos. stcotaee a ceee eden aoe San pee ee en 3, 625
Michi rans? 32nd. oe e cka ke Sewn eke e ceed ce abe bee ioe ocean ete Ree eee 500
SOULDS Dakota cecesese te seek ba seach obec se ben Seacoe Seat oe eee eeee 400
Make Kampeska, «Watertown S. Dale. S: 250 oscceememectesce|acce as cm ence poomeeer eee 1. 000
ake Maximikuckee, Marmont, and: che. 2 ccuioncs bee mone s-seb emo ealbcomeeeeeae 2, 250
A Pplicants in Un dlanig ssc 5-shec es case ons ee cca teen cee sucess een osee re mece el aneamee cera 450
QONIO ee eA Ro ee ee ns oe ee ee Ro ene eal ee 505
HHeNAN LORI Or SHALOD Rasen soe se eee ee one be nen Le eee | Soe ees | eee oem 494
Hampton Lake, ‘Yardley, Pa wc FI Re Wess ois s oblas clelsleskt els os 2 |seaecee aes allot maces 500
Applicants in New York......... ee ARO LER CIC eee ee eee ee oe 250
HOM EUIS ANd 322 522 cee eee once sete weaken [beeen eee | eee ee 500
WiGRMON bie tear fate cee eb cece es cee be saceel ates acme on bee ee eeeeee 2, 300
Maryland pec ee ae aac cicet et ae ecic se tcet ol isk n ee eee ea eae oeeeee 955
EN GW EELS Ogre acca uet acne eon cee cme cole coe tececet eee: | seo eeee 55
Shoshone wake, Vellowstone NationaliPark so nce.ceces sles le loee ee ose e ce eoae cee eeues 30, 012
Lewis Lake, Yellowstone National Park............-..-..--.|-..-.-..c...|seceseeeeee 12, 013
Lake Superior, off the mouth of Lester River in Minnesota ..|.......--.-- 3038:000 ||/caasemeseee
Lake Menozia, in St. Louis County, Minn ...............----|.--.--...--- 55, 000" |see5 sseaereae
Lake Superior, off the mouth of Le SBHEESRAVED (oc. ese c eet OU Shoe Seen | ee ee 235, 000
Elk River, Rutledge, IMO ie 5 Seicice See ae ore e a ee Sine DS ae Oe re eae een. | eee eee 500
Whitefish:
Hake/Ontario; near Oswego, Ni Ws. ia. tke RAS e et eee ek ooo eee ee 1, 000/000!) 22 scm enaeee
Lake Ontario, near Sacketts DH amb Ons NANG ster Bee eee fe or ere enn meee ee eee 2312), 000) jacemeceeeats
Ohio Fish Commission. .<.......--.2--+++ssccsesceecccce- leks 47, 5005000) 2. cee eo nee ale sete
Pennsylvania bish Commission .....---s-:-sc--creeersee se: 14,'000;000 0 2 sence eo meee teeta
NYAS COnSINEHish Commissioniss-.stscuescee eee eeee reer eee ee 10/000; 0007/22 255 ees aaa
CarliGs-Ebompsonn Warren, sln diesnnecmee ater sen ne eee eeee ee 125, 0007): 2 ce -cietenl eae eeire eens
Lake Erie, near Put-in Bay, OHIO SE SEE eet Le a aN ees eee 10,000; 000"|sso-see eee
New York Fish Commission ........--...-.--.--. 0. s sesso 40005000) | 222-22 ce sees eos
Herr von Behr, Schmaldow, Germany ............--.--------- 1005000. |e iieicrete cj esos | tate eer
Midland Counties Fish Culture Establishment, Malvern
KGLIS shin olan sa ak te pee ete Sees e ME See ee Be SEE Ae See he, 200, 000
WAS she Oa tanloneO DObh Linnie sates te ose a hence eeme ae ue (12,000,000)
Central Station, Washington, D.C» ...-... b(4, 000, 000)
Put-in Bay, Ohio ike eeehes es ais gat ¢(200, 000)
Lake Huron, north of Thunder Bay Tislands22e: ta hiet ese les. eee caeees 1, 500, 000
MewMMIceale Tsland tack see esse See Tae Aero See ener ene ee 1, 500, 000.
Hast Pawaos- 25-2225 22 5ee Sc aoe ak eee ae Fale ee eee 2, 000, 060
Maller Point,.; ess State See ee be ees a eee ee ee 2, 000, 000
BLUE COM POINT Aa ct ones Meee ee ee eee eee eee 2,000, 000 |.-
Lake Michigan, near Epoufette and Warehouse tte sete eneee sac ee eeae me 2,000, 000 |.
Nanbinway and Scott Point............- ee yk othe 2, 500, 000
hake Superior, near Whitefish Point..2.--2c2ecccoce shone ees eee 2-500:000)| "ose ceeeeees
Siraits or Mackinac, mear St: lonace, i.) - 222. sat ae oe met be eee oso ee ee 2..500;(000) |2a= eo eeeeeee
Detour Passage, near Hay Point ESE Sees Teen BR en Ree eee See ee ee 2, 000, 000
Thunder Bay, near South Point and Scarecrow Island .......|.......-.--- 1, 500, 000
FS) sole get BPE as WR nha, 8 Seen wie CR af a OS Oe ‘1, 000, 000
INOTGH VE OMG aos 5 settee hoe eae ae ete earn ae aenoa 1, 060, 000 |...
Lake Superior, near mouth of Lester River -............-----|c-e-cecceees 11, 330, 000
een stone River, above the falls, in Yellowstone National
AIK eles mio tete bree micie lense © olive’ sees esc nis civtile ne ete s oe cesinel Ce okie se anes Saaee Eee ees
Smelt:
Fotomac iver, near Chain Bridge, D:\C.22 ces. te. ssene see hee|-osceeeeeeee 400: 000 ||P a-cee=eeee
Yellow perch:
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad reservoir, Rio, Tll..|.........---|-..--------- 500
PANE AMON EVEN, Wecainr Ml 22206 cence dbesceecr meee se sate e eal aces eeeee nee See eee 495
Lakes in vicinity of Greenville, TD ct chit sc tee bs o2 cee: noes eee eee eee Cee ee 200
Virginia, (NE aE as BS Leger ath eS eee AP a Wire nee Sos 300
Big Flat Creek, St. Paul, IC, eae Pe Re MMY RN Otte REMAN PERRIER yl) eh 440
Small private pond, Indianapolis: Indic ccteet hen co ace cee ele ose cee Senos 50

b Distributed as fry from Central Station.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.— Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

93

Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry. seat
Yellow perch—Continued. :
This Tinie Worl yni ene IOI Loe cenmoceescaas co0gcnodosas aaeK) ean rcacoc ne Paneacgeseee 257
BuMemoncek eNO wo Albany. Mind) aac ts scccis sete ales ain lee dre ce ss eeeisice sie nll Tae erase coe 200
Parmmople ake wis, LOLLO SIN Ue soeiva ss se aims | amare a tae slaw mage seats owcre dillscloss sce. os
Li Iie LOMA Aid iy Jb Se Se Sespoebaras +4 qsSeQgaa Hane eeee) HBC rE Se Ones aeeesocguete 50
his Oa TR ere OUR) Nene hd GrG he eee ee ee ee ena att [ene eS eee eel oer eed 50
SHAME TAS LE es, 201 Ife OR Ge (a ee eee ele een [SePim eee yee) eemee peter i) 50
RAE GOS NO MM NC se te a gacee soe ass ects se J Sete em embers seams lt Aen cuentas 100
EAM ep uae Var Sa wre. Naess cos cee seco pe acai s cic'ae close anatase sale a ease Ne 50
MASS INNA Wy ManiOMsslNO esnave cess ee ches seescc ode d Se osetel|q = mcets saiSutell Sesielaeecae es 50
Ru oncopbuiverreAm OCEsOl wUn Wefan las acciise Sects ase aoe et. sesame ala wal staan as ne ree 35
Mowenkuuvery lO wan takls LOW ces... sekosuecercte se os sc oe ses lara se os salen |oeeewen ve ae 385
Lone Tree Lake, Burlington, Gy Becta ae ete cwioa oo ean ey cleats iete oon oY ne oper aes 510
Mrdte iver Gedarihaplds: LOW aia ssstsree) Sos sec Soe ses bes oe eeo- = so uen ome eaten eh 280
Nene els OCCOLAM ML OW ae ae te saa Sens: ges Saas eected oo boos Sella=e camelne see eo ee aeaecios 400
Middle creek Maplecballs Manse» 22% c.scscecccs Jone ncesecs|sss52ee= Saale cites wea: 96
RUMIMEO PEO ke EO XIC Om Rinne ee ees Bae sie sacle stone <e's aielseieies b oae'o se paeistassegeliase emacs 96
Ine kePANIN SNE CAN Bee iat tse c moose mae sue eens oticla ce cone le acon cot clo ckekoaae soe 98
RUMP MON Me OUId ay Meander a= ciats aide faa sees sda cecls aot olen ccna tecenl ameiente ose 100
AETCOLSNE ATE OULCOM CANIS pee Notes fe oe ees anaes aottae cones ok |boace nmeme alesis ae eee 100
Mierkerasal Gres lOpeka, WINANS ect cctcecimc ss smalecte Sete eee oe Sed oe aesiee wie encinceeock 100
CHiscalipenyerm Nashville: BANS: jasc ssoscs ses sce ses asec edie csiece oem cceecetuene san. 100
Calvary Creek Coldwater, Kans) 222 .ca<sccnes asce ose cacsed|eecae sect cenlevagnes nose 100
HimaO reek MedicineyLod rer Kiang. 2) o.o.ssacdee522 P2422 22 feos vessecoe|osecaeeanbas 200
HallsonchehoughwNoughtale Ky. 2. hes. sears cece sacs salemscce ose ess Weeieauot Sees 390
ake Cockerelleeindependence MO. 2... 22.2 c sete sacs oso cd\oce-s stows ce |lSeactecmeoe. 195
Brel Ole lveln a muhe! luvs MOMbea. tt aces cnasecaee Soon Ladle oll eowewes lhe wos etoe ne 2, 607
ive Detshun er Od en, Witenes a aaa seis Ses ee aoe bo cel ban nmanaeenlGs ea sene ce 200
iaheiakcer battle: CnC wUtalie ss55 <25o > actie han nes atch vole ge Sexes ananicen [bier te eecee 436
EP CeRO Gl LOM pL AONLer WAS Revs. oRs). os oaalsaisealeahe alara.a| sock cation este ob eens 30
iGO Ake One iaicess WAS Mam = see cinco sags ecielsoane seo Balbo as eueee eu) see ence awk. 25
Washington Lake, Seattle, Wash ......--. Leh SCOBESOP DEES pclae ee aees= Sallide osens see 237
PNP UICAT iSpy enna) Vala seal e sas coisenl es suacia cee ce aso Su|Seees apcaalce loo aye Sees 6
Pike perch:
Bens yy ami HAs COMMISSION. << 2522 .</sas-s sas/eeuce oes D8y, 000 ;000n |e. Secs eae eeeenn ie ics
NuestnuakemmMalamaz00wMTeh sys sen aso aceeeehoteaae an baleacg aa clauath ers BOO) O00 semen ate rt
Goucinecievalkveukinlamazoon Machin on bees eeasn.cenoceascluet seas leeme 750), 000) nassmasse ae
Grinelakem lama WiCDs oct ei sc ee Sy gseans se seeeeesnsc sl sees esac ouee IGPU eeaSece-conc
Wiemore Lake; AlleoaniCounty,; Mach’. -=222--220¢--ce5-scccc|toecccteacs $75;000:||-=-t2.--4-i
Wumonbliake,-Allesan Connty, Mich... 2252.20.90 2 2 Seal oes SD" O00. eacsnencse ose
Minerbake-AnlecamCounbys Mach) =. 2.2... 222 sc ancsseceleelceceusoae OT SSSR BSS secs
Swanlake- Allerani Countyy Mich's.....2-20¢c ese esce on onc tfoswan oe oe See 500) \000).\\s=2<=2%+ =<)
Hittle John Lake, Allegan County, Mich-:-:.-..¢.-.......2..].-------see. D50N000! are ae a
akeslGwAlegan County, Michio. 2255.25.58 oes eee 200) 000M seems ate = <1
hinkeveluakerCedarmbeaeh, Indians. 5. 2.22 sc aec-cess oe bens alenenmcekeoe 8,000,000) |2-=- --54-- <<
ake Maxiniuckee, Marshall County, Ind--2.--2-2-25.:-.222).-222. 2.08, 800/000) |2eteee-s-2-
leansualcex sprinetieldiWleea. nae eos 20s = ook te stoncc wen eee eon eee eee 2,000) 000|" =-22——4--=-
Kankakee River, Kankakee, Ill .....-...........- POR ee oee fee eae Geaod; O00N ee: ~seess ae
Huswuehannakiver, Susquehanna, Pa).-:-2-<22.-.--22-.-+sec|e-acesceoeee SAOUOs OOOh pee eee eae
Bassplaalce me narcoun OltOsse soee antec aeicno esto eae caie on | Seem a ewes 2/3005 OODh seem set cee
SUMMA Wace Aen OM, ODO = ae eos eee celoites Saeeac cseene sae ocoee ee wen 35250! 000) |peeeeesee
iBuatyelialemMent (ONO. a0 ooo. Se ose scsi oaseuceceslhe cetoce toate 3, 100, 000
Muskingum: River) Zanesville: Ohio, -: 22. 2:22--4:.22. 225.5... e2- cle. se 10, 000, 000
Ravennacdwake Ravenna, Ohidvess- --ss- 52... c-ooe<scanees asleooe ceeeaces 2, 200, 000
Mahonin py River Newton Malls) Ohio... i... .s2-222s:-020.- 22.) Seceeee cece 1, 000, 000
Geanoaribakes Garreubs valley OhiO)e: 2.22262 se ooee sce ont cole ee eee 850, 000
Lake Erie, Medias sls AN Oe OID sae see fee oles roc omits, Seek Eee eee 1, 800, 000
Gleveland yO Hoses es iae | Atos the cas oA ss ae tobe eee 1, 000, 000
NGOs River, Fond :duiuac, Minn..-:..-.2.-....--.--l22--. T2003 000) [tras 2G ae
Minnesota River; near Mendota, Minn --....-:.........2-<-..|ecsencc once 5, 000, 000
Miami eaibo Vin in. see 25 Saree aoe Se J es |e eee 5, 000, 000
ester hiver near Wuluphy Minmes 02s so 2s dsohe boecscc ac telbaeeecen coe 100, 000
Black bass:
EA DIcAmiseme Non ung CANO Lin aan Sate ee a)ac cons Soe eee okoe aellaatetee- eracllee o Seaeee ce 260
DOMUME CG AT Olin Aerts et sca d emo ae ae i eee | eee Les Se ar 400
BR GTITIO US CO eee tee eye rete at tapers re eis atte [a eee ee a Ba 150
_ Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad reservoir, Rio, Il...|.-..........|............ 1, 585
akemevicintyeOn COL Play Hlees se 0-2 Faas esl Some lee ee |e 1, 530
Man eaMovn iver, Wecanurwmllsesmee ayes eek es Se | 500
IUPURES TD Sales VUAY Lay ets) shed Leki 101 Se Se Sees a a fe Or OA Lge 200
MEDAN OMWUleeeen te esha a notes as. a lree le omeee eS ck we. 150
Nit ive Coray) | Sach Be A RS ee ee ean (ee Sie (a oe 450
Cicer leat ve ee eee eke oe eta |e eee Co a gih son a tt 300
Eimipannasthivery Charleston dlls te ate Se ee Se eee 2, 280
Pee kes iim vi cinibyotaviremiay Wlse pees sete 8 Sol come elie eos |i in ae 1, 200
J Macomb eases ren sec te on eae oie. oe Meta Set 300
PReOn Make Sevilleghillss. cnet see eens ea ee oan oe a a Le levy ee eee 500
HiozsiNeD Mic hHonnyelll sa a eae eens fine Pet POURS! ENE Tire 494
Beco yonbalkenGraysubake I) seiwes- sero ON Nee Ne 200
BEcondwsakerGraivaluaker lene. soap meee es TT ESSR Cw ee ye 493
DimgharoriversNapervilleripass eo vie eRe Rs a ee 800
BCBS KES HI hi vereovapontililMeee: | sien sin es Sign ly | Br Rijn. cca 200

iii as

J4

B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued,

Species and disposition.

Eggs.

Black bass—Continued.

3ig Muddy River, De Soto, Il
Lakes in vicinity of Carbondale, Ill
Anna, Il
Cache River, Ullin, Il
Flat Rock River, Flat Rock, Ind
Big and Little Blue Rivers, Shelbyville, Ind
Small lake near Ft. Wayne, Ft. Wayne, Ind
White River, Richmond, Ind
Big Flat Creek, St. Paul, Ind
Small private pond, Indianapolis, Ind
Big Indian, New Albany, Ind
Silver Creek, New Albany, Ind
Pine Lake, La Porte, Ind
Elkhart River, Elkhart, Jnd
St. Joe River, Elkhart, Ind
Simmons Lake, Elkhart, Ind
Elk River, Goshen, Ind
Eagle Lake, Warsaw, Ind
Massinneawa, Marion, Ind
White River, Anderson, Ind
White River, Indianapolis, Ind
Towa River, Iowa Falls, lowa
Lone Tree Lake, Burlington, Iowa
Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, lowa..-...--.-.---------2++-------
Towa River, Decorah, lowa
Des Moines River, Ottumwa, Iowa
Big Creek, Rome, lows
Skunk River, Mount Pleasant, Iowa
East Nodaway River, Valisca, Iowa
Middle Nodaway River, Valisca, Iowa
Railroad reservoir, Moxon, lowa
Des Moines River, Albia, lowa
West Nishnabotna River, Hastings, Iowa
Des Moines River, Levey, Iowa
Nishnabotna River, Red Oakylowa
Middle Creek, Maple Hill, Kans
Mill Creek, Poxico, Kans
Mill Creek, Alma, Kans :
Spring Pond, Holliday, Kans - -----------.----- s<---< --- 3-4 =-
Greelonear Burton. burioneK ans-...-..---------=--<ss-==se=
Wakerasa Creek, Topeka, Kans
Chiseaki River, Nashville, Kans
Calvary Creek, Coldwater, Kans
Elm Creek, Medicine Lodge, Kans. ..-..........---..---------
Private pond near Nicholasville, Nicholasville, Ky
Lake Ellerslie, Danville, Ky e
Lake in vicinity of Versailles, Ky
Covington, Ky
Wialton, Moy,2e—.2. 3-2 st eee eee
Snow Island, St. Ignace, Mich
Lake Cockerell, Independence, Mo
Salt River, Hunnewell, Mo
Chariton River, Chariton, Mo
Big Hole River, Butte City, Mont

Oquara Lake Deposit N.Y 25-225 .225.22425.2.2-. 202282282
State fish ponds, New York Fish Commission... ...----..--.--
Maney wG, Wea toruIa, OHIO 5225.22 225555 -52asceecee eee eee

Bans wake: GHanlgn nis 6.. scec saan enna ss ete cnet ene
Mahoning, Leavittsburg, Ohio
Sasyuehanna Hiver; Waston, Pa... <2 22.<css< 522 iseek ee eoee
Lake Kampesta, Watertown, S. Dak
Wieher diver Ootien sU tah. 2- 222-2. -. cnn ee ccese sence
Utah Lake, Battle Creek, Utah
Lake Colville, Sprague, Wash
oonvdoake sooneuak & Wash-. 25252232: il sot scStst es eo ee
Washington Lake, Seattle, Wash -.-........-.....---5.-+-----
Wilivamb tay. Geneva WER 2.2252 fie en ene nee eee ween
State hatchery, Laramie, Wyo
Applicants in Pennsylvania

IDSA ANG toss coe nee saeco eee BE Ect Cone ae
mie Patuxent niver,waarel, Md -< 22:25:26 )2 22 esti ci lee.
Middle Patuxent River, Laurel, Md......-..-.-- Serta SAagAee

Crappie:
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincey Railread reservoir, Rio, Ill-.

aikceanwiomity of Colombia, Tis... 22-202 46--5. 25 Sk
Sangamon River, Decatur, Ill
Judge Waldin’s lake, Clinton, Il
Lakes in vicinity of Shirley, 11]

Lebanon, Ill

pee e ewww eww een r etwas eeeeeeesaselas

;

pe wewenenecee
|

|

Wataribesl iat Ace cee ees eee Ae ee ie eee eee pee SA es <2

Macomb, Il

quai d'5is ee

a

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

yearlings.

wee

-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.—Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued. —

95

F Species and disposition. | Eggs Fry. So tg

Crappie—Continued. .
x REIUeR Covale libs sere a wane ss secs == aanel== See ee ey peer : 500
Max tuver Mollonry Wl > ~ 252-22. .2- te ae< = 2-5 55-seee=4=- Lit ON aah 496
Pistanqua Bay. McHenry, Hl-...-:.....--- ------------------ PE oP ako os Bee aae ee eee 496
fay or lake, Grays Hake, fil 92 /--- <2" ---_ --- = 2-2-8 a Spoate Sek 2a on SN DS apna 200
Seacondslake, Grays Lake, Ill 52.2... .23.2-----------=--2-- |-------02--- See ae 295
Du Pare River, Naperville, Hl. --......-----------------------|------------ Jonenneeecece 500
Kaskaskia River, Keysport, Ill....-...-.--------------------- ot os Soh oae Peay wee 100
ie Muddy River, De potest >. -2 == 2-82 -- eegesc sek beter ed 100
Lakes im vicinity of Carbondale, Il ........-...--.----------- [ake ise PAE? cae 100
Leer ee 6 | ROS Se ee ee ee eee (aeee Sess 23 ee ease: 100
faci 2 TERS aur Gp Tre 0 ME ae a Be ee ea ee eres Seer ers [ken sss ee 100
Milat hock River. Flat Roek, Ind =. --....-..-..=-.-.---------- bse ep 5 feeeeeeer ne 394
Big and Little Blue Rivers, Shelbyville, Ind..--..------------ See ee ne ae ee eee eS 394
Sugar Creek, Philadelphia, Ind. --------.--------------------: Pacetes coe ee a 73
Flat Rock River, Louisville, Ind.-.--.-...-....--------------- OEE: ER See 150
Blue River, Knightstown, Ind-..-.----...-.....--------+--=--- Passe TES Cees 150
West River, Cambridge, Ind -.--5-...2.---.2..-.---s<-----=-- | Eee ae SS a ee 150
WitiLE aarvOr iiechmOnG, UNO) —-- 2 ]. can ns eon see eases as Peet. ed Ree ae 775
pepeW ini ioreak: Se@ sgl, tnd 2 52.2.2 2222) 2. 2a es Reser wiase Votre 630
Small private pond, Indianapolis Ind .-.-.-.-.-.------------- eee ge a4 Bopeee ee 100
Whrtodiver, ndianapolin, Ind -- 5. —- 2. = == 2 one ne == == Pie 2 See ee 630
Towa River, Iowa Falls, Iowa -.-.--.--.------------- eet ee es ee eee eta ewe 250
ie MHP LIVEr (iit Wale ROWS - 2-9 ooo ne a 5 cee on oe fn ee wa ae ene eee 200
Earp COG be PRON AG Wake = em = ew ic wie w= man a es a oe ae tee me | ee een 200
Sankar Wounh ) leasant, Lows .--4---~-=--=<-----.--=25)e5-2=> a ei datas 200
mG Ul aneny, Rat WGes WV eMIRCH LOWE fon mn ew ee en 100
Middle Nodaway River. Valisca, lowa----..--.----------------|------- Sot pases ene 94
OT ee ee eee een ne 200
nants tnnvors Ae LOW. -- 522 nase. <= a = oe an pena ae 200
W. Nishnabotna River, Hastings. Iowa 244
Des Moines River, Levey, lowa...--------...-.<-.--====------- bee et oe a ae tae oe 175
Nishnabotna River, Red Oak, Iowa.....----------------------|------------ 238
Middle Creek, Maple Hill, Kans 329
Mil Creek, Poxico, Kans .-.--.-.-- 129
RN CAA oe re te esis are 131
Little Kentucky River, La Grange, Ky | 100
HacWou she our, honehdale, Ky. --..-. 9-9-9 - =~ 5555-2 ---|-=55-5--82 => 720
Private pond near Nicholasville, ge een eae eee coe A fobs Soars 75
Peiks solersio, Warthwile dey. 2-5 hoo. oe ooo ene sees ae ee ee 75
Lake in vicinity of Versailles; Ky----------------------.----- Pe Soctooeacee 370
WV iy tL Ee Se Ce eee ee Pee ee Se 100
Waiton, Ky:_.-.2.-. so oases ages esse = [Ae Sak oa BES ee S24 100
Snow Island, Si: Tenace. Mich. 2... -=--.--------=----s2+-25-=< AS es oe eel See ee 400
Lake Cockrell, Independence, Mo...---...-.-.-----=---------- PCOS eae ree eer 590
Saliba vear anne well WO. 22. 2a 65 os = ons on Jaan ah) ee en ee oe 150
JULEP ay PE Pry tad | Os ea ee Loe aoe eee eee ee 150
ihakes in vicinity of Nebraska City, Nebr-- .-.-=-- --<. 2---<:<-|---.<-<-.2-2 ee ree ee 1, 450
DPS RES SE USS LRA Se es ee ae oa Se a Pee Ba ees 280
State fish ponds, New York State Fish Commission 200
‘Arent rauroad company, Waverly, Pa... --=.--.--=-2---<-+-|.-.cis2--25- ae 150
Delaware TeIWOr. CANiCOGH, Ne Vo eo 2a 5-2 n cnn <2 sheds Saif eae ' 150
TackawaxGn, Pa. 225.25 sess n= scene oars aaee Seo ee ape Rote 126
OER EM VIO oo Woe Ss oe he Pe Seb es 250
DunguSninns Raver, Mascon Pa 9-2 <2. 2252-8 eon esse -t- Se aeeeen leo eter 50
Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Allentown, Pa .--.-..-------|------------ oe ee y-2 Eee:
HM MONANT RAV Gr. TaArrIN DMR ea 5-3 onc cc oo een ean ena tol ae eee gta ists 300
gtr (etsy cs gh i ee a ee eee ee ee Sone ee 300
Lake Kampesta, Watertown, S. Dak ...............-------.--- to Se wamaon to De ae ee j 300
; Senin sanebaive. Gpatile WW ante. = 5 Sooo 325525. oe os ee fecal 285
Wihamodsay Geneva, Wis. -----..-=.- 2-225 --225523552-+5 42 fe ws ees SS ee ees 495
; piss Hechoery. Laramie’ W yO. =2 ===. -s5--s<<- --2 2 == aaa L 2 dh Sa ee eee 1,470
. Middle Patuxent River, Laurel, Md - - -... =. ~-222.--2--5.-2-- ‘age eee eee 49
. Bip Pagixenituver, Laurel Md >... . <2: =. 2.250256 555-2 (ep eect Seed eee ee eee 46
| Ser Le SEs ee i. ae AS Te aa en ae ! 25
PORTING VIAL So 25 oS 35S ae SSS = a eae ae ae ee ae Ne Seetee wena] 50

Rock bass:

Applicants in Virginia.-....---.- 1, 450
; Mennessess 035525552 <2 2.2 477
: TA Ree oy SS ee ee ee eee ee. SY ne ae eee Dees eee 200
Z LHe ghee Se Be. Oe ee eee ee 2S ee, eee ae 633
Biaory bane ee eee oa 3 ee oe 450
Reh ayy ares ets © ANNINSIOM. So sae os inno SS ee Pee S552 os been 450
Le SS ee | ee eee ere eee | eee 490
ToC RE PS Gere ES SO er ea ce ee pa eee eee 200
Taken mn vitniiby Gf aiiriog. Men =e. 2-058 S22 2-8 2 ‘ie eee ee (Sora ee 200
pubparishee aera ety Cpe Bs 358 oS 5 Ie es Pixemey ha 200
Marca cer tava ile Sena nee se Se ee es os ieee te | 495
ionbarras River, Charleston, il :-. 2- s- =. - 22 2.2-2-2.s225--- eee ae Susan Cees ae 382
eoiuiar iSteen ayn Sthe REE ee eee es ee 2 Se as ie eee / 100
enasin Seakey Grays bake, $l 2s 20325 2-2 552-55. 2c es. Pid os sep pees toe ae | 192
Wt red dtrver, Mapergane WNe oo. cc ccc pauesonn-=-assecacssics setecssceesclecscescac-=-! 400

96

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.— Details of distribution, 1890-91—Continued.

Species and disposition.

Rock bass—Centinued.

Kaskaskia, Keysport, Tl]
Big Muddy River, De Soto, Il
Lakes in vicinity of Carbondale, Il
Anna, Ill

Cache River, Ulin. Ill
Flat Rock River, Flat Rock, Ind
Big and Little Blue rivers, Shelbyville, Ind
Big Flat Creek, St. Paul, Ind
White River, Indianapolis, Ind
GedarsRiver Cedar Rapids, Towa’. 2.62. u. wos. oe ew nite Se
Iowa River, Decorah, lowa
Des Moines River, Ottumwa, Iowa
Big Creek, Rome, lowa
Skunk River, Mt. Pleasant, lowa
East Nodaway River, Valisea, lowa
Middle Nodaway River, Valisca, lowa
Railroad reservoir, Moxon, lowa
Des Moines River, Albia, lowa
West Nishnabotna River, Hastings, lowa
Des Moines River, Levey, lowa
Nishnabotna River, Red Oak, Iowa...-...-.-.-.....----------
Lakes in vicinity of Pee Wee Valley. Kentucky
Little Kentucky River, La Grange, Ky
Falls of the Rough, Roughdale, Ky
Lake in vicinity of Versailles, Ky
Covington, Ky

Walton, Ky

NHOW sland sulenace, MACK ae seecs = 2225 cee mee nese eeee
Lake Cockerell, Independence, Mo
Salt River, Hunnewell, Mo
Chariton River, Chariton, Mo
Oquaga Lake, Deposit, N. Y
Neahoning River, Leavittsburg, Ohio
Delaware River, Callicoon, N. Y
Lackawaxen, Pa

Port Jervis, N. Y

Susquehanna River, Easton, Pa
Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Allentown, Pa
Susquehanna River, Harrisburg, Pa
Laneaster, Pa

Lake Kampesta, Watertown, 8. Dak
Walliams bay, Genevas WaS.sce> --sc. sce eke noc ceecioee canes
State hatchery, Laramie, Wyo
Potomac River, Washington, D.C
Flaghole, Spring River, Seneca, Mo

Sunfish:

- Applicant in Pennsylvania

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad reservoir, Rio, Ill -.
Sangamon River, Decatur, Il
Small lake near Fort Wayne, Ind
Big Indian, New Albany, Ind
Silver Creek, New Albany, Ind
Towa River, Decorah, Iowa
Agent Railroad Company, Waverly, Pa
Lake Kampesta, Watertown, S. Dak
Lake Colville, Sprague, Wash
Loon Lake, Loon Lake, Wash

Potomac River, Washington, D.C

Spanish mackerel:

Off mouth of Chesapeake Bay, near Cape Charles, Va......-..

Cod:

Massachusetts Bay, off Cape Ann, Massachusetts.......-----
Vineyard Sound, off the Massachusetts coast

Pollock:

Massachusetts Bay, off Cape Ann, Massachusetts

Haddock:

Massachusetts Bay, off Cape Ann, Massachusetts...-.-.-.-.--

Flatfish:

Vineyard Sound, off the Massachusetts coast

Lobsters:

Vineyard Sound, off the Massachusetts coast.............--.-

eee ee wee eee

152, 129, 650

776, 000

18, 968, 000
36, 416, 000

14, 827, 500 |

3, 380, 500
3, 533, 500

264, 076, 667

| Adults and
yearlings.

2, 016, 152

* Figures inclosed in parentheses are not included in summations,

ee

REPORT UPON THE INQUIRY RESPECTING FOOD-FISHES AND
THE FISHING-GROUNDS.

By RicHarD RATHBUN.
Assistant in charge.

INTRODUCTION.

During the two years covered by this report the field researches
assigned to this division have extended over a large part of both the
Atlantie and Pacific seacoasts, and have embraced a wide area of
fresh-water drainage. Most noteworthy from the novelty and import-
ance of their results have been the investigations by the steamer Alba-
tross in Bering Sea and along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and
California.

A very thorough reconnaissance has been made of the eastern or
shallow-water part of Bering Sea, including its fishing-grounds for cod,
the shore lines as far north as the Kuskokwim River, and the general
characteristics of the bottom to the western border of the continental
platform, whose position also was determined. The principal fishing-
bank in this region, which has been named after the late Prof. Baird,
was discovered to have a very large area, exceeding even that of

Georges Bank, off the New England coast. The distribution of the fish
on this and on other grounds, as well as their abundance and average
size in different places, has been ascertained for the summer season,
and much further information of value to the fishermen has been
placed on record. Whe importance of a more thorough knowledge of
the physics and natural history of Bering Sea, in view of the grave

questions connected withits seal and other, fisheries, suggests, how-
ever, many additional problems, for the study of which the Albatross
is well adapted, and which require early attention.

The preliminary examination of the continental slope off the States

of Washington, Oregon, and California, from the Straits of Fuca to the
Mexican boundary line, was completed in the fall of 1890. The loca-

tion of all the fishing-grounds contained within these limits has now

been determined, and sufficient material has been collected to illustrate

the different varieties of food-fishes, and their distribution throughout

the region, as well as the principal features of the bottom fauna. Very
H. Mis. 113 7 97

98 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

encouraging results have attended the observations made in San Fran-
cisco Bay with respect to the breeding of the Atlantic coast oyster, and
an important scientific investigation has been conducted off the west-
ern coast of Mexico and Central America, under the direction of Prof.
» Alexander Agassiz.

The field operations on the Atlantic coast have been directed chiefly
tothe study of the oyster-grounds of Long Island Sound, of Tangier
Sound in Maryland and Virginia, and of the coast of South Carolina.
Extensive surveys were made in Long Island Sound with respect,
mainly, to the conditions of the bottom, the natural enemies of the oys-
ter, and the varying distribution of the set of spat. Theabsence of any
pollution in the oyster-ground waters was also fully demonstrated by
careful physical and chemical observations. The extent and causes of
the deterioration of tlie oyster beds in Chesapeake Bay has been made
the subject of a specialinvestigation, which is still in progress, Tangier
and Pocomoke sounds having been selected for the first examinations.
The inquiries in South Carolina were conducted for the purpose of as-
certaining the character and distribution of the natural oyster-cultural
resources and of determining the proper measures for their develop-
ment. The work was completed in the course of a single winter, and
has afforded very satisfactory results. Arrangements have also been
made for the preparation of a series of reports descriptive of the meth-
ods of oyster-culture practiced in European countries, which will, it is
hoped, be at least suggestive to American oyster-growers.

The study of the physical characteristics of the coast waters off the
Northern Atlantic States, especially in the region traversed by the
mackerel during their seasonal migrations, has been taken up for the
first time in a thoroughly comprehensive manner, and has now been
actively prosecuted during two summers. While the principal part of
this work has been limited to the southern New England coast, a series
of observations has also been carried southward to Virginia. These
inquiries will have an equal bearing upon the habits of all other migra-
tory fishes which resort to this region during a greater or less part
of each year, and nearly all of the important economic species which
enter into the fisheries there are of this character.

Among the investigations relating to the fresh waters the one of
most direct importance has probably been the study of the salmon
rivers of Alaska with respect to the natural history of the salmon, the
threatened depletion of the schools by the destructive methods of cap-
ture now in use, and the measures necessary to preserve this extensive
food supply. The observations were made on Kadiak and Afognak
islands, and on Wood River at the head of Bristol Bay. The fresh-
water systems have also been examined in eleven different States and
Territories, as follows: The Yellowstone National Park, Colorado, Utah,
Missouri, Arkansas, lowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 99.

Florida. The majority of these surveys have been very thorough, af-
fording much desired information regarding the natural features of
a large number of lakes and rivers, in respect to which fish-cultural
operations have been undertaken or proposed.

The Woods Holl laboratory has been open continuously during the
entire period, a competent scientific expert having been employed to
study the biological questions which are constantly arising in con-
nection with the hatching work conducted at this station. During
both summers the facilities of the laboratory have also been extended,
as in former years, to a large number of naturalists, some of whom
have given their attention exclusively to the Fish Commission work.
Many special observations have been made on the life history of the
seacoast fishes, and interesting experiments have been conducted rela-
tive to their artificial propagation. One result of these inquiries has
been to demonstrate conclusively that the attempts recently made to
increase the supply of cod on some parts of the New England coast
have met with complete success. Not only has the number of fish aug-
mented from year to year, but schools of this species are making their
appearance in many places where they had never been seen before.
Twelve other species of fishes have also been studied to a greater or
less extent, the greatest amount of progress having been made with
respect to the sea bass and Spanish mackerel. A thorough investiga-
tion into the life history of the lobster is likewise now being made.

PACIFIC COAST.

The steamer Albatross was at work on the coasts of Washington
and Oregon at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30,-1889, and
on July 8 following left Tacoma, Wash., with several members of
the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs to visit the principal
Indian settlements in southeastern Alaska. The trip was made by
way of the inland passages and extended as far as Sitka and Juneau.
It terminated July 28, and the Albatross then started for Bering Sea,
but when only a few days out the port engine became disabled, and she
was obliged to return to Seattle for repairs. When these had been
completed the season was too far advanced to warrant making the long
passage to Alaska, and the steamer again took up the investigations
off Washington, carrying them southward along the coasts of Oregon
and California as far as Cape Mendocino. During the following winter
repairs were made at the Mare Island navy-yard, and during March
and April, 1890, the region between Point Arena and Point Conception
was examined, thereby nearly completing the preliminary survey of
the California coast.

On May 5, 1890, the Albatross left San Francisco and proceeded to
Alaska, where several months were spent in defining the fishing-grounds
and in determining the physical and natural-history features of the

100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

eastern part of Bering Sea. Subsequently some additional observa-
tions were made in regard to the fishing region south of the Alaska
Peninsula, which had been surveyed in 1888; a short stop was made
on the coast of Washington, and the examination of the continental
platform was finished between Cape Mendocino and Point Arena, Cali-
fornia. The last of January, 1891, the Albatross was dispatched on a
special expedition off the west coast of Mexico and Central America, and
to the region about the Galapagos Islands, under the scientifie direction
of Prof. Alexander Agassiz. This occupied about three months, and by
the end of June, 1891, the steamer had been refitted for a third eruise
to Alaska,

The conduct of these investigations was in charge of Lieut. Com-
mander Z, L. Tanner, U. 8. Navy, commanding the Albatross, assisted
by an eflicient staff of naval officers in the management of the ship
and in connection with the physical observations. The civilian staff
has consisted of Mr. Charles H. Townsend, naturalist; Mr. A. B. Alex-
ander, fishery expert, and Mr. N. B. Miller, assistant naturalist. Prof.
Charles H. Gilbert, of Indiana University, was also attached to the
Steamer as ichthyologist and chief naturalist from January to August,
1889, and during the Bering Sea cruise of 1890.

ALASKA.

During the summer of 1890 the Albatross was in Bering Sea, where
an examination was made of all the principal cod-fishing banks as well
as of the general features of the shallow-water area which composes
the entire eastern part of this important region. The Albatross entered
Bering Sea by way of Unimak Pass, in May, and carried a line of
soundings in a northerly and easterly direction a distance of about 80
miles, when stormy weather made it necessary to proceed to Unalaska,
the dredgings and soundings being continued, however, in that diree-
tion. Leaving the latter place on May 28, the vessel began a recon-
naissance of the shore line of Bristol Bay, which was conducted first
along the north side of the Alaska Peninsula as far as the Kvichak
River, and thence to the Kuskokwim River. During this cruise the
contour and topography of the coast were sufficiently well defined to
Serve as a basis for the subsequent hydrographic observations. From
Cape Newenham a line of stations was run in the direction of the North-
west Cape of Unimak, and the latter part of June investigations were
commenced on Slime Bank, being carried thence over Baird Bank to
the head of Bristol Bay and the Kulukak Ground. Two visits were paid
to Port Moller and Herendeen Bay, where a coal mine had recently been
opened, and partial surveys were made of each of these inlets, which
define their entrance and the channel leading to the coal landing.

During the first part of August a line of soundings was made from
off Cape Cheerful, Unalaska, to Bogoslof Island and volcano, from the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 101

latter locality in a westerly and northerly direction and subsequently
‘in a southerly direction, for the purpose of determining the western
“boundary of the elevated platform characterizing the eastern part of
Bering Sea. The remainder of the season was employed in the vicinity
of Unalaska, mainly in ascertaining the positions and value of the cod
banks lying off the northern side of that island, but on leaving Bering

Sea a few stops were made upon the fishing- ero ta south of the Alaské
Peninsula.

Slime Bank.—This is the first of the large fishing-banks which is
reached after entering Bering Sea through Unimak Pass. As defined
by the surveys of the Albatross, it begins directly off the Northwest
Cape of Unimak Island, is elongate in shape and follows approxi-
mately the trend of the adjacent coast to within a few miles of Amak
Island. It measures about 85 miles in length by about 17 miles in
average width, and thus has a total area of about 1,445 square miles.
The inner margin of the bank lies only a short aimance off the land
and the depths range from 20 to 50 fathoms, although some cod were
taken in deeper water. The bottom consists chiefly of sand, gravel, and
pebbles, changing to mud on the offshore limits.

The bank derives its name from the occurrence of immense numbers
ot a large jelly-fish, brownish or rusty in color, and provided with long
‘slender tentacles, having great stinging powers. These jelly-fishes, it
is said, have never been observed at the surface, but seem to oceupy
an intermediate zone toward the bottom, where they occasion much
annoyance to the fishermen by becoming entangled about their fishing
gear, and in this way are often brought on board the vessels. It is
also reported that sometimes they even interfere with the hooks reach-
ing bottom, and, by covering the bait and lines with a prickly slime,
render the former unattractive to the fish and the latter very uncom-
fortable to handle. In the early part of the season not much trouble
is experienced from this cause, but by July 1 the jelly-fishes become so
thick that it is almost useless to remain longer upon the bank, and
other localities farther north are then resorted to. Except for this

unusual phenomenon, however, the advantages for fishing on Slime Bank
are excellent. The largest and most thrifty looking cod were taken
by the Albatross some 6 or 8 miles from shore, but fish of fair size and
good quality were plentiful over nearly the entire bank. Small speci-
mens of halibut were also secured occasionally, and the beam trawl
disclosed a rich bottom fauna. Attempts have been made.to use cod
trawls upon this bank, but without success, owing to the obstacles
which the jelly-fishes are ORBRSE: The depths of water, however, are
everywhere so moderate that hand lines can be employed reeemen ty :
and that is the only method of fishing now followed.
2 There are, unfortunately, no available harbors for fishing vessels along
the coast adjacent to Slime Bank, although Shaw Bay offers some pro-

102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

tection from southeast to southwest winds. Winter fishing would,
therefore, be attended with much danger from the heavy storms which
prevail during that season, and operations are chiefly limited to the
summer months. According to Capt. Tanner, a well-found schooner
could anchor anywhere on the bank between May and September, with
an even chance of being able to ride out any gale she might encounter.

Baird Bank, so named by Capt. Tanner in honor of the late Prof.
Spencer F. Baird, is the largest and most important fishing-ground yet
discovered in Bering Sea. Having a total area of about 9,200 square
niles, it exceeds in size Portlock Bank, the largest bank south of the
Alaska Peninsula, by 2,400 miles, and Georges Bank, the second largest
fishing-ground in the North Atlantic, by 800 miles. Commencing a few
miles east of Amak Island, it extends eastward, just off the northern
coast of the Alaska Peninsula, to the vicinity of Cape Chigagof, at
the mouth of the Ugaguk River, a distance of about 250 miles, and
has an average width of about 40 miles. The depth of water ranges
from 15 to 50 fathoms, and the bottom corresponds both in character
and in the richness of its fauna with that of Slime Bank. The adja-
cent mainland affords a weather shore during southeast winds, and
Amak Island offers fairly good protection on its southeast and seuth-
west sides. Port MOller and Herendeen Bay, which were partly charted
by the Albatross, will be ports of call when they are better known, and
Port Haiden may also become available for shelter after it has been
surveyed.

The examination was begun at the western end of the bank, and was
carried thence northeastward, the conditions improving with each line
of stations until off Port Méller, where the best fishing was obtained.
Cod were taken at nearly every trial, but their abundance and quality
varied with the locality, the largest and finest specimens having been
secured from 15 to 20 miles from shore, in depths of 25 to 40 fathoms.
Beyond the Port Méller region they continued abundant and of good
size to near the northern end of the bank. The extreme head of Bristol
Bay has no value as a cod-fishing ground, and only a few specimens in
poor condition were captured here and there. The water is not only
too fresh for this species, but owing to the strong currents produced by
the immense discharge from several rivers and by the tides an unusual
amount of sand and mud is constantly held in suspension. :

Kulukak Ground.—Kulukak Bay occupies a large part of the region
included between Cape Constantine and Cape Newenham, and contains
Hagemeister Island and the Walrus group. Within this area codfish
are found in various isolated spots, scarcely entitled to the name of
banks, but for convenience sake the name of Kulukak Ground has been
used to designate them. Extensive shoals occur off Hagemeister and
the Walrus Islands, a depth of 6 fathoms being found about 18 miles
to the southward of the latter. The principal fishing-spots are outside

-

q
|

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 103

of these shoals, as well as to the eastward and westward of them, and
have depths of 12 to 15 fathoms. The bottom in this region consists
generally of sand, with some mud and gravel, and the fauna is essen-
tially the same as on Slime and Baird banks. Cod are plentiful at
times, but they are smaller than on the more southern grounds. An
exception in this particular, however, has been reported with respect
to a small spot called Gravel Bank, situated about 16 miles SSW. from
the southern end of Hagemeister Island, in depths of 16 to 20 fathoms,
but its extent is inconsiderable. Small fish predominate among the
islands of the Walrus group, but larger ones may be taken in some of
the indentations and on some of the rocky patches. The Kulukak
grounds were formerly resorted to by a few vessels, but they are not
visited at present.

Cod were found to be abundant in the vicinity of Cape Peirce, but,
owing to the number of diseased fish among them, this ground has been
named Hospital Bank by the fishermen. Off Cape Newenham no cod
were taken, and it is supposed that their absence may be due to the
great volume of fresh water issuing from the Kuskokwim River.

Port Moller and Herendeen Bay.—The recent opening of a coal mine
near the head of Herendeen Bay has called particular attention to
this locality, and it was visited twice by the steamer Albatross during
the summer of 1890. Although the first purpose in going there was
to obtain a supply of coal, partial surveys were made which now render
these inlets accessible to fishing vessels during stormy weather. Port
Moller and Herendeen Bay are closely adjacent to one another, and
open on the north side of the peninsula, the principal passage into the
latter being by way of Port Méller entrance. They are located, as
before explained, in the vicinity of the best fishing-grounds on Baird
Bank, and their availability for shelter is an important consideration
for the fishermen. Should this locality, moreover, become a coaling
center, it will increase the number of vessels resorting to the region,
and tend greatly to develop its resources.

The entrance to the mine which has just been opened, and from
which the Albatross received the first output of coal, is about 14 miles
from the water front, on the east side of the head of Herendeen Bay,
the coal being transported to the landing over a tramway operated by
asmall steam motor. A small bight at this place has been called
Mine Harbor. The survey made by the Albatross has defined the
entrance to Port Moller and the channel thence through Herendeen
Bay to its extreme upper part, where there are good places for beaching
and repairing small vessels, the rise and fall of the tide amounting to
15 feet, and where fresh water and fuel can readily be procured in any
quantity.

The Herendeen Bay coal was used on board the Albatross with sat-
isfactory results, but, owing to the lack of proper screening facilities,
much fine material and dirt was delivered with it, and it was found

104 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

necessary to burn from 20 to 25 per cent more of it to obtain the same
results as witha fair quality of Wellington coal. Capt. Tanner states,
however, that considering that it was taken from a vein near the sur-
face, the extra amount required to furnish the same quantity of steam
will not seem excessive. It was shown that the coal possesses merit,
and it will doubtless improve with the development of the deeper veins.

South of the Alaska Peninsula.—While on the way south from Bering
Sea in September, 1890, a line of dredgings and soundings was carried
along the line of islands lying off the Pacific coast of this peninsula.
From off the Trinity Islands the soundings were continued in deep

rater as far south as the Queen Charlotte Islands. The deep ocean
trough described in former reports as lying south of the Aleutian
Islands and the peninsula, and trending in the same general direction,
was traced as far west as latitude 56° 02’ N., longitude 151° 12’ W.,
which is to the southeastward of Kadiak Island.

Southeastern Alaska.—Practically nothing has yet been done toward
investigating the fishery resources of southeastern Alaska, all of the
time suitable and available for work in northern latitudes since the
Albatross arrived in the North Pacific having been spent off the south-
ern coast of the Alaska Peninsula and in Bering Sea. During July,
1889, however, a trip was made through the inland passages of the
southeastern part of the Territory as far as Juneau, with several mem-
bers of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, who were desirous of
inspecting the principal Indian settlements. The steamer left Tacema
on July 8, and returned on the 28th of the same month. Stops were
made at Fort Tongass, Port Chester, Karta Bay, Port Wrangall, Sitka,
Pavloff Harbor, Hoonyah Bay, Portage Bay, Chilkat, and Juneau.
Several important fishing stations and canneries were visited, and
some investigations were made by means of the beam trawl, and other
kinds of fishing apparatus. Good photographic views were also ob-
tained of Patterson, Muir, and Davidson glaciers.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND CALIFORNIA.

Puget Sound to Cape Mendocino, California.—The investigations begun
in this region in 1888 were continued as far south as Cape Mendocino
during the latter part of the summer and the fall of 1889, and again for
a short time in the fall of 1890. This completed the preliminary exam-
ination regarding the general features of the continental platform within
these limits, and the location and principal resources of the fishing-
grounds. Very few soundings had been made on this coast previous
to the surveys of the steamer Albatross, in 1888, and none outside of the
50-fathom eurve. The hydrographic work thus far accomplished by the
Albatross affords the necessary information to define the contour of the
bottom into depths of at least 200 fathoms, and as the fisheries for a
considerable time to come will not be earried beyond the 100-fathom
curve, the characteristics of the bottom observed within those limits

—

. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 105

are sufficient for all immediate considerations in connection with fishery
matters. The distance of the 100-fathom curve from shore varies in
different places from 7 to 40 miles, averaging broadest at the north,
aud becoming reduced to from 7 to 9 miles off Cape Orford, Trinidad
Head, and Cape Mendocino. The superficial area of the submerged
platform within this depth is computed at 3,700 square miles for the
outer coast of Washington, 4,750 square miles for the coast of Oregon,
and 1,160 square miles for the coast of California north of Cape Men-
docino, a total of 9,610 square miles. -,

The soundings off Cape Flattery are irregular and suggest the exist-
ence of submarine ridges trending parallel with the coast. A semi-
cireular depression, with depths of 100 to nearly 200 fathoms, was found
between Cape Flattery and Flattery Rocks, at a distance of about 10
miles from shore. From the latter place to Yaquina Head the depths
increased regularly toward the sea, except upon the rocky bank off
Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay, where elevations -of a few fathoms
occur. A triangular platform having depths under 100 fathoms lies
between Yaquina Head and Umpqua River, Heceta Bank being located
upon its southwestern extremity. Thence to Cape Mendocino the sound-
ings are regular.

Distinct fishing-grounds in this region are few in number and of
small extent, the principal ones being the following: Flattery Bank has
an area of about 1,100 square miles, with a least depth of 27 fathoms.

- Halibut and other fishes have been taken upon it in considerable
numbers for some years past. The former species occurs in greatest
abundance on a very rough, rocky bottom, having an extent of about
35 square miles near the southeastern end of the main bank. A small
bank covering about 110 square miles and with a least depth of 42
fathoms lies 23 miles W. by 8. (magnetic) from Toke Point light-house,
Willapa Bay. The bottom consists of sand and mud with rocky patches.
Another bank having an area of only about 40 square miles, with the
same minimum depth as the preceding, and with a bottom of clay, mud,
and rock, is located 19 miles SSW. 4 W. from Yaquina light-house.
Heceta Bank, the largest fishing-ground south of Cape Flattery on this

_ part of the coast, is situated 35 miles SW. 4 W. from Heceta Head,

_ Oregon, and has an area of about.600 square miles. The least depth, 41

_ fathoms, has been found near its southern end, where the bottom is

— rocky and rough.

Only occasional specimens of halibut were taken off Flattery Rocks

; and Tillamook Rock and on Heceta Bank. Several species of rock-cod

_ were generally distributed along the coast, as well as on the banks,

and flounders were found everywhere, being especially abundant in

_ depths of 50 to 100 fathoms. The flat surface of the plateati is partic-

_ ularly rich in the latter group of fishes, and is destined to become a

fe favorite ground for the beam trawl when that method of fishing is intro-
~ duced. Cultus-cod occur on all the banks and on Orford Reef, while

106 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the black-cod inhabits the deeper waters, half-grown individuals also
being found in moderate depths, together with the ling or Pacitie whit-
ing. Large red prawns of excellent quality are likewise very abundant
and widely distributed, having been captured frequently in consid-
erable numbers in the beam trawl.

Although gales are of rare occurrence in this region during the sum-
mer months, yet the coast winds blow constantly from the northward
and maintain a boisterous sea and strong currents. During the fall
and winter southeasterly storms are frequent. Owing to the scarcity
of good harbors, the fishermen have, therefore, many hardships to con-
tend with, and the lack of sufficient markets to handle a large catch
interferes at present with the rapid development of the fishery.

Cape Mendocino to Point Conception, California.a—Dwing March and
April, 1890, the coast waters between Point Arena and the Santa Bar-
bara Channel, including the important fishing-grounds off San Fran-
cisco, were surveyed by the Albatross, and in September of the same
year the region from Cape Mendocino to Point Arena was examined,
thereby completing the preliminary investigations on the California
coast. Capt. Tanner reports that he found the slope very abrupt near
Cape Mendocino, but it gradually widens toward the south, the 200-
fathom curve off Point Arena being distant about 12 miles from shore.
There are no fishing-banks properly so called within these limits, but
the same fishes which are commonly met with farther north are distrib-
uted also through this district, and the beam trawl may be used off
Point Arena, although some rocky patches occur in places.

Between Point Arena and Point Conception the width of the conti-
nental platform into depths of 200 fathoms varies considerably, the
extreme range being from less than 14 to 26 miles. Within these boun-
daries the most active fisheries on the California coast are now being
conducted. The character of the bottom is generally very uniform,
the area between the Golden Gate, Point Pillar, the Farallones, and
Point Reyes being sandy and free from rocks, except in the immediate
vicinity of the islands or of the shore. South from Pillar Point rocky
patches frequently occur near the shore, with fine gray sand farther
off, finally merging into green mud at varying distances from the land.

Rocky spots also exist in depths of 30 to 70 fathoms on sand and mud -

bottoms.

One hundred and eleven trawling and fishing stations were made in
this region, and a very large variety of fishes was obtained, many being
of excellent food quality. FJounders, including several choice edible
species, composed the principal features of every haul. The beam
trawl and other corresponding forms of drag nets are the only appli-
ances by which these forms can readily be secured. Several species of
rockfish were also common.

‘

ee

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 107

Oyster investigations, San Francisco Bay.—Investigations having for
their object to determine if the waters of San Francisco Bay are suit-
able for the breeding of the Atlantic coast oyster (Ostrea virginica)
have been conducted by Mr. Charles H. Townsend, naturalist of the
steamer Albatross, during such periods as that steamer has been de-
tained at San Francisco or Mare Island. These inquiries have been
carried to all parts of the main bay and to San Pablo Bay, and have
had reference to the temperature and density of the water, the character
of the bottom, and the actual attachment and growth of spat derived
from the planted beds. The results are very gratifying, and, while not
conclusive on all points, they seem to indicate that the conditions
existing in some portions of the bay are not unfavorable to the estab-
lishment of self-sustaining colonies of the eastern oyster.

The oyster industry of the Pacific coast, exclusive of the trade in the
small indigenous species, has never extended beyond San Francisco
Bay, where it is restricted to the growing or fattening of seed or year-
ling oysters, brought annually in large quantities from the Atlantic
coast. This method of transplanting oysters has been practiced ever
since the completion of the first overland railroad, and a supply of the
eastern species has thereby been constantly maintained in the waters
of San Francisco Bay, yet it has generally been understood that no
natural increase has taken place in this region. To account for this

supposed failure to propagate, it has been assumed that the tempera-
ture of the water during the breeding season is lower than it should

be, but the subject has never been investigated and practically nothing
has been known regarding it.

While the observations of Mr. Townsend were limited to a few
months in each year, temperature data covering all seasons have been
obtained from other sources, and these lead to the conclusion, based.
upon a comparison with the eastern coast, that the water temperature
in at least the southern part of San Francisco Bay is sufficiently high
to fulfill all the necessary requirements of reproduction. Any failure
to produce spat would therefore have to be traced to other causes; but,
as a matter of fact, Mr. Townsend finds that the Ostrea virginica does
breed in this region and that the young attaches itself under suitable

conditions. To what extent this prevails, however, can only be deter-

mined after a more complete study of the bottom. The largest and
most important tract of oyster propagation, according to Mr. Town-
send, is the region of the natural shell banks of native oysters along
the east side of the bay, beginning at Bay Farm Island and extending
well southward and offshore into the deeper water. Here wild oysters
of the Atlantic coast type may be found during the low tides which
expose the outer portions of the shell banks. They are numerous, and
when the tide is sufficiently low it is possible to gather them by hand,
ranging in size from yearlings to specimens several years old. Consid-
erable quantities are obtained annually in this region, and also on other_

108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

smaller tracts farther south, for transplanting to the eultivated beds.
Oysters of the same species were likewise found at greater distances
from the planted beds, in San Leandro Bay and at Sheep Island and
Point San Pedro, attached to rocks and to piles driven in the bottom,
leaving no room for doubt that they had originated through the spawn-
ing of oysters in the bay.

OFF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.

On January 30, 1890, the steamer Albatross left San Franciseo for
Panama to engage in a special scientific inquiry, authorized by the
President of the United States. The expedition was under the direc-
tion of Prof. Alexander Agassiz, director of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoblogy at Harvard College, who also paid a large proportion of
the expenses incidental to the cruise. The area marked out for inves-
tigation lay off the western coast of Mexico and of Central and South
America, from Cape San Francisco in the south to Guaymas in the
north, and extended seaward to and including the Galapagos Islands.
The biological and physical features of this region, as well as the con-
tour and character of the bottom, except in the vicinity of the coast,
were then almost entirely unknown, the Albatross having made only a
few observations there during the voyage from Washington to San
Francisco, while H. M. 8. Challenger, during her famous expedition
around the world, sailed directly from the Sandwich Islands to Chile,
and thence into the Atlantic Ocean.

The present inquiry had reference mainly to the natural history and
temperature of the deeper waters off the coast, at the bottom and sur-
face, and also at intermediate depths. The ordinary outfit of the Alba-
tross, frequently described in previous reports, was well adapted to the
greater part of the observations, but for collecting organic forms at
intermediate depths anew form of net was improvised by Capt. Tan-
ner, and gave entire satisfaction. It is so arranged that after being
lowered and dragged for any desired distance through the water it
may be tightly closed by the falling of a messenger, thus preventing
any objects from entering it while it is being hauled on board. It is,
therefore, well suited for determining the character and amount of
animal life at any depth below the surface, without the danger of its
contents being added to at other levels. An appliance of this sort
would have been of material assistance in the researches hitherto made
respecting the mackerel-grounds on the Atlantic coast of the United
States, and it is proposed to utilize the new invention during the future
investigations in that region.

Beginning off Cape Mala, near Panama, a line of stations was carried
to Cocos Island, and thence, with some deviation toward the south, to
Malpelo Island and back to Panama, where several short lines were
run immediately outside of the 100-fathom curve. On the second cruise

=
.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 109

the steamer proceeded first to the vicinity of Cape San Francisco,
thence to the Galapagos Islands, and from there to Acapulco. Subse-
quently, dredgings were made from off Cape Corrientes to Guayias, in
the Gulf of California, The greatest depth of water explored was 2,232
fathoms. Short stops were also made at the different islands lying in |
the course of the expedition, for the purpose of studying the land and
shallow-water animals and plants. While it was observed that the
marine fauna of this region is not so rich as that occupying the corre-
sponding waters off the east side of the continent, very large collections
were secured, and the general results obtained are of great importance.
Soon after this material was received in Washington the different
groups were carefully sorted out, and the greater number have already
been assigned to specialists for Study under the direction of Professor
Agassiz.

One of the most important outcomes of the expedition has been the
determination by Prof. Agassiz, through the instrumentality of the
intermediate towing net, of the vertical distribution of the surface
pelagic fauna, which he considers to descend only to a depth of about

200 fathoms. Some forms among the bottom animals may work up a

distance of several fathoms, but between these levels in the open sea
he finds no evidences of life. Regarding this subject there are still
some differences of opinion among explorers, and further investigations
will be awaited with much interest. As a solution of the problem may
have some bearing upon the study of the habits of the Atlantic coast
mackerel during its migrations in the deeper water, the practical
importance of continuing the experiments can readily be appreciated.

Detailed accounts of this investigation will be found in the report
of Capt. Tanner, contained in the appendix to this volume, and in the
publications of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass,*

“Three letters from Alexander Agassiz to the Hon. Marshall MeDonald, U.S. Com-
missioner of Fish and Fisheries, on the dredging operations off the west coast of
Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of
California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission
steamer Albatross, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zo61., xx1, No. 4, pp. 185-200, 1891.

General sketch of the expedition of the Albatross, from February to May, 1891.
By Alexander Agassiz. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., xxut, No. 1, pp. 1-89, plates 1-22, in-
cluding a detailed chart of the explorations, 1892.

Calamocrinus diomeda, a new stalked crinoid. By Alexander Agassiz. Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zo6l., xvi1, No, 2, 96 pp., 32 plates, 1892.

110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

ATLANTIC COAST.
OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS.
LONG ISLAND SOUND.

The steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Robert Platt, U. 8S. N., commanding,
was at work upon the oyster-grounds of Long Island Sound during a
part of both 1889 and 1890, In the former year the investigations were
begun on August 18 and terminated on October 8; in the latter year
they continued from June 11 until October 16.

During the season of 1889, Dr. C. F. Hodge, of Clark U niversity,
served as naturalist, and the operations were restricted chietly to dredg-
ing on and about the oyster beds, and to experimenting with traps and
other devices intended for the capture of starfishes. Certain state-
ments having gained currency, to the effect that the waters of Long
Island Sound do not interchange freely with the waters of the open
ocean, and are thereby rendered more or less stagnant and impure
from the accumulation of town sewage and the effects of the dumping-
grounds, to the serious detriment of the oyster beds, the greater part
of the season of 1890 was occupied in making physical and chemical
investigations to determine the actual sanitary condition of the region, —
but after their completion the dredging and natural-history work was
again taken up. Mr. E. HE. Haskell was detailed by the Superintendent
of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to conduct the physical inqui-
ries, while Mr. Fred Neher, of Princeton College, was employed to make
the chemical observations. The natural-history work was attended to
by Mr. James E. Benedict, of the U.S. National Museum, and Mr. W. C.
Kendall, of the Fish Commission.

The natural oyster beds of Connecticut are restricted to the bays and
inlets and to the shallow waters near the shore, extending sometimes,
however, into depths of 3 to 5 fathoms. The artificial or planted beds
are for the most part outside of the natural ones, and they have been
carried in some instances as far as the middle of the sound, and into
depths oceasionally of 13 to 14 fathoms. Both the natural and planted
beds are mostly limited to the western half of the sound, comparatively
few areas occurring to the eastward of New Haven Harbor. The Fish
Commission obtained for its use, through the courtesy of the State Fish
Commission, a complete set of the engineer’s charts showing the exact
position of all the grounds sold for planting purposes. The same data
has since been published by the Connecticut Bureau of Labor Statistics
on a smaller scale, and in a very convenient form for reference. An
examination of these charts shows that the area of bottom which has
been sold for oyster purposes is relatively very large, covering up to
1889 atotal extent of over 78,000 acres. It must be borne in mind, how-
ever, that not all of this bottom has been planted with oysters; in some

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 111

parts of the region the proportion under cultivation is relatively small,
and a part of the designated area is unsuited to oyster-planting in its
present condition. Just what extent of bottom is now in actual tse
it has been impossible to ascertain.

The waters of Long Island Sound within the territory of Connecticut
(the State line being midway of the sound) are divided into a number
of districts by straight lines extending due north and south, each dis-
trict being named after the adjacent township. In nearly all of the
western districts a certain area has been set aside as a dumping-ground
for the materials dredged up in the course of the improvements in the
neighboring harbors and river mouths. While these dunping-grounds
have well-defined boundaries, and it is intended that no refuse shall be
deposited elsewhere, they have come to have a rather unenviable repu-
tation among the oystermen, who consider them the source of many of
their troubles.

While the attention of the Fish Commission was first requested
toward the depredations of starfishes upon the oyster beds, so many
other questions have since been raised respecting the conditions of
the latter that it has become necessary to greatly increase the scope
of the inquiry and to give it rather the character of a general inves-
tigation.

In 1889 the work was begun in the Norwalk district and was ecar-
ried thence eastward through the Westport, Fairfield, Bridgeport,
Stratford, and Milford districts, into Orange district. Dredgings were
made at frequent intervals, and sometimes under guidance of the
owners of oyster territory, who were able to indicate particular locali-
ties where starfishes were then abundant. The oyster traps were also
set under many different conditions, but always with practically nega-
tive results, as explained below. In 1890 the physical and chemical
examinations occupied nearly all the time from the beginning of the
season until the middle of September. Self-registering tide gauges
were first established at New London and New Haven, Conn., and at
Willets Point, N. Y., after which observations upon the direction and
velocity of the currents were made at regular intervals between the
mouth of the Connecticut River and East River, by means of the Ritchie-
Haskell electrical meter. The chemical analyses of the water were con-
ducted in the same connection, and covered samples taken from every

_ variety of location, from the harbors and river mouths to the outer and
_ deeper portions of the sound. The subsequent dredging operations
were chiefly restricted to Bridgeport and Stratford districts, and were
carried on with greater detail and precision than in 1889, stations being
made at regular intervals of half a mile in both directions. In this
_ manner it was expected to obtain a continuous record showing the
character and condition of the bottom.

Both the physical and chemical investigations were conclusive in

_ demonstrating that, so far as regards the general conditions of the

112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

waters in Long Island Sound, the oyster-growers have nothing to fear
for the safety of their beds, no great amount of pollution having been
found at any place examined, and the interchange of waters with the
open sea being sufficient also to insure their purity far above the stand-
ard required for oyster-raising. Much has been learned with respect
to the present condition of the oyster beds and of the adjacent bottom,
and as to the natural-history features of the region, including the habits
of starfishes; but no new methods have been discovered for the destrue-
tion of this enemy, although suggestions have been offered which may
prove of some value.

During the course of the investigation it was not observed that any
of the oyster beds were being harmed to any appreciable extent by the
growth of sponges or worm tubes, the latter, however, having occa-
sioned some loss in 1852 in the vicinity of New Haven. The large win-
kles (Fulgur and Sycotypus) are said to do a greater or less amount of
damage, but no instance of their destructiveness came directly to the
attention of the party, and, owing to their size, they may readily be
detected and removed. The oyster-growers claim, moreover, that when
they have once been cleaned from the beds they give them no further
trouble during the same year, and they also state that they are rapidly
decreasing in abundance, due no doubt to the numbers which are de-
stroyed annually, together with their conspicuous egg capsules. The
drills and starfishes dispute the title of being the most destructive of the
oyster pests, the former operating chiefly in the more brackish and shal-
low waters, and the latter invading all other territory, although not
entirely absent from the former. The drill, however, feeds generally on
smaller oysters than the starfish, and the extent of its damage is less
appreciated by the oystermen. The starfish, therefore, is usually most
dreaded, and very justly so, in the more open waters of the Sound,
where the great majority of the beds are situated.

It is unnecessary in this connection to enumerate the mass of facts
that has been obtained to show the amonnt of damage caused annually
by these two enemies of the oyster. In fact, it is very difficult to esti-
mate the money value of the Josses, which may include only the outlay
in the planting and tending of the beds, or extend to the prospective
profit on the crop after it has matured. Aninvasion by starfishes may
be detected early enough to insure their being dredged up before they
have accomplished much injury. Otherwise they may succeed in de-
stroying a portion of a bed, or even an entire bed of large area, and
they generally appear suddenly, without any warning.

Opinions differ as to the months during which starfishes are most
destructive. The evidence collected, however, tends to prove that they
are feeding on or about the beds during the entire year, and when the
food in one locality is exhausted they move elsewhere, the places where
they congregate and do the most damage changing more or less from
year to year. The breeding season appears to extend over nearly, if

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 113

not quite, three months—from June to August. It is the popular belief
that during a part of this period the starfish bunch up in large clusters,
the supposition being that this habit may have some relation to the
spawning functions. Both this occurrence and the reasons assigned for
it thay be true, and it seems very probable that the starfish do some-
times collect together in large masses, but this can also be explained, in
a measure, as an incident of their feeding. It has been noticed, im
connection with the large invasions, that these animals clean the beds up
very thoroughly as they go. It can well be imagined that, on reaching
a new ground, the first arrivals begin to feed at once, while those in
the rear, pressing forward, pile up over them, forming for the time a
sort of windrow, but these conditions would probably not continue long.
The rate of movement attained by a body of starfishes when invading
an oyster-ground has been variously estimated, but the observations in
respect to this matter must, for the most part, be very unreliable. One
planter, however, has informed us on good authority that a dense line
of starfishes advanced about 2,000 feet over one of his beds in the course
of four days, while his steamers were engaged in dredging them. In
connection with some experiments made by Dr. Hodge, specimens of
medium size were seen to move at the rate of 62 to 114 inches per min-
ute, and if this rate were to be maintained without intermission they
might cover, on an average, a mile in a little over five days.
Unfortunately records are seldom kept of the quantity of starfishes
removed from any of the beds, but a large planter in the Bridgeport

and Stratford districts has furnished a detailed statement which shows

that from 1884 to 1889, inclusive, about 36,000 bushels were dredged
up by his steamers, the average catch per month, computed for the six
years, being as follows: January, 460; February, 250; March, 180; April,
90; May, 400; June, 490; July, 620; August, 960; September, 560;
October, 480; November, 350; December, 440. It should be borne in
mind, however, that these figures relate to only a comparatively limited
area, and might not apply to other districts. It is also possible that
his steamers were less watchful at some times than at others, and that
the averages for the catch of starfishes would not indicate with exact-
ness their relative abundance during the several months. The princi-
pal utility of this statement consists in its showing that starfishes are
always present on the oyster-grounds, and may be regarded as plenti-
fulin every month of the year, but whether they are always feeding or
not still remains to be determined. They are said to begin to feed on
oysters when very young, selecting individuals, of course, which are in

_proportion to their own size, and several have frequently been found

attached to the same oyster. They also live on other bivalves, such as
mussels and clams, and even on small gastropods, barnacles, ete.
As to the distribution of the attacks of starfishes, it seems probable
that, the conditions being equal, all the beds are subject to their in-
H. Mis. 113 8

114 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

roads in about the same proportion. If kept cleared from any given
area, those owning beds around the margin have the most to do in
fighting them, and in so doing they shield their neighbors. Mutual
and persistent efforts in this direction furnish the only means by which
all the beds can at present be protected, and by codperation not only
may the destructiveness of starfishes be greatly lessened, and the seeur-
ity of the beds be more or less insured, but the cost of removing star-
fish or of guarding against their attacks will fall less heavily on the
planters who are now most active-in their watchfulness. It is these
men whose grounds are kept in the best condition and who are secur-
ing the most benefits, while those who are careless or indifferent in
their attentions are subject at any time to heavy or entire losses.

It is generally considered that the beds or parts of beds in close prox-
imity to a reef or other obstruction on the bottom are among the most
liable to be invaded at frequent intervals, as the starfishes can not be
completely eradicated from such places. The natural beds may also be
cited as a fruitful source of danger, in that the stars may breed and
grow upon them practically undisturbed, and may at any time pass to
the neighboring cultivated areas. Steam dredging is not allowed upon
these public grounds; no one is responsible for their condition, and no
one has the power, even if he had means and interest, to keep them free
from pests. As matters stand at present they are a constant menace
to valuable private interests—a condition of affairs never tolerated in
respect to agricultural pursuits.

Despite the amount of damage caused by natural enemies, the oys- .
ter industry of Connecticut is exceedingly prosperous, yet no one doubts
that this prosperity might be increased by a removal of this source
of injury. While this can, probably, not be done effectually, a great
measure of protection might be afforded through the intervention of
the State, as well as by a reduction in the relative extent of the planted
area to such a limit that all the grounds could be under constant
supervision. The greater losses have resulted from a lack of vigilance,
and unfortunately the diligent cultivator is too often made to suffer
from his neighbor’s carelessness. fn the Norwalk district they do not,
as a rule, attempt to cultivate more ground than they can properly
attend to, and a reduction in the abundance of starfishes has been noted
there, but the same was not found to be the case in some of the other
districts examined.

During 1888 and 1889 only a small set of spat was secured through-
out the sound, and a great amount of damage by starfishes was re-
corded. In 1890, however, a heavy set was obtained, although it was
not evenly distributed. It was fairly good frem the ThimLle Islands to
the Milford district, being very abundant in the latter region, and es-
pecially so on the natural bed off Stratford and on some of the planted
grounds in the same vicinity. The region farther west was less favored
in this respect, except in some places of limited extent.

Se ee Pe a

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 115

In ridding their beds of starfishes the oystermen generally make
use of the common oyster-dredge, which also brings up everything
from the bottom, and the living oysters may then be transplanted to
other grounds if desirable. This method is necessarily laborious and
expensive, aS well as destructive, as many oysters are often damaged
by the dredge, especially if they are young and thin-shelled. -A spe-
cial dredge, invented by Mr. Landcraft, of New Haven, and designed
to remove only the starfishes, has been employed with some success,
but its use does not seem to have become very general. Other devices
having the same object in view have recently been patented, but noth-
ing has been learned regarding their effectiveness. The tangles, sug-
gested some years ago for this purpose by the Fish Commission, have
been tried occasionally, but they are said not to work the ground clean,
and it is difficult to extricate the starfishes after the apparatus has
been landed on the deck. The first of these troubles also manifested
itself in the trials made by the Mish Hawk with the beam trawl, but it
was partly overcome by attaching a drag chain between the runners
slightly in advance of the net. This appliance would not, however,
present any advantage over the oyster dredge, and, as a whole, might
be regarded as very inferior to it, its expense and the difficulty of
working it from a small steamer also operating to its disfavor.

Baited traps were experimented with in 1889 under the direction of
Dr. Hodge, but only with negative results. They were made of iron
rings, 2 feet in diameter, filled in with a shallow bag of netting, and
when in use were suitably weighted, and their positions marked witha
small wooden buoy. Many different kinds of bait were employed, and
they were as thoroughly tested as was possible at the time in the Nor-
walk district, but no starfishes were secured on any trial. This experi-
ment is not, however, to be regarded as conclusive, because traps have
been and are still being used for this purpose with some success in
Providence River. They are there made box-shaped, of laths, some-
thing after the pattern of the rectangular lobster pots. It is not ex-
pected that any devices of this sort will prove effectual where starfishes
are very abundant, but under some circumstances they might serve a
good purpose, and further tests should be made whenever the oppor-
tunity occurs.

Physical inqury.—The following preliminary report by Mr. EK. E.
Hlaskell, upon the results of his current observations in Long Island
Sound, has been transmitted by the Superintendent of the U.S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey.

116 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE CURRENT OBSERVATIONS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND.
By BE. E. HASKELL.

The observations for this discussion were made during the summer of 1890, from
the U.S. Steamer Fish Hawk, during a joint investigation by the U.S. Commission of
Fish and Fisheries and the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, for the purpose of study-
ing the condition of and the circulation of the sea through Long Island Sound,

For a knowledge of the tides that traverse the Sound we placed at New London,
New Haven, and Willets Point—practically at each end and the middle—a self-
registering tide gauge. With the tide gauges in operation, we made from the steamer
Fish Hawk a series of current observations, occupying therefor current stations
which in location give a cross section near each end of the Sound; a current station
about every 10 miles in the longitudinal axis of the Sound; and a current station on
each of the dumping-grounds of the towns of New Haven, Milford, Bridgeport, Nor-
walk, and Stamford.

In illustration of the tides of the Sound, the mean establishment of Block Island
and that of Sandy Hook are about the same, namely 7" 31™ and 7" 35™, respectively.
There being but about ten minutes difference in time, due to difference in longitude,
it is practically high water at both places at the same time. From these places
the tide wave that causes high water travels by two different channels, the Block
Island branch through Long Island Sound from its eastern entrance, and the Sandy
Hook branch passing through New York Harbor and East River into the Sound from
its western entrance, and give to this inland channel a compound tide.

From our observations, which confine us to the reach from New London to Willets
Point, we find it is high water at New London (the mouth of the Thames) 9° 47™, at
New Haven (Light-House Point) 11" 17™, and at Willets Point 11" 24™ after the
moon's transit. The opposite phase of the tide takes place at New London 3" 31",
at New Haven 5" 03", and at Willets Point 5" 45™ after the moon’s transit. These
figures give for the duration of rise 6" 16™, 6" 14™, and 54 39™ for New London, New
Haven, and Willets Point, respectively; and, for the corresponding duration of fall,
62°08, 65 10™, and 6h 45™,

The distance from New London to New Haven, measured ona central line through
the Sound, is 56 nautical miles, and the distance from New Haven to Willets Point,
measured on the same course, is 48 nautical miles. From the mean establishment of
these points, givenaboye, and the corresponding distances between them, it appears
that the tide wave travels from New London to New Haven in 1" 33", or at the rate
of 23 nautical miles per hour, while it travels from New Haven to Willets Point in
10, or at the rate of 288 nautical miles per hour. This remarkable difference in
speed of the wave in these two reaches is undoubtedly caused by the interference of
the two waves that have arrived on the scene by the two different routes. It is tlie
meeting-ground; or, to be more explicit, the reach from Hell Gate to Stratford Sho.
is where the energy of these waves, traveling in opposite directions, is spent.

An interesting feature in the tide of the Sound is the vertical motion of the water
that takes place. Mean sea level at all points throughout this water course is at
the same elevation, and might be represented by a straight line so far as the present
discussion is concerned. At New London the average rise of the tide is 2.6 feet, or
it has a semi-amplitude in its oscillations above and below the straight line repre-
senting mean sea level of 1.3 feet. At New Haven the average rise of the tide is 6
feet, or its semi-amplitude is 3 feet. At Willets Point the average rise of the tide is
7.3 feet, or its semi-amplitude in reference to the line is 3.65 feet. These figures
shew that with every tide the water surface of the western portion of the Sound
is alternately made a hill and a hollow when compared to the water surface in

>

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND: FISHERIES. 117

the eastern portion, or perhaps a better reference would be to the open sea either at
Block Island or Sandy Hook, where the amplitude of the tide is 1.5 feet and 2.3 feet,
respectively.

Having indicated briefly the tides of the Sound, we will now consider the other and
far more important component in vhe circulation, viz, the horizontal movement of
the water, or the tidal current.

Beginning at the eastern cross section at the mouth of the Connecticut River, the
station located near the axial line of the Sound gave for the mean velocity of the maxi-
mum flood vertical curve of velocities 3.2 feet per second, and for the mean velocity
of the maximum ebb vertical curve of velocities 2.8 feet per second.

The current station located similarly on the western cross-section at Matinicock
Point, Long Island, gave for the mean velocity of the maximum flood vertical curve
of velocities 0.86 of a foot per second, and for the mean velocity of the maximum ebb
vertical curve of velocities 0.77 of a foot per second.

The striking contrast in the difference in the strength of the flood or ebb currents
of the eastern and western ends of the Sound indicated by the figures given above
shows clearly what was to be expected from the tidal data, namely, that as we
approached the meeting-point of the two waves from opposite directions the hori-
zontal motion of the water should decrease. ‘The series of current stations, located
at intervals of about 10 miles on the axial line of the Sound, when considered in con-
nection with the two mentioned above, illustrate very well this decrease and furnish
a knowledge of the horizontal movement throughout the Sound. Taking any sta-
tion in the series, its flood and ebb velocities will be greater or less than those given
above for the stations on the eastern or western cross-sections in almost direct pro-
portion to its distance from those cross-sections.

By comparing the maximum flood and ebb velocities for the central stations on
each of the cross-sections, we find that the flood velocity is to the ebb velocity as 1.15
isto 1.0 for the eastern cross-section; and that for the western cross-section the flood
velocity is to the ebb velocity as 1.12to1.0. These indicate clearly a resultant move-
ment to the westward, for in the diagram of current velocities, which can not well
be reproduced here, the duration of flood and ebb stream are seen to be about equal.
The maximum in the former takes place at the VIII lunar hour and the maximum in
the latter at the II lunar hour, and at these times the stream is a continuous maxi-
mum stream throughout the Sound.

This excess of westerly over the easterly flow was to have been expected, for in
Prof. Mitchell’s report, ‘‘ The circulation of the sea through New York Harbor,”
Appendix No. 13 of the Report of the Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1886, are given
the results of a series of gaugings of East River at Nineteenth street, and in round
numbers there is as a mean value 448,000,000 cubic feet more water transferred to the
southward on every ebb tide of New York Harbor than is brought northward by the
fiood tide.* This surplus of water must come through the eastern entrance of the
Sound, hence from the open sea, where it must be pure; and although small in
quantity in comparison with the volume in the Sound, it is a constant force to crowd
out at the western end stagnant or polluted water.

Another interesting phenomenon brought out by our observations, and one which
plays a prominent part in the circulation of the Sound, is the ‘‘underrun.” Beginning
at the eastern entrance, the change from ebb to flood current takes place by the
denser sea water of the outside forcing its way in along the bed of the Sound while the
surface is stillrunning ebb. The beginning of this ‘‘underrun” was found to be about
one and a half hours previous to the surface reversal of the stream. The neutral
plane between the two currents running in opposite directions would gradually rise
(the ‘‘underrun” or flood current increasing while the ebb current was decreasing),
reaching the surface finally when the ebb current disappeared altogether. The

* It must be here noticed that the flood tide of Long Island Sound corresponds in
direction to the ebb tide of New York Harbor and vice versa.

118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

effect of this movement is araising to the surface and a crowding gradually seaward
of the water that had in previous tides performed the part of a purifying agent.

The strong winds of the winter season are also a factor in the circulation, as they
take part in the annual cleansing of the Sound by either drawing in an extra
supply of water over that brought by the tide, or forcing out water in excess of
that taken out by the ebb flow.

The question of fresh water brought down by the rivers and creeks has been
ignored, because, in my judgment, it plays no essential part in the cirenlation of
the Sound. Fresh water on reaching the sea simply slides off on the surface of the
much denser sea water, to be carried ebb or flood with the current prevailing at the
time.

In regard to the current stations located on the dumping-grounds, the current
shown, with the possible exception of those in the towns of New Haven and Milford,
is not strong enough to transport the dredgings dumped on them, so that little fear
of the distribution of this material in the Sound need arise.

In conclusion, the circulation of the sea in Long Island Sound seems to me to be
sufficient to allay all fears of its waters becoming polluted. It is time, however, to
raise in general a warning voice against what is now a common practice, and that
is converting our rivers, harbors, lakes, and sounds into receptacles for the sewage
and refuse of the cities and factories that line their banks. In the long run it can
only work an injury, which as population becomes more dense will of necessity have
to be considered and a remedy applied.

Chemical inquiry.—Mr. Neher joined the Fish Hawk on June 9, 1890,
and the remainder of that month was mostly occupied in perfecting the
arrangements for the chemical analyses, in preparing the reagents, and
in making the preliminary tests. For the convenience of this work a
small, temporary laboratory was constructed on the hatching deck of
the steamer, where observations were conducted incomparative security.

The object of the investigation being simply to ascertain the relative
purity of the water in the Sound. the tests applied were chiefly those
used to detect sewage contamination by volumetric, colorometric, and
gasometric methods. The Wanklyn test was resorted to for determin-
ing the amount of free and albuminoid ammonia contaived in the water,
for which purpose itis unsurpassed by any other. Ammonia being one
of the products of decomposition of organic substances, the determina-
tion of its quantity in any given sample of water offers a means of
measuring relatively the organic pollution of the same. <A few tests
were made by the aluminium method for ascertaining the amount of
nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites, and theratio of the dissolved oxygen
was also determined in some instances. The samples of water analyzed
were taken both from the surface and from the bottom in all depths
down to 28 fathoms, and under many different conditions, as in the
open sound over clean bottom, on and about the dumping-grounds,
and in some of the harbors.

Owing to the fact that no standard of purity of sea water with refer-
ence to oysters or to the general health of adjacent land has been
established, Mr. Neher found it difficult to interpret his results in that
respect. The standards followed with regard to potable water may be
used for comparison, but it is not to be expected that such low organ-
isms as oysters would be as readily affected by these impurities as the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 119

human system, and a very liberal margin may be allowed in favor of
the former. In fact, it is probable that avery large percentage of what
might ordinarily be regarded as impurity in potable water is more
beneficial than harmful to oysters. When the amount of free ammo-
nia in potable water exceeds 0.01 it is generally considered te be due to
recent sewage contamination, and the amount of albuminoid ammonia
in a safe drinking-water should not much exceed 0.015 parts per 100,000
parts of the water. The figures furnished by Mr. Neher’s tests may be
summarized as follows: At the mouth of the Connecticut River, .005 of
free ammonia and .015 of albuminoid ammonia; on a line across the
Sound opposite the mouth of this river, .002 and .015, respectively; a
second line somewhat further west, .005 and .01; a line opposite Matini-
cock Point, .01 and .016; at Throgs Neck, .023 and .018. The last two
undoubtedly show the influence of the East River. On and near the
dumping-grounds off New Haven, Bridgeport, Norwalk, and Stamford
the amount of free ammonia ranged from .006 to .013 and the albu-
minoid ammonia from .014 to .019._ These dumping-places have always
been regarded as the most serious menaces to the oyster-grounds in
Long Island Sound, but the chemical observations fail to support that
claim. In New Haven Harbor the free ammonia amounted to .013 and
the albuminoid to .018, while in Bridgeport Harbor they were .02 and
.018, respectively.

The results of analyses made in three other bodies of water may be
noted here for the sake of comparison, the first figures given in each
case being those for the free and the last for the albuminoid ammonia,
as above. Lake Ontario, 0.002 to 0.004 and 0.013 to 0.020; Oneida Lake,
0.004 to 0.008 and 0.015 to 0.024; Thames River, England, 0.004 to
0.176 and 0.028 to 0.035.

It may, therefore, safely be concluded that so far as regards organic
impurities, the oyster beds in Long Island Sound are in no immediate
danger from that cause. The results of the dredging work also sup-
port this conclusion, the animals taken of all kinds being generally in
a good and healthy condition. :

Life history of the starfish—ItIn connection with the investigation
of starfish depredations, a special study of the embryology and life
history of this species was begun at Woods Holl Station during the
summer of 1889 by Prof. W. K. Brooks, of Johns Hopkins University,
and was again taken up during the season of 1890, by one of his assist-
ants, Mr. George W. Field. Both of these biologists have published
_ brief notices of their preliminary results in the Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity circulars, vol. x, No. 88, 1891.* This inquiry will be continued in
subsequent years, and it is expected that some conclusions may be
reached which will be of considerable practical importance.

“On the early stages of Echinoderms; by W. K. Brooks. Contributions to the
embryology of Asterias vulgaris (Forbesii); by George W. Field.

120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
SOUTIL CAROLINA.

During the winter of 1890-91, the steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Robert
Platt, U. S. Navy, commanding, was detailed to investigate the coast
waters of South Carolina in the interest of the development of their
oyster resources. This inquiry necessitated the determination of the
position, extent, and characteristics of the natural oyster beds, and of
the bottom areas not now producing oysters but suitable for their cul-
tivation, as well as the study of the natural history of the oyster, as
displayed in this region. Surveys of a similar character, previously
made by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey on the coasts of North
Carolina and Georgia had greatly stimulated the oyster industry in
those States, and had demonstrated the practical utility of sueh an
investigation. In arranging for the work in South Carolina, however,
it was deemed expedient to increase the scope of the observations, so
as to provide for a careful study of the biological features of the region,
with special reference to the feeding of the oyster, chemical analyses
of the water, and a more detailed inquiry than had been customary
respecting the physical characteristics of the latter.

The hydrographic work, including the delineation of the natural oys-
ter beds, the determination of suitable bottoms for oyster-planting, and
the specific-gravity observations, was placed in charge of Mr. John D.
Battle, formerly associated with Lieut. Francis Winslow, U.S. Navy,
in the oyster survey of North Carolina, and with Ensign J. C. Drake,
U.S. Navy, in that of Georgia. The services of Dr. Bashford Dean,
of Columbia College, New York, were secured for the more special bio-
logical researches respecting the oyster and its food and the chemical
and physical considerations, subjects to which he had previously given
much attention in connection with the investigations of the oyster-
grounds of New York State. The general natural history of the waters
was studied by Mr. James E. Benedict, of the U. S. National Museum,
and Mr. W. C. Kendall. The officers of the Fish Hawk participated in
all the branches of the work, and their hearty codperation, especially
in regard to the hydrographic part of the survey, was essential to its
SUCCESS.

Operations were begun December 23, 1890, in the neighborhood of
Winyah Bay, in the northeastern part of the State. The creeks in that
vicinity had already been examined by Mr. Battle, in the interest of an
oyster company, and the privilege of using his results being obtained,
but little time was spent there. The steamer then proceeded to the
Savannah River and worked thence northward to the northern part of
Bull Bay, near Cape Romain, completing the survey March 30, 1891.

The coast region of South Carolina consists chiefly of very low land,
marshy to a great extent, which in many places extends inland a con-
siderable distance. It is indented or cut through by a number of
sounds, bays, and river mouths, which are connected by an intricate

—

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 121

system of winding creeks and rivers, separating the ‘sea islands from
one another and from the mainland. Oysters are found in most of the
creeks and rivers which are suited to their growth, but they occur
mainly as fringing ledges along the borders between the levels of high
and low tide. In only a few localities do they grow naturally in the
stream bed, and their cultivation or improvement by transplanting has
not hitherto been attempted, except upon a very limited scale.

The water that circulates through these oyster-bearing channels is
derived from several sources, the sea on one side, the rivers from the
interior, neighboring springs, and land seepage on the other. That
coming from the sea has the high salinity or density of the ocean, while
the rest is fresh. As is naturally to be expected from the positions
and relations of these numerous bodies, their contents, resulting from
the mixture of different waters, present a great diversity as regards
saltness, and the density in each is subject to great and frequent varia-
tions through the tides and seasonal changes. Moreover, the larger
rivers bring down an immense quantity of sediment, which, becoming
widely disseminated, fills many of the channels with highly discolored
water, especially during times of freshets. From this source, and prob-
ably from others also, the channels have derived, over a large part of
their extent, a very soft, muddy bottom, not capable of supporting
heavy objects of any character.

The reason for the peculiar distribution of the oysters, above referred
to, which obtains also in Georgia, in some parts of North Carolina, and
on the outer coast of Virginia, has not positively been determined, but
it may possibly be due to the high specific gravity of the water. The
heavy sediment and soft character of the bottom may also have some
influence in that respect. The solution of this question is of great
practical importance, as the result will have much weight in determin-
ing the methods of oyster-culture best suited to the State, and it is
proposed to give further attention to the matter at the first convenient
opportunity. The problem involved is as to whether the spat derived
from mature oysters planted on the bottom will attach themselves in
Similar situations; in fact, as to whether such beds would be self-
sustaining, as they are, to a greater or less extent, in all the principal
oyster regions farther north. The present indications are that in the
South Carolina waters whose salinity is above a certain standard the
spat or embryos, which are free-swimming during the earlier part of
their existence, float only at the surface, and therefore have the means
of attaching themselves only between the levels of high and low tide.
In any case, however, a very simple and effective means of cultivation is
presented in the transplanting of the raccoon oysters from the tide
ledges to suitable bottoms in deeper water, where they rapidly attain
a better shape and quality. The raccoon ledges are a source of seed,
which, if properly protected, can be made the basis of an extersive
industry, and one probably of great profit.

122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The total water area surveyed amounts to about $1,280 acres, or 127
square miles, of which it is estimated that about one-fourth, in its pres-
ent condition, is suitable for oyster-planting. The extent of the natural
oyster beds in the same area is placed at about 775 acres. Other ter-
ritory, which was not examined, from the lack of time, would greatly
increase these figures, and much of the bottom not now regarded as
favorable might be rendered so by proper treatment. Furthermore,
it is believed that the marshes and flats along the coast channels are
well adapted for the establishment of tidal ponds, which could readily
be constructed by excavating the soft material to a slight depth or, in
some places, by building dikes. In this manner the oyster-producing
territory could be greatly extended, and the plan suggested would give
the oysterman complete control over his stock.

Two reports respecting this investigation have been published. One,
by Mr. John D. Battle,* contains a detailed account of the hydrograpnic
survey, including the density observations at all the localities visited.
It is accompanied by seven charts, showing the topography of the coast
region, the location and extent of all the natural oyster-beds discov-
ered, and the specific gravity of the water in each stream. The base
charts used for this purpose were furnished by the U.S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey. A second report, by Dr. Bashford Dean,t treats
especially of the character and conditions of the natural oyster-beds
and their environment; the food of the oyster, its character, distribu-
tion, and abundance in the region examined, and the chemical composi-
tion and physical characteristics of the water upon the oyster-grounds.
The account of the general natural history of the region has not yet
been completed.

MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA.

The oyster inquiries were extended to the waters of Chesapeake Bay,
adjacent to the States of Maryland and Virginia, during the spring of
1891. Tangier and Pocomoke sounds, located on the east side of Chesa-
peake Bay, were first selected for examination, both because they have
been for many years the seat of very extensive and important fishing
operations, and because their oyster-beds had previously been sub-
jected to careful investigations, which furnished a suitable basis for
comparison. The Fish Hawk began its work in this region on May 15,
1891. The middle of June, however, this vessel was temporarily with-
drawn to engage in the hatching of Spanish mackerel, and her place
was taken by the launch Petrel. The survey was stillin progress at
the close of the fiscal year, and was continued until late in the fall.

*An investigation of the coast waters of South Carolina with reference to oyster-
culture. By John D. Battle. Bull. U.S. Fish Com., vol. x, 1890, pp. 303-330, 7 charts.

tThe physical and biological characteristics of the natural oyster-grounds of South
Carolina. By Bashford Dean. Bull. U.S. Fish Com., vol. x, 1890, pp. 335-361, pls.
LXII-LXVU.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 123

During the years 1878 and 1879, Lieut. Francis Winslow, U. 8. Navy,
then attached to the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, made a very
detailed study of the oyster bottom in Tangier and Pocomoke sounds, in
the course of which he determined accurately the positions and outlines
of all the oyster beds and calculated the number of living oysters
upon them to the square yard. The small proportion of live oysters
to the quantity of dead shells and other débris, which he discovered
to exist, occasioned much surprise, and also furnished tangible proof
of the gradual depletion of the beds through overfishing. A few years
later Prof. W. K. Brooks, of Johns Hopkins University, made a second
but less exhaustive examination of the same ground.

‘The plans for the present survey and the methods to be pursued in
executing them were based upon those of Lieut. Winslow, but with
some changes and additions. Besides the customary hydrographic
and physical observations, the outlines of all the natural oyster-beds
or “rocks” and of the areas of scattered oysters are to be accurately
determined, and also the characteristics of the entire bottom not oceu-
pied by oysters. The following are among the principal facts to be
ascertained regarding the condition of the beds and of the oyster crop:
The number of oysters of different sizes and the relative quantity of
débris to the square yard, and also the composition of the latter; the
abundance and distribution of the set of spat with reference to the
physical conditions of the water; the size at which oysters begin to
‘spawn, the limits of the spawning season, and the proportion of ripe
Spawners on the beds at any time; the character and abundance of
natural enemies, and the general natural history of the grounds. The
inquiry differs entirely in character from that previously made in South
Carolina, in that it has to deal with grounds which have long been drawn

‘upon, instead of with crude and undeveloped resources. The region
is a natural and typical producing district, and the information which
it is expected to obtain from the work now in progress will be sug-
gestive in regard to future surveys on any part of the coast. The States
directly interested in the investigation, Maryland and Virginia, are
chiefly concerned to know the conditions of their grounds and the
manner in which they may be extended and enriched, and also to
obtain the necessary data on which to base a standard of production
for defining the natural or public beds in case the present movement to
permit the lease of oyster bottom to private parties shall be carried out.

Mr. John D. Battle has acted as chief assistant in connection with
the hydrographic work, and has also been in charge of the observations
upon the material obtained by dredging, while special biological sub-
jects have been attended to by Mr. J. Perey Moore, of the University
of Pennsylvania. Much delay was occasioned in the beginning from
the fact that nearly all of the original triangulation points established
in this region by the Coast Survey had disappeared, and the shore lines
had also been greatly modified by the action of the currents since the

124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

last survey was made. It was, therefore, necessary to place new sig-
nal stations before commencing upon the regular observations, but by
July 1 the hydrography in Tangier Sound had been nearly completed,
and the dredging was soon to be taken up. The former consisted
chiefly of cross lines of soundings with appropriate instruments, which
were run at close intervals and with sufficient care and accuracy to
permit of the construction of a chart showing the precise outlines of all
the oyster-beds, of the bottom occupied by scattered oysters, and of the
barren ground.

Tangier Sound is about 36 miles long, from Watts Island to the head
of Fishing Bay. Along both sides of the channel the oyster-ground is
practically continuous, except in the vicinity of Jane Island light-house.
Covering more or less of this bottom are large natural oyster-beds,
generally elongate in shape, many of them bordering close upon the
channel. It was found that the persistent dredging which has been
kept up in this region for so many years has tended to extend the area
of oysters and oyster shells, and to consolidate the beds by filling up
the intermediate areas. Without having complete returns from the
investigation, however, it is only possible to say that the total area
covered by oysters seems to be considerably greater now than it was in
1878, but the comparative richness of the bottom can not be determined
until the information obtained by dredging has been compiled. Com-
paratively little variation was found in the density of the water, which,
during May and June, averaged 1.011 in the northern part of the
sound, 1.012 in the central part, and 1.0124 in the southern part.

PROPOSED STUDY OF EUROPEAN OYSTER-CULTURE.

In some parts of Europe, where the market supply of oysters is largely
maintained by resorting to artificial methods of propagation, oyster-
culture has been carried to a high state of perfection, quite in advance
of any system that has been practiced in this country. Where the
natural beds of oysters along our own coasts are still sufficiently pro-
ductive, or where the seed for forming new beds can be obtained abun-
dantly under natural conditions, no further efforts are demanded for
the conduct of the oyster industry than to follow the simple methods
nowinuse. Unfortunately, in many of the older and more extensive
oyster districts, it is complained that the natural supply of seed is not
equal to the requirements, and much concern is felt lest the beds be-
come impoverished on that account. Genuine oyster-culture is un-
knownin the United States, and none of the experiments hitherto tried
in that line have served to develop a thoroughly practical American
system. The Fish Commission report for 1880 contains translations of
the principal French and German publications on this subjeet which
had appeared previous to that date, but many changes have taken
place since then, and in France especially the industry has made great

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 125

advancement. It has, therefore, seemed advisable to undertake a care-
ful study of the modern European methods for the information of the
oystermen of this country, and to guide them in any efforts they may
desire to make for the improvement of this fishery. In providing for
this investigation it has been deemed important to secure the services
of some one who is thoroughly conversant with the American oyster
and oyster-grounds, in order that his observations shall be conducted
with due regard to the requirements of our own coast.

Dr. Bashford Dean, of Columbia College, New York, who was intend-
ing to visit Europe for the purpose of scientific study, offered to codper-
ate in this matter, and his services have been accepted. Dr. Dean was
an assistant of Mr. E. G. Blackford in the oyster surveys of New York
State during several years, and was also naturalist and physicist on the
steamer Fish Hawk during the oyster investigations on the coast of
South Carolina in 1890. He is, therefore, well qualified to undertake
the proposed inquiry, and has been given explicit instructions regard-
ing the matters deemed of most importance. Dr. Dean left New York
in June, 1891, and will be absent over ayear. He will visit the oyster-
fishery centers of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Holland,
and Great Britain.

PHYSICAL INQUIRIES

Off the Southern New England coast.—The physical investigation of
the waters in the mackerel region off the southern coast of New Eng-
land, the preparations for which were described in the last annual re-
port, was taken up by the schooner Grampus in the latter part of July,
1889, and was continued actively until early in September, when stormy
weather put a stop to further operations for the season. Prof. William
Libbey, jr., of Princeton College, was in charge of the inquiry, assisted
by Prof. Wm. F. Magie and Prof. C.G. Rockwood, jr., of Princeton Col-
lege, and Prof. M. MeNeill, of Lake Forest University. The Grampus,
commanded by Capt. A. C. Adams, was furnished with a small boter,
engine, and reeling apparatus for working the wire cable used in taking
the serial water temperatures, and with a complete outfit of physical
appliances suitable for the examinations which it was proposed to
make. The principal instruments supplied for the water observations
were a large series of Negretti and Zambra reversible thermometers for

‘the intermediate and bottom temperatures, Wilder protected ther-
mometers for the surface temperatures, Hilgard salinometers and water
bottles for obtaining samples from any depth; and for the observations
regarding the conditions of the atmosphere, standard air, dew point,
minimum and maximum, and solar radiation thermometers, marine
barometers, air meters, rain gauge and ozonometer.
: The area selected i examination lay south of Massachusetts and
Rhode Island, extending coastwise from the eastern end of Nantucket
C gto Block Island, and seaward a distance of about 130 miles. Through

126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

this region the Grampus proceeded to make continuous series of observa-
tions along lines of longitude 10’ apart, with stations on each of these
lines 10 miles apart. Nine lines were run and four of these were
duplicated. Twelve to thirteen stations were made on each line, and
at each station the entire series of observations was repeated, thereby
resulting in the most thorough and comprehensive inquiry respecting
such a body of water that had ever been undertaken up to that time.
The serial water temperatures were taken at the surface and at depths
of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500
fathoms, where the water was sufficiently deep, the lower thermometers
being successively omitted as the water shoaled toward the coast, but
the distance between those that were used remaining always the same.
The density of the water was also ascertained at the surface and bot-
tom, and at one intermediate position in deep water. It will be ob-
served that, by this means, the physical conditions of the waters of
this region were determined along parallel sections running off from
the coast into the warm water bordering the inner edge of the Gulf
Stream, and the results can, therefore, be graphically represented by
means of profiles, on which the distribution of the belts of equal tem-
perature may readily be shown.

During the summer of 1896 the Fish Commission had the codpera-

tion of the U. S. Coast Survey in continuing this inquiry, the superin-

tendent, Dr. T. C. Mendenhall, detailing for this purpose the steamer
Blake, commanded by Lieut. Charles E. Vreeland, U. S. Navy, which
remained in actual service from July 9 to August 4. The schooner
Grampus was at work upon the same ground from July 35 until August
25, and a party of observers was also stationed on board the Nantucket
New South Shoal light-ship during the entire period of the investiga-
tion. Prof. Libbey was again in charge of the observations, and was
assisted by Prof. C.G. Rockwood, jr., Prof. M. McNeill, Mr. 8. T. Dodd,
Mr. L. S. Mudge, Dr. R. P. Bigelow, Mr. J. Zimmerman, Mr. W. H.
Dodd, and Mr. A. Harris. It was arranged to have three observers
each on the Grampus and the light-ship at all times, while only two
were necessary on the Blake, as Lieut. Vreeland and his officers relieved

the civilians of many duties which would otherwise have devolved upon |

them. The Fish Commission is under many obligations both to the
Light-House Board and to the Superintendent of the Coast Survey for
their liberal action in respect to this undertaking, and the assistance
rendered by them has permitted a much more thorough and extensive
study of the problem than was possible in 1889. In acknowledging
the codperation of these Bureaus it is also well to note that these

physical studies will probably be as significant in regard to questions -

of navigation as to those which bear upon the fisheries, and the Fish
Commission is, therefore, not alone concerned in the practical results to
be derived from their successful prosecution.

a

belts, de

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 127

The steamer Blake, not being dependent upon favorable winds for
carrying on the share of work allotted to it, was able to make much
more rapid progress than the Grampus and to oceupy a larger number
of stations. The area covered was the same as in 1859, except that the
lines run by the Blake were carried out to sea a distance of 150 miles,
those of the Grampus being restricted to 130 miles as before. The
vessels were kept as far apart in an east and west direction as was
feasible in conformity with the plans, in order that, so far as possible,
parallel lines of observations might be made more or less conjointly in
‘different parts of the field. The Blake was on the western side of the
ground during the early part of J uly, and the Grampus on the eastern
side, these relative positions being subsequently changed. Ten north
and south lines, 10’ of longitude apart, were marked out as the courses
‘to be followed by the vessels, but each of these was gone over two
or more times, and the actual number of lines run was 27, with 382
stops or stations for observation. The tetal number of observations
was, for serial temperatures, 4,000; for specific gravity, 850, and for
meteorology, 14,000. The temperature of the water was not taken this
year at greater depths than 200 fathoms, but a complete meteorological
record was made every hour while the vessels were at sea.

On the light-ship meteorological observations were taken continu-
ously, amounting to 18,000 separate entries for the season, the tempera-
ture of the water was noted regularly at the surface and at depths of
Dd, 10, ‘and 15 fathoms, and the changes in the surface specific gravity
were recorded hourly. The direction and velocity of the tidal currents
were also determined by means of a Ritchie-Haskell meter.

An account of the investigations made in 1889 has been published
in the Fish Commission Bulletin for the same year,* but Prof. Libbey
has not yet completed his report for 1890, and any discussion of his
conclusions must be left for a future time. In connection with the
data obtained by the two expeditions, Prof. Libbey has also utilized
the meteorological records for Boston and New York City, which have
been kindly furnished by the Signal Office. Information of this char-
acter has, therefore, been supplied from three stationary positions, two
upon the land and one upon the sea, the latter being distant some 20
miles from shore. It afiords an excellent opportunity for comparing
the relations of atmospheric variations with those observed in connec-
tion with the waters, and by continuing the study of the same for a
term of years it will be possible to determine whether there is any co-
ordination of conditions between the two elements, and if a change in
one produces any effect upon the other. Some such relationship has
been shown to exist, but its full extent can rot oes be established.

*Report upon a physical Sabian of the waters off the ‘ee coast of
Yew England, made during the summer of 1889 by the U. S. Fish Commission
schooner Grampus. By William Libbey, Jr. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. rx, 1889,
p. 391-459, pls. CXxXIVv-CLVU1.

il

128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In Prof. Libbey’s report for 1889 the vertical water temperature curves
are represented by nine profiles, and twenty-seven sectional diagrams
have been prepared for the report of 1890, as well as several plates show-
ing the surface isotherms from time to time. The hourly changes of air
and surface water temperatures for each day while the survey was in
progress are also illustrated in the same graphic manner, being based
upon the records made at the three stations and on board the vessels.
Prof. Libbey has likewise summarized the resuits of observations upon
the direction and force of the winds, as given on the Hydrographic
Office pilot charts of the North Atlantic Ocean, in order to afford an
insight, if possible, into the relations between the winds and the posi-
tions taken by the northern boundary of the warm waters coming from
the Gulf Stream.

By means of the observations so far made it has been possible to
indicate very clearly, for the region and periods covered by the exami-
pation, the distribution of the bands of equal water temperature both
vertically and superficially, and the relations of the cold and warm
“water bodies to one another. The charts of surface isotherms are
especially interesting as furnishing a possible key, in connection with
meteorological conditions, to the physical changes at greater or less
depths, which relate to the movements of fishes.

Aside from the more general subdivision into Gulf Stream and Lab-
rador current, Prof. Libbey states that two different sets of currents
have to be dealt with in the study of this region. First are the deep
currents which flow in two, and generally opposite, directions alongside
of one another, their courses being controlled more by the mechanical
influence of the impact of one current upon the other, their relative
velocities, etc., than by changes in temperature and density. Second
come the surface currents, which flow in the same general directions as
the deep ones and are, of course, subject to the same mechanical laws,
but their courses are additionally affected to a considerable degree by
the frictional influence of the winds. Moreover, they present a pecu-
liarity not detected in connection with the deep currents, in that cer-
tain branches are apparently reversed. The outlying bands of warmer
and denser water, which pass off from the shore side of the Gulf Stream,
seem to be drifted toward the shore or away from it to an extent de-
pendent upon the direction, velocity, and duration of the winds. When
they are forced toward the shore, thus bridging over the colder cur-
rents, as they proceed farther and farther from the original source of
their velocity, they become overpowered. Although retaining much of
their temperature and density, even to a considerable depth, their
direction is then sometimes at right angles and finally opposite to their
first course.

In connection with this investigation, the surface-towing nets were
constantly employed, and a large and valuable collection of pelagic |

.

|

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 129

organisms was thus obtained. Those collected in 1889 have been re-

| ported upon by Prof. W. K. Brooks, in the paper of Prof. Libbey above
cited, and the material subsequently taken has been referred to Prof.

Brooks and others for examination. During the first summer Prof.
Magie took adyantage of the opportunity afforded to secure a set of
observations on the electric conditions of the atmosphere, which have
also been published in Prof. Libbey’s report.

Southern mackerel-grounds.—From May 5 to June 8, 1891, the schooner
Grampus was engaged in making a series of observations over the
mackerel-grounds, from Delaware northward to Massachusetts. This
was in continuation of similar inquiries made in previous years to de-
termine so far as possible the temperature and other physical phenom-
ena connected directly with the northerly movement of the advance
schools of mackerel along the coast. As is well known, these fish
first make their appearance inside of the warm waters of the Gulf
Stream at a variable distance north of Cape Hatteras, and work thence

northward or approach the shores at successively more northern lati-
tudes. The first schools have generally been seen the very last of
March or early in April, and previous to the enactment of the law pro-
hibiting the use of purse seines before June 1, the fishing vessels were
accustomed to anticipate their coming with much eagerness, making
diligent search for them, and subsequently following the fish during
their migrations. In her former cruises over these grounds the Grampus
was greatly aided by the presence of these vessels, which, scattered
over a rather wide area, made it difficult for any schools of fish.to pass
unnoticed. During the last season, however, her work was necessarily
carried on without this very material assistance.

The principal object of the cruise was to locate the early schools of
mackerel, to follow their movements northward or in whatever direc-
tion they might take, and to learn everything possible regarding the
conditions of the air and water in connection with their habits. As it
was somewhat late in the season before the trip began it was expected

. that the schools were already upon the grounds, and that it would not

be necessary to proceed very far south before meeting them. Such was
found to be the case, but the observations were carried southward from
Woods Holl until the fish were encountered, and thence over a part of
the area through which they had passed, in order to obtain the neces-
sary data for comparing the conditions in advance of the first schools
with those existing in their rear. Subsequently the Grampus followed
the schools as far as Marthas Vineyard, taking ripe males the last of
May and ripe females the first of June, in that vicinity. The physical
observations have not yet been reduced and compared.
H. Mis. 113——9 ~

130 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

Permanent temperature stations.—The permanent stations at which
temperature observations of the air and water have been taken daily
for a greater or less period during the past two years, through the cour-
tesy mainly of the Light-House Board, the Signal Service, and the
Southern Pacific Company, are as follows:

Temperature stations on the Atlantic Coast.

Stations of the Light-House Service:
Coast of Maine: Petit Manan Island, Mount Desert Rock, Matinicus Rock, Se-
guin Island, Boon Island.
Coast of Massachusetts: Race Point, Pollock Rip light-ship, Nantucket New
South Shoal light-ship, Cross Rip light-ship, Vineyard Sound light-ship.
Coast of Rhode Island: Brenton Reef light-ship, Block Island southeast light.
Long Island Sound: Bartlett Reef light-ship, Stratford Shoals light-ship.
Coast of New York: Sandy Hook light-ship.
Coast of New Jersey: Absecon Inlet, Five-Fathom Bank light-ship.
Delaware Bay: Fourteen-Foot Bank light-ship.
Coast of Virginia: Winter Quarter Shoal light-ship.
Chesapeake Bay: Point Lookout, Windmill Point, Stingray Point, Wolf Trap
Bar, York Spit.
Coast of North Carolina: Bodys Island, Cape Lookout, Frying Pan Shoal light-
ship. .
Coast of South Carolina: Rattlesnake Shoal light-ship, Martin’s Industry Shoal
light-ship.
Coast of Florida: Fowey Rocks, Carysfort Reef, Dry Tortugas.
Stations of the Signal Service:
Kastport, Me.
Boston and Nantucket, Mass.
New York City, N. Y.
Charleston, 8. C.
Key West, Cedar Keys, and Pensacola, Fla.
Stations of the Fish Commission:
Gloucester and Woods Holl, Mass.
Fort Washington, Potomac River, Maryland.
Washington, D. C,

Temperature stations on the Pacific cocst and slope.

Station of the Signal Service:
Portland, Oregon.
Stations of the Southern Pacific Company :
Sacramento River, at Tehama and Yolo Bridges and King’s Landing, California.
leather River, at railroad crossing, California,
American River, at railroad crossing, California.
Mokelumne River, at Lodi, Cal.
Tuolumne River, at Modesto, Cal.
San Joaquin Riyer, at the upper and lower railroad crossings, California.
King River, at Kingsbury, Cal.
Colorado River, at Yuma, Ariz.

No serious breaks have occurred in the records of any of the light-
house stations above enumerated, and the Southern Pacific Company
has added several new stations to those reported upon in 1889, but,

eee ee ee ees

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 131

unfortunately, through the lack of sufficient means the Signal Service
was obliged, in the latter part of 1890, to discontinue its codperation in
regard to this important subject.

During October, 1889, Prof. Libbey, with the steamer Fish Haak,
visited nearly all of the temperature light-stations located between
Cape Cod and Chesapeake Bay, and inspected the thermometers used
in making the observations, also instructing the attendants as to the
proper way of reading and caring for them, Ail instruments were com-
pared with a standard, and those showing any appreciable variation
were replaced by new ones. Prof. Libbey suggests several changes in
respect to this branch of work, which itis intended shall be introduced
at an early date. The stations visited were as follows: Pollock Rip,
Nantucket New South Shoal, Vineyard Sound, Brenton Reef, Block
Island, Sandy Hook, Five Fathom Bank, and Winter Quarter Shoal.

Changes in density observations.—The hydrometers which have been
used by the Fish Commission, as well as by the U. S. Coast and Geo.
detic Survey, for determining the density of sea water are the so-called
Hilgard salinometers, consisting of an elongate glass float and stem, the
scale being marked upon the latter. They are described and figured
in Appendix 16 of the Coast Survey Report for 1874. Up to the pres-
ent time the graduation of the scale has been referred to pure water at
60° F., and the observations have been reduced by means of the Hub-
bard table to a uniform temperature of 60° EF. forthe purposes of compar-
ison. For certain reasons, however, it now seems advisable to change
the former standard by making it conform to the temperature at which
pure water attains its maximum density, and 4° C., the nearest inte-
ger to that temperature, has, for convenience sake, been adopted as the
future standard. Upon this basis the observations will conform more
closely with modern European methods. This change was agreed upon
by the Superintendent of the Coast Survey and the Commissioner of
Fisheries during the winter of 1889-90, but some delay must ensue in
the preparation and the introduction of the new instruments, which will
be constructed upon the same patterns as the old ones, the only differ-

ence being in their graduation.

ae” ld»

In the future, moreover, the observations will be reduced to 15° C.,
instead of 60° I*., both of these temperatures, however, being approx-
imately identical, and a convenient table for this purpose, prepared by
Mr. O. H. Tittmann has been published in Bulletin No. 18 of the Coast
Survey for 1890. This table also gives a constant by which the reduc-
tions of observations obtained with the old instruments may be made
to conform to the new standards.

Other physical inquiries are discussed in connection with the opera-

tions of the steamer Albatross in the north Pacific Ocean and of the

steamer Mish Hawk on the oyster-grounds of the Atlantic coast.

132 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. /

INVESTIGATION OF INTERIOR WATERS.
ALASKA.

In the last report reference was made to the organization of an ex-
ploring party in charge of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, for the investigation
of certain Alaskan salmon rivers, in pursuance of an act of Congress

approved March 2, 1889. This act was based upon the representations

of persons interested in the preservation of the important industries
which have been developed on the Pacific coast, and made provisions
both for the protection of the salmon and for the study of the natural-
history and industrial features relating to the fisheries. The party
consisted of Dr. Bean, ichthyologist of the Commission; Mr. Livingston
Stone, superintendent of the Fish Commission salmon station in Cali-
fornia; Mr. Franklin Booth, topographical engineer, of the University
of California, and Mr. Robert E. Lewis, rodman and general assistant.
The instructions called for observations respecting the habits, distribu-

tion, abundance, ete., of the salmon and associated species; the phys-

ical characteristics of their environment; the methods, statistics, and
conditions of the fishery, and the necessities and advantages of Alaskan
waters for the artificial propagation of the salmon.

The first steamer by which the party could reach Kadiak did not
leave Port Townsend until July 19, arriving at the former place on the
28th of the same month. The season suitable tor fieldwork was thereby
greatly shortened, and it became necessary to restrict their operations
to the islands of Kadiak and Afognak, where, however, the principal
salmon fishery in Alaska was then being conducted, the catch on Kar-
luk River comprising about one-half the entire yield of the territory.
No examination has been made of Cook Inlet, but in 1890 the steamer
Albatross visited the fishery at the head of Bristol Bay and obtained
some important information respecting the methods there employed, as
explained below. Kadiak Island, however, afforded the means for mak-
ing avery satisfactory study of the problem, and the results obtained,
combined with previous observations, especially on the habits of the
salmon, have enabled Dr. Bean to report in full upon the questions
proposed by Congress.*

Examinations were made of Karluk River and Lake, ineluding the
open bay into which the former empties; of Uyak Bay adjacent to Kar-
luk, on the northern side of the island; of Alitak and Olga bays at the
southeastern end of the island, and of Afognak Bay on the island of the
Same name, including in the case of each bay the small salmon rivers
which empty into them.

* Report on the salmon and salmon rivers of Alaska, with notes on the conditions,
methods, and needs of the salmon fisheries. By Tarleton H. Bean. Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., 1X, 1889, pp. 165-208, pls, XLV-LXXIX.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 133

The red salmon, according to Dr. Bean, is now the most important
species for canning and salting in Alaska, and its flesh is so red as to
win for it a reputation not warranted by its edible qualities. The
largest and finest species is the king or quinnat salmon, which, while
it enters some of the smaller streams like the Karluk, occurs more
abundantly in the larger rivers, such as the Yukon and the Nushagak.
The humpback is the smallest, most abundant, and most widely dis-
tributed of the Alaskan salmon. It is not taken for canning purposes,
but being one of the most palatable species in the fresh-run condition
it is destined to become of great importance in that connection. The
silver salmon is used to some extent for canning, but far less than the
red salmon, while the dog salmon is regarded by the whites as one
of the least important of the group. The steelhead or hardhead is
used only to a limited extent, while the dolly varden trout or malma
is not canned.

It was impossible to determine if a decrease had occurred among
any of these species in the region examined, owing to the lack of posi-
tive information regarding their previous abundance. In fact, it is to
be doubted if more than one species—the red salmon—is in imminent
danger in that regard, as it is the only species which is fished for to
excess. However, any injudicious methods which might be established
to inerease the catch of this species would have its effect upon all the
others entering the streams at the same time, or while the practices in
question were continued. An illustration is furnished by Dr. Bean with
respect to the dolly varden trout, of which, he says, great numbers are
taken in connection with the red salmon and left to die on the beaches.

Dr. Bean states:

The catch of red salmon has been increasing, owing to the increase in the number
of persons engaged in the fishery and in the effectiveness of the implements used in
its capture. The size of seines has been greatly enlarged, and the number of boats,
seines, and men largely augmented. That there will be a falling off in the supply
very soon there can beno doubt. The number of spawning fish in Karluk Lake and
its tributaries last year was unexpectedly small. There was, early in the season of
1889 and in previous seasons, injudicious obstruction of the ascent of spawning fish
in the Karluk River. At one time an impassable weir, similar to the Zapor of the
Russians, was placed in this river. At the time of our visit we saw the remains of
pound nets, made of wire netting, which interfered so seriously with the ascent of
the fish that they were dismantled by unknown parties and were not reéstablished.

The report of Dr. Bean was submitted to Congress by the Commis-
sioner on June 6, 1890, with recommendations as to additional steps
necessary to insure the protection of the Alaskan salmon.-fisheries.

While engaged in the surveys of Bering Sea, during the summer
of 1890, the steamer Albatross was dispatched, at the request of the
Secretary of the Treasury, to investigate the methods of salmon-fishing
practiced in connection with the canneries on the Nushagak River.
at the head of Bristol Bay, as it had been reported that a barrier
was in course of construction across the Wood River, a tributary of

134 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the Nushagak. Lieut.Commander Tanner, U. S. Navy, who made the.
inspection, found that a double trap was being built upon the Wood
River, about 20 miles above its mouth and 40 miles from the Nushagak
cannery. The Wood River at this point is a swift-running stream of
clear, cold water, between 700 and 800 feet wide and 10 to 14 feet deep.
Operations had not progressed sufficiently to indicate the character
and extent of the work, but the plans contemplated an opening in mid-
stream 100 feet wide, flanked on each side by a trap 40 feet square,
with wings extending from the latter to the shores. The report of Lieut.
Commander Tanner was submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury,
who decided that the proposed traps were obstructions to the ascent
of salmon within the meaning of the law, and that their erection was
therefore illegal.

Although the salmon-eanning industry of Alaska is of very recent
origin, the amount of capital invested in it is nearly $4,000,000, while
the output in 1889 was valued at about $3,000,000, which is greatly in
excess of the value of the yield of seal skins on the Pribilof Islands before
the reduction was made in the number of seals that are allowed to be
killed annually. That the salmon industry in that region is capable of
very much greater development is unquestionable, as the resources
have been tapped at only a comparatively few places, but, unless the
fishery is carefully guarded, sooner or later there will be repeated in
Alaska the same unfortunate condition of affairs which has obtained in
every country where salmon have been abundant. The salmon spend
most of their time at sea. The spawning instinct leads them into fresh
waters, which furnish the necessary conditions for the hatching of the
eggs and the development of the young during a portion of their exist-
ence. The different species vary more or less in the date and duration
of the spawning season and in their spawning habits. Some enter by
preference the smaller streams, and others the larger rivers. Some
never return to the sea, dying soon after having accomplished their
reproductive functions, while others may survive to return again in a
subsequent season. This habit of running up the rivers makes them
fall an easy prey to the fishermen, especially if the river be small or
shallow, or be restricted near its mouth. It is evident that if a river
channel be closed against their ascent no spawning can be accom-
plished in it, and from what is known of their habits it is also prob-
able that the fish will not seek another river the same season. They
remain below the obstruction, unable to make progress, but still guided
by the common impulse to arrive at the spawning-grounds. Smaller
barriers and large nets, of one character or another, accomplish the
same result, although on a lesser scale, as they are generally arranged
to retard whatever fish are not captured.

The fishing season is, to be sure, restricted in its duration, and in
this fact the fishermen find an excuse for resorting to their wholesale

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1385

methods of capture; but, whatever may be the circumstances, there is
no warrant for destroying any product which is the common property
of a country. It would, therefore, seem advisable to institute a system
of inspection, by scientific experts, which could determine periodically
such facts as might be considered necessary as a basis for regulations,
the expenses to be met, if need be, by a slight taxupon the fishery. By
paying proper attention to the habits of a species, by prescribing the
methods of capture or by limiting the amount of catch, the source of the
industry can readily be maintained and its permanency insured. The
justice of’ such provisions are undeniable, and those who are directly
interested in the fishery and must profit by its permanence should be the
first to recognize its necessity. An inflexible system of police super-
vision is not adequate to accomplish this purpose. There is a natural
fluctuation in the fish supply, and the conditions which surround it
vary more or less from time to time.

Considering the present abundant stock of salmon in Alaska, and
the possibility of preserving it from destruction, it seems unnecessary
to bring up the subject of artificial propagation as a means of maintain-
ing or increasing the supply. Should a resort to such measures become
necessary at any time, however, it would not be difficult to find proper
sites for hatching-stations, or to obtain the eggs in sufficient quantities
from the fish captured for canning or salting purposes; but at present
a system of protection seems most judicious and expedient.

WYOMING.

The Yellowstone National Park.—Two investigations have been made
in the Yellowstone National Park within the past two years, the first
by Dr. David S. Jordan and Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, during Sep-
tember and October, 1889, the second by Prof. S. A. mbEhes and Prof.
Edwin Linton, ee g Fak and August, 1890. These inquiries were
instituted chiefly for the purpose of obtaining information to be used
in connection with the stocking of certain of the streams and lakes with
fishes, a measure which had previously been determined upon by the
Fish Commissioner. A peculiarity of the park is the small variety of
fishes which inhabit it and the entire absence of fish life over a very large
area. The park is drained by tributaries of both the Mississippi and
the Columbia rivers, being traversed toward the southwest by the con-
tinental divide, which extends in a general northwest and southeast
direction. The streams which are devoid of fishes form several small,
distinct basins, in each of which it is proposed to plant only one or two
Species, and at the time of writing this report considerable progress
had ‘been made in this direction. Under the conditions which there
exist not only may all suitable waters become replete with fishes, but
itis expected that the results will afford an interesting study in aceli-
mation, owing to the isolation of the different forms.

136 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The following brief account of the principal characteristics of the
park from an ichthyological standpoint is from the report of Dr. Jor-
dan :*

The Yellowstone Park is a high plateau, having a general elevation of 7,000 to
8,000 feet above the sea. Its entire surface, with the exception of the Gallatin
Range of mountains in the northwest and some granitic summits in the northeast,
is covered with lava, with its varieties of obsidian, rhyolite, ete. This mass of lava
covers to a great depth what was previously a basin in the mountains. According
to Mr. Hague, the date of the lava flow is probably Pliocene. Its existence was of
course fatal to all fish life in this region. Since its surface has become cold, the
streams flowing over it, most of them now wholly unaffected by the heat within,
have become well stocked with vegetable, insect, and crustacean life, but are for the
most part destitute of fishes. The cause of this absence of fishes is to be found in
the fact that nearly all the streams of the park, on leaving the lava beds, do so by
means of vertical falls situated in deep cafions. Except in the Yellowstone and its
tributaries, in Gibbon River and in Lava Creek, no fishes have been found above
these falls, and the presence of fishes in the Upper Yellowstone and Lava Creek is
doubtless due to the imperfect character of the watersheds separating these streams
from others. Outside of the park, the fallsin Clark Fork of the Yellowstone exclude
fish from that river, and perhaps the Great Shoshone and American Falls in Snake
River exclude from the upper part of the stream the fauna of the Lower Columbia.
Another supposed obstacle to the spread of fish life in the Yellowstone Park is the
presence of the innumerable hot springs, solfataras, and geysers, for which the
region is famous.

Dr. Jordan’s trip was made somewhat late in the season, and on that
account was considerably hurried, but he was, nevertheless, enabled to
study the leading points in the problem which had been suggested to
him. Yellowstone River and Lake, including all their western tribu-
taries, were examined at many places, and also all the principal streams
and lakes of the Madison and Snake River basins. The total number
of fishes discovered was 10, of which 2 belong to the Salmonide (the
Rocky Mountain trout and the whitefish), 1 is the miller’s thumb or
blob, 1 the grayling, 4 are minnows and chubs, and 2 suckers. No-
where above the falls, except in the Yellowstone and its tributaries, in
Gibbon River, and in Lava Creek, were any fishes found. The miller’s
thumb or blob was very abundant above the falls in Gibbon River, and
its presence there is unexplained; but the occurrence of trout in Lava
Creek, where they are common, is supposed to be due to the imperfect
character in some places of the watershed which surrounds it. The
grayling is restricted to the extreme northwestern part of the park.
Dr. Jordan describes with much care the peculiarities and distribution
of the different species, and the characteristics of all the principal lakes,
rivers, and creeks in the park, making his report invaluable as a guide

in the stocking of those waters. His conclusions regarding the suita-~

bility of certain areas for that purpose are also NERY important.

“A reconnaissance of the streams and lakes of tite Yéliouenaan National Park,
Wyoming, in the interest of the U. 8. Fish Commission, 3y David Starr Jordan.
Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1x, for 1889, pp. 41-63, pls, VlI-xxu1, and one map.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 137

Speaking of the hot springs, solfataras, and geysers, he states:

Although these springs exist in aimost every lake basin, cafon, or other depres-
sion in the park, we do not think that, in their present condition at least, they
would stand in the way of the stocking of the streams and lakes with fishes. The
waters of the geysers and other calcareous and silicious springs do not appear to
be objectionable to fishes. In Yellowstone Lake trout are especially abundant
about the hot overilow from the Lake Geyser Basin. The hot water flows for a
time on the surface, and trout may be taken immediately under these currents.
Trout have also been known to rise to a fly through a scalding hot surface current.
They also linger in the neighborhood of hot springs in the bottom of the lakes.
This is probably owing to the abundance of food in these warm waters, but the fact
is evident that geyser water does not killtrout. * * * There are, however,
numerous springs in the park which discharge sulphurous liquids, very offensive in
odor and doubtless fatal to fishes. Most of these springs have but a very slight
discharge, and so exert no appreciable influence on the streams. The upper part of
Obsidian Creek, between Twin Lakes and Beaver Lake, is the only running stream
noticed by us as likely to prove uninhabitable by fishes. An obstacle of equal im-
portance in the lower course of the same creek is the series of three beaver dams, to
which the existence of Beaver Lake is due. These, with their covering of brush,
must be wholly impassable.

During 1889 and 1590 the following plants of fishes were made in
the Yellowstone Park: The eastern brook trout in the Gardiner River
and its west fork; the mountain trout in the east fork of the Gardiner
River; the California or rainbow trout in Gibbon River; the Loch
Leven trout in Firehole River and Lewis and Shoshone lakes; the Von
Behr trout in Nez Percé Creek; the lake trout in Lewis and Shoshone
lakes; the native whitefish in the Twin lakes and Yellowstone River.
None of these waters, except the Yellowstone and Gibbon rivers, and
possibly the East Fork of the Gardiner River, were previously inhabited
by fishes, and the only species known from the Gibbon River was the
little blob or miller’s thumb. With the exception of Lewis and Sho-
shone lakes, in both of which two species were planted, each basin
was supplied with only a single species.

The observations of Dr. Jordan proved conclusively that the absence
of fishes in certain parts of the park was not due to the unsuitable
condition of the waters, although within a few limited areas they may
be unfitted for them. However, it was deemed expedient to obtain -
more positive information relative to the character, abundance, and
distribution of the lower forms of life, on which the introduced species
would be dependent for their food, as a deficiency in respect to such
organisms might necessitate their being supplied by artificial means.
Arrangements were made with Prof. 8. A. Forbes, director of the State
laboratory of natural history of Illinois,and Prof. Edwin Linton, of
Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, to conduct this investi-
gation during the summer of 1890. Prof. Linton, in addition to assist-
ing Prof. Forbes in the general inquiry, was charged with the special
study of the parasitic worm which infests so large a proportion of the
trout in certain portions of the park, penetrating into the flesh and

138 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. I

rendering it unsightly. Specimens collecte d by Dr. Jordan the previous
year had been examined by him, but observations were desired on
fresh material and in relation to the life history of the species.
The party reached the park about the middle of July, and, provided
with a very complete outfit, began at once their axdinth Seaman which
were continued until August 30. The ground gone over was prac-
tically the same that had been traversed by Dr. Jordan in 1889, in-
cluding the Gardiner, Madison, and Yellowstone river systems on the
Atlantie slope of the continental divide, and that of the Snake River on
the Pacific slope. Collections were made in 43 localities. The princi-
pal fishless waters visited were Shoshone and Lewis lakes, the upper
Gibbon and its tributaries, the Firehole and its branches, Goose Lake,
Twin Lakes, Swan Lake, and Tower Creek. The effects of geyser and
hot-spring overflow were studied especially on the Firehole and on Alum
Oreek, and of the intervention of falls on the Gibbon River and some
of its tributaries. The highest waters examined were Mary Lake,
having an altitude of 8,200 feet, anda small lake, near Norris Pass, ab
about the same level. Tined ps ing was carried on in Yellowstone Lake
to a depth of 195 feet. The general collection of specimens obtained 1 is
very large, and has been sent to the State Laboratory of Natural His-
tory, at Champaign, Il, where it is being carefully studied under the
direction of Prof. Forbes. It is considered to be sufficiently complete
to explain the biological conditions existing in those lakes, ponds, riv-
ers, and creeks which are devoid of fishes, in such as have only a single
species of fish, and again in others supporting from 3 to 8 species each,
Awaiting the preparation of Prof. Forbes’s report, we are able, in this
connection, to present only a few of his preliminary conclusions, whieh
are as ee B° 4
The waters of the park, wherever they were examined, were found to
provide a fair amount, and often an abundance, of animal life suitable
as food for the ordinary carnivorous fishes, the fishless areas being no
less well supplied in this respect than those already containing trout.
These observations, therefore, support those of the ichthyologists, that
the peculiar distribution of the fishes in this region can be explained
alone from its topographical features, which have had no notice
effect upon the distribution of invertebrates. Collections made both
above and below the falls in certain rivers show that these obstructions
to fish migrations have in no way interfered with the dissemination of
the lower forms. The scarcity of fresh-water mussels and crayfishes
is probably due to the chemical condition of the waters, especially in
the absence of lime. The former were found only in Cation Cree
where the living specimens were greatly eroded and the dead she
rapidly decalcified. Crayfishes have also been recorded from only a
single stream. No isopod crustaceans were discovered, and amphipods
were very irregularly distributed, being very abuilanpe in some places
and entirely wanting in others. rh phyllopod crustaceans were CO.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 139

lected, but they may abound earlier in the season, in temporary pools.
Entomostraca were abundant in every situation where they might
naturally be expected to occur, copepods largely predominating, except
_in the smaller ponds. These indispensable elements to the preservation
of young fishes were as plentiful in the waters of the park as they are
in Lake Michigan and in the deeper lakes of the Wisconsin series.

The greater proportion of animal life found in the streams consisted of
insect larve, chiefly neuropterous. Caseworms, ephemerid larvae, and
the larvee of stone flies and Stalida, which are everywhere excessively
abundant, are the main dependence of the trout in waters containing no
other fishes. The larvie of Chironomus are very common, and those of
Simulium are exceedingly numerous in suitable localities. The smaller
mollusks, especially species of Physa, were also plentiful occasionally.
In the deepest waters examined the bottom fauna consisted mainly
of a few slender annelds, an abundance of red Chironomus larvee, Some
small mollusks, mostly Pisidiwm, and occasional specimens of Gamma-
rus. By far the most important elements of fish food, however, were
the entomostraca for the young and the neuropterous larve for the
adult fishes.

Prof. Linton was entirely successful in his study of the wormy trout,
the history of which he has been able to complete. This instance of
excessive parasitism was noticed during the early explorations of the
park, and has ever since attracted much attention from tourists and
Scientific men, The parasite is a species of tapeworm, named Diboth-
rium cordiceps by Prof. Joseph Leidy, and occurs among the viscera,
_ beneath the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity, or burrowing
in the muscular tissue of the body wall. The only fish which it is
known to infest is the native trout of the Yellowstone Park, and it has
been found almost exclusively in Yellowstone Lake, in Yellowstone
River above the falls, and in Heart Lake. It does not, however, finish
its development in the trout, which contain only the larval stages,
but requires a second host to complete its life history. The latter is,
in part at least, the white pelican, which spends the summer in ‘this
region, and breeds on an island in the southeast arm of Yellowstone
Lake. Ail of the birds examined had been feeding on the trout, the
only fish occurring in the lake.

The cause of the unusual multiplication of parasites in this locality
may be traced to the peculiar combination of circumstances there pre-
vailing. Probably not less than 1,000 pelicans resort to the lake dur-
ing the summer, and of this number 50 per cent or more are infested
with the adult Dibothriuwm, the eggs of which become disseminated
through the water, where, after a short development, they are swal-
lowed by the trout. The eggs hatch more readily in warm than cold
water, and the former conditions, according to Prof. Linton, are— .

Supplied in such places as the shore system of geysers and hot springs on the west
arm of the lake, where for a distance of nearly 3 miles the shore is skirted by a hot

140 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

spring and geyser formation, with numerous streams of hot water emptying int@
the lake, and large springs of hot water opening in the floor of the lake near shore.
Trout abound in the vicinity of these warm waters, presumably on account of the
abundance of food there. They do not love the warm water, but carefully avoid it.
Several persons with whom I talked on the subject while in the park assert that
diseased fish—that is to say, those which are thin and affected with fleshworms—are
more commonly found near the warm water; that they take the bait readily, but are
lazy. I frequently saw pelicans swimming near shore in the vicinity of the warm
springs on the west arm of the lake. It would appear that the badly infested or
diseased fish, being less active and gamy than the healthy fish, would be more easily
taken by their natural enemies, who would learn to look for them in places where
they most abound. But any cireumstances which cause the pelican and trout to
oceupy the same neighborhood will multiply the chances of the parasites developing
in both the intermediate and final host. The causes that make for the abundance
of the trout parasite conspire to increase the number of adults. The two hosts
react on each other, and the parasite profits by the reaction.

An effective remedy might be found in the extermination of the peli-
cans, providing they are the only final hosts of this parasitic worm,
The relief which might thereby be afforded, however, is not of sufficient
importance to justify the destruction of so interesting a feature of the
park. The trout in that region is not important as a food supply; the
diseased fishes are in most convenient places for capture, and with the
increase in fishing will be drawn upon more largely than the healthy
ones. The introduction of other species into the lake would, more-
over, tend to improve conditions by adding new varieties of food for
the trout, thereby probably diverting them more or less from the warm
waters and imparting to them a more vigorous constitution. The peli-
cans would also profit by this new source of food, the trout would
suffer less from their attacks, and parasitism would be decreased in
proportion.

Other fish parasites were obtained in the Yellowstone Park by Prof.
Linton, who has presented three reports treating of these interesting
forms.*

COLORADO AND UTAH.

Investigations were conducted in Colorado and Utah during July
and August, 1889, by Dr. David 8S. Jordan, assisted by Prof. B. W.
Evermann, Mr. Bert Fesler, and Mr. Bradley M. Davis. The special
object of this inquiry was to determine the character of the streams
and lakes of the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin as represented
in this State and Territory, the variety and distribution of the food-
fishes now inhabiting these waters, and their suitability for the intro-

*On two species of larval Dibothria from the Yellowstone National Park. Bull.
U.S. Fish Comm., 1x, for 1889, pp. 65-79, pls. XX V-xXXVII.

A contribution to the life-history of Dibothrium cordiceps, a parasite infesting
the trout of Yellowstone Lake. Idem, pp. 337-358, pls. Cx viI-CXIXx.

On fish entozoa from the Yellowstone National Park. (Appendix 5 to this vol-
‘ume. ) ?

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 141

duction of species not native to them. The importance of these studies
was much increased by the fact that a new hatching station for the
“Salmonide was about to be established in the vicinity of Leadville,
Colo., a site for the same having already been selected. In Colorado
the Be iiiations had reference to four river basins, and were naturally
confined for the most part to their upper courses, although on three
‘of the rivers the work was extended beyond the limits of the State.
‘These river basins were as follows: The Platte and Arkansas, tributa-
‘ries of the Mississippi; the Rio Grande, flowing directly into the Gulf
of Mexico; and the Colorado, flowing into the Gulf of California. In
Utah, in addition to the Colorado River, the Great Salt Lake and
‘Sevier Lake basins were examined.

According to Dr. Jordan’s report* of this expedition, most of the

streams of Colorado rise in springs in or above the mountain meadows,
while many have their origin in banks of snow, their waters being very
clear and cold. In their descent from the snow banks they are brawl-
ing and turbulent, often somuch so as to be unfitted for fish life. In
their course through the mountain meadows the streams have usually
a gentle current, and lower down most of them pass to the valleys
through deep canons, which generally, however, present no obstacles
to the presence of trout, especially as vertical falls are very rare in
Colorado. In the valleys the water grows warmer, fine silt renders it
‘more or less turbid, and at last it becomes unfit for trout, and at the
‘Same time suitable for suckers and chubs. During the colder temper-
ature of winter the trout extend their range somewhat down the val-
leys, but during the summer and fall they are more or less confined to
the mountains or the cafions. After reachin ¢ the base of the mountains
the streams flow with little current over the ill-defined beds across the
plains. In some cases placer mining and stamp mills have filled the
waters of otherwise clear streams with yellow or red clay, rendering
them almost uninhabitable for trout. Parts of the Upper Arkansas and
Grand Rivers have been almost ruined as trout streams by mining
operations. Dr. Jordan says:
In the progress of settlement of the valleys of the Colorado the streams have
become more and more largely used for irrigation. Below the mouth of the canons
dam after dam and ditch after ditch turn off the water. In summer the beds of even
| large rivers (as the Rio Grande) are left wholly dry, all of the water being turned
into these ditches. Much of this water is consumed by the arid land and its vege-
tation; the rest seeps back, turbid and yellow, into the bed of the stream, to be again
intercepted assoon as enough has accumulated to be worth taking. In some valleys,

as in the San Luis, in the dry season there is scarcely a drop of water in the river
bed that has not from one to ten times flowed over some field, while the beds of

many considerable streams (Rio la Jara, Rio Alamosa, etc.) are filled with dry clay
“and dust. Great numbers of trout, in many cases thousands of them, pass into these

* Report of fies Pa in Cotas and Utah aaa the summer of 1889, with
an account of the fishes found in each of the river basins examined. By Dav a Starr
Jordan. Bull, U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, for 1889, pp. 1-40, pl. 1-v.

142 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

irrigating ditches and are left to perish in the fields. The destruction of trout by
this agency is far greater than that due to all others combined, and itis going on in.
almost every irrigating ditch in Colorado.

The fishes of Colorado comprise very few species, only 52 indigenous
species being enumerated by Dr. Jordan, of which 2 were new to science,

The Rocky Mountain trout, Salmo mykiss, is found in all the moun-
tain lakes and streams tributary to the four main rivers, extending
down to a point where the summer temperature reaches 60° to 65° F.,
where it gradually disappears. The mountain minnows, Rhinichthys
dulcis on the eastern slope and Agosia yarrow? in the Colorado basin,
accompany the trout in the mountain meadows, not, however, ascending
so near to the sources of the streams, but, on the other hand, much
farther down their courses. They are eaten by the trout. The blob
or miller’s thumb is very abundant in the clear and cold waters of the
Colorado basin, and is very destructive to the eggs of trout. The
suckers extend up the rivers more or less to the point where the trout
disappear, and, for the most part, the species are different in the difter-
ent basins. The species of Catostomus and NXyrauchen reach a consid-
erable size, but are of poor quality for food. The suckers and the
chubs, especially the latter, are very destructive to the trout eggs.
The Ptychocheilus lucius of the Colorado attains a great size, and in
default of better fish assumes economic importance. The bulk of the
rich fauna of the Mississippi, as well as most of the Texan fishes, are
excluded from Colorado on account of the intervening turbid waters
through which they can not ascend.

Three species of the Salmonide have been introduced into some of the
streams and lakes of Colorado, the Eastern brook trout most exten-
sively, the rainbow trout of California, and the landlocked salmon of
Maine. Carp ponds have also been established in the State, and Dr.
Jordan strongly recommends the introduction of the larger catfishes
into the tributaries of the lower Colorado, the entire basin of that river
having, besides the trout, only fishes of very inferior quality for food.

Tributary to the Arkansas River are the Evergreen Lakes, a series
of trout ponds, wholly or partly artificial, fed by cold streams from the
flanks of Mount Massive. One of these streams, having its rise in the
largest permanent snow field in Colorado, has been chosen as the site
of the new U.S. Fish Commission hatchery. Dr. Jordan states that no
better location for that purpose could be desired.

In Utah no permanent streams of any importance, except the Colo-
rado River, occur to the east of the Wahsatch Mountains. West of the
divide of those mountains lies the Great Basin, in which the Salt Lake
Basin and the Sevier River were examined. In the former 14 species
of fish, including the trout, Salmo mykiss, were taken, and in the latter
7 species. The trout of Utah Lake are of excellent quality and reach
a weight of 3 to 10 pounds. The same trout also oceurs in Panquitch

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 143

ake and the upper part of the Sevier River. In all streams like the
latter occurring in this basin Dr. Jordan considered that catfishes might
be planted to good advantage.

In connection with his description of the many mountain trout ob-
Bexved, Dr. Jordan defines carefully the several varieties or subspecies
which he now recognizes, numbering 10 in all. One of these, a new
and large variety from the Twin Lakes, has been named Salmo mykiss
macdonaldi, in honor of the U.S. Fish Commissioner. Five of the varie-
ties mentioned were collected in Colorado and Utah, and nine have
been figured in his report.

; MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS.

_ The investigations in these two States, which had been planned for
1888, were taken up in the summer of 1889 by Prof. S. HE. Meek, of Coe
College, Iowa, assisted by Mr. Louis Rettger and Mr. Frank M. Drew,
‘of the Indiana University. The operations of this party were chiefly
limited to the Ozark region of southern Missouri and northern and
western Arkansas, in the midst of which, at Neosho, Mo., a hatching
station was in course of building by the U.S. Fish Commission. The
surface of the country in this region is much broken, although none of
the hills reach a very great height. Springs abound and the streams
are clear and cold even during midsummer. The bottoms of the latter
are rocky, gravelly, or sandy, with little mud, and aquatic vegetation is
‘not abundant. Fishes were plentiful in nearly all of the rivers in Mis-
‘souri that were visited, but they were scarce in the Mazarn, and espe-
cially so in the Caddo and the forks of the Saline. It was reported that
large numbers of fishes had been killed in the latter streams by the use
of dynamite, and also in the neighborhood of Newburg, Neosho, and Ca-.
bool, Mo. Were this pernicious practice of destroying the native fishes
to be continued, fish-cultural operations could not have much effect in
replenishing the supply, but it is hoped that measures may be taken to
prevent it in the future. In the Missouri River basin the Meramec,
Gasconade, and Osage rivers were examined; in the Arkansas basin,
Neosho River and Spadra Creek; in the White basin, White River,
the tributaries about Mammoth Spring, and Little Red River; and in
the Washita basin, Washita, Caddo, and Saline rivers and Mazarn
reek. §
Mammoth Spring, ar mean is one of the largest springs in the
‘United States, flowing about 50, 000 cubic feet of water per minute; the
temperature of the water ranges from 59° to 62° F., throughout the
year. <A fish farm has recently been established at this place, and in
(1889 they began the rearing of trout which are said to grow rapidly,
the conditions being exceedingly favorable for that purpose. The U.S.
‘Fish Commission hatchery at Neosho is situated on a branch of the
Neosho River and is fed from a fine spring. The station, however. had

ese

144 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

not been completed, and was, therefore, not in operation at the time of
Prof. Meek’s visit.*

IOWA.

Prof. S. E. Meek, of Coe College, lowa, began in the summer of 1889
a careful study of the fishes of Lowa, which was continued, with some
intermissions, until into June, 1891. During this period he examined
all the rivers in the State tributary to both the Mississippi and the
Missouri, and also many of the smaller streams which empty into the
former, as well as the principal lakes. Large collections of fishes were
made, and upon them and his field observations Prof. Meek has based
a very important report,t in which the fishes are classified in accord-
ance with each river basin.

Iowa is situated between the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers.
Its surface is comparatively level, rising gradually toward the north
and west. Many streams traverse it, the greater number and the
larger ones flowing southeasterly into the Mississippi, the remainder
southwesterly into the Missouri, the affluents of the former draining
more than two-thirds of the entire area of the State. The vast agri-
cultural industry for which the State is so conspicuous has apparently
had much to do with changing the character of many of these streams,
causing their deterioration and at the same time a decrease in the
abundance of the better food-fishes. This is said to have been caused
in large part by the breaking up of the original stiff sod of the prairies,
which tended to prevent the rapid flowing of the waters after heavy
rains toward the river channels, but ditching and underdraining have
also been instrumental in this respect. Rivers which formerly had
well defined, deep, and narrow channels have widened out and become
more Shallow, overflowing their banks in the rainy season and losing
most of their water during the succeeding months. The soil, loosened
constantly for farming purposes, is also readily transported by the rain
to fill the streams with sediment, which has caused the rapid disap-
pearance of the trout.

The streams of southwestern Lowa have mostly muddy bottoms, and
comparatively few fishes, but elsewhere the currents are generally
stronger, the bottom consists chiefly of sand, gravel, and rocks, and
fishes are relatively abundant both as to species and individuals. There
are very many dams throughout the State, few, if any, of which are
provided with fishways, thus greatly interfering with the spawning
instincts of many species. Thereare a number of large and fine springs

*Report of explorations made in Missouri and Arkansas during 1889, with an ac-
count of the fishes observed in each of the river basins examined. By Seth Eugene
Meek. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1x, for 1889, pp. 113-141, plate xiir.

tA report upon the fishes of Iowa, based upon observations and collections made
during the years 1889, 1890, and 1891. By Seth Eugene Meek. Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., x, 1890, pp, 217-248.

a i I
\

\

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND’ FISHERIES. 145

in some places, which feed small but clear and cool brooks, in which
trout have been abundant and in some of which they still exist. Nu-
merous bayous are found along some of the larger rivers, to which the
young bass, pickerel, and sunfishes resort, but owing to the greater or
less drying up of such places during the summer a great mortality
occurs among these species. The practice of seining out these young

fishes and planting them in the open streams, which has proved so effi-
- cacious in IIinois and other States, was at one time resorted toin Iowa,

but it has since been abandoned. If it were again renewed upon a
proper scale, it would add greatly to the fishery wealth of the State.

The total number of rivers, smaller streams, and lakes examined by
Prof. Meek was 41, and as many of these were visited at several places,
and at several different times, it is safe to conclude that the principal
chthyological features of the State have been brought out in his report.
The greatest number of species of fishes recorded from a single stream
was 85 from Cedar River: the smallest, 4 from Boyer River.

WISCONSIN.

During 1890 Prof. 8S. A. Forbes presented to the Fish Commission an
interesting report* upon investigations made in lakes Geneva and
Mendota, partly at the instance of Prof. Baird. The work was per-
formed between 1881 and 1887, but the completion of the report had.
been deferred in the hope of obtaining more material that might throw
additional light upon the principal subject of direct practical import-
ance to which the paper relates—the fish mortality in Lake Mendota in
1884. Although no opportunity has yet occurred to add to Prof.
Forbes’s original inquiries in regard to this matter, it has been deemed
advisable not to delay further the publication of his observations.

Lake Geneva, situated in the extreme southeastern part of the State,
lies in a trough-like valley of the drift, the southern side of which
formed part of the terminal moraine of the great Lake Michigan glacier.

~Itis 7 miles long by 14 miles in greatest width, and has an extreme

depth of about 132 feet. It drains by a small outlet into Fox River,
and thence into the Illinois. In his examination of the lake conducted
in 1881 and 1887, Prof. Forbes made a very comprehensive study of all
its characteristics, running lines of soundings to determine the contour
of the bottom, and collecting its animals and plants by dredging and
by the use of surface and other nets. While the investigation is not
considered as complete, it is one of the most comprehensive and in-
structive examinations of such a body of water that has yet been made
in this country, and may well serve as a model for future studies of

the same character. Its usefulness consists in demonstrating very

* Preliminary report upon the invertebrate animals inhabiting lakes Geneva and
Mendota, Wisconsin, with an account of the fish epidemic in Lake Mendota in 1884.
By S. A. Forbes. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vit, for 1888, pp. 473-487. Three maps and

_ dliagrams.

H. Mis. 113——10

146 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. *

fully the natural conditions of the lake in all its main features, a knowl-
edge of which shows its capacity for fish life, its suitability for the intro-
duction of new species, and the measures necessary for the protection
of its fisheries. Most attention in the line of biology was paid to the
smaller forms of life, such as the larval and adult insects, crustaceans,
mollusks, and worms, which serve as food for fishes, both adults and
young.

In his conclusions, Prof. Forbes remarks:

It is evident that even in a lake of so moderate sizeas this the smaller inhabitants
are quite clearly divided into pelagic and littoral groups, the latter containing the
greater number of species, but the former not less numerous in individuals; and a
comparison of the results of dredging shows that this difference applies to the ani-
mals of the bottom as well as to those swimming freely above it. * * * I¢ is
also apparent, from the product of the towing net in deep water under varying con-
ditions, that the pelagic entomostraca avoid the surface by day, whether it berough
or calm, or the weather cloudy or clear; but they do not necessarily withdraw to
any great depth, hauls 10 feet below yielding “‘ good” or “large” collections when
the sun was shining. By night, on the other hand, the yield at the surface was
large, even in a high wind.

The examination of Lake Mendota was made for the purpose of
studying a most remarkable mortality among the common perch (Perea
flavescens) in August, 1884, and was repeated in August of the follow-
ing year. A study of the lake similar to that of Lake Geneva was also |
instituted, but upon a less comprehensive scale. The fish mortality
began early in July of the former year and continued until about the
middle of August, the quantity of fish dying during that period being
estimated at above 300 tons. About 90 per cent of the fish which per-
ished were the common perch, after which in numbers came the lake
herring, followed by a few other species. Prof. Forbes’s studies of the
subject were thorough and covered all the questions that could be sug-
gested, including an examination of all the conditions of the lake, both
physical and biological, and of the morphological and histological con-
ditions of both the dead and living fishes. It was impossible, however,
to arrive at satisfactory deductions respecting the cause of the mor-
tality, Prof. Forbes not having been apprised of its occurrence until it
was practically over, and no subsequent opportunity having arisen to
study similar phenomena. However, all the facts have been carefully
recorded and discussed, and are available for future consideration.
The more significant facts connected with the mortality are stated in
considerable detail, but they are too long to make more than a brief
reference to them in this connection.

A diseased condition of some parts of the viscera was noticed, espe-
cially in the herring, but externally the dying fishes seemed to be in
good condition. The herring are subject to some mortality of the same
character every year, but to a much less extent than in 1884. It is
probable that the causes affecting the two species were the same, and —
it is also possible that the disease is contagious and was taken directly —
from the herring. The majority of the dead perch were full grown, ©

-

-

i REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 147

no young individuals having been observed. Moreover, the dead and

diseased fishes had been feeding almost exclusively on a red insect
larva peculiar to the mud of the deep water, while all the healthy fishes
observed had been feeding on shallow-water forms.

The mortality, thus, seems to have been limited to the perch that

were ranging in the deeper parts of the lake in company with the dis-

eased herring, and observations indicate that such a deep range for

_ the perchis unusualin midsummer. There also seems to be a deficiency
in Lake Mendota of the kinds of animals usually selected by the perch
as food, according to observations made elsewhere. A heavy flooding
rain which occurred not long before the outbreak of the disease may
have washed into the lake unusual quantities of organic matter from
the swamp beyond Catfish Bay and from the surrounding country.

- Quite similar cases of destruction of the native fishes are of rather
common occurrence in the rivers of Illinois in the hottest weather of
the year. They usually, if not always, follow upon floodin g rains, and
thus occur when the streams are full or overflowing with turbid water
loaded with the products of decay.

During the summer of 1890, Prof. C. Dwight Marsh, of Ripon Col-
lege, began a physical and biological examination of Green Lake,
situated in Green Lake County, Wis., for which the Fish Commission
supplied one of its deep-sea thermometers for takin g bottom tempera-

tures. His investigations will be continued during the summer of
1891, when he expects to publish an account of his results.

Be, Cag Ege

INDIANA.

The investigations begun in Indiana by Prof. B. W. Evermann in
1888 were continued by him during the summer of 1890 in the northern
and western parts of the State. Considerable work was done at inter-
vals in the vicinity of Terre Haute, both in the Wabash River and in
the numerous ponds which occur along its course in this region. Dur-
ing the regular spring rise in the river these ponds fill with water and
numerous fishes enter at the same time, but in the summer and early
autumn many of the ponds become dry, and great numbers of fishes
perish there in consequence. Among the Species which are thus de-
Stroyed are the black bass and crappie, and other valuable food-fishes.
Several hundred specimens in good condition were transplanted to
Lake Maxinkuckee by Prof. Evermann. Observations and collections
were also made at Bonebank and Mackey Ferry on the lower Wabash
River and at several places in the St. J oseph River basin, as follows:
Pigeon River, Twin Lakes and Cedar Lakes near Ontario and Lima;
Oliver Lake at Valentine, and Elkhart River at Goshen. Material
was likewise obtained at Plymouth from the Yellow River, a tributary
of the Kankakee, from Lake Maxinkuckee, and from the Tippecanoe
River, a few miles south of the lake. Prof. Evermann was assisted in
his work by anumber of his students at the State Normal School, Terre

148 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Haute, among whom may be mentioned Mr. D. C. Ridgley, Mr. ©. 8,
Hoover, and Mr. C. H. Copeland. A report upon these inquiries is now
in course of preparation.

OHIO.

Dr. James A. Henshall, secretary of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History, continued, during the summers of 1889 and 1890, his researches
respecting the fishes of Ohio, referred to in the last annual report A
complete account of these inquiries is deferred until further observa-
tions can be made, but the following brief notice of the work accom-
plished during the past two years has been furnished by Dr. Henshall:

The watershed of the State of Ohio extends from Ashtabula County,
in the northeast corner of the State, to Mercer County, on its west-
ern border. The streams north of this ridge flow into Lake Erie, while
those south of it empty into the Ohio River. The waters explored in
the latter basin were the Ohio, Muskingum, Scioto, and Little Miami
rivers and a number of smaller streams. Of the Great Lake Basin, the
Maumee and Sandusky rivers and Lake Erie in the vicinity of Put-in
Bay were examined, From these various sources 130 species of fishes
were obtained out of about 150 known species supposed to inhabit
Ohio waters. The only previous efforts in this direction were made by
Rafinesque in 1818 to 1820, and by Dr. J. P. Kirtland from 1826 to
1846. The former explored the Ohio River and its tributaries from
Pittsburg to Louisville, and described 120 species, of which the exist-
ence of about 70 valid species have since been verified. Dr. Kirtland
described, from the waters of both basins, even a less number.

The most important food-fishes collected in the Ohio and its tribu-
taries were the black bass, pike perch, sunfish, crappie, fresh-water
drum, and several species of suckers and catfish. Those from the Lake
Erie basin were the whitefish, lake herring, black bass, pike perch,
sauger, and sturgeon, the first-named being the most important commer-
cial food-fish of the State. From this it will. be seen that were the
fishes of Ohio afforded proper protection during their breeding season,
and the pollution of the streams by the refuse and offal of various mills
and factories prevented by wise and efficient legislation, a bountiful
supply of good food-fishes would be assured to the people of the State—
that would go far toward supplying the demand for fish food.

KENTUCKY.

During the autumn of 1889 and the spring of 1890, Prof. Philip H.
Kirsch, superintendent of public schools at Columbia City, Ind., made
an investigation of the streams of Clinton County, Ky., and obtained
a very complete collection of their fishes. In his report upon the sub-
ject,* Prof, Kirsch explains that this is one of the smallest counties in-

* Notes on the streams and fishes of Clinton County, Ky., with a description of a
new darter. By Philip H. Kirsch. Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x, 1890, pp. 289-292.

eS

it

s

Pre

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 149

the State, having an area of only about 206 square miles. It lies be-
tween the Cumberiand River and the Tennessee State line, its surface
being hilly and broken by the deeply-cut valleys of the water courses.
The central Poplar Mountain range and other elevations form a water-
shed, dividing the county into two districts of nearly equal extent;
the northern of these drains directly into the Cumberiand River,
while the other drains into the same river in Tennessee, through Obeys
River. The total number of species obtained from all the streams was
Bo:

In the summer of 1890,\Mr. Albert J. Woolman, assisted by Mr. H.
W. Monical and Mr. C. O. Chambers, all students in Indiana Univer-
sity, made a very extensive and thorough investigation with regard to
the fishery resources of Kentucky, their fieldwork beginning in July
and continuing until near the middle of September. All of the prin-
cipal river systems were visited, and very careful observations were
made upon their physical characteristizs, as well as upon the variety,
abundance, and distribution of their fishes. The observations embraced
not only the main stream in each basin but also a greater or less num-
ber of its tributaries. In his report* Mr. Woolman gives a detailed
description of all of these features, and also has taken pains to incor-
porate the results of several previous collecting trips to this State by

assistants of Indiana University. The collection of fishes obtained

was especially large and interesting, and was noteworthy as containing
nearly all the known species of darters.

Work was begun near the center of the State, in the Rolling Fork
of Salt River, and was carried thence westward to the Green River,
Tradewater River, the lower Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, May-
field Creek, Obion River and the Bayou de Chien, in the extreme south-
western part of the State. Subsequently the party proceeded to the
upper Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in eastern Kentucky, the
upper Kentucky, Big and Little Sandy and Licking rivers. More work
was done in the mountainous regions than elsewhere, leaving some of
the lower streams to be investigated at a future time. The greatest
number of species of fishes taken in any one basin was 64, in the Upper
Green River and its tributaries.

FLORIDA.

During December, 1890, and January, 1891, Mr. A. J. Woolman, ac-
companied by Prof. Louis Rettger, made an examination of the fresh-
water streams occupying the western slope of Florida between Charlotte
Harbor and the Suwanee River. Beginning operations in the vicinity
of Punta Gorda and proceeding northward, the following rivers, to-
gether with their tributaries, were visited in succession, namely: Alli-
gator, Peace, Hillsboro, Withlacoochee, and Santa Fe, the last mentioned

“Report of an examination of the rivers of Kentucky, with lists of the fishes
obtained. By Albert J.Woolman. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x, 1890, pp. 249-288, pl. LI.

150 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

being one of the largest affluents of the Suwanee. As comparatively
littleinformation has hitherto been obtained regarding the ichthyological
features of this region, Mr. Woolman’s efforts were well rewarded, not-
withstanding that the rainy season had commenced before the party
reached the field. The relatively small number of species which in-
habit these waters is especially noteworthy, only 12 species having been
taken in the Alligator River, 20 in the Peace River, 14 in the Hills-
boro River, 16 in the Withlacoochee River, and 17 in the Santa Fe River.
Mr. Woolman’s report * gives descriptions of the principal characteris-
tics of the rivers, with annotated lists of their fishes.

NEW YORK.

In July, 1889, an examination was made of Lake Ronkonkoma and
Great Pond, Long Island, by Mr. Fred. Mather and Dr. Bashford Dean,
a part of the collecting outfit and the thermometers having been sup-
plied by the U.S. Fish Commission. An account of this inquiry has
been published in the Eighteenth Report of the Commissioners of Fish-
eries of New York, 1890, pp. 205-217.

Lake Ronkonkoma is situated in the center of Long Island on the
top of an extended gravelly ridge of land. It is one of the largest
bodies of fresh water on the island, having an area of a trifle over a
square mile, and occupies a depression in the drift formation. Many
myths are associated with the place, and the lake has been supposed by
residents of the vicinity to have avery great depth. The soundings
made during the summer developed, however,’ a nearly uniform depth
of only 15 feet, a maximum of 65 feet having been discovered in one
place. There are no inlet or outlet streams, the source of its water
being underlying springs. The temperature was found to be high,
ranging from 75° F. in the deep hole to 77° F. in depths of 3 to4 feet, and
80° F. at the surface. It was concluded from the observations made
that ‘‘the balance of fish life in this lake is nearly if not quite com-
plete.” Black bass of both species, which were planted some years ago,
are now plentiful and have attained a large size. Notes are given on
all the species of fishes found, and the commoner forms of invertebrates
and plants are enumerated.

Great Pond is at Riverhead, near the eastern part of the island, and
although also situated in the drift, differs considerably in character
from Lake Ronkonkoma. It drains the surrounding hills and has an
outlet flowing into Great Peconic Bay. Its average depth is something
over 24 feet, the temperature at the bottom ranging from 65° to 75° F.
The pickerel (sox reticulatus) and common sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus),
absent from Lake Ronkonkoma, are abundant here, but the black bass
has never been introduced.

“Report upon the rivers of central Florida tributary to the Gulf of Mexico, with
lists of fishes inhabiting them. By Albert J. Woolman. Bull. U. S. Fish Commis-—

sion, X, 1890, pp. 293-302, pls. Lil, LILI.

a i,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 151

WOODS HOLL LABORATORY.

Nearly all of the important food-fishes occurring in the Vineyard
Sound region spawn during the spring or winter months, and as the
Woods Holl Station has not generally been occupied for scientific
purposes until about July 1 of each year, the study of their breeding
habits and of the development of the young has, for the most part, been
neglected. The pressing demands of fish-culture have been met from
time to time by the temporary employment of specialists in the proper
seasons for such investigations, but nothing in the way of a thorough
and continuous series of observations relative to these subjects has
hitherto been attempted. Among the forms respecting which informa-
tion is most urgently desired at present are the cod, sea bass, scup,
tautog, mackerel, menhaden, lobster, and oyster, but there is not a
food species common to this coast an account of whose life history and
spawning habits would not contribute something to the welfare of the
fisheries by suggesting either methods of propagation or suitable
measures of protection.

In order that scientific studies bearing upon these subjects might be
continued at all seasons, Dr. H. V. Wilson, a graduate of Johns Hop-
kins University, was appointed in May, 1888, resident naturalist at the
Woods Holl Station, in charge of the biological laboratory. Within
the past two years Dr. Wilson has completed a very important mono.
graph on the embryology of the sea bass, and has also collected much
material illustrating the development of the egg and larval stages of
the cod, scup, tautog, and other species of fishes as well as of some
crustaceans. He has also made some progress in the study of the
development of sponges, preliminary to a proposed visit to the coast of
Florida, where it is intended to investigate the life history of the commer-
cial forms. A complete series of the eggs and embryos of the Atlantic
salmon, obtained at the Maine station of the Fish Commission, has
likewise been prepared by Dr. Wilson for future examination. The
surface nets have been in constant use in the vicinity of Woods Holl,
under his direction, and Mr. H. G. White, a draftsman, has been
employed during a portion of each year to make drawings of the larva]
fishes secured by this means. A more complete account of the results
of Dr. Wilson’s inquiries is given under the heading of “‘ Special Inves-
tigations.”

Mr. V. N. Edwards has continued his field observations respecting ~
the different fishes which inhabit the Vineyard Sound region, keeping
a careful record of the time of approach and disappearance of the
migratory species, of the breeding and feeding habits of all forms, and
of the growth of the young from day to day. He has also experimented
successfully with the hatching of several common fishes, and has demon-

152 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

strated practically the best methods by which their artificial propaga-
tion may be accomplished.

The steamer Fish Hawk was at Woods Holl during a part of the
summer of 1889, and made several collecting trips for the purpose of
securing material desired for examination. This station was also the
headquarters of the schooner Grampus during both summers, while
engaged upon the physical inquiries respecting the mackerel-grounds
off the adjacent coast, as described elsewhere, and Prof. Libbey and the
members of his party were given the necessary accommodations in the
laboratory for working upon the materials and observations obtained
on each cruise.

Many important additions have been made to the laboratory equip-
ment, and the facilities for research are now much better than they
have been at any previous time. The aquaria have also been main-
tained upon a proper basis, and while supplying the requirements of
the investigators for the preservation of living specimens, they are
equally appreciated by the public, which is given free access to the
building at all hours. The greatest desideratum at the station is the
lack of a good collection of scientific books, but this has been met in
part by the courteous action of the Marine Biological Laboratory in
placing its fine working library at the service of the Fish Commission.
Books are also obtained when needed from the Boston Society of Natural
History, and from Washington, and the principal technical journals
treating of biological subjects have been subscribed to.

During the summer months of each year the laboratory has been
occupied by a relatively large number of scientific men, some of whom
have been employed by the Fish Commission in making special inves-
tigations, while others were given such facilities as they required for
conducting whatever researches they desired to make. The Commis-
sioner was also present during a part of both seasons. Seventeen
investigators were in attendance during 1889, and 14 during 1890.
Below is given a brief summary of the work performed by each, the
principal topics pertaining to the operations of the Fish Commission
being again referred to under special headings.

SUMMER OF 1889.

During this season Prof. W. K. Brooks, of Johns Hopkins University,
was occupied chiefly with a study of the lite history of the common
starfish, the most dreaded enemy of the oyster beds on the New Eng-
land coast, whose breeding habits it is very desirable should be eare-
fully determined. He also paid some attention to the natural history
of physalia and salpa, surface organisms which are sometimes very
abundant in the vicinity of Woods Holl.

Prof. F, H. Herrick, of Adelbert Cellege, best known for his joint
memoir with Prof. Brooks on the Embryology and Metamorphosis of the
Macrura, soon to be published by the National Academy of Sciences,

I a ee vO

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 153

began for the Fish Commission an exhaustive inquiry into the develop-
ment and spawning habits of the lobster, one of the most interesting
marine forms now being propagated artificially at the Woods Holl Sta-
tion. He also collected material bearing upon the embryology of other
crustaceans inhabiting this region.

Prof. Edwin Linton, of Washington and Jefferson College, who has
been engaged for several years in a study of the entozoan and other

_ worm parasites of fishes, was employed to continue his field researches

and to make additional observations in respect to this subject. Fish
diseases, so far as they have been investigated, appear to be almost
entirely the result of parasitism in one form or another, and it is, there-
fore, very important that the relations of these low organisms to their
respective hosts should be made out with as much care as possible.

Dr. C. F. Hodge, of Clark University, was at Woods Holl during the
first part of the summer, and afterwards joined the steamer Fish Hawk
as naturalist in connection with the oyster investigation. While at the
station he was occupied in making observations upon the feeding habits
of larval lobsters, and in attempting to rear them through their free-
swimming stages, during which period they are subject to great mor-
tality. ~

Mr. James I. Peck, of Johns Hopkins University, was engaged to
investigate the habits and distribution of the young of the seup and
sea bass, two of the principal food-fishes of the Vineyard Sound region.
His observations were made both in the field and with the aid of the
aquaria.

Johns Hopkins University was represented at the station by four inde-
pendent workers, Dr. K. A. Andrews, Mr. T. H. Morgan, Mr. 8S. Watase,
and Mr. kh. P. Bigelow. Dr. Andrews investigated the anatomy and de-
velopment of certain annelid worms, and Mr. Bigelow the comparative
histology of the discophore meduse, and the habits and the physiology
of physalia. The researches of Mr. Morgan were mainly in the direction
of the phylogenetic life history of jelly-fishes, of which he examined speci-
mens of Cyaneaartica, Aurelia flavidula, and Pelagia, but also paid some
attention to the or carne of as of which three species are
found in this region. Mr. 8S. Watase continued his studies, begun in
1888, on the structure and relationship of the eyes of crustaceans and
echinoderms. Preliminary reports on this subject had iia been
published by hin.

Mr. W. MeM. Woodworth, Mr. C. B. Davenport, and Mr. E. R. Boyer
were present as Petes cn ites of Harvard University. Mr. Wood-
worth was chiefly interested in tracing the development of a small para-
sitie planarian which infests the gill lamelle of the king crab; Mr.
Davenport, in studying the structure and development of marine and
fresh-water polyzoa, and of Bopyrus palamonites, the latter being an
isopod parasite living on the common prawn (Palemonites vulgaris);

154 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

and Mr. Boyer in investigating the embryology of a common minnow
(Fundulus heteroclitus).

Mr. B. H. Waters and Mr. C. W. Stevens, of Princeton College, gave
their attention to inquiries of a general character, while Prof. A. A.
Wright and Mr. M. J. Greenman, who were in attendance for only a
short time, were occupied in securing miscellaneous collections of marine
animals for Oberlin College and the University of Pennsylvania,
respectively.

SUMMER OF 1890.

During the summer of 1890 Prof. F. H. Herrick continued his inves-
tigations, begun the previous year, respecting the life history of the
lobster. Prof. H. C. Bumpus, of Brown University, was also present
during the spring months and gave attention to the same species,
his studies having special reference to the length of time the eggs are
carried by the parent lobster before hatching. Mr. R. G. Harrison and
Mr. J. L. Kellogg, of Johns Hopkins University, worked conjointly on
several problems relative to the habits and fixation of oyster spat, and
the latter also took up the study.of the anatomy and life history of sev-
eral bivalve mollusks, including the more common edible species, such
as the quahog, soft clam, scallop, and mussel. Mr. George H. Field,
also of Johns Hopkins University, continued the inquiries commenced
by Prof. Brooks in 1889 on the development of starfishes, and extended
his observations to other species of echinoderms. Mr. EK. G. Conklin,
of the same institution, studied the embryology of Urosalpinx and Crepi-
dula, two gastropod mollusks, of which the former is the so-called oyster
drill, second only to the starfish as to the amount of damage which it
inflicts upon the oyster-beds of southern New England.

Dr. kK, A. Andrews investigated the structure and development
of the eyes of annelid worms, and the growth of a small nemertean
(Meckelia). Dr. R. P. Bigelow, who was attached to the schooner
Grampus, in addition to the physical observations assigned him, made
large collections of surface animals in the region of the Gulf Steam,
which occupied his attention while the vessel was in port. Prof. Wil-
liam Patten, of the University of North Dakota, was interested in the
study of the sense organs of crustaceans and of the horseshoe erab,
and Mr. W.MeM. Woodworth continued his observations upon the
parasitic planarian which lives on the gills of the latter species. ‘The
development of teleostean fishes was studied by Dr. Thomas G. Lee, of
Yale University, and general inquiries were carried on by Mr. W. C.
Prime, of Princeton College.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 155

SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

The Cod (Gadus morrhua).

Tn the last annual report an account was given of the efforts that
had been made to increase the supply of cod on the southern New Eng-
land coast and of the success with which this experiment had been
attended. The evidence since obtained in regard to this matter is even
more gratifying, and the expediency of continuing the propagation of
this species upon as large a scale as possible can no longer be denied.
In fact, the observations which are being made from year to year upon
the habits of marine fishes tend to prove that they are nearly all much
more susceptible to human influences than has generally been supposed,
and we feel justified in predicting for this branch of fish-culture a more
brilliant future than has usually been accorded to it.

The number of cod fry planted in the Vineyard Sound region prior to
July 1, 1889, was about 38,000,000, to which may now be added 5,500,000
for the season of 1889-90, and 36,200,000 for the season of 1890-91, mak-
ing a total of over 80,000,000 down to the close of the last fiscal year.
For the details of the hatching work reference should be made to the
fish-cultural report of the Woods Holl Station, but it is interesting to
note in this connection that the 36,200,000 embryos deposited in 1890-91
were obtained from the eggs of 587 fish, caught chiefly on Nantucket
Shoals, although a few were taken off Marthas Vineyard and No Mans
Land. The season during which ripe eggs were secured lasted from
November 17, 1890, to February 7, 1891, each fish yielding from 11,000 to
238,000 eggs at a stripping, but some of the fish were handled more than
once. The period of incubation ranged from 216 to 762 hours, according
to the temperature of the water, which varied from 32° to 49° F.

The observations of Mr. V. N. Edwards during the past two years have
shown not only that the young cod have continued to be abundant at
the proper seasons, but also that the larger fish enter the inner waters
in considerable numbers. In the autumn of 1889 cod of two sizes were
plentiful; the smaller, measuring 12 to 154 inches long, were consid-
ered to be yearlings, while the others, from 18 to 22 inches long, were
supposed to be 2-year-olds. Fish 14 years old, captured in the spring,
measured 15 inches. The 2-year-old cod were abundant all along the
Massachusetts coast south of Cape Cod, and off Block Island, during
the fall of 1889, and over 1,000 individuals of this age were secured by
the schooner Grace during one day’s fishing. They were also taken by
the tautog fishermen in Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay, and 16
were captured in a fyke net which had been set in the Great Harbor of
Woods Holl for twenty years, the first time that any of this size have
been known to occur in these waters.

156 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

During April, 1890, young cod measuring from 1} to 2 inches long,
were very plentiful all along the shores, and were taken by Mr, Ed-
wards in his small collecting seine. _ The latter part of the month they
had entered Woods Holl harbor and had become common around the
wharves. In May large fish, weighing from 5 to 15 pounds apiece, made
their appearance in these waters in very large numbers, and were
abundant in Buzzards Bay from Cuttyhunk to Quisset, and in Vineyard
Sound from Robinson Holl to Falmouth Heights. The fishermen caught
them in their fish traps, and they also entered the lobster pots, some-
thing previously unheard of. A small funnel-shaped bass trap set on
the shore off Nonamessett Island caught 23 of these large cod on May
3, 15 on the 5th, and 8 on the 6th of the same month. They were the
first cod ever taken in that locality. From the latter part of October
until the end of November, 1890, fish of good size were abundant
throughout Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay and in the neighboring
regions. October 31, Mr. Edwards reported that since the 20th of the.
month all the tautog fishermen in the sound and bay had been eateli-
ing codfish every day, measuring from 15 to 20 inches long. On No-
vember 18, he stated that individuals weighing from 5 to 10 pounds
each were very plentiful in Vineyard Sound, and also occurred in Buz-
zards Bay. They were also said to be abundant at the same time on
Nantucket Shoals and off Cape Cod. During the latter part of the
month the boats were obtaining from 75 to 90 good-sized cod at each
tide off the mouth of Edgartown Harbor, and sometimes as many as 100
off Nantucket Bar. There is no record of this species having been cap-
tured previously in either of these localities. On April 30, 1891, Mr.
Edwards reported that codfish were more abundant in the Vineyard
Sound region than they had been for thirty-five or forty years, and some
of them were of large size.

On November 24, 1890, Mr. Willard Nye, of New Bedford, Mass., re-
ported that during the same fall codfish had been more numerous than
for many years in the shoal waters at the mouth of Buzzards Bay and
to the westward. They have been caught, he states, in the traps from
Salter Point off Narragansett River, Buzzards Bay, as far to the west as
Seaconnet Point, and at many places inside of Buzzards Bay, which is
something new even to the oldest inhabitant. The fish taken in shoal
water are of two sizes, one averaging about 4, the other about 6 pounds,
each. They are both school cod and do not have the red color of the
so-called rock-cod, stragglers of which are caught every year in shallow
water. Cod fishing in Buzzards Bay has been a rarity for a great many
years.

On December 3, 1890, Mr. George A. Griffin, wrote from Wakefield,
R. I., to the effect that codfish had been very plentiful during the fall
off Narragansett Pier and Point Judith. They had formerly been abun-
dant there, but have been very scarce during the past 20 years.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 157

Granting that the increase of codfish, indicated by the above and
previous announcements, has resulted from the hatching work of the
U.S. Fish Commission, and that fact seems now to have been settled
beyond any question, it is interesting to note the extent of sea coast
which can be covered from a single station without the need of making
a wide distribution of the fry, as nearly all of the plantings have
been made in the immediate vicinity of Woods Holl. . As to the increase
recorded on Nantucket Shoals and off the outer coast of Cape Cod, it
is inpossible to say at present whether this was brought about by the
operations at Woods Holl or at Gloucester, but it is probable that the
plantings made from the former station were instrumental in this re-
spect, to some extent at least. As the Fish Commission has not had
the means of obtaining careful observations regarding the presence
and abundance of young fish north of Cape Cod, there is less positive
information at hand to show the outcome of the hatching work at Glou-
cester, but there is every reason to believe that it has been entirely suc-
cessful. One instance of the survival and growth of the young planted
from that station has been reported as follows: Writing from Kingston,
Mass., July 26, 1889, Mr. H. M. Jones stated that he had had forty years’
experience in fishing in the waters adjoining Plymouth Harbor, but cer-
tain schools of fish, which he describes as having white bellies and dark
spots on the back, had appeared during the summer, and were entirely
new to him. They averaged 4 pounds in weight, and had been plentiful
all summer. Although he considered them to be cod, they differed from
those ordinarily found in that vicinity. A specimen forwarded to
Washington was found to represent the variety of cod propagated at
the Gloucester Station, and there seemed to be no doubt that these
schools had originated in the plantings made from that place.

During the winter of 1890-91, Dr. H. V. Wilson began the study of
the embryology of the cod, in connection with the hatching operations
at the Woods Holl Btadn, and before the end of the year he had
made considerable progress in this work.

The Sea Bass (Serranus atrarius).

The experiments with respect to the spawning of the sea bass made
at Woods Holl in 1888 and 1889 were continued by Mr. Edwards dur-
ing 1890. From 4,270,000 eggs obtained during May and June of the
latter year, 3,890,000 embryos were secured, an exceedingly large per-
centage, showing that the propagation of this species could be carried
on without difficulty. Ripe fish were first taken on the spawning-
grounds off Hyannis on May 10, and eggs were obtained as late as
June 23, in the vicinity of Woods Holl. Ripe milters, according to Mr.
Edwards, are found two weeks in advance of ripe females, and he re-
ports the same also with respect to the scup, mackerel, and squeteague.
If sea bass are held in the traps over thirty-six hours their eggs are
always found to be dead when the fish are examined.

158 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

That the planting of embryo sea bass, as well as scup, in the shallow
waters south of Cape Cod would undoubtedly be attended with good
results, is well illustrated by an expeviment made by Mr. Edwards in
1890. In June of that year he liberated about 50,000 fry of each of
these species in the so-called Eel Pond at Woods Holl, a shallow tidal
basin having an area of only a few acres. On November 7, while sein-
ing in the pond, he caught thousands of both species, the smallest
measuring 2 inches long and the largest 45 inches. During most of
the same month they were observed passing out in large schools
through the narrow outlet from the pond, becoming very common in
the harbor at Woods Holl, but occurring nowhere else. Sea bass
young placed in Kel Pond during the spring of 1889 apparently re-
mained there continuously until the fall of 1890, when they had attained
a length of 10 to 11 inches. .

The embryology of the sea bass has been worked out in a very com-
plete and satisfactory manner by Dr. H. V. Wilson, assistant in charge
of the Woods Holl laboratory. A preliminary notice of his researches
was published in the Johns Hopkins University Circular, vol. 1x, No.
80, 1890, and the final report in the Bulletin of the Fish Commission
for 1889.* Very instructive and important results were obtained by
Dr. Wilson, and his observations throw much additional light on the
origin and structure of many organs, the developmental history of
which has been only imperfectly understood. His explanation of the
derivation and function of the lateral line is especially interesting.

The Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculdtus).

On June 14, 1891, the steamer Fish Hawk was temporarily detached
from the oyster survey in Tangier Sound and was detailed to carry on
investigations respecting the hatching of Spanish mackerel in the vi-
cinity of Cape Charles City, Virginia. Similar inquiries and experiments
had been made in the lower Chesapeake Bay during several previous
years ending with 1885, but the work had never been conducted on a
large scale, and only a comparatively small number of fry had ever
been obtained at any one time. The rapid diminution in the abun-
dance of this valuable food species, reported from year to year, had
again calied attention to this subject, and rendered it of considerable
importance that additional and more positive information should be
obtained. Lieut. Robert Platt, U. 8. Navy, was charged with the fish-
cultural operations, and the services of Mr. J. Percy Moore, an assist-
ant in the University of Pennsylvania, were secured to. conduct the
scientific observations, with the view of supplementing the studies pre-
viously made by Prof. John A. Ryder, and published in the Fish Com-
mission Bulletin for 1881. The principal work mapped out was to de-

4 The Embryology of the Sea Bass (Serranus atrarius). 3 By Henry V. Wilson, Ph.
D., assistant U.S. Fish Commission, Bull. U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. rx, 1889, pp.
209-277, pls. 88-107,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 159

termine suitable places for obtaining the spawning fish, the means
necessary for securing them in good condition, and the apparatus best
adapted to the hatching of the eggs. The scientific inquiries were to
be directed chiefly towards ascertaining those facts respecting the nat-
ural history of the parent fish and of the embryos which could be turned
to practical advantage in the artificial propagation of the species. The
work continued until the end of July, 1891, and, therefore, only the pro-
gress made during the last half of June belongs appropriately to this
report.

The vicinity of Cape Charles City was found to offer good facilities
for the work, but breeding fish in suitable condition were very difficult
to obtain. By the ordinary methods of capture in the pound nets, the
fish are held in captivity over night, and those which do not spawn before
morning (they are supposed to be mainly nocturnal spawners) are sub-
jected to so much pressure and rough handling when the nets are
emptied on the next day that, as a rule, they lose not only what ripe
eggs they contain, but. also many immature ones. An attempt was
made to secure them by means of gill nets, but only a few were so
taken, and the nets were almost invariably torn by sharks and gars.
It is suggested that several pound nets might be run exclusively for
the benefit of the hatching work, in which case they could be hauled at
night, and in such a manner as to retain the spawning fish in good con-
dition.

It was ascertained that the ovaries of this species mature slowly and
not at the same rate in all parts. Consequently, ova in very different
stages of development were found in the same fish. The largest num-
ber of ripe eggs taken from a single fish at one time was 60,000. The
movements of the schools were much influenced by the physical condi-
tions of the water and atmosphere, but precisely to what extent was not
determined. The fry were planted soon after hatching, and it was found
impossible to keep them alive in the small compass of an aquarium for
more than a week at the most. As young fish, especially alewives, are
very abundant at the surface at this season, it is considered that the
embryo mackerel stand a poor chance of escaping such enemies while
in their earliest and most helpless stages, and it is suggested that some
means of confining them along the shore might prove advantageous in
case the hatching work should be undertaken upon a large scale.

The tidal or cod jars were employed successfully for this species.
The eggs were found to be buoyant in the bay water of ordinary den-
sity, but sank and afforded poor results if the water became too brack-
ish. Up to July 1, 1,090,000 fertilized eggs had been taken from 30
female fish, producing 366,000 embryos, which were planted in the
vicinity of Cape Charles City. The length of time required for hatch-
ing after the eggs had been impregnated was about twenty-four hours,

160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The Mackerel (Scomber scombrus).

Mr. Edwards continued at Woods Holl, in 1890, his experiments with
regard to the hatching of this species which had been conducted dur-
ing 1886, 1888, and 1889, From 768,000 eggs, 688,000 embryos were
obtained. About 2,000,000 eggs taken from fish which had been dead
a short time proved worthless. During November, 1890, small mack-
erel, measuring from 8 to 11 inches long, were unusually abundant in
Woods Holl harbor, and about 5,000 were caught with hook and line
from the Fish Commission wharf. Some adult specimens were also
captured at the same place and others in a fyke net set by Mr, Ed-
wards, the first time they had been so taken.

The Scup (Stenotomus chrysops).

About 396,000 fry were obtained from 443,000 eggs of this species at
the Woods Holl station during June, 1890. Thé eggs are buoyant and
hatch in from three to five days. Ninety-five per cent of all the scup
taken at this period were milters. After remaining in the traps over
twenty-four hours, the females are never found to contain any ripe
spawn. An account of an experiment on the planting of young scup
in Eel Pond during the summer of 1890 is given in connection with the
sea bass.

The Squeteague (Cynoscion regale.)

The artificial propagation of this species was first attempted at Woods
Holl by Mr. Edwards in June, 1890, when 237,000 eggs were hatched
in 3 to 4 days with a loss of only about 10,000. The eggs are buoyant.
Nineteen out of twenty of all the squeteague taken were milters, and
ripe males occurred as late as June 30, but nearly all the females had
spawned before that time.

The Tautog (Tautoga onitis).

From 808,000 eggs of the tautog, secured by Mr. Edwards at Woods
Holl during June, 1890, 732,000 embryos were obtained. The eggs are
buoyant and hatched in from 3 to 5 days. On June 29, 1890, about
50,000 fry were planted in Eel Pond, where young fish were abundant
in the following November. They did not attempt to escape from the
pond, but stowed themselves away in the eelgrass. This species is said
to be growing less abundant every year on the southern coast of New
England.

The Cunner (Ctenolabrus adspersus).

The eggs of the cunner are buoyant and very transparent; about 26
are contained in a linear inch. About 50,000 eggs of this species ob-
tained May 22, 1890, were hatched at Woods Holl on the 5th day, with
a loss of only 5,000. The tidal cod jar was used, the temperature of
the water being 56° F.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 161

The Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).

In the fall of 1890, after completing his monograph on the sea bass,
Dr. H. V. Wilson paid a short visit to the Fish Commission station at
Bast Orland, Maine, where he made careful preparations of a series of
embryos of the Atlantic salmon, illustrating different stages in their
growth. This material will serve as the basis for the study of the
development of the species.

The Flounders (Paralichthys dentatus and Pseudopleuronectes americanus. )

The two most important flounders which occur on the southern coast
of New England are the common flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and
the flatfish or winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Both of
these species, which have a very extended range, are now regarded as
valuable food products, and both are sent to market from the Woods

Holl region. Nothing is-positively known regarding the breeding hab-

its of the former, except that it does not spawn in the shallow water
near the shore, but the ripe eggs of the latter may readily be obtained
there in large quantities. Experiments regarding the hatching of this
species were taken up by Mr. V. N. Edwards in the spring of 1888, and
were continued by him during 1890 and 1891. The spawning season
begins early in February and lasts until late in April. During the
spring of 1890 Mr. Edwards obtained 5,800,000 eggs from 87 fish, the
same yielding over 4,000,000 fry ; in 1891 71 fish produced 4,680,000 eggs
and 3,300,000 fry, the proportion of eggs hatched in each case being
about 70 per cent. The length of the period of incubation varied from
400 to 600 hours, the temperature of the water ranging from 32° to
46° Fahrenheit. The fry were liberated in from 1 to 5 days after hatch-
ing. The eggs are adhesive and sink. Several different-methods of
handling them were tried, but the best success was obtained by spread-
ing them thinly on panes of glass and placing them ina current of water
in the hatching boxes. If allowed to accumulate together they adhere
in masses, and under such conditions a very large percentage, if not the
entire lot, soon dies. In some cases, Mr. Edwards found that the eggs
had hardened up in the fish, and when pressure was applied they came
out in one solid body. Under such circumstances the eggs do not ripen
and the fish itself generally dies.

This species can be caught in large numbers in the harbor of Woods
Holl and in the neighboring waters during the spawning season, Dur-
ing the more severe winter weather, however, they retreat to the deeper
parts of Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay. The earliest spawners
have been obtained in the upper parts of Waquoit Bay, in the town of
Falmouth, where they are said to appear every season at the first thaw
in February. Later in the spring they can be taken in the vicinity of
Woods Holl. Dr. Wilson found it difficult to keep the young flounders
alive for any length of time in the aquaria, but early in May, 1890,

_ they were abundant at the surface and were captured in the tow net,

H, Mis, 113-———11

162 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The Sand Dab (Pleuronectes maculatus).

On May 12, 1890, Mr. Edwards secured about 100,000 eggs of this
species, which, in a temperature of 51° to 54° F., hatched on the fifth
day, with a loss of only 10 per cent. The tidal cod jar was used for
this purpose. The eggs are buoyant, and about 24 are contained in a
linear inch.

The Four-Spotted Flounder (Paralichthys oblongus).

Of this species, 50,000 eggs were obtained on May 15, 1890. They
are of the same size as the eggs of the sand dab, are also buoyant, and
hatched in the same length of time, but with a loss of 50 per cent.
The tidal cod jar was employed.

The Lobster (Homarus americanus).

In previous reports accounts have been given of thie successful at-
tempts made to hatch lobster eggs which had previously been removed
from the swimmerets of the parent, but at the same time attention was

called to the difficulty of rearing the embryos in captivity, owing to
their propensity to devour one another, notwithstanding great care
Was exercised in supplying them with proper food. On this account the
embryos have generally been planted when only a few days old, but it
is considered that much better results could be accomplished by confin-
ing them in tanks until they had reached an age of 4 or 5 weeks, when
they are better able to protect themselves against their enemies.

During 1890 and 1891 the hatching work was continued at Woods Holl
on a moderate scale, and at the same time careful experiments were
made to discover some way of keeping the larvee in the aquaria without
the great mortality which has hitherto occurred. Mr. V. N. Edwards
also made some interesting observations regarding the eggs and the
size at which the adult first becomes mature, and important studies re-
specting the breeding habits and life history of the species were under-
taken by Prof. F. HW. Herrick, of Adelbert College, and Prof. H. C.
Bumpus, of Brown University. Prof. Herrick first turned his attention
to this matter during the summer of 1889, and in the following year
arrangements were made with him to prepare a comprehensive mono-
graph covering the entire subject, which will probably require several
years forits completion. Prof. Bumpus was at the station in the spring
of 1890. Preliminary reports have been published by Prof. Herrick in
the Johns Hopkins University Circular No, 80, 1890, and No, 87, 1891,
the latter containing the two following papers by him, namely: “ Notes
on the habits and larval stages of the American lobster,” and ‘The
reproductive organs and early stages of development of the American
lobster.”

From the inquiries made up to this date some very valuable dedue-
tions have been reached. The fact that the eggs laid during the sum-
mer are carried by the parent until the following spring or summer
before hatching, a conclusion reached by the writer from his experi-
ments in 1885, has been proyed conclusively, During 1889, eges were

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 163

laid from June 20 to July 15, and probably later; and in 1890, from
July 1 until about August 20, according to the observations made.
Lobsters do not breed readily when confined in close quarters. One
female kept in a small aquarium for about eight weeks extruded eggs
which were somewhat abnormal in their condition, and in the course
of a few days they were scratched off by her from the swimmerets.
The hatching period at Woods Holl occupies about eight weeks, be-
ginning about the middle of May and continuing until near the middle
of July, but it varies somewhat. In 1890 the last lobster with light-
colored spawn (about ready to hatch) was taken July 7, and on the
same day the Gay Head fishermen obtained the first lobster of the
season with dark-colored or newly laid eggs.

Prof. Herrick considers that the lobster does not breed annually,
judging from the immature condition of the ovaries at the time@of hatch-
ing of the eggs attached to the swimmerets, and by the large percent-
age of non-egg-bearing females taken in the winter and spring. In
April, 1889, 21 per cent of all the lobsters caught at Woods Holl by
Mr. Edwards were females with eggs; in May, 19 per cent, and in
June only about one-half of 1 per cent, the larger proportion of the
eggs having hatched previous to, or during the early part of, the last-
mentioned month. In the course of these observations it was also
noticed that the females somewhat exceeded the males in numbers.

Freshly laid eggs are very dark green in color, but toward the next
spring they become wuch lighter, owing to the partial consumption of
the yolk. The adult lobster may molt soon after its eggs are hatched
(most commonly in the early summer) or not until fall, and possibly at
any other time when not carrying eggs. ._The frequency of the fall
molting has been referred to elsewhere. Prof. Herrick is inclined to
think that, after becoming sexually mature, lobsters do not, as a rule,
molt annually. From six to eight weeks are probably required to pro-
duce a fairly hard new shell. At the time of hatching the larval lobster
also molts for the first time, the delicate skin being cast off with the
shell. This is a critical period in its history, and in connection with
the work at Woods Holl large numbers die at this stage through ina-
bility to pass the first molt. The young swim at the surface for six or
eight weeks, when they attain a stage which bears a general resemb-
lance to the adult, although differing from itin many details. The larva
at this age both walks on the bottom and swins at the surface, but when
it reaches the next stage, it leaves the surface entirely.

During the early spring of 1890, Prof. Bumpus succeeded in hateh-
jng lobster eggs prematurely by placing them in running water, of
which the temperature had been elevated artificially to that of the sea
water in June. The young made their appearance in a very few days.
Other eges from the saine lobster retained in water of normal temper-
ature did not develop appreciably during the same period. The young
produced in this way seemed strong and hardy and no fatal results

164 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

attended their transfer to water of ordinary temperature. In fact,
they were kept for twenty-four hours in a temperature as low as 32° F,
withoutinjury. The expediency of resorting to this method is, however,
questionable, on account of the extra trouble and expense of manipu-
lation where the work is carried on upon a large scale. Experience
has taught that in nearly all fish-cultural operations it is best to con-
duct them under natural conditions as far as possible.

The observations made by Dr. C. F. Hodge, during the summer of
1889, respecting the feeding of young lobsters in confinement, while
not successful from a practical standpoint, furnished some interesting
facts regarding the larval habits of this species. The stomachs of speci-
mens, about one month old, taken at the surface in Woods Holl har-
bor, contained fragments of copepods and of the larval stages of crabs,
showings so far as these examinations go, that their normal food at this
age consists of active crustacean forms having the same pelagic habits
as themselves. In the aquaria they were supplied with all sorts of
food, both animal and vegetable, which it was conjectured might be
suited to their tastes and needs, including surface towings brought in
from the harbor. They did not appear to touch anything. of a vegeta-
ble nature or any preparations made from flour. They will eat almost
any character of animal food if suitably prepared, but while some kinds
seem to be beneficial to them, others are more or less harmful, the
yolks of hard-boiled eggs and freshly coagulated milk belonging to the
former category. When well supplied with nutriment they rapidly
gorge themselves, and it was found necessary to take much pains in
dividing the solid particles, which should be neither too fine nor too
coarse, to insure their proper feeding and prevent their becoming en-
tangled in the loose tissues. In none of the trials, however, did more
than a small percentage of the larvee survive for any considerable
length of time. They appeared to rest mainly upon the bottom of the
aquarium at night, but rose toward the surface whenever a light was
brought nearthem. In thedaytime, also, they feed chiefly on the bottom,
and are apt to spend much of their time there even when not so occupied.

Dr. Hodge is inclined to believe that the difficulties in the way of
raising young lobsters in the aquaria do not arise entirely from their
feeding habits, but are due in part to other causes, not at present un-
derstood. He experimented upon the effects of light, of temperature,
of the conditions of the water, ete., but without producing any modifi-
cations in his results. Larvae confined in floating ears off the wharf,
moreover, fared no better than those kept in the laboratory. It has
been suggested that a minute protozoan, which constantly swarmed
about the living young, and completely infested their dead bodies, may
to some extent have been instrumental in their destruction, a matter
that could readily be determined by a sterilization of the water, but it
is improbable that such a widespread mortality could result from such
a Cause,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 165

Between April 16 and June 135, 1890, 723 lobsters furnished 8,317,000
eggs yielding 4,511,000 embryos. Between April 28 and June 30, 1891,
4,353,000 eggs were obtained from 482 lobsters, and from these 3,533,000
embryos were secured. The proportion of eggs hatched in 1889 was
about 51 per cent; in 1890, 54 per cent; and in 1891, 81 per cent. The
greatly increased percentage in the last-mentioned year was due to
greater skill in the handling of the eggs, and to the exclusive use of
the automatic shad jar, which is better adapted to the treatment
of lobster eggs than any other apparatus yet employed for that pur-
pose. Observations made in 1890 tended to show that the lobster eggs
did not hatch in the apparatus until the temperature of the water had
risen to between 54° and 59° F. This fact, however, needs to be cor-
roborated.

During the seasons of 1890 and 1891, Mr. V. N. Edwards kept a
careful record respecting the sizes of all breeding lobsters which he
handled, and the number of eggs furnished by each. The results ob-
tained are exceedingly interesting, and indicate that a larger propor-
tion of the lobsters begin to spawn at an early age than has generally
been supposed. These facts are shown in the following table:

Table showing the number of eggs to lobsters of each size, seasons of 1890 and 1891.

; Novae ; Average No.

Size. Tehstecs No. of eggs. | of eggs to

ine each size.
Sitorssinches.....5~).2-6--.- fea 23 149, 226 6, 480
Oinon OSM GHA sos tee sees ona eie Se aaa ae 344 2,642, 291 7, 600
Tl) joni brn one Oe Sk Bee aerasosemesoncec A 553 5, 763, 542 10, 400
lstoM 2 INCHOsssss58 - 2 - cea ase ee ae ee ees 226 3, 095, 037 13, 600
PaO ouNCHOSs a sac. oee baw os sc nS ealee erases 50 907, 830 18, 000
PICO) JA vin CHESS Selava a oo 0a a's ere ste atararsialele <i 9 208, 590 23, 100
Potala paca sass caer eas ene 1, 205 12, 766, 016 10, 594

The averages given in this table do not represent the total numbers
actually extruded by the females, as in a large percentage of the speci-
mens many of the eggs had been removed by one cause or another
before the lobsters were captured. Hels, cunners, and other small
rapacious fishes are undoubtedly responsible for much of this destrue-
tion. The extreme range in the number of eggs recorded for each size
was as follows: In specimens measuring from 8 to 8? inches, 3,000 to
12,000 eggs; 9 to 10 inches, 3,000 to 16,500 eggs; 10 to 11 inches, 3,000
to 21,000 eggs; 11 to 12 inches, 3,000 to 24,000 eggs; 12 to 13 inches,
6,000 to 30,000 eggs; 13 to 14 inches, 15,000 to 36,000 eggs.

Over one-fourth of the breeding lobsters were between 9 and 10
inches long, and nearly one-half between 10 and 11 inches long. Only
59 were taken whose size was above 12 inches, and none exceeded 14
inches. It may, therefore, be concluded with respect to the Vineyard
Sound region that the average size of the breeding lobsters is much

166 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

less than it was ten and twenty years ago, and that much more than
half are now under the legal limit of 104 inches prescribed by the
Massachusetts fishery regulations. The search for egg lobsters has
also disclosed the fact that the abundance of lobsters is still rapidly
decreasing on this coast. During the season of 1890, 59 lobsters with
dead eggs were taken, and among the females Snare 10 inches long
caught in this vicinity there was an average of only about 1 with
spawn to 12 without spawn. In November, 1890, with 175 traps
set, the catch averaged 2 lobsters, measuring 10$ imciliea and over to
each trap per day. There was also an average of 1 egg lobster
to every 7 lobsters taken. In February, 1891, 5 traps averaged 1
104-inch lobster and 10 small lobsters per day. In April, 1891, 400
traps set in the bay and sound averaged about 100 lobsters per day,
measuring 104 inches and over, and about 10 egg lobsters. In May
the average per day was 1 large lobster to every 2 traps. Small lob-
sters were also less abundant than in previous years. At Monomoy,
where lobsters were formerly very common within a mile of the point,
the fishermen are now required to go nearly to the Nantucket shore
to set their traps. The catch in 1890 was only about half that of the
previous year.

During October and November, 1890, Mr. Edwards made some interest-
ing observations on the fall molting of lobsters which indicate that the
habit of shedding at this season is more common than has generally been
supposed. Hight specimens were measured, and the increase in size in
each instance, ranging from one-half to 15 inches, was found to be
as follows: From 5 to 6 inches, from 54 to 64 inches, from 73$ to 8
inches, from 73 to 84 inches, from 8 to 9 inches, from 84 to 94 inches,
from 9 to 104 inches, and from 11 to 12 inches. The rate of growth
seems, therefore, to vary considerably, even among individuals of ap-
pe icanately the same size.

In the fall of 1890 Mr. I°. N. Barrett, editor of the American Grocer,
New York, called the attention of the Commissioner to the fact that in
the eanned-lobster trade cans were often found in which the contents
had turned black and were unfit for eating. This circumstance had
created considerable prejudice against this product, especially in the
foreign markets. Many causes had been assigned for the phenomenon,
none of which, however, were based upon an investigation of the
actual condition of the spoiled goods. Several cans ate the
blackened lobsters were sent to Washington, and were placed by the
Commissioner in the hands of Dr, William Gray, microscopist of the
Army Medical Museum, for analysis. Dr. Gray’s studies upon the
subject have not yet been completed, but in the discolored patches of
muscular tissue he has found a species of bacillus apparently unde-
seribed, which is probably responsible for the changes observed in the
cor and condition of this product.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 167

Edible Mollusks.

Mr. kh. G. Harrison and Mr. J. L. Kellogg, of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, were employed at the Woods Holl laboratory during the sum-
mer of 1890, under the direction of Prof. W. K. Brooks, to investigate
certain natural-history problems relative to the oyster and other edible
mollusks, and bearing upon their artificial cultivation. They worked
conjointly on the embryology of the oyster, and made experiments re-
specting the effects of density, temperature, sunshine, ete., on the oyster
larva during its free-swimming and fixative stages. They also collected
material for a study of the trematode parasites of the oyster and other
bivalvés, Dr. Brooks having been led to believe that these organisms
may have been instrumental in causing the deterioration of oyster beds
in some cases. The general investigation of the anatomy, histology,
and embryology of lamellibranchs was taken up by Mr. Kellogg and
was conducted by him in accordance with modern methods of biological
research. It is expected that these inquiries will furnish many impor-
tant facts regarding the morphology of the common edible bivalves which
will be of service to the fish-culturist. They will be continued during
the summer of 1891. Dr. Wilson has also, during his investigations at
Woods Holl, recorded many valuable observations respecting the breed-
ing habits and organs of the long clam, quahog, mussel, and scallop.

Sponges.

Preliminary to a study of the life history of the Florida commer-
cial sponges, which it is intended shall soon be taken up, Dr. H. V.
Wilson began at Woods Holl, in the summer of 1890, an investi-
gation of the breeding habits of certain species occurring in that vi-
cinity. His observations were continued during the following winter
and spring, most attention being paid to a silicious form which is com-
mon on the wharf at the Fish Commission station. Dr. Wilson found
that during the summer and early fall this species, instead of reproduc-
ing by means of eggs, does so asexually through the formation of in-
ternal buds or gemmules, solid oval bodies which swim about by means
of cilia. Similar means of reproduction have been detected in the
fresh-water sponges and in the genus Chalinula. The formation of
these gemmules in the silicious species referred to, the character of the
swimming larvee, and its metamorphosis into the adult sponge, were
earefully studied by Dr. Wilson, who, judging also from observations
made at the Bahama Islands, is led to believe that this method of
propagation is common among marine sponges. Should this hold true
with the commercial species, three possible methods of accomplishing
their artificial cultivation would thereby be presented, namely, by
means of the eggs, by means of the gemmules, and by cuttings. All
the practical experiments made in this direction up to the present time
have dealt only with the cuttings, and while that method may still
prove to be the more satisfactory one, the others might present certain
advantages in any attempt to improve the grade of sponges or to dis-
tribute them over new grounds.

168 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
DISEASES AND PARASITES OF FISHES.

Fishes are subject to a variety of diseases, some of which are local
and unimportant, having little or no effect upon the general condition
of the fish, while others assume a very serious character, becoming even
epidemic in their course and causing the mortality of immense numbers
of individuals. But little attention has been paid to the nature or
pathology of such diseases or to their treatment, and an important
field is, therefore, open for investigations in this direction. It is well
known that a large percentage of the disorders which have been ob-
served among fishes is due to parasitism of one sort or another, and as
biologists have long been interested in the natural history of the para-
sites so concerned, much information has been secured regarding the
structure and the development of these organisms. This branch of
research must, in fact, precede the more special consideration of the
relations of the parasites to their hosts and their effects upon the
latter; but the time has come when not only the amount of material
collected seems ample to begin upon a full investigation of this more
practical phase of the subject, but also when the demands for accurate
information regarding it have become sufficiently urgent to necessitate
its being taken up without delay. Dr. Revere R. Gurley has recently
been assigned to the study of these problems.

The parasites which infest fishes belong to both the animal and
vegetable kingdoms, and some fishes even are parasitic on others. The
groups of crustaceans and worms furnish the greatest variety of known
parasitic forms, the former occurring generally on the exterior of the
body or in the mouth cavity, the latter in or among the viscera and in
the tissues. A majority of these, however, seem to be entirely harm-
less, but many produce a diseased condition of greater or less extent,
and some at least must eventually prove fatal. The protozoan para-
sites, called psorosperms, give rise to large excrescences on the exterior
of the fish, making it very unpresentable in appearance, and undoubt-
edly soon causing death. Among fresh-water fishes most harm is
probably effected by low forms of plants, which often result in a very
widespread mortality, as in some of the large northern lakes. Their
attacks are not confined to the adults, but extend also to the younger
stages and the embryos as well as to the eggs, and in the artificial
hatching apparatus they offen cause much destruction. A great mor-
tality also occurs among fishes, which has not been traced to parasit-
ism, and of the true nature of which we are stillignorant. One instance
of this character is noticed elsewhere in this report, in the account
of Prof. 8S. A. Forbes’s observations at Lake Mendota, Wisconsin.

The long-continued investigations by the Fish Commission on the
Atlantic coast of the United States, especially in the vicinity of Woods
Holl, Mass., have afforded the means of collecting and studying the
crustacean and worm parasites of marine fishes under exceptionally

ea

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 169

- favorable conditions. A few papers bearing upon the former group

have appeared in the publications of the Fish Commission and U. 5.
National Museum from time to time. In 1884 Prof. Edwin Linton,
of Washington and Jefferson College, began an exhaustive inquiry
respecting the entozoan worm parasites of fishes, which has been con-
tinued down to date. Three general papers on this subject have been
printed in the annual reports of the Commission for 1886, 1887, and
1888, and a special account of a parasite of the tiger shark in the last-
mentioned report. The protozoan parasites occurring on Cyprinodon
in the Vineyard Sound region, and on eyprinoid fishes in Ohio, have
also been discussed by Prof. Linton in the Fish Commission Bulletin
for 1889. The entozoan parasites of the trout collected by Dr. Jordan
in the Yellowstone Park, in 1890, were referred to Prof. Linton for in-
vestigation, and the following year he accompanied Prof. S. A. Forbes
on an expedition to the same region, where he was able to study the
same forms in a fresh condition and to trace their development through
the pelican. An account of his researches in respect to this subject
will be found under the heading of the Yellowstone National Park.

The attention of the Commission has been called to several instances
where young trout kept in confinement have become blind. Specimens
in this condition were carefully examined by Prof. Linton, but no trace
of parasitism was discovered. The eyes were congested and there ap-
peared to be an unusual amount of pigment in the choroid coat and in
the vicinity of the crystalline lens. It seems probable, therefore, that
the trouble arose from some external conditions surrounding the fish,
and which affected only the eyes, as the specimens were otherwise in
good condition.

COLLECTIONS, PREPARATION OF REPORTS, ETC.

The laboratory established at the Central Station in Washington at
the close of the fiscal year 1889 has, up to the present time, met the
principal requirements of the work of this division, but it is rapidly
becoming overcrowded and furiishes insufficient accommodations for
taking proper care of specimens obtained in the investigations now in
progress. Very large collections have been received during the past
two years, resulting mainly from the explorations of the steamer Alba-
tross in the North Pacific Ocean and in Bering Sea, from the oyster
surveys along the Atlantic coast, and from the inquiries respecting
the lakes and rivers. While it is not proposed to retain permanently
in the Fish Commission building more than a type or working series
of the specimens thus obtained, yet a considerable time must elapse
before any extensive collection can be fully studied and the reports
bearing upon it prepared for printing, and ample storage and working
space is therefore required for the accommodation of this branch of
research.

The study of the fishes has progressed rapidly under the care of Dr.
Tarleton H. Bean, the ichthyologist of the Commission, and through

170 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the codperation of Dr. David 8. Jordan and Prof. Charles H. Gilbert,
of Indiana University. As elsewhere explained, the fresh-water fishes
have been mostly worked up at the last-mentioned institution, and the
marine species recently collected by the Albatross on the Pacific coast
have been sent there to be classified and described by Prof. Gilbert.*

Jonsidering the invaluable assistance received from this source dur-
ing the past four years, the acceptance by Dr. Jordan of the presidency
of the Leland Stanford Junior University is to be regretted in the im-
mediate interests of the Fish Commission, and yet, through his assur-
ance of continued coédperation, the opportunity will now be afforded to
make a thorough investigation of the fishery resources of California,
a region which has been much neglected in that respect.

Arrangements are now in progress for the study by specialists of
high standing of many of the groups of oceanic animals which are
richly represented in recent collections from the Pacific coast. This
will be done without expense to the Government, and will insure the
preparation of a very valuable series of reports upon the more important
biological features of the fishing-grounds now in course of examination
by the Albatross. The higher crustaceans from this region, such as the
crabs and shrimps, are now being studied by Mr. James EH. Benedict
and Miss M. J. Rathbun, of the U. 8S. National Museum.

Very large collections of fishes and marine invertebrates have been
transferred to the custody of the National Museum, and many sets of
duplicate natural-history specimens have been distributed for educa-
tional purposes, either directly by the Fish Commission or through the
medium of the National Museum. The following institutions have
been thus supplied: Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy of Harvard University; Indiana University,
Bloomington, Ind.; State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind.; Purdue
University, Indiana; Syrian College, Beirut, Syria; Clark University,
Worcester, Mass.; University of South Carolina; Ottawa University,
Ottawa, Kans.; Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis.; Muhlenberg
College, Allentown, Pa.; University of Wisconsin, MWaaieore Wis.;
High School, Council Bluffs, lowa; New Orleans University, New Or.
leans, La. ; muhenants Cullens of Baltimore, Baltimore, Md.; Superin-
tendent of schools, Olean, N. Y.; State Kevioultaral College, Corval-
lis, Oregon; South sy Institute, Bridgeton, N. J.; Dakota Univer-

*A eee Sern on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross on the
Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of twelve new
genera and ninety-two new species. By Charles H. Gilbert. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
X11, pp. 49-126, 1890.

A supplementary list of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and Pamaran
with descriptions of one new genus and three new species. By Charles H. Gilbert.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, pp. 449-455, 1891.

Descriptions of thirty-four. new species of fishes collected in 1888 and 1889, prin-
cipally among the Santa Barbara Islands and in the Gulf of California. By Charles
H. Gilbert. Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mus,, xu, pp. 539-566, 1891. ;

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 171

sity, Mitchell, S. Dak.; Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst,
_Mass.; Nebraska Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Omaha, Nebr.;
—§t. John’s College, Annapolis, Md.; Pennsylvania State College, Centre
. County, Pa.; Brooklyn Training School, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mount Vernon

Seminary, Washington, D. C.; High School, Bridgton, Me.; Missouri

Valley College, Marshall, Mo.; Columbia College, New York, N. X33
Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College,
- Baton Rouge, La.; State Normal School, Milwaukee, Wis.; High School,

Springfield, Mass.; K.K. Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum, Vienna, Aus-
tria; British Museum, London, England.

A scheme of exhibits to illustrate the objects and work of this divi-
sion at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago has been pre-
pared in accordance with the directions of the Commissioner. It is
proposed to use in this connection actual specimens and appliances
where they will serve appropriately, and also models, relief maps, charts,
and drawings. The principal subjects to be represented are the follow-
ing: The economic features of the fauna and flora of the seacoasts and
of the lakes and rivers, including the embryology and life history of
the more important food-fishes; the general hydrography of the Atlan-
tic and Pacific coasts, and the location, configuration, and principal
characteristics of the oceanic fishing-grounds; the lake and river basins,
and the distribution, past and present, of fresh-water fishes; the vessels
and apparatus used in the investigation of fishing-grounds; laboratories
for the study of aquatic life and of fishery problems; temperature, and
other physical conditions and variations affecting the distribution of
fishery products, and publications bearing upon these different topics.

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REPORT ON THE INQUIRY REGARDING THE METHODS AND
STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES.

By Hucu M. Smirn, M. D.,

Acting Assistant in charge.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

The report on the work of this division for the fiseal years 1890 and
1891 is herewith respectfully submitted. Owing to the fact that dur-
ing this time the affairs of the office were under the immediate direc-
tion of Capt. J. W. Collins, the writer labors under some disadvan:
tage in preparing a full and satisfactory account of the operations of
the division. The special reports on the fisheries now in course of
preparation based on the researches of this division will clearly disclose
the functions of the office, and indicate the scope of the work and the
nature of the inquiries carried on during the period specified. It is,
therefore, unnecessary in this place to do more than give an outline of
the results accomplished and to mention certain other matters that are
not covered by the regular reports. In considering the operations of
the division the various topies that come up for notice may be discussed
under the following general heads: Abstract of the field investigations
conducted by the office; summary of the miscellaneous affairs of the
division; analysis of the reports printed during the two years, and
record of certain prominent matters affecting the commercial fisheries.

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS.

During the years covered by this report the entire available force of
the division was placed in the field and more extensive investigations
were carried on than had previously been undertaken by the office.
Complete studies were made covering the commercial fisheries of fifteen
coast States, and special inquiries were conducted in some of the prin-
cipal fishing centers and regions of the Atlantic seaboard. The field
work may be referred to under the following heads: Pacific coast,
New England coast, South Atlantic coast, Gulf coast, Potomac River,
Lower Chesapeake Bay, and minor regions,

173

174 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. .
PACIFIC COAST.

The investigation of the fisheries of the Pacific coast of the United
States, which was begun November 15, 1888, and has been referred to
in a previous report of the division, was brought to a close on Septem-
ber 23, 1889, and Mr. W. A. Wilcox, who had been conducting the can-
vass, was ordered to other duty. In December, 1889, Mr. A. B, Alex-
ander, fishery expert on the Fish Commission steamer Albatross, which
was then at San Francisco, was assigned to temporary duty in this
division and detailed to make additional inquiries on certain fisheries
for the calendar year 1889 at times when his services on the vessel were
not required. As aresult of Mr. Alexander’s work, the office came
into possession of valuable statistical and descriptive information on
the whale, cod, fur-seal, market, and other vessel fisheries of the west
coast; the salmon-canning industry of California, Oregon, Washington,
and Alaska, and the wholesale fish trade of San Francisco, for a later
year than could be obtained by Mr. Wilcox.

The present importance of the fisheries of this region, and the aug-
mented prominence they are destined to attain as aresult of the indus-
trial growth of the western States in other lines of business, warranted
the very detailed investigation undertaken by the division in econnec-
tion with the careful scientific and other researches carried on by the
Albatross in the offshore waters. While the fisheries of the Pacifie
coast are, aS a whole, less extensive than those prosecuted on the
Atlantic seaboard, certain branches have precedence over all similar
fisheries. The fur-seal and salmon fisheries and the canning industry,
for instance, are unsurpassed in other regions, and San Francisco has
recently become the leading center of the whaling industry, owing to
the transfer of vessels from the Atlantic to the Pacific, occasioned by
the relative scarcity of whales in* the former ocean. Taken in the
aggregate, the fisheries were probably as successful as during any pre-
vious period. ‘The number of persons ascertained to be engaged in the
industry in the three coast States was 13,850; the vessels, boats, appa-
ratus, etc., employed were valued at $6,498,239; and the first value of
the products taken was $6,387,803. Of salmon, the most important
product, 48,806,913 pounds were secured, for which the fishermen re-
ceived $2,082,809. The salmon-canning industry, exclusive of Alaska,
utilized 41,632,225 pounds, which were made into 622,037 cases of
vanned fish, having a market value of $3,703,838.

The inquiry disclosed a very marked advance in the fisheries as com-
pared with 1889, when Prof. D. S. Jordan and Mr. Charles H. Gilbert
canvassed the fisheries of the Pacific States in behalf of the Tenth
Census. Mr. Wilcox’s investigation showed that the value of the
ocean, Shore, and river fisheries of the region, viz, $6,387,803, exceeded
by $2,111,300 the results of the fisheries in 1880. Especially worthy
of mention is the increase in the whale and oyster fisheries,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. a ts

Up to the time of this investigation definite information was lacking
as to the results which had attended the attempted acclimatization of
shad and striped bass in the waters of the Pacific States, although it
had been known for some years that the plants had been suecessful and
that more or Jess mature fish had been taken at various places on the
coast. It was found that the shad have become distributed along the
entire coast north of Monterey Bay, California, and occur ‘in special
abundance in the Sacramento River. Notwithstanding the fact that
the fishermen have provided themselves with no apparatus especially
adapted to the capture of shad, 101,071 pounds were taken in 1888
and 170,500 pounds in 1889. The quantity caught affords no idea of
the abundance of the fish, and it is thought that the use of suitable
apparatus will demonstrate the existence of large bodies of these
fish in all the coast waters between southern California and Puget
Sound. The striped bass, although introduced some years before the
shad, are apparently less abundant and less widely distributed than
the latter. They are chiefly found in San Francisco Bay, where exam-
ples weighing as much as 40 pounds have been taken, although the
average weightis only Sor 10 pounds. In 1888 only about 1,000 pounds
reached the San Francisco market, but in 1889 Mr. Alexander reported
that at one period they became so plentiful that the price, which had been
$1 a pound in 1888, fellto 18 cents. There is every reason to believe that
in a short time this species will take a prominent place among the comw-
mercial fishes of the west coast.

NEW ENGLAND COAST.

Early in the fiscal year 1890 the entire field force was placed in the
New England States and a very comprehensive canvass of that region
was inaugurated. The field inquiries in Maine were made by Messrs.
H. M. Smith, W. H. Abbott, Ansley Hall, and C. H. Stevenson; in
New Hampshire by Mr. Stevenson; in Massachusetts by Messrs, W. A.
Wilcox, W. H. Abbott, E. E. Race, C. H. Stevenson, and Ansley Hall;
in Rhode Island by Mr. Hall, and in Connecticut by Mr. Stevenson.
At Boston and Gloucester, respectively, the local agents of the office,
Mr. F. F. Dimick and Capt. 8. J. Martin, aided in the work, and in the
vicinity of Gloucester Mr. EK. F. Locke, of the Division of Fish-Culture,
rendered efficient service at times when his regular duties did not
require his attention. No investigation of the entire fishing industry

‘of this region had been undertaken since 1879-80. It was well known
that marked changes had occurred in the methods, extent, and charac-
ter of certain fisheries in the various States; and in view of the general
prominence of the New England fisheries and the important interna-
tional questions arising in connection therewith, it was deemed advisa-
ble to have full and accurate data thereon.

The inquiry placed the office in possession of complete statistical and
other information concerning the ocean, shore, and river fisheries for

176 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the years 1887, 1888, and 1889. Special studies were also made of such
important branches as the sardine industry, the smoked-herring indus-
try, the lobster-canning industry, the canning of clams and other prod-
ucts, the menhaden industry, the oyster-packing industry, the prepara-
tion of clam bait, and the frozen-herring trade. In connection with this
investigation a careful study was conducted in Boston and Gloucester,
with a view to ascertain the extent of the wholesale trades in fresh fish,
salt fish, smoked fish, lobsters, oysters, and other fishery products,
which constitute such a prominent feature of the industrial life of those
cities. The manufacture of glue, isinglass, and fish fertilizer, the trade
in ice and salt consumed in the fisheries, the making of boxes for the
packing of fish, the preparation of boneless fish, and various other
phases of the fishing industry were also considered. Several special
papers based on these inquiries, now in course of preparation, and a
detailed report on the entire subject which will soon be issued, preclude
the necessity for more than a general reference at this time to the results
of the canvass.

The following summary gives the extent and condition of the fisheries
in 1889 as determined by the inquiry: The number of persons engaged
in the fisheries of the region was 36,536, of whom 15,122 were vessel fish-
ermen, 12,295 shore fishermen, and 9,119 shoresmen. Of the 1,542 ves-
sels employed, 1,440 were actually used in fishing, and 102 were engaged
in the transportation of fishery products; the tonnage of the fleet was
79,735.49, and the value of the vessels and their outfits was $6,382,006.
The fleet. consisted of 1,206 schooners, 171 sloops, 88 steamers, 38 barks,
30 cat-rigged vessels, 5 ships, and 4 brigs. The boats used in the shore
fisheries numbered 11,561, and had a value of $657,010. The apparatus
fished consisted of 1,178 pound nets, trap nets, and weirs, 540 seines,
9,591 gill nets, 280 bag nets, 965 fyke nets, and 175,458 pots, which,
together with other miscellaneous apparatus, had a value of $1,681,575.
The shore and accessory property devoted to the fisheries was valued
ab $5,850,979, and the cash capital required to maintain the industry
Was $5,523,224. The aggregate investment was $20,094,794. The
products taken weighed 653,170,040 pounds, for which the fishermen -
received $10,550,641. The gross return on the investment was, there-
fore, about 50 per cent. The most important single species is the cod,
of which 97,145,645 pounds, valued at $2,549,757, were marketed. The
fish taken in largest quantities is the menhaden, the catch of which
Was 175,652,210 pounds, equivalent to about 300,000,000 fish, but the

value of this enormous yield was only $428,228. After the cod, in point

of value, come oysters, worth $1,393,284; lobsters, worth $833,736;
whale products, worth $828,463; haddock, worth $738,732; mackerel
worth $731,424; and halibut, worth $725,756.

The New England fisheries have always been more important than
those of any other section of the United States, and the inquiry shows
that this precedence is still maintained, notwithstanding a very serious

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 177

decline in some of the most extensive fisheries and the diversion of
many large fishing vessels to the Pacific States. Compared with 1880,
in 1889 there were 507 less persons engaged in the fisheries; there
were 445 fewer vessels and 3,226 fewer boats employed, and a corre-
sponding decrease in the value of vessels, boats, and apparatus, but
owing to a large increase in the amount of shore, accessory, and cash
property the total investment was $191,837 more than in 1880. The
value of the general food-fish fisheries was about $1,850,000 less in 1889 ;
the oyster, clam, and scallop fisheries were $965,000 greater; the lob-
ster fishery was $310,000 more valuable; the menhaden fishery exceeded
by $30,000 the results in 1880; and the whale fishery declined in value
$1,400,000. A net decrease in the value of the fishing industry amount-
ing to $1,950,000 is disclosed, a sum that would be easily overcoine by
the return of mackerel to our shores in their former abundance.

SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST.

The field work in this region occupied parts of two years. On Jan-
uary 14, 1890, Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, field superintendent in the Divi-
sion of Fish-Culture, who had been assigned to temporary duty in the
Division of Fisheries, was detailed to make a study of the methods and
statistics of the fisheries of the South Atlantic States. Mr. Ravenel
had conducted a similar inquiry in this section during the previous
year, and his familiarity with the fisheries made his services of special
value to the office. The canvass was begun in Florida and had ex-
tended to a point on Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, when, on April
1, 1890, it became necessary to detach Mr. Ravenel from this work in
order to resume his regular duties.

Owing to various exigencies, the canvass which was brought almost
to a close by Mr. Ravenel could not be completed at that time, and
it was not until the following year that it became feasible to do ad-
ditional work in the South Atlantic region. Immediately after the
completion of the inquiry in the Gulf States, to which reference will
be made, the force there engaged was transferred to this section and
disposed at proper intervals along the coast. Mr. Ravenel had again
been assigned to this duty, and, while the investigation in the Gulf was
in progress, had begun his canvass and had gotten the work well ad-
vanced by the time the regular agents were available to assist in the
inquiry. He visited the fisheries of eastern Florida, Georgia, and the
greater part of South Carolina before being obliged to suspend on
account of other duties. Mr. Stevenson took up Mr. Ravenel’s inquiry
at Georgetown, S. C., finished that State and visited a part of North
Carolina, Messrs. Hall and Race covering the remaining part of the
State. The work was*broughtto a close about the middle of June, 1891.

This inquiry was addressed to every phase of the fishing industry and
may be regarded as a complete canvass of all the commercial fishing
interests, including those of the rivers draining into the Atlantic Ocean.

H. Mis, 113 2

178 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The only exception to this statement was the hunting of alligators in
the interior waters of Florida, the small force available and the time re-
quired personally to visit these regions, remote and difficult of access,
precluding the possibility of undertaking the work at this time. Consid-
erable valuable information on the alligator industry of the St. Johns
River and the coast sections was, however, obtained in connection with
the regular fishery canvass, and, together with data relating to the west-
ern part of the State, will enable the office to possess a satisfactory
knowledge of the present condition of the business.

The fisheries of this region are less valuable than those of any other
coast section; the natural advantages, however, are extensive, and the
possibilities for development are considerable, especially in the oyster
and offshore line fisheries. Up to a comparatively recent date the South
Atlantic States took precedence over the Gulf States, but the marked
advances in the latter easily overcame the comparatively slight differ-
ence between the two regions in the absence of a correspondingly large
increase in the South Atlantic States. Special fisheries of this section
are nevertheless of great extent, and the industry as a whole has un-
dergone a very important increase since 1880.

In 1890, 16,001 persons were engaged inthe South Atlantic fisheries,
$1,688,286 was invested in the industry, and $1,575,704 accrued from
the sale of products, of which sum $482,403 represented shad, $254,141
oysters, $166,106 alewives, and $133,635 mullet. During the years
covered by the field inquiries the fisheries of this region were, as a
whole, more successful and extensive than at any previous time. Espe-
cially worthy of mention was the flourishing condition of the shad,
alewife, striped bass, black bass, and other fresh-water fisheries, and
of the oyster, squeteague, mullet, and other salt-water fisheries. The
only important branches which have declined are the shrimp and stur-
geon fisheries. More than half the proceeds of the fisheries represents
fresh-water products. The fresh-water fisheries of North Carolina and
Florida are more important than those prosecuted in salt water. The
relative extent of the river and other fresh-water fisheries of the region
is probably greater than in any other coast section, and constitutes
one of the principal features of the industry; in 1890 the salt-water
products had a value of $740,539, and the fresh-water were worth
$833,165. pa

The oyster fishery and the question of oyster cultivation have of
late years received more attention in these States than at any previous
time. Careful surveys of the coast waters with reference to oyster-
culture have been made in the three northern States of the tier, and
the legislatures have shown their appreciation of the importance of the
subject by enacting modern laws intended to promote and protect the
oyster industry. Large areas of oyster land have been taken up for
private planting purposes, new capital has been brought into the States,
and a very decided impetus has been given to the oyster fishery.

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 179

Factories designed for the canning and packing of oysters have been
established in every State, and have always resulted in an increased
output, owing to the convenient market and ready sale afforded the
fishermen.

The following table will convey a clear idea of the large advance that
has taken place in the oyster fishery of each State since 1880:

Statement of the yield of oysters in the Sowth Atlantic States in 1880, 1887, 1888, 1889,
and 1890.

| North Carolina. | South Carolina. | Georgia. | Florida. Total.
Year. |= i ae ea ed Sa ae |- SS Se

Bushels. | Value. | Bushels.| Value. | Bushels.| Value. | Bushels.| Value.| Bushels.| Value.
1880-- =~. 170, 000 |$60, 000 50, 000 |$20, 000 | 70, 000 |$35, 000 20,000 | $5,000 | 310,000 |$120, 000
LESS. SS: 212,980 | 48, 353 37,725 | 18,581 | 110,086 |} 26,950 | 48,250] 9,950} 409,041 | 103, 834
1SsRose 204, 703 | 46,129 | 40,242 | 19,146 | 120,600 | 29,370 | 57,750 | 12,950 | 423,295 | 107,595
10s HSS ee 1, 001, 620 |194,272 | 4%, 620 | 19,890 | 163,200 | 26,684 | 62,356 | 11,123 |1,270, 796 | 251, 969
ihe eee 807, 260 |175, 567 | 63, 150 | 23, 204 | 224, 357 | 40,520 | 97,350 | 14,850 |1, 192,117 | 254, 141

GULF COAST.

For a number of years the investigation of the fisheries of the States
bordering on the Gulf of Mexico had been contemplated, but the in-
quiry was deferred from time to time owing to the small force available
and the more urgent need of studies in other coast regions. By the
Ist of January, 1891, however, the opportunity for inaugurating this
work seemed favorable, and accordingly four agents, Messrs. W. H.
Abbott, Ansley Hall, EK. H. Race, and ©. H. Stevenson, were detailed
to examine and report on the fisheries and related industries of this
region. The fisheries of no other section of the United States had
received less attention and very little information was at hand bearing
on their present condition, extent, and resources. The results of the
inquiry were therefore awaited with interest. Three months were con-
sumed in work, during which time the agents canvassed the entire
coastal region from Key West to the Rio Grande.

The reports of the agents show that in 1890, the last year covered
by the investigation, 11,752 persons were employed in the fisheries of
the Gulf States; the capital invested amounted to $2,978,292, and the
value of the catch was $2,458,675. Comparing these figures with the
returns from the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacifie States,
the fisheries of this region are much less extensive. It is not in their
present condition, however, that their importance chiefly consists, but
rather in their recent phenomenal growth and the possibilities for still
greater development. The fishery resources of the Gulf States are
very extensive. Few sections of the country are better supplied with
desirable marine food and economic products, including fish, reptiles,
mollusks, crustaceans, and sponges. The utilization of these has as
yet been incomplete, but the past growth of the industry and the pres-.
ent attention it is receiving will doubtless greatly advance the fishing
interests in the near future.

180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The prominent features of the fisheries, as disclosed by the inquiry,
may be chiefly mentioned, as follows: The large foreign element en-
gaged in the industry, amounting to about 25 per cent, the aliens being
most numerous in Louisiana, where they constitute one-third of the
fishing population; the predominance of seines as a means of capture,
gill nets and lines being important only in Florida, and pound nets,
trap nets, and fyke nets, which are so extensively used in some other
regions, not being used; the presence of a large fleet of lug-rigged
vessels in Louisiana, a type which is peculiar to the Gulf region; the
recent establishment of numerous factories for utilizing raw products
of the fisheries, especially oysters, turtles, and shrimps; the extent of
the oyster fishery (which is the most important and yielded $796,062),
the sponge fishery (the output of which had a value of $438,692), the
mullet fishery (valued at $238,528), the snapper fishery (which brought
the fishermen $154,716), the squeteague fishery (which yielded $122,570),
and the shrimp fishery (worth $108,811).

The only previous examination of the fisheries of these States ad-
dressed to complete statistical information was undertaken in 1880 by
Mr. Silas Stearns in connection with the work of the U. S. Fish Com-
mission in behalf of the Tenth Census. Although other inquiries have
since been made by this Commission covering various phases of the
fisheries, the report of Mr. Stearns is the only one that essays to be
complete or affords an opportunity for comparing the past and present
conditions of the industry. Since 1880, the fisheries of the Gulf States
have undergone an important advance in nearly every feature. The
increase in the number of fishermen amounted to 6,621, or 129 per cent;
the increase in investment was $2,432,708, or 446 per cent, and the
increase in the value of the catch was $1,211,131, or 99 per cent. The
fisheries of Mississippi have grown at an unprecedentedly rapid rate,
the proportional increase in the three foregoing particulars being 825
per cent, 4,840 per cent, and 990 per cent, respectively. The importance
of the oyster in this region is made manifest by the statement that
nearly half of the aggregate increase during the past decade, viz,
$564,862, represented that mollusk, and that in every State the output
of this product has been conspicuously augmented, a condition due in
no small degree to the establishment of canning and packing houses.

POTOMAC RIVER.

In May and June, 1891, a canvass of the fisheries of the Potomac
River and its tributaries was made by Mr. W. A. Wilcox. At the time
of the inquiry the most important fish were being caught and a favor-
able opportunity was thus afforded to meet the fishermen and inspect
the means and methods employed. The investigation had special refer-
ence to the condition of the shad fishery, but also related to all other
branches. - Mr. Wilcox began work at the mouth of the river and
continued his inquiries as far as the Little Falls, 3 miles above Wash-

ee a

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 181

ington. He was assisted by Mr. Charles E. Ingersoll, of this division.
The fishermen of the river evinced a deep interest in the work, and
extended to the agents all possible assistance. The investigation was
also further facilitated by Mr. 8. G. Worth, in charge of the shad-
hatching station of the Commission at Fort Washington, Md., who
greatly aided Mr. Wilcox in that part of the river.

The Potomac is one of the most important rivers of the country
viewed from the standpoint of the commercial fisheries, aud in the
extent and value of its shad fisheries it is surpassed only by the St.
Johns, Hudson, and Delaware rivers. The shad fisheries of the river
have a special interest to this office because of their early importance,
their serious decline and threatened extermination in recent years,
and their restoration as a result of the artificial propagation carried
on by the U.S. Fish Commission. Through the courtesy of the health
department of the District of Columbia, this Commission has, for many
years, obtained a statement of the number of shad landed at Washine-
ton andother places from the Potomae fisheries, which, with other infor-
mation on the subject received from the same and other sources, has
furnished from year to year a fairly satisfactory knowledge of the abun-
dance of shad; but no systematic canvass of the fisheries had been
made since 1880 and there was but little authentic information available
regarding the lower course of theriver. The actual extent of the other
fisheries was unknown for a later year than 1880.

The canvass showed that in 1890 3,576 persons were directly engaged
in the fisheries of this region, of whom 295 were employed in the vessel
fisheries and 3,281 in the shore and boat fisheries.

Thirty-two vessels engaged in dredging oysters during the season of
1889-90, and 33 other vessels found employment in running to mar-
Ket the oysters and fish caught in the shore fisheries; the aggregate
tonnage of the vessels was 1,118.78, and the value of these and their
outfit was $58,652. Besides those carried by the vessels, 1,472 boats
were used in the river, having a value of $75,526. The apparatus of
capture consisted of 261 gill nets, 376 pound nets, 32 seines, 903 fyke
and other minor nets, 122 dredges, 1,289 tongs and rakes, the whole
having a value of $112,053. The total investment in the fisheries of
the river, including shore property worth $48,560, was $294,091.

The most important single product of the fisheries of this river is
the oyster, which represents about half the proceeds from the fisheries.
During the season terminating in the spring of 1890, 594,629 bushels
of oysters were taken by fishermen living on the river, and large
additional quantities of which no separate record could be obtained
were secured by vessels belonging in various ports on Chesapeake Bay.
In the following season 498,641 bushels were marketed. The value of
the oyster yield was $256,782 the first season and $273,039 the next.
Notwithstanding the diminished output in the latter year, amounting
to 95,988 bushels, the market value of the catch was $16,257 more,

182 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH. AND FISHERIES.

owing chiefly to a higher average price per bushel and a comparative
searcity of oysters in Baltimore, to which place a large part of the out-
put goes. The decreased yield in 1890-91 was principally due to the
destruction of beds in the upper part of the oyster region by the exten-
sion of the fresh water consequent upon freshets.

Next to the oyster in value is the shad, of which 2,571,002 pounds,
equivalent to 731,453 fish, were taken in 1890, for which the fishermen
received $75 eyed The following year the eee eane satch was 2,556,759
pounds, or 621,977 fish, the value of which to the fishermen was $69,160.
In 1891 there was a bamiden able diminution in the abundance of the
fish in the upper ae of the Potomac, although the fishing at the mouth
of the river was regarded as very good. In both these years, however,
the catch was much less than in 1889, which was one of the best sea-
sons during the past decade, 868,900 fish, valued at $85,378, being
taken. This presents a striking contrast with the condition of the
shad fishery before the effects of artificial propagation began to be
manifested. The present Commissioner of Fisheries, writing in 1880
concerning this river, stated : *

The fisheries of this river annually decreased in value and production up to the
time of the war. The intermission which then ensued in the fishing operations on
account of those of a martial character allowed the fisheries to recuperate, so that

in the years immediately succeeding the war it was found that they had in a meas-
ure recovered from their former depletion. In 1878 the minimum of production syas

attained, during which less than 200,000 [about 186,000] shad were taken in the

entire river. In 1879 the results of previous artificial propagation first manifested
themselves, and there was a considerable increase in the run of shad, from which
time the shad fisheries steadily increased until, in the season of 1880, nearly 600,000
[582,872] were taken.

The alewives rank next to shad in importance, and during some sea-
sons, 1891 for instance, they have had a greater value than shad. The
output is now considerably larger than in 1880, the bulk of the catch
being taken with pound nets. In 1890, 7,508,416 pounds, worth $67,481,
were obtained, and, in 1891, 7,350,635 pounds were secured, which yielded
the fishermen $71,402.

The decrease in the run of sturgeon is a noteworthy feature of the
fisheries; 258,000 pounds were taken in 1880, sinee which time the cateh
has gradually dwindled until only 60,920 pounds were caught in 1890,
and 45,710 pounds in 1891, notwithstanding the greater demand in recent

years as shown by the higher prices received. The striped bass is an ~

important fish in the Potomac, ranking next to alewives in total value
and commanding a better price than any other species; 333,304 pounds
were secured in 1890, the market value of which was $26,487 . Among

the other fishes taken in the river the following are the most important,

and in 1890 yielded the amounts stated : Blnotish pee catfish , $7,555 ;

*The River F ae ies of r the Atl: antic States. By M: ae ul Me Done <The Fish-
eries and Fishery Industries of the United States, sec, v, vol. 1,

a

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 183

perch, $6,512; and squeteague, $6,722. Terrapin and frogs, of the value
of $2,999; crabs, worth $14,760, and crayfish, valued at $637, complete
the list of products.

The aggregate value of the Potomac fisheries in 1890 was $485,523,
of which sum the fresh-water and anadromous fishes represented
$202,082, and the salt-water products, $283,441. No separate figures
for the salt-water fisheries are available for comparison, but in 1880 the
fresh-water fisheries had a value of $165,505.

Perhaps the most important feature of the present condition of the
fisheries is the large number of pound nets employed. In early times
haul seines were the only kinds of apparatus usedin the shad and alewife
fishery. About fifty-five years ago gill nets were introduced and gradu-
ally displaced the seines. Pound nets were first set in the river about
1875, and have in turn supplanted the gill nets to a considerable extent,
and are now exerting an important influence on the fisheries; 330 of
these nets were operated in 1889, 376 in 1890, and 411 in 1891. They
are particularly numerous near the mouth of the river, and it is thought.
that the diminished catch of shad in the upper Potomac which has
been observed in recent years has been partly due to the multiplication
of these nets in the lower waters. The ultimate effect of the taking of
larger and larger quantities of shad and other fish before they have
reached the spawning-grounds can not fail to be harmful, and if the
fisheries are to be maintained some restrictions will probably soon have
to be placed on the number, nature, and location of the nets used, or
artificial propagation will have to be conducted on an increasingly exten-
sive scale. The greater prominence which the pound net is attain-
ing in the shad and alewife fisheries is shown in the following table;
notwithstanding that the aggregate catch of both of these gradually
declined from 1889 to 1891, the yield in the pound nets advanced each
year, and the percentage of increase was marked, while the output of
both the seines and gill nets decreased actually and relatively.

Statement of the aggregate and proportional catch of shad and alewives in each form of
apparatus in the Potomac Itiver in 1889, 1890, and 1891, -

Pound nets. Gill nets. Seines. Total.
Species and = aay. i= sal ; lea SS
"Aa apr : » T ay > T int ¥ . i!
OAL: Number a Per cent. Rupes ol Per cent. arora: T Of Der cent. oe of Per cent.
Shad :
TSS8Ol" 4224 a2 219, 679 25. 28 462, 675 53. 29 186, 546 21. 47 868, 900 100. 00
1890. él 233, 794 31. 96 348, 843 47. 69 148, 816 20. 35 731, 453 100. 00
1G} bei Sear 251, 760 40. 48 267, 164 42.95 1038, 053 16, 57 621, 977 100. 00
Total .. 705, 233 31.73 | 1,075, 682 48. 54 438, 415 19.73 2, 222, 330 100. 00-
Alewives : i se : i Peas
0st eee ee 10, 371, 620 59. 62 | 1,012,500 5. 82 6, 011, 048 34.56 | 17, 395, 168 100, 00
1206. ..2.4.,. 11, 200,878] 59.67 | 1, 287, 500 6.86 | 6,282,663 | 33.47 | 18,771,041 | 100.00
USO Ios. net 12, 809, 362 69. 89 900, 250 4.91 | 4,616,978 25. 20 | 18,326,590 | 100.00
Total ..| 34, 381, 860 63.09 | 3, 200, 250 5. 87 | 16, 910, 689 31.04 | 54,492,799 | 100. 00

184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY.

The fisheries of the Lower Chesapeake, especially those tributary to
Norfolk, Old Point Comfort, and Cape Charles, were the subject of
an inquiry condueted by the writer in December, 1890, and January,
1891. Special attention was given to the condition and methods of the
oyster fishery, the oyster shucking and canning trades, and the oyster-
planting industry in Norfolk and vicinity, and to the pound-net fishery
and oyster trade at Cape Charles. This region, viewed from a fishery
standpoint, is one of the most important in the United States; 1t main-
tains the most extensive oyster and seine fisheries and the largest fish
and oyster trades in Virginia, and the gill-net, pound-net, and other
fisheries are of considerable value. The oyster vessel fishery centering
at Norfolk and the oyster-packing industry of the place rank next to
those of Baltimore in importance. As it is not intended to publish
a special report embodying the results of this inquiry, a somewhat
detailed reference to the more important features of the fishing industry
may appropriately be made in this place.

Next to Baltimore, Norfolk receives more oysters than any other
southern city. It is the headquarters of a large part of the extensive
fleets belonging in Norfolk, Yorktown, Cherrystone, and other customs
districts, and in the course of a season probably between 600 and 800
vessels land more or less of their catch there. The boat fisheries carned
on from the city are also important. The large area of oyster-ground
included in Hampton Roads and the James, Nansemond, Elizabeth,
Lynn Haven, and other rivers, is in great part tributary to Norfolk.
Numerous other sections on the western shore of the Chesapeake also
contribute their quota to the oyster trade of the city, notably the Back,
York, Piankatank, and Rappahannock rivers; and even parts of the
bay and ocean shores of the eastern peninsula depend on Norfolk for a
market.

The James River is perhaps the most important oyster-ground in the
lower Chesapeake. For about 20 miles.above its mouth there are
large natural beds or “rocks,” which have been seriously depleted in
recent years. It is said that the beds would have been productive
for a much longer period had the oystermen been obliged to return to
the water the small unmarketable oysters taken with the large stock.
Instead of culling the catch on the grounds, as should be required by
law, this was, and is, deferred until the shore is reached, and hundreds
of thousands of bushels of young oysters have thus been sacrificed,
although of late the practice of making private beds with the smaller
oysters has been gaining favor, and is to be commended. Atthe pres-
ent time it is said that in every 25 bushels of oysters taken from the
natural beds, 20 bushels are unmarketable. Fortunately the grounds
in this river replenish from the spat with phenomenal rapidity, other-
wise they must long ago have become practically barren of oysters.
Owing to favorable conditions, the supply in 1890 was very abundant,

3
Z

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 185

some oystermen affirming that not since the war had there been a more
plentiful natural growth of oysters, although it was generally acknowl-
edged that the quality was much poorer than usual.

One of the most noted natural oyster-grounds in this region was
Hampton Bar, located on the left side of the James River at its mouth,
extending parallel with the course of the stream and covering an area
of about 3,000 acres. According to Col. W.N. Armstrong, who is now
extensively engaged in oyster-planting on the bar, as early as 1885 the
natural beds had been so exhausted that the entire yield of the tongers
from Old Point Comfort to Newport News did not amount to 10 barrels
a day, and the tongers who reside in Hampton were in the habit of
resorting to other natural beds in the James River 20 or 50 miles dis-
tant. Since that time laws have been enacted securing the rights of
planters, and extensive planting has been done on the bar; about 700
or 500 acres are now under cultivation, on which the plantings are
about 600 bushels per acre, and as many as 800 barrels of oysters have
been shipped from these grounds to the general markets in a single
day.

With the exhaustion of the natural beds, more attention is being
bestowed on artificial methods of maintaining the supply than ever
before, and it is being generally recognized that the oyster industry in
the near future must depend for its maintenance on planted beds.

A number of fishermen in this section were met with who. use the
so-called deep-water oyster tongs, a report concerning which has been
prepared by this office. The depth of water in which it is commonly
used is from 30 to 50 feet; oysters in this depth are far beyond the
reach of ordinary tongs, and as the employment of dredges is restricted
in this region the new apparatus is being advantageously operated.
On the planted beds and in shoal-water fishing the old type of tongs
will continue to be used. The only objection made to the new pattern
is that on rough bottom it fails to work well, and even when oysters
are abundant only small hauls can be made. In the Back River and a
few other localities the deep-water tongs are successfully employed in
taking clams (Venus mercenaria) in water 5 or 6 fat homs in depth.

A large percentage of the oysters landed in Norfolk goes through the
packing and canning houses before reaching the consumer. ‘This busi-
ness is of large proportions and constitutes one of the principal indus-
trial enterprises of the city. The fall and winter of 1890 was regarded

by the packers as the best season in at least five years. All of them

handled larger quantities of oysters than for some years, and the prices
received for the prepared oysters were very satisfactory. Larger ship-
ments to the western States and the interior formed a noticeable feature
of the season’s trade. It is generally held that the chief factor in bring-
ing about this condition of affairs was the comparative scarcity and
high price of oysters in the Baltimore market. Numbers of the Mary-
land dredging vessels transferred their operations to North Carolina

186 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

waters, and some of the Baltimore packers established houses in that
State. The new Maryland “cul! law,” requiring the return to the water
of all oysters less than 24 inches in length, materially reduced the out-
put and was the principal cause of the scarcity of oysters for shucking
purposes.

The oyster-packing industry of Norfolk and the adjacent city of
Portsmouth had the following extent in the calendar year 1890. The
season of 1890-91 was not over at the time of the inquiry, and no statis-
ties for that time could be obtained; it is known, however that the
business was considerably larger than is shown by the figures.

INALID DEY OL HOLT INS 2 aia cs a cieseiainie arsine nate cale a miejotrahain ame ate a's miata eee ees 24
Nomber ofremploy 68s cs 2552 = ecoccme t= qos eee ete Sash eaeee ee eens 1, 605
Value of buildings, machinery,-tools, etc. .-......-.-..-2-----2---- $308, 125
Gesbicapiballane. «sere ae ete saltiness eee $94, 800
Doses OMOysters OUP Wb maces oan e cece Shee eee oe a eer 1, 897, 871
Costiot-same Ss. -2h2222 hs 22.82 25-28 Peete Boas Se eck ae ces eee eee $1, 043, 829
COStOL- OpenIny ane DAC KINO naan sce one ae eats ee eee mere $317, 060
Gallons jofishocked oystersisold>- = 2-4. 22h reig jose eee. ae oye 1, 885, 307
Walt TEGelV Od Ss < co asccas oct = eae ease ee eee aee seer ea casnee eae $1, 454, 572
Gross' profits of they trades.) . ckisc.sssccehnclsageesccscedesee ce eafteees $93, 683

During tlie year 1890 the average price paid by the packers for the oys-
ters utilized was between 50 and 60 cents a bushel. The shucked oysters
had an average value of $1.05 a gallon, the latter measure representing
about 12 bushels. ;

While at Norfolk, the methods of oyster-culture pursued in Lynn

Haven River were studied, and a knowledge was acquired of the con-

ditions to which the celebrated oysters there reared are subject. Lynn
Haven River empties into the Chesapeake Bay about 5 miles from
Cape Henry and 12 miles in an air line from Norfolk. The river has
two main arms and extends inland for about 5 miles. On the east it is
connected by an exceedingly long and narrow thoroughfare with Broad
Bay, which, in turn, joins Linkhorn Bay. Owing to the very slight
rise of tide which occurs in these bays, they can not be utilized for
planting purposes, as the oysters will not fatten and thrive under such
conditions, and they simply serve as natural seed beds. The river has
long been the scene of oyster-raising, and of late has come into promi-
nent notice on account of the fine grade of oysters that have been
shipped from this place, known to the trade as “Lynn Haven Bays,”
or “ Lynn Havens,” which deservedly rank among the finest stock now
placed on the market. As early as seventy-five years ago oysters were
planted in the river, and the business may be considered to have been
permanently established fifty years ago, since which time it has grad.
ually inereased in extent and importance.

The fresh-water streams emptying into the Lynn Haven River are
of small size and do not carry a sufficient volume of water to affect,
except in a minor degree, the salinity of the river, which is said to be
almost as pronounced as that of the adjoining waters of the Chesapeake
Bay. Conditions exist apparently favorable to the development of
re ;

a as

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 187

minute vegetable organisms—desmids and diatoms—upon which oysters
are now known chiefly to subsist, and the abundance of such food no
doubt accounts for the rapid growth and characteristic flavor which
distinguish these particular mollusks. There haye been years when
an apparent excess of vegetable food has imparted a green coloration
to the gills of the oysters, a feature which from time to time has at-
tracted much attention in oyster circles throughout the country, and
which has been shown to be due to the absorption of the coloring mat-
ter of ingested alge. The winter of 1888-89 was one of the seasons in
which the Lynn Haven oysters became thus affected.

The oyster beds or “coves” in this river are in part leased from the
State and in part owned by private individuals. The holdings vary
in extent from 2 to 40 acres or more. Semi-professional fishermen
usually have from 2 to 5 acres, while the regular planters lease or own
30, 40, or more acres. It is interesting to observe that much of the
oyster land in the vicinity of Church Point, one of the most favorable
locations, has been only comparatively recently submerged, Some of
the ground is the part of an old graveyard, and even now by wading
a man may feel the submerged tombstones. Nearly all persons living
on the shores of the river and its multitudinous coves are more or less
interested in oyster-culture. In round numbers there are 100 regular
planters and as many more irregular or semi-professional, not including
the persons employed in tonging, packing, carting, ete.

The entire output of the river consists of oysters that have been
artificially reared, there being no natural beds. Originally most of the
seed oysters in Lynn Haven River were brought from Broad and Link-
horn bays, and even at the present time a part of the yearly supply,
amounting to 4,000 or 5,000 bushels, comes from those sourees, but a
considerable quantity is also obtained from the James River and the
Chesapeake. To a small extent the planters depend on spat obtained
from their own grounds, some “ coves” being apparently better adapted
than others for producing native seed. The practicability of sowing
shells for the attachment of the spat is fully understood by those planters
who depend for their supply to some extent on spawning oysters on
their own beds, and this method is followed whenever it is desired to
collect spat. The seed oysters placed in the river are usually one year
old, and are allowed to remain down about three years. Oysters raised
from the spat are taken up for market when four years old. Some oys-
ters, destined for special trade, are left down five or six years, and reach
the exceptionally large size for which the “ Lynn Havens” are noted.

In recent years the ruling price for Lynn Haven oysters at first hands
has been about $2.50 per bushel, regardless of size. Small quantities of
specially large oysters often bring $3 or $3.50 per bushel. In 1857 26,000
bushels of oysters were reported to be on the beds in the Lynn Haven
River, of which 9,500 bushels were taken up and sold, yielding $23,750.
The following year there were 42,000 bushels on the grounds, and of

188 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

these 7,800 bushels were marketed for $19,500. 1n1890 the output was
larger than for some years, amounting to 11,153 bushels, valued at
$26,100.

The principal fishing in the vicinity of Cape Charles City is with
pound nets. Owing to the ample facilities for Shipment by both rail
and water, to the favorable character of the Shore, to the proximity of
the ocean, and to the general abundance of fish, this is perhaps the
finest region for pound-net fishing in the Chesapeake Bay as regards
marine species, the run of Spanish mackerel, bluefish, and squeteague
being particularly large; but on account of the absence of fresh-water
Streams of any volume the catch of shad, alewives, and other anadrom-
ous fishes is very small as compared with localities on the opposite
side of the bay. In 1889 17 pound nets were operated along this shore
between Hunger Creek and the mouth of the bay, and in 1890 16 nets.
were set. The fishery in 1889 yielded 934,835 pounds of fish, for which
the fishermen received $16,155, and in 1890 1,169,033 pounds, with a
first value of $15,988. Some interesting notes (based on the results
of the fishery) were obtained on the abundance and movements of cer-
tain species in those years. Among other commercial fishes occurring
on this shore, and taken in the pound nets, the following may be briefly
referred to; the common names in use in the region are given in quota-
tion:

Scomberomorus maculatus. “Spanish mackerel ”; “ Bay mackerel.”

This is the most important fish taken, and the average catch per net
is probably larger than at any other locality on the Atlantic coast. The
fish reach this shore late in May or early in June, and are usually in a
Spawning condition when they arrive. The first run consists of larger
fish than those which eome in July and are most abundant through the
summer. In fall there appears to be another run of large fish. The
average weight of the fish caught is 1} pounds, but examples weighing
as much as 6 pounds are not rare, and, on the other hand, large quan-
tities of very small fish are often secured. The run in 1889 and 1890
was considered quite large, although less than 10 years ago. The most
noticeable feature of the fishery in 1890 was the occurrence in the fall of
enormous quantities of very small fish ; they weighed a quarter of a
pound or less and 200 were required to fill a bushel measure. Old fish-
ermen reported that never in their experience had there been so many -
“tinkers” as in August and September, 1890. Two pound nets of Mr.
C. F. Wilkins, near Hunger Creek, are said to take more Spanish mack-
erel than any others in the bay; they have been set from the Same shore
for many years, and are of special interest because the first experiments
in the artificial hatching of Spanish mackerel were made with eges
obtained from fish caught in these nets.

The following table, showing the daily catch of these pounds in 1889
and 1890 will be of interest as indicating the times of arrival and depart-

CT ee ee en

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 189

ure of the fish in this locality and the fluctuations in abundance; the
figures do not include the small mackerel referred to, of which no account

was taken.

As such detailed. and accurate information is not often

obtainable, it probably warrants the full presentation given it.

Daily pound-net

catch of Spanish mackerel near Hunger Creek, Northampton County, Va.

Month

and day.

Total -

rr caught. v ber ea’ 2 yer caught.
mporaber caught Alon poeple es Month eee aa
1889. | 1890, || @Mdday-| yecq | yg90, || BA day.) igsq | x890,
nearer E 2 ||.Jduly 1 916 42 || Aug. 9 79 69
See 2 2) 1,154 238 10 DAS |e meee
ie Nr. 2 3] 1,336 | 1,012 12 877 310
ee ee i 4 899 23 13 675 |G Ae
thee fa 1 5 | 1,800 314 14 198 57
Mae a 2 2 6 Zins eee see 15 | 1,038 187
i. Hic | eens 506 16 164 2
Seok cae 16 8 535 55 | 17 SOS sess
se es 9 241 682 | Sige eae = 1, 050
10 Sab she Rate 19 166 100
ees 10 1 37 275 20 146 220
4 3 12 284 75 21 96 169
15 11 13 Gal ae es: 22 121 |. (*)
13 179 de oe ar 318 23 146 | (*)
OE pitt i 135 15 42 500 24 227 | (4)
al eeaereere 16 | 1,080] 1,300 OF: ric 62
Aer 6 17 344 505 26 10 a
1 21 18 190 | 1,979 28 3D | sects
59 15 19 | 2,400 250 Pita asses Bee 13
93 13 PAD A Pat hier tr S dee 30 | 12
Ge eereeee Ble Pers eis 119 31 | Stale a
15 3 22 925 5 Total -| 6,428 |" 4, 633°
122 geet esse = 23 Diu easels | \_—
de eet 30 4 815 1 || Sept. 1 646 12
281 1 25 137 45 2 |------ o- 1
221 6 26 | 1,380 163 3 LE ieeesessic
85 170 27 al bec eeeee 4 DI eS Sea cie
1 381 IQA epee ee 107 5) 50 9
2 91 29 | 2,135 | 1,684 6 | 96 14
Pepa D 746 30 621 369 7 UE ES aeons
191 50 yh n. tleteel |. Bras 8 |-------. 18
195 66 eee pee 9 |-------- 49
316 115 Total .| 20,048 | 13, 882 10 |-------- 3
541 124 SSS da eee 2
635 98 || Aug. 1 254 286 13 |.-.----- 8
S58 bese secs 2 895 192 15 |...---.- 5
esteem 18 3 5AuN | Seer 2 16 |-=.-.-=- 1
ae —— 5 262 575 UO oe erase 9
3,329 | 2, 292 6 VP eae Total .| 1,012 131
alee ES = © a9) | ——_
rere | y ae ae Grand
; | total ..| 30,817 | 20, 954

* On these days a storm was raging and no fish were caught.

Another lot of pounds, consisting of 4 nets in 1889 and 3 nets in 1890,
situated nearer the ocean than the foregoing, took the following num-
ber of mackerel:

Monthly pound-net catch of Spanish mackerel near Cape Charles City, Va.

Number of fish

Moueh. é caught.
1889. 1890.
WE in ce Soke aoo add bcacdre scOceg Rebbe: Beare AB oRALer py to aseSe laeeeenoees 58
UN GEE Ses sea cee hee emer ae Seeks sane anc acicnue sete Ac oTSLiew so, oe
ASTI? sf as Bor ae etidcce DOCRE GoScSne GA SEP one E et eee ee 15, 304 3, 223
SATE) rh Se BS ae eS ot Sn ee Oe Ae 3,655 3, 459
SOPLEMIPER soos sar gate ete cc eo cltlacleta cm cousceioe Cel cs 250 10, 723
Matale kee eee eet hE re eh CL 22,587 | 20,595

190 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The aggregate yield of Spanish mackerel on this shore was 151,934
pounds in 1889 and 124,640 pounds in 1890, valued at $10,783 ae
$6,799, respectively. The fish are sold by the piece, at the uniform price
of 8$ cents each. The fishermen explain that the somewhat smaller
yield in 1890 was not due to a scarcity of fish, but to conditions of
weather and temperature which kept the fish offshore or beyond the
reach of the nets.

Pomatomus saltatrix. ‘‘ Bluefish.”

’ Next to the Spanish mackerel the bluefish is the most valuable spe-
cies taken in the pound nets. July and August are the months during
which the largest runs oceur; the catch then is always greater than in
May, June, September, and October. The fish was as abundant at Cape
Charles in 1890 as it was ever known to be, but as the schools kept
well offshore for the most part, the catch was not commensurate with
the abundance. The following statement, based on the catch in nets
for which detailed figures are available, ae: s the monthly yaa
in the abundance of the fish in the inshore waters:

Monthly pound-net catch of bluefish in the vicinity of Cape Charles, Virginia.

1889 1890
Month. (6 nets). | (5 nets).

Pounds. Pounds.

1 A CACO EIOHC GLE IAIDOOROLIO TAR reOUDDENO HHOBROOUCCESE Pirie Sa. 35 2,214
WINN Bes. oo see eee ters See. cee eas cee Sees ae Soe ee 6, 680 Gwe
FILL by gino eS eee ne es, Ae a fh AE ee eS yank 19, 073 13. 567
AWUDUINU = 22s ee lotions SUS shee: seen SSR US eo A eee 13, 436 14, 420
peptemper so" 2-2. 22 eo coal el tet. eee eee e at a 1, 773 8, 190
OotORSr: 2255 Bec Satew som cietieeucee ree cme eae ose e nie ae 490

Mobal 22th oS esos nt Set Ses ee wee pe Bee ot ES _ 40,997 | 45, 653

The total catch of bluefish in pound nets was 71,420 pounds, valued at
$2,193, in 1889, and 112,703 pounds, worth $3,161, in 1890. The yield of
most of the nets is sold on the grounds at the uniform rate of $2 a bushel.
Cynoscion nebulosum. Spotted squeteague; ‘ Trout”; ‘*Salmon.trout”; “White

trout.”

The spotted squeteague ranks next to the preceding species in com-
mercial value. It occurs from April to October, inclusive, although it
is taken in small quantities early and late in the season, as only a few
and often no pound nets are then in operation. The fish is most com-
mon in July and August, during which months more than half of the
catch is made. The fish was four times more abundant in 1890 than in
the previous year, although it is usually not subject to variations so
marked as this. The aggregate catch in the pound nets of this section
was 62,610 pounds in 1889 and 262,110 pounds in 1890, for which the
fishermen received $672 and $2,251, respectively. N eats all the fish
are sold locally by the bushel, at prices ranging from 50 cents to $1,
according to the demand, The average weight of the fish is one-half

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF 191

pound. The monthly fluctuations in abundance are shown in the fol- _
lowing table, representing the catch of a part of the nets:

FISH AND FISHERIES.

Monthly pound-net catch of spotted squeteague in the vicinity of Cape Charles, Virginia.

1889

1890

Month. (6 nets). | (5 nets).

Pounds. | Pounds.

APPTs cence cencencacaneaen S/s)aN's ais'a\A db a(a'n A nislaaslasaeepet naman (os 5-2 ce oe 70
MUGAY sopeiceind ne sone ac Ss Sos Sapam see Src onPeporedeae ssobebd paseo sese 8, 138
Ui )seccc0S 5+ sade te ap ce Se Domes tos Sone e sage ee Soe eee eeaneee 5, O10 10, 406
UW hy ceeeckestiectestoader bee cps hepa sas Shee Se-ceesonsedoter 7, 636 29, 540
DNTEWISN 2 Beco 2 6 9 eGo Renee Soc deta gaocee 5 Oa sinacsoe go- be sone 7, 438 25, 078
SUP OUCHMLS PAS Sons ce BOSS Ree OO EOC CHUA Ses GSES ae eases 3, 343 8, 488
(elig pene sects sete Stee poet tase cluold goes sis eens Sintivmel>s[~- 280 4, 696
Motall see ekerh, evi aa eles Seer See Renee SOOM ae naa 23,707 | 86, 410

Cynoscion regale. Weakfish; ‘Gray trout.”

Unlike its congener, the spotted squeteague, the weakfish is found
on this shore only early in the season, being very rarely taken after
July. It would seem that coincident with the beginning of the largest
catch of bluefish, there is a cessation in the run of weaktish. The fish

have an average weight of 13 pounds, and, like bluefish, are mostly

sold at $2 a bushel, which is equivalent to about 3 cents a pound. In
1889 12,720 pounds were caught, and in 1890 19,800 pounds. The

monthly yield of the nets for which detailed figures are available was
as follows:

Monthly pound-net catch of weakfish in Northampton County, Va.

1889 1890
Month. (6 nets). | (5 nets).
| Pounds. | Pownds.
LVR Soe ee eee EAS a tae eA Pe aa eat I 1, 313 1, 626
TUG. GSAS S Beane: Tie ae eer: eae | Lee eee ee 4, 128 5, 482
Willy) cdSek Peo Ge beds ced odds doce Heer ooseEe ee Sapper ec nearer 1, 738 2, 022
“TERA ce oes ee Pee A a ee i i Re SUED 7,179 9,130 |--

Blacate canada. Cobia; ‘‘ Bonito”; “ Coalfish.”

Most common in June, and probably more numerous on the eastern
shore of Virginia than elsewhere in. the Chesapeake. The fish taken
weigh about 20 pounds on an average and sell for 25 cents each. Next
to the sturgeon this is the largest food-fish occurring regularly in the
bay; it reaches a weight of 150 pounds.

Trachynotus carolinus. ‘‘ Pompano”; ‘ Sunfish.”

Weighs about 1} pounds and sells at 12) cents each. Occurs spar-
ingly between May and September. During some seasons it becomes

very abundant. The fish doubtless spawns in the Chesapeake, as ripe
fish have been found in June.

192 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Caranx hippos. Crevallé; ‘ Trevallé.”

Occurs abundantly in the lower Chesapeake, but is generally so small
that when taken if is not utilized; it weighs less than half a pound.
[t seems to enter the bay for the purpose of spawning, which takes place
in midsummer.

Roccus lineatus. Striped bass; “‘ Rock.”

This valuable food-fish occurs regularly on this shore in March, April,
and May, but is much less numerous than formerly. In 1890 the entire
pound-net catch was only 15,512 pounds, valued at $566. Dr. John T.
Wilkins states that this species was formerly very abundant in the
lower bay, where it was taken by seine fishermen of the eastern shore
and sent to Norfolk by the vessel load, selling for 25 to 50 cents a
bushel. The yield was enormous; hauls of 200 to 400 bushels were
often made, and an average catch for a 100-fathom seine was 40 bushels
to each haul, from the last of March to the middle of May. About
1855 the fish began to decrease, and have continued more or less scarce
to the present time. Three sizes of fish are taken on this coast, to
which the fishermen have applied different names. The smallest ones,
called little rock, weigh 1 or 2 pounds; the next size, called chub rock,
average 10 pounds in weight; the largest, or bass rock, range from 2
to 60 pounds, averaging about 35 pounds. The run of the little rock
precedes that of the others; it begins in March, and is soon joined by
that of the-chub rock, the two sizes being found till about May 15.
About May 10 the bass rock appear and continue running until June 1.
Another short run occurs in September and October, but few fish are
then taken.

Cheetodipterus faber. ‘Porgy’; “ Moonfish.”

Weighs 34 to 4 pounds, and is-a food-fish of some value. It sells at
10 cents each. Arrives in schools late in May, and is most numerous
in June and July, when most of the fish arecaught. It usually remains
in the bay until the latter part of September. In 1889 six nets took
1,164 of these fish, 1 being caught in May, 891 in June, and 272 in-
July. The following year the fish were comparatively scarce, and only
111 were taken in the same nets. It is more abundant on the eastern
side of this part of the bay than on the western shore, where the salinity
of the water is reduced by a large volume of fresh water brought down
by the rivers. The following interesting account of the spawning con-
ditions, eggs, etc., of this fish in this part of the Chesapeake Bay is
from an unpublished article by Mr. R. Edward Earll:

Porgies seem to visit Chesapeake Bay for the purpose of spawning. When they
first arrive the ovaries and spermaries are well advanced, and soon individuals may
be found with the eggs and milt running freely from them. On June 3 several
females were seen at New Point, Va., with eggs nearly ripe, while ripe males were very
abundant. June 28 ripe fish of both sexes were found at Crisfield, Md., and eges

were taken from several females and impregnated, after which they were confined
in floating boxes having wire-cloth bottoms, which had been placed in the water of

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 193

the harbor. They hatched out in eighteen hours, with the water at a temperature
of 84° F. Other lots were also taken and successfully hatched, the time varying
with the temperature; with the water at 78° F. if required twenty-four hours,

The eggs are one twenty-sixth of an inch in diameter, and have a specific gravity
almost exactly the same as that of salt water; when there is no motion most of them
remain at or near the surface, but with the least current they become generally
distributed through the mass. Each egg has a very prominent oil globule, which
keeps it in a proper position in the water.

The porgy is a very prolific species, a good-sized individual probably containing
about a million of eggs. These ripen irregularly, some being quite green and imma-
ture after the first have been deposited. As the eggs ripen they burst the membrane
that holds them and pass down the channel that leads to the vent; they are thus
thrown out gradually, or at intervals of a few days at most, the time required by the
individual for spawning being not less than six weeks, while the spawning season
for the species must extend into September. The species evidently matures when
young or are of slow growth, for an individual weighing only half a pound was seen
with the spermaries fully developed and the milt running freely.

Archosargus probatocephalus. Sheepshead.

Arrives in small schools early in May and remains until November.
Most common in the pound nets in June. Weighs about 4 pounds and
sells for 35 cents each. Much less numerous than it was a few years
ago, when a single net took more than the aggregate yield in 1890.
When pound nets were first introduced it is said that large catches
were often made, and it is reported that during one day in September,
1877, a single net on this shore took 1,700 sheepshead, which were sold
in Norfolk for $600.

Clupea sapidissima. Shad.

Arrive in March and are taken until June. The entire catch in all
the pound nets is usually less than that in a single net on the opposite
side of the bay, being 12,700 pounds in 1889. In 1890, however, there
was a larger run, and 44,872 pounds were obtained,

Brevoortia tyrannus. Menhaden; ‘‘Alewife”; ‘ Oldwife.”

A small pound net set near Cape Charles City in December, 1890,
caught small numbers of menhaden. The fish were of meditun size,
and, while not abundant, were quite constant in their occurrence at
that time. Similar evidence has recently been adduced going to show
that the fish is a regular, but perhaps not abundant, winter inhabitant
of the Chesapeake.

Other economic fish taken in the pound nets are alewives (Clupea
estivalis and O. pseudoharengus), called “ herring”; sturgeon (Acipen-
ser oxyrhynchus sturio); redfish (Sciana ocellata), called “drum” and
“red drum;” sea bass (Centropristis striatus), locally known as “ black
will” and “black bass”; harvest fish (Stromateus paru), the “ butter-
fish” of the fishermen; spot (Leiostomus xanthurus); flounders (Para-
lichthys dentatus and other species); kingfish (Menticirrhus sawatilis) ;
albacore (Albacora thynnus), called ‘ horse-mackerel,” and numerous
other salt-water fishes taken irregularly or in small numbers,

HA. Mis, 113 13

194 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In September, 1890, Mr. William P. Seal, superintendent of aquaria
of the U. S. Fish Commission, visited this region for the purpose of
obtaining a collection of living fishes. Mr. Barton A. Bean, assistant
curator of the department of fishes in the U. 8S. National Museum,
accompanied the party and has published a list* of the fishes there
observed, which is an important contribution to the knowledge of the
fish fauna of the lower Chesapeake. Sixty-nine species were detected
during a visit of two weeks and an inquiry made earlier in the season
woulddoubtless demonstrate the occurrence of a great many additional
species.

At Cape Charles an inspection of the works of the International
Oyster Company was made, and an opportunity was there afforded to
witness the'method of ‘“ wiring” oysters for distant shipment in the
shell, on which process this company holds letters patent. The method
originated with Mr. A. A. Freeman, the present manager of the com-
pany, and was first employed on a small scale in Philadelphia. In 1888
a stock company was formed to utilize the principle and the plant was

‘located where itnow is. The ‘“ wiring” is a simple process, consisting
of the application of a rather stout wire tightly around the valves of
the oyster. At first all the work was done with pliers and was neces-
sarily slow, but in November, 1890, special machines were introduced,
by means of which one man has been known to wire 48 oysters in a
minute, but the average is much less. The advantage claimed for this
process is that the natural juices are retained and the deterioration in
quality which ensues upon their evaporation is prevented. In the pro-
spectus which the company’issues, Prof. John A. Ryder is quoted as
indorsmg the value of the method as follows:

T have examined and had in my possession a number of wired oysters, and I ?m
satisfied that the oyster can be preserved when the shells are thus wired for a con-
siderable length of time. I have carefully examined oysters which I am satisfied
have been wired for sixty days and | find that their vitality is fully preserved and
the oyster in no way deteriorated in quality or flavor. I think the process of pre-
serving oysters by placing a wire around them is a practically useful process, and
in my opinion would lead to the transportation of oysters to distant points as an
article of commerce, when it would be otherwise impossible to transport them alive
in the shell.

* Proceedings of U, S. National Museum, vol. xrv, p. 83.

im ,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 195
MINOR FIELD WORK.

A number of other investigations, some of a more or less local nature,
were undertaken by the division, among which the following may be
mentioned :

The canvass of the fisheries of the State of New York, referred to in
a previous report, which began in May, 1889, occupied the next fiscal
year until August 24, when Mr. Charles H. Stevenson, the field agent
who had been conducting it, was transferred to work in the New Eng-
land States. This inquiry related to the calendar years 1887 and 1888,
and the information was in part utilized in a statistical abstract of the
coast fisheries.

In March, 1891, Mr. W. A. Wilcox made an examination of the whole-
sale fish and oyster trades of Philadelphia. Part of the information
obtained was utilized in a report on the statistics of the fishery indus-
tries, and part will be available for incdrporation in a later report on
the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States, the investigation of which
is contemplated.

Independently of the extensive investigation of the entire fishing
industry of the New England States, to which reference has been made,
Mr. F. F. Dimick, the local agent of the office at Boston, Mass., has
boarded each vessel landing fish at that’ port and obtained an ac-
count of the quantities and values of each kind of fish taken and the

‘grounds on which the fishing was done, together with other information
relating to the number and nationality of the crew, value of vessel, value
of outfit and apparatus, etc. As Boston is the center of the fresh-fish
fishery of New England, and as a large fleet of market and other ves-
sels belonging not only at Boston but at many other fishing ports on
the New England coast makes its headquarters at that place, the re-
turns thus made by Mr. Dimick convey a very good idea of the extent
and condition of the vessel fisheries of that region and are especially
valuable in that they definitely indicate the actual and relative impor-
tance of the various fishing-grounds resorted to by the different vessels
engaging in the different fisheries. Work essentially similar to that in
Boston is done by Capt. 8S. J. Martin, a local agent, at Gloucester,
Mass., and taken in conjunction with the inquiry made by Mr.
Dimick in whole or in part covers the operations of nearly seven-eighths
of the offshore fishing vessels of New England.

In June, 1891, Mr. Stevenson visited Wilmington, Del., and Newark,
N. J., to obtain certain statistical and other information concerning the
porpoise fisheries on the North Carolina coast south of Cape Hatteras.
These are controlled by oil and leather companies located in the cities
named, and the data desired by the office could not be secured at the
time the agent visited the region in the course of the regular investi-
gation of the fisheries of North Carolina already alluded to.

196 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

MISCELLANEOUS AFFAIRS OF THE DIVISION.

Relations with the Census Office—With a view to secure the coopera-
tion of the Fish Commission with the Census Office in taking a census
of the fisheries and the subsequent preparation of reports thereon,
as was done in the census of 1880, the Superintendent of Census, Hon.
Robert P. Porter, in July, 1889, entered into communication with the
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, and on August 26, 1889, appointed
Capt. J. W. Collins, assistant in charge of the Division of Fisheries, a
special agent in charge of the fishery census. On December 18, 1889,
Capt. Collins resigned this position, other official duties demanding his
entire time. Close relations between the two bureaus were still main-
tained, however; and, in response to requests from the Superintendent
of Census, such data as the Fish Commission had collected were placed
at the disposal of the Census Office.

Treasury Circular, ‘Statistics of the Fisheries..—The purposes and
provisions of this circular have been fully discussed in previous reports
of the Commissioner and the division. Its operation began in Decem-
ber, 1885, and continued in active force until October, 1890. During
the five and a half years ending June 30, 1891, the number of cireulars
received was 23,177, of which 4,649 were received in 1889-90 and 2,266
in 1890-91; during the last six months of the fiscal year 1891 only 614
circulars were forwarded to the office. The circumstances which led to
the discontinuance of the circular are embraced in the following cor-
respondence between the Fish Commission and the Treasury Depart-
ment:

{The Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries to the Secretary of the Treasury.]

WASHINGTON, D. C., August 18, 1890.

Sir: Permit me to call the attention of your Department to the fact that in certain
customs districts the requirements of Treasury Circular, Statistics of the Fisheries
(No. 45, Bureau of Navigation, series of 1887), are apparently being overlooked or
disregarded, to the detriment of the work of this office.

I have the honor to transmit a list giving the names of the customs districts that
are derelict, together with such brief annotations as are thought necessary to show
your Department the special conditions prevailing in each case.

It should be stated that at one time all the districts in question were complying
with the circular; but, for reasons unknown to this office, they have, for a greater
or less length of time, ceased regarding it.

I have to request that you will kindly have this matter brought to the attention
of the collectors of the districts named, to the end that reports omitted in the past
may be forwarded, and that in the future the requirements of the circular may be
promptly and completely carried out. i

I desire to improve this opportunity to convey to you an expression of the obliga-
tion felt by the Fish Commission for the assistance given by your Department in
the matter of collecting fishery statistics. I have pleasure in expressing my hearty
appreciation of the faithful manner in which the work has generally been performed
by customs officials, and it only needs the addition of the few links in the chain, which

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 197

I have indicated, to make the work complete, which is not only an important auxil-
iary in our statistical inquiry, but has the additional merit of being inexpensive.
Yours, very respectfully,
M. McDona.p,
Commissioner.

[The Secretary of the Treasury to the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. ]

WASHINGTON, D. C., October 6, 1890.

Sir: Your letter.of the 18th of August last, relating to the statistics of the

fisheries, was brought to my attention on my return recently to the Department.

It appears that collectors of customs in certain customs districts are disinclined to
obtain the statistics you desire. The Department understands that when the subject
of obtaining statistics through the offices of collectors of customs was first considered
there was an intention of obtaining Congressional action in regard to the matter,
and that the work to be performed by the customs ofticers in ascertaining and for-
warding the information was to be temporary only. This was in the year 1886. It
now appears from your communication that the statistics obtained are defective,
owing to neglect on the part of the customs officers, and it has been stated to the
Department that statistics somewhat similar are being gathered by the Census
Bureau.

In the absence of any special appropriation for the purpose, or authority of law, it
seems to me inexpedient to attempt further to collect the statistics through the

- officers of the customs.
The supply of blanks prepared by this Department is exhausted.
Respectfully, yours,
{ W. WINDoM,
| Secretary.

Special information and statistics furnished.—The division is called
upon to furnish to private parties, State officials, Congress, and the
Executive Departments descriptive and tabular matter on various
special subjects connected with the fisheries, which in the course of a

year often constitutes a prominent feature of the work. While much

of the information requested is already available and is readily fur-

-nished, some of the inquiries occasion protracted research, and may

occupy the attention of the office force for a considerable time. An

idea of the nature of the calls made on the division may be gained
from the following partial list of data prepared for Government and

State officials in the years 1890 and 1891:

An opinion relative to the effect on the abundance of fish in this country of the
unrestricted use of pound nets, traps, purse seines, and gill nets.
Statistical and descriptive data covering the sponge fishery of Florida.

7 Statistics and observations regarding the salt-clam bait used by British pro-
4 vincial fishermen.

* Summary statement of persons employed in the fisheries of Barnstable County,
v Mass., in 1889.

: Detailed table giving the capital invested in vessels, boats, apparatus, etc., in
= Barnstable County, Mass., in 1889.

_ Statement of the quantities and values of each fishery product taken in the fish-
* eries of Barnstable County, Mass., in 1889.

198 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Comparative table showing the extent of the fisheries of Barnstable County,
Mass., in 1880 and 1889.

A series of twelve tables showing the extent of the fisheries of Florida.

Comparative statistics of the oyster fishery of Connecticut, Maryland, and Vir-
einia, in 1880 and 1890, with a synopsis of the laws in force and a discussion
of the influence of the States’ policy on the increase or decrease in the
industry.

The whale fleet of the United States in 1889 classified by rigs of vessels and
fishing-grounds.

The whale fleet of the United States in 1889 classified by hailing ports and
fishing-grounds.

Table showing by hailing ports of vessels the products of the whale fishery of
the United States in 1889.

Detailed statements for the year 1889 giving the operations of the San Francisco
whale fleet in 1889, of the New Bedford fleet rendezvousing at San Francisco,
of the New Bedford fleet haying headquarters at that place, and of the Bos-
ton, Edgartown, Provincetown, Stonington, and New London fleets.

Summary of the receipts of whale products at Boston, from 1880 to 1889, inclusive.

Summary of the receipts of whale products at Provincetown, from 1883 to 1889,
inclusive.

Summary from 1880 to 1889, inclusive, of the whaling vessels arriving at Edgar-
town, and the products landed by them.

Summary from 1880 to 1889, inclusive, of the whaling vessels arriving at New
Bedford, and the products landed by them.

The San Francisco fur-seal, sea-otter, and walrus fleets in 1888.

The porpoise industry of North Carolina in 1889-90.

Three tables covering the fisheries of the Chesapeake Bay.

A series of six tables exhibiting the condition of the oyster fishery and oyster-
packing trade of Virginia.

Three tables giving the extent of the coast and river fisheries of Maine in 1887
and 1888.

A detailed table showing by townships the condition of the lobster fishery of
Maine in 1887, 1888, and 1889.

A statement by counties of the extent of the lobster-canning industry of Maine
in 1887, 1888, and 1889.

When requests for information of the foregoing nature come from
private individuals, an effort is always made to comply therewith, pro-
vided the desired data can be prepared without serious detriment to
the regular work of the division. Demands have occasionally been
refused, because, in order to fill them, days of research by many clerks
would be necessary. c

International Maritime Pxhibition, Boston, Mass.—This exhibition was
held for the purpose of presenting a history of the development of naval
architecture and the shipping trades. It opened on November 4, 1889.
The United States Fish Commission sent models of the steamers Al-
batross and Fish Hawk, and a number of photographie enlargements
and crayon sketches of fishing vessels, boats, and methods, as well as
swinging screens containing views illustrating the same subjects. Mr.
W. H. Abbott, a field agent of this division, was detailed to superin-
tend the installation of the articles.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 199

ANALYSIS OF REPORTS ISSUED.

While the number of reports prepared by the division and printed
during the years covered by this report was not large, several of them
were very extensive and were important contributions to the subjects
considered. Several other papers dealing with the commercial fish-
eries were prepared and submitted for printing in this period, but they
were not issued until after the close, of the period under consideration.
The reports printed were as follows:

1. The beam-trawl fishery of Great Britain, with notes on beam-trawling in
other European countries. (Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission, vi, pp. 289-407,
23 plates, 34 text figures.)

This report deals with the most important vessel fishery of Great
Britain. Special chapters treat of the history and importance of the
fishery, the fishing-grounds, the fishermen, the vessels, the apparatus,
the methods of fishing, marketing of the catch, the effects of the fish-
ery on the abundance of fish, beam trawling on the continent of Europe,
attempts to use the trawl in the United States, and the possibility of
its successful employment in this country. Some idea may be gained
of the extent of this fishery when it is stated that about 20,000 persons
find exclusive employment therein, and that the annual production is
about 450,000,000 pounds, having a value of over $13,000,000, a sum
that represents more than one-third the value of the entire coast and
inland fisheries of the United States.

2. Suggestions for the employment of improved types of vessels in the market
fisheries, with notes on British fishing steamers. (Bulletin U. S. Fish
Commission, Vii, pp. 175-192, 10 plates.)

The recent improvements in the methods of preserving fish in a
fresh condition, and inshipping them to distant points, have demon-
strated the necessity for securing the more rapid landing of the fish
atter being caught, in order that they may reach the consumer in the
best possible state of preservation. The greatest amount of deteriora-
tion ensues between the taking and the landing of the fish, and it is
the reduction to a minimum of this impairment in quality which is
demanded by the present conditions of the fresh-fish trade. To secure
this result, an improvement in the form of the fishing vessels is the
principal consideration, and in this report the special types of vessels
adapted to different fisheries and to particular regions are indicated,
described, and figured. Speed and seaworthiness are the main lines
along which advances may be made in the building of fishing vessels;
the possession of these factors will not only secure the landing of an
improved quality of fish and the economy of time, but will also per-
mit vessels to visit the more distant and less frequented grounds and
thus perhaps add to the amount of thecatch. The specially important
subjects considered in the paper are the desirability of employing
steamers in the market fishery of New England; the urgent need of

900 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

steam vessels in the market fisheries of the Pacific coast, especially
those of San Francisco; the advantages that would accrue as the result
of the adoption of steam carriers in certain Chesapeake Bay fisheries;
and the necessity for welled vessels and boats in the shore fisheries of
southern California.
3. Review of the fisheries of the Great Lakes. (Report U.S. Fish Commission,
XV, pp. 3-333, 44 plates.)

This report is a geographical review of the entire fishing industry of
the Great Lake system. The history, methods, condition, and statisties
of the fisheries are considered by minor civil divisions; the fishermen,
apparatus, vessels, boats, and fishing-grounds are described; notes on
the natural history, abundance, movements, etc., of the commercial
fishes are given; the methods of preserving and shipping the catch are
discussed; the extent of the wholesale trade in fishery products in the
principal cities is shown; the changes in the methods of the fisheries
since 1880 are indicated; detailed comparisons are made with 1880;
the effects of artificial propagation on the maintenance of the supply is
considered; illustrations are presented of the types of boats, vessels,
principal forms of apparatus, methods, and most of the important food-
fishes, and a series of large charts indicates the position and number of
pound nets operated. The fisheries of the Great Lakes, which are the
most extensive lake fisheries in the world, are shown by the report to
have given employment to 10,355 persons; the capital invested was
$4,520,081; the quantity of. fish taken was 99,842,076 pounds, and the
value of the catch to the fishermen was $2,691,866. An edition of 1,250
copies of this report was distributed among the fishing interests of the
Great Lakes.

4. Notes on the crab fishery of Crisfield, Maryland. (Bulletin U. 8. Fish Com-
mission, Ix, pp. 103-112, 6 plates.)

The business of catching crabs, impounding them until after the
shedding process, and of shipping them to market as soft-shell crabs,
has in recent years attained considerable importanee in Chesapeake
Bay. A special study of the industry was made at Crisfield in 1888,
which formed the basis-for the remarks in this paper. Crisfield has
the distinction of being the center of the most extensive crab-fishery
in the United States, and the industry has of late years increased with
wonderful rapidity. In 1888, 785 fishermen engaged in taking crabs in
Crisfield and vicinity; 4,437,825 erabs were obtained, for which ‘the
fishermen received $72,129. The dealers in Crisfield, to whom the
entire catch is sold, shipped 3,782,057 crabs, the market value of which
was $111,751. The difference between the number of crabs caught
and the number sent to market, amounting to 655,766, represents the
mortality among the crabs as a result of the molting process and inju-
ries received when caught.

“——

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 201

5. Notes on an improved form of oyster tongs. (Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commis-
sion, IX, pp. 161-163, 1 plate.)

The tongs described are adapted to deep-water fishing and may be
successfully operated in 200 feet of water. The apparatus consists of
two ‘curved iron bars riveted together, terminating in a series of
teeth, and is manipulated by means of a rope. By its use large areas
of natural oyster beds have been brought within reach of the boat fish-
ermen, whose earnings have been considerably augmented. In places
onthe Chesapeake Bay individual fishermen have, during some seasons,
taken five times as many oysters with the new tongs as they could with
the old form. The principle involved in this apparatus is of wide appli-
cation in the fisheries, and will in time no doubt be extensively utilized
in the clam, scallop, sponge, and other fisheries.

REMARKS ON THE FISRERIES.

Certain special matters having an important bearing on the commer-
cial fisheries which have been brought to the notice of the office by its
generai and local agents and correspondents may be properly men-
tioned in this report. It is not the intention, however, to enter into an
extended review of the condition of the fishing industry, a subject
which will be fully treated of in the separate papers published by the
office.

The modus vivendi.—An important provision of the proposed fishery
treaty between Great Britain and the United States was the so-called
modus vivendi, which accorded to United States fishing vessels certain
privileges in Canadian ports pending the ratification of the treaty.
Although the latter was rejected by the United States Senate in
August, 1888, the Canadian Government extended the operation of
this part of the treaty, and numbers of American vessels have taken
advantage of it. In 1888, 36 vessels from New England ports paid
$3,831 for licenses obtained in Canada; the following year 78 vessels
paid $9,589.50; and in 1890, 119 American fishing schooners took out
licenses for which $14,461.50 was expended. The license fee is $1.50
per net ton, and the privileges thereby secured are the right (1) to
enter Canadian ports to buy bait, apparatus, and supplies, (2) to trans-
ship the catch, and (3) to ship crews. The vessels engaging in the bank
cod and halibut fisheries are those which have the greatest occasion to
avail themselves of this regulation.

KH ffects of abrogation of Washington treaty on the herring fisheries and
the bait supply —A report on the fisheries of the New England States
now being prepared will contain the following reference to the influence
which the expiration in 1885 of the fishery treaty with Great Britain

202 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

has had on the herring fishery of Maine and on the development in
certain places of an important bait fishery to supply the needs of
American vessels:

Since 1885 the herring fishery of Maine has undergone a noticeable increase, which
has been chiefly due to the abrogation of the Washington treaty. The manufactur-
ing enterprises connected with the canning of lobsters, the canning and smoking of
herring, ete., have steadily increased, and new life and new capital have been put
into the industry to meet the demand for larger supplies of raw materials, among
which herring rank first in quantity and importance. The increase in the number
of weirs and other applhances of capture has. been more marked each year, and the
growth and extension westward of the fishery and the dependent shore industries
has beenone of the most noteworthy features of the fisheries of this State during th
past decade.

An increase in the herring weir fisheries has in most localities been attended with
a corresponding increase in the smoked-herring business, but in the region of Mount
Desert Island a most interesting and important exception ‘to this rule is to be
observed, due to its favorable location as a baiting rendezvous for the bank cod fish-
ermen of both Maine and Massachusetts. In this vicinity the increase in the number
of herring weirs has had no appreciable effect on the smoking of herring, the smoke-
houses being more neglected than ever before. This condition is due to the cireum-
stance that herring can be sold fresh for bait at better prices than would result from
smoking them. The demand for bait in this section is now so constant and so great
that the weir fishermen have not been able to meet it, and an extensive herring
fishery with gill nets has been inaugurated within the past three years to supplement
the weir fishery. At the Cranberry Isles and also in the vicinity of Southwest
Harbor and Bar Harbor large numbers of bank and shore vessels are baited each year,
and the practice of taking bait in this vicinity is annually becoming more popular
and of increasing importance to the deep-sea fisheries. Prior to the building of
weirs there was little or no baiting done here, and vessels were obliged to resort to
more distant places and often had to go to the provinces at great loss of time.

The marked effect which the expiration of the reciprocity treaty with Canada has
had on the development of the fisheries and fishery industries of the entire eastern
coast of Maine has been nowhere more noticeable than in the increased facilities
afforded American yessels to procure an abundant supply of bait in home ports
through the building of brush weirs.

Eastward movement of menhaden.—One of the most prominent and
interesting features of the New England fisheries during the decade
terminating in 1888 was the practically complete absence of menhaden
from the Gulf of Maine, where they had previously resorted in enor-
mous bodies and supported an industry of great importance. This fail-
ure of the menhaden to appear within such a large area was one of the
most remarkable variations in the movements of our Atlantic coast
fishes that has been recorded, and was much more noteworthy, although
less important, than the present scarcity of mackerel. In 1888 large
schools of menhaden were found east of Cape Cod, considerable num-
bers being taken as far east as Frenchman Bay, Maine. The next
season there was a return of the fish to the Maine coast in schools fully
as large and numerous as had ever before been observed. The fishery, °
which was begun on a limited scale in 1888, was greatly augmented,
and many vessels from Rhode Island and other States found it more
profitable to fish in Maine waters during a part of the season, which

.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 203

was one of the most successful since the establishment of the fishery.
The Maine fishermen took over 10,000,000 pounds of menhaden in 1889,
for which they received more than $28,000, and the factories located in
the State utilized over 26,000,000 fish in the preparation of oil and
guano, having a value of $87,144.

New England vessels fishing for Spanish mackerel in Florida.—The
winter and spring of 1889-90 was quite noteworthy in the annals of
the New England and Florida fisheries because of the experimental
visits of two mackerel vessels belonging at Gloucester, Mass., to the
west coast of Florida for the purpose of engaging in the capture of
Spanish mackerel, which abound in these waters at that season. The
vessels made their headquarters at Key West, and shipped their catch
in ice to Tampa, Punta Gorda, and New York. One of the vessels,
the schooner Hattie S. Clark, fished from December 1, 1889, to April 1,
1890, and caught during that time 100,000 pounds of Spanish mackerel,
for which $8,000 was received, the crew of 12 men sharing $225 each.
The other schooner, the Schuyler Colfax, made only two trips, between
February 1 and April 1, 1890, and landed 30,000 pounds, the value of
which was $2,400. The owner of the schooner reports that the vessels
averaged 8,000 or 10,009 pounds of fish each trip and that this catch
was made in half a day’s actual fishing, although, because of the delay
in getting ice, it usually took about two weeks tocomplete atrip. This
trial opens up a new field for winter operations on the part of mack-
erel vessels, and the continued scarcity of regular mackerel on the New
England coast may lead to the establishment of an important winter
fishery off the coast of Florida.

Voyage to Africa for mackerel.—The searcity of mackerel on the At-
lantic coast of the United States, which has been marked since 1885 and
has been more prolonged than during any previous similar period in
the history of the fishery, prompted the owner of the schooner Alice,
of Provincetown, Mass., to undertake the prosecution of the fishery
on the southern coast of Africa, where whalers and merchantmen had
reported that mackerel occurred in abundance. The vessel sailed for
Cape of Good Hope in October, 1889, and made the longest cruise ever
accomplished by a mackerel vessel, the distance being about. 7,000
miles. On arriving at the grounds, fish were found in considerable
numbers, and during the first nine months about 900 barrels of mack-
erel were packed, and some were shipped to the United States, where
_ they arrived about December 1, 1890. Some of the fish were of large
size, being 2 feet in length and weighing over 3 pounds when salted,
and the consignment sold at $14 to $18 per barrel. Examples were
sent to this office for examination, and the fish were found to be the
bull’s-eye, chub, or thimble-eye mackerel (Scomber colias), and not the
common mackerel of our coast (S. scombrus). During the second sea-
son of the vessel’s sojourn on the African coast only a few fish were

204 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

taken, and the vessel returned home in June, 1891, after a cruise that
was not on the whole successful, although important.

Increase of shore cod as a result of artificial propagation.—Few sub-
jects that have recently come up in connection with the New England
fisheries possess greater interest and importance than the results
which have been achieved by the planting by the U.S. Fish Commis-
sion of cod in the inshore waters of the southern New England coast
during the past few years. Very few of the fishermen of the region had
much confidence in the feasibility of this attempt to increase the supply
of codfish, and they were much surprised, as well as pecuniarily bene-
fited, by the appearance of young cod in great abundance on grounds
on which the fish have been scarce or absent for years. The fishery
began in 1889, when a few small vessels made good fares, one schooner
landing 300,000 pounds of small fish. The inquiries conducted by the
office showed that in 1890, by the last of July, about 4,000,000 pounds
of small and medium sized cod were taken in the inshore waters of
southern New England, which even the most skeptical fishermen were
willing to acknowledge were fish that had been artificially propagated
at the government hatcheries at Woods Holl and Gloucester. As a
result of this single fishery over $100,000 was added to the income of
the fishermen, and there is reason to believe that a permanent summer
fishery has been inaugurated that promises good returns. ~

Other fishery matters.—Various other events of importance to the
economic fisheries during the périod covered by this repert at-
tracted more or less attention, which need only be mentioned and
not discussed. Among these were the Bering Sea dispute and the
seizures of American and Canadian sealing vessels for violating the
regulations of the United States regarding the capture of fur seals in
that region, the fish paragraphs in the new tariff law and in the reci-
procity treaties made with countries of Central and South America,
the agitation of the oyster question in Maryland and Virginia, the
seizures of Rhode Island menhaden vessels for fishing in Massachusetts
waters in Buzzards Bay, ete.

tothe HN DGS,

1.--REPORT UPON THE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE U. S. FISH
COMMISSION STEAMER ALBATROSS FROM JULY 1, 1889, TO
JUNE 30, 1891.

By Lieut. Commander Z. L. TANNER, U. 5S, Navy, Commanding.

THE FISCAL YEAR 1889-90.
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA, JULY, 1889.

The Albatross was at Departure Bay, B. C., July 1, 1889, coaling
ship, preparatory to a trip to southeastern Alaska with several mem-
bers of the Committee on Indian Affairs of the United States Senate.
On July 3 she proceeded to Victoria for supplies, and on the 4th to
Port Townsend, Wash., where Capt. J. W. Keen, an Alaskan pilot, was
engaged for the cruise. We were joined at Tacoma, on the 8th, by
Senators H. L. Dawes, F. B. Stockbridge, C. F. Manderson, and J. K.
Jones, together with several officers of the Senate and their attendants.
The steamer left .Tacoma the same day, and after touching at Port
Townsend for mail proceeded northward through the inland passage.
Night anchorages were made at Carter Bay and Cardena Bay on
account of fog and tides, but no other stops were made until Fort
Tongas was reached on the morning of the 11th. The senatorial com-
mittee landed, but, finding the place abandoned, soon returned on board,
and we left for Port Chester, where we arrived the same evening.
This beautiful bay lies on the west side of Annette Island and affords
a secure harbor for all classes of vessels. The region has attracted
much attention recently from having been selected as the site of the
New Metlahcatlah, the home of Rev. Mr. Duncan’s colony of Indians.

Mr. Dunean’s labors among the Indians of British Columbia com-
menced about thirty years ago, and through his efforts a flourishing
community had grown up at what is now called Old Metlahcatlah, near

Port Simpson, B. C. The people were housed in comfortable cottages ;
churches and schools were in a flourishing condition; various indus-
tries were successfully prosecuted; and it was, in’ fact, considered the

Norr.—All bearings are magnetic unless otherwise stated, and depths are ex-

pressed in fathoms.
207

~

208 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ideal Indian community of the Pacific coast. Vexed questions of
church discipline finally arose between the colonists and the bishop
of the diocese, culminating about two years since in the abandonment
of the settlement by the majority of the people, and removal to their
present location. The site selected for the settlement was a densely
wooded plain bordering on the bay, where many acres have been cleared
and partially drained, and houses erected for the people. A steam saw-
mill and salmon cannery, and a large building for a general store have
been built. The schoolhouse is the most imposing structure in the
place, and compares favorably with many similar buildings in older
communities. Boarding houses for boys and girls were in process of
construction in connection with the school, all of this work being done
by the Indians, under the general supervision of Mr. Duncan. The
sawmill was burned shortly before our arrival. Mr. Duncan was
absent, but the committee had several conferences with the leading
men, obtaining from them the general condition of the settiement and
their needs.

A dense fog prevailed until noon of the 12th, when we got under way
for Karta Bay, via Clarence Straits. Arriving at 5:54 p. m., the com-
mittee visited the Indian village and cannery (the old Baronoviteh
fishery), which, in its day, was one of the most important in Alaska.
Leaving Karta Bay at 7:55, we proceeded to Port Wrangell, where we
arrived at 7:25 the following morning. The committee landed and
visited the school and Indian village. returning at noon, when we went
on our way. We entered Chatham Strait at 1 a. m., and at 5:30 came
to with the stream anchor in 40 fathoms, near arocky point off Kootz-
nahoo Roads, for the double purpose of waiting for slack water at Peril
Straits and to afford an opportunity for fishing. Many halibut and
cultus-cod were caught with hand lines, and several salmon were cap-
tured by trolling. Leaving our fishing-ground at 7:50, we arrived in
the harbor of Sitka at 4:20 p.m.

The next day, July 15, the committee were early on shore, visiting
the Indian school, and other places of interest, while the vessel went
to the Government wharf for coal. The wharf is a rickety affair, and
the Government buildings, with few exceptions, are rapidly falling into
decay. The Indian settlement occupies most of the water front, and,
owing to strict sanitary measures and general supervision during the
U.S. Naval regime, presents a very respectable appearance. Most of
the men were away at the salmon fisheries, and the women and old men
were busy in the manufacture of baskets and Indian curios, that being
about the only industry prosecuted in the place. It was rainy and
misty on the morning of the 16th, but partially cleared about noon.
Through the courtesy of the governor, Mr. George Kastrometinoff
joined us as interpreter for the northern trip, to facilitate communica-
tion with the native tribes,

Ss eee

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. _ 209

We left Sitka at 4:35 p. m. for Peril Straits, through which we passed
at slack water, and came to at 9:45 in Favorite Anchorage. A strong
southeasterly wind sprang up, during the night, with rain and mist,
and on entering Chatham Strait the following morning, and finding
that 1t would be impossible to land at Kootznahoo as intended, we
turned to the northward, and ran into Pavloff Harbor, Freshwater Bay,
for protection until the weather improved.

We found it a snug little anchorage, entirely protected from south-
erly winds. A salmon cannery was in operation on the western side
of the bay, with the usual adjacent Indian village. Quite a large
stream enters the head of the bay, over a fall of several feet, at the
foot of which many trout were taken. Several salmon and a single
halibut were caught by trolling. The senatorial party and others
landed soon after our arrival, and visited the cannery, Indian village,
and other points of interest. The folowing morning we went to Muir
Inlet, reaching the great glacier at 2:40 p.m. The photographers and
several of the senatorial party landed to get a nearer view of the
glacier.

Leaving the glacier at 4 p.m., we worked our way down the bay
through heavy masses of ice, which made navigation slow and intri-
cate, until we reached the vicinity of Bartlett Bay. Soundings taken
in Glacier Bay gave us 45 fathoms abreast of Willoughby Island, 48 at
the entrance to Muir Inlet, and 57 about half a mile from the face of
the glacier. i

Steaming across Icy Straits, we anchored in the snug harbor of
Hoonyah Bay, at 10:45 p. m., off a large village which the committee
wished to visit; but it was found entirely abandoned by the Indians,
who had gone on their summer hunting and fishing» expeditions. The
next day we went to the Indian village in Portage Bay. This village
was also abandoned, but as the committee were anxious to_ meet the

people, they went in the steam launch to the mouth of the river, up

which they were rowed a mile or two in a skiff, and then walked a mile
farther to the rapids, where the Indians were taking salmon. The sen-
atows were much pleased with their general appearance, and considered
them superior to any native Alaskans they had previously met. Our
anchorage at Portage Bay was in latitude 59° 09’ N., the highest point
reached by the vessel during the season.

The committee having returned, we left at 7:36 p.m. for Chilkat,
anchoring at 10:35 p. m.,in Pyramid Harbor, in 21 fathoms. The com-

mittee visited the cannery and Indian village next morning. At 11

a.m. we proceeded to Juneau, where we arrived at 10:25 p. m., calling
at Auk Village on the way, which was found abandoned.

The Senate committee held a conference with citizens and Indians of
Juneau on the 22d, at which matters of interest to the Territory, and
Juneau in particular, were discussed. We got under way at3:30 p.m.,
and ran down the harbor to the great Treadwell Mine, the committee

H. Mis. 113 14

.

210 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

and others visiting the works. Leaving the mine at 5:30, we steamed
to the southward. Onthe 23d, at 3:55 p. m., cast the trawl in 322 fath-
oms, black sand and gravel bottom, Lemesurier Point bearing NE. 3 E.
(mag.), distant 2,2; miles. After dragging a short distance, the trawl
entered a soft mud bottom, with which the net became filled, and it
required several hours careful work to land it on board. Hundreds of
sea-urchins were brought up, besides starfish, ophiurans, annelids, shells,
ete. One hagfish and another small fish, species unknown, were taken.
The absence of fish was notable, and would seem to indicate unusually
barren ground. A line of dredgings through the channels would be
exceedingly interesting, as the only means of determining the species
and general distribution of fish, occupying the inland waters of south-
eastern Alaska in summer time. Continuing our course to the south-
ward, Vietoria was reached at 8:40 p. m., without stop or incident, on
the 26th.

The senatorial committee visited the principal places of interest in
the city the following morning, including the dockyard and new dry
dock at Esquimalt. We were under way at 3:40 p.m., and with steam
and sail ran across the straits to Port Townsend, arriving at 7:35
p.m. Seattle was reached at 3 p.m. the next day, and Tacoma at 7:30.
The members of the Senate committee were landed immediately, and,
with many expressions of gratification at the results of the trip and
regrets at its termination, took their departure. Prof. C. H. Gilbert
left also, with instructions to return to Washington.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND CALIFORNIA, AUGUST-OCTOBER, 1889.

Preparations for cruise to Bering Sea—We started for Port Town-
send at 8:57, arriving at 11:50 a. m. on the 29th, having been detained
about eight hours by fog. Supplies were obtained at this place, and,
after completing our preparations for sea, we left at 2:30 p. m., August
1, for Departure Bay, British Columbia, arriving at 5:10 the following ©
morning. Coaling was finished on the morning of the 4th, and we left .
the harbor at 2 p.m. for Bering Sea via Unalaska, under one boiler,
the coal consumption being limited to 10 tons per day. The sky was
clear, but the smoke, which had the effect of fog, obscured everything
at a distance. This was caused by forest fires which prevail through-
out Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia during the dry season,
when the smoke becomes so dense at times that it is more dreaded by
mariners than fog, rendering navigation exceedingly difficult and dan-
gerous. It is prevalent until dissipated by the autumn rains.

We passed Seymour Narrows at 4:15 a. m. on the 5th, an hour before
low water, and, although the swirls were somewhat heavy, the tide
had slackened sufficiently to enable us to keep control of the helm
without undue strain. It was discovered soon after leaving Departure
Bay that che coal on board was of an inferior quality, and the allow-
ance Was increased to 12 tons per day, but even then we could not

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. ea be

make our usual speed. At 3:05 p.m. we emerged from Goleta’s Chan-
nel, steamed out into the Pacific, encountering light westerly winds and
smooth sea. The weather was clear overhead, but misty about the
horizon, obscuring the land. .

Everything worked smoothly during the night and following day,
and a gentle breeze from SW. enabled us to carry fore and aft sail.
At 4:20 p. m., August 7, the port high-pressure piston broke, disabling
that engine. The starboard one was uninjured and would drive the
vessel between 4 and 5 knots per hour, dragging the port propeller;
but it would be difficult to maneuver under. favorable conditions, and
in heavy weather the vessel would be nearly helpless. In view of the
fact that there were no machine shops at Unalaska or any facilities for
making repairs, the ship was immediately headed for Port Townsend,
the nearest place affording the necessary appliances. The cylinder
head was taken off as soon as practicable, and the broken piston was
found lying in fragments at the bottom of the cylinder. The piston rod
was bent, and there was a small scratch on the internal surface of the
cylinder, but not of sufficient depth to do any damage. The low-pres-
sure cylinder was uninjured, so the high-pressure engine was discon-
nected, and about three hours after the accident both propellers were
working and, with the assistance of sail, the vessel was making nearly
her usual speed. The accident happened in latitude 52° 45’ N. and
longitude 136° 56’ W., 649 miles from Port Townsend. We encoun-
tered fog as soon as we approached the coast, but the sea remained
comparatively smooth and we carried our fair wind into the Straits of
Fuea, arriving at Port Townsend at 11:17 a. m., August 11.

Pog signal at Cape Flattery.—An incident in connection with the Cape
Flattery fog signal is worthy of mention. A dense fog prevailed as
we approached the Cape, and an anxious watch was kept for the
sound of the whistle, which was finally heard distinctly at a distance
of 5.0or G6miles. Our course led us in the direction of the sound, but
it continued to grow fainter, until at Duncan Rock, 1 mile away, it
ceased to be heard, except at long and irregular intervals, and-then so
faintly that it would hardly have been noticed. There can be no pos-
sible question as to our distance from the whistle, as we made Duncan
Rock ahead not more than a quarter of a mile away. Going on up the
straits, the sound increased in volume and regularity, and ata distance
of 6 miles was still distinctly audible. We have observed this phe-
nomenon on two previous occasions, but failing to sight Dunean Rock
were not absolutely certain of our distance from it. Other vessels have
met with the same experience, usually attributing it to a temporary
lack of steam. There are two or three small rocky islets lying between
the whistle and Duncan Rock, allless than a quarter of a mile from the
former, and, although low and insignificant in appearance they may
have something to do with the deflection of the sound of the whistle
from the direction of the latter.

212 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The erratic action of sound signals has been a fruitful theme of in-
vestigation for many years, and while we have learned in a general way
that sounds may ricochet over the surface of land and sea by succes-
sive contacts with uneven surfaces, or air strata of different densities,
we have not been able to lay down any rule by which the mariner can
determine the existence of abnormal atmospheric conditions: hence his
lack of confidence in sound signals in general aid the necessity for great
caution when approaching them. The peculiarity in this case is that
the phenomenon has been observed only on, or near, the bearing of
Dunean Rock, the critical point in entering the Straits of Fuea.

Port Townsend to coast of Oregon.—Work on the disabled engine
commenced on the 12th. A new piston was made, the rod straightened,
and other minor matters attended to. The job was completed on the
morning of the 22d, and at noon we left for Departure Bay, where we
arrived at 10:15 a.m. the following day. We commenced coaling at
1 p. m. and finished at 10:15 a. m. on the 24th, having taken on board
944 tons. Leaving the harbor an hour later, we anchored for the night
in Otter Bay, where we found a safe and-convenient harbor. Large
numbers of surf ducks and a few puffins were swimming leisurely about
the bay when we entered, but soon disappeared, Fishing lines were put
over the side, resulting in the capture of one fiounder and a dogfish.

We were under way at 6 the following morning and anchored off
Victoria at 10:15 a.m., where we called for supplies. We left there at
11:20 on the morning of the 27th, and, steaming out of the Straits of
Fuca, passed Cape Flattery at 9 p.m. A course was then made for
Tillamook Rock, which brought the vessel into the trough of a westerly
swell, causing her to roli heavily. We were steaming with one boiler,
as usual, the consumption of fuel being limited to 10 tons per day. The
coal turned out even worse than the previous lot, reducing the speed
nearly a knot and a half an hour.

Coast of Oregon.—At 11:47 a. m., August 28, we commenced sounding
off Tillamook Rock, running lines from shore to a depth of 200 fathoms,
occupying stations at intervals of about 5milesand working to the south-
ward. It is not an easy matter under the most favorable conditions to
keep an accurate account of a vessel’s position when using the beam
trawl or hand lines, and it was particularly difficult to do so with the
strong and irregular currents, smoky atmosphere, and boisterous
weather prevailing on the coast of Oregon. Knowing that our sound-
ings would be used for hydrographic purposes, the necessity for as great
a degree of accuracy as practicable was so apparent that we decided to
give our undivided attention to the determination of depths, character
of bottom, and temperatures, to be followed later by the usual investi-
gations with beam trawl, hand lines, and the various methods of bio-
logical research. The weather being exceptionally clear, we continued
work night and day until, at inidnight of the 31st, we were in the
vicinity of Cape Gregory.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 2s

September 1 was an unusually clear day, and the sea was compara-
tively smooth. The time was spent on Heceta Bank and vicinity, many
soundings being taken to determine the extent of the 40-fathom patch.
The beam trawl] was used successfully, although the bottom was rough,
and when it was too rocky for the trawl] the tangles were brought into
requisition. Poats were lowered and hand lines used on different parts
of the bank. The result of the day’s operations may be stated as fol-
lows: The area of the 40-fathom patch on Heceta Bank is very small.
Beam trawl and trawl-line fishing are impracticable on the rougher
portions of the bank. Hand lines from boats will meet with the best
results. Fishes and invertebrates were almost identical with those
taken last season, but dogfish had not reached the bank in great num-
bers. The list of food-fishes will be found in the table of fishing
stations.

An interesting haul of the beam trawl was made after dark in 93
fathoms, green mud, a few miles inshore of the bank. One hundred
flounders were taken, representing four species; and also large num-
bers of rock-cod, one black-cod, one cultus cod, and several species
of small fish. Holothurians and other invertebrates were found in iarge
numbers. In a subsequent haul in 61 fathoms, green mud and sand,
made befween 8 and 9 p. m., 200 flounders were taken, besides other
species. Considering the size of the trawl (11 feet beam) and the dura-
tion of the haul, which did not exceed 20 minutes, it must be conceded
that the region is rich in the various species of flatfishes and rock-cod.

September 2 and 3 were spent in the examination of the region over
which we had recently sounded. The beam trawl and hand lines were
used, the different species of flatfish, rock-cod, ete., being found gen-
erally distributed along the coast. There was a uniform bottom of fine
gray sand to a depth of about 40. fathoms, when green mud began to
show, increasing in proportion until at 60 fathoms there was but little
sand. One exception to the uniform character of bottom was a small
bank or rocky patch lying SSW. 4 W. magnetic, 19 miles from Yaquina
light-house. The least water found was 42 fathoms, clay and mud bot-
tom, with frequent rocky or stony patches, covering an area of about
40 square miles. Several specimens of the rocks were brought up in
the beam trawl—water-worn bowlders of blue limestone, weighing from
50 to 200 pounds, bearing evidence of drift deposit. The entire suriace
of the stones was honeycombed by borers and covered with a mass of
life, including small cup corals, sponges, trachiopods, annelids, mol-
lusks, ophiurans, ete. The weather was very boisterous during our
exploration of the bank, which prevented a satisfactory examination
regarding its fish life, but the various species of rock-cod will doubtless
be found there in large numbers.

Wind and sea increased during the 5d, until it became too rough to
continue work, and as our coal was getting short we decided to go to
Astoria fora suppiy. Slow progress was made during the night, steam-

214 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ing head to wind and sea, but it moderated next morning, and we
crossed the Columbia River Bar at 2 p. m., anchoring off Astoria an
hour later. We received 504 tons of coal on the 6th, and at 10:40 next
morning got under way, crossed the bar at Meridian, and at 3:46 put
the hand lines over in 40 fathoms, off Faleon Rocks. <A fine salmon
was taken on one of the lines.

The beam trawl and hand lines were used at various stations, work-
ing to the southward over ground previously sounded. The various
species of rock-cod, flounders, ete., were found quite plentifully. A
thick fog set in at 8 p. m., obliging us to lay to till daylight the follow-
ing morning, when it partially lifted and we continued our investiga-
tions, working to the southward as before. Beam trawl] and hand lines
were used with good success, and Mr. Alexander made an examination
of the shore line in the dory. There are many outlying rocks along
this part of the coast, around which we expected to find rock-cod and
other species, but we were disappointed. The presence of sea lions on
nearly every rock may account for this scarcity of fish. Having
reached Cape Lookout we anchored under its lee at 5:10 p. m., where
we found smooth water and excellent protection from northerly winds.

Our attention having been called to a recently discovered bank off
Nestuggah, Oregon, reported by Capt. Bell, of the steamer A. 6. Iield,
we decided to give the region a careful examination. The report stated
that 12 fathoms was found 10 miles-from land. We sounded at inter-
vals of 3 miles, extending the examination several miles north and
south of Nestuggah, and found 15 fathoms about 1 mile from shore, the
depth increasing regwarly to 70 fathoms, 8 to 10 miles off, where the
reported bank was said to be. The bottom was of fine gray sand, and
the usual varieties of coast fishes were found, but no codfish. The
report referred to is more circumstantial than usual, names being given,
yet we found that a depth of 12 fathoms anywhere in the vicinity of
Nestuggah would be but a fraction of a mile from shore and well within
sound of the surf.

Having completed the examination of the reported bank we continued
work along the coast, and although the weather was boisterous, it was
usually clear, with bright moonlight nights, which enabled us to carry
on the work continuously. Reaching the vicinity of Orford Reef on
the afternoon of the 12th, Mr. Alexander went in with the dory and
examined that locality, while the Albatross worked farther off shore.
He reported sea lions on nearly every rock, and the total absence of
fish in their immediate vicinity; but “spots ” were found, a few hun-
dred yards to the southward, where cultus-cod and the various species
of rock-cod were taken in large numbers. We were equally successful
with the hand lines on board ship at stations south and west of the
reef.

Wind and sea increased during the afternoon, making boat work and
line fishing from the ship so difficult that we sought shelter for the night

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 2ES

- off Port Orford, where we found good anchorage in. 7 fathoms, pro-

_ tected from the prevailing coast winds. <A destructive forest fire was

observed to the northward of Cape Orford, steadily working its way

south and approaching the coast. It was just back of the first range

of hills when we anchored, and soon after reached the sawmill, lumber
yard, and buildings adjoining, quickly sweeping them away.

A dense fog and smoke prevailed until 7:35 the following morning,
when it began to clear, and, getting under way, we carried the sound-
ings to the vicinity of Cape Sebastian during the day, the last one being
taken at 7:13 p.m. Owing to high winds and sea we laid a course to
the northward, and, under moderate speed, faced the swell during the
night. Reaching the vicinity of Koos Bay at 8:30 the following morn-
ing, we ran a line of soundings off shore, to fill in a space left on the
former examination, then started for Astoria, arriving at 2 p. n., Sep-
tember 15.

Orders were received on the 16th to proceed to Portland, Oregon, and
place the Albatross on exhibition for about ten days, in connection with
the Northern Pacific Industrial Exposition. We coaled on the 19th,
taking 943 tons; cleaned and painted ship, and early on the morning
of the 26th got under way for Portland, anchoring below the city at
6:20 p.m. There was a dense fog next morning, and while waiting for
it to clear, the Bonita, a river steamer, collided with this vessel and
received considerable damage. Our injury was slight and was repaired
by the crew. The Albatross was opened to visitors at 10 a.m., Sep-
tember 28, and every day thereafter, between 10 a. m. and 4 p.m., until
the evening of October 9. The decks and laboratories were literally
packed with people, anxious to see the various specimens of marine
life. Many of them showed great interest in the apparatus and meth-
ods of investigation. The navigator prepared a chart of the coasts of
Washington and Oregon on a large scale, showing in graphic form the
results of the Albatross explorations. It was placed under glass on
one of the bulkheads in the laboratory, and proved of great interest
generally, and a veritable revelation to fishermen and the seafaring
community. Details of officers and men were constantly on duty ex-
plaining matters of interest. Between 25,000 and 30,000 people visited
the ship during the twelve days she was open for inspection.

We left Portland at 6 a. m., October 10, arrived at Astoria at 3.50
p. m., where we remained until 9 a.m. the following day, when we got
under way and proceeded to sea. Crossing the bar at 10:20 we steamed
to the southward, and at meridian on the 12th took up our work off
Cape Sebastian.

Coast of northern California.—We developed the 200-fathom line to
the southward, until at 1:47 a. m., on the 14th, we had reached Cape
Mendocino, where we were compelled to cease work on account of
boisterous weather. As the indications were unfavorable we started
for San Francisco, under steam and sail, arriving at the quarantine

216 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

station at 11:55 p.m. We came to for the night, moving up off Wash-
ington street the following morning. We remained at anchor until
October 25, when, at 11:40 a. m,, we left for the Mare Island navy-yard,
arriving at 3 p.m. <A general overhauling was commenced imime-
diately, the work being done, as far as practicable, by our own crew.

Results of operations on the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and Cali-
Jornia.—Active operations for the season having been brought to a
close with the practical completion of the examination of the coasts of
Washington and Oregon, and a good beginning in northern California,
it may not be out of place to give here a brief synopsis of the general
results. A large part of our work has necessarily been hydrographic,
as there were but few soundings on the charts and none outside of the
50-fathom curve. Lines of soundings were run off shore at intervals of
5 to 10 miles, defining the 200-fathom curve from Cape Flattery to the
vicinity of Cape Mendocino. More detailed examinations were made in
several localities hereafter mentioned. The fisheries will be prosecuted
inside of 100 fathoms on the Pacific coast for years to come, and while
for obvious reasons our investigations extended to the 200-fathom line,
we will limit the discussion to areas within the former depth.

The soundings off Cape Flattery were irregular, and suggested the
existence of submarine ridges lying parallel with the coast; and be-
tween the cape and Vlattery Rocks, lying about 10 miles from shore, a
semicircular depression was found having depths from 100 to nearly
200 fathoms; thence to Yaquina Head the depths increase regularly,
with the exception of the rocky patch or bank off Grays Harbor and
Shoalwater Bay, where elevations of a few fathoms were found. Be-
tween Yaquina Head and Umpquah River lies a submarine plateau,
triangular in form, with depths less than 100 fathoms, Heceta Bank
marking its southwestern extremity. Thence to Cape Mendocino the
soundings were quite regular.

The 100-fathom curve forms an irregular line, at varying distances
from shore, as shown by the following table:

Distance of the 100-fathom.curve from shore.

l
Locality. Miles. Locality. Miles.
ioe Sa | rue i
Wapenlaileny once. s-. 5-5 - 40 | Sins) siw Rivers. -: 26. =. <9 een 40
Cape sODNSOMes--- 2 Lie 18) |||) Cape’ Gregory. 26:22 aeons as eee 12
Grays Harbor ---+..-2--==--<- 30 | Cape Orford. 22.3 2-222 oe 7
shoslwater Bay ------..-7.--:- 20 || Cape Sebastian................ 10
Columbia River ........-...-- 18 Crescent) City, 2 sone 2 ee ya)
ailamooxRoeks-2---=-2-2- 22 27 Klamath River. *-23.222seeeee 20
Cape Lookout <3 .2~.-.2..---.- 11 rinidad Mead. = eee eee 9
Maquina Meads: 5: -<.-5-5 2. 20 || Cape Mendocino, about. .....-- 9
1

‘These cover an area in round numbers of 3,700 square miles on the
coast of Washington, 4,750 square miles on the Oregon coast, and 1,160
square miles in northern California, a total of 9,610 square miles.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. ZAT

Fishery investigations have been carried on from the vicinity of Cape
Flattery to Cape Orford. The various species of fish were found gen-
erally distributed along the coast, occurring in greater numbers on the
banks hereafter mentioned. There was a notable absence of fish in the
immediate vicinity of rocks inhabited by sea lions and lying near the
coast where the line fishermen would naturally expect to find employ-
ment. There were, however, exceptions to this rule, as good fishing was
found on Orford Reef in close proximity to numbers of these animals. A
table of fishing stations is appended, showing the species taken at each
station, and for convenience of reference the work of last season is
included.

The fishing-banks in the region under discussion are few and of small
extent. Commencing with the most northern, Flattery Bank has an area
of about 1,100 square miles, the least water, 27 fathoms, being found at
its southeastern extremity, 11 miles W. by N. (magnetic) from Cape
Flattery light-house. Halibut and other species of fish have been
taken from this bank in large numbers for many years. The area over
which they are found in greatest abundance is about 35 square miles,
on an exceedingly rough, rocky bottom, near the southeast end. A
small bank lies W. by S. (magnetic), 23 miles from Toke Point light-
house, covering an area of 110 square miles, with a least depth
of 42 fathoms, sand, mud, and rocky patches, over which the depths
vary to the extent of a few fathoms. Another small bank or rocky
patch les SSW. 4 W. (magnetic), 19 miles from Yaquina light-
house. It covers an area of about 40 square miles, the least water
found being 42 fathoms, clay and mud, with rough, rocky patches.
Heceta Bank lies SW. 4 W. (magnetic), 35 miles from Heceta Head, and
covers an area of about 600 square miles. The least water, 41 fathoms,
is found near its southern end, over a rough, rocky bottom.

The following appliances were used by the Albatross for taking fish,
viz: Seines, gillnets, beam trawis, trawl lines, and hand lines from the
vessel and from small boats. The grains and harpoon were used also,
and the submarine electric ight was utilized in collecting minute forms.
This was effective in attracting mackerel off the Revillagigedo Islands
and in the Gulf of California.

Halibut were plentiful on Flattery Bank, and seattering specimens
were taken off Flattery Rocks, Tillamook Rock, and on Heceta Bank.
The various species of rock-cod were found generally along the coast,
as wellasonthe banks. Flounders were found everywhere; most plen-
tifully, however, between 50 and 100 fathoms. The plateau before men-
tioned is particularly rich in flatfish, and will be the favorite ground
for the beam trawl when that method is introduced. Eight species of
edible flounders, including the delicious deep-sea sole, were taken on
this plateau. Cultus-cod were on all the banks and on Orford Reef;
black-cod were in the deeper waters, and half-grown specimens, with
ling, or Pacific whiting, were found in moderate depths. Large red

218 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF. FISH AND FISHERIES.

prawns of excellent quality were taken frequently in the beam trawl,
and do not seem to be confined to any particular depth.

The sea fishermen have much to contend with on the coasts of Oregon
and Washington. Gales are of rare occurrence during the summer
months, yet the coast winds, blowing constantly from the northward,
keep up a boisterous sea and strong currents. During the fall and
winter, southeasterly gales are frequent, and there being none but bar
harbors on the coast, they can not be entered in bad weather; hence
the unfortunate fisherman is obliged to go to sea and lay it out. The
distance from a market and the excessively high price of ice are other
obstacles to be contended with by the fishermen.

Surface life was quite abundant, particularly during fair weather.
Whales were seen nearly every day, and occasional schools of porpoises;
while close in shore, sharks were of frequent occurrence. Gulls, gonies,
and petrels were flying about, and huge flocks of black fulmars were
observed on several occasions.

_ Mare Island Navy-Yard.—The work of overhauling and refitting pro-
ceeded without incident worthy of mention until the evening of De-
cember 23, when an accident occurred, resulting in the drowning of
three members of our crew and a civilian. The night was exceedingly
dark and stormy. At 7 p.m. a small boat containing 9 men left the
side for Vallejo, and 5 ininutes later swamped in midstream. Boats
from the U.S. 8S. Thetis rescued 5 men, but nothing was seen of the
others, although boats from the various ships were on the spot within
a few minutes and the search continued well into the night. The
names of the drowned were R. 8S. Padgett, machinist; J. Enright, sea-
man; W. W. Lee (colored), seaman; Walter Philippi, civilian. The
latter was a cripple who was in the habit of visiting the ship to sell
newspapers to the crew. The remains of John Enright and Walter
Philippi were subsequently recovered. The former was buried in the
naval cemetery at Mare Island and the grave marked by a neat head-
stone furnished by the Coast Seaman’s Union, of which organization
he was a member. Philippi was buried by his parents in San Rafael.

Ensign H. E. Parmenter was detached January $, 1890, and ordered
to the Charleston. Lieut. ©. G. Calkins, U.S. Navy, reported for duty
on the 9th, relieving Ensign Marbury Johnston as executive officer
and navigator, the latter having performed those duties since the de-
tachment of Lieut. Waring a year ago.

We coaled ship March 3 and 4, and at 9:40 the following morning
left the yard and steamed out into San Pablo Bay to try the engines
and dredging apparatus. Two hauls of the trawl were made near the
Brothers, and at 2:40 p.m. we reached the navy-yard and moored to a
buoy in the stream. Everything worked fairly well during the trial
trip, a few minor matters only requiring adjustment.

- INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 219

COAST OF CALIFORNIA, MARCH AND APRIL, 1890.

We left the navy-yard at 9:40 a. m., March 10, and proceeded to sea.
Crossing the bar at 2 p. m., we lowered the trawl ten minutes later in
20 fathoms, and notwithstanding a heavy westerly swell succeeded in
running a line of dredgings to the South Farallones. There we hove to
for the night, rolling and tumbling about in the heavy swell, to the
great discomfort of all hands.

Resuming work at daylight the following morning, we extended our
explorations to the southward in depths ranging between 391 fathoms,
16 miles 8. 4 E. from South Farallon light, and 20 fathoms, 5 miles NW.
~ W. from Pigeon Point. After the last haul was completed we ran off
shore a few miles and lay to until 5:46 the following morning, when
operations were resumed by casting the trawl in 296 fathoms, fine gray
sand, Pigeon Point light bearing NE. by E. # E., 18.8 miles. Working
to the southward as before, twelve stations were occupied during the
day, the last one being 6.8 miles WNW. $ W. from Santa Cruz light-
house. The weather moderated until at sunset the sea was quite smooth.
We anchored at 5:55 p.m. off Santa Cruz, where good protection is
afforded from the coast winds.

Mr. Alexander was landed at daylight on the 15th to continue his
fisheries investigations. At 6 a.m. we got under way and made a line
of soundings and dredgings across the outer extremity of Monterey
Bay, finally anchoring off the old town of that name. The naturalists
were employed in shore collecting until noon on the 14th, when we left
the anchorage and made a series of dredgings across the bay in from 9
to 48 fathoms, following the general direction of the coast line, finally
anchoring off Santa Cruz at 6:23 p.m.

Getting under way at 6:20 next morning, we examined a rocky area
off Santa Cruz on which a number of fishing boats were employed.
The Coast Survey chart gave no indications of rocky bottom, and our
attention was called to it by the presence of fishermen. The center
of the bank is 2 miles SSW. from the light-house and the bank has an
area of about 14 square miles, the depths ranging from 8 to 20 fathoms.
Having completed the examination of the bank, we ran a line of dredg-
ings to the northward in moderate depths as far as Pigeon Point, the
last haul being finished at 5:45 p.m., when we started for port, anchor-
ing off Saucelito at 11:25 p.m. We were under way again at daylight
on the 16th, and reached the navy-yard, Mare Island, at 8:20 a. m.

Thick rainy weather prevailed until the 19th, when we ran down to
San Francisco, took on board 92 tons of coal on the 20th, and at 9:40
the following morning got under way and proceeded to sea. At 12:50
p.m. we cast the trawl in 21 fathoms, fiie gray sand, Point Bonita
bearing NE. by E. 3 E., distant 9.8 miles, and ran a line of dredgings
to the westward until 3:50 p. m., when we swung ship under steam for
compass errors. The dredgings were then continued in the direction

220 REPORT Ol? COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

of Point Reyes, and at 6:15 we anchored in Drake Bay for the night.
Getting under way at 6:15 the following morning, a iine of dredgings
was run to Noonday Rock, and the region examined with dredge,
tangles, and hand lines. The beam trawl was used westward of the
bank to depths exceeding 500 fathoms. Work continued until 8 p. m.,
when we steamed slowly inshore and lay to within the range of Point
Reyes light. The weather was unsettled, with frequent showers, and
the wind increased during the night. Work was resumed at daybreak
next morning, however, and a line of dredgings run to the vicinity of
Point Reyes. Wind and sea having increased until it was too boister-
ous to continue work, we came to in Drake Bay at 9:30 a.m. Seining
and fishing parties went out, but the swell outside and the surf on the
beach rendered operations exceedingly difficult.

The wind and sea moderated during the night, and at 6:10 on the
morning of the 24th we got under way and steamed to Cordell Bank.
A trawl line was set and a boat anchored, having mast and flag to
serve as a central point from which soundings were taken at intervals
of one mile, over a rough rocky bottom, and the tangles were hauled
occasionally. Hand lines were used from time to time, but the swell
and strong current made it difficult to keep them on the bottom. Rock-
cod were taken at most of the stations, but not in great numbers. Our
examination showed rocky patches extending somewhat farther than
indicated by the chart, except in a westerly direction, where the depths
increased rapidly witha bottom of greenmud. The trawl lines brought
up 45 rock-cod, averaging 6$ pounds, and 2 eultus-cod, weighing 25
pounds each.

Starting about 4 p. m., we ran a line of soundings to Point Arena,
where we commenced to develop the 200-fathom line. Work was con-
tinued until 9:46 a. m. on the 25th, when bad weather forced us to cease
operations; and, rather than lay out a gale, we ran for port, anchoring
off Saucelito at 9:35 p. m., crossing over to San Francisco the following
morning.

The weather clearing on the 27th, we Jeft port at 6:20 p. m. and,
steaming to the northward, took upour work off Wallalla Point, at 5:40
on the morning of the 28th, developing the 200-fathom line to the south-
ward as far as Russian River, where a series of dredgings was made
over smooth sand or mud bottom, quite rich in the various species of
flatfish. The last haul was finished at 10 p. m., when we lay to for the
night, the weather being overcast and rainy. Resuming work at day-
light next morning, March 29, a line ef dredgings was run to Point
Reyes, and thence to the vicinity of Point Bonita. We then entered
the Golden Gate, and, at 2:30 p.m., anchored in the harbor of San
Francisco, where the ship was coaled.

At 4:10 p.m. on April 2, we got under way and proceeded to sea.
Standing to the southward under steam and sail, we passed Pigeon
Point light at 9:49, and at 11:40 cast the lead in 208 fathoms, the light

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. D1

above mentioned bearing N. 3? W., distant 14.5 miles. This was: the
first of a series of soundings extending across Monterey Bay to the
vicinity of Cypress Point. The maximum depth was 958 fathoms.
We east the trawl at 7:40 a. m., April 3, off Point Carmel, and the work
of sounding and dredging continued until 11:45 p. m., when, the
weather becoming misty, we lay to till daylight, within sight of Piedras
Blaneas light.

Work was resumed at 5:10 on the morning of the 4th, and carried to
the vicinity of San Simeon Bay, where we anchored at 12:35 p. m., the
weather having become very boisterous. Seining and fishing parties
were out during the afternoon, meeting with fair success. The wind was
light from the northwest next morning, increasing toa stiff breeze in the
afternoon, with a heavy swell. We were under way at 5:30, and, with
the lead and beam trawl, extended our examination southward, defining
the 100 and 200 fathom lines across the open bay of Ksteros to Point
Buchon, and thence to Point San Luis. Soundings were continued
throughout the night, a full moon making it practicable to locate sta-
tions. A succession of heavy tide rips was encountered while at work
off Esteros Bay, which were noticeable from the fact that there was
but little wind or sea.

We were off Point Arguello at midnight with a fresh breeze and
heavy swell, making it difficult to carry on our work, but soundings
were continued to the southward to the vicinity of Point Conception,
and a series of dredgings made during the day in the deep waters of
Santa Barbara Channel. The subsidence of wind and sea after pass-
ing Point Conception and entering the channel was quite noticeable.
Having finished work, we ran into Santa Barbara, and anchored at
5:07 p.m. The naturalists were engaged in shore collecting until noon
the next day, the 7th, when we got under way for Santa Rosa Island.
The wind was light when we left the anchorage, but a fresh breeze
was encountered in midchannel, which soon increased to a moderate
gale with a heavy head sea, until we got under the lee of the land.
We anchored in Becher Bay at 4:05 p. m., and the vessel and rigging
were soon covered with fine sand, blown from the island. The wind
was too high to admit of landing, but having moderated during the
night the collectors were out at daylight, returning at 9:30, when we
left our anchorage and steamed to the northward against fresh coast
winds and a heavy swell, which reduced the speed about 2 knots an
hour. Wepassed Point Conception at 3:15, and made Piedras Blaneas
light at 1 a. m.on the 9th. The region between Point Sur and Lopez
Point was passed at night going south, and the soundings intended
io define the 200-fathom line ranged from 293 to 426 fathoms, though
not more than 5 miles from shore. To define the line more accurately,
we made another series of soundings from 2 to 3 miles from land, which
still exceeded the depth.

2992 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Phe naturalists were anxious to make further examinations of the
shores of Monterey Bay, and to give them an opportunity to do so we
ran in and anchored off the town at 4:20 p. m., remaining until 8:40 on
the 11th, the time being utilized in shore collecting, seining, etc. Leay-
ing the harbor at the time mentioned, we sounded an hour later in 881
fathoms, rocky bottom, Point Pinos bearing ESKH. ¢ K., distant 8}
miles, with decreasing depths and soft mud bottom in every direction.
Submarine currents must sweep across this station with sufficient force
to expose the bedrock. Two hauls of the trawl were made in the sub-
marine valley off Monterey Bay, and we then steamed into Santa Cruz,
anchoring at 7:30 p.m. Getting under way at 4:45 next morning,
April 12, we steamed out to the 200-fathom line and made a series of
dredgings, working to. the northward. The coast wind was blowing
very fresh, with a heavy sea, which seriously interfered with our work.
The results, however, were quite satisfactory. The last haul was_fin-
ished at 5:37 p.m., when we started for port, arriving at the navy-yard,
Mare Island, at 5:50 a. m., April 13. The return of the vessel tq the
yard completed the work on the California coast for the season, and
preparations were at once begun for the northern cruise.

Results of operations on the coast of California.—Active operations off
the California coast continued from March 10 to April 13, and while
the totalresults can not be given until the scientific branches are worked
up, we can state ina general way what has been accomplished. In
hydrography, 236 soundings were taken, between Point Arena and the
Santa Barbara Channel. Many of them were for the sole purpose of
ascertaining ocean depths outside of soundings given onthe Coast Sur-
vey charts, while others were preliminary to trawl or dredge hauls. It
has been our purpose to establish the 200-fathom line as the maximum
depth in which deep-sea fishing can be profitably prosecuted, and within
which are located the fishing-grounds of the Pacific coast.

Commencing at Point Arena, the 200-fathom curve lies almost 12
miles from shore, and extends in nearly a straight line to 14 miles off
Salt Point, 20 miles off Russian River, and 26 miles off Tomales Point.
The bottom is composed of alternating patches of black sand and green
mud, the latter extending almost invariably between 100 and 200
fathoms. The otherwise smooth bottom is obstructed by occasional
stony patches, usually between depths of 40 to 70 fathoms, seldom
indicated by the lead but encountered by the beam trawl. From Point
Reyes to the 200-fathom curve outside of Cordell Bank, it is 21 miles.
This same depth is found 3 miles outside of Noonday Rock, 4 miles
from North Farallon and 5 miles from South Farallon, increasing ab-
ruptly from the 100-fathom line. The curve gradually approaches the
coast to the southward of the Farallones, and from 25 miles off Pillar
Point it narrows to 16 at Pigeon Point. The line sweeps inward
abruptly at Ano Nuevo, and at El] Jarrow Point it is but 8 miles from
shore, maintaining this distance until off Santa Cruz.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. aao

Six lines of soundings were made across Monterey Bay, three inside
and three outside of a line drawn from Point Pinos to Santa Cruz,
developing the great submarine valley which begins at the mouth of the
Salinas River. It was supposed to lie in a west-southwesterly direc-
tion, as indicated by inshore soundings; but our observations, while
not sufficiently extended to define it positively, show it to trend 8. by
W. off Cypress Point, with a depth of 950 fathoms 8 miles from land.
Less water was found to the northward and westward farther off shore,

where there is an elevation of about 200 fathoms. Further examina-
tion of this ridge or plateau is desirable.

From 245 fathoms less than 1.5 miles from Cypress Point, the line of
equal depth gradually leaves the coast until west from Point Sur it is
between 9 and 10 miles from shore. Drawing in abruptly, 293 fathoms
was found 5 miles southwest from the point, with 36 fathoms little more
than a mile inside of it. Thence to Lopez Rock the shore is exceedingly
bold, the 200-fathom line approaching within 2 miles or less, then
diverging slightly unti: off Piedras Blancas it is between 6 and 7 miles
from the point. This stretch of coast from Carmel Point to Piedras
Blancas is entirely open and exposed to the full power of the ocean
swell, which causes a tremendous surf, even with the ordinary coast
winds. Slight protection may be found under Point Sur, but even that
can not be depended upon in bad weather. Southward from Piedras
Blancas the character of the coast line changes materially, and there
are various points where fairly good anchorage may be found. San
Simeon Bay affords the best protection north of San Luis Obispo.

As the shore line becomes less abrupt, shoal water extends farther
seaward, 200 fathoms being found 7 miles off San Simeon Point, about
10 miles off Point Esteros and Point Buchon, and between 13 and 14
miles off Point San Luis; then, sweeping a little seaward off Points
Sal and Purisima, it approaches within about 8 miles of the bold head-
land of Point Arguello and 10 miles from Point Conception.

The character of the bottom is so uniform along the coast that it may,
for our purpose, be treated in a general way. The area between the
Golden Gate, Point Pillar, the Farallones, and Point Reyes is sandy
and free from rocks and stony patches, except in the immediate vicinity
of the islands or shore line. Southward from Pillar Point, rocky patches
near the shore will be frequently found, with fine gray sand farther off,
which finally merges into green mud at varying distances from the land.
There are stony patches also, usually between 30 and 70 fathoms, on
sand or mud bottom, apparently the result of drift. The green mud
has a strong odor, which is eccasionally offensive.

224 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The results of the fishing trials will be discussed at length in the re-
port of the Fishery Expert, yet it may not be out of place to give a
brief summary of the same in this connection. One hundred and eleven
dredging and fishing stations were occupied, The principal fishes found
inside the 50-fathom curve are enumerated in the following table, and
those taken both inside and outside of that line are given in the second
table.

Principal fishes found inside of the 50-fathom line.

Common name. Systematic name. Abundance. |
Hlounders'-|. 5-4 saccese.ceces Hippoglossoides exilis........--..-.--- Abundant.
OMe Saeed oe Si Citharichthys sordidus............... | Do.
DOS: = Ae Parophrys vetwluss-s-c+--= 4-5-2oS ee Do.
| Long-fin sole..-.--.---<- .---| Glyptocephalus zachirus .......-.-.-.- Do.
ODO adte en toe notes ee oe Pleuronichthys decurrens ......------ Common.
San Francisco sole.-.....--. Psettichthys melanostictus--....-.--.- Do.
WOreeee rece see Hopsettayjordanioes. 2: -oe ee eee ee Do.
Mali butte soe so sacst sees se Atheresthes stomias.-.-.--..---2-=--: Rare.
Deep-sea sole..-...-..--2--- Microstommus pacifieus.-.-...-......-. Few small ones.
Gone eT os s.se en eeebe ose Citharichthys stiginwus........-..--. Rare.
Anchovy .-..-.-- ee ee StOLODHORUS =n omer eee ee eee er eer Common.
RONCAdOr 64252 aet geecseset Genyonemus lineatus ...-.-.--.-/--.: Do.
PROMCOU SS toe sane setae ee Microgadus proximus ..-....-..-..---- Few.
Smelitts ho tes eee sae eee Atherinopsis, and other species. .----- Common.
IPGEGNOSS ame tiac cas os oe ceiiace Abeona, and other species --.-.-.----- Do.
athe tase teres 78 se eo Chimera colleid- eae eep eee ee | Do.
Midshipmen 25220-01222 = Porichthys porosissimus ..--.--..--.- | Very abundant.
FTA EBUe Sas eo ees 5 Hs Miysine slutiniosaes 2: 22226 ee a. se Common.
| Zaniolepis latipinnis..-..-....2.-:---- Do.
Relatedinew species-/.)-).52--2242 44-2 Do.
Guiligiscod= 2.) =. see nascess Ophiodon! elongatus—-—- -.222-4. 524-22. Few.
Ren mocktsh sos. oemese aoe Sebastodestruber=.c 3225.22 40cenee see Common.
Orange rockfish ....-....--- Sebastodes pinniger --....2:--:--.-, Do.
Yellow-tail rockfish. -...-.--.. Sebastodes flavidus.-.............-.--- Do.
Vermillion rockfish. ......-. Sebastodes miniatus .-.-.:...5...==--- Do.
Rockfish---.-----.-----.----|-sebastodes elongatus -2_---£5.-22/22-: Do.
WO eect acmes eee ote | Sebastodes auriculatus. -............. Do.
MWh js socged sab Sas odses- Sebastodes zoodel!=-22- -< Sas ce eee Rare.
IDS a Wenner er raE ene Sebastodes chlorstictus...........---- Do.
DOR eae ac cc ete tease Sebastodes, new species..--........-.- . Do.
Wiha eo Sceeeseerrcore agose= DO peer e the teeter eee Very abundant.
Morse eee eck seer seeeed Ci arb ae Poet airy tite, ats Do.
DO Ae ree weit meee |------ GU emnigo eco ta Saonnaecrmansetas one Do.

Also

f >
many small species not yet named.

Principal fishes found outside of the 50-fathom line.

Common name. Systematic name. Abundance.
| Deep-sea sole .......--..---- Microstomus pacificus.-.........-.... Abundant in 200
j fathoms.
| Halibut (flounder) .......... Atheresthes stomias................-- Rare.
ong-fin soles.-5-32-.-:.- +2: Glyptocephalus zachirus .........-... Common in 100
fathoms.
BIGCK COM Gece eee oep ee eee ats Anoplopoma fimbria. -.!2--2. 5.22... - Common.
LET LENS AUS AB eo eee Hebastolopus ese ae a tas Oe ee Abundant.
ROCKS het see eta ve ate Sebastodes, new species .-.-....-..--. Do.
IR Seas CA See oe Sel (eee, COs Seer eee ce he NG ee Do.
WOscarseeemred eee ey aaa oe Ceo sae re a Sahiba € gear Aedise Do.
Macrurus, three species ....---....--- Few.
Chanliodus: ss-0 4. soeeece econ ee eee Do.
Careproctns zane eeeee ee wee sone eee Do.
Alepocepnakuss > s-se eee: sepa eee Do.
Myctophum townsendi ..-..-....-.--- Common.
Lycodes, rare species .--::......5..-.- Large specimens.
IA A SAE OC 5 a5 ae Saee aa aeee een eee ee ee Abundant.
LEMNO pty koe ot ces aes ae cee eee

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 225

Shoal-water species were regularly distributed, flounders being the
principal feature of every haul. Small specimens of deep-sea sole,
Microstomus pacificus, were found in 50 fathoms and less, probably the
young of the species so plentiful in greater depths, and described by
Lockington from immature specimens taken in shoal water. The long-
finned sole, Glyptocephalus zachirus, was found from the shore to 100
fathoms, the finest specimens in the latter depth. These two flounders
approach nearest in edible qualities to the European sole of any fish.
on the Pacific coast. The flesh of mature specimens is white, gelatin-
ous, and exceedingly delicate in flavor. From experiments made on
board this vessel, they were found, when kept on ice, to improve until
the fourth day, but deteriorated after the seventh. They can be taken
only with the beam trawl, or other form of drag net.

Invertebrates found along shore and to the 100-fathom line differ
from those of corresponding depths on the Oregon and Washington
coasts. The edible red prawns, so abundant north, entirely disappear
in this region, and shrimps take their place toa limited extent. Large
prawns, 6 or 8 inches in length, were obtained occasionally in depths
of 50 fathoms or more.

The common edible crab, Cancer magister, is abundant, and grows
larger than it does farther north. Smaller species, Cancer antenna-
rius and Cancer productus, both ed 'e, common along the shores, were
not met with north of the California boundary. Very few sea-urchins
were taken in shoal water. Cup corals, as well as hydrocoralline,
were met with on rocky or stony bottoms. Several small species of
alcyonarians and comatule were abundant. Ophiurans and astrophy-
tons were found, but not in as great numbers or variety of species
as in more northern waters. Gorgonian corals are common close in
shore. Starfishes appear to be much the same as those found on the
Oregon coast. Holothurians are numerous and are represented by a
variety of species; squids and octopi are common and usually very
small. Shells were a’»aost invariably small, and of obscure species;
several species of brachiopods were dredged, some of them very beau-
tiful. Sponges are rather scarce, ascidians and bryozoans common,
and annelids abundant and varied in species.

The invertebrates found between 100 and 600 fathoms were greater
in number and in variety of species than in the shoaler waters above
described. Sea-urchins were particularly abundant, and a large pro-
portion of the average haul was composed of them, either a species of
Schizaster not yet named, or a large pinkish urchin. Large and small
specimens were found together, but the species were seldom mixed.

Many large aleyonarian corals resembling Verrillia were taken in
moderate depths, and a very few rare pennatulas and umbellulas came
from the deeper hauls. Another rare polyp, Anthomastus, of which
we had previously taken. but a single specimen, was found in 550 fath-
oms, Deep-water shells were not abundant, and ophiurans were sur-

H. Mis. 113-———15

926 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

prisingly scarce; but holothurians were common, a large brilliant-red
species being the most abundant.

Crustacea were common, although the variety ‘of species was rather
limited, and annelids were also plentiful. A large crab, resembling
Lithodes, and another very-large, flat-legged species were most abun-
dapvt. Annelids were common and the species quite varied.

The surface was practically barren of minute life, a few salpxe being
about all that would be found in the tow net. This absence of surface
life was due in great measure to the season of the year, Sea birds
were about the ship constantly, and an occasional school of porpoises
was seen. Sharks were not plentiful; in fact, there were but two or
three observed during the season. Whales were very common, and
were reported nearly every day, sometimes in large numbers. On one
occasion we steamed slowly into a school that were so busily engaged
in feeding that they paid little attention to us. Upon investigation it
was ascertained that they were devouring a small globular jellyfish,
half an inch in diameter, which could be seen in immense masses from
3 to 5 fathoms beneath the surface. Thousands of sea birds were hoy-
ering over or around the busy scene.

INVESTIGATIONS IN ALASKA WATERS, APRIL TO JUNE, 1890.

Preparations for the cruise—The vessel was taken into the new
stone dry-dock at the Mare Island navy-yard on April 16, her bettom
scraped and painted, repairs made on one of the outboard connections,
and the old tiller on the rudder blade replaced by a new one. We
hauled out of the dock on the 28th. The commandant, rear-admiral
A, Ki. K. Benham, and officers of the various departments in the navy-
yard gave us every possible facility for making repairs and refitting
generally, and tools and other appliances required in the shops were
freely put at our disposal. The assistance rendered made it possible
to give the vessel and her machinery a thorough overhauling at small
expense. Ensign William W. Gilmer, U. S. Navy, reported for duty
on the 30th.

The Albatross left the navy-yacd May 1, at 11:20 a. m., and anchored
off Washington street, San Francisco, at 2:10 p.m. The U.S. flagship
Charleston, Acting Rear-Admiral George Brown; the U.S. S. Marion,
revenue steamer Bear, and Coast Survey steamer Hassler were lying
at anchor in the harbor. Prof. Charles H. Gilbert reported as chief
naturalist.

San Francisco to Bering Sea.—We left San Francisco at 12:55 p. m.,
May 5, for Bering Sea, via Departure Bay, B. C., where we arrived
safely at 8:50 p.m. on the 9th. The usual cloudy, misty weather was
encountered with moderate northerly winds to the Columbia River, and
southerly breezes thence to Cape Flattery. Whales were seen daily,
and fur seals were observed off Cape Mendocino, An occasional school

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. Zoe

of porpoises passed, always at a safe distance from the ship, and sea
birds hovered about night and day. A solitary shark was reported off
Mendocino.

We commenced coaling at 10:15 a. m., May 10, and finished at 9:15
a.m. on the 13th, having taken on board 192 tons, 25 tons being in
bags on deck, At 3:15 p. m. the same day we left Departure Bay for
Bering Sea.

Schools of herring were seen in the Gulf of Georgia during the even-
ing, pursued by sharks and porpoises. Among the latter several were
observed with peculiar markings, the head, back, and sides being
black or very dark; belly, tips of fins, and tip of tail white. It may
be a common species, but I do not remember to have seen it before.
Passing Seymour Narrows at 5:20 the following morning, we steamed
through Johnstone and Broughton straits, Queen Charlotte Sound,
and Goletas Channel, entering the Pacific at 5 p.m. We were under
one boiler, as usual, consuming about 12 tons of coal per day.

The customary foggy and misty weather was encountered, with light
to moderate SE. to SW. winds. <A plover was captured on the 18th in
latitude 52° 45’ N., longitude 148° W. Whales were seen, and a couple
of large white albatrosses were about the ship for an hour or more.
Floating kelp was observed for the first time since leaving Vancouver
Island. Light flurries of snow passed occasionally and many evidences
of our northerly course were apparent. Gulls were first noticed on the
19th and little auks on the 20th.

The high land of Sannakh Island was sighted on the morning of the
21st, and a line of soundings and dredgings, commenced in 483 fath-
oms, was carried over the position assigned to Anderson Rock, and
thence to the westward of the islands through Unimak Pass into Ber-
ing Sea. The weather was squally and misty at times while working
in the region of Anderson Rock, but there were frequent intervals
when it was quite clear, and from the masthead we commanded a view
of the horizon for 10 miles or more in every direction, but without
detecting any surface signs of rocks or shoals; neither did the sound-
ings indicate anything of the kind. Our observations do not prove the
non-existence of the danger referred to, but simply show that it does
not lie in the position indicated. The evidence seems so conclusive as
to the existence of rocks somewhere in that vicinity that I am inclined
to the belief that they will eventually be found and located properly.
Our investigations are gradually narrowing the limits in which they
may be searched for.

Bering Sea.—F rom Unimak Pass we took the general direction of the
100-fathom curve, carrying our investigations about 80 miles to the
northward and westward, when a gale sprang up from that direction,
and to save fuel we turned from it and ran a line of soundings and
dredgings in the direction of Unalaska, finally anchoring in Iliuliuk
Harbor at 7:40 p. m., May 23. We went to the coal wharf as soon as it

228 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

was vacant and took on board 117 tons of coal during the 26th and 27th,
filled up with fresh water, and made final preparations for departure.

Bristol Bay; Unalaska to the Nushagak River.—At 3:50 a. m., May
28, we cast off from the coal wharf and proceeded to sea en route for
Bristol Bay. It was blowing a moderate gale from the southward,
with fog and mist, which lifted at intervals, but was particularly dis-
agreeable when crossing the several passes into the Pacific.

Reaching the northwest cape of Unimak about noon the next day,
we found it too rough to use the trawl cr hand lines, but ran a line of
soundings along the land to Shaw Bay, where at 5:53 p.m. we anchored
for the night. This bay is open to the northward, but affords protec-
tion from all winds to the southward of east or west. The approaches
are clear, and the water shoals gradually to 6 fathoms, black sand,
about three-quarters of a mile from shore. Our experience in coasting
along the north shore of Unimak Island made it evident that very little
dependence could be placed on the charts, except for a general, though
inaccurate, marking of the coast line. They were totally devoid of
topographical delineations near the shores, which are, as a rule, low,
monotonous, and lacking in striking features to serve as landmarks.
The mountain ranges and principal voleanie cones are indicated, it
is true, but they are usually enveloped in fog or mist, and are, there-
fore, seldom available for navigating purpose. Overcast or foggy
weather was so prevalent that we could not depend on making astro-
nomical observations, and hence I decided to make a reconnaissance
of the coast before attempting to explore the fishing-grounds.

Getting under way at daylight next morning, we ran as near the
land as prudent, sounding frequently, angling on points, and locating
features that might be useful as landmarks. This work was continued
to the head of Bristol Bay, where we anchored off the Naknek River
on the morning of the 31st. The naturalists and a surveying party
spent the following day near the mouth of the river, the former in
shore and shoal water collecting, the latter in making a reconnaissance
of the entrance.

Nushagak River.—Leaving our anchorage on the morning of June 2,
a line of dredgings and fishing stations was carried across the bay to
the vicinity of Protection Point, where we arrived at 5:45 the same
day. The charts of this dangerous region were of very little service;
the land on both sides is low and without distinctive features; shoals
extend off so far from the region of Etolin Point that we were fre-
quently forced almost out of range; and the strong uncertain currents
rendered compass courses entirely unreliable. The eye and lead are,
in fact, the only safe guides. The Nushagak pilot, an aged Eskimo,
boarded us at 1:30 a. m., and, getting under way at 8:53 with the flood
tide, we steamed up to the anchorage aboye the native village of Ekuk,

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 229

and came to near the establishment of the Nushagak Canning Company.
A reconnaissance of the lower river was commenced by the officers, and
the naturalists explored the surrounding regions. Taking Mr. Alexan-
der, the fishery expert, with me, I visited the four packing establish-
ments, all of which seemed in good working order, waiting for the first
run of salmon. A detailed account of these works and their methods
will be found in the report of the fishery expert.

I inspected the site of the proposed trap on Wood River in company
with Messrs. P. H. Johnson and J. W. Clark, the projectors of the enter-
prise. It is located about 40 miles from the Nushagak cannery and
20 above the mouth of Wood River, at which point the latter is a
swift-running stream of clear cold water, between 700 and 800 feet in
width and 10 to 14 feet deep. Nothing had been done yet to indicate
the extent and character of the proposed work. Ten slender piles,
driven about 300 feet from shore, were all that could be seen, but the
contemplated plans were detailed by the projectors as follows: An
open channel in midstream 100 feet in width; two traps 40 feet square,
one on each side of the open channel, with wings extending to the shores.
This arrangement they considered to be clearly within the limits of
the law.

The west bank of Wood River is covered with forests of spruce, the
larger trees having been cut for domestic purposes. It was from this
region that the Russians procured logs for house-building. There was
no wood on the east bank as far as we could see, the land on that side
being very low and marshy. The timber line is seen on the west side
of the Nushagak, 5 or 6 miles below the mouth of Wood River, and is
a notable feature in the landscape. The forest gradually thins out,
trees diminish in size until at the margin they are dwarfed to mere
shrubs, beyond which there is nothing but alder bushes, a few stunted
birches, willows, ete. There is no visible cause for this phenomenon,
but the line is distinctly drawn. Driftwood along the shores of Bris-
tol Bay, brought down the rivers by floods, indicates the existence of
great forests in the interior and constitutes the sole fuel supply of the
natives on the peninsula and at other places in Bering Sea.

Mr. Ivan Petroff, United States census agent for the Territory of
Alaska, came on board on the morning of the 5th, having with him 2
kaiaks and 3 Eskimo boatmen, and reported an unsuccessful attempt
to reach the Kuskokwim River via the inland route up the Nushagak
and over the portage. After working laboriously up the river sev-
eral days against strong currents, until in fact they were approaching
the portage, his crew mutinied, refusing positively to go any further,
thus forcing him to return. It was of vital importance, he said, that
he should reach the former river without delay, and, as there was no
other means of transportation, he earnestly requested to be landed any-
where in the vicinity of Cape Newenham, from which point he could
reach the native settlements. I knew the importance of his work, as

230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

well as the difficulty of procuring transportation along that unfre-
quented coast, and, while I was under no direct obligation to deviate
from my course on his account, I did not hesitate a moment in extend-
ing the hospitalities of the eke to him and his people and assuring
him of every practicable assistance in prosecuting his work.

Nushagak River to the Kuskokwim River.—We left the Nushagak o: on
the morning of June 7 and ran aline of dredgings and fishing stations
across the bay and back to the Walrus Islands. Fairly good cod banks
were found outside of the extensive shoals surrounding Cape Constan-
tine, but only seattering specimens of cod were taken between there
and the head of the bay, and these were in poor condition. Reaching
Round Island, the southernmost of the group, at 9:25 a. m. on the 8th,
we came to for several hours to allow the naturalists to examine its
shores. A dense fog prevailed during the night, but finally passed off,
and we availed ourselves of the opportunity to locate the island astro-
nomically. Getting under way at 2:25 p. m., we carried our investi-
gations to the northward between the islands and the mainland, where
the bottom proved exceedingly barren, with no signs of codfish. A
black mud, which we frequently encountered, probably had something
to do with their absence. A running survey was made in passing,
which resulted in expunging two or three islands from the group and
correcting the relative positions of others.

Having cleared the Walrus Islands we steamed to Hagemeister Chan-
nel, which lies between the island of that name and the mainland,
anchoring at 7:30 p.m. to the westward of Tongue Point, a long gravel
spit which makes out from the mainland. The tides were very strong,
but our anchorage under the point was out of the strength of the
current. Half a dozen Eskimos came off in their kaiaks ready to
barter anything they had and drove quite a lively trade with the officers
and men for a couple of hours.

We were delayed by fog next morning and lost several hours more
by persistently attempting to follow the chart, which was very inac-
curate and constantly leading us into shoal water; in fact, the day was
nearly spent before we cleared the channel and off-lying banks. The
bottom was still barren, with no sign of codfish. Work was carried on
in a westerly direction until dark, when we lay to, intending to resume
it at daylight, but a gale from SE. sprung up dlinsiate the night and
forced us to seek shelter under the lee of Cape Newenham, where we
anchored at 3:45 a.m. June 10, in 7 fathoms, the extreme of the cape
bearing SE. by S. magnetic. année eee came down from the
mountains and heavy tide rips surrounded us at times, but we rode
them out safely and with little discomfort.

The disposal of our passengers became a serious problem. Two of
the three Eskimos were quite ill, totally unable to handle a paddle or
even help themselves. This not only rendered Mr. Petroff entirely
helpless, as far as the management of his kaiaks was concerned, but

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. Zk

imposed upon him the additional burden of caring for his invalids.
The necessity of landing the party among natives was too apparent to
require second thought. The Kuskokwim is considered the most diffi-
cult and dangerous to navigate of any of the streams visited by the
vessels of the Alaska Commercial Company in Bering Sea. We had no
knowledge of the region, and our charts were not only inaccurate, but
misleading; hence, I looked upon a trip up the river with no little
anxiety. Getting under way at 9:15 a.m. on the 11th, we entered
the Kuskokwim and reached a point 10. or 15 miles above Goodnews
Bay without accident or detention, and were then supposed to be near
a native village at whieh the party wished to land. Shoal water had
already driven us so far from the low, monotonous coast that it was dif-
fieult to distinguish objects on the beach, and, fearing we might pass
the settlement without recognizing it, we came to anchor and the party,
with their baggage and kaiaks, was landed in boats at a camp of
native beluga-hunters, about 10 miles from our own anchorage. These
people received the party very kindly, assisted in pitching their tents,
built a large fire, etc., and promised to see them safely to the village.
They agreed also to furnish new men in place of those who were dis-
abled. Having seen the party comfortably provided for, the officer in
charge of the boats returned to the ship. We furnished Mr. Petrottf
with everything he wished or would accept, and, landing him among
friendly natives, left him to prosecute his difficult and dangerous task.

Getting under way as soon as the boats were hoisted, we steamed
down the river, but soon found shoal water where our chart gave from
10 to 15 fathoms. We followed the bank or shoal several miles with-
out result, then anchored in 10 fathoms, as night was approaching and
the tide falling. Another trial was made at daylight, but the same
impassable barrier was found to seaward. The channel was open in
the direction of Goodnews Bay, however, and we availed ourselves of
it, but were soon enveloped in a dense fog and forced to anchor. We
were under way again at 2:50 a.m. on the 13th, and steamed to Cape
Newenham without difficulty or delay, but found a gale blowing out-
side and were glad to seek shelter under the lee of the land near our
old anchorage. Thick misty weather prevented our obtaining obser-

vations, but we took such angles as we could to correct the chart in
our immediate vicinity, for it was woefully out.

Cape Newenham to Unalaska,—The gale subsided about noon, and
at 2p.im. we got under way and commenced a line of dredging and
fishing stations in the direction of Northwest Cape of Unimak, the lack
of fuel preventing the extension of our investigations farther north.
The beam trawl showed a rich and varied fauna, but no codfish were
taken with the trial lines until we were about 30 miles from Cape New-
enham, the great body of fresh water flowing from the Kuskokwim
being sufficient, probably, to account for their absence. Soundings
were continued throughout the short night, the beam trawl and trial

232 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

lines being brought into requisition at daylight, repeating our experi-
ence of the previous day, except that the bottom at the various stations
was composed largely of black or green mud. Scattering specimens
only of codfish were taken.

The sun came out during the afternoon, and we availed ourselves of
the long-sought opportunity of swinging ship for the purpose of ascer-
taining compass errors. A dense fog shut down while we were taking
the last azimuth, so we congratulated ourselves on the suecess of the
evolution. Work was resumed until dark and sounding continued
throughout the night, but a southeast gale sprung up suddenly on the
morning of the 15th, which put a stop to our work and, in fact, drove
us into port a day or two earlier than was intended. A heavy sea
was encountered, particularly while crossing the several passes into
the Pacific, and we were obliged to adopt measures never before con-
sidered necessary on board of this vessel, to protect skylights, windows,
ete. Fog and mist obscured the land until we were within a few miles
of Uiuliuk, Unalaska, where we arrived at 9 p. m. the same day.

The revenue cutter Bear, Alaska Commercial Company’s steamers
Dora and Karluk, and the North American Trading Company’s steamer
Arago were in the harbor, two of them requiring coal. The Bear left for
the north at daylight on the 17th. The schooner Mattie T. Dyer arrived
the same afternoon and was seized by the collector for illegal sealing
in Alaskan waters. The deputy United States marshal made writven
application on the 18th for assistance in removing the captured schooner
to a place of safety, and in compliance with his request she was taken
tothe inner harbor and securely moored by an officer and party of men
from this ship.

The gale continued until the 19th. We coaled ship on the 20th and
21st, taking 100 tons, not enough to fill the bunkers, but all we could get,
owing to a temporary scarcity at the station. The Alaska Commercial
Company’s steamer St. Paul arrived from San Francisco on the 23d,
bringing us mail and supplies which were taken on beard, and at 6:30
p.m. we got under way and proceeded to sea, bound for Bristol Bay.
The weather was overcast with drizzling rain, mist, and fog, which
frequently obscured the land.

Slime Bank.—W ork was continued at daylight next morning off the
- Northwest Cape of Unimak, successive lines of dredging and fishing
stations being run tangent to the coast. The beam trawl developed an
abundance of life on the bottom and the use of the hand lines soon
proved that we were on prolific codfish grounds, Fishermen have
given it the name of Slime Bank, from the numbers of medusz brought
up on their gear. These jellyfishes are of a brownish or rusty color,
from 6 to 18 inches in diameter, have long slender tentacles, and are
well armed with stinging organs. They were not seen on the surface,
but inhabit an intermediate space, probably near the bottom, for late
in the season, when their numbers have greatly increased, the fisher-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. Poo

men do not allow their hooks to reach the bottom, but fish over them,
as they express it, in order to escape their sting, which soon makes
their hands sore. An old codfisherman who has spent several seasons
on this bank said the slime (medusie) became so thick on the bottom
late in the season that they had great trouble sometimes in lifting their
dory anchors through it. Dread of handling the stinging cells had as
much to do with the difficulty, probably, as the weight brought up by
the rope and anchor.

We found the bank to extend from the Northwest Cape of Unimak to
within 10 or 15 miles of Amak Island, embracing depths from 20 to 50
fathoms, scattering specimens being taken outside of this limit. It is
about 85 miles in length, with an average width of 17 miles, covering
an area of 1,445 square miles. The character of bottom as given by the
lead was generally black sand and gravel, pebbles being frequently
added, with rocks near shore and mud in the greater depths.

At 8:20 p.m., June 25, we anchored off Cape Glasenap, or Round
Point, in 9 fathoms. The weather was foggy during the afternoon, with
increasing wind, which induced us to seek protection under the land.
An examination of the entrance to Izenbek Bay developed a bar ex-
tending from Cape Glasenap to the low island, over which not more
than 2 fathoms could be carried at low water. A small vessel drawing
from 8 to 10 feet might find a harbor inside of the cape, but its limits
would be small, as most of the area is laid bare at low water. A school
of walruses were playing outside of the surf for hours, but they did not
come near the ship. Several being seen hauled out on a low protecting
point of Cape Glasenap, Mr. Townsend landed and attempted to get
within rifle range, but they were watchful and timid, and, as he was
obliged to land to windward, soon scented him and took to the water.
The fog continued next day, but lifted for a few minutes at a time,
enabling us to see several miles. Being anxious to visit Amak Island,
we got under way at 1:30 p.m., ran a line of dredging and fishing
stations along the land for about 10 miles, then across to the island,
where we anchored at 6 p.m. in 10 fathoms, the extremes of land bear-
ing S. by E. ? E. and WSW. 2 W. (magnetic). This is a fairly good
anchorage, with SW. winds.

Amak Island is of voleanic origin, between 2 and 3 miles in length,
and about 1,700 feet in height. There are plateaus from 30 to 150
feet above the sea, extending back 500 or 600 yards from the beach,
covered with a thick coating of moss, through which rank grass was
showing. Flowers were beginning to bloom, giving the surface quite a
cheerful aspect. Near the center was a rugged precipitous mountain
of dark-brown rock entirely void of vegetation. No life was seen on the
island, except three or four migratory birds, and it did not prove a prof-
itable region for the naturalists. The weather was generally overcast
with fog and mist on the morning of the 27th, but the sun came out
at intervals. We could not reconcile our runs with the position as-

934 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

signed to the island onthe charts, and, knowing that observations had
not been made on it, in modern times at least, we considered the chance
worth waiting for, and fortunately obtained good sights for latitude
and longitude. The island is the one distinctive and unmistakable
landmark in the vicinity; hence our anxiety to locate it exactly. The
Southeast Point was found to be in latitude 55° 25’ 05.6” N. and
longitude 163° 07/ 33.6’ W. There is foul ground off the northwest
extremity of the island, some rocks awash; and between 2 and 3 miles
distant is Sea Lion Rock, several hundred yards in extent and about
150 feet in height, on which is a large rookery of sea lions. We found
the schooner Olga at anchor off Amak Island, waiting favorable
weather to secure a sufficient number of these animals to supply her
native sea-otter hunters with skins for bidarkas.

No codfish were taken within 10 miles of Amak Island, or between it
and the mainland, except scattering specimens. Sea lions and walrus
doubtless destroy and drive away fish from their immediate vicinity,
but over this large area there must be some other cause, and it may,
I think, be attributed to the lack of food, as we found the bottom
exceedingly barren.

Baird Bank.—Getting under way at 1:53 p. m., we continued our ex-
plorations in a northerly direction, and soon found ourselves approach-
ing excellent codfish grounds. The bottom fauna was abundant, and
the fish captured were large and in good condition. Near the shore, m
depths less than 20 fathoms, the bottom was covered with mussels,
sponges, and large barnacles in clusters, adhering firmly to rocks and
stones, their elevated cutting edges soon wrecking the nets. Conditions
improved with each line of stations, and, arriving off Port Méller, we
found ourselves on the best fishing-ground we had yet found in Bering
Sea. It was evident that we were developing a great cod bank, the
extent of which was not yet defined.

Lhe schooner Vanderbilt, of San Francisco, was found at anchor off
Port Moller with nearly a full fare of codfish, which she had taken in
that vicinity.

Port Miller—ULeaving the schooner at 2 p. m., June 29, we anchored
outside of Entrance Point, Port Moller, at 5:45 p.m. Wewere, as
before stated, unable to procure a full coal supply at Unalaska, and,
rather than wait the arrival of a cargo which could not be expected for
a month at least, decided to extend our explorations to this place and
take our chances of replenishing the bunkers from a recently opened
coal mine in Herendeen Bay, a branch of Port Méller. Thedelay could
be no greater, at least, and we might be able to procure sufficient fuel
for the completion of the work in Bristol] Bay. The region is unsur-
veyed, and the entrance guarded by banks and shoals over which the
tide sweeps with great force, making the channel difficult and danger-
ous, its ill repute having, in fact, caused the great bay and its tribu-
taries to remain almost a terra incognita to the navigator. The dis-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 235

covery of coal will necessitate a survey, and with it many of the
dangers will doubtless disappear.

It was blowing a moderate gale from the southeast when we anchored,
and it had diminished but little in force next morning, but, the fog lift-
ing, we got under way and picked our route carefully through narrow,
intricate channels across Port Moller to the entrance to Herendeen
Bay, and, two hours later, found a snug anchorage under Point Divide,
where we were protected from the heavy southerly wind then blowing.
1 left the ship soon after anchoring, and, aecompanied by Prof. Gilbert
and Chief Engineer Roelker, visited the mine. Ten miles of the distance
was made by boat, and about a mile and a half over a tramway re-
cently constructed for transporting coal to the water front. A tunnel
had been driven into the hillside about 200 feet, and between 70 and
100 tons of coal taken out. The superintendent estimated the average
output for the mine for the next month at from 10 to 20 tons per day.
A 40-ton lighter was in process of construction, and they only waited
its completion to commence the delivery of coal.

The close of the fiscal year finds officers and crew in excellent health
and the ship in good working order. The ship has maintained her
usual reputation for excellent sanitary conditions during the entire year.
There has not been a single case of sickness on board that was due to
removable local causes, and no serious accident or serious illness has
occurred.

Natural history results—Work commenced south of the Sannak
Islands on the 21st day of May, in 483 and 3513 fathoms, extending to
the westward of the group in gradually decreasing depths until 35
fathoms was reached. In the deeper waters several species of sea-
urchins and shells were taken, and crinoids, shrimps, corals, aleyona-
rians, holothurians, and various species of fishes were marked features
of the hauls, Careproctus and Myctophum being among them. Drawing
shoreward, and changing the character of the bottom from mud to sand,
the varieties of fish increased; Bathymaster, Sebastodes, and Lycodes,
besides several species of flounders and sculpins, were abundant. Of
invertebrates there were at-least half a dozen species of sponges, an
abundance of sand-dollars (Hchinarachnius), shrimps, ophiurans, shells,
and basket stars (Astrophyton). .

The line of investigation was extended to Bering Sea, via Unimak
Pass, in depths from 41 to 178 fathoms, and revealed a fauna of great
abundance and variety of species, particularly in the pass and along
the 100-fathom curve in the direction of the seal islands. Among the
more conspicuous were many flounders, sculpins, skates, pollock,
Bathymasters, and codfish, with small Agonida, eelpouts, etc. Inver-
tebrates were abundant, ascidians, annelids, and miscellaneous crus-
tacea occurring in addition to those before mentioned. A marked

. change in the fauna was found upon deepening the water to 225 fathoms
north of Unalaska. The sandy bottom gave place to soft mud, the

236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

shrimp or prawns were larger, Sebastolobus took the place of Sebas-
todes, and the various shoal-water flounders were replaced by those of
deeper habitat.

Commencing at the head of Bristol Bay, off the Naknek River, in
depth of 3 to 8 fathoms, sand, a variety of fish were taken, such as
sea trout (Hexagrammus), flounders, young salmon, rock-cod, sculpins
and a few specimens of Liparis, with scattering specimens of shrimp,
shells, starfish and other invertebrates.

Off the entrance to the Nushagak River, in depths of 5 to 12 fathoms,
sandy bottom, with occasional patches of gravel or pebbles, halfa dozen
species of starfish were found in great numbers; sea-urchins were taken
by the bushel; and shrimps, crabs, sponges, annelids, mollusca, sea-
anemones, hydroids, and bryozoa were abundant. The fishes were
represented by Hexragrammus, Muranoides, pollock, several species of
sculpins and flounders, besides a variety of small obscure species.

Seattering specimens of codfish were taken with the hand lines, but
they were more plentiful off Cape Constantine in from 12 to 18 fathoms,
sand or gravel bottom. Our route from the Nushagak to the Kusko-
kwim was inside of the Walrus Group and through Hagemeister Chan-
nel. Fine sand bottom was found from Cape Constantine to Round
Island, muddy bottom thence to the vicinity of Hagemeister Island,
and sandy thence to Cape Newenham. Investigations were confined to
20 fathoms or less, yielding an occasional codfish or young halibut,
pollock, five or six species of flounders; Arctic tomcod and sculpins
were quite plentiful. Alligator-fish, capelin, and a variety of Agonide,
besides several other species of small size, were found, many of them
undescribed. Shrimp and prawns were large and conspicuous in the
hauls; many of them are doubtless undescribed. The bulk of most of
the hauls was composed of starfish. There was a greater variety
among the ascidians found at the different stations than among other
invertebrates. Shells, sand-dollars, ophiurans, hermit-crabs, and astro-
phytons of about the same species were generally distributed over the
region, while hydroids and bryozoa occasionally appeared.

From Cape Newenham toward the northwest cape of Unimak the
depth increased to 25 fathoms, gravel bottom, 6 miles from land; shoaled
to 134 fathoms, fine gray sand, at 26 miles, then gradually increased to
26 fathoms, with the same character of bottom at about 60 miles from
the cape. From this point mud began to appear, and soon became the
principal ingredient of the bottom soil.

Scattering codfish were found on the gravel bottom; were fairly
abundant on the rise from 134 to 25 fathoms, and gradually disappeared
as we approached muddy bottom. Several species of flounders and
sculpins were taken; alligator-fish and other small species were com-
mon; and clusters of large barnacles, mussels, and a few other shells
were taken, besides the common forms of invertebrates. As the char-
acter of the bottom changed, and mud became mixed with the sand,

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 237

great beds of ophiurans were found, 10 bushels or more having been
brought up at a haul. Shells, such as Trophon and other forms, were
abundant on the same ground, most of them being occupied by hermit-
crabs. A number of large crabs were also taken. Large holothurians
and astrophytons were common, and naked mollusks were conspicuous
as we deepened the water. Flounders, sculpins, young pollock, alli-
gator-fish, and the other small species were distributed generally over
the ground; in fact, the contents of the net varied but little after the
first few hauls.

From the Northwest Cape of Unimak to Port M@ller, including the
region called Slime Bank and a portion of Baird Bank, a uniform
richness of life on the bottom was observed. The depths varied from
12 to 50 fathoms, with sand, or sand and gravel, bottom. Codfish were
abundant, and the variety of fishes obtained exceeded anything seen in
localities previously visited. While the great mass of invertebrates re-
semble those taken on other grounds in Bristol Bay, special attention
was attached to the variety of sponges and the great numbers of me-
duse. The latter float near the bottom in such masses as to become a
Serious detriment to the fishermen. Gorgonians of various kinds, and
bryozoa were found near the shores.

There was one exception to the general richness of the fauna in this
region, the vicinity of Amak Island being found exceedingly barren.

The following is a brief summary of the general movements and ope-
rations of the ship during the year:

Total number of days at sea.c.......5....6.-2 cee bs 0! 114

Total distance run by observation ....-........-..-miles.. 12, 963

otal distance runaD yp lO Maas = osteo era caalerse aap. do.... 18, 236

Total number of deep-sea soundings...-....---.---.,------ 1, 025

Total number of dredging stations -...--..-.- Goucsubae socdue 275

Total number of deep-sea fishing stations..........-.....-- 149
PERSONNEL.

The following officers were attached to the vessel at the end of the
fiscal year: Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N., commanding;
Lieut. C. G. Calkins, U.S. N., executive officer and navigator; Ensign
Marbury Johnston, U.S. N.; Ensign E. W. Eberle, U.S. N.; Ensign
©. M. McCormick, U. S. N.; Ensign Wm. W. Gilmer, U. S. N.; Passed
Assistant Surgeon Jas. EH. Gardner, U.S. N.; Passed Assistant Pay-
master Charles S. Williams, U.S.N.; Passed Assistant Engineer C. R.
Roelker, U.S. N.

The civilian staff was as follows: Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, naturalist
in charge; Charles H. Townsend, resident naturalist; A. B. Alexander,
fishery expert; N. B. Miller ,assistant naturalist; H. C. Fassett, cap-
tain’s: clerk,

238 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

THE FISCAL YEAR 1890-91.
BERING SEA, JULY AND AUGUST, 1890.

Herendeen Bay.—The Albatross was at anchor under Point Divide,
the entrance to Herendeen Bay, on June 30, 1890. We.had called to
ascertain if coal could be procured from a recently opened mine, and
were informed by the superintendent that he could commence delivery
in about a week, providing a lighter he was building could be com-
pleted. We sent a carpenter to assist in the work, and rendered all
practicable aid in order to get a supply of fuel as quickly as possible.
In the meantime we commenced a survey, which was continued during
our stay, and resulted in a chart in sufficient detail for purposes of
navigation. It includes the entrance to Port Méller; the channel from
Entrance Point to Point Divide, called by us Hague Channel; the
narrow and intricate channel from the last-mentioned point to Marble
Point, which we named Johnston Channel, after the officer who surveyed
it, and a general examination of the bay, including Mine Harbor, the
shipping-point and headquarters of the company. On the morning of
July 2 we moved about a mile inside of Point Divide and anchored in
15 fathoms. The tide ran ebb until 3 p. m., with a velocity of 3 or 4
knots per hour, with smooth water and nothing to indicate an insecure
or undesirable anchorage. A few minutes later the flood tide came
in with a bore between 2 and 3 feet in height, and when it struck
the ship she picked up her anchor and started up the bay, but a second
anchor with a long scope of chain brought her up. Heavy tide rips
continued for hours, making it unsafe for a boat to approach the ship.
The strength of current measured by the patent log was between 8
and 9 knots per hour.

It was evident that we could not remain in our new berth, so at
slack water we worked our way through the narrow passage before
mentioned between Point Divide and Marble Point, anchoring an hour
later in the upper bay, within 3 miles of Mine Harbor. A small quan-
tity-of coal was procured on the 3d and tested in the steam gig. It
burned freely, with a long flame and straw-colored smoke, to a white
ash and cinder, but no clinker. This result was equally gratifying to
us and the superintendent of the mine.

The 4th of July was celebrated by dressing ship with flags at the
mastheads and peak, the first time the national holiday was ever ob-
served in Herendeen Bay by a United States vessel.

We moved to Mine Harbor on the 5th, and moored in 17 fathoms,
where we found good swinging room about a quarter of a mile from the
coal dump on the beach. The lighter was launched on the evening of
the 7th and brought alongside on the 9th, with the first load of 43 tons

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 239

of coal from the new mine. The work of coaling continued until the
evening of theloth, when we had taken 157 tons, which nearly filled
the bunkers. The weather during our stay was generally overcast
with mist and fog, but the sun usually came out for a short time each
day. An effort was made to locate Point Divide astronomically, and
sufficient observations were made for longitude, but no opportunity
occurred, either day or night, to obtain the latitude. We were more
fortunate, however, in Mine Harbor, Low Point having been accurately
located by excellent observations. The naturalists made numerous
additions to their collections during our detention, and the hunters
brought in several bears, reindeer, and other game.

Baird Bank.—Getting under way on the morning of the 16th, we
steamed out without difficulty and resumed work. Lines of soundings
were run off and on shore, the beam trawl being frequently used, and
trial lines put over at every station occupied during daylight. We
found that Port Moéller was near the center of the most important cod
bank yet discovered in Bering Sea. Commencing at Amak Island, it
extends to the vicinity of Cape Chichagof, a distance of 230 miles, with
an average breadth of 40 miles, having an area of 9,200 square miles,
with depths from 15 to 50 fathoms. The character of the bottom was
usually fine gray sand, varied by black sand, black sand and gravel,
and occasional rocky patches near shore. While codfish were found at
nearly every station, numbers and quality varied with the locality.
They were smaller and in poorer condition near the shores, the best
fish being found between 25 and 40 fathoms, and they seemed to be
most plentiful in the Port Moller region.

As this is the largest and most valuable of the fishing- grounds yet
developed in Bering Sea, we have called it Baird Bank, after Prof.
Spencer F. Baird, the first U. 8S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries,
through whose efforts these investigations were inaugurated.

Baird Bank and Slime Bank, having an area of 10,645 square miles,
extend for more than 300 eed along the northern shores of Unimak
and the Alaska Peninsula, without a single harbor that the fishermen
have hitherto availed themselves of, yet it is a favorite fishing-ground.
The weather is usually pleasanter than in the Pacific; it has a weather
Shore with the prevailing summer winds, and a well-found vessel may
anchor anywhere on the banks aad ride out the usual summer gales
without much risk or discomfort.

Our survey of Port Méller entrance and Herendeen Bay will render
those harbors ayailable hereafter, and there is an excellent beach at
Mine Harbor for hauling a schooner out if necessary. The rise and fall
exceeds 15 feet, and would give several hours each tide to examine or
make repairs on a vessel’s bottom. Should the coal mine be developed,
as seems likely, the place would afford some facilities for repairing
and refitting. Water is easily procured, and fuel can be had in any
quantity,

240 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Port Haiden.—Port Haiden is said to be a good harbor, but we did
not examine it. Should a survey show it to be safe and easy of ap-
proach, it will prove a great convenience to vessels employed on the
northern portion of the bank.

Ugashik River.—The Alaska Commercial Company’s schooner Pearl
enters the Ugashik River, but there is a wide bar to cross having intri-
cate channels, strong currents, and usually a heavy swell. Once
inside, there is a good harbor, but it could hardly be considered avail-
able for the ordinary purposes of a fisherman.

Head of Bristol Bay.—The head of the bay to the northward of a line
drawn from the Ugaguk River to Cape Constantine has no value as a
cod-fishing ground. The water is not only too fresh, but the enormous
discharge from various streams in the vicinity, in conjunction with the
naturally strong tidal streams, induces a current which holds in sus-
pension sufficient sand and mud to account for the absence of codfish
without looking for other causes. We took scattering specimens, it is
true, but their emaciated condition was sufficient evidence of their
having strayed from their usual feeding-grounds.

Naknek River.—Salmon are found in the Naknek River, and there
are one or more firms engaged in that industry. Vessels of any size
may reach an anchorage off the mouth of the river by keeping the eastern
shore aboard, notwithstanding the inaccuracy of the charts. Shoal
water will be found whenever the western side is approached.

Nushagak River.—The salmon fisheries of the Nushagak River have
assumed important proportions, and will doubtless attract numbers of
people to that region. It will have little interest for the cod fishermen
except aS a possible port of refuge, where wood and water and such
supplies as they would be likely to need can be obtained. It has not
been considered a desirable place to visit, and the defective charts,
strong tides, numerous shoals, and liability to encounter thick weather
all militate against it; but with the surveys made by this vessel and
the assistance of native pilots, to be found at Protection Point, a fishing
schooner should be able to enter and leave the river with comparatively
little risk or delay.

Kulukak Ground.—Kulukak Bay occupies a large portion of the
region between Capes Constantine and Newenham, including the Wal-
rus Group, Hagemeister Island, and Cape Peirce. As codfish are found
in various isolated spots hardly deserving the appellation of banks, we
have, for convenience, included the region under the single title of the
Kulukak Ground. There are extensive shoals outside of Hagemeister
and the Walrus islands, 6 fathoms being found about 18 miles to the
southward of the latter. The spots are outside of these shoals, as well
as to the eastward and westward of them, in from 12 to 25 fathoms,
where codfish may be taken at times quite plentifully, but they are
smaller than those on Baird Bank,

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 241

Mine Harbor, Herendeen Bay.—Our fuel being nearly expended, we
returned to Herendeen Bay July 25 for another supply. This bay has
a large area with several arms, and to distinguish the shipping-point
more definitely we have called it Mine Harbor.

Work had progressed favorably during our absence, and we found
over 100 tons of coal on the beach awaiting our arrival. The method
of transporting it to the ship may be described as follows: A single
lighter, having a maximum capacity of 40 tons, was moored near the
shore at high tide and the coal wheeled on board in barrows over a
gang-plank supported on trestles. As the tide fell it would be left high
and dry, the work proceeding until the next high tide, when we would
tow it alongside with the steam cutter, discharge the coal as soon as
possible, and moor it again near the beach, when the process would be
repeated. The mine is about 14 miles from the landing, the coal being
transported by a small steam motor over a light tramway. As the
opening of this mine is an event of no little importance to all vessels
visiting Bering Sea, the following report of Passed Assistant Hngineer
C. R. Roelker, U. 8. N., chief engineer of this vessel, on the results ob-
tained by the consumption of 80. tons of this coal, will be read with more
than usual interest. It is dated July 24, 1590:

The following statement regarding the coal received from the mine recently
opened at Herendeen Bay is based on the results obtained with some 80 tons of this
coal consuned while this vessel was engaged in her usual work at sea, under aver-
age conditions. The quantities of coal consumed, and of refuse matter, were care-
fully measured, the behavior of the coal in the furnaces was closely observed, and
the results obtained have been deduced from the entries in the steam log.

The average consumption of the coal was at the rate of 25 pounds per square foot
of grate per hour. The boilers furnished the same amount of steam as when we
have been using a fair quality of Wellington coal; but to obtain this result we
had to burn from 20 to 25 per cent more of the Herendeen Bay coal. The coal
ignites readily and burns with considerable flame, forming a closely cohering coke,
which easily breaks up into small pieces; thus a considerable amount of small parti-
cles of coal is lost through the grates. There was a large proportion of fine stuff in
the coal, which burned well, but contained an excessive amount of refuse matter.

The refuse amounted to 26 per cent of the total weight of fuel consumed; it con-
sists of ash and cinders, no glassy clinkers being formed. The smoke produced is
lighter in color than that of Wellington coal, and less soot is formed.

To form a correct estimate of the value of this coal for steaming purposes from the
foregoing statement, the following facts should be taken into consideration, viz:
The coal received by us was the first lot taken out from the newly opened mine;
it came from one of the smaller veins, through which a tunnel had been driven then
a distance of 200 feet in order to get access to the main veins; no proper facilities for
screening the coal existed, and in order to supply the quantity required by us, a large
amount of fine coal containing much dirt was delivered. It may be reasonably ex-
pected that as the mine becomes further developed and proper screening facilities
are provided, the amount of refuse matter in the coal will be greatly diminished, and
its steam-generating power correspondingly increased. It will be, however, abso-
~ lutely necessary to store this coal under shelter, as it appears to absorb moisture
readily, and the constant rains which have prevailed in this region during the pres-
ent season would soon saturate it to such an extent as to greatly diminish its value
as a fuei.

H. Mis. 113——16

242 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

This report gives an accurate statement of the steaming qualities of
the coal received from the mine compared with the Wellington coal,
and, considering that it was taken from a vein near the surface, the
extra amount required to furnish the same quantity of steam will not
seem excessive. It is shown that the coal possesses merits, and it will
doubtless improve with the development of the deeper veins.

Work was resumed on the survey as soon as the vessel came to
anchor, and, although the weather was unfavorable, many soundings
were taken, besides some further triangulation. Reindeer and bears
were plentiful in the mountains surrounding Herendeen Bay, and several
were brought in by the naturalists and officers. We finished coaling
on the evening of the 27th, having taken aboard 128 tons, 25 tons being
in bags on deck,

Boisterous winds with driving mist and fog detained us during the
28th, but we were under way early the following morning and steamed
out by the rough chart of our recent survey, which was found quite
accurate and sufficient for the present purposes of navigation, except
at the entrance to Port Moller, where more soundings are required to
properly develop the channel and the region between Entrance Point —
and Walrus Island.

Strong southerly winds and heavy head seas were encountered,
which, in addition to a dense fog, made our progress exceedingly slow
and uncomfortable, but we finally arrived safely in [liuliuk, Unalaska,
at 10:50 a. m., July 31. Arrangements were made for a supply of coal
on our return, and at daylight August 2 we proceeded to sea. A line
of soundings was commenced off Cape Cheerful and carried to Bogos-
lof, an active voleano in 53° 55’ N. and 168° 1/ W. The maximum depth
was 885 fathoms about midway between Cape Makushin and Bogoslof.

Bogoslof Island and Voleano.—The first authentic account of this
interesting locality is from Capt. Cook, who passed between the posi-
tion of Bogoslof and Umnak in 1778, and discovering a rock which at
a distance resembled a ship under sail, he named it Sail Rock. It must
have been the only conspicuous object near by at the time or he would
have mentioned that fact. Old Bogoslof, as it is now called, was thrown
up about 400 yards from Sail Rock in 1796, after an earthquake, and,
according to Baranoft’s report, remained active until 1815 at least; I
do not know how much longer. It must have undergone many remark-
able changes during its period of activity. Capt. Wassilieff reported
that at one time it attained an altitude of 2,240 feet, whereas it is now
but 370 feet in height and greatly diminished in bulk. New Bogoslof
is located on. the opposite extremity of the same platform, the total
length of the island, including the old and new cones, being about 14
miles NW. by N. and SE. by S. (magnetic), and a little less than a mile
in width.

The natives of southern Unalaska reported that Bogoslof was smok-
ing in 1882, but there is no report from the island until September 27,

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 243

1883, when Capt. Anderson, of the schooner Matthew Turner, passed near
it and reported a new Bogoslof, with flame, smoke, and steam issuing
from the crater and numerous fissures in its sides. The revenue cutter
Corwin examined it in 1884, when it was still active, and a subsequent
visit in 1885 developed no material change. Sail Rock was reported to
be 86 feet in height.

The Albatross passed within three quarters of a mile of the island on
the afternoon of August 2, 1890, but did notland. It was an unusually
clear day, Makushin and the high lands of Umnak being distinctly
visible. Sail Rock had fallen, its original position being marked by the
débris. New Bogoslof was enveloped in smoke and steam so dense
that its outlines could not be accurately determined, but its altitude
was not far from 400 feet. There were no outlying dangers visible, and
a couple of soundings taken 2 miles from the old cone on different bear-
ings gave 649 and 578 fathoms, the latter being on the reef marked on
old charts as extending from Bogoslof to theenorth end of Umnak. It
is needless to say that this reef does not exist. Myriads of guillemots
were seen on the island and for 15 miles or more around it, and a part
of the beach was occupied by a rookery of very large sea lions. Old
Bogoslof is rapidly crumbling away, and will, like Sail Rock, eventually
disappear.

Bering Sea.—A westerly course was continued during the night, and
at six the following morning the trawl was lowered in 1,033 fathoms,
latitude 55° 53/ N., longitude 170° 50’ W., making a successful haul.
The bottom was composed almost wholly of diatomaceous ooze, the
absence of foraminifera being a marked feature in the waters of Bering
Sea. The course was then changed to the northward, and soundings
made at 50-mile intervals, which gave1,745, 1,818, 1,625, and 69 fathoms,
the latter in latitude 56° 50’ N., longitude 172° 30/ W., and near the
100-fathom line. Seals were frequently seen after wereached soundings,
and, the fog lifting for a short time, two sealing schooners were sighted,
with their boats out in the successful prosecution of their enterprise.

The line of soundings was extended to latitude 58° 43’ N., longitude
174° 43’ W., in 144 fathoms, giving the trend of the 100-fathom line

‘about NW. 4 N., magnetic. A southerly gale sprang, up during the
eveningsof the 4th, and work was carried on the next day under many
difficulties and unusual wear and tear of machinery. The rough
weather told on our supply of fuel also, and finally induced us to turn

‘to the southward during the afternoon of the 5th. Standing on all

night under low speed and short sail, a sounding was made next morn-

ing in 1,887 fathoms, latitude 56° 50’ N., and longitude 175° 15’ W.

Another one was taken during the afternoon in 1,998 fathoms, green

ooze, in latitude 56° 02’ N., longitude 175° 35’ W. A bottom temper-

ature and water specimen were taken in sounding, and subsequently
serial temperatures and water specimens were taken to 1,000 fathoms,
the temperatures ranging from 48° F, at the surface to 34,9° F. at the

244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

bottom. The line was continued to the southward, with 50-mile inter-
vals, the maximum depth, 2,145 fathoms, being found in latitude 54°
ol’ N, and longitude 175° 32’ W. A very peculiar and irregular action
was observed in the port engine during the 6th and 7th, which increased
to Such an extent that we stopped work and started for Unalaska. The
trouble was traced to the port high-pressure valve, which was finally
disconnected, and the low-pressure cylinder worked independently until
our arrival in port.

Unalaska and vicinity—We passed Bogoslof Volcano the morning of
the 9th and arrived in Hiuliuk at 4:15 p.m. the same day. The revenue
cutter Rush was in port, and the steamer Arago arrived from the seal
islands on the 12th. Having made the necessary repairs to the ma-
chinery, we filled the bunkers with coal and left the harbor early on
the morning of the 15th. Rumor placed valuable cod banks in the
outer bay, but no one seemed to know their exact locality or extent.
Such a resource at the .doors of a populous settlement would be of.
inestimable value. Availing ourselves of the opportunity offered by a
clear day, we ran several lines of soundings across the bay, making fre-
quent hauls of the trawl and trials with the fishing lines, extending the
examination to the 100-fathom line outside of Cape Kalekhta, or Priest
Point, and Cape Cheerful, without finding indications of even ordinarily
good fishing-ground. In fact, nearly every sounding inside of the capes
gave muddy bottom. Spots were discovered, however, near the shore
line, where cod were plentiful. An anchorage was found for the night
in Wislow Bay, in 8 fathoms, near the small islet of that name, where
there is good protection from southerly winds.

Work was resumed at daylight next morning and carried to Cape
Makushin and thence to Makushin Bay, where we anchored for the
night. The 100-fathom curve lies about 4 miles off shore at Cape Cheer-
ful, but draws in abruptly to about a mile, and sometimes less, until up
with Cape Makushin, and here, as in Unalaska Bay, codfish and halibut
are found in spots along shore. From the cape a line of soundings was
run to Makushin Bay, where we arrived at 5:50 p.m. A strong, south-
west wind raised quite a swell in the bay, with an uninviting lee shore
fronting the village, but we found a fair anchorage in 8 fathoms off the
mouth of a glacial stream of yellow muddy water 34 miles to the east-
ward of the settlement. The village of Makushin is composed of a
small frame church painted white, a frame store belonging to the Alaska
Commercial Company, and a dozen barabaras, or native earth huts,
which were nearly buried beneath rank grass.

Unfavorable weather detained us during the 17th, but the seine was
hauled with good results. Work was resumed on the morning of the
18th and continued with little interruption to the -southwest end of
Unalaska and north extremity of Umnak. From Cape Makushin to
Umnak is about 60 miles, the 100-fathom curve extending from 12 to
23 miles from shore, giving an area of over 1,100 square miles on which

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 245

the lead showed favorable bottom, and the trawl developed a varied
and abundant fauna, such as we usually found on cod banks in Bering
Sea. Very few fish were taken, however, until we reached the vicinity
of Chernofisky, where cod and halibut were plentiful. Prospects were
so favorable that I am inclined to think fish would be found there at
certain seasons, if not the year round, and, should it ever become a
fishing-ground, there will be no Jack of safe and convenient harbors,
for the west coast of Unalaska from Cape Makushin to Chernoffsky is
a series of deep bays, some of them almost bisecting theisland. Cher-
nofisky Bay is easy of approach and one of the most secure harbors in
Bering Sea. The only direction necessary in entering is to keep a
midchannel course. The village of the above name is situated on a
narrow neck of land between the harbor and the sea, and is conspicu-
ous when passing along the coast. The Greek church, store, and resi-
dence of the Alaska Commercial Company’s agent are frame buildings,
and the native population, 46 souls, live in barabaras. ‘The men, like
those of the other villages on the island, are hunters, and were away
on their summer cruise at the time of our visit.

The examination having been completed to the northeast end of
Umnak, a line of dredgings was run thence to the vicinity of Cape
Cheerful in from 100 to 690 fathoms with satisfactory results, although
the rough bottom was frequently destructive to the nets.

We returned to Hliuliuk on the evening of August 21 after an inter-
esting and successful trip. The search for cod banks in Unalaska Bay
was resumed the following day, which was unusually clear and pleas-
ant. The region from Ulakhta Head to Elder Point was carefully
examined, and the examination was extended to Broad and Nateekin
bays without developing anything that could be called a fishing-bank
Near the shores, however, particularly on the west side of the bay, cod
were plentiful and halibut were fairly abundant. These shore fisheries
will supply the local demand indefinitely, but nothing more. There
was a large school of finback whales feeding in Broad Bay, during the
day, which paid but little attention to us, simply moving out of the
way or diving under the ship when we approached them. On one occa-
sion the same school was seen playing around a whaler, but no atten-
tion was paid tothem. Nothing but merchantable bone will tempt the
- modern whaleman. We returned to port the same evening.

Hydrographic information—Bristol Bay may be said to include all
that part of Bering Sea lying east of a line drawn from the Northwest
Cape of Unimak to the Kuskokwim River. The island of Unimak and
the Alaska Peninsula bound it on the east and separate it from the
Pacific Ocean. The Naknek River is at the head of deep-water navi-
gation, while the bay itself terminates in the Kvichak River, a few
miles to the northward. The region about the Nushagak River, Kulu-
kak Bay, and the Kuskokwim forms its northwest boundary.

The shore lines are usually low and without distinctive features, but
high mountain ranges and voleanic cones extend along the central parts

246 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

of Unimak and the Alaska Peninsula. These rugged snow-covered
mountains and lofty peaks would serve as unmistakable landmarks were
they not obscured by the almost constant fogs which prevail in that
region during the summer months. In fact they were so seldom visible
during the season of 1890 that the officers of the Albatross made no
pretense of using them as landmarks. The shore line and objects near
the sea level were often visible beneath the fog when the higher lands
were obscured, hence most of the available landmarks were found on
’ or near the beach.

Unimak Pass to Port Méller.—The Northwest Cape of Unimak is low,
with detached rocks, around which strong tidal currents sweep. The
land falls away to the eastward in a gentle curve, forming an open bay
about 4 miles in depth, between the cape and Cave Point, which lies
NNE. $ E., 16 miles from the former. It is a vertical rocky cliff about
150 feet in height, and takes its name from a cave on its face, inhabited
by sea birds, which in summer time hover about it in thousands,
making it conspicuous in clear weather by their numbers and in fogs
by their constant cries. The snow-clad peak of Progrumnoi Volcano,
rising to an altitude of 5,523 feet above the sea, forms a striking back-
ground to the low monotonous coast.

Passing Cape Lapin, a low bluff point 8 miles from Cave Point, the
coast falls away slightly for 6 miles, when it turns abruptly to the
eastward for about 5 miles, then takes a northerly direction, forming
Shaw Bay. This bay is open to the northward, but affords protection
from all winds from the southward of east or west. The approaches
are clear and the water shoals gradually to 6 fathoms, black sand,
about three-quarters of a mile from shore.

From Shaw Bay to Isanotski Strait the coast trends in a northeast-
erly direction, is very low and has several rocky patches extending from
half a mile to a mile or more from shore, making navigation unsafe
inside of the 12-fathom line. The voleano of Shishaldin rises 8,953 feet,
about midway between the above points, and about 7 or 8 miles inland.
Isanotski Strait is available only for vessels of the smallest class.

From the strait to Cape Glasenap, about 19 miles, the coast line
retains the same general direction, and is very low until reaching the
latter point, which is oval in form, about 150 feet in height, and has
been called Round Point.

Izenbek Bay covers a large area at high tide, but much of it dries at
low water; a small vessel may, however, find a secure harbor behind
the cape. The channel follows close around the point and has from 10
to 12 feet depth on the bar.

Amak Island is of volcanic origin, about 24 miles in length, 14 in
width, and 1,682 feetin height. It lies 11 miles northwest from Cape
Glasenap. The beaches are mostly of huge water-worn bowlders, hav-
ing vertical cliffs from 30 to 150 feet in height, with moss-covered pla-
teaus, which in summer time are covered with a rank growth of grass

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE’ ALBATROSS. 2AT

and wild flowers. The central peak is of dark-brown rock, exceedingly
rugged and precipitous, and entirely devoid of vegetation. The south-
~st point was found to be in latitude 55° 25/ 05.6’ N., and longitude
163° 07/ 33.6” W. There is foul ground off the northwest extremity of
the island, several rocks awash or under water, and Sea Lion Rock
-between 2 and 3 miles distant. It is several hundred yards in extent,
and about 150 feet high, its slopes being occupied by an extensive
rookery of sea lions.

The Khudiakoff Islands extend about 19 miles NNE. $ KE. between
Cape Glasenap and Moffett Point. Theyare but little above high water,
and some of them are connected by narrow spits when the tide is out.
From Moffett Point the low coast trends N. by E. 15 miles to Gerstle
Bay; then to the northward and eastward about 55 miles to Wolf
Point, on the west side of the entrance to Port Moller.

The Khudubine Islands occupy the last 23 miles of this distance.
They are very low and it is difficult to distinguish them from the main-
land, the only distinctive feature being a knob about 25 feet high on the
east end of Kritskoi. Theland between Herendeen Bay and Nelson
Lagoon is very low. ‘The snow-covered pinnacle of Aghileen, an extinct
crater, and the still smoking cone of Pavloff Voleano, form an impres-
sive background to the region north and east of Moffett Point.

Port Moller, Herendeen Bay, and vicinity—Port Moéller and Heren-
deen Bay have had no commercial importance until the recent opening of
a coal mine in the latter, which has drawn attention to this almost un-
known region. The Albatross visited the mine twice during the season
of 1890 and made a survey which was found to be sufficiently accurate
for purposes of navigation. The chart should be used with caution,

~ however, until it is ascertained whether the extensive banks guarding
the entrance are permanent or shifting.

To enter Port Moller from the southward, pass Walrus Island in
from 10 to 12 fathoms and bring Entrance Point to bear ESE. It will
then be about 8 miles distant, and have the appearance of being the
southern extremity of a high and bold headland, the first that ap-
proaches the coast between that point and Cape Glasenap. Stand in,
keeping the point on the above bearing until within 2 or 3 miles, when
it will show as a low spit backed by a cluster of hillocks, the high land
referred to being seen farther inland. Pass Entrance Point at a dis-
tance on 1 mile, steering about SSE. $ E., and stand for Harbor Point,
passing it within a quarter of a mile, where anchorage may be found.
The pointislow. A shoal makes off from Entrance Point about NW. by
N., extending between 3 and 4 miles, and vessels making for the harbor
from the northward are liable to run in behind it. Entrance Point
should not be brought to bear to the southward of SE. after having
approached within 4 miles of it.

To enter Herendeen Bay, bring Entrance Point to bear NE. $ E., 1
mile distant, and Point Divide SSW. 2 W., 82 miles distant, then steer

248 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

for the latter, keeping it on that bearing until within 23 miles, wnen
the course may be changed to about SW. 38., passing in midchannel
between Point Divide and Doe Point. The least water is 4 fathoms at
the entrance to the channel. Having cleared Hague Channel, bring
Coal Bluff to bear SE. 48., and stand in for it until Point Divide bears
S. by EK. § E., 14 miles distant and about 400 yards open of Doe Point;
then SSE. 2 E., until Eagle Rock is abeam, keeping the above points
a little open to clear Half-tide Rock. Then steer 8S. by E. 4. until
Shingle Point is abeam, when a course may be laid for Mine Harbor,
giving Bluff Point a berth of about a quarter of a mile.

Mine Harbor is small but free from dangers, except Midway Rock,
which shows at half tide. Anchor in from 12 to 15 fathoms, and if a
vessel intends to remain any length of time it is advisable to moor. It
is high water in Mine Harbor, full and change, at 8" 0™ 0s, rise 15 feet, .
and it occurs at Entrance Point about two hours earlier, with a rise of
10 to 12 feet. ,

Hague Channel is 1 mile in width at its northern entrance, and is
contracted to less than half a mile between Point Divide and Doe
Point. The tidal streams are very strong, and near high water they
Sweep across the narrow channel and over the flats, making it impos-
sible to steer a compass course. They are more regular near low tide,
which is the best time to make the passage, as the channel is indicated
by the flats showing above water on either hand. ;

Johnston Channel has from 7 to 15 fathoms of water, but is very nar-
row, with steep sides. It is difficult to find, but, once in, the naviga-
tion is comparatively simple, as the tides follow the general direction of
deep water. The width of the northern entrance is a quarter of a mile,
which it maintains with little variation until near the southern extrem-
ity, when it contracts to 250 yards. Having cleared the channel and
entered the upper bay, there isample room and depth of water in every
direction, Crow Reef being the only outlying danger.

Anchorages may be found anywhere between Walrus Island and En-
trance Point in case of fog, and a vessel may anchor in Hague Channel,
but the tides are strong. There are fairly good anchorages under the
north side of Point Divide and Doe Point, where near the bank a
- vessel will be out of the strength of the current. The Albatross an-
chored in midchannel a mile inside of the above points at the time of
spring tides, and the flood came in with a bore between 2 and 3 feet in —
height, the patent log registering a 9-knot current for some time,
with a swell which occasionally splashed into the scuppers. There is
fairly good anchorage off the northern entrance to Johnston Channel,
and an excellent one at its southern extremity off Marble Point, in fact,
almost anywhere in the upper bay where the water is not too deep. The
last quarter of flood tide is the best time to pass through this channel.

High land rises at the base of Harbor Point and extends to the
northward and eastward near the center of the peninsula. Point Di-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 2AY9

vide is 50 feet high, and mountain ranges rise a few miles back. The
coal measures are found between Mine Harbor and the head of Port
Miller. Doe Point is 40 feet in height, while the rest of Deer Island
and the mainland south and west of it is generally lower. The southern
shores of Herendeen Bay are mountainous, with intervening valleys,
the whole face of the country being covered with rank grass and wild
flowers during the summer months; but there is no timber except oc-
casional small poplars, alder bushes, and willows. Fresh winds with
fog and mist blow across the low divides from the Pacific, obscuring the
sun and greatly increasing the rainfall in Port Mller and vicinity.

The region is uninhabited except by men employed at the coal mine,
yet bears and reindeer were plentiful and the waters teemed with
salmon. There are no large fresh-water streams entering the bay,
however, which probably accounts for the absence of Eskimos.

Port Méller to the Kuskokwim River.—The coast is low for 19 miles
between Entrance Point.and Cape Kutuzof, which rises in a rounded
bluff to an elevation of 150 feet.

Cape Seniavin, 11 miles to the northward and eastward, is a rocky
point 75 feet in height. Passing it, the low monotonous beach continues
to the Seal Islands, a cluster of small hillocks near the beach, 12 miles:
from Cape Seniavin, being the only exception. The Seal Islands are
composed of several small islets, but little above high water, strung
along the coast for about 10 miles. Thence to Cape Strogonof the land
continues very low.

Port Haiden is said to be a good harbor, but we did not examine it.
Should a survey show it to be safe it will prove a great convenience to
vessels employed on the northern part of Baird Bank. The approach
to Port Haiden will be recognized by high, bold headlands which rise
from its northern shore. Chestakof Island, low and crescent-shaped,
forms the seaward side of the harbor, the channel lying between its
northern extremity and a reef which makes out from the land. The
same low coast extends to Cape Menchikof in nearly a direct line, the
high land of Port Haiden gradually receding from the coast.

The Ugashik or Sulima River lies to the northward of Cape Mench-
ikof and has been reported navigable for several miles by vessels of 14
feet draft. The schooner Pearl enters the river, but her captain reports
a wide bar having intricate channels, strong currents, and usually a
heavy swell. Ten feet is about all that can be carried in with safety.
Once inside it is reported to be a good harbor, but it can hardly be
considered available for the ordinary purposes of fishing vessels.

Cape Grey, a bluff 243 feet in height, and a peculiar-notched moun-
tain some distance inland, are good landmarks for the river. The low
coast continues from the cape to the Ugaguk River, and thence to the
Naknek River, with hardly a distinguishing feature except Johnston
Hill, a solitary elevation 5 miles from the beach and about 93 miles
S. $ E. from the mouth of the Naknek. The coast sweeps in a graceful
|

250 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

curve to the northward between Cape Grey and the Ugaguk, and
thence to the eastward to the Naknek River. A narrow gravel bank
lines the coast in several places, behind which a strip of water is seen
particularly at or near high tide.

The Naknek River may be considered at the head of deep-water
navigation in Bristol Bay. The Albatross found anchorage in 6 fath-
oms about 6 miles southwest from Cape Suworof, the water shoaling
rapidly to 3 fathoms toward the head of the bay. Vessels of moderate
depth can pass the bar at high water, but there is hardly depth enough
to float a ship’s boat when the tide is out. It is deeper inside, however,
and a small vessel may find anchorage with swinging room. There is
a fishing station on the river which is visited periodically by a small
steam tender. The South Head is in latitude 58° 42/ 04.5’ N., and longi-
tude 157° 02/ 45.4” W. High water, full and change, 1” 05™; rise 23
feet, approximate. Shoal ground makes off from the west shore, con-
fining the channel in one place to about 3 miles in width. It may
possibly be a middle ground with a channel on the other side, but the
conditions off Etolin Point seem to discredit it.

The Nushagak River is assuming considerable importance as the
location of a trading station and several large and well-equipped sal-
mon-canning establishments. Protection Point, at the entrance to the
river, is 50 miles SW. by W. from Naknek River, and, owing to swift
currents and extensive shoals, it may be classed among the most intri-
cate pieces of navigation in Bristol Bay. A 6-knot current is frequently
encountered; hence the shifting of banks and shoals must be expected,
and the necessity for the constant use of the hand lead becomes too
obvious to require remark; indeed, the warning from a lead on each
side will leave but a small margin of safety at times. The land on both
sides of the entrance is very low and _ it is difficult to recognize Etolin
Point, even under favorable conditions. A vessel from the westward
would make the Walrus Group and follow the coast to Cape Constan-
tine, and, having cleared the outlying shoals, stand in for Protection
Point, which is difficult of recognition from a distance.

Nichols Hills, 280 feet in height, are a cluster of rounded elevations
5 miles northwest of the above point, and they are the first natural
objects distinguishable on the peninsula. Bring them to bear WNW.
and stand in, keeping them on that bearing until Protection Point bears
about south, and anchor, making due allowance for falling tide.

There is a pilot station on the point with a small flagstaff, on which
a flag will be hoisted if the pilot is at home. Heis an Eskimo and
speaks very little English, but he knows the channel. [If he is not at
the point when the vessel arrives, he will probably be at Ekuk and
may be expected on board within a few hours if the weather is not too
rough for his kaiak. <A stranger should not attempt to go above Pro-
tection Point without a pilot. Clark Point is a bluff 200 feet in height,
18 miles N. by W. from Protection Point. The land begins to rise
below Ekuk, reaches its greatest elevation at Clark Point, and varies

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 251

from 100 to 150 feet in height to Nushagak. The usual anchorage is
froma mile to amile and a half above Clark Point. Ekuk is an Eskimo
village located on the bluff about 3 miles below the point. The west side
is generally lower, but from Coffee Point to the northward blufis rise
from 50 to 200 feet.

The reconnaissance of the Lower Nushagak was made during the few
days we were detained in the river. The principal points are located
by triangulation and Clark Point by astronomical observations. The
reduction of soundings to low water depended upon the tides during our
stay. Itis to be regretted that we were unable to extend the soundings
to the west shore.

The Nushagak Packing Company have a cannery at Clark Point,
and there are three others, also a trading station, on the river, the
latter at Nushagak, formerly called Fort Alexander. Vessels of mod-
erate draft can reach the canneries and with a little care find anchor-
age with sufficient water even during the lowest tides. The timber
line is well defined about 3 miles below the mouth of Wood River and
extends to the westward as far as the eyecan reach. The weather was
pleasant during our stay, and from all reports there is less fog in the
Nushagak than in any other part of Bering Sea.

Clark Point, foot of bluff, is in latitude 58° 49/ 14” N. and longitude
158° 31/ 43.9” W. High water, full and change, 00° 53™ 008 (approxi-
mate); rise, 24 feet; variation, 23° 40’ K.

Cape Constantine, the southeast extremity of land at the entrance
to the Nushagak, is very low, and shoals extend 10 or 12 miles to the
southward and eastward, making its approach in thick weather very
dangerous. There is said to be a channel between the cape and the
first shoal, but the report requires verification. The coast increases
in height to the westward of the cape, the headlands in Kulukak and
Togiak bays reaching an altitude of 500 feet or more. e

The Walrus Group is composed of three islands and three rocks, all
above water, extending 16 miles east and west and about 6 miles north
and south. Round Island, the easternmost of the group, lies W. 45S.,
36 miles from Cape Constantine. It is very nearly 2 miles in length,
three-quarters of a mile wide, and about 800 feet high, its west end being
in latitude 58° 36’ 09” N. and longitude 159° 57’ 51.7’ W. Crooked
Isiand is between 4 and 5 miles in length and 2 miles at its greatest
width. The eastern part is rather low, but toward the western extrem-
ity the elevation is nearly equal to that of Round Island. There is
quite a large bay on the northeast side, but we did not examine it.
High Island, the westernmost of the group, is 4 miles in length, about
a mile in width, and 900 feet or more in height. ;

The Twins, 4 miles to the southward of Crooked Island, are two iso-
lated rocks the larger 300 and the smaller 100 feet in height. Black
Rock, about 150 feet high, lies 1 mile to the northward of the south
end of Crooked Island. No other outlying dangers were seen in pass-
ing between the islands and the mainland. From 6 to 10 fathoms were

952 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

found abreast of the group, the depth gradually decreasing to 3 fath-
oms off the north end of Hagemeister Island. We were near the shore,
however, and would doubtless have found more water in midchannel.

Hagemeister Island lies 9 miles west of High Island, is 14 miles in
length and 8 in width. It is mountainous except for about 5 miles at
the north end. Shoal ground surrounds the island and extends from
20 to 25 miles to the eastward, including the area between Hagemeister
and the Walrus Group.

Hagemeister Channel is about 16 miles in length and lies between
the island of that name and the mainland. If is from 3 to 4 miles in
width, but long shingle spits contract it in two places to less than 2
miles. The least water was 44 fathoms. Good anchorage was found
under Tongue Point, the shingle spit making out from the mainland
about midway of the channel. From the above anchorage the Alba-
tross stood directly to sea, passing within a mile of the southwest,
extremity of Hagemeister Island, thence 8S. $ W., shoaling the water to
3 fathoms 7 miles from the island. Greater depths might possibly be
found by taking a more westerly course. The tides are very strong
through the channel. We were visited by a number of Eskimos while
at anchor under Tongue Point.

Cape Peirce is of moderate height and symmetrical form, while Cape
Newenham is high with sharp peaks and rugged lines. The Albatross
found anchorage under the latter cape near Seal Rock during a south-
erly gale and rode it out very comfortably, notwithstanding swift cur-
rents and heavy tide rips.

The Kuskokwim River is much dreaded by navigators on account of
its extensive shoals, strong currents, etc. The Albatross ascended it
between 35 and 40 miles without difficulty or delay, but encountered
extensive shoals on her return; thick weather and the lack of time
prevented an extended examination. These shoals commenced about
9 miles WSW. from Good News Bay and extended in a westerly direc-
tion for 10 miles or more. ~There was a channel between the shoal
and the land about 4 miles wide, having a depth of 5 fathoms. Krom
a point 5 miles WSW. from the west head of Good News Bay
we stood direct for Cape Newenham, the least depth being 4 fathoms.
Great quantities of fresh water are borne down the Kuskokwim by
rapid currents, and, while there have been no surveys by which changes
can be noted, there seems no reasonable doubt that great alterations
have taken place since Cook ascended the river in the last century.

Meteorological conditions in Bering Sea.—The winds and weather in
Bristol Bay and other parts of Bering Sea visited by the Albatross from
the last of May to the Ist of September may be summarized in a few
words. Southwest winds prevailed, but we had them from southeast
to northwest. It was boisterous. weather nearly half the time, but
seldom rough enough to interfere with our work. We had several
summer gales of moderate force, but no severe storms. Fog and mist

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 253

prevailed and a clear day was a rare exception. The tidal currents were
strongest in the vicinity of Unimak Pass and the head of the bay;
they were greatly affected, however, by the winds. The flood stream
set to the northward and slightly inshore along the coasts of Unimak
and the peninsula; the ebb, to the southward and slightly offshore.
The former was invariably the stronger and probably found an outlet
by sweeping past Cape Constantine in the direction of Cape Newenham.
There has been no systematic study of Bering Sea currents and the
almost constant fogs prevent the navigator from adding much to our
meager knowledge concerning them.

Well-equipped fishing vessels can anchor anywhere on Baird or Slime
Banks and lay out such winds as they would be likely to encounter
during the summer months. The peninsula will afford a weather shore
for southeast winds and Amak Island offers fairly good protection on
its southeast and southwest sides. Port Méller and Herendeen Bay
will be ports of call for fishermen when they become better known.
Port Haiden may also prove available after it has been surveyed.

UNALASKA TO SAN FRANCISCO, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1890.

We coaled ship on the 25th, and at 1:15 p. m. the following day left
in company with the revenue cutter Rush, the latter bound to the Seal
Islands. The atmosphere was unusually clear, and, as we had never
used Akutan Pass, we availed ourselves of the favorable opportunity
of passing through and examining it. There is a clear channel 2
miles or more in width between Cape Morgan and four small islets
lying off Unalga Island, free from dangers except near the shores, with
26 fathoms, rocky bottom, in the narrowést part of the pass. We
steamed to the eastward during the night, and at 6:17 the following
morning cast the trawl in 280 fathoms in latitude 53° 56’ N. and longi-
tude 163° 25’ W., about 9 miles from the reported position of Lenard
Rock, but saw no indications of shoal water, although the weather was
clear and a lookout was kept at the masthead. :

A line of soundings and dredgings was run outside of the 100-fathom
curve, past the Sannaks and Shumagins, to the vicinity of the Trinity
Islands, where, in 67 fathoms, latitude 56° 02’ N. and longitude 153°
52’ W., we took our departure. Running E. 3° 8S. true 11 miles, we
found 207 fathoms; then KE. true, with intervals of 20 miles, the follow-
ing depths were found across the line of the great submarine trough
which extends along the Aleutian Islands, viz: 1,152, 2,197, 2,620, 2,935,
and 2,925 fathoms. Increasing the interval to 30 miles, we found 2,776
fathoms, and a further distance of 62 miles gave us 2,414. The maxi-
mum depth was found in latitude 56° 02’ N. and longitude 151° 12/ W.
It will be observed that, while the depths are less than those found
farther west, they are at least 800 fathoms greater than the normal,
Showing that the easterly extension of the depression reaches that
point. The line of soundings was extended to the Queen Charlotte
Islands, where a successful haul of the trawl was made in 1,588 fathoms.

254 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The high land of the above group was sighted on the 3d of September
and we passed the Scott Islands the following evening.

Entering the straits of Fuca at midnight of September 5, we
reached Port Townsend at 12:20 p.m. the following day, where we
found a large mail awaiting our arrival. Many improvements were
observed in and about the city; blocks of buildings had been erected
during the year; electric and steam-motor street railways were in
operation; and 20 miles of the Port Townsend and Southern Railroad
was officially opened on the 12th. Repairs on the machinery were com-
pleted on the 15th and we left the following morning for Departure
Bay for coal. A dense fog and smoke made navigation very difficult,
and, after feeling our way through Rosario Straits, we anchored at the
Sucie Islands for the night, finally reaching our destination at 2:25
p.m. the following day. Taking on board 185 tons of coal, we returned
to Port Townsend, reaching that port at 1:50 p. m. on the 20th.

Getting under way again at 3 p. m., we passed Race light at 8 p. m.
and made Cape Flattery light at 1 a. m., the fog having lifted. Two
hauls of the trawl were made during the 21st in 516 and 831 fathoms
off the Washington coast; and, steaming to the southward during the
night, three hauls were made next day off the coast of Oregon in 759,
786, and 345 fathoms. Standing to southward during the night, through
dense fog and smoke, we crossed Heceta Bank, made Cape Orford at 1
p. m. on the 23d, passing Fox Rock an hour later. Nothing more was
seen until we reached Cape Mendocino the next morning. ‘The weather
had somewhat improved and objects could be seen from 1 to 2 miles.

Commencing at the cape we defined the 200-fathom line as far south
as Point Arena and made a series of dredgings from 455 fathoms to
the coast. The bank was very steep near Cape Mendocino, but gradu-
ally extended until, off Point Arena, the 200-fathom line was 10 miles
from shore. There are no fishing-banks proper in that region, but the
usual coast fishes will be found in spots along the shore. The beam
trawl may be used in the region about Point Arena, but stony spots
oceur at intervals which would be liable to damage the nets. The
bottom seems smoother to the southward toward Point Reyes, and the
ground will doubtless be fished with nets of some description as the
demand for flatfish increases in the San Francisco market.

Having completed our work, we started for port at 4 p. m., Septem-
ber 25, arriving in San Francisco at 8 o’clock on the morning of the 26th.

NATURAL HISTORY OBSERVATIONS.

The fauna of Bristol Bay, other parts of Bering Sea, and the Pacific
Ocean, developed by the use of the trawl and dredge during the season,
will be reported upon by Prof. C. H. Gilbert, but it may not be out of
place to add here a few general remarks upon this subject. A marked
feature of the dredging on Slime Bank was the great numbers of me-
dusz or jellyfishes brought up in every haul of the net, The species

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 255

was not determined, but may be described as rusty-brown in color, from
6 to 18 inches in diameter, and with long, slender tentacles well pro-
vided with stinging cells. They inhabit an intermediate zone not far
from the bottom, and their numbers increase with the advance of the
season, until they become a great nuisance to the fishermen. Star-
fishes are abundant both in numbers and species. Sponges, sea-
urchins, various species of crustaceans, shells, and other invertebrates,
including many forms of hydroids, are generally found in large num-
bers.

The principal feature of the many hauls on Baird Bank was the great
abundance of starfishes, of at least a dozen species, oue large variety
predominating. They composed the bulk of nearly every haul. Sponges,
sea-urchins, shells, and other invertebrates were found in great num-
bers, about in the order mentioned as regards abundance. Much of
Baird Bank is covered with hydroids, which were brought up in matted
bunches containing many species. Sculpins, small alligator-fishes,
flounders, and other species occurred in every haul, and an occasional
large skate would appear among them. Codfish and halibut usually
avoided the net, yet specimens were taken occasionally. Annelids
were common in most hauls, and one haul in particular (No. 3287) con-
tained fully 2 bushels, consisting mainly of one species, which probably
furnished the chief food of codfish on that part of the bank. A variety
of small crustaceans and naked mollusks may be added, as they were
pretty evenly distributed over the bottom. It was observed that rep-
resentatives of nearly every species found in similar depths on Slime
Bank were included in each haul.

To the northward a marked change took place in the bottom fauna,
ophjurans and astrophytons exceeding all other forms in abundance,
while large bivalve shells resembling Schizotherus appeared for the
first time. It will be observed that the bottom differed in character
from that of Baird Bank, more or less mud entering into its composition.

In Herendeen Bay, during July and August, the streams were full
of dogsalmon. Excellent flounders and large edible prawns were taken
in abundance at the anchorage in Mine Harbor. Later in the season
dredging was carried to the deeper waters of Bering Sea, north and
west of Unalaska, with very interesting results. It was new ground
and most of the material obtained was so unfamiliar as to prevent
identification. At station No. 3307 (1,105 fathoms), Myctophum (three
species), Macrurus, Antimora, and several other genera of fishes were
taken, while among invertebrates there were five species of starfishes,
aleyonarians, sea-urchins, two species of large prawns, an octopus, ete.
Increasing the depth to 1,600 fathoms at station No. 3308, there were,
among fishes, Synaphobranchus, Antimora, Notacanthus, Myctophum,
Careproctus, etc., and among the invertebrates, sea-anemones, holothu-
rians, meduse, starfishes, large crabs, crimson prawns, ete. Station
No. 3311, in 85 fathoms, at the entrance to Captain Harbor, yielded sey-
eral new fishes and sponges, besides some fine brachiopods and many

256 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

common forms. A rare, if not new, Antedon was the chief prize from
station No. 3316, in 309 fathoms. Station No, 3317, in 165 fathoms, off
Makushin Volcano, furnished a dozen or more species of oddly shaped
sponges and pink cup-corals, while station No. 3319, in 59 fathoms,
was remarkable for a quantity of large branching flesh-colored aleyo-
naria, of the shape and general appearance of a sea fan. Station No.
3321, in 54 fathoms, gave us a remarkable massive red alcyonarian
not previously observed.

After leaving Bering Sea en route for San Francisco, a line of dredg-
ings was run along the chain of islands lying off the Pacifie shores
of the Alaska Peninsula, the specimens corresponding generally with
those taken in the same region during the season of 1888. The first
notable exception was at station No. 3340, in 695 fathoms, muddy bot-
tom. In addition to a large number of deep-sea fishes and inverte-
brates, there were about 50 specimens of Macrurus, representing four
species, two individuals being of extraordinary size, weighing 14 and
19 pounds each. Still farther southward, on September 3, station No.
3342 was made with the beam trawl in 1,588 fathoms, gray ooze and
coarse sand, off the coast of Queen Charlotte Island, and within sight
of the high lands. Among the fishes were two species of Macrurus,
several specimens of Antimora, and: others not recognized. Among
the invertebrates were an octopus, barnacles, shrimps, sea-anemones,
amphipods, starfiskes, two species of corals, hydroids, and several
beautiful stalked crinoids, which were secured in the best of order.

INVESTIGATIONS OFF THE WEST COAST OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL
AMERICA AND OFF GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, JANUARY TO MAY, 1891.

Preparations for the cruise.—Prof. Charles H. Gilbert left for the East
on September 27 and Passed Assistant Surgeon J. EK. Gardner was
relieved by Passed Assistant Surgeon N. H. Drake the same day. The
specimens collected during the summer were shipped to Washington
on the 29th. We went to the navy-yard, Mare Island, on the 30th of
September and commenced the work of repairing and refitting. The
long cruise in Bering Sea resulted in unusual wear and tear to the
machinery, sails, and rigging.

Ensign Marbury Johnston was detached from the Albatross Novem-
ber 9; Ensign C. M. McCormick, on the 14th; and Ensign E. W. Eberle,
on the 27th. These gentlemen had served three years on board of this
vessel, and the Commission is indebted to them for much valuable
service. Hnsign Johnston is deserving of special mention. He was
ordered as watch officer, but acted as executive and navigator about
a year, performing the duties in a very satisfactory manner. He made
the surveys of Herendeen Bay and the Lower Nushagak and lent
material aid in the general corrections to the Bristol Bay charts.

I was ordered to proceed to Washington to confer with the Commis-
sioner regarding the work of the vessel, and left for that purpose on
the 20th of October, returning December 11. The repairs were prac-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 257

tically completed on the first of January, 1891, and it only remained
to dock, clean, and paint the bottom and take on board coal and pay-
master’s stores, to fit the vessel for sea.

We had a dock trial of the engines on the afternoon of January 7,
when everything was found to work satisfactorily. KE. A. Anderson,
ensign, U.S. Navy, reported for duty January 13, and J. H. L. Hol-
combe, lieutenant (junior grade), U.S. Navy, on the 15th. The vessel
went-into the naval dry dock on the 21st, when the work of scraping
and painting commenced. The bottom was very foul, between 15 and
20 tons of foreign matter being scraped from it. Chief Engineer C. R.
Roelker, U.S. Navy, was sent to the naval hospital on the 22d, with
acute bronchitis, and Assistant Engineer J. R. Wilmer, U. 8. Navy,
reported for duty the following day, Mr. Roelker being detached. We
came out of the dock on the 26th and steamed down to San Fran-
cisco, anchoring at 4:30 p.m. Commenced coaling from a lighter the
following morning.

At 10:30 p. m., after the crew were in their hammocks, cries of dis-
tress were heard, and it was soon ascertained that a boat had swamped,
leaving a number of men struggling in the water. A strong tide was
running and there was quite a heavy swellin the bay. Thedingey was
manned as quickly as possible, and Lieut. Holcombe, officer of the deck,
took charge and went to the rescue, finally picking up seven men
belonging to the American ship Reuce, and a boatman belonging to the
Sailors’ Home, some of them in an exhausted condition. They were
brought on board, and under the hands of the surgeon and others made
comfortable for the night. Some time after the return of the dingey the
small flatboat was discovered astern attempting to reach the ship, but
was unable to stem the tide. Assistance was sent, and it was found
that John Kiely, captain of the hold, had rescued two more men, mak-
ing nine in all. It seems that after the departure of the dingey, Kiely
discovered by the cries of the drowning men that the party was becom-
ing separated, and, lowering the small flatboat, went to the rescue,
with the result mentioned above.

San Francisco to Panama.—We finished coaling on the morning of
the 30th, having received 199 tons; stores were received in the mean-
time, and vacancies in the crew filled by enlistment. We left San
Francisco at 1:07 p. m. the same day for Panama, using one boiler and
consuming 10 tons of coal per day. The vessel displaced 1,140 tons on
her departure.

The weather was hazy and squally at. times, with southwest and
southeast winds after leaving port. Passed through Santa Cruz Chan-
nel at 3 a.m. February 1; made Santa Catalina Island at daylight on
the morning of the 2d, about 90 miles distant; and a little before sunset
the same evening Guadeloupe was seen between 60 and 70 miles.
Passed Cerros Island next day, it being distinctly visible at a distance
of 60 miles. Very little surface life was seen; a few gulls were about

H, Mis, 118-17

258 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the ship while near the coast; flying fish were first observed on the 5th
in latitude 22° 00’ N.;.and two species of booby were noticed. Man-of-
war hawks, petrels, and turtles were first seen on the 6th in latitude
20° 00’ N., and a school of young porpoises passed the vessel on the 7th.

Reaching the vicinity of Acapulco on the evening of the 8th, it was
thick and hazy over the land, and, not caring to enter the port before
daylight, we hove to at 10 p. m., finally anchoring in the harbor at 8
a.m. on the morning of the 9th. Thirty tons of coal were taken on
board during the day, the usual visits were made to the authorities,
and at 4:35 p.m. we proceeded to sea, en route to Panama. The nat-
uralists were busy with the collecting seine while in port, and brought
in no less than twenty species of fishes besides other forms.

Tropical heat was encountered before reaching Acapulco, and carried
without intermission until we reached the Gulf of California on our
return. Light variable winds and fine weather were the rule from
Acapulco to Panama, but we had a short northeast gale off Tehuantepec,
a stiff norther in passing the Gulf of Dulce, and a brisk northerly wind
from Cape Mala to Panama, where we arrived the morning of the 17th.
Prof. Alexander Agassiz, under whose direction the scientific work of
the cruise was to be conducted, reached Colon the same evening.

Cape Mala to Cocos and Malpelo istands.—Coal and stores were taken
on board, and at 3 p.m, February 22 we left port for the purpose of
exploring the waters from Cape Mala to Cocos and Malpelo islands,
etc. Several schools of anchovies were seen near the islands, in
Panama Road, with the usual number of frigate-birds, pelicans, gulls,
porpoises, ete., feeding upon them. ‘The surface net was put over for a
few minutes at 8 p.m., but there was very little life found. Work
commenced the following morning, and was continued through the day
between Morro Puercos and Marieto Point, in depths ranging from
182 fathoms, gravel and shells, to 695 fathoms, green mud. Vegetable
matter and occasionally quite large sticks were found at every station.
The beam-trawl and surface tow-net were used, and while the results
from the latter were meager, the former developed a rich and varied
fauna. Serial temperatures and specific gravities were carefully taken,
but the action of the thermometers was not. wholly satisfactory.

Rich working ground was found to the southward of Coiba Island on
the 24th, the soundings developing an unexpected elevation of the sea
bottom. A depth of 869 fathoms was found 20 miles south of Jicarita
Island, 791 fathoms at 35 miles, and at 50 miles there was but 465
fathoms, with rocky bottom—1,672 fathoms being found 14 miles to the
southward and westward. Rocky patches were frequently encountered,
especially on the submarine elevation, which played havoe with the
trawl nets, but rich hauls were made in spite of unfavorable conditions,
‘and the naturalists were greatly elated over the capture of rare and.
valuable specimens, some of them entirely new to science. A course
was steered in the direction of Cocos Island during the night, and at

PLATE 1.

1889 to 1891. (To face p. 259.)

Report U. S. F. €.

LS

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 259

7:30 a.m. on the 25th a sounding was made in 1,471 fathoms, green ooze.
Serial temperatures and specific gravities were taken, and a success-
ful haul of the trawl followed, the surface net being towed during the
interval of dredging.

Submarine tow net.—Experiments with a new design of submarine
tow net were made later in the day, with unsatisfactory results. In
fact, it was a failure, owing, doubtless, to the large size of the net and
its small mesh, which caused undue tension on the bridles while towing,

The frame is composed of rods and tubing of brass. There is a fine
serew-thread on the upper half of the central shaft, which works in a
nut in the upper middle part of the frame. The lower end of the shaft
is plain and passes through two studs in the frame, which serve as
stops for the bridies. A propeller on the middle of the shaft holds it
down while the apparatus is being lowered and. slowly raises it while
the net is towed through the water. The jaws are of two sizes, 3 feet
and 24 feet in diameter, with hinges which permit them to open and
shut. The net is 7 feet in length, half-inch mesh, lined with mosquito
net for 5 feet, and inside of this lining isanother of silk gauze, extending
3 feet from the lower end of the net. A weight is attached to the lower
end of the net to prevent its floating up and fouling the jaws or bridles.

To use the apparatus, close the mouth of the net, attach both bridles
by their terminal rings to the central shaft and lower to the desired
depth, then steam slowly through the water, when the propeller will
be-brought into action, the central shaft slowly raised, and the first
pair of bridles released, opening the jaws. After towing about half a
mile the shaft will have reached its upper limit, when the remaining
bridle will be released and the net again closed, ready to be hoisted to
the surface. This apparatus could be made to act by reducing the
size of the net and removing one of the linings, but the chances of acci-
dent or irregularity in the working of the propeller were so great that
there would always be a doubt as to its having properly performed
its functions. Prof. Agassiz was greatly disappointed at its failure,
for he considered the examination of intermediate depths among the
most important problems to be worked out during the cruise. I had
thought little of the matter, as my confidence in the apparatus just
described was explicit, but I now set to work to devise something that
would do the work.

The Tanner tow net is designed for the collection of pelagic forms at
intermediate depths, and was used successfully during the cruise. The
net is the same as that previously described, except that the mosquito-
net lining is reduced to about half the length of the bag. The upper
bridle has four legs attached at equal distances around the ring and
Shackled to a sinker on the end of the steel-wire dredge rope, which
serves as a tow-line. The lower bridle has two legs, 10 feet in length,
attached to opposite sides of the ring, and a 60-pound sounding shot is
toggled on the bight at the lower extremity to act as a sinker. The

260 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

lower end of the net being properly secured, the ends of the lashing
are carried down to the sinker and made fast in order to keep the net
in place while going down.

Four small brass rings are secured to the bag at equal distances, a
few inches below the upper edge of the silk-gauze lining, and through
them is rove a soft white tie line, which makes a complete round turn,
the ends being passed through the same ring, then rove through small
metal blocks on the lower bridle, and finally secured to leads weighing
14 pounds each. Two tripping lines, with eyes in their upper extremi-
ties, are hooked over a friction clamp on the tow rope, then rove through
small eyes on the rim of the net, and through brass rings on the lower
bridle, above the metal blocks before mentioned; the ends being hitched
to the leads, support their weight, allowing the tie, or draw string, to
hang loosely and the net to retain its natural form while sinking and
being towed.

To use the apparatus, prepare it as in figure 1, plate 1, lower it
vertically to the proper point, and tow it slowly through the water,
veering and heaving in on the tow line in order to maintain the desired
depth, which can be determined within a few fathoms by the dredging
quadrant, an instrument in constant use on board of the Albatross. To
recover it, stop and back until the tow rope is vertical, heaving in
sufficient line during the operation to keep the net at the proper depth;
then send the messenger (fig. 2, m) down to act on the friction clamp
(fig. 4), release the tripping lines (/), and close the lower part of the net
as Shown in fig. 6. The net may berun up to the surface at any desired
speed, the upper portion taking in anything it encounters en route,
while the lower part remains closed against even the most minute
forms. The messenger is intwo parts, which, having been placed around
the tow line, are seized together with marline(s). It sinks at the rate of
about 650 feet per minute, and the impact can usually be distinctly felt
by taking hold of the tow line.

To Cocos Island.—The course was continued towards Cocos Island
during the night, and two hauls of the trawl made on the 26th in 1,175
and 978 fathoms. Rocky bottom was encountered in the first haul,
which wrecked the net, but many valuable specimens were found in the
remnants. Serial temperatures were taken at one station, but the
results were not entirely satisfactory ; it becomes more evident from day
to day that our practice of using the dredgerope for a temperature line
in the tropics, with the Negretti and Zambra thermometers, must be
changed. The high temperature near the surface fills the bulbs so full
that even the moderate jarring caused by the surging of the rope on
the drum#f the hoisting engine is liable to shake the mercury down
into the catch reservoir, which, becoming filled, overflows into the tube,
making it necessary to repeat many of the observations. The weather
was overcast, with passing rain squalls during the day, and, toward
evening, frequent flashes of distant lightning were observed, particu-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 261

larly in the direction of land. There were occasional showers on the
25th, with lightning during the night.

Three hauls of the beam-trawl were made on the 27th, in 902 and
1,067 fathoms, mud and sand, without a trace of foraminifera, while an
intermediate station was in 1,010 fathoms, globigerina ooze. Serial
temperatures were taken at both stations, and the surface tow net was
used. At the first station the net came up badly torn and the trawl-
frame was bent, showing that it had been in contact with some obstrue-
tion on the bottom, either rocks or water-logged driftwood, which
is frequently encountered in the Gulf of Panama and -proves very
destructive to dredging gear.

The depth of 902 fathoms at the first station on the morning of the
27th, 50 miles to the eastward of Cocos Island, indicated that we were
near the summit of another submarine ridge, the water having shoaled
770 fathoms since the evening of the 24th, deepening again to 1,067
fathoms 12 miles from theisland. It was on this area only that forami-
nifera were found in appreciable quantities in the bottom specimens
taken between Panama and the island. Four hauls of the trawl and
tangles were made on the 28th in from 52 to 134 fathoms, east and north
of Cocos, over rough, rocky bottom, which afforded a variety of shoal-
water life; yet it would be considered meager in comparison with the
same depths in the Caribbean Sea.

A party of collectors was landed in the morning, the vessel continu-
ing work until 10:37 a. m., when she anchored in Chatham Bay, near
the northeast extremity of Cocos Island. A seining party, volunteer
collectors, photographers, etc., were sent on shore, and the whole crew
given an opportunity for a run on the beach and adip in the surf during
the day.

The name of the discoverer and the date of the discovery of Cocos
Island are unknown. It was visited by Lionel Wafer and Dampier;
two Spanish vessels called in 1791, and Capt. Colnett visited it in 1793;
Vancouver described it in 1795, and in 1838 Sir Edward Belcher sur-
veyed a portion of the island, and located a point in Chatham Bay,
astronomically. Many names and dates are roughly carved on bowlders
near the beach, noticeably such dates as 1798, 1809, 1819, ete.

The island is about 45 miles long, north and south, including out-
lying rocks and islets; 3 miles in width, 1,700 feet in height, and is of
voleanie origin. Its contour is rugged and mountainous; the valleys
very narrow and limited in extent. Copious rains water its surface,
and numerous mountain streams roll down the wooded heights, through
steep and tortuous gorges, and over rocky cliffs, small sand beaches
usually marking their outlet to the sea. A dense tropical jungle,
strongly resembling the forests of Central America, covers the entire
surface of the island, enveloping it in an unbroken mantle of rich and
varied shades of green. Cocoanut trees were found in such abundance
by the discoverers that they gave their name to the island, and they,

262 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

are still conspicuous in the higher inaccessible localities, while on the
lowlands near the shores they have been cut down by thoughtless
visitors in order to procure their fruit without the labor of climbing.
We found one vigorous young cocoanut tree onthe beach in Chatham
Bay at the time of our visit in the spring of 1891, the sole representa-
tive of the hundreds which formerly stood in the immediate vicinity,
affording grateful refreshment tothe exhausted or thirsty visitor. Tree-
ferns were conspicuous; and every stump, rock, or trunk of tree was
festooned with morning-glories. Pumpkin-vines, daisies, poke-berries,
etc., gave a familiar air to the surroundings.

Tradition credits the buecaneers with having buried vast amounts of
treasure on the island, which, for some reason, they were unable to
recover, and that fortune awaits the lucky finder of this hidden wealth,
The truth of this tradition has been so thoroughly impressed upon the
minds of men that expeditions have been dispatched from time to time,
at considerable expense, to search for the treasure. A few huts in
various stages of dilapidation remain as evidence of the periodical visits
of these parties, and the pigs, which run wild on the island, may have
descended from those carried there for food by the gold-hunters. A
solitary donkey, which we found passing a lonely existence on the shores
of Chatham Bay, may owe his presence there to the same source.

Chatham Bay affords fairly good anchorage in fine weather, which is
the rule, and is a convenient place to procure wood and water. Water
Bay has the largest area of level land seen on the island, and several
acres showed unmistakable evidence of having been cultivated. The
anchorage, however, is open and exposed to heavy swells. We made
a reconnaissance of the eastern shores of the island, which had not been
charted, and sent a tracing to the U.S. Hydrographic Office.

To Malpelo Island and return to Panama.—Leaving Cocos Island on
the morning of March 1, a line of dredging stations was run 8. 54° E.
true, about 300 miles, passing en route over the position of Rivade-
neyra Shoal, the line of soundings crossing our line of 1888 without
indicating shoal water or a decrease in the normal depth of the region.
Turning to the northward and eastward from the extremity of the
above line, observations were extended to Malpelo, the sea-bed being
found remarkably level, shoaling regularly as the island was approached.
We reached it on the morning of the 5th of March, made several hauls
of the trawl in shoal water, and a little before noon lay to and sent a
collecting party tothe island, which succeeded in capturing a number
of birds, lizards, ete., but could not land. Fish lines were used in 50
fathoms, but the waters were alive with sharks, which destroyed the
gear as fast asit was put over. One large grouper represented the catch.

From observations taken on the deck of this vessel the highest peak
of Malpelo is in 3° 59’ 07” N. and 81° 34’ 27” W. It is a double-
peaked volcanic rock with vertical sides, 846 feet in height, a mile in
length and about a fourth of a mile wide, surrounded by detached rocks,

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 263

which increase its length to a mile and a half. The rocks are all high
and bold, except one or two, which are but a few feet above water.
The island is covered with guano, the deposit of myriads of sea birds
which cover its heights, where they find congenial quarters and safe —
breeding-grounds. It is entirely devoid of vegetation, except a few
low leafless bushes. The only sign of vegetable life is a small patch of
grass a few feet in extent on one of the outlying rocks.

A cave was discovered on the northwestern side of the island, into
which one of the ship’s boats proceeded between 100 and 200 yards.
The arched roof was 15 feet or more in height at the entrance, increasing
as the cave was penetrated, the surface of the walls being quite smooth.
The water swarmed with fish.

From Malpelo the line was continued about N. 36° E. true, in the
direction of the Gulf of Panama, where three normals were run from
deep water to the 100-fathom line, extending over two degrees of longi-
tude. The surface net was in constant use, and the Tanner net was
operated on several occasions. Serial temperatures were taken fre-
quently, the sounding wire being successfully used as a temperature
line. Several instruments were lost the first day by the parting of the
wire, but no losses occurred afterward, and the trouble arising from
the mereury shaking down was entirely eliminated.

Reaching Panama for the second time on the morning of the 12th,
the ship was painted outside while repairs were being made in the
engineer’s department. The bunkers were filled with coal between
the 16th and 19th, and we sailed at 1:10 p.m. on the 20th of March,
steaming across the gulf.

Panama to the Galapagos Islands.—Reaching the vicinity of Galera
Point on the morning of the 23d, a series of soundings was made, feel-
ing our way to deep water, as it was desirable to cast the trawl and
make other investigations on the slope from 1,000 to 1,500 fathoms in
depth. Strong northeasterly currents were found in the vicinity, show-
ing a maximum of 51 miles in 24 hours, and continuing with-varying
force nearly to the Galapagos. We were crossing the great Humboldt
Current, which sweeps along the coast of South America into the
Gulf of Panama. During nine months of the year, while the trades are
blowing steadily, the stream is divided, a portion entering the Gulf and
a broader belt taking a northwesterly direction. This division is not
usually apparent from January to May, while the trades are interrupted,
and the western part then takes a northerly direction, with its velocity
greatly diminished.

The following series of observations extended from the South Ameri-
can coast to the Galapagos, crossing one of the great currents of the
Pacific Ocean at the point where its cooling waters pour into the Gulf
of Panama and where the faunas of the Southern and Central Pacific
meet. Great care was observed in all the work on this line and the
observations were varied and complete. The depths and serial tem-

264 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

peratures were frequently obtained, the beam trawl and surface nets
used at all the stations, and the Tanner net was frequently operated at
intermediate depths, after getting well clear of the land, to ascertain
the distribution of pelagic fauna.

The surface life was greater than we had found in the Gulf of Pan-
ama, and the results of the deep-sea hauls of the trawl were fairly good,
but the southern approach to the Galapagos, where we anticipated a
rich field, proved to be practically barren and did not compare favorably
even with the northeast approach. The greatest depth, 1,832 fathoms,
was found about 160 miles from the South American coast; thence to
the vicinity of the islands it gradually decreased.

Galapagos Islands.—The highlands of Chatham Island were sighted
at daylight, March 28, and after spending most of the day in running
a line of dredging along its southern approach, we stood into Wreck
Bay and anchored at 5:30 p.m. Sefior Manuel A. Cobos came on
board soon after our arrival to extend the hospitalities of the Hacienda
del Progreso, and Mr. Townsend returned with him that evening on a
collecting trip. Prof. Agassiz, several officers, and myself went to the
plantation next day, and were met and entertained by the proprietor,
Senor Manuel J. Cobos. The rains had been unusually heavy during
the season, and the fine carriage road from the port to the hacienda,
which we admired so much three years ago, was a complete wreck.

At the time of our former visit cattle were the principal source of
revenue, but that is changed now. A plant of modern sugar machin-
ery has been installed, and the growing of cane and the manufacture
of sugar is prosecuted with the greatest energy. The natural ad-
vantages of soil and climate, cheapness of labor, and the privileges of
the McKinley bill insure large returns from this industry. The young
cotfee plantation, mentioned in my report of 1888, bids fair to realize
the anticipations of the proprietor. I tested some of the product and
found it excellent.

The settlement on Chatham Island was formerly a penal colony, the
convicts performing all the labor on the plantation. This was the case
at the time of our visit in 1888, but is no longer so, the criminals havy-
ing been removed and free labor employed, greatly to the advantage
of the estate. Supplies were procured from the hacienda and a fine
young bullock was presented to the ship by Sefor Cobos. The natu-
ralists increased their list of specimens somewhat, besides procuring
many duplicates. The weather was hot and rainy at Chatham Island,
and during showers, when skylights, ports, ete., were closed, the interior
of the vessel was as hot as an oven.

‘Leaving Wreck Bay at 10:25 a. m., March 31, we steamed to Charles
Island direct, anchoring in Blackbeach Road at 8 p. m. The crew
were given liberty the next day, when many of them went to the old
plantation, where fruit was found in abwndance, several bushels of
oranges, limes, alligator pears, etc., being brought on board. The nat-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 265

uralists were out as usual during the day, and a number of officers
went on a hunting expedition to Post-Office Bay, returning with eighteen
flamingos.

Leaving Charles Island at 1:05 a. m., April 2, we ran over to Duncan
Island and sent parties into the mountains for tortoises. They were
away nearly all day, and returned with a single specimen only,
although they searched carefully over the ground where three years
ago they were quite numerous. A few years more and they will prob-
ably become extinet. An anchorage was found for the night in Con-
way Bay, Indefatigable Island, where we arrived at 5 p. m., giving the
collectors an hour or two ashore before dark. Getting under way again
at 3:15 a. m., April 3, we steamed to the northward between James and
Indefatigable islands, commencing work in 551 fathoms, about 7 miles
N. by W. from the Seymour Islands, in prolongation of our line of 1888,
extending it to Bindloe, Abingdon, and Wenman islands. Here we
were met by another surprise; excellent results having been obtained
from contiguous stations occupied three years previously, we naturally
expected to find the same rich fauna in similar depths a few miles to the
westward. We did not, however; on the contrary, the bottom was
foul and contained comparatively little life, while the surface was
almost barren. Hight stations were occupied between Indefatigable
and Wenman islands in from 327 to 1,270 fathoms.

Galapagos Islands to Acapulco and Guaymas.—From. the latter island
a line was run to Acapulco, nineteen stations being occupied in depths
ranging from 2,252 to 94 fathoms. The same general plan of investi-
gation was continued and the results were satisfactory in the ocean
basin, but upon approaching the Mexican coast the bottom became
very barren. This condition may be attributed largely to the great
amount of decayed and decaying vegetable matter covering the sea
bed. Every haul of the trawl brought up quantities in every stage of
decomposition, and occasionally the net was loaded with vegetable muck,
which emitted a highly offensive odor. This deposit was not evenly
distributed over the bottom, but it prevailed to a sufficient extent to
drive animal life from the ground. The same effect was noticed between
the Pearl Islands and the mainland in the Gulf of Panama in 1888,
where the deposit was even greater and the odor so vile that the chief
naturalist requested that no more of it be brought up. The Tanner net
was used at several stations with satisfactory results.

Surface life between the Galapagos and the Mexican coast may be
summarized as follows: An occasional whale, porpoises, dolphins, and
flying fish frequently seen, and green turtles in sight almost constantly
floating on the surface. Birds were not numerous, though petrels were
seen daily; tropic birds and boobies were noticed occasionally, besides
gulls and other species which appeared as we approached the coast.

We anchored in the harbor of Acapulco at 3:30 p. m., April 12, after
a successful cruise of nine days between the Galapagos and that point.

266 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
.

Having filled up with coal and taken on board supplies, we sailed,
April 15, for a cruise along the Mexican coast and Gulf of California.
The surface tow net and the Tanner net were used frequently, and a
line of dredging stations was commenced to the southward of the Tres
Marias, in 2,022 fathoms, where serial temperatures were taken. The
trawl was lowered a few hours later, in 676 fathoms, and the line con-
tinued to 80 fathoms near the land. Passing the islands the depths
increased, the sounding cups showing green mud or black sand, but
there was sufficient clay in it to prevent its washing freely through the
meshes of the trawl net, thus resulting in the loss of gear from over-
loading. Frequent patches of shale rock were also encountered, which
made the use of the trawl still more difficult. The currents of the gulf
seem to extend to the bottom, even in depths exceeding 1,000 fathoms,
scouring out the mud and ooze, and occasionally exposing the native
rock. Sticks, leaves, and other kinds of vegetable matter were marked
features of the hauls on the eastern side of the gulf as well as in the
Pacific, but were not brought up in as great quantities. The bottom
fauna from the Tres Marias to Guaymas was unexpectedly meager;
indeed, it was a great disappointment to us, for we had consoled our-
selves for the barren ground off Acapulco in anticipation of rich fields
in the gulf.

The work of the cruise ended with our arrival at Guaymas on the
afternoon of April 25, where Prof. Agassiz left us to return to tae
Atlantic coast by rail. The explorations during the cruise were con-
ducted under his general direction, and his great knowledge and expe-
rience were apparent in all our operations. He was always ready in a
most genial and kindly way to impart information, which was given so
plainly that it was always comprehended, even by laymen. We took
leave of him with much regret, and it is our fond hope that some time
in the near future we may again have his active codperation in deep-
sea investigation.

Scientific results of the cruise.—The scientific report of the expedition
will be made by Prof. Agassiz, yet it may not be out of place to state
in a general way some of the results obtained. The fauna of the region
examined was not as rich as in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Carib-
bean Sea. Decayed vegetable matter was found to a greater or less
extent on most of the bottom examined. Foraminifera was, as a rule,
very sparsely represented in the bottom soil, and was found in consid-
erable quantities at but few stations. Many forms were identical with
those of the Caribbean Sea, and others were closely allied to them.
The repeated use of the Tanner net, remote from land, showed
that the surface life extended down about 300 fathoms, the bottom
life reaching up between 100 and 200 fathoms, and the intermediate
space being practically barren. On one occasion in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, in the vicinity of land, life was found from surface to bottom.
The ocean temperatures of the region were very low, considering that

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 267

it ies within the tropics. The Humboldt current, the one great and
constant movement of the waters from the southern polar regions into
the Gulf of Panama, is a cold one, and its volume is so great in com-
parison with the warmer equatorial counter-current that the latter is
soon absorbed and the whole mass reduced to a lower temperature than
in any other oceanic area in the same latitudes. There are no coral
reefs in the Gulf of Panama or about Malpelo, Cocos, and the Gals-
pagos Islands; indeed, it is not until we reach Clipperton Island, in
10° north latitude and 109° west longitude, that the reef-builders find
congenial temperatures for the prosecution of their work. These low
temperatures doubtless exert a marked influence on the submarine
fauna of the region.

We left Guaymas April 24, ia arrived at San Diego May 1 without
incident worthy of notice. Taking on board a supply of coal, we sailed
the next evening for the navy-vard, Mare Island, arriving on the morn-
ing of the 5th. ;

The winds, weather, and currents encountered during the cruise may
be summarized as follows

Winds southwest to southeast from San Francisco to Santa Barbara
Islands; light and variable with frequent calms to Acapulco. Light
variable winds from the latter port to Panama, with the exception of a
short sharp northeast gale off Tehuantepec; a stiff norther in passing
the Gulf of Dulce, and a brisk northerly wind from Cape Mala to Panama.
Light variable winds and frequent calms were experienced in the Gulf
of Panama, and thence to Cocos Island, Malpego, and the Galapagos.
The southeast trades were entirely interrupted, the prevailing winds
being from southwest. There was very little wind among the islands
of the archipelago or to the northward until we encountered the north-
east trades in about 5° 00’ N. They were very strong for twenty-four
hours, then moderate, dying out entirely in 11° 00’ N; thence to Aca-
pulco, southwest airs prevailing. Along the Mexican coast to Cape
Corrientes we had light to moderate northwest winds, thence to Guay-
mas, gentle westerly breezes. From the latter port to Cape San Lucas
the same winds were found, and thence to San Diego light to moderate
breezes from the northward and westward. From San Diego to San
Francisco light southerly airs prevailed.

The sea was generally smooth during the cruise.

The weather was hazy and squally from San Francisco to the Santa
Barbara Islands; mild and pleasant with passing clouds thence to
Acapulco. There was a daily increase of temperature, but the full effect
of tropical heat was not felt until the vessel was lying at anchor in the
harbor. From Acapuleo to Panama it was generally fair, with hazy or
smoky atmosphere enveloping the land, as usual in the dry season.
Three or four days of rainy, squally weather were encountered off the
eulf between 6° 00/ and 7° 00/ N. latitude the latter part of February;
thence to Cocos, Malpelo, and Panama the weather was invariably

268 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

pleasant but warm, the same conditions prevailing until we arrived at
the Galapagos with one notable exception, March 23, when in 1° 00’ N,
and 80° 00/ W. we had an overcast rainy day. It was the height of the
rainy season in the archipelago and showers were of frequent occur-
rence every day, the sun coming out brightly between them. There

was more or less rain after leaving the islands to 5° 00’ N. Thence to
Acapulco, Guaymas, and Cape San Lucas it was invariably bright and
clear. The mornings were hazy or foggy off the coast of Lower Califor-
nia, generally clearing between 10 a.m. and meridian. From San Diego
to the bay of San Francisco it was misty, but not sufficiently thick to
interfere with navigation.

The currents from San Francisco to Acapulco were neither strong nor
constant in direction; the aggregate was 70 miles against us during the
trip. They were stronger thence to Panama, amounting to about 100
miles adverse set. From Panama to Cocos Island, Malpelo, and return,
the general set was south and southeast from 6 to 39 miles per day.
From Panama toward Cape San Francisco, on the coast of Ecuador, the
set was southwest to west from 7 to 24 miles per day.

The Humboldt current was encountered about 2° 00/ N. and 80° 00/
W. from 29 to 51 miles a day, setting to the northward and eastward,
trending more to the eastward as we left the coast, until in 87° 00/ W.
it was S. 83° E.17 miles in twenty-four hours; thence to the Galapagos
but little current was noticed. The general set through the archipel-
ago is to the westward, except from January to April or May, when
currents are mostly confined to tidal influence.

A light easterly drift was apparent from the islands to 6° 00/ N.; then
a westerly set, reaching a maximum of 50 miles per day to about 9°
00’ N.; thence to Acapulco very light. From the latter port a light
northwesterly current was felt, increasing as we approached Cape
Corrientes, and ceasing entirely to the northward of the Tres Marias
Islands, from which point to Guaymas the drift was light to the east-
ward. From the latter port to Cape San Lucas and San Diego the cur-
rents were very light and variable. Thence to San Francisco, where
the coast was followed closely, the influence of Davidson’s counter-
current from the southward and eastward was felt.

The general health of officers and crew was excellent considering the
rapid and extreme climatic changes they were subjected to.

Mare Island Navy-yard and San Francisco.—Many of the crew were
discharged soon after our arrival at Mare Island, their terms of service
having expired, leaving us with barely force enough to care for the
vessel. Ensign W. W. Gilmer, U.S. N., was detached on May 8, and
on the 18th Passed Assistant Engineer J. R. Wilmer, U. 8. N., was
sent to the naval hospital for treatment for insomnia and nervous
prostration. On the 28th of the same month telegraphic orders were
received to commence repairs necessary for the contemplated summer’s
cruise. It soon became apparent that Mr. Wilmer woul. be unable to

-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 269

rejoin the vessel, and Assistant Engineer A. M. Hunt, U. S. N., was
ordered to relieve him, reporting June 9, at which time the former was
detached.

June 25 orders were received from the Navy Department reducing
the number of the crew from 67 to 53 men after June 30, 1891, and also
giving new ratings. The proposed crew would be able simply to navi-
gate the vessel, but could not carry on the work for which she is em-
ployed. Authority was subsequently received from the Commissioner,
however, to employ the additional men required to make the vessel
efficient, placing them on the Fish Commission rolls. The necessary
changes were made immediately.

Engines and boilers were tested at a dock trial June 27 and, much to
our gratification, everything worked smoothly and satisfactorily. We
went to San Francisco on the 29th and docked at the Union Iron
Works the following morning to scrape and paint the vessel’s bottom,
which had become exceedingly foul during her cruise in tropical waters.
We expected to dock at the navy-yard, but the dry-dock was required
very unexpectedly for a French frigate which arrived a few days pre-
viously, needing extensive repairs.

The Albatross was in dry-dock at the end of the fiscal year when
this report should properly close, yet it seems advisable to state that
we were preparing for a season’s work in Bering Sea, and would have
sailed early in July had the vessel not been diverted from her work to
convey the United States commissioners to the Seal Islands. We left
San Francisco on the evening of July 16, having on board Dr. Thomas
C. Mendenhall and Dr. C. Hart Merriam, United States commissioners,
en route for the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea.

Summary of work and condition of equipment.—The following brief
summary gives in a graphic form a résumé of the work of the Albatross
for the fiscal year 1890-91:

Nimiberrote days atisedies sist tace tances cas sac aa Coos we eee ees 135
Distance run by observation, in knots......--:--.-.-.-----..-.-. 15, 314
Distancenunsby loom knots sess- ce. ees ese ase 15, 706
Numberof:deep-sea Soundines. 2525. 2: cos 2c See asset es coe 30d
Humberor dred ring stations 225/52 oA). -<2+ 222.526 se+ 5 onl 153
Numibeniofifishinoy stations: sn 22 5 jas ietets ues oe aster ae geo bea 95
Number of specific-gravity stations .......-...----..-.-------.- 330
Number of serial-temperature stations................---.-2---- 35
Number of submarine tow-net stations ....-.-.----..---.--.-.-- 19

Mr. Charles H. Townsend, resident naturalist, has prosecuted an
extended investigation regarding the oyster industry of San Francisco
Bay and adjacent waters, having performed the work while the vessel
was in port. All practical aid has been rendered him.

The deep-sea sounding apparatus has worked satisfactorily, although
we have met with some losses. Our heaviest reel was disabled during
the winter’s cruise, involving the loss of several thousand fathoms of

270 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

wire. The drum did not collapse, but the binding bolts gave way one
by one, allowing the flanges to spring outward and the wire to find
lodgment between them and the edges of the drum. The nip was so
great that it ruined the wire even where it was possible to extricate it,
but many of the parts were cut before they could be cleared. Fortu-
nately, we had a heavy navy reel on board, which was mounted without
“causing delay in our work.

The dredging engine has continued to perform its work admirably.
The service was particularly heavy during the winter in the greater
depths, and near the end of the season the friction gear gave out, but
it did not materially interfere with the working of the engine. The
arms of the driving pinion and friction drum were lashed together, and
the latter was operated directly by the engine in veering as well as
hoisting. It was repaired at small cost.

The reeling engine still performs its work well without expense for
repairs, further than the usual examination and adjustment. The
dredge rope was subjected to unusual wear and tear during the south-
ern cruise and parted several times, but there were no serious losses.
The expenditure of trawls resulting from these breakages was of greater
importance, but never resulted in the least delay, the apparatus in
reserve being equal at all times to the demand.

The Negretti and Zambra thermometers have worked well except
when used in series on the dredge rope, particularly in the tropies.
After the substitution of the sounding wire as a temperature rope the
instruments worked well, but several were lost by parting the wire,
and this is liable to occur at any time, the margin of safety being very
small. The expenditure of wire would be of little moment, but the loss
of a dozen deep-sea thermometers is another matter and might bring
that branch of work to an abrupt termination. We have now adopted
the following plan: A sufticient amount of large strong wire is wound
on a Spare drum, and when serial temperatures are to be taken it is
mounted on the sounding machine, arrangements having been made for
the rapid interchange of reels.

PERSONNEL.

The following is the list of officers, June 30, 1891: Lieut. Commander
Z. L. Tanner, U.S. Navy, commanding; Lieut. C. G. Calkins, U.S.
Navy, executive officer and navigator; Lieut. (jr. grade) J. H. Lee Hol-
combe, U. S. Navy; Ensign E. A. Anderson, U. 8. Navy; Passed
Assistant Surgeon Nelson H. Drake, U. S. Navy; Passed Assistant
Paymaster C, 8. Willams, U.S. Navy; Assistant Engineer A. M. Hunt,
U.S. Navy.

The civilian corps was as follows: Charles H. Townsend, resident
naturalist; A. B. Alexander, fishery expert; N. B. Miller, assistant nat-
uralist; Harry C. Fassett, clerk to commanding officer.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 271

REPORT OF A. B. ALEXANDER, FISHERY BXPERT.
_ [Abstract. ]
WASHINGTON, OREGON, aND CALIFORNIA.

On August 28, 1889, hydrographic operations were commenced off the
coast of Washington, and were carried on thence southward along the
coasts of Oregon and northern California as far as Cape Mendocino.
The work of sounding, dredging, and fishing was assiduously carried
on from the above date until October 13, with the exception of a short
visit made to Portland, Oregon, and the time required for coaling. Off
the coasts examined the fishing-grounds are entirely within the 100-
fathom curve. Fishes are generally found in greatest numbers in
depths of 15. to 30 fathoms and on rocky bottoms, but the numerous
species of rockfish frequently congregate together on sandy patches,
attracted, undoubtedly, by the quantity of food which they find there.

The greatest distance of the 100-fathom curve from the coast of
Washington, between Cape Flattery and the Columbia River, is about
40 miles, the least distance about 18 miles, the average being about 25
miles. South of the Columbia River this curve takes an’ irregular
course, but near the northern boundary line of California it rapidly
approaches the shore, deep water being found only a short distance
from the land. Heceta Bank is the apis and most important fishing-
ground south of Cape Flattery.

The first trial for bottom fish was made on the afternoon of August
30 in 28 fathoms off Yaquina Head, Oregon, the catch consisting of 1
red rockfish and 2 ling or whiting. The wind was blowing fresh at the
time, causing the ship to drift rapidly, and it was difficult to keep the
hooks on the bottom. The following morning another trial was made
some 30 miles south of the last locality in 29 fathoms of water, but no
fish were taken. The bottom consisted of fine gray sand, and furnished
no indications of a good fishing-ground.

On the morning of September 1 hand lines were used at hydrographic
station No. 1958, latitude 44° 01’ N., longitude 124° 49’ 15” W., depth
58 fathoms, both from the ship and from small boats. Nothing of im-
portance was taken by the latter, and only 3 orange rockfish by the
former. At hydrographic station No. 1978, later in the day, latitude
43° 58’ 30” N., longitude 124° 44’ 20” W., 61 fathoms, even poorer
results were obtained, but at a few ship lengths from this berth 2
rockfish, of two species, were captured in the course of a few minutes.
Undoubtedly at many places where we were unable to secure anything
with hand lines excellent fishing could be obtained with the beam trawl.
While flounders, soles, and some other edible species may occur in very

272 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

great numbers, their presence might not be indicated by hand lines, as
was frequently demonstrated during the investigations along this coast.

Subsequent to the trials above mentioned, the beam trawl was cast
at station No. 3080, latitude 43° 58’ N., longitude 124° 36’ W., 93 fath-
oms, securing 3 species of rockfish, 1 black-cod, 1 cultus-cod, and 100
flounders, representing several species. A short distance from this
spot a similar catch was made with the beam trawl, and in three hauls
with the same appliance after night fall, large quantities of flounders
were captured. The following day another large lot of flounders was
obtained at station No. 3082, latitude 43° 52’ N., longitude 124° 15’ W.,’
43 fathoms, while 9 red rockfish and 2 whiting were caught on hand
lines in the same locality. A rich spot was found between the Siuslaw
River and Heceta Head, where 52 black rockfish (Sebastodes melanops)
were landed on the deck in the course of a few minutes. We com-
menced fishing in a depth of 18 fathoms, and drifted into 134 fathoms.
The depth was, therefore, very favorable for hand-line fishing. Small-
boat fishing could be successfully prosecuted all along this part of the
coast, but the market demand is not sufficient to warrant it at present,

At hydrographic station No. 1981, latitude 44° 01/ 30’ N., longitude
124° 11’ 30” W., 24 fathoms, 8 orange rockfish and 3 black-cod were
caught on hand lines. At dredging station No. 5084, latitude 44° 12’
31” N., longitude 124° 19’ W., 46 fathoms, the beam trawl and hand
lines were both used, the entire catch amounting to 10 black-cod ana 9
whiting. The edible qualities of the latter seem to be as good as those
of the red rockfish, and the species is abundant in many places. The
next trial was at hydrographic station No. 1982, latitude 44° 16’ N.,
longitude 124° 12’ W., 31 fathoms, and comparatively good fishing was
obtained, 24 whiting, 14 orange rockfish, and 2 flounders having been
captured in the space of 45 minutes. Several trials in the neighbor-
hood of Cape Perpetua, Oregon, proved that black-cod, whiting, and
red rockfish occur there in considerable numbers. The depth of water
and character of the bottom are suitable for small-boat fishing. The
last trial for the day was in 31 fathoms, Cape Perpetua bearing ENE.
(magnetic) 4 miles, but only one red rockfish was secured there. The
total catch of edible fishes for the day amounted to about 600 pounds.
The black-cod in this locality is smaller than in more northern waters,
and lacks the sweet flavor which it has at the north.

On September 3 hand-line fishing was prosecuted with much dili-
gence, the day’s catch amounting to 41 black-cod, 60 orange rockfish,
3 whiting, 1 dogfish, and 1 shark. Had the wind blown less violently
more fish would undoubtedly have been secured. Thirty-seven of the
black-cod were taken during the first drift, Yaquina Head bearing NE.
$ N., and distant 5 miles. The depth was 44 fathoms. From our ex-
perience the best fishing-spots seemed to lie from 6 to 8 miles off shore.

Fishing was next taken up off Cape Falcon, or False Tillamook, and
was continued at short interyals down the coast, The results were not

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 273

as favorable as off Yaquina Head, but a strong tide was running at the
time and may have had more or less effect on the distribution of the fish, °
as is known to be the case in other places. On many spots over which
we were drifted the hand lines brought up flounders, and the beam trawl,
put over just before dark, secured between 800 and 900 of these fishes.

The region about Cape Meares, 165 miles south of Cape Falcon, was
subsequently investigated, the beam trawl being first used at station
No. 3091, latitude 45° 32’ N., longitude 124° 19/ 30’ W., depth 87 fath-
oms. Half a dozen squid, 100 flounders, 5 red rockfish, and about
a peck of prawns composed the bulk of the catch. In 46 fathoms,
Cape Meares bearing E. 3 8., 4 miles distant, only one red rockfish was
taken on the hand lines. A berth nearer shore gave better results,
as 14 red rockfish were quickly secured there. During the continuance
of this drift a series of trials was also made about Arch Rocks by means
of adory. These rocks lie about 2 miles from Cape Meares and 5 miles
from the entrance to Tillamook Bay. Our investigations, however,
were not attended with success, although the search was made as
thorough as the time permitted. Attention was first given to the
northern side of the rock, but obtaining nothing there, we shifted to
the south side, where we soon discovered the cause of the barren con-
dition of the region. In all sheltered places where the warm rays of
the sun could penetrate, hundreds of sea lions were hauled out upon
the rocks. Sea birds also filled the air and covered the summits of the
rocks. The latter likewise consume large quantities of surface fishes,
such as herring and smelts, and although none of these species were
observed, the presence of the birds indicated their occurrence.

Off the entrance to Tillamook Bay, 22 red rockfish, 2 orange rockfish,
1 black-cod, 4 cultus-cod, and 1 yellow-striped rockfish were captured.
From about 3 miles north of Cape Lookout to some 3 or 4 niles below the
cape a very thorough examination of the bottom was made close in
shore. During fifteen trials none of the baits upon the hooks were
disturbed, and it is probable that the sea lions occurring along this
region have caused a scarcity of fish. While the inshore work was in
progress, the ship ran 10 miles off the land and made trials with the
beam trawl and hand lines. By means of the former a large quantity
of flounders was secured, while with the latter 2 red rockfish, 1 salmon,
and a flounder were taken.

Between Cape Lookout and Siletz Bay thirteen trials were made with
hand lines. Fish seemed to be plentiful in a few places, but in the
majority only a limited number were obtained. The bottom in this region
is sandy. The true cod (Gadus morrhua) has been reported from time
to time from this section of the coast, but it is very improbable that it
occurs there, and none were taken by the Albatross south of the Strait
of Juan de Fuca. <A few vessels would have no trouble in obtaining
good fares of red rockfish and black-cod between Tillamook Rock and
Yaquina Head, but, as already mentioned, the latter species has not

HL. Mis, 13-—18 | i

274 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

_

the same quality here as off Cape Flattery and the Queen Charlotte
Islands. The water is shallow and the bottom sufficiently smooth to
render fishing easy, and while the tide runs rapidly at times, it is not
strong enough to carry a trawl buoy below the surface.

Running down the coast 48 miles, work was resumed off Heceta
Head. Between this point and Coquille River, a distance of 63 miles,
trials were made with hand lines in 15 different places. The bottom is
not unlike that found farther north, and on many spots and ridges red
rockfish were fairly abundant. In other localities, however, the bottom
seemed to be more or less destitute of life.

Some time was occupied in hand-line fishing off Tsiltcoos River, in 13
fathoms, the mouth of the river bearing SE. by E. (magnetic), distant
2.7 miles, but without success. Better results were obtained during a
ten-minute trial off Umpqua River, 12 miles south of Tsiltcoos River,
27 red rockfish being taken. The character of the bottom in these two
places did not differ materially.

The ground adjacent to Cape Gregory was carefully examined in -
depths of 11 to 40 fathoms. The best fishing was found in the last-
mentioned depth, Cape Gregory light bearing S. 3 E. (magnetic), 14.5
miles distant. The catch consisted of 22 red rockfish. In six subse-
quent trials nearer the shore, in depths of 11 to 25 fathoms, no bites
were obtained, notwithstanding the fact that the same kind of bait was
used. At times, however, fish may be more abundant in this locality.

At hydrographic station No. 2066, lat. 43° 03/30” N., long. 124° 33/ 30”
W., 44fathoms, the ship lay to, drifting foran hour and twenty minutes,
with twelve hand lines in use, but not a single fish was taken. As we
worked farther southward fish became exceedingly scarce, and the
ground in the immediate vicinity of Cape Orford proved as unproduct-
ive as that off Cape Gregory. Nota fish was obtained in the course of
seven trials, while with the beam trawl, 11 miles from the cape, only a
few shells, 1 starfish, and a small crab were secured.

Many trials were made in the vicinity of Orford Reef by means of the
dory, fitted with hand lines of different sizes. ‘This reef consists of sev-
eral rough ledges, rising abruptly and in some places perpendicularly
from the sea, and is inhabited by many sea lions. .Unlike other.similar
localities, however, where the presence of sea lions seems to cause a
great scarcity of other aquatic life, food-fishes of several species are
abundant here. By far the best fishing was obtained on the south side
of the reef, in 6 to 8 fathoms of water, hard, irregular bottom. In the
beginning an anchorage was made for each trial, but as it proved very
difficult to raise the anchor at times, it was found expedient to lay to
and drift with the wind and tide. The hooks frequently caught on the
rocks, causing the dory to bring up suddenly, but notwithstanding these
difficulties a very good collection of fishes was made. Among these
were red, orange, and vermilion rockfishes, the cultus-cod, black-cod,
and several large sculpins. The cultus-cod were unusually abundant.

During the progress of this investigation the ship was engaged in

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 2715

dredging and fishing to the southward and westward of the reef. One
haul with the beam trawl showed the bottom to be very rich in places.
Only 1 cultus-cod, 1 rockfish, and 1 sculpin were taken with the hand
lines.

This was the last fishing work carried on during the cruise, but after
a trip to the Columbia River, soundings were begun off Cape Sebastian
and were extended as far as Cape Mendocino, California, The char-
acter of the bottom along this part of the coast is not such as would
lead one to expect the presence of fishes in large numbers, but some
localities nay be found where good fishing can be obtained.

The capture of halibut off Cape Mendocino has been reported on
several occasions. The captain of the steam fishing schooner George
LI, Chance, of Portland, Oregon, states that in the latter part of July,
1889, he secured a number of halibut close to the cape, in a depth of 40
fathoms. As the feeding-ground in this locality covers only a very
small area, it is not probable that many halibut need be looked for
there. Heceta Bank is probably the only ground south of Cape Flattery
where halibut may be expected to remain for any length of time. On
the evening of August 7 the George L. Chance anchored on the southern
part of that bank and put over hand lines. Several small halibut were
caught in the course of a short time, and, thinking they must be
abundant, a trawl line was set. The next morning, on hauling it, the
heads of 11 halibut were found attached to the hooks, but sharks and
dogfish had devoured the bodies. Further efforts also proved fruitless,
and the vessel proceeded to Flattery Bank, where a fare was obtained.

POINT ARENA TO SANTA BARBARA, CAL. (MARCH AND APRIL, 1890).

The Italian and Greek fishermen of San Francisco fish the year
round in various localities, both to the north and south of the Golden
Gate. The most northern limit to their grounds is Point Arena, the
most southern, Point Ano Nuevo. Hand-line fishing is principally car-
ried on between Point Reyes and Point Arena, in depths of 10 to 30 fath-
oms. Extralarge red rockfish and cultus-cod are secured off Point Reyes,
and as good fares may be obtained within 2 or 3 miles of the shore,
attention is seldom paid to the adjacent deeper waters. Red rockfish
are chiefly taken in this locality, but other species are also caught in
smaller quantities. The red rockfish is also abundant in the vicinity
of Bodega Head and Tomales Point. Fishing is carried on in Tomales
Bay during the entire year, drag seines and. three-mesh trammel nets
being used for the capture of red rockfish, perch, flounders, smelt, sea
bass, herring, and anchovies. From 30 to 40 fishermen confine their
operations exclusively to this bay, making no attempts to try on any
of the offshore grounds. The catch is marketed in San Francisco,
being transported there by rail.

In Bodega Bay fishing is also prosecuted throughout the year, by |
means of hand lines and drag seines. The principal species obtained
here are tomcod, red rockfish, and flounders.

276 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The next important fishing-ground south of Point Reyes is Drake
Bay. Drag seines are used exclusively, as the species which inhabit
this locality are most readily captured by this method. Large boats
engage in the fishery in this bay, from three to five going in company
and each taking its turn in carrying the catch to market.

Ballenas Bay, not far from the Golden Gate, is a favorite locality for
the use of the trammel net. Red rockfish, sea bass, and cultus-cod are
the species chiefly taken.

Directly south of the Golden Gate, between Point Lobos and Point
San Pedro, is a stretch of barren coast, about 11 miles long. The fish-
ermen account for the scarcity of fish in this region by the presence of
sea lions, which inhabit the ledges and all available places along the
shore. From May to September trawl and hand-line fishing is carried
on between Point San Pedro and Point Ano Nuevo, mainly for red »
rockfish. As before mentioned, the San Francisco fishermen do not
work farther south than Point Aiio Nuevo, but below that place other
fishermen pursue their calling in close proximity to the coast.

About the Farallon Islands is located one of the chief fishing-grounds
off the coast of California. Fishing is actively carried on in this region
from September to May. The principal anchorage is off the south side
of the South Farallon. The ground surrounding this island is, as <
rule, more productive than that adjacent to either the Middle or North
Farallones. The bottom is exceedingly rough and rocky, and much
fishing gear is frequently lost upon it.

Fanny Shoal is a small spot of fishing-ground, on which large catches
are sometimes made. The center of the shoal lies 34 miles northwest-
erly from the North Farallon.

Cordell Bank is located some 16 miles northwest of Fanny Shoal, and
during the winter months it is resorted to by a few of the large boats
from San Francisco, which fish for cultus-cod and red rockfish. The
fishermen, however, have very little knowledge respecting the size and
characteristics of the bank, and take no pains to increase their stock of
information regarding it.

The ground examined by the steamer Albatross during the early
spring of 1890 extends from Point Arena to Santa Barbara. Time
would not permit of an investigation of all the small bays and indenta-
tions, but attention was chiefly paid to localities of greatest importance.
The fishing-grounds south of the Golden Gate, exclusive of the bays, do
not differ greatly from those along the northern coast of California.
The 30-fathom curve is about 13 miles from the shore off Bodega Head,
and at Point Reyes above 24 miles. Its distance from the land in-
creases rapidly from this point, and it turns abruptly seaward to inclose
the Middle and South Farallones. At Pigeon Point, 38 miles south of
the Golden Gate, it is again only about 24 miles from shore, and thence
to Santa Cruz it continues nearly parallel with the coast. The 100-
fathom curve passes close to Cordell Bank and the Farallon Islands, and
from the latter locality to off Point Aiio Nuevo it runs nearly parallel

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. Pag

with the 30-fathom curve. It enters Monterey Bay a little over 9 miles
south of Santa Cruz, and Jeaves the southern side of the bay abruptly.

The bottom food-fishes inhabiting this extensive area do not differ
much from those found farther north, either as to species, quantity, or
quality. Many rich spots occur as feeding-grounds for the various
kinds of rockfish and other important species, but there are abundant
muddy depressions where nothing of commercial value can be found.

The fishermen all confine their efforts to depths much under 100
fathoms. -Were more attention paid to deep-water fishing it would
undoubtedly result in a material improvement in the size and quality
of the boats. A large number of the fishing boats hailing from San
Francisco, Santa Cruz, and Monterey have great stability and sea-
worthiness, and they are often good sailers, but very much could be
done to increase the comfort of the crew, for which there are at present
practically no accommodations.

On two occasions, while at anchor in Drake Bay, the bottom was
tested with hand lines of different sizes, but nothing was captured,
and the same negative results were obtained with the use of crab nets.
A cod trawl, set for six hours across a rocky patch of ground on the
northern side of the bay, afforded only 2 small flounders. Rocktfish
inhabit this ledge in summer, but they never occur there in large num-
bers. The principal edible fishes secured with the beam trawl about
the Farallon Islands were flounders and soles, of several species, and
red rockfish. Flounders, soles, anchovies, tomcod, crabs, and other in-
vertebrates were taken by the same means in the vicinity of Noonday
Rock, but only red rockfish were caught with hand lines.

A cod trawl was set for seven hours on the western part of Cordell
Bank, in a depth of 30-odd fathoms, the catch consisting of 47 red
rockfish, averaging 64 pounds each, and 2 cultus-cod, weighing 18 and
20 pounds, respectively. One orange rockfish, 2. yellow-tails, and 2
cultus-cod were captured with hand lines during a drift which oceu-
pied about three-quarters of an hour. All subsequent trials with hand
lines and trawls on grounds farther south proved less satisfactory.
This, however, may have been partly due to a strong wind which pre-
vailed during the greater part of the time.

Cordell Bank has not yet been fully explored. It covers approxi-
mately an area of 20 square miles, and its small extent precludes its
being resorted to by many vessels at a time. A vessel operating with
six to eight dories could, under favorable conditions, obtain from 4,000
to 5,000 pounds of fish a day, but whether this abundant supply would
continue long can be only ascertained by experiment. The bottom
consists of rocks, sands, and shelly patches, intermixed with mud.

On grounds contiguous to Point Reyes, Russian River, and Bodega
Head, and off the entrance to Drake Bay edible fishes were taken in
considerable quantities with the beam trawl, but nothing worthy of
special mention was obtained in the immediate vicinity of Point Reyes.
Hauls were made at short intervals along the coast southward, begin-

278 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ning off Drake Bay. In the first haul 100 flounders, of several species,
half a dozen anchovies, a few herring, red rockfish, and tomcod were
collected. Off Ballenas Bay, 4 miles SW. by W. from Duxbury Point,
50 anchovies, 1 smelt, 3 tomcod, 20 flounders, half a dozen perch, and
a large mass of other material, composed the catch. One mile WNW.
from the northern end of Four Fathom Bank, in 11 fathoms of water,
flounders, soles, anchovies, and shrimps were taken.

The sole obtained in this region are small compared with those found
in deep water off Monterey Bay and to the westward of the Farallon
Islands. This species is pronounced by epicures to excel in edible
qualities nearly all the other deep-sea fishes of the Pacific coast. It
seldom reaches the San Francisco market, however, as the fishermen do
not push into sufficient depth of water to procure them. The steamer
U.S. Grant, of San Francisco, has been engaged for some time in deep-
water drag-net seining, but its operations have been restricted to water
of too slight a depth to procure more than scattering specimens.

Trials with hand lines and beam-trawl were made off Cypress Point,
but without much suecess. During the summer fish are said to be
abundant in this locality, but in winter the fishermen spend no time
upon this ground. In deep water off Monterey Bay very large deep-
sea sole * were taken in considerable numbers, and in nearly all hauls
made farther to the southward, in depths over 90 or 100 fathoms, the
sole and black-cod were obtained in greater or less abundance. The
edible qualities of the latter species are inferior, however, to what they
are in the neighborhood of Cape Flattery.

A cod trawl was set off the northern entrance to San Simeon Bay,
on a sharp, rocky patch of ground, but no edible fishes were caught,
although, starfishes were numerous. San Simeon Bay has been for
many years one of the principal whaling stations on the Pacific coast,
and very little attention has been paid to other kinds of fishing. Dur-
ing the past winter ten boxes of smelts, holding 160 pounds per box,
were secured by one man, using gill nets. This is the largest amount
of fish ever taken during a single season.

Seven whales were taken during each of the seasons 1888 and 1889.
Those obtained in 1888 yielded 180 barrels of oil, while 260 barrels
were taken from the catch of 1889. This difference was due to the
larger size of the whales in the latter year. Whales frequent this
region during the months of December, January, and February, but in
some years a few are seen as late as the middle of March. It is during
these months that the “down run” takes place. The “ uprun” is of
shorter duration, lasting, as a rule, from four to six weeks. While

*The deep-sea sole taken here were by far the largest found by the Albatross in
the North Pacific. The largest specimens weighed 8 pounds, while specimens of 4
to 6 pounds were common. It was found that they improved by being kept on ice,
and a considerable number were carried to San Francisco for distribution. They
were highly appreciated by those who received them.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 279

moving south the whales are invariably fat, containing 50 per cent
more oil than on the return north. Twenty-one men and nine boats are
employed at this station during the whaling season. Only two men
are retained in the summer, to look after the boats and buildings.
The crew receives a lay of one-fiftieth, the harpooner or shooter (the
harpoon being fired from a gun) one-sixteenth.

From San Simeon Bay to and beyond Point Conception, whiting, red
rockfish, black-cod, and deep-sea sole were taken in nearly every haul
of the beam trawl, but not many specimens at any one time. Windy
weather prevented the hand lines from being used successfully. One
morning was spent in seining on the beach at Santa Barbara; vivipa-
rous perch were the predominating species. Summer is the best season
for fishing in this vicinity. Crab nets were set in various places for
the purpose of capturing specimens of the salt-water crayfish, but none
were obtained, as this species is rare in the immediate neighborhood of
Santa Barbara. The fishermen obtain their supplies about 11 miles
farther south and among the outlying islands.

Fishing was next resumed in Monterey Bay, on the return trip toward
San Francisco, and the work was actively carried on with several kinds
of apparatus. Perch and smelt were taken in considerable numbers in
the drag seines. One smallstriped bass* was also captured by the same
means, and it is thought that this is the most southern point from which
this species has been recorded. Gill nets and a cod trawl were set
about 14 miles from the anchorage in the harbor. One barracuda was
taken in the former, but no fishes were secured with the latter, although
starfishes of several species were attached to the hooks. The winter
fishing-ground is from 5 to 6 miles farther off shore, but in very fine
weather red rockfish are frequently caught close to the head of the bay.
The Monterey fishermen generally fish in winter on grounds contiguous
to the southern entrance to the bay. Those at Santa Cruz resort to a
small rocky bank which lies a short distance southerly from Santa
Cruz light. This bank is also extensively fished on in the summer.
Gill nets and drag seines are employed on sandy bottoms and smooth
beaches in different parts of the bay.

Fish of all kinds were unusually scarce the past winter in Monterey
Bay. This was supposed to be due to the very extensive rainfall which
had taken place. This bay seems to be much affected by storms.
Twenty-four hours after a heavy rain the surface becomes covered with
muddy water, which has the effect of driving the fish away, but they
return shortly after the storm has subsided. Continuously stormy
weather has a tendency to keep the fish away for comparatively long
periods, frequently for a week or ten days at atime. Notwithstanding
this fact, however, Monterey Bay is one of the most productive fishing-
grounds on the California coast.

* Roccus lineatus, introduced from the Atlantic and now becoming common.

280 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
BERING SEA, SUMMER OF 1890.
BRISTOL BAY.

Since 1882 from one to four vessels have fished each year in the shallow
waters of Bristol Bay. The fish inhabiting this region do not run as
large asin the North Atlantic Ocean, and vessels of large tonnage,
therefore, find it impracticable to depend entirely upon these grounds
for a season’s work. Small vessels are more profitable, as they do not
exhaust the bottom so quickly, and consequently have to change their
berth less frequently. _

The fishing vessels entering Bering Sea sometimes make trials in the
vicinity of Unimak Pass and the Northwest Cape of Unimak Island,
the latter being located near the western end of Slime Bank. It is
not unusual in the spring that they find comparatively good fishing off
Akutan, Akun, Tigaldi, aud Avatanak islands, but full fares are never
obtained in those places, and a large catch is never expected. The size
and quality of these cod compare fairly well with those of Bristol Bay,
but, finding them much less abundant, the vessels remain here only a few
days. The natives of the region, however, find no difficulty in obtain-
ing all the cod, flounders, etc., which they require for their own use.

Slime Bank has been so named by the fishermen on account of the
great numbers of jellyfishes which occur upon it. It extends from the
northwestern extremity of Unimak Island, parallel with the coast, to
within about 10 miles of Amak Island, and has a total area of about
1,445 square miles; its average width is about 17 miles. The bottom
consists of gray, yellow, and black sand, with occasional small rocky
patches. The water is usually comparatively shallow, the greatest
depth discovered being 75 fathoms.

After leaving the Akutan and Unimak grounds, the fishermen next
anchor on the western part of Slime Bank, and thence work gradually
to the eastward. Up to the middle or latter part of June the jellyfishes
are not sufficiently abundant to be considered a nuisance, but immedi-
ately after that time they increase rapidly and soon become a serious
obstacle to fishing operations. Their soft tentacles not only cover the
baits on the hooks, making them unattractive to fish, but they also
adhere so tenaciously to the lines that the latter can only be handled
with difficulty. They also produce much irritation and at times cause
severe sores to break out on the hands of the fishermen. By the Ist of
July the mass of “ slime” has become so thick and troublesome that it
is almost useless to remain longer on the bank. Otherwise, Slime
Bank is well adapted to fishing during the summer months, as cod are
very abundant upon it. The largest and most thrifty fish are found
some 6 or 8 miles off shore, a large percentage of those caughtnear the
land being small and of inferior quality.

Although we had previously passed over Slime Bank, our first actual
work upon it began on June 24. Hight trials with hand lines were
made in the vicinity of Cape Lopin and the Northwest Cape, the catch

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 281

amounting to 139 cod, weighing 1,612 pounds. Their stomachs con-
tained crabs, holothurians, sand-lances, and the remains of other fishes.
These trials occupied from twelve totwenty minutes each and were made
in depths of 13 to 62 fathoms, the bottom being sandy. On the following
day hand-line fishing was continued in connection with the sounding
and dredging operations. The same number of fishing trials was made
as on the previous day, but the aggregate weight of the cod, 59 in
number, was only 596 pounds, making the average weight slightly less.

In the immediate vicinity of Amak Island cod occur only in small
numbers, their scarcity being probably due to the presence of sea lions.
The quantity of fish consumed in this vicinity by these animals must
be very large, especially in the winter, when their numbers are greatly
augumented by visitors from the north.

The walrus has always been abundant in this region, and while at
anchor off Izenbek Bay, between Amak Island and the mainland, we
observed some 30 or 40 individuals swimming about in the water about
three-quarters of a mile from the ship; 8 or 10 more were hauled out
upon the sand-spit at the entrance to the bay. The stretch of coast
adjacent to Slime Bank has no available harbors, and should winter
fishing ever be carried on there, which is improbable, the vessels would
be exposed to very severe storms without the means of shelter. Dur-
ing the summer heavy winds rarely occur, but moderate gales of short
duration are cocasionally experienced; yet, as a rule, the vessels ride
them out without difficulty.

Trawl lines are not used in Bering Sea, the depth of water and char-
acter of the bottom making it more convenient to fish with hand lines
from dories. A few attempts have been made to employ the trawl lines
on Slime Bank, but they soon become thickly covered with the so-called
slime, making them difficult to handle, while the catch was also small.
While these difficulties would not be encountered elsewhere, the water
is generally so shallow and the fish, in suitable places, so abundant,
that the hand lines can be operated more readily and economically.

The fishermen have no trouble in obtaining bait. On leaving port
a small quantity of salt salmon and salt herring is placed on board, to
use for the first trials, but this is soon replaced by fresh bait taken on
the hooks, such as sculpins, flounders, and other small fish. Halibut
are also frequently obtained in sufficient quantities to serve for this
purpose, for which they are regarded as nearly equal to squid. All of
the halibut taken in Bristol Bay by the Albatross were of small size,
and it is said that large individuals are rarely obtained.

Baird Bank is much the largest fishing-ground in Bristol Bay. It
extends from off Izenbek Bay to the Ugaguk River, a distance of 235
miles, and has an extreme width of 59 miles,its total area amounting to
about 9,200 square miles. The depths range from 13 to 53 fathoms, and
the fauna living upon it is rich and varied. It is well supplied with
cod. The name Port Méller Bank, which has been given to it by the
fishermen, has been changed to Baird Bank by Capt. Tanner.

282 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Many trials were made on this bank, and while they were never of
long duration, the examination was sufficiently thorough to disclose its
principal features. As on Slime Bank, the best fish were found some
distance from the shore, the most favorable localities being from 15 to
20 miles from land. Those caught within 4 or 5 miles of the beaches
and headlands were small and many were inferior in quality.

During the progress of the inquiry only one cod-fishing vessel was
seen, the schooner Vanderbilt, of San Francisco, commanded by Capt.
A. W. Smith. She was anchored on the Port Méller ground, about 20
miles off shore, and had been on the bank a little over a month. Only
one berth had been made, and 43,000 cod had been taken up to that
time. We subsequently learned that the Vanderbilt completed her trip
with 48,500 count fish, measuring 28 inches and over, and several thou-
sand small fish. Capt. Smith informed us that heavy winds prevailed
from June 11 to 21, preventing any fishing during that period. The
same wind on the Grand or Western Bank would not have interfered
with fishing, as the sea there takes a different shape, and is less liable
to trip or break into a dory. On the south banks of the Alaska Penin-
sula the sea is also much more uniform than in Bering Sea. Stormy
weather is said to scatter the cod on the banks in Bristol Bay or to
drive them into deeper water.

The halibut on Baird Bank seldom exceed 25 pounds in weight. They
are always used as bait when taken, and are sometimes very abundant.
During the past season, however, they proved to be unusually scaree.
Capt. Smith considers the Port Méller ground to be superior to all other
fishing-grounds in Bering Sea. The cod are not larger or of better-
quality than on Slime Bank, but there are fewer obstacles to fishing.

Nearly all the cod in Bristol Bay and other parts of Alaskan waters
have black napes, specimens with white napes being rarely taken.

As we proceeded to the northward and eastward from the Port Moller
region the fish gradually decreased in size and abundance, but while
the difference is not great it is sufficient to induce the fishermen to
remain in that locality. However, so little is known about the habits
of the cod in this region that no reliable deductions can yet be made
regarding this general subject. Good fares can undoubtedly be
obtained to the eastward of the Port Méller ground, but at the eastern
extremity of the bank the fish become scattering and greatly reduced
in numbers, due no doubt to the volume of fresh water which issues
from the Ugashik, Ugaguk, Naknek, Kvichak, and Nushagak rivers.
The cod which visit the head of the bay are probably attracted there by
young salmon, the remains of which were found in the stomachs of cod
examined from this.locality. In this same region cod are said to be more
abundant and to range farther east on the flood tide than on the ebb.

The only available harbors for shelter adjacent to Baird Bank are
Port Moéller and Herendeen Bay, but as these places are not yet buoyed,
their tortuous channels are especially difficult of navigation by sailing

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 283

vessels. Southerly and westerly winds do not produce a heavy sea,
but a very fresh breeze from the northwest or southwest is immediately
followed by a choppy sea.

An examination of the stomachs of all the cod captured by the Alba-
tross showed that they feed upon a wide range of both invertebrates
and fishes. Pebbles, often of considerable size, seemed to occur more
frequently in the cod of Bering Sea than in those of the North Atlantic.
They are undoubtedly taken in with such articles of food as grow
attached to hard objects, the sea-anemones, which are unusually abun-
dant on the banks of Bristol Bay, being of this character.

That part of Bering Sea situated between Cape Constantine and Cape
Newenham, and extending some 20 odd miles from the southern end of
Hagemeister Island, has been named Kulukak Bank. The bottom and
the fauna in this region do not differ materially in character from those
of the other fishing-grounds in Bristol Bay. Sand is the predominant
material, with an occasional mixture of mud and gravel. At the begin-
ning of the Bristol Bay cod-fishery this ground was resorted to, but it
was soon discovered that the fish were smaller and inferior in quality
to those occurring on the more southern banks. One exception, how-
ever, is noted by the fishermen with respect to a small spot situated
about 16 miles SSW. from the southern end of Hagemeister Island,
called Gravel Bank, but its extent is slight; the depth of water ranges
from 16 to 20 fathoms.

Small fish predominate among the islands of the Walrus Group.
Larger individuals are reported from certain indentations and rocky
patches, but they are not sufficiently abundant to attract fishermen.

Cod are plentiful in the vicinity of Cape Peirce, but the proportion of
diseased individuals among them has led the fishermen to give the name
Hospital Bank to these grounds. Nothing was obtained close to the
rocky bluffs of Cape Newenham, and no success attended the trials
made in the adjacent waters. The quantity of fresh water which issues
from the Kuskokwim River probably accounts for this scarcity or
absence of fish. -

The total number of cod caught in the 113 trials made in Bristol Bay
during the summer of 1890 was 946, having a combined weight of
9,919 pounds, an average of about 105 pounds per fish. The highest
average in any single catch was 15$ pounds on Slime Bank, and the
next highest, 154 pounds, on the Port Moller ground of Baird Bank.
The average weight of several catches on Slime and Baird banks was
more than 15 pounds. The largest cod captured during the cruise
weighed 274 pounds, the smallest 1 pound. Practically nothing is
known respecting the abundance or movements as well as the condition
of the cod on the banks of Bristol Bay during the winter months, as no
fishing is prosecuted there at that season.

Nearly all the fishing trials by the Albatross were conducted while
the ship was hove to, and rapidly drifting throtfgh the influence of che
tide or wind. The length of each trial, moreover, seldom exceeded

284 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

twenty minutes, and the tests were therefore insufficient to obtain a
thorough knowledge of the bottom, yet it was satisfactorily demon-
strated that the greater part of Bristol Bay affords good fishing- grounds.
As arule, vessels have better fishing after the lapse of two or three
days, the bait which falls from the hooks or otherwise reaches the bot-
tom tending to tole the fish from the surrounding area.

While all of the fish taken during the summer montas were care-
fully examined, only one cod was secured in which the elements eof
reproduction were at all mature. It was a male containing ripe milf.
The finding of occasional individuals thus sexually advanced outside
of the breeding season has also beensrecorded with respect to the
North Atlantic Ocean.

The investigations of the steamer Albatross probably covered all of
the important cod banks on the eastern side of Bering Sea, as it is
extremely doubtful if any rich banks will be found north of Cape
Newenham. Certainly we have received no information of such areas
up to the present time, although scattering specimens of cod have been
reported from the vicinity of Nunivak Island and from along the coast
as far north as St. Michaels. On the Siberian side the conditions are
better suited to their occurrence in higher latitudes, and they are said
to abound there farther north.

Salmon canneries of Bristol Bay.—The first salmon cannery was built
on the Nushagak River by the Arctic Canning Company in 1884, hay-
ing been the outgrowth of a salting station established there the pre-
vious year. Other canneries were soon afterwards constructed in the
same vicinity. The buildings of the Arctic Canning Company are
situated on the east bank of the river, some 12 or 15 miles above its
mouth. The number of men and boats employed is as follows: One
superintendent, Mr. H.C. Jeneen; 50 fishermen, 20 mechanics, including
engineers, machinists, firemen, carpenters, coopers, cooks, and waiters;
92 Chinamen; 25 boats, and 1 steam launch 35 feet long, used for light
towing and other purposes.

Each cannery has one large vessel to carry material to the field of
labor—men, machinery, boxes, nets, boats, barrels, lumber, ete. As
soon as she arrives at her destination she is immediately stripped of
sails and running rigging, and moored for the summer. After the close
of the salmon season she is again fitted up, receives the catch on board,
and sets out on the home voyage. Scow lighters are used for discharging
and loading the ships. They also serve as quarters to live in when-
ever fishing is carried on up the river a considerable distance from the
cannery. The salmon are frequently most abundant 40 or 50 miles
from the mouth of the river, at which time the entire force of fisher-
men repair to that place and work night and day until a change of
location becomes desirable. When a scow is loaded with salmon it is
generally taken in tow by the steam launch, but sometimes one or more
will drop down the river on the ebb tide without this aid.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 285

The cannery of the Nushagak Canning Company is also located on
the east bank of the river, 9 miles below Fort Alexander. It was built in
1887, and is under the management of J. W. Clark and J. L. Wetherbee.
The working force comprises 40 fishermen, 100 Chinamen, 1 engineer,
2 firemen, 1 carpenter, 1 box-maker, 1 cook, and 2 waiters. They use 1
steam launch, 20 boats, and 5 scows, of which one is sloop-rigged.

The Alaska Packing Company’s cannery was established in 1886,
and has paid a good interest on the investment. The men and boats
employed are as follows: 50 fishermen, 95 Chinamen, several engineers
and firemen, 2 carpenters, 1 box-maker, 1 cook, and 2 waiters; 25 boats,
8 scows, of which 1 is sloop-rigged, 1 steam launch 36 feet long, and 1
steamer of 40 tons burden.

The Bristol Bay Canning Company’s establishment is on the west
side of the river, nearly opposite Fort Alexander, in what is considered
to be one of the best locations in the region; it was built in 1885. It
-employs 50 fishermen, 83 Chinamen, and 18 other persons, including
engineers, carpenters, firemen, etc.; and is equipped with 25 boats, 5
scows, 1 sloop, and 1 steam launch.

All the canneries on the Nushagak River have adopted the same
methods of fishing for salmon, namely, with gill nets, which yield the
best results at all times. They are regarded as much superior to drag
seines and traps. Two sizes of nets are employed, one for king salmon
the other for red and silver salmon. <A king-salmon net is 100 fathoms
long and 233 feet deep, or 30 meshes, measuring 95 inches stretched.
The nets for the red and silver salmon are 70 fathoms long and 13 feet
or 24 meshes deep, the size of the mesh being 65 inches. The floats are
made of wood and are placed 3 feet apart; the leads on the foot line
are 24 feet apart. Attached to the lower corners of each net is a gal-
vanized-iron ring, 1 foot in diameter, which prevents the net from foul-
ing. Without their use the nets, when set in a strong current, tend to
roll up into an inextricable ball. The nets seldom survive a season’s
fishing, for they are continually in the water, except when undergoing
repairs. The fishermen generally regard the Barbour twine, manutac-
tured in this country, as superior to that of Scotch manufacture, because
it wears better, and some canneries have discarded the use of all for-
eign-made twine, notwithstanding its cheaper price. The fishermen
rig and hang all nets and other gear used in the fishery, and also keep
them in repair. When fish are abundant one or two men from each
cannery are detailed to attend to the repairing.

The boats used by the Alaska Packing Company are of the Colum-
bia River type, measuring 25 feet long, 8 feet beam, and 2 feet deep.
They are provided with centerboard, and with a small half deck, both
fore and aft, under which smallarticles can be stored. An 8-inch wash-
rail affords some protection against a choppy sea in a stiff breeze.
The sprit-sail rig is universally employed on the Nushagak as on the
Columbia River, the sail area being from 40 to 60 square yards. All

286 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

other canneries on this river use flat-bottomed boats, measuring 24 feet
over all, and 7 feet beam, with an 8-inch washrail. ‘This style of boat
costs less than the other, and is equally efficient, especially as sand-
bars and mudflats are scattered along the river.

The fishermen receive 10 cents each for catching king salmon and 3
cents each for red and silver salmon, besides $75 for assistance in
handling the vessel on the passage to and from San Francisco. Pre-
vious to the present season the fishermen have been paid monthly
wages, but the change is thought to be for the better, and all the can-
neries have agreed to the same terms.

Forty-five cents per case is paid for putting up salmon. This in-
eludes all the labor from the time the fish are taken from the fishermen
until the cans are labeled and boxed for shipment. Hach cannery
employs one reliable Chinaman to attend to the mechanical part of the
business, and he hires the remaining men of his class, who look to him
for their pay. He is held rigidly to his agreement by the company.

The facilities for handling and putting up salmon are about the same
at all the canneries on the Nushagak River. Twelve hundred is the
largest number of cases that could be prepared in a day by each cannery,
providing every effort was put forth, but the fish are not sufficiently
abundant to attain that figure, and half the amount mentioned would
be regarded as a fair day’s work.

Salmon first make their appearance the first of June, and remain
from 55 to 60 days. As the season is short all the needed preparations
are made beforehand and from the middle of May until the first of June
every man about the cannery is actively engaged in this work.

Formerly the machinery for manufacturing cans was sent out from
San Francisco, but it has since been found more economical to ship
them ready-made from the latter place. Another advantage is that the
voyage is delayed until more settled weather generally prevails.

The first salmon were taken the past season on the morning of June
3 by boats belonging to the Bristol Bay Canning Company. The total
catch on that date amounted to 660 fish, producing 250 cases. This
small catch acted as an incentive and everybody rushed to the spot
where they had been obtained, but several days elapsed before any
more were taken.

The first species which enters the river is the king salmon. They
remain about a fortnight, after which come the red salmon, followed
closely by the silver salmon. The king salmon are first sought in the
vicinity of Coffee Point, a high promontory situated on the west side
of the river, where the fishermen are in the habit of coming together to
drink their coffee after a hard night’s fishing.

It is said that the ice has considerable effect upon the appearance of
the salmon. Itis sometimes unusually late in breaking up in the river,
in which case the salmon remain outside until it has disappeared and
the temperature of the water has somewhat increased. When the
Salmon are late in entering the river they immediately proceed up

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 287

stream to Nushagak and Aleknagik lakes, where they spawn. If the
season be an open one, however, they frequently loiter on the way,
spending considerable time on their upward passage. The latter con-
ditions are, of course, most favorable for the fishermen. During the
past spring the river was blockaded with ice until May 20, and the
run was a late one in consequence.

The fishermen consider that the salmon spawn about a month after
entering the river. The superintendent of the Bristol Bay Canning
‘Company, who has had much experience in this part of Alaska, states
that from the first of August until October young salmon pass down
stream, and enter the sea daily by the million. It takes, on anaverage,
about 6 red salmon to make a case of the preserved product, and about
the same number of silver salmon. Two and one-half of the king salmon
are equivalent to about 6 of either of the other two species.

Heretofore each cannery has had from one to five traps, but returns
from them have not compared favorably with the cost of keeping them
in repair. The original cost of a trap is $250. The main body is made
of twine, but the leaders are constructed of galvanized-iron wire netting,
which is superior to common twine netting, offering more resistance to
the drift material which comes down the river in large quantities.
Notwithstanding, however, that every precaution is taken to make them
secure, they are frequently torn from their fastenings and swept away.
The king salmon is said not to enter the traps like the other species.

The Arctic Canning Company has this year built a trap in the Nak-
nek River, which it is expected will give good results.

VICINITY OF UNALASKA ISLAND.

Along the Aleutian group of islands the bottom differs materially in
character from that of Bristol Bay. Instead of large areas of sand,
intermixed with patches of mud and rocks, nearly one continuous rocky
bottom is found, upon which cod are fairly abundant. The investiga-
tions of the Albatross among the Aleutian Islands were mainly confined
to the continental platform along the Bering Sea side of Unalaska
Island as far as Umnak Island. However, a line of soundings was run
between Atka Island and Unalaska Island, nearly parallel with the coast:
trend, which indicated the existence of much bottom suited to cod and
halibut, and good fishing-grounds for those species will undoubtedly
be found in that region, as well as about the other islands lying to the
westward of Atka. Information to the same effect has been derived
from other sources, but the occurrence of large fishing-banks is pre-
cluded by the fact that deep water approaches to within a very short
distance of the islands.

Unalaska harbor and vicinity.—The fishing-grounds in the neighbor-
hood of Ilinlink, Unalaska, extend only a short distance from the shore,
3 to 6 miles being the width of area on which cod are likely to be found,
The bottom consists mainly of rocky and muddy patches, of small to
Jarge extent, on which sand, gravel, and shells also occur in small quav-

288 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

tities. The rocks have the appearance of being of volcanic origin, and
are very rough and sharp. They would be very destructive to most
kinds of fishing gear.

Cod are frequently caught from the wharf and beach in Iliuliuk Har-
bor,and native women may often be seen fishing for them from the rocks
along the shore. Certain grounds in Captain’s Harbor are sufficiently
rich to supply the inhabitants of Dliuliuk during the entire year. The
fish taken there, however, are not as good as those from the offshore
grounds, but the Aleuts are not particular about their quality.

The cod in this locality will accept almost anything as bait, and
among the articles used for this purpose may be mentioned seal meat,
seulpins, flounders, pork, and bacon. Salmon being the principal diet
of these people, a large stock of cod is never secured at one time, and
the latter species is almost invariably eaten fresh. Such as are not
immediately eaten, however, are cured in the same manner as salmon.

Considerable time was spent in testing the bottom in the vicinity of
Priest Rock and Cape Cheerful, at the entrance of Iliulink Harbor.
Trials were made with hand-lines in depths of from 22 to 58 fathoms.
In close proximity to the cape, cod were found abundant, the average
weight of those captured being 11 pounds. A halibut weighing 64
pounds was caught in a depth of 40 fathoms, sandy bottom. This species
has never been regarded as common in this region, but, aS no one ever
fishes for them, the real facts in the case have not yet been ascertained.

In approaching Priest Rock we met with less success, the scarcity of
cod being due, no doubt, to the extent of muddy bottom which occurs
there. By a careful series of trials productive spots could probably be
found in that vicinity. :

This part of Unalaska Island offers many inducements for the estab-
lishment of fishing stations, such as occur on the Sannak and Shuma-
gin islands, and a profitable industry of this character could undoubt-
edly be built up at this place. Good bait can readily be obtained in the
fishing season, such as herring, smelt, sculpins, flounders, and salmon,
and the cost of catching the same would be slight.

Cape Cheerful to Makushin Bay.—Between these two points the
bottom differs but little from that above described. A well-defined
platform, from 5 to 6 miles wide, and with depths of 20 to 60 fathoms,
runs parallel with the coast. At its outer edge the bottom drops off
suddenly into deep water. In many places cod were fairly abundant,
and small vessels could probably fish in this region with profit. Owing
to the force of the wind, which interfered greatly with operations, noth-
ing was obtained in many of the trials made by the Albatross. Had
an anchorage been made in each instance it is reasonable to suppose
that better results would have been secured. By far the greatest
number of cod were found near the shore, but the best fish, as to size
and quality, were taken some distance off the land. At other seasons,
however, the conditions may be more favorable inshore.

Excellent fishing was obtained at the mouth of a small indentation

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 289

or bay 11 miles east of Cape Makushin, both cod and halibut being
captured. Three specimens of the latter species were secured, weighing
64, 8, and 15 pounds, respectively. Two trials were made off the mouth
of Makushin Bay, but a strong wind prevented satisfactory work.

Makushin Bay to Umnak Island.—The bottom in this region differs
from that farther to the eastward chiefly in being better adapted to cod
and halibut, especially the latter. The beam trawl] and hand lines were
used in the vicinity of Makushin Bay and Cape Hague. A rich bot-
tom was disclosed by the former, but only five cod were taken in as
many trials with the latter. They may, however, be more abundant
here at other times. The bottom was found to be largely made up of
sandy, muddy, and coral patches. With the latter were large quanti-
ties of sponges and other rich material, the combination suggesting
the deep-water localities on the Grand Bank, where halibut are plenti-
ful. This species is sometimes caught here by the natives, but whether
they can be obtained in paying quantities or not has yet to be deter-
mined. Small vessels might probably engage in their capture with
some show of success, but many years would elapse before all the good
fishing-spots could be located, and at present there is no particular
inducement to establish a commercial fishery in this region, as the hali-
but grounds south of the Alaska Peninsula and off the southeastern
coast of the Territory offer better opportunities.

Chernofisky and vicinity—Near the harbor of Chernoffsky there is an
excellent ground for both cod and halibut. Fifty-three cod and 5 hali-
but were captured on one trial lasting only thirty minutes. This would
be a good fishing-place for a fleet of small vessels. Mr. Rankin, agent
of the Alaska Commercial Company, who has lived at Chernoffsky seven *
years, states that the best halibut ground aiong this section of the
coast is located in a small bay some 6 or 8 miles to the west of Chern-
offsky. During the summer halibut are plentiful inshore, but on the
approach of winter they invariably seek deeper water. They are suffi-
ciently abundant to maintain a small fishery, providing there were
convenient markets for the catch. From 10 to 12 pounds is the average
size of those caught on the grounds near Chernoffsky and Umnak Pass,

Few halibut are found near the outer edge of the platform; the bot-
tom a few miles nearer shore seems to be better adapted to them. All
the halibut observed by the Albatross were white. Gray halibut are
said to be seldom taken in Alaskan waters or off the Queen Charlotte
Islands and on Flattery Bank.

Excellent cod-fishing was obtained at nearly every trial made off Cher-
noftsky, but as we approached Umnak Pass less success was met with.
Fewer fish were found on the western side of the pass than on the east-
ern side, but it is probable that at some other season of the year cod
may be more plentiful in the former locality, as the character of the
bottom seems to be the same in both places. In fact the difference in
their abundance may have been due to the state of the tide at the time
the trials were made. Fishing was carried on in Umnak Pass in 30 to 60

H. Mis, 113 19

990 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fathoms. Trawl lines were not set, as the bottom was rough and rocky,
and it was possible to cover the ground more rapidly by means of hand
lines. :

Bait is as abundant and varied at Chernoffsky as at Iliuliuk. Her-
ring and other migratory fishes school about this part of the island in -
considerable numbers. There is a fine, smooth beach at Chernoffsky,
well suited to the use of seines, and gill nets could also be set to good
advantage in this locality, but the former method is preferable.

Makushin Bay and Chernoffsky are the best harbors on the north
side of Unalaska, west of Cape Cheerful. They are accessible in most
weather when fishing vessels would be likely to seek shelter on a coast
unprovided with lights or buoys. Chernoffsky is landlocked and large
enough to accommodate a good-sized fleet of small vessels.

But little profit could be realized by San Francisco merchants in the
employment of the small vessels hitherto described to fish on banks so
far from any market, yet vessels of this size would have a decided
advantage in fishing here over the larger ones which visit the Okhotsk
Sea. This is owing to the frequent change in position which would be
necessary, the nearness of the grounds to the coast making it also
possible readily to seek shelter. Should an extensive fishery grow up
in this region, it would probably be conducted from local stations by
means of small boats and small vessels, employing hand lines; and,
after the preliminary curing of the cod, shipments could be made to
market in vessels of large tonnage.

Miscellaneous —In Makushin Bay large quantities of humpback
salmon, trout, young cod, and flounders were captured by means of
the drag seine. The beaches are smooth and comparatively free from
rocks and other obstacles to seining. Two small streams enter the
bay not far from the settlement. The larger one brings down consider-
able quantities of mud, which is deposited in the bay at half tide, dis-
coloring the water for about 2 miles along the shore. The muddy
water, however, has no apparent effect upon the salmon, as they run up
this stream to the same extent as up the clearer one.

The humpback salmon enter the streams first, followed by the silver
salmon. The same is true of the streams at Diuliuk, Captain Harbor,
and Chernoffsky. Considerable collecting was done at each of these
places by means of drag seines and other appliances, with good results.

The harbors, bays, and streams of Unalaska are well supplied with
salmon in their season, but the run is not sufficiently large to support
extensive canning operations.

From the statement of fishing stations, which accompanies this
report, it will be seen that 57 trials with hand lines were made between
Priest Rock and Umnak Island. In 14 of these trials nothing was
taken, but in the other 23 the combined catch amounted to 163 cod and
21 halibut. The total weight of the cod was 1,834 pounds, an average
of something over 11 pounds each; and the total weight of the halibut
2924 pounds, an average of nearly 14 pounds to each fish.

\

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 291

TABLES.

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891.

-- lee Sq
5 | Position. Temperature. es
= Time of 2 a Character of Instru- |49
3 Date. day. = ‘bottom. Sur-| Bot. |ment used. a
r . x s. = i
3 Lat. N. |Long. W. ras | Air. Pen oe = a
| = = | —
| |

1889. oO fu lo + -m | Bms.| OF, OF.| OF. Lbs.

1858 | Aug. 28 11:50 p.m.} 45 52 00 |124 10 30 53 | fne. gy. S\.----- 60 | 59 | 45.6) Tanner -. 25
1859 | Aug. 29 12:47 a.m. |} 45 51 30 |124 17 00 73 | fne. gy. s. bk. | 60] 58 | 45.6/...do....- 25

: | Sp.
1860 |...do ...| 1:47 a.m. | 45 50 45 |124 23 30 83 | fne. gy. 5S. M.. 60)" 58: 45.85/52 -dols- --t 25
1861 |...do ...| 2:45 a.m. | 45 50 15 |124 29 30 87 ies gy.S.M.-. OI 5S) 4 ore aoe. 25
1862 |...do -..| 3:42 a.m. | 45 49 45 |124 36 00 ily Oo uaaanessaes .| 59 58) 45, |= -<d Oras. + 25
1863 |...do ...| 4:44a.m.| 45 49 15 |124 4300 | 120 fel By Seon 59 | 59 | 44.6|...do..... 25
1864 |...do -..| 6:15 a.m. | 45 39 00 |124 40 00 | 186 | M............-. 59 | 59)| 43.5).2-do + --. 25
1865 |...do ...| 7:02 a.m.| 45 38 30 |12£ 32 30 | 123 | M............. CONS 5S) aa Ol sae ores cee 25
1866 |...do -..| 7:45 a.m. | 45 38 30 |124 25 00 OT Me on ee a 60)|5 a9) arse dors: 25
1867 |...do ..-| 8:31. a.m.! 45 38 00 |124 17 30 81 | and tne. gy.| 60 | 60 | 45.2|..-do..... 25
5.
1868 |...do ...; 9:l4a.m. | 45 38 00 |124 10 00 58 | fne.gy.S-.-..-]} 61 60/1/45; ieee ole s-- 25
1869 |...do ...! 9:55a.m. | 45 37 30 |124 04 00 42| fne.gy.S. and | 61 | 60 | 47.4)...do'-...- 25
Sh. | | |

1870 |...do ..-|10:40 a.m. | 45 33 30 |124 03 30 45 | fne. gy. S...--- 61; [= 60 | 472/22 -dowsee: 25
1871 |...do .../14:23 a.m. | 45 29 00 |124-04 00 48 | fhe. gy.S-..--- | 60 | 60) |.46:77 15: does: 25
1872 |...do ...|12:03 p.m. | 45 28 30 [12410 45| 73 | fne.gy.S.....- GL| 62 | 45.6|...do..... 25
1873 |...do ...|12:48 p.m.| 45 28 30 124 17 30| 94 | gn.M......... 62| 62 | 45.3 |...do...-. 25
1874 |...do --.| 1:32 p.m.| 45 28 30 |124 25 00 20 SyiSeDks spac.) 62) (- Ol 45.10|2- do ncaa. 25
1875 |...do ...| 2:20 p.m. | 45 28 30 124 32 00 | 259 | gn.M.........| 62] 61 | 42.4]..-do--..-- 25
1876 |...do =..| 3:05 p.m.|-45 23 45 |124 32 00 | 216 | on.M ..-..-..--.: 63 62°) 42,8)|: = do) se5e- 25
1877 |...do,..-) 3:50 p.m.| 45 18 30 |124 32.15.| 238 | yl.M.......... 64 | 66 | 42.6 )-.-do-...- 25
HeRen Re dome 4:so prmii45 18) 00)|124 95°15.) O17 | Mes wees sooo. 64.| 66 | 42.8)...do....- 25
1879 |...do .-.| 5:18 p.m.| 45 17 30 |124 17 30 AS OSM seme e ee a= = a2 67 66) 44.4.) -":doi_.- 2: 25
1880 |...do ...| 6:01 p.m.| 45 17 30 |124 12 00 terete bad\' Cees earns 68 | 64/45.6)...do. 25
1881 |...do ...| 6:43 p.m.| 45 17 30 |124 05 00 O2i)|| PEO Veo aa. G8 0645 AGHIN = edo se ee 25
1882 |...do ...| 7:33 p.m.\ 45 12 30 |124 05 45 49 | fne. gy.S-.---- 63 |~ 61 |45:9))25-do7_- 45 25
1883 |...do ..-| 8:22 p.m.| 45 07 30 |124 06 00 48 | fne.gy.S...--- 62) ) OL 1.46:8'}== do ates 2
1884 |...do ...| 9:16 p.m.| 45 07 00 }124 13 00 85") py. s.bk. Sp--=| 62°) 62 /45.6)-2 "do. 2 25
1885 |...do ...)10:07 p.m.| 45 06 45 /124 19 45 | 119 | gon.M ..-.-.... 62) 60 | 44.8)_.-do----- 25
1886: |...do =.-|11:00 p.m.| 45 06 30 |124 27 15 | 190 | gn. M ..--.....- GPa GON otal ste) eee 25
1887 |...do -..)11:55 p.m.} 45 06 15 |124 34 30 ASU Mere ea Dee et 62) | 60/434 1---do.-.-- 25
1888 | Aug. 30 /12:43 a.m. | 45 01 00 |124 35 CO | 245! M......-.-.--- G2") 62. 142.6!\- = do .-2 .- 25
1889 |...do--.| 1:37 a.m. | 44 55 00 |124 36 00 | 203 | M..-..-. Stapsteey = O25! G2n4a5)|aoO Ole eatye 25
1890 |...do -..| 2:25a.m.| 44 54 30 |124 2915 | 100 | M..:........-- G2) ts" Gp | Scale. Oye pee 25
1891 |...do ...| 3:13 a.m. | 44 54 00 |124 22 30 COM Mee eee 62 Olsen edo 25
1892 |...do...| 4:00 a.m.) 44 53 380 |124 15 30 63) || Meand Ss-2--- - 62 GU eau doles 25
1893 |...do ...| 4:44a.m.]| 44 53 00 |124 09 00 30; fine. gy. S.----- 62 | 61 | 47.7|..-do 25
1894 |...do ..-| 5:30 a.m. | 44 47 30 |124 08 15 33 | fne. gy. S<----- 62:5) 9648 Ondo cee 25
1895 |...do -.-| 6:02 a.m. | 44 48 15 [124 09 00 33 | fne. gy.S..-.-- G2) (GLa Aohee <domr nen 25
1896 |...do ...| 6:46 a.m. | 44 43 00 124 16 30 46 | fne. gy. S.----- GOS) Ge Aaree (Paden se. 25
1897 |...do --.| 7:29.a.m. | 24 43 00 |124 23 45 64 | fue. gy.S.--.--- 60 | 60 | 45.8]..-do ...-. 20
1898 |...do ...| 8:14a.m. | 44 43 00 124 30 30 Si SNe OV sconce. 60}, 60: | 45.55) - do 22. 25
1899 |...do ...| 8:56a.m.| 44 43 00 124 43 00 156 | fne. gy.S.bk.Sp} 60 60 | 44.2|...do..... 25
1900 |...do ...| 9:39 a.m. | 44 43 00124 46 00 | 217 | yl. M...--..--. Gis |S G12 4:7) |2—do sue) 25
1901 |...do ...|10:27 a.m. | 44 38 00 124 46 30 | 139] bk.S-..-.-.... G20 ONE 4a ens dO sees 25
1902 |...do -..|11:15 a.m. | 44 38 GO 124 54 00 | 311 | pn. M .--.-.--. G2i Oe GLe | 4009 Fedo ste 25
1903 |...do --./12:08p.m. | 44 53 00 124 54 30 | 340 | fne.bk.S-...-- GL | 61 | 40.9 GUeRE 32 25
1904 |..-do .../12.56p.m. | 44 33 30 |124 48 00 | 185] gn.M .-.-..---.- 6L 61 | 44.5 dots ae 23
1905 |...de -..| 1:42 p.m. | 44 33 45 |123 41 30 AZORES ae eee 60 | GL | 44.8 dos. 25
1906 |...do ...| 2:31 p.m. | 44 84 00 |124 35 15 O40 MIR ae eee s |) ogh 45.0. |. S2dol sea 25
1907 |--.do -.-| 3:16 p.m. | 44 34 15 |124 28 30 60 | fne. bi. S --..--- 56 | 59 | 46.1|]-.-do ..... 25
1908 |_..do ...| 4:01 p.m. | 44 34 15 |124 23 3 60 | ers.S. Dek hele oO: IP oor eee Sedo 25
1909 |...do ...| 4:45p.m.]| 44 34 30 |124 17 00 43 | tne. gy. S.----- DO Doan | eee 1 Ore see 25
1910 |...do ...| 5:27p.m. | 44 30 30 |124 10 00 28} fne. gy. S-.---- DG | 56 48 5ie dowte.- 25
1911 |...do ...| 7:30p.m. | 44 30 00 /124 11 00 28 | fne.gy.S.bk.Sp] 56] 56 | 47.5)...do -.... 25
1912 |.. do ...| 8:13 p.m. | 44 25 30 |124 12 30 26s |ENe AONE See tea Die 06. | 4Gu7 ead Onsen 25
1913 |...do -..| 9:07p.m. | 44 26 00 |124 19 30 43 | fne. gy. S-.--.- 56 10.56 | 4518) do 22 25
1914 |...do ...| 9:58p.m. | 44 26 30 |124 26 15 SO) DK epee ce 56} 56 | 44.8|...do-.... “25
1915 |...do ...|10:46 p.m. | 44 27 00 |124 34 00 5G) ers Dis) sset= 56] 56 | 45.2|..-do -:..- 25
1916 |..-do ...|11:32p.m.} 44 27 30 |124 41 00 79, | Ineo we Seer a. - Do} OS t4niit | he dO ae 25
1917 | Aug. 31 |12.24a.m. | 44 28 00 |124 48 00 Gg, | Greet eres Dos Mosuieesl|seedoi ae 25
1918 |...do --.] 1:24a.m.| 44 28 80 |124 54 45 2658 pV ors Ses = Gn woe lesa eed One eae 25
1919 |...do-..| 2:20 a.m. |/44 23 15 1124 54 45 |. 2938 | M ...........-- OG: |= OTAGO en 0 eee 25
1920 |...do -..| 3:10 a.m. | 44 18 00 \124 54 45 22: || y Eve tepae anit sas SOUP" 58y|.4159)|-- .dobeeees 25
1921 |...do ...| 4:02 a.m. | 44 18 00 |124 47 30 Sa IDK Sisk dete os SM) te tateml Olesen, S3 25
1922 |...do ...| 4:57 a.m.) 44 18 00 |124 41 00 Gabe Oh te Ses Se eee SON 5, AGU: donee 25
1923 |...do ...| 5:43 a.m. | 44 18 15 |124 34 00 56 bike Sayama (G25 |95500) 574) 46:2). doreans: 25
1924 |...do ...| 6:29a.m. | 44 18 15 |124 28 00 54) gy.S.bk.Sp.-.| 56] 56 | 45.7|...do..... 25
1925 |...do...| 7:09a.m.| 44 18 30 |124 21 00| 45) gy.S.bk.Sp...| 56] 56|46.5|...do....- 25

292 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1891—Continued.

: | oI
\c | Position. | Temperature. Sos
A *s : . | ee
= Daten TiMeOls |<vsc 3 Svea a Character of | Instru- ted
BS | day. d iaes bottom. | care | Bot ment used. /-5°5
Z Lat. N. |Long. W. & [Adee leageultarc = n
| 1889. | }.o + w-| 0 4% | Jems. lor ioR|oR, Lbs.
1926 | Aug. 31| 7:49 a.m. | 44 18 30 |124 15 00 | 35 | gy. S. bk. Sp-- 57 | 56 | 47.2| Tanner .. 25
1927 |...o ...| 8:05 a.m. | 44 18 30 /124 12 30| 31 | yl.S.bk.Sp...| 57 | 56 | 47.7|...do..... 25
1928 |. .do ---| 9:00 a.m. | 44 13 80 |124 12 30 Bi dnenpyesesss.- | <57 | © 56 1 4850) 22 =dosesee 25
1929 |...do ..-| 9:40 a.m. | 44 07 50 |124 11 00 DONEC! EN" oie ete 1°58} SY N47 Tiles sows ae 25
1930 |...do ...|10:36.a.m.| 44 07 00 [124 18 00| 45) fne gy. S.-.--- 57 | 57 |46.9|-..do...-. 25
1931 |...do ...|11:21 a.m. | 44 06 30 |124 25 00 ON ils See ee chic 57 |}, ote 46.2 |eyado eeeae 25
1932 |...do ...|12:06 p.m. | 44 06 00 [124 3130| 69| en. M-......... 57 | 57|45.9|...do..-.. 25
1933 |...do ...|12:56p.m. | 44 06 00 |124 37 30] 70} gn.M.........| 59 | 59 | 45.7]..-do-.-2. 25
1934 ...do 1:45 p.m.} 44 05 80 124 44 15 63 Nae MO a cies 59 | 59 | 46.1 do aaee 25
1935 |...do 2:30 p.m.}| 44 05 80 |124 51 30 51 yok OE? 1K t Uy Cae 59 | 59 | 47.1 dots 25
1936 |...do 3:10 p.m.| 44 05 00 |124 56 00 BAG: | PM oo seit 59 59 | 40.9 G0 see- 25
1937 |...do 4:05 p.m.) 48 59 30 |124 59 00 326 | fne.gy.S.bk.Sp 59 59) |"408)|2 dol eae 20
1938 |...do ..-| 5:06 p.m. | 43 53 00 |124 59 00 |} 602 | gn.M.-.......-. 59 | 59 | 40.2 Big shies Dh)
1939 |..-do ..-| 5:40 p.m.| 43 53 00 |124 56 00°} 365 | gpn.M...-...-.. 68) ||) 763") A0t4n ee doe ees 35
1940 |...do ...| 6:07 p.m.| 43 52 45 |124 53 00 284 gn. Me ait act 68 63 | 41.4 ‘Maren 25
1941 |...do -..} 6:32 p.m.| 43 52 30 |124 50 00; 175 tne. bk. S .-----| 68 | 63 | 42.8 do's2ss 25
1942 |...do.. | 6:55 p.m.| 43 52 15 /124 47 00 | 159 | M.and Pk. 5 61] 61 | 43.7 doisen <= 25
19435) 2:00.-.2|e0-L7p.m:)| 43) 52,00) 124 4400 1159) ME foaene oe. GL | 61 | 43.7 do's: 222 25
1944 |...do ...| 7:40 p.m.| 43 52 00 |124 40 30 DG AY Ciel ra Seen 60 60 | 43.7 WOvsseee 25
1945 |..-do.-.} 8:30 p.m.| 43 47 45 |124 37 00 | 185} gn.M.......... 60 | 60 | 43.7 dois sae 25
1946 |...do ...| 9:20 p.m.| 43 43 30 |124 34 30 | 127 | gn.M.......... 60 60 | 45.1 doi. 25
1947 |...do ...|10:07 p.m.| 48 39 15 |124 30 30 fell) Saag eS aia = | 60) 60 | 45.7 doiee-e 25
1948 |...do ...'10:56 p.m. | 43 35 30 |124 26 30 teh Oe|Pakssya hil (Ses SoBe ae 59 | 59 | 45.7 do’ =432- 25
1949 |...do ...|11:45 p.m. | 43 31 00 |124 24 15 6607)sinesp yn ee = 59 | 59 | 45.8 C.0'- 22a 25
1950 | Sept. 1 (12:45a.m.| 43 36 00 |124 22 30 G55) ene eee ate 59 | 59 | 45.2 GO) Socee 25
1951 |..-do ...| 1:44 a.m.| 43 40 15 |124 21 00 CO tat OS ek Se =..| 56] 56 | 45.7 dom seca 25
1952 |...do...| 2:45 a.m.| 43 45 30 |124 19 00 SVM uilse = Ss see 5 | 55 | 46.4 dose. 25
_1953 |...do ..-| 3:31 a. m.| 43 38 00 |124 24 15 62 bk. 8 S.and M.. 16 55 | 46. 2 (byes ae 25
1954 |...do .-.] 4:18 a.m.| 43 50 30 /124 29 00 NCA fil ess Sg yee 56 | 55 | 46.1 Gow ae 29
1955 |.--do -..| 5:05 a.m.| 48 53 00 |124 34 00 Oo ePID Ae te acelae 56 | 55 | 45.7 C0) Sone 25
1956 |...do ...| 5:50 a.m.| 43 55-30 |124 38 30'| 120] gn.M.........- 59 | 59 | 45.1 Cowes 25
1957 |...do ...| 6:40 a.m 3 58 00 |124 44 00 87 | bk. S. and M 59 | 59) 45.5 GO omer 25
1958 }...do -..| 8:10 a.m.| 44 01 00 |124 49 15 8: | pUbue ate ayes GT 59, pes Sa dO = 5c: 25
1959 |...do -..} 8:49 a.m.| 44 02 00 |124 50 15 Gin Ae ee ee | G1 | 59 | 46.2 do 2d
1960 |...do ...| 9:42 a.m.| 43 59 30 |124 49 30 CHAR Ghee Pe tak eos 600)" 59) |:45.77) 6-200) cease 25
1961 |...do .../10:04.a.m.) 43 59 30 |124 47 00 te ul Olean trie eee ore 60 59 | 45.8]..-do -.... } 2d
1962 |...do ...|10:40 a.m.| 44 00 15 |124 49 30 (OM Oia eee ee 60) 59 45:7)|- dora 25
196372 sdo2_.|LU-03\anm: (44-00 100 1245200 | Golo R Sse sees 59 5945505 we Owes | 2p
1964 |...do -..|11:25 a.m.| 44 01 30 |124 54 30 AS |B Se ee 88 re oe 59 59) 45:8) 2-dosee-- | 20
1965 |...do .-.)12:09 p.m.| 43 59 15 |124°54 30 79 Rky Shseseco- 60 G0)|\"45.6)12 5 doses 25
1966 |...do ...|12.22 p.m.| 43 58 00 |124 54 15 174 | gn.M.fne.gy.S. 60 | 60 | 43.6]...do-.... 25
1967 |...do -..|12:37 p.m.| 43 57 45 |124 52 30 SSpllaekey os bse eee ores 60") 609) 45:5)|es- do ecece 25
1968 |...do ...|12:50 p.m.| 43 57 30 |124 50 30 92 | Nobottomspee- 60 | 60 | 45.2}...do...-- 25
imen.
1969 |...do ...| 1:07 p.m.! 43 58 30 /124 50 00 79\on, Misand Sis © 02)" 359 40s: Com eee | 95
1970 }...do -..| 1:38 p.m.| 43 54 20 \124 49 15 USER MOGs) Meee seer 62 60°] 43.7)\2* <do . 2.27 | 25
1972*|...do ...| 1:52 p.m.| 43 54 10 |124 47 30 | 139 | bk.S.andM... 62] 62 |43.9|_..do-..-. 25
1972 |...do ...| 2:05 p.m.| 43 54 00 !124 46 00 | 124 | bk.S. and M. G25) 62 447) | S200 =a 25
1973 |...do ...| 2:21 p.m.| 43 54 45 |124 46 40 90 | gn. M. and G.. 62] 62 AD:5 |= sd One 25
1974 |...do ...| 2:34 p.m.| 43 55 30 |124 45 20 78 Bk: SVandiG = 7 62)! 62) 457-2 2doe es 25
1975 |...do ...| 2:50 p.m.| 43 56 15 |124 45 00 1024) Gan O Gre tee 60/59) 45.7) | ceed ore eee 25
1976 |...do ...| 3:04 p.m.| 43 57 00 |124 44 30 COANE Ox5 SSAR Saree GO| 59 | 45.7)|.. do -=-2- 25
1977 |...do ...| 3:17 p.m. | 43 57 45 |124 44 00 67 m. Mand Ge-)) 160)! “590 4507n = sda 25
1978 |...do ...| 3:4L p.m.| 43 58 30 |124 44 20 61 | Rky. brk.Sh..| 60 | 59 | 45.7 mae Loe 25
1979 |...do ...| 4:20 p.m.| 44 00 00 |124 45 00 DO MOOSE me wate bee 60 | 59 | 47-2))s doje ese 25
1980 nae 2| 8:16a.m.) 44 00 00 |124 11 30 18°) tne. gy.'S...-:: DG 406i acces pect lead| 14
1981 |...do ...) 9:40 a.m. | 44 01 30 |124 11 30 Poy yl las ene eget eee 58 | 59 | 48.8] Tanner .- 25
1982 |...do ...| 2:25 p.m.| 44 16 00 j124 12 00 31 | ine. gy.S--.---- 60 | 59°) 47.7 |ee-do -2oe2 25
1983 |...do-..| 3:45 p.m.| 44 16 30 |124 09 00 19\ | fne.oy.S--..-- Gar Sie | eeeers ‘Hand lead) 14
1984 |...do ...| 4:28 p.m.| 44 18 00 |124 08 30 12 | fne. sy. Sokases G29) HO On eae Le Seoreees 14
1985 |:..do ...| 5:38 p.m.| 44 20 00 |124 13 00 31} Wh.S bk Sp.| 57) 54] 47.8] Tanner .. 20
sh.
1986 Rept. 3 | 5:43 a.m.) 44 37 00 |124 15 00 44 | gy. Saat Soe ae 56 | 54)):47.5)-2 do 22222 20
1987 |...do ...| 6:41 a.m.| 44 35 00 /124 13 00 43 | tne. cy. S. and OD"! 55"/-46.25| dolce 20
n. M.
1988 |...do ..-| 7:23 a.m.| 44 33 00 |124 11 00 32 bes Se Steinem 56} 55 | 46.7 |-.-do ...:- 20
1989 |...do ..-| 9:31 a.m.]| 44 28 30 /124 23 00 45 a and. ost 56 | 56 | 46.5|...do ..... | 20
1990 |...do .-.| 9:50 a.m.| 44 27 00 !124 24 30 EW oe ma ers Jecue) (00%) 562 46ror ee 0 ae 20
1991 |...do -..|10:40a.m.| 44 26 30 |124 26 00 48 C ee eer 56 56 4 6i ae G01 ee 20
1992 |...do .../11:52.a.m.| 44 28 00 |124 24 30 43 | Risy toes ae | $9 56 Avene. 00! - soe 20
1993 |...do ...| 4.40 p.m.) 44 39 00 |124 08 30 29 | fne.gy.S. bk.| 57 | 56 | 48.2 doe. 20
S |
1994 |...do ...| 5:47 p.m.} 44 41 00 |124 09 00] 28 fcr S. bk.’ 55] 52/46.9!..do..... 20
| Sp.
1995 | Sept. 7] 3:27 p.m.| 45 46 15 |124 04 45 416 AAtS S. and 63 GOP 4b Tt osedor see 20
G. |

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

293

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, from
July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891—Continued.

Serial No.

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

2008
2009
2010
2011

2012 |

2013
2014

2015 |_-

2016
2017

9018 |...
2019 |._-

2020

Qu21 |. -

2022
2023
2024

2025
2026
2027

2028
2029
2030
2031
2082
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
(2048

2049 |_-

2050
2051

2052 |...
2053 |. -

2054

2055 |.--
2056 |. -

2057
2058
2059
2060

9061 |_..

2062
2063
2064
2065

Position.

Date. mane os 4

Lat. N. |Long. W. S
1889. OU Gey ORONO RTS.
Sept. 7 | 3:46 p.m.| 45 45 30 |124 02 30 40
--do ...| 4:35 p.m.| 45 44 30 /123 59 30 22
--do ...| 5:12 p.m.| 45 43 00 |123 58 15 15
Sept. 8] 9:00a.m.| 45 31 15 |124 00 45 25
--do .../10:10 a.m.| 45 35 00 |123 58 15 18
--do .../11:26a.m.} 45 30 00/123 59 45 18
--do ...j11:5l a.m.| 45 28 30 |124 00 00 16
.-do .../12:20 p.m.| 45 26 30 |124 00 15 21
.-do ...| 1:20 p.m.| 45 23 00 |124 00 30 18
.-do ...| 3:27 p.m.| 45 19 00 |124 02 30 39
--do. 4:29 p.m.| 45 19 00 |124 00 30 23
Sept. 9| 7:04a.m.| 45 17 30 |124 00 30 19
-do ...| 7:46 a.m. | 45 13 00 |124 00 30 27
-do ...| 8:23 a.m.| 45 11 30 {124 00 00 19
-do 8:50 a.m.]/ 45 10 30 /123 59 45 15
-do 9:30 a.m.} 45 11 00 /124 03 30 34
.-do ...|10:18 a.m. | 45 12 00 |124 07 00 52
-do .../10:46 a.m. } 45 13 00 |124 10 30 69
-do ...|11:16 a.m. | 45 09 30 /124 10 45 69
-do ...)11:44a.m. | 45 07 30 {124 06 00 49
-do ...|12:04 p.m. | 45 07 15 |124 03 00 33
-do ...|12:52p.m. | 45 07 00 /124 00 30 15
do ...| 1:45p.m.| 45 04 00 |124 02 30 23
do ...| 2:32 p.m.]| 45 04 00 |124 06 15 51
-do ...| 3:20p.m. | 45 04 00 /124 11 00 68
do ...| 3:45p.m.| 45 02 00 |124 13 00| 71
-do ...| 4:21 p.m. | 45 01 15 |124 07 00| 52
-do ...| 5:01 p.m. | 45 00 45 |124 03 45 27
-do .../ 5:28p.m. |} 45 00 30 |124 02 15 16
.--do -..| 6:16 p.m. | 44 58 30 |124 04 00 1g
Sept. 10 | 5:35a.m.] 44 03 45 [124 12 00 30
-do ...| 6:33 a.m. | 44 03 15 |124 16 30) 42
-do....| 8:03 a.m. | 43 54 00 |124 11 00 13
-do ...| 9:00 a.m. | 43 49 00 |124 14 00 36
.-do ...| 9:46a.m.| 43 47 00 |124 12 00 13
.-do ...|10:45 a.m. | 43 42 30 |124 14 30 28
--do ..-!11:30 a.m.) 48 40 30 /124 15 00 28
--do 12:14 p.m. | 43 37 00 |124 16 00 53
.-do -..|12:57 p.m. | 43 34 00 |124 16 30 40
.-do ...| 1:46 p.m. | 43 31 00 |124 16 00 11
.-do ...| 2:30 p.m. | 43 27 30 |124 18 00 23
.-do .-.| 3:13 p.m. | 48 23 30 |124 21 30 17
.-do -..| 3:50 p.m. | 43 19 00 |124 25 30 28
---do ...| 4:28 p.m. | 43 13 00 |124 26 00 27
.-do .-.| 5:31 p.m. | 43 08 30 |124 28 00 25
--do -..| 6:44p.m. | 43 09 00 |124 35 00 64
.-do ...| 7:40 p.m. | 43 09 30 j124 42 00 | 134
.-do ...| 8:38 p.m. | 43 10 00 /124 49 00 | 165
-do ...|10:16 p.m. | 43 14 15 |124 52 00 | 234
‘Sept. 11 |12:37 a.m. | 43 17 30 [124 55 30] 384
..do ...| 2:54a.m. | 43 17 00 |124 42 00! 116
-do ...| 3:54a.m. | 43 17 00 |124 34 30 64
-do ...| 6:17 a.m. | 43 21 00 |124 27 00 46
do -.-| 7:ll a.m. | 48 23 00 |124 385 00 68
.-do ...| 7:51.a.m. | 43 24 00 }124 42 00) 119
.-do ...| 8:41 a.m. |-43 25 30 {124 48 30 | 326
do ...| 9:22 a.m. | 43 20 30 {124 49 00 | 306
do .../10:03 a.m. | 43 16 00 124 48 00 | 283
.-do ...|10:40 a.m. | 43 12 00 |124 47 30} 188
do 11:17 a.m. | 43 06 30 |124 47 00 | 141
-do 12:05 p.m. | 43 06 30 |124 40 00 91
-do ...)12:47 p.m. | 43 06 30 |124 32 00 58
-do ...| 1:45 p.m. | 42 59 00 |124 36 00 49
-do -..| 2:25p.m. | 42 58 30 |124 44 00 76
-do ...| 3:06 p.m. | 42 58 00 |124 52 30 | 120
do ...| 4:00 p.m. | 42 58 00 |124 00 00 | 407
-do -..| 4:46 p.m. | 42 49 30 /124 00 00 | 382
---do ...| 5:38 p.m. | 42 48 30 |124 53 00 | 140
---do -..| 6:27p.m. | 42 49 00 |124 46 00 | 114
--do ...| 7:15 p.m. | 42 59 30 1124 40 30 47

Character of
bottom.

Sp. brk. Sh.
R. and Sh. ..-..-

fne. gy. S22...
bk.S

fne. gy. 5S

Temperature. S

Instru- | 42%

ee CaeeliBor ment used.) - "3
* |face. | tom.

Co) ya Red ested Lbs.
60 56 | 45.3) Tanner .-. 20
609.56" sae Hand lead 14
62 | £3) 601 eee Ee NO ee 14
57 | 52 | 47.2} Tanner 20
57 | 52 | 48.4 HOOK 2258 20
Bie ole WA Seoul (lO) See 20
Bale aan Asean Ola se a 20
Dia ee OG 2ecON ise sone ate 20
Fyn OO | Prtete Hand lead 14
54 50 | 46.7] Tanner . 20
BT! | sepia WAveon ae Ore ac ae 20
Ble ie SBC NAVE see dol oe ne 20
ik pee Sin || Avail cee Obst 20
ES) Ney Ve a 8h pee ‘Hand lead 14
Boh AS eee doses: 14
52 48 | 45.8} Tanner 20
52 | 48 | 45.9)..-do..... 20
52 48m |-4 526i ee GOrs sae 20
5b 50) 1.45244 odor. 20
55 50 46:9) ee dor 5-72 20
5br le DOM AGiaI ee. Gone ee 20
55 OOM Cee Handlead| 14
55 SON Ese Sudoe= 14
52 |} 48 | 46.0 T anner 20
52 48) 4525s See dos. ose 20
ea me INE redder Voy ete 20
55 | 50 | 46.2 EMO oes 20
Bi || iw igee oe Hand lead 14
Gaye eaten! | Beer. 5d0} 4h 14
55 | 49 | 47.7| Tanner 20
49 fat | Eee Ce Leeea|| 20
49 51 | 46.0 SOO yen oe 20
AO) odutaal| eee OO we eree 20
50 49 | 46.7 20 OMe Kae 20
52F | 4Ohie es =. Hand lead 14
52 AGH IES. 2 ped Osa 14
BY hip | ees edorccses 14
52 51 | 45.9 | Tanner 20
5S) 49h 46.0 lea OOre- =. = 20
53 et eee “Hand lead 14
52 50 | 48.2 | Tanner - 20
Oe ee bP? | eee Ss Handleadj 14
Sum ES28 4 SUTo eam nen li 20
DOM BOOM Adak las sOObera 20
5d 52 | 46.1 Sotse: 5 20
DOOM 4o.8>|-s80 Ohare: £0
Dds ean |PALe) ees ae 26
DAR oe ele, |e pe Osea = 20
54 Ci AP. JEP Ne a8 Kee 20
56 | 57 | 40.1 “Sigsbee 8)
59 59 | 44.9 Taner 20
Houle 46:0) Sado ses.e 20
51 RAD |-sel Ohe eee 20
Sol RPA SS lee Op = sete 20
iat Dies PAS eek O, ae ere 20
53 Lay 7B Ua bal PRE ce Co seen 20
53 | 54] 41.7) Sigsbee 35
55 ta WY Ve: Ry Ee sane 35
56 Cis eee OKO epee 35
BGs rots or2 ee Ove. 35
56 53 | 45.7| Tanner 20
BON Pe o3 a 40-0 dole... 20
Gn aA Deoi kOe a= = Hee
DOP 49s | 40:91 S210 254) 20
Saleen beo ile ad Orss= 2 20
53 | 451 | 40.9 Sigsbee a 35
53 | 51 /39.9|...do..... 35
53 51 | 44.8 “Tanner 20
AG SORNAD. T= <GOneemee 20
Se AO NAG i Wen OOeee 20

the.gy.S.blxe.Sp.

294 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891—Continued.

. ] | rer
ic Position. | Temperature. ae
a Tater >) oeimne of "|< ona el are Character of | __ |” Instra- 9) ag
a ea ae day. 4 =F bottom. |. | Sur-! Bot. (ment used. 374
— Lat. N. | Long.W a | Air. face. Henman = wh
| |

1889. EN | Ao "| ms of,|°F.|° FR. Lbs

2066 | Sept.12 | 5:30a.m.] 43 03 30 |124 33 30 JOS SSA asnccio 50 48 | 45.8; Tanner .. 20
2067 |...do ..-| 6:20 a.m. | 48 04 30 |124 26 30 21 | fne.gy.S------| 50 47° A622 2 domeeee 25
2068 |...do -..| 7:57 a.m. | 43 08 00 |124 27 30 Die voces ceee oo > (BOVINA Sh eae Hand leat 14
2069 |...do -../10:12 a.m. | 43 00 00 |124 27 3 17 | fne.gy.S--..-.. | 50] 48 |47.2) Tanner - 25
2070 |...do ..-|11:1la.m. | 42 55 00 |124 32 30 28 | fne. gy.S-..--- | 50.) "48" | 46:10) do saze. 25
2071 |...do -../11:45 a.m. | 42 53 00 /124 34 00 TE | PEG: Sys se sae 52). Ag bees ‘Hand lead) 14
2072 |...do .../12:23p.m‘ | 42 51 15 {124 37 00 34 | ine. gy.S .-.---- 52 | 47 | 47.7] Tanner - 25
2073 |...do ...| 1:00 p.m. | 42 48 15.|124 37 45 29 | fne.gy.S....-. MSR fe) Seca Hand lead) 14
2074 |...do ...| 1:27p.m | 42 46 45 |124 38 00 44| R.andbrk.Sh.| 53| 48 |..--- Sigsbee..| 35
2075 |...do ...| 1:48 p.m. | 42 45 30 124 38 15 34 | St.andbrk.Sh.| 53] 48 | 46.8| Tanner .. 25
2076 |...do -..] 3:40 p.m. | 42 44 15 |124 33 00 23) |) ne. Ly. S s-=— == fe Od Its AGS ANC ON eo pee afore 25
2077 | Sept.13! 7:51 a.m. ! 42 42 30 |124 30 30 POA) Diswitenssosees 568)" 48) ae a eotence 25
2078 |...do ...| 8:35 a.m. | 42 43 00 |124 37 00 62 | fne. gy.5.-.--- | 56] 48 | 45.7 dojseeee 25
2079 |...do ...| 9:18 a.m. | 42 43 00 124 42 00 | 161 | fneszy.S-..... | 50] 48 | 44.7]|...do.-.-. 25
2080 |...do ...!'10:02 a.m. | 42 42 00 !124 50 00 329 |. gn. 1 Gaye seat | 50 48 | 40.8 Siesbeo - 35
2081 |. -do .../10:57 a.m. | 42 35 30 124 50 00 | 492 | gn. M......--. 53 | 49 |39.3|...do ....- 35
2082 |..:do ..-!11:49 a.m. | 42:35 30 124 42 30 | 151 | gn. M-..-...-..- 53 | 49 | 45.7 do. 2.5 35
2083 |...do .-.|12:34 p.m. | 42 35 00 |124 35 30 Bie || Sie Meee nee 53 | 49 | 46.7 “Tanner ..| 25
2084 |... do...) 1:15 p.in.| 42 34 30 124 29 00 34 | fne. gy.S-.---- 52.| 49 | 46.5).--do....- 25
2085 |...du ...| 1:55 p.m. | 42 28 30 |/124 33 00 35 (cine oyas esos. = 51 | 49 | 46.8|...do..... 25
2086 }...do ...| 2:52 p.m.| 42 29 00 |124 40 00} 63 | fne. gy.S--..... 51} 49 | 46.9}...do-.-.. 25
2u87 |...do...| 3:55 p.m.| 42 29 00 /124 46 30 | 206 | C...........-.. | 51] 48 | 43.8] Sigsbee 35
2U88 |...do...| 4:57 p.m.| 42 22 00 /124 51 00 | 505 | bk.S G ..-.--.- | 52) 48 | 39.2 do=-=-- 35
2089 |...do...| 5:52 p.m.| 42 21 00 /124 44 00 De tl mL GL <hhs UE See 52 | ° 48 | 42.7| Tanner 25
2090 |...do...| 6:42 p.m.| 42 21 00 |124 36 00 OU | forme vises error 52} 48 | 45.4 OM: 25
2091 |...do -..| 7:09 p.m.| 42 21 00 [124 3300} 62] gn.M....... Boi 0480/4 5s5l/eedomenes 25
2092 | Sept.14} 8:56 a.m.| 43 23 30 |124 24 00 40 | fine. gy-5'------ 53 | 51 | 46.8 do’: sa: 25
2093 ]...do ..-| 9:25 a.m.| 43 25 00 |124 27 00 Gs abe a i sianenee §3 | 51 | 46.2 doteees 25
2094 |...do --./10:07 a.m.| 43 28 30 |124 32 30 WINNS. Syn) -- sen 54) 62) (4537) O! eet 25
2095 |...do ---|10:50 a.m.| 43.32 00 |124 37 30 | 157 | gn.M ........- 55 | -53 | 44.2 do i 2. 25
2096 |...do -..|11:33 a.m.| 43 35 30 |124 42 30} 277 | pn.M .-.....-.. 56 | 56 | 41.2 do 2282 25
2097 | Oct. 12|11:25 a.m.| 42 25 00 |124 32 30 39 | fne. gy.S..---- 58 | 57 | 51.8 aaa 25
2098 |...do .../11:59 a,m.| 42 22 30 |124 32 30 44 | fne.gy.S....-. 58 | 57 | 51.8 dopeses 25
2099 |...do -.-| 1:06 p.m.| 42 13 30 |124 27 30 51. | bk.iS\ss-eeeesee 61] 59 | 52.0 ower 25
2100 |...do ...| 1:48 p.m.| 42 14 00 /124 34 00 94 | fne. gy. 5 -.-.-- GD O90) ial) ene Oeeenee 25
ZLOTS Ee edOlss-| 2:28 fous) 42014 O00) 24) AU 00s 8273 Mie eres 58 | 59 | 42.0 doee-- 25
2102 |...do ..-| 3:16 p.m.| 42 05 30 |124 37 30 | 244 | No bottom ob- | 60] 59 |..... dos -—-s 25

tained.

2103 |...do ...| 3:56 p.m.| 42 04 30 /124 31 00 65) bkS.& M..... 60 | 59 | 49.5| Sigsbee..| 35
2104 |...do --.) 4:28 p.m.| 42 03 30 |124 23 00 46 | fne. S.&M.| 61] 60 | 51.8) Tanner -- 26
2105 |_..do ---] 5:12 p.m.| 42 00 30 |124 20 00 21 | fne. ak. gy.S- 66 | 62 | 54.2)...do..... 26
2106 |...do ...| 5:28 p.m.| 41 58 30 |124 17 00 18 | fne.dk. gy.S ..| 67 | 61 | 53.8|...do...-. 26
2107 |...do ---} 6:10 p.m.| 41 58 00 |124 22 30 CB d 8 Ore os ae 64 | 60 | 51.8}...do ..... 26
2108 |...do .-.| 6:48 p.m.| 41 58 00 |124 29 00 (jel Fars lee ee 58 | ~59°| 48:9}: _ ido -2 22) 26
2109 |...do -.-| 7:27 p.m.| 41 58 00 |124 36 00 | 261 | gn.M......... 58 | 59 | 42.2 dO s.cee 26
2110 |#. do ---| 8:20 p.m.| 41 52 00 |124 36 00 | 336) gn.M......... 58> 559"|'40.9)|2 doweee 26
2111 |...do ..-| 9:06 p.m.| 41 50 30 |124 30 00 | 120] gn.M ......-.. 5901/9593) 46hiiesedosse nee 26
2112 |...do ..-| 9:34 p.m.| 41 50 00 |124 26 00 HO DRS ic veces 59)} = 59:| 50:7 jc. -do=. = 26
2113 |...do -..|10;20 p.m.| 41 44 30 |124 26 00| 80] gn.M........- 585) (57a) 47iv\ endorse see 26
2114 |...do .../10:47 p.m. | 41 45 00 |124 32 00 | 256 | gn.M .......-. 585) (57 |:42:2)|22-do ss - 26
2115 |...do .-./11:40 p.m.| 41 38 30 |124 31.30 | 277 | pn. M ......--.) 58} 57 | 42.7)|...do..--- 26
2116 | Oct. 13 |12:22 a.m.| 41 38 00 |124 25 00 Oa Geni eee one 58.1" 5% ):49.3'|25do 2-25. 26
2117 |...do ...|12:51 a.m.| 41 38 00 |124 17 30 38 M fea EEA ee Die) DOlib2-0)|a2-COreneaas 26
2118 |...do ...| 1:30 a.m.| 41 38 00 |124 12 30 D5 Meas Soese nce 57 | 56 | 54.0}...do ..... 26
2119 |...do -..| 2:10 a.m.| 41 32 00 |124 13 30 27 WOK y erect DT || 85%) 53-8)) 25.00 eee 26
2120.|..-do .-.| 2:40 a.m.| 41 32 00 |124 1900} 42) M............. 57 | 55 |51.9|...do...-. 26
2121-|...do ...| 3:13 a.m.| 41 32 00 |124 24 00 Baia Nigaant meen eee 57 | 5b)! 49:8 |" "dovenee- 26
2122 ;...do -..| 3:40 a.m.| 41 32 00 (124 30 00 O4s tite aie ea 56 |) 65/4779) do weeee 26
Dloe.|seed0: | aes ae.) 413200 124° 35 004) a2) (Caen sen eee 56 | 55 | 39.6] Sigsbee 25
2124 |_.-do ---| 5:26 a.m.| 41 26 15 |124 33 30 AS a Von ovine weer 56 | 55 | 39.1 Ole ase 35
2125 |...do ---| 6:16 a.m.| 41 26 15 |124 27 00 SO) eu Me Sie ene 56 | 56/48.7| Tanner ..| 26
2126 |...do -..| 6:52 a.m.} 41 26.15 |124 20 00 EOI Fea nN Ol yap oe 56156250 hil ee One 26
2127 |...do ...| 7:28 a.m.| 41 26 15 |124 13 30 SOL Olek eter eects 56 | 56-1518) Pe-doe, ==. 26
2128 |...do -..| 8:05 a.m.| 41 26 30 |124 07 00 18 ean eceeee 56 | 156") 6478) 2 doe. -- 26
2129 |...do ..-| 8:56 a.m.} 41 20 00 124 11 00 |*° 36] brk.Sh. & P..) 56 | 56 //51.2)..-do-.-.- 26
2130 |...do -.., 9:34 a.m.| 41 20 00 |124 17 30 Don Pie Nese. oe ase 56 | '56"|/49:9) Badge = 26
2131 |..-do .--|10:12 a.m.} 41 20 00 |124 24 30 S63| Penis ee 06)" 36) 482 20dor se 26
2132 |...do --.|10:55 a.m.| 41 20 00 |124 31 30 | 373 | gn. M-.--.-.... 58.| 58 |39.8| Sigsbee..| 35
2133 |_..do ...|11:50 a.m.| 41 13 00 |124 31 00 ANG fea eel ee ae oe 58 58 | 39.4]. do 3 eee 35
2134 |_..do ...|12:36 p.m. | 41 12°30 |124 23 30 | 167 | gn. M....--... 58 | 58 |45.3| Tanner .. 26
2135 |...do ...| 1:13 p.in.| 41 12 00 |124 17 00 HSa an INE see seas 58"), 58) 49s Sesdo-e: S- 26
2136 |...do ...| 1:47 p.m.| 41 12 30 |124 11 00 29 | the. gy. S. & P| 57] 56 |54.6|...do..... 26
2137 |...do ...| 2:42 p.m.| 41 05 30 |124 13 00 26 | tne.dk.gy.S -.| 57} 56 |52.4)...do-.--. 26
2138 |...do ...| 3:21 p.m.| 41 O£ 30 /124 19 00 Capel bag sy 1 UE eee 577 (560)'9353 |/2sd0: 2s 26

t_-

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 295

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891—Continued.

SH
2 Position. Temperature. | Qe
ae Dats Time of a Character of Instru- |.4 9
& ate: day. | n= bottom. ie | ee elipere mentused.! eI
3 Lat. N. |Long. W. a Air. Peal hort: \e a
|
1889, ST lag UG ee UA 2785 oF.|oR,| oF. Lbs.
2139.) Oct. 13] 4:03 p.m.| 41 03.30 |124 26 00 | 268) gn. M........-| 57 56 | 42.7 | Sigsbee - - 35
2140 |...do -..| 4:50 p.m.| 40 57 15 |124 25 30 | 182) gn. M....-.._.. Rie | OOM Adelie <O Olen cer 3d
2141 |...do -.-| 5:31 p.m. | 40 57 00 |124 20 00 G5) | one Meee one 57 | 56 | 49.0!) Tamner—-| 26
2142 |...do .--| 6:11 p.m.| 40 56 00 |124 14 00 30h), PnencyaSees= ss Bilt 564 GaSe ooo) seems 2
2143 |..-do ..-| 6:53 p.m. | 49 50 15 |124 15 00 36) | (onep Mae - = 57 DUO e |e CLO re aetere 26
2144 |...do ..-| 7:38 p.m. | 40 50 00 |124 22 00 TAU re bs eee 56 | 52) 48.2). do 2... 26
2145)|...do ...| 8:25 p.m.| 40 50 00 {124 28 00 | 254) M..........--. 55 | 52 /|42.1] Sigsbee--| 35
2146 |...do ...| 9:17 p.m.| 40 44 30 |124 33 30 | 204) M.......--.-.- 56) 56 |41.7| Tanner -.| 26
2147 |...do ...|10:03 p.m. | 40 43 00 |124 27 00 0M | Mao etre 56 | 56 | 49.2|.--do -..-. 26
2148 |...dlo -..}10:40 p.m.} 40 43 00 |124 22 00 Pail Wels Cee ele eet 56 | 56 | 53.3/-..do-.--- 26
2149 |...do .../11:26 p.m. | 40 37 30 |124 25 00 Zen ines yes ci) |-DON |) )DDn |e. 2 Set @Ols.= ake 26
zlo0)| Oct. 14 |42):09 a.m. | 40°39 00 |124 31 00) 355.) M......-.2--..:) 56 | 55 | 41.7)...do -..-. 26
2151 |. .do ...| 1:02 a.m. | 40 32 00 |124 34 00 65 | bk. S. & M...-. 56 | 55 |48.9] Sigsbee -.| 35
2152 |...do ...| 1:48 a.m.| 40 29 00 |124 40 00 O27 om MS See 55 Di Oka |aa sO) sat itg3o:
1890. |
2153 | Mar.11 | 3:52 p.m.} 37 18 50 |122 28 30 21 | fine. bk.S.--.- 55 | 53 |52.8| Tanner -.| 20
2154 |...do .. | 4:30 p.m.| 37 16 00 |122 25 50 105) Sbrk-iShe Risa s|= GONE 53 sonce Handlead) 14
2155 | Mar. 12 |11:45 a.m.}| 37 05 00 |122 19 00 NIf)|) Rokeyay she s2s— Donly (54a) tates Bet! Oye ea 12
2156 |...do ...| 2:17 p.m.| 36 55 00 |122 17 00 | 122 | bk.S.M-..-.-.. 56 | 55 |47.8| Tanner..| 25
2157 | Mar. 15} 1:19 p.m.| 36 58 00 |122 21 00 | 97 | ers. bk.S.M--| 57] 55 | 47.6]...do.-.-.- Wiener
2158) || Mar. 22 |10:00 2.m-| 87 47 55/123 10 00 | _ 87 | Sh --..-------- a |p BE A EAU seek) asec 25
Zloo}|=--d0 === 110.0% a.m.| 37 47 50 1123 16°50) . 39 |, Riky-.::--.-.-- Dore oon joleoy sere Olectaers 25
2160 do .../10.14 a.m.| 87 47 45 |123 11 10 45-| Sh. & Rky Ban) a0 |(00.8 2 -C0len ae rie
2161 |...do -..|10.26 a.m. | 87 47 35 [123 11 00 29 [ktyssiwa oes 5t Beule des iOl.4) = sO | 225)
2162 do...) 1:t0 p.m-| 37 47 30 |123 19 00} 324 | Ri & @-.....- 524) (58) 4210) |--2do)-* . 3. 25
2163 do...) 3::32'p. m.| 37 48 30 |123 30 20} 900 | gn. M ......--- 52] 53 | 36.8 Stuy bee 38
0. 2.
2164 | Mar. 24 | 9:09 a.m. + 38 00 00 /123 22 20 G0 SSSHssseee-eee 51 | 51 | 49.7) Tanner ..| 25
2165 do. 9:28 a.m.| 38 01 00 /123 24 18 Oe hole sce nate stor 51 Bile |OUR 2) eOr as 2d
2166 do 9:35 a.m.| 38 01 05 4123 24 55 20% | Ry a2 sose= eae A ee 5 ener aA ira rar 25
2167 do 9:42 a.m.| 38 O01 10 /123 25 40 ome | Risyo.2eeee%r 52 | 52 | 51.3 SOs eee 25
2168 do 9:51 a.m.| 38 01 15 |123 26 15 30 | Rky. Co......-. 52H he old) 2-0 0ren 25
2169 |...do~. ./11:00 a.m.| 38 01 35 |123 26 50 AQ Rikyee tet eee ne Bei Gra leocse eevee 25
2170 |...do .../11:16 a.m. | 88 01 45 [123 28 00 55 | crs.bk.S.brk.Sh| 52 | 52 | -.--|---do-..... 25
2171 |...do ...|11:26 a.m.| 38 00 45 [123 28 30 65 | gy.S.G.brk.Sh.| 52 | 52 }..---. HERG 5a. 25
2172'|..-do ..-|11:38 a.m.| 37 59 40 |123 28 55 | 139 G.brk.Sh-.--.- O22 ere Tc M Beas 25
2173 |...do .-|11:50 a.m.| 37 59 20 /123 27 45 de es kwte ee om ceraahs ata Becca! dOse-er 25
2174 do ...|12:01 p.m. | 37 58 55 |123 26 35 56) | brik.'Shi- sk --- boul enon | osc doreceen 25
2175 do 12.13 p.m.| 37 58 50 |123 26 10 SAN Rt COS serdar Somos | ase doves: 25
2176 do 12:27 p.m.| 38 00 40 |123 25 55 SdH |G yes Fo aa eotoe et) | Se) Boece |22sdoye aus 25
2177 |...do 1:00 p.m. } 38 02 45 |123 27 35 Ae WARE COn sna as- ee 54] 55 |----- do..-.. 25
2178 |...do -..| 1:13 p.m. | 38 02 25 |123 26 20 2p | RCO: ste sees Ge) oy eee ose dorzscn 25
2179 |...do 1:25 p.in.| 38 02 00 {123 25 05 ATOR. 2B eee oe Dol Ba eesecllaa: Oe eae 25
2180 |...do ...| 1:38 p.m.| 38 01 40 |123 23 50 OVP Vln Si e= 2 oso GE esis eres: | doreee 25
2181 do 1:59 p.m.| 37 59 45 |123 24 25 41 Sie gece ets Bille Manon se ce eee MOM <i-$ 25
2182 do 2:11 p.m. | 37 58 45 |123 25 00 3 RCO: 6a Sie. soe Si hoon piece aioe dower 25
2183 do 2:21 p.m. | 37 57 45 |123 25 15 45" |) NO Wines aaecice Dia lige OO | ee CO eo ee scre 25
2184 |...do 2:35 p.m. | 37 58 00 123 26 35 60) Riyl Seo se... Diane OB! | ere doeeece 25
eiSom 200). 2\02 47 pam. | ar 5820123) 27 45) 231 | ME. 22-2 bs... = 57 | 55 do) 25
2186 |...do ...| 3:09 p.m. | 38 CO 10 {123 27 00 SOUR Comsat ae 6M AGB cee Edoye seer 25
2187 |...do ...| 4:42 p.m.] 38 02 15 |123 27 30 ATS iiicycs Ses So Val a5 | (eee SOM eae 25
2188 |...do 5:01 p.m.| 38 04 25 |123 28 00 is aalla C dieeemene Vipera GO eee eee Os: ie 25
2189 |...do 5.21 p.m.]| 38 06 15 |123 29 00 | 180} fne.gy.S.bk.Sp.| 52] 52 ].-.--- 35-0 5-7 25
2190 do 6,09 p.m.) 38 17 00 1123 30 00 | 269 | gn. Mt Sao Son od 51 | 52 | 42.5} Sigsbee 38
} No. 2
2191 do 7.02 p.m. | 38 15 40 |123 31 30 | 246 | on. M .......-: Sib) 42.92 dor. - 2 - 38
2192 do -..| 7253 p.m. | 38 20 30 |125 32.50} 186) M ....2.-----.: 51] 52 | 44.9 dops2- i 38
2193 |...do 8:40 p.m.} 38 25 10 |123 34 25 | 134 | M............. 50 | 52! 47.9 (ie oe See 38
2194 |...do 9:32 p.m. | 38 30 00 |123 35 40 | 121 | M --.-.....-..- 50 | 52 | 47.2 Gk eS 38
2195 do 10:21 p.m. 38 34 50 |123 37 00 88). Mel ieee ee 50 | 52 | 46.7) Tanner 25
2196 |...do .../11:04 p.m.| 38 39 10 |123 38 30 7G lM niu Reuter HORS Bop lease iO sence 25
2197 |...do -..|11:48 p:m.| 38 44 00 /123 40 00 OG) VICE eae eae 50 | 52 | 47.4 doles: 25
2198 | Mar. 25 |12:32 a.m | 38 48 30 /123 42 00 93))||, on Mins eee 50 | 52 | 47.9 doss-s 25
2199 |...do ...! 1:17 a.m.| 88 52 59 1123 46 00 ol Riloyencecees- 49 | 52 | 47.9 (KO) pee 25
2200 do . 1:57 a.m.| 38 57 10 |123 48 30 Dot) bk Sitciae tease 49) |= 525 48.9)|2--00)>.-—. 25
2201 do 2:29 a.m.| 38 55 59 |123 52 00 GTA DeSean 49 | 51 | 47.9| Sigsbee 38
No. 2
220. 0) 22 |,3):18\ ari) so) Osrs0)|l2sr0u oon! . 189) )) brain 2.2 ae AQ) | Bl |pA4t9)| odors. so. 38
2203 ;...do ...| 4:21 a.m.| 38 48 00 |123 55 50 | 486 | M.._.........2- 49 | 50 | 39.5 owes 38
2204 -|...do ...| 4:59 a.m.| 38 49 30 |123 52 20 OU ED ISHS eae sae 49 | 51 | 47.3 doyasne 38
2205 |...do ...| 5:27 a.m.} 38 51 00 |123 49 00 COM MES: eee 49) 51/|49.4] Tanner --| 25
2206 do ...| 5:51 a.m.| 38 52 25 |123 45 30 49° hid: Minz2 222.32 BOT OU Eee all a= dors ese 25
2207 |. -do ...| 6:40 a.m.| 38 47 15 |123 40 30 Doe eh en. Meee ee SOR Glut eed) |S edo: saeee 25
2208 |...do ...| 7:05 a.m.| 38 46 00 |123 44 00 695 |;enn Meise sr Bs sale Yell Sail) oe sae 25
2209 '...do...| 7:34.a,.m, 38 44 50 1123 47 10 SOS ND Ko Sic ce soes See DUR OLE 46s 71 eed Oleeae 25

296

REPORT

OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 50, 1891—Continued,

|
‘S-7
|

S learns Time of

a eat : day.

Es 4

ea)

1890,

2210 | Mar. 22) 7:49 a.m.
2211 |--.do .-.|:8:09 a.m.
2212 |...do ..-} 9:15 a.m.
2213 ,...do ...' 9:46 a. m.
2214 | Mar. 28} 5:42-a.m.
2215 |..-do ...} 6:33 a.m.
2216 |_..do -..| 7:14 a.m.
2217 |...do --.-| 7:38 a.m.
2218 |...do...} 8:3; a.m.
2219°|..-do ...| 9:05 a.m.
2220 |s..do ...| 9:49 a.m.
2221 |...do .../10:25 a.m.
2222 |-..do ..-|10:37 a.m.
2223 |...do ...|11:17 a.m.
2224 |...do -../11:47 a.m.
2225 |...do ...|/12:27 p.m.
2226-|...do ..-| 1:08 p.m.
2227 |...do -..| 2:02 p.m.
2228 |...do ...| 5:16 p.m.
2229 ; Apr. 2 |11:45 p.m.
2230 | Apr. 3 12:45 a.m.
2231 |...do ...| 2:20 a.m.
2232 \-.-do ~-.-| 3:22 2. m.
2233 |-..do ...| 4:14 a, m.
2234 |...do ..-| 5:08 a.m.
2245. |..-do ..-| 6:06.a. m.
2236) | -.d0 -. .| 6:36 a, m.
2237 |...do 7:04 a.m.
2238 |...do ..-| 9:22.a.m.
2239 |...do .../11:58 a. m.
2240 |...do -../12:14 p.m.
2241 |...do ...| 8:14 p.m.
2242 |...do. .| 9:06 p.m.
2243 |..-do ...| 9:59 p.m.
2244 |...do ...|11:31 p.m.
2245 | Apr. 4 6:55 a.m.
2246 |..-do ...| 8:40 a.m.
2247 -do. --/10:35 a. m.
2248 | Apr. 5| 6:38 a.m.
2249 |...do...| 7:06 a.m.
2250 sd0) --,|01212'a. m,
2251 =00)=2-| 6-54 p: m.
2252 |..-do ...| 2:27 p.m.
2253 |.--do...| 3:15 p.m.
2254 2060) 22-200) p.m.
2255.|.-.do ...| 8:26 p.m
2256 |...do ...| 9:11 p.m
2257 |..-do ...| 9:55 p.m
2258 |...do ...|10:22 p.m.
2259 |...do ..-/11:19 p.m.
2260 | Apr. 6 /12.07 a.m.
2261 |...do ...|12:38 a.m.
2262 |...do . 1:35)a. m.
2263 |...do 2:17 a.m.
2264 |...do 2:45 a.m.
2265 -do ...| 3:01a.m;
2266 AOh-R a) ose asm.
2267 |...do ...| 4:48 a.m.
2268 -d0....) 4:55 a.m.
2269 -do. 8:43 a.m.
2270 do ..-| 9:40 a.m.
2271 do .../10:17 a.m.
2272 |...do ...|10:45 a. m.
2273 |...do...|11:40 a.m.
2274 |...do ...112:23 p.m.

aie

|

Position

|
Te at eNed |

ND bY DD ND bs 8
3 GO Cu co Ce Ce wo

bob
Coo:

ao
o

37
36
34

29
30
30
34 31
34 31
B+ 26

10
50
5d

36 00 00
36 02 30
36 07 10
36 09 40
36 11 00
36 13 05
26 15 09

Long. W.

ee

| Temperature.
4.| Characterof |_~_ | Instra-
=F | bottom. ae | Gaelinae bye used.
ps ir. fac |
A | peal eas
Imes. | OF. lo F, | oF,
TES A Sree Ae | 50 51 | 45.4) Sigsbee
Nore:
pA IE Oe a ee } 50+)" SB 42:9) Sado cress
Sid || DEAS LL Ss. Bee 1 LA Aid eee oe foc
103) 1) BIG S ese b= aoe | 50) 51 | 46.6) Tanner -
DBP MWe ss ne wee 4S) ol eeees| Sel esos
Be) | ones ee as ee 20's.
P28) | DKOS eae e oe oer 4981) 15), 46:01 222do;seeee
Be isecrigiN toe, Soe ear ee 49°) '50 | 416)|222do.-seae
Aue he OTN NES Secon tee 51 51 | 43.0) Sigsbee
| No. 2.
LISS ke Sib S82. S2eoe SLY! Bt. | 46:20) 2 dole
BOs Orns 6 eee aon se 51 | 51 | 48.4) Tanner ..
67> Dre Se ae a BL YP Sle ai oil Seaton eet
GD bree a. .sse Bay! S480 ee scores, eee
SLA 0 saa QR ee 52.) 52°] 48.5) — sdol
Wa. | Bk. Saco aeees| 52 | 52 |48.5|..-do--..-
107, |{ RL. eee MeO R OR RU Mey bein (ieee.
BAe IUD wales Sotelo } OL 52 (42.8) 25: dOveen as
OLB) Saat Miya a aainat | 52 | 52: 39.3| Sigsbee
| | _No. 2.
24 ome aaa ee 52, 52 45.6| Tanner ..
208) | son Via 2 a | 51! 52 43.6) Sigsbee
| No. 2.
9211 pr) Ml cere Bile | 02) [Both Se Gomaes
SEO). DYeaMLe ease ass I) Syl 52, | Sr 0lfasnGO) sea ce
G26i | Gps M Se en tee 51 52) SR doi ae
SO)" | Woe <i fever ee = he SL B27 ON Ol |e Ole mel
9585 homie Ml ee are Sly o2) | ones ee Osea
OD» | hn. Meee, eee Sle |) S20 69.0 | aaa obser ae
S500 Me Seen ene ile te) S90) eet ome
AG. or. Meyer sem ter 51, 52 | 42.9] Lanner .-.
09 | fne. sy.'S------ D2))|5-O1) 46-9) Adore onan
G2al'Gre: Saeoen ae | 53 | 52 146.5 |...do-....
99} |G eh ee ee | 53} 52 | 47.2) Sigsbee
No. 2.
42063)" beh Mise Sere sae 53] 53) | 40.1 AdOtasac
EDAD A Wal es au) Gee ee ees 52+ 53) 400 ee omnes
SHS) | PRL oe Se antes 52 53 | 41.7 ACOs ate
2A0))| Dire Me 2 eee 52 5d | A305 aod Ore sete
PAPAS AS aay UR ee eee 5 63) |) 5b | 42s Sl ee LO nse
1 ees temeaaeasoo 54 53 | 46.2 | Tanner
198 | on. M......... 55 | 52 | 44.2) Sigsbee
| No. 2.
TG PN Re es aor jap We BOs eases | Tanner-.
NGL |p fanned Beeson | 50 | 51 | 43.9| Sigsbee
7 | No. 2.
146 | gn.M ........- | 58 | 52)44.9|...do.:...
vodd| rom Nee Sate }, DON. 545|43-0)|- dons 2
119 | en. M. Rky.-..-| 56 | 54 | 45.0) Tanner ..
TES) Ein So Sem ooe 55 | 54) 45.0) Sigsbce
No. 2.
US We fssieig NIG = Ae Sone 54] 53) 44.7|..-do..-..
aa Ey NTS cents ae Babs) 4520) adores se
DBP aligea hgh bake eee 54 54 | 46.0 055s:
G2E PREM s Ses ste 54] 54) 47.9) Tanner ..
AT} on. Mi hye --- OL f VSL: |4859) | 22 domes
44 | R.and M...... 54°) 54.| 49;0')-..do ..22.
L5BF eerie re tera eee | Ob. | 54) 456i ee dese ae
274) | MoandiSr--- -=— 51 | 54 | 42.3) Sigsbee
No. 2.
Seo, Mie ee tele 54 | 54 | 41.9]...do-.-..
PAAR Wir ie Wee morse 5a | 54 Aron edo a |
13Q0) Mics oS RE eee 54 | 54 | 46.4] Tanner
Cha bk SSM 222 Se 53'| 52) 48:01 dow ce
53))| Diss Mere. e ee 52.) 038"|/48:7)|-e a Guns
WAS | one Meee steers 53 | 52 | 46 Sigsbee
No. 2.
299 | pn. M. R..-.--- 67 | 6L | 41.8) Tanner -.
3467) Meee «oe eon ae 67 GL | 43¢8ijce-doe--
228 | M,and G .--.-- 63 | 56 |42:9)).2-do .....
soa] RIMES. orate hare ote 61, | 54. 41S EMe dow ..2 =
TSB.) Si ME 32 seers 61 54 | 44.7 POin 71
101.) fne: gy. S -2-- =. GI) Sos AGT es an. |
SG. ORY. nee Scene GO) 5k PAO ERE es

om of

sin

er.

Wei

&
I
a

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS,

297

Record of hydrographic soundings by the,-U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, from
July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891—Continued.

iz Position.

ea 2 Time of

feya| PDate-y:) day.

By | Lat. N. |Long. W.

72)

| 1890 fe} / 4 / a

2275 | Apr. 11} 0:30 a.m.| 36 42 50 (122 04 10 |
2276 |..-do .../11:26 a.m.| 36 45 45 |122 04 40
2277 |...do ...| 2:25p.m.| 36 45 40 |121 58 05
2278 | May 21] 1:35 p.m.| 54 02 25 |162 50 30
2279 | May 22 | 9:00 a. m.| 54 15 00 |164 53 00
2280 |...do-..-| 6:17 p.m.| 54 3£ 00 {165 37 00
2281 |...do .../11:43 p.m.| 54 55 40 |166 06 00
2282 May 23 | 1:22 a. m.| 54 58 30 |166 24 30
2288 |...do ...| 3:03 a. m.| 55 00 50 |166 41 30
2284 -do ...| 5:17 a.m.| 55 00 00 |166 59 00
2285 |...do ...| 6:33 a.m.) 54 59 00 |167 17 00
2286 |...do ...|10:03 a. m.| 54 49 20 |167 10 00
2287 do ...| 2:54 p.m.| 54 23 45 |166 38 30
2288 |...do ...; 4:49 p.m. | 54 09 20 |166 28 00
2389 | May 28 |11:25 a.m.| 54 27 00 |165 18 00
2290 |..-do ...|12:08 p.m. | 54 29 30 |165 10 00
2291 |...do .=.|12:48 p.m. | 54 28 20 |165 08 00
2292 |...do .--| 1:14 p.m.| 54 31 40 |165 09 00
2293 -do ...| 2:11 p.m.| 54 34 30 /164 55 45
2294 |...do ...| 2:49 p.m.| 54 39 00 |164 51 00
2295 |...do ...| 3:11 p.m.| 54 41 15 |164 48 30
2296 |...do ...| 3:55 p.m.| 54 47 30 |164 46 00
2297 |...do -.-| 4:45 p.m.| 54 57 40 |164 36 50
2298) |...d0 -..| 5:23 p.m. | 54 57 30 !164 31 20
2299 | May 29] 6:58a.m.| 54 54 45 |164 19 30
2300 |...do -.-| 8:16a.m.| 54 59 00 |164 05 35
2301 |...do ...| 9:49 a. m.| 55 03 10 |163 49 30
2302 -do0 -../10:40 a. m.| 55 03 50 |163 37 80
2303 |..-do ...!11:06a.m.| 55 04 15 |163 30 45
2304 |...do ....12:16 p.m.} 55 10 00 |163 13 45
2305 |..-do --.| 2:00 p.m. | 55 16 10 |163 01 30
2806 |...do ...| 2:46 p.m.| 55 22 09 |162 53 30
2207 |..-do ...| 3:10 p.m.} 55 27 40 |162 44 15
2308 |.--do ...| 4:21 p.m.| 55 32 30 |162 38 00
2309 |...do ...) 5:02 p.m.| 55 36 40 |162 30 20
2310 |...do ...} 5:40 p.m.| 55 39 45 |162 24 00
2311 |...do ...) 6:20 p.m.| 55 42 45 |162 18 00
2312 |...do 7:02 p.m. | 55 46 15 |162 12 00
2313 |...do ...' 7:35 p.m.| 55 48 15 |162 07 15
2314 |..-do --.| 8:16 p.m.) 55 51 00 162 01 00
2315 |...do -..' 8:36 p.m.| 55 52 00 {161 58 00
2316 | May 30) 4:25 a.m.| 55 54 40 |161 51 40
2317 |...do ...| 5:12 a.m.| 55 57 00 |161 45 00
2318 |..-do -..| 5:30 a.m.| 55 59 40 !161 35 45
2319 |...do ...| 6:53 a.m.| 56 01 00 {161 26 00
2320 do ...| 7:25 a.m.| 56 01 30 |161 16 45
2321 |...do -.-| 8:00 a.m.| 56 01 40 |161 12 30
2322 |..-do -..| 8:53 a.m.| 56 02 45 |161 03 30
2323 |...do ---| 9:30 a.m.| 56 04 15 |160 55 20
2324 |..-do .../10:20 a.m.| 56 04 15 |160 46 00
2325 |..-do ...|10:40 a.m.] 56 04 00 |160 43 45
2326 |...do 12:00 m. | 56 09 15 |160 80 30
2327 |..-do .../12:40 p.m.| 56 12 00 /:60 23 15
2328 |...do ...|12:58 p.m.| 56 14 15 /160 21 15
2329 |...do -.-| 1:30 p.m.]| 56 18 00 |160 18 00
2330 |..-do ..-| 2:44 p.m.| 56 25 40 |160 06 20
2331 |..-do ...| 4:07 p.m.| 56 33 20 |159 49 30
2332 |...do ...| 5:51 p.m.| 56 42 20 /159 25 20
2333 |..-do -..| 7:03 p.m.| 56 46 30 /159 08 30
2384 -do ...| 7:53 p.m.] 56 48 30 /158 58 30
2335 |..-do -..| 8:39 p:m.| 56 52 GO |158 51 00
2326 |...do ...| 8:58 p.m.| 56 54 00 /158 48 30
2337 |_..do - 10:15 p.m.}| 57 02 45 158 40 30
2338 |...do -..|10:32 p.m.| 57 05 00 (158 39 00
2339 | May 31) 4:06 a.m.]| 57 08 39 |158 36 15
2340 |...do -..| 4:46 a.m.| 57 13 30 158 32 00
2341 |...do ..-| 5:27 a’m.| 57 19 00 /158 25 30
2342 |...do ...| 6:22 a.m.| 57 24 30 |158 19 30
2343 '|...do ...| 7:07 a.m.| 57 29 30 |158 13 30
2344 |...do ...| 7:31 a.m.| 57 32 00 |158 09 00
2345 '...do ...| 7:47 a.m.| 57 84 50 |158 06 00
2246 |...do -..) 8:40 a.m.| 57 38 00 |157 57 OU
2347 |...do .-.| 9:10 a.m.| 57 40 00 {157 53 00

Temperature.

iS)
Js Character of Instru- | = e
= bottom. e —,~|ment used.| 23
5 Gn ur-| Bot- oF

QA *|face. | tom. =
Fms. OF, | oF”, | OF, Lbs.
S81) Ryan sasee = 55 3 | 38.1] Sigsbee, 38

leo None:

oul ls orn MS eres ot as D4 EP TN IES Ys oe a Pannen ¢ Vi eres 38
Gon akoiskulty Caeser 54] 53 | 47.7 | Tanner -. 25
PA0(i el eh ee eee 44 44 39 Sigsbee -. 35
42) (UR. Drk.,Shi -:--- 41 42 | 38.5| Tanner .. 25
MGS) e tS) ewe nes 39 Ny any || See eee. 25
805) YM eee eee 38 42 | 38.2 Ari Vege? 25
ill esa eee 39 prt [eae eee donee 25
SOU ese en eee BB lu talellie sree tl oa ieee 25
SShlRS he eee sae SOulalaleeeies. cikcmesae’ 25
IITA Sits) iene serra 36i5| eA 2 GO) eee 25
USGR one INE ee ee scat 38 | 43 | 38.6 Sigsbee 35
S200 ome Mlwee enone Sob 4o5 | Bora sea UOn ees 35
5Ose tons Menssoe ses SRilpedoul Sian aera) ower 35
GORD KE Srses tetera Ee Ne oe: ON eS Tanner 28
ATK Sato mecisea 42 48038) ese Ore 28
AD BMD WS a. ainsi 42 45 | 39 bet Reyes as 28
32 bk. S. brk. Sh AOE AS al ae denies Oveaee 28
2K wsiecrecm eyes 41 BOS cota S(t Sea 28
SOURS Stee = cosine 41 AO see ak 20; Sse 28
28 is Sp Gees. ee cnt iP) eae sd0v2 ee 28
Otel (Ghai eee ele ae 41 42 | 40 sQOWecee 28
31 bk | nee rs eee 41 COM SE eae ae 28
18>|\tnesbkas ess a 40 | 44 | 41.5|...do..... 28
LGW Secu aeeo ses 45 VN a sSllone fem se 28
12 Rky sce aces 44 |} 44 | 39.3 L(Koye Sat = 28
ND Utne: Gwecee ucnie 44 44 | 41 Woes ose 28
VOs|fne. bk. Sos... 44 | 44 | 41 =O) Sopa 28
1 ime: bis S22. =. = 44} 44 | 41 Obs a4 28
1S NS) ee Soe AQ, ad |S. Hand lead|~ 12
14 | fhe. gy. S .--.-. WAN OPE nee faoe dona jl
Dam pikes) Geen aceye-e era. 44 Oil 2 = ae Ses depen: 12
16 | fne.gy.S.bk.Sp.| 44 | 45 |.....]--- does a (=a
22ii\ ENO 2S as AWE by poe Se -OOka eo. 12
23 | Rky. brk.Sh-.-| 4@| a7}... oe) eo 12
22) |, Ge brik. Shs. 2- 44 40 Wet aes [ferme ACL Oy ee 12
20) ines DES... 2. Aa le doe Se ae LAOS 254 12
GE PRleyve slive occ 45 | 45 | 41 Tanner . 28
pps DIS Sree ae 44 ADD See Hand lead, 12
TS eh Get oick.se. sto. 45 PSE eae rae OL> sree 12
GSC) ae ie ee ae ea 45 ON hots sola lee Orato 12
16 | bk. S.brk.Sh..| 41 Dalla <a || sale. ssi 12
HOR Gr bre elie ore AD PABRl tae S(OL-= ee 12
22 | bk. S oe AN, ADS | eae KO es. 12
HOG De Siseee ac ee A 4D ihe cacte leo dose oes 12
AS IDEAS ys sete AS lp aot || nase RO ONeeees 12
14 lal) Peake eee et eee ASE dan eo ECO eae 12
PACTS AD Kasia eco Cla Oe eS OO ene 12
Dab) inite yy) Oyeh isles eee te Aili 44h bo cca LO) seer 12
11 | ers. S. and G ADGA Gall tenses ees GO) ae 12
He ON Garerte ccs ori CVD 7 BTN ae SLO) zens 12
Te bate AKenats) coca 445M) 450) 02-52 BO. eee 12
3 ine oka S's. see A450) 45 lesen snd Ohic es: 12
TSo| Crs) DE Sse Beh. Gna. art ee 12
UNE ESM Cress ee AG 485. a se yape Sa 12
1 G3] 1 ares a nee a 47 | 46] 39 ‘Tanner. 28
67 Die G@ -aaeese eon AT lp t42e|eo ne Hand lead) 12
CHEN hg 0} FEN Ce pete ea AD Ml Ally |e 5 el GO) so 12
4) Wks Greener Hay ee Y Ce ee ‘Tanner. 28
03D ie its a ee oe ADs AS oe Hand lead) 12
9 | fne. PY Seca Ad | 43h |i os: ad Oe cer 12
11 | fne. BES Sisee see 44 Bil ead =AOS ace 12
10 | fne. gy.S.bk.Sp.| 44 | 42 |.....]..- do).-=:, 12
12 | fne.gy.S.bk.Sp.| 44] 42 |..... =e OO) asia 12
1S kine soko 44 Balsa ce a COE sae 12
TON DKS aGyecteecere 44 AB NA Ser Pd Ope s— 12
ON OK css ioe teres 44 48 Wee Secs "Tanner. 28
WG DS = Goer teereree 43 CS ol eee ROOM ence 28
Loy ines erage ese aca Aoullo aon ‘Hand lead 12
142) fnew gy.S.G, ..-| 43.) 43 |..... Se dOle fae 12
13 | fne. gy. coweerel) Lei don line ae 00) sz 222 12
NO eaves Biocs se Gas 4B N42 |. So set lNea ee 12
Hes | CON NS later aie tetetar oie 2G ec ie ee eealleee domes 12

298

REPORT OF

COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from

July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1897—Continued.

iz Position.

a Time of

ips day.

® Lat. N. |Long. W.

n

1890. Ov He UL Bo fst

2348 | May 31 | 9:42 a.m.| 57 44 00 |157 52 30
2349 |...do .../10:14 a.m.| 57 48 40 |157 49 00
2350 |...do ...|10:40 a.m.| 57 52 40 |157 46 30
2351 |...do ..-|11:12 a.m.| 57 57 00 [157 43 00
2352 |..-do --./11:36 a.m.) 58 00 40 |157 41 00
2853 |...do .-.|11:57 a.m.! 58 03 40 |157 40 00
2354 May 31 {12:20 p.m.| 58 07 00 |157 41 30
2355 |...do.. 12:28 p.m.| 58 08 40 |157 42 00
2356 |...do ...| 1:15 p.m.| 58 14 00 |157 44 00
2357 |...do -..| 2:20 p.m.! 58 22 20 |157 42 00
2358 |...do ...| 3:00 p.m.} 58 27 10 |157 39 00
2359 |...do -..| 3:45 p.m.| 58 32 00 |157 33 00
2360 |...do ...| 4:00 p.m.| 58 34 00 |157 31 00
2361 |...do -.-| 4:17 p.m.| 58 35 00 |157 28 30
2362 |..-do -..| 5:17 p.m.| 58 39 00 |157 19 30
2363 | June 2 | 6:25 a. m.| 58 40 45 |157 16 20
2364 -do . 6:50 a.m.| 58 40 80 |157 21 380
2365 |...do .--| 6:52 a.m.| 58 40 80 |157 22 30
2366 |...do ...| 7:24 a. m.| 58 39 00 |157 24 00
2367 |...do ...; 7:42 a. m.| 58 37 45 1157 26 30
2368 | June 7 {11:15 p.m.| 58 07 00 |158 54 00
2369 | June 8 {12:39 a. m.| 58 12 00 |159 06 15
2370 |...do . 3:02 a.m.| 58 18 40 |159 17 3)
2371 |...do -.-| 2:52 p.m.| 58 40 00 /169 00 00
2372 |...do~..| 3:15 p.m.]| 58 42 15 |160 04 00
2373 |...do ...} 3:32 p.m.) 58 44 15 |160 07 30
2374 | Sune 9 |10:01 p.m. | 58 28 30 |161 53 00
2375 |...do .../11:03 p.m.| 58 35 30 |162 11 00
2376 | June 13 | 7:40 p-m.| 58 18 30 |162 50 00
2377 | June 14 {12:16 a. m.| 58 00 00 |163 24 30
2378 |...do ...| 2:17 a. m.| 57 49 50 |163 44 00
2379 |...do .../10:30 p.m. | 56 05 00 |164 38 00
2380 | June 15 /12:35 a. m.| 55 52 30 |164 47 00
2381 |_..do .-:| 2:52 a-m.| 55 37 30 |164 51 00
2382 | June 24] 2:48 a. m.| 54 40 30 |165 41 00
2383 |...do ...|10:06 a. m.} 54 37 40 /164 58 00
2384 |...do ...| 1:32 p.m.| 54 46 00 /164 55 30
2385 |...do ...| 4:35 p.m.| 54 56 30 |165 15 30
2386 |...do ...) 9:43 p.m.| 54 5£ 00 '154 36 00
2387 |...do -.. 10:14 p.m.| 54 53 15 |16k 33 00
2388 |...do ....11:36 p.m.| 54 59 00 |164 13 00
2389 | June 25 | 1:16 a.m.| 55 08 45 164 18 00
2390 |...do ...| 2:48 a.m.}| 55 18 30 /164 23 15
2391 |...do...| 4:15 a.m.| 55 25 00 (164 05 20
2392 \..-do ..-| 9:59 a.m.| 55 14 00 |163 21 30
2393 -do . 1:43 p.m.| 55 84 30 163 37 00
2394 |...do...| 3:34 p.m.]| 55 88 00 |163 20 45
2395 }...do...| 4:17 p.m.| 55 33 30 |163 16 15
2396 |...do...| 6:34 p.m.{| 55 23 40 /163 07 30
2397 | June 26 | 2:16 p.m.} 55 21 30 162 56 00
2398 | June 27 | 3:08 p.m.} 55 36 15 (163 09 00
2399 |...do...| 6:28 p.m.| 55 37 45 |162 40 30
2400 |...do...10:37 p.m.] 55 51 10 |162 30 30
2401 | Sune 28 12:03 a.m.| 55 57 45 /162 43 00
2402 -do -..| 1:29 a.m.| 56 05 15 |162 31 00
2403 |..-do ...| 2:50 a.m.| 55 58 30 |162 18 00
2404 |...do ...) 8:11 a.m.] 56 06 15 /161 58 00
2405 |..-do .../11:58 a.m.| 56 19 00 |162 26 00
2406 |...do...| 3:46 p.m.} 56 33 45 |162 26 00
2407 |...do 7:12 p.m.| 56 20 30 161 54 45
2408 |..-do .../10:42 p.m.| 56 06 30 161 25 30
2409 -do ...|11:58 p.m.} 56 10 45 ;161 09 15
2410 | June29 | 1:35 a.m.| 56 17 20 |161 22 00
2411 |...do...| 2:58 a.m.| 56 24 10 |161 37 00
2412 |...do...| 6:34 a.m.]| 56 38 80 /161 38 00
2413 |...do...| 9:59 a.m.| 56 21 15 /161 03 00
2414 |...do-..| 3:11 p.m.| 56 10 15 {160 42 30
2415 | July 16| 4:30 p.m. | 56 04 30 |160 39 30
2416 |...do...| 5:59 p.m.| 56 09 45 |160 33 00
2417 |.. do ...| 6:57 p.m.| 56 14 15 |160 26 45
2418 |...do ...| 8:55. p.m.| 56 22 00 |160 37 30
2419 ee .-do ... 10:35 p.m.} 56 29 30 |160 49 00
2420 | July 17 12:16 a. m.| 56 36 30 |161 00 30
2421 |...do ...| 2:06a. m.| 56 44 15 |161 12 30
2422 )...do a 3:29 a. m.|.56 52 15 '160 58 00

a Character of
=F bottom.
vo
- |
Ims.
LON ya Sees earteal
SosCrs DR Sie see
Ln ees verisign Baie
CAEN ES eoncariee tee
MEV ewinaem eee
Ue | ele Sy eer ae
CRISS gis toeeae Boece
DANG: Ves ec== ==
LEN AG axis See:
Si Ales stones eer |
Sy KG peas eatoaee
(PW iss hspoceecsasae
ARGS eee Seems
ek Waco cn ers ae le
EAU N ete pmeo ne caer
43| Ine. gy.S ...--.
5 feet.| fne. gy.S ....-.
53| the.gy.S.bk.Sp.
12 | fhe.gy.S.bk Sp.
224) Ine. gy.S .-..-.
214) fne.gy.S. and R.}
103) Ine. gy.S ..-.-- |
hill cAcee saccionadios |
CN SESE SOc. Come
Na oasceeeeaniesa
12g Gs ease ee
250 Giese scence |
16}! fne. gy.S .---.-
23 | fne. gy.S ....--
24°} Ine. ryoS: .--2--!
Bilt [yeanee NI Seen
46 | bk. S.and M..
58 | bk. S.and M...
148 | M.&fne.§ ..-.-
SON DRS Geers cal
37 | ers. S. G. and P.|
G20) bk. Mise. Septerere
AO Wites( Crap eancscne
24h Dik Gce sees
25 | ers.S.G ......-.
AGT OKs Gtr
56 | bk. M.andG-..
53 | bk. S. and G...|
26: CDi S sees |
GN sl) SOW ois) aah Base osc
COA een Gishe Sena acct
BG | DIS acme
ZOO) Tks Goer ec ens
16 | crs. bk. S. Sh -.|
SD, | PMOL Sis at= |
OXF ber Vale ht SIC aeee
34 | fne. gv. 8 ....--
46) AMES SYS). ===
Ad ROSY. Sie
40 | fne. gy: S.bk.Sp.)
34 DES Sitoeisce cae. |
40 | fhe.gy. Be and G.|
ANS) ile: Py. jas
48 } fne.gy. S. bk.Sp.|
le | bee eter ayer aia |
Po Be hs eee
30)} BiyS.Ger. 15-3
Sul | NES onc sbacer
46 | fne. gy.S ....--
35 | fne.gy.S.bk.Sp.|
1D) SiN G 72 Vels cece |
81! fne. gy. S.....--
14% crs. bK.S ...-.--
LIA ay gat CNS ae Be
28a EMO Ey tS) eae
Bl sl MNO NEV ono) sacs
38 | ine. gy. S -.---- |
38))/ ine. gy. <-----
40 | tne. gy.S .....-

Temperature.
mene
~ | ment usec
-. Sur- | Bot-
Air face.| tom. 2
| |
oF, | oF, | oF.
441 44). 22. Hand lead)
Ady Adios Oe ee
cL ON VARS AR _.do Peer a
AG Mi Se) Ulster 2 One
45 44 eee Rite |
46 | 45 ar ee
46 eR Wiese aC kt me
BD SAM oo teoree SOO) semes
AA eee *105.--ee
ASA Ae 5 eases SR ues
46 yan Nae as Orne s
46 | 45}. LO tee ae
CD ge AN Sr ae Cie oe
480" 490 22S koe Ose ane
AR 249) ae eee doves
7G Pal eae: CaN Pe ol fe JO. ees
AT Ao ae oe ake ene
Aa AS eee ae Orsasee
457 a5) |e ee S20 Oboes
45 45 oe SSO} ects
as bea mene se Tanner -.
38 | 41 .| and lead |
40 | 41 it ae be
469!) “AS 5iee es lee S00. Ao2 as
Act, 45ileaoee <0re soe
ABS) AB ee wera ee PO. al
39 | 38] 35 | Tanner ..|
39 38 | 37 ays Ores
BGi| 9: il OOsO)| eae Omer
SO dl Oo eae tae et ayes ee
38 | 39 | 37 S00)2 724
43 44 | 36 SO Ove ee
42 | 43 | 35 ||...do
42) A311 939" eo doin
434) 244. ¢38-0)|- eat Ones
AQ 44-|"40!8)| 222 C0\seenes
Aa. 454A Ores oO ee
43°) 45 40) \|\ pesados
43 | 45 | 413))5. ido 22.2.
42 440 Aha Ota ae
43))|, 44) 40:2) edo) < see
42 44 | 40 dos |
42 44 | 39 2doizeee2
421245 3828 o-20 ones
44)| (46) )\42'0)|22 sd 0lseaee
45°) 46/40" |< odo:
49 | 48 | 39.5 Atay Se
AD.) 14:0 140 2d Orne
42") "45 .|42:6)|5-200.- 22-4
43 AG 43 .8)\coeO Omer ac |
43 45 | 39 Gowers 1
42 46 | 41 S200. sane |
A ee: be eee! Pe CVO p ge =
a2 | 44)... |: doc aeee
2h) “AB cOeO S|. SO ees
42 A537, a) eaomene
42} 441 40.6|...do..:..
43 | 45 | 38 Sad iseeee ;
44 45) (3900) doieeees
42. | 45° |'38.2))2 doles.
42,| 45 |48 | <do22?
AQ Ad WeASi5) Eelam se
43 46 | 41 edo aee.
42) | 45) | 40) |2doreo-.
Ag) (45 W3SisileeedOloaani-
42| 44. \\40 “eSedor2 2.
45.11 346 \oeceel ae G0isse 25
350i) 7545|eoeee Hand lead
ASI; 54) |S Soot see Oeste
48 1) 4G eee all atens On aae-
‘47 | 48)44 | Tanner -
45 |) AG Seale MOx-ssee
45 | 46 | 41 SROOte an
44 | AG) A035) see do maces
44 | 46) 40ee leo sd0' se.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

299

- Record of hydrographic soundings by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891— Continued.

S Position. Temperature.

= | Date. | Time of a Character of

e Bee: day. if caer" bottom. ~] aeot lass

2 Lat. N. |Long. W. a) AST peril tent

1890. EOP iets AO. i at Res OF.) °F.) OR,

2423 | July 17 | 1:20 p.m.| 56 83 20 |159 43 30 154 bk: Gees = Ad's) (ASUS a
2424 |...do ...| 3:08 p.m.| 56 40 40 /159 54 30 B00 nen Sy seGre =| 4s Ab) | ee
2425 |..-do-..| 4:55 p.m.| 56 48 00 |160 05 30 SD ersab ka sre. sal eenh e4aolse. =
2426 |...do -..| 6:56 p.m.]| 56 55 30 |160 17 30 Bia els Secon aeene 42 43 | 38
2427 |...do ...| 8:54 p.m.| 57 03 20 |160 29 00 SH POS kcla ae deeere a he 2 Sal ee
2428 |..-do ...|10:25 p.m.]| 57 10 30 |160 15 00 Ss WDke wos 41} 43 | 38
2429 |...do -..|11:50 p.m.| 57 04 20 |160 00 00 34 | fne. gy.S.bk.Sp] 41 43 | 38.5
2430 | July 18} 1:34 a.m.} 56 57 45 |159 46 00 SHIN e\Wohs Iie Secoerc 40 | 42 }....-
,2431 |...do ...| 3:10 a.m.| 56 57 00 |159 31 00 BO ERD Ka pee ae ss 40 | 43 | 41
2432, |..-.do ...|11:29 a.m.| 57 06 20 |159 23 00 IE || Pavatsa GE aosseeee 42 | 46 | 40
2433 |..-do ...| 3:21 p.m.| 57 21 30 /159 46 30 Bo iGicos Gg sessse 43 | 44 | 40
2434 |...do ...| 7:02 p.m.| 57 23 15 |159 17 00 SI MNCs ye ee 43 | 44 | 40
2435 |...do ...|10:39 p.m.| 57 10 15 |158 49 00 QB VS cece Sele 41 | 43 | 41.6
2436 |...do ...|11:28 p.m.]| 57 07 80 |158 42 30 PDA) SR Ae icteric ey AN whBs [erera ee
2437 |...do ...|11:58 p.m.| 57 05 45 |158 39 00 Ue Mi aneess tiadeaes AG ae cae
2438 | July 19 |12:31 a.m.} 57 05 30 |158 37 30 1H Oe eae Seosa oe AWG) WEA |e
2439 |...do ...) 5:52 p.m.]| 57 48 30 |158 48 00 BAN ents pea eancee 45 | 48 | 43.5
2440 |...do ..-|11:22 p.m.]| 57 45 15 |157 56 00 13) ||Sue: Fy.Si<- =-e 46) | 50 oc...
2441 | July 20) 6:38 a.m.| 57 56 45 |108 17 00 20 | gy. S. bk. sp....| 47] 50 | 40.4
2442 |...do .._|12:18 p.m.]} 58 00 30 !159 13 30 P| WOKS Serie ee ere 51] 55 | 44.2
2443 -do ...| 2:34 p.m.]| 58 01 00 |159 33 15 Pay lta vabecanaseeee 49 | 55 | 45
2444 |..-do ...| 7:16 p.m.} 58 24 00 |160 17 30 GR yin: Ge ss -ene AGE a 5aF lees eye
2445 | July 21 | 6:01 a.m.| 57 59 00 |160 24 45 5. 2) 49°| 50 | 40.1
2446 |...do ...|10:36 a.m.| 57 32 40 |160 00 00 g 48 | 47 | 41
2447 |...do ...| 3:33 p.m.|! 57 39 00 |160 39 30 50:1 52 | 39.5
2448 |...do -..| 5:51 p.m.| 57 50 40 |160 57 00 50 | 52 | 39.8
2449 |...do .../10:00 p.m.| 58 10 20 |161 24 30 47 | 49 | 40.6 |.
2450 |...do ...|10:46 p.m.| 58 14 20 |161 30 30 47 | 49 | 40.2 |.
2451 | July 22) 6:29 a.m.| 58 05 00 |161 52 15 46 | 49 | 41
2452 |...do .../11:03 a.m.| 57 38 15 |161 28 30 47 | 50 | 41.2
2453 -do 12:20 p.m. | 57 31 20 |161 23 00 47 De eee
2454 -do ...| 3:47 p.m. | 57 11 15 |161 05 00 45 | 50 | 41.8
2455 |...do 5:52 p.m.| 46 57 30 |160 52 30 45 | 48 | 41
2456 |...do 9:48 p.m.| 56 31 15 |160 238 30 Abia) eA0 ects
2457 |..-do ...|10:15 p.m.| 56 27 45 |160 25 30 AGH ¥ 49) |e 3
2458 |...do ...|10:43 p.m.| 56 25 20 |160 23 30 AGH 150) eens
2459 |..-do ...|11:05 p.m.| 56 22 45 |160 21 30 460 50! a. 2-
2460 | July 29 12:03 p.m.) 56 05 3 |161 02 00 5ariep ls eee
2461 |..-do -..) 5:30 p.m.| 55 55 15 |161 15 00 49 |. dl
2462 | Aug. 2} 7:22 a.m.) 54 02 45 |166 33 00 AMO) P50) |aoeeee
2463 |...do ...| 9:37 a.m.| 54 03 00 |166 52 30 48} 48 | 43
2464 |...do -)../11:51 a.m.| 54 01 40 |167 09 00 48 | 48 | 36.2
2465 |...do...| 2:10 p.m.| 53 58 40 |167 35 00 By |] al 48 | 50 | 35.8
2466 |...do ...| 4:02 p.m.| 53 54 10 |167 52-00 | 643 | bk.S.G .....-. 48} 51 | 36.7
2467 |...do ...| 4:41 p.m.| 53 53 00 |167 56 00 | 578 | fne.bk.S...--. 48] 51 | 37
2468 | Aug. 3] 2:35 p.m:| 54 43 00 |171 16 00 | 1745 | gn. Oz.......-. 50} 52 | 35
2469 |...do ...| 9:52 p.m.| 55 31 00 |171 42 00 | 1818 | gn. Oz...-...... 48) 51 | 35
2470 | Aug. 4) 3:13 p.m.| 56 51 00 |172 28 00 GOs en. NEw Pe) Fi 46} 50 | 38.5
2471 |-.-do ---| 8:03 p.m. |-57 00 30 |173 25 00 | 314! gn.M...-..-.-- 46} 50 | 38.2
2472 |...do ...'11:30 p.m.| 57 19 30 /174.07 00 | 445 | gn.M.........| 454 50°) 37.5
2473 | Aug. 5| 3:45 a.m.| 57 46 00 /174 35 00 | 1740 | gn. Oz-.-.-....... 47} 50 | 35
2474 |..-do ...| 8:18 a.m.| 58 14 00 |174 35 00 | 977 | fne.dk.S-_-.-.-- 47 | 50 | 35.8
2475 |...do-..: 12:10 p.m.| 58 43 00 |174 33 00 | 144 | fne.dk.S..... 47! 50/38
2476 | Aug. 6| 7:35 a.m.| 56 50 00 |175 15 00 | 1887 | gn.Oz-....----- 46 | 50 | 35
2477 |..-do ...|' 3:23 p.m.| 56 02 10 |175 35 00 | 1998 | gn. Oz........-.. 48 | 50 | 34.9
2478 | Aug. 7 \12:45 a.m.| 55 17 00 |175 32 00 | 2036 | gn.Oz-......... 46 | 50 | 35
2479 -do ...| 8:06 a.m.| 54 30 30 |175 32 00 | 2147 | gn.Oz-.----.--.-- 48 | 49 | 35
2480 |...do ...| 3:12 p.m.| 53 42 00 |175 33 00 | 2053 | bn.Oz...-..--- 49 | 50 | 35
2481 | Aug. 15} 6:56 a.m.| 53 56 02 |166 27 05 25 | fne. gy: Sis HO | rod, |e
2482 |..-do .--| 7:46 a.m.| 53.57 32 |166 30 20 79 | fne.S.sh.M-..| 50} 54 | 41
2483 -do ..-| 7:58 a.m.| 53 58 06 |166 31 26 95 | tne.S.M.....- 50 | 54 | 40.8
2484 -do ...| 8:06a.m.| 53 58 50 |166 33 10 | 118! fne.S.bn.M-..| 50 | 54 | 41.6
2485 |...do ...| 8:18 a.m.| 53 59 18 |166 34 27 53 | fne. dki S222 4+ 50} 54 | 42.3
2486 |...do ..-; 8:50 a.m.| 53 59 42 1166 35 29 22 | rd.and bk.G-..| 56 | 54 | 45.8
2487 |...do ...| 9:21 a.m.]| 53 59 47 |166 33 48 fil) pine: SaViseeeeee 56 | 52 | 41.3
2488 -do -..| 9:36 a.m.} 53 59 42 |166 31 44 99 | tne. S. M ==-:-- 56 | 52 | 40.6
2489 -do .../10:21 a.m.| 53 59 26 |166 28 00 G62 |cinel Se Mieeeset 56 | 56 | 41.3
2490 |...do -..|11:31 a.m.| 54 00 08 |166 24 14 S| Gus Sse seat 57 | 55 | 44.3
2491 |...do .../11:56 a.m.j| 54 01 23 /166 23 37 AO x| dneAGrae ees GO | 55 | 44.5
2492 |...do ...|12:26 p.m.| 54 01 29 1166 25 08 57 | fne.S. G-- 60 | 55 } 42.5
2493.|...do-../ 1:35 p.m.) 54 01 59 |166 29 32 | 103 | fne.bk.S 55 | 55 | 40.9
2494 |...do---| 1:48 p.m.| 54 02 13 |166 30 50 97.) WkuS eee 55 | 55 | 40.9
2495 |..-do- 2:51 p.m.| 54 02 24 |166 35 19 he) Wksisae her pea 56 | 55 | 40
2496 |...do. 3:16 p.m.) 54 02 50 |166 37 00 58 | bk. S.G. Sh 56.) 55 | 42.1
2497 |...do...| 3:52 p.m. | 54 OL 80 [166 40 00 322) | bike S) sn eee: 56 55 | 38.3

= sgh eis ee

Instru-
ment used.

Hand lead
Tanner -.

.-do

.-do
..do

Tanner. -.
Hand lead
‘Tanner. . -

.-do
do

;: and lead
Tanner...

.-do

do

Handlead

Tanner -.

Sigsbee - -

do

.-do

_.do

Tanner --

ght of

sin

er.

Wei

300

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U.

| Serial No.

2498 |
2499 |
2500 |
2501

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross from
July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1891—Continued.

2502 |

25038

2504

2505 |

2506 |

2507

2508 |

2509
25 910
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
9599

oe
25: 23,
252
2525
2526
2527
2523
2929
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2549
95 540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565

2566 |

2567
2568
2562

: Position.
Time of of
Date. day. Nl =
or y o
| Lat. N. pene W. | iS
1890. a ead Oo 1 4) ms.
Aug. 15} 5:18 p.m.| 54 02 00 |166 42 00 | 148 |
do ...| 5:36 p.m. 4 00 45 |166 40 30 37
“Aug. 16| 5:34 a.m. 54 00 25 {166 46 00 52
|..-do...| 7:34 a.m.| 54 00 25 |166 48 00 179
..-do...| 7:50 a.m.| 53 59 30 |166 48 30 50
.-do...| 8:34 a.m.| 53 58 50 |166 51 30 22
..-do ...| 9:28 a.m.}| 54 00 00 |166 58 00 | 316
--do...10:56 a.m.) 53 56 30 167 03 00 36
.-do ...!11:33 a.m.| 53 55 40 |167 06 20 97
.-do ...{12:12 p.m.| 53 52 35 |167 09 00 22
.-do ...|12:53 p. m.| 53 52 00 |167 12 15 40
---do-...| 1:13 p.m.| 53 52 00 |167 14 00 | 166
--.do-..| 1:50 p.m.| 53 50 25 |167 13 00 55
..-do...| 2:03 p.m.| 53 50 15 |167 15 00 59
..do ...| 2:17 p.m.| 53 50 05 |167 16 15 | 106
.-do...| 4:06 p.m.)| 53 50 05 |167 07 20 47
‘Aug. 18 | 9:32 a.m.| 53 43 50 1167 00 00 | 1038
.-do...| 9:55 a.m.) 53 43 05 /167 02 30 | 109
~..do .../10:25 a.m. | 53 43 00 |167 09 00 62
..-do.../10:57 a.m.| 53 41 45 |167 16 00 54
..-do...{11:50 a.m.| 53 42 00 |167 21 30 58
.--do.../12:21 p.m.| 58 41 45 [167 27 20 69
..do...| 1:08 p.m.| 53 41 00 |167 33 25 | 394
.--do...| 2:56 p.m.| 53 36 30 |167 23 25 43
..-do...| 5:01 p.m.| 53 30 40 |167 11 40 32
...do...| 5:51 p.m. | 53 30 25 |167 17 30 37
-- do...| 8:00 p.m.} 53 30 55 |167 31 10 44
..do +..| 8:40 p.m.| 53 32 55 |167 36 50 | 136
-do .../11:01 p.m.| 53 37 00 /167 41 50 | 524
“Aug. 19 5:10 a.m.| 53 87 80 |167 43 50 247
-do ...| 5:40 a.m.} 53 30 55 |167 36 20 49
-.-do ...| 6:20-a.m.| 53 28 25 |167 33 40 43
..do...| 8:05 a.m.| 53 24 30 |167 34 05 42
-do ...| 8:50 a.m./ 53 23 15 |167 32 50 15
“Aug. 20 | 7:53 a.m.| 53 24 20 |167 37 05 60
Gr 8:31 a.m.| 53 23 30 |167 39 25 47
..-do ...| 9:11 a.m.| 53 23 30 [167 42 40 39
..-do -..| 9:46 a.m.| 53 24 00 |167 46 10 30
.--do ...|10:24 a.m.| 53 25 20 |167 48 20 37
.--do .../11:10 a.m.| 53 28 15 |167 45 50 35
...do ...|11:53 a.m.}| 53 31 45 '167 43 45 43
...do ...|10:55 p.m.| 53 48 00 |167 24 00 | 624
Aug. 22) 6:35 a.m.| 53 53 45 |166 30 05 19
..-do ...| 6:50 a.m.| 53 54 00 |166 29 30 17
.-do ..-| 7:10 a.m.| 53 55 35 |166 27 45 19
..do.-.| 7:21 a.m.| 53 56 00 |166 28 30 35
-do...| 7:56 a.m.| 53 56 45 |166 30 15 63
-do ...| 8:16 a.m.| 53 57 30 |166 32 15 65
-do | 9:21 a.m.| 53 58 45 |166 34 25 23
-do 9:53 a.m.| 53 58 20 |166 34 45 17
-do ...|10:12 a.m.| 53 58 05 |166 34 10 54
-do 11:10 a.m.| 53 55 55 |166 33 55 45
-do ...|11:4C a.m.| 53 &5 05 |166 34 35 47
..do .../12:03 p.m. | 53 54 15 |166 35 35 58
.-do 12:22 p.m.| 53 53 20 {166 36 20 13
Aug. 26 | 4:01 p.m.| 54 02 15 |166 11 20 41
-do...| 4:30 p.in.| 54 00 25 |166 05 40 26
.-do...| 5:17 p.m.| 53 59 00 |165 57 20 48
Aug. 27 |11:58 a.m.| 53 58 00 |162 37 00 | 619
-do ...| 5:03 p.m.| 54 01 00 |161 42 30 542
-do .--/11:04 p.m.) 54 11 00 |160 37 00 | 756
Aug. 29 {12:03 p.m.! 55 41 00 |154 48 00 | 494
-do...| 7:50 p.m.) 56 00 00 |153 30 00 | 207
..do.../10:45 p.m.}| 56 00 00 |152 56 00 !1, 152
Aug. 30} 2:08 a.m.} 56 00 30 |152 26 00 |2, 197
-do ...| 5:52 a.m.} 56 01 00 |152 26 00 |2, 620
-do. 9:29 a.m.| 56 01 00 |151 00 00 |2, 935
-do ...| 1:55 p.m.| 56 02 00 |150 38 00 |2, 925
.-do...| 7:11 p.m.| 55 59 30 |149 44 00 |2,776
Aug. 31] 4:16 a.m.) 55 54 00 |147 57 00 |2, 414
-do ...| 7:42 p.m.| 55 49 00 |144 57 00 |2,132
Sept. 1! 4:46 p.m.! 54 53 00 [141 06 00 |1, 963

| ‘Weight of

Temperature
reenter of | Instru-
ottom. i oe] ee ) sed.
ie Sur Bot ment used
| face.) tom
of fons) Fa titolng Us
IS ioe ee ct 53 ]¥ 54 [oon Tanner ..
Dk: Srisewkes Abe | 53 54 | 44.5]...do.. 20.
DkASsGedee ceri 62 | 53 | 44 “do. 238
DES Siseecckcste 59 | 54139 doses
hk: See sk 60 | 54 | 43.5 do sete
Shr soe ASE, S60 54 | 44.1 5d0 2250"
one Mies Ss ek 60 | 52 | 38.2)...do..-...
Sa rd.and bk.| 60 | 54 | 46 S00. ee
bh. ‘S. Sh. Ge GO}. 9545140. 9 F200) sae
Vo SissnMesees 60 54: AGM. 2d O See
es Grea EF oee 54 53 | 44 HOS eee
bk. Mir seeeet 59 | 52139 <0) 52388
bk. G O22. 59 52 | 43 dO". oer
bk G Seen see 59 | 52 | 42 JdGiseee=
DKS Ge eee 59 52 | 38.8 Pike aes -
bk: SsGretesct 54 52 | 44.1 50052 28 |
Ibis Muse a ae 50's|| 252h Aces do: 22st
dk. gn. IVES Atoet: 49) 50-}:40.3:) 2 -doteecet
Dei: aiken ea 49\) 250) |SS52e do: feaee |
S. G eto nhews 49 | 48 | 43 *d0. 888
DEAS vie ee 49 48) 2 oe ee G0: =8
DK Spreccee sees 49 | 50 | 40 ido 2 ota
an: Mi 8 28) eee 51} 52 |38 | Sigsbee
GIs PKG eeaeee 50 | 50 | 42.4| ‘Tanner
DkUSizt aces cues BI) 750) 439"\2- dois tee
bk Saks et 51 50; 4219" |Sa idol. s 25
bk Siectoaaisen 50)). #50) (425 Seed Ors oes
DEISs Mi ae 480) 47 W393! cee
Pat bd bee ess 47 | 47 | 37 | Sigsbee..
on. Messe. 22s 45 | 45 | 38.5 | Tanner -.
Dka Sees eee Ao? | 45): 4 Sedo oe eee
DDS Se ee SR 45 | 45 | 41.8 Soi 22
bk: SiSheeceee 46 | 46 | 42 28do0 222
Dic. (S Gis. ae 48 | 50 | 44.4)...a0.....
DKS Giese 48 | 48 | 42 2400) 24.52
1 (GaSb eo see 48 48) 42:3 795200) < eee
bi Gushiees-ce 48") 48) 425k dolce
DES sae eee AT @48.\'42'9 esto sae
DEAS eta ee 47 48) 4221 ee sdon oer
bk SiGe Less 47 48) (422-5 XdGicceme
Dc wSises ee. Al “£8 idle 222 ado) Poses
STD VE ance 48 | 47 | 38 ‘Sigsbee -
Min aceoateeee AG)|) (48) oe Hand lead
en. IVS ee ee AG: || *48)|e5 8 21as2 do); =5
SM en pO GA #48") Be alte doc.
fne. gy.S...--- 7 | 48 | 43.3 | Tanner -
PNe.S:AML-Se ak 47 | 48/41. 8 stdo ee
men SMe 47 | 47 Fdolzeee
Dis Gasee eee AY, “AB Wes hls] “Hand lead
brAS2eee.. BON YoOR Sa eee down
Meabkisiee-: = - 50 | 50 | 41.8| Tanner ..
fne. bk..S-....- |'bO-} #529142:4 9. don ae
Welty Gh Oe ke Sees | diy 54.) A382 2d0 See
bn Meee 1 Mb4 (54-425 Be edo sees
ers. bk. S | dal Rd h | aaeee. | Hand lead
Ris Pe eass es 46 47 | 34.3) Tanner ..
SNe) Oe eRe | 46 | AT | (450%, | Oe
Gite eae |. Fd): 46 | 40.9 tes Sig eee
mo Mee eos | 60 | 55 | 37. 8) Sigsbee ..
nce ea Meee 59) | 253: 1/88. |eaadore cee
eine NEE Si eh 52.| 52 |36.6!...do.....
gp. Ov BR eee |) 54 51") 3719/22 2don =a
PR he BAY 53)| 52/89/50. .dos coe
cori I ee rs D4") 52) (35.5 |ASedoe cae
SME Sees. 55 54°) 34.9 e2 edocs ane
(2a 0g Be Re eae 55 54) oD Eee eae
bn. M.S. Oz 54) 653. e35:In edo esse
ve Or se Skee 54.) 94. 85.3) Seedo:- 2 see
Oy, O72 asses 54%), b4-|/( 34 ONReedor ces.
RneaNites eee ake 54| 54 | 35.1] Sigsbee
BMOZerimce are 55 | 54 | 35.1 oe?
PY OZ Dis. al Di 56 isd: MUO cee

sinker.

Record of hydrographic soundings by the U. S. Fish Commission steame

INVESTIGATIONS OF ‘THE ALBATROSS.

July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1891—Continued.

Serial No.

2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591

2592 |

2093
2594

2095, |

2596

2597 |

2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608

2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627

2628
2629

2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638

| Position.
Date, | Time of | __
Lat. N. | Long. W
1890, OT tL al Oued
Sept. 2] 1:15 p.m.| 54 22 00 |137 24 00
Sept. 3) 3:29 a.m./ 53 06 30 /133 53 30 |
Sept. 24 | 9:05 a.m.| 40 26 00 |124 29 45
---do .../10:00 a.m.| 40 27 40 |124 33 00
--do .../10:33 a.m.| 40 27 45 [124 36 55
--do .../11:10 a.m.| 40 24 35 [124 37 40
--do .../11:54 a.m.| 40 23 50 |124 33 30
--do...| 1:43 p.m.| 40 13 30 |124 25 45
--do...| 4:20 p.m.| 40 00 30 |124 06 30
--do ...| 5:18 p.m.| 39 55 45 /124 10 45
--do ...| 6:05 p.m.| 39 51 25 |124 07 50
--do ...| 6:23 p.m.) 39 52 05 /124 06 00
--do...} 7:08 p.m.| 39 47 30 /124 03 00
--do...] 7:34 p.m.| 39 46 25 |124 05 50
--do ...; 8:25 p.m.| 39 42 00 |124 03 00
--do...| 9:05 p.m.} 39 43 25 |123 59 10
--do .-.| 9:25 p.m.j| 39 44 00 |123 57 40
-do ...|10:20 p.m. | 39 38 05 |123 58 30
|---do. -|10:45 p.m. | 39 37 15 1124 00 55
---do -../11:40 p.m.| 39 32 15 /123 59 00
Sept. 25 |12:05 a.m.| 39 32 05 123 56 50
--do .../12:55 a.m.| 39 27 00 |123 57 25
--do . 1:09 a.m.| 39 27 00 |123 58 30
--do...| 1:21 a.m.| 39 27.00 |124 00 00
-do ...| 2:12 a.m.| 39 22 00 |124 00 00
-do ...} 2:35 a.m.| 39 22 00 |123 58 00
=do ...| 2:55 a.m.| 39 22 00 |123 56 05
-do --.! 3:38 a.m.| 39 17 15 |123 55 55
-do 3:53 a.m.| 39 16 50 |123 57 45
do ...| 4:10 a.m.| 39 16 10 |123 58 3:
-do 5:00 a.m.| 39 11 05 /123 59 00
-do | 5:28 a.m.| 39 12 v0 '123 56 00
-do 5:45 a.m.| 39 13 10 123 54 00
-do 6:00 a.m.| 39 13 50 |123 52 30
00 6:27 a.m.| 39 12 10 |123 50 50
--do 6:51 a.m.| 39 09 30 /123 49 00
--do ...| 7:18 a.m.| 39 08 10 |123 52 30
--do...| 7:45 a.m.| 39 07 50 /1:3 56 00
.-do 8:15 a.m.| 39 06 30 |123 59 30
1891. |
Feb. 23 | 3:50 p.m.| 7 12 30 | 80 56 00
Feb. 28| 5:07 a.m.| 5 29 30 | 86 49 30
--do...| 9:22 a.m.| 5 35 10 | 86 57 10
Mar. 1} 6:58 a.m.| 5 28 20! 86 55 30
Mar. 5| 5:04 a.m./ 3 50 00 | 81 44 20
Mar. 8/5:55p.m.| 7 34 35 | 79 18 2
---do ...| 6:22p.m.] 7 36 20 | 79 18 10
--do 6:51 p.m.| 7 38 10 | 79 18 00
Mar. 11 | 3:25 a.m.| 7 26 40 | 78 52 40
Fedo Os 9 gem 20010 | 78 46 4
--do...| 7:06 a.m.| 7 31 00 | 78 42 30
--do ...|12:03 p.m.| 7 29 00 | 78 43 30
---do 1:20 p.m.| 7 80 00 | 78 40 30
Mar. 23 | 4:21 a.m.| 1 27 10 | 80 02 10
..do 6:00 a.m.| -1 21 30 | 80 01 40
- do 7:05 a.m.| 118 00 | 80 01 00
.-do 9:18 a.m.] 1 11 00 | 79 59 30
.-do 10:25 a.m.| 1 07 00 | 79 59 00
Mar. 25 | 5:09 a.m.| 0 36 00 | 88 45 00
South.
Mar. 26 | 9:14 a.m.| 0 13 00 | 84 52 00
-do . 1:15 p.m.| 0 20 00 | 85 08 v0
North
Apr. 4/ 4:19p.m.| 1 24 40 | 91 38 00
Apr. 11} 5:24 a.m.| 16 20 00 | 99 41 30
Apr. 12| 6:05 a.m.| 16 42 00 |100 11 00
dow 9:42 a.m.| 16 45 00 |100 06 00
---do .../10:42 a.m.| 16 46 30 1100 02 30
Apr. 18] 5:05 a.m.} 20 47 15 |106 15 30
--do ...| 8:49 a.m.| 21 03 00 |106 21 30
Apr. 22| 7:02 p.m.| 27 20 00 |110 54 00
Apr. 23 | 7:06 a.m.| 27 38 00 |111 04 00

301

r Albatross from

Se

| Temperature. ae ns

Ss Character of | __ Instru- |4 3
= bottom a ment used.) 2's

B : Air, | Sur-| Bot- Berapece)

QA “| face.| tom. es

Fims. ORB MOMs Om Lbs.
17695 0| Tt bm. 02) 5-25 - 56 | 56 |35.3] Sigsbee..| 60
1,566 | oz. bn. M.S ... ON i) | Bailes) w= ee 60
Pope} elec Gre ee See te 53 | 51 | 50.4) Tanner..| 28
Dona IMES Sees oses 53 | 52 | 49.6] Sigsbee.. 3
296 | bk.S.M ....... 53 | 52 | 44.8|...do..... 38
MSO | bere Temes oe rei DBM 2) a//8918) eee doses. 38
337 | gn. M.S ....... 85) | 54 >| 42'6|-.-.do. 5.4. 38
Dp vat Orn Des vere 58 | 52 | 49.6) Tanner 28

Zon ANOS PSY 9 see Bae Mapes sGkiye ae 6 = 2
ake sl eres cls 10 (eh eae DOH POD tee eee ke te Oe 28
UU SRC E ysis) eon ee 55 | 53 | 47.6|..-do..... 28
SOM Crs oe ee 55 | 53 | 48 SdQss-c] 28
IOs | bk Se Mie DOWD 4s oA gi Gtlaee do ae aan | 98
268 apo Moses es Da od [43061 4 doe | 28
PATA rie eae Tal Ob een od 54) 438d esd s,s ene ys
OS een Misses eae oe 95) Ose leerone ler Omaoee 28
Chill) anata NG Leese D5 a EOS. ale oats | ee doefes 28
LO Qs seas ee es 55°! 53) | 47.6)|...do.-..: 28
DAG nonin 2 seen Doul53). | 44a it doen 28
PAO af eh Ne ee ote 55 | 53 | 44.6}...do..... 28
AO ME SeeN Ig arse sea a 55 | 53° | 46.4 SO set 28
82 | fme.S.bk.G....| 541/53 | 48 “dorm ce 28
SY fs ee fod isps WAG c4alee dome. oe 28
Py Cale (ene eae Sp | 54) 58 | 44.3 “dOaeeee 2
DBS IMIS eee seco 54 | 53 43.7 EO ais 28
132 | fne.S.M....... 54) 53 | 47 dos zs. ws
Ti NG ee ec O45 Den 48-4) pee domes 28
EP AISI WE Se Se (SP Gos ali eH) aoe ie 28
SOsiOMLs Anat oS. os o) 5251953) || 47.6) eee dow ae. 28
NaS ofa nan he 0405), || 47.6)k=- 02. co. 26
USS o |p ae eo Sa roces bbe 55) | 46cd ceed ress 28
TOs | oT Me ee O67) 104: =| 47: 6lyec Sdo shee! 28
GON Weert Niger ee oe oe Bf | 54 | 48.0 |o.-do... 6. 28
620i oniea Mls oe ace St | 54 [44.6)..-do.._.. 28
GOD eer Mie Sees 53 | 54 | 49.4 |...do~._.. 28
Bd eats WM soe as a 53 | 54 | 49.6/...do..... 28
5Ob | comyMiss Sa S55. 53] 54 | 46.1}...do_...: 28
(ela verte Nie oe ne ate 53 | 54 | 48.6]...do..... 28
LOO som. Mice eee eee | 938] 54. | 45.5}..-do..... 28
1 AERIS heine sacs sey! 79 | 81 57.7} Sigsbee Be
151009) |Paloboze. = 22 =. Sle iS2 MAT Oe a Ore ace 35
CMa SEAS see a | 84 | 83.6/58.2|...do._... 38
940 Pines whys. (On| 8ze ep ga asd Oneeen 38
1,181 | bn. glob: oz ..--| 077 | 77° | 36:5 |...do.._.. 35
220) eho. sesere. 2e 76 | 74 | 49.8! Tanner -. 26
191 | crs. gy.§ -....- 16 | T4: |53.8))-5-dos. 2.) 26
TST AS ieee cee ae TANRTAS CSOs aslo sed onnene 26
yee | op Sees PSE oe , 72] 70 | 386 Sigsbee .. 3
1,708 | gn. glob. oz (Oe G9 Oust ae Olea 35
1,100 | gn. glob. oz -...| 72] 68 |36.5|...do..... 35
1,482 | gn. glob.oz.-..| 76 | 70 | 36 EON notre 35
TAOS fom. Mees 7, |70"|, 36.011. 4:de ).. 38
fe erehO RI SDH te WE ae 2 ee TO TO" 40 ale dome 38
(0) |OmsOZ gee HSS. 392i dom ace 38
724, (San. ozesea eae TIT BOY S50, donna 38
Hsien. Mi see eae TASS eel Diem U2) WER ey en Be 38
OO pom MES oes Hos e0wal lo Sales Onno 38
1,832 | gn. glob. oz .. 80 | 81 | 36 COnea es 35
epodcy aceaoe enn Ese SHY HB | bs doris oe
|1, 488 | glob. oz..-.-._. Boni83< | a6. || sdor ss. 38
2m slob OZemaee ae SA So ustB Oe ie ad Olena 35
1, 823 | yl.S.bk.sp.- TUG EBO A oDLoee dom aoe 25
8o8 emia aye 79 | 80 | 38.5 ')...do 38
912 | dk. gn. M...... S25 R82 tate ee dole sre 38
602 | dk. gn. M.._.... SIR 2) WAOes 2 Soe casein sas
2,022 | dk. gn.M_....-. CEN IMEC a PY Ten |e Koya Pee | 60
2,102 | en. oz. bk. sp Ta MTAy 1 35,8) |. stone | 36
i734 bn Mea biceps (oil 4| 88) \ca dor oe 38
622 | bn. M. bk. sp 2 iid: Al 39.2) oad OMe eas 38

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

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302

‘TEST ‘Og aune 07 ‘CSsT ‘T hing ‘880.nq) PF Lawpazs WOLSSMUALOD) YLT "gD 2y2 fo su0yy}s buynngy pup fubpaup £0 p..ovay

THE ALBATROSS. 303

INVESTIGATIONS OF

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

304

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305

OF THE ALBATROSS.

INVESTIGATIONS

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REPORT

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

310

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

312

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3138

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

316

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AS -ouz | JZ 06 G2 8cT! 0g 88 LG | 86cE |" 9Sperq | GT
SSCS A a | 00 8% 8ST | 0g SF Lg | Gers |"-": PA | 61
S43] 92 | 0f LC 62T | 00 88 L¢| LEZe | PFporq | 6T
‘S43 | ¥6 | 00 9F Sct] 08 9% x26 | 96z€ | eSporq | 6I
sous | te | 06 96 8¢I | 0€ FL LG | S6eE |- PSporq | 6T
H-HqG | 08 | 08 €0 6S1 | ch 9T LG | Feces |° PSporq | ST
Tg 00 LE 6ST | SI €% LG | Pere |": DAH | 8ST
0g | 00 €& 6ST | 00 0€ LG | E6ze |" OSperq | BT
Ig | 08 9F 6ST | 0g Ta Lc | Seto |'--- PAH | SI
oe 00 ce 6ST | 00 FI Lg | ZezE |* OSparq | ST
Tg 00 €@ 6ST | 02 90 L¢ | cere |---: DAH | 8T
z 00 IT 6ST | 0€ 8¢ 9¢ | TezE |* PSparq | gt

oT 00 10 6SE | 0€ 0& 9¢ | O6ze | eSperq | gr AVE

|"SUloyzD Ty uw 7] ° i fi ON | “O68T
“M “Suo'T NU9R'T
*010990q Jo 91N9R NT “ygdeq | TaquiInM TRIES “ey BT
“MOT}ISOg | |

‘ponuyuoj—punjpsy vysvppug fo apis yjuou ay; Jo pun hing jojswg ur hyaryo ‘ogsz fo asinuo unysv) Ff “poo wof suoynjs Burysy fo a)qny,

319

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

“SULOTIR OGT OUI OF Woy pagztip Alu ppns

“Apprdea paytap diys ‘apy poop suorqyg ,

‘oyeumtxordde ore poo jo seyour pue spunod jo syavd [euoryoess OF,

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od

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pus

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‘Sule

TE 0} 6%

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#2 0} FG OL
€2 0} 62 | EIT

209 92 | GT

0g 03 Fer | $2

€& 0F 16/ OL

ee 02 92 | 36

“QUO NT
G

OL
cl

cr
ime

cA ae Mis Ne kae mare | VARS |

S$ "Aq ‘euy
Sq ouz

=a

Cd Bat See utst srs)) Sil

"49'S Aq
ieee arin tate aS] CROLL
ir Acai tig (ASS Sq
wie ola lsim\wiaialerele mista W'S "AG
Suerte LL

OEE OSE <I: [0]
vente reece eres ee eres Ty
Scie eet eee ara eat Sy Ue Lay
se reee reer eee eee ig
Fai aed ot & eh sme RLM.
EEE aia: (1]

se eeee terres eee ay

ila rs Se gh
atatetnlarele)meteln loin tale CITY

Bo eI SI (3

PL ME es Dee eT eh tk
Se tmuceoe tS! Hs ereeld.

96
Ly

0G It 99L } GL «0 #9
cg re 997 180 So és
*OTTU T

‘pueys[ soy pus Y310NT

*----=-quI10g Jeplg Ivan
*O[ TUL

Ea ¥'s ‘Wg pla

co F€& 991 | SP 8S &¢
cry eh LOT | Sr Té S$
oc ch LOL | SL 82 &
0G 8h LOT | 0c Ga &
Ot 9F LOT | 00 fa €&¢
OF GF LOT | O& SG &¢
co 68 LOT | 0& §@ £9
cO LE LOT | 0G FE &
co FE LOT | 0€ FG ES
Ot Té L9T | 00 96 &
OF €& LOT | GZ 8c &
02 98 LOT |S 08 8
PN MEE tea
*soTLUL
STN FAN ‘odeg US
*So[TUL
¥o's Aq-as ‘odep yStH
*SOTIUL
son Sq op ‘adap soadg
“SOT TUL
eq ‘MOTTA PPO adeg
“AR
UlIysnyryL JO YJNou uy
“AUT
UIYSNyAL]L JO yyNour FO
cL ct 291 | 00 zg es
00 60 L491 | “é GG &¢
00 €0 L911 06 9S €
UTYSNYR PL

ede jo Kf SeTtu TT
vee etre cree eteeesgpetttts
‘InJr99y edzp
jO opis W10}S9M IBON
cee er tees ee et eeropir tts

#o0¢ |°--- DA
osez |---- PAH
eros |"-- DA
erga |°- > DAR
L¥cz |--° pA
occ | - PAL
gece |" -- pA
Lece |"" 77 pA
gece |--"° pA
Gece |" "> PAL
recz |°--- pA
gece |-7-° pA
eee \---- PAL
ogc2 |--7: pA
eZee |- es per.
6262 |---- PAT
gage |" 7: DAH
eceg |" esporq
zece |-°* PA
Ieee |" ospoig
TCdC) |e AET
flee, (P22 ast
61cz |"--- PAL
gree |---- pA
80G2x|"""- PA
Locz |---° PAE
Goce |" > PAL
e0cz |" --- PA
coc | -°° PAL
00gz - pA
96re |'°°- PAH

9T

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

320

|
cl 60¢ 3 | Na |ds Har Ty oq ral | GL | 00 ¥0 TTT} 00 8€ LE | WE'e OGL pA 8892
‘od hee GD 009 ila secaye m pas Tq Wad OL | TL | 0€ 00 TIT) OF GE LG} "Ue Teg “I, LEE
or 00, JT] MANA [ds 31q We Uq TL | ZL | 00 FS OTT) 00 06 26 | wed TeL “pA 169%
*1107}0q TO pasovIp JON 008 TV ANM [dQ -4q "7 -U¢ | GL | GL | OF €S OTT] OF €0 Le | wd 2aT “IL OGFE
° , GLI Gola eA ne pues ae 9L | LL | 0€ IL GOT) OF GE LT |‘Ut-e OTOL “IC FIFE
"STLOILF 0090'S JAAO Su eyeurxord 00g T | MSM | 6L | 00 zh 66/00 Ze OL |‘m'e cre “IC FIFE
-dv payruryjse qydep ‘ueyey ssurpunos ONT CLT 0 |-> ware; | zg | 08 JG LG 0& Se eT | urd cog “IC, FIFE
GLI T | MNN 8 | 00 16 16} 00 FE CI | W'S FOOT “Id FIFE
one £1 ONG | T8 | 00 86 96 | 00 FL OT |‘Ut'e 00'0L “AL PLFS
ye , € | ONG | 18 | 00 82 96] 00 FL OL |e GEFs “IG FIFE
006 py |s= = Sai : EORD i oOR lle
‘ oN 18 | 00-86 96] 00 FT OT |"Ur'U LF: ° Id FIFE
“JOM POO} PORTA Je YIJdoep uvow—suM0yIRYy ect ; i geo : ga- B ef
C6 lal Ree 6 6 | GNG 18 00 86 96] 00 FI OL} Me Lg9 | 8 dy “IC PIPE
Re | | 3B] YQION
| |
“Suq aoddn [1g 07 sorjans pure | | |
SMOTIVS (OZ Te9MJoq SazyNUIUl FL PIeMOT, fone! 2 | |
“Jou PeAdo} POY 4v Yidep Uvom—stuoI VT | FZZ | 0G as C(nOal se RRR Se scay Fer < Tacs eee 1g |18 |00 co #8/00 et 0 |"m@'e FTG | 96 “ZVI | PAH 829
| | “Wel YANG
“SUIy BELT pur eLy‘T meadajoq Surkava
qidep @ Sulyeubs ‘oct pue o0[ Weeamgoq |
e[suv UB ye STMOTIL OO8‘T 0} pedoda pur | | |
‘A][ROTJIGA “SUI OFL‘T 0} POLOMOT SUA YANT 6eL‘T2 | | | | :
“jou poo} TOA Je YZdop WeomI—suUOgI | | 9EL‘T) 0Z eee TS T |- MANA | ZO ‘Qo1s “43 | geg‘t | 0-9¢ | 18 | 08 | 00 Sh Z8| 00 98 O | WR EFO | Go “aeIT | PAH 229
“surly 000'T ;
jo qdep Suarenba epsue oy3 “suly O9T'T |
‘SUIMO} OIIYM JNO ITM JO YUNOTUL 4S0 |
-yeolt) “SUZ ZBP‘T Ur md go:cT ye ayy
ssutpunos Aq uMoys se ‘1oyva. aadeap | | |
OJ peyp SuLavy “UL “w ge: TT 4v pet | |
-Ug pu Ul ‘e FFG YB YOU JO [VII] puodes |
yooy, ‘Sulf OOL'T UlUL"e go?) 4B pepuNnog |------) oT 000) TE \iGa|i ter aN 2 ZO "qors ‘us | OOT‘T | 9°98 |-89) | GL | 0S ZF 82100 Te 2 |e Fr6 |" Ops: “p&H 6192
6L |*00€ 6 77 ON | 20 90To ‘us OOT‘T | 798 | 89 | cL | 08 Gr 8L/00 TE 4 |"WBe ces | IT LEA “PAH 6192
¢ a LT OOF @\--°---N | ZO ‘Q01S “as | sor‘t | c'96 | GL | ch | 00 SF 6L| 00 90 2 ae SIE0L | 6 “AVA | “Ad 88EE
“Aremoryzeys drys ‘seqn |
“UTUL ¢ UT SULOTT}RF oor ULOdJ aoenp (Eqs peg eseo> “| oor | ¢ loot*rone [777728 | e6n'T | gcse | sh | 22-| 00 Th 08 | 00 Ta 9 |e ge:0l |*---Ops--| “IM cBEE
“Areuoryeys digs ‘soyn |
-WIUI OT Ul SIONS NZ WosZ Joop po[weH |------|------ 00g «=| & |ooct NL [ooo US | Gon" | g°ce | ch | 22 | 00 Tr 08] 00 Te 9 |*m'e gc:6 | -- Op) “Id zsEE
cT 00é @ [rooo oN ooo Us | e6L‘T | 8's | es | 22 | 00 ITF 08100 18 9 | mB oGs | L we | “AWcsEE
“YT | UaTe | "YIM “YIDT ie ie tee | a “T68I
‘Sur -yydop)| & |
ee | 6 | ‘mory *U1O} |"90VT| , ay tite spe
TRG OTA el eel |) tee p oC -qoq |-anq| FV | A a NEE ET . ; b
“*SyIVUIAT ae OMT, Peaoy, & celia jo salaeaeto) ‘yydoq) 702 Ss | oully, aq jon TRmeg
Beaeces “pula, ‘sorngesrod a0 J, “MOTIISOT

*880.4.0Q)F aUNazs WOISSLULWOD YS

UT SQ ay, [0 suOynZSs JaU-NO} ApMLpaU.taye LOUUDT, fo psooay

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

321

Record of ocean temperatures and specific gravities by the U. S. Fish Commission sleamer

Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891,

Date. ae of | Station. | Lat.N- | Long. W.| Depth.
1889. Oeste FF (ova eats Fins.
July 8 | 4p.m...-.| Seymour Narrows...--........-.- Surface _|
9 | 11 a.m....| Queen Charlotte Sound ......-..-.]..- iene:
iO pete = sal Mal pan SOUNM ja-20 2 sie cts ae aml 2 Ou:
“elelil yo) tan 52e!) (ONG Weel oh” een sem ae seaerber easy ee 20.0) ==
il) [alae oneee Witehih Sonny sees ae sae ee =e dOrese
LOU eS Osp. an. Kennedy MSRM bee - Sas seataee anes 240 0% =
Le 1O%Aa. to. - =! Ron cas) NaLTOWS=--0--50- == -50-- =< EAU
Teme aus PROrb oO MOSbOLS . = <1. cin-\e<i0% v=iate osc or p.d0iea a.
TOO ae mee | PROT G NV aN COM ete. ctmo.0)s cn mea a eee doves:
Ton wacps Wn Woran rel Narrows sees. -5--5 26-12 eeCOme
ESO as Oe =e - | ISIS NOG Baye ~/e<c o0e acca = n= = Gael Oy- ee
it eal tae Sipe ALOW Ss ne -1ies 2 <tc eee Se SBEGI se
1h ab Aprr eee Shi qi 8 edt) War eee OEE eeeere 3.00%s-
UA pe a ee EUROS MWCO DOAN ace alniaint et arersyeisinl= er are'= |S) Rd Ow
CSE Reel e AOE c.2'-11) GVAGIOTI Ay) «<a tani se sea saeco eo dor
TOM Eon ear TOO ULCA bees nts Jo os6e bine aiels see sed Os
2. 3 p.m... COUN AUY. Sans see recesses sche sedans .do
ANNI. Up eae ee 51 34 00 | 181 16 00 |..-do
: Bia PLN mer hl aera denatceicie cicic 52 85 00 | 136 02 00 Edo
< IPAS eae al eh Saye avarae 51 44 50 | 183 24 00 -do
ZA ee See Beet tcrrcpar 50 15 00 | 128 57 00 |...do...
eed Pea NEAT e hye =| Sh aleray oie ye, </siee, cst AT 05 00 | 124.19 30 |..-do ..-
a) | GIA gai | ene ee 45729 30) | 124 11 00: |-. ido 22
OMAN yas eal ep reereicietata aro is 44 314 00 | 124 54 30 -do
Gilel anes Sa ee ons Se 44 08 00 | 124 32 00 |...do....!
Pe hte Milas eaters! ickse nc cls wes ave 44 00 30 | 124 55 30 |...do
Pl Pedek OD ess = peotionmeeseaee 44 12 00 | 124 19 00 alo
S) |e 0rp. Ta — Cape Lookout, Onegon\.. geese -do ..
Tiber is a ee hess ee ee 43 07 00 | 124 41 00 |...do~-
1890.
Wi rece COS S270 ee hese eee ees 37 44 50 | 122 43 00 =d0%=-
1a (2c ees eres (ane ek eae eae 37 27 20 | 122 44 00 |...do --
Nes On bs Ute ee Mamba Crmza Caliente atm niste eet -do
TSAO Dane. MOnNberey BB cc. em asec e soar ee dor--
PANE || off [ont] OE aya Eh eS See ecm Soc OC BABA eee Mee dove
PAM a = = 21 OtipWaralllones y= a2 c8-meme= eee sia| do .-
rds We [a 0 Wee ee Cordell*Bank: 225.22 ~ Sp 2ss= score = Ions
Apr. 3 | Pasta: ("Cedar POMab sacs sia aeee ne seca oe=cle oe aliveurc|
Bape DeWlee--| 2toM COM BAY cae emce = ace —= 0m do™=-
DUARTE re arer| Aces ats aeycias. i | 35 14 00 | 121 07 00 |...do-~..
6) 4am. .|| Point Conception ---=-----5--.----- alOne==
(eS eee Santa Barbara Channel..........- Eee Clowes
feller eee Santa Barbaral..-2-...-.....--2--- #do— =
7| 6p.m....| Santa Rosa Island Meee epee caer ‘doses
IP ale eae ee See Reee Te SOLOo nOOn | Laer ons 00) ae edole-
May 14/7 p.m...-.| Off Cape Scott, Van Island ......- “dof
Gy Psat OG 4oe.) Bae eee oSee 51 09 00 | 1382 35 00 |...do..-
UG Pl heanoe e saree ae see toe ans 51 52 00 | 187 27 00 |...do--.-
UT (ol Pate See Seema aes 52 25 30] 142 41-30 |..-do---
TS Ris) cig ta Seseaaae eae 52 36 50 | 146 51 10 |..-do..
SS esd renee tered io es ae ere 2 43 30 | 147 44 00 |..-do---
Te wets) Cresta re by aes Bere ces anes 52 48 00 | 149 14 00 |..-do---
HOW Oe Sita seen ses on cta-2 53 O07 35 | 151 43 57 |..:do--
AGL TO! d=) ell see emes = 2 Sete 53 13 00 | 152 48 17 |...do---
OS Jui Bh Wane estates ae ees 53 21 54 | 154 48 17 |..-do.--
AU) lle uke) Epi eres) aes Spree © 53 50 00 | 157 08 30 |..-do..-
PAU S TPAS eae ans aoe samme 53 55 00 | 158 04 10 |..-do.-.-
Zo Sos bee leap cece aces as 53 57 34 | 159 46 40 |_..do---
21 feS ELIAS to Reset (A Pe ten eRe cits 54 00 00 | 162 33 00 (UK art
PISS N 2 on] || ee Ee 54 00 40 | 162 57 00 |...do--.
USI ch hadley epee see as 54 16 00 | 163 26 00 |...do..--
22\| 8'a.in...-| Unimak Pass, Alaska .-...-...-.-. tdoje=s
Comer eIN es heherate eine aes ra cites 54 16 00 | 165 13 00 |...do...
see OUD ets a ate)| sera ce Se saree 54 44 00 | 165 39 00 |...do---
P| eel tty tt eae eR ae ete 55 01 50 | 167 24 00 |...do...
PAS ei 24 Eee See 54 36 30 | 166 53 00 |...do...
731) hen Ao ve ee Unalaska Harbor; Alaska ..52.5: 1... Gores

H. Mis. 11321

thermometer.

is

Temperature by attached

Temperature of the air.

specific gravity was taken.

| Temp. of specimen at time

Pe ek peek peek peek fk peek pk pk fk ek fk fk dk dk fed fk ek fed feed fet ed bet et ss sp

Fe ef fk pe ek ek fe fd fd fet fk ed fk ke pd fet ft pt ps ps pk pt pd sp

| Specific gravity.

- 0220
- 0164
. 0180
- 0160
. 0206
. 0182

0182
0206
0200

. 0196
. 0202
. 0220

0228

. 0206
. 0162
. 0040
5 oe

234

5 086
. 0284

0234

. 0236
0236
. 023

0236

. 0236
. 0236

0242

. 0240

. 0236
. 0240
. 0212

0236

. 0220

0222
0236
0244
0244
0242

. 0242

0244
0244
0244
0240

. 0236,
. 0238

0240
0244
0244

. 0244

0242
0242

. 0242
. 0242

0242

. 0242

0236

. 0236

0236

. 0256
. 023

0236

. 0236
. 0222

0222

. 0220

with pure water at

as standard.

4° C. :

Specitic gravity reduced to
15° (

1, 022167
1. 016567
1. 018020
1. 016020
1. 020620
1. 018220
1. 018220
1. 020620
1. 020020
1. 019767
1. 020367
1, 022167
1. 022967
1. 020767
1. 016367
1. 004167
1. 008167
1. 023716
1. 023916
1. 023716

1. 023716
Z 023916
1. 028916
1. 023716
1. 023916
1. 023916
1. 023916
1. 024516
1. 024316

1. 024067
1. 024467
1. 021667
1. 024067
1. 022467
1. 022667
1. 024067
1. 024867
1.024867
1. 024667
1. 024667
1. 024867
1. 024867
1. 024867
1. 024467
1. 023767
1, 023820
1. 023870
1. 024270
1, 024270
1. 024270
1. 024220
1. 024220
1. 024220
1. 024220
1. 024220
1. 024220
1. 023620
1. 023620
1. 023620
1. 023620
1. 023620
1. 023620
1, 023620.
1, 022220
1.022220
1. 022020

322

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of ocean temperatures and specific gravities by the U, S. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891—Continued,

Date.

June

July

Aug.

i ww)

Mott

10

99
“

WAAGRAAGARAGNRAAGAAANCOP SE POW ODD

| 2
| iC)
| | cm
PS
Time of Station. Lat. N. | Long. W.| Depth. 5
day. 23
| Fy
| Oo
| a
| ° ey Oo / a Fms. oO
To Tiise ae latsiaaclasies seen Mot eo nO) albp et ONAO I NGUnraces lato
8p.m...:| Shaw Bay, Unimak Island ...-..-. Wdoyeee ee
TOM eet {Stans se a |. 55 11:30, | 16317 00 |...do 2. -1"44
10 p.m....| Cape Lapin, Unimak Island -..-..- ---0 =2.).| 44
LI Use ee ae aes ' 56 10 00-} 160 31 30 |...do -...| 45
9 p.m.---! ape Strogonof, Alaska Penin- |...do.-.-..| 43
| sula.
IPAT 95 ae eee Se | 58 03 30 | 157 46 00 |...do 46
6 p.m..-..| Head of Bristol Bay, Alaska. ..--- Sei) 50
Tbe ee Rees sacs | 58 28 10 | 157 86 00 |...do 45
6p.m Protection Point, Alaska ......-.- ..-do 50
1p.m Nushagak River, high water .--.- ---do 50
8 p.m Nushagak River, low water...--.. TAA ie See lara
7 p.m Off Cape Constantine ...-..-.-.... .. -do0 41
Lo peee aoe Round Island, Walrus group ..-.. a0) | 48
“8 p.m Hagemeister Island.---:---:.-:-.. aso) 48
ie eso ass Cape Newenham, Alaska ..----..- ..-do 44
iO} aR eRe Kuskokwim River, Alaska.....-.- fee Operetta
IP th SnoQaqecsoa ose meas 56 55 30 | 164 30 00 -do .--.| 43
PLN Eb SSe|lncoo sdmeneoooe 54 43 00 | 166 01 00 -do 44
I iNoeeeas||beasee seen sae 54 41 30 | 164 51 00 |...do..-.| 45
WA pe Aeescell (aM eee 55 23 00 | 163 10 00 |...do~.-...| 46
9 p.m Cape Glasenap, Alaska Peninsula.) Surface.| 46
8 p.m.-.-..| Amak Island, Bristol Bay. -----.-- =e Or 46
Dakine Sea oeasyoasenaee 55 44 20 | 162 17 30 |..-do. 44
Dhaest ce RES ie se 56 29 50 | 162 26 00 |...do 45
Pits Sasa eee oeaee se 56 18 30 | 160 53 00 |...do....| 47
1 IPAS ap Port Moétler, Alaska Peninsula. So GO) eaten] COO
TMi ae Herendeen Bayete cee eee ...do 51
3:30p.m-.] Entrance Port Méller.........---- Beek) 54
TSU reel RRR Rae seeps 56 39 30 | 160 29 00 |...do. 45
ON resets | miset ce ne sere 56 22 00 | 160 13 00 |...do---.| 49
faei hin on nae eee 56 50 30 | 159 01 00 |...do....| 48
TPM seal: sees 57 08 45 | 159 23 00 |..-do ....| 46
eraser els Sateiee < arteet 57 25 00 | 158 44 00 |...do....| 46
het one Jee ooaeee docs ae 58 00 10 | 159 01 00 |...do....| 55
it De ibéa3 BRaoesenespecss 58 24 00 | 160 17 30 |...do..-..| 43
iT tls Soe eipCedesescnin= sc 57 30 00 | 160 12 00 |..-do....} 45
Gym Seles ae oe 57 50 40 | 160 57 00 |...do.-..| 52
IP Ti Cena cal Sep SSsceeeeas 57 34 00 | 161 25 30 210) 22 = \e0ll
Ueto eis stl oe acre SSIES wee 54 02 00 | 167 14 00 |...do....| 48
Cipro ss| bocoslor Islands. peace sees SE AD Seen | 00
Oh. it eats See ee 53 55 00 {| 170 50 00 |...do-...| 50
Beetle se ol ssteirem > oni 54 20 00 | 171 08 15 |..-do .-..| 50
TUT Seer Seceityeneeeeee 5b SL.0071) (74200) Se-doeea| 5a
OEMS 656 Se taaoeNe case 56 12 00 | 172 07 00.|...do .---| 50
Britis 26a-cl/oobosnasee ase 56 27 30 | 174 14 30 |...do 50
Bie 30 se eae oo wi rniw rain 56 56 00 | 172 55 00 |...do....) 50
Sistem leerse err oc oi oe 58 14 00 | 174 35 00 |...do..-..| 50
EL OPIN terete fatale ian ane atare ae 58 43 00 | 174 43 00 |...do..-..| 50
TL Bilge elt g Sse saeSeee 56 50 00 | 175 15 00 |...do.-..| 50
1D) iit = 54 eae aaaaeae 56 25 30 | 175 27 10 |...do.,-..| 50
ABUL rrigiecy-| Sete SEAS aeeoee 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 |...do....| 50
Caer rit || See Sceeseere 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 25 | 42.5
chet rth 2 lel Beene SaMOnemee 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 50 | 37
AAO SAM weet ascot 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 100 | 38.2
OPA Uys 1lsl Seeoeeeeree 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 200 | 38.8
AsPli tyes ae aap 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 300 | 38.7
ASAD tie meee ee cece 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 400 | 37.6
AAU Dalila a eeciee sais 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 500 | 36.9
Aas UT Obs NES Se Sem eeeete 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 690 | 36.5
chee A OF NG eee Se ocemee 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 700 | 36.3
AON aiid © Serer eee ae sia. 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 800 | 35.5
ee On eieia leairaein cic ee 56 02 10 | 175 85 00 900 | 36
CASA reel lee Scio aeeae 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 1, 000 | 35.4
EAU ses ELE | ate meteostasja'aia ae 56 02 10 | 175 35 00 1,998 | 34,9
Saar celeemaseoe a= 54 30 30 | 175 32 00 | Surface .| 49

#2 0 | Temperature of the air.

ecimen at time

as taken.

specific gravity w

| Lemp. of sp

ea een ae ee a ro es eS

Re

Specific gravity.

with pure water at

4° C, ‘as standard.

Specifie gravity reduced to
15° C

. 023220
. 023220
. 023220
022620
(22020
. 021420

loa sella onl onl an

018620
013020
013020
013220
008020
008020
- 020391
019991.
019791
021791
022191
023791
023791
923591
023391
023191
023391
022991
022991
(22391
021591
019991
021516
023167
023167
023167
023167
022767
019767
020167
| 022167
020967
022567
024328
024328
024328
024328
024328
023928
023928
023928
023928
023928
023928
023928
023928
023928
023928
024128
024528
024928
025128
025328
025328
025328
025528
025528
. 025728
026125
1.023928

ge eat

FA et ek ke ee et

aan

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. — 323

Record of ocean temperatures and specifie gravities by the U. S, Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 30, Sa

= Ba $3

oe a es ge
on i a | ot Be.
| 4 |e Eee
Time of é a hee Bes ibs ES
Date. Asie Station. Lat.N. | Long. W.| Depth. | 3 | 2 | er s sau
ys ea} ales 2 aia
a 2 | 2 Fy He
aa] |ke oo ee
=) H Ong ° Tess
2 a Se ce C=hee)

= ey a a3) Sie)
3 RB |Be| 3 O19

a lat Blt eZ wa
= =! aay, @ Z — ——————
1890. fo} / Ww (a) / uv Fins. °) | fo) 2)

Aug. 7 DIT orem nina Saanelaaly aca se) 04,06).00))| £75,32-00"| Surface -| 5) 48 64 | 1.0242 | 1.023928

SELATAN = po tetel| Pa is Sie ele x cree 54 08 00 | 171 55 00 |-.-do --:.| 57 50 | 64 | 1.0242 | 1. 023928
Ty) aera a kes ol eC ae Se ei 54 0123) | 16Ge23 7372 -d0ess 2) 55 60 70 | 1.0286 | 1.024230
Ae enO SIN = =a SVWESLO WW. Ula i eel Steck ns edo. f aod, 53 | 70 | 1.02384 | 1.024030
TG 9| | UT SES aan loetee ere eeeete He 53 56 00 | 167 00 00 |...do ---.] 52 60 70 | 1.0234 | 1.02403C
ite! Lemme te 52. Makushin ae Seat ene conten Ne [eeedo seen a5 GO | 70 | 1.0226 | 1.023230
SN pe Praise Norm eee dosnane | 53 41 23 | 167.16 00'|...do ..-.] 50 49 70 | 1.0234 | 1.024080
S79 Wah ve Upee ege Chernoftsky Bay gue omadoc A -tame ee dose e 9 48 | 70 | 1.0232 | 1.023830
DON SL Meee et Wimmale Passe... 40= cere sees ees vedo es 48 47 | 70 | 1.0234 | 1.024080
PAY Og se eS pata Marco wee 54 01 00 | 166 52 30 |...do ....| 52 49 70 | 1.0234 | 1.024030
O2F ) las 22a Offptoredaland!s 2. o.5 24. an Be Ov a aod: 54 | 70 | 1.0230 | 1.023630
PGt iP api mse Akutan IPAS Sasa seiesina cee Ae GOSS. 21241, 56 | 70 | 1.0234 | 1.024030
oF ft ELEY 8 1a ieee |e en ea 53 55, 30 | 163 26 00 |.-.do ....| 50 50 70 | 1.0230 | 1.023630
Pg al CUA 30 eee ay Ss] he ge a 5358) 009) 162) 87 00Ns22 do! 22. 2|"'55 60 7 1.0230 | 1. 023630
PA lh a Gere | Ee | Rae |-54 11 00 | 160 37-00 |...do ....| 52 50 70 | 1.0282 | 1.023830
28 Grams eae eec Se cwe Soe | 54 19 00 | 159 40 00-|...do....| 51 52 70 | 1.0232 | 1.023830
US Aa is SES eee aes ores ae 54 34-00 | 158 47 00 |...do ....| 52 52 70 | 1.0232 | 1.023830
Bale uONPs Ma mah hte acsht cae Se 54 426/00) st 4a 30-500 24 a5) a. 53 70 | 1.0230 | 1.028630
os (0 ein Dev ees | fee eee eae Meee a 55 26 00 | 155 26 00 |...do..-..| 53 54 70 | 1.0280 | 1.023630
Don plu. 2 se aoe Sok oe 55 41 00 | 154 48 00 |...do....! 51 54 70 | 1.0232 | 1.028830
TS] 70 a es eee eee ee 56.01 30 | 153 52.00 |:..do-:-..| 53°‘ 54.| 70 | 1.0232 |. 1.023830
SO) Te SET iene] |S ete ae 551149) 000150) 405005) 222 do 2-22) 53 54 70 | 1.0232 | 1.023830
US Sa ae ooo) Eee eee ee Ie 55 19 00 | 147 16°30 |...do,-...|-52 53 70 | 1.0232 | 1 023830

‘Sai Te ee ae Seapeesesmace 55 49 00 | 141 58 00 |-..do....| 55 55 70 | 1.0232 | 1.023830
Omega, -e eee ee ae a 54 27 00 | 137 37 00 |...do ..-..| 56 56 70 | 1.0232 | 1.033830
Sebo oa ally esas. oe 52:55 30 | 182 25 30 |-..do..-..| 58 59 64 | 1.0240 | 1.023728 ,
Be ROE Da Teel | yo as. se Se 52 39 30 | 132 38 00 |..-do .-.-.} 58 65 64 | 1.0238 | 1.023528
COP Se ee eee ioe | 51 09 30 | 1380 12 45 |...do-....) 58 59 | 64 | 1.0232 | 1.022928
Gig) 317) 100s leReer a sere ae 49 05 00 | 126 24 00 |...do....| 54 58 | 64 | 1.0232 | 1.022928
5 | 10p.m-....| Entrance Straits Fuca. --....--.-.: dove. |G 56 | 64 | 1.0230 | 1.022728

Niel war on tel eroe ee = SS 47 27 20 | 125.17 00. |..-do ....| 54 57 64 | 1.0230 | 1.022728

pe pulpal ee araratsl| oeateer= "so Sait | 45 22 00 | 125°05 00 |...do ....| 57 55 64 | 1.0240 | 1.023728

Oe Wehbe secre sal Soe rntte 5 Se | 43 00 00 | 124 36 00 |...do....} 52 53 64 | 1.0242 | 1.023928

QE ERTS cates seks aie ane eee | 40 24 20 | 124 33 30 |..-do ....| 53 54 64 | 1.0242 | 1.023928

Oba) IE Ts Secs, el Rae see ame ieciee o 38 58 30 | 124 01 20 )...do....] 54 55 | 64 | 1.0242 | 1.923928
1891.

Hep ih dam 2S. oc 11 00 | 118 58 00 |.-.do ---.| 59 55 | 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
Tig | Eloy Cai eae 30 00 | 118 32 00 |.--do.-..-:} 57 57 | 80 | 1.0226 | 1.024940
1) ||) 22 cp mr - 40 00 | 118 02 00 |...do....| 59 56 | 80 |} 1.0230 | 1°025340
2 Glan m: ==. 06 00 | 117 34 00 |...do.-..| 60 55 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
7a A oh ee 18 30 | 116 57 00 |...do.-.-| 61 60 80 | 1. 0230 |. 1. 025340
ules Ove T's 5 9 30 30 | 116 37 00 |--.do....| 61 65 | 80 | 1.0232 | 1.025540
eke phon 49 00 | 116 18 00 |...do-.-...| 60 59 | 80} 1.0234 ! 1.025740
3 |b ael, (aha seat 05. 00 | 116 02 00 |...do....| 62 61 80 | 1.0232 | 1.025540
Be hed le ire Ye 06 30 | 115 47 00 |...do-.-.} 61 64 |} 80 | 1.0234 | 1.025740
Coa|| kon Cees 30 00 | 115 20 00 |...do.<--..| 66 66 | 80} 1.0234 | 1.025740
3 | 12 p,m. 45 00 | 114 42 00 |...do 66 66 | 80 | 1.0236 | 1.025940
4| 6a,.m. 5 07 00 | 114 06 00 do 65 65 | 80 | 1.0236 | 1.025940
AeA Sees 24 25 00 | 113 25 00 do 68 66 | 80 | 1.0238 | 1.026140
4] 6p.m. 49 00 | 112 52 00 do 70 80 80 | 1.0238 | 1.026140
4|12p.m.. 10 00 | 112 11 30 do 70 69 | 80 | 1.0238 | 1.026140
5} 6a.m. 22 33 00 | 111 35 00 do 69 67 | 80 | 1.0238 | 1. 026140
Fin iesaee Ngee 21 57 00 | 110 57 00 do.. 72 74] 80 | 1.0238 | 1.026140
5| 6p.m 21 30 00 | 110 17 00 do 72 79 | 80] 1.0240 | 1.026340
5 | 12p.m 20 52 00 | 109 40 00 do 12 71 80 | 1.0240 | 1.026340
6| 6a.m 20 20 00 | 108 55 00 do 75 72) 80 | 1.0234 | 1.025740
6, | 12mi« .-. 19 52 00 | 108 18 00 do 7 76 | 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
6| 6p.,m. 19 25 00 | 107 30 00 do... 76 76 | 80 | 1.0230 |.1. 025340
6 | 12 p.m. 9 02 00-| 106 45 00 |...do-...| 75 75 | 80 | 1.0280 | 1.025340
7| 6am. 38 00 | 105 58 00 do 75 74 | 80 | 1.0232 | 1. 025540
(Bis eee 18 14 60 | 105 06 00 do... 79 81 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
| 20 pom 17 58 00 | 104 15 00 do 81 90} 82 | 1.0282 | 1.025900
7 | 12p.m 17 42 00 | 103 22 00 do 78 77 | 82 | 1.0230 | 1.025700
8| 6a.m 17 26 00 | 102 30 00 |...do.. 79 77 | 82 | 1.0280 | 1.025700
ES) ALP <0 ee 17 14 00 | 101 38 00 do's...) 81 81 82 | 1.0226 | 1.025300
8] 6p.m 16 59 00 | 100 43 00 |..-.do....| 80 84] 82 | 1.0226:) 1.025300
So ea Wena OTA CON ULCOL eee amcls elerath eS alms Sect seeecty 77 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1, 025500
95) 4.p.im- 2.5) Acapaleo, Mexico! -.-.2-.-.-----+-|*-- do....! 80 76 | 82 ; 1.0230 | 1.025700

324

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of ocean temperatures and specific gravities by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1891—Continued.

s
i lees ;

Date. sy + ot Station. Lat. N.
169]. =] 150 Gert a
PEL Hy amenOnn milcilyr TW0<\a7m ai cinlese/ale\alaialsaiate = 16 22 00
POM MAG ae eral tle Sapna 15 55 00
UO) ee asl Boose Se eaten se 15 389 00
10 Usb S28 Seco een ee cee | 15 15 00
10 | 12 p.m..-.|-------------- 14 53 00
TUR 0-2), ui BA See esos om 14 28 00
Tb ie See es ace ae 14 05 00
UT hg se a oe SS Sey aoe 13 47 00
11 | 12p.m.-.--|.--------.---- 13 28 00
12 (O18 iubereese| |Gaioeeacoeea 13 17 00
DT AP A RIR Ts Die eee oe a SO ie Are 13 00 00
12 Goon sete reece 12 30 00
UPS PSI Do 1 oa Seiten meee 12 05 00
13 Greaperiivers ce dass eee a ha ns 11 41 00
1 G3 fae (eo epee ans oy ic Ae Set Be 11 17 00
TBS | iD (ts ws Se aaa Soeooe see 10 45 00
(Ry IP) se aS Age aeee se See ae 10 20 00
14 Odie nis Peas tee ER oS 9 55 00
ASN Ara t ee rset =x ato cote vitenie 9 34 00
(ER (OU NSss4 psSaeSeocse ote 9 10 00
UML Eels etre re ae 8 48 00
LES Gh 0s bl eae eeercsae aac 8 25 00
ify |) Sea oat ees 28 AN Se ec re 8 17 00
15] Po upeM es Aol ees Ser 7 54 00
1534 Beal-7 jp yeas pees aoe eae 7 25 00
16} 6a.m Pang 6M. Son eye 718 90
Gis Ue vee elie cle mise 7 05 00
1G) ee On We see oer atari eee 7 06 00
IGN PA Toe Se Se Sec Sag a sone 7 28 00
TG) Geeta Se Ss BeceresoePencey Min (60)

ESe elem ace oe Panama UassO-s sees
OR SIA he aa Me oe eerie a 7 07 00
Bein Piya Tier ae Vo fe eeelais as area pete 7 09 30
23 SLO Peso Ses aa 7 09 380
23 S00, Soe Shek as cemitce sce 7 09 30
Weds seh) Send See oeS Sese se 7 09 30
D3 eAOOese ee sillacn = one ccitee 7 09 80
28) |lbe la) S-4Se S| Sa eseo soe 7 09 30
ANG Ha a ee 7 09 30
23 sie te See Ome pom seer 7 09 30
2 Pale (eR Soleeeta sapesessc 6 59 30
PdGle Gremice Sa) ee sae ooo ts 6 35 00
24 Gh aes 5 Sea seeSeeane 6 35 00
24 {tyes ee |Sonncene Sea ee 6 35 00
PL el) eet el qe am aS alelsoe A 6 35 00
EVE SS ees Se aoe cee eee 6 35 00
AG EMO) See e eel erate ote «arise hae 6 35 00
24 Sie, es | AA eee 6 35 00
24 “COVE 3 se Spe pees 6 35 00
24 (0 ka) 3 aol BOR er ee 6 35 00
PAS) GO pom 2s --<--=~ --- + = 6 17 00
Aen | LASTS YRS ote mlm imt= mln @rcin ia 6 16 00
TONES is Sc Bee See eee 6 10 00
AM SLO clciees |e mesic <1ccc cole 6 10 00
Dil see QOl=are ce fee mere 2-5 - ee 6 10 00
a SR Ocenia |eam ator cc cis fate 6 10 00
EES SSK0 et te| eo oor ae 6 10 00
wy Woe il) 3 Ss [Ebon coeemecee 6 10.00
25) Nee, Ue 6 ol asonecreeseee se 6 10 00
Da eee oe al ba SnecoeeeeeeS 6 10 00
PD al See O cea ace ete alate =.= 3 6 10 00
in| Se Orcs See metsets ie a lete wate 6 10 00
Dy, | eR heel ein cise en cielo 6 10 00
Ot | SC Ole aoe ae tetewises s0,d'cheoi= 6 10 00
OF sesQO cake sleet eee en cee s 6 10 00
ye fae ENN otelecer etal erate" etme petmtel ele a= 6 11 00
MG Ts ils 5 3o-|\e Sane soe se Nee 6 05 00

Long. W.

83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 16 30
83 55 00

i=] oO. ow
: Ee eh,
a | eeieee es
Bo | 8) ay Hy Sac
oe Nae Eee
en) ae ae
2s) we | ae 4B SS
Depth. One Se leer 5S Seay
os OF notes - be
SH |S |@e| & fee
aa} iyo| & | 2g
Hr I ow ° Ove
| er | ele) See es
5 5) oO
\2 | 2 |e) 2 | eae
a Hla] a
ms. 3) ° °
Surface -| 79 78 | 82 | 1.0228 ; 1.025500
Prados 79 77 82 | 1.0228 | 1.025500
atoe| 80 81 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1. 025500
5002041 79 81 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1.025500
-do i7 79 | 82 | 1.0280 | 1.025700
-do 79 77 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1.025500
Fda sao 79 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1.025500
-do | 78 81 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1.025500
-do 79 78 | 82 | 1.0228 | 1.025500
-do | 79 78 | 82 | 1.0226 | 1.025300
-do 80 81! 82! 1.0226 | 1.025300
-do .| 81 83 82 | 1.0224 | 1.025100
-do -| 80 80 | 82 | 1.0224 | 1.025100
do .| 80 80 | 82] 1.0222 | 1.024900
-do 79 80 | 82 | 1.0222 | 1.024900
5d) ss) 78 82 | 82 1.0222 | 1.024900
-do a Warey 79 2) 1.0226 | 1.025300
-do -| 78 77 | 82 1.0228) 1.025500
-do . 80 80 | 82.) 1.0226 | 1.025300
-do . 82 85 | 82 | 1.0226 | 1.025300
-do 81 82 | 85 | 1.0204 | 1.023680
-do -| 82 81 85 | 1.0212 | 1.024480
wile). SS al) (233) 86 |} 85 | 1.0204 | 1.023680
-do 85 85 | 85 | 1.0206 | 1. 023880
-do -| 83 83 85 | 1.0205 | 1.023780
-do -| 81 81 | 85 | 1.0205 | 1.023780
-do 80 83 | 85 | 1.0212 | 1.024480
-do 73 79.| 85 | 1.0224 | 1. 025680
-do 70 75 | 85 |.1.0220 | 1.025280
-do -| 72 74; 85 | 1.0222 | 1.025480
2002 ee 14 74 | 85 | 1.0222 | 1.025480
-do 76 79 | 85 | 1.0222 | 1.025480
200) =~ 5-| 83 79 |. 85 | 1.0216 | 1.024880
25 | 68.4 | 79] 85 | 1.0220 | 1.025280
50 | 65.9 | 79] 85 | 1.0224 | 1.025680
100 | 58.5 | 79] 85 | 1.0228 | 1. 026080
200 | 52.9] 79] 85 |} 1.6230 | 1.026280
300 | 44.9] 79] 85 | 1.0230 | 1.026280 °
400 | 48.7; 79! 85 | 1.0230 | 1.026280
546 | 40.1 | 79] 85 | 1.0232 | 1.026480
Surface.| 81 79 | 85 | 1.0220 | 1.025280
= (ioe el teh 83 | 85 | 1.0206 | 1.023880
25 | 74.4] 83] 84 | 1.0216 | 1.024692
50 | 76 83 | 84 | 1.0228 | 1.025892
OO) eect 83 | 84 | 1.0230 | 1.026092
200 | 51.8 83 84 | 1.0230 | 1.026092
300 | 46 83 | 84 | 1.0232 | 1.026292
400 | 43 83 | 84 | 1.0230 | 1.026092
500 | 41 83 | 84 | 1.0230 | 1.026092
GOOWese 22 83 | 84 | 1.0230 | 1. 026092
Surface .} 83 81 | 84 | 1.0210 | 1.024092
Cee OYE sei fasts 81 | 84 | 1.0210 | 1.024092
eee itoee efter] 81! 84] 1.0208 | 1.023892
25 | 76.9 | 81] 84 | 1.0220 | 1.025092
50 | 59 81 | 84 | 1.0222 | 1.025292
100 | 55.7] 81] 84 | 1.0226 | 1.025692
200 | 50.5 81 84 | 1.0230 | 1. 026092
300 | 46.8 | 81] 84 | 1.0232 | 1.026292
400 | 43.6] 81] 84 | 1.0232 | 1.026292
500 | 41.9] 81] 84] 1.0232 | 1.026292
600 | 40.2] 81] 84 | 1.0232 | 1.026292
700 | 38.3 | 81] 84 | 1.0232 | 1.026292
800 | 38.9] 81] 84 | 1.0232 | 1.026292
900 | 37.5} 81 | 84 | 1.0234 | 1.026492
1,000 | 36.5 | 81] 84 | 1.0286)| 1.026692 —
Surface .| 84 84] 84 | 1.0210 | 1.024092
-do,....| 84 84} 84! 1.0208 | 1.023892

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

325

Record of ocean temperatures and specific gravities by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1891—Continued,

¢ ae oa
Eo a ee 38
£.| 3 \/3s 28
oS o 2 is) ie
Rs face 5 aller enlistees
Time of nid : it 28) sa° |e I bes
Date. Ale Station. Lat. N. | Long. W.| Depth. Suni San | ears # AS
aay. oq i.) ad - kag
Bee | Bo Wats S se
=o feed a H a4 wm
22) jah) b | &eD
He oS S) ors
5 5 | acs SI BOG
Ey SRS. 39°
5 2 |o%| = | Bam
a H j}H” a DD
ot ee
1891. Oey Ey: Oy Tie Uh Fms. co} ° °
iHepr 26.| 6am... .-. 85 10 30 | Surface _| 84 80 83 | 1.0216 | 1.023906
26 Edom ee 85 10 30 BOs eRe s. 80 83 | 1.0228 | 1.025706
26 Eats. 5 = 85 10 30 100 | 55.8 80 83 | 1.0232°| 1.026106
26 SC ay Sees 85 10 30 200 | 51.3 80 83 | 1.0232 | 1.026106
26 SOOM sacri 85 10 30 300 | 46.7 80 83 | 1.0234 | 1. 026306
PA) Eat aera 85 10 30 4000 la seeee 80 | 82 | 1.0234 | 1. 026100
26 BULO pss ame 85 10 30 500 | 49.3 80 82 | 1.0234 | 1.026100
AGE | SCO vam = a= 85 10 30 GO0E Eee ss. 80 2 | 1.0234 | 1.626100
26e\e--d0m ess. 85 10 30 700 | 39.1 | 80] 82 | 1.0284 | 1.026100
26 SdOF ose. 85 10 30 S00M | zeae 80 $2 | 1.0236 | 1.026300
26 at (pene 85 10 30 900 | 37.3 80 82 | 1.0236 | 1. 026300
Bae 200) 2 == 85 10 30 1,000 | 36.8 | 80) 82 | 1.0236 | 1.026300
DOMAIN. = - = 85 23 30 | Surface -| 83 80 82 | 1.0212 | 1.023920
26))| 6 p.m. -—-. - 85 41 00 |...do..-.| 84 79 82 | 1.02107] 1. 023720
Pa | gs a ee 86 08 30 |...do -.-./ 81 79 85 | 1.0208 | 1. 024080
27 LO Heerscae 86 08 30 25 | 76.4 79 85 | 1.0214 | 1.024680
ie OO tne = 86 08 30 50 | 58.9] 79 | 85 | 1.0222 | 1.025480
27 BOG) sce 86 08 30 150 | 54.4 79 85 | 1.0224 | 1. 025680
27 cOkoe Ses 86 08 30 250 | 48.8 79 85 | 1.0226 | 1.025880
eA | BdO%- 4-357 86 08 30 850 | 44.9 79 85. | 1.0226'| 1. 025880
Di | Bere ChO ness te 2 86 08 3 450 | 42.8 | 79.| 85 | 1.0226 | 1.025880
Dies eO: 22 2<)-- 86 08 30 550 | 41 79 | 85 | 1.0226] 1.025880
lel ee Opes es 86 08 30 GDOR aes 79 | 85 | 1.0228 | 1.026080
Dia ea tLOyes—2 = 86 08 30 900 | 38 | 79 85 | 1.028¢ | 1. 026280
ecg iio rarer is 86 23 00 | Surface-| 85 | 82] 85 | 1.0205 | 1.023780
PAON iy Dae see 86 45 00 |..-do ....| 84 83 | 85 | 1.0205 | 1.028780
Dae ORs Ae = 86 45 00 25) 73.7 || 83 85 | 1.0208 | 1. 023980
PAE Nese 50K) BeBe 86 45 00 50 | 58.9 | 83 85 | 1.0220 | 1.025280
ZY Were 00) Boeeass 86 45 00 100 | 55.8 83 85 | 1.0222 | 1.025480
Pal Meera 0) Beets 86 45 00 200 | 50.9 | 83 | 85’) 1.0224 | 1. 025689
Hh oweGla Seen ae 86 45 00 300 | 45.9 83 85 | 1.0224 | 1.025680
Dil aL Or as ats 86 45 00 400 | 44.7 | 83] 85 | 1.0226 | 1. 025880
Bit eeceliceases 86 45 00 500 | 41.5 3 | 85 | 1.0226 | 1.025880
Ail ee Olas stoi 86 45 00 600 | 40.4 | 83] 85 | 1.0226 | 1.025880
Py MEO anaae 86 45 00 700 |38.8 83 85 | 1.0228 | 1.026080
Blt W WPA teenie 86 58 20 | Surface -| 84 84} 85 | 1.0205 | 1.023780
23 6p.m 86 54 30 |-.-do....| 84 85 85 | 1.0205 | 1. 023780
Mian Lo jet2im x= <2 86 40 00 |...do -| 83 841 | 80 | 1.0214 | 1.023740
i 6 p.m 86 11 20 |...do. | 82 85 80 | 1.0214 | 1.023740
Cr lelormnh. eis 84 55 00 |-.-do -_-.| 82 84 | 80°] 1.0220 | 1.024340
2) 6p.m 84 45 00 |.--do--..| 81 3 | 80 | 1.0220 | 1.024340
Di uoI «sors = 83 53 00 =dor = 80 82 80 | 1.0220-) 1. 024340
3} 6p.m 83 29 00 |..-do ---.| 80 82} 80 | 1.0224 | 1.024740
3 | 12 p.m 83 03 00 }-..do ....| 79 78 | 80 | 1.0226 | 1.024940
4 6 a.m 82 29 00 |..-do . 77 Tai 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
AP eles Trae aan 82 23 30 |-.-do -| 78 80 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
4 6 p.m 82 10 30 |...do -| 7 79 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
4/12p.m S57) 30) -doyee aie 77 | 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
5 | 6a.m 81 44 20 |...do - 77 77 | 80 | 1.0226 | 1.024940
Dylan koe ete ial pelo sland <a 2) mee tse ce 3is-cl ets do 78 79 | 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
Sip ebenleese Sh 3 000) == 2dor-2-s\a28 83 | 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
yp eae nhs aee 81 12 00 Edo 77 78 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
6 Up areeTM'raiei3 80 452 30 -do . T7 78 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
Gildi2n 2.2 = 80 52 00 |...do. 77 80 | 80 | 1.0228 | 1.025140
6| 6p.m 80 34 00 |..-do. tt! 78 | 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
6] 12p.m 80 16 00 |...do 76 77 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
ic 7| Ga.m (9) DSO Ee dorens edo 76 | 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
(A haber eee 9) 31 A402 = doys- | 16 79 80 | 1.0230 | 1.025340
Ta eaOup snp: 79 25 30 |..-do ....| 75 78 | 83 | 1.0280 | 1.025906
7 | 12 p.m (9S 00) Fendopeee| so 77 | 83 | 1.0232 | 1.026106
8 | 6a.m 79 02.00 |--.do....| 74 75 | 83 | 1.0232 | 1.026106
Solel Zemise se (9) 07 OO} sedoyss=-|| 74 79 | 83 | 1.02383 | 1.026206
8| T7p.m (S17 S02. dove. | 74 77 | 83 | 1.0232 | 1, 026106
Cils@ituitere ae (91.5500) |2-2dovsaea|. 73 77 | 83 | 1.0232 | 1.026106
HO rere COPS ote tecallle creer sation iat 79 39. 00) |-.-do ....| 73 77 | 83 | 1.0232 | 1.026106
yA pete OF ee ysliie ees eee 78 43 30 |..-do ---.| 70 76 | 83 | 1.0234 | 1.026306
20! 6p.m (3°35, 00)|2-sd0i 22-75. 82! 83 | 1.0232 ! 1, 026106

326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Record of ocean temperatures and specific gravities by the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1891—Continued,

3 26] ae
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Time of S3\4 |BSC 2 | pea
Date. rae gy Station. Lat.N. | Long. W.| Depth. |” é Sy eM eee os ae
: me | # | Sel & as
bes 5 oh H ass D
eao| se io ok En
ae RH | oc © ors
& | & | aS] SP Sees
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891. | } Sie Ee | RO tee Fins. ° o o |
VERT OO | gL 2p aM ss 2-|\ 210 nia[ wate Eee he 74200] 79 52 00! Surface .| 73 78 | 83 | 1.0234 | 1.026306
QM) Ot Mice aos ste Se eeecoes 6 50 00 | 80 09 00 |---do ..-.| 74 75 | 83 | 1.0282 | 1.026106
Pi ial al Pb 0 ee | siete sie etrcte ss 5 56 10 802282000) 22300 see 75 | 83 | 1.0232 | 1.026106
CATE ie rlevsal Eps eerie 5 13 00] 80 32-00 !...do....) 75 81 | 83 | 1.0230 ! 1.025906
Z| Msp smi fee| eee = vee 4 32 00 | 80 30 00 |..-do.--.| 75 76| 83 | 1.0228 | 1.025706
22 Grasmere | oer ee oc ee 3 51. 00 80. 287300S24d0..- 221,78 77 | 83 | 1.0228 | 1.025706
2 hea ASRS ol hears Seen eee 3 00 30 | 80 30 30 |..-do --..| 79 81 | 83 | 1.0226 | 1. 025506
PEIN gh OND Metres) nals ete ees 231.00 | 80 24 00:|.--do ..-.| 80 82.| 83 | 1.0226 | 1. 025506
. 22 MLDS) An See SAS coe ee 2 02 00} 80 19 00 |.:-do-.-.-..| 80 80 | 83 | 1.0226 | 1.025506
ne Pala anaes. Ie aes seaeeeae 5 1 33 00! 80 12 00 |..-do....| 79 78 | 83 | 1.0225 | 1.025406
2B MUA ae ee |S. Bee a eee os 1 07 30} 80 05 00 |..-do ---..| 80 80} 83 | 1.0225 | 1. 025406
Bj] eae ne See on ate ee tee at 105 00 | 80 21 00 |.--do.--.| 84 83 | 83 | 1.0225 | 1.025406-
Deh FLAN eet Siecle an oe 1 05 80! 80 37 00 |.--do .--..|-80 89 | 83 | 1.0223 | 1.025206
24 Gis) SSE akc de ee 1 04 00 80 53 00 |...do....| 80 79 83 | 1.0223 | 1.025206
BO) Pain fe MS | ee Se. ae ote 1.04.30] 81 14 30}-:-do....) 82 2 | 83 | 1.0226 | 1, 025506
24 Bip. me tk oor ae 0 56 30 81 40 00 |.--do..-.| 84 83 83 | 1.0226 | 1. 025506
2 pti oar eed iain a ee a 0 47 00 | 82 06 00 |...do....| 80 80 | 83 | 1.0226 | 1.025506
25 Dee Patol hee as eek 0 41 00 S2is2.00) |b dom. 178s: 80 83 | 1.0228 | 1.025706
Qo MUP Me see | ae eat eer: 0 31 00 | 82 59 00 |...do~.-.-.| 82 81] 83 | 1.0226 | 1.025506
AD OAD Nd) sees par eee 019 00 | 83 20 00 |...do .-.-..| 82 81 | 83 | 1.0226 | 1. 025506
25 PLA aM aos | ae Ses we Se 0 07 00 | 83.56 00 |..-do.--.| 82 81 | 83 | 1.0224 | 1,025306
South.
DGs Gra Das | sass ore ot 0.05 00 | 84 23 00 }..-do ..--| 81 80 | 83 | 1.0224 | 1.025306
Pa ean Ce ee oy Berean stat See 018 00 Sd) 08800" |= s3do:< .2-| 83 8&3 83 | 1.0218 | 1.024706
26 yD M AAs ||-jc-e see sates 0 23 00 Sod 000M ise d0is | ean 83 83 | 1.0216 | 1.024506
OG al slematant= so | es cic ee ce 0 27 00 | 86 05 00 |.--do.---.| 82 81 | 83 | 1.0218 | 1.024706
27 Li} Fat 081 ah el ey ae 0 35 00 86 36 00 |..-do .--.] 83 81 83 | 1.0218 | 1.024706
(flu Pee ea IE a eee aise 0 40 00 | 87 06 80 |...do....| 82 82 | 83 | 1.0216 | 1.024506
1) ROUP Ate | eee arene as 0 45 00 | 87 40 00 |.--do .--.] 83 83 | 83 | 1.0220 | 1. 024906
Poe |) Sieh Rote, oo PS eee see 05100] 88 14 00 |.-.do ...4 82 81 | 838 | 1.0220 | 1. 024906
Podmore Me en Ore Chathsimslis lan dime eee seca sie e GO? 52) 82 81 | ‘83 | 1.0220 | 1.024906
287) oho ease aa] Saba ats eee ee | @.0L 00°]. 89 22-00 |. 2do.- 2) 32 83 | 83 | 1.0220 | 1.024906
BO. Vie Wiss. = ois Wiretle Bary she. cis. cee ue akeees Mallee GO.) Sil 82! 83 | 1.0222 | 1.025106
SASDT |) la} Wee eal Charles Island ..--.... soa ee aoe do ....| 80 83 | 83 | 1.0224 | 1. 025306
Bid lean 2 ae Duncan Isiand 3. ce ees seeeloee do .--.| 81 83 | 83 | 1.0224 | 1. 025306
2) | 61p.m:+-.| Indefatigabledisland 2-2 :222>--2-~-|-> = do ....| 82 82} 83 | 1.0222 | 1.025106
PCa tate met me ctee Sea me , 0 O01 00 90;23700 }.. 7do 2 ==.) 82 80 83 | 1.0220 | 1. 524906
: North.
SAS eee oe aera oa 105 00} 9117 00 |..-do.-..| 82 81 | 83 }-1.0222 | 1.025106
FRONTAL: Be oan 5 ee | 12300] 91 30 00 |.-.do ....| 82 81} 83 | 1.0222 | 1.025106
rt EU Tah Ya eee eee 1 SL 00-1? -91)-438-005|-- <doos. = 2/81 79 | 84 | 1.0222 | 1. 025292
So” CLE ee ella A eet ee ae 2°14 00) 91 °56°00 |..-do.-..) 82 78,| 84 | 1.0221 | 1.025192
Fi tsa = eee St eee 239 00} 92 09 00 do .| 83 84'| 84 | 1.0222 | 1. 025292
5 (ODT a ae ee Se 3 17 00 92 31 00 do St 83 84 | 1.0224 | 1.025492
7 (ley por es al Ee 355 00) 92 51 00 do 83 81 | 84 | 1.0226 | 1.025692
MAD TNE | ern te ee eet 4 34 00 | 93 14 00 |...do....| 82 81 | 84 | 1.0226 | 1. 025692
Bah eS: Sao cist cmc cee © 5 13 00 93)357005|2=d0s. 24, 83 82 84 | 1.0230 | 1.026092
Do isin ase Shengsesesaae 5 53 00 | 94 03 00 |...do..-.| 82 82 | 84 | 1.0280 | 1. 026092
lin SRO AAD ero ec cect aes 7 10 00.) 94-59'00 |---do:.-2-| 81 81} 84 | 1.02301 1.026092
Mal Mier See oe. eee se 7 54 00 95 27 00 GO: ee Be 83 84 | 1.0226 | 1. 025692
PA PAGS CES ech ee cats 8 31 00 | 95 43 00 |-..do....} 81 82 | 84 | 1.0224 | 1.025492
7 | 12p.m A oes ees 9 08 00 | 95 59 00 OMe lee 82 | 84) 1.0224 | 1.025492
8 GEG ee ae ee 9 45 00 | 96 15 00 do .- 2 81 84 | 1.0224 | 1. 025492
Ba mle mn Seer | ceisees cise e 2 | 10 23 00 96 30 30 do 83 83 84 | 1.0222 | 1.025292
Sa] MRO MORE ete | Seite Arc oe ees 10 58 00 | 96 44 00 ao 83 83 | 84 | 1.0222 | 1.025292
bi iene, al Ae eee ee 11 33 00 | 96 58 C0 do 82 81 | 84 | 1.0222 | 1.025292.
Cy Pts aS 258 Ee ee 12 08 00 | 97 12 00 do | 81 80 | 84 | 1.0222 | 1.025292
Let Ga ae a 12 45 00 97 26 00 do 83 84 84 | 1. 0224 | 1.025492
Ot MROn pele a) cartes wine onc 13 33 30 | 97 57 30 do 83 83 |} 84 | 1.0224 | 1.025492
OVE ere ores) Se ees mie wera od 14 09 00 | 98 18 00 do 83 82 | St] 1.0224 | 1. 025492
Oh Pe CRO un oe al Re ae ae et 14 46 00 | 98 40 00 |...do~..-..| 82 83 | 84 | 1.0226 | 1.025692
HOM APO) atin ers |S ee on oS |-15 28 00 |* 98 19 00 |...do..-..| 84 83 | 84 | 1.0226 | 1.025692
NOS U2kp Ant ee hae te Seley o 15 49 00 | 98 09 00 |...do.-.-..| 82 81 | 84] 1.0228 | 1.025892
ils | Se OWaranieees | ances ses = 16 10 00 | 97 58 00 |..-do..--| 80 79 | 84 | 1.0228 | 1.025892
ab alt soe el I ee a 16 382 00 | 97 48 40 |...do....| 82 83 | 84 | 1.0228 | 1. 025892
#5! SCG NpUN eee (cease ose oe 16 50 00 | 100 20 00 |...do....| 80 79 67 | 1.0256 | 1.025767
ERG Ry seer totere arate mc aint e ate ase 17 05 00 | 100 58 00 |...do....! 80 7 66 | 1.0258 | 1. 025820

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 327

Record of ocean temperatures and specific gravities by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross, July 1, 1889, to June 80, 1SS9—Continued.

| ies Samy wh
| | ls | 8 |38 Es
| Sul ola se
L Yog
Bae: po Geeks eee
Date. tuncot | Station. Lat.N. | Long. W.| Depth. | 5 Si isis = eS
day. | | | Org | Oo b Bea a
| | ER, det vier ey tor va gs
jzal]s |xe a DE op
| | alae a ° 5 2 O58
| 3 ae jag] “a | B35
a A lee! .o 5120
D o | ou roy Ax
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ig91. | ee ae MC Re aI Baliye a hea
DANK Ge Sen 2 a0 al laeinte = ex lo 17 20 00 | 101 34 GO | Surface-'| 78 + 76 | 66 | 1.0258 | 1.025820
slit ia lexer Viens yoyo etapa aie 17°43 00 | 102 19 30 |--.do....| 80 | 79] 66 | 1.0256 | 1.025620
TOA} Tega een fore as Serie e rs 18 12 00 | 102 58 00 |-.-do ..--.| 80 77 66 | 1.0256 | 1. 025620
INES RAT e eh eel ee Seo eee 18 41 00 | 103-37 00 |...do .--.| 76 76 | 6G | 1.0256 | 1. 025620
ipl ROr ae DO ape | Secetasers se ice 19 10 00 | 104 16 00 |-..do .--.| 77 74 | 66 | 1.0256 | 1.025620
Lie) a PG 0 pene bee rene Bate 19 44 40 | 104 56 30 |...do .--.| 74 75 |- 66 | 1.0256 | 1. 025620
17 Gepaaiie ass este oa aoe 20 02 00 | 105 17 00 |.--do .---| 72 74 | 66 | 1.0256 | 1, 025620
US ONE Si lease eer eee 20 46 00 | 105,59 00 |...do ....| 74 72 | 66 | 1.0256 | 1.025620
TAS) pel EA ROE Se ese See 21 07 30 | 106 21 30}.-.do----| 75 | 77 66 | 1.0260 | 1. 026020
HON SPAT) ee) tS ae ane 2258 00) | 10%) 20°00 |-22doe2 2)-73) |" "Td 66 | 1.0258 |'1. 025820
BOS elvan a c= Seat oie 24 20°30} 108 34 30) |---do.--.)-71 70 66 | 1. 0254 | 1, 025420
ALL |) GIA Cc pe (nA pn ee eee 25 33 00 | 109 50 00 |---do --:.] 71 73 | 66 | 1.0256 | 1. 025620
Peet || MAAS Wt aro FE EA re 26 58 00 | 110 49 30 |...do ..-.| 71 7 66 | 1.0260 | 1.026020
a3) [e121 eee Guaymas,Mexicossos--ieen eine Se 610) Beall yal 72 | 66 , 1.0262°| 1.026220
1 Wel 62.15 1 aa Nema eroien ich 27 33 00 | 110 02 00 |.-.do....| 71 °| 73 | G6 | 1.0262 |. 1. 026220
PAS ty (eee |Saae re Reba es 25 06 00.! 109 51 00 |...do.-...| 72 72 | 66 | 1.0256 | 1.025620
2A GAS Ty eye ee aera 23 07 00 | 110 08 00 |...do....) 65 75°| G6 | 1.0254 | 1.025420
ET |e cee Se eee 244i SON dle, 16530)\|e--dor =. «|| 62 67 | 66 | 1.0250 | 1.025020
Pei IU Ta et ee eee ee ga ee 26 40 00 | 114 06 30 |...do....) 64 66 | 66 | 1.0250 | 1.025020
P28 Nal TIS a i al eee 28 51 30 | 115 06 30 |...do .-..| 57 57 | 66 | 1.0248 ) &. 024820
BON USM atelier Aap 30 44 30 | 116 13 45 |...do .-_.| 57 57 | 66 | 1.0250 | 1. 025020
Vive 2: ) le) may 2... 2 SHI ION EO HK Coe aclonan Seeeen once ee Ora 00 65 | 66 | 1.0248 | 1. 024820
GS fv Pre es es gf te 33 55 40 | 118 54 20 |...do ..:-.| 60 60 66 | 1.0250 | 1.025020
BE ek nN ete paral leery cal RN oo ema 35 49 30 |.121 36 00 |...do-...| 58 62 | GG | 1.0250 | 1. 025020

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

328

| 1
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329

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

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22.

H. Mis. 113.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

338

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339

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INVESTIGATIONS OF THE

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ER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

REPORT OF COMMISSION

340

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341

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS.

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

342

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SAN FRANCISCO ann SAN PABLO BAYS
LOCATION oF

OYSTER GROUNDS

a A —— ed. —— ea.

2.—REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING THE OYSTER.
RESOURCES AND OYSTER FISHERY OF THE PACIFIC COAST
OF THE UNITED STATES.

By Ciuartes H. TOWNSEND.

CALIFORNIA.
SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

The oyster industry of the Pacific coast, exclusive: of the trade in
the small indigenous species, has never extended beyond the limits of
the bay of San Francisco, where it has been restricted to the growing
or fattening of seed or yearling oysters, brought annually in large
quantities from the Atlantic coast and kept in the waters of the bay
until they attain a marketable size. Although this method of supply-
ing the market has been practiced by the oyster-dealers of San Fran-
cisco for many years, so that since the completion of the first overland
railroad there has constantly been a supply of eastern oysters in the
bay, it has generally been understood that there was no natural
increase of the species, its alleged failure to propagate being usually
attributed to the low temperature of the water. Some recent studies
of the oyster beds and of the physical conditions of the bay of San
Francisco by myself, under the direction of the United States Commis-
sioner of Fish and Fisheries, have yielded data sufficient to warrant a
review of the entire subject in a new light.

The interesting fact that oysters do propagate in San Francisco Bay,
in certain favorable localities at least, calls for some explanation as to
the long acceptance by the public of the statement that there has been
no natural increase. This state of things may have resulted from one
or more of the following conditions, perhaps in part from all of them,
namely: The popular knowledge of the low temperature of the water
as compared with the same latitude on the Atlantic coast; the peculiar
situation of the localities where the imported oysters were laid-out; the
enemies they were known to have in Pacific waters; and the lack of
sufficient public interest to demand the study and outlay necessary
to discover the real truth respecting the life of the eastern oyster in

343

344 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

California waters. Doubtless one reason for the lack of information
necessary to effect a change in the method of handling oysters is the
fact that all the minor firms engaged in the business were early merged
into one or more important companies, which, having practically the
control of the entire oyster industry of the Pacific coast, had no need
to change the methods of a business already profitable. Importations
of seed oysters from Atlantic waters have therefore been made annually
almost to the present time, while it is by no means proven that seed
oysters can not be raised in that region. The methods of nearly twenty
years ago are still in vogue, the only advancement made being the
larger scale on which the business is now conducted.

The subject of oyster-culture does not appear to have engaged the
attention of the State fish commission at any time, or at least it is not
mentioned in such of the published reports as are accessible, and nothing
has ever been done in California in this direction beyond the enactment
of the usual laws relating to such fisheries.

During oceasional visits to the oyster beds in 1889 I found proof of
considerable natural propagation of the eastern oyster in the southern
part of San Francisco Bay, and transmitted evidence of the same to
the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, who directed
that an examination be made in order to determine to what extent
this had taken place.

My studies on this subject were limited to such times as the U.S.
Fish Commission steamer Albatross was detained at the port of San
Francisco, and even then they were sécondary to my regular duties as
naturalist of the vessel.

The investigations were, therefore, made very irregularly, and at
different seasons of the year, as follows: February and October, 1890,
and May, June, September, and October, 1891. A few days in June,
1891, were devoted to an examination of Tomales Bay, and two weeks
in September, 1891, were spent in visiting the native oyster beds of
Olympia and Willapa Bay. In this work I frequently had the use of
one of the steam launches belonging to the steamer Albatross, which
enabled me to examine every portion of San Francisco Bay, employing
baymen as pilots for the narrower channels when necessary.

In view of the great success that attended the introduction of certain
Atlantic species of mollusks and fishes into the waters of California,
such as the soft-shelled clam, shad, striped bass, carp, catfish, ete., there
was reason for expecting similar results from the introduction of the
oyster. The investigations of this subject have simply disclosed the
facts that the oyster has to some extent adapted itself to the new habi-
tat in common with the other introduced species and that in spite of
many unfavorable conditions it is Slowly increasing. Future study with
reference to oyster-culture on the Pacific coast should be made in the
light of these facts.

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 345

Temperature.—The popular belief that the low temperature of the water
of San Francisco Bay has prevented the increase of the oyster is not
based on any exact information on the subject. The temperature of the
bay in the vicinity of the city of San Francisco, usually not much higher
in summer than in winter, was early assumed to be too low for oyster
propagation; and, from the lack of special evidence of oyster increase,
this gradually became the common explanation to casual inquirers about
the matter, no one making any attempt to disprove it, although the
spat from imported oysters has, it seems, been developing and growing
in secluded places, doubtless from the very start. The oyster-growers
apparently keep no record of temperatures, or of other observations
that would throw light upon the physical conditions of the bay during
the different seasons of the year.

Mr. M. B. Moraghan, an oyster-dealer of San Francisco, says that
the temperature at his oyster beds at Millbrae ranges from 58° to 65° F.
At the extreme southern end of the bay the summer temperature has
recently been found to be much higher, ranging from 67° to 74° F. for
July and August. My personal observations on the temperature were
of course limited to times when the Albatross happened to be in port,
and as this never oceurred in summer the most important season is as
yet but little understood. The importance of studying this subject is
evident when the influence of the marked rainy and dry seasons of
California upon the waters of the bay is considered. Although the
water never reaches the summer warmth of corresponding latitudes on
the Atlantic coast, the temperature is more equable than that of most
places upon the Atlantic coast where oysters grow, and the extremes
of temperature are within those of such regions. It may be that the
temperature during the spawning season of the oyster, which is of
course the critical period, is low enough to seriously limit the quantity
of spat developed, but this can readily be determined by a careful
study of the beds at the proper season, which has not yet been done.

Experiments in the artificial propagation of the oyster indicate that
the nearer the temperature to 70° the more likely is success. During
the latter part of October, 1890, [found the temperature of the southern
part of the bay, near Belmont, to be usually 61° F. On the same dates,
in the region of San Mateo, a few miles nearer the sea, it was 1° lower;
while at California City, still nearer, it was 57°. Recent observations
have shown, however, that the water temperature is much lower in
October than in the midsummer season. Itis altogether probable that
the extreme southern portions of the bay, 20 or 30 miles back from the
Sea, are several degrees warmer at all seasons than those farther north,
since the region is more sheltered from sea winds and the strong
breezes of San Francisco are less noticeable there. The French system
of claires would furnish still warmer water than any of the bays of
Caiifornia. f

346 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The following table and diagram, of observations upon the temper-
atures of water and air in the Golden Gate, at 7 a. in., for ten years,
1874 to 1883, are taken from Davidson’s “ Pacific Coast Pilot.”

Table showing the temperature of the water and air in the Golden Gate for 10 years, from
IS74 to 1883, inclusive.

° [Observations taken daily at 7 a. m., and reduced to monthly means. }
|
Months. Water. Air. | Water—Air.

January:..-.-...-- 50. 49 46. 89 +3. 60
Hebnuanyiesseeee == 50. 99 49. 21 +1. 78 s
Marchys-teo- 2552 52. 49 51. 98 +0. 51
April ites teccees- 54. 28 54. 72 | —0. 44
Way k-eSe ete 56. 46 58. 33 —]. 87
SUMG nas tees stiacise 58. 35 60. 27 | —1. 92
BR ete Seco mere eas 58. 88 58. 78 | +0. 10
AUS US bees: Sree 59. 23 58. 00 +1. 23
September. ....--. 59. 68 58. 86 | +0. 82
October. =o. os. s5,-- 57. 83 A7. 30 +0. 53
November ..-..---. 54. 66 52. 40 2. 26%
December ......-. 51, 94 48, 58 +3. 35

|

The data contained in the above table are represented graphically
in the following diagram:

l
(|

|
f

ara
+ | Cees)
pas
ia
Garry)
eee
Rea
a
free
Geese Fe
|
aes
eer]
poet
cata
riarg

Prof. Davidson says: “The lowest temperature of the water is for
the month of January, 50.499; and the highest for the month of Sep-
tember, 59.68° F.,” and he adds that “the temperature of the air follows
very closely that of the water.”

Hourly water temperatures taken by the Albatross at the foot of Mar-
ket street and at the Union Iron Works, San Francisco, for limited
periods, indicate a slightly higher temperature than in the Golden
Gate, as may be seen from a study of the accompanying table. Tem-
peratures taken by the same vessel at Mare Island, where the water is
more subject to the influence of the Sacramento River, show a much
lower temperature.

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 347

Table of hourly changes of surface-water temperature in parts of San I'rancisco Bay.

[Reduced to monthly means. ]

Off Market street and Union Iron Works, San Francisco. Mare Island navy-yard.
= 35 - : a a) ot : ia a aay J i 7 oO
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la.m.| 56.3 | 58.8 | 59.2 | 58.5 | 56.1) 53.5 | 52.5 | 59.1 | 53.5 | 57.0 | 54.3 | 48.9 | 42.5 47.3
2a.m.| 56.2 | 5&5 | 59.0 | 58.4 | 55.9 | 53.5 | 52.5 | 59.2 | 53.5 | 56.8 | 54.0 | 48.9 | 42.5 }47.3
3a.m.; 56.0 | 58.5 | 58.7 | 58.6 | 55.8 | 58.3 | 52.0 | 59.1 | 53.5 | 56.6 | 53.9 | 48.9 | 42.6 |74.1
4a.m-) 56.0 | 58.7 | 58.5 | 58.6 | 55.7 | 53.3 | 51.5 | 59.2 | 53.5 | 56.6 | 53.9 | 48.8 | 42.5 |46.9
5a.m.-| 56.1 | 59.0 | 60.7 | 58.7 | 55.7 | 53.4 | 50.5 | 59.7 | 53.2 | 56.6 | 53.8 } 48.6 | 42.3 47.1
6a.m | 56.3 | 59.5 | 60.2 | 58.4 | 55.4 | 53.5 | 50.5 | 59.9 | 53.7 | 56.4 | 53.9 | 48.4 | 42.2 47.0
7a.m-' 56.6 | 59.9 | 61.0 | 58.5 | 55.7 | 53.5 | 50.0 | 60.2 | 53.5 | 57.4 | 54.3 | 48.5 | 42.2 [46.9
8a.m-} 56.9 | 60.3 | 61.2 | 59.0 | 55.9 | 53.8 | 52.0 | 59.9 | 53.7 | 59.2 | 54.9 | 48.9 | 42.8 /47.3
9a.m-.| 57.3 | 61.2 | 61.2 | 59.4 | 56.6 | 54.0 | 53.0 | 60.1 | 53.7 | 59.4 | 55.3 | 49.1 | 43.1 [47.9
10a.m.) 57.8 | 61.4 | 61.5 | 59.3 | 56.1 | 54.0 | 53.5 | 60.3 | 53.7 | 59.4 | 55.7 | 49.6 | 43.4 [48.0
Jla.m.| 58.5 | 61.6 | 61.5 | 59.4 | 56.5 | 54.2 | 53.5 | 60.1 | 54.0 | 59.6 | 56.5 | 49.8 | 43.7 [48.2
1 Dees | 58.6 | 61.8 | 61.0] 59.6 | 56.6 | 54.4 | 53.5 | 60.0 | 54.2 | 60.6 | 56.8 | 50.2 | 44.2 [48.5
1p.m.) 58.9 | 61.9 | 62.0 | 59.6 | 57.1 | 54.7 | 55.0 | 60.3 | 55.2 | 60.4 | 57.5 | 50.3 | 44.8 |48.7
2p.m.| 59.3 | 62.3 | 63.0 | 59.8 | 57.2 | 54.8 | 55.0 | 60.4 | 55.5 | 60.8 | 57.6 | 50.3 | 45.2 |48.8
3p.m.| 59.4 | 62.2 | 62.7 | 59.7 | 57.2 4.8 | 54.5 | 60.3 | 55.2 | 60.6 | 57.77) 50.2 | 45.4 )49.1
4p.m.) 59.3 | 62.1 3:0 19,7 | 57.2 | 54:9 | 54.0) 60.4 | 55.5 | 60.6 | 57.6 | 50.1 | 45.1 |49.3
5p.m-| 58.9 | 61.9 | 62.3 | 59.5 | 57.2 | 54.6 | 53.5 | 60.5 | 55.5 | 60.0 | 57.2 | 50.1 | 45.0 {49.2
6p.m-) 58.6 | 61.5 | 62.0 | 59.1 | 56.8 | 54.3 | 52.5 | 60.0 | 55.0! 60.0 | 56.5 | 49.8 | 44.9 |48.9
7p.m-} 58.2 | 60.9 | 61.3 | 58.9 | 56.8 | 53.9 | 52.0 | 60.0 | 54.0 | 59.4 | 56.0 | 49.7 | 44.6 [48.5
8p.m.} 57.9 | 60.3 | 60.0 | 58.7 | 56.6 | 53.7 | 52.0 | 59.9 | 54.0 | 59.4 | 55.7 | 49.5 | 44.3 [48.2
9p.m-.| 57.3 | 59.7 | 60.0 | 58.8 | 56.5 | 53.7 | 51.0 | 59.9 | 53.7 | 59.2 | 55.5 | 49.3 | 43.9 |48. 2
10p.m-} 57.0 | 59.3 | 60.0 | 58.8 | 56.3 | 53.8 | 51.5 | 59.8 | 53.5 | 58.6 | 54.9 | 49.1 | 43.6 [48.1
l1p.m.} 56.9 | 59.3 | 59.7 | 58.7 | 56.1 | 53.6 | 52.0 | 59.7 | 53.5 | 57.4 | 54.8 | 49.0 | 43.3 |47.6
Mid ..-} 56.7 | 59.0 | 59.3 | 58.5 | 56.1 | 53.5 | 52.0 | 59.5 | 53.7 | 57.4 | 54.4 | 48.8 | 42.9 |47.3
Range -/55-72 |55-68 57-66 |56-61 |52-61 |50-59 |49-55 |56-62 |52-57 |54-62 [49-64 |42-57 |38-51 |40-45

|
|

A series of temperatures taken in Oakland Creek from September 7,
1890, to May 20, 1891, at 4 a.m. daily, range from 49.8° for December to
64.9° for September. The temperatures are here reduced to means of
ten days.

Temperature of the water at the surface in Oakland Creek, San Francisco Bay, from
September 1, 1890, to May 20, 1891. =

| Taken by Coast Survey steamer MeArthur, Lieut. W. P. Ray, U.S. N., commanding. ]

1890. oF. 1891. Osh

Ag; 28:60) Sepp. ti... - 4-2: GAP aan COr Oeeerrs ae eee meas 50. 0
SLE) Sua aye ly (Ne ok Ape ee Bee 63245 hoarse ton O eee eeemers corse 50. 6
Sept. 18 to 27......<: Pothace a oe BSR OAM es GOs Onepaee reyscinnaere = 51.4
Sept.28 to Oct. 7522. .-2.... BIO! || diameak LOMMCDRO=: saeeeer <1 51.2
Oct tOyhe --eR eae EAS se. 495-20 Web. dO tOwOy we. aaeeces cess 50. 1
OCA Zit eee wae nceee 49.9 || Feb. 20 to Mar.1 ....-------. 51.0
Oct.:28to -Nova6lss 2-5. 54-.- SOP bars 2 CO My seme seer aan 53.8
INOVaitabO LO eeeraem arenes Dos 2n|| vba U2 tOlei see aeeeee seers 56. 4
Nov 17.1026 See ae eee ae. DATS: ML ATS 22 cho oles apeeeeemtrascts 0: 56. 2
INOVe 27 SOuDeCh@uesememe ces 53. eApr.L topAprs kOe eee ence eas 57.1
Dees 7; tolGt sce sae se sci: A983 Acpr. Ud sto; 20 eecirescciset ies 57.0
WEG. U7 tONs lsc mernteleicisietacieastte AES eAtprs 21 tO Ot meme seisiee. tats are 58. 6
Miaivel TOO sects cces ae tienne 61.4

Myton Ole emisteters a sitieletare 61.4

348 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Recent summer temperatures taken by authority of the United States
Fish Commissioner at the extreme southern end of the bay, through the
codperation of the Morgan. Oyster Company, have yielded valuable
information, the water of that part of the bay having been found to
have a summer warmth amply sufficient for the propagation of the
oyster. The important table of temperatures from this locality is con-
densed to means of ten days from a lengthy series of daily observations
at both high and low tide.

Temperature at the oyster beds, 1 mile from Dumbarton Point, San Francisco Bay,
July 12 to October 12, 1891.

>

Surface-water | |,
Air temperature. pange of
Date. | temper- ————————_] , water
Bue High | Low agers
tide. tide. are
|
oF, oF, OAH: OF,
July 12 to 19...... 68. 69. 6 W1.9.|. 67 to 73
July 20 to 29..... 68.9 70.9 71.9 | 69 to 74
July 30 to Aug. 8 67.3 69.5 69.7 | 68 to 72
Aarp. /97toL8: 22 see's 68. 4 70.3 70.7 | 68 to 72
ALO TOFS sees asctememeclcas ceases 72.3 71.4 72.0 | 69 to 74
AUP: ZOO SOD bal o--atce2 sears ote eee eee 66. 8 70.7 69.1 | 67 to 72 |
Se) 0) ng GPE, eae Began ne See arimn Gee 66. 4 67.8 68.0 | 64 to 71
NODES tO grusia. Wate ar coe tee ees nee 65. 7 66.1 67.3 | 64 to 70
NODES iO OCU use aay eee eae arena 64.2 65. 6 62.9 | 58 to 70
(Oko, Cimon Pi" Ba oon tee: SHosedoeceosns 61.9 63, 2 64.0 | 62 to 65

Peculiar situation of the oyster beds. —There are at present no eastern
oysters in San Francisco Bay, that are not laid upon tide lands, or
so-called mudflats, completely exposed at the time of low tide. The
principal reason for the selection of such situations is that the beds may
be readily fenced in by closely set stakes to protect them from the dep-
redations of the stingray (Myliobatis californicus), which enters the bay
every spring and is the principal enemy of the oyster in these waters.
In this complete dependence for oyster-growing upon tide lands, fre-
quently left dry, is doubtless to be found one explanation of the slow
increase of the species. The California summer is absolutely dry and
rainless. It is a season of cloudless skies and regularly recurring heat
in the daytime; therefore an oyster bed at this season, when the tide
is out, is exposed not merely to the air, but to a heat sufficient to dry
the moisture off from all the oysters in sight, and perhaps injure the —
majority of the spat that might have been attached to their shells.
If embryo oysters, set free on the beds, drift with the receding tides to
deeper waters outside the stake-protected area of the flats, they are
exposed to the stingrays when they have attained sufficient size.

Stingrays, and the stake protection employed against them.—The Calli-
fornia stingray (Myliobatis. californicus) enters San Francisco Bay in
large numbers in the spring and remains until late in the fall. It is
said to be as destructive to oysters in these waters as the starfish is on
certain parts of the Atlantic coast. It has heavy flat teeth, arranged
in a sort of pavement in each jaw, and is essentially a feeder on shell-

€

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 349

fish. Its presence requires the fencing in of all the oyster beds in the

bay with closely set stakes about 12 feet long, which are driven about 4
feet into the ground. Plates 8 and 9 show the nature of these fences.
When a broken stake allows a school of stingrays to raid an oyster bed,
the surface, after the tide has gone out, presents much the appearance
of a field that has been rooted by hogs. Sometimes. the oystermen,
discovering their presence, manage to entrap them inside the line of
stakes, and thus destroy many of them during one low tide. |

Fencing oyster beds against stingrays constitutes another heavy
expense to the California oystermen, in addition to the annual outlay
for seed oysters from the Atlantic coast. The fences must be looked
after constantly and kept in repair. The heavy winds that sometimes
during the winter season cause vessels in San Francisco Bay to drag
their anchors do great damage to the fences of the oystermen, which
they must manage to have in good condition by the time the stingrays
reappear in the bay.

I do not know how late in the fall stingrays continue to menace the
oysters, but I netted a few small specimens in San Pablo Bay as late
as November 7, 1890. They first appear in April.

The danger from stingrays is probably overestimated, in view of
the natural increase of oysters upon wide tracts unprotected by stakes.

Other enemies of the oyster.—The drill (Urosalpinx cinerea) has not
become troublesome upon the oyster beds of San Francisco Bay until
very recently, and even now is abundant only in the southern part of
the bay. The oystermen showed me heaps of shells, all more or less
drilled with small holes, in evidence of its ravages. At the Belmont
beds I had no difficulty in gathering a quart of these mollusks in less
than ten minutes by merely turning over the large oysters when the
water had receded from the beds. Sometimes half a dozen were to be
found on a single oyster. With its minute ‘“tongue-file” this creature
drills a hole through the oyster’s shell, and inserting its proboscis into
the opening, barely large enough to admit a pin, it feeds directly upon
the soft parts.

This destructive animal may have been introduced much earlier than
the oystermen suppose, as a few individuals accidentally imported
among the original oysters would require several years to increase to
the present numbers. Mr. Moraghan informed me that there were no
drills upon his beds at Millbr ae, which, as stated above, are much nearer

the sea than the Belmont beds. If they are restricted to the Bel-

mont beds, as seems to be the case, it would pay the oyster-growers to
pick them off as far as possible. Any gathering of drills that would

_ keep them in check is important, as their increase will cause great loss

in the future.
Two species of crabs are found upon the San Francisco oyster beds,

one of which is exceedingly abundant, but their presence has probably

no effect upon the oysters.

Sneehaateee,

350 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Large numbers of shells were found honeycombed by the boring:
sponge.

The starfish has never proved troublesome to the oyster beds of the
bay, and, in fact, is seldom found upon them. It is doubtful if it occurs,
except asa ciao farther south in the bay than the wharves of
San Francisco and Oakland, and requires no special mention in this
connection, as its presence upon a bed would be readily detected at
low water, when stray specimens would be picked off by hand and dis-
posed of effectually. The origmal bedding-grounds for oysters at
Sausalito, being so close to the sea, were sometimes visited by starfish,
but they were not considered troublesome.

Preparation of ground for laying out the oysters.—The mudflats are
always more or less prepared for oyster-ground by gangs of workmen,
who level the surface by removing the elevations and filling in the
depressions. This is done, of course, when the proposed oyster bed is
laid bare at low tide. There seems to be very little improvement of
the ground by the use of old shells of the eastern species. Mr. Mor-
aghan returns the shells from his restaurant stands in the California
market in San Francisco to his beds at Millbrae, but he uses them for
filling depressions, and does not distribute them over the beds as
spat- collectors, .

Fixation of spat. —Not dine are the chances for the fixing of spat
diminished by the use of ground in some places where there are very
few old shells upon the bottom, but almost all of the shells of Ostrea
virginica are returned from the marketmen to the principal oyster com-—
pany, who sell them for the manufacture of lime, instead of using them
for the improvement of the beds. These shells of eastern oysters, if
returned to the beds where they were grown, or to other portions of
the bay, would certainly increase the chances for the fixation of spat
set free from the beds where adult oysters are growing. It is probable
that careful attention to this matter of increasing the fixing surface
required by the young oyster might make just the difference between
rapid self-propagation and the present slow increase. on

So far as has been ascertained, no recent attempt has books
anyone to collect the spat of Ostrea virginica in San Francisco Bay,
and it is evident that the prevailing impression that there is no propa-
gation of the species here is not founded upon conclusions based upon
actual investigations. Previous to my first examination of the oyster
beds, a gentleman as keenly alive to matters of public interest as any-
one in California, and a member of the original Tide Lands Commission,
said to me, “You will find that the oyster does not propagate here.”
A general impression had simply grown into a widespread belief. With
the exception of a few persons connected with the management of the
oyster business, the men employed in the industry know little of the

; subject outside of t of the hades a methods es in California,

ates ee

.

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 351

Hundreds of thousands of bushels of oyster shells have been dis- |
tributed over the bottom of Long Island Sound in deep water, as |

ceultch to which the oyster spat could attach itself, with the very best
results. Strewing the shells of eastern oysters in the slightly deeper
waters just outside the existing beds upon the tide lands, and in other
parts of the bay, might furnish the lacking element in these waters—
viz, fixing-surfaces for spat. Young oysters found in such situations
could be taken up before the next annual appearance of the stingray
and used as seed oysters in the customary way. It would seem that
there are possibilities for oyster-culture in San Francisco Bay by meth-
ods entirely distinct from those now practiced there.

EBridences of natural propagation.—One of the first indications I had of
the natural propagation of the oyster was the finding of young oysters
six months or a year old upon beds where those three or four years old

were kept. They were in most. instances attached to clusters of dead |

shells of the small native oyster. Very few were to be found attached \

to adult specimens of Ostrea virginica, but this may be explained by
the fact that such oysters are frequently handled and “laid out” to
keep them well upon the surface and prevent any settling in the mud.
The handling is done in order to select and clean the largest for market,
the others being also cleaned of the ever-accumulating native oysters,

which would involve the destruction of such small eastern oysters _ |

as might be among them upon the shells of the large oysters. pi,

The fact of young eastern oysters being attached to anything is |
‘proof that they grew in the bay where they were found, for oysters do
not ha have the power of fixing themselves : a second time. ‘All these small
oysters ¢ are knocked off the large shells with a ‘small cleaning hatchet,

and the operation is a necessary one, as the extremely productive {

natives cluster upon the large species in such numbers as ae greatly
interfere with their growth.

In October, 1891, T discovered some oysters of large size in certain
sloughs of the south bay, where they had long escaped the stingrays
in consequence of bars which shut off the sloughs from all but the
highest tide. These were the largest oysters seen at San Francisco,
and had evidently lain there for several years. More recently I obtained
a quantity of oysters, apparently two years old, in Oakland Creek. As
the oyster beds maintained there several years ago by Mr. Doane, now

|

\

of the Morgan Oyster Company, have long since been abandoned and — |

the stakes removed, it is evident that a limited number of oysters have
found condi
this muddy place. hey are no longer found on the mudflats, where
they were originally. kept, but live in the mud of the channel, from
which I obtained them with tongs. +

Mr. Cieaveland Forbes, of the Spring Valley Water Company,

_

ions Suitable for their development and growth, even in —

informed me that several years ago he found full-grown eastern oysters |

352 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

upon the piles of an old narrow-gauge railroad trestle, across a slough,
near Dumbarton Point, and that the men of his party frequently found
many upon banks composed of shells of the native species, near where
the pipes of the company cross the bay. a ee

Mr. H. D. Dunn has recently reported, through the press, the discov-
ery of a full-grown eastern oyster near Mile Rock, in the Golden Gate.

It is possible that during the long time eastern oysters have been
kept in the bay they have become in a measure acclimated, and that
there is a constantly increasing tendency to propagate—that is, the
progeny of oysters grown here become hardier with each generation |
and better adapted to the colder but more equable waters.

During my latest examinations of the bay (May and June, 1891)
eastern oysters, very large and old, were found in the following places
near the sites of former oyster beds: Several adhering to the piles of
the narrow-gauge railroad trestle across San Léattizo Bayy atone
the rocks at the extreme north point of Sheep or brooks Island, near
low-water mark; a few upon the rocks at Point San Pedro (at bate ance
“to San Pablo Bay). Those from San Leandro Bay doubtless originated
asspat from the oyster bed near the entrance to that bay, at the end of the
bay northwest from the island. Those from Sheep Island had merely
drifted as_young across the half mile of distance from the old beds
near Ellis Landing, while the San Pedro oysters originated upon the
beds pepen Marin Island and Point San Quentin, a couple of miles
distant. ————_

Mr. H. D. Dunn informed me that wild eastern oysters had been
reported to him from some other place near Point San Pedro, but I did
not discover them, being without a pilot. These finds are very inter-
esting, as showing not only the breeding of the oyster in various parts
_ of the bay, but that the species began breeding several years ago when
oysters were laid out in those northern parts of the bay. At Point San
Pedro oysters are directly exposed to the influences of the Sacra-
mento River. But the largest and most important tract of oyster
propagation is in the region of the natural shellbanks of native oys- |
ters along the east side of the bay, beginning at Bay Farm Island and
extending well southward and off into deep water. Here wild eastern
oysters may be found during the low tides that expose the outer por-
tions of the shellbanks. At this place they are numerous, and when
the tides are sufficiently low it is possible to gather them by the score,
ranging in size from yearlings to those several years old. This deposit
is at least 4 miles removed from the nearest site of a former oyster
bedding-ground, and there is no doubt about the oysters upon the
whole tract being of volunteer growth. A channel several feet wide
separates this tract from the old bed on the north, while it is nearly 10
miles to the nearest beds on the south.

Examination of two or three hundred oysters gathered in this region
Shows the fixing surface for the spat to have been the shells of the

——..

}

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 353

native oyster (Ostrea lurida). Indeed, there is nothing on this whole
bank but clean shells of the native species. The bank is exposed to
heavy seas during the season of strong winds, and many eastern oys-
ters doubtless become buried beneath the easily drifted shells of the
small natives. It is probable that there is a very great production of
eastern oysters here that we know nothing of, as the whole tract is
accessible to stingrays, which prey upon every kind of shellfish outside
of the stake-protected beds. It is also probable that the heavy seas
which at times sweep across this shallow section of the bay and actu-
ally break up the clusters of native oysters by rolling them toward the
beaches, have an injurious effect upon newly fixed eastern spat by
burying them beneath the drifting shells.

Considerable quantities of wild eastern oysters are annually gath-
ered upon this and other shellbanks in the bay. They are retailed in
Oakland and Alameda at $1.50 per 100, or sold to the oyster compa-
nies who lay them out on their fenced beds for further growth. They
are obtained when unusually low tides happen to expose them. No
tonging or dredging is done, the oysters being gathered by hand. The
work is performed chiefly by boys. I have no means of ue the
quantity of oysters derived from this source. KES

It appears, therefore, that there are other parts of San ri rancisco Bay
as good for oyster-culture as those now inclosed, and that the increase
of wild oysters now growing there would be more rapid if they were
inclosed and afforded similar-protection from heavy seas, stingrays, ete.

Spawning season.—lt is not unlikely that the oyster spawns here as
early as on the north Atlantic coast, as the warming to which adult
oysters are often exposed early in the spring during low tides must
have a tendency to hasten the process. I have not examined them
earlier than the 1st of May, but from that time until J uly 15 plenty of
them are to be found rive with eggs. Of other months [ can not speak
personally. Dr. H. W. Harkness, president of the California Academy
of Sciences, informed me that during one year he examined many
oysters from the market stalls with the microscope, and he expressed
the belief that oysters could be found with eges during most months
‘of the year. Opinions of oystermen differ as to the duration of the
spawning season, but from April to August seems to be the decision of
the majority.

Notes on the general history of the oyster industry of San Francisco
_Bay.—live oysters were first brought here by A. Booth, of Chicago,

about the year 1870, when the first overland railroad was completed.
Afterwards, from time to time, others engaged in the introduction of
eastern oysters, and they eventually brought only supplies of seed
oysters, which were bedded until they became marketable.

Corville & Co. established an oyster bed a short distance south of
Point San Bruno about 1872. This place was subsequently owned by
Swanberg & West, who had both eastern and ues Bay oysters at
Pinole Point at one time.

H. Mis. 113 23

354 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES _
~

Doane & Co. once had Shoalwater Bay oysters a short distance north
of Point San Bruno, but they were lost during a ‘“northeaster,” and
the locality was abandoned. The same firm kept both species of oysters
in Oakland and Alameda creeks, but these localities were abandoned
with the increase of traffic and on account of sewers.

sefore the introduction of the eastern species, oyster-dealers in San

Francisco maintained a trade in Willapa Bay oysters, which is con-
tinued up to the present time. As these oysters are obtained readily
from their natural beds, no attempt is made to propagate them here;
they are simply freshened before they are marketed. The localities
originally used for bedding oysters by Morgan & Co., Doane & Co.,
Swanberg & West, and other firms now consolidated aun the Morgan
Oyster Company, viz, Sausalito, Point San Quentin, Sheep Island, and

— Oakland and Alameda creeks, have all been abandoned in favor of
localities south of San Francisco, where the nearest are from 10 to 15°
miles removed from the influence of the Sacramento River, and where at
they are almost free from deposits of sediment. There was always a
large percentage of loss from oysters settling in the mud at the old
localities. I examined all these old beds, but found no oysters on any ‘
of them.

When oysters are removed from certain localities to others better
suited to their fattening, the shells of the native oysters are knocked
off them with a light, iene: bladed, adz-shaped instrument adapted to
the purpose.

In the frequent transplanting of oysters may be found another feature
of their treatment tending to reduce propagation; many eastern oyster-
men consider “plants” (transplanted oysters) infertile for a year or
two. If there is truth in this the extent to which oysters are moved at
San Francisco must certainly have its Influence, ee

Seed oysters are brought to San Francisco in the fall by fast freight.
Not more than 10 per cent loss is expected under ordinarily favorable
circumstances. The mere freezing of the liquid about the oyster is not

“-—~considered i injurious. In illustration of the length of time cold or frozen
oysters may remain out of water without losing their vitality, Mr.
Morgan told ne that from a number of carloads of oysters consigned
to his company one car was lost through some mistake and turned up
in St. Louis. When it finally arrived at San Francisco, after being two
months on the way, and the frozen oysters were bedded, it was found
that there was but little more loss than i in ‘shipments of ordinary dura-
tion. arama

A new company, the Chesapeake Oyster Company, a branch of the
International Oyster Company of New York, has lately begun the ship-
ment of fresh marketable oysters to San Francisco, and at present has
a quantity of them deposited at Sausalito. '

peat

|

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 555

Quantity of oysters put upon the market.—Statements on this subject
were conflicting. Certain oyster-dealers said that there were from 350
to 400 boxes of oysters (containing 200 full-grown oysters to each box)
put upon the San Francisco market daily; while from the statements
of certain outsiders, it appeared that the quantity was much greater.
Neither did I learn what proportion to this amount the shipments to
outside towns bear. From certain sources I heard that there were about
100 carloads of seed brought west annually, while others discredited _
this statement and plaved the amount at half that number, —

The consumption of eastern oysters on the Pacific coast has greatly ~
increased of late years, while the rate of importation of seed oysters has
not; in fact, after considerable inquiry, the conclusion is that it has

—

decreased; so we may infer that the beds, although not self-sustaining, —_——

are nevertheless contributing something in the way of natural increase
_to-meet the demand. Be i eat So i ay

The market for oysters. in San Franci ISCO 1S sani and all that a are @ pro-
duced sell readily. They are ordinarily packed in boxes containing
200, worth $4 per box. It will be seen that they cost twice as much as
on the Atlantic coast, where choice oysters are worth $1 per 100, and
good oysters, not epceiailly selected, can usually be bought for 75 cents
per bushel. Californians will cine ast Gedy constune more oysters when
they can get them at eastern Prices. ~eeceeeceemnmmcmm

Oysters are always in season in California, the sales and prices being
the same in summer as in winter.

The Pacific coast native oyster (Ostrea lurida).—This small oyster
abounds in San Francisco Bay, where it is utterly worthless as com-
pared with the oyster from Washington, It is present upon all the

\bedding-grounds of the eastern species. When the latter are permitted
to lie too long undisturbed they | peeiue coated with the small shells of
~O. lurida. There are extensive deposits of this species in the shallow
waters all along the western part of the bay, and their dead shells
washed ashore by the high seas that accompany the strong winds of
the winter.season have formed a white glistening beach that extends
from San Mateo for a dozen or more miles southward. So abundant
are they that this constantly increasing deposit of shells covers every-
thing alongshore and forms bars extending into the bay. ———-"—"~

Schooners frequently carry away loads of them for the making of
garden walks and for other purposes to which old oyster shells are
adapted. Quantities are ground up and scattered about poultry ranches.
The supply is unfailing. Their small size and thin, light shells permit
them to be readily drifted about the bay, and thus render them unsuit-
able as collectors of the spat of eastern oysters. They break apart and
disintegrate, and shift so freely when exposed to heavy waves that
they can not be considered good fixing-surfaces for the large species
when in exposed places. If the banks formed of these little shell

356 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND ‘FISHERIES.

could be protected from the heavy waves by some firm outside barrier,
and be covered with an abundance of large shells not so likely to drift,
a permanent bed might readily be formed. The eastern oysters laid
out on the natural shellbanks in some places are frequently rolled
along the bed and washed high and dry upon the beaches. The original
bedding-grounds along the east side of the bay have been abandoned
mainly on this account.

It is possible that I have not attached sufficient importance to the
evil of overcrowding by the remarkably fertile native species, This
little oyster, naturally adapted to these places, finds the large shell of
the eastern gaa a fixing: surhice 2 ee adapted to its needs. it
Saniaee of te Matar suniiiakee it nee the advantage of the prota
tion of the fences; it is nearer to the muddy bottom, from which much
of its food is derived, and yet is lifted by the shell of the large oyster
to a safe height above that bottom, where the under shells of a cluster
of any species of oyster would be smothered in the mud. So closely
do these indigenous oysters crowd upon the shells of the large species
that when a heap of the latterhave been tléaned for market the accu-
mulated parasites almost equal in bulk the edible species. Doubtless
they are responsible for crowding many of the young of the less adap-
tive eastern species completely out of existence, een

The native oyster (O. lurida) grows twice as large at Willapa Bay,
Washington, as it does at San Francisco, and is constantly misnamed
the “California oyster.” But no use is made of the small California
coast oyster, except as its shells are utilized in the ways previously
mentioned.

The Morgan Oyster Company.—This company now maintains six
important stations or groups of oyster beds in San Francisco Bay,
where oysters imported from the Atlantic coast are kept until they
reach a marketable size. All are situated in the southern part of the
bay, and are from 15 to 35 miles back from the Golden Gate. At each
of these localities there is a comfortable building for housing the
employés. Each station is supplied with fresh water by an artesian
well, which usually elevates the water a few feet above high tide,
windmills being added at three of the stations to raise the water to
tanks. At four stations (Dumbarton, San Bruno, Millbrae, and Alva-
obi the last now abandoned) the houses are built upon piles, and are
1 or 2 miles from the nearest land.. At the other stations they are upon
islands or the shores of the bay. There are several inclosed oyster
beds near each of the houses, varying in extent from 50 to 100 acres
each. I had no means of knowing the actual extent of the oyster beds
of this company, but will roughly estimate the territory fenced in by
stakes at 1,500 or 2,000 acres. This should, perhaps, be regarded as a
guess rather than as an estimate.

nn ame

OO

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 357

The station known as San Bruno was established by Corville & Co.
about 1872. It was subsequently owned by Swanberg & West, and
finally passed into the hands of the Morgan Oyster Company.

The establishment at Millbrae dates from 1874, and is one of the
most valuable. The house is nearly 2 miles off shore, and is connected
by telephone with the city office.

Dumbarton was begun in 1877 and may be considered the most
important station of all. The oyster beds here are the most remote
from the sea. There is probably sufficient warmth of water here in sum-
mer to admit of more extensive oyster-spawning than elsewhere. South
of this point the tide water backs up many sloughs and creeks far
inland, where it can become warm, and there is little doubt that future
tests ml show this to be desided. the warmest part of the bay and
‘the best adapted for raising seed oysters. —. ==" =

The Alvarado place, about 8 miles north of this and in a very exposed
situation, has been abandoned on account of the heavy seas, caused by
winter winds, to which it was subjected. The South Belen place
was started in 1877 and North Belmont in 1884. The last, founded
by Doane & Co., was later consolidated with the Morgan Oyster Com-
pany, of which Mr. Doane is now the field superintendent. The San
Mateo oyster station has been in operation for five or six years. The
employés are moved from station to station as the beds at different
places require attention.

Seed oysters are usually laid out at the Dumbarton beds or the Bel-
mont beds (all of which are near the head of the bay) for a couple of
years, and are then transferred to ‘the beds at Millbrae and San Bruno
for the final year before being put on the market, as the latter pees je
are supposed to be better adapted to fattening them. —— ;

This company employs a schooner, quite a fleet of sloops or gdiene
gers,” many scows or barges, and some floats. No retail stands or res-
taurants are operated. They have considerable territory in Willapa
Bay, Washington, devoted to the cultivation of the Washington coast
oyster (Ostrea lurida), Large regular shipments of this species are
made to San Francisco. The wholesale oyster business of the company
is transacted at a commodious building on Third street, San Francisco,
from which oysters, opened or in the shell, are supplied to the hotels
and restaurants of the city, and, boxed or canned, are shipped to all
the large towns of the Pacific region, from Victoria to San Diego, and
from Salt Lake to Honolulu.

Oyster establishment of M. B. Moraghan.—Mr. M. B. Moraghan, an
importer, planter, and wholesale and retail dealer in oysters in the Cal-
ifornia Market, San Francisco, established his oyster bedding-ground
at Millbrae sont 1882, where he owns 200 acres and leases 900 acres of
tide lands. Much of the product of these beds is used at his restaurant
Stalls in the California Market. The methods of the Morgan Oyster
Company, previously described, apply also to this place.

358 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Vessels.—The vessels employed are schooners, sloops, scows, floats,
and a few small rowboats.

The floats are large barges with the bottom planks sufficiently sepa-
rated to admit the water freely. They are used as temporary recepta-
cles for oysters that have been culled and cleaned, and to keep them fresh
while awaiting transfer to market. They are kept-afloat by “air boxes,”
i. e., air-tight compartments along the sides and ends, and, in extra
large floats, lengthwise through the middle. The bottom is made of
3-inch square timbers separated by half-inch spaces. The float thus
constructed has a free circulation of water among the oysters stored in
it, and will hold great quantities of them in a fresh and healthy condi-
tion. Floats are constructed in varying sizes adapted to the require-
ments of each station, the large double floats with central air box being
usually 40 feet long by 20 wide. The single compartment floats are
about half this size.

The scows are used in tonging up oysters and for sorting and other-
wise handling them. They are shallow and flat-bottomed, with sides
very slightly tapering from the middle to the square ends. The flush
decks slope a little toward the low rail strip at the sides. Each end is
fitted with a large iron ring, through which the heavy propelling poles
are passed and driven by hand into the mud to steady it in tonging.
In this operation the scow is gradually moved broadside across the
oyster bed, permitting a thorough taking-up of all oysters in its course,
which is previously laid out by occasional light poles set up on the bed
at low tide. When loaded, the scow is pushed alongside the float and
moored to it until its oysters are culled. Scows are made in different
sizes, with decks averaging 8 feet by 24 feet.

‘The sloops or “plungers” in use are built upon several models, some
of them with flush decks and a large central cockpit divided by a center-
board. <A larger size is a keel boat with low deckhouse. Both forms
are commonly cat-rigged. They are employed for general transporta-
tion between the oyster stations and to carry oysters to market.

A good-sized schooner of unusually light draft has been built by the
Morgan Oyster Company for oyster work in the bay and has been found
very efficient.

When the tide goes out and all these craft are left high and dry upon
the tide lands, the workmen, putting on leather-soled rubber boots for
wading in the mud, are employed in leveling or otherwise improving
the surface for oyster bedding.

Eimployés.—Usually about 100 men are employed upon the oyster
beds of San Francisco Bay, this number being considerably increased
at certain times. They are recruited from the ranks of the sea-going
class, nearly always numerous about the wharves of San Francisco,
and are constantly changing, none of them developing into regular
oystermen. About 90 per cent of them are of Scandinavian origin.

Report U, S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p, 358.) 7 PLATE 3.

FLOAT AND PACKING-BOXES, SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

4l|

aes: ee

AA TMNVLAVT EULESS

OYSTER SLOoP, SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

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ne eo

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 359

San Pablo Bay.—The most diligent dredging from a steam launeh
failed to reveal any shell life, except clams, upon the bottom of San
Pablo Bay. The native oyster, O, lurida, so abundant ii San Francisco
Bay, particularly far south of the city, was not found here at all. Tt

is probable that it formerly lived here, for there are extensive deposits*

of shells of this species to be seen in the faces of the bluffs along the
west side of Mare L e Island fronting on San Pablo B: Ly. Nearly all the
supply of soft-shelled clams is derived from the mudflats of San Pablo
Bay. This species is apparently as abundant here as if it had always
existed in these waters.

While San Pablo Bay appears to be devoid of shell life, except clams,
it is rich in shrimps and fishes. Many of the Chinese shrimp-fishers’
nets are set here constantly and the Italian fishermen take many stur-
geon. The shrimp nets also take sculpins, young flounders, and other
small fish in abundance.

The muddy character of the bottom is due to its being a favorable
place for the waters of the Sacramento River to expand and thereby

~~. deposit the sediment carried by its current. The river maintains a

\deep channel along the south side of the bay on its course to the sea, —
‘but when it meets an incoming tide at the entrance to San Figg
‘Bay its muddy flood is spread all over the broad extent of San Pablo.
\ Mr. M. Manson, engineer for the Harbor Commission, states that the
Shoaling of San Pablo Bay dated from the time of hydraulic mining,
but that since the causeof débris has been removed the bay has improved
and will doubtless continue todo so. He recommended an examination
of the west side of San Pablo Bay with reference to the possibility of
its being made bedding-ground for oysters, but as far as I was able to
examine it there were no indications of firm bottom like that of the
west side of San Francisco Bay.

Mr. McNear, proprietor of the wharves at McNear’s Landing, on San
Pablo Bay, once laid out eastern oysters upon a narrow mudflat near
the landing, but lost most of them from continued rough weather, during
which they were either washed upon the beach or covered by soft mud.
The experiment was not repeated.

Though I have as yet found no oysters in San Pablo beyond MeNear’s
Landing, the discovery of many eastern and Willapa Bay oysters about
the narrows at the entrance to the bay is interesting as showing the
propagation of oysters exposed to the fresh water of the river, and is
an indication that something might be done for oyster-culture in San

Pablo Bay if firmer bedding-grounds ean be secured. aT

ee

Tide lands —The sale of the tide lands of San Francisco Bay has
hitherto been considered as exercising a retarding influence upon the
development of the oyster industry, as well as of other branches of
business. These lands, surveyed and sold by the State at $1.25 per
acre, have gradually passed into the hands of the larger oyster com-
panies. ‘This is especially true of the extensive ilats in the southern

3860 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

part of the bay most available for the present system of laying out
oysters, and the managers of the Morgan Oyster Company informed
me that they owned about all that they considered valuable for their
method of growing oysters. Many consider the sale of the tide lands
an injustice to the people. It is said that the railroad companies are
proprietors in tide lands to such an extent that the city of Oakland is
greatly handicapped for water frontage and wharf facilities.

The law permitting the sale of the tide lands is not, however, an
unmixed evil, for while it might lead to monopoly it would allow oyster-
planters to reap the harvests they sow. It is now conceded by many
who have long upheld the system of public dredging in the Chesapeake
region, that private cultivation must be provided for before there can
be any marked increase in the oyster supply.

The Tide Land and Water Front Company of San Francisco are pro-
prietors of the tide lands to a considerable extent, and offer them for
sale at the uniform price of $25 per acre. Notwithstanding the fact
that much desirable oyster-bedding ground is already fenced in, there
is still much good oyster-ground unoccupied in the southern part of
the bay. In the Long Island Sound region, where the oyster-ground
“an be bought or leased from the States, the system of private owner-
ship of the beds has been found perfectly practicable and very advanta-
geous.

In reply to inquiries respecting the value of the tide Jands now in-
closed and used by the oyster-growers of San Francisco, Mr. Moraghan
writes me:

The price depends upon the location, the kind of bottom, whether mud, shell, or
sand, ete., and more than all, upon the improvement or amount of labor bestowed
on the land. We have some beds that are worth fully $1,000 per acre to us, as we
have been improving and working upon them for the past ten years in bringing
them to their present condition.

Mr. Moraghan adds that unimproved tide land, such as is used in
the Californian method of bedding oysters, is very cheap, being worth
$10 per acre, and that such lands can be had adjacent to the best
inclosed beds for $20 per acre.

Suggested introduction of other species of oysters.—With evidence at
hand of the propagation of our own oyster (O. virginica) in California,
the introduction of foreign species seems superfluous; but Prof. George
Davidson and Mr. Hf. D. Dunn, of San Francisco, both of whom have
resided in Japan, have frequently spoken to me of the large oyster of
Japan in connection with the subject of oyster-growing in California.
Prof. Davidson sends the following note on this subject:

The oyster I knew in Japan was found in the vicinity of Nagasaki, where I was
stationed during the three months October, November, and December, 1874, and
part of January, 1875. The oyster is there very large, full, and well flavored. I
obtained some shells that were fully 12 inches long. I tried to interest some of our

steamship captains to bring them to San Francisco, but at that time the trip fre-
quently consumed a full month, with a change of steamer at Yokohama, and they

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 361

doubted the success of such an experiment, With the present more rapid transporta-
tion and a better knowledge of their treatment en route, L think it very advisable
to try and introduce them to the Pacific coast.

The introduction of oysters from Japan would probably not be diffi-
cult, as a great many species of shellfish from that region are identical
with California species.

Attempts have been made by oyster-growers in San I*rancisco Bay
to introduce the large oysters of the Yaqui River lagoons and other parts
of western Mexico, which strikingly resemble QO, virginica, but a large
percentage of the oysters died on the voyage. The change from the
warm waters of that latitude to the bay of San Francisco was supposed
to be too great, even if they survived the voyage. I can testify to the
large size, good flavor, and great abundance of the Yaqui River oysters
from personal experience. They are so abundant that we frequently

loaded the dingey of the Albatross by merely gathering them from the—-=~

——

borders of the shell heaps exposed everywhere at low tide. The tem-.---

perature of the water while we were there (March 31 and April 1, 1889)

ranged from 69° to 732.1. Now that there is railroad connection
between Guaymas, Mexico, and San Francisco, the introduction of

these oysters by rail might give better results. ssn

Table showing the temperature of the water in the vicinity of the natural oyster beds near
the mouth of the Yaqui River, Mexico, March 31 and April 1, 1889.

1

| |
Locality and time. Air. | Water. || Locality and time. | Air. | Water.

Of! Algodones Lagoon: | OF Algodones Lagoon—cont'd.

Wy ep ES PAL) vc ee ea a 73 69 CALNE lip iv Ao te tow Sete ew mae 65 67
Mar. 31,1 p. 71 72 AT alps Cells cd emia cle.ss 65 69
Mar. 31,2 p. 7 Ts CAUDIL Ny ON Ee ALL nim ialm m wlala ere dn ete 64 69
Mar. 31,3 p. 72 73 SAT iyi ts de LO ore miata tuto’ aves 65 69
Mar. 31,4 p. 71 72 POVE Ly 8..Aj Men amiss conor, 58 66 69
Mar. 31,5 p. 3 72 Apr. 1,9 a.m.-..- seit @ 72
Mar. 31,6 p. 72 | AON Ly LO Be A sean 'ete as so 73 73
Mar. 31,7 p. 71 70 Apr Wor a; We sse ce oe +e He 3 74
Mar. 31,8 p. 70 70 =| Off Yaqui River:

Mar, S160) D510 02 de sn - a teioie 69 70 || SArryane ele NM 51a acieg. aes oes 71 73 -
BULA E Ly LD sats aa ae ale, «a 69 69 || Do a oy Nh 80 is sete 72 73
MAT Oly Lis De Is oops ease) 5 68 68 || EDT Sg AMIE sm» aipial alsin iain eth Bn 72 73
MLN lye i Mls .a'c 0 <:2'o0'«0<.6 70 70 SEU DAMM xm a lpre aim 2 10> 73 Ts
BABU. GMs pedearedeco se 69 68 DSU Ee We ip Pn ep dee ae 74 73
CANIN At oh Bs INL ~ winininvalaviein'eis+ 65 68 OT aX Leig gis Fpl nineiys ose a 74 73

By) Par ns leer mers i> jan| rate 68

C20 1

It should be stated that the hourly temperatures taken by the Alba-
tross were not in Algodones Lagoon or in the mouth of Yaqui River, but
at the ship’s anchorage, a mile or two outside, in the Gulf of California.

In December, 1890, a large shipment of oysters was made from Aca-
puleo to San Francisco, but most of them died on the way. The few
that reached market were considered good, ‘This species was doubtless
the Ostrea iridescens, a large oyster common in the vicinity of Acapulco.

The oyster of the Gulf of California has been referred by some con-
chologists to Ostrea virginica. In Carpenter’s Shells of Mazatlan it is
referred to that species, and in the collection of the U.S, National

362. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Museum are many specimens from the Gulf of California so labeled.
Compared with Ostrea virginica, itis of similar size and appearance,
and to the superficial observer undistinguishable from it. It is found in
the lagoons of the eastern shore of the Gulf from Mazatlan to the vicinity
of the Rio Colorado, and is said to abound at a point opposite George
Island, well up the gulf. It is found also on the western side of the
eulf at Angeles Bay, opposite the southern end of Angel Guardia
Island, and near Salinas Bay on Carmen Island. The oysters of both
of these localities are said to be well flavored, and shipments from the
latter have been made to San Francisco.

Dr. Edward Palmer, of the Department of Agriculture, informs me
that he first saw the natural oyster deposits of the Yaqui River lagoons
twenty years ago, and that there was then more traffic in them than at
the present time. He ascribes the origin of the large mounds of oyster
shells so conspicuous there to the drying of oysters by Indians, for sale
among the mines of Sonora and Sinaloa. These oysters are still gath-
ered by Indians, and are used in the hotels of Guaymas the year round.
They are usually stored in the bay awaiting the arrival of the steamers.
Many are sent by rail to Hermosillo, and a few are shipped by steamer
to La Paz. Considerable quantities are taken from a stream near
Altata, at the mouth of the gulf, and sent to alee in the interior,
‘over the Sinaloa and Durango Railway.

T found a small oyster (Ostrea_palmula, variety jee abundant
on the roots of the mangroves in Ganeencan Bay, on ‘the west side of
the gulf. I obtained another species (Ostrea palmula) farther south at
San Josef Island, but it was represented only by dry shells, our stay
there being tog brief to permit any extended search for the original
deposits. The large Ostrea iridescens was oceasionally brought up by
the beain trawl of the Albatross in dredging ¢ along the western shores of_
the gulf.

The Mexican Oyster Company.—This company was in existence in
1865, 1869, and 1870. Oysters were brought from the natural beds of_
Altata and Acapulco, and sold readily in San Francisco at 25 cents
apiece, Their arrival was announced by placards on steamer day. As
many died on the voyage, the business was never profitable, and was
finally ruined by the introduction of eastern oysters upon the comple-
tion of the overland railway in 1870, -—"—"__

Australian oysters.—A sack of oysters was recently brought to San
Francisco by a steward of one of the Australian steamers. These oys-
ters were sold by M. B. Moraghan at his stand in the California market
and were considered as good as eastern oysters. ©+—__

™

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 363

Suggestions.—In view of the fact that there is considerable propaga-
tion among the oysters of San Francisco Bay and that no attempt has
— been made to collect spat, it would be desirable to experiment in the
vicinity of the most southerly beds of Ahe bay with a variety of spat-__—
.. collecting surfaces. There are many suitable channels, creeks, and
tracts of deep water close to the beds. Bundles of brush could be
anchored outside the lines of stakes about the beds or in the creeks,
and floating collectors could be moored anywhere; these could be made —__
seow-shaped, the sides and ends of coarse timbers of any sort, and thes,
bottom of wide-meshed wire netting; such a craft, loaded with all the
shells it could conveniently float, could be towed anywhere and might
be large or small. In view of the existence of stingrays, this pattern
of collector or the brush collectors would be safest, to say nothing of

the ease with which they could be inspected for presence of spat. .————~

If there were fixing surface of any description in the creeks or sloughs
that extend from the southern part of the bay far back toward San
Jose, Redwood, Belmont, Newark, and through the marsh lands gen-
erally, it is probable that oysters would attach, When the cold tide flows
in across the extensive sun-heated flats in the springtime, it warms
rapidly and fills the creeks with water of a much higher temperature
than is found elsewhere in the region of the bay. The warm water
flowing across the oysters brings them into spawn very suddenly when
the weather conditions are favorable. My attention was called to this
fact by the oystermen. ————————=

The creeks are, without exception, very muddy and absolutely with-
out any firm surfaces upon which drifting oyster spat might settle.
These creeks are similar in character. Most of them retain a consider-
able depth of water at low tide. They are named on the charts of San
Francisco Bay as follows: Union City Creek, Cayote Creek, Beard
Creek, Mud Creek, Alviso Slough, Redwood City Creek, Steinberger
Creek, Angela Creek. Quantities of brush from the drier lands, just
back of the marshes through which they flow, could. readily be depos-
ited in them as spat-collectors. From the fact that oysters have been
taken from the timbers of two or three old trestles that cross them, we
might reasonably expect favorable results from a careful experiment

_with-brush collectors. oe IMR RE oT

Should it finally be found advantageous, these creeks could readily be
sown with quantities of shells of the native oyster from the shell heaps
about the shores of the bay. That the native species has never pene-
trated into them is no argument against the propagation of the eastern
species there. Occasional specimens have already been found growing
there, and the creeks may prove as favorable to them as similar cheeks oa
are on the Atlantie coast. ~ KG Ce ee ee

The proper time for placing collectors in San Francisco Bay is yet to
be determined.

364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

.

OTHER BAYS OF THE CALIFORNIA COAST.

In Tomales Bay, Messrs. Weinard and Terry laid out about 17 car-
loads of eastern oysters in 1875, They remained there only two or three
years, until all were marketed or removed to more accessible places in
San Francisco Bay. The experiment was not repeated. Capt. Law-
son, one of the oldest residents upon Tomales Bay, says that these oys-
ters lived and fattened as well apparently as those in San Francisco
Bay. They were laid out at Millerton Station, near the southern end .
of the bay, where some of the stakes used in fencing the bed are still
standing. There is perhaps no reason why the extensive mudflats of
Tomales Bay should not be used for laying out oysters in the same
manner as is done in San Francisco. The bay is nowhere very deep.
With two or three good-sized streams flowing into it, the natural con-
ditions ought to prove very similar to those of San Francisco. It is
18 miles long and averages 2 in breadth. There are no signs of the
propagation of eastern oysters there, although Ostrea lurida is not

(je AES,
uncommon.

Krom correspondents in southern California I have recently learned
that eastern oysters are reported as propagating in San Diego Bay. A’
few years ago a quantity of oysters were placed there, and they still
remain in good condition. It is said also that a lot of Mexican oysters,
brought in a steamer from Guaymas several years ago, were found to
be dying rapidly when the vessel arrived in San Diego Harbor, and
were thrown overboard. It is claimed that survivors from this acci-
dental planting are occasionally found. This bay, more than 400 miles
south of San Francisco Bay, is much warmer, and it might be that the
oyster of the Gulf of Calffornia, which failed to live in the cold water of
San Irancisco Bay, would be a success in San Diego Bay. The greater
part of this bay is shallow and there are extensive mudflats. There
are no constant streams flowing into it, though False Bay, immediately
north of it, receives San Diego River, a stream which cise Dear aae
midsummer.

Humboldt Bay, 200 miles north of San Francisco, is a large and shallow
bay that may be found available for oyster-growing when the question
oftemperature has been studied. By far the greater area of this bay
consists of tide lands, exposed at low water. My personal recollection
of Humboldt mudflats, visited in 1835, is that they are altogether firmer
than those of San Francisco, the bottom being more sandy.

Ballona Bay, near Santa Monica, in southern California, is a small bay
where, | am informed, oysters have been placed and found to grow well,
but it is not known whether they breed there. A report upon the small
bays about Wilmington, near Los Angeles, has already been published
by the Fish Commission.*

“Report upon certain investigations relating to the planting of oysters in south-
ern California. By Charles H. Gilbert. Bull. U.S. F. C., 1889, p. 95-98. -

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 365

LAWS OF CALIFORNIA RELATIVE TO OYSTERS.

CHAPTER XVII.—An act to encowrage the planting and cultivation of oysters.
[Approved March 30, 1874; Stat. Cal. 1874, p. 940.]

Sec. 1. Any citizen of the United States may lay down and plant oysters in any
of the bays, rivers, or public waters of this State, and the ownership of and the
exclusive right to take up and carry off the same shall be continued and remain in
such person or persons who shall have‘laid down and planted the same.

Src. 2. Any person or persons who now aave or may hereafter lay down and plant
oysters, as hereinbefore provided, shall stake or fence off the land upon which the
same is or hereafter may be laid down and planted, and such stakes or fences shall
be sufficient marks of the boundaries and limits, and entitle such person or persons
to the exclusive use and occupation thereof for the purposes prescribed in this act:
Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize any impedi-
ment or obstructions to the navigation of any channels.

Sec. 3. Parties planting or laying down such oyster beds shall record a full de-
scription of said bed or beds in the county recorder’s office in the county where the
same is situated. The recorder shall record the description so furnished in a book
to be kept by him for that purpose, to be entitled a ‘‘ Record of oyster beds.”

Sec. 4. Any person or persons who shall enter upon any lot of land in which there
shall be oysters laid down and planted, and which at the time of such entry shall
be fenced or staked off pursvant to the provisions of this act, and who shall take up
and carry off therefrom such oysters, without the consent or permission of the occu-
pants and owners thereof, and shall willfully destroy or remove, or cause to be
removed or destroyed, any stakes, marks, or fences intended to designate the bound-
aries and limits of any land claimed and staked or fenced off pursuant to the pro-
visions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Sec. 5. The penalties of the penal code relative to misdemeanors are hereby made
applicable to any violation of the provisions of this act.

Sec. 6. All fines and penalties collected for a violation of any of the provisions of
this act over and above the costs of suit shall be paid into the common school fund
of the county where the offense was committed.

Sec. 7. All parties availing themselves of the provisions of this act shall erect or
cause to be erected, on some conspicuous part of the grounds devoted to the planting
of oysters, a sign not less than 6 feet in length and 1 foot in width, on which shall
be painted in black letters upon a white ground the words, ‘‘ oyster beds.”

Suc. 8. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with the provisions of this act, and
especially an act entitled ‘‘An act concerning oysters,” passed April 28, 1851 (Cal.
Stat., 1851, p. 432), as also the act entitled “An act concerning oyster beds,” approved
April 2, 1866 (Cal. Stat., 1866, p. 848), are hereby repealed,

Sec. 9. This act shall not apply to any tide lands which the State may have sold
to private parties: Provided further, That nothing herein shall be construed as to
interfere with the right of the State to sell or dispose of any of the tide lands, nor to
affectin any manner the rights of purchasers at any sale of the tide lands by the State.

Sec. 10. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Nore.—The acts mentioned in section 8 were continued in force by Political Code.

CuHaPpteR XVIII.—Penal code.

602. Every person who willfully commits any trespass by either:

7. Entering upon any land owned by any other person or persons, whereon oys-
ters or other shellfish are planted or growing, orinjuring, gathering, or carrying away
any oysters or other shellfish planted, growing, or being on any such Jands, whether
covered by water or not, without the license of the owner or legal occupant thereof,
or destroying or removing, or causing to be removed or destroyed, any stakes, marks,
fences, or signs intended to designate the boundaries and limits of any such land,
is guilty of a misdemeanor,

366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

WASHINGTON.
NATIVE OYSTER INDUSTRY OF WILLAPA OR SHOALWATER BAY.

The total annual output of native oysters from Wiilapa Bay is about
40,000 sacks. Oysters are taken from the natural deposits below low-
water mark, the large ones marketed afd the small ones transplanted
to the adjacent tide lands until they attain a marketable size.

This large but shallow bay is cut by many intricate channels of deeper
water where small oysters (Ostrea lurida) are obtained by tonging from
flat-bottomed boats. They are then culled or sorted, and the bulk of
each boat load, not being at once marketable, is scattered broadcast
with shovels upon the selected bedding-grounds above low-water mark.
This is done when such oyster-grounds are sufficiently covered by the
tides to permit the free passage of boats. Two and a half years is the
usual time required for the desired growth.

Each oysterman marks the boundaries of his bed of transplanted
oysters with young pine saplings from which most of the branches have
been trimmed, the tops being left to render such marks more conspic-
nous. Some planters occupy as much as 100 acres of tide land in this
way.

For transplanting, sandy or other smooth bottom is preferred; it
should be clean and free from seaweed. It is claimed that in such
situations oysters reach their full size much sooner than on muddy
bottom. Seaweed or grass grows rankly in many parts of Willapa
Bay, and in the vicinity of Oysterville has taken full possession of
large tracts that were formerly valuable for oysters. It is frequently
mowed, but this is difficult work and can only be favorably done at
one stage of the tide when the depth of water is only a few inches,
while floating weed is likely to accumulate against boundary stakes
and break them down.

Oyster beds here are not inclosed by closely set stakes, there being
no destructive stingrays as at San Francisco. Starfish are abundant
upon the natural beds along the channels, and are constartly destroyed
by the oystermen when tonged up. Occasionally severe winters are
ruinous to the transplanted beds, as the oysters freeze by being left
exposed at low tide. In 1888 the cold weather killed 60 per cent of all
oysters laid out above low-water mark.

After the culling operation, salable oysters are thrown into floats,
through which the water passes freely, for safe keeping until sacked for
shipment. Sacks holding nearly 2 bushels of oysters sell for $1.75 per
sack.

An average of nearly 400 baskets of Willapa Bay oysters go to San
Francisco by each steamer. Steamers run every four days, and as the
baskets hold nearly a bushel, it is probable that over 35,000 bushels are

367

ffl

M_LAP

SHOWING THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED |

OYSTER BEDS

IN
ia WILLAPA BAY.
CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT. ;

MC KENZIE PT. |

WASHINGTON
Se ee

PT.ADAMS :

Report U. S. F.C. 1889 to 1891, (To face p. 366.)

CAPE SHOALWATER

A ihe Te Oecd

ro)

DISAPPOINTMENT BAY

PLaTe 4,

bNorenCove\ = : HAWK PT.

TOKE PT

MAP

SHowine THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED
Ilwaco

a OYSTER BEDS

‘etl WILLAPA BAY.
BAKER WASHINGTON

NORTH HO

NATURAL BEDS

\ 2

SANO 10

uw?

CHINOOK PT

MC KENZIE PT.

(ee = PT.ELLICE ~
A
lB, ’
TENG I
a hts
PT. ADAMS =
ae
——— rae

BAF

“

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 367

used in San Francisco annually. These, at the Willapa Bay price of
$1.75 per sack (of 2 bushels), are worth $30,625. Very nearly as many
go to Portland as to San Francisco. The remainder goes to the smaller
towns of Washington and Oregon.

Bay Center.—Three or four times as much oystering is carried on
here as at any other place in the bay, and during the past two years
the business has greatly increased. The total population is about 200,
one-third being Indians. The latter class is largely employed in the
labor of culling. A few Chinamen are also employed as cullers and
render excellent service. There are fifteen proprietors in the business
here, employing a fleet of 15 plungers, 35 bateaux, and 18 floats. “The
Native Oyster Company” of Bay Center ships chiefly to the Portland
market.

Oysterville—There are over 1,000 acres of transplanted beds here.
The village is of about the same size as Bay Center, and like it is
supported chiefly by the oyster industry. Oysterville was formerly the
chief seat of the fishery, but the beds have become so thickly covered
with grass that much of the business has been transferred to Bay Cen-
ter. There are at present but ten proprietors engaged in the oyster
business.

Bruceport and North Cove.-—At Bruceport, which occupies the third
place in oyster production in Willapa Bay, similar methods and con-
ditions prevail. The oyster business at North Cove is chiefly carried
on by the crew of the life-saving station located there, who restrict it
to the cultivation of “ plants” purchased from other parts of the bay.
The area of transplanted beds in the latter place amounts to about 25
acres, yielding nearly 500 sacks per annum.

Temperature.—I\t is not unlikely that the summer temperature of the
extreme southern part of Willapa Bay may be close to that of San
Francisco, and that eastern oysters would propagate there. From the
Shelly nature of the bottom they might be expected to do well, pro-
vided the conditions of temperature were similar. It is certain that!
the native oysters of this bay breed freely at San Francisco. Weknow \
nothing as yet about the summer temperature of the water in this bay, |
except as it is indicated by observations made by the Coast Survey
steamer Gedney in the northern part. The temperature even there may
be higher than the following table indicates, as the observations were
all made at 4 a. m., when the temperature is usually lowest, day tem-
peratures being as a rule higher. Ranging, as it does, usually no
lower than 60° at 4 a.m., for August and for that part of July covered
by the record, it is probable that the temperature would not be lower
than 65° for afternoon observations. Assuming a summer temperature
of 60° to 65° for that part of the bay nearest the sea, we may reason-
ably expect to find the water decidedly warmer in ‘those parts of the
bay 15 or 20 miles back from the sea. <A careful study of the tempera-
ture of this locality would no doubt yield important information.

368 REPORT OF -COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Surface temperatures taken at 4 a. m., daiiy, by the U.S. Coast Survey steamer Gedney
in Willapa Bay, 1890.

| |
Locality. Date. | Temp. |) Locality. | Date. -| Temp.
| |
|
North Cove...--- Be Ba July 26 | 579° } North Cove--s- se. aeariese | Sept. 4 5890
DOs. saciasctacteteoescs 27 52 || DD. -e eases eeeeees 5 58
DOS 2s ect-sen connec 28 58 | DO ooss os kome eee 6 59
DosR eso eee 29 61 Doreases: tate seeceee a & 59
Owe eis sete sitsiesis core 30 60 | DO sence > 64 oo otatetee 9 56
DO lsscacscsk cesses 3l 62%) DOs. S--- askeedoez es 15 58
Toke Point ..--,- esa sieve Aug. 1 61 |} DON a 3c =a ae 16 59
South Bend: -22:-.2222-'.4- 2 65 Dofisti a es see 17 52
1D Ys pe are Sebisey ces 3 65 || Doses Hole ee 20 55
DOSS Sse Soelneet ole 4 64 || LOE anes BEDE aise 5 =e 23 54
North Cove eo. ae oe 5 60 Willapa Bay -------2-.0+-- 24 55
DOs sre ok sae eae 6 61 DOs 0e8 -2E eee ee 27 53
okie POW trsas coeiey-.<foee! ae vf 61s) NorthiCovie: s2-2 =e ene 29 60
SoutbuBendes. 2a. 2-5-7 10 61 South Bends=- = -soeeeeee Oct... 5 56
OMe ONG Secs cheese ees 12 62 Do 56
DOsstensl: Peo see eae 13 62 Do 54
UOTE eee aerate ee 14 63 Do 55
DO neerote eee 15 63 Do 54
WO! Eee mes 16 60 Do r 54
OMAN SOU Cee ise eet 17 64 || Do 52
WO se enle ese ce steee ace 18 64 | Do 52
WWallapanbaynessc ce cemcn 19 60 | Da 54
Sunshine (Nasal River) --- 20 60 Do 52
Sealand p 61 Sunshine (Nasal River)... 53
Wares 22 62 Do.. 2 53
Do.-- 62 |] Do 54
Do 63 Do 53
Do 62 Do 56
North Cove 62 Do 54
Do 62 Do 52
Do 59 North Cove 50
Do 58 |

Boats, etc.—The sloops employed in Willapa Bay are usually similar
to those in use at San Francisco, where most of them are built. In
fact, both the oyster-planting companies of San Francisco have large
interests in the oyster industry of Shoalwater Bay, and when possible
similar fishery appliances are employed. In both localities the sloop is
designated as ‘‘ plunger.”

The “float” in which oysters are stored for market is a simple affair
with the floor pieces separated to admit the water freely. It is sup-
ported at the sides and ends upon unhewn logs or other solid timbers,
sufficient to keep it afloat even when heavily loaded with oysters. Air
boxes are not used for that purpose, as in the San Francisco type of
float. The usual size is 12 feet by 30 feet.

The ‘‘bateau,” as the craft for tonging, culling, ete., is locally styled,
is quite different from the oyster barge or scow of San Francisco, where
alarger and heavier boat is used. It is usually about 30 feet long,
with the general plan of the sharpie—the bow sharp, stern square, bot-
tom flat, and sides flaring. The bow and stern are partially decked,
and there is a washboard along the sides. Sometimes it is fitted for
sailing, being then cat-rigged, with centerboard and outside rudder.
A few bateaux are decked entirely over, the oysters taken in tonging
being heaped upon the deck, where they are afterward culled. This
' Style is now preferred by many oystermen, because it requires no bail-
ing out, and permits the ready washing of oysters in culling, as the
water dashed upon them runs freely over the sides. When the great

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 368.) PLATE 5.

OYSTER FLOAT AND BATEAU. WILLAPA Bay.

HOUSE BOAT.

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 369

rainfall of this region is taken into consideration, there is an advantage
for the boat that requires no bailing out.

This light-draft type of boat is well adapted to the shallow waters
of the bay where it has developed. It will float more oysters in slight
depths of water than any vessel of its size with which Lam acquainted.
A couple of them have recently been taken to San Francisco, where
they are known as Shoalwater Bay boats. In the form with flush deck
the oysters are kept from rolling overboard by light bulwarks, 8 or 10
inches high, at the sides. Another craft in use here is the house boat,
which is a simple scow, upon the deck of which a house is constructed
for warmth and protection in winter culling of oysters. A stove may
be added if desired.

PUGET SOUND.

The following statement of the oyster fishery of Puget Sound is from
the report of the State fish commissioner, Mr. James Crawford, for 1890,
To this I can add but little, as heavy rains and unfavorable tides did
not permit satisfactory investigations during my brief stay at Olympia:

The table below gives the location of the principal transplanted oyster beds on
Puget Sound, average number of sacks produced per week, and number of acres in
cultivation:

| | Weekly

Location. | Acres. | output,

sacks.
IMM aves sia s clonacasecie oan = es Olean 45
Oyster Bay eset. siee ees 75 100
Bigs kookmmecssosie 2 aces Pea gtonk|| 40)
North Bay s--cns seeee: oes = 70 100
: Hood iCanaliae- cose tees ess I 850s 25
SET Wi) 30 eee ee pee seer | 20 25
SCA itenincss seer Sas. ase 40 | 15

sTintlbeey op he Aas 2? | B45 “| 350 |

The aboveaverage is for eight months in the year. During four months of summer
not more than one-third ef the amount given above is averaged. The number of
acres now in cultivation could easily be doubled if the demand required it, and will
most probably be, as now perfect title can be secured to the tide lands upon which
the oyster beds are located. There are about 125 persons engaged in gathering
oysters in the district, 60 of whom are Indians. Oysters are valued at $1.75 per sack
of 2 bushels each. 7

The industry does not appear to be a thriving one. In fact, a dozen
years ago, before eastern oysters and the native oysters of Willapa
Bay were commonly available on Puget Sound, the local resources were
more systematically worked than they are now. Capt. W. J. Doane,
of Olympia, informed me that he once had a wholesale oyster business
amounting to nearly 1,00@ sacks a week. These were supplied to all
the towns of the region, from Olympia to Victoria. His trade is at
present confined to Olympia.

The best native oyster localities of the region are doubtless in the
vicinity of this place. Budd Inlet was formerly good oystering ground,

H. Mis. 113 24

370 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

but the growth of the town and the conversion of the inlet into the
present harbor of Olympia have been disastrous to the original oyster
deposits. Those bays and inlets of the sound which receive rivers are
better adapted for oyster cultivation than those with more salty waters.
The inlets of the Olympia region are well supplied in this respect.
There are extensive natural oyster deposits in the vicinity of Belling-
ham Bay, Samish Bay, Port Discovery, Port Orford, Hood Canal, and
many other places in Puget Sound, but many of them are remote from
fresh water. Oyster Bay, near Olympia, is considered the most favor-
able of the localities for oyster-cultivation.

Puget Sound abounds in starfish, which are considered very destruc-
tive to the native oysters.

The close season from May 15 to September 1 is not enforced.

Indians are the natural laborers in this field of industry, and the
few whites engaged in it have expended very little money in any branch
of oyster-cultivation.

Surface temperatures taken by U. 8. Coast Survey steamer McArthur at Olympia, 1891.

| Nov. 25...-- 46° (4a.m.) | 52° (4 p.m.) | Mecs Mrs = | 469 (4a.m.) | 44° (4 p.m.)
Nov. 26...-.| 49° (4a.m.) | 50° (4 p.m.) || Dec. 2.-.-.-- | 40° (4a.m.) | 48° (4 p.m.)
Nov. 27..--.| 48° (4.a.m.) | 50° (4 p.m.) || Dec. 3--...| 37° (4.a.m.) | 438° (4 p.m.)
Nov. 28.....| 41° (4 a.m.) | 51° (4 p.m.) || Dec. 4-..--- | 329 (4a.m.) | 38° (4 p.m.)
Nov. 29.....| 44° (4a.m.) | 48° (4 p.m.) || Dee. 5..... | 34° (4a.m.) | 36° (4p.m.)

Noy. 30..---| 47° (4a.m.) | 51° (4 p.m.) k |

EASTERN OYSTERS IN PUGET SOUND AND WILLAPA BAY.

Governor E. P. Ferry, of Washington, informed me that he, in com-
pany with Col. Laramie and Mr. William P. Wright, made an experi-
ment in planting eastern oysters near Olympia many years ago. The
history of the experiment is lost, but Governor Ferry’s recollection of
it is that two sacks of oysters were put in Budd Inlet, about 2 miles
from Olympia. They were perhaps not properly looked after, as they
were soon lost sight of. It was observed, however, that they lived for
several weeks. The history of eastern oysters in Willapa Bay is simi-
lar; a few sacks only were laid out in the vicinity of Oysterville. They
lived as well as those at San Francisco, but no signs of propagation
were ever discovered. It was conceded by oystermen that there were
hardly enough of them to insure fertilization. This experiment was
made several years ago and has never been repeated. Many oyster-
men of Willapa Bay are disposed to try bedding eastern oysters when
they can get direct railway communication with the Atlantic coast. 4

The following, relative to the sale of tide lands in Washington, is
from the report of the State fish commissioner for 1890:

TIDE LANDS OF WASHINGTON.

The law passed by the recent legislature (known as the ‘‘tide-land bill”), giving
the right to purchase tide land from the State, thus securing perfect title to their
transplanted beds, will, in the opinion of nearly all the most prominent oystermen,
cause a remarkable growth in the oyster industry, as prior tg the enactment

OYSTER RESOURCES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 371

of such a law many were deterred from embarking in the business because they
could not acquire perfect title to the tide lands on which young oysters are planted
after being taken from their natural beds. The railways now being built to Willapa
Bay will also be an incentive to many, as the lack of transportation facilities and
the high tariff charged by the present transportation lines make the margin of profit
so small that none but large dealers can successfully carry on the business.

THE OYSTER LAWS OF WASHINGTON.

[Hill's Statutes and Codes of Washington, 1891.|

2585. (Right to plant oysters may be acquired.) A person being a citizen of this
State, who has planted or who may hereafter plant oysters in any bay or arm of the
sea where there are no natural beds of oysters within or bordering upon this State, may
acquire, by conforming to the requirements of this chapter, an exclusive right for
such a purpose to that portion of such bay or arm of the sea as he shall so occupy,
not exceeding for any one person an area of more than 20 acres: Provided, That no
person or persons shall locate or cause to be located oyster beds in any way interfering
with the free use and privilege of any person or persons cutting timbers or logging,
or conveying said logs to market.

2586. (Oyster claims—How initiated—Must be recorded.) The person desiring the
benefits of the preceding section shall cause the place or portion he desires to claim
to be marked, so far as is practicable, with stakes or other artificial marks at the
corners, with bearings to adjacent natural objects, and shall make, before some officer
qualified to administer oaths, an affidavit that he has taken the premises so described
for the purpose of planting oysters, and that he has planted or is about to plant
oysters thereon; that said premises are not upon and do not include any natural bed
of oysters, and that the same are not occupied and claimed, in accordance with law,
except by himself; and if said premises shall have heretofore been taken and oysters
planted thereon, then within three months after the passage of this act, and if they
shall hereafter be taken, then within one mouth after taking the same, the person
having so taken or taking the said premises shall cause his claim, with a description
thereof and affidavit as above required, to be recorded by the county auditor of the
county in which they may be situated.

2587. (Metent and number of oyster beds of single claimant.) The same person may
claim and occupy more than one place: Provided, The premises so claimed ly him do
not in all oceupy an area greater than 20 acres: And provided further, That in those
places used and occupied for the purpose of bedding marketable oysters, no one person
shall occupy an area greater than 100 by 200 feet, or 20,000 feet of superficial area.

2588. (Conveyance of right to oyster beds.) Any person may transfer his right to any
other person qualified to hold, by signing the transfer upon record, in the presence
of the auditor, or by a written transfer witnessed and acknowledged in the same
manner as is or may be required for deeds.

2589. (Record of oyster claims.) It shall be the duty of the county auditor of any
county, where claims and transfers made under the provisions of this chapter are
presented to him for record or entry, to receive and record the same in a separate
book provided for this purpose, upon being paid the same fees as are allowed in
similar cases.

2590. (Unlawful for non-residents to take oysters.) From and after the approval of
this act it shall not be lawful for any person who is not at the time an actual inhab-
itant and resident of this State, and who has not been for six months next preceding
an actual inhabitant or resident as aforesaid, to take or gather oysters, either on his
own account or on account of others, for sale or transportation, inany of the rivers,
bays, or waters of this State; and on conviction shall be fined in any sum not exceed-
ing $500 nor less than $100, or to imprisonment in the county jail for a period not
exceeding six months nor less than one month, or both, at the discretion of the court.

872. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

2601, (Dredging for oysters below lowest edd tide prohibited.) Tt shall not be lawful
for any person te rake for or gather oysters in any of tho rivers, bays, or waters of
this Stato with a dredge, or implement so called, or be employed upon any canal
boat, or vessel ongaged in the taking of oysters by the process of dredging in any of
the waters aforesaid, not above the lowest ebb tide; and on conviction thereof shall
bo fined in any sum not exceeding the sum of 80, or to imprisonment in the county
jail fora period not exceeding twenty days nor loss than ten days, or both, in the
discretion of the court,

2502. (Taking of oysters prohibited during certain times.) Tt shall not be lawful for
any person to rake, serape, or gather oysters in any of the rivers, bays, or waters of
this State, for any purpose whatever, from the 15th day of May until the first day
of Soptomber of oach years and on convietion thoreof shall be fined in any sum not
oxcoeding the sum of S40 for cach offense, or to imprisonment in the county jail for
a period not exceeding twenty days nor less than ton, or both, at the discretion of
the court,

BOB, (Nmald oysters to de redurned to beds.) Tt shallnot be lawful for any person to
destroy oysters taken from the natural beds by assorting or oulling them on land or
shore and leaving the small oysters that are there to dio; but in all cases the small
oysters shall be returned to their natural bods, or to private beds for cultivation.
And if any person shall offend against the provisions of this seetion, or in any way
Wantonly destroy the small oysters, he shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a
tine for each offense, or imprisonment as preseribed in section 2591 of this volume
of general statutes,

YM, (Right acquired by discovery of oyster bed.) Any person or persons, being a
citizen or citizens of the United States, who shall discover any bed or beds of oysters
in any bay or arm of the sea bordering upon this State that has not been before dis-
covered, shall, by right of said discovery, be entitled to the exclusive right or priv-
lege of gathering or dredging oysters on said bed or beds for the term of five years,
The person or persons making such discovery, who desires to avail himself of the
rights and privileges hereby granted, shall be required to designate the place and
area of the bed or beds so discovered, with the stakes or other artificial marks,
and shall make afidavit before the county auditor of the county in which such dis-
oovery has been made that he located the premises so discovered, accompanied by a
description and diagram of the same, which shall be filed in the oflice of said county
auditor: Provided, That the restriction and protection of the discoveries shall be 10
AOTES, ;

2M. (Unlawful to gather oysiers from beds located by another—Penalty, ) Itshallnot
bo lawful for any person to gather by any means on any beds located in accordance
with the preceding section, except at the option and by the permission of the party
or parties holding the same, under a penalty of $500 fine for so offending, or impris-
onmont, to be recovered in a civil action, to be brought in the name of the State.

2506, (Time allowed certain persons in which to remove oyster beds.) Any person who
has, prior to the 26th day of Mareh, A, D, 1890, planted oyster beds upon any
of the shore lands of this State, shall be granted a period of not less than six
months nor more than three years after said land has been sold by the State to
remove the same; the time to be determined by the commissioner of public lands,
And any person shall have the exclusive possession of said tide or shore lands
during the time that he has to remove said oyster beds under the provisions of this
aot: Provided, That in case any planter of oysters shall fail within the time allotted
to remove the said oysters, he shall be deemed to forfeit the same to the purchaser
or owner of said lands: Provided, That this shall not apply to tide lands within twe
miles of an incorporated city,

WIT. (Consirwetion of word * person.”) Wherever the word * person” is used in
this act, it shall be deemed to mean person, persons, lirm, or corporation,

6.

PLATE

SHELL-HEAP IN ALGODONES LAGOON, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, ACCUMULATED THROUGH THE DRYING OF OYSTERS BY YAQUI INDIANS,
MARGIN,

Live OYSTERS AROUND

PLATE 7.

Ce ee

(To face p 372.)

aye

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

pe CULLING OYSTERS; SINGLE FLOAT IN FOREGROUND, DOUBLE FLOAT IN BACKGROUND; Scows, ETC. THE MORGAN OysTER COMPANY'S STATION AT MILLBRAE.

PLATE 8.

(To face p. 372.)

Report U.S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

INCLOSED OysTeER BED AT Low TIDE

’

SHOWING HOW THICKLY OYSTERS ARE LAID OUT. M. B. MORAGHAN’S ESTABLISHMENT.

PLATE 9.

(To face p. 372.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

LARGE DOUBLE FLOAT, WITH SCOWS, TONGS, BASKETS, AND OTHER FEATURES OF THE OYSTER FISHERY.

M. B. MORAGHAN’S ESTABLISHMENT.

PLATE 10.

(To face p. 372.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

(nee naiicntea eh

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ee

TONGING OYSTERS IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

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PEATE 11.

(To face p. 372.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

Bay CENTER, WASHINGTON. CENTER OF OYSTER

FISHERY OF WILLAPA BAY.

Report U. S. F, C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 373.) PLATE 12.

FISH AND OYSTER BOATS IN “VEGETABLE SLIP,” GALVESTON.

3.—REPORT ON THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS.

By Cuarirs H. STEVENSON.

INTRODUCTORY.

The published information regarding the fisheries of Texas is very
meager, and consists almost entirely of the accounts contained in two
reports* of the U.S. Fish Commission, one relating to the year 1880,
the other being a condensed statement based on an inquiry made in
January and February, 1891. Outside of the localities in which the
fisheries are prosecuted little knowledge exists as to their extent,
methods, and importance; and in considering the natural resources of
the State, the vastness of its other branches is apt to completely over-
shadow the fisheries. In the investigation of 1891 the coastal regions
of Texas were canvassed by the writer, in the capacity of a field agent
of the Division of Fisheries, and the present report represents the re-
sults of personal observations made at that time. All the important
fishing centers were visited, and the principal fishermen, fish-dealers,
etc., were interviewed. Owing to the increasing prominence of the
oyster industry, special attention was given to a study of its methods
and conditions in the different localities.

Some difficulty was experienced in obtaining correct data regarding
the quantity of the various species of fish taken. As a rule no books
are kept by the fishermen or marketmen in such manner as to be of
value in determining the quantity of products handled; and the state-
ments made regarding these data differed greatly, even as to the fish-
eries of particular localities. Consequently, for information as to the
quantity of products, it was necessary to depend largely on the records
‘in the offices of the various transportation companies. This was quite
satisfactory as regards the total quantity of fish obtained, but of little
value in determining the quantities of the various species taken from
the water. Hence the figures given in this report for the different
species of fish taken must be accepted as only approximately correct.

*The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, 4to, 7 volumes,
Washington, 1884-87.

A Statistical Report on the Fisheries of the Gulf States. Bulletin U.S. Fish Com-
mission, 1891. Washington, 1892.

373

374 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FISHERIES.

The investigations by the U. 8S. Fish Commission in 1880 showed that
the number of men employed in the fisheries of Texas was 601; the
capital invested, $42,400; and the weight of the fish taken, 3,858,875
pounds, valued at $128,300. In. 1890 the number of men engaged in the
fishery industries of the State was 1,277; the value of property em-
ployed, $315,427, and the weight of the products was 7,961,400 pounds,
for which the fishermen received $313,912.

On account of the incomplete transportation facilities, the difficulty
of preserving fish in a warm climate for a considerable length of time,
and the generally undeveloped condition of affairs on the coast, the
fisheries of this State have not heretofore attracted great attention.
They have been controlled and prosecuted mainly by Mexicans and
natives of Southern Europe, who were usually unfamiliar with the
methods in use at other fishing localities in this country. But with the
improvement and extension of the railroad system of the Southwest,
the cheapening of ice by manufacture, and the extensive immigration
which this section of the country is now attracting, the fisheries give
promise of being at some time classed among the important industries
of the State. The entire State, together with New Mexico, Colorado,
Kansas, and a large part of Mexico will be thus benefited by receiving a
ready and fresh supply of salt-water fish.

At present ‘bay seining” is the most important fishery in Texas.
The oyster industry is second in extent, but will doubtless rank first
within a few years. These two fisheries are prosecuted extensively all
along the coast. Hach locality also has its own minor fisheries, such
as the turtle, the shrimp, the crab, the flounder, the surf-seine, the
cast-net, and the hook-and-line.

Aside from the surf seines in use on Galveston Island, some hook-and-
line fishing at different places, and an occasional trip of a harbor boat
from Galveston to the red-snapper banks, all the fisheries of Texas
are confined to the bays and their estuaries along the coast. Of the
7,961,400 pounds of marine products obtained by the fishermen of
Texas in 1890, the quantity taken from the Gulf proper is estimated at
less than 300,000 pounds.

Since 1880 all the Texas fisheries have increased in @xtent excepting
for shrimps, which are reported as less abundant than they were ten
years ago. The catch in 1880 was 637,500 pounds, while in 1890_
the quantity taken in both the seines and cast nets amounted to only
179,800 pounds. The oyster and bay-seine fisheries exhibit the great-
est actual increase in the value of products.

The growth of the fisheries is due principally to the development of
the methods of inarketing the catch. The shipping facilities along the
coast, except at one or two places, have been greatly increased during

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. — 375

the last decade. The building of the Mexican National Railway (nar-
row gauge) from Corpus Christi to Laredo, in 1880, opened up a Mex-
ican market for the fish and oysters taken in the vicinity of the former
place. Then came the construction of the San Antonio and Aransas
Pass Railway from San Antonio to Corpus Christi, and its extension a
few years later to Aransas Bay, which facilitated the shipping of fish
from those two places to the North and West. But the abandonment
of those two ports by the Morgan Steamship Line counteracted some-
what the advantages gained by the railroad connections. The shipping
facilities of Matagorda Bay have greatly declined since 1880. When
this port was abandoned by the Morgan line of steamers the trade with
Galveston almost entirely ceased.

The manufacture of ice has also greatly benefited the fisheries. On
the shores of Sabine Lake, Galveston Bay, Aransas Bay, and Corpus
Christi Bay there are establishments for ice manufacture, and the prod-
uct can now be obtained in car-load lots at from $3 to $8 per ton, at
any railroad station on the coast.

THE FISHERMEN.

The number of men engaged constantly in the fisheries of this State
in 1890 was 819, the number who fished for a portion of the time only
was 286, and 172 men were employed in the marketing houses and

canneries, making a total of 1,277. In 1880 the number of professional
fishermen was reported to be 291; the semi-professional, 200; the men
on shore, 110; a total of 601.

Only a small portion of the Texas fishermen were born in America;
they are chiefly natives of Italy, Sicily, Greece, Austria, and Mexico.
Of the native fishermen a large portion were of foreign parentage. A
much greater proportion of native Americans is engaged in taking
oysters than in the seine fishery. The negroes along the coast do not
engage in fishing, except in a small way from the wharves with cast
nets, lines, etc.

The fishermen as a rule are not familiar with other occupations:
Many of them have inherited their vocations by direct descent for many
generations. Prior to their coming to Texas some have fished for the
markets of Palermo, Naples, or Athens, or have supplied fish at such
Mexican towns as Vera Cruz, Tampico, or Soto la Marina. As a class
they_are independent in their manners and habits, but are nearly
always poor and unthrifty. Their life while on a fishing trip is very
rough. The hard, rounding floor of the cabin, with a blanket over it,
serves as a bed. The provisions, while usually plentiful, are of the
plainest, consisting chiefly of salt meat, bread, hard-tack, onions and
garlic, potatoes, and coffee. The cabin floor serves as a table. The
cooking is generally done on a small stove or by an open fire in a pot,
and one of the crew attends to that work without extra pay.

376 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

FISHING VESSELS AND BOATS.

The number of sail craft employed regularly in the fisheries of Texas
in 1890 was 311, valued at $106,800. Of this number only 18 measured
over 5 tons, the combined tonnage of these being 152.59. The fisher-
men prefer boats Of less than 5 tons measurement in order to escape
the inconveniences of having them licensed at the custom-house. Be-
sides the sail craft, 536 skiffs, valued at $5,615, were employed in 1890.
Along the Texas coast the expression “ boat” is applied to all sail craft,
while the word “skiff” is used to designate something propelled by
oars; and it is with these meanings that the two words are used in
this report. The sloop, cat, and schooner rigged centerboard boats are
the prevailing types employed in the oyster, seine, and turtle fisheries.
Square or “lugger” rigged boats are not in use at present in the fish-
eries of this State. The lugger is particularly adapted to winding
bayous, where sailing close to the wind is necessary, as in Louisiana;
and as few such places occur in the fishing regions of Texas, the safer
and more speedy sloop and cat rigged boats are obviously preferable.

The construction and the rig of the sailboats do not materially differ
from the styles in general use along the coast of the Middle and New
England States. In order to easily pass through the shoal waters of
the bays, these boats are built very shallow, having either a flat or
“round-knuckle” (one-half flat) bottom. They are usually from 22 to
34 feet long, from 8 to 12 feet wide, and from 14 to 3 feet deep. The
Cosatinporta, which was built at Corpus Christi in 1889, may be taken
as a type of the best class of sail craft in use. Her dimensions are,
length, 36.7; breadth, 10.9; depth, 2.7; net tonnage, 5.37.

The sailboats are built without elaborate or unnecessary finish or
equipment. They are decked over fore and aft, and frequently the
entire length. All of them have a small cabin, which serves as a cook-
ing and sleeping room. The cost ranges from $150 to $1,800, averag-
ing about $400. They are built mostly in Texas, at Galveston, on the
Lavaca River, at St. Marys City, and Corpus Christi. There are, how-
ever, no extensive boat-building establishments in the State.
~ Oceasionally, under the influence of a southeast wind, some of the
bays become exceedingly rough. Especially is this true of Matagorda
Bay, which in threatening weather the fishermen avoid almost as much
as they would the open Gulf. More wrecks have probably occurred in
this bay during the past six years than in all the remaining bays of the
State combined. As the boats are never insured, their loss is a serious
matter to the fishermen.

Each sailboat usually carries one or two skiffs or tenders, costing
from $5 to $15. These skiffs are roughly constructed, many not being
painted. All of them have flat bottoms, so that they may be easily
run ashore.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 377

THE FISHERIES.
THE BAY-SEINE FISHERY.

This is at present the most important of the fisheries of Texas. It
is prosecuted in the same manner and with the same form of apparatus
in all the fishing sections along the coast. In 1890 this fishery gave
steady employment to 358 men, using 110 sailboats valued at $38,750;
114 seines valued at $15,200, and other apparatus to the value of $4,643.
The total catch amounted to 3,609,100 pounds, for which the fishermen
received $150,592. In 1880, according to figures reported by the U.S.
Fish Commission, 126 men engaged in fishing 42 seines and the catch
amounted to 650,000 pounds, valued at $32,500.

These seines are hauled in all the bays along the Texas coast; they
are not used in the Gulf of Mexico nor in the rivers. Ten years ago
the greater part of those operated were owned at Galveston; since then
the number used in Aransas Bay has shown the greatest increase, as
fish have grown scarcer in Galveston Bay and the railroad facilities at
Aransas Bay have improved.

Each party of seine fishermen, which usually consists of from two to
four men, ordinarily has one sailboat, one seine, one or two skiffs, and
two or more live-fish cars. The sailboats and skiffs are of the ordinary
type used in all the fisheries on this coast. The sailboats never have
“wells” in which the fish may be kept alive, and ice is not used for pre-
serving the catch; but floating cars are used, in which the fish are
kept alive while being transported to market; these are roughly con-
structed, usually of slats in the form of and about the same size as a
skiff; in fact, some of the fishermen use an old skiff, cutting or boring
holes in it and covering it with an*open slat-work top. The live-fish
cars are not usually painted; they have capacity for 400 to 2,000 pounds
of fish, according to their size and the temperature of the water. The
cost ranges from $5 to $15 each. They are carried on board the sail-
boats when empty of fish, and when the fish are put in them they are
towed behind.

The seines vary in length from 80 to 200 fathoms and in depth from
44 to,6 feet. The small depth is made necessary by the shallowness of
the water. Usually no lead or similar weight is attached to the bottom,
the sinker consisting of a tarred rope about an inch in diameter; but
some of the seines have several lead sinkers on the tarred rope, near
the middle. In the center of each seine is a cone-shaped bag from 10 to
15 feet in length and 3 or more feet wide where it joins the bunt, taper-
ing to 6 inches at the smaller end.

The ordinary mesh of the seine is 14 inches square, but the net used
in the bag and for a distance of 12 feet on each side has a mesh about
inch square. This smaller mesh is necessary in order to increase the
strength of the seine in those places, to prevent tearing by alligator
gars, tarpon, ete. The cost of an ordinary seine is about $1.10 per

378 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fathom. One usually lasts about two years, but requires constant
mending and repairing.

The fishermen generally work on shares and sell’their catch to the
marketmen at a price which is usually fixed for the season. In divid-
ing the profits as well as in meeting the expenses all the crew share
alike. The captain receives no more than any one of his men, and his
duties are equally laborious. The boat and seine, which are generally
owned by the captain or some relative or friend of his, count as one
share. The seine is kept in good order by the crew, and the owner pays
for such expenses as repairing the boat, painting, etc. Formerly
at some of the ports, and particularly at Galveston, in order to more
easily control the trade of the fishermen, the marketmen owned some
of the boats and apparatus and rented them to the fishermen, the mar-
ketmen receiving their proportionate share of the catch; but the prac-
tice has been discontinued to a considerable extent, as the fishermen
fail to take the best care of the boats and seines when they have no
property interest in them. :

The average annual income of the bay-seine fishermen of Texas, de-
rived from their seining operations, is about $325. This is increased
somewhat by hunting and marketing ducks, geese, and other food or
plunage-bearing birds with which the bays along the Texas coast
abound during certain seasons of the year. The profits are quite regu-
lar, not varying much from year to year, although steadily increasing
with the development of the fisheries and the constant advance in the
market price of the catch.

Occasionally two crews ‘double up,” that is, combine, uniting their
seines, and two of the men run the catch to market while the others
continue fishing. The proceeds from the catch are then divided equally
among the men and boats. At times, when fishing in comparatively
deep water, four and even five crews combine for several hauls, fasten-
ing the seines end to end.

The men always get in the water to haul the seine without regard to
the temperature. They may begin to haul it from the boat when in 8
feet of water, but the fish are landed where the water is from 10 to 36
inches deep. On account of the men having thus to stand in the water,
the impracticability of their fishing where the bottom is very muddy
will be readily observed, although fish may be found there in abun-
dance, asin Mesquit Bay.

After a haul of the seine the fish are transferred to the live-fish ear;
the crabs and “poor fish” are thrown away; one of the crew is left to
tow the “car,” and the others seek another hauling berth in the imme-
diate neighborhood. Or, if the next hauling site be distant 2 or 3 miles,
and the wind is favorable, all of the crew return to the boat and sail
to the next locality.

The bay-seine fishery is prosecuted during all seasons of the year,
but less zealously in the summer on account of the smaller demand for
fish. The principal species of fish taken by means of these seines are

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. athe.

redfish, sea trout, sand trout, sheepshead, croakers, jackfish, hogfish,
drum, mullet, bluefish, Spanish mackerel, pompano, rockfish, jewfish,
pigfish, and whiting.

The following species are alsoreported as being taken in small quan-
tities: Shoemaker, perch, pike, flat croaker, robalo, sawfish, catfish,
calico-fish, needle-fish, moonfish, gulf menhaden, crabs, ete. Most of
these species are considered of no value and are thrown away as soon
as removed from the seines, except occasionally when better fish are
scarce.

By far the greater part of the fish brought to market by the bay-
seine fishermen consists of redfish, sea trout or squeteague, and sheeps-
head. Of these, the trout is generally considered the finest for the
table, but it does not bear transportation so well as some of the other
species. The redfish is preferred for shipping purposes, and is much
more popular for the table than the sheepshead, which at times does
not meet with a ready sale.

The average weight of a redfish is about 10 pounds and the length 2
feet or over, while some weigh 40 pounds and are 4 feet long or over.
The Mexican fishermen in Texas frequently call it the “ pez colorado,”
and in Louisiana the name “ poisson rouge” is applied to it. Accord-
ing to the fishermen, the redfish are not usually found in spawn when
weighing less than 10 pounds. All fish of this species which weigh
over 16 pounds are called “bulls.” These are sold at a reduced price,
and at so much per fish, usually about 25 cents.

The sea trout (the weakfish or squeteague of the Atlantic coast)
average in weight about 3 pounds, and at times attain a weight of 10
pounds and a length of 3 feet. They spawn when weighing about 13
pounds. They are fine food-fish, but do not keep well, the flesh being
very soft. While trout are taken at all times of the year, they are
more plentiful in March, April, and May. The sheepshead average in
weight about 24 pounds, with a maximum weight of about 10 pounds.
All along the Gulf coast the name of this fish-is contracted into “ sheep-
head.” ;

Occasionally the fish taken by a crew during several days consist
almost entirely of one of these three most plentiful species. On several
oecasions the writer has at different ports in Texas seen several thou-
sand pounds of fish of which probably 90 per cent were of one species.
One week they may be nearly all sheepshead and the next week trout
or redfish. Ordinarily the fishermen and marketmen put the same
value on the different species of fish taken, but if an extra large quan-
tity of ‘poor fish” is taken, or if the catch consists largely of sheeps-
head, the marketmen may refuse to accept a portion or all of it.

Little difference has been noticed in the quantity of each species of
fish taken by the bay seines from year to year. Redfish are reported
as having decreased most in plentifulness; bluefish, pompano, and
Spanish mackerel are growing more abundant. There is no place
along the Texas coast at which the supply of fish is less than the

380 . REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

demand, except at Galveston Bay. Occasionally the Galveston fleet
is for weeks unable to supply the market demands; but in Matagorda,
Aransas, and Corpus Christi bays, and at Point Isabel many of the
crews are frequently idle for several days on account of an oversupplied
market.

Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and terrapin (Malaclemmys palustris)
are occasionally taken in the bay seines while being hauled for fish.
A small chain is also sometimes attached to the lead line of the seine and
a haul is made especially for them. This is done chiefly at Aransas
Bay. The terrapin taken weigh about 3 pounds each and are sold by the
fishermen at from $4 to $15 per dozen. They do not possess the fine
flavor of the Maryland diamond-back. The turtle average from 5 to
20 pounds and sell for about 3 cents per pound. They are the young
of the green turtle common on this coast.

Believing that the fish are caught in greater quantities than their
natural fecundity can make good, there is a desire on the part of many
persons, especially those interested in developing the sporting fisheries
of Texas, to restrict in some way the use of seines. While the supply
of fish may be decreasing, yet there does not appear to be an urgent
necessity for very great restriction. The cessation of the seine fishery
in the bays for four months from May to August, which is the plan gen-
erally urged, would throw entirely out of employment over 350 men,
removing from the coast towns a monthly revenue of more than $12,000,
and taking from the market a cheap and wholesome article of food. It
would also seriously affect the marketing of fish taken during the winter,
since purchasers in the interior would prefer obtaining their supplies
from such sources as could provide for them continuously throughout the
year. If restriction be deemed expedient and necessary, the prevention
of the marketing of large fish, say of redfish weighing over 14 pounds
(advocates of a close time contend that redfish, more than any other
species, require special protection), would largely answer the purpose
without embarrassing persons depending on the bay-seine fishery for a
living. These large redfish are the spawning fish. They are difficult
to market, being coarse and of poor flavor, and are sometimes even
thrown away.

For the purpose of comparison, the total catch by bay seines at the
various fishing localities in the State during each of the past four years
is herewith appended:

1887. 1888. 1889. 1890.
Localities. a = Ears =
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. } Value.| Pounds. | Value.

--| 42,160 | $2,380 | 45, 600 | $2,630 | 45,750 | $2,795 | 47, 000 | $2, 893
1,455, 500 | 69, 140 |1, 469, 060 | 70,320 |1, 489, 400 | 74, 668 |1, 418, 500 | 72, 999

| Sabine Lake .
| Galveston Ba

Matagorda Bs --; 74,800 | 2, 860 81,000 | 2,950 88,800 | 3,110, 102,750} 3,593
Aransas Bay....--.-. 1,089, 000 | 32,890 | 781,000 | 23, 650 /1,076, 000 | 38, 050 |1, 244,100 | 43, 562
Corpus Christi.Bay..| 540,000 | 18,900 | 605,000 | 21,175 | 685,000 | 23,801 | 719,950 | 24, 965
Laguna Madre....... 91,800 | 3,400 86,000 | 3, 200 81,050 | 2,759 76,800 | 2,580

3, 293, 260 |129, 570 |3, 067, 660 |123, 925 |3, 466, 000 |145, 183 3, 609, 100 |150, 592

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. ~ 381
THE CAST-NET FISHERY.

While this is one of the minor fisheries and no one depends on it for
a living, yet-numbers of cast nets are used at the various settlements
along the coast. In 1890 the number used in the State was 315; the
quantity of fish taken was 91,500 pounds, the value of which was
$3,540.

The cast nets are circular, varying in diameter from 4 to 10 feet.
Each net has a small ring in the center, through which pass several
small ropes which are attached to the outside rim of the net. After
passing through this ring, which is usually made of horn, the ropes are
all united and fastened to one larger rope, which is used as a hand-line.
Around the edge of the net a number of lead sinkers are arranged at
equal distances from each other. The cost of these nets ranges from
$1.50 to $8. The average size of the mesh is about 1 inch. Cotton
twine is the material usually preferred in their construction.

With the hand line on the ground under one foot, or otherwise se-
cured, the net is held at different places on the rim by the moath and
the two hands; then, with a circular motion, it is thrown so as to fall
flat upon the surface of the water Sinking to the bottom it covers
such fish as are unable to make their escape from beneath it. Then,
by hauling in the main rope or hand line, the net is pursed and the fish
are inclosed.

This method of fishing can be practiced only in shallow water. The
catch consists mostly of mullet and shrimp. This method of taking
‘mullet is much more successful than by the use of the seines, since so
many of these fish escape over the top of the seine while it is being
hauled. No boats are used in this fishery, it being carried on from the
wharves and docks. The persons using the cast nets are boys and men
having no other employment. The catch, which is small, does not pass
through the wholesale fish markets, but is usually peddled about the
settlements by the fishermen.

POUND NETS, GILL NETS, ETC.

At present there are no pound nets used in Texas. This is due to
the fact that they would be destroyed by sharks, alligator gars, and
other large predaceous fishes with which these waters abound. About
fifteen years ago a pound net of the type used along the coast of the
Middle States was set in Galveston Bay, and while it was in working
order quantities of fish were taken in it; but large predaceous fish tore
the netting so frequently that it required constant mending in order
to retain any of the food-fishes. On this account the use of the pound
net was soon abandoned. It is possible that pound nets made of gal-
vanized wire or stake and brush weirs could be successfully employed
_if the sentiment of the people would permit their use.

Except such as are used in the green-turtle fishery, [ am not aware
that stationary gill nets have ever been used in taking marine products

382. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

in the coastal waters of Texas. They would be of little service in these
waters, not only on account of the damage that would be done to them
by predaceous fish, but also because the high temperature of the water
would necessitate at too frequent intervals their being raised to remove
the fish while in good condition.

THE SHRIMP-SEINE, SURF-SEINE, AND GREEN-TURTLE FISHERIES.

Around Galveston Island, besides the bay-seine fishery, two special
forms of seine fishery are foun in practice, one for taking shrimp in
Galveston Bay, the other used in the surf on the south side of Galves-
ton Island for obtaining sand trout, large redfish, ete. As they were
found at no other locality, the discussion of these fisheries will be
included in the description of the fisheries of Galvéston Bay.

Large green turtle (Chelonia mydas) occur more or less abundantly
all along the Texas coast; a few are taken by the fishermen of Point
Isabel, but as their capture and utilization centers at Aransas Bay a
description of this fishery will be found in the notes on that locality.

HOOK-AND-LINE FISHERIES.

While seine fishing continues so successful as at present, it is not
probable that an extensive hook-and-line fishery will be developed in
the Texas waters; yet, from all the bays along the coast and in the many
rivers throughout the State, quantities of fish are taken in this way
by sportsmen as well as by those men who engage in the other fisheries.

Catfish are taken on trot lines and by means of hand lines in Sabine
Lake, Guadalupe River, Rio Grande, and to a less extent in many
other streams. These are the large mud or channel catfish common in
the Mississippi River and the Southern States. They sometimes attain
a weight of 50 and even 70 pounds. They are quite well liked in this
State, in some of the interior towns being preferred to redfish or trout.

Some line fishing in the surf is engaged in on the south side of Gal-
veston Island, and at one or two other places. From all the coast set-
tlements some hand lines are used for taking redfish, trout, sheepshead,
tarpon, and other kinds common on the coast. More redfish are taken |
in this manner than any other single species, mullet and shrimp being ~
the most popular baits used for them. They are very gamy, and a 25-
pound redfish will give plenty of sport.

The tarpon, known in Texas alsoas “ grande écaille” or ‘savanilla,”
are abundant, but not frequently Janded. Jewfish attract much atten-
tion in the spring. The Mexican fishermen call this fish the “ guasa,”
and at Pensacola it is known by the name of “warsaw,” doubtless a
corruption of “ guasa.” In Texas it is also called the “junefish,” be-
cause of its being more plentiful in June than at other times. Crabs
and mullet are used as bait. Occasionally fish of this species weighing
over 500 pounds are taken. In Aransas Bay, in 1890, a Jewfish was —
caught which weighed 597 pounds round weight.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 383
RED-SNAPPER FISHERY.

“Outside fishing” from vessels is also engaged in occasionally, the
species sought being the red snapper. All along the coast of Texas
from Sabine Pass to the mouth of the Rio Grande there is an irreg-
ular series of banks, or reefs, on which these fish may be taken. On
account of there being no extensive fishing for them in this part of the
Gulf of Mexico, the location of these banks is not generally known, and
doubtless but a small number of them have ever been fished on.

Following is given the location of the best-known reefs from which
red snappers have been obtained: Due south from Sabine Pass and
about 13 miles distant there is a small reef on which afew vessels from
Galveston fished several years ago; the depth of water on this reef
varies from 7 to12 fathoms. Off Galveston Island thereare two banks,
one southeast and distant about 45 miles, in 12 fathoms of water; the
other about 85 miles south of the island, with a depth of 30 to 45 fath-
oms of water. Southeast of Cedar Bayou, in 15 fathoms of water, there
is a small bank from which a few fish are taken at times by men living
at Aransas Pass and Corpus Christi. A small reef afew miles south
of the entrance to Aransas Bay also attracts some attention. Another
bank is reported about 6 miles east of Brazos Santiago and Boca
Chica.

It is highly probable that all along the: coast of Texas and Mexico
there are innumerable small patches of sea bottom where red snappers
and groupers are to be obtained. Off Sabine Pass and Galveston
Island these reefs will probably be found ranging from 5 to 100 miles
distant from the shore. Going southwest along the coast, the width of
this area becomes gradually smaller, the limits of the reefs being nearer
the shore. Off Padre Island there are doubtless no snapper banks at
a greater distance from the shore than 55 miles.

Going southward the width of sea bottom on which the red snapper
will probably be found continues to contract. The Mexican fishermen
report that off Sota la Marina they have never found them at a
greater distance from the shore than 15 miles, and similar reports are
received from Tampico and Vera Cruz. This width remains about the
same all along the coast of the State of Vera Cruz and until in the
vicinity of the mouth of the Tobasco River. Here the area begins to
enlarge, and rounding Yucatan until Cape Catoche is reached, the
grounds on which the red snapper will probably be found extend from
5 to 120 miles from the coast. On account of the great depth of water,
there can scarcely be extensive reefs on the Yucatan coast beyond Cape
Catoche.

The grounds north and west of Yucatan constitute the well-known
Campeche Banks, which have a reputation for being abundantly sup-
pled with fish, and particularly with the red snapper. Aside from one
or two trips no attempts have been made to establish a fishery here,
on account of the distance from American ports.

384 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In December of 1890, the schooner Gertrude Summers (61.19 net ton-
nage), of Noank, Conn., Benjamin Latham captain, made a trip to these
banks, and in two days’ fishing, with seven men, took 22,000 pounds of
red snapper. On the first day the catch amounted to 14,000 pounds.
These fish were rather large, the average weight being about 10 pounds
each. In expectation of obtaining smaller fish in shoaler waters, the
vessel was sailed nearer the shore. During the second day’s fishing
Capt. Latham was not much more successful in obtaining small fish, but
took 8,000 pounds of mixed size. With this fare he sailed to Galves-
ton. On account of their large size and the fact that the market was
not accustomed to so large a quantity of these fish, they were not dis-
posed of at a good price. :

In January, 1891, this vessel made another trip to the Campeche
Banks, securing 15,000 pounds of fish. In the same month one trip
was nade to the reefs located about 85 miles south of Galveston Island,
from which about 5,000 pounds of fish were obtained.

The attempt to market red snappers from Texas ports has not met
with the success expected. This is due to several reasons, among which
might be mentioned the large size of the fish and the orders not having
been secured from the inland markets before their arrival.

Mr. Heck, who at present has a retail fish market in Corpus Christi,
states that he has fished from Vera Cruz in a 52-ton smack, with four
men, and obtained 16,000 pounds of red snappers in about five hours.
There is every reason to suppose that the development of this fishery
offers special inducements both to fishermen and capitalists.

From some of the ports along the Texas coastthe entire country west of
the Mississippi River may be cheaply reached and supplied with this
excellent fish. J’or this purpose Galveston affords superior facilities,
its freight and express accommodations being superior to those of any
other port on the Gulf of Mexico west of New Orleans.

At Galveston, under the present conditions and prices, the fish may
be taken from the vessel, iced, packed, and delivered in carload lots by
fast freight to points within 1,000 miles, and even to Chicago, for 14
cents per pound.* Neither Pensacola nor Mobile could readily com-
pete with Galveston in supplying the western half of the United States.

THE FLOUNDER FISHERY.

The taking of flounders by means of spears is engaged in during the
summer months by a few persons living at Galveston, Aransas Bay,
and Corpus Christi. This fishery is prosecuted mostly at night. The
men wade out in the shallow water carrying lighted torches and using
flounder spears or some similar instruments of capture. Many forms
of spears are used. Some of the fishermen employ an ordinary table
fork fastened to a stick, while others and probably the most successful

*At Galveston the price of ice ranges from $4 to $8 per ton. Fast-freight rates
from Galveston to Chicago are about $120 per carload. Besides ice, etc., one car
carries about 18,000 pounds of fish,

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. — 385

ones use a table fork without the extra stick, merely grasping it by the
handle. The catch, which is usually sold by the street peddlers, was
reported to have been 67,000 pounds in 1890. This was proportioned
among the various fishing localities, as follows:

Localities. Pounds. | Value.

Galveston Bay s.s-ct-: b scnce elke 27, 000 $1, 600
PENT ABIS ES ESN Pa En alain anfe wets = Shs on 36, 000 1, 440
Corpus) ChristivBay o.222.. 2222. 2:2 4, 000 160
Botan sue esti oes a 67,000 | 3, 200

THE CRAB FISHERY.

The taking of crabs on the coast of Texas scarcely amounts to the
importance of a commercial fishery, yet about 32,000-dozen are caught
and marketed each year by boys and other persons employed around
the wharves. These are taken by means of short hand lines and roughly
made trap nets. The catch is usually peddled about the cities, being
sold at the rate of 15 to 20 cents per dozen. The quantity of crabs
taken in Galveston Bay is about five-sixths of the catch of the entire
State. The number taken in the waters of Texas depends entirely on
the small local demand, and there seems to be no limit to the quantity
that might be obtained if they could be marketed. The seine fisher-
men take large quantities, but do not save them.

The foliowing table shows the number and value of the crabs re-
ported as taken at the various fishing localities in 1890:

Localities. Number.| Value.

325, 000 $4, 200 |

Galveston Bay. -
26, 400 440

Aransas Bay .-..

Corpus Christi 2 23, 600 400 ie
Laguna Madre...-...-.--.-.-.- ae 6, 600 55
tals 9852 2 aks 8 ok ete ete 381,600 | 5, 095

ALLIGATORS AND PORPOISKES.

While the capture of alligators is not a matter of commercial im-
portance in this State, yet they are somewhat plentiful in the swamps
and river bottoms, and a number are killed every year by sportsmen
and others. Several years ago, when their hides were not so cheap as
at present, the number taken was much greater than has been the case
during the past three or four years. The hunting for them has some-
what reduced their abundance.

Porpoises are numerous on the Texas coast, and large schools of
them are often seen in the bays as well as outside along the coasts.
They are very frequently observed playing in the cutwater of vessels
sailing in the Gulf of Mexico. It isreported, however, that they have
never yet been taken for commercial purposes.

H. Mis. 113 25

386 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
THE OYSTER INDUSTRY.
EXTENT AND IMPORTANCE.

For many years oysters have been taken in nearly all the estuaries
along the Texas coast. At low tide the wharf posts and pilings, the
buoy stakes, and the reefs left bare by the receding water, are seen to
be covered with small oysters. At times, particularly in the spring,
when heavy freshets occur and fill the bays with fresh water, many of
the oysters are destroyed; but this rarely happens to all the reefs in
any one bay during the same year, and within two or three years they
are usually as plentiful as before the occasion of such a disaster.

Until quite recently the taking of oysters was carried on in a very
irreguiar manner, but with the increase in transportation facilities and
the influx of capital along the coast the industry is rapidly developing
into respectable proportions.

In 1880 only 95,625 bushels of oysters were taken from all the bays
jn the State. In 1890 the catch amounted to 440,800 bushels, which
were sold by the fishermen for $127,990; 369 men were steadily engaged
in tonging, and over 100 more in transporting and marketing the catch ;
189 sailboats valued at $66,250, 1 steamer valued at $15,000, and other
apparatus to the value of $5,451, were.constantly used in this industry.
A number of general freighting boats were also employed in transport-
ing the catch for a short while during the busy season. The number
of oystermen reported in 1880 was 200, and the value of all sailboats,
skiffs, tongs, etc., was $17,750.

The oysters found on the Texas coast are the same species as those
occurring along the shores of the Middle States, differing only as the
oysters of one bay may from those of another in the immediate locality.
The oysters of the several bays of Texas differ as much from each other
as from those on the Atlantic coast. In general the shells, while not
like those of the “coon oysters” of some of the Southern States, are
rather long and of very irregular formation. In many places the growth
of oysters ona bed is several feet deep, forming ridges rising above the
surrounding grounds. In such places, as wellas on the muddy bottoms,’
they have a tendency to grow in clusters, often large enough to fill a
bushel basket; this results in great irregularity in the contour of the
shell. On account of this and the rank growth of the shell, caused by
the abundance of lime brought down by the rivers, the yield of ‘solid
meats” to the bushel is not as great as the average yield of the same
grade of oysters on the Atlantic coast. A “barrel” of Texas oysters
“opens out” on an average not over 6 quarts, while in the Middle States
the same quantity would contain from 8 to 10 quarts of meats. The
growth of the oysters is quite rapid, it requiring only about 550 “25-
year olds” to fill a3-bushel barrel. In the Chesapeake region it requires
fully 750 oysters of that age to equal this measurement. Some of the
Texas oysters are so large that less than 100 fill a3-bushel barrel; these
are found chiefly in the muddy sections of Matagorda and Mesquit bays.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 387

The quality of Texas oysters compares favorably with that of those
found on the Atlantic coast. They are quite similar to the ‘ Western
Shores” of the Chesapeake Bay, or those obtained from the ‘ Kettle
Bottoms” in the Potomac River. Inthe spring, on account of the large
quantities of fresh water that fill the bays, the oysters are frequently
rather fresh, but they are nearly always fat. Except from November to
March, the oysters in Texas spawn to a limited extent at all periods in
the year, but more particularly during the first half of May.

These oysters are quite free from a number of enemies and adverse
agencies common on the middle Atlantic coast. Starfish are not known
in Texas, drills are not abundant, and an excellent set of oysters is
secured nearly every year. But the Texas oyster industry has its own
troubles, the greatest being the destruction caused by heavy freshets
in the spring. All the rivers and estuaries of Texas, except the Rio
Grande and Brazos, empty their waters into the bays along the coast,
and every spring more or less damage is done to the oysters by the fresh
water with which some of the bays are filled for several days if the
wind be favorable for such a condition. Happily, however, it rarely
oceurs that the oysters on all the beds in any one bay are destroyed in
this manner.

Another trouble which exists here to a considerable extent is the
damage done by the drumfish. These are very numerous in all the
bays along this coast, and they do much injury, especially where oys-
ters have been taken from the reefs and bedded to await a more favor-
able market. Occasionally an oysterman builds a picket fence around
his bedded oysters to prevent damage from this source, but this prac-
tice is not general.

OYSTER BEDS, LOCATION, AREA, ETC,

In all the bays and at the mouths of the rivers along the coast where
the water is of suitable density more or less area of oyster reefs may
be found. On account of the earlier settlement and the larger popula-
tion in that vicinity, the reefs in Galveston Bay have been longer known
and more extensively fished on than those of any other section. Mata-
gorda Bay undoubtedly has at present the finest supply of oysters on
the Texas coast, although the area of natural beds in that bay known
to the fishermen is not so great as in Galveston Bay ; but owing to
poor shipping facilities, the Matagorda grounds are not so extensively
fished on as those in other bays. Corpus Christi has recently acquired
considerable prominence, and a greater development of the oyster re-
sources of that locality is probable. The inland water route connecting
the chain of bays from Matagorda to Corpus Christi will naturally unite
the oyster business of the towns on the shores, enabling each market at
all times to obtain a supply from any one of these bays.

The bottoms of the Texas bays may be classified generally as shift-
ing sand, muddy, grassy, and hard. The shifting sand oflers no

388 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

support whatever to the oysters, and permits them to sink and be
covered; hence none are found on bottoms of this nature. The muddy
ground is much better for their growth, and wherever oysters can
gain “a footing” on such bottoms they will live and thrive, provided
the density of the water be favorable. An excellent example of this is
found in the extreme eastern arm of Matagorda Bay and in some parts
of Mesquit Bay. Tlowever, these grounds are subject to an ocea-
sional deposit of mud, which may cover up and destroy the oysters.
But where they are able to live, it will be found all along the coast
that oysters on muddy bottoms attain a much larger and more rapid
growth than those resting on other grounds, and the flavor is generally
considered equally fine. But few oysters will be found on sea bottoms
abundantly covered with vegetable life, because the grass, ete., covers
up and smothers them even more effectually than the mud. Hard
grounds form the natural resting-places for oysters, and wherever the
water is suitable and the sea bottom is of this nature a generous supply
of these mollusks will almost certainly be found.

After inspecting a large part of the oyster reefs and making careful
inquiry of the best-informed fishermen, L estimate the area of the sea
bottom in this State that has produced oysters during the last ten years
as follows:

Area of

Localities, ‘Total area.| oyster-
grounds,
Sq. miles. | Sy. miles.
SSHING AKG Wwe wsicy sees apreicace sens 4

Galveston Bay....- a singicgnielets sateen te <8 565 50
DI OtOGONU a DAY. 26-5. ccac citeees ca eoe ane 440 45
Bapinitu Santo Bay. .<<<n5.0<ssnmes ce 61 6
Dall AU TOMIO WAY coc awcece oes cece ene 129 1
WEGQSGU ISBT een on aon cen htaain Games ox 23 3
AXONSAN DAY con eas- stage cc eeee acs eee 163 15
Corpus Christi Bay 2.5-2.ccacecser~ se 185 13
LOPONa NAOT sys cactus ke een cae s 811 3
2, 471 137

It is believed that this area of 87,680 acres represents as nearly the
extent of ground in Texas on which oysters have been found as can be
obtained without an actual survey of all the reefs in the State.

It is interesting to note in this connection that an oflicial report of
the State of Maryland, the greatest oyster-producing region in the
world, estimates the area of the natural oyster-grounds of that State,
excepting those of the Potomac River, to be about 123,520 acres. The
area of the natural oyster beds of Connecticut has by actual survey
been determined to be 19,911 aeres. The U.S. Fish Commission sur-
veys made in 1891 show 7738 acres now producing oysters in South
Carolina. In 1888 the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey determined
the area of natural oyster beds in North Carolina to be 8,237.9 acres,
and in Georgia in 1890 to be 1,756,8 acres,

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 389

Many of the well-known natural oyster reefs in Texas have not been
fished on for several years, and some have never been extensively re-
sorted to, because other grounds are more conveniently situated from
which the oystermen have been able to obtain a supply; and it is
highly probable that there are large areas of oyster reefs within the
bays along this coast of which the fishermen have no knowledge. No
search for them has been made; the finding of the beds is in most
instances caused by the centerboard of a boat grating on the oysters
when the boat is sailing over the bed. The average length of the shafts
used in the tongs is only 10 feet, and the fishermen do not ordinarily
attempt to obtain oysters at a greater depth than 8 feet; consequently
they know little of the animal life on deeper grounds.

VESSELS, APPARATUS, METHODS, ETC.

Making use of a local expression, when “grubbing oysters,” or in
other words when fishing for oysters, the outfit usually employed con-
sists of one sailboat, one or two skiffs, a pair of tongs for each fisherman,
several baskets, one or two small hammers for separating the clusters
of oysters or culling, and the necessary outfit for cooking and living on
board of the sailboats. The sailboats and skiffs employed do not
differ from those in general use along the coast; only four of them meas-
ure over 5 tons, the total measurement of these four being 40.01 tons.

The oysters are taken either by means of tongs or are picked up by
hand from such reefs as are exposed at low tide. During the season of
1890-91 one schooner, the C. Highland, used dredges experimentally for
taking oysters at Corpus Christi. Dredges have not been employed
in the other bays along the coast on account of the unevenness of the
reefs and alack of knowledge of the methods of handling these imple-
ments.

On April 11, 1891, a law was enacted prohibiting the use of any form
of oyster dredge in the waters of this State. It is possible that the
effect of this enactment may be injurious rather than beneficial.
Dredges could undoubtedly be used with excellent results in many
places, not only where the water is so deep that tongs are not avail-
able, but also where the oysters grow in ridges, which by action of the
dredge are torn down and spread over a greater surface, thus furnish-
ing a larger area for growth. An excellent example of this is found
in the Choptank River, on the eastern shore of Maryland. In this
river, prior to 1874, oysters were taken only by means of tongs. Since
that time the use of small dredges in a large portion of that river has
been permitted. By their action the reefs have been spread so as to cover
the greater part of the river bottom, and the catch of oysters has been
many times multiplied. If the taking of small oysters be properly
regulated, the only manner in which dredges destroy a reef is by re-
moving so many oysters that the reef is made lower than the surround-
ing mud and is covered thereby. But this “sinking” of a reef may be
caused also by the use of tongs; and for every oyster reef on the Atlantic

390 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

coast that has. been sunk by the use of dredges, grounds of much
greater area have been made productive by the same apparatus.

The tongs used by the oystermen cost about $6.50 per pair. The
shafts are ordinarily from 8 to 10 feet in length, and the rakes have
from 12 to 18 teeth on each side. Usually when taking oysters the
sailboats are anchored over the beds and the tongs are used from the
decks; but where reefs are exposed at low tide the oysters are picked
up by hand and placed in the skiffs, which are dragged up on the reefs.

Generally the oysters are culled on the beds as they are being tonged,
but at times this is done while the boat is running to market. Occa-
sionally, particularly in Galveston Bay, oysters are tonged during a
dull season and bedded in some suitable place to await a better market,
the right of the owner to these being usually respected by his neighbors.

Prior to 1879 no restrictions were placed on this industry, but on
March 8 of that year a law was enacted prohibiting the taking of
oysters “from the Ist of May to the 1st of September in any year.” On
April 2, 1887, the “ close time” was made “from the 1st of May to the
25th of August.” On April 11, 1891, this act was repealed and the
prohibited time reéstablished as it was prior to 1887, “‘ from the 1st day
ot May to the 1st day of September.” Since 1887 there has been a law
forbidding the taking of oysters in this State “less than 14 inches in
leneth net,” but this law is not generally observed.

No license is required and the State receives no direct revenue from
this industry, and is at no especial expense to support or protect it.

There are from two to four oystermen on each sailboat. The mem-
bers of a crew fish on shares, and the boat and apparatus count as one
man both in estimating expenses and profits. The captain does not
receive a greater Share of the profits than any member of his crew.
The average annual income of the oystermen of this coast is about $230,

Table showing the apparatus employed in the oyster industry in 1890.

Sailboats. Skiffs. Tongs.
Localities. Se | a 5 be a
No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. ven
San aarti 3
alvestoneBay ser d-uee ends elon see eee 127 is42, 900 210 | $2,140 240 | $1,600 |$46, 640
Miata POVOARB AY. toc. sec. eo Sohne ee 35 | 12, 400 45 | 380 84 546 | 13, 326
Aransas lhERy = Jama scnae SEER eeBnoE Seedearose| 11 | 4,400 17 | 170 29 175 | 4,745
Corpus/Christi Bay? = 2: 2.20) .-2.. scence see 13 6, 100 13 | 130 40 260 | 6,490
HPRIMAMNIAANG Sek. == oo coe nc ccobeeuetee 3 | 450 | 3 | 25 4 25 500
tale cesta tote ate oo cas See 189 | 66,250 | 288 | 2,845 | 397] 2,606} 71,701

| |

Table of products of the oyster industry for 1887, 1888, 1889, and 1890.

1887. 1888. 3 1889. 1890.

Localities. ——
Bushels. | Value.| Bushels.| Value. |} Bushels. | Value. | Bushels. | Value.
Galveston Bay. -..- 150, 049 $57, 425 223, 825 |$78, 983 210, 000 '$70, 400 235, 300 |$72, 140
Matagorda Bay ..-.; 46,000 | 16,900 | 53,700 | 15,450 | 66,000 | 19, 800 | 109,350 | 29, 200
Aransas Bay ...---. 20,400 | 4, 100 21,000 | 4,250 26,400 | 6, 600 26,550 | 6, 600
Corpus Christi Bay 36,000 | 8, 400 39, 000 9, 500 54, 000 12, 900 65,400 | 18, 350
Laguna Madre..... 3, 750 1, 450 3, 750 1, 450 4,200 | 1,700 4,200 | 1,700
Total. socceee 256,199 | 88,275 | 341,275 |109,633 , 360,600 111,400 | 440,800 |127, 990

eed

: THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 391
THE CULTIVATION OF OYSTERS.

With the present abundance and the low prices of oysters in Texas,
the necessity and facilities for their cultivation are not fully appreci-
ated. On account of the regularity with which a “set” is obtained
on the natural beds every year, there is not that urgent necessity for
a system of private oyster-culture that exists in some of the Middle
States. However, the policy of increasing the supply of oysters by
permitting and encouraging the private ownership of suitable grounds
for their growth is very properly being considered. Not only the mem-
bers of the State legislature but the oystermen have advanced ideas
on this subject.

The first oyster law operative in this State was enacted on March 8,
1879, with the following title: ““An act for the preservation of oysters
and oyster beds, and for protecting the rights of persons to the same,
and affixing penalties.” This bill provided for public and private
grounds. All natural oyster beds in navigable waters were made pub-
lic. All grounds, whether with or without oysters, in waters not navi-
gable were made the exclusive property of the owners of the adjoining
shores; and riparian owners were given control of all within 100 yards
of low-water mark. Of the remaining grounds every person was given
the right to preémpt without revenue to the State an area not exceed-
ing 200 yards square (84 acres), and no provision was made for return
of the ground to the State. The taking of oysters from such preémpted
grounds or other private areas without permission of the owner was
made a theft, punishable in accordance with the prevailing law for
such crimes.

To persons acquainted with the jealousy with which the States bor-
dering the Atlantic coast preserve their waters suitable for oyster-
culture this may seem a very generous policy; but it is on a par with
the same liberal spirit which this State has maintained for the settle-
ment of her idle agricultural lands, which has resulted in such great
prosperity. While one or two provisions of this law do not seem to be
the best possible, the substance of the enactment is excellent; and had
it continued operative, with an additional provision for systematic sur-
veys and the return of the preémpted ground to the State if not used
after a certain term of years for the purposes proposed in the act, it
would have provided for a steady and satisfactory growth of oyster
cultivation. But as the natural beds continued to produce an abundant
supply of oysters, few persons took advantage of the liberal provisions
of this enactment, although it continued operative until 1887.

In the meantime much information was made public concerning what
had been accomplished in oyster-culture in some of the Atlantic coast
States, particularly in New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island; and.
these reports, together with local factors, were influential in persuad-
ing the legislature in 1887 to pass another oyster bill, the provisions of
which required the preémptor to be an ‘ actual bona-fide citizen” of the

392 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

State, and permitted him to take for his own use an area not exceeding
538 yards square (nearly 60 acres) and to hold the same for a period
of twelve years. It also provided that no preémption should be per-
mitted “nearer than the extreme low-water mark in front of the shore
or water-front of another” without the consent of the owner of such
water-front. Within a short time after the passage of this bill many
acres of oyster-grounds were preémpted, and within four years papers
had been filed for about 30,000 acres of ground situated in Galveston,
Matagorda, Espiritu Santo, Aransas, and Corpus Christi bays.

No mention was made in the act of 1887 as to whether the preémpted
area may not be natural oyster-ground; neither did this enactment
expressly repeal the act of 1879, though it seems to embrace much of
the subject-matter of that act. Hence the doubt existed as to whether
this last enactment permitted the preémption of natural oyster beds.
Many persons thinking that it did permit such preémption spent time
and money in obtaining bottoms of that description, as well as unpro-
ductive ground; these were chiefly persons interested in the marketing
of oysters. Another class of men, mainly oystermen, while contending
that the provisions of the act of 1879 prohibiting the preémption of
natural oyster-grounds was still operative, yet fearing that the courts
might decide contrary to their ideas, took up such areas for their own
protection. A third class contented themselves with taking up grounds
on which oysters do not ordinarily grow, these being obtained partly for
planting oysters, partly for speculative purposes, and some (particularly
where the preémptor owned the adjoining water-front) merely to keep
out other persons.

This very unsatisfactory order of things existed when the State leg-
islature met in the spring of 1891, and an attempt was made at that
session to enact a satisfactory law, and the “oyster question” became
of some prominence in Texas. This resulted in the enactment of the
law at present in force, which provides for the preservation to the
public of all the natural reefs and permits the preémption by each bona-
fide citizen for fifteen years of an area not exceeding 538 yards square
(59.8 acres), not productive of oysters at the time of preémption; the
notice of preémption to be filed for record with the clerk of the county
in which the grounds may be situated, and its location to be designated
among other things by “four buoys anchored or four stakes firmly and
permanently planted, one at each corner of such location. * * *
Said stakes shall project at least 4 feet above ordinary tides, and shall
be not less than 6 inches in diameter if of wood or 3 inches in diameter
if of iron.’””*

No ground has yet been obtained under thislaw; all the areas now
held by individuals or corporations having been preémpted under the

*It seems that this would materially interfere with navigation and serious
objections would be made to permitting stakes 6 inches square to be “ firmly and
permanently planted” in navigable waters.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 393

unsatisfactory enactment of 1887. The natural oyster beds preémpted
are fished on by the public without molestation; and of the remain-
ing portion of the ground but a small area has ever been cultivated.

The most elaborate attempts at cultivation have been made in Gal-
veston Bay. In 1889 and 1890 one oyster company secured several
thousand acres of sea-bottom located partly in Galveston Bay and
partly in Matagorda Bay. During the last week of April in 1890 about
6,000 bushels of oyster shells were planted for the purpose of obtaining
a “set” on a part of the grounds in Galveston Bay. This is reported
as being the first attempt of the kind made on the Texas coast. On
May 10, of the same year, the shells were examined and found to have
eaught an abundant quantity of “spat.” On August 2 following the
young oysters were reported to be one inch and overin length. At the
time of my visit, in January of 1891, it was found that they had lived
well and would then “run” about 1,500 to the barrel.

In the winter of 1890-91 about 20,000 bushels of oyster shells were
planted, but with what success is not yet learned. The private
grounds in Galveston Bay are:also used for planting the small or
“eull” oysters obtained from the natural beds, about 45,000 bushels
having been planted there in 1890. That was the first year in which
this was done on so extensive a scale.

On the whole the cultivation of oysters in Texas waters gives every
assurance of success. While the area of natural oyster beds is com-
paratively large, yet these reefs do not seem to possess aS much re-
cuperative power as the majority of beds on the coast of the Middle
Atlantic States, and will more readily suffer from extensive fishing.
The destructive spring freshets will also probably hasten the cultiva-
tion of oysters, by causing the fishermen to remove the young oysters
from exposed places and to plant them in sheltered localities.

MAREETING OF FISHERY PRODUCTS. i

At nearly all the fishing ports in Texas a number of men give their
attention to the wholesale marketing of the products taken by the fisher-
men. These men have market houses (ranging in value from $500 to
$10,000) located on the shores of the bays, from which piers 100 to 400
feet in length usually run out into the water. The products handled
in these markets consist almost entirely of oysters and the catch made
by the bay-seine fishermen, with at times afew flounders, catfish, turtle,
and terrapins. The products of the other fisheries mostly find their way
into local consumption without going through the wholesale markets.

Hach marketman usually has a verbal agreement with a number of
fishermen for the purchase of their catch at a price fixed for the season.
He endeavors to so arrange the. fleet that a certain number of boats
may land their catch on each shipping day. When the fish are ac-
cepted by the dealer, the fishermen transfer them from the “live cars”
to the market-houses. While doing so the “poor fish,” that may have

394 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

been put in the cars while the seine was being emptied, are thrown
away, and the “bulls” are placed to one side. The remaining fish are
then weighed and turned over to the marketman at prices varying
from 3 to 5 cents per pound, according to the locality and the season.
For the “bulls” the marketmen generally give from 20 to 35 cents
each, without regard to the weight.

All the fish are sent from the market-houses while fresh. In prepar-
ing for shipment, they are either dressed or left “round,” to suit the
demands of the customer. They are packed in boxes and barrels, and
usually with two layers of fish and one layer of ice alternating, the fish
being placed backs to backs and bellies to the ice. The prices received
by the marketmen for the fish range from 53 to 8 cents per pound,
round weight. They are shipped mostly by express, and are marketed
throughout Texas, Mexico, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, ete.

Nearly all the marketing is done on a C. 0. D. basis, but few open
accounts being kept. For expressage the transportation companies
charge a fixed rate on the net weight of the fish, and add 25 per cent
to that amount for the weight of the box and ice. They also re-ice the
fish en route, when necessary, without extra charge.

Oysters are marketed in much the same manner and by the same
houses that handle the fish taken by the bay seines. They are sold by
the fishermen direct to the wholesale dealers. The price received for
the oysters varies, according to the locality, from 50 cents to $1.25 per
barrel, which is the unit of measure. There is no very active competi-
tion in the business, and but little variation exists in prices through-
out the season. Those sold at 50 cents per barrel are not closely
eulled. At Galveston, Corpus Christi, and Point Isabel the highest
prices rule, while the lowest prices prevail in Matagorda Bay. On the
reefs in the last-named bay as fine culled oysters as were to be found
on the Gulf coast were sold in the season of 1890-91 at 60 cents per
barrel; 90 cents is about the average price received by the fishermen
throughout the State. In 1890-91 this average price was somewhat
less on account of a large quantity of small and unculled oysters being
sold for planting on the preémpted grounds around Galveston.

On account of the cost of transportation but few oysters are shipped
from the coast in the shell, and prior to 1891 nothing had been done in
the way of canning steamed oysters. The shucking is done by men
and boys, who receive 25 cents per gallon, or in some places $1.25 per
1,000, and at other marketing centers they are paid for the time em-
ployed. Some of the shuckers come every season from the Atlantic
coast to engage in this work. Theshueked oysters are shipped in pails
holding from 1 to 10 gallons, and in hermetically sealed tin cans con-
taining from 25 to 200 in number. They are sent to all parts of the
country west of the Mississippi River, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas
receiving the larger part. The trade is rapidly increasing, and the
Texas oysters are successfully competing in those States with the pro-
duct from the Atlantic coast.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 39D

The following table exhibits the number of men and the amount of
capital employed in the wholesale marketing houses in 1890:

| No. of | Men em-|} Value of |

Cash

Egceieesy houses. ployed. | houses. | capital.

GAR VOSTON Se sacosters eels Sieiec eases s\a- = 5 | 5 85 | $63,500 | $30, 000
POPP VACR st. Jatoee chs ei ctowsecass oe 2 8 1, 000 1, 500
AV ANSASE EARN charac cea t< = Ss c2 a5 2 2 31 18, 000 5, 000
GonpusCUMushl 78s ie ose tas Zin. = 2. 2 | 25 17, 500 12, 000
redeviey 1 05f2) Sel Cee ober oreo RODS pEeSeee aes 1 | 2 41) Sereaoce
LUNE ae me Rub od Dao o Agee Oo ee 12 151 100, 500 48, 500

|

Prior to 1891, the only permanent establishment for canning or other-
wise preserving fishery products, was a turtle cannery at Fulton, on
the shore of Aransas Bay. About 1879, a factory for canning shrimps
was erected at Galveston Bay, and operated for one or two years.
While the beef-packeries were in operation at Aransas Bay some green
turtle were canned there; and in 1880 a small factory for canning fish
was erected at Rockport, now called Aransas Pass, but it was in ope-
ration only a short time. In the spring of 1891 factories for canning
oysters were established at Galveston and Corpus Christi.

The difficulty in disposing of an oversupply of fish, even at a reduced
price, at present militates against the successful prosecution of the fish-
eries of this coast. As yet, no one in the State makes a business of
salting fish. The general opinion along the coast is that on account
of the climate it is impracticable to salt the fish so that they will keep
for a reasonable length of time. But for many years trout, redfish,
sheepshead, mullet, etc., have been successfully preserved in this man-
ner in Florida; indeed, some of the fishing communities of that State
depend for support almost entirely on the sale of their salt fish; and
it seems that equal care would insure success on the Texas coast.

The drying of fish after the manner practiced in the Barataria region
of Louisiana might be resorted to with some suecess along portions of
this coast.

While some of the fish markets have ice manutactories connected
with them, by means of which the fish are kept for a few days, yet pre-
serving fishin cold storage for many weeks, as is done particularly
along the shores of the Great Lakes, has never been attempted in
Texas nor in any of the other States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico.
It is a question whether, with the present ruling prices, it will pay to
add this feature to the marketing of the more plentiful species of fish
occurring here, although it might be done with the higher-priced ones.

Another drawback to the prosperity of the fisheries is the difficulty
experienced in marketing many of the varieties of fish taken, which
consequently are thrown away as soon as caught. Among these might
be mentioned mullet, drum, and other good edible fish which are taken
in large quantities, but against which local prejudices exist.

396 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

PROTECTION AND CULTIVATION OF FISH.

As in the other States bordering the Gulf of Mexico, little attention
has been given to the cultivation and preservation of fish in Texas, and
this special branch of legislation seems to have been quite ignored in
the State until 1879. On April 17 of that year a bill was enacted “ for
the preservation of fish and to build fishways and fish-ladders.” This
act required that all persons who six months after its passage might
erect any milldams or other obstructions in the waters of the State
should construct fish-ladders and keep them in repair so that at all
seasons of the year the fish might ascend above such obstructions to
deposit their spawn. Further provision was made in this act for the
appointment by the governor of a fish commissioner to serve without
compensation, who should see that all individuals and corporations
constructed and kept in repair such suitable fishways. As no appro-
priation went with this enactment, either to encourage fish-culture or
to compensate the commissioner, little benefit could be expected.

During the next session of the legislature, which occurred in 1881,
another enactment was made providing a salary for the commissioner
and appropriating $5,000 annually for the following two years, to be
expended in the cultivation and distribution of fish in the rivers and
ponds of the State. The amount appropriated for this purpose for the
two years following the session of the legislature in 1883 was $10,400.

By act of March 20, 1885, the office of State fish commissioner was
abolished, and an appropriation was made during the same session for
winding up the affairs of his office. Since that time the State govern-
ment has made no special effort to stock the waters with fish.

Shortly prior to and during the few years following the enactment of
1881 numbers of young shad, salmon, rainbow trout, carp, etc., were
planted, chiefly for experimental purposes, in Texas waters by the
U.S. Fish Commission. The shad were placed mostly in the Sabine, Col-
orado, Brazos, San Antonio, and Trinity rivers. But few instances have
been reported of the return of any of the shad here planted. The few
California salmon deposited seem to have entirely disappeared. The
rainbow trout are reported as having done well. The carp-planting has
been a complete success; the rivers, being mainly sluggish and muddy,
seem to be fully adapted to this fish.

In the spring of 1890, 745 lobsters, from 7 to 10 inches long, were sent
to Galveston by the U. S. Fish Commission to be planted in the Gulf
near that city; while it is reported that two or three of these have since
been obtained, the experiment can not be considered a success.

The stocking of the streams in Texas with fish is a subject of much
importance, of which fact the General Government has recently shown
its appreciation by providing for the establishment of a hatchery in the
interior of the State. With much of her territory far removed from
salt water, and with a length of river course probably greater than
that of any other State in the Union, superior inducements are offered
for the cultivation of fresh-water fish.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. | 397
GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COAST.

The length of the Texas coast line, following its sinuosities, is about
2,000 miles, but in a direct line itis a trifle less than 400 miles. The
mainland is for the most part bordered by a chain of low sandy islands
and peninsulas, each having the same general trend as the coast, the
most important of which are: Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Island,
Matagorda Peninsula, Matagorda Islands, St. Joseph Island, Mustang
Island, and Padre Island. On nearly all of these there are a few
scattering houses, the homes of men employed in fishing, cattle-raising
the Life-Saving Service, ete. There are no important settlements, how-
ever, on any of them except Galveston Island, on which the city of
Galveston is located.

Between the mainland and the outlying chain of islands and penin-
sulas are situated a number of bays, viz, Galveston, Matagorda, Es-
piritu Santo, San Antonio, Mesquit, Aransas, Corpus Christi, and
Laguna Madre; also Sabine Lake, in the extreme eastern part of the
State; this, however, is an extension of the Sabine River, rather than
a bay. The combined area of these bays with their estuaries is 2,471
square miles. In nearly every instance the outlets of the bays are sit-
uated at the extreme southwest end.

From Matagorda Bay through Espiritu Santo,San Antonio, Mesquit,
and Aransas Bays to Corpus Christi Bay, a distance of 130 miles, there
is an inside route permitting tle passage of vessels drawing 3 feet of
water and connecting advantageously the industries of these six bays.
The remaining bays, Galveston Bay, Laguna Madre, and Sabine Lake
are isolated and without inland water routes.

SABINE LAKE. -

The easternmost fishing locality in Texas is Sabine Lake, which
forms a part of the boundary line between this State and Louisiana.
This lake is merely an expansion of the Sabine River just before its
entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Its southernmost end is about 4
miles from the Gulf, with which it is connected by a channel known as
Sabine Pass. The length of the lake is 19 miles, its greatest width
about 9 miles, and the area is 94 square miles.

Sabine River is about 400 miles long and forms about 200 miles of
the boundary line between Louisiana and Texas. Three miles below
the mouth of the Sabine River the Neches empties into Sabine Lake.
The length of this river is about 270 miles. Both of these rivers drain
a large area of territory. Hence the water of Sabine Lakeis compara-
tively sweet, especially during the spring freshets.

308 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Little attention is given to fishing, not more than a sufficient supply
for local consumption being taken. Seines, cast» nets, trot lines, and
hand lines are used to a limited extent. Fourteen men depend on the
fisheries for a living, and twenty others engage in them at times. The
catch of fish in 1890 amounted to 71,700 pounds, for which the fishermen
received $4,038.

On Taylor Bayou and at Keath Lake Gully are located two companies
of seine fishermen, each company using one small sailboat of about 3
tons. During the winter the cateh consists mostly of catfish, buffalo
or suckers, and fresh-water drum. In the summer, when the water in
the lake isnot so fresh, the most abundant species taken are redfish,
trout, and sheepshead. The bay-seine fishermen are reported as taking
in their seines about 100 dozen terrapins annually.

In the winter and during the spring freshets half a dozen men living
at the head of the lake fish for catfish with trot lines. From 150 to
500 hooks (about 4 feet apart) are attached to each line. The length of
the snoods is about 18 inches and the cost of such lines ranges from $3
to $10. About 12,000 pounds of fish are annually. taken in this manner.
The average weight of the catfish is about 20 pounds, while some
attain a weight of 75 pounds. The number of trot lines in use at pres-
ent is not so great as it was seven or eight years ago, but there were
no seines used here at that time.

A few cast nets and hand lines are at times used by men living on
the shores of Sabine Lake, the catch being only sufficient for home con-
sumption. The quantity taken annually by means of hand lines is about
10,000 pounds; the catch by cast nets is much less, amounting probably
to about 3,000 pounds.

On account of the slight density of the water no oysters are found
here, except occasionally in the lower end of the lake. In 1887 some
were found which were almost large enough for market, but they were
destroyed by the freshets in the spring of 1888. The reefs on which
these oysters appear are at the extreme southern end of the lake and
directly in the “pass.” They cover an area of from 2 to 3 miles long
and about three-quarters of a mile wide, the length running north and
south.

GALVESTON BAY.

Leaving Sabine Lake and going southwestwardly along the coast
there are no fishing localities until Galveston Bay is reached, a distance
of about 60 miles. Between Sabine Lake and Galveston Bay the coast
is entirely without harbors, and is uninhabited except by ranchmen.

Galveston Bay is the second largest in area and commercially the
most important of the bays on the Texas coast. It lies between the main-
land and Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula. East Bay, Trinity
Bay, and West Bay are tributary to Galveston Bay. Much of the—
waters of West Bay, however, find an outlet into the Gulf of Mexico

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. - 399

through San Luis Pass. Hast Bay lies between Bolivar Peninsula and
the mainland = It is 15 miles long and varies in width from 1 to 7 miles.
The average depth of water in this tributary is from 5 to7 feet. Trinity
Bay lies north of Galveston Bay, and into this tributary the Trinity,
San Jacinto, and smaller rivers empty. On account of its distance from
the sea and the number of rivers emptying into it, the waters of Trinity
Bay are quite fresh. The average depth of water in this tributary is
between 9 and 11 feet. West Bay separates Galveston Island from the
mainland, and is about 24 miles in breadth and 23 miles in length. It
is very shallow, being at no point more than 7 or 8 feet in depth and in
some places is forded by cattle. Oyster Bay, sometimes called Christ-
mas Bay, is a tributary of West Bay, and most of its waters find out-
let through San Luis Pass. The area of Galveston Bay and its tribu-
taries is estimated at 565 square miles, Laguna Madre with an area
approximating 811 square miles being the only larger body of water
in Texas.

The abundance of fish in Galveston Bay seems to have somewhat
decreased during the past several years, and the crews seining here
catch on an average a less quantity per seine than those in the other
important fishing sections along the coast. Although quantities of
fish are shipped into the interior from Galveston Bay, yet at times the
catch is not sufficient to supply the local demand, and large consign-
ments are received from other fishing ports. The great bulk of the
catch is sold at Galveston City, but occasionally some of the boats run
up Buffalo Bayou and dispose of their catch at Houston, while a few
fish are sold at Wallisville, Harrisburg, and other villages on the shores
of Galveston Bay. More of the so-called ‘cheap fish” are saved by
Galveston Bay fishermen than elsewhere along this coast. This is due
to the larger local demand among poor people.

The total number of professional fishermen living around Galveston
Bay and its tributaries in 1890 was 440. Of these, 284 lived on the
island of Galveston, 52 on Bolivar Peninsula, 48 at Buffalo Bayou and
Oyster or Christmas Bay, and some on the mainland between Virginia
Point and Chocolate Bayou. All of these men depended on oystering
and fishing for a living, except those on Bolivar Peninsula and on the
middle and western part of Galveston Island, who gave attention to
truck farming as well-as to the products of the bay. Besides these
regular fishermen, about 150 men engage at times in fishing with cast
nets, crab pots, etc., and 96 men were constantly employed in trans-
porting and marketing the fishery products.

~The fisheries prosecuted.—The bay-seine fishery and the oyster indus-

try are the two principal fisheries prosecuted in this locality, and the
persons engaging in one of these do not as a rule engage in the other.
Several minor fisheries are also carried on, as the surf-seine the shrimp,
flounder, crab, and cast-net fisheries, and the line fishery for red suap-
pers and other fish.

400 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The buy-seine fishery.—In 1890 there were 165 men employed in the
bay-seine fishery. They used 60 seines valued at $7,550, 58 sail craft
worth $19,690, and skiffs and life cars to the value of "83, 150. The

catch amounted to 1,418,500 pounds, for which the fishermen received
$72,999. Of the sail craft, only two measured over 5 tons, the combined
tonnage of these being 12.93 tons.

The wagon or surf-seine fishery.—In 1890 twelve “ wagon” or surf
seines were owned and fished here chiefly by the truck farmers, who
sold their produce in Galveston. No boats are used in this fishery, and
the catch is hauled to market in wagons; hence the name for this
fishery. The surf seines are made nearly similar to the bay seines; the
chief difference is that they are not quite so long, being only 50 to 60
fathoms in length. The depth is from 44 to 6 feet, and the value is
about $80 each. They are hauled in the surf on the south side of the
island, and two men are required to each seine. The catch, which
amounts to about 40,000 pounds in each year, consists principally of
sand trout (Cynoscion nothus), croakers, and large redfish, with a much
smaller quantity of many other species. As these species are found
in greater abundance in the bays, this fishery has not become very
important. The fishermen, or in many instances their wives, take the
catch to Galveston, where they sell it from house to house about the
city. On account of the manner in which they are disposed of, these
fish usually return to the fishermen a higher price per pound than those
taken by the bay seines. Galveston Island is the only place in Texas
at which these seines were found in use.

Spearing of flounders.—F lounders are taken from the waters of Galves-
ton Bay at night by the method known as “jacking,” which is practiced
all along the Atlantic coast. No one depends on this fishery, and it is
prosecuted only during the summer months. About 30 men around
Galveston Bay engage in it at times. The men go out in the shallow
water “afoot,” carrying a torch in one hand and a spear in the other.
When a flounder is discovered it is picked up by means of the spear
and placed in the bag or basket carried on the arm holding the torch.
The quantity of flounders taken annually in this manner in Galveston
Bay is about 25,000 pounds, and the price received by the fishermen is
about 6 cents per pound. There is always a good demand in the mar-
kets for these fish.

The cast-net fishery.—About ninety-five cast nets are operated by as
many persons from the docks, ete., around Galveston. ‘These nets are
worth on an average about $3.75 each, the value ranging from $2 to $8,
according to the size, which varies fret 4 to 10 feet in diameter. The
nets are used only at odd times by the wharf laborers and other
persons when work is slack. The catch amounts to about 28,000 pounds
annually and consists chiefly of mullet, with a small quantity of other
fish and some shrimp. When not consumed at home the fish are
generally peddled about the city by the fishermen, who receive on an
average about 6.cents per pound for them. .

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 4O1

The hook-and-line fisheries.—Aside from the red-snapper fishery, but
few fish are taken by hooks and lines in the vicinity of Galveston, and
these mainly by sportsmen and wharf-idlers, the latter usually fishing
off the docks with short lines. Occasionally some fish are taken in the
surf on the south side of Galveston Island by means of long hand lines.
The method employed is common on the Atlantic coast from New Jer-
sey to Florida for taking many varieties of fish. The line is several
hundred feet in length, and has a hook and weight at one end. The
other end is fastened to a peg driven in the sand near the water’s edge,
or to one arm of the person using it. After coiling the line on his arm
the fisherman goes back a hundred feet or more from the water. Then,
running rapidly toward the surf and swinging the weighted hook around
his head, he throws it far out into the water. Immediately the line is
drawn in, either hand over hand or by the fisherman running up the
bank. The fish taken in this manner are usually much larger than the
average of the same species taken in the seines. The most abundant
are redfish, trout, and occasionally bluefish, the latter species being
more numerous during the last three or four years. The quantity taken
in this manner and from the bay is about 35,000 pounds annually.

It was formerly customary for a number of the harbor and freight
boats around Galveston to make several fishing trips during the year
to the red-snapper banks off Galveston Island. Ordinarily these trips
were made during the dull season and were engaged in as much for
pleasure as for profit. Some of the boats, however, made quite a busi-
ness of it. In this way, during certam years, as much as 200,000
pounds of red snappers were brought to Galveston. This fishery began
about 1881 and reached a maximum in 1885. The schooner Hdna C.,
tonnage 23.06, was one of the best boats engaged in this fishery, but
during a storm on September 18, 1885, while on a trip to the banks, this
vessel was lost with all on board. Since then few boats have engaged
to any extent in taking red snappers. In each of the years 1887, 1888,
and 1889 there were three regular freight vessels that made trips to
the banks, while in 1890 there were only two such vessels. The crew
usually consisted of five men to each vessel. The catch of 1889 was
reported to be 22,000 pounds, while in 1890 it was only 4,800 pounds.

The oyster industry.—Galveston Bay has a greater area of natural
oyster beds than any other bay in Texas, but the reefs are not so plen-
tifully supplied with oysters as some others in the State. This is to
some extent due to overfishing. In 1890 215 men living on the shores
of Galveston Bay were en gaged in oystering, using 127 sailboats valued
at $42,900, and other apparatus valued at $3,740. The catch amounted
to 235,300 bushels of oysters, for which the fishermen received $72,140.

_Asmallpartofthiscatch was obtained from Matagorda Bay by Galveston

oystérmen who fished there for a few weeks. None of the sail craft

employed in the oyster fishery of Galveston Bay measure over 5 tons.

The best grounds in Galveston Bay proper lie off Shoal and Dollar

points on the western side of the bay, and off Stevenson and Smith
H, Mis, 113 26

402 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

‘points on the east side, The opening of the canal from Brazos River to
West Bay is supposed to have had a beneficial effect on the oysters of
that bay, as the fresh water constantly flowing in preserves an equality
in the density of the water of that region.

It is estimated that there are about 50 square miles of natural oy nine
grounds in Galveston Bay and its tributary bays. The quantity of
oysters taken from this area varies greatly, depending largely upon
the facilities for obtaining a supply from Matagorda Bay, Morgan City,
and elsewhere. In 1890 about 50,000 bushels of unculled oysters were
taken from the natural reefs for planting purposes, thus advancing the
catch for that year slightly beyond its usual proportions.

The following table exhibits the quantity of oysters taken during
each of the past four years by the oystermen of Galveston Bay:

Year. | Bushels.} Value.
USB Ree EO och oe erento 155, 000 | $60, 050
TESS cee 6S tee LR ee ee 220, 000 78, 000
TREO) et ke Soe eee ee 210, 000 70, 400
USO ee Poets area | 235,300} 72, 140

The shrimp fishery.—Ten to fifteen years ago many sbrimp were found
in Galveston Bay, and a factory was erected for the purpose of canning
them. In 1880 this establishment prepared 75,000 1-pound cans of
shrimp, but a great decrease in the quantity necessitated the closing
of the factory a few years later, and at present only enough are obtained
for daily supply in the local market. These shrimp are taken by seines
similar to the ordinary bay seines, except the mesh is much smaller.
There were ten of these seines in use in Galveston Bay in 1890. Their_
average value is about $75, and the services of two men are required
for the operation of each one. One small sailboat worth about $80 is
used by each “shrimping” crew. The fishery is prosecuted in much the _
same manner as the bay-seine fishery. According to reports, the catch
during the past ten years has steadily decreased. In 1888 it was 15,000
buckets, in 1889 it was only 13,500, while in 1890 it was still farther
reduced to 9,200 buckets. They are sold fresh, the wholesale price

ranging from 35 to 55 cents per bucket, about 15 pounds to the bucket.
The average size of these shrimp is scarcely so great as of those taken
in the Barataria region of Louisiana, or at Tampico in Mexico, at each
of which places large quantities are obtained.

The crab fisherya—While the taking of crabs in Galveston Bay is
scarcely considered an industry, yet from 25,000 to 30,000 dozen are
annually caught in trap nets and by hand lines. About 75 crab traps,
worth about $4 per dozen, are used, as well as a quantity of short, cheap
hand lines. The crab traps are made in a rough manner by the persons |
who fish them; the ordinary form consists of a barrel hoop, to which |
is attached a net bag. Bait is tied in the center of the hoop, and the |
trap is lowered from the wharf, to which it is fastened by means of a |

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 403

small cord. A number of times daily it is visited, raised, and the catch

‘removed. The crabs are fished for by the negroes and the poor people
about the wharves, who for the time find nothing else todo. The
catch is usually peddled around the city, the price received averaging
about 15 cents per dozen.

Fish and oyster markets.—The only wholesale fish and oyster markets
on the shores of Galveston Bay are located at the city of Galveston,
where there were in 1890 five wholesale dealers who handled these
products. Besides these there were at Galveston also many others who,
handled oysters to a limited extent, while nearly all of the groceries in
the city, as well as many restaurants, received from one to ten barrels
daily from the fishermen. The property occupied by the five whole-
sale houses in that year was valued at $63,500, and 85 men were given
employment.

When taking their catch to market the greater number of the Gal-
veston fishermen run their boats into “ vegetable slip,” where the catch
is sold in open market either to the wholesale dealers or to the many
retail grocers or restaurant keepers.

It is an interesting sight to see the fishermen together with the truck-
farmers who take their produce to market in small sailboats, as they
congregate at their respective places in the “slip” every morning while
awaiting buyers for their wares. In this place at times there may be
counted nearly a hundred sailboats, constituting a regular “‘ mosquito
fleet.” The list of their produce for sale is almost endless. One may
find here a load of oysters, there potatoes, in another boat cauliflower
and pigs, chickens here and terrapins there, ducks and crabs, fish and
milk.

For oysters the marketmen pay from 75 cents to $1.50 per barrel, the
average in 1890 being about $1. The greater part of the oysters were
handled by the Galveston Packing Company, which, in addition to those
secured from this bay, obtained large supplies from Matagorda Bay.
The oysters are sold by the marketmen in various quantities and con-
ditions. The local demand usually requires oysters in the shell, while
the inland trade is mostly for the opened oysters. When sold in the
shell the unit of measure is the barrel, holding about 3 bushels; the
opened oysters are sold by the number, although there is a growing
tendency to sell by the gallon. The openers are generally paid at the
rate of $1.25 per 1,000, but one house has begun, instead, to pay 25
cents per gallon of solid meats. As the oysters are opened they are
separated into two grades, selects and standards, They are then placed
with ice in tubs holding from 1 to 5 gallons, or in tin cans, the capacity
of which ranges from 25 to 200 oysters. The tin cans are hermetically
sealed and shipped in boxes containing ice. They are sent into the
interior by express, and the trade, which is growing rapidly, extends
throughout Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and other Western
States, and even so far distant as Chicago.

404 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

For most of the fish the wholesale marketmen usually give 6 cents
per pound in the winter, and during the summer months sometimes as
low as 4 cents per pound, and even less. These prices are for round
fish. When shipped inland they are packed in ice and sent by ex-
press. The pompano, Spanish mackerel, flounder, robalo (Centropomus
undecimalis), and a few other choice var iétios, are sold almost entirely
for consumption in the city, and at fancy prices, often as much as 50
cents per pound being obtained for some of them. The marketing
_ houses also handle shrimp, turtle, terrapins, etc., as they may be taken
by the fishermen, which is always in limited quantities.

MATAGORDA BAY.

Leaving Galveston Bay and going westward along the coast, at the
mouths of most of the estuaries there are a few oyster reefs, from which
at times the people living at the scattering hamlets and plantations
obtain a “mess” of oysters. At Oyster Creek, Brazos River, San Ber-
nard River, and Caney Bayou a few fish are taken by means of lines;
but no established commercial fishery is met with until Matagorda Bay
is reached, the entrance to which (Pass Cavallo) is about 125 miles from
Galveston City.

This bay is inclosed between Matagorda Peninsula and the ninth Se
Its only channel to the Gulf of Mexico is through Pass Cavallo, which
affords uncertain passage for vessels drawing 9 feet of water. Mata-
gorda Peninsula, which separates Matagorda Bay from the Gulf, is 50
miles long and varies in width from a few rods to 14 miles. It is quite
low and sandy, and is in many places subject to an occasional overflow,
permitting the waters of the bay to unite with those of the Gulf of
Mexico.

The Colorado, Navidad, Lavaca, and other rivers, all combined drain-
ing an area of over 50,000 square miles, empty their waters into Mata-
gorda Bay. This would render the water in the bay quite fresh, were
it not for the large channel at Pass Cavallo.

Matagorda Bay is about 53 miles long, and the width varies from 2
to 14 miles. With its tributaries, Lavaca, Carankaway, Trespalacios,
and smaller bays, it covers an area approximating 440 square miles.
The depth of water in the bay varies from a few inches to 14 feet. It
averages from 10 to 12 feet, except in the eastern end of the bay, where
the ordinary depth is from 4 to8 feet. Under the influence of a strong
southeast wind this bay becomes exceedingly rough, and during the
last six years more fishing boats have been wrecked here than in all
the remaining bays on the Texas coast.

The fisheries prosecuted.—The extent of the fisheries of Matagorda
Bay has varied with the prosperity of the towns along its shores, and
at no time has it been so great as the bay is capable of sustaining.
The fish and oyster trade in 1884 and 1885 reached considerable pro-
portions, but owjng to the abandonment of the bay by the Morgan line

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. ~ 405

of steamers in 1886 it very considerable decreased in the years follow-
ing. In 1890 the fisheries of this bay gave steady employment to 109
men and supported 30 others for a few weeks. The property invested
in the fisheries was valued at $15,196. The total weight of fishery
products amounted to 893,200 pounds, for which the fishermen received
$33,693. Of this amount $29,200 was obtained from the sale of oysters,
‘the taking of which constitutes by far the most important fishery in
the bay. The bay-seine fishery, although of little importance, ranks
second in extent among the fisheries of Matagorda Bay. A few cast
nets are used, and some hook-and-line fishing is done.

"The bay-seine fishery. Seventeen men sailing from Port Lavaea en-
gaged in the bay-seine fishery in 1890. They used five sailboats, valued
at $1,650, and seines, skiffs, and live-fish cars to the value of $610. The
catch in that year amounted to 102,750 pounds, for which the fishermen
received $3,593. In 1889 an equal force was employed in this fishery,
and the catch amounted to 88,800 pounds, valued at $3,110. The fishing-
grounds are situated in the shoal waters of Matagorda Bay and its
estuaries, and in the eastern part of Espiritu Santo Bay. The eatch is
landed at Port Lavaca, from which place it is distributed through-
out the State by the wholesale dealers. Every year several crews of
seine fishermen from Galveston go to Matagorda Bay to fish, sending
their catch home by the steamer Cumberland. The supply of fish is
much greater than the present market demands, and the fishermen are
frequently idle for several days at a time because the markets are over-
stocked.

Cast-net, hook-and-line, and other jfisheries.—A bout thirty cast nets are
used at times on the shores of Matagorda Bay by the regular seine and
oyster fishermen and by other persons. The catch consists chiefly of
mullet, shrimp, and a few trout (squeteague), and amounts to about
15,000 pounds annually, the usual price for which is 3 or 4 cents per
pound. No commercial hook-and-line fishery has been established at
Matagorda Bay, yet about 10,000 pounds of various species of fish are
annually taken by sportsmen and others. These consist chiefly of red-
fish, trout, jewfish, ete., and the catch is almost entirely used for home
consumption.

Quantities of green turtle are taken in Matagorda Bay by the Aran-
sas Bay fishermen, but no one living in this section engages in fishing
for them. Shrimp also are found, but except the few taken in the cast
nets none are brought to the settlements.

The oyster industry.—The finest oyster reefs in Texas are located in
Matagorda Bay. The total area of productive grounds in this bay at
present known to the fishermen approximates 45 square miles. There
are doubtless many beds which have not yet been discovered. The
best-known oyster-grounds are Tiger Island reef, Trespalacios reef,
Old Town grounds, and those in the extreme eastern section of the
bay, which are sometimes known as the Live Oak grounds,

A406 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The oysters obtained from Tiger Island reef are probably not sur-
passed by any on the Texas coast, either in abundance, condition, or
shipping qualities. This reef is located about 3 miles from the mouth
of the Colorado River, and about 28 miles from Pass Cavallo, the outlet
of the bay, and where the fresh water from the river mingles with the
salt water of the bay. The depth of water on this reef ranges from 6
inches to 6 feet. Indeed, at times during the prevalence of a strong
northeast wind some portions of the reef are uncovered with water for
several days, and yet the oysters continue in excellent condition. The
formation of the shell.of the oysters on this reef is somewhat peculiar.
It is rather smooth on the outside, is very hard, quite deep and massive,
without sharp edges, and somewhat resembles the shell of the quahog
or southern clam. This is doubtless largely due to the great quantity
of lime in the water. Many of the counties in the valley of the Colorado
River are noted for their liberal deposits of limestone, and great quan-
tities of it are washed down the river and over these oyster-grounds.

The Trespalacios grounds are located about 15 miles W. by SW.

from Tiger Island reef and just north of Half Moon reef. -The oysters
‘on these grounds differ in many respects from those of Tiger Island
reef; they are longer, with rougher shells, and usually are not in so
good condition. It is reported that several years ago the oysters on
Trespalacios grounds “died out,” on account of an overabundance of
fresh water. After that time oysters were not fished for on these
reefs until the spring of 1891, when a few were taken.

The Old Town grounds are located off Old Town, a short distance
north of the former site of Indianola. Prior to 1875 very fine oysters
were obtainable from these reefs, but they gradually disappeared and
the location of the reefs was almost forgotten. During the winter of
1890-91 it was discovered that these beds were again productive and
they were fished on at the time of my visit. These oysters resemble in
appearance and flavor those obtained from the Trespalacios grounds.

In the muddy grounds east of the Tiger Island reef many clusters
of very large oysters are found. These grounds are frequently called
the Live Oak or East Matagorda grounds. They cover a large area, but
the oysters are very much scattered. These oysters are finely flavored
and very large, some of the individual meats weighing 4 ounces or more.

On account of the small demand and the poor marketing facilities,
the oyster industry of Matagorda Bay has not reached. a full develop-
ment. The home market requires only a small quantity. The nearest
shipping-point to the Tiger Island reef is Port Lavaca, over 40 miles
distant, and the facilities offered at that point are limited. ;

The number of men living*on the shores of Matagorda Bay and en-
gaged in taking oysters in 1890 was reported to be 84. They used 35
sailboats valued at $12,400, and 45 skiffs which, with the tongs used,
were valued at $926. The catch amounted to 109,350 bushels of oys-
ters, for which the fishermen received $29,200,

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. . A07

The following table shows the catch of oysters during the past four
years by the fishermen of this bay:

Year. | Bushels.| Value.
hyena a ee 48, 000 $13, 000
PRU Ree melee ne ea hess. ety 53, 700 15, 450
TeRQue son ty ta | 65,850] 19,800
TRO) ee eee RS ee 5. | 109, 350 29, 200

Many oysters have also been obtained from this bay during each of
the past four years by men hailing from Galveston, Aransas Pass, and
Corpus Christi; but their catch has been included in the figures for the
localities in which the oystermen lived.

Marketing houses.—The only wholesale fish and oyster markets on
the shores of Matagorda Bay are the two located at Port Lavaca.
Here 8 men are employed and the value of property occupied is *
about $1,000. The quantity of fishery products handled is quite small,
and the marketing methods employed do not materially differ from
those practiced at other points on the coast. As a site for an oyster
cannery this bay is probably not surpassed by any on the coast of the
Gulf of Mexico. The best oysters gathered there in 1890 were sold on
the reefs at 60 cents per barrel to vessels making occasional trips, and
if the oystermen could have disposed of their catch every night they
would doubtiess have been willing to accept 50 cents per barrel at the
reefs. These oysters cost delivered at Corpus Christi and Galveston
about $1 per barrel. :

ESPIRITU SANTO BAY.

Espiritu Santo Bay, which lies southwest of Matagorda Bay, is 15
miles long and averages about 4 miles in width. Including its tribu-
taries, Shoalwater Bay, Pringes Lake, etc., its limits extend over an
area of about 61 square miles. It probably contains more islands than
any other bay on the Texas coast. By means of two bayous it hag out-
let into Pass Cavallo, the outlet of Matagorda Bay. No rivers empty
into Espiritu Santo Bay, but at its western end it receives the greater
portion of the fresh water of San Antonio Bay, consequently the water
lrere is quite fresh, and oysters occur only in very limited quantities,
if atall. Inthe eastern half of the bay, where the water is not so fresh,
the conditions are very favorable to oysters. The depth of water in
this section is from 1 to 8 feet, and averages about 5 feet. In this shoal
water ordinarily the ground is not muddy and appears to be quite free
from shifting sand. The area of the oyster reefs is approximated at 6
Square miles.

No settlements exist on the shoreof Espiritu Santo Bay. The seine
fishermen from Port Lavaca, and occasionally those from Aransas Bay,
fish here. Port Lavaca is about 25 miles distant and Aransas Pass

408 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

about 50 miles. This bay has a local reputation for an abundance of
fish, but is rather far from marketing centers.

SAN ANTONIO BAY.

Directly west of and emptying the greater portion of its waters into
Espiritu Santo Bay lies San Antonio Bay. Its area approximates 12
square miles. Into it empty the Guadalupe and San Antonio rivers
and smaller streams. The waters of the bay are comparatively fresh
and no oyster reefs whatever are found there, except in the extreme
western portion, the oysters of which are frequently destroyed by spring
freshets, and are rarely taken by the fishermen.

On the Guadalupe River, a few miles above its mouth, some catfish
are taken by fishermen from Aransas Bay. Aside from this, because
of the lack of settlements along the shores, there are no fisheries pros-
ecuted in San Antonio Bay. Its fresh water will probably prevent
the ordinary fisheries of this coast from ever being extensively carried
on here.

MESQUIT BAY.

This beautiful sheet of water forms connection between San Antonio
and Aransas bays, and covers an area of about 23 square miles. Be-
sides its outlet into Aransas Bay, it has a narrow passage to the Gulf
of Mexico through Cedar Bayou. The depth of water is from 1 to 6
feet, and averages about 4 feet; but in the channel among the islands
a depth of 15 or more feet may be found. The bottom is mostly covered
with thick mud. There are several shoals or narrow places in the chan-
nel through this bay that very much impede navigation and frequently
cause even the shallow fishing craft to await a higher tide or a change
of the wind.

In many places in this bay are found small reefs from which fine oys-
ters may beobtained. In fact, wherever the ground is sufficiently firm
for the oysters to “ gain a footing” they appear to do well. At low tide
one mgy go on many of the small exposed reefs and pick up a bushel
or more of oysters. Instances are reported in which 30 bushels of fine
oysters have, in three hours, been picked up by one man from an area
less than 100 feet square. Cedar Bayou, which connects this bay with
the Gulf of Mexico, produces some of the largest oysters found on the’
coast of the Gulf States, and their flavor is excellent; many of these
are so large that less than 80 will fill a 3-bushel barrel. The reefs of
other localities are better known and less difficult of access, and those
of Mesquit Bay and Cedar Bayou have, therefore, received little atten-
tion. When the oyster industry of Texas has been fully developed, it
is probable that Mesquit Bay will be one of the best places along the
coast for bedding and growing oysters. There are no towns on the
shores of this bay, hence such fish as are obtained from the waters
thereof are taken by men living in other localities.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. — 409
ARANSAS BAY.

Aransas Bay lies southwest of Mesquit Bay and empties its waters
into the Gulf of Mexico through Aransas Pass. The Mission, Aran-
sas, and other rivers, all together draining an area of about 2,200 square
miles, empty their waters into this bay. One of its tributaries, Copano
Bay, nearly equals it in area, It also has several smaller estuaries,
viz, St. Charles Bay, Mission Bay, Puerto Bay, Shallow Bay, ete. The
area of Aransas Bay and its tributaries is 163 square miles. Its great-
est length measures nearly 20 miles, and the average width of the bay
proper is about 5 miles. Its largest tributary, Copano Bay, is about
13 miles long and 5 miles wide.

The depth of water in Aransas Bay proper ranges from a few inches
to 14 feet, the latter depth being found in front of the city of Aransas
Pass and about 15 miles from shore. The average depth of water is
about 10 feet. Southwest of Goose Island and from 14 to 2 miles dis-
tant there is a channel 30 feet deep.

In the eastern portion of the bay there are a number of reefs over
which the depth of water ranges from a few inches to 6 feet. The most
prominent of these reefs are Grass Island, Half Moon, Long, Pelican,
and Poverty reefs. In Copano Bay, the northern portion of Aransas
Bay, the depth of water does not exceed 10 feet and the average is not
more than 7. In this tributary are Shell Bank reef, Copano reef, Lap
lteef bank, and Lap reef; these reefs are narrow, but extend several
miles in length. As there is little depth of water over them they mate-
rially affect the navigation of the bay even by small fishing craft.

Importance of the fisheries.—Since the abandonment of the beef-pack-
ing business about 1880, and up to the present time, the fisheries have
been the most important of the industries prosecuted at Aransas Pass
and Fulton. In January of 1880 a small establishment for canning
fish was erected here by Messrs. Kearney & Mercer, but it was in opera- _
tion only a short while. The fish marketed fresh were shipped on the
steamers of the Morgan Steamship Line to Galveston and other ports,
and thence distributed throughout the interior. This business was quite
extensive for several years before those steamers abandoned this port.

On the completion of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroad in
1888, a number of fishermen from Matagorda Bay moved here, and two
fish-marketing houses were established. In 1890 these two were con-
solidated, but before the close of that year another market-house was
erected, and the two are now doing business.

In 1890 there were engaged in the fishery industries of Aransas Bay
210 men, using property valued -at $59,540. The catch amounted to
2,055,150 pounds, for which the fishermen received $62,822. The
taking of fish by means of bay seines is the most important fishery
here. The oyster industry ranks second, and considerable attention is
given to the capture of green turtle. <A few fish are taken by means of
hook and line, and quantities of crabs, flounders, mullet, etc., are taken.

410 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The bay-seine fishery.—In 1890 29 seines were used in taking fish for
the Aransas Pass markets, and 90 men were employed in operating
them. The catch amounted to 1,198,000 pounds of seale fish valued at
$41,925, and 46,100 pounds of green turtle and terrapins, for which the
fishermen received $1,637. The number of sail craft employed in the
bay-seine fishery in that year was 27, the value of which was $11,600.
Of these only 5 were over 5 tons measurement.

The price received by the fishermen for their catch was 34 cents per
pound in 1890; it was 35 and 4 cents in 1889, while in 1887 and 1888
it was only 3 cents per pound round weight.

During the last two or three years, on account of the abundance of
fish and the good shipping facilities, the seine fishery has been more
prosperous at Aransas Bay than at other points along the Texas coast.
The average catch of fish to each man engaged in this fishery at Aransas
Bay in 1890 was 13,823 pounds, valued at $484.

The favorite fishing-grounds are north of Live Oak Peninsula,
Shallow Bay, along the shores of St. Joseph Island, in Redfish Bay,
and St. Charles Bay. Seines are not used in the rivers nor outside in
the Gulf of Mexico.

Hook-and-line and other fisheries.—In May and June numbers of per-
sons engage in taking jewfish with hook and line, and about 25,000
pounds are captured annually. The catch is usually sold to the mar
ketmen at 4 cents per pound. The quantity of redfish, trout, tarpon, ete.,
taken by means of hooks and lines by sportsmen and the professional
fishermen who engage at odd times in this fishery is about 35,000 pounds
annually. These would sell in the local markets for about $1,200.

In most of the rivers in this section of the State there are many .
catfish, but no established fishery for taking them exists here as in
Louisiana. These fish are especially abundant in the Guadalupe River,
which empties into San Antonio Bay. They are very popular, in many
places being preferred to trout (squeteague) and redfish. The market
for them in the State was developed by the dealers at Morgan City, La.

A few cast nets are used here, and flounders and crabs are taken by
means of spears and lines, respectively. These fisheries, however, are
of minor importance.

The oyster industry.—Next to the seine fishery the taking of oysters
is the most important fishery of Aransas Bay. Twenty-six men were
employed in this fishery in 1890, and the catch amounted to 26,550
bushels, for which the fishermen received $6,600. The reefs resorted
te change from year to year, on account of the freshets occasionally
destroying many of the beds. During some years the greater part of
the oysters handled are obtained from reefs in Matagorda Bay. The
best-known reefs in Aransas Bay and tributaries are located off the
northeast section of St. Joseph Island and in the southern waters of
Copano Bay. In the extreme eastern part of Aransas Bay there are
several small and scattered reefs which are quite productive. The area

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. - Ail

_ of the grounds in this bay and its tributaries that have produced oys-
ters during the past ten years is estimated at 15 square miles.

The depth of water over the oyster beds varies from a few inches to
8 or more feet. No oysters are obtained from grounds more than 7 feet
under water, although there are probably many beds in such places.

Only a small part of the oysters shipped from the shores of Aransas
Bay are obtained from its waters. In recent years the supply hasbeen
largely drawn from Matagorda Bay, while Espiritu Santo, Mesquit,
and Corpus Christi bays have furnished a few for this market.

The green-turtle fishery.— Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) have at times
appeared in large numbers in Aransas Bay. In 1869 the beef-packeries
began to can them. When these canneries were closed about ten years
ago, a small factory was established at Fulton for preparing turtle meat
for market in 1 and 2 pound tin cans. This is still continued.

The weight of the green turtle taken on the Texas coast yaries from
10 to 1,000 pounds, and averages about 270 pounds. When they arrive
in Texas waters they are in poor condition, but they fatten rapidly and

_are best for the market from August to the end of the season.

Aransas and Matagorda bays and the lower end of Laguna Madre
are favorite fishing-grounds; yet at times the nets are set in other bays
on the coast, and trips are made, every beyond the Rio Grande. The
season for ‘“turtling” begins in March and closes in October, June
to September being the best time for this fishery.

Green turtle are never taken with seines on this coast, nor are they
usually hunted on the beaches during the breeding season. Gill nets
are the common means of capture, the length varying from 60 to 100
feet, and the depth from 7 to 10 feet. The size of the mesh ranges
from 14 to 16 inches square, the twine used being from 48 to 60 medium-
laid. The nets are made by the fishermen, and about 24 pounds: of
twine are necessary for each one. No lead line is used, only a float
line being required. The cost of each net, ready for use, including
ropes, cost of making, ete., is about $15. Each fishing crew should
have twenty or more of these nets.

The nets are set in the ‘‘runs” or channels to which the turtle resort
to feed. The order in which they are set varies with the “lay of the
land.” One of the lower ends of the net is fastened by means of a rope
to an anchor, leaving the net to swing freely with the current. Each
one is generally placed ata distance from the other slightly greater
than the length of the met, so that the nets may swing clear of each
other when the current changes. A turtle swimming through the “run”
is likely to pass a “flipper” through the mesh of one of these nets; and
while endeavoring to extricate it, becomes completely entangled and
is easily secured. The daily catch varies from nothing to 20 turtles, an
average of 2 or 3 being quite good. The depth of water in which the
nets are set is usually from 9 to 14 feet. The best fishing is done at
night, but the day time is very good if moderate trade winds prevail
and the water be slightly rough.

412 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Green turtle are gradually becoming less abundant on the coast of
Texas, yet on account of the increasing demand for them the annual
catch is probably increasing. The turtles are either disposed of at the
Fulton canning factory or are sold to the fresh-fish marketmen, who
ship them to the interior and even to New York City. Those sent to
the latter place go by the regular line of steamers from Galveston, to
which port they are sent by rail or general freight boats fron: Aransas
Pass. They are shipped alive, and live a great length of time out of
water.

The fishermen usually receive from 1 to 2 cents per pound for their
catch. While awaiting a suitable market the turtles are kept in
“crawls,” or pens, made of poles driven in the bottom of the bay a
few inches from each other, and sufficiently long to project a few feet
above the surface of the water. If properly fed, the turtle may be re-
tained several months in such inclosures.

The cannery at Fulton was established ona small scale in 1881. In
1890 about 900 green turtles, weighing 243,000 pounds, were reported
as being received at this cannery. About 40,000 2-pound cans of tur-
tle meat, and 300 dozen 2-pound cans and 500 dozen 38-pound cans of
“turtle soup” were prepared. It is quite difficult to prepare these
products so that they will keep a suitable length of time, such work
requiring close attention and the greatest cleanliness.

The shells of the green turtle have no recognized commercial value.

Marketing of fishery products.—In 1890 there were two wholesale fish
and oyster markets at Aransas Pass. The numberof men employed
was 31, and the capital invested $23,000, AI the fishery and game
products of the region were handled by these two houses, and in the
same manner as is common along the coast. One of the marketing
houses was connected with an ice plant and the fish were preserved in
dry cold storage while awaiting orders from the interior.

CORPUS CHRISTI BAY.

Southwest of Aransas Bay and connected with it by Corpus Christi
Bayou is situated Corpus Christi Bay. This is a beautiful body of
water, very nearly circular in shape, and, together with its tributaries,
covers about 185 square miles. The average depth of water is fully 14
feet. At present the only navigable outlet is through Aransas Pass by
way of Corpus Christi Bayou. This bayou had a natural depth of water
of about 4 feet, but by Morris and Cunningham’s Cut it has been made
navigable for vessels drawing 7 feet.

The only estuaries entering Corpus Christi Bay are the Nueces River
and Oso Creek. The latter, as implied by its name, is quite salty. It
is wide and shallow and drains but a small area; in fact, it is more of
a tributary bay than a creek. The Nueces River drains about 10,000
square miles of territory, and at times during the spring it empties
great quantities of fresh water into the bay.

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. — 413

The fisheries prosecuted.—In Corpus Christi Bay all the fish common
to the bays along the Texas coast are found. In 1886, when Indianola
was destroyed, many of the fishermen from that place came to Corpus
Christi, and these, together with a large number of men who formerly
fished at Point Isabel, are now plying their trade here. The total
number of men engaged in the fishery industry of this bay in 1890 was
reported to be 175, and the capital invested $44,530. The catch
amounted to 1,238,550 pounds, for which the fishermen received $45,625.
Only two of the fisheries prosecuted here have any commercial impor-
tance; these are the bay-seine fishery and the oyster industry. Many
green turtle are handled in the wholesale markets of Corpus Christi,
but they are purchased of the fishermen hailing from Aransas Bay and
Point Isabel. Shrimp are found to a limited extent, but no fishery
has been established for taking them. Crabs and a few flounders are
taken by boys and wharf-idlers for local consumption.

The bay-seine fishery.—tIn 1890 there were engaged in the seine
fishery at Corpus Christi 70 men, using 16 sailboats valued at $5,200,
and seines, skiffs, and live-fish cars to the value of $2,820. The catch
amounted to 719,950 pounds, for which the fishermen received $24,965,
This fishery is gradually increasing in extent at Corpus Christi. The
sail craft employed are somewhat larger than those used in the other
bays of Texas. The market men report that redfish are growing
scarcer and that sheepshead are rather more plentiful than formerly.
The price received by the fishermen for their catch has been for the
past several years about 34 cents per pound for the ordinary fish.

Hand-line and other fisheries.—Many redfish, trout, jewfish, ete., are
taken by means of hand lines by the Corpus Christi fishermen and
sportsmen, and occasionally a visit is made to the red-snapper banks
off Aransas Pass. The hook-and-line fishery does not, however, have
any commercial rank. The total quantity of fish taken in this manner
is about 25,000 pounds annually. These would sell in the markets for
about $1,000.

A large number of cast nets are used by boys and others for fishing
off the wharves and along the shores. The catch, which consists of
mullet, trout, ete., amounts to about 20,000 pounds annually.

Spears are in use to a small extent in the shallow waters, for the
purpose of obtaining flounders, the annual catch amounting to about
4,000 pounds.

Crab fishery.—As at other points along the Texas coast, crabs are
abundant in Corpus Christi Bay. There is, however, little demand for
them in the markets, and even this is entirely for local consumption ;
hence no one engages in taking them to so great an extent as to de-
pend onit for aliving. The crabs are taken by means of dip nets,
baited lines, ete. The catch is mostly peddled about the city and sells
at 15 to 30 cents per dozen.

A414 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The oyster industry.—The area of the natural oyster reefs in Corpus
Christi Bay, at present known to the fishermen, is estimated at 13
square miles. The beds are located principally near the shore between
the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroad bridge and Ingleside
Cove. <A few small reefs lie directly off the piers at Corpus Christi,
and about halfway between Corpus Christi and the mouth of Oso Creek
there are others. At the entrance of Oso Creek into the bay and
around Shamrock Point a few oysters have been obtained. But the
two last-mentioned reefs are somewhat distant from the city and the
water is deep and frequently rough, so that they are rarely fished on.

On account of the great depth of water in Corpus Christi Bay, the
condition of only such grounds as are located in the shoal waters near
the shore are known to the fishermen. There seems to be no reason to
doubt that many oyster reefs at present unknown exist in the deeper
waters of this bay, as well as in the other bays along the coast. :

Frequently spring freshets occur on the Nueces River, and the great
quantities of fresh water emptied into the bay destroy many oysters.
Occasionally these freshets bring down quantities of sand and mud,
which cover the oyster beds and prove very destructive.

In 1890 the number of men engaged in oystering from Corpus Christi
Bay was 40. They used 13 sailboats, valued at $6,100, and skiffs and
tongs to the value of $390. The ca sen of oysters amounted to 65,400
bushels, for which the fishermen received $18,350.

Prior to the season of 1890-91 no instruments other than tongs had
been used for taking oysters in Corpus Christi Bay. During that sea-
son, however, a Small dredge was used on the schooner C. Highland,
16.36 tons measurement. This was the first attempt to utilize dredges
in the taking of oysters in this State. The work done was completely
satisfactory, and doubtless many more dredges, would have been
employed during the following season had not the State legislature
prohibited their further use.

Fish and oyster markets.—There were two wholesale dealers at Carpe
Christi in 1890, who handled nearly all the fish and oysters taken by
the Corpus Christi fishermen; also many oysters obtained from Mata-
gorda and Aransas bays.

LAGUNA MADRE AND THE LOWER RIO GRANDE.

Opening directly into Corpus Christi Bay, and extending southward
a distance of 120 miles to Boca Chica, lies Laguna Madre, so called
because of the numerous smaller lagoons or shallow bays extending
inland that are tributary to it. Laguna Madre is from 2 to 13 miles
wide, and covers an area of about 811 square miles. It is very shallow,
averaging but little over 2 feet in depth, and in many places the ground
is quite bare at low tide. It is not navigable except in limited areas.

On account of the saltness of the water, few fish are found in Laguna
Madre, except at the extreme lower end near Point Isabel, where the

)

THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 415

less salty water of the Gulf of Mexico finds entrance through Brazos
Santiago and Boca Chica. The depth of water here varies from 3 to 6
feet. All the species of fish common along the Texas coast are found
here, and many of them in abundance. But the fisheries are not prose-
cuted to any great extent on account of the small market for the
catch,

Bay-seine fishery.—The bay-seine fishery employs two seines, four men
being required for each seine. These men work probably about one
hundred and fifty days in the year. The catch, which amounts to
about 75,000 pounds annually, is bunched and sent by rail to Browns-
‘villeand Matamoras once or twice each week, particular attention being
paid to having them on the markets on “fast days.” Each buneh of
fish weighs about 5 pounds, and these are sold in the markets for “ two
bits” (25 cents) each. The weight of fish in a bunch varies according
to the supply and demand, but the price per bunch does not ordinarily
change.

The seine fishermen also catch shrimp in their seines, the quantity
obtained annually being about 30,000 pounds. These are marketed
both fresh and dried.

Catfish on the Lower kio Grande.—In the Rio Grande, between its
mouth and Hidalgo, a distance of about 100 miles, yellow and silver
catfish are abundant. The quantity taken on the American side is
about 30,000 pounds annually. Aside from this no fishery is reported
from the Lower Rio Grande.

Cast-net and crab fisheries—About twenty cast nets are used at Point
Isabel at times. The catch consists of mullet, shrimp, trout, etc., but
chiefly of the first named variety. It amounts to about 10,000 pounds
annually, some of which is consumed locally and the rest sent to
Brownsville.

A few crabs are taken here by traps and lines. Thecatch, however,
is quite small on account of the limited market demand. ; ;

Green-turtle fishery.—About 50,000 pounds of green turtle are ob-
tained annually, one sailboat and three men being employed; but on
account of the distance from market the prices received by the fisher-
men are small, averaging not over a cent per pound. A large factory
for canning green turtle, oysters, fish, game, etc., was for a short while
in operation at Point Isabel.

The oyster industry—Four men, with three small sailboats, are re-
ported as having engaged in taking oysters by means of tongs in 1890,

The oyster reefs near Point Isabel are quite scattering, and are spread
over about 3 square miles. The most productive grounds are located
along the shore of the mainland, about 5 or 4 miles west of Point Isabel.
Some small reefs are included between Long Island and the mainland,
and at various other points. The total quantity of oysters taken an-
nually from this section is about 4,200 bushels. Many more might be
obtained, but the catch is restricted by the small demand.

416 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

STATISTICS.

Table of persons employed in the fisheries of Texas in 1890.

Laguna
. Galves-| Mata- | Aran- |Corpus bade
How engaged. cane ton gorda sas | Christi! eee aud Total.
=) Baye || aBay. Bay. Bay. Grande S

Bay-seine fishery .-.------.--- Sy ales 17 90 70 8 358
Oyster industry R ocilecice cette eienees 215 84 26 40 4 369
Suri-seine fishery. -soe-- eee ce |eceee ee 2) ARS ee hp lSaedeo so inPonoee sssdaaccoaot 24
Shrimp-seine fishery.--.------|-------- PAN ee Scelason as boconacdisoracbacance 20
JRE Ey TG) aya bees coat ecetsad So speaorl\soncaeo|lsoobcocc UN oeccue se 3 *22,
Miscellaneous fisheries f ------ 26 163 30 50 40 19 328
Marketing and canninug..-....-|-------. | 96 8 41 | 25 | 2| 172
Motaleaeere eaters sees 34 683 139 210 175 36) Leo

* Sixteen of these men engaged also in the oy ster fishery aris the winter, hence the are
Se od only once in the totals.
+ Of 328 men employed in ‘‘ miscellaneous fisheries ” only the following number depended on
the fisheries for a living: Sabine Lake, 6; Galveston Bay, 16; and Corpus Christi Bay, 10.
{ This includes 11 men on the steamer ‘Cumberland, engaged i in TREE ae g fish and oysters.

Table of apparatus and capital in the fisheries of Texas in 1890,

Sabine Lake. eee eye Aransas Bay.
Designation. r BERG es oe sie
No.| Value | No.| Va “if No. ale No.| Value.
Sail craft, bay-seine fishery --..--- 2 $350 | 58 ‘$19, 690. 5 | $1,650 | 27 | $11, 600
Oysterfishery 25s ere a eele ee eee 127!| 42,900 | 35 | 12,400 | 11 4, 400
Ouner HSHELIGS 4-6. ease e | aaeelec ates es 10 S00U ees Soe se 1 700
Skiffs, bay-seine fishery ...--.-.-.. 2, 20 | 176 1, 950 6 60 32 330
Oyster nahery.- senses eee oe erate 210 2,140] 45 380 | 17 170
other fisheries .......-..--- 6 B04 oci0<5| ce seertiee||s seetllaeme cect 2 30
Apparatus of capture, ete. :
IBSVISOMES. sacs sae cams Sonne ae 2 200 60 7, 550 5 500 29 4, 350
Surf seines Sich sas desea eee ce ee teee |S oceeees 12 HU socn peakcoasa (ss cec|sao,—205-
Sima hay) itn): be op eoeaseecse-s5ed|(oasec|boonds oc 10 OUR eee | mre steer bat) leh totenre?
@astinetsio-.-5--iosaeeeteasc eee’ 30 95705, so00u|) 380 100) 50 180
Mimblemets-.... sss econ esas Deo oot he alle oe ae on lee leet oe eke | te ner termites 200 2, 000
Grabitrapses <-<.-<eeesmacsete ses lee ses -neees<e 75 PD eee Becoaae 26 soca low Seow
mes, spears, ete’. 2.2 =. s2-55-5]-==-- ON Whee 15050: | 22222 NOM ees 55
OVAtOntOUGS - o/s fons ssc sl eee Hence ee 240 1, 600 84 546 29 175
Hlvectishycalise%..-sce casters 10 61 | 120 1, 200 ys ho me 50} 55 550
(iransportin ovstegmer y= oe aoe ooeel- ese |p eeseaee 11) 15,000 .\.-6 sce] sa..288.5) Ree eee eee
MHOLE DEO DEM iV gre a ntarte nel ae Ste eae | ea eis eter tee| eee 64, 500 |..--- IU ON Base 25, 000
Cashica pital ea s(ceciee.s < cis we tetas Soot eotetelepeeyl crete 30, 000 |... - I 500h ane 10, 000
Motalieee ace ckee matte. Maite econ 826 eo. 1905410))|/52 oe as LOG ers 59, 540
Corpus C eight Teagunia Madre and
; : Bay. lower Rio Grande. Total for the State.
Designation. Ds Ate,
No. rate No. Value. No. Value.
Sail craft, bay-seine fishery. ..-.--- 16 $5, 200 2 $260 110 $38, 750
oyster fishery ..--.-.---- 13 6, 100 3 450 189 66, 250
atherifisheries: --- 6-5 5-.|\a.2e- ec ome one 1 300 12 1, 800
Skiffs, bay-seine fishery.---.------ 16 240 2 18 234 2, 618
oyster fishery.---.--...---. 13 130 3 25 288 2, 845
OMieMAsSHOVIES 5.2.2 ste ssa|eensee Vs ete 6 92 14 152
Apparatus of capture, ete. : ,
iayisehaes ee can eine sae sas fain emis 16 2, 400 2 200 114 15, 200
SUR Betor IS |e pe RE Te Racca 12 900
SIREVIND SOUUGA a rcretaiater's cis ache ard -al| Shc wraps mani ieee ed | cee eke eee 10 750
CBSA CUISKS 3 3 SoS 5 aaa ieee 90 280 20 60 315 1, 070
Ati inn Shee Bee Gea ee seeraee ooricc le Eo ieeesees 6 72 206 2, 072
Crabita ps eeeeeee kamen aes enone eens SAase ee 12 3 87 28
FADES WSPORES GUC <ciclen! enim = = sn cial ee AON achtaie OOM Percerse 1, 325
Osten tone ses seserees. sw ee 40 260 4 25 397 2, 606
NOT DECANE er ccene se ep se ios 18 180 4 20 212 2, 061
ARE waa ery AOU Sosno sea sers||soenas | SAcesao sac sop ee olsoocosqsscic= 1 15, 000
Shore property: ----------.-------.|------ WG eee 5O0U Ce sees 108, 500
@ashyenpiialeeesemee-fese a= ae2 ene 12/000). --ees lee ccc sk ceeel ee eemine 53, 500
Sie WAS ee O30 Oe eee es seoecic 44-:330}| Sawecse ye aye eae Ae *315, 427

«In addition to this amount $3,695, not elsewhere enumerated, representing the value of the
provisions, etc., carried by the vessels of Galveston, Aransas, and Corpus Christi bays, is to be
added to give the total investment,

417

TEXAS,

S OF

.
4

FISHERTI

THE COAST

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FISHERIES.

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REPORT

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THE COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS. 419
THE OYSTER LAW OF TEXAS.

The oyster law at present operative in this State, and to which
reference has been made in the foregoing text, is as follows:

An act for the preservation of oysters and oyster beds, and for protecting the rights of persons to the
same, and affixing penalties, and providing locations for planting oysters. (Laws of 1891, chap-
ter 98.)

Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Texas, That oyster beds shall be pub-
lic and private; all those not designated as private, shall be public; all natural
oyster beds and oyster reefs shall be deemed public. No person shall take or catch
oysters from any public beds for market or sale or planting from the first day of
May to the first day of September in any year. Any person offending against the
provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon con-
yiction thereof shall be fined for each offense not less than ten nor more than fifty
dollars.

2. When oysters are culled or selected from public beds, those not wanted for
market or sale or for family use, shall be planted while alive, by the person or persons
taking them, on the beds from which they were taken, or some other bed, public or
private, and any person violating the provisions of this section shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined for each offense not less
than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars.

3. Where any creek, bayou, lake, or cove, not made a navigable stream by the
laws of this State or of the United States, runs through the lands of any person, such
person or other Jawful occupant shall have the exclusive right to use said creek,
bayou, lake, or cove for gathering, planting, or sowing oysters within the metes and
bounds of the original grant or patent of said land; but if said creek, bayou, lake,
or cove is not included in the survey of said lands, then the exclusive rights of the
riparian owner shall extend to the mindle of said creek, bayou, lake, or cove.

4,°Any person who is an actual bona fide citizen of the State of Texas shall have
the right of obtaining a location for planting oysters and making private oyster
beds within any public navigable waters of this State, other than those mentioned |
in section 3 of this act, by designating a square space not exceeding five hundred
and thirty-eight yards square, intended by him for such purpose, by not less than
four buoys anchored, or four stakes firmly and permanently planted, one at each
corner of such location, and by establishing posted notices of the same on one or
more of said corner stakes or buoys; said stakes shall project at least four feet above
ordinary tides and shall be not less than six inches in diameter if of wood or three
inches in diameter if of iron, and any person so locating as aforesaid shall be pro-
tected in his possession thereof against trespass thereon, in like manner as free
holders are protected in their rights for a term of fifteen years after filing with the
county clerk his notice of location: Provided, That no person shall have the right to
locate any of the public oyster beds or oyster reefs within the public navigable
waters of this State under this act or under any pre-existing law. All oyster loca-
tions made under this act shall expire at the end of fifteen years from the date of
filing the notice of location with the county clerk, and said location shall then
revert to the State, as if the same had never been located: And provided further, That
no person shall locate any private oyster bed in the public navigable waters of
this State within one hundred yards of low-water mark of any shore without the
consent of the riparian owner, said owner only having that right, nor shall anyone
be permitted in any wise to interfere with navigation by inclosure of said oyster beds.

5. At any time not exceeding sixty days after placing in position any one or more of
said corner posts or buoys upon one of which shall be placed the notice hereinbefore
required, the locator shall file, with the county clerk of the county in which his loca-
tion lies, a notice of his location. The same shall be a notice to whom it concerns that
the locator has on a certain date, naming it, located a private oyster bed on a

420 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

certain space, describing it by such metes and bounds as will suffice to locate it on
the ground or water, and that he has placed posts or buoys as required by law. If
such notice be filed before the four corners are designated by posts or buoys, the
notice skall so state and be followed in sixty days by a supplementary notice after
the four corners are all designated by posts or buoys. Notices of location shall in
all cases state that the location described does not conflict with any other private
bed, and that it is not on any public bed or oyster reef. The notices filed with the
clerk as aforesaid shall further state that the locator is a bona fide citizen of the
State of Texas. It shall be signed and sworn to by the locator or his agent; the
county clerk shall record such notices in a well-bound book to be kept for that pur-
pose, and the original with a certificate of registration returned to the locator. The
county clerk shall receive for his services in recording such notices the same fee as
is charged for recording deeds. The original or certified copies from the records shall
be admissible in evidence under the same rules governing the admission of deeds or
certified copies thereof. When the location lies in more than one county the notice
shall be filed in all the counties in which the location is situated, or otherwise the
location will be effective only as to those portions lying in the county or counties
in which the notice or notices are filed. Upon complying with the provisions of this
act, the right of the locator shall date from the placing of the first post or buoy. All
oyster beds planted, created, or established in accordance with sections 3 and 4 of
this act shall be private oyster beds, and the owners of the same shall be entitled to
all the privileges and protection of this act, after having caused his claim to be duly
posted and recorded in the county clerk’s office as herein provided.

6. Thatit shall not be lawful for any person to plant or purchase oysters for plant-
ing, bedding, or depositing, or for marketing or for any other purpose whatever,
from the 1st day of May to the lst day of September in any year, and if any person
shall violate the provisions of this section, or either of them, he shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction he shall be fined for each offense not less
than ten nor more than one hundred doliars.

7. If any person shall willfully take oysters from a private bed or shall take oys-
ters deposited by one making up a cargo for market or for family use without the
consent or permission of the owner thereof, he shall be deemed guilty of theft, and
upon conviction shall be fined in any sum not less than fifty nor more than two hun-
dred dollars, and by confinement in the county jail for a term of not less than twenty
days nor more than twelve months.

8. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to rake, dredge, or excavate with
machinery any public oyster bed or oyster reefs in the waters of this State. Any
person or persons who shall violate the provisions of this section shall on conviction
be fined in any sum not less than five hundred nor more than one thousand dollars.
Kach day’s violation of any of the provisions of this section will constitute a separate
offense.

9. Any person who shall willfully deface, injure, or destroy or remove any post or
buoy, or any part thereof used to designate the corners or boundaries of any private
oyster beds without the consent of the owner of said private oyster bed, shall be
deemed guilty of malicious mischief and punished accordingly.

10. No person, firm, or corporation shall ever own, lease, or otherwise control more
than six hundred and forty acres of land covered with water, the same being oyster
locations in this State, and any corporation that now holds six hundred and forty
acres or more of such oyster locations shall not be permitted hereafter to acquire,
own, lease, or otherwise control more, provided that no corporation shall own or
lease, or otherwise control any such land covered by water unless such corporation
shall be duly incorporated under the laws of this State.

11. All laws and parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act are hereby
repealed.

12. [Emergency clause. ]

Report U. S, F. C, 1889 to 1891.

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(To face p 420.)

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Report U. S, F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p, 420.) ; PLaTeE 14.

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18.

PLATE 19.

(To face p. 420.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

EPINEPHELUS NIGRITUS (Holbrook).

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; ne reas

Report U. S.F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 420.)

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(To face p 420.)

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Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 420.)

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4.—A REVIEW OF THE SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND
KUROPE,

By Davip Starr JorpaAN AND Bert I"ESLER,

In the present paper is given a review of the genera and species of
Sparide (porgies, snappers, grunts, ete.) found in the waters of America
and Europe. The family of Sparide is here provisionally accepted
with the limitations as given in the “Synopsis of the Fishes of North
America” (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883). It is recognized as containing
those perciform fishes which have maxillary and ventral sheaths and
which lack the peculiarities of certain other groups. In this sense the
family would contain the Sparide and Pristipomatide of Giinther or the
Sparide, Hemulide (Pristipomatide), Lutjanide, and Pimelepteride, of
Dr. Gill. While it is evident that the group as here accepted is a
somewhat heterogeneous one, it is still doubtful what division it should
undergo in order to represent most faithfully the relations of its con-
stituent parts. For the present, therefore, we may leave the group as
defined by Jordan & Gilbert:

Body oblong, or more or less elevated, covered with moderate-sized, adherent
scales, which are more or less strongly ctenoid or almost cycloid. Lateral line well
developed, concurrent with the back, not extending on the caudal fin. Head large,
the crests on the skull usually largely developed. No suborbital stay; mouth mod-
erate or large, usually terminal, low, and horizontal. Premaxillaries protractile;
maxillary without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under the edge
of the preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath; preorbital usually,
but not always, broad; teeth various and variously placed; lower pharyngeals sep-
arate; gills, four, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchie large; gill-rakers
moderate; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle serrate or
entire; opercle without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, con-
tinuous, or deeply notched, sometimes divided into two fins, the spines usually
strong, depressible in a groove; the spines heteracanthous, that is, alternating, the
one stronger on the right side, the other on. the left; the spines 10 to 18 in number;
anal fin similar to the soft dorsal, and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, the rays
I, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin usually
_ more or less concave behind; air bladder present, usually simple; pyloric ewca few
ormany; vertebre usually 10+14—24, 16+18—34 in one subfamily.

‘

421

422 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The family comprises about 55 genera and some 450 species, chiefly
inhabiting the shores of warm regions. All of them are valued as food.
They are known by a great variety of names, many of them being varia-
tions of the Greek zdypos, which becomes Pargus, Pargo, Porgie, Pogy,
ete. The names Snapper and Grunt are also applied to many species.
The group is closely related to the Serranide on the one hand, the genus
Xenistius being very close to the Serranoid genus Auhlia; on the other
hand, Scorpis, Kyphosus, etc., approach the Chetodontida.

The material on which the present paper is based is primarily that
contained in the collection of the University of Indiana. All the ma-
terial in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy has also been examined,
and much of that in the United States National Museum, as well as the
collections of the Leland Stanford Junior University. <A large share
of the material in the British Museum and in the Museum at Paris has
also been carefully compared.

The work of preparing this review was begun in 1888, but the junior
author having been called away from Bloomington its completion was
deferred. Later, increased executive duties on the part of both au-
thors rendered its completion difficult, and it has been thought best to
publish it in its present unfinished condition rather than to wait for a
time of leisure sufficient for its completion. It is hoped that it may
serve as a basis for further study in the important group of which it
treats. In several of the genera a detailed synonymy of the species is
not attempted, only an outline being given. For purposes of compari-
son, the European genera are included, and a list of European species
in each genus is appended. The names of genera not found in America
are inclosed in brackets in the following analysis.

The Sparide of America and Europe seem to fall naturally into
twelve well-marked subfamilies, which may be thus compared:

ANALYSIS OF SUBFAMILIES OF SPARID_E.

I, Carnivorous species; intestinal canal of moderate length; teeth in the jaws not

all incisor-like; vertebrie usually 10-+-15.
a, Spines of premaxillary not extending to the occiput; the mouth moderately

protractile.
b. Vomer with teeth.

ec. Teeth in jaws unequal, some of them more or less canine-like. (No distinct *
tubercles from the cranium for the articulation of the epipharyn-
geal bones; enlarged apophyses for the articulation of palatine
and preorbital bones; anterior four vertebrie without parapo-
physes; maxillary long, formed essentially as in the Serranida.)
d. Nostrils remote from each other; the anterior tubular, near the end of the
snout; vomerine teeth coarse, molar; teeth in jaws large, the
lateral teeth molar; (skull as in Lutjanine).. HOPLOPAGRIN#, I.
dd. Nostrils near together, placed just before eye, the anterior not tubular;
vomerine teeth villiform, the patch A, 4, or () shaped; teeth in
jaws all acute; no incisors or molars.......-.-. LUTJANIN&, II.

*See Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1884, 351.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 423

cc. Teeth in jaws very small, equal; vomerine teeth minute, in a ()-shaped
patch; dorsal fin deeply divided; skull with the temporal crest

very low, running straight forward to the supraorbital ridge.
XENICHTHYIN#, IIT.

bb. Vomer without teeth; palatines and tongue toothless.
d, Teeth on sides of jaws not molar; maxillaries formed essentially as in the
Serranidae.

é. Teeth subequal, or those of the outer series more or less enlarged; no
strong canines; preopercle more or less serrate, rarely entire;

air bladder not constricted. ..-.-.-..-.......- HZMULINE, IV.
ee. Teeth very unequal, one or both jaws with strong canines; preopercle
entire; dorsal, continuons.......- 2.2.5. -..-2.-... DENTICINA, V.

dd. Teeth on sides of jaws molar; maxillaries peculiar in form and in artic-
ulation, unlike those of the Serranida.

f. Anterior teeth conical, or else more or less incisor-like; preopercle

entire; dorsal fin continuous; preorbital broad...Sparin”, VI.

Jf. Anterior teeth as wellas lateral teeth molar-like; preopercle dentic-
ulate; dorsal fin divided into two; preorbital narrow.

Boripun2, VII.

aa. Spines of premaxillary extending backward to the occiput, so that the mouth

is excessively protractile, as in the genus Gerres; teethin jaws

small or wanting; vomer with minute teeth or none; dorsal fin

continuous or deeply notched; preorbital narrow; preopercle

If. Herbivorous species; intestinal canal elongate; anterior teeth in jaws incisor-
like; no molars or canines; premaxillaries moderately pro-
tractile.

g. Lower rays of pectorals branched like the upper; air bladder
usually with two long horns; vertebra 24 to 27; dorsal spines,

10 to 14.
h. Pyloric ceca few; teeth fixed; vertical fins not scaly; no teeth
OUPVOMET sto crictet aimee ace ees ft ota feetoats ABE OnEE SCATHARINA, IX.

hh. Pyloric ceca very numerous.
i. Soft part of dorsal and anal fins naked or partly scaled; head
more or less naked; teeth in broad bands, all freely movable,

MONO LONEVOMIGRE: Feviag Sebi ea Fetes on aL GIRELLIN#, X.
ii. Soft parts of vertical fins closely scaly; teeth more or less
fixed, usually present on vomer ..........-.... KYPHOSIN®, XI.

gg. Lower rays of pectorals simple; vertebr in increased number

(about 34); dorsal fin long; the anterior part with 15 to 17 spines,

the posterior with 18 to 20 soft rays; anterior teeth incisor-

like; vomer with or without teeth; scales very small; pyloric

COB CR ONDA a ora aos Se tio pete Ces e a: APLODACTYLINE, XII.

Of these subfamilies, the Hoplopagrine, Xenichthyine, and Boridiine,
are exclusively American. The Denticinw and Scatharine are contined
to the Old World.

424 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN GENERA OF SPARIDA.
Subfamily I.—HOPLOPAGRINE.
(Sparide with the anterior nostrils tubular, at the end of the snout.)

Anterior nostril remote from the other, close to the premaxillary, in the end of a
barbel or tube; vomer with a few molar teeth; teeth of jaws coarse and blunt, the
lateral teeth molar; dorsal spines continuous with the soft rays, which are scaly at
base; intestinal canal short; skull and general anatomy essentially as in Lutjanus.
One genus, in the eastern Pacific.

a. Vomer, with about three coarse molar teeth; dorsal spines 10; scales large;
gill-rakers few; tongue and palatines toothless; lower pharyngeals narrow,
WALD SIMD lGcontcal teebheaaeoaacaeje cece cee sie eee me eeldess HOPLOPAGRUS, 1.

Subfamily 1.—LUTJANINE.

(Sparide with pointed teeth only, some of them canine-like, and with
villiform teeth on the vomer.)

Nostrils normal; teeth in jaws all pointed, some of these teeth larger than others,
forming more or less distinct canines; vomer and’ palatines with villiform teeth;
lower pharyngeals narrow, with slender teeth; no ‘distinct tubercles from the
cranium for the articulation with the upper pharyngeals; enlarged apophyses for
articulation with the palatines and preorbitals; anterior vertebrae without para-
pophyses.” (Gill.) Scales large; dorsal fin single or divided; intestinal canal short,
with few ceca.

Species numerous in all tropical seas, the vast majority of them referable to the
typical genus, Lutjanus. Several of them occur at considerable depths, and one
(Verilus sordidus) is a true deep-water fish. The fishes of the group present some
analogies to the Serranide.

a. Interorbital area not flat nor separated from the occipital region, the median
and lateral crests procurrent on it, and the frontal narrowed forward ;
dorsal fin continuous, the spines not separated by a notch from the
soft rays.

b. Prefrontals, with the articular facets arising from diverging V-shaped ridges;
basi-sphenoid, with an anterior lobiform extension; soft dorsal and
anal scaly; dorsal spines 10 or 11 (in American species); tongue with
teeth (at least in adult specimens).

c. Fronto-occipital crest ceasing anteriorly far from front of frontal; prefrontal
with posterior areas impressed, longand cribriform ; no pterygoid teeth ;
caudal fin lunate; gill-rakers rather few, shortish .-...-.. LUTJANUS, 2.
ce. Fronto-oecipital crest continued on ethmoidal projection; prefrontals with
posterior areas short and excavated above and in front; pterygoid
teeth present (in the adult) in anarrow band; caudal fin very deeply
forked; gill-rakers numerous, rather long ........------- OCYURUS, 3.
bb. Prefrontals with the articular facets developed from simple tubercles and
not V-shaped; basi-sphenoid not lobigerous; canines small; soft rays

of dorsal 10 or 11. -

d. Prefrontals with the posterior are ascribriform; pterygoid with a broad
patch of teeth (in adult); hyoid bones and tongue with teeth; canines
very small or obsolete; dorsal spines 12 (or 13); soft dorsal and anal
somewhat scaled; top of head scaled to before middle of eye; gill-
TAKSTSMNIMETOUS «ches eoes Gee weeS eae ae eee RHOMBOPLITES, 4.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE, 425

dd, Prefrontals with the posterior areas solid and somewhat tumid; ptery-
goids, hyoid bone, and tongue toothless; dorsal spines 10; soft dorsal
and wan aleNenlOlebsc we axes! seit Liss iE EAs ce Sees NAS Fie APSILUS, 5.
aa. Interorbital area flat, separated by a transverse line of demarcation from the
occipital, by which the median as well as the lateral] crests are limited;
frontals wide in front; tongue and pterygoids toothless; soft rays of

dorsal 10 or 11.

e. Dorsal fin continuous; frontals not cavernous; supraorbital margin
crenate; periotic region much swollen outwards and with the bones
thin and polished; preorbital moderate; frontals behind, with funnel-
shaped foramina; soft dorsal and anal sealeless; last rays of dorsal
SL ECU POO UNCON pak ioe. space pala Nae Sogcinictnn aie os 4 =. -~A PRION; 6:

ee. Dorsal nearly or quite divided into two fins by a deep notch; eyes very
large; preorbital very narrow.

f. Frontals not cavernous, simply normally perforate; supraorbital mar-
gins crenate; periotic region little convex and with the bones thick,
unpolished; prefrontals behind, with funnel-shaped foramina; body
comparatively elongate; head naked above and on snout; soft dorsal
and anal naked; peritoneum and lining of gill-cavity pale; caudal
deeplyitorked -kcolomienimsonet Jt 5 a2 5.530 52 Sey ee ETELIS, 7.

Sf. Frontals cavernous (like those of Sciwnoids), with longitudinal, osse-
ous bars, leaving interspaces in front of transverse ridge and on each
side near the front; supraorbital margins smooth; prefrontals behind,

; with simple foramina for olfactory nerves; body comparatively short
and deep; head scaly above and on jaws and snout; soft dorsal and
anal scaly at base; peritoneum and lining of gill-cavity black; caudal
lunate. Deep-water species, blackish-purple in color. ---- VERILUS, 8.

Subfamily II.—XENICNTHYINE.

(Sparida, with minute subequal teeth on jaws and vomer; none on pala-
tines; and with the upper jaw moderately protractile. )

Body compressed, covered with small, thin, ctenoid, silvery scales; top of head,
cheeks, opercles, part of preorbital and crown scaly; mouth small, oblique, with
small recurved teeth in jaws; preorbital narrow; a rhomboid patch of small teeth
on yvomer; few teeth or none on the tongne and palatines; gill-rakers long and slen-
der; dorsal fins nearly separate, the anterior of slender spines; the soft rays scaly.
Intestinal canal short; the pyloric ceca not examined. Skull not stndied, the
crests conspicuous, the temporal running forward to join the supraoccipital.

Shore fishes, the species few, confined to the eastern Pacific, where three genera
are known. They show many resemblances to the Serranide, especially to the genus
Kuhlia.

a. Dorsal rays, X or XI-t, 12 or 13, the spinous part of the fin at least half longer
than soft part; anal rays, m1, 10 or 11.

b. Dorsal fins entirely separated, interval between them four-fifths of eye; the
spinous dorsal half longer than soft; nostrils small, close together.

XENOCYS, 9.

bb. Dorsal fins connected at base, the spinous part about double length of soft

TD SUL Ui e eroeerre aerate ro eT ce la aeee pases a ore (do wiccstae,- XENISTIUS, 10.

aa. Dorsal rays, XI-1, 18 or 19, the soft part longer than the spinous part; anal

PAY Sy AO Vibe Weis ae ceeieste clan) wereistels walsivicie <icisinin s «m=, MENICHTHYS, Jil

496 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Subfamily IV.—HaMULIN.

(Sparid@ with the teeth all pointed, none on vomer or palatines; without
strong canines, the premaxillaries not greatly protractile, the
maxillaries serranine, and the air bladder simple. )

Body generally oblong, compressed, covered with large or small scales; jaws witn
bands of teeth, the outer series of which are often enlarged, but not so as to form
specialized canines; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue; preopercle usually ser-
rate, the serrz rarely obsolete; dorsal fin continuous. Intestinal canal short, with
few pyloric ceca.

Shore fishes of the warm seas, the majority of the numerous species American.
The fishes of this group present numerous resemblances to the Scianide, in which
family they were placed by Cuvier

a. Chin with a central groove behind the symphysis of the lower jaw.
b. Mouth more or less wide, the lips scarlet in life posteriorly; soft parts of

vertical fins densely scaly to their margins..........Ha:MULON, 12.
bb. Mouth more or less narrow; soft fins naked or with scales on their basal
parts.

ec. Anal fin short, its rays 111,7 to 111,10; dorsal fin more or less emarginate, its
spines rather robust.

d. Body ovate, the back elevated; depth greater than length of the head;
outer tecth of upper jaw enlarged; lips thick; second anal spine
strong; soft rays of dorsal and anal scaly at base.. ANISOTREMUS, B83.

dd. Body oblong, the depth usually less than length of head; lips not very
thick.

e. Preopercle very sharply serrate, the serre at angle much enlarged,
those below angle turned forward; outer teeth in both jaws con-
siderably enlarged; soft rays of dorsal and anal more or less scaly;
second anal spineenlarced -------.:5...------>-2-9-. CONODON 14s

ce. Preopercle finely serrate, the serr at the angle scarcely enlarged, those
below not antrorse; teeth subequal, or the outer in upper jaw some-
what enlarged; gill-rakers very short and weak....POMADASIS, 15.

ce. Anal fin long and Jow, its rays 111,10 to 111,13; dorsal fin low, scarcely

emarginate; anal spines small; preopercle finely serrate or entire;

outer teeth of jaws scarcely enlarged; gill-rakers moderate, rather

slenderti... suit sece Biss 5 ee ee eee ORTHOPRISTIS, 16.

aa, Chin with pores but with no central groove at the symphysis; soft rays of
vertical fins naked or partly scaled; preopercle finely serrate.

J. Anterior profile parabolic or nearly straight; teeth small, the outer
usually more or less enlarged; gill-rakers slender and comparatively
long. (Appearance of Orthopristis.)

gy. Anal fin long, with 10 to 13 soft rays; dorsal fin deeply notched;
soft dorsal and anal naked, with no distinct sheath at base.

IsaciA, 17.

gg. Anal fin short, with seven soft rays; dorsal fin low and scarcely
emarginate; soft dorsal and anal more or less densely scaly.

[PARAPRISTIPOMA, 18. ]

Jf. Anterior profile concave above the eye; snout gibbous; outer teeth in
both jaws enlarged and blunt (appearance of Anisotremus); gill-
rakers small and slender. ....-. races cone oe GENYATREMUS, 19.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. AT
Subfamily V.—DENTICIN®.

(Sparid@ with canines in one or both jaws and with no incisors nor
molars nor teeth on the vomer.)

Body oblong; jaws with conical teeth only, some of them, at least in upper jaw,
enlarged and canine-like; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue; upper jaw moder-
ately protractile; dorsal continuous, its soft rays naked; intestine short, with few
pyloric ceca; preopercle entire; preorbital broad. Genera 6 or 7; species numerous,
chiefly of the seas of the Old World, the group apparently forming a transition
from the Lutjanine to the Sparine.

a. Dorsal spines 11 or 12 (rarely 10), scales rather small, those on cheek in more
than 3 rows; those in lateral line about 60; mouth large, the lower
Jaw PLojeCving s-See W-j-shl setae Be se ge's lod te 222 - | DENTEX, 205]

aa. Dorsal spines 10; scales rather large, those on cheek usually in 3 rows; those
in the lateral line about 50; mouth moderate, the jaw subequal,
dorsal or caudal fins often filamentous............NEMIPTERUS, 21.

Subfamily VI. —SPARINAE.

(Sparide with the anterior teeth conical or incisor-like, the lateral teeth molar.)

Body oblong or elevated, with rather large scales; mouth small, the premaxillary
little protractile; front of jaws with conical or incisor-like teeth, side of jaws with
two or more series of rounded molars; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue;
maxillary short, peculiar in form and in articulation; dorsal fin continuous; poste-
rior nostril largest, and more or less oblong or slit-like. Intestinal canal short, with
few pyloric ceca.

Shore fishes of the tropical seas, especially abundant in the West Indies and in the
Mediterranean.

a, Second interhemal bone enlarged, hollowed anteriorly, or pen-shaped, receiving
the posterior end of the air bladder in its anterior groove; posterior
nostril slit-like; cheeks sealy.

b. Frontteeth narrow, compressed, forming lanceolate incisors; the first s)ine-
bearing interneural with an antrorse spine; temporal crest obsolete;
lateral crest nowhere coalescing with the supraoccipital crest;
interorbital area flattish, with two low ridges; a small foramén in
each of these above front of pupil; interorbital area much con-
tracted anteriorly; a strongly projecting prefrontal process which
makes an acute angle with the supraorbital....... STENOTOMUS, 22.

bb. Front teeth conical or canine-like; first spine-bearing interneural without
antrorse spine; temporal crest very thin and high, joining the
lateral crest which forms part of the margin of orbit above middle
of eye, both crests coalescing with the supraoccipital in the cavern-
ous anterior part of the interorbital area; interorbital area some-
what contracted anteriorly; prefrontal process very strong, making
an obtuse angle with the supraorbital; this process forming a con-
spicuous knob above the long posterior nostril. .......CALAMUS, 23.

aa. Second interhemal spine normal, not ‘‘ pen-shaped;” cheeks scaly.
c. Front teeth conic, not compressed; no incisors; occipital crest coalescent
with the temporal crests; no antrorse spine on first interneural;
dorsal spines usually 11 to 13.
d, Anterior teeth in both jaws strong, decidedly canine-like; body more or
less Geep and COMPFOSSEd S222 fo oc ease eens wae eee SpaRus, 24.
dd. Anterior teeth in both jaws cardiform and not canine-like; body oblong
GE ClOM Me aaa ttn ores ec teccwicecese voee LEAGELLUB, 25.1

4283 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ec. Front teeth incisor-like; no canines.
e. Incisors broad; molars in 2 to 4 series in each jaw.
/. ¥irst spine-bearing interneural with an antrorse spine in front,

g. Supraoccipital and temporal crests nowhere coalescent, the inter-
orbital area not swollen; frontal bone in the interorbital area thin,
concave in transverse section; temporal crest low, separated from
supraoccipital crest by a flattish area which extends forward on each
side of supraoccipital crest and to groove of premaxillary spines.
(Incisors conspicuously notched.)-------..--.---.-=..- LAGODON, 26.

gg. Supraoecipital and temporal crests coalescent anteriorly, both dis-
appearing in the gibbous interorbital area; frontal bone between
eyes transversely convex and more or less honeycombed; temporal
crest separated from occipital crest by an excavated area, bounded
anteriorly by the lateral crest, which merges into the supraoccipital
above eye. (Incisors entire or with a shallow notch.)

ARCHOSARGUS, 27.

ff. First spine-bearing interneural without antrorse spine above; skull
essentially as in Archosargus, the frontal bone more cavernous.

DIPLODUS, 28.

ee. Incisors narrow; molars in a single series in each jaw; no antrorse

interneural spine; snout produced ........-----.---- [CHaRAXx, 29.]

Subfamily VII.—BorIpIIN”&.
(Sparide with molar teeth only, none on the vomer or palatines.)

‘Body rather elongate, covered with moderate scales; mouth small; each jaw with
two or three rows of coarse molar teeth; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue;
nostrils roundish, subequal near eye; dorsal fin divided almost to base, the spines
high; preopercle serrulate. A single genus found on the coast of Brazil.

a. Short snout; preorbital narrow; dorsal spines, 12; anal fin small; caudal forked.
BoripIiA, 30.

Subfamily VITI.—M 2nIn 2.

(Sparide with the premaxillaries greatly protractile, their spines
extending backward to the occiput.)

‘Body oblong or elongate, covered with moderate or small ciliated scales; mouth
moderate or small, extremely protractile, the spines of the premaxillaries extending
backward to the occiput; teeth small or wanting; dorsal continuous or divided, the
spines very slender; preopercle entire; intestine short, with few pyloric cca.

Shore fishes, chiefly of the Old World. In the form of the mouth they present
analogies to the Gerride.

a. Jaws with teeth; dorsal spines very feeble.
b. Vomer with minute teeth; body oblong, compressed; dorsal fin continuous,
LGR RUYS: Xl, 1s es ee ee Sine bla ame etae) eae ee (Mana, 31.]
bb. Vomer without teeth.
ce. Dorsal fin with its outline nearly continuous, its rays XI, 11; body com-

pressed; scales moderate, 60 to 70 ...-.......-...----[SPICARA, 32. ]
ec. Dorsal fin divided to base, its rays x1, 9; body subeylindrical; scales very
RIEU OWE: WO) ite non2 ose oo ere ee [CENTRACANTHUS, 33. ]

aa. Jaws toothless; dorsal fins, 2; the spines very slender, about 13 in number;
body elongate; lower pharyngeals with cardiform teeth.
ERYTHRICHTHYS, 34.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 429
Subfamily IX.—ScaTHARIN2.

(Herbivorous Sparide with fixed incisor teeth in the front of the jaws
only; no molars, no teeth on the vomer or palatines; the
pyloric coeea few in number and the vertical fins not scaly.)

Body oblong or elevated, with scales of moderate or rather small size. Mouth
moderate, with immovable incisor teeth in the front of the jaws, no molar teeth,
and with no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue; lower rays of pectoral branched;
vertical fins naked; intestinal canal elongate, with few pyloric coca. Air bladder
usually with two posterior horns.

Herbivorous shore fishes, the numerous species nearly all confined to the waters of
the eastern Atlantic.

a. Pyloric ceca few (about 4); teeth fixed; cheeks and opercles scaly; vertical
fins naked.
b. Incisor teeth broad, in a single series, with no cardiform teeth behind them.
c. Incisor teeth broad, notched at tip.
d. Incisor teeth with no other teeth behind them.
e. Body elongate, subcylindrical; dorsal spines 14 or 15, eyes large.
[Box, 35.]
ee. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal spines 11; eyes small..-[Boops, 36.]
dd. Incisor teeth with a band of small granular teeth behind them; a series
of pointed teeth on sides of jaws; body oblong, ovate, compressed ;

Ovs allen ay SX NA yen aay. Sey atets reiats sore Seaton Meese ee [OBLADA, 37. ]
ec. Incisor teeth lanceolate, with no other teeth behind them; body oblong,
compressed; dorsal rays X0,11'.--.-....-..5.-.-%<- [SCATHARUS, 38.]

bb. Incisors narrow, lanceolate, with a band of cardiform teeth behind them;
body oblong, ovate, compressed; dorsal spines 10 or 11.
[SPONDYLIOSOMA, 39.]

Subfamily X.—GIRELLINAD.

(Herbivorous Sparidew with a band of movable incisor teeth in front of
each jaw; no molars; few teeth if any on palatines; the
opercles scaleless; the pyloric coca very numerous and the
dorsal not closely scaled. )

Body oblong, with scales of moderate or small size; mouth moderate, with mov-
able incisor teeth in a band in the front of each jaw; no teeth on vomer or tongue,
sometimes a few teeth on palatines; all rays of pectoral branched; dorsal and anal
scaly at base. Intestinal canal elongate, with many pyloric ewea,

Herbivorous shore fishes, found only in the Pacific Ocean.

a. Incisors all tricuspid.
b. Dorsal spines 14 or 15; each jaw with a series of flat, movable, tricuspid
incisors, behind which is a broad band of similar smaller ones;
dorsal continuous, its spines low.............-....---- GIRELLA, 40.
bb. Dorsal spines 12 or 13; ‘in both jaws series of flat tricuspid teeth, behind
which is a band of similar teeth, less developed and replacing the
former ;” soft dorsal and anal elevated... .. eee = DODEXODON, ol

430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Subfamily XI.—KYPImosiINnak.

(Herbivorous Sparidw, with incisor-like teeth in the jaws, no molar
teeth, and with the soft rays of vertical fins densely scaly ;
intestinal canal long with many pyloric coca.)

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small scales; similar scales envel-
oping soft parts of vertical fins and more or less encroaching on the head ; mouth
small, with the anterior teeth more or less incisor-like; no molars; villiform teeth on
palatines and usually on yomer and tongue; preorbital narrow. Intestinal canal
very long, with numerous pyloric cwea.

Herbivorous shore fishes, chiefly of the Pacific Ocean.

a. Top of head as far back as posterior margin of eyes naked; incisor teeth narrow,
equal, rounded, with no smaller teeth behind them; no teeth on
vomer or tongue; spinous dorsal much longer than soft dorsal; soft
anal higher and shorter than soft dorsal.....-.---- HERMOSILLA, 42.

aa. Top of head as well as sides and jaws closely scaled; broad bands of teeth
behind the incisors; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue;
dorsal spines low; incisor teeth lanceolate.

b. Incisor teeth strong, with horizontal, backward-projecting roots; soft dorsal
andsanal nob elevated) joe. -aiae= sees ee aie KypuHosus, 43.
bb. Incisor teeth very narrow, without evident roots.

c. Anal fin short, 32 in length of body, its rays ur, 19; dorsal spines gradually
increasing in height to the sixth, then decreasing backward; soft
dorsal and anal not faleate; preopercle slightly serrate; teeth nar-
row but evidently compressed .-...-....-..---.---- Meprauuna, 44.

cc.. Anal fin long, 24 in length of body, its rays about m1, 25; dorsal spines
graduated, increasing in height to the last; soft dorsal and anal not
faleate; teeth cylindrical (?)-......-.------ ae is eres CESIOSOMA, 45.

Subfamily XII.—APLODACTYLINA.

(Herbivorous Sparide, with the vertebrae and dorsal rays in increased
number, the lower pectoral rays simple, not branched; jaws
with flat incisor teeth in front, and no molar teeth; the fins
separate. )

Body oblong, compressed, with very small scales; cheeks and opercles scaly;
mouth small, little protractile; jaws with one or more series of flat incisors, which
are usually 3 to 5 cuspid; a band of small cardiform teeth behind these in the
upper jaw; teeth sometimes present on the vomer; opercles unarmed; cheek and
opercles scaly; six lower rays of pectoral simple; dorsal fins separate, both very
long, the first of 15 to 18 spines, the second of 18 to 21 soft rays; anal fin short;
vertical fins scaly at base; intestines long, with 2 to 4 pyloric ceca; vertebra in
increased number (said to be 16+18—34 in Aplodactylus arctidens).

Species few, inhabiting the South Temperate zone of the Pacific Ocean, the
increased number of vertebre apparently according with their dwelling in cooler
waters. The species are referred to a single genus, which resembles Girella in the
form of the head and in dentition, but differs in the technical characters mentioned
above.

a. Pectoral with 6 simple rays; dorsal spines 15 to 17..---.--- APLODACTYLUS, 46,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 431

Subfamily I—HOPLOPAGRINZ.
I. HOPLOPAGRUS.

Hoplopagrus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 253 ( Giintheri).

Type: Hoplopagrus giintheri Gill.

Etymology: ¢ziov, singular of ézAa, arms, armor; zdypos, porgy.

One species of this remarkable generic type is known. With a close
resemblance in nearly all respects to L. caxis, and other ordinary
LTutjani, it strikingly differs in the structure of the nostrils and in the
dentition from all other fishes of this type.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF HOPLOPAGRUS.

a. Rody oblong-ovate, short, deep, and compressed, the back arched, tae body ab-
ruptly contracted to the base of the short caudal peduncle ; anterior profile slightly
and evenly convex. Snout rather long and pointed, its length 2! in head; mouth
small, the maxillary scarcely reaching to front of orbit, its length 2? to 3 in
head; teeth in jaws arranged as in the Lutjani, but coarse and blunt, the lat-
eral teeth of both jaws rounded and molar-like, more blunt in large examples;
upper jaw with about 2 coarse, rather long canines; vomer with about 8 to 5
coarse molar teeth; palatines and tongue toothless; lower jaw rather weak,
included; anterior nostril at the extreme front of the snout, close to the premax-
illary, in the extremity of a barbel-like tube which hangs down above the mouth
and is nearly as long as the eye; posterior nostril a rather long and narrow
oblique slit, near the front of the eye; eye small, near the middle of the length
of the head, 44 in head (young); interorbital space rather broad and convex, its
width 44 in head; preorbital broad, its least width 34 to 44 in head; vertical
limb of preopercle oblique, sharply serrate, the teeth rather fine above, coarse
at the angle: emargination of preopercle sharp and deep, more conspicuous than
in most species of Lutjanus, the knob of interopercle conspicuous; gill-rakers
few and short, about 7 developed on lower part of anterior arch, besides sev-
eral rudiments; opercle without spinous projections; scapular seale serrate.
Temporal crest of skull very short, coalescing with the orbital rim. Scales
rather small, regularly arranged, those above lateral line in series which are
throughout parallel with the lateral line; those below in horizontal series; tem-
poral region with a band of one or two series of large scales; cheeks with about
Txows of scales; top of headnaked. Dorsal spines rather low and strong, the
fin somewhat deeply emarginate; soft dorsal high, angular, and pointed in out-
line, the last ray not two-fifths the height of the middle ones, which are 2 in
head; caudal short, feebly Innate, the upper lobe 1} in head; anal high and
pointed, the middle rays reaching base of candal, a little more than half length
of head; anal spines strong, the second longer and stronger than third, 23 in
head; pectoral long, 3in body; ventral 1}. Color olive brown, body with about
six rather conspicuous narrow whitish crossbands, extending a little obliquely
backward, and broadest below, irregular in nnmber and width; a round, dusky
blotch near base of last rays of soft dorsal; fins mostly dusky olive, the pectorals
pale, ventrals and anal darkest; top of head with some small dark spots. Head,
22in length; depth, 2;, D.x,14; A. u1,9. Scales 6-47-16...... ..GUNTHERI, 1,

432 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

1. HOPLOPAGRUS GUNTHERI. (Pargo.)

Hoplopagrus giinthert Gill, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 253 (Cape San Lucas) ;
Steindachner, Ichth. Beitriige, v1, 1878, 1 (Altata); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull.
U. S. Fish. Comm. 1882, 107, 112 (Mazatlan, Punta Arenas); Jordan &
Swain, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 429 (Mazatlan); Evermann & Jenkins, Proc-
U.S. N. M. 1891, 145 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, from Guaymas to Panama.

Etymology: Named for Dr. Albert Giinther.

This remarkable species is a common food-fish of Mazatlan, where
it is known as the “pargo.” The specimens examined by us are from
Mazatlan and Guaymas. Dr. Gill has very properly considered it the
type of a distinct subfamily, Hoplopagrine. Its peculiarities are cer-
tainly stronger than those of the other genera associated with Lutjanus,
although in the structure of the cranium itself it does not materially
differ from Lutjanus.

Subfamily II1.—LUTJANIN.
II. LUTJANUS.

Lutjanus Bloch, Ichthyologia, tv, 107, 1790 (lutjanus).

Dipterodon Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 167, 1805 (plumieri=synagris, etc.).

Diacope Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 410, 1828 (seb, ete.) (preoccupied in
Lepidoptera).

Mesoprion Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 441, 0, 1828 (wnimaculatus, ete.).

Genyoroge Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 1850, 12 (notata).

Neomenis Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 1859, 18 (emarginatus—qriseus).

?Proamblys Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236 (nigra—macolor).

Hypolites Gill, |. ¢., 256 (retrospinis).

Evoplites Gill, 1. ¢., 236 (pomacanthus—young of L. kasmira).

?Macolor Bleeker, Poiss. Amboin. Neder]. Tidse. Dierkunde, 277, 1867 (macolor),

Rabirubia Jordan & Fesler, subg. nov. (inermis).

Raizero Jordan & Fesler, subg. noy. (aratus). :

Type: Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, an Kast Indian species.

Ktymology: From Ikan Lutjang, a Japanese or Malayan name of the
species.

This is a very large genus, the most extensive in the family, even
after the separation as distinet genera of numerous aberrant forms.
Perhaps the group may admit of further subdivision, but this can not
be carried out without a wider knowledge of it than we now possess.
The peculiar notching of the preopercle on which the genus Genyoroge
has been based is certainly a character of minor importance, as it disap-
pears by degrees in different species. Most European writers have
called this genus Mesoprion, after Cuvier. This is an unnecessary viola-
tion of the law of priority, as Lutjanus aud Dipterodon are both prior
to Mesoprion.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 433

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF LUTJANUS.

a. Top of head covered with scales, these extending forward at least as far as mid-
dle of eye.

b. Preoperele with a sharp deep noich, into which fits a knob from the interoper-
cle; temporal crest not confluent with orbital rim, but nearly or quite
confluent with supraoccipital crest in front (LZ. kasmira); lower limb
of preopercle coarsely serrate; scales above lateral line in very oblique
series. (Hvoplites Gill.) ‘

c. Body rather elongate, the depth 3 in length; profile to nape nearly straight;
snout pointed, 34+in head; supraoccipital crest low; preorbital mod-
erate, 63 in head; mouth moderate; the jaws subequal, the maxillary
reaching front of pupil, 2% in head; both jaws with a narrow band of
villiform teeth, outside of which are moderate canines; tongue tooth-
less; vomer with a A-shaped band of teeth and with no backward pro-
longation on median line. Gill-rakers short and slender, 10 developed.
Eye large, 4in head; nostrils small, well separated, the posterior ob-
long; preopercle strongly serrate above the notch. Seales rather
small, (7) 9-54-17, the rows above Jateral line very oblique, nowhere
parallel with the lateral line, 7 or 8 rows on cheeks, anterior largest,
one row on interopercle; top of head scaled as far forward as front of
pupil; 10 rows of scales between eye and suprascapula; soft dor-
sal and anal scaly. Dorsal spines low and strong, the fourth spine
longest, 3in head; soft dorsal rounded, the longest ray 44 in head; anal
moderate, its free edge straight, the second spine longest, 2% in head;
pectorals long, 1} inhead. Color golden brown with 5sky-blue longi-
tudinal stripes, each broadly and sharply margined with dark blue;
the whole band as broad anteriorly as the interspaces, growing nar-
rower behind the dark-blue border, nearly as wide on each side as the
median pale-blue band. A faint median blue streak from occiput to
front of dorsal, then a band of three blue streaks as above stated, from
occiput above eye to ninth dorsal spine; second from upper edge of
eye to middle of soft dorsal; third from middle of eye to last ray of
dorsal ; fourth from upper jaw along lower eye to middle of base of
caudal peduncle, when it ends abruptly; fifth from end of maxillary
to above last ray of anal; fins all pale, the dorsal partly edged with
black; no black lateral spot. Head 2% in length; depth, 3; D. x; 14;
AVGTIN, (Biusescales,. 9-54S07 Mae. wees ceveaioe sates etees VIRIDIS, 2.

aa. Top of head naked as far back as the nape.
d. Preopercle with a sharp, deep notch, into which fits a knob from the inter-
opercle. (Genyoroge Cantor.)

e. Body elongate; snout pointed, about 3 in head; eye 44; maxillary ex-
tending to opposite middle of eye; both jaws with strong, unequal
canines; tongue with teeth; preopercle with a deep and narrow slit
into which the process of the interopercle fits; anterior profile of head
nearly straight; preorbital broad; dorsal spines low, strong, the fourth
3in head; second analspine shorter and stronger than third, soft dorsal
and anal rounded; caudal lunate, pectoral falcate, 1? in head. Body
bluish gray, silvery gray below; 11 to 14 faint silvery cross streaks;
anal, caudal, tips of ventrals, and upper part of dorsal blue-black ;
pectoral greenish, with a dark spot at its base. Head, 3; depth, 34,
D. x,15; A.1m,8. Scales, 8-46-15. (Steindachner.).----- CANINUS, 3.

dd. Preopercle with its vertical limb entire, or with a broad, shallow emargi:-
nation only.
Jf. Dorsal spines normally 10,

H, Mis, 118——28 ;

434 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

g. Anal rays 111, 7 to 111, 9; lower limb of preopercle with the serrz
small or wanting. (Dipterodon Lacépede.)
h. Soft dorsal normally with 14 rays (dorsal rays rarely x, 13).
i. Anal fin rounded, its middle rays less than half length of head;
no black lateral spot.

j. Developed gill-rakers 7 to 9, usually with few rudiments, if any;
preorbital deep; caudal lunate; shallow-water
species, olivaceous in color, more or less marked by
crossbands when young, often with a blue streak
along the preorbital. j

k. Vomerine teeth forming a / or A\ Shaped patch, the backward
prolongation on median line very short or wanting ;
scales above lateral line in oblique series, which
are not throughout parallel with lateral line;
body comparatively elongate, the depth 3 to 34 in
length; upper and lower canines very strong, lower
considerably stronger than in other species; mouth
very large; vertical fins dusky; size very large.

1, Maxillary 23 in head; preorbital 54 in head; maxillary
reaching nearly or quite to middle of eye, 2? to 24 ©
in head; base of pectoral dusky ; head, 24inlength;
depth, 32, D,x, 14; A.m1,8. Scales, 6-48-13.

' NOVEMFASCIATUS, 4,

WU, Maxillary 23 in head; preorbital 4% in head; maxillary
reaching past middle of eye, about 24 in head;
usually a black spot or shade at base of pectoral;
head, 23; depth, 3; D. x, 14; A.10, 8. Seales,
We DORM sip cistncizjaise ehis tye emaeeosee CYANOPTERUS, 5.

kk. Vomerine teeth forming an anchor-shaped patch, with a dis-
tinct backward prolongation on the median line;
second anal spine longer and stronger than third;
upper canines strong; lower moderate or small.

m, Seales above lateral line arranged in series which are not
throughout parallel with lateral line, being oblique
and irregular, at least below the second dorsal.

n. Body comparatively elongate, the depth 2% to 3 in
length; snout rather pointed; mouth large, 24 in
head; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal blackish,
tinged with wine color, always becoming dusky
in spirits; body dark greenish, more or less red-
dish below; blue streak on preorbital disappear-
ing early; specimens from deep water with more
or less red. Head, 22; depth, 23. D. x, 14; A.
11,8; -Scales; (=p0-12ie 52 ao ae GRISEUS, 6.

nn. Body comparatively deep, depth about 24 in length;
snout long and pointed; mouth rather small,
maxillary about 3 in head; soft dorsal, anal, and
caudal orange or yellow, becoming pale in spirits.

o. Seales moderate, about nine in an oblique series from
first dorsal to lateral line; about 55 vertical series
above lateral line between gill-opening and base
of caudal; lateral line with more than 40 pores;
a whitish area below eye; blue streak along sub-
orbital region, usually not disappearing with age;
head, 2}; depth, 24. D.x, 14; A. 11, 8. Scales,
9-BG-I5 - v0 ons esa eey aacnbees sence A eo Ome

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 435

oo. Seales unusually large; 5 or 6 in an oblique series
from first dorsal to lateral line;
about 45 vertical series above lat-
eral line between gill-opening and
base of caudal; lateral line with
less than 40 pores; blue streak on
suborbital region not permanent;
head, 24; depth, 24. D.x, 14; A.
1, 8. Scales, 6-44-13 ....Caxis, 8.

mm. Scales above lateral line in horizontal series which are
throughout more or less distinctly
parallel with the lateral line; snout
long and pointed, 3 in head; pecto-
ral fin long, 14 in head; color brown-
ish, with faint silvery streaks along
rows of, scales on sides, a pale-blue
streak along suborbital and pre-
orbital; fins yellowish. Head, 23;
depth, 23; D. x, 14; A.111,18. Scales,
Oh OMe feet aa ARGENTIVENTRIS, 9,

jj. Developed gill-rakers more numerous, about 10, with several
rudiments before them (in L. buccan-
ella; not examined in L. lutjanoides).
p. (Caudal deeply forked; mouth small, maxillary
reaching posterior nostril; pre-
opercle slightly notched, little ser-
rate; canines strong; tongue with
teeth; soft dorsal and anal rounded;
pectoral pointed, 44 in total length;
color brownish-green, with 6 brown
erossbands; a broad greenish stripe
from opercle to base of caudal. D.
x, 14; A. m1, 8.) (Poey.) (Hybrid
probably of chrysurus-jocu. )
LUTJANOIDES, 10.
pp. Caudal moderately forked; mouth large, max-
illary reaching anterior edge of eye,
2? in head; preopercle serrate, the
serre strong on angle; canines me-
dium; vomerine teeth in an anchor-
shaped patch; eye large; the base
and axil of pectoral with a jet-black
blotch; scales moderate, about 8 in
oblique series from the lateral line
to the first dorsal spine, about 63
vertical rows above lateral line;
second anal spine long, about 23 in
head. Color crimson; caudal ped-
unele and caudal fin largely yellow;
iris orange-red; no lateral blotch.
Head, 24; depth, 24. D.x, 14. A.
1m, 8. Scales, 8-63-15.
BUCCANELLA, 11.

436 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ii. Anal fin angulated, its median rays produced, the longest in adult
at Jeast half head; body rather
robust; upper canines rather long;
lower small; color more or less red,
the young with a black lateral
blotch.

q. Scales above the lateral line arranged in series
which are not throughout parallel
with the lateral line; side with a
black blotch, which usually disap-
pears with age; anal fin bright red.
r. ‘Teeth on yomer in an anchor-shaped patch,
with a median backward prolong-
ation; lingual teeth well developed ;
snout rather pointed; maxillary
reaching edge of pupil, 24 in head;
caudal edged with black.

s, Ivis golden-yellow in life. Scales rather
small, 9-52-10, about 50 pores in
the lateral line; body rather slen-
der, the depth 24 in length; second
anal spine about 34 in head; gill-
rakers 9 below angle; eye large, 4%
in head in adult; preorbital 5} in
head. Head, 2z%inlength. D.x, 14;
A.m,9. Color bright rose-red, with
golden streaks. ...--. VIVANUS, 12.

ss. Iris rose-red, Scales rather large, 8-46-14;
body robust, the depth 2? in length;
second anal spine about 4 in head;
gill-rakers about 8 below angle;
eye moderate, 54 to 6 in head in
adult; preorbital 5. Head,23. D.
x, 14; A. wu, 9. Color rose-red,
vearly uniform; size large.

AYA, 13.

rr. Teeth in vomer ina /A-shaped patch, without
distinct prolongation on the median
line; lingual teeth very few or none;
snout rather pointed; maxillary
reaching edge of eye, 23 in head;
scales rather small, 10-67-17; about
fifty pores in lateral line; color,
greenish above, rosy below; a small
but distinet lateral blotch; young
with oblique blue streaks above;
fins mostly brick-red, especially the
anal; a pearly streak below eye.
Head, 2%; depth, 23. D. x, 14; A.
11,8. Scales, 10-67-17..ANALIS, 14,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 437

qq. Scales above the lateral line arranged in series
which are more or less distinetly
parallel throughout with the lateral
line; no black lateral blotch; scales
rather large; 5 or 6 between first
dorsal spine and lateral line; lateral
line with 47 pores; vomerine teeth
ina /-shaped patch; lingual teeth
well developed; maxillary reaching
front of pupil, 2} in head; color
red, dusky above; a blue streak on
suborbital; anal and ventral fins
dusky. Head, 2%; depth, 3. D. x,
14; A. 11, 7. Scales, 5-47-11.
COLORADO, 15.
hh. Soft dorsal with 12 rays (rarely 13); body oblong, the back not
greatly elevated; upper canines
moderate, lower small or obsolete;
scales above lateral line in very
oblique series; anal fin low, its out-
line rounded,
t. Mouth moderate; maxillary 22 to 22 in
head.

u. Caudal not deeply forked; gill-rakers
rather few (8 or 9 besides rudi-
ments).

v. Pectoral short, 13 in head; teeth on
vomer in an anchor-shaped patch;
color olivaceous, no black lateral
blotch; lower jaw included. Head,
25; Cepul eos. Wr sku Ea ALS Se
Seales 8-51-x. (Hybrid griseus-
synagris?) ..-.. BRACHYPTERUS, 16.

vv. Pectoral long, more than two-thirds
length of head; color chiefly red;
a large black lateral blotch; lower
jaw slightly projecting.

w. Vomerine teeth in an anchor-shaped
patch, with a distinct backward
prolongation on median line; color
red; back and sides with rows of
dark bluish-gray spots following
the series of scales; similar spots
onsidesof head; finsreddish. Head,
22: depth, 22. D. x, 12; A. ul, 8.
Seales, 7-53-15. .--.--. GUTTATUS, 17.

ww. Vomerine teeth in a /\ or A\
shaped patch, the prolongation on
median line very short or wanting;
color rosy greenish above, sides of
head and body with numerous lon-
gitudinal stripes of golden yellow;
soft dorsal and caudal red; lower
fins yellow. Head, 22; depth, 23.
D. x, 12; A.1r,8. Scales, 8-60-15.

SyNaGRis, 18.

438 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

uu. Caudal deeply forked; the gill-rakers
rather numerous, about 10 on lower
part of the anterior arch; teeth on
vomer in an anchor-shaped patch;
body rather elongate, compressed ;
lower jaw projecting or not; cye
small; scales small; the lateral line
with about 50 pores; anal spines
graduated, Color reddish, with hor-
izontal yellow streaks; no black
lateral blotch. Head, 3; depth, 3.
D. x, 138; A. m1, 9. Seales 9-53-15.

(Hybrid synagris-chrysurus?).
AMBIGUUS, 19.

oF

tt. Mouth large; maxillary 2? in head;
teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped
patch; lower jaw strongly project
ing; body rather elongate, strongly
compressed; eye very large, red;
scales rather small, the lateral line
with about 50 pores; caudal little
forked; second and third anal
spines subequal. Color dark brown;
pale below, fiushed with red; fins
mostly red; a large black lateral
blotch. Head, 24; depth, 24. D. x,
12; A. 11, 8. Scales, 9-62-14.
MAHOGONTI, 20.
gg. Anal rays 111, 10 to 1, 11. (Rabirubia Jordan & Fesler.) Body slen-
der; snout pointed; mouth mod-
erate, the maxillary extending be-
yond the anterior edge of orbit;
vanines moderate; teeth on tongue
well developed; vomerine patch of
teeth anchor-shaped, with a sharp
backward prolongation; scales —
above lateral line in very oblique
series; pectoral fins short; caudal
deeply forked; anal spines very
small; color dusky, each scale with a
shining silvery spot. Head, 3;
depth, 3. D. x, 13; Asm he
Waitmlio 0 ee ereeee INERMIS, 21.
ff. Dorsal spines 11; body elongate; scales large, those above lateral line
in about four series, which are
fully parallel with the lateral line.
(Raizero Jordan &. Fesler.) Soft
dorsal and anal low; vomerine
teeth in a A-shaped patch; lingual
teeth present; gill-rakers few;
color, brown, with distinct silvery
stripes along the rows of scales,
young with silvery crossbars;
lower fins dusky. Head, 3; depth,
3}. Di xiy 123 A. m1, 7. Seales
54510 oh eee ee ae ARATUS, 22.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE, 439

2. LUTJANUS VIRIDIS.

Diacope viridis Valenciennes, Voyage de la Vénus, 1845, 303, pl. 1, f. 2 (very bad)
(Galapagos Islands).

Genyoroge viridis, Giinther, 1, 180 (copied).

Luljanus viridis, Jordan, Proceedings U. 8. National Museum 1888, 330 (Tres Matias),
Habitat: Galapagos, Tres Marias, and Revillagigedos islands.
Etymology: Viridis, green, a very inappropriate name, as the species

is brown with blue stripes.

This interesting species is a near ally of Lutjanus kasmira (Forskal)
(=. bengalensis Bloch). It belongs to the subgenus Yvoplites, a group
well represented in the East Indies, but with no other American allies.
A single specimen was obtained by Alphonse Forrer, from the Tres
Marias Islands, near Mazatlan. Several others have been since taken
by Dr. C. H. Gilbert at the Revillagigedos Islands, where it is very
abundant.

Lutjanus kasmira (from Swatow, China) differs from Lutjanus viridis
in the following respects: Body deeper (depth 22); scales smaller (8) 12-

2-22; the back more elevated and the profile steeper; snout, 3 in head;
preorbital, 6; maxillary, 2%; second anal spine, 5+; lower lateral band
wanting; a vague dark lateral blotch present, larger than eye; bands
less sharply defined than in JL. viridis, the pale-blue median streak in
each band twice as wide as the dark border, the whole band narrower,
its width one-third to one-fourth that of the golden-brown interspaces;
no median dorsal streak.

3. LUTJANUS CANINUS.

? Mesoprion pargus Cuy. & Val., 11, 473, 1828 (Puerto Rico). -
Genyoroge canina Steindachner, Ichthyol. Notizen, 1x, 18, 1869 (Lagos, Brazil).

Habitat: Brazilian fauna.

Etymology: Caninus, doglike, a reference to the canine teeth.

Steindachner’s description of Genyoroge canina agrees in all respects
with the young of Lutjanus cyanopterus, except that the preopercle in
I. caninus is said to have the deep emargination found in L. viridis
and in the group called Genyoroge. We accept it provisionally as a
distinct species, solely on this character. The scanty description of M.
pargus probably refers to a specimen of L. cyanopterus, but the state-
ment “le tuberosité de son interopercule est assez prononcé” suggests”

I. caninus. The type, probably a dried skin, we have failed to find in
the museum in Paris.

440 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

4, LUTJIANUS NOVEMFASCIATUS. (Pargo Prieto.)

Lutjanus novemfasciatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 251 (Cape San Lucas,
very young); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1881; ibid, 1. c,, 1882, 360
and 365 (Cape San Lucas, Panama); ibid, Bull. U. S. F.C. 1882, 107, 110,
112 (Mazatlan, Panama, Punta Arenas); Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 1884, 443;
Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1891, 146 (Guaymas).

Mesoprion pacificus Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, p. 223, 1568 (Tauesco, Pacifie coast
of Guatemala).

Lutjanus pacificus, Vaillant & Bocourt, Mission Scientifique au Mexique, 1881 (?), 123,
pl. (?) um, f. 2.

Lutjanus pricto Jordan & Gilbert, Proce. U. S. N. M. 1881, 232, 338, 353, 355 (San
Blas, Mazatlan); Jordan & Gilbert, 1. ¢., 1882, 360, 361 (Cape San Lucas).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical Ameriea.

Etymology: Novem, nine; fasciatus, banded, a character seen only in
the very young.

This large fish is the Pacific representative of Lutjanus cyanopterus,
to which it bears a strong resemblance. In fact, except for the slightly
smaller mouth of L. noremfasciatus, the two species are scarcely dis-
tinguishable. It is generally common on the Pacific coast of tropical
America, and at Mazatlan it is known as pargo prieto. It was first
described from very young specimens, which bear little resemblance to
the adult, although comparisons of specimens have assured us of their
identity. The nine crossbands, which suggested the inappropriate
specific name of novemfusciatus, are characteristic only of the very
young. The name Mesoprion pacificus was overlooked by Jordan and
Gilbert, who published the first satisfactory account of the species
under the name of Lutjanus prieto.

5. LUTJANUS CYANOPTERUS. (Cubera.)

Mesoprion cyanopterus Cuv. & Val., 11, 472, 1828 (Brazil); Jordan, Proc. U. . N. M.
1886, 534 (examination of type).

Lutjanus cyanopterus, Jordan & Swain, |. c., 534.

? Mesoprion pargus Cuv. & Val , 11, 473, 1828 (Puerto Rico).

Mesoprion cynodon Poey, Repertorio, 11, 268, 1868; Poey, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1863, 185 (Cuba; not of Cuv. & Val.).

Lutjanus cynodon Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 294.

Lutjanus cubera Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 75, 1871 (Cuba); Poey, Exumeratio,
1875, 27; Jordan & Swain, 1. ¢., 442 (Havana).

Lutjanus dentatus (A. Duméril), Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., 1881, 125
(Brazil); Jordan, 1. c. (examination of type)

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: zvdveus, blue; zrepdy, fin.

This species is common in the markets of Havana, where it is known
as cubera. It grows to a very considerable size, and specimens of less
than 5 pounds weight are very rare in the markets. But one specimen
was obtained by Prof. Jordan, no others small enough to be readily
preserved in alcohol being seen. A specimen from Carthagena, United
States of Colombia, is in the museum at Cambridge. The species seems
to have an indifferent reputation as a food-fish, being often unwhole-

:

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 441

some. It has always a ragged appearance in the market, its scales
being less firmly attached than those of other species.

This species is very closely related to L. griseus, but so far as we
have seen the two may always be distinguished by the difference in
form of the vomerine patch of teeth and by the development of the
canines of the lower jaw. These are larger in L. cyanopterus than in
any other American species. This species is almost identical with L.
novemfasciatus of the Pacific coast, the somewhat larger mouth being
the most marked point of difference. The dusky area or spot at base
of pectoral is more distinct in the Atlantic form. The dentatus of
Duniéril and the cyanopterus of Cuvier and Valenciennes are identical
with DL. cubera Poey. This is shown by the examination of the origi-
nal types. M. pargus C. & V. is probably the same, as is possibly
Genyoroge canina Steindachner.

6. LUTJANUS GRISEUS.
(Gray Snapper; Mangrove Snapper; Caballerote; Lawyer.)

Turdus pinnis branchialibus carens (Mangrove snapper), Catesby, Hist. Carolina,
1743, tab. 9.

Caballerote Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., 1787, taf. 25, f. 1.

Labrus griseus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., x, 1758, 283 (after Catesby); Linnzeus, Syst. Nat.,
XI, 1766, 474; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, 1283 (copied); Bloch & Schneider,
Systema Ichthyol., 1801, 268 (copied).

Lutjanus griseus, Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1884 (identification of Catesby’s figure) ;
Jordan & Swain, l.c., 439.

Sparus tetracanthus Bloch, Ichthyol., pl. 279, 1790 (on a drawing by Plumier).

Cichla tetracantha, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 338 (copied).

Anthias caballerote Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 310 (after Parra).

Mesoprion caballerote Poey, Repertorio, 11, 1868, 157; Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1863, 187 (Cuba).

Lutjanus caballerote, Poey, Synopsis, 293, 1868; Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 26; Poey,
Bull. U. S. F. C. 1882, 118 (Key West); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N.A.,
1883, 921; Jordan, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1884 (Key West); Jordan, Proe. U.S.
N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West).

Bodianus vivanet Lacépede, rv, pl. 4, f.3, 1803 (Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier).

Mesoprion griseus, Cuvy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 1828, 469 (San Domingo);
Guichenot, Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 26 (Cuba); Giinther, 1, 194, 1859,
(Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Cabello, Briti h Guiana).

Lutjanus griseus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1871, 470 (St. Kitt’s).

Lobotes emarginatus Baird & Girard, 9th Smithsonian Rept. 1855, 332 (Beesley
Point, New Jersey).

Neomenis emarginatus, Gill, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 94 (Beesley Point).

Lutjanus caxis, Gill, Rept. U. S. F. C. 1872-73, 806; Goode, Bull. U. S. N. M. 1879,
137 (West Florida); Jordan, op. cit., 1880, 19 (Indian River, Florida);
Bean, op. cit., 1880, 96 (Bermuda); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A..
1883, 578 (not Sparus caxis Bloch & Schneider).

Lutjanus stearnsi Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. N.M. 1878, 179 (Pensacola); Jordan &
Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 549 (copied); Bean & Dresel, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1884, 163 (Jamaica).

Habitat: New Jersey to Florida and Brazil.
Etymology: Griseus, gray.

.

442 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

This species is very common along our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts
and occasionally strays northward as far as New Jersey, being the
northernmost in its range of any member of the genus in the Atlantie.
It is everywhere known as the “gray snapper.” In Florida and the Ba-
hamas, where the coasts are lined by mangrove bushes, among which the
young of this species abound, the name “‘ mangrove snapper” comes into
use. The name “lawyer” is also occasionally heard, in allusion to the
skill shown by the species in eluding nets. To the Spanish fishermen
of Cuba and Key West the species is, as in the time of Parra, known
as caballerote. It inhabits waters of varying depths. large specimens
being often found very near the shore, while others may be taken in
waters of considerable depth, in company with Lutjanus aya. These
latter individuals are much redder than those found in shoal water;
their color is paler and the body is in general a trifle less elongate.
Such correspond to the form named Lutjanus stearnsi.

The synonymy of this species is considerable. It is evidently the
Caballerote of Parra, as Professor Poey has shown, and therefore the
Anthias caballerote of Bloch & Schneider. Earlier than this comes
Labrus griseus ., based on the Mangrove Snapper of Catesby, a rough
and inaccurate figure, but still resembling this species, and like the
Caballerote identifiable by the persistent vernacular name. Sparus
tetracanthus appears to be the same, as also Bodianus vivanet. Mesop-
rion griseus Cuy. & Val. is identified by Poey with Lutjanus caxis, but
to us the description resembles much more the present species, which
has thus twice received the specific name of griseus. Lobotes emargin-
atus is based on a young specimen of Lutjanus griseus, afterwards made
the type of the genus Neomenis.

The identification by Poey of Lutjanus caxis with Mesoprion griseus
has led American writers to suppose this species to be the true Lutjanus
caxis, an error only recently corrected. ‘The true LZ. caxris, the cajt of
the Havana markets, has not yet been seen north of Key West.

Lutjanus stearnsi, described from Pensacola, we are unable to separate
from ordinary deep-water specimens of L. griseus. Sofaras we can see,
the gradation is perfect. This identity has been already recognized
by Dr. Bean.

Dr. Giinther identifies with his Mesoprion griseus one or two species
described by Cuvier and Valenciennes from the west coast of Africa.
It is impossible from the brief descriptions to settle this question, and
the confusion in the synonymy given by Dr. Giinther shows that his
material was insufficient to form any definite opinions.

This species is closely allied to L. caxris on the one hand, and to L.
cyanopterus on the other; the former is deeper and differently colored,
as already stated; the latter is similar in form and color, but has the
dentition of lower jaw and vomer different. L. griseus rarely exceeds 6
or 8 pounds in weight. Specimens are in the Museum at Cambridge
from Gonaives, Haiti, Maranhao, and the Bermudas.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERIGA AND EUROPE. 443

7. LUTJANUS JOCU. (Dog Snapper; Jocit.)

Joct Parra, Deser. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., 1, 1787, tab. 25, f.2 (Cuba).

Anthias joct Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichthy., 310, 1801 (based on Parra).

Mesoprion joct, Cuv. & Val., 1, 466, 1828 (Antilles, Martinique); Poey, Repertorio,
268, 1867 (Cuba).

Lutjanus joci, Poey, Synopsis, 292, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumeratio, 26, 1873; Vail-
lant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Iv, 1881,? 129, pl. v, f. 19, synonymy
much confused; Jordan, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1884, 125 (Key West); Jordan &
Swain, |. ¢., 435; Jordan, Proc, U. 8. N. M. 1890, 319 (Bahia); Jordan, 1.c.,
1889, 648 (St. Lucia).

Mesoprion litura Cuy. & Val., U1, 467, 1828 (Cayenne, St. Thomas); Jordan, 1.-¢.,
1886, 524 (examination of type).

Mesoprion cynodon, Giinther, 1, 194, 1859 (San Domingo, Jamaica; not of Cuy. & Val.; .
excl. syn.).

Habitat: West Indies, north to Florida Keys, south to Bahia.

Etymology: From Cuban name joct.

This species is about equally abundant with L. caxis about Florida
Keys and Cuba. The English-speaking fishermen call it “dog snapper,”
the Spanish “jocy.” The fishermen usually distinguish the joc by the
presence of a pale area below the eye, but the only certain distinction
lies in the size of the scales. ‘These are much smaller in LZ. jocw than
in L. caxis. Mesoprion litura Cuv. & Val. is this species, as is also
apparently Mesoprion cynodon Giinther. Inthesynonymy of the latter
species several distinct species are confounded, as also by Vaillant &
Bocourt under the name Lutjanus joct.

Specimens of L. joct from Bahia and Maranhao are in the museum
at Cambridge.

8. LUTJANUS CAXIS. (Schoolmaster; Caji.)

?Perca marina pinnis branchialibus carens (Schoolmaster), Catesby, Hist. Carolina etc.,
1743, tab. 41(Bahamas; figure very poor, the pectoral fins omitted; may be
L. joci).

Caxis Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., 1787, tab. 8, f. 2 (Havana). Z

? Perca apoda (“ Forster, Catal. of Anim., 21, Ms. 1774; printed 1844), Walbaum, Artedi,
Piscium, 1792, 351 (based on the Schoolmaster of Catesby).

Sparus caxis Bloch & Schneider, Ichthyol., 1801, 284 (after Parra).

Mesoprion caxis, Poey, Repertorio, 11, 269, 1868.

Lutjanus caxris, Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 293 (Cuba); Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 25; Jordan,
Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1884, 125 (Key West), (not of several American writers) ;
Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 485 (Key West, Havana); Jordan, 1. c., 1889, 648 (St.
Lucia); Jordan, 1. c., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

Bodianus striatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 335, tab. Lxv (West Indies;
misprinted albostriatus, p. 237; called B. fasciatus on plate).

Lutjanus aculirostris Desmarest, Prem. Déec. Ichthyol., 12, tab. 3, 1823 (Cuba).

Mesoprion cynodon, Cuv. & Val., 11, 465, 1828 (Martinique, San Domingo); Bocourt, Ann.
Nat. Hist., Paris, 1868, 224; Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1886, 534 (examina-
tion of type).

Mesoprion linea Cuv. & Val., 1, 468, 1828 (Cuba, San Domingo); Jordan, I. c.

Mesoprion flavescens Cuv. & Val., 11, 472, 1828 (Martinique); Jordan, 1. c.

Mesoprion albostriatus Peters, Berliner Monatsberichte, 1865, 111 (on the type of Bloch
& Schneider).

444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Habitat: West Indies, north to Key West, south to Bahia.

Etymology: The plural of the Cuban name, cajt, formerly spelled caxi.

This species is very abundant in the markets of Havana, where
it is still known as caji (in old Spanish cart, of which “caxis” is a
plural form), This persistence of the common name ithe only certain
basis of identification of Parra’s Caxis. It is almost equally common
~ at Key West, where, as in Catesby’s time, it is known as the “school-
master.” The latter name is, however, indifferently applied by the-
fishermen to Lutjanus joct also.

There seems to be little doubt, in spite of the difference in color, which
seems to be the fault of the printer, that the acutirostris of Duméril is
tL. caxis, We have examined the original types of cynodon, linea, and
jflavescens, which are identical with L. caxis.

Peters adopts Schneider’s name albostriatus (apparently originally a
mere slip of the pen for striatus), “because another species has been
lately named Mesoprion striatus.” Peters identified Schneider’s type
with “ Mesoprion linea C. & V.”

This species is closely allied to Z. griseus and still more nearly te
tL. joct. The latter is very similar in form and coloration, but has
decidedly smaller scales. The former is more elongate, and has the
vertical fins always dark, while in cazvis and joct yellowish colors
predominate.

Specimens of L. caxis are in the museum at Cambridge from Cuba,

Sombrexo, and Jérémie, Haiti. A specimen from Pernambuco is more
elongate (depth 22 in length), and the lower teeth a little stronger.
_ We provisionally reject the name apoda, although older than cazis,
because it may have been intended either for this species or jocw, while
the bad figure must have been drawn from memory by Catesby. Not
one fisherman in ten in the Florida Keys ean distinguish the “school-
master” from the “dog snapper.” The fishermen of Cubaare, however,
more skillful in separating their cajt from the joct.

9. LUTJANUS ARGENTIVENTRIS. (Pargo Amarillo.)

Mesoprion argentiventris Peters, Berlin. Monatsber., 1869, 704 (Mazatlan).
Lutjanus argentiventris, Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883, 285 (Mazatlan); Jor-
dan & Swain, 1. ¢., 434 (Mazatlan, Panama); Evermann & Jenkins, Proc.
U.S. N. M. 1891, 146 (Guaymas).-
Mesoprion griseus, Giinther, Fishes Central America, 1863, 385 (name only; not of
Cuv. & Val.).
Lutjanus argentivittatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1881, 351; Jordan &
Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1882, 107, 110 (Mazatlan, Panama); Jordan &
Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 625 (Panama), (lapsus calami for argenti-
ventris).
Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.
Ktymology: Argenteus, silvery; venter, belly.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. AAD

This species, the pargo amarillo of the Mazatlan fishermen, is gen-
erally common on the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America.
It bears considerable resemblance to L. caxis, joct, and griseus, but is
distinct from all of these.

Our specimens are from Mazatlan and Guaymas. Specimens from
Panama are in the museum at Cambridge.

10. LUTJANUS LUTJANOIDES.

Ocyurus lutjanoides Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 1x, 319, 1871 (Cuba).
— Lutjanus lutjanoides Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 30; Jordan & Swain, |. e.

Habitat: Cuba. One specimen known.

Etymology: Lutjanus: sido, form.

This species is known to us only from the description of Poey, who
has suggested the possibility of its being a hybrid between O. chrysurus
and LL. caxis. It is not unlikely that it is a hybrid, but its smaller
scales suggest its relationship to Z. jocwt rather than to L. cavis.

11. LUTJANUS BUCCANELLA. (Sesi de lo Alto; Oreille Noire.)

Mesoprion buccanella Cuv. & Val., 11, 1828, 455 (Martinique); Guichenot, Ramon de
la Sagra, Cuba, 23 (Cuba); Giinther, 1, 198 (Cuba, Jamaica).

Lutjanus buecanella, Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 295; Poey, Enumeratio, 27; Jordan &
Swain, 1. c.; Jordan, 1. c., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia).

Mesoprion caudanotatus Poey, Memorias, 1, 440, about 1858, tab. 3, f. 2 (Cuba,
young); Poey, Repert., 11, 158, 1868.

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: Boucanelle, a name used in Martinique.

This small and strongly marked species is common in the deeper —
waters about Havana, and is known in the markets as sesf or sest de
lo alto. A specimen was taken by the Albatross at St. Lucia. The
synonymy of the species offers no difficulty. A young specimen was
once described by Poey as a distinct species under the name of
Mesoprion caudanotatus, but its identity with LD. buecanella is un-
questionable.

12. LUTJANUS VIVANUS. (Pargo de lo Alto; Silk Snapper.)

Mesoprion vivanus Cuv. & Val., 1, 454, 1828 (Martinique); Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sei. Phila. 1883, 286; Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1886 (examination of types)
(not Lutjanus vivanus Jordan & Swain).

Lutjanus vivanus, Jordan, 1. ¢., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia).

Mesoprion aya Cuy. & Val., 1, 1828, 457 (San Domingo); Guichenot, Ramon de la
Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 24 (Cuba); Giinther, 1, 198, 1859 (Jamaica); Poey, Reper-
torio Pise. Cubens., 1, 1867, 267 (probably not Bodianus aya Bloch).

Mesoprion profundus Poey, Memorias, 11, 150, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Repertorio, 11, 1868,
157; Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 294. ,

LIutjanus profundus Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 28; Jordan & Swain, 1. c.

Lutjanus purpureus Poey, Enumeratio Pise. Cubens., 1875, 29 (name taken from Mes-
oprion purpureus Cuv. & Val., 11, 471, 1828; the name purpureus evidently
a slip of the pen for aya).

Lutjanus torridus Cope, Trans. Am, Philos, Soc,, 468, 1869 (St, Kitts),

446 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: From the French name vivanet, used at Martinique,
probably allied to vivax, “lively.”

This handsome species is rather common in the markets of Havana,
where it is known asthe pargo de lo alto. When fresh’ it may always
be known by the bright yellow color of the eye, a color which does not.
entirely fade in spirits. It is evidently the Mesoprion aya of Cuvier &
Valenciennes, but it is apparently not the original Bodianus aya of
Bloch, as the latter species is said by Marcgrave and Bloch to have the
iris red.

Poey: recognizes, under the name of Lutjanus purpureus, a second
species, which differs from L. profundus only in having small scales
very close to the eye. This seems to be a character of little importance
on which to recognize a distinct species.

The name purpureus is credited to Cuvier, but, in the single place
(vol. 11, p. 457) where the name occurs, purpureus is evidently a mere
slip of the pen for aya. Probably it was originally a manuscript name,
for which the latter name, from Bloch, was taken.

Lutjanus torridus, loosely described and poorly figured by Prof.
Cope, seems to be this species rather than the red snapper, as it has
been formerly identified by us. We have examined Cope’s type in
the Museum of the Academy at Philadelphia. It is 11 inches long and
in poor condition, but it probably belongs to LZ. vivanus rather than to
DT. aya.

In the review of this genus by Jordan and Swain, the close relations
of L vivanus with L. aya were not apprehended. The two species are
in fact very similar in structural characters, L. vivanus being dis-
tinguished chiefly by the slenderer body, smaller scales, longer anal
splines, more numerous gill-rakers, and larger eye, the iris of which is
always bright yellow. The types of Mesoprion vivanus must be referred
to the present species rather than to J. aya, unless, a very improbable
supposition, they represent still another species not yet recognized.
We are therefore obliged to adopt for the “pargo de lo alto” the name
of L. vivanus, rather than the appropriate one of L. profundus given to
it by Prof. ey:

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 447

13. LUTJANUS AYA.
(Red Snapper; Pargo Colorado; Pargo Guachinango. )

-Acara aya Marcgrave, Hist. Brasil., 167, 168, 1648.

Bodianus aya Bloch, Ichthyol., taf. 227, 1790 (based on Marcgrave); Lacépede, Iv,
286, 287, 1803 (copied).

Lutjanus aya, Goode, Bull. U. 8. N. M., v, 1876, 55 (Bermudas); Jordan, Man. Vert.,
ed. 5, 1888, 139.

Bodianus ruber Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichthy., 1801, 330 (based on Maregrayve).

Lutjanus vivanus, Jordan & Swain, |. ¢., 453 (not type).

Mesoprion campechanus Poey, Mem., 11, 149, 1860 (Cuba).

Lutjanus campechianus Poey, Syn., 294, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
317, 1870 (Cuba); Poey, Enumeratio, 29,1875 (Cuba); Poey, Bull. U.S. F.C
1882, 118 (Key West); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 921(copied) ;
Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1884, 125 (Key West).

Lutjanus blackfordi Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1878, 176 (Pensacola); Goode,
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1879, 114 (St. Johns River); Goode & Bean, op. cit., 1879,
137, 156 (Pensacola); Bean, op. cit., 1880, 96; Goode & Bean, op. cit., 1882,
238; Jordan & Gilbert, op. cit., 1882, 275 (Pensacola) ; endian & Gilbe rt,
Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 549; and of Goode & Bean and recent American
writers gener ‘aly. :

Habitat: Long Island to Brazil; especially abundant in the Gulf of
Mexico.

Etymology: From the Portuguese name, Acara aya.

This species, the most valuable food-fish of the genus in the waters
of the United States, is very abundant in rather deep water in’ rocky
places around the Florida coast. At Pensacola it is taken in great
numbers. It is one of the most important food-fishes of our southern
coasts. About Key West it is also taken in large numbers, but only
in the deep waters, and it is taken thence alive in the wells of the
fishing smacks to the markets of Havana. On the American ‘coast it
is known everywhere as “red snapper,” or to the Spaniards as pargo
colorado. In Havana it bears the name of pargo guachinango, ‘ Mexi-
can snapper,” because itis brought to that city from the Mexican coast.
According to Poey it is comparatively rare in Cuban waters, although
daily seen in the markets. Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge,
from Rio Janeiro; these seem to be entirely similar to the red snapper
of our markets; in some of these the stomach is wrong side out, indi-
cating that they came from deep water.

The synonymy is somewhat complicated, and some doubt exists as to
the proper specific name. We identify the names aya and ruber, based
on the Acara aya of Maregrave, as belonging to the common red snap-
per. This is said to be a red Lutjanus, 35 feet in length, and with a
red circle around its iris; itis therefore far more likely to have been
this species than the small Lutjanus vivanus, with which it has been
identified. by Cuvier. As this species occurs on the Brazilian coast,
and as it corresponds to Marcgrave’s and Bloch’s descriptions, there is
notmuch doubt as to its identity, the more so as it is probable that all
the large Lutjani of our waters are now known,

o -

€]

448 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The type of Mesoprion campechanus examined by us at Havana is a
stuffed skin of a young fish apparently belonging to this species. In
this specimen the eye is larger than it should be in a red snapper of that
size, it being, as Poey has correctly stated, 4 in head. This large size
is, however, probably due to the shrinkage of the orbitin drying. Poey
also counts “65 scales above the lateral line and 53 below,” a larger
number than others count in this species. This difference is doubtless
dependent on the method of counting.

The type of Lutjanus blackfordi is of course the present species, and
the first good description of the species is that published by Goode &
Bean under this name. We are forced, however, to adhere to our
original view, that the name campechanus certainly belongs to the same
fish, and the still older name aya is as well authenticated as the names
given by Bloch are likely to be. We can not therefore make use of the
name blackfordi as the specific name of the red snapper.

14, LUTJANUS ANALIS. (Mutton-fish; Pargo; Pargo Criollo.)

Anthias quartus rondeleti (Mutton-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1743.

Mesoprion analis Cuyv. & Val., U, 452, 1828 (San Domingo); Poey, Memorias, u, 146,
1860, tab. 13, fig. 9 (Cuba); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 266, 1867 (Cuba); Poey,
Synopsis, 294, 1868 (Cuba).

Lutjanus analis, Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 29 (Cuba); Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. i884,
125 (Key West); Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. an Mexique, 1881, 119, pl. v;
Jordan & Swain, 1. c.; Jordan, |. c., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia); Jordan, 1. c.,
1890, 319 (Bahia).

Mesoprion sobra Cuy. & Val., U, 453, 1828 (Martinique); Guichenot, in Ramon de
la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss., 22; Giinther, 1, 209.

Mesoprion isoodon Cuy. & Val., rx, 443, 1833 (San Domingo).

Mesoprion isodon, Giinther, 1, 1859, 206 (copied).

Mesoprion vivanus Giinther, 1, 268, 1859 (Jamaica, Bahia; not of Cuy. & Val.).

Lutjanus vivanus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 1869, 470 (New Providence,St. Croix).

? Mesoprion rosaceus Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1x, 317, 1870 (Cuba).

?Lutjanus rosaceus Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 30.

Habitat: Pensacola to Brazil. 7

Etymology: Analis, from the elevated anal fin.

This species is rather common at Key West, where, as elsewhere in
the West Indies, it is known as mutton-fish. At Havana it is the
pargo (par excellence) or pargo criollo. Itis perhaps the most important
food-fish of the Havana markets, being always abundant and its flesh
always healthful. It reaches a large size, and its flesh is fairly flavored,
although not very delicate.

The names analis and sobra of Cuvier & Valenciennes seem to belong
to this species without question. Mesoprion isodon is identified by
Vaillant with Z. analis on comparison of typical examples. Lutjanus
rosaceus is described as a distinct species from a large specimen'27$
inches in length. The only tangible distinction which we find in the
long description is that the eye is one-sixth the length of the head,
while in ZL. analis of the same size the eye is 84 in the head, We

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 449

hesitate to admit LZ. rosaceus as distinct from . analis. The larger

eye and redder coloration perhaps indicate a specimen from deeper
water than usual.

Specimens of this species are in the museum at Cambridge from
Nassau, Rio Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Norte.

15. LUTJANUS COLORADO. (Pargo Colorado.)

Lutjanus colorado Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1881, 338, 351, 355 (Mazatlan) ;
Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. S. N. M. 1882, 107, 110 (Mazatlan, Panama) ;
Jordan & Swain, 1.c.; Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1891, 147
(Guaymas).
Habitat: Guaymas to Panama.
Etymology: Spanish, colorado, red (colored), in allusion to the com-
mon name pargo colorado.

16. LUTJANUS BRACHYPTERUS.

Lutjanus brachypterus Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871, 470 (New Providence) ;
Jordan and Swain, |. c., 447 (description of type).

Habitat: Bahama Islands.

Etymology: fpazis, short; ztepdy, fin.

Of this species, a single specimen only is known. It is allied to L.
griseus, although apparently distinct from that species and from all
others known to us. In its technical characters it approaches most
closely to DZ. synagris, near which species it is convenient to place it
in our analytical key. If we suppose the type of L. ambiguus to bea
hybrid, synagris-chrysurus, we may suspect L. brachypterus to represent
a hybrid of griseus and synagris. The evidence in the latter case is less
striking than in the former.

17. LUTJANUS GUTTATUS. (Flamenco.)

Mesoprion guttatus Steindachner, Ichthyol. Notizen, rx, 18, 1869, taf. vim (Mazatlan).
Lutjanus guttatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1881, 354; Jordan & Gilbert,
op. cit., 1882, 625 (Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F.C. 1882, 107,
110 (Mazatlan, Panama); Jordan & Swain, l. c.; Evermann & Jenkins,
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1891, 147 (Guaymas); Jordan, 1. c., 1889, 181 (Panama).
Habitat: Guaymas to Panama.
Etymology: Guttatus, spotted.
This species represents Lutjanus synagris on the Pacific coast. It is
a common food-fish at Guaymas, Mazatlan, and Panama,

H, Mis, 113+—29

450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

18. LUTJANUS SYNAGRIS. (Lane Snapper; Biajaiba.)

Salpa purpurescens variegata (Lane Snapper), Catesby, Hist. Nat. Carol. 1748, tab. 17.

Sparus synagris Linneus, Syst. Nat., x, 280, 1758 (after Catesby); Linnzus, op. cit.,
xu, 470; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, 1275; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Icth.,
1801, 274 (copied).

Lutjanus synagris, Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 27 (Cuba); Poey, Bull. U. 8. F. C. 1882,
118 (Key West); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 922; Jordan,
Bull. U. 8. F. C. 1884 (Key West); Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 125 (Key
West); Jordan & Swain, 1. c.; Jordan, 1. c., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia); Jordan,
1. ¢., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

Sparus ver Seinen Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1901, 275 (on a drawing by
Plumier).

Sn Nad aubrieti Desmarest, Prém. Dec. Ichth., 17, 1823, pl. 2 (Cuba); Vaillant & ©
Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1881 (?), 126 (Jamaica, Hayti, Cuba, Montevideo).

Mesoprion uninotatus Cuy. & Val., a 449, 1828 (San Domingo, Martinique); Agassiz,
Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 1829, pl. 65; Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ourares Amér. Sud,
4; Guichenot, Ramon de la Sagra, Cuba, 21; Giinther, 1, 202, 1859 (Cuba,
Puerto Cabello, San Domingo, Jamaica, Bahia).

Lutjanus uninotatus, Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 294; Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1871,
470 (St. Martin’s).

Habitat: Florida Keys to Aspinwall and Brazil.

Etymology: cvvaypis, an old name of Dentex dentex, a species which
this one was thought to resemble.

This species is very common almost everywhere from Tampa to Brazil.
It reaches but a small size, rarely exceeding a foot, and it inhabits
chiefly shallow waters. It is known about the Florida Keys and Baha-
mas as “Jane snapper,” and in Cuba as “biqaiba.” In Havana it is one
of the most common food-fishes, in abundance not exceeded by any other
species. Its strongly marked coloration renders its recognition from
descriptions easy, and little doubt exists in its extensive synonymy.

There is no doubt whatever as to the species intended by the lane
snapper of Catesby. The name synagris of Linnzus is, therefore, with-
out doubt the one-which should be retained for the species.

Specimens of L. synagris are in the Museum at Cambridge, from
Gonaives and Jérémie, Haiti, Porto Seguro, Havana, Ceara, Rio Ja-
neiro, Maranhao, and Victoria.

19. LUTJANUS AMBIGUUS.

Mesoprion ambiguus Poey, Memorias Cuba, U1, 152, 1860, tab. 12, f. 4; tab. 13, f.18
(Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 295.
Lutjanus ambiguus Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 30; Jordan and Swain, 1. c.

Habitat: Cuba.

Ktymology: Ambiguus, uncertain.

This species is very well distinguished from Lutjanus synagris and
from Ocyurus chrysurus; but it presents such a singular blending of
the characters of the two as to lend much probability to Poey’s con-
jecture that it is a hybrid of Lutjanus synagris with Ocyurus chrysurus.
Two specimens are known, the one sent by Poey tothe U.S. National

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. A451

Museum and described in the paper of Jordan & Swain; the other, sent
by Poey to the Museum at Cambridge, is very similar, with well-forked
caudal and numerous gill-rakers. The lower jaw is, however, scarcely
projecting, and the pectoral short, 12 in head.

20. LUTJANUS MAHOGONI. (Ojanco.)

Mesoprion mahogoni Cuv. & Val., 11, 447, 1828 (Martinique); Giinther, 1, 203 (copied) ;
Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1886 (examination of type).
Lutjanus mahogoni, Jordan & Swain, l.c.
Mesoprion ricardi Cuv. & Val., 11, 447, 1828 (Martinique); Jordan, 1. c. (exam. of type).
Mesoprion ojanco Poey, Memorias, 11, 150, tab. 13, f. 10, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis,
295, 1868.
Lutjanus ojanco Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 28 (Cuba).
Habitat: West Indies.
Etymology: Mahogoni, the English mahogany, from the brown color-
ation.
This species is rather common in the markets of Havana, where it is
known as ojanco, in allusion to the large eye: It does not reach a large
size. This is, of course, the species described by Poey under the name
of Lutjanus ojanco. The types of M. mahogoni and M. ricardi, examined
by us in Paris, are the same as Poey’s species. .

21. LUTJANUS INERMIS. ‘

Mesoprion inermis Peters, Berliner Monatsber., 1869, 705 (Mazatlan).
Lutjanus inermis Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883, 285 (Mazatlan); Jordan &
Swain, l.c.,459; Jordan & Bollman, 1. c., 1889, 181 (Panama).

Habitat: Mazatlan to Panama.

Etymology: Jnermis, unarmed.

Only two specimens known; one is in the Museum at Berlin and is
said to have come from Mazatlan; the other was taken by the Albatross
at Panama. It is quite unlike any other American species. It is per-
haps related to Lutjanus mitchilli, a species lately described by Dr.
Giinther, from Madras.

22. LUTJANUS ARATUS. (Pargo Raizero.)
Mesoprion aratus Giinther, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lon. 1864, 145 (Panama, Chiapas); Vaillant
& Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, 1881, 122 (Chorera, near Panama).
Zutjanus aratus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N.M. 1881, 355; Jordan & Gilbert, op.
cit., 1882, 625 (Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1882, 107, 110,
112 (Mazatlan, Panama, Punta Arenas); Jordan & Swain, l. c., 460.
Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.
Etymology: Aratus, plowed, from its striped coloration. °
This species, the “‘pargo raizero” of the Mazatlan fishermen, is gen-
erally common on the Pacific coast and reaches a considerable size. It
bears little resemblance to any other American species, its squamation
resembling that of Hamulon maculicauda. Specimens from Panama
are in the museum at Cambridge.

452 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

III. OCYURUS.

Ocyurus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236 (chrysurus).

Type: Sparus chrysurus Bloch.

Etymology: dxbs, swift; obpa tail.

The skull of the single species now referred to Ocyurus deviates so
far from that of the ordinary Lutjanus that its separation as a distinet
genus seems to. be fully justified. The species shows numerous minor
peculiarities, as the peculiar form of the body, the large caudal fin, the
small head, as well as an increased number of gill-rakers and the
presence (in the adult) of pterygoid teeth.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF OCYURUS.

a. Gill-rakers long and numerous, about 20 developed on lower part of arch; mouth
small; lower jaw projecting; canines small, in upper jaw only; body elliptical,
elongate, with very slender caudal peduncle; caudal fin deeply forked, longer
than head; eye small; occipital keel high; preorbital narrow; teeth on vomer in
an anchor-shaped patch; adult with anarrow band of teeth on pterygoids; scales
small, those above lateral line in very oblique series; soft dorsal and anal low;
anal spines weak; olivaceous, somewhat rosy-tinged; a broad yellow lateral
band, with yellowish blotches above it and some yellow streaks below it; cauda]
deep yellow; other fins mostly yellow. Head, 3} in length; depth, 3. D. x, 13;
A.1, 8or9. Scales 8-65-16. ...----.-.---- .- 2-22 ee eee eee eee CHRYSURUS, 23.

23. OCYURUS CHRYSURUS. (Yellow-tail; Rabirubia. )

Acara pitamba Marcgrave, Hist. Brasil., 1648, 155.

Rabirubia Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., pl. 20, f. 1, 1787 (Cuba).

Sparus chrysurus Bloch, Ichthyol., taf. 262, 1790 (after Maregrave) ; Lacépéde, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., rv, 115, 1803 (copied).

Grammistes chrysurus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 187 (copied).

Mesoprion chrysurus, Cuy. & Val., 1, 459, 1828 (Martinique); Guichenot, Ramon de la
Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 24, about 1850 (Cuba); Giinther, 1, 186, 1859 (Puerto
Cabello, Jamaica, Trinidad).

Ocyurus chrysurus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 236 (name only); Poey, Synop-
sis, 295, 1868; Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 1871, 468 (St. Martins, New
Providence, St. Croix); Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 40(Cuba); Poey, Bull. U.S.
F. C. 1882, 118 (Key West); Jordan & Swain, l.c.; Jordan, l.c., 1890, 319
(Bahia). A

Lutjanus chrysurus, Vaillant, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, 1875, 133, pl. v; Jordan & Gilbert,
Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 921; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1884, 125 (Key West).

Anthias rabirubia Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 309 (after Parra).

Sparus semiluna Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., tv, 141, 1803 (on a copy of a drawing
by Plumier).

Mesoprion aurovittatus Agassiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., pl. 66, 1829 (Brazil).

Ocyurus aurovittatus, Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cubens., 1868, 295; Poey, Enumeratio, 31
(Cuha). :

Ocyurus melanurus, Goode, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1879, 114 (name only; after Perca mela-
nura L., which is a Hemulon and not a Luijanus).

Lutjanus melanurus, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 548.

Ocyurus rijgersmai Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871, 468 (St. Kitts).

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 453

Habitat: Atlantic coast of tropical America, southern Florida to
Brazil.

Etymology: Lpveos, gold; odpd, tail.

This species is very abundant at Key West, where it is known as
“yellow-tail.” In Cuba it is perhaps, next to LZ. analis and L. synagris,
the commonest of the snappers. It is there known as the rabirubia.

The synonymy of this species offers little difficulty. The earlier
names, chrysurus, rabirubia, semiluna, seem to admit of no doubt.
Aurovittatus is admitted as a distinct species by Poey, who has seen it
but once, and distinguishes it by the absence of yellow spots on the
back. Without further evidence we can not regard the claims of auro-
vittatus to distinction as worthy of consideration. The use of the name
melanurus for this species by Dr. Goode is certainly an error. There
can be no reasonable doubt of the pertinence of Perca melanura L. to
Hemulon melanurum (dorsale Poey). We have examined the specimens
from St. Kitts, described by Prof. Cope under the name of Ocyurus
rigersmat. These without much doubt are simply brightly-colored
adults of this species.

Specimens of this common species are in the museum at Cambridge,
from Rio Grande del Norte, Rio Janeiro, Ceara, Porto Seguro, and Nas-
sau. Itis evident from the collections made by A gassiz in Brazil that the
Lutjanine fishes of that region are identical with those of the West
Indian fauna.

IV. RHOMBOPLITES.

Rhomboplites Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1862, 237.(aurorubens).

Type: ‘Centropristis aurorubens Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: gopfes, rhomb; ézdirqc, armed; from the form of the
vomerine patch of teeth.

This genus is closely allied to Lutjanus, but the cranial peculiarities
and extension of the villiform teeth over the pterygoid and hyoid bones
seem to warrant generic separation. The form of the vomerine patch
of teeth is also somewhat peculiar. But one species is known.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF RHOMBOPLITES.

a. Eye large, 3} to 4 in head; scales small, 10-72-19; gill-rakers numerous, about 18
below angle; dorsal spines twelve, high and slender; vomerine teeth arranged
in a (-like patch; lower jaw projecting; preorbital narrow; caudal rather
deeply forked; color vermilion red, with sinuous golden streaks; fins red; iris
red. Head,3}; depth,3}. Scales, 10-72-19. D. x11,11; A.111,8. AURORUBENS, 24.

454 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

24. RHOMBOPLITES AURORUBENS. (Cagon de lo Alto.)

Centropristis aurorubens Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 45 (Brazil, Martinique,
San Domingo); Storer, Synopsis, 1846, 288 (copied).

Mesoprion aurorubens, Giinther, 1, 207, 1859 (Jamaica).

Rhomboplites aurorubens Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236; Goode & Bean,
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1879, 1386 (Charleston, Pensacola); Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M.
1880, 96 (Charleston); Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884 (Pensacola); Jordan
& Swain, 1. c.; Jordan, 1. e., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

Lutjanus wurorubens, Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, 1875; Jordan &
Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 549.

Mesoprion elegans Poey, Memorias, 11, 153, 1860 (Cuba.)

Rhomboplites elegans, Poey, Repertorio, 11, 158, 1868; Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 295; Poey,
Enumeratio, 1875, 31.

Aprion ariommus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1883, 142 (Pensacola).
Habitat: West Indies, north to Charleston, south to Rio Janeiro.
Etymology: Awreus, golden; rubens, reddish.

This species is not uncommon in deep waters as far north as Charles-
ton and Pensacola. It is not unfrequently seen in the markets of Ha-
vana, where it is known as cagon or cagon de lo alto. Specimens from
Pensacola and Havana are fully identical. Specimens from the coast
of Carolina are somewhat deeper than those from Cuba, and with the
yellow streaks more pronounced, becoming dark brown in spirits. One
of these, in the U.S. National Museum, has 13 dorsal spines. It is
not, however, otherwise essentially different.

We see no reason to doubt that this species is the original Centropris-
tis aurorubens of Cuv. & Val. We therefore adopt the earlier name
instead of the name elegans, given to itby Poey. The young specimens
taken from the stomachs of red snappers at Pensacola, and described
by Jordan & Gilbert as prion ariommus, seem to be the young of this
species. The pterygoid teeth are undeveloped, and covered by skin in
young examples.

Specimens of Rhomboplites aurorubens are in the museum at Cam-
bridge from Maranhao and Rio Janeiro.

V. APSILUS.

Apsilus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vr, 1830, 548 (fuscus).
Tropidinius (Gill mss.), Poey, Synopsis Pise. Cub., 1868, 296 (arnillo=dentatus).
Type: Apsilus fuscus Cuv. & Val.
Etymology: a privative; ¢cddc, bare or bald; the meaning not evident.
This very distinct species has essentially the cranial structure of
Lutjanus, with the sealeless fins, peculiar squamation, and dentition of
Aprion. We have examined the East Indian species, Apsilus fuscus,
and find it generically identical with the American species, which must
therefore be placed in Apsilus, leaving Tropidinius as a synonym.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 455
ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF APSILUS.

a. Body rather deep (depth, 23 in length); head large, 3 in body. D.x, 10; A, 111, 8;
scales small, regularly arranged, 8-60-16; those above lateral line in series parallel
with the lateral line; gill-rakers numerous, about 17 on lower part of arch;
mouth rather small, the canines moderate; tongue toothless; vomerine teeth in
a /\-shaped patch; preorbital narrow ; caudal well forked; anal spines graduated ;
last rays of anal slightly produced, the lobes pointed; color, dusky violet, with-
MC e GS DIE CUsOL AKON OS 8S yo ale ree e cao oo emo tide Sensisisielacte hue ins = DENTATUS, 25.

25. APSILUS DENTATUS. (Arnillo.)

Apsilus dentatus Guichenot, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Poiss., 29, pl. 1, f. 2,
1845 (Havana).

Mesoprion dentatus, Giinther, 1, 188, 1859 (Jamaica).

Tropidinius dentatus, Jordan & Swain, l. ¢.

Mesoprion arnillo Poey, Mem. 1, 154, 1860 (Cuba).

Tropidinius arnillo, (Gill Mss.), Poey, Synopsis, 296, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumeratio,
30, 1875.

Lutjanus arnillus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1869, 470 (St. Croix).

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: Dentatus, toothed.

This beautiful little fish is rather common in the markets of Havana,
where it is known as arnillo. The name dentatus is set aside by Poey
in favor of his later name arnillo, because the species is a Lutjanus
rather than an Apsilus, and all the Lutjani are dentate. Such reasons
are not sufficient to warrant interference with the law of priority. The
species, however, is a genuine Apsilus, and has perhaps stronger teeth
than its congener fuscus.

VI. APRION.

Aprion Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 1830, 545 (virescens).

? Chetopterus Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 78, 1850 (dubius).
Pristipomoides Bleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., 1852, 111, 574 (typus).
Platyinius Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 237 (vorax—=macerophthalmus). -

? Sparopsis Kner, Fische Mus. Godefttroy, 1868, 303 (elongatus).

Type: Aprion virescens Cuy. &. Val.

Etymology: a privative; zpfwy, a saw.

The superficial characters separating Aprion from Lutjanus are not
very important, but the structure of the upper part of the cranium (in
the species examined, macrophthalmus and virescens) differs widely from
that of Lutjanus, Ocyurus, Rhomboplites, and Apsilus, closely resembling
that of Htelis, with which genus Aprion has very near affinities.

The American species (macrophthalmus) has been made by Dr. Gill
the type of a genus Platyinius, regarded as distinct from Aprion. An
examination of Aprion virescens Shows that our species has the same form
of the skull, differing chiefly in the specific characters of deeper body,
weaker teeth, and narrower preorbital. It is strange that so excellent a
naturalist as Dr. Klunzinger should regard Aprion merely as a subgenus
under Centropristis (Fische des Rothen Meers, p. 16).

456 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF APRION.

a. Body oblong-elliptieal, the depth 3 in length; scales large, regularly arranged,
7-60-15, those above lateral line in series parallel with the lateral line; gill-rakers
numerous, about 17 on lower part of arch; mouth rather small, the canines
feeble; tongue toothless; opercle ending in an evident spine; preopercle serrate
on angle; vomerine teeth in a A-shaped patch; caudal well forked; anal spines
graduated; last ray of dorsal and anal produced; D.x, 11; A, 10,8. Head, 3;
Color, rose-red, with some pearly markings.-.....-..---- MACROPHTHALMUS, 26.

26. APRION MACROPHTHALMUS. (Voraz.)

Centropristis macrophthalmus Miiller & Troschel, in Schomb. Hist. Barbadoes, 666,
1848 (young).
Elastoma macrophthalmus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1869, 468 (St. Martins, New
Providence, St. Croix).
Aprion macrophthalmus, Jordan & Swain, 1. c.
Mesoprion vorax Poey, Mem. 11, 151, 1860 (Cuba).
Platyinius vorax, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 237 (generic diagnosis) ; Poey,
Synopsis, 292, 1868; Poey, Enumeratio, 31, 1875.
Habitat: West Indies.
Etymology: paxpés, large; cgadpds, eye.
This species is rather common in the markets of Havana, where it is
known as voraz, by which the specific name vorax has been suggested.
According to Poey the Centropristis macrophthalmus of Miller &
Troschel was based on the young of this species; if so, the latter name
has the right of priority. This species agrees closely with the descrip-
tions of Aprion filamentosus (Cuv. & Val.) from the islands east of
Africa, but it would be premature to unite two species from such widely
separated localities without an actual comparison of specimens. Dr.
Klunzinger regards the two species as identical. According to his
account, however, A. filamentosus is a slenderer fish, the depth 43 in the
total length (33 in A. macrophthalmus), and the scales are 7-55-14, the
caudal more deeply forked, the lobes 3 times the middle rays (22 times
in ours).

VII. ETELIS.

Etelis Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 127, 1828 (carbunculus).
Elastoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 1, 168, 202, 1839 (oculatus).
Hesperanthias Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 18438, 14 (oculatus).
Macrops Duméril, Ichth. Analytique, 1856, 279 (oculatus).

Etelis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 447.

Type: Htelis carbunculus Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: Htelis, a name used by Aristotle for some fish not
recognizable.

The synonymy and relations of this interesting genus have been well
discussed by Dr. Gill in the paper above cited. In spite of the differ-
ence in the form of its dorsal, the relations of Htelis with Aprion are
very close. The skulls in the two are almost identical, as has already
been noticed by Poey and Gill.

/

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 457
ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF ETELIS.

a. Body elongate, fusiform; caudal peduncle long, slender; profile convex on snout,
thence straightish to occiput; the nape low, not keeled; snout short, rather
pointed, 3 in head; eye very large, 3 in head; preorbital very narrow, its least
width 14 in head; mouth moderate, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; maxil-
lary reaching middle of eye, 2;y in head, its surface scaly; two canines of
upper jaw very sharp and projecting forward and downward; canines of lower
jaw not differentiated; tongue without teeth; vomer with a narrow /-shaped
patch of teeth; gill-rakers long and slender; opercle ending in an evident spine;
maxillary with about 12 scales; region behind eye well scaled; top of head and
snout naked; lower jaw with a few imbedded scales; base of soft dorsal and
anal scaleless; dorsal spines rather high and strong, the longest spine 2 in head,
the spines thence becoming almost regularly and gradually shorter to last spine,
which is little longer than first spine; margin of soft dorsal straight, the rays
3 in head, the last ray slightly elongate; anal similar to soft dorsal; its last ray
considerably produced; anal spines slender and graduated; caudal very deeply
forked, the upper lobe the longer, its length four times length of middle rays;
upper lobe almost filamentous, longer than head; pectorals falciform, reaching
almost to anal, 1} in head. Color in life, brilliant rose-red; bases of the scales
deeper and belly abruptly paler rosy; mouth reddish within; lining of gill-cavity
reddish; fins all rosy; spinous dorsal and caudal bright red, the other fins paler.
Head, 3}; depth, 3}. D.x,11; A. 1,8. Scales, 5-53-12; 50 pores. OcuLatus, 27.

\ 27. BTELIS OCULATUS. (Cachucho.)

Serranus oculatus Cuv. & Val., 11, 1828, 266 (Martinique).

Elastoma oculatus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 168, 202, 1839 (generic diagnosis).

Hesperanthias oculatus, Lowe, Fishes Madeira, 1843, 14 (generic deseription).

Centropristis oculatus, Miiller & Troschel, in Schomb. Hist. Barbadoes, 666, 1848.

Anthias oculatus, Giinther, I, 92, 1859 (Jamaica, Madeira).

Etelis oculatus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 447 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 292,
1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumeratio, 31, 1875; Jordan & Swain, 1. ¢.

Macrops oculatus, Duméril, Ichth. Analytique, 1856, 279 (fide Gill).

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: Oculatus, furnished with eyes; a reference to its large
eyes.

This very beautiful species is abundant in the markets of Havana,
where it is known as cachucho. It is found in rather deep water, with
such forms as Lutjanus vivanus, buccanella, mahogoni, Rhomboplites
aurorubens, Aprion macrophthalmus, and Apsilus dentatus. These fishes
are a little lower down in the bathymetric scale than Lutjanus aya,
which in turn inhabits deeper water than the other Lutjani. In still
deeper water is found Verilus sordidus, which is a true deep-water fish.
The cachucho reaches a length of 2 feet or more, and is esteemed
as a food-tish. The synonymy of the species offers no complications,
although its generic relations have been often misunderstood. This and
some other Cuban Lutjanine bear considerable resemblance to certain
Japanese types, but it is improper to regard them as specifically
identical with their Asiatic representatives until specimens have been
fully compared. -

458 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

VIII. VERILUS.

Verilus Poey, Memorias de Cuba, 11, 125, 1860 (sordadue):

Type: Verilus sordidus Poey.

Etymology: “ Veril, a Spanish word meaning ‘haut de fond coupé a
pic,’ apparently an allusion to the form of the teeth. ‘Ne vous mettez
pas en peine sur Vorigine du nom, les meilleurs, ne sont pas les plus
étymologiques, par cela méme qwils ont une signification rarement
exclusive.’” (Poey.)

The genus is technically close to Htelis, although the single known
species is very different from Htelis oculatus. The cavernous character
of the skull is the most striking feature of the genus Verilus.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF VERILUS.

a. Body oblong, compressed, rather robust; caudal peduncle short and thick; head
large; profile almost straight from snout to origin of spinous dorsal, and not
at all steep; snout very short and blunt, 4 in head; eye very large, 2% in head;
interorbital space flat, its width 42 in head; occipital keel very low; preorbital
very narrow, 7 in eye, nearly 20 in head; maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2 in
head; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; upper jaw with two mod-
erate canines in front; lower jaw with two or three small canines directed nearly
horizontally backward; vomer with a narrowly /-shaped patch of teeth; tongue
and pterygoids without teeth; gill-rakers numerous, their length almost. half
diameter of eye, X+17; preopercle with posterior margin weak and flexible,
almost entire, becoming somewhat serrate at the angle and on lower limb; scales
large; the rows horizontal below the lateral line; those above rather irregular,
the series running upward and backward; head scaly everywhere, the scales
generally smaller than on body; base of soft dorsal and anal somewhat scaly;
spinous and soft dorsals entirely separate; first spine 4} in second, which is 2%
in head, the spines thence becoming gradually shorter to ninth spine, which
about equals length of first spine; last rays of dorsal and anal not produced;
anal similar to soft dorsal, its margin rather more concave; anal spines moder-
ate, the third slightly longer than second; caudal fin short, broad, moderately
forked, the upper lobe longer, its length scarcely twice that of middle rays; pec-
torals long, reaching to origin of anal, 1+ in head; pseudobranchi very evident.
Color dusky gray, slightly paler below; tips of spinous dorsal and ventrals jet
black, the fins otherwise colored as the body; posterior edge of caudal dusky;
lining of gill-cavity, peritoneum, and posterior part of mouth jet black. Head,
22; depth,3. D.1x,10; A.1m,7. Scales, 4-43-9; 41 pores..---..: SORDIDUS, 28.

28. VERILUS SORDIDUS. (Escolar Chino.)

Verilus sordidus Poey, Memorias, 11, 125, 1860, tab. 12, f. 6 (Cuba); Poey, Repertorio,
11, 157, 1867; Poey, Synopsis, 291, 1868; Poey, Enumeratio, 32, 1875.

Habitat: About Cuba in deep water.

Ktymology: Sordidus, sordid, from the dull color, in contrast with
the brightness of Htelis oculatus.

This species is rarely taken in deep water off the coast of Cuba. It
is known to the fishermen as Hscolar chino. It has never been seen
elsewhere. The specimen before us was obtained in the Havana
market.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. AY

Subfamily III._XENICHTHYINZ.
IX. XENOCYS.

Xenocys Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1889, 160 (jessie).

Type: Xenocys jessie Jordan & Bollman,

Etymology: Févoc, strange; «zis, swift.

This genus is closely related to Yenistius. The single species inhabits
rocky shores in the eastern Pacific and is a fish of remarkably grace-
ful form.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF XENOCYS.

a. Body elliptical, compressed ; mouth moderate, the lower jaw projecting, the broad
maxillary reaching nearly to the middle of pupil, 2? in head; eye large, its
length less than snout, 34 in head; preorbital narrow, 2% in eye, entire; teeth

"very small, the bands wider than in Nenistius californiensis; those on yomer in a
A-shaped patch; nostrils minute, close together, the anterior round, the poste-
rior oblong; preopercle with fine serre, the lower bluntish; opercle without
spines; gill-rakers long and slender, x-++23; cheeks and top of head with small
scales; lower jaw and snout with rudimentary scales; maxillary naked; scales
on body small, firm, ctenoid; dorsal fins wholly separate, the spines slender and
pungent, the fourth half of head; soft dorsallonger than anal, its base 4 of an
eye’s diameter shorter than spinous dorsal; third anal spine longest, 4 in head;
soft parts of vertical fins covered with small scales; caudal deeply forked, its
peduncle slender, the upper lobe 14 in head; pectorals long, pointed, 12 in head;
color grayish black, silvery below, with 7 distinct straight parallel stripes on °
back and sides, extending forward on top and sides of head; fins dusky, except
the ventrals. Head, 3} in length; depth 23. D. x-1, 13; A. m1, 11. Seales,
‘o=1i,) 3 bse ee eae Sees an See nate bigcs a Sakish seeieais a ioseeie sets JESSIE, 29.

29. XBENOCYS JESSIA.

Xenocys jessie Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1889, 160 (Charles Island).
Habitat: Galapagos Islands. ;
Etymology: Named for Mrs. Jessie Knight Jordan.

This species is known from numerous specimens (41166, U.S. N. M.),
the longest 84 inches long, taken by the Albatross at Charles Island,
one of the Galapagos.

X. XENISTIUS.

Xenistius Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 920 (californiensis).

Type: Xenichthys californiensis Steindachner.

Etymology: &é0s, strange; fazéov, sail, dorsal fin.

This genus contains, so far as known, but a single species. It is closely
related to Xenichthys, but it is remarkably distinguished by the relative
development of the vertical fins. .

460 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF XENISTIUS.

a. Body oblong-elliptical, the back a little elevated; head compressed ; mouth moder-
ate, terminal, very oblique, the lower jaw strongly protruding; maxillary narrow,
reaching front of pupil, 2} in head; eye large, 34 to 3} in head, the eye smaller
and the bones of the head firmer than in Xenichthys; teeth small, sharp, in very
narrow bands, those on vomer ina /\-shaped patch, but so small as to be scarcely
appreciable; preopercle with fine sharp serrie ; nostrils small, round; gill-rakers
long and slender, x + 15 to 20; scales small, firm; dorsal fins almost separated ;
spines slender but pungent; third dorsal spine longest, 1$ in head, the others
gradually shortened; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other, short, shorter
than spinous dorsal, the anterior rays much higher than in the species of Xenich-
thys; first soft ray of anal 3 in head; soft dorsal and anal scaly; pectoral fins
rather long, 14 in head, not reaching vent; color bluish above, silvery below;
continuous dusky stripes on upper part of body, 3 above lateral line, 3 or 4 below;
upper fins dusky, lower mostly pale. Head, 3 in length; depth, 3. D. x1-1, 12;
INS eo pe OOM Ete ese P OS eee Na GaGa Doo. ao cole ecb oLasauodaao: CALIFORNIENSIS, 30.

30. XENISTIUS CALIFORNIENSIS.

Xenichthys californiensis Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., 111, 3, 1875 (San Diego); Streets,
Bull. Nat. Mus., vit, 49, 1877 (Cerros Island); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1881, 278 (Cerros Island); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1881,
326 (Cerros Island); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 547 (Cerros
Island).

Xenistius californiensis, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 920 (generic diag-
nosis); Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1891, 144 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Coast of lower California, from San Diego to Guaymas.

Etymology: From California.

This interesting little fish seems to be rather rare along the coast of
lower California, and more abundant in the Gulf. One of our speci-
mens was taken at San Diego by Mrs. Rosa Smith Eigenmann, the
other by Jenkins and Evermann at Guaymas. The species described
from San Salvador as Yenichthys xenurus by Jordan & Gilbert (Proce.
U.S. N. M. 1881, 454) is a species of Kuhlia, a genus of Serranide.

XI. XENICHTHYS.

Xenichthys Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1863, 82 (xanti).

Type: Xenichthys xanti Gill.

Etymology: &évs, strange; ?70vdc, fish.

This genus contains two species from the eastern Pacific. It shows
a remarkable combination of characters, well justifying the name
Xenichthys. The genus is certainly allied to Pomadasis, in spite of its
resemblance to the Serranoid genus AKuhlia.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 461
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF -XENICHTHYS.

a. Pectoral fin faleate, about as long as the head and reaching to front of anal fin;
eye very large, 24 in head; snout broad and flat; mouth oblique, the maxillary
24 in head; teeth quite small, those on vomer scarcely developed; none on pala-
tines or tongue; lower jaw much projecting; preopercle very finely serrulate ;
gill-rakers slender and rather long, x-+-17; nostrils small, oblong; the longest
% pupil; body compressed, the back somewhat elevated; longest dorsal spine not
half length of head; soft dorsal and anal low, covered with small scales; caudal
forked; anal spines short, graduated, the second stouter; first soft ray of anal
less than + head; head, 3 in length; depth, 3. D. x1-1, 17, or 18; A. 111, 17.
Scales, 56. Color, steel-blue above, silvery below......---..----- AGASSIZII, 31.

aa. Pectoral fin short, 14 in head, not reaching nearly to the vent; eye very large, 3
in head; mouth oblique, the dentition much as in X. agassizii ; occasionally very
small teeth on vomer; none on palatines or tongue; preopercle with weak, sharp
serre on its vertical limb; gill-rakers moderate, the longest half diameter of
pupil. Form of the preceding; third dorsal spine longest, 1¢ in head; soft dorsal
and anal low, covered with small scales; caudal forked; anal spines small,
graduated. Head, 3in length; depth, 3. D. x1-1, 18; A. 11,17, Scales, 10-54-14.
Color, bluish-gray, silvery below; upper parts with 7 or 8 faint blackish streaks
along the rows of scales; mouth yellow within in life; fins yellowish, with scat-
tered black specks, the edges of most of them dusky; young with two dark
longitudinal streaks and a faint spot at base of caudal.........------ XANTI, 32.

31. XENICHTHYS AGASSIZII.

Xenichthys agassizii Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., m1, 6, 1875 (Galapagos Islands);
Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1881, 326 (copied).
Habitat: Galapagos Islands.
Etymology: Named for Louis Agassiz.
Our specimen of this species is one of the original types, received by
us from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. It is very close to the
next species, differing chiefly in the length of the pectoral.

32. XENICHTHYS XANTI. =

Xenichthys xanti Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 82 (Cape San Lucas, description
erroneous); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1881, 326 (copied); Jordan &
Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 360 (types of X. xanti); Jordan & Bollman,
1. c., 1889, 181 (Panama).

Xenichthys cenops Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1882, 525 (Panama).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, from Cape San Lucas to
Panama.

Etymology: Named for John Xantus.

This species is rather abundant at Panama, where numerous speci-
mens were obtained by Prof. Gilbert. The original types of X. wanti
are young examples of the same species. In the original description
the dorsal rays were wrongly counted as XI-1, 14, the scales of the lateral
line described as different from the others, but no difference of any
importance exists,

462 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Subfamily IV.—HAXMULIN.

XII. HAMULON.

Diabasis * Desmarest, Premitre Décade Ichthyologique, 1823, 34 (parra; flavolineatus;
not of Hoffmannsegg, Coleoptera, 1819).

Heemulon Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829 (elegans, etc.).

Orthosteechus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 255 (maculicauda).

Hemylum (Scudder mss.) Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (elegans, etc.).

Diabasis (Scudder mss.) Putnam, 1. c. (album; name only).

Anarmostus (Scudder Mss.) Putnam, l. c. (name only; jflavolineatum, etc.).

Bathystoma (Scudder Mss.) Putnam, |. c. (name only; jeniguano, etc.).

Brachygenys (Scudder Mss.) Poey, Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, 1868, 319 (name
only; teniatum).

Lythrulon Jordan & Swain, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 287 (flavoguttatum).

Heemulon Cuv. & Val., Giinther, Gill, Poey, Goode, ete.

Diabasis Bennett, Bleeker et auct.

Type: Hemulon elegans Cuvier=Sparus sciurus Shaw.

Etymology: aia, blood; odijov, the singular of odja, the gums.

All the species of Hamulon are American. The genus is very closely
related to Pomadasis Lacépede (=Pristipoma Cuv.), the only tangible
points of difference being the large mouth with curved gape and the
closely scaled soft dorsal and anal fins. AJIl the species have more or
less of orange on the inside of the mouth, a trait of coloration not found
in Pomadasis. The amount of redness is greatest in those species hav-
ing the largest mouth. It is true that certain species of Pomadasis
(humilis, etc.) have the mouth larger than in certain species of Hamu-
lon (chrysargyreum). It is also true that while the soft dorsal and anal
in many of the species referred to Pomadasis are free from scales, in
certain of the subgenera or genera related to the latter genus (Brachy-
deuterus, Anisotremus) these fins are hardly less scaly than in Hamulon.
It is probably also true that certain species of Hamulon (chrysargyreum)
are more closely related to species of the section Brachydeuterus
(axillaris, nitidus, leuciscus) than this section is to some other spe-
cies usually placed in the same genus. There is no doubt, however,
that the species of Haemulon form a natural group, and no writer since
Desmarest and Cuvier has questioned the right of this group to generic
rank. It has been generally conceded that the group will not admit
of further subdivision. The most aberrant of the species (maculicauda)

yas, In 1862, recognized by Dr. Gill as the type of a distinct genus,
Orthostechus, distinguished by the arrangement of its scales. In 1862
these fishes were the subject of an elaborate study by Mr. Samuel H.
Scudder. Nothing has, however, been published by this writer, our

* Le poisson que je viens de décrire me parait, selon les principes de classification
ichthyologique de M. Cuvier, devoir former un genre A part. Je lui donne le nom
de Diabasis, AraBaow (transitio), pour indiquer ses rapports, d’une part, avec les
Acanthopterygiens des genres Lutjan et Pristipome, et de autre avee les poissons
placés dans la famille des Squamipennes. (Desmarest. )

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 463

knowledge of his conclusions being limited to a nominal list published
by Prof. F. W. Putnam (Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., 1863, 12).

In this list four generic names are recognized, two of them new, but
not defined, and hence not requiring notice. The species are thus
grouped:

Hemylum, formosum (plumieri), elegans, arara (plumieri).
Diabasis, albus.

Anarmostus, flavolineatus, serratus (parra).
Bathystoma, melanurum (aurolineatum), chrysopterum (rimator).

Later, another genus, Brachygenys, likewise left undefined, was pro-
posed by Mr. Scudder for teniatum Poey. It is mentioned by Poey
(Syn. Pisce. Cubens., 1868, p. 319). We are unable to see any distince-
tion whatever for the groups called Hamulon, Diabasis, and Anar-
mostus, and think that if these be recognized as genera most of the
remaining species should be elevated to the same rank. Bathystoma
and Brachygenys are better differentiated, but neither in our opinion
should be regarded as a distinct genus. No advantage is likely to
come from such minute generic subdivision. Most writers have adopted
for this genus the very appropriate name of Hamulon, given to it by

Cuvier in 1829. This name is not strictly correct in its form, and it has
been sometimes, with a greater approach to classical exactness, written
Hemulum, which is an abridgment of the full form, Haematulum. By
a curious blunder several purists have written Hamylum, which is
much worse than Haemulon. The name is expressly stated by Cuvier
to be derived from aiya, blood, and odjov, the singular of oda, the gums.

The name Diabasis of Desmarest (1823) has priority over Hamulon,
and has been substituted for the latter by Bennett, Bleeker, and
others. Thisname is, however, preoccupied in Coleoptera by the genus
Diabasis, Hoffmannsegg, 1819. There appears, therefore, no doubt of
the propriety of the retention of the name Hamulon. Hamulon sciurus
(Shaw) (elegans Cuvier), the first species mentioned by Cuvier, may be
regarded as the type of the genus. Twenty species of Hemulon are
recognized by us as probably valid. These we arrange in five sec-
tions or subgenera, with the names Hamulon, Bathystoma, Brachy-
genys, Lythrulon, and Orthostechus. Of these, Hamulon contains most
of the species and exhibits a greater range of variation than the
others. The young fishes in this group differ in proportions consider-
ably from the adults. Besides the changes usual in other fishes, we
May observe that in Hemulon the young have the snout proportionally
much shorter, so that the maxillary, although also much shorter in _
proportion, extends further back in comparison with the eye. Nearly
all the species have, when young, two more or less sharply defined,
dark, longitudinal stripes along the side, one or more along the top of
the head, and a dark spot at the base of the caudal. These markings
persist longer in some species than in others, but traces of them, at
least, may be found in the young of nearly all the species of Hamulon,

464 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Anisotremus, and Pomadasis. In a few species these markings persist
during life. The species are all essentially alike in respect to the pores
at the chin, the height and form of the soft dorsal, the form of the
nostrils, the squamation of the fins, the direction of the lateral line, ete. —
These common characters are, therefore, not mentioned in the following
descriptions. The peritoneum is black in all species examined.

In the descriptions below the scales above the lateral line are counted
vertically from the first dorsal spine to the lateral line; those below the
lateral line from the first anal spine obliquely upward and forward to
the lateral line. The scales in a longitudinal series are, as here given,
the number of vertical rows above the lateral line from head to base of
caudal. This number is practically the same in all species of the genus,
the variations above or below 50 being very slight. The number of
oblique series of scales or of pores in the lateral line is in all cases
about 10 fewer, or about 40.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF HAMULON.

a. Scales above lateral line arranged in very oblique series, not parallel with the
lateral line.
b. Jaws subequal, or the lower included; mouth little oblique; gill-rakers compar-
atively few and short.

c. Dorsal spines 12 (sometimes 11 in H. scudderi); scales large; gill-rakers few
and small (10 to 14 on lower part of an-
terior arch); frontal foramena single or
divided slit at the base of the high supra-
occipital crest in front. .

d. Mouth moderate or large, its cleft more than 4 length of head; back more or
less elevated; second anal spine strong,
notably longer than third. (Hemulon.)

e. Seales below lateral line anteriorly not especially enlarged.
f. Scales above lateral line anteriorly not much enlarged.
g. Maxillary 24 to 2? in head, not reaching center of eye (in adult).

h. Back and sides without yellow or blue stripes; each scale above
with a median blackish spot, these form-
ing undulating lines (spots rarely obsolete
in adult, obscure or wanting in young);
maxillary 24 to 22 in head.

i. Seales in a vertical row from first dorsal spine to lateral line 7 or
8 (9 in oblique series).

j. Mouth rather small, maxillary scarcely reaching to front of eye;
back elevated; preorbital very deep, its
least breadth greater than length of eye
inadult, 44 to 43 in head in young; second
anal spine not reaching to tip of last ray ;
snout long and pointed, 24+ to 2? in head.

k, Sides with about six dark vertical bars; sides of head with
blackish spots like those of body; dorsal
spines not graduated; 2d anal spine when
depressed not reaching tip of last spine.
Head, 3; depth, 22. Scales, 7-51-14. D.
MAD i wAernr One SEXFASCIATUM, 33,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 465

kk. Sides without dark bars; head unspotted; dorsal spines
graduated; second anal spine, when de-
pressed, reaching beyond tip of last spine.
Head, 3; depth, 2%. D. xu, 16; A. I, 7.
_Seales, 7 (or 8)-46 to 48-16. ...ALBUM, 34.
jj Mouth rather large, maxillary reaching front of pupil; back
little elevated; preorbital rather narrow,
its least width 5 in head; second anal
spine reaching tip of last ray ; snout rather
long and pointed, 24 in head; back and
sides with 4 or 5 black longitudinal
streaks, which disappear only in very old
examples. Head, 24; depth, 23. D. Xi,
16; A. 1,8. Scales, 7-51-13.
MACROSTOMA, 39.
ii. Scales in a vertical row from first dorsal spine to the lateral line,
five or six.
I. Series of scales from scapular scale extending backward to
front of soft dorsal; snout rather long and
pointed; mouth small; the maxillary 2}
to 3 in head; dorsal rays xu, 16; pectoral
fins long, # length of head; black spots on
sides coalescing in continuous stripes.
Head, 24; depth, 2%. Scales, 5-44-10. D.
SG 0ty HR UNE oA eRe ace BONARTENSE, 36.
ll. Series of scales from scapular scale not extending farther
backward than the middle of spinous dor-
sal; snout shorter, not very acute; mouth
larger, the maxillary about 24 in head;
premaxillary spine about 3 in head; dark
spots on scales not coalescent.’
m. Depth of body about 2} in length; pectoral fins short,
less than % length of head; scales above
lateral line scarcely enlarged. Head, 3;
depth, 2%. Scales, 6-50-14. D. xu, 14;
Fog RN es Sy PARRA, 37.
mm. Depth of body 24 in length; pectoral fins long, more
than {length of head; scales above lateral
line somewhat enlarged (inadult). Head,
34; depth, 24. Scales, 5-49-13. D. XI,
SOT Gell AR fers ae to SCUDDER], 38.
hh. Back and sides with distinct, horizontal, yellow stripes, fading,
but not disappearing, in spirits; no black
spots anywhere; vertical fins usually
dusky yellow; scales of sides slightly en-
larged; maxillary 24 in head, reaching
front of pupil; body not very deep; snout
short, not 4 length of head; second anal
spine when depressed reaching tip of last
ray, its length about half head. Head,
3; depth, 24. Scales, 7-55-14. D. x11, 16;
PACTS iat =i ta eeta ls See's CARBONARIUM, 39.
gg. Maxillary nearly or quite half length of head, reaching center of
eye in adult; no biack spots or stripes
any where in the adult (except under angle
of preopercle),

H. Mis, 1183——30

466

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

n. Back and sides with rows of round silvery spots, one

on each scale, these forming streaks which
follow the direction of the rows of scales;
ground color light olive-brown; anal high;
a black blotch at base of caudal; fins all
yellow; body rather elongate, the depth
nearly 3 in length; the snout pointed;
maxillary about 2} in head; second anal
spine 2} in head. Head, 3; depth, 22.
Scales, 7-50-14. D. xr, 16; A. m1, 8.
SCHRANKI, 40.

nn. Back and sides with continuous yellow stripes, which

nnn, Back and

are horizontal and do not everywhere fol-
low the direction of the rows of scales;
ground color bluish-gray; back with a
well-defined blackish area from first dorsal
spine to base of caudal, this color cover-
ing most of soft dorsal and middle of cau-
dal lobes; body rather elongate, the depth
3 in length; snout moderate; second anal
spine 2? in head. Head, 3; depth, 3.
Seales, 8-56-17. D. xu, 16; A. III, 8.
MELANURUM, 41.
sides of head and body with continuous
blue stripes, horizontal, and not every-
where following the rows of scales; ground
color bright yellow; fins yellow, the can-
dal dusky at base; snout moderate; teeth
strong, the anterior canine-like; second
anal spine 24in head; depth, 23 in length.
Head, 23; depth, 23. Scales, 7-53-14. D.
SCT, Gis VAC ON Se sae eee ScruRws, 42.

ff. Scales above lateral line anteriorly much larger than the other scales;

sides of head with bright blue stripes,
which extend for a short distance only on
body; body without distinct markings;
mouth very large, its cleft more than half
head (in adult); premaxillary spine 24 in
head; anterior profile somewhat concave,
the snout sharp, projecting; anal rather

high, its second spine 24 in head. Head,
2%; depth, 2%. Scales, 5-50-17. D. xu,
UGS An M0 Sie cesses emis PLUMIERI, 43.

ee. Scales below lateral line anteriorly much enlarged; head, back, and sides

with continuous bright yellow stripes,
those below following the direction of the
scales, and therefore extremely undulat-
ing for the most part; body with two
longitudinal black lines, the lower run-
ning from snout to baseof caudal, ending
in a black spot, the upper commencing in
front of nostrils and separated from pre-
ceding by a pale band, extending back-
wards to posterior end of soft dorsal ;

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. ° 467

region in front of dorsal with black medi-
an line; other short black lines on head;
black spot at angle of preopercle pur-
plish-silvery in spirits; fins yellow; pos-
terior teeth canine-like; body rather deep ;
snout short; mouth not large, the maxil-
lary 24 in head; anal high, its second
spine 2 in head. Head, 3; depth, 2%.
Seales, 6-50-11. D. xu, 14; A. 111, 8.
FLAVOLINEATUM, 44,

dd. Mouth small, its cleft less than {length of head; body rather elongate;

second anal spine small; back and sides
with longitudinal yellow stripes; teeth
weak; gill-rakers rather few and small;
snout very short, 23 in head; frontal for-
amina separate and placed some distance
in front of the very low supraoccipital
crest; premaxillary spine very short, 44
in head. (Brachygenys Scudder. )

o. Body elongate; the back not elevated, the depth 3+

to 3; in body; eye very large, 3 in head;
maxillary 3 to 3} in head, reaching little,
if any, past front of eye; anal moderate,
its spines small, the second 2? in head;
fins all yellow; the caudal dusky in
adult. Head, 34; depth, 3%. Scales,
7-52-13. D. xi, 14; A. 11,9.
CHRYSARGYREUM, 45.

ce. Dorsal spines 13; anal fin low; preorbital low; gill-rakers in moderate or

p. Mouth

rather large numbers, 12 to 18 on lower
part of arch; lower jaw not projecting;
mouth little oblique; body comparatively
elongate, the depth 2} to 34 in length:
body with longitudinal yellowish stripes;
scales rather small; frontal foramina long
divided slits in front of supraoccipital
crest; size small. (Bathystoma Scudder.)
large, the maxillary reaching middle of
eye, its length about half head; gill-
rakers rather short and few; scales mod-
erate, 50 to 55 in the lateral line; second
anal spine scarcely larger or longer than
third, 2 or more in head.

q. Body oblong, the back moderately elevated,

the depth 23 to 3 in length. Head, 23;
depth, 22. Scales, 8-51-13. D. xm, 15;
ANG MO ele Soa oOe Sau ee eeeae RIMATOR, 46.

qq. Body subfusiform, the back little elevated,

the depth 3} to 3} in length. Head, 3;
depth, 37. Scales, 8-51-13. D. xi, 15;
AY TUS -e sae e eres eee AUROLINEATUM, 47,

468

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF

FISH AND FISHERIES.

pp. Mouth rather small, the maxillary not reaching

to opposite middle of eye; its length not
quite half head; gill-rakers numerous,
rather long; scales sinall, about 70 in
lateral line; second anal spine notably
longer and larger than third; body more
elongate than in other species, depth
about 34 in length. Head, 34; depth, 34.
D. xu, 18; A. m1, 7. Scales, 7-70-18.
STRIATUM, 48.

bb. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper; snout very short; gill-rakers compara-

tively long and slender, about 22 on lower
part of anterior arch; frontal foramina
two short slits close together just in front
of the high supraoccipital crest. (Lyth-
rulon Jordan & Swain.)

r. Mouth small, very oblique, the maxillary

reaching pupil, 24 in head; head short,
3% to 3% in length; body rather deep;
anal fin very low, its longest ray, when
depressed, not nearly reaching middle of
last ray; second anal spine little longer
than third; scales of back and sides each
with a pearly spot, these forming undu-
lating streaks; dark blotch at base of
caudal. Head, 33; depth, 34. Scales,
5-50-14. D. x—xin, 15; A. m1, 9.
FLAVIGUTTATUM, 49.

aa. Scales above lateral line arranged in longitudinal series, which are throughout

' crest;

-

parallel with the lateral line; dorsal
spines 13 (or 14); frontal foramina nar-
rowly oval, wholly separate, some dis-
tance in front of the low supraoccipital
premaxillary spine short, 3} in
head; lower jaw projecting. (Orthoste-
chus Gill?)
Body oblong, the depth about 3 in
length; snout short, 34 in head; mouth
small, the maxillary scarcely reaching
front of pupil; eye large, 3}in head; fins
low; second anal spine little stronger or
longer than third, 22 in head; fourth
dorsal spine 2; sides with alternate stripes
of dark brown and light grayish, the
latter formed by a light pale spot on the
center of each scale; a dark blotch at
base of caudal; vertical fins, gray.
Head, 34; depth, 2%. Scales, 5-51-11.
D. xii (xXIv), 15; A. ur, 10.
MACULICAUDA, 50.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. AGI

33. HAAMULON SEXFASCIATUM.

Hemulon sexfasciatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 254 (Cape San Lucas);
Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., 111, 1875 (Panama).

Hemulon sexfasciatum, Jordan & Swain, |. ¢., 288; Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1891, 153 (Guaymas).

Diabasis sexfasciatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1881 (324), 1882 (107, 110)
Aig chain Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 361, 372,
626 (Cape San Lucas, Colima, Panama); Jordan, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila.
1883, 286 (on Peters’s type of maculosum).

Hemulon maculosum Peters, Berliner Monatsberichte, 1869, 705 (Mazatlan).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, Guaymas to Panama.

Etymology: Sex, six; fasciatus, banded.

This species is the Paine coast representative of Hamulon album,
from which it differs strikingly in its coloration. It reaches a similarly
very large size, specimens upwards of two feet in length having been
obtained at Mazatlan by Prof.Gilbert. It is generally common along the
Pacific coast of tropical America. We have examined the types both of
Hemulon sexfasciatum and Haemuion maculosum. There is no doubt of
their identity. The very young examples, types of the former species,
show the crossbands of the adult, but not the spots on the head.

Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge, from Acapulco.

34. HA:MULON ALBUM. (Margate-fish; Jall4o; Margaret Grunt.)

Percamarina gibbosa (Margate-fish) Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., p. 2, pl. 2, 1742 (Bahamas).

Perca gibbosa Walbaum, Artedi Pise., 1792, 348 (after Catesby), (not Perca gibbosa L.).

Cailiodon gibbosus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst.Ichth., 1801, 312 (name and part of de-
scription from Catesby; excl. syn. pars).

Hemulon gibbosum, Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West); Bean & Dresel,
Proc. U.S. N.M. 1884, 158 (Jamaica); Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 290.

Hemulon album Cuy. & Val., v, 241, 1830 (St. Thomas); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 310,
1867; Poey, Syn. Pise. Cubens., 1868, 312 (Cuba, Key West); Poey, Enum.
Pise. Cubens., 1875, 45; Giinther, 1, 311, 1859 (Jamaica); Poey, Bull. U.S.
F.C. 1882, 118 (Key West).

Diabasis albus, Putnam, Bull. M. C.Z., 1863, 12 (name only); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn.
Fish. N. A., 924, 1883 (copied).

Hemulon microphthalmum Giinther, 1, 306, 1859 (America).

Hemulon chrysopterum Goode, Bull, U.S. N.M., v, 1876, 53 (excl. syn.).

Habitat: West Indies, Florida Keys to Brazil.

Ktymology: Albus, white.

Hemulon album reaches a length of two feet or more, and is an im-
portant food-fish both at Key West and Havana. English-speaking
fishermen everywhere call it margate-fish, while the Spanish call it
jalldo. Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge from Havana,
Nassau, and St. Thomas.

In all the species of Hamulon, Cuban specimens are decidedly more
dusky than those from Key West. In several species, however, certain
Cuban specimens are much paler than the average even of Key West

A700 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

examples. This is true notably of sciwrus, carbonarium, and parra. The
pale form of sciwrus has even received a different specifié name (multi-
lineatum), but we have no doubt that these differences depend on the
character of the water or the bottom, and not on difference of species.

This is evidently the Hamulon album of Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Giinther’s H. microphthalmum belongs to the same species. The mar-
gate-fish of Catesby, erroneously referred by Linneus to his Perca
chrysoptera (Pristipoma fulvomaculatum), and by Cuvier to his Hamulon
chrysopterum (rimator), evidently belongs here. The Calliodon gibbosus
of Bloch and Schneider is based on the figure of Catesby, which, to-
gether with the Perca chrysoptera L., is quoted inthe synonymy. Still
older is the name Perca gibbosus of Walbaum, likewise based on
Catesby’s margate-fish. But the name Perca gibbosa is preoccupied,
having been used by Linnzeus for the common sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus.
The name Hemulon album should therefore be retained.

35. HAAMULON MACROSTOMA.

Hemulon macrostoma Giinther, 1, 308, 1859 (Jamaica); Jordan & Swain,1]. c., 289
(copied).

Hemulon fremebundum Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1879, 340 (Clearwater Harbor,
Florida; young); Bean & Dresel, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 159 (Jamaica) ;
Jordan & Swain, |. c., 297 (Key West).

Diabasis fremebundus, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 553 (copied); Bean,
Cat. Fishes Exh. London, 1883, 57 (Garden Key, Florida).

Habitat: West Indies, north to Florida.

Etymology: paxpds, long; stéua, mouth.

Besides the specimens examined by Jordan & Swain (Clearwater
Harbor, Key West, Jamaica) we have examined specimens in the
museum at Cambridge from Florida and St. Thomas. The large speci-
men from St. Thomas, a foot in length, is perfectly unicolor, only some
of the upper seales having darker centers. After careful consideration
we have decided that H. macrostoma Giinther and H. fremebundum
Goode & Bean must be identical, although there are one or two slight
discrepancies in Giinther’s deseription.

°
36. HAAMULON BONARIENSE. (Black Grunt; Ronco Prieto.)

Hemulon bonariense Cuy. & Val., v, 1830, 254 (Buenos Ayres).

Hemulon canna Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 233, 1830 (Martinique); Giinther,
I, 311, 1859 (Jamaica, Puerto Cabello); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 1867, 309 (not
of Agassiz, 1829).

Hemulon notatum Poey, Memorias, u, 179, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 317; Poey,
Enumeratio, 46.

Hemulon retrocurrens Poey, Rep. Pisce. Cub., 11, 236, 461, 1868 (Cuba).

Hemulon continuum Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 1875, 46 (Cuba); Poey, Anales Soc.
Hist. Nat., Madrid, 1881, 210 (Puerto Rico).

Hemulon parre, Jordan & Swain, ]. ¢., 292 (not Diabasis parra Desmarest).

Habitat: West Indies, south to Buenos Ayres.
Etymology: From Buenos Ayres.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 471
This specimen is known to us from several specimens in the U.S.
National Museum, from different points in the West Indies, and from
the types of H. bonariense and H. canna Cuy. & Val. in the museum at
Paris. Two specimens sent by Poey from Havana are in the museum
at Cambridge. One of these (10576) is the type of Hamulon notatum
Poey. It is closely allied to HZ. parra, differing in the color, in the
larger size of the scales and the differences in their arrangement, and
in the longer snout and smaller mouth.

The synonymy of this species and the next is badly entangled, and
we are not sure that we have correctly distributed it all. Our fish
seems to correspond to the Haemulon notatum, continuum, and retrocur-
rens of Poey. The other names of Poey (acutum, albidum, and serratum)
seem to refer rather to the next species. The name H. canna, having
been first used for H. parra, should give place to Hamulon bonariense.

37. H4|MULON PARRA.
(Sailor's Choice; Ronco Blanco; Ronco Prieto; Bastard Margaret.)

Hemulon caudimacula Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, 1829 (on Uribaco Marcgrave and
Diabase de Parra Desmarest); Cuv. & Val, v, 236, 1830 (Bahia, Cuba);
Giinther, 1, 1859, 313 (copied); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 1867, 310; Jordan & Gil-
‘bert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1881, 322 (redescription of original type).

Hemulon canna Agassiz, Spix, Pisce. Brasil., 1829, p. 130, pl. 69 (not of Cuv. & Val.)
(Brazil).

Hemulon chromis (Broussonet Mss.) Cuv. & Val., Vv, 242, 1830 (Jamaica); Giinther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 310 (Bahia, Jamaica).

Diabasis chromis, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 924 (Garden Key) ; Bean, Cat.
Fish. Exh. London, 1883, 58 (Garden Key).

Diabasis parra Desmarest, Prem. Décade Ichthyol., 30, tab. 2, f. 2, 1823 (Havana).

Hemuton parra, Jordan, |. ¢., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia); Jordan, 1. c., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

Hemulon acutum Poey, Memorias de Cuba, u, 180, 354, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis,
315, 1868; Poey, Enumeratio, 45, 1875; Bean & Dresel, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884,

; 158 (Jamaica); Jordan & Swain, 1. ¢., 294.

Hemulon albidum Poey, Memorias, 11, 181, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 316; Poey,

Enumeratio, 46.

Hamulon serratum Poey, Memorias, 11, 181, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 317; Poey,
Enumeratio, 46; Poey, Anal. Hist. Nat. Madrid, 1881, 201 (Puerto Rico).

Anarmostus serratus, Putnam, Bull. M.C. Z., 12, 1863 (name only).

Hemulon parre, Jordan, Bull. U.S. F.C. 1884; Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1884, 126 (Key
West). rs

Hemulon parre Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rar. Amer. du Sud, 10, 1855 (Bahia).

? Hemulon brevirostrum Giinther, Fishes Centr. Amer., 1869, 419 (in part, specimen
from Puerto Cabello).

Habitat: West Indies; southern Florida to Brazil.

Etymology: Named for Don Antonio Parra, who first wrote on the
natural history of Cuba.

This species is common at Key West, where it is known as ‘‘sailor’s
choice.” It is not very often brought into the market, on account of
its rather small size. The young are abundant along the shores, in
number inferior only to H. plumieri and H. rimator. At Havana it is
still more common, being brought into the market in large numbers

472 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

every day. The darker specimens are called by the fisherman Ronco
prieto, the paler ones Ronco blanco. While in Havana, Professor Jordan
took especial pains. to select specimens, representing every variety of
form and coloration in this species. In the very large collection secured
we find specimens answering fairly to Poey’s serratum, albidum, acutum,
as well as other specimens variously intermediate. A typeof Haemulon
acutum sent by Poey to the U. 8. National Museum is identical with this
species, as iS also the type of H. chromis Cuy. & Val., preserved in
the Museum at Paris. The original type of Desmarest’s Diabasis parra
is still preserved in the Museum at Paris. It belongs to the present
species, fur which it is the oldest name.

38. HAAMULON SCUDDERI. (Mojarra Prieta.)

Hemulon scudderi Gill, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 253 (Cape San Lucas); Stein-
dachner, Ichth. Beitr., 111, 18, 1875; Jordan & Swain, 1. ¢., 296; Jenkins &
Evermann, |. ¢. (Guaymas); Jordan & Bollman, 1. ¢., 1889, 181(Panama).

Diabasis scudderi Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1881 Seer 1882 (107, 110)
(Mazatlan, Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882, 361, 626
(Cape San Lucas, Panama).

Hemulon brevirostrum Giinther, Fishes Centr. Amer., 1869, 418 (Panama).

Hemulon undecimale Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr. 111, 1875, 11 (Acapuleo, Panama).
Habitat: Pacifie coast of tropical America, Guaymas to Panama.
Etymology: Named for Samuel H. Scudder.

This species is the Pacific representative of Hemulon parra. It
reaches a similar size, is equally abundant, and passes through a simi-
lar range of Variations and coloration. Most of the species collected
by Prof. Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama have 11 dorsal spines and
correspond to the Hamulon undecimale of Steindachner. Two or three
of them have, however, 12 dorsal spines, as in the original types of
H. scuddert and H. lanes um. We are unable to detect any other
difference of importance among these specimens, and refer all to H.
scudderi,regardin g it as a Species with the number of spines indifferently
it ord? sNo other species of Hamulon ever has fewer spines than 12.
If these should finally prove to be. specifically distinct, the form with
11 spines should stand as Hemulon undecimale, that with 12 spines as
Hamulon scudderi.

Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge from Lower California,
Acapulco, and Panama. The three specimens from Acapulco have D,
XII, those from Panama (types of H. wndecimale) have D. x1.

39. HAAMULON CARBONARIUM. (Ronco Carbonero.)

Hemulon carbonarium Poey, Memorias de Cuba, 11, 176, 1860 (Cuba); Poey; Synopsis,
1868, 318; Poey, Enumeratio, 44, 1875; Taeien desea l.c., 298; Jordan,
1. c., 1890, 319 (Bahia).
‘Habitat: West Indies, south to Brazil.
Etymology: Carbonarius, coaly, an allusion to the common name.
This species is common at Havana, where it is known as roneco car-
bonero. It reaches a length of about 10 inches. We have examined

p-

se ee

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 473

specimens from St. Croix and Bermuda in the British Museum, where
they are labeled Hamulon macrostoma. Inthe museums at Washington,
Cambridge, and Bloomington are specimens from Havana and Bahia.

40. HA:MULON SCHRANEI.

Hemulon schranki Agassiz, Spix, Pisce. Brasil., 1829, 121, pl. 69 (Brazil); Evermann
& Jenkins, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1891, 153 (Guaymas); Jordan, 1. ¢., 1889, 648
(St. Lucia); Jordan, 1. ¢., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

? Hamulon similis Castelnau, Anim. Nouy. ou Rares, 1855, 11? (Bahia).

Hemulon caudimacula Steind., Ichth. Beitrage, 1, 15, 1875 (Acapulco, Rio Janeiro,
Rio Grande do Sul, Maranhao; not of ae & Val.).

Diabasis steindachneri Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C, 1881, 322 (Mazatlan, Pan-
ama); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. i 1882, 107, 110 (Panama, Mazat-
lan); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 361, 372 (Cape San Lucas,
Colima).

Hemulon steindachneri, Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 299.

Hemylon flaviguitatum Bean, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1880, 96 (Colima; no description;
not of Gill).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America; coast of Brazil, north to
St. Lucia.

Etymology: Named for Schrank, an early naturalist.

A species of small size, generally common on the Pacific coast of
tropical America. It also occurs in abundance on the southeast coast
of Brazil, and a specimen before us was taken by the Albatross at St.
Lucia. We have examined numerous specimens from Brazil in the
Museum of Comparative Zoblogy (from Rio Janeiro, Rio Grand do Sul,
Para, Maranhao, and Acapulco); on comparing these with Pacific coast
examples we can find no difference; the Brazilian fish seems to be the
original of the poorly figured Hemulon schranki of Agassiz; the Pacific
coast form is H. dainatech neri.

41. HAMULON MELANURUM. (Jeniguana.) A

Perca marina cauda nigra (Black-tail), Catesby, Hist. Car., tab. 7, f. 2, 1743 (Bahamas).

Perca melanura Linnieus, Syst. Nat., x, 292, 1758; x11, 486, 1766 (based on Catesby’s
figure); Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, 1319.

Bathystoma melanurum, Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (name only).

~ Hemulon melanurum, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871, 471 (New Providence, St.

Martins, St. Croix); Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 300.
Heamulon dorsale Poey, Memorias, 11, 179, 1860 (Cuba); Synopsis, 1868, 308; Enumer-
atio, 1875, 44).

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: péias, black; odpd, tail.

This species is rather common at Havana, where it is known as
Jeniguana. It reaches a length of about a foot. There seems to be no
doubt of its identity with the‘ black-tail” of Catesby, on which is based
the Perca melanura of Linneus. Specimens are in the museum at Cam-

bridge from Havana, St. Thomas, Sombrero, and Nassau.

474 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

42. HAMULON SCIURUS. (Yellow Grunt; Ronco Amarillo.)
Anthias formosus Bloch, Ichthyol., taf. 323, 1790 (Antilles); Bloch & Schneider, Syst.
Ichthyol., 1801, 305. (Not Perca formosa L., with which if is identified ;
the latter is Diplectrum formosum.)
Sparus sciurus Shaw, General Zobdlogy, tv, 1803, pl. 64 (based on the description and
figure of Bloch).
Hemulon sciurus, Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West); Jordan & Swain,
MiGs ro Ue.
Hemulon clegans Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1829 (no description; on the figure of
Bloch); Cuy. & Val., v, 227, 18380; Giinther, I, 1859, 306 (Jamaica); Putnam,
Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (name only); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 309, 1867; Cope,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871, 471 (St. Croix).
Diabasis elegans, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 923 (specimen from Aspinwall) ;
Bean, Cat. Fish. Exh. London, 1883, 58 (Key West).
Diabasis obliquatus Bennett, Zodlogical Journal, London, v, 1835, 90 (Jamaica).
Hemulon luteum Poey, Memorias, 1, 174, 354, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 317; Poey,
Enumeratio, 44; Poey, Anales Hist. Nat., Madrid, 1881, 201 (Puerto Rico).
Hemulon multilineatum Poey, Memorias, 11, 178, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 318;
Poey, Enumeratio, 44.
Hemulon hians Haly, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1875, xv, 268 (Bahia).
Habitat: West Indies; Florida Keys to Brazil.
Ltymology: Seiurus, squirrel, from the grunting noise. The species
was confounded by Shaw with the squirrel-fish, Holocentrus ascenscionis.
This species is common both at Key West and Havana, and is known
as the “yellow grunt” or “ronco amarillo.” It is sometimes called
the “ boar grunt” by fishermen, who imagine it to be the male of H.
plumiert. It was first noticed by Bloch, who called it Anthias formosus,
identifying it incorrectly with Perca formosa ot Linneus. Shaw, who
still supposed it to be Perca formosa of Linnzeus, changed this name
arbitrarily to Sparus sciurus, <A fair description and figure are given,
taken, we believe, from Bloch. In our opinion the name sciwrus should
be retained for the species, although so far as Shaw was concerned its
introduction was a piece of meddling impertinence. Shaw’s synonymy
includes the Linnean fish, and the name sciurus is taken from the com-
mon name (squirrel-fish) of the latter. The species which he had in
mind, is, however, the present one, and it had before him received no
tenable specific name. This confusion was first detected by Cuvier,
who, however, failed to discriminate between the Linnean type (Serranus
formosus) and the figure of Catesby (representing Haemulon plumiert),
referred by Linneus to the same species. Cuvier called the species
elegans. Later Poey, on the basis of inaccuracies in coloration in a
plate representing H. elegans, has considered the Cuban fish as distinct
under the name of lutewm, while a pale variety discussed above has
been called multilineatum. There is no doubt that both of these names
should be regarded as synonyms of elegans. The Diabasis obliquatus of
Bennett is much more like this species than any other of the genus yet
known. We think that it belongs here, though the blue stripes are
represented as more oblique and more numerous than we have ever
seen them. Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge from Havana,
Porto Seguro, St. Thomas, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUPOPE. A475

43. HAAMULON PLUMIERI.
(Common Grunt; Ronco Ronco; Ronco Ararda.)

Guabi coara brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Bras., 1648, 163 (Brazil).

Perca marina capite striato (the Grunt), Catesby, Hist. Carolina, ete., tab. 6, 1743
(Bahamas, ete.).

Labrus plumiert Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 480, 1802, pl. 2, f. 2 (on a copy of
a drawing by Plumier, identified with this species by Cuvier).

Diabasis plumieri, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 603 (Charleston); ibid.,
Syn. Fish. N, A., 1883, 971; Bean, Cat. Fish. Exh, London, 1883, 58 (Key
West).

Hamulon plumieri, Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West); Jordan & Swain,
1.c., 303; Jordan, 1. c., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia); Jordan, 1. c., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

Hemulon formosum Conia Rogne Animal, 1829; Cuv. & V ae V, 1830, 230 (Marti-
nique); Giinther, 1, 305, 1859 faeeiemh Gs Je mee De oe New York
Fauna, 1842, 86 (?New York); Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871, 470 (St.
Croix, New Providence) (not Perca formosa L.).

Hemylum formosum, Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (name only),

Diabasis formosus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882, 276 (Pensacola); Jordan
& Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes N. A., 553.

Hemulon arcuatum Cuv. & Val., 1x, 481, 1833 (Charleston) ; Holbrook, Ichth. 8. Car.,
1860, 124, pl. xvi (Charleston) ; Goode, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1879, 113 (St. Au-
gustine; no descr.); Bean & Dresel, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1884, 158 (Jamaica).

Hemulon araré Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 177 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 318;
Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 45.

Hemylum arard, Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (name only).

Hemulon subarcuatum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 419 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 1868,
318; Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 45.

Habitat: West Indies; Carolina to Brazil.

Etymology: For Father Plumier, an early naturalist who sent draw-
ings of the fishes of Martinique to the museums of Europe.

This species is the “ grunt” par excellence of our South Atlantic
coast. It is not rare in West Florida and on the Carolina coast, while
at Key West it is the most abundant food-fish, the amount taken dur-
ing the yeat exceeding that of all other shore species combined. At
Havana it is proportionally less common, though still the most abund-
aut of its genus. It does not usually exceed a foot in length, although
individuals 18 inches long are sometimes taken. These large grunts
have the back and nape more elevated and correspond to Cuvier’s H.
arcuatum. This species was well represented by Catesby, but Linnzeus
has referred Catesby’s figures to the synonymy of his Perca formosa,
which is a Diplectrum. From this mistake it has come that the name
Jormosum has been transferred from Diplectrum formosum to Hamulon.
This is inadmissible. The oldest name actually given this species is
Labrus plumiert Lacépede; this name is based on a rough copy of a
drawing by Plumier. Cuvier, who had examined this drawing, referred
it to the present species, so there seems no doubt that the name plumicri
belongs here. Poey’s H. subarcuatwm seems to be a color variety of his
H. arard, which is the ordinary plumieri. Specimens are in the Museum
at Cambridge from Tortugas, Havana, Jérémie, Hayti, St. Thomas,
Maranhao, Bahia, Rio Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Norte.

ATG REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

44. HAMULON FLAVOLINEATUM.
(French Grunt; Open-mouth Grunt; Ronco Condenado.)

Diabasis flavolineatus Desmarest, Prem. Décade Ichth., 1823, 35, pl. 2, f.1; Desmarest,
Dictionnaire Classique, V, 235, about 1825, tab. 98, f. 1 (Cuba).

Anarmostus flavolineatus, Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (name only).

Hemulon flavolineatum, Poey, Repertorio, 1, 309, 1867; Poey, Synopsis, 318; Poey,
Enumeratio, 45; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West); Jordan
& Swain, l. c., 305; Jordan, 1. c., 1889; 648 (St. Lucia).

Hemulon heterodon Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829 (Diabase rayée of Desmarest) ;
Cuy. & Val., v, 1830, 255 (Martinique); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 1867, 309.

Hemulon xcanthopteron Cuv. & Val., v, 1830, 254 (Martinique).

Hemulon canthopterwm, Giinther, 1, 312, 1859 (Martinique, Jamaica, Trinidad, Puerto
Cabello).

Hemulum xanthopterum, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1871, 471 (St. Croix).

Hemylum xanthopterum, Bean, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1880, 96 (Bermuda; no description).

Habitat: West Indies; Florida Keys and Bermudas to Brazil.

Etymology: Flavus, yellow; lineatus, marked with lines.

This species is rather rare at Key West, where it is known as the
“French grunt” or “open-mouth grunt.” In Havana, it is more com-
mon, and is called “ronco condenado.” It reaches a length of nearly a
foot. Its peculiar coloration and large lateral scales render it one of the
mosteasily recognizable of thespecies. The young show two dark lateral
stripes like the young of H. parra, rimator, ete. There is no doubt as
to the name to be retained for this species, the name /flavolineatus of
Desmarest having clear priority over the names of species described by
Cuvier, the description and figure given by him being very good. In
the first description of the genus Hamulon, the Diabasis flavolineatus
is expressly mentioned by Cuvier as one of the species to be referred to
the genus. The other names of the species are less certain. H. hetero-
don Cuy. certainly belongs here, and probably H. «wanthopteron also.
Specimens are in the Museum at Cambridge from Havana, Tortugas,
Jérémie, Hayti, Bermudas, Bahamas, Amelia Island, Florida, Barbados.

45. HAIMULON CHRYSARGYREUM.

Hemulon chrysargyreum Giinther, 1, 314, 1859 (Trinidad); Giinther, Shore Fishes,
Challenger, 7 (Fernando Noronha); Jordan & Swain, l.c.(copied); Jordan,
_ Le., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia).
Hemulon teniatum Poey, Memorias, 11, 182, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 319;
Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West); Jordan & Swain, 1. ¢., 307.
Brachygenys teniata, Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 1875, 47.

Habitat: West Indies; southern Florida to Brazil.

Etymology: ypucds, gold; dpybpzos, silvery.

This little fish, the smallest of the genus, is abundant’ both at Key
West and Havana. None of the specimens seen exceed six inches in
length. This species approaches more closely than any other to the
genus Pomadasis.. It differs from the others in the less development of
tlie cavernous structure of the skull, the foramina on the frontal region
being inconspicuous. The specimens called teniatum are identieal

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. ATT

with the types of J. chrysargyreum, the former name having been
given to the young. Specimens are in the Museum at Cambridge from
Havana and St. Thomas. In the British Museum, we have seen exam-

ples from Trinidad (types), St. Croix, and Fernando de Noronha.

46. HHMULON RIMATOR. (Tom-tate; Redmouth Grunt; Cesar.)

Heamutlon chrysopteron, Cuv. & Val., v, 1830, 240 (brought by Milbert from New York;
erroneously identified with Perca chrysoptera L., which is an Orthopristis) ;
DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 85, pl. vu, f. 22 (New York market) ;
Holbrook, Ichth. 8. Car., 121, 1860 (Charleston).

Hemulon chrysopterum, Giinther, 1, 313, 1859 (Jamaica; Trinidad).

Bathystoma chrysopterum, Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 13, 1863 (name only).

Diabasis chrysopterus, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 553; Bean, Cat. Fish.
London Exh., 1883, 58 Peataieoiny:

— Hemulon quadrilineatum, Holbrook, Ichth. 8. Car., 1860, 195 (Charleston; not of Cuv.

& Val.).
Hamulon ? caudimacula, Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 1875, 47 (Cuba; not of Cuv. & Val.).
Hamulon parre, Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 1875, 47 (not Diabasis parre Desm.).
Diabasis aurolineatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882, 276, 307 (Pensacola) ;
ibid, 1882, 602 (Charleston) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 973, 1883;
Bean, Cat. Fishes London Exh., 1883, 58 (Pensacola); Jordan, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1884, 126 (Key West; not Hamulon aurolineatum Cuy. & Val.).
Hemulon rimator (Jordan & Swain, Ms.), Bean, oe U.S. N. M. 1884, 158 (Jamaica) ;
Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 308.

Habitat: West Indies; North Carolina to Trinidad; apparently more
abundant on our South Atlantic coast than southward.

Etymology: Rimator, inquirer.

This species is very common about Charleston, where it is one of the
most abundant food-fishes. About Pensacola and Key West the adult

are less numerous, but at the latter place the young swarm everywhere

about the wharves and shores. At Key West it is known as “ Tom-
tate.” From its small size (rarely a toot in length) it is held in low
esteem, and is not often brought into the market. It was not observed
by Prof. Jordan at Havana. A specimen in our collection, sent by Prof.
S. E. Meek from the New York market, is said to be from North Carolina.

The synonymy of this species has been much confused, although most
of the confusion has been unnecessary. The name chrysopterum has
been generally applied to the present species. This name comes from
the Perca chrysoptera of Linnzeus. This Perca chrysoptera was based
on a specimen sent from Charleston by Dr. Garden. This specimen is
still preserved in London, and it belongs, according to Dr. Bean, who

_has examined it, to the species called by Cuvier Pristipoma fulvomacu-
_latum. This species should therefore be known as Orthopristis chrysop-
_terus. With this Perca chrysoptera Linneus wrongly associates the
- margate-fish of Catesby, which is Hamulon album. Cuvier has identi-

fied both Catesby’s fish and the Linnean Perca chrysoptera with the

' present species, which he calls Hamulon chrysopteron. It is evident

vi

478 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

from the above that the name chrysopterum can not properly be retained
for this or any other species of Hamulon. The name aurolineatum
has been applied by Jordan & Gilbert to this species, but erroneously,
as is Shown beyond. Jordan & Swain have therefore given the species
anew name, as none of those by which it has been called (chrysopte-
rum, aurolineatum, caudimacula, parre) were originally intended for it.
The name Hemulon rimator is given in allusion to the inquisitive habits
shown by the young of this species. They swarm about the wharves
and are a nuisance to the fishermen, nibbling off the bait.

Both Heamulon rimator and H. plumiert have been recorded from
‘‘New York,” but no good evidence exists that either species passes to
the northward of Cape Hatteras. None of the others range far north
of the Tropic of Cancer.

47. HAAMULON AUROLINEATUM. (Jeniguano.)

L

Hemulon aurolineatum Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1850, v, 237 (Brazil, San Do-
mingo); Giinther, 1, 318 (Pernambuco); ?Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.
1871, 471 (St. Martins, name only); Jordan & Swain, 1. ¢., 310; Jordan,
1. c., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia); Jordan, |. ¢., 1890, 319 (Bahia).

Hemulon jentguano Poey, Memorias, 11, 183, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Synopsis, 319; Poey,
Enumeratio, 47.

Bathystoma jeniguarno, Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 12 (name only). :

Diabasis jentguano, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 925, 1883 (Garden Key); Bean,
Cat. Fish. London Exh., 1883, 58 (Garden Key).

Habitat: West Indies; Florida Keys to Brazil.

Etymology: Aurwm, gold; lineatus, striped.

This little fish is very abundant at Havana, where it is often brought
into the market. It is smaller in size than any other of the genus
except H. chrysargyreum. It has been taken at Garden Key, Florida,
but was not observed at Key West by Prof. Jordan. In its relations
it is extremely close to H.rimator. It is more slender and fusiform in
outline, and its coloration is usually of a deeper yellow, otherwise we
are unable to point out any differences of importance.

We have adopted the name awrolineatum for this species, and not for
H. rimator, on the strength of the following account of the typical
specimen of Hamulon aurolineatum received from Dr. H. E. Sauvage,
of the museum at Paris:

Hemulon aurolineatum, Brazil, Delalande, type. Length of the body, 0.220 m.;
height of body, 0.055 m.; length of the head, 0.60 m. Height of the body contained
nearly four times in the total length, and three and one-half without the caudal.

As the description of Cuvier & Valenciennes agrees in other respects
equally well with either species, the above measurements leave no doubt
of the identity of their type with H. jentguano. Hamulon rimator, young
or old, is never so slender as the above measurements would indicate.

Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge from Havana, Rio Ja-
neiro, Ceara, Maranhao, San Francisco, St. Thomas, and Porte Seguro.
Among those from Cuba is Poey’s type of H. jeniguano.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. AT

48. HA;MULON STRIATUM. (White Grunt.)

? Capeuna brasiliensibus Maregrave, Hist., ete., Brasil., 1, 1648, 155.

Perea striata Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 233 (North America), and the copyists.

Hemulon striatum Jordan, 1. ¢., 1889, 648 (St. Lucia).

? Grammistes trivitiatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 188 (on the description
of Maregrave).

Diabasis trivittatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1888, 554 (erroneously
ascribed, after Holbrook, to the Carolina fauna),

? Serranus capeuna Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Berlin Akad., 1821, 288 (on the description
of Marcgrave).

? Hemulon capeuna, Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1829 (no description; after Marcgrave).

Hemylum capeuna, Goode, Bull. U. S. N. M., v, 1876, 53 (Bermuda).

Hamulon quadrilineatum Cuv. & Val., v, 1830, 238, pl. 120 (San Domingo) ; Giinther, 1,
316, 1859 (copied); Poey, Repertorio, 1, 310, 1867; 11, 161; Poey, Synopsis,
1868, 319 (Cuba); Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 1875, 47; Cope, Trans. Am.
Philos. Soc. 1871, 471 (St. Croix); Jordan & Swain, 1. c., 311.

Hamulon quinquelineatum, Poey, Memorias, 11, 419, 1860 (Cuba).

Habitat: Bermudas to Brazil.

Etymology: Striatus, striped.

This is probably the species indicated by Linnzeus under the name
Perca striata. The number (13) of dorsal spines and the comparison
with P. melanura render it certain that this species, H. rimator, or
H, aurolineatum was intended. Of these, only the present species has
the second anal spine especially strong (‘ validissimus”), and to this
species the name striatum should apparently be referred.

The following is Linneus’s account:

“ Striata, 22. P. pinnis dorsalibus unitis, cauda bifida, corpore striato.

CODE etee Ee los Vepes As tye, COC. LT.

“ Habitat in America septentrionali. Mus. de Geer. Opercula subserrata. Radius
secundus analis validissimus. Cauda nigra non est, qua differt a P. melanura.”

Specimens are in the museum at Cambridge from Havana and Ber-
muda.

49. HA:MULON FLAVIGUTTATUM.

Hemulon flaviguttatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 254 (Cape San Lucas).

Hemulon flaviguttatum Steind., Ichth. Beitr., 11, 14, 1875 (Mazatlan, Acapulco,
Altata, Panama); Streets, Bull. U.S. N. M., vu, 79, 1877 (Lower Califor-
nia); Jordan & Swain, |. ¢., 314; Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S.N. M.
1891, 152 (Guaymas).

Diabasiz flaviguttatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Bull, U.S. F. C. 1881 (324), 1882 (107, 110),
(Mazatlan, Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882, 361, 381,
626 (Cape San Lucas, Panama).

Hemulon margaritiferum Giinther, Proc. Zo6l, Soc. 1864, 147; Giinther, Fishes Centr.
Amer., 1869, 419, pl. Lxv, fig. 2 (Panama).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, Guaymas to Panama.

Etymology: Flavus, yellow; guttatus, spotted.

This species is generally common along the Pacific coast of tropical
America. It has no analogue among the Atlantic species. On account
of the peculiarities of the form of the body, the snout, the moutb, and

480 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the vertical fins, and especially the increased development ot the gill-
rakers, we may regard it as the type of a distinct subgenus, which has
been called Lythrulon. The cranium shows no special peculiarity
except the shortness of the snout and the development of the high
supraoccipital crest. Specimens are in the Cambridge museum from
Acapuleo. Our specimens were collected at Guaymas by Evermann &
Jenkins.

50. H#AMULON MACULICAUDA. (Roncador Raiado.)

Orthostachus maculicauda Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 255 (Cape San Lucas).

Hamulon maculicauda, Steind., Ichth. Beitr., 11, 14, 1875 (Mazatlan, Acapulco) ; Jordan
& Swain, l. c., 315; Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1891, 152
(Guaymas).

Diabasis maculicauda, Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1881, 325, 1882, 110 (Pan-
ama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882, 362, 372, 626 (Cape San
Lucas, Panama, Colima).

Hamulon mazatlanum Steindachner, Ichth. Notizen, vu, 12, taf. v1, 1869 (Mazatlan).
Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, Guaymas to Panama.
Etymology: Macula, spot; cauda, tail.

This small species is rather common on the Pacific coast of tropical
America. Its peculiar squamation, rendered more noticeable by the
corresponding features of coloration, give it an appearance quite dis-
tinct in this genus. The snout is shorter than usual and the number
of dorsal spines isincreased. In other respects it departs less from the
usual type than do H. flaviguttatum and H. striatum. The cranium
differs little from the ordinary Hamulon type. The specimens in the
museum at Cambridge are from Acapulco. The specimens before us
were collected at Guaymas by Evermann & Jenkins.

XIII. ANISOTREMUS.

Anisotremus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 107 (virginicus).
Genytremus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 256 (bilineatus).
Paraconodon Bleeker, Archiy. Neerl., x1, 272, 1876 (pacifici).

Type: Sparus virginicus Linneus.

Etymology: doos, unequal; tpzya, aperture, from the pores at the
chin.

This genus, like Hamulon, to which it is closely related, contains
numerous species, all of them restricted to the shores of tropical
America. All the species undergo considerable change in form with
age, and all of them are valued as food-fishes. The young are marked
with two or three blackish lengthwise stripes. These disappear with
age, quickest in the brightly colored species, and persist for a loug
time in species like surinamensis and interruptus, which agree in color-
ation with Hemulon parra and related species.

Only a skeleton of the synonymy of this genus is here given.,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 481
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ANISOTREMUS.,

a. Scales above lateral line in series parallel with the lateral line.
b. Dorsal spines rather low, the longest not more than half length of head; second
t anal spine about half head.
¢e. Pectorals much shorter than head, not reaching tips of ventrals; dorsal rays
x1, 13, the spines comparatively slender, the longest half head;
eye more than twice as wide as the narrow preorbital. Body com-
pressed, considerably elevated, the greatest height below the fifth
dorsal spine; profile rounded from base of first dorsal spine to the
nape, concave over the eyes, descending abruptly down the snout;
interorbital area twice orbit; snout thick and obtuse; teeth vil-
liform in both jaws, with an outer series of conical teeth; pre-
opercle serrate, strongly on angle; a posterior notch in opercle
between two obtuse and feeble points; soft dorsal about as high as
spinous; second anal spine long and strong; caudal emarginate.
Color dusky-grayish, with four irregular crossbands, which grow
faint with age; scales silvery with purple reflections; membrane .
- between the scales brown; fins blackish. Head, 3!; depth, 22 to
23; D. x1, 138; A. 1, 10. Scales, 7-47-13; second anal spine, 2 in
head; fifth dorsal spine, 2; pectoral, 44.............Pacrrict, 51.
cc. Pectorals a little longer than head, about reaching anal fin; dorsal rays xu,
16, the spines short and stout, the longest 24 in head; eye 34,
about one-fourth wider than the broad preorbital. Body ovate,
compressed, the back rather strongly arched; anterior profile,
rather steep and straightish, slightly depressed above eyes and at
the nape; snout very short, blunt and thick; mouth very small,
the maxillary not quite reaching to front of eye; lower jaw in-
cluded; teeth cardiform, in broad bands, the outer series enlarged,
but smaller than in A. pacifici ; preopercle rather weakly serrate;
gill-rakers short and weak, about 10 below angle; dorsal fin low,
rather deeply emarginate, the soft rays more than two-thirds
height of longest spines; anal rather low, its margin perfectly
straight; second anal spine very robust; caudal moderately forked.
Color grayish silvery; a faint dark bar from front of dorsal to level
of base of pectorals; lower parts of sides with indistinct darker
streaks; vertical fins and pectorals dusky yellowish; distal half
of ventrals and base of anal blackish. Head, 3}; depth, 24; D. x11,
16; A. 11, 9; scales, 6-52-13; eye, 34; snout, 3; preorbital, 23;
maxillary, 3}; second anal spine, 2; fourth dorsal spine, 24; pec-
Rotabess MUll-tAlcors, Met 1). see Soe sce tcleketes ees Ske CESIUS, 52.
bb. Dorsal spines very high, the longest 12 in head; second anal spine very long,
about 13 in head; pectorals much shorter than head; interorbital
area much less than width of orbit; snout obtuse, not much longer
than eye; cleft of mouth small, the maxillary extending to front
of eye; dorsal and anal spines exceedingly strong, the third dorsal
spine the longest; snout naked, the remainder of the head being
scaly ; each ray of the soft fins accompanied by a series of minute
scales, covering the caudal; caudal fin slightly emarginate. Color
gtayish-silvery, with five jet-black crossbands in the adult; fins
blackish. Head, 3; depth, 2; D. x11, 16; A.111, 9; scales, 8-48-15;
second anal spine, 1; third dorsal spine, 12 ........--. Dovu, 53.
aa, Scales above lateral line arranged in oblique series which are not parallel with
the lateral line,

H. Mis. 113——31

482 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

d. Scales comparatively large, less than nine in a vertical series between first
dorsal spine and the lateral line; coloration olivaceous, the adult
nearly plain, the young with two or more dusky lateral stripes
which disappear with age; fins blackish.

e. Seales 5, 6-52-15 (lateral line with 49 pores); scales above lateral line on
anterior part of body more or less enlarged, especially in the adult;
young specimens with two black horizontal stripes, one of these
from eye to a point just before the base of caudal, where it is in-
terrupted, a round black spot following at base of caudal; another
stripe above this and parallel with it; scales of anterior part of
back more or less distinctly marked with black spots, one on each
scale, these spots not confluent. Body oblong-elliptical, the back
elevated, the profile strongly convex at nape, becoming straighter
anteriorly ; interorbital area a little more than eye; mouth short,
the maxillary extending to anterior edge of eye; outside teeth of
jaws conical, notably longer and stronger than the others; pre-
opercle evenly serrate on vertical edge, weaker at angle; dorsal
and anal spines strong, second anal stronger and a little longer
than the highest dorsal spine, about half head; soft dorsal lower,
about one-third head; pectoral falcate, as long as head; caudal
forked. Head, 3; depth, 24; D. x11, 16; A. 10, 8 or 9; scales, 5 to
6-52-12 to 15; eye, 4; snout, 22; second analspine, 14; fourth dorsal
SPIN g25 PeCtOra | glass cee see See SURINAMENSIS, 54.

ee. Scales 7, 8-46-15 (lateral line with 54 pores), scales above lateral line _
anteriorly not especially enlarged; all specimens examined with
three or four black lateral stripes, one from eye to near base of
caudal, where it ceases abruptly, giving place to a round caudal
spot as in the young of A. surinamensis, also a stripe from scapular
scale to last dorsal ray, forming two spots on back of caudal
peduncle (this stripe wanting in 4. surinamensis); above this, one
or two other stripes parallel with it; opercular membrane black.
Anterior profile considerably steeper than in 4. surinamensis. In
all other respects, in specimens of the same age, this species seems
to agree with A. surinamensis. Head,3; depta, 2}; D. xu, 16; A. III,
8; eye, 23; snout, 44; preorbital, 4; pectoral, 1....-. BICOLOR, 55.

dd. Scales rather small, more than 9 in a vertical series between the first dorsal
spine and the lateral line.

f. Body not striped longitudinally with yellow or blue; preorbital nar-
row; gill-rakers, x+-13.

g. Anterior part of body without jet-black vertical bar; axil jet-black,
the spot encroaching on base of pectoral; a round black spot
on base of last rays of dorsal and anal; body dark gray, with
obscure darker streaks; fins pale, edge of opercle dusky; pectoral
long, 1;45 in head, reaching front of anal. Body ovate, the back
elevated, the profile from the tip of the short blunt snout to the
last dorsal ray evenly rounded; lower profile straighter, angulated
at end of base of anal; mouth moderate; teeth in broad bands,
the outer in both jaws longer, close-set, slender and sharp; pre-
opercle rather finely and not sharply serrate; dorsal fin divided
almost to base, the tenth spine no longer than first; second anal
spine stronger and a little longer than third, lower than soft rays:
caudal forked. Head, 3; depth, 2}; D. x1, 14; A. 11, 13; scales,
9 or 10-51-x; eye, 4; snout, 4; preorbital=pupil: maxillary, 34;
pectoral, i;); gill-rakers, x+-13 -.........--.--.. SCAPULARIS, 56.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 483

gg. Anterior part of body with a jet-black vertical bar which extends

from between the fifth and seventh dorsal spines to opposite the
lower edge of the pectoral; edge of opercle and base of pectoral
black; pectoral longer than head. Body elongate-ovate, the back
elevated, the anterior profile straightish to nape, thence regularly
convex; lower profile straight, angulated at anal; mouth small;
teeth setiform, arranged in broad bands, becoming shorter behind,
longer and stronger in front; dorsal fin deeply notched, the tenth
spine twice as long as first; second anal spine much stronger and
almost twice as long as third, higher than soft rays; caudal forked.
Head, 34; depth, 23; D. x11, 16 or 15; A. 111, 11; scales, 11-62-21;
eye, 45; snout, 3; preorbital, 54; maxillary, 33; second anal spine,
2}; fourth dorsal, 2;); pectoral, seven-eighths; gill-rakers, x-+-13.

DAVIDSONH, 57.

- ff. Body with longitudinal stripes of blue or yellow or both; young with

a black blotch at base of caudal; preorbital broad; gill-rakers,
x-+16.

h. Anterior part of body with two broad dark crossbars, the one from

the nape obliquely forward through eye, the other from front of
dorsal downward; behind these a series of horizontal stripes
alternately yellow and blue; pectoral longer than head; second
anal and fourth dorsal spines nearly equal.

Blue stripes on sides about six in number, very distinct, not nearly
as wide as asecale; sharply edged with darker blue; their width
about one-third that of the olive interspaces; additional blue
stripes in the interspaces faint and few; vertical bands of head
and shoulder brown. Body ovate, the back much elevated, the
anterior profile steep, convex on snout, straightish over eye, nape
very convex to base of third dorsal spine; mouth moderate, the
maxillary extending to anterior edge of eye; jaws subequal;
teeth arranged in bands, the outer much enlarged; about 10 gill-
rakers, besides rudiments, below angle; dorsal fin high, slightly
emarginate; spines slender, the highest slightly shorter and
weaker than the second anal spine, which is more than half head;
caudal lunate. Head, 3}; depth, 25; D. x11, 16; A. m1, 10.
Scales, 10-56-17; eye, 34; snout, 24; preorbital, 4; maxillary, 34;
second anal spine, 12; fourth dorsal spine, 13; pectoral, 7; gill-
LAE Speo, al (Oe Ne SOR ae eee a ee ea ee TZENIATUS, 58.

ii. Blue stripes on side as broad as a scale, each more than two-

thirds the width of the golden-yellow interspaces, and each very
faintly edged with darker; vertical bands on head and shoulder
jet black. Body ovate, the back very much elevated, the anterior
profile steep, slightly convex along snout and over eye, very much
arched at nape; mouth small, the maxillary extending to ante-
rior nostril; jaws subequal; outer row of teeth enlarged; about
six gill-rakers, besides rudiments, below angle; dorsal fin low,
emarginate, spines slender, the highest about equal in length to
second anal spine, which is less than half head; caudal forked.
Head, 34; depth, 2; D. x11, 17; A. m1, 10, 11; scales, 11-56-17;
eye, 44; snout, 24; preorbital, 4; maxillary, 34; second anal
spine, 2,4; third dorsal spine, 2,;|;; pectoral, {; gill-rakers, x+-16.

VIRGLNICUS, 59.

[Allied to Anisotremus virginicus is another species, which, on account of the

imperfect description, should not be placed in the analysis.
CATHARINA, 60.]

484 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

hh. (Anterior part of body without dark crossbars, the body some-
times plain yellowish, the back usually violet, with 4 or 5 yellow
lines; silvery below; snout short, not longer than width of eye;
dorsal fin very deeply notched, with feeble spines; second and
third anal spines equal in length; body a little more oblong than
in surinamensis. D. xu, 13; A. 01,9. (Cuv, §° Val.) ..SERRULA, 61,

51. ANISOTREMUS PACIPFICI.
Conodon pacifici Giinther, Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1864, 147 (Chiapas).
Pomadasis pacifici, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc, U.S. N. M. 1881, 385 (Panama).
Habitat: Pacific coast of Central America.
Etymology: From Pacific (Ocean).
This small, plain-colored species is rather common about Panama.

52, ANISOTREMUS CAISIUS.

Pomadasys cesius Jordan & Gilbert, Proe. U.S. N. M. 1881, 383 (Mazatlan).
Habitat: Pacifie coast of Mexico.
Etymology: Casius, silver-gray.
This species is known from the three types taken in the harbor of
Mazatlan and from a specimen at Cambridge from Acapulco.

53. ANISOTREMUS DOVII.

Pristipoma dovii Giinther, Proc. Zoél. Soe. London, 1864, 23 (Panama).
Pomasasis dovii, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1881, 386 (Mazatlan, Panama).
Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.
Etymology: Named for Capt. John M. Dow.
This strongly-marked and handsome species is not rare on the Pacific
coast of tropical America.

54. ANISOTREMUS SURINAMENSIS. (Pompon.)

Lutjanus surinamensis Bloch, Ichthyol., pl. 253, 1791 (Surinam).

Pristipoma surinamense, Cuv. & Val., v, 273, 1830 (same type).

Holocentrus gibbosus Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 344, 1803 (same type).

Pristipoma bilineatum, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 271, 1830 (Martinique).

Anisotremus bilineatus, Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1890, 319 (Bahia); Jordan & Boll-
mann, l. ¢., 1889, 181 (Indefatigable Island).

Pristipoma melanopterum Cuy. & Val., 1. ¢., 273 (Brazil).

Hamulon obtusum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 182 (Havana).

Hemulon labridum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 419 (Cuba).

Genytremus interruptus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1861, 256 (Cape San Lucas).

Pristipoma fiirthi Steind., Ichth. Beitriige, v, 4, 1876 (Panama).

Pomadasys bilineatus and fiirthi, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1881, 385 (West
Indies, Peru, Brazil, Magdalena Bay, Cape San Lucas, Gulf of California,
Mazatlan, Panama, Galapagos Islands).

Habitat: Both coasts of tropical America, north to Cuba and Mag-
dalena Bay.

Etymology: From Surinam.

This species is the most widely distributed of any of the genus. It
reaches a larger size than the others and is subject to a considerable
variation in form. Pacific Coast examples usually have the scales

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. A85

above the lateral line a little larger than usual in Atlantic specimens,
but this difference can not be depended on and is variable. Should a
tangible variety ever prove appreciable, the name interruptus should
be retained for the West Coast form. Specimens are in the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy, from Havana (type of Anisotremus obtusus Poey),
from Bahia, Rio Janeiro, Galapagos Islands, Panama, and Magdalena
Bay. The largest of these is about 2 feet in length. The Galapagos
specimens are darkest in color and with the snout rather sharper.
Those from the Galapagos and from Rio Janeiro have the scales above
the lateral line a little less enlarged, 9 in an oblique series, downward
and backward from first dorsal spine (7 in Panama specimen, 8 in
specimen from Magdalena Bay).

Lutjanus surinamensis Bloch is a dried and discolored specimen,
which could have belonged to no other known species. Although 14
dorsal spines are figured and the body represented as marked with dark
crossbands, we have no doubt of its identity, and therefore substitute
the name surinamensis for bilineatus.

55. ANISOTREMUS BICOLOR. (Maria-Prieta.)
Pristipoma bicolor Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares Amér, du Sud, 1850, 8, pl. 2, f. 2
(Bahia).
Anisotremus bicolor, Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1890, 519 (Bahia).
? Pristipoma trilineatum Poey, Memorias, 11, 343, 1860 (Havana).
Pristipoma brasiliense Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863, p. 1013
(Bahia).

Habitat: Coast of Brazil.

Etymology: Bicolor, two-colored.

This species is known to us from several specimens from the coast
of Brazil (Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceara), preserved in the
museum at Cambridge, and from one taken by the Albatross at Bahia.
It is very close to A. surinamensis, but has slightly larger scales and a
somewhat different coloration, as well as a steeper and more gibbous
front. Anisotremus trilineatus Poey may be the young of this species,
but of this we are not sure.

56. ANISOTREMUS SCAPULARIS.

Pristipoma scapulare Tschudi, Fauna, Peruana, 1844, 12 (Huacho),.

Diagramma melanospilum Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wissenschaft, 1867, 4 (west coast
of South America).

Pristipoma notatum Peters, Berl. Monatsb., 1869, 706 (‘‘angeblich aus Mazatlan’’).

Pomadasys modestus, Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1883, 286 (probably not of
Tschudi).

Habitat: Coast of Peru.

Etymology: Scapula, shoulder, from the shoulder spot.

Of this species, one specimen, 4865, from Callao, is in the museum at
Cambridge. Others examined by us are in the museum at Berlin. It
has the central pore at the chin, the failure to find which led Kner to
place the species in Diagramma. It seems to be identical with Peters’s
type of P. notatum, preserved in the museum at Berlin, though it dis-

486 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

agrees with Peters’s description, the dorsal rays being x11, 15, not
xvul-I, 15, as stated by Peters. This species is probably the one
poorly described by 'I'schudi under the name of Pristipoma scapulare.
It is well distinguished by the color mark, which has suggested the
names scapularis, melanospilus, and notatus.

57. ANISOTREMUS DAVIDSONI.

Pristipoma davidsoni Steind., Ichthyol. Beitriige, m1, 6, 1875 (San Diego); Jordan &
Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1881, 585 (Catalina Island, San Diego).
Habitat: Coast of southern California.
Etymology: Named for Prof. George Davidson, of San Francisco.
This well-defined species is not rare about San Diego and neighbor-
ing islands. It has not been taken elsewhere.

58. ANISOTREMUS TA:NIATUS.

Anisotremus taniatus Gill, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1861, 107 (Panama).

Habitat: The Pacific coast of tropical America, Magdalena Bay to
Panama.

Etymology: tawéa, a ribbon; teniatus, striped.

This species, the most brilliantly colored of the genus, is common
on the Pacific coast of tropical America, where it replaces the closely
allied Anisotremus virginicus. The differences between the two species,
though slight, seem to be constant. Steindachner records the species
from Magdalena Bay. Our specimens are from Mazatlan and Panama.

59. ANISOTREMUS VIRGINICUS. (Catalineta; Porkfish.)

Guatucupa juba Maregrave, Hist. Brasil., 1648, 148 (Brazil).
Acara pinima Marcgrave, 1648, 152 (Brazil).
Sparus virginicus Linneus, Syst. Nat., x, 281, 1758.
Pristipoma virginicum Giinther, 1, 288 (Jamaica).
Pomadasys virginicus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1881, 385.
Anisotremus virginicus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 107; Jordan, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1890, 319 (Bahia).
Sparus vittatus Bloch, Ichthyol., taf. 263, fig. 2, 1791 (after Marcgrave, Acara pinima).
Perca juba Bloch, 1. c., taf. 508, fig. 2, 1791 (after Marcgrave).
Grammistes mauritii Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichthyol., 185, 1801 (after Sparus vit-
tatus).
? Pristipoma catharine Cuyv. & Val., v, 269, 1880.
Pristipoma rodo Cuy. & Val., v, 274, 1830.
Pristipoma acara pinima Castelnau, Anim. Nouy. ou Rares, 1856, 8.
Habitat: West Indies, Florida Keys to Brazil.
Etymology: Virginia, but the species does not reach thus far to the
northward.
This well-known species is the commonest of the genus in the West
Indies and is the only one which extends its range to the coast of
Florida.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 487

60. ANISOTREMUS CATHARIN ZA.

Pristipoma catharinw Cuyv. & Val., v, 269, 1830 (lle Sainte Catharine du Brésil),

Habitat: Coast of Brazil.

Etymology: From the island of Santa Catarina.

This imperfectly known species probably belongs to Anisotremus and
it is apparently nearest to A. virginicus, possibly identical with it. The
following is a condensation of the account given by Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes:

Body deep, much elevated at the nape; depth, 3 in total length with caudal;
mouth, small; pores at chin, very small; dorsal notched, its spines long and strong;
caudal emarginate; second anal spine longer than third, which is as long as first soft
ray; ventrals longer than the short pectorals. Coloration nearly plain; sides with
faint streaks. D. xu, 14; A. 11, 10.

A drawing sent us by our friend, M. Alexandre Thominot, of the
Museum at Paris, shows the general form of A. virginicus, the spines
in the fins notably strong, especially the third and fourth of the dorsal
and the second of the anal. M. Thominot says:

Nous ne possédons dans la collection du muséum qwun exemplaire type du Pris-
tipoma catharine de Cuy. & Val. Il porte le no. 1365" et vient du Brésil par MM.
Lesson & Garnot. Voici ce que nous trouvons:

Deets try Ve ay Ae ats Gs Lae

Rayons épineux dorsaux robustes; le 1°" est le plus court, le 3™° le plus long. Téte
contenue 3} 2 3} fois dans la longueur totale; le diamétre de lil = la longueur du
nez; préopercule fortement dentelé dans sa hauteur, rateaux branchiaux manquant
@Vun cété et en tres mauvais état & Vopposé; pores du menton, vu le mauvais état de
cette partie, sont presque incertains; hauteur du corps par une ligne perpendicu-
laire menée de la base du 3™° rayon é6pineux de la dorsale au milieu des ventrales =
iu peu pres le $ de l’étendue totale du sujet; caudale en croissant; je ne dis rien
des pectorales, lesquelles ont le bout des rayons incomplet; les ventrales arrivent
presque au cloaque.

This will probably prove to be a young example of Anisotremus vir-
ginicus in bad condition. e

61. ANISOTREMUS SERRULA. (Tété-de-Roche. )

Pristipoma serrula Cuy. & Val., v, 272, 1830 (Martinique).
Pristipoma auratum Cuy. & Val., 1. ¢., 272 (Martinique).
Pristipoma spleniatum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 187 (Havana).

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: Serrula, a little saw, a translation of the French name
‘‘Petite-Scie,” used at Martinique.

This species we have not seen. We place spleniatus in the synonymy
of serrula with some doubt, as it may have been based on the young of
virginicus. Except for the presence of the groove at the chin, as im-
plied in the description of Cuvier and Valenciennes, we might suppose
this species to be identical with Genyatremus luteus.

488 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XIV. CONODON.

Conodon Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poissons, v, 156, 1830 (antillanus = nobilis).

Type: Conodon antillanus Cuv. & Val.= Perea nobilis L.

Etymology: z@vos, cone; ddd», tooth.

This genus contains two closely related species, both from tropical
America. The genus is close to Pomadasis, from which it is separated
by the enlarged outer teeth and by the armature of the preopercle.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CONODON.

a. Back distinctly elevated and compressed, the depth about equal to length of
head, 34 in body; dorsal fins low, fourth and longest spine 1} in head, longest
dorsal ray 2} in head; second anal spine not 2 in head; second dorsal spine
about one-half length of third; teeth of outer series enlarged, stout; preorbital
at its least width more than half diameter of eye; D. x1, 1, 13; A. m1, 7; scales
6-55-13. Color silvery, darker above, with 8 dark bars which extend on sides
below level of pectoral; sides with light-yellowish streaks in life... NOBILIS, 62.

aa. Back not elevated, the depth equal to length of head, 3} in body; dorsal fin
higher than in nobilis, fourth and longest spine 2} in head, longest dorsal ray 3
in head; second anal spine 2 in head; second dorsal spine about one-third length
of third; teeth of outer series slightly enlarged, slender; preorbital at its
least width less than half diameter of eye; D. x1, 1,12; A. 1,7. Scales, 6-53-15.
Color silvery, darker above with dark bars on sides which do not extend to
levelotspectorals -- ncte teSS ek coe aeben cece aber sears ee SERRIFER, 63.

62. CONODON NOBILIS.
Perca nobilis Linnzus, Syst. Nat, ed. x, 1758, 191 (North America).
Sciena plumieri Bloch, Ichthyol., v1, 66, taf. 306, 1791 (Martinique).
Conodon plumieri, Giinther, 1, 304.
Sciena coro Bloch, 1. ¢., pl. 307, f. 2 (after Coro-coro, Marcgrave).
Cheilodipterus chrysopterus Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m1, 542, pl. 33, f. 1.
Conodon antillanus Cuv. & Val., V, 156, 1830.
Pristipoma coro Cuv. & Val., V, 266, 1830.

Habitat: West Indies, coast of Texas to Brazil.

Etymology: Nobilis, noble.

This species is not rare in the West Indies and is more common on
the coast of Brazil. It has been once taken on the coast of Texas and
is probably a species inhabiting sandy shores. The name nobilis, in
all probability intended for this species, has priority over any other,
although less doubt attaches to the name plumieri.

63. CONODON SERRIFER.

Conodon plumieri, Streets, Bull. U. S. N. M., vir, 50, 1877 (Boca Soledad, Lower Cali-
fornia; not of Cuv, & Val.).
Conodon serrifer Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 351 (same specimens).

Habitat: Pacific coast of Mexico.

Etymology: Serra, saw; fero, 1 bear.

This species is still known only from the original types, three speci-
mens (17546, U.S. N. M.), taken by Dr. Streets at Boca Soledad on
the Pacifie coast of Lower California. It is close to C. nobilis, but
slenderer, and somewhat different in armature.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 489

XV. POMADASIS.

Pomadasis Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 1803, 516 (argenteus).

’ Les Pristipomes Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 279 (hasta, ete.).
Pristipoma Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, 1829 (hasta, ete.).
Brachydeuterus * Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 17 (awritus).
Pseudopristipoma Sauvage, Bull. Sci. Philom., rv, 220), 1880 (leucurum).
Hemulopsis Steind., Ichthyologische Notizen, Vill, 1869, 9 (corvineforme).

Type: Sciena argentea Forskal.

Etymology: zéya, operculum; dacis, rough, hence more correctly
written Pomadasys.

This genus is composed of small shore fishes, some of its representa-
tives being found in most tropical seas. The three principal types, or
subgenera, are all represented in American waters. The Pacific coast
species of this genus are well known, but those of the Atlantic need
further study and comparison. Several of the species enter fresh
waters, and perhaps belong to the brackish-water fauna. Numerous
species are found on the west coast of Africa and about the Cape
Verde Islands, but so far as known none enter European waters.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF POMADASIS.

«. Anal spine strong, the second much longer and stronger than the third; soft
dorsal and anal nearly or quite naked.
6. Teeth in upper jaw in villiform bands, those in front more or less enlarged,
acute (Pomadasis).
ec. Dorsal spines, x11; preorbital broad.
d, Mouth large, maxillary reaching to anterior third of eye, about 2% in head.
e. Scales rather small, 8-56-20. Body elongate-elliptical, compressed, some-
what elevated at nape; pee ior profile straight from nape
to end of snout; snout produced, blunt, rounded; preop-
ercle and suprascapular scale coarsely serrated; dorsal fin
deeply notched; dorsal spines low, the longest about 2? in
head; soft dorsal short, its base contained about 24 times
in base of spinous portion; second anal spine very long and.
strong, about 13 in head; soft dorsal and anal slightly scaly
at base; pectoral short, not reaching vent. Coloration
uniform. Head, 24, depth, 34; scales 8-56-20; D. xu, 12;
AG LUT) die eye, 5; preorbital, 64; snout, 34; imate On
pectoral, 5 in body; fourth dorsal spine, 23; second anal
spine, 1%; soft dorsal, 2} in spinous -...--.-- HUuUMILIs, 64.
ce. (Seales still smaller, 65 in a longitudinal series; body elongate, the
depth 44 in total length with caudal; head nearly 4; eye,
4 in head; maxillary extending a little beyond front of
eye; anal spines strong, the second } the depth of body.
Color nearly plain, silvery below. D. x11, 12; A. 11, 7.)
Foey) DEE GS MARE SBE OC a SaaS SE eee ae PRODUCTUS, 65.

* Erroneously supposed to be a genus of Sciwnida, its typical species having been
placed by Cuvier in Larimus.

490 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

dd. Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to anterior edge of orbit, about
34 in head; pectorals long, 1} in head; scales large,
6-48-14. Body ovate-elongate, compressed, considerably
elevated at nape; anterior profile straight or slightly
concave from nape to point of snout; snout sharp and
pointed; preopercle and suprascapular scale coarsely
serrate; dorsal fin very deeply notched; dorsal spines long
and strong, the longest about 2 in head; soft dorsal short;
its base contained about 2/4 times in base of spinous por-
tion; second dorsal spine very long and strong, about 2 in
head; soft dorsal and anal with a single row of a few
scales behind each ray near the base; pectoral long,
reaching a little beyond the vent, about 5} in body.
Coloration in spirits dusky, with a metallic luster above,
lighter below; about four dusky transverse bands extend-
ing to level of pectoral. Head, 24; depth, 2%; scales,
6-48-14; D. x11, 13; A. WI, 7; eye, 44; preorbital, 43;
snout, 24; maxillary, 34; pectoral, 3} in body; fourth
dorsal spine, 2 in head; second anal spine, 2; soft dorsal,
22) An! spiMmous! see = absiw cies oe eias os + MACRACANTHUS SOs

cc. Dorsal spines, XU1; preorbital narrow.
f. Body moderately elongate, the depth 2% to 3 in length.

g. Snout pointed, 33 in head. Body elongate, compressed, the back
elevated, high at the nape, the anterior profile rather
irregular, varying with age; a more or less distinet fron-
tal depression above eye in old specimens; mouth small,
the maxillary barely extending to the anterior edge of
orbit; lower jaw included; preopercle coarsely serrate,
the teeth wide apart; teeth small, the outer scarcely
enlarged; scales rather large, 6-54-16, those above the
lateral line _parallel; dorsal fim moderately notched;
second anal spine very strong and long, reaching past
tips of all the rays; pectoral short, caudal slightly lunate.
Color rather plain, about 3 or 4 ill-defined longitudinal
dark stripes along sides, one from point of snout to
middle of base of caudal. Head, 3; depth 22 to 34; scales
6-54-16; D. xm, 11-12; A. 111-6, 7; eye, 34 to 5; preorb-
ital, 4 to 8; snout, 24 to 33; maxillary, 3to4; pectoral, 1} to
14; fourth dorsal spine, 14 to 24; second anal spine, 14 to
2° Soli Morsal- nin spin OUS) eee ee eae eee Crocro, 67.

gg. Snout longer, moderately pointed, about 3in head; body elongate,
ovate, compressed, the back elevated, depth about 3 in
length; pectorals rather long, 14 in head; anterior profile
steep and convex over snout, depressed above eye, becom-
ing slightly convex at nape; top of head with a slight de-
pression; mouth small, the maxillary barely reaching to
the anterior edge of eye; preorbital very narrow; teeth
arranged in narrow, thickly-set bands, those in front a
little broader; preopercle and scapula strongly serrate,
the serree wide apart at angle; eye very large, about 3 in
head; soft dorsal and anal slightly sealy at base; dorsal
fin only moderately notched, the soft part much shorter
and lower than the spinous portion; dorsal spines very
high and stout; second anal spine very long and strong;
pectoral long; caudal slightly lunate. Color uniformly

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 491

silver gray, the base of each scale slightly darker. Head,

3; depth, 3; scales, 7-49-12; D. x10, XIV-12; A. II, 7;

eye, 3$5 preorbital, 5]; snout, 3; maxillary, 3}; pectoral,

14; fourth dorsal spine, 14; second anal spine, 12; soft

dorsal, 23 in spinous. ........-------------- 3RANICKI, 68.

. Body very long and low, compressed, the back little elevated, the depth

about 3? in length; pectorals shortish, 1} in head. Second

anal spine very long, 1} in head; anterior profile irregular,

straightish over snout, slightly convex above eye, occiput

concave, convex at nape; mouth moderate, the maxillary

reaching to front of pupil; preopercle and scapula very

coarsely serrated, teeth at angle of preopercle almost

spiny; eye large; base of soft dorsal and anal naked or

slightly scaly; dorsal fin only slightly notched, the soft

part about half as long as spiny portion; dorsal spines

very strong; second anal spine very long, reaching beyond

tipsof last rays; pectoral short; caudal truncate. Color of

body metallic grayish-golden with indistinct streaks and

bands; belly lighter, fins dusky. Head, 3 to 3}; depth,

3} to 3%; scales, 6-54-14; D. xi, 11 or12; A. 111, 6-7; eye,

34; preorbital, 5} to 8; snout, 33; maxillary, 3; pectoral,

14; fourth dorsal spine, 1§ to 2; second anal spine, 14;

soft dorsal, 2 in spinous..--.--------------- RAMOSUS, 69.

bb. Teeth in upper jaw in broad villiform bands, not differentiated. (Pseudo-
pristipoma Sauvage. )

h. Third dorsal spine produced, much longer than the others, about
half length of head; second anal spine somewhat shorter;
profile convex; scales nearly smooth; pectoral fin very
long, as long as head; preopercle weakly serrate. Color
silvery; lower fins white; a distinct dark blotch on oper-
cle and a fainter one on sides below spinous dorsal. Body
TNA ILO Uma src Ste serine moose soose PANAMENSIS, 70.

aa. Anal spines small or moderate, the second little if any longer or stronger than
third; anal lower than the soft rays; soft dorsal and anal
largely covered with small scales; body oblong, not ele-
vated; scales above lateral line parallel with the back.
Color grayish, with light and dark stripes along rows of
scales, these sometimes obscure. Scales large, about 6 in
a vertical row between first dorsal spine and lateral line,
45 to 55 in the lateralline; dorsal spines, 12. (Brachydeu-
terus Gill.)
i. Pectoral fin long, nearly equal to head; preorbital broad, about
as’ wide as eye.

j. Axillary blotch large, black, encroaching on the rays of the pec-
toral fin; pectoral fin nearly as long as head; body rather
robust, the back elevated, the profile even; dorsal deeply
notched; second anal spine short and stout, 3} to 4 in
head; fins unspotted; body with faint dark crossbands ;
back and sides with dark stripes formed by dark spots
along the rows of scales. Head, 33; depth, 34; D. x11, 16;
A. 11, 9; scales 6-50-10 ......---.--------- AXILLARIS, 71.

ii. Pectoral fin short, much shorter than head; anal spines very
“small,

492. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

k. Preorbital narrow, notso broad as eye; the second anal spine
shorter than the third; a large blackish rounded blotch,
nearly as large as eye, behind the suprascapula at the
origin of the lateral line. Body rather elongate, the
mouth small, the maxillary not quite reaching front of
eye. Head, 4 in length; depth, 3}; eye, 3}; snout, 3; pec-
toral, 14; fourth dorsal spine, 2 in head; second anal spine,
nearly 4; D. xm, 15; A. 11, 8; scales, 6-52-10. Silvery,
darker above, with dark streaks along the rows of scales;
scapular blotch conspicuous. ..-.-.-----.---- Nitipus, 72.

kk, Preorbital broad, not narrower than eye ; analspines stoutish,
the second little if any shorter than third; no dark blotch
on scapular region.

1. Maxillary reaching front of eye, 3} in head; sides of back
with distinet dark streaks along the rows of scales; head,
34 to 32 in length; depth, 3} to 4; eye, 44 in head; snout,
22 to 34; pectoral, 14; fourth dorsal spine, 2 to 24 in head;
second anal spine, 3; upper lobe of caudal longer. D.
xu, 15; A. m1, 7; scales, 5-50-11. Color olivaceous, sil-
very below; the dark streaks conspicuous along the rows
Oly SCAIEE Hose ee ae anor eee CORVINEFORM3§, 73.

ll. Maxillary not reaching front of eye; sides with indistinct
dark streaks or none; body rather elongate; coloration
nearly plain; anal spines not graduated, the second
stoutish and searcely shorter than third; preorbital very
deep, wider than eye; pectorals short, much shorter than
head; color silvery, young with traces of dark crossbands
and dark lengthwise streaks; maxillary not reaching eye;
dorsal deeply notched. Head, 3 in length; depth, 3; D.
xu, 15 or 16; A. 111, 8; scales, 6-52-12; preorbital, 34 to
4 in head; fourth dorsal spine, 1}; maxillary, 34 to 33 in
head; snout, 23 to 22 in head.

m. Body moderately elongate, the depth 3 in length; ante-
rior profile somewhat convex; preorbital, 34 in head, a
little more than eye; anal spines moderate, the second
22 TOs WEA 4s One eee ee oe eee ee Lruciscus, 74. ~

mm. Body more slender, the depth 3, in length; anterior
profile straight; preorbital 4 in head, a little less than
eye; anal spines smaller, the second 33 to 4 in head.

ELONGATUS, 75,

64. POMADASIS HUMILIS.

Pristipoma humile Kner & Steindachner, Sitzgber. Aina. Wana, (Miinch. ), 1863, 222 (Rio
Bayano, near Panama).

Habitat: Pacific coast of Central America, often or always in fresh
waters.

Etymology: Humilis, humble.

This species is known from a few specimens, all taken from the Rio
Bayano, near Panama. The two examined by us (30957) were taken by
Capt. John M. Dow. In the same bottle was a specimen of Joturus
pichardi (type of Joturus stipes), which is a strictly fresh-water species.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 493

65. POMADASIS PRODUCTUS.

Pristipoma productum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 186 (Havana).

Habitat: West Indies.

Ktymology: Productus, produced, from the long snout.

This species, which seems closely allied to P. humilis, is known only
from Poey’s descriptions. From P. ramosus it differs, if the deserip-
tions can be trusted, in having but 12 dorsal spines.

66. POMADASIS MACRACANTHUS.

Pristipoma macracanthum Giinther, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Lond, 1864, 146 (Chiapas).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: paxpds, long; axav0a, spine.

This species is generally common along the west coast of Mexico and
Central America. The specimens examined by us are from Panama,
Mazatlan, Chiapas, and Punta Arenas. The Hast Indian Pomadasis
hasta, the type of Pristipoma, is allied to P. macracanthus, but has the
back and the dorsal fin spotted, somewhat as in P. swillus.

67. POMADASIS CROCRO.

Pristipoma crocro Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 264, 1830.
Pristipoma cultriferum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 185.
Pomadasys approximans Bean & Dresel, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 160 (Jamaica).

Habitat: West Indies, Cuba to Brazil.

Etymology: Crocro, the vernacular name at Martinique.

This species is generally common in the West Indies, especially on
sandy coasts. The specimens examined by us are from Cuba (type of
Pristipoma cultriferum Poey, in the museum at Cambridge), and from
Sao Matheus, Itabapuana, and Cannarivieras, in Brazil. %

=

68. POMADASIS BRANICKI.

Pristipoma branicki Steindachner, Denkschr. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, x11, 28, 1879
(Tumbez, Peru).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: A personal name.

This small species closely resembles P. crocro and P. ramosus. It is
generally common on the sandy coasts of tropical America on the Pacific
side. The specimens seen by us are from Mazatlan, Panama, Rio Zana-
tenco, and Chiapas.

494. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

69. POMADASIS RAMOSUS.

Pristipoma ramosum Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 186 (Havana).
Pristipoma boucardi Steindachner, Ich. Notizen, rx, 1, 1869 (Gulf of Mexico).

Habitat: West Indies, south to Brazil.

Etymology: Ramosus, branched, the soft rays of the ventrals being
much branched.

Of this species we have examined a specimen 6 inches long (418, M.
C. Z.) from Hayti. A number of specimens in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoédlogy agree with this one, except that the anal spine is
shorter, 2 in head; these bear an unpublished Mss. name given by
Dr. Steindachner, but we are not prepared to separate them from
P. boucardi; they are 10615, M. C. Z., Sao Matheus, the largest a foot
in length, collected by Hartt & Copeland, and 2421, M. C. Z., from Rio
Una, collected by Antonio de Lacerda. Pristipoma boucardi Stein-
dachner seems to us identical with the specimen from Hayti. It is
probable that this is the same as P. ramosus Poey, but the description
of Poey is not very full.

70. POMADASIS PANAMENSIS.

Pristipoma panamensis Steindachner, Ich. Beitriige, 11, 8, 1875 (Panama).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: From Panama.

This well-marked species is generally common on the Pacific coast of
tropical America. Those examined by us are from Panama and
Mazatlan.

71. POMADASIS AXILLARIS.

Pristipoma axillare Steindachner, Ich. Notizen, v1, 7, 1869 (Mazatlan).
Pomadasis axillaris, Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1891, 151 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Pacific coast of Mexico.

Etymology: Avillaris, from the black axillary spot.

This species is known only from about Mazatlan, where it was found
to be rather common by Dr. Gilbert, and from Guaymas, where it was
obtained by Evermann & Jenkins. One of the specimens of Pristipoma
‘‘leuciscus” obtained in Lower California by Dr. Streets belongs to this
species, the other to P. nitidus.

72. POMADASIS NITIDUS.

Pristipoma nitidum Steindachner, Ich. Notizen, vir, 5, 1869 (Mazatlan).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: Nitidus, shining.

This small species has been taken at Mazatlan, Panama, and in the
Gulf of California,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 495

73. POMADASIS CORVINA|FORMIS.

Hemulon corvineforme Steindachner, Ich. Notizen, vit, 16, 1868 (Santos, Brazil).

Habitat: Coast of Brazil.

Etymology: Corvina, a genus of Scienida; forma, shape.

This species has been taken a few times on the coast of Brazil. The
specimen examined by us (4539, M. C. Z.) was collected by Agassiz at
Rio Grande do Sul.

74. POMADASIS LEUCISCUS.

Pristipoma leuciscus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, 147 (San Jose de Nica-
ragua, Chiapas).
Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.
Etymology: Leuciscus, a chub or shiner, from Acvxdc, white.
This species is not rare on the Pacific coast of Mexico. The speci-
mens examined by us are from Mazatlan and Panama.

75. POMADASIS ELONGATUS.
Pristipoma leuciscus, var. elongatus Steindachner, Neue und seltene Fische aus dem k. k.
Museum, 1879, 30, 52, Taf. 9, f. 2 (Tumbez, west coast of South America).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: Hlongatus, elongate.

This species occurs with P. leuciscus, and so far as our experience
goes it is the more common of the two. The differences between them
are very slight. Hlongatus is more slender, with straight profile, the
preorbital broader, and the anal spines somewhat smaller, the third
hardly as long as the second. In all other respects the two are identical
and, at the best, P. elongatus must be regarded as a doubtful species.
Possibly it is the male of P. leuciscus, but such sexual differences, or in
fact any sexual differences, are unusual in the family.

XVI. ORTHOPRISTIS.

Orthopristis Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, 1859, 15 (duplen=chrysopterus)
Microlepidotus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 255 (inornatus).
Pristocantharus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256 (cantharinus).
Isaciella Jordan & Fesler, subg. nov. (brevipinnis).

Type: Orthopristis duplex Girard=Perca chrysoptera Linneus.

Ktymology: cpédc, straight; zpéors, used for xpéotys, a Saw, in refer-
ence to the evenly serrated preopercle.

This genus contains a considerable number of species differing from
Pomadasis by the long anal fin, the smaller scales, and by the less devel-
opment of the dorsal spines. Nearly all the species are American. The
group is divided into three subgenera, the extremes of which differ
considerably from each other.

For the sake of comparison, we introduce the single representative
of this genus found in the waters of Europe.

496 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ORTHOPRISTIS.
a. Dorsal spines, XII or XIII.

b. Soft dorsal and anal sealeless; mouth small; temporal crest, which arises from
behind the eye, very low and inconspicuous, the upper edge below base
of the high supraoccipital crest, which originates over the pupil (exam-
ined in poeyi, chrysopterus, chaleeus, and ruber). -..----- [ORTHOPRISTIS. |

c. Preorbital narrow, more than 5 in head; second anal spine much stronger
than third and about the same length, less than 3 in head and about
equal in length to first anal ray; scales large, 7-49-13. Body com-
pressed, the back moderately elevated; anterior profile a little concave
and depressed above eye; preopercle finely and sharply serrate; gill-
rakers short and slender; snout short, rather sharp, equal to maxillary;
eye large; jaws subequal, with the outer teeth scarcely enlarged. Seales
arranged above in series which are oblique only to second third of dor-
sal, behind that point horizontal. Dorsal fin low, but divided nearly to
base; spines slender, the last one not half first soft ray, which is low but
larger than the others; anal low, with concave margin; pectoral long;
caudal forked, upper lobe longer. Color, grayish above, silvery below;
dark opercular edging conspicuous; no distinct markings. Head, 34;
depth, 33; D. xu, 15; A.1, 11; scales, 7-49-13; maxillary, 32; eye,
3%; preorbital, 53; pectoral, 1; snout, 3}; spinous dorsal, 2; second
anal spine, 24; base soft dorsal in spinous, 13 ........--- 3ENNETTI, 76.

cc. Preorbital broad, less than 5 in head; second anal spine about as stout as
third, more than 3 in ‘head, not as long as first ray; scales small; ante-
rior profile not concave.

d. Anal, 111, 10 or 11; snout short and sharp, more than 3 in head; eye large,
about 4in head. Form and general appearance of chrysopterus; body
oblong, compressed, the back elevated, the profile steep and nearly
straight; convex at the nape; preopercle finely and sharply serrate; teeth
small, outer above a little enlarged.

e. Lower jaw included; soft dorsal with 14 rays; scales large, 8-54-15; gill-
rakers very short and slender, x + 15; pectoral short, 14 in head; max-
illary not reaching to eye. Dorsal nearly continuous, the soft dorsal low,
with convex outlines; anal rounded, not very low; second spine as long
and as large as third, much shorter than soft rays; caudal moderate,
the upper lobe longer. Color, bluish above, silvery below; a brownish
spot on center of each scale above, these forming streaks much as in letho-
pristis, those above the lateral line less continuous and a little more
wavy than in lethopristis; the young with two faint longitudinal dusky
streaks on each side of back; both dorsals with rows of brownish spots. -
Head, 34; depth, 23; D. xu, 14; A. m1, 10; scales, 8-54-15; maxillary, 34;
eye, 4; preorbital, 4; pectoral, 14; snout, 34; spinous dorsal, 24; second
anal spine, 34; anal ray, 24; base soft dorsal in spinous, 1}... RUBER, 77.

ee. Jaws subequal; soft dorsal 15-16; scales small, 9-58-18; gill-rakers very
short and small, x +12; pectoral faleate, long, equal to head; maxillary
reaching to eye. Outline of dorsal straight, no notch; spines low and
slender; soft dorsal low and equal; anal rather higher and shorter, the
spines graduated; edge of fin convex; caudal moderately forked, the
upper lobe longer. Color paler than in lethopristis; pale chalky-bluish
streaks along the edges of the rows of scales; a pale streak below base
of dorsal; fins rather pale, the soft dorsal mottled with darker. Head,
3}; depth, 28; D. xm or x11, 15 or 16; A. m1, 10 or 11; scales, 9-58-18;
maxillary, 34; eye, 43; preorbital, 4}; pectoral, 14; snout, 23; spinous
dorsal 24; second anal spine, 4; anal rays, 2%; base soft dorsal in spinous,
eee acd be esc ocerscesies Japeced aa/s eeleinaten wae Pema oe akewe ONG meme

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 497

dd. Anal rays, 111, 12 or 13; snout long and sharp, less than 38 in head; eye
small, about 5 in head. Jaws equal, with a narrow band of slen-
der teeth, the outer above a little larger; maxillary not reaching
to eye; preopercle very slightly serrate above, the serre blunt,
obsolete below; gill-rakers short aud slender, x-+12. Scales
small; the crown, cheeks, and pieces of the gill-cover covered
with small seales; snout in advance of the nostrils, suborbitals
and lower jaw naked; dorsal and anal spines inclosed in a deep
scaly sheath, Outline of dorsal slightly notched; anal rather
high; pectoral shortish; caudal well-forked.

Jf. Second anal spine shorter than third, more than 5 times in head.

g. Body ovate-elliptical, much elevated at shoulders, depth less than 3
in body; scales comparatively small, 10-60-19; dorsal rays, 16.
Color metallic brownish-olive above, changing to yellowish on
belly; indistinct golden streaks along rows of scales ; yellowish and
bluish blotches on fin membranes. Head, 34; depth, 23; D. x11
or x1, 16; A. m1, 12 0r 13; scales, 10-60-19; maxillary, 34; eye, 5;

preorbitai, 33; pectoral, 14; snout, 2?; spinous dorsal, 24; second

anal spine, 5}; anal rays, 3; base soft dorsal in spinous, 1}.
CHRYSOPTERUS, 79.
gg. Body elongate-elliptical, slightly elevated at shoulders; depth, 3+
in body; scales comparatively large, 8-60-16; dorsalrays,15. Color
- metallic grayish-blue above, yellowish below; faint lighter
streaks following the rows of scales; blotches on fin membranes.
Head, 31; depth, 34; D. xu, 15; A. mm, 12; scales 8-60-16; maxil-
lary, 34; eye, 5; preorbital, 33; pectoral, 14; snout, 24; spinous
dorsal, 8; second anal spine, 53; anal rays, 3; base soft dorsal in
SPIMOUN WE. Mace eerie cis eit ose sake sabe ches alate wees Poryt, 80.
ff. Second anal spine about as long as third, less than 5 times in head;
mouth small, maxillary 4 in head; snout short, 2? in head; spin-
ous dorsal high, 24 in head. Body oblong, the back elevated, less
so than in chalceus; the profile convex at the nape, depressed
above eye, thence perfectly straight to the tip of snout. Color
brownish gray above, soiled silvery below; upper parts with eight
diffuse crossbands as wide as the interspaces, extending to below
middle of sides; membrane of opercle dark, some dark streaks
following rows of scales; dorsal with some dull orange and some
pale round spots as in chrysopterus. Head, 3}; depth, 23; D. x11
or xu, 15-16; A. 11, 12; scales 9-60-18; maxillary, 4;. eye, 43;
preorbital, 4; pectoral, 1; snout, 22; spinous dorsal, 24; second

anal spine, 4; anal rays, 24; base soft dorsal in spinous, 14.
CANTHARINUS, 81.
bb. Soft dorsal and anal covered with small scales. (Isaciella Jordan & Fesler.)
h. Preopercle entire; preorbital broad, 4% in head; mouth rather
large, maxillary shorter than snout. Body rather elongate, in
form intermediate between brevipinnis and chalceus; back elevated
and compressed, especially anteriorly; profile regularly rounded;
mouth larger than in other species of Orthopristis; teeth small,
the outer above longer, slender, and ciose-set; maxillary not
reaching to opposite front of eye; gill-rakers of moderate length,
a little shorter than pupil, x+14; snout long, moderately sharp;
eye moderate; jaws subequal; scales large; some series of
scales on soft dorsal and anal, a row close behind each ray.

H, Mis, 113——32

A498

hh. Preopercle we

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Dorsal fin rather deeply notched; spines low and slender; soft
dorsal low, highest toward the front; anal long and rather low,
with straight free border; anal spines graduated, the third
searcely half height of first ray; pectoral faleate, rather Jong;
caudal deeply forked. Color dark gray, not silvery; center of
each scale dark, these spots forming continuous streaks along the
rows of scales; those below the lateral line rather less distinct;
fins rather jens: opercular membrane and axildusky. Head, : sh
depth, 3; D. x1, 14; A. 1, 11; scales, 8-65-15; maxillary, 3; eye,
4%; preorbital, 33; person ie snout, 24; spinous dorsal, 24;
second anal spine, 6}; anal rays, 34; basesoft dorsal in spinous, 1}.
L&ETHOPRISTIS, 82.
akly serrate; preorbital very narrow, 64 in head; mouth small,
maxillary longer than snout. Body rather fusiform, somewhat
compressed, the back elevated, anterior profile steep, convex;
mouth with narrow bands of brush-like teeth, the outer above
slender, close-set, and a little enlarged; maxillary reaching to an-
terior edge of eye; gill-rakers short and slender, x +16; snout
short, blunt; eye large; lower jaw included. Scales small, ex-
tending from preorbital to fork of caudal, covering base of pectoral
ventrals, soft dorsal, and anal; base of each scale at base of trunk
and posterior part of head, with minute scales; dorsal and anal fins
inclosed in low scaly sheath. Dorsal fin slightly notched, last spine
14 in first ray; spinous dorsal low, spines slender; soft dorsal and
anal low, third anal spine longest; pectoral sharp, faleate; ¢
long, deeply forked. Color light-bluish gray, with brownish gray
stripes following the rows of scales. Head, 33; depth, 3; dorsal,
x1, 16; A. 111, 13 or 12; scales, 10-65-20; maxillary, 34; eye, 44;
praetbital! 64; pectoral, 1; snout, 34; spinous dorsal, 24; second
anal spine, 54; anal rays, 3}; base soft dorsal in spinous, 1}.
BREVIPINNIS, 83.
aa. Dorsalspines, XIV; scales very small; skull very broad and rounded, interorbital
area wider than length of snout; preorbital very narrow; the tem-
poral crest, which rises above the pupil, rather high, its top above
middle of height of supraoccipital crest, which originates over front

of pupil. (Microlepidotus Gill.)

>

a

. Body rather elongate, slightly compressed, back moderately ele-
vated, profile convex from nape to snout; mouth large, with
numerous bristly teeth, curved inward, larger in front; maxillary
reaching to anterior edge of eye; preopercle sharply serrate; gill-
rakers short, x +17; snout bluntish, equal to maxillary; eye very
large; jaws subequal. Scales very small, extending from nostril
to fork of caudal, covering base of pectoral, ventrals, last two
rays of soft dorsal, and preorbital to level of pupil; dorsal and
anal fins included in a deep, scaly sheath; dorsal fin deeply
notched, last spine 1} in first ray; spinous dorsal high; spines
slender; soft dorsal very low; anal slightly higher than soft dor-
sal, second spine longest; pectoral sharp, falcate; caudal sharp.
Color, bluish-gray, with lighter longitudinal streaks. Head, 34;
depth, 34; D. xiv, 15; A. ut, 12; scales, 9-72-20; maxillary, 3};
eye, 42; preorbital, 74; pectoral, 1,4; snout, 3}; spinous dorsal, 24;
second anal spine, 6; anal rays, 33; base soft dorsal in spinous, 14.

INORNATUS, 84.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 499

76. ORTHOPRISTIS BENNETTI.

Pristipoma bennetti Lowe, Trans. Zo). Soc., 1, 176 (Madeira Islands).
Pristipoma ronchus Valenciennes, Barker & Webb, Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries (Canary
Islands).

Habitat: South coast of Spain and islands of the eastern Atlantic.

Ktymology: For Mr. EK. T. Bennett.

This species is common about the islands of the eastern Atlantic, and
Steindachner mentions having taken fur on the south coast of Spain.
It has larger scales than the otner species of Orthopristis. The speci-
mens examined by us were sent from the museum at Vienna to the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

77. ORTHOPRISTIS RUBER.

Pristipoma rubrum Cuv. & Val., Vv, 1830, 283 (Brazil).
Pristipoma lineatum Cuy. & Val., v, 1830, 287 (Brazil).

Habitat: Coast of Brazil. :

Etymology: Ruber, red, which the fish is not.

The species is probably not rare on the coast of Brazil. Our speci-
mens (4038, M. C. Z.) were obtained at Rio Janeiro by Prof. Agassiz.

78. ORTHOPRISTIS CHALCEUS.

Pristipoma chaleeum Giinther, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond. 1864, 146 (Panama. )
Pristipoma kneri Steindachner, Ich. Notizen, vin, 1869, 3 (Mazatlan).
Orthopristis chaleceus, Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1891, 149 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Etymology: Chalceus, brazen.

This species is common on the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central
America; everywhere the most abundant of the genus. Our specimens
are from Mazatlan, Panama, and the Gulf of California. Others were
taken by the Albatross at Panama, and about Chatham, Charles and
Albemarle islands, in the Galapagos.

79. ORTHOPRISTIS CHRYSOPTERUS. (Pigfish.)

Perca chrysoptera Linnzus, Syst. Nat, ed. xu, 485, 1766 (Charleston).
Labrus fulvomaculatus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N, Y., 406, 1814 (New York).
Pristipoma fulvomaculatum of many authors.
Pristipoma fasciatum Cuv. & Val., Vv, 285, 1830 (New York).
Orthopristis duplex Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound, Survey, 1859, 15 (Indianola and Brazos
Santiago, Texas).
Habitat: South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.
Etymology: zpvcds, gold; zrepdy, fin.
This common food-fish is abundant along the sandy shores of the east-
ern United States, from Long Island to the mouth of the Rio Grande.

50G REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

80. ORTHOPRISTIS POEYI.

Orthopristis poeyi (Seudder MSS.) Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 312 (Havana).

Habitat: West Indies.

Ktymology: Named for Prof. Felipe Poey.

Of this species we have examined several specimens, all from Ha-
vana. The species is very close to Orthopristis chrysopterus, but the
body is more slender and the scales are rather longer.

81. ORTHOPRISTIS CANTHARINUS.

Pristipoma cantharinum Jenyns, Voyage Beagle, Fish., 49, 1842 (Galapagos Islands).
Hemulon modestum Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 11, 1844 (Peru).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Ktymology: From Cantharus (=Spondyliosoma), a genus of sparoid
fishes, which this remotely resembles. —

This species is known to us from two examples, each about a foot
long (4648, M. C. Z.), from the Galapagos Islands. Another, supposed
to be of the same species, is in the U.S. National Museum from Guaymas.
The scanty description of Hamulon modestum Tschudi, a species said to
be rare along the coast of Peru, agrees in all respects so far as it goes
and is probably the same species. It could not be Orthopristis chalceus,
Orthopristis brevipinnis, or Isacia conceptionis, as these species have the
second anal spine quite small.

82. ORTHOPRISTIS LETHOPRISTIS.

Orthopristis lethopristis Jordan & Fesler, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889, 36 (Gala-
pagos Islands).

Habitat: Galapagos Archipelago.

Etymology: A7dopat, to forget; zptotes, used for zptotys, a Saw; a ref-
erence to the entire preopercle.

This species is known from the original type (26947, M. C. Z.), 15
inches long, from the Galapagos Islands.

83. ORTHOPRISTIS BREVIPINNIS.
Pristipoma brevipinne Steindachner, Ichth. Notizen, vi11, 1869, 10 (Mazatlan).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America.

Ktymology: Brevis, short; pinna, fin.

This species and the preceding form a transition from Microlepidotus
to typical Orthopristis. From their resemblance to Isacia conceptionis,
we have suggested for them the subgeneric name of Jsaciella,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 5O1

84. ORTHOPRISTIS INORNATUS.
Microlepidotus inornatus Gill, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 256 (Cape San Lucas).
Orthopristis inornatus, Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U.S. N. M, 1891, 1448 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Gulf of California.

Etymology: Znornatus, not adorned.

This interesting species is known only from the Gulf of California.
The specimens examined by us are from Cape San Lucas and Guaymas.
The subgenus Microlepidotus, which it represents, is a well-marked
group, perhaps worthy of recognition as a distinct genus.

XVII. ISACIA.
Isacia Jordan & Fesler, gen. nov. (conceptionis). 5!

Type: Pristipoma conceptione Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: From Isaki, a Japanese name of Parapristipoma trilin-
eatum (=Pristipoma japonicum Cuv. & Val.).

We separate from the genus Purapristipoma an American species
(conceptione), which ditters from the type of Pristipoma much as Ortho-
pristis does from Pomadasis. The anal fin is very long in this species,
and it lacks the peculiar sheath of scales found in Purapristipoma.
The gill-rakers are well developed in both groups, but the outline of
the dorsal is in Jsacia more as in Pomadasis. Although this species
has been referred to Pristipoma, it lacks the symphyseal groove.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ISACIA.
a. Dorsal fin deeply notched; anal fin long; caudal fin forked.

b. Dorsal spines 13 or 14, the soft dorsal about half as long as spinous portion;
lower jaw projecting. Body oblong-elliptical, moderately compressed; an-
terior profile nearly straight, a little depressed above eye; snout short and
sharp; mouth small, oblique; teeth small, arranged in bands, the outer above
a little enlarged; preorbital narrow; preopercle finely serrate; gill-rakers long
and slender, x-++-22; scales above the lateral line arranged in very oblique series ;
those below horizontal ; soft fins, naked; dorsal spines slender and ra!her high;
soft dorsal rather low; anal spines small, graduated, second spine about half
as long as first ray; pectoral about as long as head; caudal moderately forked.
Color bluish-silvery below, a dark streak along each row of scales below the
lateral line, these being horizontal and parallel; some scales above lateral line
having pale centers, these making scattered paler spots; axil dusky. Head,
34; depth, 23; D. x11-xrv, 12 to 14; A. 111, 13; scales, 10-65-16; eye, 43; snout,
44; maxillary, 34; pectoral, 1;,; third dorsal spine, 2; second anal spine, 6;
SOLA Orsalals cine SpIMOUS= =sotoe as oda S22 eee ee e211 CONCH TIONIS G5;

85. ISACIA CONCEPTIONIS
Pristipoma conceptione Cuv. & Val., v, 268, 1830 (Chile).

Habitat: Coast of Chile and Peru.

Etymology: From Concepcion in Chile.

This species is an ally of Orthopristis brevipinnis. As, however, it
lacks the central groove at the symphysis, it can not be referred to the
same genus. The specimens seen by us are from Mexillones in Peru
and from Caldera and Paraca in Chile. One specimen has 14 dorsal
spines, the others 13.

502 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XVIII, PARAPRISTIPOMA.

Parapristipoma Bleeker, Archives Néerlandaises, VIII, 1872 (trilineatum).

Type: Perca trilineata Thunberg, from Japan.

Ktymology: zapd, near; Pristipoma; the genus being intermediate
between Pomadasis and Pleetorhynechus.

We follow Bleeker in referring to this genus the species viridense
(octolineatum), whichis certainly very closely allied to Parapristipoma
trilineatum. Along with this we place the second European species,
mediterraneum, which, although having something in common with the
type of Plectorhynchus, is nearer Parapristipoma than to Plectorhynchus
cheetodonoides. The genus called Plectorhynchus (= Diagramma Cuvier)
contains some 40 species, all confined to the eastern Pacific and the
Indian Ocean. The species of Parapristipoma have comparatively long
and slender gill-rakers, a character overlooked by Bleeker. The exten-
sion of the scales at the bases of dorsal and anal is also characteristic,
as is also the scaliness of the lower jaw and suborbital bones. As this
genus has received little attention, we give the following:

ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF PARAPRISTIPOMA,

a. Dorsal fin low and nearly continuous; anal short and high; dorsal and anal both
with a scaly sheath at base; caudal fin lunate; gill-rakers long and slender;
scales small.

b. Soft dorsal nearly as long as spinous part; dorsal spines twelve; lower jaw
included. Body elliptical, stout, dorsal and ventral outlines nearly straight,
anterior profile steep and straightish, much convex at nape; snout long and
sharp; teeth arranged in broad bands, the outer above scarcely enlarged; eye
large; preopercle sharply serrate; gill-rakers long and slender, x21; scales
small, about 64 pores in the lateral line; soft dorsal and anal scaled at base;
dorsal fin low, fifth and sixth spines longest, the others subequal; anal deeply
sheathed, soft part high and pointed, the second spine long and slender, not
quite equal to third; pectoral pointed; caudal shallow-forked. Color, grayish
brown, with two or three faint longitudinai lines along the sides; edge of
fins dusky. Head, 34; depth, 2?; D. xu, 17; A. 111, 8 to 10; eye, 34; snout, 3;
maxillary, 3}; pectoral, 1}; fifth dorsal spine, 23; second anal spine, 2%; soft
dorsal, 1, in spinous. Scales, 65-70.........-..:....-. MEDITERRANEUM, 86,

bb. (Soft dorsal about two-thirds length of spinous part; dorsal spines 13; pee-
toral fin short, 14 in head; lower jaw projecting. Body rather stout, the back
moderately elevated, the depth about equal to length of head, 3 in body;
mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching past front of eye; eye, 3} in head, the
eye much wider than the narrow preorbital and lower than snout; dorsal fin
continuous, thespines rather low and slender; second anal spine rather long
and strong; about equal to third and rather shorter than the soft rays; pre-
opercle sharply serrate; soft dorsal and anal scaly; D. xi, 14; A. Im, 7;
scales small, 12-57-23. Coloration olivaceous, with four narrow sky-blue
longitudinal streaks on cach side of back, the lowest and broadest at level of
eye; traces of a fifth streak on cheek; fins blotched with dark. Sometimes
nearly plain olivaceous, with the fins dark-edged.) (Steindachner.)

VIRIDENSHE, 87.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 503

86. PARAPRISTIPOMA MEDITERRANEUM.

Diagramma mediterraneum Guichenot, Expl. Algerie, 45, pl. 3, 1850 (Algiers).
Hapitat: Western Mediterranean.
Etymology: From Mediterranean Sea.
This species is not uncommon in the eastern Mediterranean, ‘The
specimen examined by us (22429, M. C. Z.) is from Cadiz in Spain.

87. PARAPRISTIPOMA VIRIDENSE. (Burro; Corvinato.)

Pristipoma viridense Cuv. & Val., v, 287, 1830 (Cape Verde Islands).
Pristipoma octolineatum Cuv. & Val., 1x, 487, 1833 (Cape Verde Islands).

Habitat: Northwest coast of Africa; south coast of Spain and the
neighboring islands.

Etymology: From Cape Verde—viridis, green.

This species is known to us from descriptions. According to Stein-
dachner it is rare on the coast of Spain (Cadiz and San Lucar de Bar-
rameda) and common on the Canary Islands, especially about Teneriffe.
Steindachner suggests that the name viridense, given to plainly colored
specimens, and that of octolineatum, given to those with blue stripes,
belong to the same species, as occasional individuals are found in which
the blue stripes are wanting. Giinther counts 80 scales in viridense,
and Steindachner but 55 to 57 in octolineatum. In the latter case only
the scales having pores in the lateral line are counted, in the former
the number of cross rows. Dr. Giinther records the species from St.
Vincent; probably St. Vincent of the Cape Verde Islands is meant,*
not the St. Vincent of the Lesser Antilles. According to Steindachner,
this species lacks the median groove at the chin, and, as already
noticed by Bleeker, it is closely related to the Japanese species,
trilineatum, which is the type of the genus Parapristipoma. =

*TIn confirmation of this opinion, I have the following note from my friend, Dr.
G. A. Boulenger, of the British Museum:

“You are perfectly right, and I had independently arrived at the same opinion as
yourself with regard to ‘St. Vincent: McGillivray.’ You will find specimens of the
West African Turentola delalandi from St. Vincent, Cape Verde, Macgillivray, men-
tioned in my Catalogue of Lizards, vol. 1, p. 199.”

504 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XIX. GENYATREMUS.

Genyatremus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256 (cavifrons).

Type: Diagramma cavifrons Cuyv. & Val.=Lutjanus luteus Bloch.

Ktymology: yévus, chin; a, privative; tpjzua, aperture.

This genus contains a single American species, an Anisotremus with-
out central pore at the chin. From Plectorhynchus, it differs much as
Anisotremus differs from Orthopristis and Pomadasis,

- ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF GENYATREMUS.

a. Body ovate, compressed, the back much elevated, the depth a little less than half
body; anterior profile evenly convex at nape, gradually becoming concave to
front of eye, where it rapidly descends straightish to point of snout; interorbital
area flat, about equal to eye; occipital crest arising opposite middle of pupil,
its base rising on the highly arched frontals considerably above top of the low
temporal crest. Head small; snout blunt and short; mouth moderate, the max-
illary reaching past anterior edge of orbit; anterior nostril oblong, much
larger than posterior; preorbital very narrow, about one-fourth as wide as eye;
eye large, 3 in head; preopercle strongly serrate on angle, the serre gradually
becoming weaker on both limbs; gill-rakers weak, about 7 below angle, besides
rudiments. Dorsal fin high, the fifth spine longest, the last spine slightly longer
than the preceding one and about two-thirds as long as the first ray; anal fin
lower than soft dorsal, the second spine longer and stronger than third; pecto-
rals short; caudal subtruncate. Scales small, not parallel with the lateral line,
arranged obliquely above and horizontally below, largest below the lateral
line; vertical fins scaleless; scapular scale very evident, about three times as
long as broad; lateral line not following outline of back, wavy below the soft
dorsal. Color in spirits uniform golden, with numerous longitudinal stripes of
a brighter color following the rows of scales below the lateral line. Head, 3};
depth, 24; D. x1, 12; A. 1m, 11; scales, 11-52-19. ............-....- LUTEUS, 88,

88. GENYATREMUS LUTEUS.

Lutianus luteus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 247,1791 (Martinique, on a drawing by
Plumier).

Grammistes hepatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 187 (after Bloch).

Diagramma cavifrons Cuy. & Val., Vv, 1830, 290, pl. 123 (Rio Janeiro).

?Pristipoma serrula Cuy. & Val., Vv, 272 (Martinique).

?Pristipoma auratum Cuy. & Val., 1. ¢., 272 (Martinique).

Habitat: Lesser Antilles to Brazil.

Ktymology: Luteus, yellow.

This species seems to be not rare on the coast of Brazil and the
Lesser Antilles, probably on sandy coasts. It has not been found in
Cuba. There is not much doubt that the Lutianus luteus of Bloch was
intended for this species, although in the drawing of Plumier, from
which it was taken, the fin rays are very inexactly indicated,

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 505

Subfamily V.—DENTICIN/Z.

XX. DENTEX.

Dentex Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 273 (dentex).
Polysteganus Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1870, 763 (nufar).
Synaeris Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum, 1875, 278 (denlec; after Synagris
Klein, not Synagris Giinther. )
Type: Sparus dentex Linneus.
Ktymology: Dens, tooth; dentex, with large teeth.
This genus contains numerous species found on the coast of the Old
World, none of them in America. The species found in Kurope are:
89. DENTEX MACROPHTHALMUS (Bloch). (Goggle-eye; Cachucho. )
Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters,

90. DENTEX DENTEX (Linnzeus). (Dentao; Deuton.) Shores of southern
Europe and northern Africa; common.

91. DENTEX MAROCCANUS (Cuv. & Val.). Southern Spain and Morocco.

92. DENTEX FILOSUS (Valenciennes). Algiers and southward; not yet
recorded from the European side of the Mediterranean,

XXI. NEMIPTERUS.

Nemipterus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 11, 1839, 223 (filamentosus).
_ Synagris Giinther, Cat. Fish, Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, 375 ( furcesus; not Synagris Bleeker).
Dentex Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum, 1875, 278 ( filamentosus).

Type: Dentex furcosus Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: vjua, thread; zrepdy, fin.

This genus contains some twenty species, very closely allied to the
species of Dentex, from which genus it is not quite certain how they
should be separated. All are Asiatic, except one, which is very imper-
fectly known and may be a true Dentex. The name Nemipterus has
priority over Synagris for this group.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEMIPTERUS.

a. First dorsal spine, upper lobe of caudal, and first ray of ventral produced in long
filaments; depth, 3% in total length, with caudal; head, 4; D. x, 9; A. 11, 7;
COLOM NCH. MICU he Ol) eaemes = con scene ae a ees ee eae MACRONEMUS, 93.

93. NEMIPTERUS MACRONEMUS.

Dentex filamentosus Cuv. & Val., v1, 254, pl. 155, 1830 (Surinam; not Cantharus fila-—
mentosus Riippell, also a Nemipterus).
Synagris macronemus Giinther, 1, 380 (after Cuvier).
Habitat: Surinam.
Etymology: pazpds, long; vipa, thread.
This species is known only from the description of the original type,
a young specimen said to have been sent by Diepering from Surinam,

5U06 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

but which not unlikely came from the East Indies. Nemipterus mae-
ronemus agrees very closely with Nemipterus nematophorus Giinther,
from Sumatra. According to Bleeker the chief differences are these,
that in macronemus but one dorsal spine is filamentous, in nematophorus
two; in macronemus the fins are more pointed. All these are doubtful
characters and it is probable that Nemipterus macronemus came from
Sumatra rather than from Surinam.

Subfamily VI.—SPARINZ.
XXII. STENOTOMUS.

Stenotomus Gill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865 (argyrops).
Type: Sparus argyrops Linneus = Sparus chrysops Linneus.
Ktymology: otevds, narrow; topzds, cutting; from the narrow incisors.
This genus contains, so far as known, three species, all American;
one lives in rather deep water and differs considerably from the others.
The genus is close to Calamus, from which the flattened incisors mainly
distinguish it.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES*OF STENOTOMUS.

a. First dorsal spine as long as eye, the second about as long as third, which is about
2in head; temporal crest obsolete; frontal bones not gibbous or porous; an-
trorse spine attached to the fourth interneural by a downward projecting
spur about twice as long as the spine.

b. Body elongate-ovate, the depth gradually decreasing from first dorsal spine to
caudal peduncle; anterior profile not steep, nape slightly convex, a slight de-
pression above and behind eye, convex over snout; pectoral about as long as
head, 3} in body; scaly sheath at base of soft dorsal and anal inconspicuous;
sneut long and pointed, 2 in head; eye large, less than width of preorbital,
about 3% in head; interorbital area very convex; six strong conical teeth in
front of upper jaw and eight in lower; molar teeth coarser and larger than
in S. chrysops; scales on cheek reaching to top of eye, the upper rows less
distinct than the lower, the anterior row of about 20 scales; caudal fin mod-
erately forked, the middle ray about 24 in longest ray. Color nearly plain dull-
silvery, with golden longitudinal streaks following the rows of scales; axil
dusky; ventrals dark. Head, 3; depth, 2}; D. x11, 12; A. x11, 11; scales,
‘Si ES | eee a ee See TAT oH OU UI ei geen ee SMa Stra 8 AcULEATUS, 94.

bb. Body ovate-elliptical, the depth about the same from the first dorsal spine to
the eleventh; anterior profile steep, nape convex, a strong depression above
and in front of eye, straightish over snout; pectoral less than head, about 34 in
body; a Scaly sheath very conspicuous at base of soft dorsal and anal fins;
temporal crest obsolete; supraoccipital crest continuous with the frontal ~
bones; snout short, 24 in head; eye small, narrower than the preorbital, about
41 in head; incisor teeth very narrow, almost conical; molars in two rows
above; scales on cheek extending above the upper margin of eye, the anterior
row composed of about 20 scales; caudal fin forked, the middle ray about 4 in
longest ray. Color brownish, somewhat silvery below, everywhere with bright
reflections, but without distinct markings in the adult; soft parts of vertical
fins mottled with dark in adult; young faintly barred; axil dusky. Head, 3};
depth, 27; D. x11, 12; A. 111, 11; scales, 8-50-16............--CHRYSOPS, 95.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 5O7

aa. First and second dorsal spines very short, their length about 3 in eye; third,
fourth, and fifth more or less filamentous, the third longer than head. Tem-
poral crest rudimentary, persisting in « swelling on the basal portion of the
supraoccipital; antrorse spine attached directly to the interneural; no down-
ward projecting part evident. Body subovate, the back anteriorly much cle-
vated, the depth about half the length to base of caudal; anterior profile steep
and straightish, convex on nape and above eye; supraoccipital crest making a
sharp angle over eye with a porous gibbous portion of the frontal bones; snout
short, about 2 in head; eye large, a little less than width of preorbital, about
34 in head; anterior teeth of jaws small, in a close-set band, the outer series a
little enlarged, compressed and lanceolate, much as in S. chrysops; molars in
two rows; dorsal spines very broad and flat; scales on the anterior part of body
much enlarged; anterior row of scales on cheek much enlarged, extending to
level of pupil, about 12 scales in the first series; scaly sheath at base of soft
dorsal and anal very conspicuous; pectoral a little longer than head, 2? in
bedy; caudal fin little forked, the middle ray about 1f in longest ray. Color
light olive; silvery below; the young with faint, very narrow darker bars.
Head, 3{; depth, 2; D. xu, 12; A.11, 12. Scales 5-50-15.......Caprinus, 96.

94. STENOTOMUS ACULEATUS. (Southern Porgy.)

Chrysophrys aculeata Cuyv. & Val , v1, 137, 1830 (Charleston).
Habitat: South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.
Etymology: Aculeatus, spined.
This species closely resembles the northern scup, which it more or less
replaces southward. Our specimens are from Charleston.

_ 95. STENOTOMUS CHRYSOPS. (Scup; Porgy; Scuppaug.)

Sparus chrysops Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. x11, 1766, 471 (Charleston).
Sparus argyrops Linnieus, Syst. Nat., ed. x11, 1766, 471 (Charleston; young).
Sparus zanthurus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat., Poiss., 1v, 120, 1803 (after argyrops).
Labrus versicolor Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc., 1, 464, 1815.
Sarqus ambassis Giinther, 1, 449, 1859.

Habitat: Atlantic coast of the United States from Cape Cod to
South Carolina.

Etymology: zpvcds, gold; a”, eye.

This species is one of the commonest food-fishes of our Atlantic coast.
According to Dr. Bean, who has examined Linnzus’ original types, both
chrysops and argyrops were based on examples of this species.

96. STENOTOMUS CAPRINUS.

Stenotomus caprinus Bean, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882-(Snapper Banks, Pensacola).

Habitat: Deep waters off the west coast of Florida.

Etymology: Caprinus, like a goat, the species having been sent in
under the name of “ goat-head porgy,” which was a misunderstanding
of the name of “jolt-head porgy,” which is Calamus bajonado.,

This species is as yet known only from numerous examples taken
from the stomachs of snappers (Lutjanus) and groupers (Hpinephelus)
on the Florida snapper banks.

508 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

XXIII. CALAMUS.
(Pez de Pluma.)

Calamus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 1859, 222 (calamus).
Grammateus Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1872, 182 (mierops).

Type: Pagellus calamus Cuy. & Val.

Etymology: Calamus, a quill or reed, from the quill-like interhzmal.

This genus contains a number of species, all American, all very
closely related, and valued as food-fishes. The best-known species
are described in detail by Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1888, p.
14 et seq.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CALAMUS.

a. Seales comparatively small, 8, 9-5£ to 58-18, 19;* about 6 vertical rows of scales
ou base of preopercle, with about 12 scales entering into the for-
mation of the lower margin; species of large size, with the pre-
orbital deep, the pectoral fin long, and the outer teeth strong.

b. Body very deep, the back elevated, the depth in adult half the length to base of

caudal; outer teeth about oe in number, the outer one on each
side in one or both jaws somctimes enlarged, canine-like, some-
times directed forwards, especially in the adult.

c. Preorbital with reticulations of the bluish ground color around bronze svots;
canines of upper jaw usually vertical, but sometimes, especially
in old examples, directed more or less horizontally forwards;
body deeper than in other species, depth 1,45 to 24; anterior pro-
file not very steep, slightly curved; depth of preorbital less than
half head; eye large, 34 to 3} in head; dorsal spines strong, the
longest 2! to 24 in head; pectorals a little more than one-third
body. Color silvery, the base and center of each scale golden,
the edge bluish, these colors forming distinct streaks; a deep-
violet streak below eye, not extending on eye or opercle; pre-
orbital dull violet, this color forming reticulations around brassy
spots; axil golden, with a violet bar; ventrals more or less
dusky. Head, 34; depth, 2; scales, 8-56-18; D. x11, 12; A. 111,
0 Sarge A ay ye ae a CN RR EY i 5 CALAMUS, 97.

ce. Preorbital region, snout, cheek, and opercles brassy, crossed by horizontal,
wayy, non-reticulating lines of violet blue, brightest on preor-
bital and snout; asky-blue blotch behind eye over the opercle,
extending a short distance on body; outer canines of upper jaw
directed horizontally forward, except in the very young, these
teeth longer than in C. calamus; anterior profile nearly straight
and very steep to the nape, then strongly convex; depth of pre-
orbital a little more than half head; pectoral 3 in body, Color
silvery, each scale with a violet spot above and orange spots
below; sides with dark crossbands in life, which disappear at
death; ventrals chiefly yellow; axil slightly dusky. Head, 3};
depth, 2; scales, 8-58-18; D. xu, 12; A. 11, 10...PRORIDENS, 98.

bb. Body more elongate, the depth 2}; to 2? in length.

*Seales above the lateral line are counted from the base of the first dorsal spine,
those below the lateral line from the base of the first anal spine.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE, 509

d. [Upper jaw with a strong antrorse canine on each side, as in C. proridens;
preorbital with blue, wavy stripes; eye small; preorbital deep;
cheeks with 6 rows of scales; dorsal high; pectoral reaching
front of anal; cheeks with blue flexuous lines, anastomosed and
forming rivulations; spinous dorsal edged with black; depth of
body, 2} in length to base of caudal.] (Guichenot.)

PENNATULA, 99.

dd. Upper jaw without antrorse canines, the anterior teeth strong, = one on
each side of upper jaw more or less enlarged; body rather ob-
long, the snout long and pointed, the anterior profile forming a
nearly even curve to front of dorsal; depth, 2\ to 22 in length
to base of caudal; eye about 34} to 5 in head; preorbital less
than half head, about 4; dorsal spines slender, the highest 24 to
2% in head; pectorals 24 in body. Color, dull brassy, with little

blue; a faint-blue stripe below eye; preorbital dull coppery,
usually plain, sometimes faintly veined with bluish; axils yel-
lowish; ventrals scarcely dusky. Young, as in other species,
with dark crossbands. Head, 3}; depth, 2; scales, 8-56-19; D.
BRUM gee sere PLM OES Ss reyes hohner Berea taate = ects eee BaJONapDo, 100.

aa. Scales comparatively large, 6, 7-45 to 52-15, 14; about 5 vertical rows of scales
on base of preopercle with about 9 scales entering into the for-
mation of the lower margin; no antrorse canines.

e. Pectoral fins long, about 3 in body.

J. Seales of moderate size, 50 to 52 in the lateral line; body very deep,
the back elevated, depth about 2! to base of caudal; longest
dorsal spine about half head.

g. Canines short and strong, about =; preorbital narrow, its least
width 23 to 23 in head; snout short, 1% to 2 in head; mouth
small, maxillary about 23 in head; eye moderate, about 44 in
head in adult; pectoral about 24 in body. Body much com-
pressed, the back considerably elevated, the anterior profile
steep and regularly convex from base of first dorsal spine to
point of snout. Color brassy olive, with darker crossbands and
few violet marks; preorbital plain brownish; an inky axillary
spot; ventrals dusky. Head, 3}; depth, 21. Scales, 6-50-13.
DS e Rope GU wets HTT el Oller meray crsteerats aera eee BRACHYsSOMUS, 101.

gg. Canines moderate, about 5,5; preorbital broad, its least width
about 2} in head; mouth moderate, maxillary about 2} in head;
eye moderate, about 3} in head; pectoral about 23 in body.
Body moderately compressed, rather elongate, the back only mod-
erately elevated, the anterior profile convex to eye, thence straight
to point of snout. Color smutty silvery, with dark crossbands;
blotches on the fins; no black axillary spot. Head,3}; depth, 2};
scales,-(-ol-14-" D, xi1, 125) A. Oe 22.22.22 LEUCOSTEUS, 102.

Jf. Scales large, about 46 (45 to 48) in lateral line; body rather elongate,
the depth about 2}in body ; longest dorsal spine about 24 in head.

h. Canines small, about +2; eye large, about 3 in head; preorbital
narrow, about equal to eye; mouth small, the maxillary about
2} in head; dorsal spines, x1. (Dorsal outline forming a compara-
tively regular arch, the back being elevated, the anterior profile
steep and nearly straight. Color plumbeous gray, with a blue
spot on each seale, preorbital with blue streaks; a blue streak
below eye; a blue point in the axil; fins pale.) (Poey.) Head,
3y5; depth, 2}; scales (?); D. x1?; A. 111?.......Macrops, 103.

510

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

hh. Canines moderate, {5, the outer on each side sometimes enlarged;

eye rather small, about 44 in head in adult; preorbital very deep,
about 2) to 22 in head; mouth large, the maxillary about 2‘ to
22 in head; dorsalspines, x11. Body rather oblong, the back not
strongly arched, the anterior profile rather eyenly curved, less
convex than in C. arctifrons; head narrowed aboye, the occipital
crest as high as eye. Color dull silvery, faintly banded; preorb-
ital plain; axils dusky; ventrals pale; edge of opercle dusky.
Head, 3 to 34; depth, 24. Scales, 6-46-14; D. xu, 12; A. m1, 10.

Taurinus, 104.

ec. Pectoral fin short, about 34 in body.
i. Dorsal outline forming a comparatively regular arch, the anterior
profile from the snout to the base of the spinous dorsal evenly

convex; the back elevated, the depth in the adult about 24 in
length; eye small, 3? to 44 in head; canines subequal, 5‘); pre-
orbital not very deep, 24 to 3 in head; pectoral shortish, 34 in
body; longest dorsal spine 24 in head. Color, dull silvery, with
pearly spots on scales of back; preorbital bluish, plain or with
pearly markings, without blue stripes; a faint pale streak below
eye; axil with a small inky black spot; ventrals blackish; dark
crossbars on body, usually persistent. Head, 31; depth, 21; scales,
648-13) DD) sem) AL nr OSES eo ees ee eee PENNA, 105.

w#%. Dorsal outline not forming a regular arch, the anterior profile

straight from base of spinous dorsal to nape, where a rather
sharp angle is formed, thence straightish above eye, the snout
convex; body rather elongate, the depth about 24 in length.

. Preorbital deep, its depth 24 in head, and nearly twice diameter

of eye, which is 4 to 5 in head; pectoral 3% in body; longest
dorsal spine, 24in head; canine teeth, ;{,. Body oblong, the back
little clevated, not nearly so much as in C. penna, the anterior
profile unevenly curved, very convex before eye; head narrow
above; back nearly straight along base of spinous dorsal.
Color olivaceous, with dark bars or spots, the centers of many
scales pearly; six yellowish spots along the lateral line; pre-
orbital brownish, usually with dashes of golden yellow; mem-
brane of opercle orange; fins mostly barred or spotted; ventrals
pale, faintly barred. Head, 3}; depth, 23; scales, 6-48-13; D.

o

ern 12s Apins S10). ah ie ona eae eet ee Ween ARCTIFRONS, 106, ~
jj. Preorbital not deep, its depth 2} in head; pectoral short, 1}

in head; dorsal fins low, the longest spine about 3 in head;
canines $, moderate, equal. Body little elevated, the anterior
profile rather strongly convex, the curve continuous from snout
to middle of dorsal. Color olivaceous, with darker crossbands;
preorbital plain; a dark axillary spot; a blue subocular band;
ventrals dark, Head, 34; depth, 24. Scales in lateral line, 46.
DD. KU; 15 AL a, Oe eee ec eee eee eee Mepius, 107.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 511

97. CALAMUS CALAMUS. (Saucer-eye Porgy.)

_ Pagellus calamus Cuy. & Val., v1, 1830, 206, pl. 152 (Martinique, San Domingo).

Chrysophrys calamus, Giinther, 1, 187, 1859 (Bahia, " Trinidad, Cuba, Jamaica; several
species pbfiaende ).

Calamus calamus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 17 (Key West, Havana).

Calamus megacephalus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., u, 222, 18389 (after Cuv. & Val.);
Guichenot, Revision des Pagels, Mem. Soc. Imp. Cherbourg, xIv, 112;
Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1872, 178.

Pagellus orbitarius Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 2014 éluvans:

Sparus orbitarius Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 508.

Calamus orbitarius Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1872, 179, pl. v1, f. 2

Calamus macrops, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 927 (Garden Key).

Habitat: West Indies, north to Florida Keys.

Etymology: Calamus, a reed, the equivalent of pez de pluma.,

This species, described in detail in the paper of Jordan & Gilbert
above mentioned, is generally common about Key West and Havana,
reaching a length of 15 inches. It is, however, nowhere so abundant
as proridens or bajonado. Among the specimens in the museum at
Cambridge are some of the types of Calamus orbitarius. In some of
these none of the canines are turned forward, and none of the speci-
mens collected by Dr. Jordan show this character. In others the
outermost of the seven or eight canines in the upper jaw is turned
directly forward, asin C. proridens. Some of these also show an approxi-
mation to the head coloration of C. proridens. The dorsal spines and
the depth of the preorbital show that all these belong to C. calamus.
Calamus megacephalus Poey is based on specimens of C. calamus, with
the antrorse canines of C. proridens. The implication of a confusion
in Poey’s description made by us (Proc. U. S. N. M. 1883, 16, 18) is
probably unwarranted, as his specimens at Cambridge agree with his
description. The direction of the teeth is less valuable as a diagnostic
character than our specimens led us to suppose.

98. CALAMUS PRORIDENS. (Little-head Porgy; Pez de Pluma.)

Calamus megacephalus Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 926 (Florida Keys;
not of Swainson).

Calamus pennatula Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 15 (Key West, Havana;
not of Guichenot).

Calamus proridens Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N.M. 1884, 150 (Key West).

Habitat: West Indies, north to the Florida Keys.

Etymology: Prora, prow; dens, tooth, from the projecting canines,

This species, the most brightly colored of the genus, is very abun-
dant about the Florida Keys. It is not quite socommon either at Key
West or at Havana as Calamus bajonado, but in both places either
spec ies far outnumbers all the remaining species combined.

5120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

99. CALAMUS PENNATULA.

Calamus pennatula Guichenot, Revision des Pagels, 116 (Martinique).

Habitat: West Indies.

Etymology: Pennatula, diminutive of penna, a quill.

This species is known only from Guichenot’s description, which has
been verified by us on the original type by Mr. Alexandre Thominot.
It seems to be close to C. proridens, differing in the elongate body.

100. CALAMUS BAJONADO. (Jolt-head Porgy; Bajonado, )

Bajonado Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., 1787, 13, lam. 8 (Havana).

Sparus bajonado Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 284 (after Parra).

Pagellus bajonado, Poey, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 177; Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 308
(Havana).

Calamus bajonado, Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1872, x, 176, pl. v1, f. 1 (Havana);
Poey, Enumeratio, 55, 1875; Poey, Ann. Soc. Hist. Nat. Esp., x, 1881, 328
(Puerto Rico); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1884, 20 (Key West,
Havana, and elsewhere).

Pagellus caninus, Poey, Memorias, Cuba, 1, 199, 1860 (Havana); Guichenot, Rev.
Pagels, 123.

Calamus plumatula Guichenot, Rev. Pagels, 119 (Martinique); Jordan, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus. 1886, 537 (reéxamination of type).

Habitat: West Indies, north to Florida Keys.

Etymology: Bajonado, the Cuban name, apparently equivalent to
bayonet, and probably alluding to the interhemal.

This species at Key West and at Havana is the most abundant of
the genus, and reaches a larger size than any of the others. The largest
seen by us were 22 inches long. It is the dullest in color of the large
species.” Specimens from Porto Seguro and from the Bermudas are in
the museum at Cambridge. The type of Calamus plumatula now in the
museum at Paris is a young bajonado.

101. CALAMUS BRACHYSOMUS. (Mojarra Garabata.)

Sparus brachysomus Lockington, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1880, 284 (Magdalena Bay); Jordan
& Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1881, 277 (Picheluogo, Lower California); Jor- ;
dan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 21 (Mazatlan); KEvermann & Jenkins, —
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1891, 153 (Guaymas). |

Habitat: Gulf of California and neighboring waters.

Ktymology: fpayss, short; capa, body.

This species, which is allied to the Atlantic species leucosteus, is com-
mon about the Gulf of California. A specimen from Magdalena Bay is
in the museum at Cambridge.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 513

102. CALAMUS LEUCOSTEUS. (White-bone Porgy.)

Calamus bajonado, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 926 (Charleston) ; Jordan
& Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 604 (not bajonado, Bloch & Schneider).
Calamus leucosteus Jordan & Gilbert, Cat. Fishes N. A., 1885, 91 (Charleston).

Habitat: South Atlantic coast of United States, in rather deep water.

Etymology: devxds, white; doréov, bone.

This species is known from several examples sent from the markets
of Havana by Mr. Charles C. Leslie. The name “white-bone porgy”
distinguishes it from Stenotomus chrysops, but the source of this name
is unknown to us,

103. CALAMUS MACROPS.

Calamus macrops Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1872, 181, f. 3 (Havana).
Habitat: West Indies.
Etymology; waxpds, long (large); oy, eye.
This species is known only from Poey’s description and figure. We
haye seen no specimens corresponding to it.

104. CALAMUS TAURINUS.

Chrysophrys taurina Jenyns, Zodl. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 56, pl. vil, 12 (Galapagos
Islands); Valenciennes, Voyage Venus, V, 330, 1855 (Galapagos Islands). |

Calamus taurinus, Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1889, 181.

Chrysophrys cyanoptera Valenciennes, 1. c. (Charles Island), pl. 4, f.2 (Galapagos).

Habitat: Galapagos Islands.

Etymology: From taurus, bull; bull-headed.

Of this species we have examined several specimens in the museum
at Cambridge, from Charles Island, one of the Galapagos. Specimens
were also obtained from the same locality by the Albatross.

H. Mis. 113——33

514 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

105. CALAMUS PENNA. (Little-mouth Porgy; Sheepshead Porgy.)

Pagellus penna Cuy. & Val., v1, 209, 1830 (Brazil); Guichenot, in Ramon de la Sagra,
Hist. Cuba, 82 (Cuba).

Calamus penna, Guichenot, Revision Pagels, 114 (Brazil, Cuba, Martinique); Jordan
& Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 21 (Key West); and in other papers.

Pagellus microps Guichenot, Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 188, tab. 3, f. 1 (Havana).

Calamus microps Guichenot, Revision Pagels, 118 (Cuba); Jordan, Proc. U.S. N.M.
1886, 537 (examination of type).

Pagellus humilis Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 308 (Havana).

Grammateus humilis Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1872, 182; Poey, Enumeratio,
1875, 56.

Pagellus milneri Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1879, 134 (Charlotte Harbor,
Florida); Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, 556.

Etymology: Penna, a quill or pen.

he dark spot in the axil is a diagnostic mark of this species. The
types of milnert and penna are identical. A small specimen in the
museum at Cambridge, which may be the type of Poey’s Grammateus
humilis, belongs to this species. This example is 6 inches long, the eye
nearly 4 in head, the depth 24 in length, and the pectoral as long as
head.

The type of Calamus microps Guichenot is in the museum at Paris.
It agrees with Calamus penna in all respects except the size of the eye,
which is 44 in head. It is probably not a distinct species.

Specimens of C. penna are in the museum at Cambridge from Rio
Janeiro, St. Thomas, Havana, Camaru, and Rio Grande do Sul.

106. CALAMUS ARCTIFRONS. (Grass Porgy; Shad Porgy.)

Calamus arctifrons Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 425 (Pensacola); Jordan &
Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, 928 (Pensacola) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N.M.
1884, 23 (Key West); Jordan & Swain., Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1884, 232 (Cedar
Keys).
Habitat: Gulf of Mexico, from Pensacola to Key Wes*.
Etymology: Arctus, contracted; frons, forehead.
This small porgy is common in the eelgrass about Key West, and
ranges northward at least to Pensacola.

107. CALAMUS MEDIUS.

Grammateus medius Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1872, 183, pl. vu, f. 4 (Havana) ;
Poey, Enumeratio, 1875, 56 (Havana).
Habitat: West Indies.
Etymology: Medius, medium.
We refer to this species a specimen from Havana (21838, M. C. Z.),
15 inches long. The species seems to be allied to C. penna, differing in
the more elongate form.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 515

XXIV. SPARUS.

( . . . > Or

|Sparus Artedi, Genera Piscium, 1738, 35 (awrata, etc.).

| : : a s

|Sparus Linnzeus, Syst. Natura, ed. x, 1758, 277 (aurata, ete.), restricted to aurata by

Bleeker, Gill, and various authors.
Pagrus Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 272 (argenteus = pagrus).
Aurata Risso, Europe Mérid., 111, 356, 1826 (awrata).
Chrysophrys Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 11, 1829 (aurata).
Chrysoblephus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 11, 1839, 221 (gibbiceps).
Argyrops Swainson, I. c. (spinifer).
Pagrichthys Bleeker, Nederl. Ind, Nat. Tijdschr., xx1, 60, 1860.

Type: Sparus aurata L.

Etymology: ozdpos, sparus, an old name of some fish of this genus.

This is a large genus, chiefly represented in the waters of the Old
World, and comprising a considerable variety of forms. The species
have been commonly distributed in two genera: Pagrus with the molar
teeth in two series, and Sparus (Chrysophrys) with the molars in three
or more. This character has not much importance, and Steindachner
has proposed to substitute for it the following:

Sparus: Teeth behind the canines, with the apex rounded, granu-
lated, or globose; molars in two or more series.

Pagrus: Teeth behind the canines acute, subulate or setaceous;
molars in two or more series. .

Although in general appearance Sparus aurata and Sparus pagrus
differ considerably, and also considerably from other aberrant species,
as S. gibbiceps and S. spinifer, there is no important difference in the
skull or skeleton, and we place all in one genus. To this genus Pagel-
lus is very closely allied.

But one species of Sparus is yet known from America. In Europe
are found:

§ SPARUS.

108. SPARUS AURATA (L.). Southern Europe north to England.

109. SPARUS CA:RULEOSTICTUS Cuv. & Val. Northwest coast of
Africa (lately obtained in Sicily by Prof. Doderlein).

§ PAGRUS.
110. SPARUS PAGRUS L. Southern Europe north to England; common
also along the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.
111. SPARUS EHRENBERGI (Cuv. & Val.). Mediterranean Sea; rare.

112. SPARUS BERTHELOTI (Valenciennes). Western Mediterranean
and neighboring islands,

516 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF SPARUS.

a. Molar teeth in two series; teeth behind the canines slender; scales large (about
55). (Pagrus.) ;
b. Dorsal spines not elongate; second anal spine stronger but not longer than third,
about 4 in head; pectoral fin elongate, reaching about to fourth soft ray of
anal. Body oblong, the back moderately elevated, the profile parabolic; pre-
orbital deep: D, x11, 10; A. 11, 8. Seales 6-56-13. Life color, golden olive;
the middle of each scale pinkish, so that the fish appears red; sides and below
flushed silvery; many scales of back and sides each with a round purplish-blue

spot, these forming streaks along the rows of scales; fins mostly reddish.
Paarus, 110.

110. SPARUS PAGRUS. (Red Porgy.)

Sparus pagrus L., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, and of many authors.

Sparus argenteus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 271.

Pagrus argenteus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1, 1817, 272.

Pagrus vulgaris Cuy. & Val., v1, 142, 1830, and of most European writers.
Pagrus argenteus, Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1879, 133 (Pensacola).
Sparus pagrus, Jordan, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1882, 278 (Pensacola) and elsewhere.

Habitat: Southern Europe and South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of
the United States.

Etymology: xéypos, pagrus, the old name, which has become pargo
and porgy in modern tongues.

This species, common in southern Europe, has been several times
taken on the snapper banks about Pensacola. There seems to be no
difference between American and European specimens, except that in
European descriptions we find no allusion to the blue spots character-
istic of the American fish.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 517

XXV. PAGELLUS.

Pagellus Cuy..& Val., vi, 169, 1830 (erythrinus).

Type: Sparus erythrinus Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: French, pagel; a derivative or diminutive of pagre and
Pagrus.

This genus is very close to Sparus, from which it differs in no very
important character, the skull and skeleton in the two being essentially
alike, and the only tangible distinctions lying in the weaker dentition
and more elongate form of Pagellus. The four recognized species are all
European, one being doubtfully accredited to the coast of Brazil.*

The species are:

113. PAGELLUS ERYTHRINUS (L.). Southern Europe, ete., north to
England.

114. PAGELLUS ACARNE Cuv. & Val. Southern Europe, ete., north to
England.

115. PAGELLUS CENTRODONTUS (De la Roche). Southern Europe north
to England.

116. PAGELLUS BOGARAVEO (Briinnich). Southern Europe, ete.

117. PAGELLUS MORMYRUS (L.). Mediterranean and neighboring
waters; said to occur in Brazil.

* ANALYSIS OF SUPPOSED AMERICAN SPECIES OF PAGELLUS.

a. Color, golden silvery, with seven narrow blackish crossbars, sometimes dupli-
cated. Body oblong, compressed; mouth very protractile, the maxillary bent;
eye 5 in head, which is a little less than depth of body. D.x1, 12; A.1, 10.
DCALESAO Od We or Se ta ct ey anata mare & Ltetera erases MORMYRUS (pernambucensis).

PAGELLUS MORMYRUS.

Sparus mormyrus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x.
Pagellus mormyrus Cuv. & Val., v1, 200, and of nearly all European authors. 5
Pagellus goreensis Cuv. & Val., VI, 203, 1830 (Gorea),
Pagellus pernambucensis Cuv. & Val., VI, 216, 1830 (Pernambuco ?).
Habitat: Mediterranean Sea and neighboring coasts; ascribed on very doubtful
authority to America.
Etymology: Mormyrus, opyupos, a name given by Aristotle to this species.

_The claim of this species to a place among American fishes is the presence in the
Museum of Berlin of a stuffed example, received by Bloch from ‘‘ Fernamboue,” and
bearing the label ‘ Sparus pernambucensis.” Giinther mentions three specimens in
the British Museum from ‘St. Vincent,” collected by McGillivray. As already
noticed, there is an island St. Vincent in the Cape Verde group where this species
is common, as well asone among the Lesser Antilles, where it has not yet been taken.
The specimens of McGillivray came from the Cape Verde Island of St, Vincent.
The occurrence of any Pagellus in America is yet to be verified.

518 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XXVI. LAGODON.*

Lagodon Holbrook, Ich. South Carolina, 59, 1860 (rhomboides).

Type: Sparus rhomboides lL.

Ktymology: days, hare; cd, tooth.

This genus contains a single species, very abundant along the Atlantic
coasts of the United States. The essential character of the genus is in
the form of the skull.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF LAGODON,

a. Upper jaw with two rows of molars; dorsal spines, 12; second anal spine not
longer than third; body elongate, elliptical; depth, 2 to 2} in length; head, 33;
head flattened, muzzle pointed, profile not very steep; eye moderate, 14 to 14 in
snout, 1 in interorbital, 4 in head; mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching to
front of orbit, 3} in head; incisors 4, deeply notched; molars in two series in
each jaw; dorsal spines all rather high, the highest about 2 in head; caudal
deeply forked; ventrals short and broad; pectorals moderate, upper rays reach-
ing past origin of anal; bluish above, paler below; sides with 8 to 12 golden
longitudinal stripes and about 6 dark crossbars; a black blotch above pectoral;
anal with a light margin; dorsal and anal each with a median golden stripe.
DS xan VAS an lll: scales=10=65 to 701 sets eee = eee RHOMBOIDEs, 118.

118. LAGODON RHOMBOIDES.

(Pinfish; Bream; Sailor’s Choice; Chopa Spina.)

Sparus rhomboides Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. xu, 470, 1766 (Charleston, on a specimen
from Dr. Garden) ; Schopf, ‘‘ Schrift, der Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, vit, 153,”
1788 (New York); Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1275, 1788 (copied); Shaw, ‘‘ Genl.
Zool., 1v, 447, 1803.”

Sargus rhomboides Cuyv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 68, pl. 143, 1880 (New York,
New Orleans); DeKay, Fishes New York, 93, pl. 71, fig. 228, 1842 (New
York); Storer, Synopsis Fishes, 333, 1846 (copied); Giinther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus., 1, 447, 1859 (Southern United States).

Lagodon rhomboides Holbrook, ‘‘Ichth. 8. Car., 58, pl. 8, fig. 1,” 1860 (South Caro-
lina); Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast, 27, 1873; Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub., 318,
1868 (Cuba); Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast, 27, 1873; Poey, Enumeratio Pisce.
Cub., 58, 1875 (Cuba); Uhler & Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 104, 1876
(Maryland); Goode, Fishes Bermuda, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1877, 292
(Bermuda); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. N.M. 1878, 378 (Beaufort) ;
Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1879, 133 (Pensacola); Jordan, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1880, 19 (eastern Florida); Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1880, 22 (St.
Johns River); Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1880, 95 (St. Johns River); Jordan &
Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1882, 278 (Pensacola); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.
S. N. M. 1882, 605 (Charleston) ; Bean, Cat. Fish. Internat. Fish. Ex. London,
57, 1883 (Galveston, Texas); Henshall, Florida, 239, 1884 (east and west
coasts, Florida Keys); Gill, Standard Nat. Hist., 11, 222, 1886; Eigenmana,
& Hughes, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1887, 66.

“In the synonymy and treatment of Lagodon, Archosargus and Diplodus we follow
closely the paper by Eigenmann & Hughes (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 65 et seq.).
This paper was based on the material before us.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 519

Diplodus rhomboides Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 558, 1883; Jordan, Proc.
U.S. N. M. 1884, 129 (Key West); Jordan & Swain, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884,
233 (Cedar Keys); Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 91, No. 1064, 1885 (name only);
Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1886, 28 (Beaufort, N.C.).

Perca rhomboidalis Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1885, 20 (not of Linnzeus).

Habitat: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, Cape Cod
to Cuba.

Etymology: /éu80s, rhomb; cides, appearance.

This species is very common all along the eastern coast of the United
States south of New York, and on the Gulf coast as far west as Pen-
sacola.

XXVII. ARCHOSARGUS.

Archosargus Gill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865 (probatocephalus).

Type: Sparus probatocephalus Walbaum.

Etymology: dpzés, chief; capyés, Sargus, an old name of Diplodus.

This genus, like Lagodon and Stenotomus, which show the same
character of the procumbent dorsal spine, is confined to American
waters. There are two color types in the genus, one group being made
up of species with broad black crossbands, the other of species with
golden streaks and inconspicuous crossbands, resembling the species
of Lagodon.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ARCHOSARGUS.

a. Occipital crest rather thin, its honeycomb structure not exposed. Species with
streaks of steel-blue and golden, the dark crossbands narrow, disappearing
with age, about one-third the interspaces; a black humeral spot.

b. Dorsal spines 13; incisors } on each side; side of back with 8 or 9 golden
streaks, which are narrower than the metallic-blue interspaces.

c. Seales 9-48-15; pectoral fin not quite reaching second anal spine; body rather
deep and compressed, the depth 2 to 24 in length; head 3}; profile rounded,
steep; mouth moderate, the maxillary not reaching front of orbit, 3 to 34 in
head; eye large, as broad as preorbital, 3} to 4 in head, 14 in interorbital
width. Incisors $ on each side, entire, or with a shallow notch; molars
3-rowed above, 2-rowed below. Fifth dorsal spine highest, 2 to 24 in head;
second anal spine strong, recurved, 2} in head; ventrals moderate, 44 to 44
in head, not nearly reaching vent. Olivaceous, silvery below, the upper
parts with golden longitudinal stripes alternating with bluish interspaces;
humeral spot larger than eye. D. x1, 10; A. 111, 10 or 11; scales, 8 or
Gof ODO LAO Gre sepia aa 5 ha Saleh ckisee Se alec UNIMACULATUS, 119.

ce. Seales 7 or 8-48-15; pectoral fin reaching second anal spine; body rather less
deep, the snout a little longer; ventrals shorter, 5 ic 53 in head; otherwise
essentially as in the preceding, of which it is the Pacific coast representative.

POURTALESII, 120.

bb. [Dorsal spines 12; incisors $ on each side. Depth 2,°; in total length; head
more than 4; eye 3} in head, 1 in snout; maxillary extending to a point
between the pupil and the “interior” border of eye; protile with a slight
depression above the eye; second anal spine much longer than the third.
Color grayish, belly white; 8 golden longitudinal bands; a black shoulder-
Speier eM OE CE OCW) 8 catnaciccelsiccs cv<$ sascsend TRIDENS, 121.

520 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

aa. Occipital crest broad, its honeycomb structure plainly exposed at its upper
margin; dorsal spines 12; species without blue or golden markings, but
with about seven broad black crossbands crossing the body; no distinct
shoulder-spot. Body much compressed; dorsal outline strongly arched;
ventral outline almost straight. Profilestraight and steep anteriorly. Depth
2 to 24 in length; head 3}. Head compressed, deep; mouth large, almost
horizontal; maxillary 23 in head; eye placed high, 4 in head, 14 in interor-
bital, 1} in suborbital. Incisors #, entire or slightly emarginate, serrate
in the young; molars in three series above, in two below; those of the
inner series larger, those behind the incisors very small. Highest dorsal
spine 14 in head; caudal not deeply forked; second anal spine about
twice in head, much longer than third. Ventrals not nearly reaching vent;
pectorals reaching past beginning of anal. Color, head dark; body silvery-
gray, with 5 to7 dark bars, which are less distinct,in the adult; base of
pectorals, black. D. xu, 10 or 12; A. 11, 10 or 11.

d. Incisors broad, their breadth about half their length. Seales, 7-48-15.
PROBATOCEPHALUS, 122,

dd. Incisors narrower, their breadth 24 in their length. Scales, 7-44-14.
ARIES, 128,

119. ARCHOSARGUS UNIMACULATUS. (Salema.)

Salema Marcerave, Hist. Pisce. Brasil., 153, 1648 (Brazil).
Bream Brown, ‘“‘ Jamaica, 446, No. 1,” 1756.
Perca unimaculata Bloch, pl. 308, 1792 (Brazil), (on a figure by Prince Maurice),
Grammistes unimaculatus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 184, 1801 (after Bloch),
Sargus unimaculatus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 62,1830 (Rio Janeiro, Martin-
ique); Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 334, 1845 (copied); Giinther, Cat. Fish Brit.
Mus,., 1, 446, 1859 (Bahia, Rio Janeiro, Guatemala, Puerto Cabello, Jamaica) ;
Giinther, Fishes Cent. America, 386, 1866 (Belize).
Diplodus unimaculatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 128 (Key West) ; Bean,
Proc.U. 8. N, M. 1884, 158; Jordan,Cat. Fish. N. A., 91, No. 1065, 1885; Jordan,
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1886, 43 (Havana) ; Eigenmann & Hughes, 1. c., 1887, 69.
Sparussalin Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Iv, 136, 1803 (based on wnimaculatus of Bloch),
Sargus humeri-maculatus Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Freycinet, Zo6l., 297, 1825 (Rio
Janeiro).
Sargus flavolineatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 60, 1830 (Cuba; Storer, Syn.
Fish U. 8., 333, 1845 (copied); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 446, 1859
(copied) ; ces, Syn. Fish. Cub., 310, 1868 camted Poey, lieencneae! 57,
1875 (copied).
Diplodus flavolineatus, Jordan, Proc, U.S. N. M. 1886, 42 (aus:
Sargus caribeus Paoy, Mem. Pisce. Cub., 11, 197, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Fauna Puerto
Riquefia, 328, 1881 (Porto Rico).
Diplodus caribeus, Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 930, 1883 (copied).
Habitat: West Indies; north to Key West, south to Rio Janeiro.
Ktymology: Unimaculatus, having one spot.
The numerous specimens examined by us are from Key West and
Havana.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 521
The specimens examined by Higenmann and Hughes, now before us,
differ decidedly in the proportions, the color, and the size of the teeth ;
but while the differences of the extremes are very marked, the inter-
gradation is so perfect that no tangible specific distinctions can be
made out. We have only the deeper form (flavolineatus) from Key
West, while we have both extremes from Havana. As far as we are
able to judge from the figures and the descriptions, the wnimaculatus of
Bloch & Schneider, Cuv. & Val., and Jordan & Gilbert, the caribaus
of Poey, and the humeri-maculatus Quoy & Gaimard represent the more
slender form, while the flavolineatus Cuv. & Val. represents the deeper
form. The differences of the extreme forms seem to be these:

The deeper form ( flavolineatus).

Greatest depth, 2 in length.

Ventral outline very much rounded.

Distance from insertion of first dorsal
spine, obliquely to snout, 14 in
depth.

The more slender form (unimaculatus).

Greatest depth, 24 in length.

Ventral outline almost straight.

Distance from insertion of first dorsal
spine, obliquely to snout, 1 in
depth.

Teeth about one-third narrower than in
the more slender form.
Body more compressed.

120. ARCHOSARGUS POURTALESII.

Sargus pourtalesii Steindachner, Fische Afrikas, 39, 1881 (Galapagos Islands).
Archosargus pourtalesii, Jordan & Bollman, Proc, U. 8S. N. M. 1889, 186 (Chatham
Island of the Galapagos).

Habitat: Galapagos Islands.

Etymology: To Louis F. de Pourtalés, a friend and associate of
Agassiz, who was with him on the Hassler expedition, by which this
fish was discovered.

This species is known to us from the description and excellent figure
given by Dr. Steindachner and from a specimen obtained by the Alba-
tross on Chatham Island. The differences between pourtalesii and
unimaculatus are very slight, and might be ignored were it not for the
remote and restricted habitat of the Pacific form.

121. ARCHOSARGUS TRIDENS.

Sargus tridens Poey, Enumeratio Pisce. Cub., 57, 1875 (Cuba).
Archosargus tridens Eigenmann & Hughes, 1. c., 1887, 70 (copied).

Habitat: Cuba.

Etymology: Tres, three; dens, tooth.

This species is known to us only from the description of Prof. Poey.
Its distinctive characters need verification, it being perhaps an ab-
normal specimen of Archosargus unimaculatus.

522 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

122. ARCHOSARGUS PROBATOCEPHALUS.
(Sheepshead; Sargo Raiado.)

Sparus Sheepshead, Schipf, ‘‘Schriften der Gesellsch. Natf. Freunde, vii, 152,” 1788
(New York).
Sparus probatocephalus Walbaum, Artedi, Pisc., 295, 1792 (based on Schépf).
Archosargus probatocephalus, Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast North America, 27, 1873;
Uhler & Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 103, 1874 (Maryland); Jordan &
Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1878, 379 (Beaufort); Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S.
N. M. 1879, 183 (Pensacola); Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1880, 22 (St. Johns
River); Bean, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1880, 95 (St. Johns River); Goode & Bean,
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1885, 208; Eigenmann & Hughes, loc. cit., 1887, 68.
Diplodus probatocephalus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 278 (Pensacola) ;
Jordan & Gilbert, Proc.U.S. N. M. 1882, 605 (Charleston) ; Jordan & Gilbert,
Syn. Fish. North America, 558, 1883; Bean, Internat. Fish. Exhib. London,
57, 1883 (Matanzas River Inlet, Florida); Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884,
128 (Key West); Jordan & Swain, Proe. U.S. N. M. 1884, 232 (Cedar Keys) ;
Jordan & Meek, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1884, 237 (Jacksonville, Fla.); Henshall,
- Florida, 239, 1884 (east and west coast, Florida Keys); Jordan, Cat. Fish.
N. A., 91, No. 1066, 1885; Gill, Standard Nat. Hist., 111, 220, fig. 125, 1885;
Goode, Hist. Aquat. Animals, 381, plates 180 and 131, 1886; Jordan, Proc.
U.S. N. M. 1886, 27 (Beaufort, N. C.).
Sparus ovicephalus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 280, 1801 (based on Schépf).
Sargus ovicephalus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 20 (name only); Gill, Cat.
Fish. East Coast, 31, 1861 (name only).
Sargus ovis, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y.,1, 392, plate 2, fig. 5, 1814 (New
York); Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 53, 1830 (New Orleans); DeKay,
Fishes, New York, 89, pl. 8, fig. 23, 1842 (New York); Storer, Synopsis
Fishes North America, 332, 1846 (copied); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,
I, 447, 1859 (North America); Holbrook, ‘‘Ichth. S. Carolina, 54, plate 8,
fig. 2,” 1860 (South Carolina); Storer, Fishes Mass., 126, plate 10, fig. 1,
1867 (New Bedford).
Habitat: Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; Cape Cod
to Florida Keys and Texas.
Etymology: zpéfatov, sheep; xegad7, head.
The numerous specimens examined by us are chiefly from Florida.
The species is one of the most common and most valuable of the food-
fishes of our Atlantic coast.

123. ARCHOSARGUS ARIES.
Sargus aries Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 58, 1830 (Rio Janeiro, Maracaibo) ;
Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 449, 1859 (copied); Giinther, Fishes
Cent. America, 386, 1864 (Belize).
Archosargus probatocephalus aries Eigenmann & Hughes, 1. ¢., 1887, 69.

Etymology: Aries, the ram.

This species is unknown to us except through the published descrip-
tions above referred to, and through the manuscript notes of Dr. Jor-
dan on the type of Cuv. & Val. It would appear to be closely allied to
D. probatocephalus, distinguishable only by the slightly narrower teeth
and possibly larger scales. It is probably to be regarded as a geo-
graphical variety or southern representative of the common sheepshead.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 523

XXVIII. DIPLODUS.

Diplodus Ratfinesque, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 54, 1810 (annularis).
Sargus Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1817, ed. 1, 272 (sargus; name preoccupied in Insects).
Type: Sparus annularis Gmelin.
Ktymology: o:zddos, double; cdodc, tooth, from the two forms of teeth.
The name Diplodus should of course supersede Sargus, both from the
fact that it is prior in date and because the latter name was earlier
used for a genus of insects. The genus Diplodus, as it is here under-
stood, differs from Archosargus chiefly in the absence of a procumbent
dorsal spine. Most of the species of Diplodus are European, as those
of Lagodon, Archosargus, and Stenotomus—the genera which have the
procumbet dorsal spine are American. The skull in Diplodus resem-
bles that of Archosargus, but the cavernous or honeycombed structure
of the interorbital area is still more prominent.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIPLODUS.

a. Scales, 7-56-14; depth in adult, 24 in length; black bar extending entirely across
caudal peduncle; body regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; head, 3%
in length; profile regularly rounded, not as steep as in argenteus; eye, 1} in
preorbital, 14 in snout, 44 in head; mouth large, almost horizontal; maxil-
lary, 34in head; incisors, +, inserted obliquely ; molars in three series above and
two below; longest dorsal spine, 23 in head; caudal deeply forked; second
anal spine little larger than third, 34 in head; ventrals reaching half way to
the anal fin; pectorals not reaching to first anal spine; steel-blue above, paler
below, a broad black border on the operculum; a black spot on upper part of
base of pectoral) xr, 14 ori1b yA W132) 38a e4- eee HOLBROOKI, 124.

aa. Scales, 8-62 to 65-16; black bar not extending entirely across caudal peduncle.

b. Eye, 34 in head, 1 in snout; second anal spine, 2% in head; body much com-
pressed; dorsal outline greatly elevated; depth, 1{ in length; head, 34 in
length; profile almost straight, very steep; eye large, 14 in preorbital; mouth
moderate, almost horizontal; maxillary, 34 in head; incisors, 4, placed as in
holbrooki; molars as in holbrooki. Longest dorsal spine, 2} in head; caudal
long, forked; second anal spine much stouter and 4 longer than third; ven-
trals reaching half way to second anal ray; pectorals reaching to first anal
spine; steel-blue above, silvery below; a blackish border on the operculum;
a black spot on the upper part of the base of pectoraly; five or six very nar-
row, oblique blackish crossbars; D. x11, 14; A. 111, 18; scales, 8-62-16.
ARGENTEUS, 125.
bb. [Eye, 44 in head, 14 in snout; second anal spine, 34 in head; depth, about 2
in length; incisors, rather broad, implanted obliquely; three series of molars
above, two below; eye, 14 in interorbital; crown of head convex, a protu-
berance above the anterior angle of the orbit; preorbital not entirely covering
maxillary; pectoral fin extending to origin of anal; ventrals nearly to vent;
silvery or shining golden, with many narrow longitudinal dusky stripes (8 or
9 above lateral line, 15 or 16 below), and with four or five narrow blackish
crossbands, the first between the origin of the dorsal and the axil; D. x1 or
xu, 12 to 15; A. 111, 13 or 14; scales, 8-65-16.] (Giinther).......SARGUS, 126.

524 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

124. DIPLODUS HOLBROOKI.

Sargus holbrooki Bean, Forest and Stream, June 13, 1878 (Charleston); Bean, Proc.
U. S. N. M. 1878, 198 (Charleston); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc, U. 8. N. M.
1878, 379 (Beaufort); Bean, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1880, 95 (Charleston, New
York market).

Diplodus holbrooki Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 605 (Charleston); Jordan
& Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A.,559, 1883; Jordan & Swain, Proc. U.S.N.M.
1884, 232 (Cedar Keys); Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 91, No. 1067, 1885; Goode,
Hist. Aquat. Anim., 386, fig. 132, 1886; Jordan, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1886, 27
(Beaufort, N.C.); Eigenmann & Hughes, 1. ¢., 1887, 72 (Cedar Keys, Pen-
sacola, Beaufort).

Diplodus caudimacula Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 559, 1883 (young, not caudi-
macula of Poey).

Habitat: South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; Cape
Hatteras to Cedar Keys.

Etymology: Named for John Edwards Holbrook, author of the Ieh-
thyology of South Carolina.

The specimens examined are from Cedar Keys and Pensacola, Fla.,
and from Beaufort, N.C. This species has not yet been found in the
West Indies, though it probably occurs there. It may be considered
as the northern representative of argenteus, but is unquestionably a
different species. \

125. DIPLODUS ARGENTEUS.

Sargus argenteus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 60, 1830 (Brazil); Giinther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus.,1, 444, 1859 (Rio Janeiro); Goode, Bull. U.S. N.M., v, 75
(Bermudas); Giinther, Shore Fishes, 5-7, 1880 (Island of Ascension, Ber-
mudas).

Diplodus argenteus Eigenmann & Hughes, 1. ¢., 1887, 73 (New Smyrna, Fla. ).

Sargus caudimacula Poey, Memorias de Cuba, 11, 198, 1860 (Cuba); Poey, Syn. Pise.
Cub., 310, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumeratio Pise. Cub., 57, 1875 (Cuba).

Habitat: West Indies, Florida and the Bermudas to Rio Janeiro.

Etymology: Argenteus, silvery.

The specimen examined is from New Smyrna, Fla., where it was
obtained by Mr. William P. Shannon. This is the only specimen yet
recorded from the United States. The account of Sargus argenteus
Cuv. & Val. agrees well with our specimen from New Smyrna, which is
certainly the Sargus caudimacula of Poey. We have therefore substi-
tuted the name argenteus for the current name caudimacula. The types
of S. argenteus in the Museum at Paris are also identified by Dr. Jordan
as belonging to the same species as the types of Sargus caudimacula
which are in the National Museum.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 525

126. DIPLODUS SARGUS. (Sargo.)

Sparus No. 13, Artedi, Genera, 37; No.2, Sueci, Deser., 58, 1738.
Sparus sargus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 278, 1758 (Mediterranean), and of early
European authors.
Sargus variegatus Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Iv, 207, 1803 (Mediterranean) ; Goode,
Bull. U. 8. N.M:, v, 52, 1876 (Bermuda); Goode, Cat. Fish. Bermuda, Am.
Jour. Science and Art, 292, 1877 (Bermuda).
Sargus raucus Geoftroy St. Hilaire, Descr. de Egypte, Poiss., 1813, pl. xvin, fig. 1.
Sargus rondeleti Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 14, pl. Cxi1, 1830 (Mediterranean),
and of European writers generally.
Sargus vetula Cuv. & Val., 1. ce.
Habitat: Coast of southern Europe; Bermudas.
Etymology: capyés, sargus, the ancient name of a species of this genus.
This species is known to us only from descriptions. It is included
in the American fauna on the record of Dr. Goode of its occurrence in
the Bermudas.
The remaining European species of the genus are the following:
7 127. DIPLODUS VULGARIS (Geoffroy St. Hilaire). (Sargo Seifia.) Med-
iterranean Sea and neighboring islands.

128. DIPLODUS ANNULARIS (Gmelin). (Mojarra.) Mediterranean Sea
and neighboring islands.

129. DIPLODUS FASCIATUS (Cuv. & Val.). Western Mediterranean and
shores of northwestern Africa.
This species is intermediate between Diplodus and Charax, and, accord-
ing to Steindachner, its existence makes the latter genus untenable.

XXIX. CHARAX.

Charax Risso, Europe Méridiomale, 111, 1826, 353 (acutirostis—puntazzo) not Charax of
Gronow, which is pre-Linnan).
Puntazzo Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum, 1875, 284 (puntazzo; substitute for
Charax, regarded as preoccupied). >
Type: Sparus puntazzo Gmelin.
Etymology: Charax, yépa=, an ancient name given “on account of
the row of teeth which continues without interruption on each jaw.”
This genus is very close to Diplodus, from which it differs only in the
presence of a single row of very small molars instead of two or more
rows of larger ones. The snout is slender and projecting, giving the
species a somewhat peculiar physiognomy. The genus is of slight
value, but may be retained for the present, although, as Steindachner
has already noticed, Diplodus fasciatus with two rows of small molars
marks the transition from Diplodus to Charax. The generic name
Puntazzo is unnecessary if the pre-Linnzean and prebinomial names of
Gronow (1.754) are not to be considered. Charax of Gronow is based on
species of Characinide. <A single species is known:

130. CHARAX PUNTAZZO (Gmelin). Mediterranean Sea and islands of
the Eastern Atlantic,

526 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Subfamily VII.—BORIDIIN-.

XXX. BORIDIA.
Boridia Cuy. & Val., v, 154, 1830 (grossidens).

Type: Boridia grossidens Cuyv. & Val.

Ktymology: Unexplained; possibly from #6¢ and eidos.

This genus is based on a single species once brought from Brazil,
but not seen by any recent collector. It is certainly very different from
any other known fish. It resembles a Yenichthys with the teeth of a
Calamus, Bleeker places it near Hoplopagrus, which is certainly not
its natural position.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF BORIDIA,

a. Body rather elongate, covered with moderate scales, which are ranged in series
parallel with the lateral line; mouth small, the maxillary reaching front of
eye; teeth all blunt and molar, in about three rows in each jaw, the front teeth
enlarged; eye rather large; preorbital very narrow; nostril small, near eye;
dorsal fin divided to base, the first and second spines very short, the third
longest, about } head; soft dorsal and anal low; second anal spine longer and
stronger than third, but still short; caudal well forked; pectorals quite short,
shorter than ventrals; soft fins scaleless; depth about equal to length of head
and about 4 in body; D. x1-1, 13; A. 1, 11; color nearly plain, scales dotted
wilthiblack... (Cw: sde Vale) nec ita See Sa eee eee eee GROSSIDENS, 131.

131. BORIDIA GROSSIDENS.
Boridia grossidens Cuy. & Val., v, 154, pl. 114, 1830 (Brazil).

Habitat: Coast of Brazil.

Etymology: Grossus, thick; dens, tooth.

This species is known from Cuvier’s description of a single indi-
vidual, 14 inches long, brought from Brazil by De Lalande.

Subfamily VIII.—_MAZNINZ,
XXXI. MANA.

Meenas Klein, 1749 (nonbinomial).
Mena Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 11, 1828 (mena).
Mena, Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum, 1875, 273 (mena).

Type: Sparus mena Gmelin.

Etymology: paws, an old name of some small fish.

This genus is very closely related to the next, with which it is united
by Dr. Bleeker, the chief difference being in the presence of rudi-
mentary vomerine teeth in Mens. Two species are commonly recog-
nized, besides two doubtful ones, Mena vomerina Cuv. & Val. and Mena
usculum Cuv. & Vai. All belong to the Mediterranean fauna.

132. MZ3NA MENA (Ginelin).
133. MZGNA ZEBRA*(Briinnich).

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA. AND EUROPE, 527

XXXII. SPICARA.

Spicara Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 1810, 51 (flecuosa = smaris).
Smaris Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 269 (smaris).
Type: Spicara flexuosa=Sparus smaris L,
Etymology: Spicara, a local name, probably from spica, a spike.
This genus is chiefly confined to the Mediterranean and neighboring
waters. The name Spicara has priority over the commonly used name
Smaris.
Two species are now recognized on the European coasts. ‘These are:

134. SPICARA SMARIS (Linneus). (Picarel.)
135. SPICARA ALCEDO (Risso).
Besides these, a single species has been* doubtfully recorded from the
West Indies—Spicara martinica,

XXXIII. CENTRACANTHUS.
Centracantus (by misprint) Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 1820, 42 (cirrus = insidiator).

Type: Centracanthus cirrus Rafinesque= Smaris insidiator Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: xézpov, point; dzavda, spine.

This genus contains one species found in the Mediterranean fauna
and another in the Indian seas. The European species has been usually
referred to Spicara (Smaris), but the form of its dorsal and various
minor characters sufficiently distinguish it. Its specific name cirrus
is derived from a Sicilian name, “ cirru.”

136. CENTRACANTHUS CIRRUS Rafinesque. Coasts of southern
Kurope.

* ANALYSIS OF SUPPOSED AMERICAN SPECIES OF SPICARA.

a. [Allied to Spicara smaris, but with the body rounded, compressed, the suborbital
narrower and more notched. Color apparently plain, a small black spot
on thejsides, 1D) px, 1s Av ran, 9.) (Cun ge Val) soe ciee <-- - MARTINICA.

SPICARA MARTINICA,

Smaris martinicus Cuv. & Val., vi, 1830, 424 (Martinique).

Habitat: West Indian fauna.

Etymology: From Martinique.

The type of this species, 4 inches long, is reputed to have been sent to Paris from
Plée, in Martinique. Very likely it is the common European picarel, Spicara smaris,
and it may have come from the coasts of France. Errors of locality are common in
museums, and the ‘ Cabinet du Roi” has not been exempt from them,

»

528 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

—_

XXXIV. ERYTHRICHTHYS.

Erythrichthys Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 117, 1840-50 (schlegeli).
Emmelichthys Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 47, 1846 (nitidus),
Boxaodon Guisghenot, in Gay, Hist. Chili, 11, 208, 1847 (cyanescens).
Dipterygonotus Bleeker, Contr. Ichth. Celebes, 1848 (lewcogrammicus).

Inermia Poey, Memorias, 11, 1860, 193 (vittata.)

EE

Type: Erythrichthys schlegeli Giinther.

Etymology: épvdpdc, red; (y00<, fish; true only of the typical species.

This genus contains about five species, bright-colored fishes, inhabit-
ing rather deep water. The species are not well known, and each one
of them has been made the type of a distinct genus by writers who
have failed to detect their association with each other. None of the —
species have been studied by us. ;

a

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF ERYTHRICHTHYS.

a, [Color greenish, with a broad band of yellowish green from the eye to the tail;
three narrower streaks of darker green on the back; snout yellowish, dorsals
pale yellow; caudal violet, its upper and lower edge white; pectoral rose; lower
fins pale. Body fusiform, oval in section; maxillary reaching beyond eye; no
teeth in jaws; preopercle with soft teeth at the angle; nostril small; no pores on
lower jaw; dorsal fins separate; pectorals short; fins low, with slender spines;
caudal deeply forked; D.x1v,10; A. 11,9; scales, 100.] (Poey.) Virratus, 137.

aa. [Uniform bluish green; D, xur-10; A. ut, 12]. (Giinther from Guichenot.)

CYANESCENS, 138,

137. ERYTHYRICHTHYS VITTATUS. (Boga.)

Inermia vittata Poey, Memorias, 11, 193, 1860 (Havana),
Emmelichthys vittatus Poey, Synopsis, 320, 1868.
Erythrichthys vittatus Poey, Enumeratio, 49, 1875,

Habitat: Coasts of Cuba.

Etymology: Vittatus, striped.

This little fish reaches a length of about 8 inches. According to
Poey it is generally rare on the Cuban coast, occasionally appearing
in great numbers.

138. ERYTHRICHTHYS CYANESCENS.

Boxaodon cyanescens Guichenot, in Gay, Hist. Chili, 209, Atlas, lam. 5, f. 1, 1847. ~
Erythrichthys cyanescens. Giinther, 1, 395 (copied).

Habitat: Coast of Chile.

Etymology: Cyanescens, bluish.

This species is known only from the scanty and incorrect account
given by Guichenot. We have not seen the original account, and copy
our diagnosis from Giinther, .

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 529

Subfamily IX.—SCATHARIN ZZ,
XXXV. BOX.

Box Cuvy. & Val., vi, 346, 1830 (doops).

Type: Sparus boops L.

Etymology: #6, box, an old name of the typical species, still called
Bogue or Boga in southern Europe.

This genus contains one very well known species aoundant in the
seas of southern Europe. It has been commonly referred to the same
genus as the next species, but the elongate form of the body, the much
larger eye, and especially the presence of 14o0r 15 dorsal spines instead
of 11, seem sufficient for its generic separation. The name Bow has been
almost universally used for both species, but that of Boops is older, and
must take its place, as Blecker has shown, if the two are placed in one
genus. "Under Boops, B. salpais the first species mentioned by Cuvier,
and Bleeker has made this the type of the genus Boops. It is evident
however, that B. boops was regarded by Cuvier & Valenciennes as the
type of Bow. , This fact may justify us in retaining both names, Boops
and Bow, rather than to invent a new generic or subgeneric name for
Box boops.

139. BOX BOOPS (L.).

Besides the well known Bow boops, another species* of Bow has been

erroneously accredited to the West Indies. The type of Bow carabaica*

caine, however, from St. Vincent of the Cape Verde group and not
from the West ‘Indian island of the same name.

XXXVI. BOOPS.

Cynedus Gronow, Zoophyl., 1763 (salpa) (non-binomial).
Boops Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 270 (salpa, melanurus, boops; restricted
by Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum, to Loops salpa, the first species
; mentioned by Cuvier).
Cyneedus Gronow, Syst. Ed. Gray, 1854, 55 (onias=salpa; not Cynadus Swainson,
1839 = Crenilabrus).
Type: Sparus salpa L. i
Etymology: bod?¢, boops, large-eyed, a name applied by Rondelet to
Box boops. tis probably an error for 362.
This genus as here understood contains one common Huropean
species.
140. BOOPS SALPA (L.). Mediterranean Sea and neighboring islands.

* Box vulgaris var. carabaica Giinther, 1, 419, 1859 (St. Vincent).

This species is said to differ from Lox boops in the slightly smaller scales, and by
the presence of 15 dorsal spines instead of 14. As already noted (Parapristipoma
viridense) there is an island called St. Vincent in the Cape Verde Archipelago as well
asin the West Indies. There is no doubt, as already shown, that the type of Box
carabaica came from the other St. Vincent, and it is doubtless identical with the

common Boga of Europe.

H. Mis. 113

34.

530 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XXXVII. OBLADA.

Oblada Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, 1829 (melanura).
Oblata Cuv. & Val., vi, 1830, 366 (melanura).

Type: Sparus melanurus L.

Etymology: From Oblado or Blade, the common name of Oblada
melanura at Marseilles.

This genus contains a single species common in the Mediterranean.
We here restore the older orthography of the name.

141. OBLADA MELANURA (L.). Mediterranean Sea and neighboring
w aters.

XXXVIII. SCATHARUS. *

Scatharus Cuv. & Val., vi, 375, 1830 (grecus).
Type: Scatharus grecus Cuv. & Val.
Etymology: aczd0apoz or oxd0apos, a namne now used by tne Greeks for
Scatharus grecus and Spondyliosoma cantharus.
This genus contains a single species, abundant on the coasts of Greece.
142. SCATHARUS GRASCUS Cuy. & Val. Eastern Mediterranean.

XXXIX. SPONDYLIOSOMA.

Cantharus Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 278 (cantharus ; name preoccupied in
Mollusks and in Polypi).

Spondyliosoma Cantor, Catal. Malayan Fishes, 1850, 50 (cantharus: substitute for
Cantharus, preoccupied).

Type: Sparus cantharus Gmelin.

Etymology: ozovdbAtov, spindle; c@pna, body.

This genus contains some half a dozen old-world species, well char-
acterized by the presence of a band of lanceolate teeth in each jaw. It
is remarkable that the generic name Cantharus, although twice preoc-
cupied, should have been almost universally used for this group, while
Cantor’s substitute name of Spondyliosoma has been entirely overlooked.
The recognized species of Spondyliosoma in European waters are:

143. SPONDYLIOSOMA CANTHARUS (Gmelin). Southern Europe
north to England.

144. SPONDYLIOSOMA ORBICULARE (Cuy. & Val.). Mediterranean
Sea.

Subfamily X.—GIRELLIN&.
XL. GIRELLA.

Girella Gray, Illustrations of Indian Zodlogy, about 1840 (punctata).
Melanichthys Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 75, 1850 (punctatus).
Camarina Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 81 (nigricans).

Type: Girella punctata Gray.

Etymology: From the French “ Girelle,” which is a derivative of
Julis, and is applied to the smaller labroids.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. oat

This genus contains several species found in the western Pacific
and a single species characteristic of the rocky shores of California,
They are herbivorous fishes, feeding on seaweeds.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF GIRELLA,

a. Body oval, compressed, with very deep caudal peduncle; snout thick, its profile
evenly rounded; mouth small, subinferior, the maxillary reaching nearly to
front of orbit; a minute patch of palatine teeth; each jaw with a series of flat,
tricuspid, movable incisors, behind which is a broad band of smaller ones; no
teeth on vomer or tongue; cheeks with very small scales; opercles and top of
head naked; preopercle minutely serrulate at its angle; preorbital as broad
as eye. Gill-rakers numerous, rather long. Scales firm, weakly ctenoid, those
on thorax and front of back smaller. Dorsal spines lower than soft rays, with
an imperfect sheath of scales at their base; anal spines small, graduated, the
soft rays higher than those of the dorsal; caudal lunate; pectorals short and
broad, not reaching vent; ventrals short. Air bladder with two posterior
horns; intestinal canal very long; pyloric ceca numerous; peritoneum black.
Color dusky green, paler below; young with a large yellowish blotch on each
side of dorsal. Head, 4 in length; depth, 24; D. x1v, 14; A. 11, 12. Scales, 50.

NIGRICANS, 145.

145. GIRELLA NIGRICANS. (Bluefish.)

Camarina nigricans Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, 81, f. 22 (California).

Girella nigricans, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 244; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc.
U.S. N. M. 1880, 27 (San Diego); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1880,
456 (Monterey Bay, Santa Barbara, San Pedro, San Diego); Jordan &
Jouy, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1881, 12 (Wilmington, Cal., Santa Barbara); Jordan
& Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S, N. M. 1881, 47 (Monterey, Santa Barbara); Jordan
& Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 363 (Cape San Lucas); Jordan & Gilbert,
Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 560; Rosa Smith, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1883, 234 (Todos
Santos Bay); Rosa Smith, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1884, 553 (San Cristobal) ;
Jordan, Fish. Indus. U.S., 1, 394, 1884 (Monterey, Santa Barbara); Jordan,
Proc. U. S. N. M. 1885, 380 (Cape San Lucas); Jordan, Fish. Indus. U.S.,
11, 596, 1887 (Santa Catalina); Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. N. M.
1891, 154 (Guaymas).

Girella dorsomacula Gill, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 244 (Cape San Lucas); Jor-
dan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 363.

Habitat: Pacific coast from Monterey to the Gulf of California.

Etymology: Nigricans, blackish.

This fish is very common on the coast of southern California, reach-
ing the length of about a foot. It is a food-fish of fair quality.

XLI. DOYDIXODON.

Doydixodon Valenciennes, Voyage de la Venus, v, 318, 1855 (freminvillei).

Type: Doydixodon freminvillet Valenciennes.

Etymology: Doy, meaning unexplained; d¢0vs, forked; dddv, tooth.

This genus contains two species, both as yet imperfectly described.
It is certainly closely allied to Girella and may prove to be inseparable
from that genus. The only important difference would seem to be in
the smaller spinous dorsal of Doydixodon.

532 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF DOYDIXODON.

a. (Color, uniform dark green, or banded with darker; D. xu, 15; A.u1,12. Scales
about60, Form, squamation, and dentition of Girella nigricans.] (Valenciennes. )
FREMINVILLEI, 146.

aa, (Color, uniform dark brown. D. xin, 18; A. 11, 12.].--------- LcVIFRONS, 147.

146, DOYDIXODON FREMINVILLEI.

Doydixodon freminvillei Valenciennes, Voyage Venus 823, pl. 5 (Galapagos Islands).
q : yas , ) pag
9 ja

Doydixodon fasciatum Kner & Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wien, LIv, 358, f, 2 (Iquique, Pern).

Habitat: Galapagos Islands, and coast of Peru.

Etymology: Named for Freminville, an early French naturalist and
explorer.

This species is known to us only from the poor figure of Valenciennes,
which closely resembles Girella nigricans, but the number of dorsal
spines is smaller.

147. DOYDIXODON LVIFRONS.

Pimelepterus levifrons Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844, 18 (Huacho, Peru).

Habitat: Coast of Peru.

Etymology: Leavis, smooth; frons, forehead.

This imperfectly known species is probably to be referred to Doydixo-
don. It is probably close to D. freminvillei, but if correctly described
it cannot be the same. The following is Tschudi’s description:

PIMELEPTERUS LEVIFRONS Tsch.

D), xa, ASS Via, b Asm, 12.) BS 6-

Verhiiltniss der Hohe zur Liinge 1: 2, 8, des Kopfes zum Kérper 1:3. Auge kreisrund,
nahe am convexen obern Stirnrand; 1, 6 seines Durchmessers vom Vordeckelrande und
zweimal sein Durchmesser vom Unterkieferrande. Nasenlécher sehr nahe am Auge.

Maul klein, nicht ganz bis unter das Auge gespalten. Ziihne des Ober- und Unter-
kiefers in zwei hechelformigen Massen zusammengedriingt; die einzelnen Ziihne
leicht nach hinten gebogen.

Die verticale Deckelrand schwach nach hinten geschweift, der horizontale leicht
nach unten gebogen; der Winkel abgerundet.

Der Vordeckeldorn stumpf; nach dem obern Winkel zu ist der Vordeckelrand
ausgeschnitten. Stirn unbeschuppt, Nacken, Deckel und Brust so wie die Basis der
Flossen mit kleinen, der iibrige Kérper mit grossen Schuppen besetzt. Die Seitenlinie
verliuft dem Riickenprofil parallel, beinahe in der Mitte des Korpers.

Die Riickenflosse beginnt der Bauchflosse gegeniiber und endet nach hinten so weit
wie die Afterflosse. Die Stacheln sind beinahe gleichlang und ziemlich kurz, der 13te
der liingste, die ersten Flossenstrahlen noch einmal so lang als dieser. Schwanz-
flosse gerade abgeschnitten. Die Afterflosse beginnt dem ersten Riickenflossenstrahle
gegeniiber; die drei Stacheln sind kurz; der erste der spitzigste und liingste. Die
Bauchflosse beginnt hinter der Brustflosse und reicht nicht ganz bis zur Afterflosse ;
ihr Flossenstachel ist ziemlich lang. Die Brustflosse sitzt am weitesten nach vorn
und endet dem 8ten Riickenflossenstachel gegeniiber,

Firbung.—Auf dem ganzen Koérper braun-grau; der Kopf, besonders auf der Stirn,
olivenbraun, die Seiten mehr in’s Graue iibergehend, der Bauch weisslich braun.
Liinge 9’.

Vorkommen.—Bei Huacho, nérdlich yon Lima.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE, 533

Subfamily XI.—-KYPHOSINZ.
XLII. HERMOSILLA.

Hermosilla Jenkins & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1888, 144 (azurea).

Type: Hermosilla azurea Jenkins & Hvermann.

Ktymology: Hermosilla, name of the capital city of Sonora, along the
coasts of which state the typical species was taken, derived from
Spanish hermosa, beautiful (Latin, formosa).

This genus contains a single species, an ally of Ayphosus, found in
the Gulf of California.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF HERMOSILLA.

a. Top of head from posterior margin of eyes, snout, preorbitals, chin, and preoper-
cles naked. Body ovate, compressed; head short; snout blunt, 3 in head; max-
illary about equal to eye, which is 3} in head, and reaching front of eye; both
jaws with one series of close-set, equal, narrow, rounded incisors; no teeth on
vomer; gill-rakers slender. 3412, about equal to eye; preorbital 14 in eye;
preopercle entire; fins except spinous dorsal finely sealed; seventh dorsal spine
longest; second anal spine longest, 14 diameter of eye; pectorals shorter than
ventrals, 14 in head; spinons dorsal about half longer than soft. Head, 32;
depth,2; D. x1, 11; A. m1, 10. Scales, 11-55-17. Color, dark steel-blue, paler
below; body with about 12 nearly vertical blackish crossbands about as wide
as the eye; below eye silvery, with a dark streak from maxillary to angle of
opercle; opercular blotch black; a black blotch in the axil; fins mostly dark.

AZUREA, 148.

148. HERMOSILLA AZUREA.

Hermosilla azurea Jenkins & Evermann, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1888, 144 (Guaymas).
Habitat: Gulf of California.
Ktymology: Azureus, sky-blue.
This beautiful species is known from two examples, taken by Jenkins
& Evermann at Guaymas, in Sonora.

XLITI. KYPHOSUS.

Kyphosus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 114, 1802 (bigibbus = fuscus).
Pimelepterus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Iv, 429, 1803 (bosqui = sectatriz).
Dorsuarius Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 482, 1803 (nigrescens = fuscus).
Xyster Lacépéede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 484, 1803 ( fuscus).

? Opisthistius Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 245, (tahmel).
Sectator Jordan & Fesler, subgen. noy. (ocyurus).

Type: Kyphosus bigibbus Lacépede.

Etymology: zvgé<, a hump, the word more correctly written cyphus,
and referring to a deformed specimen with hump back.

This genus contains some ten species, all but one confined to the
Pacific Ocean, and most of them found in the East Indies. One of the
species, Opisthistius tahmel, usually referred to this group, is probably
the type of a distinct genus, distinguished by its elevated soft dorsal
and anal.

534 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF KYPHOSUS.

a. Soft dorsal and anal moderately elevated.
b. Incisor teeth well developed, each with a conspicuous horizontal process or
root; caudal fin moderate, about as long as the head, the outer rays not
3 times as long as middle rays; junction of gill-membranes forming an
angle (Kyphosus).
ce. Soft dorsal with 14 rays; anal with 14; teeth 25 to30; color bluish, sides with
about 12 dark longitudinal streaks; longest spine about 23 in head; D. x1,
14; A. 11, 14. :
d. Soft part of anal fin low, its longest ray 4 in base of fin and 4 in head; scales
smaller, about 85; depth more than half length; eye nearly 4 in head.
ANALOGUS, 149,
dd. Soft part of anal fin somewhat elevated in front, its longest ray 24 in head,
2hin base of fin; scales 12-70-22; depth2 in length; eye 3}in head; snout
NE) ah ae] 0) 0S epee ae ie eS er hy ee SRG ooso.4 ELEGANS, 150.
ec. Soft dorsal with 11 or 12 rays; anal rays 111, 11; teeth 35 to 40; color grayish
or yellowish, with darker lengthwise streaks.

e. Scales 10-55-16; soft dorsal and anal fin moderate, the longest ray of anal
about 2}in head; longest anal spine 2}in head. Body ovate, compressed,
its depth 24 in length; head, 3%. D. x1, 12; A. m1, 11. Color dusky, with
about 25 pale streaks following the rows of scales, those near middle of
body broadest; a silver streak along preorbital. ....-..-.. SECTATRIX, 151.

ee. Scales 12-67-22; anal fin high in front, its longest soft ray about 1{ in
head; longest anal spine about 2 in head; depth of body 2} in length;
heads 325. exrs oll ss VAP Cr pl en ee reels Steet eeele eee LUTESCENS, 152.
bb. Incisor teeth small, with inconspicuous roots; caudal much longer than head,
the lobes falcate, the outer 5 times length of middle rays; gill-membranes

not forming an angle at junction. (Sectator Jordan & Fesler.)
f. Anal low, its last ray longest, its middle rays shorter than eye; longest
dorsal spine about 3}in head ; scales 11-78-19; color olivaceous, with blue
and golden spots and stripes; depth, 24; head, 38; D. x1, 13; A. m1, 14.
OcyuRUws, 153.

149. KYPHOSUS ANALOGUS.

Pimelepterus analogus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 245 (Cape San Lucas) ;
Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1881, 232 (Porto Escondido); Jordan &
Gilbert, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1881, 328; Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F.C. 1882,
107 (Mazatlan, no description) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. 8. F. C. 1882, 110
(Panama, no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 353,
363 (Cape San Lucas, no description).

Cyphosus analogus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1882, 626 (Panama, no de-
scription).

Kyphosus analogus, Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 1885, 92 (Pacific coast, no description) ;
Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1885, 380 (Mazatlan, Panama, no description);
Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1891, 154 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, from Panama to Gulf of
California.

Etymology; Analogus, analogous (to Kyphosus sectatriz).

This species is generally common along the Pacific coast of tropical
America, where it represents the closely allied K. sectatrix. The spec-
imens examined by us are from Guaymas, Cape San Lucas, Porto Es-
condido, and Mazatlan.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 535

150. KYPHOSUS ELEGANS. (Chopa.)

Pimelepterus elegans Peters, Berliner Monatsberichte, 707, 1869 (Mazatlan).
Kyphosus elegans, Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. 8S. N. M. 1891, 155 (Guaymas).

Habitat: Gulf of California.

Etymology: Hlegans, elegant.

This species is very closely related to the more abundant K. analogus,
from which it differs chiefly in the form of the anal fin and of the snout.
The specimens seen by us are the original type from Mazatlan and the
' specimen obtained by Evermann & Jenkins from Guaymas.

151. KYPHOSUS SECTATRIX.

(Razor-fish; Chub; Bream; Rudder-fish; Bermuda-chub.)

Perca marina sectatrix, the Rudder-fish, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., 1738.

Perca saltatrix Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 293, 1758 (incorrectly copied from Catesby,
who called it sectatrix); Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1885, 201.

Perca sectatrix Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x11, 486, 1766; Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M.
1884, 193, 198.

Kyphosus sectatrix Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 92, 1885 (West Indies, no description) ;
Jordan, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1886, 28 (Beaufort, no description); Jordan,
Proc. U. S. N. M. 1886, 585 (West Indies, no description).

Pimelepterus bosci Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., tv, 429, 1803 (North Atlantic); Cuv. &
Val., vil, 258, pl. 187, 1831 (Charleston, 8. C.); Valenciennes, in Webb &
Berthelot, Hist. Nat. les Canar., Poiss, pl. 19, 1836 (Canary Islands); De
Kay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 100, pl. xx, f. 56, 1842 (New York, copied
from Cuvier); Storer, Syn. Fishes N. A., 88, 1845 (copied from Cuvier) ;
Giinther, 1, 497, 1859 (Jamaica, Cuba, Madeiras); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cubens.,
323, 1868; Baird, Rep’t Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 824, 1873 (Woods Holl,
no description); Bleeker, Syst. Percarum, U1, 6, 1875; Goode, Fishes of the
Bermudas, 52, 1875; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1878, 378 (Beau-
fort); Goode, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1879, 113 (east coast Florida); Bean,
Proc. U. S. N. M. 1880, 94 (Bermuda, no description); Goode & Bean,
Proc. U.S. N. M. 1882, 238 (Gulf of Mexico, no description); Jordan &

_ Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 561, 1883.

Cyphosus bosci Goode, Fish Indust. Exh. 1884, 394 (Gulf of Mexico).

Cyphosus bosqui Jordan, Proc. U. S. N. M. 1884, 128 (Key West).

Pimelepterus oblongior Cuy. & Val., vil, 264, 1831 (locality unknown).

Pimelepterus incisor Cuv. & Val., vil, 266, 1831 (Brazil); Valenciennes in Webb &
Berthelot, Hist. Poiss., Canaries, 47, 1838 (Canaries).

Pimelepterus flavolineatus Poey, Repertorio, 1, 319, 1866; Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cubens 324,
1868.

Pimelepterus bosci var. sicula Doderlein, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. (Palermo).

Habitat: Atlantic coast of the United States from Cape Cod, cross-
ing the ocean to the Canary Islands; accidental in the Mediterranean.

Etymology: Sectator, one that follows. According to Catesby, the
species follows ships, hence the name of ‘‘ Rudder-fish.”

This species is not rare off our Atlantic coasts, becoming rather com-
mon southward. The specimens before us are from Key West. It has
been once taken at Palermo, where it has been named var. sicula.

536 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

152. KYPHOSUS LUTESCENS.

Pimelepterus lutescens Jordan, Proc. U.S. N.M. 1881, 229 (Braithwaite Bay, Socorro
Island); Jordan, Bull. U. 8. F.C. 1881, 328.
Kyphosus lutescens Jordan, Proc, U. 8. N. M. 1885, 380 (Socorro Island, no description).
Habitat: Revillagigedo Archipelago.
Etymology: Lutescens, growing yellow.
This species is known only from the original type taken on Socorro
Island and from another taken at Clarion Island by Dr. Gilbert.

153. KYPHOSUS OCYURUS.

Pimelepterus ocyurus Jordan, Bull. U. 8. F.C. 1881, 327, 328 (Bay of Panama); Jordan
& Gilbert, Bull. U.S. F. C. 1882, 110 (Panama, no description).
Kyphosus ocyurus Jordan, Proc. U.S. N. M. 1885, 380 (Panama, no description).
Habitat: Panama.
Etymology: @zb<, quick; odpd, tail.
This species is known only from the original types, from Panama
It is a strongly marked species, perhaps the type of a distinet sub-
genus or even genus, Sectator, characterized by the little development
of the roots of the teeth and by the deeply forked caudal.

XLIV. MEDIALUNA.*

Medialuna Jordan & Fesler, gen. nov. (californiensis).

Type: Scorpis californiensis Steindachner.

Etymology: Spanish medialuna—half moon, the vernacular name of
the typical species in California.

This genus contains a single species which belongs to the Californian
fauna. Its nearest relative seems to be the Australian genus Atypich-
thys Giinther, which has a different fin formula (D. XI, 15; A, 11, 15)
and the middle dorsal spines much longer, about half of head. The
two genera are apparently distinct; certainly neither belongs to the
Chetodontide.

*The genera lately subtracted from Scorpis (type S. georgianus, an Australian
species) may be defined as follows: :

a. Anal fin long, 24 in length of body, its rays, ILI, 25 to 27; dorsal spines gradually increasing in
height posteriorly (teeth said to be conical, but probably compressed).

b. Soft dorsal and anal faleate. the longest ray 14 in base of rayed part; dorsal spines 9.--.-. SCORPIS.
bb. Soft dorsal and anal not falcate, the longest ray 2% in base of rayed part; dorsal spines 10.

CSIOSOMA (Kaup).

aa. Anal fin short, its base 33 in length of body, its rfys III, 19; dorsal spines gradually increasing

in height to the sixth, decreasing posteriorly; soft dorsal and anal not falcate, the longest ray

14 in base of rayed part; preoperculum serrated at angle; teeth compressed, incisor-like, but

NATTOW «cckunscesievscsc Selsiasivssoceecnbewes Joueneccneueenis clase sinme=|s omswinaicie als uum =r winile MEDIALUNA.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 537

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MEDIALUNA.

a. Body ovate-elliptical, its outlines regular; head bluntish, rounded, the profile
strongly convex; maxillary narrow, not reaching front of eye; preorbital nar-
row; eye small, 1} in snout, 5 in head; mouth small, terminal, horizontal; jaws
with broad bands of slender teeth, the outer compressed, narrowly lanceolate,
without evident roots behind; outer teeth similar, growing smaller backward,
all somewhat movable; vomer, palatines, and tongue with patches of minute
teeth; gill-rakers slender, rather long; preopercle entire. Dorsal spines low,
the middle spines highest, scarcely longer than eye; soft dorsal low, not ele-
vated in front, little higher than spines; anal low; caudal lunate, the upper
lobe slightly longer; pectorals short and narrow; ventrals rather small; scales
thinnish, adherent, with smaller ones intermixed; sides, top of head, and

jaws closely scaled; head 32 in length, depth 24; D. 1x, 1, 22; A. wu, 19

Seales 9-58-12. Color blackish, with steely luster, paler, and often mottled

below; sides with faint oblique vertical lines of spots; fins blackish.

CALIFORNIENSIS, 154.

154. MEDIALUNA CALIFORNIENSIS. (Medialuna.)

Scorpis californiensis Steind., Ichth. Beitr., rit, 19, 1875 (San Diego); Jordan & Gil-
bert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1888, 562, and elsewhere.

Cesiosoma californiense Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 1885, 92.

Habitat: Coast of southern California, from Point Concepcion south-
ward.

Etymology: From California.

This handsome fish is abundant on the rocky coasts of southern
California. It reaches a length of about a foot, and is a food-fish of
good quality.

538 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XLV. CASIOSOMA.

Czsiosoma (Kaup) Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum, I, 11, 1875 (@quipinnis).

Type: Scorpis equipinnis Richardson.

Etymology: Cesio, an allied genus; capa, body.

This genus is based on an Australian species which differs from the
type of Scorpis (Scorpis georgianus) in having the soft dorsal and anal
low and not faleate. The generic value of this character is at least
open to question. In the form of the soft dorsal, Casiosoma resembles
Medialuna, but in the latter genus the soft dorsal and anal are pro-
portionately much shorter and the dorsal spines are not graduate. We
refer to Cwsiosoma a South American species we have not seen, but
which seems to have the same generic characters. In all these species
the incisors have been described as cylindrical or conic, but they will
probably be found to have a flattened form, as in Medialuna, and to be
really lanceolate.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF CASSIOSOMA,

a. [Body deep, the outlines strongly arched; mouth very oblique, the maxillary
reaching front of eye; snout shorter than eye; both margins of preopercle
finely toothed; nostrils round, close together; preorbital finely toothed; head
completely scaled, except the snout, lips, and part of each jaw; dorsal spines
erowing steadily longer to the last, which is about half head; second soft ray
of dorsal highest; third anal spine slightly longer than eye; pectoral, 1}in head;
ventral 24; caudal deeply notched, its lobes slender; soft rays of vertical fins
closely scaled. Color, dusky violet above, silvery gray below; fins yellowish;
body sometimes irregularly mottled with darker. Head 4 in length; depth 24;
eye 34in head. D.x,27; A.1, 25. Seales, 70.] (Steindachner)..CHILENSE, 155,

155. CHSIOSOMA CHILENSE.

Scorpis chilensis Gay, ‘‘ Hist. Chil. Zoology, 1, 220; Ictiol., lam. 6, f. 1.” (Juan Fer-
nandez); Giinther, 11, 64 (copied); Steindachner, Ichth. Beitrige, m1, 14,
1875 (Juan Fernandez).

Habitat: Islands of Chile.

Etymology: From Chile.

This species is known to us only from the scanty account copied by
Giinther from Gay and from the detailed description given by Stein-
dachner. According to Steindachner, the species reaches a length of
a foot, and is very common on the coasts of Juan Fernandez.

nn

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 5d

Subfamily XII—APLODACTYLINZ.
XLVI. APLODACTYLUS.

Aplodactylus Cuv. & Val., vu, 476, 1831 (punctatus).
Haplodactylus Giinther, 1, 434, 1859 (corrected orthography, same type).

Type: Aplodactylus punctatus Cuv. & Val.

Etymology: dzidos, simple; ddxtvido-, finger, from the unbranched
pectoral rays.

This genus contains some half dozen herbivorous fishes of the South
Pacific. The three species accredited to the coast of Chile are scantily
described, and none of them have been examined by us.

ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF APLODACTYLUS.

a. [Body and fins everywhere finely spotted with black, the ground color brownish-
red; body moderately elongate; the head bluntish, formed as in Girella; scales
very small; caudal lunate; soft dorsal higher than spinous; anal fin short and
high; incisors tricuspid; simple pectoral rays 6; D. xvt—21; A. III, 8; ceca
2 (Gather; Cun, & Fils oud. eeoase dae. os. - swe es J--> --ss RUNOTATUS, 156:

aa. Body not everywhere spotted with black.

b. Color brownish gray, vermiculated with brown; fins brown-spotted; incisors
tricuspid. D. xv-1, 20; A. m1, 8. (Gay fide Giinther.) VErMICULATUS, 157.
bb. Color yellowish, dotted all over with white. D.xv-1, 20; A.10,7. (Gay fide
Grunthen) es S52 fastee oe oe Fan oo Pee sels Sees dasc we Seca oeciosis GuUTTATUS, 158.

156. APLODACTYLUS PUNCTATUS.

Aplodactylus punctatus Cuv. & Val., vit, 477, pl. 242, 1831; Jenyns, Zobél. Beagle,
15, 1842; Gay, Hist. Chile, m1, 156.

Haplodactylus punctatus Giinther, 1, 434.

Aplodactylus reginew (Valenciennes) Gay, 1. c., “11, 158, lam. 1, f. 2.”

Habitat: Coast of Chile.
Etymology: Punctatus, speckled.
This species is known to us from descriptions.

157. APLODACTYLUS VERMICULATUS.

Aplodactylus vermiculatus Gay, 1. ¢., 11, 159, lam. 1, f. 1 (Valparaiso).
Habitat: Coast of Chile.
Etymology: Vermiculatus, with markings like worm tracks.
A doubtful species, known only from Gay’s description.

158. APLODACTYLUS GUTTATUS.

Aplodactylus guttatus Gay, 1. c., 160 (Chile).

Habitat: Coast of Chile.

Etymology: Guttatus, with spots like raindrops.

A scarcely known species, apparently to be recognized by its colora-
tion.

540 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

RECAPITULATION.

The following is a list of the species of sparoid fishes recognized by
us as occurring in the waters of America and Europe. Species not seen
by the authors are marked with an asterisk. The general distribution
of each species is indicated by the use of the following letters: .

i, Europe. W, West Indies.

I, Islands of eastern Atlantic; Azores, C, Southern California (Point Concep-
ete. cion to Cerros Island).

N, Atlantic coast of United States, Cape P, Pacific coast of tropical America.
Cod to Cape Hatteras. G, Galapagos Islands.

8, South Atlantic and Gulf coast. VY, Pacific coast of South America.

K, Florida Keys. B, Brazil.

Family SPARIDZ.
Subfamily I. HOPLOPAGRINZ.
Genus I. Hoplopagrus Gill.
1. Hoplopagrus giintheri Gill. P.
Subfamily II. LUTJANINZ.
Genus IT. Lutjanus Bloch.
§ EVOPLITES Gill.
2. Lutjanus viridis (Valenciennes). G, P.
§ GENYOROGE Cantor.
3. Lutjanus caninus* (Steindachner), B. Doubtful species.
§ DIPTERODON Lacépéde.
. Lutjanus novemfasciatus Gill. P.
5. Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W, B.
6. Lutjanus griseus (L.). S, K, W, B.
7. Lutjanus joct (Bloch & Schneider). KK, W, B.
8. Lutjanus caxts (Bloch & Schneider). K, W, B. - Perhaps to
be called Lutjanus apoda.
9. Lutjanus argentiventris (Peters). P.
10. Lutjanus lutjanoides~ (Poey). W. Probably a hybrid; chry-
surus-joct,
11. Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W.
12. Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W.
13. Lutjanus aya (Bloch). §S, K, W, B.
14. Lutjanus analis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). K, W, B.
15. Lutjanus colorado Jordan & Gilbert. P.
16. Lutjanus brachypterus Cope. W. Probably a hybrid; syna-
gris-griseus.
17. Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner). P.
18. Lutjanus synagris (L.). W, K, B.
19. Lutjanus ambiguus Poey. W. Certainly a hybrid, chrysurue-
synagris.
20. Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W.
§ RaprrupBia Jordan & Fesler. New subgenus based on L. inermis,
21. Lutjanus inermis (Peters). P.
§ RaizerRO Jordan & Fesler. New subgenus based on ZF. aralus.
22. Lutjanus aratus (Giinther). P.
Genus III. Ocyurus Gill.
23. Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch). S, W, K, B.
Genus IV. Rhomboplites Gill.

~—

~ 24. Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier & Valenciennes). S, K, W, B. —

Genus V. Apsilus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
25. Apsilus dentatus Guichenot. W.

Pan tn i

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 541

Subfamily II. LUTJANINAi—Continued.
Genus VI. Aprion Cuvier & Valenciennes.
26. Aprion macrophthalmus (Miiller & Troschel). W.
Genus VII. Etelis Cuvier & Valenciennes,
27. Ltelis oculatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W.
Genus VIII. Verilus Poey.
28. Verilus sordidus Poey. W.
Subfamily III. XENICHTHYINZ.
Genus IX. Xenocys Jordan & Bollmann.
29, Xenocys jessiv Jordan & Bollman. G.
Genus X. Xenistius Jordan & Gilbert.
30. Xenistius californiensis (Steindachner). C.
Genus XI. Xenichthys Gill.
31. Xenichthys agassizii (Steindachner). G.
32. Xenichthys xanti Gill. P,
Subfamily IV. HAMULINA.
Genus XII. Heemulon Cuvier.
* § HaMULON.
33. Hemulon sexfasciatum Gill. P.
34, Hamulon album Cuvier & Valenciennes. Wiis Bs
39. Hamulon macrostoma Giinther. W, K.
36. Hamulon bonariense Cuvier & Valenciennes, W, B.
37. Hamulon parra (Desmarest). W, K, B.
38. Hamulon scudderi Gill. P.
39. Hamulon carbonarium Poey. W,B.
40. Hamulon schranki Agassiz. W, B, P.
41. Hamulon melanurum (L.). W.
42. Hamulon sciurus (Shaw). K, W, B.
43. Hamulon plumiert (Lacépéde). 8, K, W, B.
44. Hamulon flavolineatum Cuvier & Valenciennes. K, W, B.
§ BRACHYGENYS Scudder,
45. Hamulon chrysargyreum Giinther, Ke Web:
§ BarHystroma Scudder.
46, Hamulon rimator Jordan & Swain. S, K, W.
47. Hamulon aurolineatum Cuvier & Valenciennes. K, W, B.
48. Hamulon striatum (L.). W,B. ;
§ LytHruLon Jordan & Swain.
49. Hamulon flaviguttatum Gill. P.
§ ORTHOSTACHUS Gill.
50. Hamulon maculicauda (Gill). P.
Genus XIII. Anisotremus Gill.
D1. Anisotremus pacifici (Giinther). P.
52. Anisotremus cwsius Jordan & Gilbert. P.
53. Anisotremus doviit (Giinther). P.
D4. Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch). W, B, P.
5D. Anisotremus bicolor (Castelnau). B, W.
56. Anisotremus scapularis (Tschudi). V.
57. Anisotremus davidsoni (Steindachner). C.,
58. Anisotremus taniatus Gill. P.
59. Anisotremus virginicus (L.). K, W, B.
60. Anisotremus catharine * (Cuvier & Valenciennes). B. Doubt-
ful species; probably identical with 4. virginicus.
61. Anisotremus serrula * (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W. Doubt-
ful species; perhaps identical with Genyatremus luteus.
Genus XIV. Conodon Cuvier & Valenciennes.
62. Conodon nobilis (L.). 8, W, B.
63. Conodon serrifer Jordan & Gilbert. P.

542 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Subfamily IV. HAMULIN42:—Continued,
Genus XV. Pomadasis Lacépéde,
§ POMADASIS.
64. Pomadasis humilis Kner & Steindachner. P.
65. Pomadasis productus * (Poey). W.
66. Pomadasis macracanthus (Giinther). P.
67. Pomadasis crocro (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W, B,
68. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner). P.
69. Pomadasis ramosus (Poey). W,B. Synonymy uncertain.
6 PSEUDOPRISTIPOMA Sauvage.
70. Pomadasis panamensis (Steindachner). P.
§ BRACHYDEUTERUS Gill.
71. Pomadasis axillaris (Steindachner). P.
72. Pomadasis nitidus (Steindachner). P,.
73. Pomadasis corvineformis (Steindachner). B.
74. Pom adasis leuciscus (Giinther). P.
75. Pomadasis clongatus (Steindachner). P. Doubtful species;
perhaps a form of the preceding.
Genus XVI. Orthopristis Girard,
§ ORTHOPRISTIS.
76. Orthopristis bennetti (Cuvier & Valenciennes). E, I.
77. Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier & Valenciennes). B.
78. Orthopristis chalceus (Giinther). P, G.
79. Orthopristis chrysopterus (L.). 8.
80. Orthopristis poeyi Scudder. W.
81. Orthopristis cantharinus (Jenyns). P,G, V.
(IsacIELLA Jordan & Fesler. G.
82. Orthopristis lethopristis Jordan & Fesler. G.
83. Orthopristis brevipinnis (Steindachner). P,
§ MICROLEPIDOTUS Gill.
84. Orthopristis inornatus (Gill). P.
Genus XVII. Isacia Jordan & Fesler.
85. Isacia conceptionis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). V.
Genus XVIII. Parapristipoma Bleeker. Genus perhaps inseparable
from Plectorhynchus.
86. Parapristipoma mediterranewm (Guichenot). E.
87. Parapristipoma viridense * (Cuvier & Valenciennes). E, I.
Genus XIX. Genyatremus Gill.
88. Genyatremus luteus (Bloch). W, B.
Subfamily V. DENTICINA.
Genus XX. Dentex Cuvier.
89. Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch). E.
90. Dentex dentex (L.). HE.
91. Dentex maroccanus Cuvier & Valenciennes. E.
92. Dentex filosus Valenciennes. I.
Genus XXI. Nemipterus Swainson. Doubtful genus; perhaps insep-
arable from Dentex.
93. Nemipterus macronemus Giinther. B. Doubtful species;
probably from the East Indies instead of South America.
Subfamily VI. SPARINZG.
Genus XXII. Stenotomus Gill.
94. Stenotomus aculeatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. S.
95. Stenotomus chrysops (L.). N,S.
96. Stenotomus caprinus Bean. S.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 543

Subfamily VI. SPARINA;—Continued.
Genus XXIII. Calamus Swainson.
97. Calamus calamus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). K, W, B.
98. Calamus proridens Jordan & Gilbert. K, W.
99. Calamus pennatula * Guichenot. W.
100. Calamus bajonado (Bloch & Schneider). Ww, kK.
101. Calamus brachysomus (Lockington). P.
102. Calamus leucosteus Jordan & Gilbert. 5.
103. Calamus macrops* Poey. W.
104. Calamus taurinus Jenyns. G.
105. Calamus penna Cuvier & Valenciennes. S, K, W, B.
106. Calamus arctifrons Goode & Bean. §, K.
107. Calamus medius Poey. W.
Genus XXIV. Sparus (Artedi) Linnwus,
§SPARUS.
108. Sparus aurata Linneus. E.
109. Sparus ceruleostictus* (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
§ PaGrus Cuvier.
110. Sparus pagrus Linneus. E,S8.
111. Sparus ehrenbergi* Cuvier & Valenciennes. K.
112. Sparus bertheloti* Valenciennes. E.
Genus XXV. Pagellus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Perhaps inseparable
from Sparus.
113. Pagellus erythrinus (L.). E.
114. Pagellus acarne Cuvier & Valenciennes. E.
115. Pagellus centrodontus (De la Roche). E.
116. Pagellus bogaraveo™ (Briinnich). E.
117. Pagellus mormyrus (L.). E. Ascribed probably by error to
the coast of Brazil.
Genus XXVI. Lagodon Holbrook.
118. Lagodon rhomboides (L.). N,S, W.
Genus XXVII. Archosargus Gill.
119. Archosargus unimaculatus (Bloch). K,W,P. Includes two
forms or varieties: unimaculatus and flavolineatus.
120. Archosargus pourtalésii (Steindachner). G. Perhaps a va-
riety of unimaculatus. -
121. Archosargus tridens* (Poey). W. (Perhaps a variation of
unimaculatus. )
122. Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum). N,S.
123. Archosargus aries (Cuvier & Valenciennes). W,B. Perhaps
a southern variety of the preceding.
Genus XXVIII. Diplodus Rafinesque.
124. Diplodus holbrooki (Bean). S.
125. Diplodus argenteus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 8, W, B.
126. Diplodus sargus* (.). HE, W.
127. Diplodus vulgaris (St. Hilaire). E, I.
128. Diplodus annularis (Gmelin). E, 1.
129. Diplodus fasciatus* (Cuvier & Valenciennes). E, Ie
Genus XXIX. Charax Risso. Perhaps inseparable from Diplodus.
130. Charax puntazzo* (Gmelin). &, I.
Subfamily VII. BORIDIINZ.
Genus XXX. Boridia Cuvier & Valenciennes.
131. Boridia grossidens* Cuvier & Valenciennes.

tl

544 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Subfamily VIII. MA:NINZ.
Genus XXXI. Meena Cuvier.
132. Mena mena (Gmelin). E.
133. Mena zebra* (Briinnich). E.
Genus XXXII. Spicara Rafinesque.
134. Spicara smaris(L.). E. Recorded, probably by error, from
Martinique, as 8. martinica (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
135. Spicara aleedo (Risso). E.
Genus XXXIII. Centracanthus Rafinesque.
136. Centracanthus cirrus Rafinesque. E.
Genus XXXIV. Erythrichthys Temminck & Schlegel.
137. Erythrichthys vittatus * (Poey). W.
138. Erythrichthys cyanescens * (Guichenot). V.
Subfamily IX. SCATHARIN A.
Genus XXXV. Box Cuvier & Valenciennes. Perhaps indistinguishable
from Boops.
139. Box boops (L.). #, I.
Genus XXXVI. Boops Cuvier.
140. Boops salpa (L.). E, I.
Genus XXXVII. Oblada Cuvier.
141. Oblada melanura (L.).
Genus XXXVIII. Scatharus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
142. Scatharus grecus Cuvier & Valenciennes. E.
Genus XXXIX. Spondyliosoma Cantor.
143. Spondyliosoma cantharus (Gmelin). E.
144, Spondyliosoma orbiculare (Cuvier & Valenciennes). E.
Subfamily X. GIRELLINZ.
Genus XL. Girella Gray.
145. Girella nigricans (Ayres). C, P.
Genus XLI. Doydixodon Valenciennes. Genus perhaps not distin-
guishable from Girella.
146. Doydixodon freminvillei * Valenciennes. G.
147. Doydixodon levifrons* (Tschudi). Y.
Subfamily XI. KYPHOSINZA.
Genus XLII. Hermosilla Jenkins & Evermann.
148. Hermosilla azurea Jenkins & Evermann. P.
Genus XLIII. Kyphosus Lacépéede.
§ KyPuHosus.
149. Kyphosus analogus (Gill). P
150. Kyphosus elegans (Peters). P.
151. Kyphosus sectatrix (1..). 8, W, K, B, E.
152. Kyphosus lutescens Jordan & Gilbert. P.
§ SECTATOR Jordan & Fesler.
153. Kyphosus ocyurus Jordan & Gilbert. P.
Genus XLIV. Medialuna Jordan & Fesler.
154. Medialuna californiensis (Steindachner). C.
Genus XLV. Cesiosoma Kaup. Perhaps inseparable from Scorpis.
155. Casiosoma chilense* (Gay). V.
Subfamily XII. APLODACTYLINZ.
Genus XLVI. Aplodactylus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
156. Aplodactylus punctatus * Cuvier & Valenciennes. Y.
157. Aplodactylus vermiculatus * Gay. V.
158. Aplodactylus guttatus * Gay. YV.

PALO ALTO, CAL., March 20, 1892.

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) ; PLATE 28.

(sne2uulq) SNasi¥) SANWPFLAT

haddnuy aaoibunyy 0 Laddnuy Aniy ayy

a
4
e
”
aA &
28
mis ith
ne
P,
1
a a

PLATE 29.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

0 eT pie

pee are Ba hoys

By

LUTJANUS CAXIS (Bloch and Schneider), Zhe Schoolmaster.

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891, (To face p. 544.) PLATE 80.

‘waddpuy poy (Y201g) VAY SANYPLAT

PLATE 31.

\\
\
‘\

\
WH
aN
ANY
ANY

NY \\

ANN
N
WN
\\

\
N
\
\
x \
\
\\
\

\
i
‘

CAE ZLLZZZ
eal

=

}

yyy)
Weeraaeaikennnyy xh
1 Nee

ZA Las) sy

|
i}
i}
i
Int

:
My}
Hh
)

if
Hh

My

HY

y
HY
My
ty

(To face p. 544.)

LUTJANUS ANALIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Zhe Mutton-fish or Pargo Criollo,

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891,

ee - ' " — >

yf

Py
i 1d Pg

PLATE 82,

| _ Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.)

uJ

=

LUTJANUS SYNAGRIS (Linneus).

The Lane Snapper or Biajaiba.

PLATE 83.

(To face p, 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891,

i
fs

ra

fo

OCYURUS CHRYSURUS (Bloch). The Yellow-tail Snapper or Rabirubia.

Report U. S, F.C, 1889 to 1891, (To face p. 544.)

Sng ayy '(seuuajouaye, pur JaIAn5) SNASNYONNY S3LITdOSWOHY

“0.

PLATE 34.

PLATE 35.

(To face p, 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

Ce
yy a

mee

HAMULON ALBUM Cuvier and Valenciennes. The Margate-sish or Jallao.

SS ec Rm ai gia henge Sede ae ata

F q
af
ne
2 =
a 2
Fi ee
t == 7
- a by
_ = «%
a
- #
‘
< :
a ?
—
i a
. 4 'T
= Ae
1
i
:
=:
7
«
a) 2
<
4
'
Es
:
5
~ -
“
q

PLATE 36.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891,

HAMULON MACROSTOMA Ginther.

The Striped Margate-fish.

PLATE 37.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U.S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

epi
GFT
sz

oT LS

IS

Pe

HAEMULON PARRA (Desmarest), Zhe Sailor's Choice or Ronco Blanco.

PLATE 38.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

HA-MULON SCIURUS (Shaw).

Nyt

The Yellow Grunt or Roneo Amarillo.

PLATE 39.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

HAZEMULON

SOOPON

PLUMIERI (Lacépéde).

The Common Grunt or Ronco Ronco.

PLATE 40.

a U.S. F. C. 1889 to 13891. (To face p. 544:

HAMULON CHRYSARGYREUM Giinther.

The Small-mouthed Grunt.

PLATE 41.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

ats
oS

oer

HAEMULON RIMATOR Jordan and Swain,

Young. The Tom-tate or Flannel-mouthed Grunt.

4 . Report U.S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) PLATE 42,

UIEMS PUL UEPION YOLYWIY NOINWAH

FINpY

TMG) PAQNMAPUUDLT 10 DEW, YT

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) PLATE 43,

OD 40 YST-YLOT YT ‘(sneeuuly) SNOINIDSYIA SAWAYLOSINY

“ppoUunn)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) 7 PLATE 44.

‘(sne@uulq) SAYSLdOSAYHOD SILSINGOHLYO

Ys BUT OUT,

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p, 544.) : PLATE 45.

La =

(sauualouajeA pur 191AND) SQALVAINOVY SNWOLONSLS

Se
« S

RBLOT ULOYINOY YT,

ns
e447
oh
i

..
é
Pa

rc
7

*
$e,
ay

< Pe Te OPENERS er PE ee

PLATE 46.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891,

STENOTOMUS CHRYSOpS (Linnaeus),

The Scup.

Report U.S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p, 544.) PLATE 47.

‘nas! pHoy-W0}) WY YR2G SANIYdVO SNWOLONSLS.

7 ]
4 =
ie a
a
-
=P _
‘ -
Re er
a
x
v
-
&
2
\
7 .
‘
ewe Y ey
*)

, 4 Bak
3 ."
er pee.
Data
—~— ae

‘
bY
=
=?
st
_ are
7 —.
=:
a -
“ hs _
, > -
a Gun —
f . oie

Int A ) -
:
mney rar,
os

et ag t ge met ean a

Report U. S. F. C, 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) PLATE 48.

Log, afia-soonngy ayy ‘(sauuaiuajeA pue 1aIAND) SAWWIAVO SN WV1VO

WAS AY 4
NX AK

ky

Ae es
Ni AAAS XY
ASAE
AA
SSN AK ‘
ANN

\

WY
ANN

ANN

(t/)A)
of) AM
ig

HA

~~ s, = a7 Al
* a _ = i
may pees ites

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891, (To face p, 544.) PLATE 49.

pags) pur ueprop SNAGIYOUd SNWV1VO

DUNT AP Zac LO MDLOT PVAYOTAVT PUL

rae
ees ic
— el
ve we ,

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) PLATE 50.

‘Gaplauyos pur yooig) OGYNOrYa SNWY1V9

‘opnuolng 10 ih10g pray NOL ay,

Report U. Sean Gs 1889 to 189 . (To ace p. 944.) =) ATE

‘sauualouajeA pure Jalan
!AND VNN3d SN
WY1VO

i : ;
9d pHhaysdaayy 40 HPO T ynou-aynwvy UT

fi

DIAS
ey
many

oe
ai in Tg

iD Lee
vas

t Ry
ae uA

Ne

see

Report U. S. F.C. 1889 to 1891, (To face p, 544.) PLATE 52.

rose

BIAS
= Us

‘urog Pur spore} SNOYSILOYNV SNWYIVO

ADOT SSV AT,

PLaTe 53.

Report U.S. F.C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.)

SPARUS PAGRUS Linneeus,

The Ked Porgy (the true Porgy or Pargo of Lurope.)

< —eo

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891,

‘(sneuuiq) SAGIOSWOHY NOGOSY7

purdsy wdoyg Lo Yysy-Urd aut

(To face p, 544.)

Ay
TUM

a
yj
ap Pypoey set
Py TW Mi}
Hh Hy
Lit

PLATE 54.

PLaTeE 55.

(To face p 544.)

3
2
2
a
Se)
0
S)
we
7)
= ARCHOSARGUS UNIMACULATUS (Bloch). The Salema.
a

®

a

ch

PLATE 56.

rn

at

(To face p. 544.)

ARCHOSARGUS PROBATOCEPHALUS (Walbaum). Sheepshead. Adult. Third anal spine too slender. 7 a

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.)

(uineqie~A) SNIVHdSDOLVEOUd SNOYVSOHOUY

*“pwpaysdaoys’ OUT,

‘BuNno,

se

i
Wt

PLATE 57.

Report U. S. F, C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) i PLATE 58.

‘fueag) |WOOYSIOH SNadO dia

“wpa pajin7- buy

‘BUNOA

) uIP
HHA

y
ANTM IN SI

HH

TT

HH

‘(uePag) |HOOYSIOH SNaoOrdia

UDI pajpy-Furay

TOAPY

S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

(To face p. 544.)

PLATE 59.

Report U. S. F.C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.) PLATE 60

4

Tell

Se eet S NS UE SUS VET GlZy. Vala SONS ele

DPYSOUWOTT ayy,

PLATE 61.

(To face p. 544.)

Report U, S. F, C. 1859 to 1891,

KYPHOSUS SECTATRIX (Linnzus),

The Kudder-jish.

Report U. S. F, C, 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 544.)

aN

NNR
‘\ i
Ais uA

i

‘(auysepula}s) SISNSAINYOSIIVO YNNIVIGAWN

DUNYDIPATE AUT

PLATE

62.

oe

’

mel
; a a i
>»?

“5.—ON FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

" By Epwin Linton, pu. p.,
Professor of Zodlogy in Washington and Jefferson College.

This paper makes the third which the author has prepared for the
U. 8S. Fish Commission on entozoa collected in the Yellowstone
National Park. The first of these papers contained a report on two
“species of larval cestods, Ligula catostomi from the sucker (Catostomus
—ardens), and Dibothrium cordiceps from the trout (Salmo mykiss), col-
lected by Dr. David 8. Jordan in September and October, 1889. The
Second paper was a special report on the life history of Dibothriwn
cordiceps, being the result of the author’s investigations, in July and
“August, 1890, into the cause of the excessive parasitism among the
trout of Yellowstone Lake. The present paper contains descriptions
of other fish entozoa which were obtained incidental to the inquiry
into the life history of D. cordiceps.

Aside from the trout parasite (D. cordiceps), perhaps the most
interesting form encountered was ,the monobothrium from the sucker ;
this appears to be an undescribed Species, and I have given it the
‘name Monobothrium terebrans, from its habit of boring a pit in the
mucous membrane of its host. I have thought it best also to give a
brief account of the anatomy of this singular worm. Some additional
notes on the ligula of the sucker have been given. These are based
‘on observations made in J uly, 1890. That part of the report which
relates to the nematods is necessarily imperfect, owing to the fact that,
with the exception of the species Dacnitis globosa from the trout, the
‘specimens were all immature and for the most part few in number.

i CESTODA.

Ligula catostomi Lt., Bull. U.S. F. C., 1x, for 1889, pp. 66-72, pl. xx1I-xxv.

An account of this parasite, based upon specimens found by Dr.

David 8. Jordan in the sucker (Catostomus ardens), of Witch Creek, a

tributary of Heart Lake, Wyoming, was published in the Bulletin of the

United States Fish Commission, cited above. It is not proposed to give

any further account of the anatomy of this species here, but simply to

record a few notes and observations.

: On July 28, 1890, I found in a young sucker, captured in a small

warm Stream near our camp on Heart Lake, a ligula, in the abdominal
| H. Mis. 113——35 545

546° REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

cavity. The length of the fish was about 75 mm., that of the parasite
400 mm. The greatest breadth, near the anterior end, was6mm. For
the first 75 mm. it was thick and stout, the remainder was slender and
tapered slowly to the posterior end, near which the breadth was about
2mm. Several large suckers from the lake were examined, but no
ligule were found in them. The water of the lake is quite cold, the
temperature 40° F. having been found at a depth of 124 feet.

On July 29, I examined a number of suckers collected in Witch
Creek. The fish were taken in a seine from a warm branch of the main
stream. ‘The temperature of the water in which the fish were swimming
was 95° F. A school of fish were observed in the warm stream where
it joined with a cold stream, 46° I’. The fish showed no tendency to
enter the cold water, even when frightened by the presence of the seine.
Two species of fish were secured from this school, viz: Catostomus ardens
and Leuciscus atrarius. The specimens were all young or half grown.
No trout were seen in the warm water, although they appeared to be
rather abundant in the cold stream.

The larger suckers were nearly all infested with these parasites; the
smaller ones not so much, and the smallest scarcely at all. Of 30 fish,
ranging from 14 to 19 centimeters in length, only one or two were with-
out parasites. Of 45 specimens averaging about 10 centimeters in
length, 15 were infested and 30 were not. Of 65 specimens, averaging
about 9 centimeters in length, 10 were infested and 55 were not. Of
62 specimens less than 9 centimeters in length, 2 were infested and 60
were not.

I insert the following notes made at the time of collecting:

1. Fish 19 em. long, contained 1 parasite, length 39.5em., broadest at anterior end,

where it measured 15 mm.

2. Fish 17 cm. long, 1 parasite 27 em. long, 13 mm. broad near anterior end.

3. Fish 15 cm, long, 4 parasites, 12, 13, 18, and 20 em. long, respectively.

4, Fish 15.7¢em. long, no parasites,

5. Fish 13 em. long, 3 parasites.

6. Two fish 13 and 14 cm., respectively, no parasites.

7. Fish 11 cm. long, abdominal region flabby and collapsed, a hole beside and a

little in front of vent from which a parasite had apparently escaped. One
free ligula was found with the fish when they were brought in. The fish
may have been injured in seining. The intestine was congested.

8. Two fish 10 and 11 em, long, respectively, more than one parasite in each; put

in alcohol entire. x

9. Fish 10 em. long, no parasites.

10. Two fish 10 em. long, no parasites, intestine and peritoneum congested.

11. Fish 10 cm. long, no parasites; intestine and peritoneum black and unhealthy
looking.

12. Fish 10 em. long, one parasite 39 cm. long. }

13. Three fish each 10 cm. long, two with 2 and one with 3 parasites.

14. Two fish, 8 and 9 em., respectively, one with 3 and the other with 4 parasites.

The parasitized fish are perhaps a little lighter in cclor than the non-
parasitized ones. _

Pons

—

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 5AT

The admirable researches of Donnadieu on the ligula of the European
tench show that the time during which the parasite lives in the abdom-
inal cavity of the fish is variable, but is generally limited to two years.
Most frequently it attains its maximum development at the end of the
second year.

The fact that the specimens of L. catostomi showed comparatively
slight difference in apparent age points to the conclusion that the
period of infection is brief. Itis probable that the final host is one,
or possibly more than one, of the migratory aquatic birds, such as the
heron, pelican, larus, merganser, etc., which are summer residents or
visitors in thisregion. The abundance of the parasites is doubtless due
to the warm water in the streams fed by thermal springs, which fur-
nishes conditions favorable to the development of the embryos from the
egg. If these parasites ever normally make their escape from their
intermediate host the fish, as stated by European observers, the
chances of their being swallowed by a bird are very few, since they are
eaten with avidity by fish, in whose intestine, however, they do not
mature.

On the evening of July 29 I threw into the lake a large number of
these parasites, and on the following day, about noon, caught a chub
(Leuciscus atrarius) near the place where: the ligule had been thrown.
The alimentary canal of the chub was filled from one end to the other
with ligule in various stages of digestion. In the intestine they were
reduced to a white chyle with recognizable fragments, and even in the
stomach they were corroded and fragmental.

DIBOTHRIUM CORDICEPS Leidy.

A description of this species by Dr. Joseph Leidy was published in
the Preliminary Report of the U.S. Geological Survey of Montana and
adjacent territory (Hayden, 1871, pp. 381, 382). Some account of the
anatomy of the larval stage was given in my paper entitled, “On two
species of Larval Dibothria from the Yellowstone National Park (Bull.
U. S. Fish Commission, Ix, for 1889, pp. 72-76, pls. XXV-XXVII); and
of the adult stage in ‘“‘A contribution to the life history of Dibothrium

_cordiceps,” etc. (Bull. U. 8. Fish Commission, 1x, for 1889, pp. 337-358,

pls. CXVII-CXIX.) ;
Larval stage: In the rocky mountain trout (Salmo mykiss), in cysts

and free in the abdominal cavity; also often migrating into the flesh

of these trout in the Yellowstone Lake.
Adult stage: Intestine of the American white pelican (Pelecanus

erythrorhynchius),

548 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

MONOBOTHRIUM TBREBRANS Sp. ROY.
[Plates 63, 64, 65; Figs. 1 to 21.]

Body elongated, somewhat flattened, linear, slightly enlarged at the
extremities, which terminate in blunt points, opaque, white. Head va-
riable, subsagittate, wedge-shape or bluntly rounded, a little broader
and thicker than the body, somewhat depressed dorso-ventrally but
without distinct bothria, translucent white with more delicate cuticle
than body. Posterior end of the body with irregular prominences
due to the development of ova in the uterus. Genital aperture ventral
about the posterior fifth; testes in front of genital aperture occupy-
ing the greater part of the body; female genitalia behind the genital
aperture. Largest specimen 28 mm. in length. Sometimes several
with heads buried in common pit in mucous membrane of host.

Habitat: Intestine of Catostomus ardens, Heart Lake, Wyoming, July
28, 1890.

Diesing makes this genus the type of his family Monobothria. 'The

genera included are Caryophyltleus Gmelin, Monobothrium Diesing, and.

Diporus Diesing. These cestods are peculiar in that the body is not
segmented and contains but one set of genitalia. In other words a
single individual corresponds to one proglottis of an ordinary tape-
worm. The members of the group thus serve, in a measure, to connect
the cestods and trematods.

Several large suckers which had been taken in a trammel net were

examined and about a dozen specimens of this parasite were obtained |

from two of the fish. They were associated with Hehinoriy ynchus. tuber-
osus, and in each instance several of the individuals were found to be
attached to the intestinal wall with their heads buried in a common pit
in the mucous membrane. Some of these clusters were preserved
entire with a portion of the intestine. Upon examining the alcoholic
specimens one was found 7 mm. in length, which was wholly inclosed in

a pit in the mucous membrane. The walls of the pit were thick and—

gristly and the head end of the parasite had nearly perforated the
intestinal wall.

The longest living specimen measured 28 mm.; as an alcoholic speci-
men it measured nearly the same, presenting the following dimensions
in millimeters : : Length, 27; breadth, median, 2, expanding near anterior

end to 2.5, and near the posterior oad tapering rather abruptly to 1;

thickness about 1, but increasing to 1.5 at the posterior end where there
are two or three ricdeteene swollen or nodular places.

The following observations are based on alcoholic specimens: A
small specimen measured 17 mm. in length; median breadth, 25 mm.;
breadth near extremities,2mm. The anterior end of this specimen was
sagittate and thicker than the body, posterior end bluntly tapering,
thicker than body, and somewhat swollen or nodular. Each end of the

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 5A9

larger specimens is rather sharply marked off from the body for a dis-
tance of 8 mm. or more. The anterior end is somewhat lighter colored
than the body and suggests the head of some species of Dibothrium,
but there are no bothria. The body, especially toward the posterior
end, is yellowish-white.

ANATOMY.

The sections upon which the following account of the anatomy is
based were made from specimens stained in toto in borax earmine.

Structure of the head.—Upon examining transverse and longitudinal
sections of the head it is seen to consist of somewhat spongy tissue, in
which there are a few longitudinal muscular and connective fibers and
numerous protoplasmic granules and granular masses contained in a
mesh of transverse connective fibers. There are also numerous small
open spaces shown in the sections which are doubtless the fine and
irregular branchings of the vessels of the water-vascular system.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the structure of the head of a small specimen. In
them it is seen that the cuticular layer is very thin and the subeutie-
war. granulo-fibrous layer, which is clearly defined toward the middle
of the body, is but faintly foreshadowed. The longitudinal muscular
fibers are not collected into any definite area, but are distributed
pretty uniformly among the other tissues. There is no indication of
layers of any kind. If the entire section, from which Fig. 10 was
sketched, had been figured it would have shown no peculiarities of
structure that are not shown in the small portion which is represented.

No calcareous bodies were found in any of the sections. One of the
smallest specimens was placed in hydrochloric acid, but no evidence of
the presence of caleareous particles was educed.

Structure of the body.—There is arather abrupt transition between
the head and the body. When transverse sections made through the
anterior part of the body immediately back of the head are compared
with those, of the head several differences may be observed. The -
cuticle is thicker and more sharply defined. In the center of the
section the connective fibers assume a parallelism, especially in a
direction from margin to margin, which is in marked contrast with
the irregular course which they pursue in the head. The open spaces,
which indicate the situation of longitudinal vessels, are collected
towards the periphery. The protoplasmic granules in the center soon
begin to collect into clusters, which represent the beginnings of the
testes.

In a small specimen about 5 mm. long, which was cut into transverse
sections, if was not until the middle, or a little back of the middle,
counting from the head, that the longitudinal muscles began to collect
into bundles to form a somewhat discontinuous layer surrounding the
inner space.

’

550 © REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In sections made in the vicinity of the reproductive aperture, back of
the posterior fourth of the body, the cuticle was found to consist of two
layers (Fig. 20, e, ec). The outer or epidermal layer appears to be
sloughing off from the inner, uniform cuticular layer. Within the
cuticle is a very thin layer of fine longitudinal fibers. This is sue-
ceeded by a thick granulo-fibrous layer, which contains numerous
granules and nuclear bodies, which latter stain deeply in carmine.
There are also, especially in the older specimens, small clusters of lon-
gitudinal muscular fibers in this layer (Fig. 16,7). The inner portion
of this layer is somewhat open or areolar. The water vascular system
consists of an indefinite number of vessels not clearly defined and of
various sizes, which, in the posterior part of the body, in the vicinity
of the reproductive aperture, lie in the inner portion of the subcuta-
neous granulo- fibrous layer (Fig. 16, w). This characteristic branching
of the water-vascular system appears to be identical with that observed
by G. R. Wagener (Natuurk. Verh. Haarlem, x11, 96; Tab. vu, 2).
Next within the granulo-fibrous layer is a layer of longitudinal mus- |
cular fibers (Figs. 16, 17, 18, 20, Im). This does not constitute an
unbroken layer, but consists of numerous clusters of longitudinal fibers
which lie in the midst of the connective tissue and surround the cen-
tral space. The latter contains the genital organs. A terminal vore
leading mto a short duct with thick walls was observed in transverse
sections through the posterior end of a small specimen. The duct
enters posteriorly from near one margin and not from the extreme tip,
and continues anteriorly to the posterior vitelline gland. The same
was observed in transverse sections of larger specimens, where it
appeared first in the posterior sections as a pore entering one of the
margins, and was soon seen, in succeeding anterior sections, toward
the middle of the sections as an elongated opening with strong walls of
connective tissue of irregular thickness. In the smaller specimens
strong connective fibers run from the anterior end of this cul-de-sae.
This organ is doubtless the terminal pulsating organ common to larval
cestods.

Genital organs.—The testes begin a short distance back of the head.
In a young specimen they began about the anterior third; in an older
specimen they began almost immediately behind the head. They con-
sist of globular masses (testicules) of granular protoplasm in the —
younger specimens. In the older specimens they are irregular in —
shape and relatively smalier. The granules are collected into minute
globular clusters and appear in the sections as circular or oval nests of
nuclei. The testes extend posteriorly nearly to the reproductive aper-
ture, which is about the posterior fourth or fifth of the body.

In front of the genital aperture there is a voluminous tube which,
after making numerous convolutions, communicates with the cirrus bulb.
This tube is evidently the vas deferens (vide Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16). In
sections of a large specimen it was seen to contain numerous masses

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. Si |

of minute, short filaments felted together (Fig. 21, s). These, when
isolated, appear as slender filaments with a black speck at one end.
They are presumably spermatozoa. I was not able to demonstrate
any communication between the testes and the vas deferens from my
sections. The wall of the cirrus-bulb is thick and well supplied with
circular muscular fibers, and within there are numerous retractile
muscular fibers. The cirrus was retracted in all the specimens. The
aperture of the cirrus, as seen in section through the retracted organ, is
quite irregular, with puckered walls and its longer axis transverse to the
long axis of the body (Fig. 19, ¢ 7).

The germ gland or ovary lies transversely across the body about
midway between the genital aperture and the posterior end (Figs.
13, 14, 15, 7). It is wsingle organ, though comprising two marginal
lobes with a narrower connecting part. The latter disappears in
specimens which have become replete with ripe ova, while the marginal
lobes still remain (Fig. 14, g). In such cases there appear to be two
ovaries. In Fig. 13 there appear to be two ovaries. The sketch was
made from a section which passes on the dorsal side of the part which
connects the marginal lobes. It is thus seen that the marginal portions
of the ovary extend farther toward the dorsal side than the part which
connects them. The ovaries are made up of nucleated cells closely
and uniformly packed together. They do not lie in clusters or nests like
the granular nuclei of the testes and the vitelline glands. In the older
specimens, however, the ovary appears to be broken up into lobular
portions (Fig. 14, 9). The ovary as a whole lies nearest the ventral face
of the body.

The vitellaria (Figs. 13, 14,15, vg) in the younger specimens are seen
to consist of two marginal glands which connect with a posterior gland
lying behind the ovary. In the adult specimens this organ may be
divided into at least three distinct glands, one posterior and two mar-
ginal. The vitellarian gland differs from the ovary in being lobulated,
and in, the lobules there are numerous clusters of granules, appearing
in section as cireles or oval nests of nuclei. This organ is well de-
veloped along each margin in the vicinity of the cirrus bulb, extending
forward of the cirrus bulb for a short distance and overlapping the
testes. I observed small ducts leading from the marginal glands, but
found nothing corresponding to the conspicuous marginal ducts noticed
by Van Beneden in his account of the anatomy of the related genus
Caryophylleus.

The ducts from the vitellaria were in some cases crowded with small
‘ globular masses, which apparently originate from the disintegration of
the nests of nuclei in the vitellaria. The exact relation of these ducts
to the duct from the germ gland was not certainly made out, but they
were so far traced as to show that they unite with that duct near the
median line on the dorsal side of the germ gland not far from its pos-
terior border.

552 ~=REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The duct from the germ gland leaves that organ on its postero-dorsal
side. Soon after leaving the gland it enlarges for a short space and
appears t» be lined in the enlarged portion with cilia.

The vagina opens immediately behind the cirrus in a common genital
pore. In longitudinal sections parallel with the ventral surface and near
the exterior it appears asa simple transverse slit smaller than the male
orifice. The vagina pursues a Somewhat tortuous course for a short
distance behind the external opening, during which time it lies near the
ventral surface. It then dips into the central region of the body and
passes along the median region on the dorsal side of the germ gland.
It enlarges at one point into a kind of seminal receptacle (Fig. 13, v).
It appears to unite with the germ duct near the posterior edge of the
germ gland and on its dorsal side. ;

The common duct formed by the union of the germ duct and vagina
soon receives ducts from the vitelline glands. The common duct thus
formed, and which is the beginning of the uterus, functions as a shell
gland. In Fig. 13, 0, 0 are ova which lie in the vicinity of the shell
gland. See also Fig. 14 w’ and the ideal sketch, Fig. 15 sg.

The product of the vitelline glands is added in the shape of small
globules of protoplasmic matter. These masses do not, at least imme-
diately, unite, and on that account the ova, even in the beginning of
the uterus, have the appearance of undergoing segmentation. In some
eases I observed ova that appeared to be in the process of formation.
The shell was exceedingly thin and weak, and among the numerous
non-nucleated masses, products of the vitelline gland, could be distin-
guished the nucleated germ cell (Fig. 12 a).

The uterus lies dorsally in the posterior part of the body. Itis a
voluminous organ and when full of eggs occupies the greater part of
the body behind the cirrus bulb (Fig. 14 w). It is on account of the
accumulation of eggs in the uterus that the posterior surface of the
body is raised into irregular elevations (Figs. 1, 3, 7, 8). The uterus
begins behind the ovary and appears to originate from the confluence
of the vagina, germ duct, and vitelline ducts. The first folds in sec-
tion present a reticulated appearance and contain numerous ova which
have thin and membranous shells. These’ova are very irregular in
in their outline and are invariably collapsed. Both shell and contents
stain deeply with carmine. The perfect ova have shells that resist the
action of the staining fluid.

From its origin on the postero-dorsal side of the germ gland the uterus
proceeds by numerous folds anteriorly in the direction of the cirrus
bulb. It appears to terminate, in the older specimens, in a pore imme-
diately behind the cirrus, in close proximity with the vagina.

The ova are comparatively large, being 0.06 to 0.065 mm. in length —
and 0.03 to 0.035 mm. in breadth. The globular masses of which their
protoplasmic contents are for the most part made up are 0.01 mm. and
over in diameter.

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 553

TREMATODA.
ENCYSTED DISTOMA FROM LEUCISCUS ATRARIUS.
[Plate 65, Figs. 22-25. ]

On July 30 I examined several small chubs (Leuciscus atrarius) from
a warm branch of Witch Creek, and some larger fish of the same species
from Heart Lake. In these fish the mesentery and serous covering of
the viscera generally were thickly specked with minute white granules,
which upon examination proved to be cysts containing larval trema-
tods. In most cases each cyst contained but one larva, but in one
instance, among cysts from a large chub, three larve were observed
in one cyst, and in several others two. The larvee lay in a transpar-
ent fluid which was inclosed in an oval sae with pellucid walls. The
sac collapses when the larva is liberated. It is then seen to consist
of interlacing fibers, the interstices of which are filled with granular
parenchyma. The parasites are too immature to make their identifica-
tion certain. I record, however, the following characters:

The average length of the cysts appears to be about 0.5 mm. An
alcoholic cyst measured 0.7 mm. in length and 0.5 mm. in breadth, and
contained a larval distomum 0.4 mm.long and 0.25 mm. broad. Another
larva, liberated from a somewhat smaller cyst, measured 0.32 and 0.16
mm., and another 0.35 and 0.26 mm. in length and breadth, respectively.
Another was 0.4 mm. long and 0.15 mm. thick.

These distoma are elliptical, oblong, or oval in outline when viewed
dorsally or ventrally, but in marginal view are convex dorsally and
concave ventrally. The two suckers have made their appearance, and
also the muscular pharynx. These organs have about the same rela-
tive positions and proportions as the similar organs in Distomum lau-
reatum, but there is no indication of the head papille of that species.
The body is somewhat longitudinally striated behind the ventral
sucker, an appearance which seems to be due to the branches of the
water-vascular system. There is a posterior emargination which
marks the position of the terminal pore of the water-vascular system.
From a short median vessel connecting with the terminal pore a nun-
ber of marginal vessels branch like the arms of a candelabra. The
ventral sucker is well developed, the oral imperfectly so.

DISTOMUM LAUREATUM Zeder.

Rudolphi Entozoa Hist., 11, 413; id., Synops., 118, 413; Diesing, Syst. Helminth.,
380; Dujardin, Hist. Helminth., 435; Oisson, Bitrag till Skandinaviens
Helminthfauna, 1876, 24, Taf. 1v, Figs. 52, 53, 54.

Body unarmed, depressed, oblong, with short neck. Head with four
low, blunt, dorsal papilla and two ventro-marginal lobes on oral sucker.
Ventral sucker larger than mouth, sessile but prominent, with trans-
verse cleft-like aperture. Pharynx globose near the mouth, with short

554 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND F"SHERIES.

cesophagus. Intestinal crura continued almost to the posterior end.
Vitelline glands numerous, not only occupying the margins of the body
as far as the middle of the neck, but also all the region behind the
testes. Transverse duct with vitelline receptacle in front of the testes.
Testes two, subgiobose, median, approximate with each other. Ovary
globular, one-half the size of a testis, remote. Gyri of uterus few,
situated in front of the testes. Genital apertures apposed in middle
of neck. Bursa of penis long, smooth, cylindrical. Execretory vessel
a median cecum, desisting in front of testes and opening in a posterior
caudal pore. Length 6 mm., breadth 1.5 mm.

This description is adapted, with a few changes, from Olsson, cited
above.

Habitat: Salmo mykiss, rectum. Heart Lake and Yellowstone Lake,
July and August.

A distomum which I have found frequently in the Rocky Mountain
trout appears to be identical with D. lawreatum, a parasite which infests:
several Kuropean fishes, e. g., Thymallus vulgaris, Coregonus oxyrhyn-
chus, aud Salmo fario.

The dimensions given by Dujardin for this species are: Length, 2 to
3.35 mm.; breadth, 1 to 1.22 mm.

My specimens, alcoholic, measure from 1.5 to 4 mm. in length and
0.5 to 1.5 mm. in breadth. The length is in most cases three
or four times the breadth. The diameter of the ventral sucker is
about twice that of the oral sucker. The transverse diameter of the
aperture of the ventral sucker is three times its axial diameter. The
eggs are yellow, elliptical, usually collapsed in alcoholic specimens from
0.07 to 0.085 mm. in Jength and 0.04 to 0.045 mm. in breadth.

In life the color is yellowish-white; with transmitted light the eggs,
which are large and not numerous, appear golden-brown. In the
living specimens there appeared to be about five low, blunt papille on
the dorsal half of the circumference of the oral sucker. Subsequent
study revealed the number and disposition given above and in the
sketches. This parasite was noticed on several occasions, but usually
there were but few—a dozen or two—in each host.

Detailed measurements of the specimen figured in Fig. 26 are as fol-
lows:

Millimeters.
i B(s) 0g) 0 ie ae ae aerate pet IE Nt ae de ae cede ate oe a ah 3. 50
Greatestrore adh 'wy.j5 is. Ne ee ee ae a Ll i pay ere 1.00
Diameter of anterior sucker, interior, lateral ..............-..---- 0.17
Diameter of anterior sucker, interior, axial.......-.....-.-------- “0. 15
Diameter of anterior sucker, exterior: 5-222. 3.4222 2: seo seeee 0. 33
Diameter, of ventral isucker; interior 355% 4s -eeen ies eee ese 0. 30
Diameter of ventralisucker; exterior. 2:2 secces oes Se eee eee 0. 43

a ee

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 555

ACANTHOCEPHALA.

ECHINORHUYNCHUS GLOBULOSUS Rud.
’

- [Plate 65, Figs. 31, 32.]

A fragment of an echinorhynchus from a trout (Salmo mykiss) col-
lected by Dr. Jordan in Yellowstone Lake, in September, 1889, appears
to belong to this species, or at least near it. The fragment is the
anterior end of a female broken a short distance back of the proboscis
sheath. The length of the fragment is 3 mm.; the length of the
proboscis is 0.6, and of the sheath 1.2 mm.; the diameter of the
proboscis at base is 0.27, at apex 0.16 mm.; length of hooks, 0.05 to
0.06 mm. There are about ten rows of hooks and about the same
number in each spiral visible on a side, and about sixteen hooks in a
vertical row. The specimen was put in glycerin to study, and the pecul-
iar shape of the proboscis may be in part due to a collapse of its walls.
The proboscis is cylindrical at base, tapers abruptly about the middle,
and becomes cylindrical again towards the apex. The hooks on the
slender part of the proboscis were somewhat distorted. This feature
appears in the two upper right-hand hooks in Fig. 32. The lemnisei
were not clearly made out, but they appear to be shorter than the
sheath.

ECHINORHYNCHUS TUBEROSUS Zeder.
[Plate 66, Figs. 55-39; Plate 67, Fig. 40.]

Zeder, Naturg., 163; Rudolphi, Entoz. Hist., 11, 257; Synops., 65 and 312; West-
rumb, Acanthoceph., 9; Creplin, Obs., 26; Wiegmann’s Arch., 1846, 150,
152, 154, and 155; Dujardin, Hist. Nat. des Helminth., 538; Diesing, Syst.
Helminth., 11, 33; Revision der Rhyngodeen, 29.

Proboscis short, clavate, or subglobose, with about three series of
hooks; about six large hooks in outer series, hooks in other series
diminishing in size and number toward base of proboscis. Hooks
long, slender, recurved, but with slight outward curve toward the
point. No neck. Proboscis sheath short. Lemnisci very long and
slender, in the males sometimes equal to more than one-half the length
of the body. Body elongated, attenuate at each end. Males with
copulatory bursa. Length of males from 4 to 9 mm., of females from
10 to 15 mm.

Habitat: Catostomus ardens, Leuciscus atrarius, intestine; July 28,
1890; Heart Lake, Wyoming.

I refer to this species a lot of 75 echinorhynchi from the intestine of
the sucker (Catostomus ardens). Wight large fish were examined and
echinorhynchi were found in most of them. JI also refer to the same
species a single specimen from the intestine of a chub (Leuciscus atra-—
rius). The majority of the specimens of the first lot were translucent

556 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

white or cream color, a few were lemon-yellow, and a few orange-
yellow. The specimen from the chub was a male 6 mm. in length and
of a rusty yellow color. In a few cases external pores, with elevated
thickened borders, were observed, similar to what I have recorded in
BE. agilis (Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1886, p. 490).
One of these is shown in Fig. 40. The bodies of the alcoholic speci-
mens are arcuate; the proboscis is usually inclined nearly at right
angles to the body; the terminal aperture of the female is lateral near
the posterior end. The lemnisci are proportionally longer in the males
than in the females. The length is not well shown in Fig. 38, which

was sketched from a specimen in glycerin, in which the lemnisci did

not show plainly. They frequently extend far beyond the first testis,
and are, moreover, often more or less folded. The testes are large,
oblong, and approximate. The vas deferens is large; the prostatic sacs
appear to be represented by a single elongated gland lying parallel
with the vas deferens; the ejaculatory duct and bursa are both rela-
tively large.

The ovarian masses are ellipsoidal. The dimensions of a typical mass

were, length .14 mm., other diameters about .07 mm. The fusiform -

embryos were .035 mm. in length, and .015 mm. in breadth. ‘The outer
cells of the ovarian masses are the largest and are nucleated.

The body wall near the anterior end is thin, as shown in Fig. 36.
Towards the median and posterior region the subeuticular fibrous layer
thickens greatly and contains the relatively large branching vessels of
the water-vascular system. Some of the latter may be seen in optical
section in Fig. 38.

The following measurements were obtained fr om typical aleoholie
specimens:

Measurements. Male. | Female.
a eS EE a eee IE a) SE Oe ae Gee ates.
| mm. mm.
JRE SAAR Aasbris adaqo dbp sseone cad sas sabsecaae 6. 00 10. 00
Length of proboscis - eter wee 0. 25 0.15
. Diameter of proboscis smi 0. 20 0.15
Length of proboscis sheath... & 0. 50 0. 40
Length of lemnisci -...- Becme ate, eli) 1.50
Length of largest hooks on n proboscis eee ae Soe! § LOLOT#** |e oat eee eee

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 557

NOMATODA.

The nematods infesting the fishes of the National Park do not appear
to be very numerous either as to species or individuals. Moreover,
the specimens which were found on the expedition were, with the ex-
ception of those of one species, encysted or otherwise immature forms.
Since there is much consequent uncertainty attending their proper
identification I shall refer to them somewhat cursorily under the head
of the several hosts.

SALMO MYKISS.

A parasite which is found rather frequently in greater or less abun-
dance, usually in the vicinity of the pyloric cceca of the trout; agrees
very closely with Dacnitis globosa Dujardin, from Salmo fario.

The species D. globosa is not recognized by Von Linstow in his *“‘ Gom-
pendium der Helminthologie,” but is apparently regarded by him as iden-
tical with Cucullanus globosus Zeder. On account of its close agreement
with Dujardin’s description of D. globosa, I have used that name in the
explanation of the figures (P1. 67, Figs. 41 to 46).

There appear to be two varieties of this worm, or at least of the
females. In one the body is slender, almost filiform, the female being
twice as long as the male. In the other the body is not so slender and
there is not much difference between the sexes with respect to the
length of the body. - This feature, however, may be accidental.

This worm may be described as follows:

Body, white, usually slender, nearly linear, anteriorly narrowing into
a neck, which expands into a head that is wider than the neck, marked
with longitudinal strie and with indistinct transverse strie. Head
subglobose, with two rather thin and corneous lips, the mouth a tri-
angular slit narrowing dorsally. The head is usually deflected dor-
sally by a curve in the neck, which resembles a crosier. There is a

small nodular eminence on the dorsal side of the head. Csophagus
with thick, strong walls. Female with body usually twice the length
of the male; reproductive aperture with border raised into prominent
folds, situated about the posterior third; posterior end acuminate.
Male usually about half the length of the female, posterior end strongly
recurved ventrally with a pair of sabre-shaped spicules and a short,
blunt process behind the pair of spicules and a broad sucker-like
depression in front of the spicules bearing the anal aperture near its
anterior end.

Length of females, 8 to 15 mm.; of males, 7 nm.

One of the long, slender females was 12 mm. long and 0.2 mm. in diam-
eter; one of the shorter kind was 8 mm. long and 0.3 mm. in diameter.
A male, corresponding in appearance with the latter, was 7 mm. long
and 0.27 min.in diameter. These dimensions are of alcoholic specimens.
The following additional measurements were made, also on alcoholic
specimens. The dimensions are given in millimeters: Male, length

558 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

7.00; greatest diameter, 0.25; diameter of head, 0.20; diameter of neck,
0.15; length of neck, 1.00; length of caudal spine, 0.15. Female, length
15.00; greatest diameter, 0.40; diameter of head, 0.25; diameter of neck,
0.17; length of neck, 1.20. Genital pore, 5 mm. from posterior end.
These parasites were met with frequently in the trout of Heart Lake
and in those of Yellowstone Lake and the river. Their favorite resting-
place is in the alimentary canai in the vicinity of the pyloric ceca.

ENCYSTED SPECIMENS OF D. GLOBOSA.

This worm was also found in cysts which usually appeared as pedic-
wated tumors within the body cavity of the trout. It frequently hap-
pened that among the cysts of Dibothriwn cordiceps, found in the body
cavity of the trout, there would be a few cysts which differed some-
what in appearance from the former. These, when opened, collapsed
on account of the liberation of a thin, watery, granular fluid, in which
there was invariably a small nematod worm. These proved, upon subse-
quent examination, to be specifically identical with the worms from the
alimentary canal which I have referred to D. globosa.

These cysts are easily distinguished from the dibothrium eysts by
their difference in color and resistance to pressure, The cysts of Di-
bothrium cordiceps are white, firm, and resistant. The nematod cysts
are yellowish or flesh-colored, and are soft and yielding. Moreover,
they are usually suspended by a peduncle and are covered by a layer
of the peritoneum, which is richly supplied with blood vessels. The
worm which is liberated from the cyst is altogether disproportionate in
size to the containing cyst. The worm, even from a cyst 10 mm. in
diameter, may be so small as to be easily overlooked amidst the granu-
lar fluid which escapes when the wall of the cyst is ruptured. These
cysts usually occur on the rectum or along the course of the lower
intestine. They are sometimes found, however, in the vicinity of the
pyloric coca.

A cyst measuring 15 by 9 by 7 mm. in its three dimensions, which
had been preserved in alcohol, was opened. The walls were 0.5 mm.
thick, and the contents were granular and whitish. The cyst was cov-~
ered by a layer of peritoneum, which contained capillary blood vessels.
The worm which was liberated was 8 mm. in length. Another cyst, 4
by 5 by 3 mm. in its three dimensions, contained a small male worm 4
mm. long. The nematods obtained from these cysts were all immature
and belonged to the same species, Daecnitis globosa. Sections of these
cysts show that their walls are made up of a number of concentric
layers, rather loosely connected and often poorly defined, and with
numerous nuclear granules in and among the layers.

In addition to Daecnitis globosa, and associated with it, 1 found a few
forms that I have not been able to identify. One of these, a single
specimen of which was found, is an immature form of a rather stout
nematod, length 14 inm., breadth 0.5 mm. It tapers gradually toward

a

% i FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. a00

~~

sthe anterior end and a little more rapidly toward the posterior end.
The body is marked by five longitudinal striz and a broad longitudinal
stripe on each side; there are a few transverse wrinkles for a distance
of about 0.3 mm. from the anterior end. The mouth appears to be
simple and there is no w@sophagus. Another is a fragment, the pos-

terior end of a female, length 11 mm., breadth 0.5 mm. This fragment
is cylindrical; posterior end rather blunt. In optical section the body
appears to be crenulated, owing to the deep transverse striw. The in-
testine is dark brown and the anal aperture nearly terminal.

Another species, which bears some resemblance to Ascaris tenuissima
Zeder, was found in the trout (Figs. 47-51). These are slender, white
worms, tapering gradually towards the anterior end from about the
posterior third; posterior end larger except at the extremity, where it
tapers rather abruptly to a blunt, slightly-curved point, behind the
anal aperture (Fig. 49). Head small, truncate, mouth apparently
trilobed. Body marked by regular transverse striw, making serrate
margins in optical sections near anterior end, the serrations becoming
crenulate posteriorly. The @sophagus is short, with what I take to be
a chitinous ring at base. The few specimens which I have found are

‘small. The following measurements were obtained from a female,
dimensions given in millimeters: Length, 7; diameter of anterior end,
0.03; post anal diameter, 0.04; diameter immediately in front of anal
aperture, 0.06; greatest diameter of body about 0.12; ova, 0.04 by 0.02
in diameter. The length of a male was found tobe 4mm. Spicules,
2, diverging. Genital aperture of female about posterior third, vulva
prominent. My specimens do not present many characteristic details
of structure, and I am not able, without more careful examinations of
sections, to reach a satisfactory conclusion with regard to their classi-
fication.

Some small nematods encapsuled in the muscular walls of the intes-
tine of the trout were found, some of which appear to be immature
forms of the foregoing. These worms are very small, hardly exceeding
3 mm. in length, and many of them not more than 2 mm. long. One of
them, which measured 2 mm. in length, was 0.06 mm. in diameter, and
for the greater part of its length was filled with polygonal nucleated
cells about 0.02 mm.in diameter. The body tapers abruptly at the
posterior end, but more gradually towards the anterior end. The
mouth appears to be three-lobed and surrounded by about five minute
papille. The chitinous cuticle is uniformly and minutely marked with
transverse strie. This feature in optical section produces serrate

margins, the teeth of which are about 0.01 mm. apart. In one the anal
aperture was found to be 0.2 mm. from the posterior end. In another
of these encapsuled nematods, which was stouter than the ones just
described, the polygonal cells were present and also minute cells about
0.002 mm. in diameter, which filled a large part of the body. The
length of this specimen was 3 mm., the diameter 0.2 mm. In this speci-

560 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

men the margins in optical section are crenulate and the body tapers ,
towards each end. I can not refer this specimen to any species with.
any degree of certainty. The former encapsuled specimens are evi-
dently young forms of those which I have referred provisionally to
Ascaris tenuissima, although they present some resemblance to Ascaris
capsularia Rudolphi.

LEUCISCUS ATRARIUS.

The nematods secured from this fish were few in number. They were
found only in the body cavity, where they were coiled up under the ~
external tunic of the viscera. They are all apparently larval ascaride,
although on account of their rudimentary condition I have not been
able to identify them with certainty.

One specimen obtained from the serous coat of the intestine of its
host appeared to be near the stout nematod from S. mykiss mentioned
above. It was 17 mm. in length. Its greatest breadth was 0.6 mm.
near the posterior end. Its diameter at the anterior end was 0.25 mm.
The living worm was for the most part brownish red in color. When
the alcoholic specimen was examined it was found to be partly envel-
oped in a thin, transparent, chitinous investment, which, when removed,
revealed a smooth cuticle, with a broad, prominent lateral line. The
breadth of the lateral lines was about 0.07 min. at the anterior end, in-
creasing to 0.1 mm. toward the posterior end. The surface, except along
the lateral regions, presented a reticulated or squamose appearance.
When the specimen was placed in glycerin the reticulations were no
longer visible. Fine transverse fibers and strong longitudinal fibers,
however, became visible in the cuticle.

The neck is continuous with the body, the head narrow, truncate,
mouth terminal, with rudimentary lips. The body is gradually atten-
uate anteriorly, but tapers abruptly and somewhat unequally on
opposite sides to the rather blunt posterior end; anal aperture terminal.
At the posterior end there is a minute, bluntly rounded, papillary
spine, 0.012 mm. in length. Nothing could be made out with regard to
the esophagus or genital organs.

In addition to the above, some small white nematods were obtained
from the mesentery. These were about 7 mm. long and 0.35 mm. in the
greatest diameter. The anterior end is nearly truncate and 0.1 mm. in
diameter. The body tapers nearly uniformly to each extremity, but in
some more abruptly towards the posterior end. ‘The lateral lines are
prominent. The surface of the body is smooth, the longitudinal muscles
well developed, giving a longitudinally striated appearance when
magnified; transverse strive are not visible in alcoholic specimens, but
become visible when treated with glycerin. The number of oral lobes
is not definite, but there are several small oral papille. The genital
organs are rudimentary, the anal aperture terminal. These specimens
resemble the larger specimen closely, but in life were white, while the

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 561

larger specimen was brownish red. They are also much like the speci-
mens mentioned below from the sucker.

CATOSTOMUS ARDENS.

But one species of nematod was found in this fish. These were slender
white worms, found in the intestine of their host, where they were
associated with Hehinorhynchus globulosus and Monobothrium terebrans.
They were from 6 to 8 mm. long and about 0.3 mm. in diameter. They
taper toward each end alike. The body in alcoholic specimens appears
to be marked with fine longitudinal striz. The lateral lines are promi-
nent. When treated with glycerin fine transverse strize became visible.
The lips are not well defined, but are apparently three in number, with
several minute papilla. The reproductive organs are rudimentary.

In the absence of distinct characters, it is of necessity impossible to
refer these larval nematods to established species.

WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE,

Washington, Pa., April 3, 1891.

H. Mis. 113——36

562

Fig. 8.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE 63.

Monobothrium terebrans sp. nov.

. Adult; a, head; b, posterior end; ¢, genital pore, x 34.
Smaller specimen, dorsal view, X 18.

Posterior end of adult, ventral view; a, genital pore, x 14.
Small specimen, dorsal view, xX 14.

Anterior end of adult, marginal view, x 14.

. Anterior end of adult, dorsal view, x 14.

Posterior end of adult, dorsal view, X 14.

Posterior end of adult, marginal view, x 14. .

Figs. 5 to 8 are sketched from the same specimen,
Fig. 9. Median longitudinal section of anterior end of small specimen, parallel

Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

with a dorsal surface, 200.

Transverse section near apex, of small specimen; c, cuticle; w, vessel of
water-vascular system, X 200.

Egg, sketched from ‘section of young specimen, showing eggs in the
uterus, X 375.

Egg, from one of the posterior convolutions of the uterus of a young
specimen; a, germ cell; the remainder of the contents consists of
globular masses from the vitelline gland, X 375.

Longitudinal section through the posterior region of a small specimen; ¢,
cuticle; ci, cirrus and cirrus-pouch; e, epidermis; g g, marginal lobes
of germ gland; Im, longitudinal muscles; 0 0, eggs in posterior con-
volutions of the uterus; sc, subcuticular fibro-granular layer; t, testes;
wu, uterus; v, seminal receptacle of vagina; vd, vas deferens; vg vg vg,
marginal and posterior vitelline glands, x 300.

PLATE 64,
Monobothrium terebrans sp. nov.
Longitudinal section through the posterior region of an adult specimen, X
60; uw, shell gland; other letters as in Fig. 13.

Diagrammatic sketch showing position of genitalia; v, vagina; v’, seminal
receptacle; g, shell gland; other letters as in Fig. 13. ?

. Transverse section through body in region of cirrus bulb of adult, x 54;

1, longitudinal muscles in subcutaneous fibro-granular layer; w, vessels
of water-vascular system; other letters as in Fig. 13.

Transverse section of body-wall in front of cirrus, x 210; /, longitudinal
subcutaneous fibers; other letters as in Fig. 13.

From transverse section in front of germ gland, x 210; 1, ciliated duct —
vagina; g, germ gland; Im, longitudinal muscles; 0, egg in uterus; —
u, uterus.

Longitudinal section near ventral surface; ci, cirrus; v, vagina, x 300.

iti.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig. 2

Fig. 2
Fig.

Fig

Foi

Fig.

bo
bo

bh bo bo
te ge

31.

32.

. 33.

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. 563

PLATE 65.
Monobothrium terebrans sp. nov.

Longitudinal section of body wall near posterior end; e, epidermis; ¢,
cuticle; J, longitudinal subcuticular fibers; sc, subcuticular fibro-
granular layers; », nucleated cell; Im, longitudinal muscle layer; g,
nucleated cells of germ gland, x 300.

Longitudinal section through vas deferens; vd, vas deferens; s, masses of
spermatozoa, x 375.

Encysted distomum from Leuciscus atrarius. r

Young distomum in cyst, from body cavity of Leuciscus atrarius, X 60.
Same liberated from cyst, x 60; w, terminal pore of water vascular system.
Cyst with three distoma, from same host.

Cyst with two distoma, from same host.

Distomum laureatwm Zeder.

Ventral view of specimen in carbolic acid and turpentine; Xx 24, a, mouth
and anterior sucker; ph, pharynx; c, cirrus; b, ventral sucker; 0, eggs
in uterus, walls of latter organ not clearly defined in specimen; ov,
ovary; vd, vitelline duct; ¢, testes; vg, vitelline glands.

Marginal view of another specimen, xX 22.

. Ventral view of anterior end.
. Dorsal view of same specimen figured in No. 28.

Ventral view of anterior end of specimen 4.5 mm. in length, x 45.

Echinorhynchus globulosus ? Rud.

Sketch of a fragment, the anterior end of an echinorhynchus from Salmo
mykiss; length of fragment, 3 mm. Specimen in glycerin when
sketched; anterior end of proboscis apparently collapsed.

Hooks of same near base of proboscis.

PLATE 66.

Echinorhynchus tuberosus Zeder.

a, Anterior end of 9 x 12; d, posterior end of same, X 12; b, hooks of
proboscis; ¢, same, specimen in caustic potash, showing basal sup-
_ ports, highly magnified.
Portion of proboscis of 2 in glycerin.

Anterior end of 9, optical section, 1, lemnisci; 8s, sheath of proboscis; a,
cuticular pore; 0, eggs; 6, ovarian masses, X 14; ova X about 30.
Transverse section through eae end, ¢, caer 1, Jongitudinal sub-
cuticular fibers; sc, subeuticular granulo-fibrous layer; cm, circular
muscles; /m, longitudinal muscles forming a sheath for the lemnisci;
U, lemnisci; v, longitudinal vessel of same; s, wall of proboscis sheath ;

ng, nerve ganglion; r, retractor muscle of proboscis.

. Transverse section through nerve ganglion, more highly magnified than

Fig. 36; n g, nerve ganglion.

. Optical section of g in glycerin; a, 6, c, hooks of proboscis. Other

specimens were observed in which the lemnisci were relatively con-
siderably longer than shown in this sketch. x 9.
Figs. 33 to 38 sketched from specimens from Catostomus ardens.
. Head of & from Leuciscus atrarius.

564

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

5

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

PLATE 67.

Echinorhynchus tuberosus Zeder.

40. Anterior end of ¢ from Catostomus ardens.
Dacnitis globosa Dujardin.

41. g and 9 x 34.
42. Side view of head of ¢, optical section; 0, mouth; ph, pharynx, x 60.
43. Anterior end of 9; a, front view of head, x 60.
44, Posterior end of g 5 v, vent; st, anal spines, x 60.
45. Same, optical section, x 60.
46. Vulvaof 9, highly magnified.

Undetermined species of Nematods.
47. Small nematod, 9, from Salmo mykiss, x 12.
48. Anterior end of same, X 185.
49. Posterior end of same, X 185.
50. Same species, 6, X 12.
51. Posterior end of same, xX 185.
52. Small nematods from Catostomus ardens, x 34.

Drawings by the author from alcoholic specimens.

5

PLATE 63.

(To face p. 564.)

Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891.

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Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891, (To face p. 564.)

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Report U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891. (To face p. 564.) PLATE 65.

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PLATE 67.

(To face p. 564.)

Report U. S. F.C. 1889 to 1891,

6.—PLANKTONIC STUDIES: A COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION
OF THE IMPORTANCE AND CONSTITUTION OF THE PELAGIC
FAUNA AND FLORA.

By ERNST H2CKEL.

[Translated by George Wilton Field.]

TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.

Prof. Heckel’s ‘“Plankton-Studien” first appeared in the Jenaische
_ Zeitschrift, vol. XxXv, first and second parts, 1890. It was immediately
published in separate form by Gustay Fischer, of Jena, and attracted
much attention on the Continent and in England. The subject, “a
comparative study of the importance and constitution of the marine
fauna and flora,” is presented in Prof. Heckel’s usual pleasing style,
and the work can not fail to be of value to all interested in the bio-
logical sciences, to the general reader as well as to the specialist. It
derives especial interest in connection with the work of the Fish Com-
mission, from its broad discussion of those many important elements
which enter into the food supply of all pelagic fishes, such as the
mackerel and menhaden, and, considering the extensive physical inves-
tigations now being conducted in our coast waters by the schooner
Grampus, its publication at the present time will prove exceedingly
advantageous.
The terminology used by Prof. Heckel may at first seem formidable,
but this difficulty is more fancied than real. The terms are formed
upon correct analogies, and most of them will probably find a perma- —
nent place. The definite restriction of the meaning of terms is a funda-
mental necessity in every science, and for the lack of this the branch
of biology here considered is in a very unsatisfactory condition. The
author, first of all, proposes certain terms with a definite meaning. —
The word “plankton,” from the Greek ziayzrés, wandering, roaming, was,
I believe, first employed by Hensen in place of the German “ Auftrieb,”
to designate all plants and animals found at the surface of the ocean
which are carried about involuntarily in the water. Heckel adopts this
term, but objects somewhat to the meaning at present attached to it.
Particularly valuable for us is the general review which the author
gives of the discovery and growth of our knowledge of this branch,
565

566 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

which he names “planktology”; the distinctions which he points out
between the varied constituents and distribution of the plankton; and
finally his extremely valuable suggestions for further work in the field
which he so justly terms “a wonder-land.”

In the translation the liberty of omitting a few personal references
was taken, for the reason that we in this country know very little of
the facts which have called them forth.

In the case of several German words it has been found necessary for
the sake of clearness to use a circumlocution. For instance, I can recall
no English equivalent for ‘ Stoffwechsel des Meeres,” which would con-
vey its meaning in a single word. The “cycle of matter in the sea,”
i. e., the change of inorganic matter into vegetable and animal organic
matter, and this finally again into inorganic matter, seemed the best
rendering, though even this does not include all which the German term
unplies.

I.—HISTORICAL EXPLANATIONS.

For the great progress made in the last half century in our knowledge
of organic life, we are indebted—next to the theory of development—in
a great measure to the investigation of the so-called “ pelagic animal
world.” These wonderfulorganisms, which live and swim at the surface
of the sea and at various depths, have long aroused the interest of sea-
farer and naturalist, by the wealth of the manifold and strange forms,
as well as by the astonishing number of indivi
referred to in many old as well as in recent narratives. A considerable —
number of these, especially of the larger and more remarkable forms,
were described and figured in the last, or in the first half of the present,
century. The new and comprehensive investigation of the “ pelagic
world” began in the fifth decade of our century, and is therefore not
yet 50 years old.

Into this; as into so many other regions of biology, the great
Johannes Miiller, of Berlin, equally distinguished in the realms of
morphology and physiology, entered as a pioneer. He was the first
who systematically and with great results carried on the “pelagic
fishery by means of a fine net.” In the autumn of 1845, at Helgoland,
he began his celebrated investigations upon the development of
echinoderms, and obtained the small pelagic larve of the echinoderms,
_and other small pelagic animals living with them, as sagitta, worm
_ Jarve, ete., at first by “‘microscopical examination of the sea water,
which was brought in” (1). This wearisome and thankless method was
soon displaced by the successful use of the “fine pelagic net.” In the
treatise ‘‘on the general plan in the dachies dar of the ad ms,”

Norr .—Citations ae in par cutee wibieh, occur in ‘i jee leon to the list of
publications at the end of this paper (pp. 640, 641).

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 567

‘“Miiller compares the different methods of obtaining them, and chooses,

above all, “fishing with a fine net at the surface of the sea.” He
Says:

I have used this method for many years with the best results; for the advanced
stages of the swimming larve aud for the time of maturity and metamorphosis it
is quite indispensable, and in no way to be replaced.

The students who, in 1845-46, as well as in the following years,
accompanied Johannes Miiller to Helgoland and Trieste (Max Miiller,
Busch, Wilms, Wagener, and others) were introduced into this method
of “pelagic fishery” and into the investigation of “pelagic tow-stulf”
(pelagische Auftrieb) obtained thereby. It was soon employed at sea
with excellent results by other zoédlogists—by T. H. Huxley, by Krohn,
Leuckart, Carl Vogt, and others, and especially by the three Wiirts-
burg naturalists, A. Kolliker, Heinrich Miiller, and C. Gegenbaur,
who in 1852 examined with such brilliant success the treasures of the
Straits of Messina. At this time, in the beginning of the second half
of our century, the astonishing wealth of interesting and instructive
forms of life which the surface of the sea offers to the naturalist first
became known, and that long series of important discoveries began
which in the last forty years have filled so many volumes of our rapidly
increasing zoélogical literature. A new and inexhaustibly rich field
was thus opened to zodtomical and microscopical investigation, and
anatomy and physiology, organology and histology, ontogeny and
systematic zodlogy have been advanced to a surprising degree. The
investigation of the lower animals has since then been recognized as
a wide field of work, whose exploration is of great significance for all
branches of science and to which we owe numberless special and the
most important general conclusions.

The general belief of zodlogists regarding the extent of this rich
pelagic animal world arose as the result of the discovery that a special
“pelagic fauna” exists, composed of many characteristic forms, funda-
mentally different from the littoral fauna. This pelagic fauna is made
up of animals (some floating passively, others actively swimming) which
remain at the surface of the sea and never leave it, or only for a short
time descend to aslightdepth. Among such true “pelagic animals”
are the radiolaria, peridinia, noctiluca, medusze, siphonophores, cten-
ophores, sagitta, pteropods, heteropods, a greater part of the crustacea,
the larvie of echinoderms, of many worms, ete.

Important changes were first made in the prevailing idea of the
“pelagic fauna” by the remarkable discoveries of the epoch-making
Challenger expedition (1873-1876). The two leaders of this, Sir
Wyville Thompson and Dr. John Murray, did not limit themselves to
their chief object, the general physical and biological investigation
of the deep sea, but studied with equal care and perseverance the
conditions of organic life at the surface of the ocean and in zones of

DE8 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

various depths. As the most significant general result Murray, in his ©

‘‘Preliminary Report” (1876), says:

Everywhere we have found a rich organic life at and below the surface of the
ocean. If living individuals are scarce at the surface, below it the tow net commonly
discloses numerous forms, even to a depth of 1,000 fathoms and more (5, p. 536).

In 1875, on the journey through the North Pacific Ocean (from Japan
to the Sandwich Islands), the extremely important fact was established
that the pelagic organisms in oceanic zones of different depths belong
to different species; fine pelagic nets (or tow nets) ‘‘on many occasions
were let down even to depths of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 fathoms, and
thereby were discovered many swimming organisms which had never
been captured hitherto, either at the surface of the ocean or at slight
depths (up to 100 fathoms below the surface)” (6, p. 758). The most
characteristic forms of these zones of different depths belong chiefly to
the class of the Radiolaria, especially to the order of the Phwodaria.

Through the investigation of the Challenger radiolaria, which occupied
for ten years the greater part of my time and attention, I was led to
study anew these conditions of distribution; and I reached the con-
viction that the differences discovered by Murray in the pelagic fauna,
at different depths of the ocean, were still more significant than he
assumed, and that they had the greatest significance, not merely for
the radiolaria, but also for other groups of swimming oceanic organisms.
In 1881, in my “ Entwurf eines Systems der Challenger Radiolarien,” p.

422, I distinguished three groups: (a) pelagic, living at the surface of
the calm sea; (b) zonary, living in distinct zones of depth (to below
20,000 feet); and (c) profound (or abyssal) animals living immediately
above the bottom of the deep sea. In general, the different character-
istic forms correspond (to below 27,000 feet) to the different zones.

Inmy “General Natural History of the Radiolaria” (4, p. 129) Ihave
established this distinction, and have expressed my conviction that it
is possible, by the aid of a suitable bathygraphic net, to demonstrate
many different faunal belts overlying one another in the great deep-
sea zones.

The existence of this “intermediate pelagic fauna,” discovered by
Murray, inhabiting the zones of different depths of the ocean between
the surface and the deep-sea bottom, which I have briefly called ‘ zon-
ary fauna,” has been decidedly contradicted by Alexander Agassiz.
He claimed, on the ground of ‘‘exact experiments” carried on during
the Blake expedition, in 1878, that the greater part of the ocean con-
tains absolutely no organic life, and that the pelagic animals go down
no deeper than 100 fathoms. ‘The experiments finally show that
the surface fauna of the sea is actually limited to a relatively thin layer,
and that no intermediate zone of animal life, so to speak, exists between
the fauna of the sea bottom and of the surface” (15, pp. 46, 48).

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 569

Although these negative conclusions from the so-called “ exact ex-
periments” of Agassiz are contradicted by the foregoing results of the
Challenger investigator, yet against the latter, with some show of right,
Agassiz might have raised the objection that the “tow net” used could
establish no safe conclusion.* This objection could only be finally
removed by the construction of a new tow net, which could be let down
closed to a certain depth, and then opened and closed again. The
merit of inventing such a closible net, and of the immediate successful
use of it, belongs to two distinguished Italian naval officers: G. Pal-
umbo, commander of the Italian war corvette Vettor Pisani, first con-
structed such a closible pelagic net or ‘“bathygraphical zone net;” and
Naval Lieutenant Geetano Chierchia, who during the three years’ voyage
of the Vettor Pisani around the world made a very valuable collection
of pelagic animals, used the new closible net with fine results, even at
a depth of upwards of 4,000 meters (8, p. 83).

Chierchia’s first trial with this “deep-sea closible net” was June 5,
1884, in the Kast Pacific Ocean, directly under the equator, 15° west of
the Galapagos Islands. Fourteen days later, June 19, midway between
the Galapagos and the Sandwich Islands, this closible net was sunk to
4,000 meters. In this and in many other trials these Italian naval
officers captured an astonishing wealth of new and interesting zonary
animals, whose description has for a long time busied zoélogists. The
collections brought back to Naples by the Vettor Pisani are, next to
those of the Challenger, the most important materials from the region
under consideration.

A few faults which pertained to Palumbo’s net were soon done away
with by improvements, for which we are indebted to the engineer Peter-
sen and to Prof. Carl Chun, of Breslau. The latter, in 1886, made
trials in the Gulf of Naples with the improved closible net which
showed ‘‘a still more astonishing richness of pelagic animals in greater

*The ‘‘tow nets” used by the Challenger were the ordinary Miiller’s net (or the
‘‘fine pelagic net” of Joh. Miiller), around bag of Miiller gauze or silk mull, the
mouth being kept open by a circular metallic ring. This ring is in ordinary pelagic
fishing fastened to a handle 2 or 3 meters long (like the ordinary butterfly net).
While the boat moves along, the opening of this net is held at the surface in such a
way that the swimming animals are taken into the bag. They remain hanging
in the bottom of this, while the water passes through the narrow meshes of the net.
After a time the net is carefully inverted and the tow stutf (Au/ftrieb) is emptied

into a glass vessel filled with sea water. If one wishes to fish below the surface,
the ring of the net is fastened by means of three strings, equally distant from one
another, which at a point (about 1 meter distant from the opening of the net) are
_joined to a longer line which is sunk by weights to a definite distance, correspond-
ing to the desired depth. When Murray fastened such a tow net to the deep-sea
sounding line or to the long line of the deep-sea dredge, he first obtained the inhabi-
tants of the “intermediate ocean zones,” but he could not thereby avoid the objec-
tion that, since this tow net always remained open, the contents might come from
very different depths or even only from the surface. For in drawing up the open
| tow net animals from the most different zones of depth might occasionally be taken in.

570 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

depths, and completely overthrew the assumption that an azoic layer
of water exists between the surface and the sea bottom” (15, p. 2). Chun
embraced the general results of his important bathypelagie investiga-
tions under the four following heads:

(1) The portion of the Mediterranean investigated showed a rich pelagie fauna at
the surface as well as at all depths up to 1,400 meters.

(2) Pelagic animals which during the winter and spring appear at the surface seek
deep water at the beginning of summer.

(3) At greater depths occur pelagic animals which have hitherto been seldom or
never observed at the surface.

(4) A number of pelagic animals also remain at the surface during the summer,
and never sink into deep water (15, p. 44).

Among the remarks which Chun made on the vertical distribution of
the pelagic fauna and the astonishing planktonic wealth of the depths
of the sea (at 1,000 to 2,000 meters), he justly throws out the question,
“Who knows, whether in the course of time our views will not undergo
a complete reversal, and whether the depths will not show themselves
as the peculiar mother earth of pelagic life, from which, for the time
being, swarms are sent out to the surface as well as to the sea bottom!
There are only a few forms which can so completely adapt themselves
to the changing conditions of existence at the surface that they no
more seek the deeper levels” (15, p. 49). In consequence of his obser-
vations on the periodic rising and sinking of pelagic animals, Chun
‘ean not resist the impression that from the abundance of animal life
in the depths the surface fauna represents relatively only an advance
guard of the whole, which sometimes to a greater, sometimes to a
less extent, and occasionally completely, withdraws itself into more
protected regions. Facts plainly speak for this, that the periodical
wandering of pelagic animals in the vertical direction is especially
conditioned by the changes in temperature. Only a few pelagic animal
groups can endure the high temperature of the surface water during
the summer; the majority withdraw from the influence of this by
sinking, and, finally, whole groups pass their life in the cool dem |
regions aire ever rising to the surface” (15, p. 54).

The general ideas which Chun had obtained by this deep-sea inves-
tigation of the Mediterranean he was able to confirm for the Atlanti¢ |
Ocean ona trip made in the winter of 1887-88 to the Canary Islands
(16, p. 31). At this time he made the observation that the periodical
wandering of pelagic animals in a vertical direction was influenced in
great part by ocean currents (at the surface as well as in deep water),
and that among other things the occurrence of the full moon exerted
a significant action (16, p. 32). Chun’s special observation in the sea
of Orotava, upon the poverty of the Canary plankton in November and
December and the sudden appearance of great numbers and many
species of pelagic animals in January and February, agrees completely
with the observations which I myself made twenty years before at

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. . 571

| the Canary island Lanzarote. I also entirely agree with Chun in
_ regard to his general views upon the chorology of the plankton, and
consider his investigations upon the pelagic animal world and its rela-
tion to the surface fauna as the most important contribution -which
planktology has received since the pioneer discoveries of the Challenger
and of the Vettor Pisani.

Entirely new aspects and methods have been introduced into pelagic
biology in the last three years by Dr. Victor Hensen, professor of phy-
siology at Kiel (9 and 22). He has for a number of years thoroughly
studied the conditions of life of the fauna and flora of the bay of
Kiel, and as a member of the commission for the scientific investigation
of the German Ocean (at Kiel) has endeavored to improve and extend
the fisheries there, and by counting the fish eggs collected to get an
approximate idea of the number of fish in corresponding districts (9,
p. 2). This investigation led him to the conclusion that it was neces-
sary and possible to come nearer to the fundamental food supply of
marine animals and to determine this quantitatively. For solving this
problem Hensen invented a new mathematical method (2, p. 33). He
constructed a new pelagic net (p. 3), and in July, 1884, in company
with three other naturalists of Kiel, undertook a nine-day excursion in
the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean, which was extended to the Hebrides
and to the Gulf Stream (57° 42’ N. Lat.) (p. 30). In 1887 he published
the results of this investigation in a comprehensive work containing
many long numerical tables, “On the Determination of the Plankton,
or the Animal and Vegetable Material found in the sea” (9). He used
the term “plankton” in place of “Auwftrieb,” the word hitherto com-
monly used, because this name is not sufficiently comprehensive and
suitable (9, p. 1). To be sure, the German term “Auftrieb” or “pelagi-
scher Mulder,” introduced by Johannes Miiller forty years ago, was in
general use and has many times been used in English, French, and
Italian works. But I agree with Hensen that in this, as in other
scientific terms, a Greek terminus technicus, capable of easier flexion,
is preferable. I adopt the term Plankton in place of ‘“‘Auftrieb,” and
form from it the adjective planktonic (planktonisch). The waole science
which treats of this important division of biology is briefly called
planktology.

Hensen regards the mathematical determination of the plankton as
the chief aim of planktology from a physiological standpoint. By it he
hopes to solve the somewhat neglected question of the cycle of matter
in the sea. For the purpose of solving this, and to make a trial of his
new method on a larger scale, Hensen, in the summer of 1889, arranged
a more extensive expedition in the Atlantic, which was most liberally
supported by the German government and by the Berlin Academy
of Sciences. The German Emperor furnished 70,000 marks; the Berlin

.

572 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Academy gave, from the income of the Humboldt fund, 24,600 marks,
and by further contributions the entire sum at the disposal of the ex-
pedition was raised to 105,600 marks—a sum never before made avail-
able in Germany for a biological expedition. The new steamer Na-
tional, of Kiel, was chartered for three months, and-was fitted out “with
all the admirable contrivances for obtaining plankton, for deep-sea
fishing, and for sounding.” Besides the leader of the expedition, Prof.
Hensen, five other naturalists participated: the zoologists Brandt and
Dahl; the botanist Schiitt; the bacteriologist Fischer; the geographer
Kriimmel; and the marine artist Richard Eschke. The voyage of
the National lasted 93 days (July 7 to November 15).. The course was
westward through the north Atlantic (Gulf Stream, Sargasso Sea),
then southward (Bermudas, Cape Verde, Ascension) to Brazil, and
eastward back by the Azores. During this voyage 400 casts were
made, 140 with the plankton nets, 260 with other nets.

Our German navy has been but little used for Scientific, still less
for biological, investigations; much iess than the navies of England,
France, Italy, Austria, and the United States. The remarkable serv-
ices which many distinguished German zo0logists have rendered in the
last half century for the advancement of marine biology have been ecar-
ried on almost entirely without government aid. The German govern-
ment has hitherto had very little means available for this branch of
science. Therefore, great was the satisfaction when, by the liberal en-
dowment of the plankton expedition of Kiel, the first step was taken
for the more extensive investigation, with better apparatus, of the biol-
ogy of the ocean, and for emulation of the results which the English
Challenger and the Italian Vettor Pisani had lately obtained in this
region. ;

Accounts have been published of the results of the plankton expedi-
tion of Kiel, by Victor Hensen (22), Karl Brandt (23), E. du Bois Rey-
mond (21),and Kriimmel. The essential details of these accounts have
been repeatedly published in the German newspapers, to the general
effect that the proposed goal was reached and the most important
question of the plankton was happily solved. I very greatly regret
that I can not agree with this favorable verdict. (1) The most impor-
tant generalizations which the plankton expedition of Kiel obtained on
the composition and distribution of the plankton in the ocean stand in
sharp contradiction to all previous experience; one or the other is
wrong. (2) It seems to me that Hensen has incautiously founded a
number of far-reaching erroneous conclusions on very insufticient prem-
ises. Finally, I am convinced that the whole method employed by
Hensen for determining the plankton is utterly worthless, and that the
general results obtained thereby are not only false, but also throw a
very incorrect light on the most important problems of pelagic biology.

/

Betore I establish this dissenting opinion let me give an account of my —

own planktonic studies and their results.

<

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 573

II.—PLANKTONIC STUDIES.

My own investigations on the organisms of the plankton were begun
thirty-six years ago, when I got my first conception of the wonderful
richness of the marine fauna and flora in the North Sea. Accepting
the kind invitation of my ever-remembered teacher, Johannes Miiller,
J accompanied him in the autumn of 1854 on a vacation trip to Helgo-
land, and was introduced by him personally into the methods of plank-
ton fishery and the investigation of the pelagic fauna. There, during
August and September, I accompanied him daily on his boating trips,
and under all conditions of the rich planktonic captures I received from
him the most competent instruction, and pressed with corresponding
eagerness into the mysteries of this wonderful world. Never will I for-
get the astonishment with which I first beheld the swarms of pelagic
animals which Miiller emptied by inversion of his “fine net” into a glass
jar of sea water—a confused mass of elegant meduse and glistening
etenophores, swift-darting sagittas and snake-like tomopteris, copepods
and schizopods, the pelagic larve of worms and echinoderms. The
important stimulus and instruction of the founder of planktonic inves-
tigation has exercised a constant influence on my entire later life, and
has given me a lasting interest in this branch of biology.*

Two years later (in August and September, 1856), while at Wiirtz-
burg, I accepted the invitation of my honored teacher, A. Kélliker, to
accompany him to Nizza, and, under his excellent guidance, became
acquainted with the zoélogical treasures of the Mediterranean. In
company with Heinrich Miiller and K. Kupffer, we investigated espe-
cially the rich pelagic animal life of the beautiful bay of Villafranea.
There, for the first time, I met those wonderful forms of the pelagic
fauna which belong to the classes of the siphonophores, pteropods, and
heteropods. I also there first saw living polycyttaria, acanthometra,
and polyeystina, those phantasmic forms of radiolaria, in the study of
which I spent so many later years.

Johannes Miiller, who was at this time at Nizza, and had already
begun his special investigation of this latter order, called my attention
to the many and important questions which the natural history of
these enigmatical microscopical organisms present. These valuable
suggestions resulted some years later in my going to Italy and spend-
ing an entire year in pelagic fishing on the Mediterranean coast. Dur-

* When at Helgoland, investigating the wonders of the plankton with the micro-
scope, Johannes Miiller, pleased with the care and patience with which his zealous
students tried to study the charming forms of medus# and ctenophores, spoke to me
the ever-memorable words, ‘There you can do much; and as soon as you have
entered into this pelagic wonderland you will see that you can not leave it.”

\

ing the summer of 1859, at Naples and at Capri, I endeavored to gain
as wide a knowledge as possible of the marine fauna. In the following
winter, at Messina, I devoted my entire attention to the investigation
of the radiolaria, and thus obtained the material which forms the
basis of my monograph of this class (1862). Daily boat trips in the
harbor of Messina made me acquainted with all the forms in the
pelagic fauna which make this classic spot, in consequence of the com-
bination of uncommonly favorable conditions, far richer for planktonic
study and investigation than any other point on the Mediterranean
(3, pp. V, 25, 166, 170).

For a full generation, since that time, the study of plankton has
remained my most pleasant occupation, and I have hardly Jet a year
pass without going to the seacoast and, by means of the pelagic net,

574 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

getting new material for work. Various inducements were offered £6

mein addition; on the one hand the radiolaria, on the other the siphono-
phores and meduse, to which I had already given some attention while
at Nizza in 1864. The results of these studies are given in my mono-
graphs of these two classes (1879 and 1888). In the course of these three ©
decades I have by degrees become acquainted with the entire coast of
the Mediterranean and its fauna. I have already made reference, in
the preface to my “System of Medusve,” p. Xvi, to the places where
I have studied this subject. In addition to the Mediterranean I have
continued my planktonic studies on the west coast of Norway (1869); on
the Atlantic coast of France (1878); on the British coast (1876 and
1879); at the Canary Islands een! ); in the Red Sea (1873), and in
the Indian Ocean (1881-82),

By far my richest results and my deepest insight into the biology of
the plankton were vouchsafed me during a three months’ residence
at Puerto del Arrecife, the seaport of the Canary island Lanzarote
(in December, 1886, and in January and February, 1887). The pelagic
fauna in this part of the Atlantic is so rich in genera and Species ;
the fabulous wealth of life in the wonderful “animal roads” or Zain
currents (18, p. 309) is, every day, so great, and the opportunities for —
investigation on the spot are so favorable that Lanzarote afforded
me greater advantages for planktonic study than all the other places
ever visited by me (excepting perhaps Messina). Every day the
pelagic net brought to me and to my companions (Prof. Richard Greeff
aud my two students, N. Miklucho-Maclay and H. Fol) such quanti- —
ties of valuable tow-stuff (Auftrieb) that we were able to work up only ~
avery small part of it. At that time I concentrated my chief inter-
est on the meduse and siphonophores, and the larger part of the

new material which is worked up in my monographs of these two

classes was collected at Lanzarote. All my observations “On the
Development of the Siphonophores” (1869) were made there.

'

PLANKTONIC. STUDIES. 575

The excursion to the coral reefS of the Red Sea (1875), which is
recounted in my ‘“‘ Arabie Corals,” and the trip to Ceylon, about which
I have written in my “Indian Journal” (Jndische Reisebriefe, 1882),
were extremely valuable to me, because [ thereby gained an insight
into the wonders of the Indian fauna and flora. On the journey from
Suez to Bombay (in November, 1881), as well as on the return from
Colombo to Aden (in March, 1882), I was able to make interesting
observations on the pelagic fauna of the Indian Ocean, as well as dur-_
ing a six weeks’ stay at Belligam and in the pelagic excursions which
I made from there. I obtained thereby a living picture of the oceanic
and neritic fauna of the Indo-Pacific region, which differs in so many
respects from that of the Atlantic-Mediterranean region. The special
results of my experience there are, with the kind consent of Dr. John
Murray, for the most part embraced in my report on the Radiolaria
(1887), and on the Siphonophora (1888), which form parts XvuII and
Xxvill of the Challenger Report. These two monographic reports also
contain many observations on plankton, which I had made in earlier
journeys and had not yet published.

The extensive experience which I had gained through my own obser-
vations of living plankton during a period of three decades was well
filled out by the investigation of the large and well-preserved planktonic
collections placed at my disposal from two different sources by Capt.
Heinrich Rabbe, of Bremen, and by the Challenger directors of Edin-
burgh. Capt. Rabbe, with very great liberality, turned over to me the
valuable collection of pelagic animals which he had obtained on three
different trips (with the ship Joseph Haydn, of Bremen) in the Atlantic,
Indian, and Pacific oceans, and which he had carefully preserved
according to my directions and by approved methods. This extraor-
dinarily rich and valuable material, contained in numerous bottles,
embraced planktonic samples from the most diverse localities of the
three oceans, chiefly in the southern hemisphere. Like the much more
extensive collection of the Challenger, it gives (though to a smaller
degree) a complete summary of the complexity of the composition of the
plankton and the difference. in its constituents. Rabbe’s collection
supplements that of the Challenger in a most welcome manner, since the
course of the Challenger was southward from the Indian Ocean through
the Antarctic region, and between the Cape of Good Hope and Mel-
bourne was always south of 40° south latitude. The course of the Joseph
Haydn, on the other hand, on the repeated voyages through the Indian
Ocean, was much more northerly, and between Madagascar, the Cocos
Islands, and Sumatra included a number of points where the pelagic
net obtained a very rich and peculiarly constituted capture. I hope
to be able to publish soon in detail the special results which I have
obtained by investigation of Rabbe’s plankton collection, with the aid
of the carefully kept journal which Capt. Rabbe made of his observa-
tions. The discoveries of new radiolaria, meduse, and siphonophores

576 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

which I owe to these are already embraced in my monographs on these
three classes in the Challenger Report, and in the pretace I have ex-
pressed to Capt. Rabbe my sincere thanks for his very valuable aid.

Of all expeditions which have been sent out for investigating the
biology of the ocean, that of the Challenger was, without doubt, the
greatest and the most fruitful, and I recognize it with additional grati-
tude since I was permitted for twelve years to take part in working up
its wonderful material. When, after the returi of the expedition, I was
honored by its leader, Sir Wyville Thompson, by being summoned to
work up the extensive collection of radiolaria, I believed, after a hasty
survey of the treasures, that I could complete their investigation in the
course of three to five years; but the further I proceeded in the inves-
tigation the greater seemed the assemblage of new forms (4, p. XV), and
it was a whole decade before the report on the radiolaria (part XVIII)
was completed, Three other reports were also then finished—on deep-
sea horny sponges (part LXXXII), on the deep-sea meduse (part XII),
and on the siphonophores (part XxviI) collected by the Challenger.
The comparative study of these extremely rich planktonic treasures
was highly interesting and instructive, not only on account of the daily
additions to the number of new forms of organisms in these classes,
but also because my general ideas on the formation, composition, and
importance of the plankton were enriched and extended. I am sin-
cerely thankful for the liberality with which Sir Wyville Thompson,
and after his untimely death (1882) his successor, Dr. John Murray,
placed these at my entire disposal.

A record of the 168 stations of observations of the Challenger ex-
pedition, whose soundings, plankton results, and surface preparations
I have been able to investigate, has been given in § 240 of the report
on the radiolaria (4, p. CLx). The number of the bottles containing
plankton (from all parts of the ocean) in alcohol amounts to more than
a hundred, and in addition there are a great number of wonderful
preparations which Dr. John Murray finished at the different obser-
vation stations, stained with carmine and mounted in Canada balsam.
A single such preparation (for example, from station 271) contains
often 20 to 30 and sometimes over 50 new species. Since the material
for these preparations was taken with the tow net, not only from the
surface of all parts of the sea traveled by the Challenger, but also from
zones of different depths, they make important disclosures in morphol-
ogy aS well as in physiology and chorology. To the study of these
station preparations I am indebted for many new discoveries. I have
been able to examine over a thousand (4, p. 16).

if I here refer to the development and extension of my own plankton
studies, it is because I feel compelled to make the following brief sum-

mary of results. I am not now in a position to give the proofs in detail,
and must defer the thorough establishment of the most weighty

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. | 577

series of observations for a later and more detailed work. But since,
to my regret, I am compelled to decidedly contradict the far-reaching
assertions made by Hensen (22), it is only to justify and prove these
that I refer to my extended experience of many years. I believe I do
not err in the assumption that .among living naturalists I am one of
those who by extensive investigation on the spot have become most
thoroughly acquainted with the conditions of the plankton and have
worked deepest into these intricate problems of marine biology. If I
had not for so many years had these continually in mind, and at each
“new visit to the sea begun them anew, I would not dareto defend with
such determination the assertions expressed in the following pages.

ITI.—_ CHOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY.

The science of the distribution and division of organic life in the sea
(marine chorology) has in the last decade made astonishing progress.
Still this new branch of biology stands far behind the closely related
terrestrial chorology, the topography and geography of land-dwelling
organisms. We have as yet no single work which treats distinctly
and comprehensively of the chorology of marine plants and animals in
a manner similar to Griesbach’s “ Vegetation of the Earth” (1872) for
the land plants, and Wallace’s “Geographical Distribution of Animals”
(1876) for the land animals.

How much there is still to be done is shown by the fact that not one
of the simplest fundamental conceptions of marine chorology has yet
been established. For example, the most important conception of one
subject, that of the pelagic fauna and flora, is now employed in three
different senses. Originally, and through several decades, this term
was used only in the sense in which Johannes Miiller used it, for ani-
mals and plants which are found swimming at the surface of the sea.
Then the term was extended to all the different animals and plants
which are found at the surface of fresh-water basins. It was so used,
for example, by A. Weismann in his lecture upon “the animal life at
the sea-bottom” (1877), in which he “distinguishes the animal world
living on the shore from the ‘pelagic or oceanic company living in the
open sea.’” To a third quite different meaning has the conception of
the pelagic living world been widened by Chun (1887), who extends it
from the surface of the ocean down to the greatest depths (15, p. 45).
In this sense the conception of the pelagic organisms practically agrees
with the “ plankton” of Hensen.

Errors have already arisen from the varied use of such a funda-
mental conception, and it seems necessary to attempt to clear this up,
and to establish at least the most important fundamental conception
of marine chorology. In the use of words I will, as far as possible,
conform to the usage of the better authors.

H. Mis. 113——37

578 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA. -

Since the old mooted question about “the limits of the animal and
vegetable kingdom” comes anew into the foreground in the planktoni¢e
studies, a few words must first be devoted to its consideration. In the
plankton, those organisms (for the most part microscopic) which stand
on the boundary line and which may be regarded as examples of a
neutral “ Protista realm,” play a conspicuous part—the unicellular
diatoms and murracytes, dictyochea and paimellaria, thalamophora and
radiolaria, dinoflagellata and cystoflagellata. Since it is still asserted
that for. replies to this boundary question we need new researches,
‘““more exact observations and experiments,” I must here express the
opposing belief, that the desired answer is not to be obtained by this
empirical and inductive method, but only by the philosophic and deduct-
ive method of more logical definite conception (logischer Begriff-Bestim-
mung). Hither we must use as a definite distinction between the two
great organic realms the physiological antithesis of assimilation, and
consider as “plants” all “reducing organisms” (with chemical-synthetic
functions) and as “animals” all “ oxidizing organisms” (with chemical-
analytical functions) or we may lay greater weight on the morphological
differences of bodily structure and place the unicellular “‘Protista” (with-
out tissues) over against the multicellular Histona (with tissues).*

For the problem before us, and with more particular reference to the
important questions of the fundamental food supply (Urnahrung) and
the cycle of matter in the sea (Stoffwechsel des Meeres), it is here more
suitable to employ the first method. I regard the diatoms, murracytes,
and dinoflagellates as Protophytes, the thalamophores, radiolarians, and
cystoflagellates as Protozoa.

For a term to designate the totality of the marine flora and fauna,
the expression halobios seems to be suitable, in opposition to limnobios
(the organic world of fresh water) and to geobios (as the totality of the
land-dwelling or terrestrial plant and animal world). ‘The term bios
was applied by the father of natural history, Aristotle, “to the whole
world of living” as opposed to the lifeless forms, the abion. The term
biology should be used only in this comprehensive sense, for the
whole organic natural science, as opposed to the inorganic, the abiology.
In this sense, zodlogy and botany on the one side, and morphology
and physiology on the other, are only subordinate parts of biology,
the general science of organisms. But if (as is frequently done to-day
even in Germany) the term biology is used in a much narrower sense,
instead of ecology, this narrowing leads to misunderstandings. Imention

* Protista and Histona may both again be divided into two groups, on the ground
of the different assimilation, into an animal and a vegetable group, the Protista into
Protophyta and Protozoa, the Histona into Metaphyta and Metazoa. Compare my
‘‘Natural History of Creation” (Natiirliche Schipfungsgeschichte), 8th edition, 1889, pp.
420 and 453,

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 579

this here because in planktology the interesting and complex vital
relations of pelagic organisms, their manner of life and economy, are
very often called biological instead of cecological problems.*

PLANKTON AND BENTHOS.

Tf under the term Halobios we embrace the totality of all organisms
living in the sea, then these, in ecological relation, fall into two great
chief groups, benthos and plankton. I give the term benthost (in opposi-
tion to plankton) to all the non-swimming organisms of the sea, and to
all animals and plants which remain upon the sea bottom either fixed
(sessile) or capable of freely changing their place by creeping or run-
ning (vagrant). The great cecological differences in the entire mode of
life, and consequently in form, which exist between the benthonic and
planktonic organisms, justify this intelligible distinction, though here
as elsewhere a sharp limit is not to be drawn. The benthos can itself
be divided into littoral and abyssal. The littoral-benthos embraces the
sessile and vagrant marine animals of the coast, as well as all the
plants fixed to the sea-bottom. The abyssal-benthos, on the other
hand, comprises all the fixed or creeping (but not the swimming) ani-
mals of the deep sea. Although as a whole the morphological char-
acter of the benthos, corresponding to the physiological peculiarities
of the mode of life, is very different from that of the plankton, still
these two chief groups of the halobios stand in manifold and intimate
correlation to one another. In part these relations are only phylo-
genetic, but also in part at the present day of an ontogenetic nature, as,
for example, the alternation of generations of the benthonie polyps and
the planktonic meduse. The adaptation of marine organisms to the
mode of life and the organization conditioned thereby may in both
chief groups be primary or secondary. These and other relations, as,
well as the general characteristics of the pelagic fauna and flora, have
already been thoroughly considered by Fuchs (12) and Moseley (7). —

PLANKTON AND NEKTON.

The term puankton may be used in a wider and in a narrower sense;
either we understand it as embracing all organisms swimming in the
sea, those floating passively and those actively swimming; or we may
exclude these latter. Hensen comprehends under plankton “ every-
thing which is in the water, whether near the surface or far down,
whether dead or living.” The distinction is, whether the animals are
driven involuntarily with the water or whether they display a certain
degree of independence of this impetus. Fishes in the form of eggs

forms a part of physiology. Comp, my “ Generelle Morphologie,” 1866, Bd. 1, p. 8,
21; Bd. 11, p. 286; also my ‘‘ Ueber Etwickelungsgang und Aufgabe der Zodlogie,”
Jena. Zeitsch, fur Med. u. Nat., Bd. v, 1870.

t BEvGos, the bottom of the ocean; hence the organisms living there.

580 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

and young belong in the highest degree to the plankton, but not when
mature animals. The copepods, although lively swimmers, are tossed
about involuntarily by the water, and, therefore, must be reckoned in
the plankton (9, p. 1). If, with Hensen, we thus limit the conception |
of plankton, then we must distinguish the actively swimming nekton
from the passively driven plankton. The term thus loses its firm
hold, and becomes dependent on quite variable conditions; upon the
changing force of the current in which the animal is driven, by the
momentary energy of voluntary swimming movements, etc. A pelagic
fish or copepod, which is borne along by a strong current, belongs to
the plankton; if he can make a little progress across this current, and
if, besides this, he can voluntarily and independently define his course,
then he belongs also tothe nekton. It therefore seems to me advisable,
as preliminary, to regard the term plankton in the wider sense, in oppo-
sition to benthos.

Still, for the chief theme which Hensen has set up in his plankton
studies, for the physiological investigation of the cycle of matter in
the sea (Stoffwechsel des Meeres), this limitation of the plankton con-
ception will not hold; for a single large fish which daily devours hun-
dreds of pteropods or thousands of copepods exerts a greater intinence
on the economy of the sea than the hundreds of small animals which
belong to the plankton. I will return to this in speaking of the
vertebrates of the plankton. If with Hensen we could, on practical
grounds, separate those animals of the plankton which are carried
involuntarily from those following their own voluntary swimming
movements (independent of the current), we might distinguish the
former as ploteric,* the latter as necteric.*

HALIPLANKTON AND LIMNOPLANKTON.

Although the swimming population of fresh water shows far less
variety and peculiarity than that of the sea, still among the former as
among the latter similar conditions are developed. Already the study
begins to take a joyous flight to the pelagic animals of the mountain
lakes, etc. Therefore, it will be necessary here also to fix limits,
as has been already done for the marine fauna; but since the term
‘““nelagic” should only be used for marine animals, it becomes advis-
able to designate as limnetic the so-called “pelagic” animals of fresh
water. Among these we can again distinguish autolimnetic (living only
at the surface), zonolimnetic (limited to certain depths), and bathylim-
netic (dwellers in the deep waters). The totality of the swimming and
floating population of the fresh water may be called limnoplankton, as
opposed to the marine haliplankton (9, p. 1), which we here briefly
call plankton.

*TAorip = drifting; vy«ti¢ =Swimming.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 581
OCEANIC AND NERITIC* PLANKTON.

The manifold differences which the character of the plankton shows
according to its distribution in the sea, lead first, with reference to
its horizontal extension, to a distinction between oceanic and neritic
plankton. Oceanic plankton is that of the open ocean, exclusive of the
swimming bios of the coast. The region of oceanic plankton may from a
zéological point of view be divided into five great provinces: (1) the Are-
tic Ocean; (2) the Atlantic; (3) the Indian; (4) the Pacific; (5) the Ant- -
-arctic. In each of these five great provinces the characteristic genera
of the plankton are apparent through the different species, even if the
differences in general are not so significant as in the different provinces
of the neritic and still more of the littoral fauna.

The neritic plankton embraces the swimming fauna and flora of the
coast regions of the continents as well as the archipelagos and islands.
This is in its composition essentially different from the oceanic plank-
ton, and is quantitatively as well as qualitatively richer. For along
the coast there develop, partly under protection of the littoral bios, or
in genetic relation with it, numerous swimming animal and vegetable
forms which do not generally occur in the open ocean, or there quickly
die; but the floating organisms of the latter may be driven by currents
or storms to the coast and there mingled with the neritic plankton.
Aside from this the richness of the neritic plankton in genera and
species is much greater than that of the oceanic. The complicated and
manifold relations of the latter to the former, as wellas the relations of
both to the benthos (littoral as well as abyssal), have been but little
investigated and contain a fund of interesting problems. One could
designate the neritic plankton also as “littoral plankton” if it were not
better to limit the conception of the littoral bios to the non-swimming
organisms of the coast, the vagrant and sessile forms.

PELAGIC, ZONARY, AND BATHYBIC PLANKTON.

I keep the original meaning of the pelagic plankton as given forty-five
years ago by Johannes Miiller, and used since by the great majority
of authors. Lalso limit the meaning of the pelagic fauna and flora to
those actively swimining or passively floating animals and plants, which
are taken swimming at the surface of the sea, no matter whether they
are found here alone or also ata variable depth below the surface.
These are the superficial and interzonary organisms of Chun (15, p. 54).
On the other hand, I distinguish the zonary and bathybic organisms; I
call zonary plankton those organisms which occur only in zones of defi-
nite depths of the ocean, and above this (at the surface of the sea) or
below (at the sea bottom) are only found occasionally, as for example
many pheodaria and crustacea; also the deep-sea siphonophores dis-

* Nnpiznc, son of Nereus.

582 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

covered by Chierchia, which were taken by him in great numbers and —
in great vertical and horizontal extension, but never higher than 1,000
meters below the surface and never deeper than 1,000 meters above
the sea bottom (8, p. 85). The deepest part of this zonary fauna forms
the bathybie plankton (or the profound tow-stuff, Auftrieb), i. ¢., animals
of the deep sea, which only hover over the bottom but never touch it,
whether they stand in definite relation to the abyssal benthos or not.
One might also call them “abyssal plankton,” if it were not more prac-
-ticable to limit the term “abyssal” to the (vagrant and sessile) benthos
of the deep sea. To the bathybie plankton belong many phodaria,
some medusze and siphonophores, many deep-sea crustacea, Tomopteris
euchwta, Megalocereus abyssorum, ete. (15, pp. 55-57).

In each of these vertical parts of the plankton, distinctions may be
made which apply to the horizontal distribution. We may also dis-
tinguish oceanic and neritic forms in the pelagic fauna as in the zonary
and bathybie fauna.

AUTOPELAGIC, BATHYPELAGIC, AND SPANIPELAGIC PLANKTON.

If, following the old custom, we limit the term ‘pelagic bios” to those
organisms which, at some time, swim or float at the surface of the sea—
if we do not with Chun (15, p. 45) extend this term to the zonary and
bathybic animals—it still is necessary to further distinguish by differ-
ent terms those forms of life which constantly, temporarily, or only
exceptionally live at the surface of the sea. I suggest for these the
terms autopelagic, bathypelagic, and spanipelagic. Autopelagic are
those animals and plants which are constantly found only at the sur-
face (or in stormy weather at slight depths below it), the “superficial”
of Chun (15, pp. 45, 60). To this “‘constant superficial fauna” belong,
for example, many polycyttaria (most spheerozoids), many meduse (e. g.,
Hucopide), and many siphonophores (e. g., Forskalide); further, the
lobate ctenophores (Hucharis, Bolina), particular species of Sagitta (e. g.,
bipunctata), and many copepods (e. g., Pontellina, 15, p. 27).

I call bathypelagic all those organisms which occur not merely at the
surface, but also extend down into the depths, and often fill the deep
layers of the ocean in not Jess astonishing multitudes than the surface
layers. Chun designates such bathypelagic animals as “interzonary
pelagic animals” (15, p. 45). Here belongs properly the chief mass of
the plankton; for through the agreeing researches of Murray (5, 6),
Moseley (7), Chierchia (8), and Chun (15, 16), as well as from my own
wide experience, it becomes highly probable that the great number of
pelagic animals and plants only pass a part of their lives at the surface;
swimming at different depths during the other part. Among the
bathypelagic animals there are farther to-be distinguished: (a) Nycti-
pelagic, which arise to the surface only at night, living in the depths
during the day; very many medusie, siphonophores, pyrosoma, most

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 583

pteropods, and heteropods, very many crustacea, ete.; (b) Chimopelagic,
which appear at the surface only in winter and in summer are hidden
in the depths—radiolaria, medus, siphonophores, etenophores, a part
of the pteropods and heteropods, many crustacea, ete. ; (c) Allopelagie,
which perform irregular vertical wanderings, sometimes appearing at
the surface, sometimes in the depths, independently of the changes of
temperature, which condition the change of abode of the nyctipelagic
and chimopelagic animals; the final cause of these wanderings ought
to be found in different ecological conditions, as of reproduction, of
ontogeny, of food supply, ete.

Finally one may call spanipelagic those animals which always live
in the ocean depths (zonary or bathybic), and come to the surface only
exceptionally and rarely. This does not apply to a few deep-sea ani-
mals which once every year ascend to the surface, but only for a short
time, for a few weeks or perhaps for a single day, e. g., Athorybia and
Physophora among the siphonophores, Charybdea and Periphylla among
the medusxe. The final cause of this remarkable spanipelagic mode
of life must lie chiefly in the conditions of reproduction and ontogeny.
These animals must be much more numerous than present appearances
show.

HOLOPLANKTONIC AND MEROPLANKTONIC ORGANISMS.

Numerous organisms pass their whole life and whole cycle of devel-
‘opment hovering in the ocean, while with others this is not the case.
These rather pass a part of their life in the benthos, either vagrant or
sessile. The first group we call holoplanktonic, and the second mero-
planktonic. To the holoplanktonie organisms, which have no relation
whatever to the benthos, belong the greater part of the diatoms and
oscillaria, all murracytes and peridinea; further all radiolaria, many
globigerina, the hypogenetic meduse (without alternation of genera-
tions), all siphonophores and ctenophores, all cheetognathie, pteropods,
the copelata, pyrosoma, and thalidia, ete. Among these we find “purely
pelagic, zonary, or bathybic” forms.

The meroplanktonic organisms, on the other hand, which are found
swimming in the sea only for a part of their life, passing the other
part vagrant or sessile in the benthos (either littoral or abyssal), are
represented by the following groups: A part of the diatems and oscil-
laria, the planktonic fucoids, the metagenetic meduse (Craspedota with
hydroid nurse, Acraspeda with seyphistoma nurse), some turbellarians
and annelids, etc; further, the “pelagic larve” of hydroids and corals,
many helminths and echinoderms, acephala and gasteropods, ete.

584 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

IV.—_SUMMARY OF THE PLANKTONIC ORGANISMS.
A.—PROTOPITYTES OF THE PLANKTON.

The unicellular plants ( Protophyta*) lave very great importance
in the physiology of the plankton and the cycle of matter in the
sea (Stoffwechsel des Meeres), for they furnish by far the greater part —
of the fundamental food ( Urnahrung). The inconceivable amount of
food which the countless myriads of swimming marine animals consume
daily is chiefly derived, directly or indirectly, from the planktonic flora,
and in this the unicellular protophytes are of much greater importance
than the multicellular metaphytes. Nevertheless the natural history
of these small plants has thus far been very much neglected. As yet
no botanist has attempted to consider the planktonic flora in general,
and its relation to the planktonic fauna. Only that single class, so rich
in forms, the diatoms, has been thoroughly investigated and systemat-
ically worked up; as regards the other groups, not a single attempt at
systemization has been made; and many simple forms of great impor-
tance have lately been recognized for the first time as unicellular plants.
I must, therefore, limit myself here to a brief enumeration of the most
important groups of the plankton flora. Its general extent and quanti-
tative development have in my opinion hitherto been much under-
valued, and with reference to the cycle of matter in the sea (Stoffwechsel
des Meeres) deserve a thorough consideration. I find masses of various
protophytes everywhere in the plankton, and suspect that they have
been neglected chiefly because of their small size and inconspicuous
form. Many of these, indeed, have been regarded as protozoa or as
eges of planktonic metazoa.

As a foundation for a most important province of botany, the classi-
fication of the protophytes, we must keep in the foreground the follow-
ing considerations: (1) The kind of reproduction, whether by simple
division (Schizophyta) into two, four, or many parts, or by formation
of motile swarm-spores, Mastigophyta; (2) the constitution of the phy-
tochroms, of yellow, red, or brown pigment, which is distributed in the
protoplasm of the cell (usually in the form of granules), and has great
Significance in assimilation (chlorophyll, diatomin, erethrin, pheodin,
etc.); (3) the morphological and chemical constitution of the cell-mem-
brane (cellulose, siliceous, capsular, or bivalvular, ete.). So long as we
hold to the present view of the vegetable physiologists, that for the
fundamental process of vegetal assimilation, for the synthesis of proto-
plasm and amylum, the presence of the vegetal pigment matter is neec-
essary, we can regard as true protophytes only such unicellular organ-
isms as are provided with such a phytochrom, but we will have to

*The separation of the Protophyta from the Metaphyta is as justifiable as that of the
Protozoa from the Metazoa. The latter form tissues, the former do not. (Compare
Natur). Schépfungsgeschichte, vii Aufi., 1889, pp. 420-453. )

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 585

inelude here a great number of protista, which have hitherto been
reckoned as protozoa, e. g., the Murracytea, Dictyochee, Peridinee.
As characteristic and important protophytes of the plankton I here
mention sevea groups: (1) Chromacea, (2) Calcocytew, (3) Murracytee,
(4) Diatomea, (5) Xanthellee, (6) Dictyochew, (7) Peridinee.

1. Chromacec (30, p.452).—In this lowest vegetable group is probably
to be placed a number of small “unicellular algie” of simplest form,
which occur in great abundance in the plankton, but on account of
their minute size and simple spherical shape have for the most part
been overlooked, or possibly regarded as germ cells of other organisms.
They may here be provisionally distinguished as Procytella primordialis.
The diameter of the spherical cells in the smaller forms is only about
.001 to .005 mm., in the larger .008 to .012 mm, seldom more. Usually
each cell contains only one phytochrom granule of greenish color,
sometimes approaching a yellow or red, sometimes a blue or brown.
Whether there is also a diminutive nucleus is doubtful. Increase takes
place simply by division into two or four parts, and appears to go on
with excessive rapidity, but swarm spores do not appear to be formed.
Hundreds or thousands of such green spheres may be united in a mass
of jelly. The decision whether these simplest Chromacew belong to the
Chlorcoccee or Protococcea, or to some other primitive protophytic group,
must be left to the botanist for further investigation, as well as the
question whether these diminutive Procytelle are actually true nucleated
cells or only unnucleated cytodes. For our plankton studies these are
of interest only so far as they develop in astonishing quantities in many
(the colder) regions of the ocean, like the diatoms; and with the latter
form a great part of the fundamental food (Urnahrung). Over wide
areas the sea is often colored brown or green, and they form the chief
food (described as Protococeus marinus) of inconceivable myriads of :
copepods, as Kiikenthal has mentioned in his “Contributions on the
Fauna of Spitzbergen.” j
2. Calcocytee.—In the eighth edition of the “ Naturliche Schopfungs-
geschichte” (30, p. 437) I have designated as Caleocytew or “unicellular
calcareous alge” those important minute organisms which, as “ Coc-
cosphera, Cyathosphera, and Rhabdosphera, play a great role in oceanic
life. They are found abundantly in the plankton of the tropical and
subtropical seas, less abundantly in colder zones, and are never absent
where pelagic Thalamophora occur in great numbers. Like the latter,
theyarebathypelagic. Theball of protoplasm which completely fills the
interior of the small ealeareous-shelled plastid seems, when stained red
with carmine or brown with iodine, to be unnucleated, and therefore a
cytode. The beautiful calcareous plates which compose the shell ( Cocco-
litha, Cyatholitha, Rhabdolitha), and which in the Rhabdosphera bear a
radial spine, fall apart after death and are found in great numbers in all
parts of the warmer oceans and in the globigerina ooze of the bottom.
Murray (5, p. 533; 6, p. 939) and Wyville Thompson (14, 1, p. 222)

586 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

were the first to demonstrate the wide distribution and innumerable
abundance of this unicellular calcareous alga, and I agree with them
in the supposition that these play a significant part in the biology of the
ocean and in the formation of its globigerina ooze.

3. Murracytee.—Under this name I may here refer to the very im-
portant but hitherto neglected group of planktonic protophytes, which
were first discovered by John Murray and described under the name —
Pyrocystis (5, p. 533, plate xx1; 6, pp. 935-938). These “unicellular
aleve” are transparent vesicles, from 0.5 to 1 or 1.5 millimeters in di-
ameter, and spherical, oval, or spindle-shaped in form. Their simple
continuous cell membrane is very thin and fragile, like glass. It is
stained blue by iodine and sulphuric acid, and seems to contain a small
quantity of siliceous earth. The contents of the vesicle is a vacuolated
cell, whose protoplasmic network contains many yellow granules of
diatomin.. The spherical form (Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray) is very
similar in size and form to the common Noctiluca miliaris and probably
is very often mistaken for it. I saw these thirty years ago (1860) at
Messina, and later (1866) at Lanzarote, in the Canary Islands.

When John Murray published in 1876 the first figures and careful
description, he at first placed them with the diatoms, but later (6, p.
935) he has, with justice, separated them. He there says of Pyrocystis
noctiluca:

This organism is everywhere present, often in enormous masses, at the surface of
the tropical and subtropical oceans, where the temperature is not more than 20° to 21°
C., and the specific gravity of the oceanic water is not diminished by the presence
of coast and river water. Pyvrocystis shines very brightly; the light comes from the
nucleus and is the chief source of the diffuse phosphorescence of the equatorial oceans in
calm weather.

Since these unicellular vegetable organisms do not have the char-
acteristic bivalve shell or siliceous case of the diatoms, but their cell
membrane forms a completely closed capsule, they can not be reckoned
with the latter, but must be regarded as representatives of a different
group of protophytes, for which I propose the name Murracytece or
‘‘olass bladders” (Murra, a name given by the Romans to a glasslike
mineral —fluospar (?)—from which costly articles are made.)*

*In the Atlantic and Indian oceans I have seen great masses of Murracyteaw, and
have distinguished many species, which may be regarded as representatives of four
genera: (1) Pyrocystis noctiluea Murray; spherical. (2) Photocystis ellipsoides Hk];
ellipsoid. (3) Murracystis fusiformis Hkl (Pyrocystis fusiformis Murray); spindle-
shaped. (4) Nectocystis murrayana Hkl; cylindrical. The Murracytes multiply, as
it appears, only by simple division (commonly into two parts, less frequently
into four). After the nucleus, lying eccentrically or against the cell wall, has
divided, there follows division of the soft cell body, which is separated from
the firm capsulelike membrane by a wide space (filled with a jelly). Then the
membrane bursts, and around the two halves or four tetrads there is immediately
formed a new covering. Considered phylogenetically, the Murracytes appear as
very old oceanic Protophytes of very simple structure. Perhaps they ought to be -
regarded as the ancestral form of the diatoms, for the bivalvular shell of the latter
could have arisen by a simple halving of the capsule of the former.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 587

4. Diatomee.—The inconceivable quantities in which the diatoms
populate the whole ocean and the extraordinary importance which they
possess as one of the most important constituents of the ‘fundamental
food supply” (Urnahrung) in the cycle of matter in the sea has been
considered so many times that it is sufficient here to point to the com-
paratively recent accounts of Murray (5, p. 533; 6, p. 737, ete.), Fuchs
(12, p. 49), Castracane (6, p. 930), and Hensen (9, p. 80). Harlier the
chief attention was paid to the benthonic diatoms which everywhere
cover the seacoast and the shallow depths of the sea bottom in aston-
ishing quantities; in part fixed on stalks, in part slowly moving among
the forests of seaweed and the fixed animal banks ( festsitzenden Thier-
banken) of the coast. The importance of the planktonic diatoms was
recognized much later, those abounding in the open ocean as well as in
the coast waters furnishing one of the most important sources of food
for the pelagic animals. The oceanic diatoms, which often cover the sur-
face of the open sea as a thick layer of slime, form another flora, very
insufficiently studied and characterized by many forms of colossal size
(several millimeters in diameter), peculiarly regular in form, and with
extremely thin-walled siliceous shells (species of Hthmodiscus, Coscino-
discus, Rhizosolenia, etc., discovered in such numbers by the Challenger).
The neritic diatoms, on the other hand, which, swimming free in no
small numbers, populate the coast waters, are less in diameter and with
thicker walls, and stand on the whole between the oceanic and littoral
forms. The absolute and relative quantity of the planktonic diatoms
seems to increase gradually from the equator towards both poles.

In the tropical zone the pelagic diatoms are much less developed
than in the temperate zone, and here again much less than in the polar
zone. Wide stretches of the Arctic Ocean are often changed by incon-
ceivable masses of diatoms into a thick dark slime, the “black water,”
which forms the feeding-ground of whales. The pteropods and crus-
taceans, upon which these cetaceans live, feed upon this diatom slime,
the “black water” of the Arctie voyager. Not less wonderful are the
vast masses of diatoms which fill the Antarctic Ocean south of the
fiftieth degree of latitude, and whose siliceous shells, sinking to the
bottom after the death of the organism, form the diatom ooze (Challenger,
stations 152-157). The tow nets here were quickly filled with such
masses of diatoms (for the most part composed of Chatoceros) that these
when dried in the oven formed a thick matted felt (6, p. 920).

5. Yanthellee.—A highly important share in the cycle of matter in the
sea belongs to the remarkable wanthellew or ‘yellow cells,” which live
in symbiosis in the bodies of many marine animals, in the plankton as
well as in the benthos. I first proved that these “yellow cells,” which
were observed by Huxley (1851) and by Johannes Miiller (1858) in the
calymma of radiolarians, were “undoubted cells,” and also described
their structure and increase by division (3, p. 84), and later (1870)
showed that they constantly contained amylum (4, § 90). But Cien-

588 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

kowski first advanced the view that the yellow cells are independent
unicellular organisms, parasitic alge, which for a time live in the
bodies of the radiolarians, but after the death of the latter come forth
and multiply by division. This supposition was confirmed experiment-
ally by Karl Brandt (24, p. 65) and Patrick Geddes, who explained
further the nature of their symbiosis, and finally showed the wide dis-
tribution of the vanthellee in the bodies of numerous marine animals,
as well as their production of zoéspores (Zodxanthella, Philozodn).
Whether these are ontogenetically connected with certain “yellow
unicellular alge” which live free in the plankton, remains to be farther
investigated. Perhaps also in this group belong the XYanthidea which
were described by Hensen (9, p. 79) and Mobius (10, p. 124) as species
of Xanthidium and as “spiny cystids,” spherical cells which reach 1
millimeter in diatineter, contain yellow diatomin granules, and multiply
by division. Their thick hyaline shell, which seems to consist of
slightly silicified cellulose, armed with simple or star-shaped radial
spines, is characteristic. I find these Xanthidee very numerous in
the oceanic plankton. Perhaps the siliceous-shelled XYanthidia, which
Ehrenberg has found so abundantly as fossils, also belong here.

6. Dictyochee.—The ornamented latticed cases of the Dictyochide,
formed of hollow siliceous spicules, are often found in great numbers in
the plankton, pelagic as well as zonary. Although these have long
been known, both living and as fossils, to microscopists, two very dif-
ferent views as to their true nature are entertained.*

Ina preliminary contribution “ On the Structure of Distephanus (Die-
tyocha) speculum” Zool. Anzeiger, No. 334, one of my earlier students,
Adolf Borgert, briefly showed that each single case contains an inde-
pendent ciliated cell. He therefore considered it a new group of Flagel-
lata (or Mastigophora), for which he proposed the term Silico flagellata.
The “twin parts” described by me (4, p. 1549) he regarded as a double
ease which had arisen through the conjugation of two individual
flagellata. To my mind this new interpretation seems to have very
considerable probability, although I do not regard it as settled that
the ciliated cells are the swarm-spores of the Phwodarium. In case

*Ehrenberg, who in 1838 and 1841 first described the ornamented siliceous skele-
tons of Dietyocha and Mesocena, called them diatoms and distinguished no less than
50 species of them, some living, some fossil. Later, at Messina (1859), I noticed,
inclosed within the ornamented hat-shaped latticed shell a small cell, and on that
account referred it to the Radiolaria, with reference particularly to the similar
siliceous skeletons of some Nassellaria (Acanthodesmida). Twenty years later R. Hert-
wig found a spherical Phwodarium, the surface of whose calymma was covered with
numerous Dictyocha littlé hats (Dictyocha-Hiitchen), and he therefore believed that
they must belong to this legion. He compares the single siliceous little hats
( Hiitchen) with the scattered spicules of the Sphewrozoida. In my Challenger report (4,
p. 1558) I agreed with this interpretation; so much the more when I myself saw nu-
merous similar Phecystina (Dictyocha stapedia) living among a similar Phwodaria in
Ceylon, and found specimens in several bottles of the Challenger collections, espe-
cially from Station 144, from the Cape of Good Hope (4, p. 1561, pl. 101, Figs. 10-12).

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 589

the greenish-yellow pigment granules in the protoplasm of the Dic-
tyochide are chlorophyll or phytochrom, they must be placed with
“unicellular algw.” If, as I believe, the supposition of Borgert is cor-
rect, then the masses of Dictyochide shells found so abundantly in
the calymma of Phwodarie can be regarded only as the empty shells
of Silicoflagellata, which the skeletonless Pheodina has taken in as food.
This supposition is much more probable since these, together with sili-
eeous scales of diatoms and tintinnoids, have been found in great num-
bers in the calymma of other radiolarians. This case would then be
analogous to two similar appearances which I myself have previously
described, Myxobrachia pluteus (4, p. 22) and Dalearomma calearea (4,
p. 70, § 102).

7. Peridinee (Dinoflagellata or Dinocytea, earlier Cilioflagellata).—
This group of Flagellata (or Mastigophora) earlier placed with the In-
fusoria, has lately, with more certainty, been recognized as a proto-
phytic group with vegetable metabolism. They are represented in the
plankton by numerous and, in part, remarkable and beautiful forms,
a part of which have been lately figured by Stein under the name
Arthrodele flagellata. Many such forms occur in the neritic, fewer in
the oceanic plankton, and often in such masses that they take a great
part in the formation of the fundamental food supply. Hensen cor-
rectly points out the great importance of these Protista, of whose
quantity he attempted to give a conception by counting (9, p. 71).
Many of these participate in a prominent way in the marine popula-
tion (Ceratium, Prorocentrum, etc.). John Murray very often found
chains of Ceratium tripus (each composed of eight cells) floating in the
plankton of the open ocean, without ciliary movements, while the
ciliated single cells inhabited the neritic plankton in vast numbers
close to the shore. Sometimes these crowds of Peridinea, like the
diatoms, appeared so abundantly as to fill the tow net with a yellow
slime (6, p. 934). ;
B.—METAPHYTES OF THE PLANKTON.

The only class of metaphytes which occurs in the plankton are the
alge. The great majority of this class, so rich in forms, belong to
the littoral benthos; only a few forms have adopted the pelagic mode
of life, and of these only two, from their great abundance, are of any
considerable importance in the oceanic fundamental food supply, the
Oscillatorie which live in the depths, and the Sargassa which grow at
the surface. A third group, the Halospherea, is much less abundant
and important, but of considerable interest in many relations.*

«The Oscillatoriw must be regarded as true alge, since their characteristic “jointed
threads” (‘‘ Glieder-faden”) form an actual Thallus, and indeed a thread-like thallus,
as in the Conferve. But on the same grounds also we must regard as alge the Volvo-
cinew and Halospheree with spherical thallus ; they are also multicellular Metaphytes,
which show the simplest form of tissue (Histones, 30, p. 420). The foregoing proto-
types, on the other hand, have no tissue, since the entire organism is only a simple
cell (Protista, 30, p. 453).

590 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

1. Halospheree.—Under the name Halosphera viridis, Schmitz
(1879) first described a new genus of green alge from the Mediter-
ranean, which appear floating in the plankton of the Gulf of Naples_
in great numbers from the middle of January until the middle of April.
They form swimming hollow spheres, from 0.55 to 0.62 mm. in diameter,
whose thin cellulose wall is covered within by a single layer of chloro-
phyll containing cells analogous to the blastoderm of the metazoic
egg. Hach of these epithelial cells divides later into several daughter
cells, each of which forms four cone-shaped swarm-spores with two
ciliated cells. I have known this green ball for thirty years. In Feb-
ruary, 1860, I found them numerous in the plankton of Messina. I
observed a second kind in February, 1867, at Lanzarote, in the Canary
Islands. The hollow spheres found in the Atlantie are twice as large,
and reach a diameter of 1 to 1.2mm. They have pear-shaped swarm-
spores. I named them Halosphera blastula. Morphologically these
hollow spherical alge are of great interest, since they are directly com-
parable to the blastula (or blastosphere stage) of the metazoic embryo.
As the latter is to be regarded as the simplest type of the metazoon, so
Halosphera (ike Volvox) can be looked upon as the primitive ancestral
form of the Metaphyta (4, p. 499). Hensen has lately found numerous
living specimens of Halosphera viridis in five hauls from a depth of
1,000 to 2,000 meters (10, p. 521). The light of the bathybic luminifer-
ous animals may possibly be sufficient for their metabolic activity.

2. Oscillatorie.—Like the diatoms in the cold regions of the ocean,
the oscillatoriz (Trichodesmium and its allies) are found in the warm
regions in inconceivable quantities. It is very certain that the latter,
as well as the former, belong to the most important source of the
‘‘fundamental food supply.” Ehrenberg in 1823 observed in the Red
Sea, at Tur, such large quantities of Trichodesmium erythreum that the
water along the shore was colored blood-red by them. Md6bius has re-
cently carefully described the same thing anew, and has (quite cor-
rectly) traced from it the name of the Red Sea (26, p. 7). Later, I myself
found just as great numbers as these in the Indian Ocean at Maledira
and Ceylon (25, p. 225). In Rabbe’s collections are several bottles of
plankton (from the Indian and Pacific oceans) entirely filled with
them.* The Challenger found great quantities of Trichodesmium in the
Arafura Sea and Celebes Sea (6, p. 545, 607), and also in the Guinea
streain (6, p. 218); and between St. Thomas and the Bermudas (6, p. 136)
wide stretches of the sea were colored by it dark red or yellowish brown.
Murray found it only in the superficial, never in the deeper layers of
the ocean.

3. Sargassee.—The higher alge are represented in the planktonic
flora only by a single group, the Sargassee, and these again are com-

*In the collection of Radiolaria, which may be purchased from the famulus Franz
Pohle, at Jena, preparation No. 5, from Madagascar, contains many flakes of this
Oscillatoria.

~

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 591

monly only of a single species, Sargassum bacciferum; but this has the
greatest importance, since, as is known, it alone forms the floating
sargasso banks, which cover such extensive portions of the ocean. Be-
sides this very important species, other fucoids are found floating in
the ocean, especially species of Mucus (F. vesiculosus, F'. nodosus, and
others). Still they never appear in such masses as the familiar “ berry
weed.” The floating sargasso banks are well known to have their char-
acteristic animal life, which Wyville Thompson accurately described
and fittingly termed nomadie (14, If, pp. 9, 339).

This remarkable sargasso fauna bears the same character in both the
Atlantic and the Pacific oceans and consists partly of benthonie ani-
mals, which live sessile or creeping on the sargasso weed, partly of plank-
tonic organisms which swim among the weeds; the latter are more
neritic than oceanic. Hensen has lately described this fauna as re-
markably poor, and could only find 10 species of animals in it (9, p.
246). The Challenger found more than five times aS many species in
this same Atlantic sargasso, namely, 55 (6, p. 136). It is obvious that
the remarkable negative results of Hensen on this as on other plank-
tonic questions can have no value against the positive results of other
investigators.

C.—PROTOZOA OF THE PLANKTON.

The two great chief groups of unicellular animals, Rhizopoda and
Infusoria, occur mm the ocean in very different preportions, in the’
reverse condition to that in fresh water.

The Infusoria (Flagellata and Ciliata), which chiefly form the pro-
tozoic fauna in the latter, are indeed represented in the sea by a great
number of species, but the most belong to the littoral benthos, and
only a few swimming species occur in such quantities that they are of
importance in the plankton, the Noctilucide among the Flagellata, the
Tintinnoide among the Ciliatt. Much greater is the wealth of the
ocean in Rhizopoda, calcareous-shelled Thalamophora and siliceous-
shelled Radiolaria. The accumulated masses of these shells form the
most important sediment of the ocean, while their unicellular soft bodies
constitute the chief food supply for many planktonic animals. .

Infusoria.—As is known, the Infusoria do not play so great a role
in the life of the ocean as in that of the fresh water. It is true that a
great number of Flagellata and Ciliata oceur in the neritic or littoral
fauna, but neither on account of the number of individuals nor the
richness of forms are they elsewhere of importance, and only a few
small groups extend out into the open sea. It seems as if these tender
and for the most part uncovered Protozoa are not suited for the contest
which the wild “struggle for existence” offers here. The armored
rhizopods take their place. Still two small and very peculiar groups of
Infusoria are found in very great numbers in the plankton, and some-
times in such quantities as to form the chief bulk; the octiluca among

592 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the Flagellata, and the Tintinna among the Ciliata. Both groups, and
particularly the Noctilucide, belong to the neritic plankton. They occur
in the oceanic only where the coast water flows in (6, pp. 679, 750, 933).

The common Noctiluca miliaris and some related species sometimes
cover the surface of the coast waters in such masses as to form a thick
reddish-yellow slime, often like ‘“‘tomato soup,” and at night are
brightly luminous. ‘The Tintinnoide (Tintinnus, Dictyocysta, Codonella)
appear in smaller quantities, but often in great numbers. Some forms
of these elegant Ciliata are oceanic.

Thalamophora (Foraminifera).—The Thalamophora, often and very
properly called Foraminifera, were once generally regarded as ben-
thonic. New observations first showed that a part of these are plank-
tonic, and through the comprehensive series of observations by the
Challenger the abundant occurrence of these pelagic Foraminifera and
their great part in the formation of that most important sediment, the
Globigerina ooze, was first established. All these Thalamophora of the
plankton belong to the peculiar perforated Polythalamia, to the family
ot the Globigerinide; only Orbulina (provided it is independent) to the
Monothalamia. The number of their genera (8-10) and species (20-25)
is relatively small, but the number of individuals is inconceivably
great. By far the most important and numerous belong to the genera
Globigerina, Orbulina, and Pulvinulina; after these Spheroidina and
Pullenia. They occur everywhere in the open ocean in numberless
myriads. J. Murray could often from a boat scoop up thick masses of
them with a glass, and never fished with the tow net in 200 fathoms
without obtaining some (5, p. 534). A few forms (Hastigerina and
Cymbalopora) show more local increase in numbers, while others are
rare everywhere (Chilostomella, Candeina). In the equatorial counter-
currents of the Western Pacific, between the equator and the Caroline
Islands, the Challenger found “great banks of pelagic foraminifera.
On one day an unheard-of quantity of Pulvinulina was taken in the
tow nets; on the foliowing day they were entirely absent, and Pul-
lenia was extraordinarily abundant.” These important observations
by Murray I can confirm from my own experience in the Atlantic and
Indian oceans* (comp. 3, pp. 166, 188).

*The important relations of these pelagic Polythalamia to the rest of the fauna of
the plankton on the one side, as well as its importance in the formation of the “Globi-
gerina ooze” on the other, has been expressly stated by Murray (6, p. 919). I agree
completely with him in the view that these oceanic Globigerinide are true pelagic
rhizopods, which in part are found swimming only at the surface or at slight depths
(autopelagic), in part at zones of different depths (zonary), but they are not ben-

thonic. The enormous sediment of ‘‘Globigerina ooze” is composed of the sunken’

calcareous shells of the dead pelagic animals. On the other hand, the benthonic
thalamophores, living partly abyssal, on the bottom of the deep sea, partly littoral,
creeping among the forests of seaweed on the coasts, are of other species and genera.
They develop a much greater variety of form. The neritic thalamophores found
swimming in the coast waters are in part again characterized by various forms.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 593

_ Radiolaria.—No class of organisms has remained so long unknown
to us, and by the brilliant discoveries of the last decade has been sud-
denly placed in so clear a light, as the Radiolaria (comp. 4, § 251-260).
For half a century we knew next to nothing of these wonderful rhizo-
pods; to-day they appear as one of the most important planktonic
classes.* These, the most varied in form of all the unicellular organ-
isms, form a purely oceanic class, and live and swim in all seas, especially
in the warmer ones. Numerous species are also found near the coasts,
yet these are not distinguishable from those of the open sea. They
constitute no separate neritic fauna.

Vast crowds of Radiolaria oceur at the surface of the ocean, as well
as at different depths. Long ago Johannes Miiller remarked:

It is a great phenomenon that Acanthometra can be taken daily by thousands in a
calm sea and independently of storms; and that of many species of Polycystina,
hundreds of individuals were seen during my last residence at the seashore (2, p. 25).

I have tried myself, on the hundreds of voyages to different coasts
which 1 have made since 1856, to thoroughly study the natural history
of the Radiolaria. The incomparable collections of the Challenger
afforded me by far the richest material for observation. The results
obtained therefrom are embodied in the report (1887). Among other
references to the conditions of the plankton there mentioned, it brought
up the following propositions: (1) Radiolaria occur abundantly in all
seas which contain a medium amount of salt, and which do not (like
the Baltic) receive a strong influx of fresh water. (2) In the colder
seas only a few species occur (chiefly Acantharia), but immense quan-
tities of individuals; towards the equator the variety in form gradu-
ally increases (horizontal distribution, comp. 4, § 226-231). (3) The
chief groups of Radiolaria are distributed unequally in the five bathy-
zones or girdles of depth of the open ocean. The subclass Porulosa
(the two legions of Spumellaria and Acantharia) inhabit especially the
two upper zones. On the other hand, the subclass Osculosa (Nassetaria

“After Ehrenberg, in 1847, had described the siliceous shells of some hundred
species from the Barbados, we obtained in 1858 the first description of their organ-
ization through Johannes Miiller. In the work with which this great master closed
his renowned life he described 50 species which he had observed alive in the Med-
iterranean Sea (2). When in continuation of this I devoted a winter’s residence
in Messina to their further investigation, I was able in 1862, in the monograph con-
sequent thereupon, to distinguish 144 new species, in all 113 genera and 15 families (8).
But this rich Radiolaria fauna of Messina still gave no promise of the immense quan-
tities of these delicately ornamented creatures peopling the open ocean, and
whose variously formed siliceous shells, sinking to the bottom after death, formed
that wonderful sediment, the ‘‘Radiolaria ooze.” This was first discovered thirteen
years later by the Challenger. The investigation of the fabulous radiolarian treas-
ures (chiefly from the Pacific) which this expedition brought home has led to the
discrimination of 20 orders, 85 families, 739 genera, and 4,318 species (4, § 256).
Further study of the Radiolaria slime of the deep sea will bring to light many new
forms from this inexhaustibly rich mine,

H, Mis. 1183——38

594 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

and Phwodaria) move in the three lower zones (vertical distribution,
4, § 232-239). The dependence of their appearance upon the various
conditions of life has been investigated by Brandt (24, p. 102).

D.—CaiLENTERATES OF THE PLANKTON.

The ancestral group of the celenterates has important significance
and manifold interest for the natural history of the plankton; still
thisappliesin very varied degrees to the different principal groups of this
numerous circle (comp. 30, p. 522). The, great class of the sponges,
which belongs exclusively to the benthos, has never acquired a pelagic
habit of life. The phylum of the platodes also needs no further reference
here. We know, to be sure, a small number of pelagic turbellarians
and trematodes. Arnold Lang, in his monograph on the sea-planarians
or polyclads (1884, p. 629), mentions as “purely pelagic” or oceanic
8 species and 4 genera (Planocera, Stylochus, Leptoplana, Planaria).
Parasitic trematodes are occasionally found as “pelagic parasites” in
meduse, siphonophores, and ctenophores; but these trematodes and
turbellarians are usually found only individually; they never appear
in such quantities as are characteristic of the majority of the plankton
animals. Much more important for us is the third type of the ccelen-
terates, the diversified chief group of the nettle animals or Cnidaria
(30, p. 524).

Cnidaria.—With reference to the mode of life and the form condi-
tioned thereby, one may divide the whole group of Cnidaria into two
great principal divisions, polyps and acalephs, which since the time of
Cuvier have lain at the foundation of the older systems. The polyps
(in the sense of the older zodlogists) embrace all nettle animals, which
are fixed to the bottom of the sea, hydropolyps as well as secyphopolyps
(Anthozoa). They belong exclusively to the benthos. Only a few forms
have acquired the pelagic mode of life (Minyade, Arachanactis, larvee
of Actinie, Cerinthide, and some other corals). The second principal
division of the nettle animals, the Acalepha, embraces, in the sense of
their first investigator Eschscholtz (1829), the three classes of meduse,
siphonophores, and ctenophores; all swimming marine animals, which,
from their richness in forms, their general distribution in the ocean, and
their abundant occurrence, possess much importance for plankton
study. Since the above-mentioned pelagic polyps (Minyade, etc.) on
the whole are rare, and never appear in great quantities, we need make
no further reference to them here. Much more important are the Aca-
lephs, which ofter a fund of interesting problems for plankton study.
Commonly, all these animals are roughly termed “pelagic,” but a
new consideration shows us that they are so in a very different sense,
and that the distinction which we have made above in reference to their
chorological terminology here finds its complete justification. We will
first consider the meduse, then the siphonophores and ctenophores.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 595

Meduse.—The great interest which I have felt in this wonderful
class of animals since my first acquaintance with living meduse, in
1854, and which has been increased by my numerous sea voyages, led
me to the monographing of them (1879). ITimmediately gained thereby
-a number of definite chorological and cecological ideas, which have
been of permanent influence in the further course of my plankton
studies. By it was definitely fixed the knowledge that the whole race
of the meduse is polyphyletic, and that on the one side the Craspedota
(or Hydromeduse) have arisen independently from the Hydropolyps, just
as on the other side the Acraspedota (or Scyphomeduse) from the Scypho-
polyps. In both analogous cases the transition to the pelagic, free-
swimming mode of life has led to the formation, from a lower, sessile,
very simply organized penthic animal, of amuch higher planktonic meta-
zoon, With differentiated tissues and organs—a fact which is of great
significance for our general understanding of the phylogeny of tissues.

I have in that monograph broadly distinguished two principal forms
of ontogeny or individual developmental history among the medusze,
metagenesis and hypogencsis. Of these I regard metagenesis, the alter-
nation of generations with polyps, as the primary or palingenetic form;
on the other hand, hypogenesis, the ‘‘ direct development” without alter-
nation of generations, as the secondary abbreviated or cenogenetic form.
This distinction is of great importance in the chorology, in so far as the
great najority of the oceanic meduse are hypogenetic; the neritic, on the
other hand, are metagenic. To the oceanic meduse in the widest sense
I refer the Trachyline (Trachymeduse and Narcomeduse) among the
Craspedota; to the neritic, the Leptolinw (Anthomeduse and Leptome-
duse: comp. 29, p. 233). While the former have lost their relation to
the benthonic polyps, the latter have retained it through heredity. The
same seems to obtain also for the majority of the Acraspedota, namely
the Discomeduse. Among these there are only a few oceanic genera
with hypogenesis, e. g., Pelagia. The development of the smaller but
very important acraspedote orders, which I have distinguished as Stau-
romeduse, Peromeduse, and Cubomeduse, is, 1 am sorry to say, as yet
quite unknown. The first is to be regarded as neritic and metagenic;
the two latter, on the other hand, oceanic and hypogenic. That the
majority of the large Discomeduse@ are neritic and not oceanic is shown
from their limited local distribution.

Although ten years ago the Medusw were generally held to be purely
pelagic animals, it has now been found that a certain (perhaps consid-
erable) part of them are zonary or bathybic. Among the 18 deep-sea
meduse which I have described in part x1 of the Challenger Report
(1881) there are, however, some forms which occur also at the sur-
face, and a few which perhaps were accidentally taken in the tow net
while drawing it up. But others are-certainly true deep-sea dwellers,
as the Pectylide among the Craspedota, the Periphyllide and Atolliide

596 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1

among the Acraspedota. Some Medusew have partly or entirely given
up the swimming mode of life, as Polyclonia, Cephea, and other Rhiz-
ostoma, which lie with the back towards the sea bottom, the many-
mouthed bunch of tentacles directed upwards. The Lucernaride have
completely passed over to the benthos. Many Medusa are spanipelagie,
rise to the surface only during a few months (for the purpose of reproduc-
tion?), and pass the greater part of the year in the depths; thus in the
Mediterranean the beautiful Cotylorrhiza tuberculata, Charybdea marsu-
pialis, Tima flavilabris, and Olindias milleri. These bathybiec forms are
sometimes brought upin great numbers with the bottom net (19, p. 122).
Many cling with their tentacles to Alg@ and other objects (20, p. 341). -
The immense swarms in which the Meduse sometimes appear, millions
crowded thickly together, are known to all seafaring naturalists,
Thus in Arctic waters, Codoniwm princeps, Hippocrene superciliaris; in
the North Sea, Tiara pileata, Aglantha digitalis; in the Mediterranean,
Liriantha mucronata, Rhopalonema velatum; in the tropics, Cyteis
nigritina; mn the Antarctic Ocean, Hippocrene mocloviana and others.
Hensen (9, p. 65) in the North Sea found a swarm of Aglantha, the
number of which he estimated at twenty-three and one-half billions.
The extent of the multitude was so great that “the thought of approxi-
mately estimating the animals in this swarm must be given tp.” In
such cases the whole sea for a few days, or even weeks, seems every-
where fullof Meduse; and then again weeks, or even months, may pass
without finding an individual. The wneertainty of appearance, the
‘“‘ capriciousness of these brilliant beauties,” in cther words the depend-
ence upon many different, and for the most part unknown causes, is i
this interesting animal group remarkably impressed upon us. I will,
therefore, in another place, refer to it on the ground of my own experience.
Siphonophores.—W hat I have said above concerning the unequal dis-
tribution of the meduse applies also to their wonderful descendants,
the purely oceanic class of the siphonophores. This highly interest-
ing class was, up to a few years ago, also regarded as purely pelagic;
but of these, too, it is now known that they are in great part bathy-
pelagic, in part also zonary and bathybic. The new and very peculiar
group of the Awronecte (Stephalide and Rhodalide), taken by the Chal-
lenger at a depth of 200 to 600 fathoms, is described in my ‘ Report of
the Siphonophores of H. M.S. Challenger” (1888, p. 296). The Bathy-
physa taken by Studer, and some of the Rhizophyside (Aurophysa, Lino-
physa) captured by the Gazelle, were taken at a depth of 600 to 1,600
fathoms (l.¢.). But that such deep-sea siphonophores (probably mostly —
Rhizophyside) inhabited the ocean in great masses was first shown by
Chierchia (8, p. 84-86). Previously, in numerous soundings which the
Vettor Pisani had made in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the line of
the deep-sea lead when drawn up was found to be wound around with
the torn-off stinging tentacles of great siphonophores. By means of —

a .
es EEE OE

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. ; 597

the new closible net invented by Palumbo, he was enabled to bring up the
entire animals from definite depths. From these experiments Chierchia
concluded “that certain characteristic species of siphonophores live in
great numbers at certain depths, from 1,000 meters above the bottom
upwards, the strongest and most resistant in the depths, the weaker
higher up” (8, p. 86). Other siphonophores, which belong to the forms
most numerous at the surface, extend down to considerable depths, as
Diphyes sieboldii (15, p. 12). The larve of Hippopodius luteus, which
are very numerous in winter and spring, have quite disappeared in
summer, and, according to Chun, live in greater depths, even to 1,200
meters (15, p. 14). Other forms are spanipelagic and come to the sur-
face only for a short time, only a few weeks in the year, like so many
-Physonecte. From these and other grounds the participation of the
siphonophores in the plankton, like that of their ancestors, the Hydro-
meduse, is extremely irregular, and their appearance at the surface of
the sea is subject to the most remarkable changes.

Ctenophores.—This Cnidarian class also, like the preceding, is purely
oceanic, not neritic. They also show the same phenomena of pelagic
distribution as the Siphonophores and Medusa, frequent appearance in
great swarms, sudden disappearance for long periods, unaccountable
irregularity in their participation in plankton formation. The tables
which Schmidtlein has given on the basis of three years’ observa-
tions, on their periodical appearance in the Gulf of Naples, are very
instructive for all three classes of the planktonic Cnidaria (19, p. 120).
The ctenophores also, up to a short time ago, were regarded as auto-
pelagic animals; but of them also it has been discovered that they
extend in abundance to various, somewhat definite depths. Chun, in
his monograph of the ctenophores of Naples (1880, p. 236-238) has
pointed out that these most tender of all pelagic animals have just as
definite vertical as horizontal migrations. Many ctenophores, which
in the spring are found as larve at the surface, later sink, pass the
summer in the cooler depths, and rise to the surface in the autumn in
crowds, as mature animals. The irregularity of their appearance is also
mentioned by Graeffe (20, p. 361).

E.—HELMINTHS OF THE PLANKTON.

The race of the helminths or “‘ worms” (the cross of suffering for sys-
tematic zodlogy) obtains a more natural unity and more logical detini-
tion, if one removes therefrom the platodes and annelids, placing the
former with the ccelenterates, the latter with the articulates. The jus-
tice of this limitation and also the grounds for regarding the worms as
the common ancestral group of the higher animals, I have set forth
already in the “Gastrea Theory” (1873), and many times at later op-
portunities, last in the eighth edition of my “Natural History of Crea-
tion” (1889, p. 540). There remain then as helminths, in the narrower
sense, four divisions with about 12 classes, namely, (1) the Rotatorie

598 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

(Trochosphera, Ichthydina, Rotifera) ; (2) the Strongylaric (Nematoda,
Acanthocephala, Chetognatha); (3) the Rhynchocela (Nemertina, En-
teropneusta), and (4) the Prosopygie (Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Phoronea,
Sipunculee). The larve of many of these worms have acquired the
pelagic mode of life, but most of them are too small and too scattered
in the plankton to be of any considerable importance in its composition.

Chetognatha.—In its mature condition only a single class of hel-
minths plays an independent and indeed an important role in the plank-
ton—the small and peculiar class of arrow-worms or Chctognatha
(Sagitta, Spadella, etc.). These, together with the copepods, salpae,
pteropods, and radiolarians belong to the most substantial, most gen-
erally distributed, and usually unfailing constituents of the plankton.
Hensen (9, p. 59) has made some calculations of the immense numbers
in which they appear. He reckons them in the “perennial plankton,”
yet does not find “‘everywhere the regularity which one might expect.”
He is astonished at the “highly remarkable variations” in their num-
bers, and finds this very unequal distribution very puzzling (9, p. 60).
Chun has lately shown that the troops of Sagitta not only populate the
surface of the sea, but also “in common with the Radiolaria, Tomop-
teride, Diphyide, Crustacea, constitute the most numerous and most
constant inhabitants ef the greater depths. In countless multitudes —
they are taken in the open as well as in the closible net, from 100
meters down to 1,300 meters” (15, p. 17). It seems that Sagitta, as a
whole purely oceanic, is represented by pelagic as well as zonary and
bathybic species.

F.—MOLLUSKS OF THE PLANKTON.

The race of mollusks play a very important réle in the plankton.
Although the great majority of the genera and species belong to the
benthos, yet there are a few families which have become adapted to the
pelagic mode of life, of great importance on account of the great
swarms in which they often appear. The three chief classes which we
distinguish in this race (30, p. 546) live very differently. The Acephala,
entirely benthonic, can take part only as swarming larve in the com-
position of the plankton; so also the swimming larve of many mero-
planktonie Gastropoda. Of these latter only a very few genera have
adopted completely the pelagic mode of life, like Zanthina among the
prosobranchs, Glaweus and Phyllirrhe among the opisthobranchs.

Pteropods and Heteropods.—These two groups of snails are holoplank-
tonic, chiefly nyctipelagic animals, which come to the surface of the sea,
preferably during the night, in vast numbers (14, pp. 121-125). Chun
has lately discovered that many of them are found at considerable
depths (15, p. 36). Some kinds of pteropods (e. g., Spirialis) seem to
belong to the zonary and bathybie fauna. The heteropods are on the
whole of less importance. They occur in great swarms less frequently
and only in certain parts of the warmer seas. The pteropods on the

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 599

other hand surpass the former, not only by a great diversity of genera
and species, but particularly from their enormous development in all
parts of the ocean. Clio and Limacina are known to occur in the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean in schools so vast as to form the chief food
supply of the whales; the swarms of Creseis, Hyalea, and others which
appear in the seas of the warmer and temperate zones, are also So con-
siderable that these fluttering “sea buttertlies (farfalle di mare)” often
play a very important part in the “cycle of matter in the sea” (Stoffwechsel
des Meeres”). The irregularity of the distribution and phenomena
is also shown by the fact that Hensen, during his plankton expedition
through the North Sea (July and August, 1887), completely missed the
pteropods (9, p. 59; 10, p. 116). On the other hand, when in August,
1879, I fished at Scoury, on the northwest coast of Scotland, we found
such immense quantities of Limacina (during the forenoon in still
weather) that these pteropods certainly formed more than nine-tenths
of the entire plankton, and with a bucket we could scoop up many
thousands. The mass of the swarm had the same density for a depth of
two fathoms and for more than a square kilometer in horizontal extent.

Cephalopods.—Although entirely swimming animals, these highly
developed mollusks for the most part do not fall under the term plankton,
if with Hensen we limit this to those “animals floating involuntarily
in the sea” (9,p.1). They must then be included in the “nekton;”
but naturally it depends in some cases entirely on the strength of the
current whether the small cephalopods should be included in the
former or in the latter. In any case this highest developed class of
mollusks is of very great importance in the physiology of the plankton,
the question of the ‘cycle of matter in the sea.” On the one hand
they daily consume vast masses of pteropods, crustacea, sagitta, medu-
sz, and other planktonic animals; on the other, they furnish the most
important food for fishes and cetaceans. From recent investigations
itis found that the cephalopods are partly pelagic, partly zonary or
bathybic (Spirula, Nautilus, etc.). Characteristic small, transparent
Decolene (Loligopside) are known as partly pelagic, partly bathybie
species (15, p. 36). The same is true also of some Octolenw (Philonexide).
Young forms of cephalopods are captured swimming in the plankton at
the surface as well as in the depths.

G.—ECHINODERMS OF THE PLANKTON.

The rayed animals in their significance in the plankton, as also in
many other morphological and physiological relations, show highly
peculiar and varied conditions. Although all echinoderms are without
exception purely marine animals, and no single form of this great
eroup inhabits fresh water, still not a single species has completely
adopted the planktonie life. Not a single echinoderm in its full-grown
and sexually mature condition can be called pelagic. The few forms
which temporarily swim about (Comatulidw) belong only to the neritic

600 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fauna and do not occur in the ocean. They also are found in such
limited numbers that they are without importance for the plankton.

Much more important for us are the free-swimming echinoderm larve,
which often play a great part in the neritic plankton. Indeed they are
classical objects in the history of plankton investigation; for to their
study their discoverer, Johannes Miiller, forty-five years ago first ap-
plied the method of “pelagic fishery with the fine net,” which soon led
to such remarkable and brilliant results. The distribution and number
of the larval rayed animals is naturally dependent upon that of their
benthonie parents; but in addition also partly upon chorological, partly
cecological causes. According to Sir Wyville Thompson (14, II, pp.
217-245; 6, p. 379), the remarkable metamorphosis, discovered and de-
scribed in a masterly way by Miiller, is the rule only among the littoral
forms, chiefly in the temperate and warm zones; on the other hand, it
is the exception in the case of the majority, for star animals of the
deep sea and cold zones, in the Arctic as well_as in the Antarctic,
develop directly. Therefore, great troops of pelagic larve of these
animals occur commonly only in the neritic plankton of the temperate
and warm zones, not in the open ocean. They seem to visit the depths
(below 100 meters) very seldom (15, p. 17). Besides, their appearance
is naturally connected with the time of year of this development; often
only during a few months (9, p. 62). The variation in the constitution
of the ‘periodic plankton” is here very remarkable.

H.—ARTICULATES OF THE PLANKTON.

Of the three chief divisions which we distinguish in the group of
articulated animals (30, p. 570) two, the Annelids and Tracheates, take
no part in the constitution of the plankton. Both are represented only
by a few pelagic genera, and these have a limited distribution. Much
greater in importance is the third chief division, the Crustacea. It is
the only animal class which is. never lacking in the tow-net collections
(or only very exceptionally), and which commonly appears in such
numbers that their predominant position in the animal world of the
sea is evident at the first glance. This applies as well to the oceanic
as to the neritic fauna, to the littoral as to the abyssal benthos.

Annelids.—The great mass of this group, so rich in forms, belongs to
the benthos, and is represented in the abyssal as well as in the littoral
fauna by numerous creeping and sessile forms. Only very few ringed
animals have acquired the pelagic mode of life and have assumed the
characteristic hyaline condition of the oceanic glasslike animals, the
swimming Tomopteride and Alciopide. Both families are represented
in the plankton only by a few genera and species, and asa rule their
nuinber of individuals is not very considerable. Chun has lately
shown by means of the closible net that both forms, Tomopteris as well as
Alciope, are represented in the different depths, from 500 to 1,300 meters,
by peculiar zonary and bathybic species, which are distinguishable

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. ; 601

from the pelagic species of the surface by characteristic marks. “The
wealth in such Alciopide (and Tomopteri de) at all depths of 100 meters
or over is very surprising, and it requires a careful scrutiny, for the beau-
tiful transparent worms often press actively by dozens in serpentine
course through the crowd of other forms in the dishes” (15, p. 24).

Crustacea.—In their general cecological importance, in their uni-
versal distribution over all parts of the ocean, and especially in their
incomprehensible fertility and the abundance of their appearance Ccon-
ditioned thereby, the Crustacea surpass all other classes of animals. In
the physiology of the plankton the first rank in the animal kingdom be-
longs to them, as to diatoms in the vegetable kingdom. On the whole,
in the organic life of the ocean they have the same predominant impor-
tance as the insects for the fauna and flora of the land. In a similar
way, as the complicated “struggle for existence” has called up for the
latter a quantity of remarkable ecological relations and morphological
differences conditioned thereby within the insect class, so has the same
occurred in the ocean within the crustacean class. Meanwhile the
numerous orders and families of this class, so rich in forms, participate
in very different degrees in the constitution of the plankton. The order
of ecopenods by far surpasses. all other orders. Next to these follow the
ostracods and schizopods, then the phyllopods, amphipods and deca-
pods. The other orders of crustaceans participate in the constitution
of the plankton in a much less degree—part of them very little. It is
to be added that larve of all orders may appear in great numbers
therein. Thus, for example, the pelagic larve of the sessile benthonic
cirripeds often appear in the neritic plankton so numerously that they
constitute four-fifths to nine-tenths or even more of the entire mass.

The chorology of the Crustacea offers to the plankton investigator one
of the most important and interesting fields of work, the elaboration of
which has yet scarcely been begun. The same applies also to the geog-
raphy and topography of the oceanic and neritic Crustacea, both in
their horizontal and vertical distribution, to their relations to the ben.
thonic Crustacea as well as to the marine fauna and flora in general.
Asa very important result of the recent discoveries, particularly of the
Challenger, the fact must here as elsewhere be brought up that in the
different groups of Crustacea (just as in the Radiolaria) the vertical
divisions of the planktonic fauna can be very plainly distinguished.
Pelagic, zonary, and bathybie forms are found here in quite definite
relations.

Copepoda.—As the Crustacea are on the whole the most important and
influential among the planktonic animals in their cecological relations,
so are the copepods among the Crustacea. Only one who has seen with
his own eyes can gain a conception of the inmumerable masses in which
these small crustaceans crowd the surface of the ocean as well as the
zones of different depths. For days the ship may sail through wide
stretches of ocean whose surface always remains covered with the same

602 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

yellowish or reddish “animal mush,” composed in by far the greater
part of copepods. Inthe journal which I kept in the winter of 1866-67,
at Lanzarote, in the Canary Islands, of the varying constitution of the
plankton, for many days there is only the remark: “almost pure buck-
ets of copepods,” or “ the collection consisted almost entirely of Crus-
tacea, by far the greater part of copepods.” That these small crus-
taceans form the chief food supply for many of the most important
food-fishes (¢. g., the herring) has long been known. In the Arctic as well
as the Antarctic Ocean Calanus finmarchicus and a few related species
form in general the chief bulk of the plankton, and furnish food for
pteropods and cephalopods, for the divers and penguins, for many fishes
and whales. On the voyage from Japan to Honolulu the Challenger
sailed through wide stretches of the North Pacific Ocean which were
covered with red and white patches, caused by great accumulations of
two species of small copepods, the red being Calanus propinquus (8, p.
758). In many other regions, from the Polar Circle to the Equator, the
ship passed through white bands many miles wide, composed solely
of copepods (8, p. 843). That their appearance is very irregular and
dependent on many conditions is true of this very Important group
of plankton animals as for all others. ~For two days the Challenger went
through thick shoals of Corycaeus pellucidus. For the next three days
the copepods had entirely disappeared. ;
Hensen has made statistical statements upon the appearance of the
copepods of the North and Baltie seas (9, p. 45). Chun has lately shown
that this order plays a highly significant réle, not only at the surface,
but also at considerable depths (600 to 1,300 meters), (15, p.25). “Their
abundance and richness in forms in greater depths is absolutely aston-
ishing. Larval forms of species sessile or living upon the bottom min-
gle in confusion with the young forms and sexually mature stages of
eupelagic species. Many species hitherto regarded as varieties are
numerously represented in the depths.” On the other hand, the order
seems to be very poorly represented at very great depths. The Chal-
lenger found only one very characteristic deep-sea species in 2,200
fathoms—Pontostratioides abyssicolla (8, p. 845). Some genera never
leave the surface and are autopelagiec, e.g., Pontellina (15, p. 27).
Ostracoda.—The ostracods are, next to the copepods, the most impor-
tant Crustacea of the plankton, and are represented at the surface as
well as in different depths by masses of many species. In the cecology
of the ocean they play a similar role, as do the near-related cladocerans
(Daphnide) in the fresh water. The Challenger collected 221 species of
ostracods. Of these 52 were found below 500 fathoms, 19 below 1,500,
and 8 below 2,000 fathoms in depth. Many ostracods, like many cope-
pods and other crustaceans, belong to the most important luminous
animals of the ocean. On my journey to Ceylon (in the beginning of
November, 1881), as well as on the return trip (middle of March, 1882),
IT admired as never before the oceanic light inits splendor. ‘The whole
ocean, so far as the eye could reach, was a continuous shimmering sea

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. . 603

of light.” Microscopical investigation of the water showed that the
Juminous animals were for the most part small Crustacea (Ostracoda),
to a less extent Meduse, Salpe, worms,” ete. (25, pp. 42, 372). Shierchia,
three years later, in the same region and in the same month, saw the
same brilliant phenomenon: “The most brilliant emerald-green light
was produced by an infinitude of ostracods” (8, p. 108).

Schizopoda.—Not less important in the planktonic life than the ostra-
cods (sometimes even more important) are the schizopods. They also
oceur in wide stretches in immense swarms at the surface, as well as
in greater and lesser depths. They also play a great role in the cycle of
matter in the sea (Stoffwechsel des Meeres); on the one side since they
devour great quantities of protozoa and planktonic larvee, and on the
other because they serve as food for the cephalopods and fishes. Many
schizopods, like many ostracods and copepods, belong to the most bril-
liantly luminous animals, and, like the latter, furnish very interesting
problems for the bathygraphy of the plankton. G.O. Sars, who has
worked up the rich material collected by the Ch allenger, distinguished 57
species, and found that 32 of these lived only at the surface, 6 from 32 to
300 fathoms, and 4 extended down below 2,000 fathoms (as far as 2,740
fathoms), (6, p. 739). Chun also has discovered in the Mediterranean a
number of new zonary and bathybie schizopods very different from the
pelagic varieties of the surface, Stylochiron, Arachnomysis, ete. (15, p.30).

The phyllopods (Daphnide), the amphipods (Phronimide, Hypert-
de), and the decapods (Mierside, Sergestide) are indeed represented
in the plankton by a number of interesting forms, partly oceanic,
partly neritic; and some of these occasionally appear in considerable
quantities. But as a whole they are of far less importance than the
copepods, ostracods, and schizopods. The same applies also to the
other groups of Crustacea, although many of them in their larval state
take a great part in the constitution of the plankton. Also in regard
to these multiformed and often abundant pelagic crustacean larve, as
well as for the mature crustacean animals, the advancing plankton
study has still to establish and explain a fund of facts; namely, in
relation to their pelagic, zonary, and bathybic distribution ; their migra-
tions, and the relations in which this planktonic fauna stands to the
benthic fauna. .

Insecta.—That important branch the Tracheata, the most numerous
in forms of all the principal divisions of the animal kingdom, has in the
sea no representatives whatever. The Protracheata, Myriapoda, and
Arachnide are exclusively inhabitants of the land and in small part of
the fresh water, except the pycnogonids or pantopods (in case these
really belong to the Arachnid). Among the Insecta there is only a
single small group of true marine animals, tho family of the Halobatide.
These small insects, belonging to the Hemiptera, have completely ac-
quired a pelagic mode of life, and run about in the tropical ocean just
as our “water-runner” (Hydrometra) on the surface of fresh water.

604 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Both of the genera belonging there (Halobates and Halobatodes, with
about a dozen species) are limited to the tropical and subtropical zone.
The Challenger found them in the Atlantic between 35° north latitude
and 20° south latitude; in the Pacific between 57° north latitude and
23° south latitude. I myself observed Halobates 1umerously in the
Indian Ocean, and on one day in crowds in the neighborhood of Belli-
gam. Although they can dive, they never go into the depths.

J.—TUNICATES OF THE PLANKTON.

The tribe of mantle animals falls into two chief divisions, according
to their mode of life. The ascidians belong to the benthos; all other
tunicates to the plankton. The Copelata (or Appendicularide) are mor-
phologieally the oldest branch of the stem, and are to be regarded as
the nearest of the now living relatives of the Prochordinie, the hypo-
thetical common ancestor of the tunicates and vertebrates (30, p. 605),
The near relationship of the Copelata and the ascidian larva makes it
very probable that the whole class_of ascidians has sprung from the
primarily pelagic Copelata, and has diverged from this through the
acquirement of a sessile mode of life. The Lucidiw or Pyrosomida, on
the other hand, are probably secondarily pelagic animals, and sprang
from the Celocormida, a benthonic synascidian group. The Thalidie
(the Doliolide as well as the Salpide) are to be regarded as primarily
pelagic animals. . These conditions are doubly interesting, because the
tunicates in an exemplary manner demonstrate the peculiarities which
the transition on one side to a sessile mode of life in the benthos (in
case of the ascidians), and on the other to a free-swimming mode of
life in the plankton (in the case of all other tunicates), has brought
about. All the latter are transparent and luminous fragile animals,
poor in genera and species, but rich in numbers of individuals. The
ascidians, on the other hand, fastened to the bottom, in part littoral on
the coast, in part abyssal in the deep sea, are much richer in genera
and species, in many ways adapted to the manifold local conditions of
the bottom, and mostly opaque. The few hyaline forms (e. g., Clavellina)
may be regarded as the remnant of the old ascidian branch, which
diverged from the pelagic Copelata.

All planktonic tunicates are exquisite oceanic animals and all may
appear in immense swarms of astonishing extent. Murray (6, pp. 170,
521, 738, etc.) and Chierchia (8, pp. 32, 55, 75, ete.) met with great
swarms of Appendicularia, Pyrosoma, Doliolum, and Salpa in the middle
of the open ocean, both in the Atlantic and Pacific, particularly in the
equatorial zone. I observed the same in the Indian Ocean, between
Ceylon and Aden. Further, I have whole bottles full of closely pressed
Thalidie, which Captain Rabbe collected in the middle of the Atlantic,
Pacific, and Indian oceans, far removed from all coasts. In many log
books also these swimming and luminous crowds of Salpa and Pyro-
soma on the open sea, far from all coasts, are spoken of. On the other

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 605

hand we know of no neritic tunicates, no other forms of swimming
mantled animals which are found only on the coasts, except the omni-
present ascidian larva.

Lately Chun has established the interesting fact that the planktonic
tunicates occur in numbers not only at the surface and in slight depths,
but also during the summer extend down into greater depths (15, pp.
32, 42). He discovered further in the Mediterranean new Copelata,
which are only zonary or bathybic, never coming to the surface and
characterized by peculiar organization as well as difference in size
(Megalocereus abyssorum, 3 centimeters long, 15, p. 40).

The small, delicate Copelata and Doliola, from their small size, are
naturally more difficult to see than the large luminous Salpe and
Pyrosoma. Whoever has carefully examined great quantities of oceanic
plankton can readily testify that the former also occur almost every-
where and oceasionally take an important part in the constitution of
the mixed plankton. Among the Salp@ there are for example the
smaller species which form extensive swimming shoals. From the
three-year observations of Schmidtlein it is learned that the salpas
belong to the perennial plankton and are numerous throughout the
whole year (19, p. 123).

K.—VERTEBRATES OF THE PLANKTON.

The vertebrates of the sea are in their mature condition for the most
part too large and have too powerful voluntary movements to be
reckoned in the true plankton in Hensen’s sense, as “animals carried
involuntarily with the water.” The sea fishes, as well as the aquatic
birds and mammals of the sea, overcome more or less easily the impetus
of the currents, and thereby prove their independence by voluntary
movements, which is not commonly the case with the floating inver-
tebrate animals of the plankton. Meanwhile I have already shown
above that this limitation of the plankton against the nekton is very
arbitrary and at any moment may be changed in favor of the latter
through diminution of the strength of the current. For the chief point
of Hensen’s plankton investigation, for the question of the “cycle of
matter in the sea,” the vertebrates are of greatest importance, since
they, the largest of the rapacious animals of the sea, daily consume the
greatest quantity of plankton, no matter whether directly or indirectly.
A single sea fish of medium size may daily consume hundreds of
pteropods and thousands of crustacea, and in case of the giant cetaceans
this quantity may be increased ten or a hundred fold. In a@ compre-
hensive consideration of the plankton conditions, and particularly in
its physiological, cecological, and chorological discussion, a thorough
investigation of the vertebrates swimming in the sea, the marine fishes,
the aquatic birds, seals, and cetaceans, is not to be undertaken. We
can then turn from it here, since it has no further reiation to the pur-
pose of this plankton study. We can here in Hensen’s sense (9, p. 1)

*

606 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

provisionally limit ourselves to the vertebrates of the sea “carried
involuntarily with the water,” and as such (apart from a few small
pelagic fishes) only the pelagic eggs, young brood, and larve of the
marine fishes come into consideration. Some few teleosts (Scopelide,
Trichiuride, et al.) occur sometimes in schools in the plankton and
are partly autopelagic, partly bathypelagic. The remarkable Lepto-
cephalide are possibly plauktonic larve (of Miurenoide), which never
become sexually mature (7, p. 562),

Fish eggs.—The planktonic fish eggs, found in great numbers at the
surface of the sea, as well as the young fish escaped from them, play
without doubt a great rdle in the natural history of the sea. Hensen,
whose planktonic investigation started from this point, had thereupon
‘based the hope to obtain a far more definite conclusion upon the supply
of certain species of fishes than had hitherto seemed to be possible” (9,
p. 39). Butthe assumption from which he starts is wholly untenable.
Hensen says (loc. cit.):

It is scarcely to be doubted that an opinion upon the relative wealth of various
kinds of fish in the Baltic or in any other part of theocean whatever can be obtained
through the determination of the quantity of eggs in the area under consideration.

Brandt also characterizes this proposition as very lucid and weighty
(23, p. 517).

This standard proposition of Hensen and Brandt, from which a series
of very important and complicated computations are to be made, was
disposed of in a brilliant manner thirty years ago by Charles Darwin.
In the third chapter of his epoch-making ‘Origin of Species,” treating
of the “Struggle for Existence,” Darwin, under the head of Malthus’
theory of population, speaks of the conditions and results of individual
increase, the geometric relation of their increase, and the nature of the
hindrances to increase. He points out that “in all cases the average
number of individuals of any species of plant or animal depends only
indirectly on the number of seeds or eggs, but directly on the conditions
of existence under which they develop.” Striking examples of these
facts ave everywhere at hand, and I myself have mentioned a number of
them in my ‘Natural History of Creation” (30, p.143). Still, to draw
a few examples from the life of the plankton, I recall in this connection
many pelagic animals; e. g., crustacea and meduse. Many small medu-
se, which belong to the most numerous animals of the pelagic fauna
(e. g., Obelia and Lirope) produce relatively few eggs; as also copepods,
the commonest of all planktonic animals. Incomparably greater is the
number-of eggs produced by a single large medusa or decapod, which
belongs to the rarer species. So, from the number of pelagic fish eggs
not the slightest conclusion can be drawn as to the number of fish which
develop from them and reach maturity. The major portion of the
planktenie fish eggs and young are early consumed as food by other
animals.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 607

V.—COMPOSITION OF THE PLANKTON.

The composition of the plankton ts in qualitative as well as quantitative
relations very irregular, and the distribution of the same in place and
time in the ocean also very unequal. These two axioms apply to the
oceanic as well as to the neritic plankton. In both these important
axioms, which in my opinion must form the starting-point and the
foundation for the wcology and chorology of the plankton, are embodied
the concordant fundamental conceptions of all those naturalists who
have hitherto studied carefully for a long time the natural history of
the pelagic fauna and flora.

The surprise was general when Prof. Hensen this year advanced an
entirely opposite opinion, “that in the ocean the plankton was dis-
tributed so equally that from a few hauls a correct estimate could be
made of the condition in a very much greater area of the sea” (22, p.
243). He says himself that the plankton expedition of Kiel, directed
by him, started on this ‘ purely theoretical view,” and that it had “full
results because this hypothesis was proven far more completely than
couid have been hoped” (22, p. 244).*

These highly remarkable opinions of Hensen, contradictory to all
previous conceptions, demand the most thorough investigation; for if
they are true, then all naturalists who many years previously, and in
the most extensive compass, have studied the composition and distri-
bution of the plankton are completely in error and have arrived at
entirely false conclusions. If, on the other hand, these propositions of
Hensen are false, then his entire plankton theory based thereon falls,
and all his painstaking computations (on which in the last six years he
has spent 17,000 hours, which he wishes to have number the individ-
uals distributed in the plankton) are utterly worthless.

In the first place, the empirical basis upon which Hensen founded his
assumptions must be proved, ‘starting from a purely theoretical point
of view.” The plankton expedition of Kiel was 93 days at sea, and in
the months of late summer (July 15 to November 7) which, as is known,
offer in the northern hemisphere the most unfavorable time of all for
pelagic fishery (28, p. 16, 18). Hensen himself says that it bore the
“character of a trial trip” (22, p. 10), and his companion Brandt names
ita “reconnaissance ” upon which they had come to investigate rapidly

* Hensen speaks of this in the following terms: ‘‘Titherto it was the prevailing
view that the inhabitants of the sea were distributed in schools, and that one, ac-
cording to luck and chance, according to wind, current, and season, sometimes came
upon thick masses, sometimes upon uninhabited parts. This in fact applies only in
a certain degree for the harbors. For the open sea our knowledge teaches that nor-
mally regular distribution obtains there, which changes in thickness and ingredients
only within wide zones corresponding to the climatic conditions. In any case one
must seck the variation from such condition according to the cause which has pro-
duced it, and the occurrence of inequality is not to be taken as the given starting-
point for relative investigation” (22, p. 244).

608 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

in succession as great areas as possible” (23, p. 525). In a more
remarkable way he adds: “‘Thereby has resulted the furnishing of a
fixed basis for a thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis of
marine organisms.” According to my view such ‘fixed basis” was
obtained long ago, particularly by the widely extended investigations
of the Challenger expedition (from January, 1873, to May, 1876), fitted
out with all appliances. This embraced a period of forty months, and
included ‘the whole expanse of the ocean.” ‘Their experience ought
to lay claim to much greater value than that of the National, whose
voyage of three months took in only a part of the Atlantic, and was in
addition trammeled by bad weather, accidents to the ship, early loss of
the large vertical nets, and other misfortunes in the carrying out of their
plans. It is hardly conceivable how an “exact investigator,” from so
incomplete and fragmentary experience, can derive the “fixed basis”
for new and far-reaching views, which stand in remarkable contradic-
tion to all previous experience.

It would here lead too far, if, from the numerous old and new narra-
tives of voyages, I should collect the observations of seafarers upon
the remarkable inequality of the sea population, the different fauna and
flora of the regions of currents, the alternation of immense swimming
swarms of animals and almost uninhabited areas of sea. It is sufficient
to point out the two works in which the most extensive and thorough
knowledge up to this time is collected, the “‘ Narrative of the Cruise of
H. M.S. Challenger,” edited by John Murray (6), and the “ Collezioni
della R. Corvetta Vettor Pisand” (8), published by Chierchia. Since the
general chorological and cecological results in these two principal works
agree fully with my own views gained from thirty years’ experience, I
pass immediately to.a general exposition of these latter, reserving their
proof for a later special work.

A.—POLYMIXIC AND MONOTONIC PLANKTON,

The constitution of the plankton of swimming plants and animals of
different classes is exceedingly manifold. In this regard I distinguish
first two principal forms, polymixic and monotonic plankton.*

The “mixed tow-stuff (Awftrieb), or the polymixie plankton,” is com-
posed of organisms of different species and classes in such a way that
no one form or group of forms composes more than the one-half of the
whole volume. The “simple tow-stuff, on the other hand, or the monotonic
plankton,” shows a very homogeneous composition, while a single group
of organisms, a Single species or a single genus, or even a single family
or order, forms very predominantly the chief mass of the capture, at
least the greater part of the entire volume of the plankton, often two-
thirds or three-fourths of it, sometimes even more. Under this mon-
otonic plankton one may again distinguish prevalent plankton, when
the predominant group forms up to three-fourths of the total volume,

* TloAbucktog = much oe eae MavoTovog = Sol a ae form, ae

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 609

and uniform plankton when this exceeds three-fourths and forms almost
the whole mass.

In general the mixed plankton is more abundant than the simple,
since as a rule the circumstances of the “struggle for existence” condi-
tion and vary in many ways the constitution of the planktonic flora and
fauna. Still there are numerous exceptions to this rule, and at many
points in the ocean (especially in the zodcurreuts) there occurs locally
a development so numerous, and an accumulation of a single form or
group of forms in such swarms, that these in the haul of the pelagic net
form more than one-half the entire volume. This monotonic plankton
appears in very different definite forms; for the difference of climate,
the season, the oceanic currents, the neritic relation, etc., determine
significant differences in the quantitative development of the plankton
organisms, which simultaneously appear in vast numbers ina definite
region. I will next briefly go over the single forms of the monotonic
plankton known to me, passing over, however, the consideration of the
extremely manifold composition of the polymixie plankton, since I am
reserving that as well as a contribution of a number of mixture-tables
for a later work.

1. Monotonic Protophytic Plankton.—Of the seven groups of pelagic
Protophytes, at least three, the Diatoms, Murracytes, and Peridinea,
appear in such quantities in the ocean that they alone may constitute
the larger part of the collection of the pelagic nets. The most impor-
tant and most common is the monotonic diatom-plankton, particularly in
brackishand coast waters. The siliceous-shelled unicellular Protophytes
which compose this belong, often predominantly or almost entirely, to
a single species or genus, as Synedre in the colder, Chetoceros in the
warmer seas. The colossal masses of Arctic and Antarctic diatoms,
which form the *black-water,” the feeding-ground of whales, have been
mentioned above. In the warmer tropical and subtropical parts of
the ocean such accumulations of diatoms seldom ornever occur. Here
their place is taken by the monotonie murracyte-plankton, composed of
immense swarms of nyctipelagic Pyrocystide. Less frequent is the
monotonic peridinee-plankton. Although these Dinoflagellata take a
very significant part in the composition, especially of the neritic plank-
ton, yet they do not often occur in such quantities as to form the
greater part of the volume of the capture.

2. Monotonic Metaphytic-Plankton.—Among the pelagic Metaphytes
there are only two forms, the Oscillatorie and the Sargassec, which
appear so numerously that they form the greater part of the pelagic
tow-stuff. The monotonic oscillatoria-plankton, as a rule formed of
Swimming bundles of fibers of a single species of Trichodesmium, ap-
pears in many regions of the tropical ocean in such masses that the
quantity of the pelagie fauna is diminished on that account. The
monotonic sargassum-plankton, formed of “swimming banks” of a single
fucoid, Sargassum bacciferum, is the characteristic massive form of
organic life in the Halistasa of the “Sargasso Sea.”

H. Mis. 113——39

610 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

3. Monotonic Protozoic-Plankton.—Among the unicellular Protozoa,
three different groups, the Noctiluca, Globigerina, and Radiolaria, ap-
pear pelagically in such quantities that they form the greater part of
the volume of the plankton. The monotonic noctiluca-plankton is neritic,
and is composed almost exclusively of milliards of the common Nocti-
luca miliaris. It forms the reddish-yellow covering of slime upon the
surface of the coast seas, and in the ocean always points out the litto-
ral currents. On the other hand, the widely distributed monotonic glo-
bigerina-plankton is purely oceanic, the point of origin of the globigerina
ooze of the deep sea. In different regions of the ocean it is composed
of different genera of the above-mentioned pelagic thalamophores.
Much more manifold is the monotonic radiolaria-plankton, also oceanic,
Of these, one can distinguish the three following modifications :*

(1) Polycyttaria-Plankton, sometimes composed only of Collozowm,
sometimes of Spherozoum, sometines of Collosphera, most often of a
mixture of these three forms; in the warmer seas, partly pelagic, partly
zonary; very abundant.

(2) Acantharia-Plankton, commonly formed of milliards of a single or
of a few species of Acanthometron (in the colder seas, e. g., on the east
and west coast of South America, south of 40° 8S. lat.; also north of
50° N. lat. on the coast of Shetland, Faroé;Orkney, and Norway) ; partly
autopelagic, partly bathypelagic.

(3) Pheodaria- Plankton, zonary and bathybic, mostly composed of the
larger species of Aulospheride and Sagospherida, Celodendride and
Celographide (e. g., Caloplegina murrayanum from the Faroé-Orkney
Channel, 4, p. 1757).

4. Monotonic Cnidaria-Plankton.—In the group of nettle animals
there are numerous forins of meduse, siphonophores, and etenophores,
which appear in immense schools. The monotone medusa-plankton is
chiefly neritic, composed of very different local forms on the different
coasts. Of the larger Acraspedota, in the warmer seas Rhizostoma (Pil-
emide, Crambesside) particularly occur; in the colder, Semostoma
(Aurelide, Cyanide), which in schools fill the littoral bays and eur-
rents. Of the oceanic Scyphomeduse, Pelagia seems to form similar
schools. Among the Craspedota, monotonic medusa-plankton is espe-
cially formed of neritic Cordonida, Margelide, and Eucopidea, of oceanic
Aquoride, Liriopide, and Trachynemide. Monotonic siphonophora-
plankton occurs only in the warmer seas, although Diphyidea are found
abundantly in all parts of the ocean. The remarkable blue troops of

which I have collected (1890) and which can be bought through the famulus Franz
Pohle at Jena; 8 of these preparations contain polycyttaria-plankton, 2 acantharia-
plankton, and 3 phedodaria-plankton. This collection (of 34 microscopical prepa-
rations) embraces in addition 17 preparations of the radiolarian-ooze of the deep sea,
and 4 preparations of deep sea horny-sponges, whose pseudo-skeleton is composed
of radiolarian slime. (Challenger Report, part LXXX11.)

‘ PLANKTONIC STUDIES. Gig

in the tropical and subtropical seas attracted the attention of seafarers
by their immense numbers as well as by the irregularity of their sudden
appearance and disappearance. Rarer is a purely physonectic plank-
ton chiefly composed of Forskalia; I have observed such repeatedly at
Lanzarote. At that same place also occurred frequently a monotonic
ctenophora-plankton. These delicate nettle animals also, as is well
known, like the Medusew and Siphonophores, appear in such closely
packed crowds that there is scarcely room between them for other
pelagic animals. Not infrequently the great accumulation of a single
species of ctenophore imparts to the plankton a very remarkable char-
acter, and this is true in all oceans, in the cold as well as in the warm
and temperate zones. More often it happens that the monotonic enid-
aria-plankton is composed of several species of Meduswe, Siphonophores,
and Otenophores, while other classes of animals take only a very limited
share in its constitution.

5. Monotonic Sagittide-Plankton.—The only form of monotonic plank-
ton which the branch of Helminthes furnishes is made up by the class
of the Chetognatha, various species of the genera Sagitta and Spadella.
Although purely oceanic according to their mode of life, yet they occur
numerously in the neritic tow-stuff (Auftrieb). Sometimes only a single
species of these genera, sometimes several species close together,
appear in such swarms as to make up more than half of the entire
plankton. These phenomena have been observed in the colder as well
as in the warmer seas. In the former the plankton is composed of the
smaller, in the latter of the larger species. These forms occur also in
the deep sea, and indeed the zonary sagittide-plankton is composed
of different species from the pelagic.

6. Monotonic Pteropoda-Plankton.— Astonishing masses of oceanic pte-
ropods are very widely distributed in all parts of the ocean, and in part
are formed of characteristic genera and species in the different zones.
The immense schools of Clio borealis and Limacina arctica, which
inhabit the northern seas and (as ‘*‘whale-food”) furnish the chief
food supply for many cetaceans, sea-birds, fishes, and cephalopods,
have long been known. But no less immense are other swarms of
pteropods, composed of different genera and species, which populate
the seas of the temperate and tropical zones. These have often escaped
the notice of seafarers, because most species are nyctipelagic. Of the
immense quantities of these floating snails, direct evidence is furnished
by the accumulated calcareous shells, which in many stretches of ocean
(especially in the tropical zone) thickly cover the bottom at depths
between 500 and 1,500 fathoms. Often the greater part of this
““pteropod-ooze” is formed solely: of them (6, pp. 126,922). At Messina
as well as at Lanzarote I found the pteropod-plankton often mixed with
considerable numbers of heteropods. Still the latter never form the
greater part of the volume.

612 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

- —

7. Monotonic Crustacea-Plankton.—As the crustaceans surpass all
other classes of the animals of the plankton in quantitative develop:
ment, so they form monotonic plankton far more often than all other
classes. Most commonly this simple crustacean-plankton is composed of *
copepods, not infrequently entirely of a single species (6, pp. 758, 848),
Next to this I have more frequently found monotonic ostracoda-plank-
ton; next schizopoda-plankton. Sometimes also there are in these two
orders only numberless individuals of a single species, sometimes of
many different species, which compose the monotonic plankton, often
almost exclusively, and at other times mixed with additions of other
Crustacea, Sagitta, Salpa, ete. The other above-mentioned orders of
crustaceans, which also take a considerable part in the constitution of
the plankton, the decapods, amphipods, and phyllopods, I have never
found in such quantities that they formed more than half of the mass
of tow-stuff. On the contrary, such quantities of crustacean-larve of
one species (e. g., of Lepas and other cirripeds) occasionally appear that
they predominantly determine the character of the plankton.

8. Monotonic Tunicata-Plankton.—Next to the monotonic forms of
plankton, which are composed of Crustacea and Cnidaria, that of the
Tunicata is most numerous. Quite preponderant in quantity are the
Thalidie or Salpacee (Salpa and Salpella), and among these, especially
the smaller species (Salpa democratica-mucronata, S. runcinata-fust-
formis, and related species). I have often taken such monotonic salpa-
plankton in the Mediterranean, in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and
have received the same also through Capt. Rabbe from different parts
of the Pacific Ocean. Masses of Doliolwm and of Copelata (Appendicu-
laria, Vewxillaria, ete.) are also commonly mixed with this in greater or
less quantities. Still these planktonic tunicates, on account of their
small size, recede before the Salpe. I know of no instance where they
have by themselves formed a monotonic plankton. But this is the
case with the nyetipelagic pyrosoma. The Challenger and the Vettor
Pisani in the tropics, on dark nights, met with quantities of monotonie
pyrosoma-plankton in the middle of the Atlantic and Pacific. By day
not a single one of these “cones of fire” was to be seen, and as soon
as the moon arose they went into the depths (8, pp. 32, 34).

9. Monotonic Fish-Plankton.—If, with Hensen, we limit the term
plankton to the halobios floating passively in the sea, we can desig-
nate as “monotonic fish-plankton” only the schools of very young and
small fishes, which often appear abundantly in the currents, occasion-
ally so compact that very few other pelagic animals can find room
between them. If one wishes to extend the term still farther, and wipe
out the sharp distinction between plankton and nekton, all those sea
fishes (oceanice as well as neritic) which appear in schools, and which
play so significant an @cological role in the cycle of matter in the sea
(e. g., Scopelide, Clupeide, Leptocephalide, Scomberoide) will in general
belong here (12, p. 51).

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 613
B.—TEMPORAL PLANKTONIC DIFFERENCES.

The first and most remarkable phenomenon, known to every seafaring
planktologist, is the varying constitution of the plankton and the vari-
able mingling of its constituents. The remarkable differences of com-
position apply qualitatively and quantitatively to the oceanic as well as
to the neritic plankton, They are just as important in the comparison
of different places during the same time as. at different times in one
and the same place. We can therefore distinguish local and temporal
variations, and will first of all consider the latter.

To obtain a complete and more certain survey of the temporary vari-
ations of plankton composition, there would be needed especially an
unbroken series of observations, which had been carried on at one and
the same place at least for the space of a full year—still better for
several successive vears—to obtain from the yearly and monthly oseil-
lations a general average. Such complete series of observations, com-
parable to the meteorological (with which they stand in direct causal
connection), have not hitherto been made. They belong to the most im-
portant tasks of the zoblogical stations now everywhere springing up.*

Meanwhile, a general conception of the considerable size of the yearly
and monthly oscillations can be obtained from a comparative summary
based upon the important series of observations extending over three
years, which Schmidtlein has given upon the appearance of the larger
pelagic animals in the Gulf of Naples, during 1875-77 (19, p. 120).
The contributions of Graeffe upon the occurrence and time of appear-
ance of marine animals in the Gulf of Trieste are also worthy of notice
in this connection (20).

The considerable temporal variations which underlie the appearance
of the pelagic organisms and which determine such great differences in
the plankton composition, relative to quality and quantity, may be
divided into four groups: (1) yearly, (2) monthly, (3) weekly, (4) hourly
variations. Their causes are manifold, partly meteorological, partly
biological. They are comparable to corresponding temporal oscillations
of the terrestrial flora and fauna, on one side depending upon climatic
conditions and meteorological processes, and on the other upon the
changing mode of life, especially upon the conditions of reproduction
and development. As the annual development of most terrestrial
plants is connected with definite time conditions, as the period of bud-

ding and leaf development, of their blossoming and fructification, has

* My own extensive, experience, I am sorry to say, is in this regard very insufficient,
since I have never worked ata zodlogical station, and since usually I was only so
fortunate as to go to the seacoast for a few months (or even only for a few weeks)
during the academic vacation. Only once have I had the opportunity to extend my
plankton studies at one and the same place to a half year (from October, 1859, to
April, 1860, at Messina, 3, p. v, 166), and three. times have [I carried them on for
three months at the same place—in the summer of 1859 at Naples, in the winter of
1866-67 at Lanzarote, and in the winter of 1881-82 in Ceylon.

614 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

become adapted to the meteorological conditions, the time of year and
other conditions of life in the ‘struggle for existence,” so also the —
annual development of most marine animals is governed by definite,
inherited habits. With them also the influence of meteorological vari-
ations on the one side, of cecological relations on the other, are of the
greatest importance for the periodical appearance. Most organisms
appear in the plankton only periodically, and only very few can be
reckoned as belonging to the “ perennial plankton” in Hensen’s sense
(9, p. 1). This investigator also attaches great importance to the tem-
poral “highly remarkable variations” in the plankton composition (9,
pp. 29, 59); he explains it in part by “ periods of famine” (p. 53).

Yearly oscillations—The plankton literature has hitherto contained
only a few reliable statements upon the yearly variations, which underlie
the appearance of the pelagic animals and plants. Still there are a few
contributions of high merit, extending over a series of years, namely
those of Schmidtleim from Naples (19) and of Graeffe from Trieste
(20). Even the first glance at the tables, those of the former relating
to the appearance of the pelagic animals in the Gulf of Naples, shows
us how remarkably different was the action of the majority of these
in several successive years. As there are good and bad wine and fruit
years, so there are rich and barren plankton years. But Schmidtiein
correctly remarks that extensive observations extending through a
long series of years are demanded to gain a deeper insight into the
meaning of these yearly und monthly variations shown in the tables.
The same view is also held by Chun, who, in his monograph of the
ctenophores of the Gulf of Naples (p. 236), points out how very differ-
ent was the number of these in five successive years.

Graeffe, resting on the basis of his observations for many years, says
of Cotylorhiza tuberculata, that this beautiful acaleph has not for many
years been found in the Adriatic, in other years only individually, but
not at all rarely (yet always only in the three months of July, August,
and September). Justas variable is the occurrence—“ according to the
year”—of Umbrosa lobata and other meduse. Of the six species of ~
ctenophores of the Gulf of Trieste, only one appears every year, the five
others only now and then. Not only do the quantities of individuals,
but also the “ time of appearance of pelagic animals change according to
the meteorological conditions of the time of year” (20, v, p. 361). I
myself can fully establish this proposition on the ground of observa-
tions which I have made in the course of many years of medusa
studies. Many of these “ capricious beauties” occur in one and the
same place on the Mediterranean coast (e. g., in Portofino, in Villa-
franca), numerously in the first year, rarely in the second, and not at
all in the third. When,in April, 1873, I fished in the Gulf of Smyrna,
it was full of swarms of the great pelagic Chrysaora hyoscella. In
April, 1887, when for the second time I sought the same gulf, I could
not find a single individual of that beautiful medusa, but instead the

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 615

gulf was filled by crowds of a new, hitherto undescribed, large medusa,
Drymonema cordelia. Thousands of these Cyaneidw lay cast upon the
beach at Cordelio.*

Monthly oscillations.—The time of year is of just as great importance

for the appearance of very many pelagic animals as for the flowering -
and fruit formation of land plants. Many of the larger planktonic ani-
mals, Meduse, Siphonophores, Ctenophores, Heteropods, Pyrosoma, ete.,
appear only in one month or during a few months of the year. They
form Hensen’s “periodic plankton.” In the Mediterranean many
pelagic animals are numerous in the winter, while in the summer they
are entirely wanting. This “periodical appearance of pelagic animals”
has long been known and often mentioned; but not so the important
fact that these ethoral periods themselves show considerable variations.
For this the tables of Schmidtiein (19) and the notes of Graeffe (20)
give important points of support. Especially the Disconecte and other
Siphonophorest behave very irreguiarly. The cause of the monthly
variation lies on the one side in the conditions of reproduction and
development; on the other in the varying temperature of the season,
as Chun has lately shown (15, 16).

Daily oscillations—Every naturalist who has observed and fished
pelagic animals and plants in the sea for a long time, knows how unlike
their appearance is on different days in the same period of the year or
in the same month, when one may daily hope to find them. Asa rule,
the weather, and particularly the wind, conditions the remarkable
difference of appearance. In long-continuing calms the surface of the
sea becomes covered with swarms of various pelagic creatures. In
long bands, smooth as oil, the most wonderful zodcurrents appear.
But as soon as a fresh wind stirs up lively waves, the majority sink
into the quiet depths, and if a more violent storm churns up the deeper
layers, all life vanishes from the surface for days. Many animals of
the plankton (especially oceanic) are very susceptible to the influence
of fresh water, and therefore disappear during violent rains. Warm
sunshine entices the one to the surface, while it drives the other into
thedepths. ‘This influence of the weather upon the quality and quantity
of the planktonic composition is so well known that it is not necessary
to give examples. Hensen (9) has even gone over his work many times,
without thinking how the above endangers his “exact methods” and
made their results illusionary.

* Drymonema cordclia, whose milk-white umbrella reaches half a meter in diameter,
TI will describe hereafter. It differs in the formation of the gonads and oval tenta-
cles, as in several other points, from the Adriatic species, which I have described as
Drymonema victoria (=dalmatinum) (11, 29).

tOFf the Disconecte (Porpila and Velella) Chun during a 7 months’ residence at
the Canary Islands (1887-88) could find not a single specimen. According to him
they should appear first in midsummer (July to September). On the other hand
I saw at Lanzarote an isolated swarm of these Disconectw in midwinter, in Feb-
ruary, 1867,

616 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Hourly oscillations —Many pelagic animals appear at the surface
of the sea only at a definite hour of the day, some in the morning,
others at noon, still others towards evening. During the remainder
of the day not a single individual of the species is to be found,
_Agassiz, thirty years ago, brought forward noticeable examples of
this from the class of Medusw, and I can from my own experience adduce
a number of other examples. But many other pelagic animals also
(e. y., Siphonophores, Heteropods) come to the surface only for a few hours.
We have long known that the swarms of the nyctipelagie Pteropods,
Pyrosoma and many Crustacea, come to the surface only during the night
and flee the light of day. Other groups acfi just reversely. but the
late extensive observations, especially of Murray (6), Chierchia (8),
and Chun (15) have taught us how great is the extent and importance
of those hourly variations. That these are of great influence upou
the composition of the plankton, and that this accordingly is very
different at different times of day, needs 1» repetition. But we must
allude once more to how all these temporal oscillations must be taken
into consideration, if the equality of plankton distribution is to be
proved by observation and estimation. Jn point of fact they all seem
to tend to very remarkable inequality.

C.—CLIMATIC PLANKTON DIFFERENCES.

The numerous contributions which earlier and later observers have
made upon the appearance of the swarms of the pelagic animals in
different regions of the ocean, agree in pointing out the differences
among them, corresponding to the climatic zones. Thus the Arctic
oceans are characterized by masses of monotonic plankton of Diatom,
Beroide, Copepod, and Pteropod groups, swarms which are often com-
posed of milliards of single species. In the oceanic regions of the
temperate zone we meet monotonic plankton of the Fucoid, Noctiluca,
Medusa, Ctenophore, Salpa, Schizopod, etc., classes, sometimes com-
posed of one, sometimes of several species. In the tropical ocean im-
mense banks of monotonic plankton appear, in which the Murracytes,
Oscillatorie, Physalia, Pyrosoma, Ostracoda, determine the character of
the swimming oceanic population. Although these facts have long
been known, up to this time no attempt has been made to arrange
them chorologically or to define more closely the characteristic features
of the plankton in the climatic zones. Yet I believe, partly upon the
ground of the accounts referred to above (particularly of the Challenger
and of the Vettor Pisani), partly on the ground of my own comparative
investigations (of the Challenger as well as of the Rabbe collections),
that even now an important proposition can be formulated.

The quantity of the plankton is little dependent upon the climatic differ-
ences of the zones, the quality very dependent; especially in this way, that
the number of component species diminishes from the equator towards
both poles. This proposition corresponds, on the whole, with the con-
ditions which the climatic differences show in the terrestrial fauna and

~

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 617

flora. Here as there the explanation of the facts is above all to be
sought in the influence of the sun, that “all-powerful creator,” which
in the tropical zone conditions a much more lively interaction of the
natural forces than in the polar zones. The “‘cyele of matter in the
sea” (Stoffiwechsel des Meeres) is no less influenced by the perpendicular
rays of the sun than is the terrestrial fauna and flora; and as in the
tropics the quantity and the complexity of the terrestrial organic living
forms is by far most highly developed, so is it also the case with the
marine forms.

Hensen places himself in remarkable opposition to this hitherto
accepted view when in his account of the results of the National expe-
dition he surprises us with the following statement:

Although we have found plankton everywhere, the amount of it under and near
the tropics was relatively small, namely on an average 8 times less than in the
north near the Banks of Newfoundland. Each one of these hauls contained
upwards of a hundred different forms; but the poverty of the quantity is still a
remarkably apparent established fact (22, p. 245).

In the notable account which KE. du Bois-Reymond (on January 23,
1890) laid before the Berlin Academy upon the results of the National
expedition, it was said concerning its scientific results that a complete
account could not be given for three years, but then he added:

Only one chief result may here be assumed beforehand. Contrary to all expecta-
tions, established upon a theoretical basis, the quantity of plankton in the tropical
waters is shown to be surprisingly small (21, p. 87).

Since Hensen with this “chief result” of the National expedition
stands in strong opposition to the familiar experience of the Challenger,
of the Vettor Pisani, and of many other expeditions, we must first of
all again examine the empirical foun dations upon which his assertions
rest. For these he admits that he regards as such only the results of
his “trial trip” through a part of the Atlantic ocean, in which the rest-
dence in the tropics embraced scarcely two months. The results which
he here draws from his plankton fisheries, which obviously turned out
remarkably poorly as a result of accidental conditions, may contradict
the results which were set up by the Challenger and the Vettor Pisani
during a residence in the tropics of altogether four years, in different
parts of three great oceans. It is not indeed saying too much, if we
declare this kind of conclusion by Hensen as hasty, and the “exact
method” which he wishes tu establish by computation as useless.

My own comparative study of the rich planktonic collections which
Murray and Rabbe have brought in from the different parts of the three
great oceans, has convinced me that the tropical ocean is not only qual-
itatively much richer (by the variety and number of planktonic spe-
cies and genera) than the oceans of the temperate and cold zones, but
that it also does not fall behind the latter quantitatively (in the abun-
dant distribution and vast accumulations of individuals). To be sure,
one ought not to take into consideration merely the surface of the trop-
ical ocean (although this also is often extremely densely populated), but

618 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

also the deeper zonary regions. For in the tropical zone there are
numerous nyctipelagic organisms, which by day shun the glow of the
perpendicular rays of the sun and betake themselves into the cooler,
more or less deep layers of water; but at night these bathypelagie ani-
mals and plants appear at the surface in such immense crowds that
they are not surpassed in quantity by the “immeasurable swarms” of
pelagic organisms in the temperate and cold zones.

During my trip through the tropical region of the Indian Ocean, as
well on the way to Ceylon (from Bombay) as on the return (from Soco-
tora), I daily wondered at the great richness of pelagic life on the mir-
rored surface. At night the “‘whole ocean, as far as the eye could see,
was a continuous shimmering sea of light” (25, p. 52). The luminous
water, which at night we scooped up directly from the surface with
buckets, showed a confused mass of nyctipelagic luminous animals (Os-
tracods, Salpa, Pyrosoma, Medusa, Pyrocyste), so closely packed that
in a dark night we could plainly read the print in a book by the bright-
ness of their pelagic light.. The crowded mass of individuals was not less
considerable than I have so often found in the Mediterranean in the
currents of Messina. What quantities of food the plankton must here
furnish to the larger animals was shown by the vast schools of great
meduse and flying-fish, which for days accompanied our vessel; and
this mass covered large areas of the open Indian Ocean, midway
between Aden and Ceylon. Just such plankton masses I have received
through the kindness of Capt. Rabbe from other tropical parts of the
Indian Ocean, between Madagascar and the Cocos Islands, and be-
tween these and the Sunda Archipelago. I encountered a wonderfully
rich and thick planktonic mass in a pelagic current of the southwest
monsoon drift, 50 nautical miles south of Dondra Head, the southern
point of Ceylon.* Ihave referred to the richness of this in my “Indian
Journal” (25, p. 275).

That the tropical zone of the Atlantic Ocean also possesses a vast
wealth of plankton is shown by many older accounts, but especially
from the experience of the Challenger. In the middie of the Atiantie,
between Cape Verde and Brazil, Murray observed colossal masses of
pelagic animals; and if by day they were scarce at the surface, he con-
tinually found them below the surface, in depths of 50 to 100 fathoms
and more (6, pp. 195, 218, 276, ete.); at night they ascended to the sur-
face and filled the sea far and wide with a brilliant glow (pp. 170, 195,
etc.). ‘On the whole cruise along the Guinea and equatorial currents, the
pelagic life was exeeedingly rich and varied, in the quantities of individ-
uals as well as of species, much more than anywhere else in the northern
or southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The greatest quantities were
seen in the Guinea current during calins, when the sea literally swarmed

“A part of the new species of pelagic animals which I found in this astonishingly
rich oceanic current are described in my ‘ Reports on the Siphonophora and Radio-
laria of H. M. 8. Challenger.”

“

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 619

with life” (p. 218). This astonishing wealth of plankton was observed
in the whole breadth of the Atlantie tropical zone in August and Sep-
tember, 1873; but it was not less than that passed by the Challenger
on her return in Mareh and April, 1876, in the eastern part of the same
region, between Tristan d’Acunha and Cape Verde. ‘ When the water
was calm, an extraordinary superabundance of pelagic life appeared at
the surface. Oscillatorivw covered the sea for miles, and vast quantities
of Radiolaria (Collozoun) filled the nets” (p. 930). With those and
other accounts by the Challenger, those of the Vettor Pisani quite agree.
“ The zone of equatorial calms is out of all proportion rich in organic life.
Sometimes the water seems coagulated, jelly-like, even to the touch.
It is impossible to describe the quantities of variously colored forms”
(8, p. 31). Chierchia enthusiastically describes the wonderful spectacle
which the luminous ocean furnishes at night—“‘a sea of light which ex-
tends to the whole horizon” (pp. 32, 53, etc.). The numerous plankton
samples which I myself have investigated from the Atlantic tropical
zone Show for the most part an extraordinarily rich composition, par-
ticularly those between Ascension and the Canary Islands (Challenger
stations 345 to 353), above all the two equatorial stations 347 and 348,
which, like the Canary currents, which I studied for three months at
Lanzarote, whose fabulous wealth I have already mentioned, also belong
to the region of the tropical trades-drift.

The quantity and wealth of forms of the plankton in the tropical
zone of the Pacifie Ocean is not less than in the tropical region of the
Atlantic and Indian oceans. In the most diverse parts of this region
the Challenger sailed through “thick banks of pelagic animals.”
Between the New Hebrides and New Guinea “the surface of the water
and its deeper levels swarmed with life. All the common tropical
forms were found in great abundance. The list of genera of animals
was about the same as in the Atlantic tropical region (pp. 218, 219), but
it showed considerable difference in the relative abundance of 8pecies”
(6, p. 521). Among the Philippines the water showed “a quite uncom-
mon quantity and variety of oceanic surface animals” (p. 662). On
the voyage froin the Admiralty Islands to Japan the oceanic “fauna
and flora of the surface was everywhere especially rich and varied.
In the neighborhood of the equatorial countercurrents, between the
equator and the Carolines, pelagic foraminifera and mollusks were
taken in such quantities in the surface net that they surpassed all
earlier observations,” ete. (p. 738). On the voyage through the central
part of the tropical Pacific, from Honolulu to Tahitizbetween 20° N.
lat., and 20° S. lat., “the catch of the tow net was everywhere very
Yich. The superabundance of organic life in the equatorial current and
countercurrent is very noticeable, as well with reference to the number of
species as of individuals” (p. 776). From this wonderfully rich region,
which of all parts of the tropical ocean is farthest removed from alb
continents, came the absolutely richest plankton samples which I have

620 REPCRT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ever studied, those which the Challenger brought from her stations
262-280. My astonishment was great when I first saw these planktonic
masses, in the autumn of 1876; but it grew boundless when a year
later I studied preparations taken from them and found in them hun-
dreds of new species of pelagie animals.

The wonderfully rich Radiolaria ooze which the Challenger brought
up at the central Pacifie stations 263-274 (from depths of 2,000 to 3,000
fathoms) is only the siliceous remains of that planktonic mass, from which
all organic constituents have vanished and the caleareous shells for the
most part dissolved by the carbonie acid of the deep currents.* The
numerous surface preparations which Murray finished upon the spot
on this remarkable voyage of planktonic discovery through the central
Pacific, and mounted in Canada balsam, are absolutely the richest plank-
ton preparations which I have ever studied, especially those of stations
266-274, between 11° N. lat. and 7° S. lat. The richest of all stations
is 271, lying almost under the equator (0° 33/5. lat., 152° 56’ W. long.).
I have since shown these preparations for microscopical studies to many
colleagues and friends, and they have always expressed the liveliest
astonishment over the new “ wonder-world ” concealed in them. They
are jokingly called the “‘mira-preparations” (comp. 4, §§ 228-235).

The wonderful plankton wealth of the tropical Pacifie is as well
established by the manifold observations of Chierchia: “The quantity
and quality of the organisms which inhabit the tropical regions of the sea
surpass all conception” (8, p. 75). Ineconceivable quantities of pelagic
animals of all groups were seen in the middle of the tropical Pacifie,
between Callao and Hawaii, between Honolulu and Hongkong, not
only at the surface, but in the most various depths up to 4,000 meters.
The quantity of deep-sea siphonophores was here so enormous that the
sounding lead was never drawn up without its being surrounded with
torn-off tentacles (p. 85). During the forty days’ voyage from Peru to
Hawaii-the pelagic fishery at the surface as well as in the depths
brought to light “such a quantity of different organisms that it must
seem almost impossible to one who did not follow the work with his own
eyes” (8, p. 88). Similarly, in the Chinese sea and in the Sunda Archi-
pelago immense masses of plankton were encountered. :

It is my intention here to bring together the most general impres-
sions of the relative planktonic wealth of the various oceanic regions,
which I have gained from a comparative study of many thousand
planktonic preparations. The pelagic fauna and flora of the tropical
zone is richer in different forms of life than that of the temperate zone,
and this again is richer than that of the cold zone of the ocean. This
is true of the oceanic as well as of the neritic plankton. Everywhere
the neritic plankton is more varied than the oceanic. The wealth of

species) contained in the “ Radiolarian collection” (1890) above mentioned. The8
richest of these (Nos, 20-27) belong to the tropical central Pacific (stations 265-274),

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 621

individuals can in none of these regions be called absolutely greater
than in the others, since the quantitative development is very depen-
dent upon local and temporal conditions and, according to time and
place, is on the whole extremely irregular. Estimation of individuals
can in this relation prove nothing.

D,.—CURRENTIC PLANKTONIC DIFFERENCES,

By far the most important of all the causes which determine the
changing and irregular distribution of the plankton in the sea are the
marine currents. The fundamental importance of these currents for all
planktonic studies is generally recognized and has lately been men-
tioned many times and explained by Murray (6) and Chierchia (8). Even
the zodlogists of the plankton expedition of Kiel have not been able to
close themselves to this intelligence. Brandt calls special attention
to ‘‘the importance of the marine currents as a means of, and limit to,
the distribution of the planktonic organisms,” so that in the various
Atlantic currents numerous forms continually appear which were want-
ing in the regions previously traveled” (23, p. 518). Thus, Hensen
mentions the “extraordinarily large plankton catches, which were
transported by various currents.”

I learned thirty years ago to recognize the great importance of the
marine currents and their direct influence upon the composition of the
plankton, when at Messina I went out almost daily in the boat for
six months to secure the rich pelagic treasures of the strait (3, p. 172).
The periodical strong marine current, which there is known to the
Messinese under the name of the current or the Rema, enters the harbor
twice daily and brings to it inexhaustible treasures of pelagic animals
which since the time of Johannes Miiller have aroused the wonder
and desire for investigation of all naturalists tarrying there. Not
less important did I find Jater the planktonic importance of the local
marine currents (at Lanzarote), when the “ Zain” current of the Canary
Sea in like manner brought with it an extraordinary wealth of pelagic
animals. My companion on the trip, Richard Greeff, has very vividly
described these marine currents as “animal roads” (18, p. 307). Dur-
ing my numerous peiagic journeys on the Mediterranean it was always
my first care to investigate the conditions of the currents, and on the
most different parts of its coast (from Gibraltar to the Bosporus, from
Corfu to Rhodos, from Nizza to Tunis, I have always been convinced
of the determining influence which they exerted upon the composition
and distribution of the plankton.

Although the fundamental importance of the marine currents for the
diverse questions of oceanography are now generally recognized, still
very little has been done to follow out in detail their significance for
planktology. Itseems tome, we must here, with reference to our theme,
particularly distinguish (1) halicurrents (the great oceanic currents);
(2) the bathycurrents (the manifold deep currents or undercurrents);

622 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

(3) the nerocurrents (the littoral currents or local coast currents); and
(4) the zodcurrents (the local planktonic streams or very crowded animal
roads).

Halicurrents or ocean streams.—The unequal distribution of plank-
ton in the ocean -is in great part the direct result of the oceanic
currents. In general the proposition is recognized as true that the
great ocean streams, which we briefly designate as halicurrents, effect
a greater accumulation of Swimming organisms and thereby are
richer in plankton than the halistasa or “still streams,” the extensive
regions which are inclosed by them and relatively free from currents.
For a long time the richness in plankton which characterizes the Gulf
Stream on the east coast of North America, the Faikland Stream on
the east coast of South America, and the Guinea Stream on the west
coast of Central Africa, has been known. Less understood and investi-
gated than these Atlantic streams, but also very rich in varied plankton,
are the great streams of the Indian and Pacific oceans, the Monsoon
Stream on the south coast of Asia, the Mozambique Stream on the east
coast of South Africa, the Black Stream of Japan, the Peru Stream on
the west coast of South America, ete.

It is very difficult, from the numerous scattered accounts of the
pelagic fauna and flora of these great ocean currents, to form a general
picture of them, but it is now possible to draw from them the conelu-
sion that generally the plankton of the halicurrents, qualitatively as
well as quantitatively, is richer than the plankton of the halistasa, or
the great oceanic sea basins around which flow the great streams and
counter streams, and which meet the first glance on every recent map
of the marine currents. *

In defending this proposition I rely especially upon the rich experi-
ence of the two most important plankton expeditions, of the Challenger
(6) and of the Vettor Pisani (8), and also upon my own comparative
study of several hundred plankton samples, which were collected in
part by Murray, in part by Capt. Rabbe, in the most diverse parts of
three greatoceans. The planktonic wealth of the great halicurrents is
most remarkable at the place where they are narrowest, when the
masses of swimming animals and plants are most closely pressed
together. Highly remarkable here is the opposition which the rich
pelagic fauna and flora of the stream forms in qualitative and quanti-
tative relation to the sparse population of the immediately adjacent
halistase. As the temperature and often even the color of the sea

siDhe Semaine Piplonieal enon en Be ime igen seems te me a form one
of the nearest and most pressing problems of planktology, and also of oceanography.
Apart from the smaller and little investigated Arctic and Antarctic regions, in all
five great areas of quiet water ought to be distinguished, namely: (1) the North
Atlantic halislase (with the Sargasso Sea); (2) the South Atlantic (between Benguela
and Brazil streams); (3) the Indian (between Madagascar and Australia); (4) the
North Pacific (between California and China), and (5) the South Pacitic halistase
(between Chili and Tahiti).

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. ; 623

water in two adjacent regions is remarkably different and often sharply
contrasted, so also is the constitution of their animal and vegetable
world. Thus Murray observed a strong contrast between the cool green
coast streams and the warmer deep-blue ocean water when the Challen-
ger neared the coast of Chili, between Juan Fernandez and Valparaiso,
and correspondingly there occurred a sudden change of pelagic fauna,
for the oceanic globigerina disappeared and the neritic diatoms, infu-
soria, and hydromeduse appeared in greater abundance (6, p. 833).

This change was very remarkable when the Challenger (at station
240, June 21, 1875) left the warm “black stream” of Japan and entered
the cold area of quiet water adjacent on the south (about 35° N. lat.,
153° E. long.). Great polymixic masses of plankton, dwellers in the
first area, were here killed by the sudden change of temperature and
replaced by the monotonic copepodan fauna of the cold halistase (16, p,
758). Also, later, on the voyage through the Japan stream, the plank-
tonic contents of the tow net plainly showed the proximity of two dif-
ferent currents. ‘Inthe cold streams there appeared a greater mass
of small diatoms, noctiluca, and hydromeduse than in the warmer
streams where the richer pelagic animal world (Radiolaria, Globigerina)
remained the same which the Challenger observed from the Admiralty
Islands to Japan.” Many similar cases occurred during the voyage,
when proximity to the coast or the presence of coast currents was indi-
cated by the contents of the tow net (6, p. 750).

Observations upon the plankton richness of the oceanic currents,
similar to those of Wyville Thompson and Murray on the Challenger
(6) were made by Palumbo and Chierchia on the Vettor Pisani. The
latter calls attention especially to the great importance of these and the
great accumulation of pelagic animals in limited regions of currents.

It is a fact, that generally on a voyage through the ocean great quantities of indi-
viduals of one species are found pressed together in relatively small spaces, and this is
true of organisms which, on account of their small size, are not capable of extensive
movements. Jn addition, it is also a fact that when the ship is in the midst of the
great oceanic currents, the pelagic fishery gives the most brilliant results (8, p. 109).
Tt is quite certain that the investigation of the distribution of the pelagic organisms can not
progress unless accompanied by a parallel study of the currents, the temperature, and the
density of the water (8, pp. 109, 110).

Even the participators in the National expedition of Kiel could not
avoid noticing the great irregularity of planktonic distribution in the
ocean and the importance of the oceanic eurrents in this respect.
During the voyage it was noticed that in different Atlantic currents
numerous forms appeared continually which were absent in the regions
previously traversed:

The conditions are much more complicated (!) than we had hitherto supposed (23,
p. 518).

But it is worthy of notice how Hensen, the leader of this plankton
expedition, has noticed this abundant accumulation of pelagic organ-

624 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

isms in single regions of currents, and has twisted it in favor of his
theory of the regular distribution of the plankton:

The tests of the volume of the plankton show that, five times in the north, once
north of Ascension, extraordinarily larye catches (!) weremade. These must have been
caused by various currents in this region, and can therefore be left out of consider-
ation (9, p. 249).

It seems to me that Hensen would have done better to take into
consideration these and other facts observed by him relative to the
unequal plankton distribution before he built up his fundamental,
certainly adequate, theory of the equality of the same. This was to be
expected, since he himself in his first oceanic plankton studies (1887)
observed many ‘*‘remarkable inequalities,” and his own tables furnish
proof of this. While he many times mentions the immense swarms of
Meduse and declares this “quite superabundant accumulation to be
mysterious,” he adds: ‘such places must be avoided in this fishery” (9,
pp. 27, 65). When Hensen later, in comparing the different catches of
copepods (one of the most important planktonic constituents), finds
that the distribution of the plankton in the ocean is very irregular
and that the constitution of this seems to very strongly contradict
his general conceptions of natural life (9, p. 52), he holds it to be best
that these catches, which are of “such a different kind, should be
excluded from consideration” (pp. 51, 53). Also, in the case of Sagi tta,
which Hensen reckons with the copepods as belonging to the uniform
perennial plankton, he finds “throughout not the equality which one
might expect, but much more remarkable variations” (p. 59).

These “surprising inequalities,” ‘variations even to tenfold,” he finds
in case of the Daphnide (pp. 54, 56) and Hyperida (p. 57), the pelagic
larve of snails and mussels (pp. 57, 58), Appendicularia and Salpa
(pp. 63, 64), the Medus@ and Ctenophores (64, 65), the Tintinnoids (p.
68), the Peridinie (p. 71), and even in the Diatoms (p. 82)—in brief,
in all groups of pelagic organisms which by the numerous production
of individuals are of importance for the plankton and upon which
Hensen employs his painstaking method of calculation by quantitative
planktonic analysis. If one freely “sets apart from consideration”
all these cases of remarkable inequality (because they do not fall in
with the theoretically preconceived ideas of the equality of planktonic
composition), then finally the latter must be proved by counting.

Bathycurrents or deep streams.—Through recent investigations, par-
ticularly of Englishmen (Carpenter, Wyville Thompson, John Murray,
et al.), we have become acquainted with the great importance of the
submarine currents or deep streams. It has been demonstrated that
the epicurrents, or the surface streams, furnish us no evidence rela-
tive to the understreams to be found below them, which we name bathy-
currents. These undercurrents may in different depths of the ocean
have a quite different constitution, direction, and force from the over-
currents. This is as true of the great oceanic as of the local coast ceur-
rents. Ifthe more accurate stady of marine currents is a very difficult

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. . 625

subject and great hindrances lie, as they do, in the way of exact deter-
minations, the same applies especially to the deep currents. New ways
and means must first be found for pressing into the dark labyrinth of
very complicated physical transactions. Now we can only say that
the bathycurrents are of great importance for the irregular constitution

and distribution of the plankton. Since the time when, through the

_ discoveries of Murray (1875), Chierchia (1885), and Chun (1887), we
learned to recognize the existence and importance of the zonary and
bathybic fauna, and particularly, through Chun, the vertical migration
of the bathypelagic animals, the complicated conditions of the sub-
marine currents must evidently have exerted an extraordinary signifi-
cance for planktology. Although we have hitherto known so little
about this subject, yet two points stand out clearly: First, that these
are of great influence upon the local and temporal oscillations of plank-
tonic composition; second, that it is an untenable illusion if Hensen
and Brandt believe that, by means of their perfect-working vertical
plankton net, ‘‘a column of water whose height and base area can be
accurately determined has been completely filtered” (23, p. 515); for
one can never certainly kuow what considerable changes in the plank-
ton of this column of water one or more undercurrents have caused
during the drawing up of the vertical net.

Nerocurrents or coast streams.—While the halicurrents or the great
ocean streams are influenced in the first place by the winds and stand
in immediate connection with the air currents of our atmosphere, it is
only partly the case with the local coast currents, for here a number of
local causes, which are to be sought in the climatic and geographical
condition of the neighboring coast, work together. In the case of coasts
which are much indented, in archipelagos with numerous islands, ete.,
the study of the littoral currents becomes a very complicated problem.
The physical and geological natural condition of the coast mountains
and of the beach, the number and force of the incoming rivers, the quality

and quantity of the coast flora, etc., are here important factors. The
fishermen, pilots, etc., are very well acquainted with these local coast
currents, which we will briefly call nerocurrents, and are usually to be
trusted in the details. Scientifically these currents should be studied
more closely in smaller part and Jess quantity. For planktology they are
of very high interest and not less important than the oceanic currents.
Next, the above-intimated reciprocal relations of the neritic and oceanic
plankton are to be taken into consideration. He who for a long time
has carried on the pelagic fishery at a definite point on the coast
knows how very much the result of this is influenced by the natural
condition of the coast, by the course and the extent of the coast cur-
rents. Straits like those of Messina and Gibraltar, harbors like those
of Villafranca and Portofino, furnish uncommonly rich plankton results,
because in consequence.of the littoral currents a mass of swimming
animals and plants are collected together in a limited space. The vol-
H. Mis, 113-—-—40

626 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ume of this planktonic mass thus heaped up is often tein or many times
greater than that in the immediately adjacent parts of the sea. On
the contrary, the planktonic mass is extraordinarily poor in pelagi¢ ani-
mals and plants, where by the emptying of great floods a quantity of
fresh water is brought into the sea and its saltness diminished. Johan-
nes Miiller pointed out how very much the result of pelagic fishery
was influenced thereby. Again, on the other hand, the rivers day by
day bring into the sea a quantity of organic substances which serve as
food for the benthonice organisms, and since the benthos again stands in
manifold reciprocal relation to the plankton, since the meroplanktonic
animals (like the medusie, the pelagic larva of worms, echinoderms,
etc.) are the means of a considerable interchange between the two, so
is it easily understood how the distribution of the holoplanktonic ani-
mals is also influenced thereby and how irregular becomes the com-
position of the plankton.

Zovcurrents, or planktonic streams.—Among the most noteworthy and
important phenomena of marine biology is the great accumulation of
swimming bodies which form long and narrow bands of thickened
plankton. <AJl naturalists who have worked at the seashore for a long
period and have followed the irregular appearance of the pelagic organ-
isms know these peculiar streams, which the Italian fishermen call by
the name ‘correnti.” Carl Vogt, in 1848, pointed out their great impor:
tance for pelagic fishery (17, p. 303). For their scientific designation
and their distinction from the other marine currents I propose the term
Zovcurrents or Zodrema.*

The pelagic aninals and plants are so numerous and so closely packed
in these zodcurrents as to resemble somewhat the human population in
the busieststreet of a great commercial city. But millions and millions
of small creatures from all the above-mentioned groups of planktonic
organisms are crowded confusedly together, and furnish a spectacle of
whose charm a conception can be formed only by seeing it. If one
directly scoops up a portion of this motley crowd with a tumbler, not
infrequently “the greater part of the contents of the glass (an actual
living animal broth) is composed of the volume of animals, the smaller
of the volume of water” (3, p. 171). From a distance these “ crowded
sea-animal streets” are usually discernible from the smoothness which
the surface of the sea presents, while close beside it the surface is more
or lessrippled. Often one can follow such an “ oil-like animal stream,”
which usually has a breadth of 5 to 10 meters, for more than a kilometer
without finding any diminution of the thick crowd of animals in it, while
on both sides of it, right and left, the sea is almost vacant, or shows
only afew scattered stragglers. At Messina, as at Lanzarote, the phe-
nomenaof the zodcurrents were especially pronounced. My companion

*Rema (used in Messina) is from the Greek pevwa = current; comp. 3, p. 172 note.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 627

on the trip, Richard Greeff, has described the Canary animal streams
so vividly that I will here give his description verbatim:

Our gaze was directed to the highly peculiar long and narrow ecnrrents, which
are of very especial importance for pelagic fishery with fine nets. If one looks at
the calm sea, especially from an elevation over a wide expanse of water, here and
there are seen strongly marked shining streaks, which intersect the surface as long
narrow bands. Their course and place of appearance seem to be continually chang-
ing and irregular. Sometimes they are numerous, sometimes only few or entirely
absent; to-day they appear here, to-morrow there; some have one direction, others
the opposite or crossing the first. Occasionally they run along close to one another
and unite in a single stream. If one approaches this streak it becomes evident
that here in fact a current prevails different from the movements of the surrounding

water, and that thereby is brought about the smooth band-like appearance. They
give the impression of streams cutting through the rest of the ocean, with their own
channel and banks, which, notwithstanding the great variations in the time and
place of their appearance, yet during their existence, which is often brief, show a
certain independence.

If one comes upon such streams, which are not too far distant from the coast, he
sees. that all the smaller, lighter objects which formerly scattered over the surface,
floated about or cast upon the shore, were drawn into it. Pieces of wood and cork,
straw, algw, and tangle torn loose from the bottom, all in motley procession are carried
along in this current. But in addition (and this is for us the most important
phenomenon) all the animals belonging in the region of these currents are drawn in
and fill it, often in such great quantities that one is tempted to believe it is not
merely the mechanical influence of the narrow stream which has brought about such
an accumulation of animals, but that the latter voluntarily seek out these smooth,
quiet streams, perhaps in connection with certain vital expressions. A trip upon
such a pelagic animal road furnishes a fund of very interesting observations. We
can lean over the edge of the boat and review the countless brightly colored sea-
dwellers, sometimes passing by singly, so that we can inspect them in their unique
peculiarities, sometimes in such thickly massed hordes that they seem to form an
unbroken layer of animals for afew feet below the surface. Yet these animal roads,
where one meets them in the sea, will always form the most certain and richest
mine for the so-called pelagic fauna, although naturally, from their changeableness
and their dependence upon a calm sea, they can never be definitely counted upon.
Likewise, the origin of these noticeable streams and their significance in the natural
history of the sea is still almost completely dark, in spite of the fact that they can
be observed in almost all seas and under favorable circumstances daily, and also are
known to the fishermen of Arrecife under the name Zain (18, p. 307).

Although the zoécurrents seem to occur in the most diverse parts of
the ocean, and have often aroused the astonishment of observers, yet a
recent investigation of them is wanting. What I know about them
from my own experience and from the contributions of others is
essentially the following:

The zodcurrents occur in the open ocean as well as in the coast
regions, particularly in the region of those nerocurrents which run in
straits between islands or along indented coasts. They are dependent
upon the weather, especially the wind, and appear as a rule only dur-
ing calms. Although in the case of the neritic zodcurrents the local
course is more or less constant, still it is subject to daily (or even
hourly) variations. Their breadth is usually between 5 and 10 meters,
but sometimes 20 to 30 meters or more; their length is sometimes only a

7

'

628 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

few hundred meters, and at others several kilometers. Oceanic animal
streams reach much greater extension. Their constitution is some-
times polymixic, sometimes monotonic, often changing from day to-
day. Highly remarkable is the sharp boundary of the smooth, thickly
populated animal roads, especially if the less inhabited and plankton-

poor water on both sides is rippled by the wind. What combination

of causes produces this vast accumulation is still quite unknown;

certainly wind and weather play a role in it; often, also, the ebb and

flow of the tide and other local conditions of the regions, especially

local currents. As whirlwinds on land drive together the scattered
masses of dust and smaller objects and raise a column of dust upwards,

so may the submarine whirlwind press closely together the bathypelagic—
planktonic masses and carry them upward to the surface. But prob-

ably, also, in the same connection, complicated cecological conditions

come into play, e. g., sudden simultaneous development of quantities of
eggs of one species of animal. A new study of the zodcurrents is one-
of the most urgent problems of planktology. .

VI—METHODS OF PLANKTOLOGY.

The new aspects and methods which three years ago were introduced
by Prof. Hensen into planktology, and of which I have already spceken,
have for their main purpose the quantitative analysis of the plankton,
i. e., the most exact determination possible of the quantity of organic
substance which the swimming organisms of the sea produce. To
solve this subject and come nearer to the question connected with
it of the “cycle of matter in the sea,” Hensen devised a new mathe-
matical method which ainis chiefly at the counting of the individuals of
animals and plants which populate the ocean. This new method we
can briefly term the oceanic population statistics of Hensen. The high
value which this indefatigable physiologist attributes to his new arith-
metical method is shown by the special mention which he makes of it
in his first contribution (9, pp. 2-383), from the wonderful patience with
which he counted for months the single Diatoms, Peridinew, Infusoria,
Crustacea, and other pelagic individuals in a single haul of the Miiller

‘net, and from the long tables of numbers, the numerical protocols, and
records of captures which he has appended to his first plankton volume
which appeared in 1887. .

Any ordinary pelagic haul with the Miiller net or tow net brings up
thousands of living beings from the sea; under most favorable circum-
stances hundreds of thousands and millions of individuals.* How much
labor and time was involved in the counting of these organisms (for the
greater part microscopic) is Shown from the fact that ‘‘even the count-
ing of one Baltic Sea catch, which is pretty uniform in its composi-
tion, required eight full days, reckoning eight working hours to the

*TIn a small catch, which filtered scarcely 2 cubic meters of Baltic Sea water, were
found 5,700,000 organisms, including 5,000,000 microscopic peridinez, 630,000 diatoms,
80,000 copepods and 70,000 other animals (23, p. 516).

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 629

day” (23, p. 516). Meanwhile Brandt, explaining the “highly original
procedure” of Hensen (‘turning attention to attacking a problem, the
solution of which no one had ever thought of”), remarks, with refer-
ence to the foregoing quantitative analysis of the Atlantic plankton
expedition of the National (1889), “that the very much more manifold
ocean catches will consume presumably twice as much time, and since
on the plankton voyage at least 120 such catches were made, then the
working out of these (quite apart from the preliminary preparations)
will fully oceupy an investigator for 120 x 14 days, or about 6 years”
(23, p. 516).*

Opinions respecting the significance and the value of the oceanic
population statistics of Hensen are very different. KE. du Bois-Rey-
mond, in his paper before the Berlin Academy (21, p. 83),t attributes
to it extraordinary importance, “wherefore the uncommon sacrifice
made for it was justified.” According to his opinion, the plankton
expedition of the National, arranged for this purpose, within its defi-
nite limits, from the novelty and beauty of its well-described task,
assumes a unique place, and the Humboldt fund ought to be proud at
having been among the first to contribute to its execution” (21, p. 87).
On the ground of this honorable recognition, as well as of the great
hopes which the naturalist of Kiel himself based upon the results of
the National expedition, numerous notices have appeared in German
newspapers, disseminating the view that an entirely new field of
scientific investigation had been thereby actually entered upon, and
that a further extension of it was of great importance. I am sorry to
say that I can not agree with this very favorable conception.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLANKTON.

The foundation upon whieh the entire planktonic conception and
computation of Hensen rests is the view “that in the ocean the plank-
ton must be regularly distributed; that from a few catches very safe
estimates can be made upon the condition of very great areas of the
sea” (22, p. 243). As Hensen himself says, he started with this “purely
theoretical view,” and he believes that a completely successful result is
to be had, because these theoretical premises have been more fully

*According to this, the unfortunate plankton counter would in these 120 catches
have to count for over 17,000 hours. How such an arithmetical Danaidz work can
be carried through without ruin of mind and body I can not conceive.

tIn the introduction to this noteworthy paper Du Bois-Reymond says that since
1882 Hensen “had been mindful that, especially on the surface of the sea, there was
found a more wnequally numerous population of minutest living forms than had
previously been supposed” (21, p. 83). This remark needs correction, because many
times in the celebrated log book of the National plankton expedition this has been
overlooked, and therefore it has wrongly been inferred that Hensen eight years ago
was the first to discover the existence and abundance of the pelagic fauna and flora, In
fact, for forty-five years they have been the object of wonder and study for numerous
naturalists.

630 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

established than could aave been hoped. I have already shown that
this fundamental premise is entirely wrong. The mass of plenkton in
the ocean is not perennial and constant, but of highly variable and oseil-
lating size. The biological composition is very diverse, dependent upon
temporal variations—year, season, weather, time of day, upon climatic
conditions and especially upon the complicated currentic conditions of
the streams of the sea, of the oceanic and littoral currents, the deep
currents, and the local zodcurrents. | -

A comprehensive and fair estimation of all these ecological condi-
tions must a priori lead to the conviction that the distribution of the
plankton in the ocean must be extremely irregular, and we find this
‘“nurely theoretical view completely established” a posteriori by the
comparative consideration and comparison of all the earlier above-
mentioned observations. These can not be regarded as refuted by the
opposing view of Hensen; for the empirical basis of the latter is, in
regard to its time and place, much too scanty and incomplete.

One might perhaps object that the technical methods of plankton
capture which Hensen employed gave more complete results than the
methods hitherto used; but this is not the case. The recent desecrip-
tion which Hensen gives of his technica! methods for obtaining plankton
(or pelagic fishery) is very praiseworthy (9, pp.3 to 14). The consirue-
tion of the net (material, structure of the net, size of filtration), the
management of the catch and of the craft, are there carefully described.
The advance of the new technique there realized may indeed serve to
carry on the pelagic fishery or plankton capture more productively and
more completely than was possible with the previous simpler technical
apparatus of planktology; but I can not find that one of the proposed
improvements of this pelagic technique shows a great advance in prin-
ciple and is at all comparable to the great advance which Palumbo
and Chierchia made in 1884 by the invention of the closible net.
Besides, I can not understand how the new “plankton net” constructed
by Hensen could give more accurate results than the simple * Miiller
net” hitherto employed, and the “tow net” used by the Challenger.
Such a vertical net will always bring up only a part of the plankton
contained in the volume of water going through it, and by no means,

as Henseu and Brandt believe, is a column of water whose height and

base area can be measured with sufficient accuracy perfectly filtered.
In this supposition the incalculable disturbances by conditions of eur-
rents, especially of concealed deep streams, are Jeft out of account, as
already mentioned. Besides, Chierchia has lately shown how unreliable
and little productive is the fishery with the vertical net on account of
the considerable horizontal swimming movements of the pelagic animals
(8, p. 79). At any rate, the improvements Hensen has introduced into
the technical methods of plankton capture are not so important that
the remarkable difference between his and the earlier results can
thereby be explained.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 631

OCEANIC POPULATION—STATISTICS.

Statistics in general is known to be a very dangerous science, be-
cause itis commonly employed to find from a number of incomplete
observations the approximate average of a great many. Since the
results are given in numbers, they arouse the deceptive appearance
of mathematical accuracy. This is especially true of the complicated
biological and sociological conditions, whose total phenomenon is con-
ditioned by the codperation of numerous different factors, and is,
- therefore, very variable according to time and place. Such a highly
complicated condition, as I believe I have shown, is the composition of
the plankton. If, as Hensen actually wishes, this were to be sufficiently
analyzed by counting the individuals, and oceanic population statistics
were thereby to be made, then this would only be possible by the forma-
tion of numerous statistical tables, which should give results in figures
of the plankton fishery quantitatively in at least a hundred different
parts of the ocean, and in each of these at least during ten different
periods of the year. ;

A single “reconnoitering voyage” on the ocean, a single “trial
trip,” limited in time and place, like the three-months Atlantic voyage
of the National expedition, can furnish only a single contribution to
this subject. Butit can in no way, as Brandt thinks, offer ‘ firm foun-
dations” for the solution of this and that “thorough analysis” (23, p.
525). If, also, after six years the 120 catches should actually be counted
through (after a labor of more than 17,000 hours), if by statistical
arrangement of this numerical protocol, by rational reckoning of their
results, a serviceable conception of the quantity of individuals of the
oceanic region investigated should be obtained, then at best this one
computation would give us an approximate conception of the conditions

of population of a very small part of the ocean; but from it by no means :

can we, as the investigator of Kiel wishes, arrive at couclasions bear-
ing upon the whole ocean; for that purpose hundreds of similar com-
putations must be made, including the most diverse regions and based
upon continuous series of observations during whole years. The Z00log-
ical stations would be the best observatories to carry out complete series
of observations of this character, not such trial trips as the three-months
voyage of the National.*

*In my opinion the results of the National expedition of Kiel would have been
quite different if it had been carried out in the three months from January to March,
instead of from July to October. On the whole, the volume of planktonic catch, at
least in the North Atlantic Ocean, would have more than doubled; in some places 1
would have been increased many fold. Its constitution would have been entirely
different. If the expedition had by accident fallen in with a zoécurrent, and its
voyage had continued init fora few miles, the contents of the nets would have
certainly been a hundredfold, possibly a thousandfold, greater.

- ~

632 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

COUNTING OF INDIVIDUALS.

Since the new method of oceanic population statistics introduced by —
Hensen seeks its peculiar basis in the counting of the individuals
which compose the plankton, and since it finds in this “counting the
only basis upon which a judgment can rest” (9, p. 26), then we must
examine more critically this cardinal point of his method, upon which
he lays the greatest stress. The counting of the single organic indi- —
viduals, which compose the mass of the plankton, is in itself, quite apart —
from its eventual value, an extremely difficult and doubtful task. Hen-
sen himself has not concealed a part of this great difficulty, and attempts
to partly allay the doubts which arise against his whole method.* . But
in fact these are much greater and more dangerous than he is inclined
to admit.

WHAT IS AN ORGANIC INDIVIDUAL?

This simple question, as is known, is extremely difficult to answer,
If one does not accept all the grades of physiological and morpho-
logical individuality, which I have distinguished in the third book of-
my “Generelle Morphologie,” 1866, there are at least three distinet chief
grades to be kept apart: (1) The cell (or plastid); (2) the person (or
bud); (3) the cormus (or colony).t Only among the Protista (Pro-
tophyta and Protozoa) is the actual individual represented by a single
cell; on the other hand, among the Histona (Metaphyta and Metazoa), by

*The fourth part of the ‘‘Methodik” in the plankton volume of Hensen, which
treats of ‘“‘the work on land,” (a) Determination of the volume, (b) the counting
(9, pp. 15-30), is especially worthy of reading, not only because it gives the deepest
insight into fhe error of his method, but also into his very peculiar conception of

‘ageneral biological problem.

tThe swimming animals and plants which compose the plankton should in this
respect be arranged under the following heads: (a) Prolophyta—among the Chro-
macew, Calcocytee, Murracylea, Xanthellea, Dictyocha, and Peridinee, all single cells
are to be counted; among the diatoms partly the latter, partly the cenobia or cell
aggregates. (b) Metaphyta—among the Halosphwra are to be counted the spherical
Thalli; among the Oscillatorie the single, thread-like Thalli; among the Sargassa
the cormus as well as its buds; but the cells which constitute each thallus and bud
are also peculiar. (¢) Protozoa—the Infusoria (Noctiluca and Tintinna) as well as
the rhizopods (Thalamophora and Radiolaria), are all to be counted as unicellular
individuals, but among the Polycyttaria, besides the Canobia (colonies of Collozoida,
Spherozoidw, and Collospherida). (d) Calenterata—among the Meduse and Cteno-
phores, as also among the pelagic Anthozoa and Turbellaria the single persons are to be
counted; among the Siphonophores these as well as the single colonies; for each person
(or each medusom) of a cormus is here equivalent toa medusa. (e) Tunicata—among
the Copelata, Doliolum, and the generations of solitary Salpas, the single persons are
to be counted; on the other band, among the Pyrosoma and the Salpa chains, the
single cormi as well as the persons which compose them. (f-k) In all the remaining
groups of planktonie animals, in the case of sagitta, mollusks, echinoderm larvee,
articulates, and fishes, not merely the persons are to be counted, but also the cells
which make up each of these metazoa.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 633

the higher unit of the person or of the colony, which is composed of
many cells. If we actually wish to carryout exactly the method, held
by Hensen as indispensable, of counting the individuals, and wish to
obtain useful results for his statistical work, then nothing remains ex-
cept a counting of all single cells which live in the sea. For only the
single cells, as the “organic elementary individual,” can form the
natural arithmetical unit of such statistical caleulations and the com-
putations based thereon. If Hensen in his long “ numerical protocols
and comparisons of captures” (9, pp. XI-xXxx1II) places close to one
another as counted individuals—as coérdinated categories—the uni-
cellular radiolaria, the cormi of siphonophores and tunicates, the per-
sons of meduse, ctenophores, echinoderms, and crustacea, the eggs
and persons of fishes, then he places together vastly incommensurable
bulks of quite different individual value. These can only be compar-
cable for his purpose if all single cells are counted. But since each fish
‘and each whale in the ocean daily destroys milliards of these planktonic
organisms, So, in order to gain an “exact” insight into the “eyele of
matter in the sea,” the cell milliards which compose the bodies of these
gigantic animals must be counted and placed in the reckoning.

ECONOMIC YIELD OF THE OCEAN.

Hensen holds the quantitative determinations of the plankton not
only as of the highest importance in theoretical interest to science, but
also in practical interest to national economy. He thinks “that we
will be able to invent correct modes of action in the interest of the
fisheries,* only if we are in position to form a judgment upon the pro-
ductive possibilities of the sea” (9, p. 2). Accordingly he regards it as
the most pressing problem to determine the economic yield of the
ocean in the same way as the farmer determines the useful yield of his
tields and meadows, the yearly production of grass and grain. By the
counting of the planktonic individuals which Hensen has carried on for
a long time for a small part of the Baltic Sea, he thinks he has become
convinced that the “entire production of the Baltic in organic sub-
stance is only a little inferior to the yield of grass upon an equally
large area of meadow land.”

The farmer determines the yield of his meadows, garden, and field
by quantity and weight, not by counting the individuals. If instead
of this he wished to introduce Hensen’s new exact method of deter-

*How the practical interests of the fisheries can be advanced by quantitative
plankton analysis I am not able to understand. The most important modes of
action which we can employ for the increase of the fish production of the ocean—
artificial propagation, increase and protection of the fry, increase of their food
supply, destruction of the predaceous fishes, etc.—are entirely independent of the
numerical tables which Hensen’s enumeration of individuals gives. That the number
of swimming fish eggs furnishes no safe conclusion upon the number of mature fish
has been pointed out above.

634 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

mination, he must count all the potatoes, kernels of grain, grapes,
cherries, ete., and not only that, he must also count the blades of grass
of his meadow, even every individual weed which grows among the
grain of his field and the useful plants of his: garden; for these also,
regarded from the physiological point of view, belong to the “total
production” of the ground. And what would be gained by all these
immense countings? Just as little as with the “desolate figures” in
Hensen’s long numerical protocols. *

VOLUME AND WEIGHT OF THE PLANKTON.

If one actually regards the determination of the planktonic yield as a
highly important subject, and believes that this can be solved by a
certain number of quantitative plankton analyses, then this goal can
be reached in the simplest way by determination of the volume and
weight of each planktonic eatch. Hensen himself naturally first trod
this nearest way; but he thinks that itis not accurate enough and
encounters difficulties (9, p. 15). In his opinion, “an accurate analysis
of the plankton, on account of the great variety of its parts, can only
be obtained by counting; he quite forgets that such a counting of
individuals also possesses only an approximate and relative value,
not a complete and absolute one; farther, that from the counting of the
different individuals no more certain measure for the economic value
of the whole diversely constituted planktonic catch is furnished ;
finally that the counting of one catch is of highest value as a single
factor of a great computation, which is made from thousands of dif-
ferent factors.

The only thorough method of determining the yield, in planktology
as in economy, is the determination of the useful substance according
to mass and weight and subsequent chemical analysis. In fact, the
determination of the planktonic volume, as of the weight, just as the
qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of the plankton, is pos-
sible up to a certain degree. The difficulties are less than Hensen
believes. It seems odd that the latter has not mentioned these two
simplest methods in a single place in his comprehensive volume (9, p.
15), but hastily casts them aside and replaces them with the quite use-
less “counting of individuals,” a Danaide task of many years.

*While Hensen is going over the counting of the single constituent parts of the
plankton, he calls special attention to the fact ‘‘that in spite of the apparently”
desolate figures, in almost every single case certain results of general interest have
come out, though the opportunity is not offered to show them in a comparison.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 635
CYCLE OF MATTER IN THE OCEAN (Stoffwechsel des Mceres.)

The many and great questions which the mighty cycle of matter in
the ocean furnishes to biology, the questions of the source of the fun-
damental food supply, of the reciprocal trophic relations of the marine
flora and fauna, of the conditions of support of the benthonic and
planktonic organisms, etc., have, within the last twenty years, since
the beginning of the epoch-making deep-sea investigation (13), been
much discussed and have received very different answers (11). Hen-
sen has also devoted considerable attention to this, and particularly
emphasizes the physiological importance of the fundamental food sup-
ply (Urnahrung). He believes this complicated question can be solved
especially by quantitative determination of the fundamental food supply.

I have already shown why this method of quantitative plankton
analysis must be regarded as useless. Even assuming that it were
possible and practicable, I can not understand how it could lead to a
definite solution of this question. On the other hand, I might here
point to one side of the oceanic cycle of matter whose further pursuit
seems very profitable. The two chief sources of the “oceanic fun-
damental food supply” have already been correctly recognized by
Mobius (11), Wyville Thompson (13, 14), Murray (6), and others: First,
the vast terrigenous masses of organic and particularly vegetable
substances, which are daily brought by the rivers to the sea; sec-
ondly, the immense quantities of plant food which the marine flora
itself furnishes. Of the latter we previously had in mind chiefly the
benthonic littoral flora, the mighty forests of alge, meadows of Zostera,
ete., which grow in the coast waters. Only in recent times have we
learned to value the astonishing quantity of vegetable food which the
planktonic flora produces, the Fucoids of the Sargasso Sea on the one
side, the Oscillatoriw and the microscopic Diatoms and Peridinee on
the other. But thesmaller groups of pelagic Protophytes, which have
mentioned above, the Chromacee, Murracytee, Xanthellew, Dictyochee,
ete., also play an important rdle. The great importance which devolves
upon the small symbiotic Xanthellec, has been especially emphasized
by Brandt (24), Moseley (7), and Geddes. Evidently their multiplica-
tion is extremely rapid, and if each second milliard of such Protophytes
were eaten by smali animals, new milliards would take their places.
Whether or not the number of these milliards is shown to us by the
quantitative planktonic analysis seems to me wholly indifferent. More
important for the understanding of their physiological importance
would be the ascertainment of the rapidity of the increase.

The importance of these Protophytes and of the Protozoa living upon
them has lately been particularly described by Chun (28, pp. 10,13). He
has also rightly emphasized the extraordinary importance which the
vertical migration of the bathypelagic animals has for the support of the
deep-sea animals. They are to a great extent the under workmen, who

*

636 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

constantly bring the provision transports into the deep sea (15, pp. 49,
57). Thither, in addition, come the immense quantities of marine plant
and animal corpses, which daily sink into the depths and are borne
away by currents. Thither comes the constant “rain” of the corpses
of zonary Protozoa (especially Globigerina and Radiolaria), which
uninterruptedly pour down through all the zones of depth into the
deepest abysses, and whose shells form the most abundant sediment of
the deep sea, the calcareous Giobigerina ooze and the siliceous Radiolaria
ooze. In general, it seems to me that the daily supply of food materials
which the decaying corpses of numberless mariné organisms furnish to
the others, is much more important than is commonly supposed.* How
much food would a single dead whale alone furnish?

But especially important and not sufficiently valued in this regard,
it seems to me, is the trophic importance of the benthos for the plankton.
Immense quantities of littoral benthos are daily carried out into the
ocean by the currents. Here they soon disappear, since they serve as
food for the organisms of the plankton. If one weighs all these com-
plicated reciprocal relations, he obtains without counting a sufficient
general conception of the “cycle of the organic material in the marine
world.” :

COMPARATIVE AND EXACT METHODS.

The farther the two great branches of biology, namely, morphology
and physiology, have developed into higher planes during the last
decade, so*much farther have the methods of investigation in both
sciences diverged from one another. In morphology the high worth of
comparative or declarant methods has always been justly more recog-
nized, since the general phenomena of structure (e. g., in ontogeny and
systemization) have been in great part removed from exact investi-
gation, and comprise historical problems, the solution of which we can
strive for only indirectly (by way of comparative anatomy and phylo-
genetic speculation). In physiology, on the other hand, we constantly
strive to employ the exact or mathematical methods, which have the
advantage of relative accuracy and which enable us to trace back the
general phenomena of vital activity directly to physical (particularly
to chemical) processes. Plainly it must be the endeavor of all sciences
(of morphology also) to find and retain as much as possible this exact
mode of investigation. But it is to be regretted that among most
branches of science (and particularly the biological ones) this is not
possible, because the empirical foundations are much too incomplete and

*Hensen values this source of food very slightly, because “‘ only a very few ani-
mals live upon dead matter,” and explains it in this way, ‘‘ that material in a state
of foul putrefaction requires a stronger digestive power than the organization of the
lower animals can produce” (9, p.2). Imust contradict both ideas. The sponges live
chiefly upon decaying organisms, as do also many Protozoa, Helminths, Crustacea, etc.

ad

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 637

the problems in hand much too complicated. Mathematical treatment
of these does more harm than good, because it gives a deceptive sem-
blance of accuracy, which in fact is not attainable.* A partof physi-
ology also embraces such subjects as are with difficulty, or even not at
all, accessible to exact definition, and to these also belong the chorology
and cecology of the plankton.

The fundamental fault of Hensen’s plankton theory in my opinion lies
in the fact that he regards a highly complicated problem of biology as
a relatively simple one, that he regards its many oscillating parts as
proportionally constant bulks, and that he believes that a knowledge
of these can be reached by the exact nethod of mathematical counting
and computation. This error is partly excusable from the eircum-
stance that the physiology of to-day, in its one-sided pursuit of exact
research, has lost sight of many general problems which are not suited
for exact special investigation. This is shown especially in the case
of the most important question of our present theory of develop-
ment, the, species problem. The discussions which Hensen gives
upon the nature of the species, upon systemization, Darwinism, and
the descent theory, in many places in his plankton volume (pp. 19, 41,
73, ete.) are among the most peculiar which the volume contains. They
deserve the special attention of the systematist. The ‘actual species”
is for him a physiological conception, while, as is known, all distinction
of species has hitherto been reached by morphological means.t

In my Report on the Radiolaria of H. M.S. Challenger I have at-
tempted to point out how the extremely manifold forms of this most
numerous Class (739 genera and 4,518 species) are on the one hand dis-
tinguished as species by morphological characters, and yet on the other
hand may be regarded as modifications of 55 family types, or as de-
scendants of 20 ancestral orders, and these again as derived from one
common simple ancestral form (Actissa, 4, § 158). Hensen on the other
hand is of the opinion that therein is to be found “a strong opposing
proof against the independence of the species” (9, p. 100). He hopes
“to lighten the systematic difficulties by the help of computation” (p.
75). Through his systematic plankton investigations he has reached

*A familiar and very instructive example of this perverted employment of exact

methods in morphology is furnished by the familiar ‘Mechanical theory of develop-
ment” of His, which I have examined in my anthropogeny (3d edition, p.53, 655) as
well as in my paper upon Ziele and Wege der Entwickelungsgeschichte (Jena, 1875).
_ tSince of late the physiological importance of the “species” conception has often
been emphasized and the ‘‘ system of the future ” by the way of ‘“‘ comparative physi-
- ology” has been pointed out, it must here be considered that up to this time not
one of these systematic physiologists has given even a hint how this new system of
description of species can be practically carried out. What Hensen has said about
it (9, pp. 41, 73, 100) is just as worthless as the earlier discussions by Poléjdéeff, which
have been critically considered in my Report on the Deep-Sea Keratosa (Chullenger,
Zodlogy, vol. XXXII, part 82, pp. 82-85.)

638 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the conviction that “the more accurately the investigation has been
made, so much the more plain becomes the distinction of species” (9,
p. 100). On the other side I, like Charles Darwin, through many years
of comparative and systematic work, have arrived at the opposite con-
clusion: ‘ The more accurately the systematic investigations are made, the
greater the number of individuals of a species compared, the intenser the
study of individual variation, by so much more impossible becomes tie
distinction of actual species, so much more arbitrary the subjective limits
of their extent, so much stronger the conviction of the truth of the Theory
of Descent.”*
PLANKTOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.

The wonderful world of organic life, which fills the vast oceans, offers
a fund of very interesting subjects. Without question, it is one of the
most attractive and profitable fields of biology. If we consider that
the greater part of this field has been open to us scarcely fifty years,
and if we wonder at the new discoveries which the Ohallenger expedition
alone has brought to light, then we ought to count upon a brilliant
future for planktology.

Above all we ought to cherish the hope that our German National
expedition, the first great German undertaking in the field, may
promote many planktonic problems, and that the six naturalists who,
under such favorable conditions and with such important instruments,
studied the oceanic plankton for ninety-three days and in 400 hauls of
the net were able to obtain a rich collection of pelagic organisms, will
by their careful working up of these enrich our knowledge many fold.
However, the preliminary contributions of Hensen (22) and Brandt (23)
give us no means of passing judgment upon the matter now. Among
the results which the former has briefly given to the Berlin Academy
few require consideration; but for this the difference of our general
point of view is to blame. Thus, for example, I have attempted to
explain the remarkable ‘similarity to water of the pelagic fauna,” the
transparency of the colorless glassy animals, in 1866, in my General
Morphology (11, p.-242), according to Darwin’s Theory of Selection, by
natural selection of like colors (30, p. 248). Hensen, on the other hand,

*F. Heincke has briefly, in his careful “Investigations upon the Stickleback,”
given expression to the same conviction in the following words: ‘ All the conelu-
sions here deduced by me are simply and solely founded upon the comparison of
very many individuals of living species, or, in other words, upon the study of indi-
vidual variation. I am convinced that in essentials the study of embryology will
confirm my theory. It will be a proof of this, that he who wishes accurately to
describe related species, and races of a species, and to study their genealogical rela-
tion to one another, must begin by comparing a very great number of individuals from
different localities accurately and methodically. He will then soon see that proofs of
the theory of descent by this means are found in great numbers at all times, if only one
does not spare the pains to trace them out.” (Ofversigt af K. V. Akad. Forh. Stock-
holm, 1889, No. 6, p. 410.) This view of Heincke is shared by every experienced and
unbiased systematist.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 639

regards hunger as the cause of this, and the “tendency to explore a
relatively great bulk of water.” In general, according to his view,
“many larger pelagic animals bear the outspoken character of unfavor-
able conditions of life, of a life of hunger.”

Regarding the appearance of many pelagic animals in swarms, Hensen
explains “that the young do not float, but swim freely. In consequence
of this, the mother animals drive them away, and if the larve finally
rise to the surface the former can not enter into competition with
them” (22, p. 252), The accumulation of numbers of Physalia in great
swarms stands, according to his view, in correlation with the mode ot
movement. The animals which are capable of no independent move-
ment of progression must remain rather closely crowded together, in
order to be able to reproduce bisexually; those carried too far away
must perish.” On the other hand it is to be noted that the Physalia is
not, aS Hensen assumes, gonochoristic, but always hermaphroditic.*

The above-mentioned phenomena, the similarity to water of the pe-
Jagic fauna, the periodic appearance of many pelagic organisms in
swarms, their abundant accumulation in the zodcurrents (p. 85), particu-
larly their relation to the currents, are only a few of the greater prob-
lems which planktology furnishes for human investigative energy. For
‘these, as for so many other fields of biology, Charles Darwin, by the
establishment of the descent theory, has opened to us the way to
a knowledge of causes. We must study the complicated reciprocal
relations of the organisms crowded together in the struggle for exist-
ence, the interaction of heredity and variation, in order to learn to
understand the life of the plankton. But in these plankton studies, as
well in physiological as in morphological questions, we must use that
method which Johannes Miiller, the discoverer of this field, always
employed in a manner worthy of imitation: simultaneous “observation
and reflection.” :

* The cormi of all Physalide are moncecious, their cormidia monoclinic, Each
single branch of the racemose gonodendron is monostylic, and bears one female and |
several male medusoids. The facts were brought out thirty-five years ago by Huxley.
(Compare my Report on the Siphonophorie: Zodlogy of the Challenger, vol. Xxv1u,
pp. 347, 356.)

640 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

or

10.

1a

12.

13.

14,

15.

16.

lhe

18.

AE

20.

21.

LITERATURE.

. JOHANNES MULLER, 1845-1855. Ueber die Larven und die Metamorphose der Echi-

nodermen. Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften.
, 1858. Ueber die Thassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mit-
telmeeres. Jdem.

. Ernst Hacker, 1862. Monographie der Radiolarien. Uebersicht der Verbrei-

tung, pp. 166-193.

, 1887. Report on the Radiolaria collected by H. M. 8. Challenger during
the years 1873-1876. Chronological section, §§ 226-240. (Deutsch in der
‘‘Alleemeinen Naturgeschichte der Radiolarien,” 1887, pp. 123-137.)

on board H. M. S. Challenger, and their relation to ocean deposits.
Proceed. Roy. Soc., vol. XXIV, pp. 532-537.

, 1885. Narrative of cruise of H, M. 8. Challenger, with a general account
of the scientific results of the expedition (1873-1876), vol. 1, 1.

. H. N. Moserey, 1882. Pelagic Life. Address at the Southampton Meet. Brit.

Assoc., Nature, vol. xxv1, No. 675, p. 559.

Viaggio intorno al mondo dalla R. corvetta Vettor Pisani. Anni 1882-
1885.

. Victor HENSEN, 1887. Ueber die Bestimmung des Planktons, oder des im Meere

treibenden Materials an Pflanzen und Thieren. Y. Bericht der Commis-
sion zur wissensch. Unters. der Deutschen Meere in Kiel.

_— po

. JouN Murray, 1876. Preliminary report on some surface organisms examined —

. GAETANO CHIERCHIA, 1885. Collezioni per Studi di Scienze Naturali, fatte nel

K. Mopivs, 1887. Systematische Darstellung der Thiere des Plankton in der —

west]. Ostsee und auf einer Fahrt von Kiel in den Atlantischen Ocean
bis jenseit der Hebriden. (VY. Jdem).

, 1871. Wo kommt die Nahrung fiir die Tiefseethiere her? Zeitsch. fiir
wissensch. Zool., 21. Bd., p. 294.

Tu. Fucus, 1882. Ueber die pelagische Flora und Fauna. Verhandl. d. k. k. —

Geolog. Reichsanstalt in Wien, 4. Febr., 1882, pp. 49-55.

WYVILLE THOMPSON, 1873. The Depths of the Sea. An account of the general

results of the dredging cruises of H. M. 8. 8. Porcupine and Lightning.”
, 1877. The Atlantic. A preliminary account of the general results of the
exploring veyage of H. M. 8. Challenger.

Cari Cun, 1888. Die pelagische Thierwelt in grésseren Meerestiefen und ihre —

Beziehungen zu der Oberfliichen-Fauna. Bibliotheca zoologica, Heft I.

, 1889. Bericht iiber eine nach den Canarischen Inseln im Winter 1887-88
ausgefiihrte Reise. Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wiss.,
peal:

CARL Voat, 1848. Ocean und Mittelmeer, p. 303.

RICHARD GREEFF, 1868. Reise nach den Canarischen Inseln. ‘‘ Die Meeresstro- —

mungen als Thierstrassen,” pp. 307-309.

R. ScuMIDTLEIN, 1879. Vergleichende Uebersicht iiber das Erscheinen grosserer
pelagischer Thiere wiihrend der Jahre 1875-1877. Mittheil der zoolog.
Station Neapel, Bd 1, p. 119.

EDWARD GRAEFFE, 1881-88. Uebersicht der Seethier-Fauna des Golfes von

Triest, nebst Notizen iiber Yorkommen, Lebensweise, Erscheinungs- und
Fortpflanzungs-Zeit. Arbeiten d. zool. Station Triest.

E. pu Bois-REYMOND, 1890. Bericht iiber die Humboldt-Stiftung und die
Kieler Plankton-Expedition des National. Sitzungsberichte der Berliner
Akademie d. Wissensch. vom 23. Januar 1890, pp. 83-87. _

Ph laid a 2

23.

29.

30.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES. 641

. VicTOR HENSEN, 1890. Einige Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Hum-

boldt-Stiftung. Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissen-
schaften vom 13. Miirz 1890, pp. 243-253.
KARL BRANDT, 1889. Ueber die biologischen Untersuchungen der Plankton-Ex-
pedition. Verhandl. der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, vom 7,
Dec. 1889, p. 515.
, 1885. Die coloniebildenden Radiolarien (Sphaerotsen) des Golfes von
~Neapel.

. Ernst HA&cCKEL, 1882. Indische Reisebriefe. II. Aufl.
. Kart M6sius, 1880. Beitriige zur Meeres-Fauna der Insel Mauritius und der

Seychellen, 1880.

. Cart CHuN, 1886. Ueberdie geographische Verbreitung der pelagisch lebenden

Seethiere. Zoolog. Anzeiger, Nr. 214, 215.

, 1890. Die pelagische Thierwelt in grossen Tiefen. Verhandl. d. Gesellsch.
deutsch. Naturf. u. Aerzte, Bremen, 1890.

ERNST HckEL, 1879. Monographie der Medusen. I. Bd. Das System der Medu-
sen. II. Bd. Der Organismus der Medusen. ;

, 1889. Natiirliche Schépfungsgeschichte. Achte Auflage.

H. Mis; 113——41

ey Ly Bie.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER.

Page.

CATS (0018 008 Sep Bp S CBSE Se ere es 175, 179, 198
Abrolhos Islands, Brazil, birds of .....-.-- 66
PMS Ole ince ancien e cic tesla siejerd =.= <= ‘ 109
Acipenser oxyrhynchus stwrio -.---------- 193
OAC TLC (0 Ree Oe See eee eae 22,125
Adelbert Collese..-----.-..-.---5--5--.-- 162
PE STPNE aE Ielele wm mimima mm = = = lmmicielsie, oe n= = = 132
LPG -ssoto tet. deocrer casssee 7,98
Africa, voyage to, for mackerel .-.----.--- 203
Agassiz, Alexander .-------.------ 4, 67, 98, 100, 108
PA OSUU YOUTTOUWY (oa sanc = - nicl =n pinmoe n= == 142
Agricultural Department, relations with 73
BEC ISOS apa sists 3 eas faye <faia ain amin iene 66
Tnivestigation of --.-..-.-.---..-..... 100, 132
LES ES Be She cee eee con See see 104
Salmon canneries----..--..--.----..-. 134
Alaska salmon:
Investigation of.-..-.-..=.........--- 7, 98, 182
Methods of catching..--..-.--.------ 133
TERR NI Utne cohSacabe el eaereaaces 135
Varieties of --..------- Daten eens pear 133
CELLO CO CIIMOUUR lacie es mie cece nna mask os 198
J NUDE RO eS oe ene a 193
Aiatress. SUGAMEY = ---=--o<--------- 2,99, 108, 133
Collections, reports on ......--------- 66
Explorations in Alaska..-....-.----- 100, 132
Explorations in Gulf of California. -- 4
Explorations near Galapagos Islands - 4
Explorations, reports on ...---------- 4
Used by Senate Committee on Indian
NUE ES See CaS ees eee OG
J UATIINGS, 338662 4 BS Sg Sap See pepe csonne 193 |
Fishery of Potomac River ...-....-.- 182 |
SUD HHS 28 es docCRRepHCe San eoaREeoe 183
Yearlings, occurrence of...:.....--.- 32
POR ATCO Ate te esa Pas St css ote wee s'< 100, 174
LMI 0h SOE on Se oe aCe eee seee 132
UNCER Ne Bos epee reaee Sap se Ape 150
Alpena Station, Mich.:
(hie shire nye tee cmadeueeop- eco d5e 11
IRGMOLU OMe se ten aoe see niee ae oe = 42
JACTOL OVER URE Soe en oepees aoe orisae asec 102
ESCUTTEIEN EA ee 153, 154,
Apparatus for destroying starfish -...--- 115
Appropriation for—-
=» Great Walls fishway.s---.----2.-.-..- 68
Gulf States fish-hatchery .-.---.----- 59
Leadville Station ...... Bate ae aaa ote ate 47

Page.

Appropriation for—Continued.

Montana fish-hatchery-.--.-.........- 59

IN COSNO: SUADLONG Seite mnt acer erent sie 45

New York fish-hatchery ..-....-.--.- 59

Put-in Bay Station: -< 222-2 22-<-2-=.- 38

Vermont fish-hatchery.--------.---.- 59
Appropriations, statement of....-.-.----- 1

| Aquaria at Central Station:

Reporvowl «oe coe cae eee eee ee 54

Specimens, collections of --....-.-..-- 55
Archosargus probatocephalus...-----.---- 193
Arizona Fish Commission. -.---.--------- 71
Arkansas Fish Commission -.----.------- Tie
Arkansas, investigations in.....--..-..-. 143
Arkansas River, mining operations on .- - . 141
BISECTED ILL OTS ae me etree = os =o eel ia 119
Atoms: Ohanles' Grasesecnreriac a2 = xe an ssa 14, 15, 20
Atlantic coast:

Investigations of. 2------------- 22-2. 110

Temperature stations on....---.....- 130
Atlantic salmon :

Mb Ey OOS Vs Ofaare eae = =a ae teen 151, 161

Distribution Of .-5.-- 3-5-2 ssse2 5 2c 77,88

PROP AO AULOL Osetrs = siete atten ctn eee 17, 18, 28
Aurelia flavidula. «.-- 202 ne one-one wee 153
Bahia, Brazil, fishes of--...-......-..-.-.- 2 AGT
Testi Ie CN Ne 8 Seb SECs OAS SSE Gr ore: 2, 97, 102
BAITS POOLE ely eas ce tee eee cel 102
Baird Station, Cal. :

AM DLOPmaMON Olsen es aes ae aiete 49

BUI RIee eesti cto snes sass 49

TVA NIG one, \ meeepetoesere odes 12

RG pilin OLte series meas = se ois am ralaratetn eect 49
Bait supply, fishery for .....-.-.---.----- = (202
Baldwin é& Chronister .-222- 02... -s----- 48
Banks, fishing, location of ..-.--..--..---- 105
Banks frequented by cod .-.....---.----- 2
IBUDVGLOME Np meer wcities acters coaicinlts clare ce 166
Bam Guuntebeaaa rs saecec ss sein eee caeeeente 44
Batrachians, report ON... .-- 5. 2-.e--s 4-6 66
Battery Island, Md.:

Production of, station......-.-.------ 31

Lee OS) (th 6 See beeaoopeceDaOrcSEsoc 30

Toyo) bets Serrano MOSSE ay - 11
Batulend QHD a= ace see. tcc aden te 120, 122, 123
Baye Hamm Ueland 22-2 22752 2 ac aim nlelo anes clots 107
Bayley, W. B.-..-.:.-----------+-----+--- 38
SANTINO KOLO alsa aa 210 shasta oleisia’ sh cterele aieteyatasye 188

644

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ER—Continued.

Page.

Beam-traw] fishery of Great Britain ....- 199
BGAN ABATiON GAte ores sete a1 Uae ae aiznees/siae 194
Bean, Tarleton H........----- 7, 64, 66, 132, 133, 169
Behr sklenrvOnsce=<ate ase aoe ee Cees 73
Beloium) fish for -ceeteetce eeee scene 73
Benedict, James M2 -525-.<. 8522-02 110, 120, 170
Bering Sea, investigation of.......--.---.- 97, 100
BI CLOW Ries see witha isisisiemee fee ee aeiea 126, 153, 155
Birds:

Colleationofes= cn -seeeecaee ce ee eae 67

Skeletons:of 22225 -eekcesoe echoes 66
Black bass:

Distribution of-2..2..- <2 34, 35, 44, 82, 83, 93, 94 |

Ocourrence ote ~ 62 os: cece ee ose 150, 193

IPrOPAL ALON Ol ee secerr nee ee ese eeins 36

SPAWMINE OL). cesses ease ec tec ele 46
‘Black-cod,occurrencGi0L -.25-¢-5- 2022 a5t 106
Blackiond joaGaes cence pesos ee nwes ca 125
Black-spotted trout:

Distribuiionvol---4o- sete eseateences 80

Propagation Ofc - sscee estes ost = 37, 48
BS ac Keaprillwse ees. yore tists tec Sel sere Cinesrase 193
EBLE SUBAMED oe. So emcees fet sertactee 5, 126
PBI Gade eth pMbas st ieee sn ee ee ee 64
Bluefish Statistiess -<.cccsc< sce acess oes 182, 190
BOC OS Of alandan ee ssce See moe a eee 100
Bollman, Charles Harvey --.->.-----.---- 66
Bone balks. 2. a ee ece see ewe ne coe eae 147
Bonito eggs, characteristics of -...--..--. 26
BONITO, SpawwIneOlee oes see aoe sees 26
Bonito Statisuics <2 cee scene ae sees eee 191
OO unrsiniclin rt. aes oe eae eee wo 132
Bopyrus patemonites ~~... 6- 1b 2s se == 153
iBome Max von demi... .22 esecenesaseeniee 17,73
IBOston fisherigsessoc Go -e=% cee Senne e 195
30ston Society of Natural History -..--- 152
BOVE dilly fee ste cat ee a oe sk See Pee 153
Brachiopoda, collection of............-.-- 66
Brevoorhia tyrannus .- 52 ----2-- 522-2 - === 193
IBRICOi ice tcsecce tcc be oa ee ee eeeans 51
Bristol Bay :

‘Banks lates eee. avec eia 2 et eee 2

investigations of«2-e2252-s.shestoess 100
British Museum, London, England...-.-- 171
Brooklyn Training School .-..-.-..------- 17
Brook pike, distribution of-........-..... 44, 81
BOOKS Wt heos cs cece eben eee 119, 128, 129, 152, 167
Brook trout:

Dystribwution Of, 22. és sec aase see sO oN SOLO

Propagation of. .17, 18, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 45
ipronghal James Ds. 3e cape see aw eteee , 45
BLOWN, WMIVersily = 22s -nceecns e- eee nee 162
HSC )0, EP eats Je ae ae coe sacanctoe seers 20
Buffalo-fish, distribution of......-.-...2-- 44, 76
Biller Walliamice-caccese esas. ceeeh so ssee 39
BUllS-CY.6 wee cece eee eee eee eae ee 20:
1 Bibinjaitsy dsl one sooo eo ameeebe eae 154, 162
IBUt ters bas aati een eicic tie = estes 193
Cable, Waaw Saaetesscsecrenetssseeeaccaek 48
Calamocrinus diomedee..2---.--.-.------- 109
California coast, investigation off ..._. 104, 105, 106
California Fish Commission.-.---......... 50, 71
California, fishery resources....--.-----.- 170
Canada, fish forse soe ties ace aaenacewecncce 73

Page.
Cape Charles City, Va ..-......... 158, 159, 188, 189
Cape Charles ...-.- SeSeee ago eBo ssc sast 56, 190, 191
Cheéritl-125- cos seese erence eee pe A 100
Chigagof.. i.e caneeeaeee sees 102
Constantines220% = -setee seer eee se 102
Cornientes:) (<a--e seer ase -os-eeeee 109
Flattery, soundings off .......-..-.. 105
Malla 2 acc a5-\ eee tes ee see 108
Mendocino). 2'-4.0 0 ces scone Nee ee 104, 105, 106
Newenmham soc -nceee= oases ee eee 102
Peirce. cs <4 ceee Sassen eee 103
NAN WVAaN CISCO'S. css sme- = eee ces cee se 109
Camanahippos << 2-2 een aoe eee 192
Carp:
Distribution of .......-.-..-84, 35, 46, 75, 85, 86
Propagation Ot--5---eenser sees 35, 36, 37, 44, 45
Cars; miles traveled by.-- ses oe seer eee 60
Catfish:
Mistribirtioniofes.-coes260k eee eee 44,75
Statistices..-...----.- Mab Se Seasonemcnsc 182
Cedar duakes 22/2 act tee ee ee ene 147
Census Office, relations with.......------ 72, 196
Central America, explorations in ......-. 108
Central Station, Washington, D.C.: ¥
Production of....--- WEL cab heheceesine 11
Report On... -..tes-) o-oo eee eee 33
Oentropristis stridtusier-= =. ene eee eee 193
Ohetodipterws faves. ssen = eee 192
Chatlenger: steamer =.=. see -= eee 108
ChamibersiC2O) 22s pee eese ke oe eee 149
Chemical investigation of waters of Long
Esland: Sound) -4 555.252 ase sae eee 5
Chesapeake Bay fisheries ------.-..--..-- 184
oyster hedses----:--s25= 4, 98
investigation.-.. 4,122
Chilkat. re. oa2 Soceeee cae Sa aee ae eee 104
Church Point, oyster beds at -.-----....-. 187
Clackamas Station, Oregon:
Production Of: co... -aas24 ese ee eee -- 12
IR@DOLt ODo-na=- ees ase eee eee 52
Watersupply 2-2 23222225: = see eee 53
Clarioniislamd) 2S. -n22 0-5) see eee 67
Clark “Rrank (Nicos. 22 <cesila= eee ae 39, 42
Clark qUminersiuy pec esee se ele aes 153, 170
Clinton County, Ky., fishes of........-..- 148
OT CONGEST AUS oe ween eee eee 193
pseudoharengus --...----.-----.--- 1932
SOUDUCISSUITUD ois ao ee eee ete 198%
Coalifisht 55 cde ote once ee cere ee ee 191
Coal mine at Herendeen Bay.---.-.----- 3, 100, 103
Coast Survey, codperation of.-.-.-.------. 5
Cobia a. ce seecce st senna eee eee Eee 191
Cocos Island -2-¢- i: 05222 ==os atte eee 108
Coe Colleser as sserecteae ee eee eete 143, 144
Cod: , :
Abundance Ofs.-2-e=se oe cee eee 101, 103, 155
BUG ae a. ck ee eee eae eee eee 24, 27
Distribution of. -.....-- eae ee eee 84, 96
Eggs, characteristics of.--.-.---.--/.. 26
hatching Of ss sess. eee PT
SINAN ONO Thee aes ee eit eee a0
transportation of -....-.---..-- 23
BmMbryOloLyiOl: seer. saeeee eee 157
OCCUTTON CE OL ea etsnercrnias waists eae ate 2, 156, 157—

nT a ee Oe

.

Susie eae Tee May oe eed ees DA ae Aho me

Se

A ila nb ining eset cine ae 8

rane
wa

’ une aT ee eee

f
Sey bende

_

we

INDEX.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ER—Continued.

Page.

Cod—Continued.

IPTOna Sablon. Of =v -7-. -. +505 22, 23, 24,25, 155

tesults of artificial propagation of. .6, 155, 204

SVE GC) TEI CS eae SR ei 26
Cold Spring Harbor Station, N. Y.:

PODOH CHO Ole 15/55 n'a = = ie ljaotjase Seite alt

ONIGIG Olea ais a= ateieid dots Slaimaticfeeiaid 28
BEERS Mehen OVS = ent hala ce ote ae 8, 69, 72, 173, 196
Colorado Fish Commission ........-..---- 71
Colorado:

OBES eres oo set law av asosteatabekos 142

imvestiPationsiin.. 2<..02....2. 522.028 7, 140
Colorado streams, characteristics of... -- 141
Stampin Colleges... foo 5... Gents esse 171
“LADINO DN CE Gee eee See a ae ee 154,
Connecticut oyster industry ..----..--.-- 110, 114
Connecticut River Station, Car No. 3,

MEOMHGWON) Oltoese = s-c- oem ace ate ness 28 12

hat, 18s 1D 4a SS cee Seer neoppOabepcscoqeess 66
PRGNOIANGS Cele oe. oe esate esas = acon he 148
Copepods, injurious to fish eggs .--..----- 24, 27
LRG PTE Se ee a ea 66
@rab-fishery, notes on..-.2.2-.:.----4.--- 200
LELADS AS PAISHICS OL usa = = Sees/sote cles Nee. 183
Craig Brook Station, Me.:

FAM PLOPTIAGOUS LOIS. <6 22 sc nanan) 15, 16

BUONO forest at Sata oa Hae wa animes 16

PROPUIS s ae tyeat = Sate we SSL Sie, i 16

PLOUMGiOU ate Isaac anes = mite tolee scot 10

TOA SAMOM Mba. o= = ho 50 ososne= ve ete. 17,18

PAULO MAR GEM sere are <n wine Soe i se 15

PBPOLILON!: Aa seme ek cede acne ew omnia 15
Craig Ship-Building Company --.-.-.-.-.-- 38

Crappie, distribution of..---34, 35, 44, 83,84, 94, 95

Craryiin by StatiShlessso.6- Joos Le settee 183
CP OUN Se arama ts eee ils Basan Saale 154
Grevalle, statistics Of. .-d50 22 2c 2 fee 192
(ISHOLO OME ire ae so 2 oy tS See ek 192, 200
Crustaceans, sense organs of........----- 154
Otenolabius adepersus.:..- 2.5. ss = sone cc 160
Cultus-cod, occurrence of...-.........--. 105
Cunner:
Characteristics of eggs.....-......--. 26
PEON A TALON: Sh Seas sos oe 2S 160
SPAWN Os 5-050 s 2s ok. se ehoe es 26
Currents off New England coast......... 128
OV ONED OT CUS 8 oo a) eee mats olcis ea eee 153
Cynoscion nebulosunt.- -.2--- 26 Les seec cue 190
TOR LU eee 2 at an ayer at 160, 191
POY TUL OM io 3 ot Pees als = = ais teste 169
WakotaiUniversitiva.-- 2. -c.-so2ttstes vcs 170
DDL) Nata soso Sie Se Be Se ks 66
sina ric hardiness ee lath Os ar iat 24
Darters; Spawnimpiot <2 42 242-55} a ayetels 55
DO aVGR DOR Cy eee oe IS. eo ork cals 153
SWAGKDM: Gl ACIOL! 2) fata Sas- - claus senators 104
ANAS PESTA LOU sat c tee hay ax cee eis 140
Wem Bash tor come sens. nce els 5, 120, 122, 125, 150
Vesti Ener) 2c apse hs Soe fe ge ee ob 47,48
Delaware Fish Commission ..,........-.. 71
Delaware River fisheries..-.-/-.........- 181
Density observations, changes in .....--. 131
Wensityiot: water, 222 2.5. Skies see Hee ek 26, 28
Wentones. Wee -s.5s5 oe.) ar ss 55

Page.
Deutsche Fischerei Verein.....--.--..--- 73
Dibothrium cordiceps ..-..-.-2--c2-s----+ 139, 140
Dimmick shh 26 So5 tos ees ee 175, 195
Distribution:
IDGtaI staf a ee nascent S ea ek eae 75, 85
Ofifood=fishoseuco- he eee se cool eee ee 12
Summary ofc) sees Seek Senos eee ee 13
District of Columbia Commissioners, rela-

WONS ll Nsase sae amoe cies eewe caceicenes 73
DD Toys tiie ek era ie Seg Ce eres Sheer eee: 126
DOC WeE Eee eee BS: ees Se eee 126
Moller.wValentine: ss. 2526s ee eee 38
Doneherty, Wrebis eas 25 s2--=i-2een seen 51
Douglas Menrye 225% -\[02 2-2 eee 37
WT AKe is Core wi ceee sees csecee ot ai ae 120
Drews hranisiMy soot 25-250 .. 2 tee 143
Mromecex eno se sa Stee od Sate ee, SS 193
Duluth Station, Minn. :

Productionlob<te s.os220 oe aa cee 11
Report on...... spaltetegcocee ale sees 43
Water:supplyiof, 202.5: seen seeeeeee 43

Dumping-grounds in Long Island Sound. 111,118

IDE RDUI NS loth hn ees ae Se SAS aps Sons 192
Echinoderms, early stages of......-....-- 119
dimund s} rane bh oak a sees ee eee 51
Mdinvards; WerlN) sesecei. cacao umonernee 6, 151, 155, 161
EN GCOLE COMMA se sam 2.2 ate ts yar eee eee 191
Mlichart IUVerss = 025 54 4oe Ses eRe EM iaee Lies 147
Embryology of Spanish mackerel. .-.---- 6
Asan eviculatusis.ons (cama scee Son teeeteese 150
European oyster-culture -..--....-------. 5, 124.
MI MOLM aN Bs W fascism = =e see Reo On AOE TAT,
Expenditures, reports of ..----...-------- 1
Experiments at Woods Holl Station ...-. 155
Haxsilones)ssa<acts-ee sees sel eee eee 106
Fauna of Yellowstone National Park--.. 7
Mereuson; (0. IB see aae - 5 Se gnies eee ese 31
Heslors Bent os Yess sc eosin cc eke eee 140
HieldvGeorreww: seceses oe sess cee eeae 119, 154
Field investigations of the fisheries ..-... 173
ied 's Eee Se 3S Soe sas one serene r 56
Fish-eultural stations, list of..-.-.- Jeers 10
Vish-culture, report on......-..----- seeSes 10
ish) GistripwolOny Ole soca. asc. a ame os tecens 13
Fisheries :
Investigation of... 2.22... s.2.c2.2-e 173
IMIGGROO SiO Se a5 = See 3 ene eae eee 8
BOSTON ss aamee ne as. = sss = soe 195
Cape Carles! City -...-- 222.6 2522 2-2 188
ChesapeakerBay, === 15. ess See sine 184
GiOUGER DE Iee eer abe teas pee eee 195
Gap RCOaS then simmiene atic.- ot eee “its, 1 DELI
New England coast. ----. SPIRE Ronee ok 9,175
INA NAOH oe SSE ee oes so 195
Pacifie coast, investigation of......-. 174
PPOUOMACMVLVOL ore nim n mm = iene emeinl= 180
South Atlantic ecoast...........-.---- 9,177
SLALISHIOS OFAL Rtectccam es Waemieles pares Sai 8
Fishery treaty between Great Britain and
the; United! States... 0620.22. 9)20lses 201
Fishes:
Development. of... - ssa. sw eses--\- 154
iDisdasestote. sss 3 ean Se ees: 17, 168
PSUR MELON Of: eo ee eee ee 12,170

646

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. wa

<EPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER— Continued.

Psa
Fishes—Continued.
Inquiry respecting- 2. =22-222------s- 2,97 |
Galapagos Islands ..---....:..-...-.- 60, 67 |
Mississippi Basin, distribution of- --- 44
Wort Castries); s-- eee e eee 66
PATASITOS OL scans corde A-eee eee 153,168 |
Fish food in Yellowstone National Park. 138
Bish Hawk steamer =i: 2-25.22 28, 29, 110, 116,
120, 131, 152. 158 |
UIA PVOMUChLON Ofte eae ee eee 12
Reporbof, operations..._:..--\-..45-2= == 55
+ Spanish mackerel, work by..--------- 56
Fishing-grounds :
INVES AMONS OL So.ceceeren oe eens 2,97, 99 |
THocation/ Of. -\s ania -\2-- Dee Ree ee 97
Mish montality: 22 ~)W/o2-s<5saen eee eee se 146, 147
Fish ponds, Washington, D.C. : |
Production o£: 23 -~ sacs se peer oe 11
FREMOMO OD. tae Googe Ba eee 35
Fish production by stations -...--.--.--- 10
Fishways at Great Falls of Potomac. -.. 68
Flatfish:
Characteristics of eggs ...-.-----.--- 26 |
DASheibmtiOnon. Sat oa- ee A eee eee 84, 96
PrOpAg aon Of. lees eee eee eee 25,27
SPAMMING OR. sec bee Sais eae eee 26, 27
Mlaitery JOCKS {<< -=2 asses 05-2 =e soe 105
Florida, investigations in ...--.-..------- 149, 150
Flounders :
Characteristics of eggs -.-.----..---. 26, 161
Occurrentelotere.---eers eee eee 3, 105, 106, 193
BKOPACAMONOL ces ae ese ee 161, 162
Spawning <.-seoeee tee eet 26
TROLDOS aed Be tee oie ee eee 135, 137, 145, 168, 169
Foreign countries, fish eggs sent to ....-- 35
Fort Gaston Station, Cal. :
Establishment of... -.23. 2. 2-5-06 ee 51
Produchionot: oan.) h. cee eee 12
Report, Ons Fs22 ee les ss oh op ts ERG 51
Fort Washington Station, Md. :
sRYOdMCtLOM Oli skeleton eeeo 11
IRepopnones 22 3. Seah see ie Sele 32
IGA a RO oe) Nees ogce so 5a eae ace aecce See 104
PHOBber, VAUSbINIM -nen See eee es 20
Four-spotted flounder :
Characteristics of evgs ..-.....--.--- 26
PLO pPasaLion Ole eee. 2 cijas ese eee 162
Spawning Of 0-22 --eso- .e2 sees. Se. 26
Hrance sh sembtos.no secede oo o- seas 73
bree nlan VA wASs et ee ee he ee a aes 194
Fresh-water drum, distribution of .....-. 44, 82
rogs statistics Of-.---sscce. sco. cee eee 183
BEML UUT nae coe ne aos ict = ace <esta eee 112
Fundulus heteroclitus.......--------~-=--- 154
GCOUUS OMNIA ee ap eam PEE ee See 155
Galapagos Tslandse5- =< 45.--2-6--m 67, 100, 109
Binds Ofc. ease cones acute vice eesee se 66
Explorations in...... Pee Peers oer 4,108
Wishes iOf-a255 seshecemess hese eo Seco 66
Galveston arpor, Mexas)--=-4cce-2- see 25
Gascoyne,/George B---..2--.222------2--- 38
CN UGLIER see Pa Seat aan aoe PONE 28, 47
Geneva Lake, investigations in .-.....-.. 145
Georgia Fish Commission.-.......2-.-..-- 71

Page.
Germany :
Mish rom ek eee eee ee ae toes 12;
Sent toc.2c.. cP eee 73
Gilbert, Charles H ......... 66, 67, 100, 135, 170, 174
Gil-Herbert: A 92h See ee ee 61
Gloucester fisheries. .222 22... - 2 aseencee 195
Gloucester Station, Mass. :
Prodnetion 0ff-cecs.4-sceece eee eeeee 10
Report-ons- 39 sas2- nee ae sere eee 22° 8
Gloucester City Station, N.J.:
Production Of. cas. sco ae eee 11
Report Ons... oo sess eco ee eee eee 28
| Goldfish:
Distribution of-.-----....34, 35, 46, 75, 76, 86, 87
Propagation Ofs-. Sos ec aoe ereea eee 35, 36, 37
Spawning of je. iesse seen 46
Golden‘Gatenc = 222 os bac ee eee 106,
Golden ide:
Distribubion tot eo se. eee 34
Gro withiOFs.- aes ee Sees 46
Propagation of ..-.-- f.2% oc nee ee 35
Gorham Grih)2 2 ¥2 2 ee Ae eee 69
Goshen, nd 22.5272 3225 2-2 ae 5 eee 147
Government Departments, relations with 72
Government Printing Office, courtesies
firomy Sse eho: cece ee eee eee 3
Grace SChOOne? <2 sce 206 See eee ee 155 _
Gramipus, SCHOONEY = =.42222 see eee eee 5, 22, 125, 152
Grand River, Colo., mining operations on 14a
Gravel Banlk 25 .-cesese -ciscesme se oseeies 103
Grays Harbor, 20-52 ae. sae 105
GTayeOlOUb 2o seer eee oe ae ee 191
Gray, William): (2253842 025 eee eee eee 166
Great-Britain, fish sent foL-22-2-eoseee se 74
Great Falls fishway, appropriations for. - - 68
Great Lakes fisheries, review of ...-.-.-- 200
Great Pond, examination of-.-........... 150
Green Lake, examination of...../.2...... 147
Green Lake Station, Me.:
APPLopriavion fOn= =o saeco eee eae 16
Buildings seek eci toe eee eee ee 20, 21
Establishment Of: 2-.-a.---pe- ss seeiee 20
Production: Of... 552325. 2a. 55" See 10
Propagahion abt. oo. yee 21.
Purchased |. sce waco cen eh e eee 20
REPOLb.ON Wee: eee cee een eee 20
Greenman, IM. Size. 2 dene... theese eee 134 ©
Griffin “GeorgerA can -a-ne- =. =o eee eee 156
Guava as seer eee eee een eee eee 108,109
Gulf of California, explorations in ..-.--- 4a
Gulf coast fisheries, investigation of -.--9, 179,180 — ‘
Gulf States fish-hatchery, appropriation }
for, {aa ocne ak Seo ee 59 9
Gurley, Revere Ri. . 4:25). 44.08 eee 168
Haddock: ;
Distribution of. ---- ¢ ysee cea eeaeeeee 84,96
iPropacawion Ol. 6 -- 22. 2=. eee 22, 23; 24, 25
Hagemeister Island. .<.-.------=-2---- ss 102, 103 ~~
Halibut oceurtenceots=- 2-2. =.=-e5.cee- 3,101, 105.9
Hall, Ansley -<- ---. 253.42 ee 175,179
Harris; Anco... 2255-2 eRe eee 126
Harrison; \R. Git: Fee eee cee eee 154, 167
Harvard University -.-.---2--2 ---------s 153°
Harvest-fish -..-.2.222252.252 426 Ses sese se 193

INDEX.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER—Continued.

Page.
Bisel eh us acts) ceslce oo ceacscmies 2 110,115, 116
attie S. Clark, schooner. ------.-.------ 203
Havre de Grace shad-hatchery..........- 30
Heceta Bank, location of ...........-..... 3, 105
AeA AN AMOS, Al's. Scien sciences aes 148
PET ENOOBI MEM «<a 3.18). cite- ee nce se ees ee 3, 102
AOSMIMINGSS once Lot shbtoceocsesccme se) 100; 003
MBH GMD WOM Ole). eines se = aaa S 103
Pieicke kh weit ss see Pe G, 152, 154, 162
RCM RE eee ts Sig cleans ae a0) Se aisicls oasis 193
Herring fishery of Maine .......-......-. 202
FRESNO Ruck ae aay NERC ot ete aU. Se cision toe 35
High School, Bridgton, Me ...--......--.- 171
Council Bluffs, Iowa..-....-. 170
Springfield, Mass .-.......-- 171
EDU OLONRLV OL os) a0 25h ecmnnas.<cce~ sens 150
LUG Gey ORT SESS a Sanceaesae 110, 113, 115, 153, 164
HOMOATUS UMENCANUS - =... 5-25-0222 162
INGE 13772 Sos Rp en Se SEE Seo Serer ee 104
BIOO VER Coes nese pcs aches Ge sid lncee 148 |
RORSE-MAGKELO) = 205,05, ce a oeee = oSee ss 193
ELON ALO Oana oe! car ne one las wceaee 66
FRU ar Nan oe sc oes jens caleetotee.s 52
EAS OTMRIVELEE aaa cet aoe Sows eas 181
PRMTITS ST DEO Kars octane Shae = oys)= stie etie= sie 189
LEE Gial Che Wr Sag i ial ane Pe Re te ee 47
MaahO-colechiONs IMs .2<j<20c2s2s oe. beeen 12
Tilinois Fish Commission ..............-. 71
Illinois State Laboratory of. Natural His-

ROA occa cbse 22 S55? Srnec eeu ab enEeosae 137
Indiana Fish Commission. ..-.......-..--- 71
Indiana, investigations in.....-.---...-.- 147
Indiana State Normal School ............ 170
Sinclar anUNLVOLSUby <= ~ = 50 toes a <= 143, 149, 170
irreersoll) Charles i<j s 25 oo5ice sci 181
Inquiry respecting food-fishes, report on. 97
International Marine Exhibition... .....-- 198
Investigation of U. S. Fish Commission

ON, Wis SCN Alen = s-aae = coos segcecamacs = 61
Iowa Fish Commission .............-.--- 71
Iowa streams, characteristics of .......-- 144
James River oyster-grounds......--..--- 184
Jelly-fishes, life history of ---.-.-..------ 153
Johns Hopkins University-..-.-.. 119, 123, 152, 153,

154, 188, 167
Jones, Alexander .......-2.. 225: Se as 26
PPOTIOS PELs Mine eae Seb ateG aalcins sa sue rou ee 157
WordaneDs 92.524... 7, 66, 67, 135, 136, 140, 170, 174
Juan de Fuca, Straits of....... i tee Pn ehie 2
OMNGAM se. 7 isos ete sea dase Ocoee 104
REACT A USI ATIC Aen tees Janes asee cee 7,98
Rank aioe. is )t she. Sac) ee eee ne 147
Kansas City, Fort Smith and Southern

CAE WAV ewe = ciel ataiet ere es = 47
Kansas Fish Commission .........-....-. 71
AC aKa Ore eka h cote a ee ee 132
Rear vere 0b oe cise ce ee, Te 132, 133
aT AU BAY: accu na actectas see beee mete 104
MEP ORE d's Lira jeoecieraniacce tate eee ce 154, 167
LETS EMC nl OF AS RED Bek 5 a es Sst era 110, 120
Kentucky Fish Commission ......--- eete 71
Kentucky :

INIShOS Ofs-ecc.c ste aac eee cane 149
investigations in: «ceo an. 5-2 sone 148

Page.
RUGAS Hy Spawn oy Obe cess. verse cee meses 55
Kobe Sana nve go Bet COreT eRe aEEee 193
King crab:
Ne Cineleybi perl t) td pare Rees een eed yn 5d
FP ATUSTEOS a ctacinc aces scene eee Ocoee 1538, 154
Feirsche be DUipo bl. - Nope anes nce eee 148
Kartland) Wee se. ssaeee ete eae een ene 148
K. K. Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum, Vi-

GHN a PATSULIA So eee ache eee Sele ce eet eee Wal
Kulukak Bay, fishing-hanks of ....-.---- 2
Worl wikia PLOUN: oa piaiwiataice Ble 6 orem asta = 100, 102
henskokwime Riviere secccscnessneeceeen ess 100, 103
Revichals RIvGls cases aca. sane seCaeeee ce 100
ake orest) Umiversity---.-c.-ce. a. 9. 125
LakewMaxim kicker. ccs sce octets 147

Mier dotals22 212.2 stern spe Soccernet 168
Ronkonkoma 5. s<j.7 sce swe ers o sas 150
Lake trout:
DistribitiomiOk cece -caeee eae sees 46, 80, 91, 92
Mees collection Off 2522-5 sr. te ss5s-= 42
Produchom Oteecsas tt jose Sse PA
Propagation of..-...-.. 17, 34, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45
Lamprey eel:
Characteristics of eggs.......--.....-. 26
SOE MTN EOE So cosoceesocHosouabeesc 26
amd cra fitadManses sectarian = erie iets 115
Landlocked salmon :
Distribution Of. ----es se ase-e se 77, 78, 88
eroduehionl Ofte = sae ceeeniss neces 28
IPropapablon) Ofi-ccasesas: stance se see 14, 15, 17,
18, 21, 33, 34, 40, 42, 438, 44
SIZO‘OL os sa a was lee clon ae ale See ayes 14, 15, 21
HAW OOM F223 = Paes see Sea a tele see ee ae 47, 48
hawrence University: =--.-- <b -sse5-= = 170
Leadville Station, Colo. :
PAP PLOPLIAcLON Olea sicreis sees eee 47
Buildings) saaacctaeoa se cesar nae 47, 48
PTOAMCTIOM Olt. meas Sale ite ere ee 12
IReporbonr = sack ecie cetseitee caer 47
JOGA SIMMER EO. Sass ae OsaSrOnaSaaee cc r 154
TeidyJOsepltas incase none anos ese Seat e 139
Leiostomus santhurus..-..--------------- 193
GED OMI GLOUOSUS retails elemines a ince 150
Te wass RODELt Eames we acest cee scree ee 132
TOY ee ahah NOC Ree RR oe re see mre e 125
Library of the U.S. Fish Commission ---. 64
Light-House Board, coéperation of..-..--- 5, 72, 126
Mirman dtesererscie Seer sas et siecle cisions Meee 147
Tinton eM wanlene «<1. 4 se <6s-0~ 7, 135, 137, 153, 169
Lobsters :
ARO IO leerara ta) -(2 catenin wialelisitinie Se scion 164
Characteristics of eggs...-.-.-.------ 26, 123
Development of.......----.-------153, 162, 166
DANTE ONCO hers cae oe leicester 166
DISCOLOTAUON! Oless= 02-2520 ese oe eee 166
DISH WOOK Ols = sate. sessed am se eee 84, 96
HeedinwvOhs 25-22% oi eici-oge.ce hoe ete 153, 164
RADIUS Ole cen Gots as sacs aslecee sere se 162
UMVESoreaOMI Olam == a alee eae ste es 99
Larval stage of ....-...--.......-..-- 162
NexfenoiSvOLy, Ol 2-2 --e- each 6, 154
MUR Le Oe Reg apreneneodic secs secaoac 163, 166
EOD OA GlOUPO hess nel eee ae es 25, 28, 162, 165

PAM MIN COL cseaane sais aee as 26, 153, 163, 165

648 REPORT

OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ER—Continned.

Page.
Lobsters—Continued.
He nS (7 ae ees ee Mees Crear 25
Loch Leven Trout:
MDisuripUtiONOl-eesas ace cbse = serail 78, 88
Production Of-a-see seep ee eae 28
Propagation of. ..---.-=--.----- 17, 18, 40, 41, 43
N Dfae) ce Ge) De pone OrsCsoae ree Gar 175
Long Island Sound:
Chemical investigation of.....-...--- 5,118 |
Dumping-grounds ....--.-.-.-------- 111
Oyster investigations. ......----- 5, 98, 110, 116
POMUMONOL eos sees een ee 112 |
Midesinwecee cece ats scenes eens 116, 117, 118
Water, analysis of-—..-..---=--=----- 118
Louisiana State University and A gricul-
tural and Mechanical College - --.-.---- 171
TenGas, shed Oni GN wee eee eee see 66
Ibynn Haven oysters: ----2---------.---=- 186, 187 |
yn baven, Rivers. 2ec a= ssesetesine Se 186 |
Mackerel:
Characteristics of eggs .....-.------- 26
Distribution of.-----.------ Los Gees xe 84
Grounds, investigation of..--.------- 129
EPropar anon Oteee-s.e serenade 25, 160
Shab eOe Se soca Abo sodasonese eS 26
Voyage to Africa for.......--.- Se ae 203
WE ORG WAM) Sage pa oeer em enetinc sane — 147
Maerura, embryology and metamorphosis
Ole renac cet uaie oe satel Rehseeeose 152
IM EYeT GH Nii WS aan se See esecseR cae ecs Saoae 125, 129
Maine Fish Commission.......----------- 71
Mal pel ontelandees eee e eee ame oe ia 108
Marine biological laboratory..-.-...----- 152
Marine fishes:
Artificial propagation of -.--..------- 6
BATU TOL G DVO hee ape ae lee ete enle 151
Marine invertebrates, distributionof..--. 170
Mera SON LOND alto Naalen aie ete Sie ee ee 147
Mise vtiinls (Sid. cee cc cists Sikes st chick eas 175, 195
Maryland oyster-fishery .---.-.--.---.-.- 4
Massachusetts Agricultural College... --- 171
Massachusetts Fish Commission. -------- 71
Mather (rede ipr ae eee se aaa ale sie seen 28, 150
Wipscaw ell Os sata at ae arate = alee ie ie 24
MieGowmn,) Carlton si 22\sceccss-oemeer sacs 16, 20
IMiciN ei oss ote fear orcle ea eae 25, 126
IWIN: Peace toe a eree aces aeoae 154
MGeles GMM tek oe cueet ee eee eee om 143, 144
Mendenhallod Cesc s. 0 eee case ee see 126
Mendota Lake, investigations in. --. ..--- 145
Menhaden:
IMiomemenOtye tiers (eee ee eee 202
OceurnencelGf. -2 25 -eee see ana 202
Stahisthicsier s-- ee ee oe eee eee 193
Menticirrhus savatilis:.......-.--..------ 193
Mexico:
Rap lorailOus Otiees eee enese ene aaa 108
IBS NAUK Go aasac staan toe] Soecl- 74
Michigan Fisk Commission. --..---.----- 71
Vine Wear DOR e eels sees ee (an iale ale 103
Minnesota Fish Commission. .-.-.------. 71
Minnow, embryology of .--.--.----------- 154
Mississippi Basin fishes, distribution of- - 44
Missouri Fish Commission . .-..--..----- 71

| Mollusca, collection of ..---2--=--- 522... == 66
Mollusks,sdiblerjce 2: % c= =se-4 ese ee 167
Momnieal, H.W ies Se cc oes Gon eeee eee 149
Montana fish-hatchery, appropriation for 59

| Mioomishie 22 oss 22 getek oc pase oe teres 192

| Moone) deve erey= acs cee fe cee ee aes 123, 158
Morgan cy Hh vo.) osecee teen ees 153

| Morgan, Wi. jee .2 222262 o eels eeeseee 51

| Morton, (evil et eae ee eee ee eee ee 59
Mount Vernon Seminary.....-----.--.-<. 171
Midge: WS) ssaee temic maps ae eae eee 126
Muhlenberg: College... ..2225-o= sssese tee 170
Minin (Glaciers geese a+ ts oe ooo eee 104
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy-- ------- 109,170 _
Mussels, spawning of......-.:<---------- 55
National Academy of Sciences.....----.- 152
National Zoblogical Park, animals for--.. 73
Natural-history specimens, distribution of 170
Navy Department, relations with ...----- 72

| Nebraska Fish Commission. ....--.--:--- 71
Nebraska Institute for Deaf and Dumb.. 171
Neher: redo) 120s. sone cees Sete 110, 118

| Neosho Station, Mo. :

APPLOpLiation fol. a2 nee meee 45
Buildings --.--.--- Beemone mdantoct-on 45
Production Ole css so oes eee 11
Railroad siding i023. == mc --2ne ee 47
Reportion soo esas 45
Nevada Fish Commission ---.----...-.--- 71
New England coast currents.-.-..--.--..- 128
| New England coast fisheries --.-..--..--- 9,175, 176
waters, investigation
(1) eee ae eas 5, 125
New Hampshire Fish Commission. .-.---- 71
New Jersey Fish Commission. -.-.....-. 532 71
New Orleans University .....-----...--.- 170
New York Fish Commission........----- 12, 71.
New York fish-hatchery, appropriation for 59

| New Morkedfisheries -<--ee-o- eee eee 195
New York, investigations in.--..--.----- 150

| Northampton County, Va.--.-.....------ 191
Northern Atlantic Ocean, physical char-

acherishics Of. 2s secs -eeeee eerie 98
Northern Pacific Ocean, investigations in. 2
Northville Station, Mich. :

Asp PrLoprisiiOM LOL o/s cease ee 40

Productionio0fsesse- seen eee eee sft

Purch asenoh- ease eae ae eee ee eee 41

Reportionls eee >. s-eeaeeteeeteareres 39
Norway, fish sent to.--....-=------------. 74
IN yenW Wane eae oo ate eee nea ete 156
Ocean currents off New England coast. - - 128
OiWConnor, J. I ccte te tees eee a eneee 61
Ohio Fish Commission. .--:--.---:.---.--- Bye tire
Ohio: fishes Of222 202222222552 -ae sc eeteme 148
Ohio, investigations in........-.-..:----- 148
Ohio Rivers sent. es eeee eee een ee eee acer 148
Ohio State University ........----------- 170
Oldiwate: 2225. o/so2.5-2 eee aee eee eee 193
Olean. NEY dees Steen eee eee eet 170
OlpanBay eck 2.8 eectoten eee ee eee 132
Oliver Lakes heen eee tomes eee eee * 147.

| Missouri, investigations in

| Missouri Valley Offer ey SECS pings ae 17s ;

eee ee

ate

te ding" ieee

ee ee ee ee

INDEX.

REPORT OF

Page.
DIADIG MENS ose eae tah as oe a ete ean ae 147
Oregon Agricultural College. .......-.--. 70
Oregon Fish Commission .......--.-.----- 53, 172
{NGG IRE eo eee Be eee 105
PEPE QUURMTURUNE Orig =<. <n 3 = o-oo 42 eR an 107
Miho way WMIVOLSiby - =~... . 2.6.5 <a te cel -- 170
Oyster beds:
Damaged by starfish ..-......-......- 112
Long Island Sound beds not polluted 112
- Oyster-breeding in San Francisco Bay... 98
Oyster-culture :
2NUF AOD TES a ee 186
Inenurape.study of = --5:s--3554:- 22 5, 124
Oyster fisheries:
SHES DCAKOPB AY: - oc -\-— S2si- <2. seeis\sizon 4, 184
Winnett Mic tia. ions eseicicce ore a ace 110, 114
REMC TIOINOD anon. os snes So) nei eee 4 184
NUT Ee ET See eee See eee Onto 4
HPOEGINACHIOLV EL. = 525 ere mam ea raise sche 181
South Atlantic coast -.......-.------ 178
AVA ON eeiss, oho as or sinelsie ere ane tates 4
Oyster-grounds of South Carolina, char-
PEW STEIS GSE) Ie oe ep eel Ee 121
Oyster investigations:
° LESTE MECN A ee es ae ae 4, 98, 122
(Chesapeake. Bay Fe «kas odes 3 4, 98, 122
Iie tS) Cha hs ni G Bape or CeSeEeEeeren 5, 98, 110
PROCHMO Me SOUR -a= 6 Vaeece «ce oto 2 122, 123
San Francisco Bay.....---...---.---- 107
POU G Me PO LM cine a Malar oo nats ele n.2 = 4, 98, 120
Panvier SUNG. -. 2-4. --se~. .. 29, 122,123, 12d
\iVr IIE Bh pee oar Se One SSS eE BABS Sacre 120
Oyster-packing industry, statistics of -. - 186
Oyster spat, fixation of ..........-....-.- 154
Oyster statistics of South Atlantic ...-.-- 179
Oysters for Pacific coast). <2 - sane... 3525 107
OMSters MWwATIDOvOt so. 22k eck ons a 194
Oyster tongs, improved form of .......-.- 201
Pacific coast:

EO fr BLOM OL be 70) eo iets =< 99, 174

POMS TOT NTU US UE Vike n/a oni cheaen a o\syeiavalu aie 107
OV ATORSHO Tee sick occas esis laa 107
Temperature station..--......-.-.-.. 130

Pare Wea Be oo net us uo ae amare 45
Palemonites VUIGATIS << --4m, -2 22-5 0n=50-00 153
Paralichthys dentatus .......-.--.-------- 161, 193
(UTE URE SO RPE CC ODS eee 162
Parasites) Tepoves:On- =~. -.<ns—.6-6- 55) 169
Rartwidee, Thomase. 5 s2j2--22 ge. cace~ ase 16
PE ALDOR, WY GLAS er of) tro Yel aye no 154
Pabpersony GlaCiens uo.) Sa tae te ns ae 104
Pawlott. Harbors sesso s2 52 anaes a en 5s 104
JOC ter Tht) Paro aero esic BOSE Soe See = SH OBeOe 150
POG TIMOR Sasi cee ee ae oe ae 153
UCIT Re eine Space aan creo E ROO CODE 153
Pelagic fauna, distribution of........-...- 109
Pennsylvania Fish Commission.......--- 38, 39, 72
Pennsylvania State College .-..-.....---. 171
SET CHT UESE COTES rae mein: oielas =e aim oles oe ik 146
Perch:
Disiriniitom oles aso). save ees sin ns Bel
MOY tals tee. vs eee cate d= a= iais ~ 146, 147
Stabistles sas 2.9 eo setae ea een nd aa 183

Physalia, natural history of. ----- errr: 152

}
= |
|
}
|

649

THE COMMISSION ER—Continned.

Page.
Physical characteristics of North Atlan-
UlGieties ee cc em cates ebaetaee 98
Physical inquiries off the New England
GO RS Ues c= a icicternrarereal are eidnc. Dees abe 5, 125, 127
PIS CON RA Oly eects ca exe as eee ee 147
PAKS Wisin p WuiON Ofer acs= coe sete ce 35
Pike perch:
DTS UOUGLOM Olen era ae oe cee etre ere ener 44, 82,93
PTOD AC UhLOM Olt sees ta ie lee 37, 39, 43, 44
Pillar Points seca these ssekne ete tee 106
DedChahys elt PME Oe a cic cieeaeooe dea ocac ae 66
Plat noO Merit teates sas oe ae eco ee 55, 110, 120, 158
Pleuronectes maculatus... <2. =. .--2e—0= 162
Piymouth) indiana 5 eons = See eee 147
Pocomoke Sound oyster investigation..-. 122, 128
Point Arena o2s5-2%- o=e-t ses oo sete 106
Conception S22. 2522 se. cae eee 106
PE sae ete nt pete tras is De eee ale ees 106
IROV ES hos acteees aces eee nae 106
SEND ET be Beep ridecancdy oan asec 108
Pollock:
Dintribibion) Of ssesc. asset eee eeh oes 84, 96
LER PEPIDOM CV caseooece poe storcseom 22, 23, 24
Pollution of Long Island Sound oyster
bedsmaere-sss=- BORGES RESP RE Se ESOP rene 112
Pomatomus saltatriv =... <<<... 652-2 sine 190
POMPANO WSUALS biCS Ole a meets = eee 191
Poroies statistics, OL. misses ei ee 192
Porpoise fisheries of North Carolina...-. 195
IRA HCG of bites eee om boostoEnt OeL een aaEe 104
Port'Castries, fishes/of-:...<------.-2-=- 66
CEStEr - oe ee sane ee ee eee she 104.
MG er so. =~ Saeeee aeye Solana 3, 100, 102, 103
Wine aller = eters see ae ——— 104
Porter: Robert: P2ss32- 42-2 ssc -2--== ses 196
Potomac River fisheries --..-.-..-.--- 180, 181, 183
fresne be sees eae 35
Primes WiiGe oa 2scoeeoacenee aeins ae ee 154
Prineeron, Collet e amen qseeas = anaes ae 125, 154
Proceedings of U.S. National Museum... 66
Production of fish, by stations .-.-------= 10
Pseudopleuronectes americanus..--------- 161
CPi CROCRLOVUSIUUCUUS =n = ole = sin eine ae Sia 142
Publications :
SDIStDMtION Ofte aaa a= eee cae ae 67
Division of Fisheries. .--.------------ 199
WIS) Of, 5 -ajsiciets saci ano ane Sel ee 64
IASON BAS sod a aoe HaeeR ssa Se 104
Purdue lWmiversiiy -=..< 22-10-22 170
Put-in Bay Station, Ohio:
Appropriation for. --.-2 2.2.5... da—- 38
UL GIIN GS ese o oce sai wlan sa Slalom emia ate 38
PETOC OC HOULO feat aaa ta See ae 11
AARC ASC Ole a Serle een stein i eee 38
Tee GRO) Nn SE bein oecionia ese b> Se 38
Quincy Station, Ilinois:
POG HION Oita sr aio =)-)= strat Sian sae 11
FREON OMe psejaracs 2 ain <loaare| ata es aie 44
Quinnat salmon:
DSi OGLOM Ofer a2 cterin a t= ete wit ais 50, 77, 88
Propagation of...---.--. Sak ei chs 49, 52, 53, 54
USC eal Bree mene iar os hoteles eid erie 175, 179
Tadley NS (<5 On (lo ieee eye 60
Railroads, transportation granted by-----

650 Pao

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ER—Continued.

Page.
Rainbow trout:
Distribution of ..........34, 35, 46, 78, 79, 89, 90
Propagation of... .-.2.--.--- 17, 24, 26, 40, 42, 46
Spawning of 52.5 .seeee ee ee sess 55
Rathibnn vMiss Mi dic as42 2S aeae aes 170
hath ban, Richards: 552. 6acee. eee 2,97
Ravenel OW: de Ofc. sac hese acs eae 30,177
ROULOUIT et Soe ate oes es Sete Cee eee 193
medtshet ies55 hs Seca UN eet cae eee 193
Reed eR IC ree weeks ee eee ee eee 53
Report on Fish Commission investiga-
LOGS SI a oe SIE oR AEE ee aR Sia 61
Reptiles:
Collection of 2.5 255 Sac ce see ee eee te ae 67
REpOnbOMacececteae sce ae cee eae eee eee
IREtUSer OWI Stan soe aaea se aske emacs see 1438, 149
TUNTNRCRULY S\QULCIB sso ne ome on eee eee 142
Rhode Island Fish Commission --.--...-. 72
Rid Sey: ONC 425 sro sae cseiscomese = 148
uid gavaye MODEL beE a ese as em ene eae ae 66
TONDO CNG ieee Soe ossacnec ese sessesnoc 147
RO DINSON HM Met esocees eee neue. CuACe
IRODINSON; dd AMES)<2:- 0 =a Se se Hance cee 45
IROCCUSIANEDTUS = ho inaae = aasiase ee tenes ae 192
BROCK acces se seee eee oa eae ae 192
Rock bass:
Distribution of. -..-22-..---- 34. 35, 44, 46, 95, 96
PTO pag atlOoniahens = ssscce esos eee 36, 37
SpPawnin poh sa <eisesee <seae osc aoe 46
Rock-eod, abundanceof -2-22.22s.225.---: 3
Rockhish Occurrence Of 4.) 3.224422 eee 106
Rocks ood: 0.9 CAG as Ss joensen seto de 125, 126
Rocky Mountain trout--...-....--:...-.- 142
HEVGOL, SOHN TAs o<saseeheciee see eno eelS 158
Saibling :
Distrib ubioniote eros esas eee 80
IPropag abionsOles pe eset ee nee aera 17
Sh. sobnts College! 232s s455 cuss 2252522 k os 171
NED ORNS PVC sera cde sence santas aee 181
SE WOSepH "RIVER2-o- sche seen tose eee ace 147
St. Paul Island, mesozoie fossils of..-..--. 66
St. Peter Island, mesozoic fossils of...--. _ 66
OUNTONY KISSt se mA eremetee ie ee Sais oe ee 142
maedonguar - . 25s2--2--526 <6 143
ISU CORT eS ac Renee CateP aes Snel es 27161!
Salmon-canning industry -.---....-.-.-.. 134, 174
Salmon fishing, methods of ......-...---- 133
Salmon investigation in Alaska ---....-. 7, 132
Salmon, natural history of-..-........... 7
Salmon rivers of Alaska, study of ....--- 98
PalmonWrouths = ees awe sae ae Nee sone 190
Malina StudyzOte. sestoes ess ae ee eee eee 152
Salt Lake Basin, fishes in...............- 142
Sand-dab:
Characteristics of eggs ......-....--. 26, 162
“Propapation of-:22-.222420--2.22.98 26, 162
Spawane Oia sosecsatsee es sceeee 26
Sandusky Station, Ohio:
Production Glssese specs a= seoh4 eee 11
Re portons-t eee! eee eee oot eee 37
San Francisco Bay:
Oyster investigation in .....-.-.-.... 98, 107
MishytradG jason eee eae sees 174
San iLeand roi Bay a-ceec tees eee eee ws = 108

66 |

|

OF COMMISSIONER OF. FISH AND FISHERIES. .
Page.
SansPablo'Bay S2es.sees= sceh eee eeeeeeee 107
Santa Barbara Channel .--.--.---...-.... 106
Santa Me River: fis¢ i tsscocetaceieee ones 150
Santadbucia; birds of-ca-ss.- 4-646 0se ee ee 66
Saverboff WilliamuP c+ "52 2a eee 23, 48
Savannah JRiversi2s224 22 ae2eens see eee 120
SCUENUOCEHALG «2025-8 aaa eee ee eee 193
Schoodie Station :
Production Of=-<.4-5-2- s-o4ee eee 10
Reportion'ss so. ces ces eee ee eee 14
Spawning operations at......-....... 14
pehuster;, derr Cankercesseeseera eae sae ios
Schuyler Colfax, schooner.-..-.--.-------- 203
SCOMUCTICCHIAG. 2 22 See oe ee 203°
SCOMPIUS Sasaki ue te eee ae ees 203
Scomberomorus maculatus .....-.-------- 188
Scottish sea trout, propagation of -.....-- 18
Seup:
Characteristics of eggs......--------- 26
Distributioniolss 3t- ee oe eee 84
Habits Of 22263-25534 .oe ere esseees 153
Propagationiole-b eee tes e-se tase eee 25, 160
Spawning of p22 5222 s25- eee eee 26
Sea bass:
Characteristics of eggs.---.----.-.=-- 26
DistriputioniOtsess.a6-2 see eeeee eee 82
Hmbryologyi0t- 2-2. a. 544— eee 151, 158
Occurrence lOfoss--4e-0 eo eee eee 153, 193
Plann pO fee seer nanos eae 158
Propagation 0f222- 552-2225 --as-e---5- 25, 157
SPAWNS Ofs- 2 eee secs eee 26
Seale; George-At. 24226 ocean 36
Seal Webi so ewe cece ee ee eee 54, 194
Seneca, Sodio .352 24.28 Sees eee ee 30
Sevier ‘River; fishes ole. ecasessuer cee 142
Shad:
Distributioniofss-s23) 45249. oes 76, 77, 87, 88
Eggs taken at Fort Washington Sta-
ton sassnlss Die cic eee Soe eee 33
Fisheries of the Potomac River. . .180, 182, 193
Fry held in confinement ---..--.-.----- 31
Occurrence of, on Pacitic Coast -.-.-- 9,175
Operations of Fish Hawk.......-.---- 55
Propagation of ......--..- 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 55
Propagation, results of............-- 9,175, 181
Rearedati Mish Ponds224-5--0eeee eee 36
Statisti¢s woe eee eee 182, 183, 193
Yearlings, occurrence of -.-..-..-.--. 32
Shaw -Bayicasec ese eae aes eee eee 101
Shaw, Kendalla&'Co) a22 Sancti nn see oe eee 38
Sheep Jslandiso2. 23.222) 2 seen eee 108
Sheepshead statistics -.....---:.--..1--.- 193
Shells; deseription of-=-.----es.- pee s- eee mlive
Signal Office, courtesies from......--..--- 78
Sitkass otc ade oe stent ee eee 104
Skate eggs, characteristics of ...--..----- 26
Skate; spawning of 225225225. s-5- ee eeeee= 26
Slime Bank, description of ............--- 2,101
Smelt:
Distribution ef. 32.925. -66e= 5 eee 92
Propagation Ofss22 2222 = eae eee ee 34
Smiley Cs Weeer re eee ee 72
Snoith able Mio. oe ee ee eee 8,173,178
Socorro Usland’..2. 2220: Sua5o ao coe eee 67

INDEX.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER—Continued.

‘ Page.
South Atlantic fisheries ............... 9,177,178
oyster statistics.......... 179
South Carolina oyster investigations ... 4,98, 120
South Jersey Institute ........<........- 170
Spanish mackerel:
PSU OMON Ole as icwie secicie swans bene 96
mibpyolary: Of: 24: 225 peces.seecee 40 6
ISH GRVELOT a oesne = tease cece tee 188, 203
Wniquiriesirecarding:* . .2-% 6.2.5 - 6
OM Mlonidat:<saca5 kt sees soi acceione 203
Propagation Ol=c.2.cctts.t- s-es-5- 56, 158, 159
NOALISHIOS = oe oc= awe se en seae see se cee 189
Specimens for aquaria, collection of.....- 55
RSA GEIS setae cnet ote ine cies wai Oates Steric ieione 26
Sponges, reproduction of ....-.......-..-- 167
STUD ods a ecdotss Matta pe irs Gossent- Sao eer 193
Spotted catfish, distribution of .......-.-. 34
Spotted squeteague...............-...--- 190
statistics .........<-- 191
Squeteague:

Misirip ww Onl Of-/'2 =). v2. mse sen = | Ae 84
Eggs, characteristics of..........-.-- 26
MUSHORYie eine scisesicitoaseecla Gnas eeiane 190
POP AC AMON sas elt as aie nics alse ieee 25, 160
SPAWN ON assess cscs ske heeds shee se 26
SUE aT 4S A opecarpasoeoee esc pa 183
QUI, SPAWMINE Of-e ss coce see e eases 26
MING Watson (Caso eccctes a ceteleemet visite 64

Starfish:
Apparatus for destroying .....--..--. 115
Nestruction Ofsesst- 3223) s=sse erie ss 114, 115
Destructive to oysters...-.-.--------- 112, 113
ifemhistory of 2442s. s02- 58 scesceeees 119, 152
Movements! Olsea==stec-- 0 sees n teense 113
State Fish Commissions, relations with. - 71

‘Stations:
HAIGGOL See ac sens anton s aeeaences Srnec 10
IBTOdUCtION Ofjss-=5-.a5e25tee=2 oss eees 10
IREPOLUS OMe treet nose. Seb eae rae 14
Statistical field work.......-......-...--- 8

Statistics :

IBilnefish fishery:---\-.222.2ses.se- cece 190
PHONO NSRELYy wccise serie <n aeaceisets 191
@rovallle fishery. ss: 22 2is st deseeeeese 192
Menhaden fishery ~~. -4---sc2-+ seen 193
Oyster-packing industry.......-.....- 186
Womtpano) fishery... .22sse42---- 23 191
IRON YRHSHOLY) = 25.0 6-3 estilo ieee 192
SHAOESUGLY cco woe veatecebem ae 193
Sheepshead fishery................--- 193
Spanish-mackerel fishery .........--- 189
Spotted-squeteague fishery .......-.- S191:
Striped-bass fishery............--.--- 192
The fisheries, report on .............. 8,173
Wealtfish fishery: s.- 0 cseefeneneo ss. 191
Steam launch for Put-in Bay ..----.....- 38
NLOSTNS, RODELU Mn C= 5 oscinaSeinidlesee eee 67
Seas) Silas oes sees ytenins tees 180
Stenotomus ehrysope:.:-- 5-22-22 2s-0sn- 160
MUEVOLIS: Ch Wi 32 oocaee eee ee eee Eick 154
Shevensons Ck <.scotesce! oan seems 175, 179, 195
Sticklebacks, spawning of ....-.........- 55
Stockbridge, Francis B .......... tithes a 64

Stone; Divingston=.-..42222525_-eeeeeee oe 132

Page.
Straits of Magellan, birds of...........-- 66
Stranahany dvi stc kc docne cee ete ese 38
Striped bass on the Pacific coast ........ 9
Sbabishics’ Of. ese aes saee Saat 192
SUOMALCUSEN ON cea saclocee amcee a es 193
Sturgeon fishery of Potomac River....-- 182, 193
Sturgeon yearlings, occurrence of........ 32
Sunfish 5. sceseses 6 yee As eese to ceeeae 191
distribution of................35, 44, 84, 96
Superintendent of schools, Olean, N. Y..- 170
MIVECMI yy SLs p les Olea ence = yan eee tae eee 43
Switzerland, fish sent to......-.........-- 74
ISU, CODY MIRUS Sx arclavais eialasia statin ae eee ee 112
Syalami Cole ess tes acer cine eels cee ee 170
Tables, list of:
A PrOPLIAhlON Sw aeee soa sees 1
Bluefish statisties.......-2.+----...2. 190.

Central Station, operations at. .......33, 34,35
Cold Spring Harbor Station, produc-

HULU re pe arines RS areca Sa 28
Craig Brook rearing operations ...-.. 17,18, 19
Distribution, details of............-.. 75-96
Fort Washington, shad eggs collected

Stic... desaetese 33

shad taken at ....- 33

Gloucester Station, Mass., operations 24
Landlocked salmon, spawning opera-

HOnSiOf see. 14

weight of ........ 15

Lobster eggs taken...-.-..-....-...-. 165

Mobsters, si Ze\Oles. <9. Sac Se eee 165

Marine fishes, spawning of........-. g 26

Mississippi Basin fishes distributed. - 44

Oyster-packing statistics ............ 186
statistics of South Atlantic

CORS De ite- Sata i eee ae 179

Potomac River shad catch ........... 183

Production of fish by stations......-. 10, 11, 12

summary of....... 13

Quincey Station, fish distributed from. 44
Railroads furnishing free transporta-

GAULOWG mrecteteyeteratal a 3) fase = clas ate eve 60
Railroad servicer. se. sa = n= see 60
Schoodic Station, spawning opera-

HONS Ahem a satctesete cee ssc se Sas cates 14
Shad catch of Potomac River....-.... 183

eggs collected at Fort Washing-
COW StahlOW sci ames- cease tee 33
taken at Fort Washington Sta-
UD eo pocaooe ema cioae teem racic 33
South Atlantic Coast oyster sta-
NRO Se bopsestonenasonsEcogsobon4 179
* Spanish mackerel, propagation of... 56
‘ Statisties.......... 189
Spawning operations at Schoodie

SUPT OW tence ec actoe Stcine Rice eae 14
Squeteague statistics................ 191
State fish commissions, fish furnished. 71
StaAMOUS HSU Ole oa) ~- ees sae eer 10

PLOCUCHMON Ofse seers 10, 11,12
Temperatures)... <<). 2b. shoe ares sees 26, 28, 34
Temperature stations, list of........-. 130
Transportation furnished by rail-

TOROS 622 jon Jamie got ee eesaaesa eae 60

652

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER—Continued.

Page.
Tables, list of—Continued.
Water density at Woods Holl.--..-.-- 26, 28
temperature at Central Sta-
tiomss22: 34
Woods Holl. 26, 28
Weakfish statisties'.-.....--..--..--- 191

Woods Holl fish-cultural operations -25, 26,28 |

rR 199
y 9) 122;

123, 124.

Tangier Sound, oyster investigation of- - -

7Panner, Zi listesacecsesneeceensaosaadceece 2,100, 184
PeUtoqgar Onis ee itns ase sn sceaer ke toca 160
Tantog:
Characteristics of eggs-..-.....--.---- 26
Distributiowofe: 222: = a4 ch -\2s-oeciea- 84
Propagation Of-.--5-2-<- 2=-- ate GSe 25, 160
Spawnite Of 22522-4225 ose 26
Temperature in density observations - - - - 131
stations ...--- St ee ee 130
Of Waters seks tas ae cemee cee 26, 28
Tench:
Distribution: Of. see s-ke acess se see 34, 35, 46, 86
PLAPAL AVON Osea aoe se love aniline 35
SPAWMINGiOk Soo sss a he eee 46
Terrapin statistics-.-.:-.....22-.--+----- 183
Terre Haute sim tose seers once boos ace 147
Thimble-eyemackerel=. 5. 95.22... -s-s--- 203
‘DROMMPSONAWiedecessseteeaese eee eens 28
Tides in Long Island Sound ...-..-.----- 116, 117
olamou kh OGk teemcs': csc. cs hsina-cise 105
RippecanoesRivier=ec-eek cm > scenes ee 147
Toadfish:
Characteristics of eggs ...-.......--- 26
Spawning ot. oases. oiseee te teneee 26
MOKeVROMNG eck e ae Sees eee ee eee 105
Molbert, Georgevkles = saa. ee eeecljaae else = 48
Towing net for intermediate depths ..--. 108
Townsend, Charles H..--...........- 3, 67, 100, 107
Trachynotus cavrouinus...2- 2. sscecs cee =e 191
Transportation granted by railroads .-... 60
Treasury Department, relations with --.. 196
Trevallé ee reese tense ut Sees eet seca at 192
Trout destroyed by irrigating ditches. - -. 141
Pardsites, causelof. Maio se ce ens 140
of Yellowstone Park. --. 139
aD yn a Gs See eerac SAS cena ee ete 147
LOSES hele SeeSor so Sabbouncanen Saco 102
Umpqua River. . Anis Sa womens. 105
Winalagkar ess 2555 ee teak tee 101
UnimaktPasssis2ss.c = sare a ett ee ese 100
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey . .116, 120, 123, 126
U.S. Fish Commission, investigation of -. 61
U.S. National Museum...-......-......:. 170
University of North Dakota :........2... 154
Pennsylivaniaice-so apes eee 123
South Carolina .....-...... 170
NVAisconsim=. asso eee 170
CP ogdlpiuit. ON t Ss S eeescase fates 154
ish explorationsiofies-.-. 5222052254 2eee 7
Utah Fish Commission..---.-.-.-........ 72
Wigh, investioationsineessssss-.2-.- eee 140
Uta Lake Arout of 3-2 eee 142
Valentines Trid! 5c foes = eee psf ie ty 147
Vasey, (Genrie ssc282. nea eebeee Loe 66, 67
Venus mercenarid. 2st ae ee 185

Page.

Vermont Fish Commmission.........-.--.- 7 i2
Vermont fish-hatchery, appropriation

fOr os. GAS es SoCs s See ee 59
Vessels, improved types of.....--....---- 199
Virginia oyster fishery 2c... ---- messi 4

» Von Behr trout: ;

Dist bution. oleae se: eee eee 46, 79, 90, 91

Propagation of. .--. 18, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45
"Vreeland, Charles it. <2. jae. eee. eee 126
Wabash River, Indiana 2. .2-.4-2ocsceeee 147
Walrus Islands:o27 sees es. eee eee 102
War Department, courtesies from --.--.-- 73
Washington and Jefferson College. -..-..- 137, 153
Washington treaty, abrogation of ..---.. 201
Wralasers sass 43. Seat, pa ee eee eee 153
Water analysis of Long Island Sound.... 119
‘Wiater-densibyiocsa% 2 4-2 soee sien tear 26, 28
Water temperature - 2.3.2 saciocece se seseas 26, 28
Waters Baia os 26 eee 154
Wreeakfish; statistics Of 22 sts. odeeiskneenee 191
Westilndies birds of: 20-2 82o. saeeaee eee 66
West Virginia Fish Commission. ...-.---. 72
Wihite, «Charles A.5 oes seks fester eee 66
Wihite sb iG ve oo ees ioe ortereammretietees 151
White bass, distribution of ............4-- 44, 82
Whitefish:

Distribution Ofs-s- 2. a-ceseee eee 80, 81, 92

Hees, collecting Of 7-2... aa -\sereeee 42

Propagation of..... 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44
Wrhitetroitiee ss: case ciao bce eects 190
Witle@ox,, WW. PAs 25 2t 2. sence eee 74, 175, 180, 195
OWeaillscimss (Cee 255. oo ore tbs tae toe eee eres 188
Wii aip a ayes oes = vain eee eee 105
Walliams George j3.,jts--c.---2 eee 49
Willson JEG Vi... cheeetice eee ts cee 6, 151, 157, 167
Walson; dip Mls 2c oacedee ee ees 68
WiNGOmM) Wis <b occccisccoclcte cos Seeman 197
Wansloxy, HwaniCis's o.-eete2 = acen aoe see ee 120, 128
Winyah Bay, oyster investigation in-..-- 120
NWaLES (Sigbyacses couse cesar eee ee 42
Wisconsin Fish Commission. --..---..--. 72
Wisconsin, investigation in.--..-------.- 145
Wisconsin State Normal School....-.----- 171
Withlacoochee’ River. 22522 -4.-2ce 4-2 150
Woman’s College of Baltimore -.-...-.-- 170
Wood River salmon fisheries.........--.- 98, 134
Woods Holl Station, Mass. :

Fish-cultural work at.---....---.- 155, 157, 160

Daboratory at fases..5---e ee ise te eis 99, 151

Naturalist ab--2. <3. -e<ad cb ones ae 1G

Production of ....-.-- Se Get sae ae ee 10

~ReportjOn - 22 cmecacts cee soak eeseeeees 24, 151
Woodworth? W)..MiciMin eee ee sere Sarees 153
Wroolman;, Albert Jiccen cscceuecee pee cere 149, 150
World’s Columbian Exposition .....-.... 69, 171
Worms; anatomy Of 22-52 as0- ase esac =e 153, 154
Wiorths§, Girs scent je ee ee eee ee 32, 33, 181
MWiniGhtycAs -Avtcmcerae sete eases Pee ES 154
Wyoming Fish Commission...-.......... 72
Wyoming, investigations in...--...-.-.-- 135
Wytheville Station :

Production 0f-3-5 5S-fe cst ee eee 11

IRC PONb ONS ee epee ae eee 36
Male University: .22--.05-0<-=sceeeeeere 154

INDEX. 653

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ER—Continned.

Yaquina Head
Yellow perch:
Distribution of
Hatching of
Propagation of
PUPESA MUTI 020s re ne nic pia cinl cia aiate ta cisco
Yellow River

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. ,

A. B. Field, steamer
Abingdon Island
JOO MWA ek, 46 SCE ee Bee eee 258, 265, 267, 2
Agassiz, Alexander. .-.-.-.--..----.-258, 259, 264, 2

Agonide, occurrence of
Akun Island
Akutan Island
Akutan Pass
Alaska Commercial Company
Alaska, investigations in
Alaska Packing Company’s cannery
Alaska Peninsula.......-.- we hese 239, 245, 246, 256
Aleyonarians, occurrence of
Aleknagik Lake
PAtSTUTTan LSlan Ose frontts scenic be cathe te 258, 287
Alexander, A. -B.- =----+-2 214, 219, 229, 237, 270, 271
Mbtrentertistt P82 l 8. coc ndane ss 236, 237, 255
233, 234, 237, 239, 246, 253, 281
Anchovies, occurrence of ..........--.--- 258, 277
Anderson, Capt
Anderson, EK. A
Anderson Rock

eet wifes bie Ares lw 'im ww odlw)eia o|m we (eig cla)

Amak Island

na wee es ew ae blcleeinics ae

Amnelids, occurrence of -.--- 210, 213

Annette Island

FATIIILORLORUULG sete c/n. oe alae Daa eer ee ee
PAOLO Ue snc da cas sen coce sa atae wes Age 255, 2!
PARTDAL AGUS USAC -<15-/2.c<i5--\--2-5+o~ Seek 218, 217,
Arago, steamer
Arch Rocks
Arctic Canning Company
Arctie tomeod
Arena Point
Ascidians, occurrence of......-.....-- 225, 235, 25

Astrophyton, occurrence of
Atka Island

See eee ie 7

Auks, Little
Auk Village
Avatanak Island

234, 237, 239, 240, 249, 253, 255, 281,

BAIL; PPCUCEL Wise =. Sazaccees seas aabeseed
Bait, abundance of

220, 222, 276, 277

Se ee er ay

Page.

Yellowstone National Park:
IMIS WINE oe eet ciate ota ae ee ae 135, 136
ish planted inis25 222 seo ccc.s cued 137
Invertebrate fauna ‘of: ..:.....2-...-- 7
Inwestisationsin' (0 4---.--2s-- 0s see 7, 130
Streams, characteristics of. .........- 137, 138
AWAMETINAN od aaivescl ste acaaS seeiwe aa 126
IBaTUKE WatihOr yin Ser = ore sia a = aysleis <1a ota sie'= 217, 275, 289
Grandeare easy ae ne eee 281, 289
Gravel seeemasgttvccaien seas aeons 283
Heceta tea Ss2h setae saeed 217, 254,271, 275
Kulokake sp: 73) $n see oe 283
Port Mallers +h 4:54 e saat 281
Slime. - -232, 237, 239, 253, 254, 255, 280, 281,283
Yaquina light-house..-...-...-..-- 217
Bankroff Grays Harbor: = --22--2 222. 02s2< 216
Bank off Nestuggah, Oregon. .-..-.....-.- 214
Bank off Toke Point light-house......... : 217
Banks'othi Santa Crugeseso-s6 <2 staat 219
Banks: Hospitals: 32 .2cahiosateebeenas oe 283
Barabarasey eo ei oe: ccs, tree ate eee 244
Baranott’s report, cited ....----2-2-..-+-- 242
BAaroOnovilChens Heise see ee oe ee ae le 208
Barracuda, occurrence) Of -------= 2252525 279
Bartlett Bay 22%. -S oa desaanaskaasase< 209
Basket stars, occurrence of ...----------- 235
Bass; sea, occurrence of.----..--..--.---- 276
Bathymasters, occurrence of-..---------- 235
lbtay) Ole RENN Be epeecosace bee oseceee ese 261
TEVA UNV ALOIS tecn (a ols einn aoe ia ines eee 262
Beamitrawlyase0l. 25s cee a. oesca eer eee 213
(Bear «Steamer tic 6 ayeb sala a sieeie mn) eelom= ta 226, 232
BEATS OCCUTTEN CO Ofess ao ue\-- <)de ere eee see 242, 249
Becher Bayy-soseae fot tases oo eee ee 22]
Belcherssin Wdwamndes 20. inena- steers 261
TRG (OF) nas ereaaRenercec coer rcenern ere 214
peniiam\eAy HK ee = celal ais ante © o> =lcratels see ss 226
Bering Sea .-..-.-. 227, 231; 235, 239, 243, 245, 251, 253;
255, 256, 280, 281, 284, 287
Bering: Sea, fauna of 22.-------2-----<--- 254
Bering Sea investigations-...-..--- 210, 226, 238, 269
Bering Sea, meteorological conditions in. - 252
Bindloe Wisland {22 )-\j2-'-.2o- 2-5-2 265
Black-cod, occurrence of..-......------ 218, 217, 272
Black fulmars, abundance of..------.---- 218
IBigck perc hwROadh: - wach qoamc cigs ces eeaee 264
ITC Ran O Katee setae ele eiiete me ata) = stoerainicya aie 251
PEO 2 OUI eaters ose l= e's aero anlar 248
LS agiisy UTNE ona ops eceeerecoee rico = 277, 2B5
I) dexer bye Seb yogeeer aos ce OpeeS eee o oer oor = 275
ieyeleepy, 1G E oR oo AR Roe ee aeo deepsea 275, 277
BEST HOSE fap 10h Cl ee tch eter = ewer aiaiatas Ym sl ania) ars ate ta 242
ISDE GSLO LOW OLG AITO mts ant ale oirlel= atectejatn catradattete 242,244
Bonita, steamer, collision with ...-.-.----- 215
BOOM VA OGCUIDEMGG OF a5 <n <a ne jnlq stelaisel=aaiarae 258
Brachiopods, occurrence of.....----------- 225, 255
Bristol Bay. .228, 232, 234, 236, 245, 250, 252, 281, 282,
283, 284, 287
Bristol Bay Canning Co ..-...--------.- 285, 286, 287
Bristol Bay, fauna of ........\..2.0-.------- 254

Bristol Bay, fishing..--...------ one na 240, 280, 284

654 ° REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES:

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS—Continued.

Page.

‘Bristol ebay, Naluibite. scence remere eee eee 281
BrispoleBaye Coda s5- 2 -hia< 2 se eee ee a 282, 283
Bristol Bay, salmon canneries .---..----.-- 284
British Columbia Indians. --..---.--------- 207
BroaGiBaly sen maces sess tes ae ee ee 245
BroGherse se oec cose ep aaa cee eee ae eee eer pels
Broughton soralts!s-- =e +e eee ree A 227
BLO Will CONG Clem ae = aie tiarsatars etn el eee eer 226
Bryozoans, occurrence of...-...--.--- 225, 236, 237

California coast, explorations off. ..-210, 215, 216,
219, 229

PATTON. AO WRI = a ete (eter cists ieicle e 268
Callin ss CuGasee eee kemeer cee ote 218, 287, 270
Cancenantennarvg. -=oee -- 2-2 sens es ete 225
Cancer magister, abundance of. --- - - ane 225
OGNCENPTOAUCTUS occ = a 225
Canneries of Nushagak River....--.------ 285
Canneries, salmon---...--.229, 251, 284, 285, 286, 287
Gannerya Chilkaticcewe-- see eee ae eee 209

at Freshwater Bay.--£...22-..-.- 209

at Karta Bays-os--2 «ke = See ae 208
Mearseorhisiupson. assess eetee ss 208

of Alaska Packing Co..---.--2--: 285

Cape Cheerful ....-..-..-....-242, 244, 245, 288, 290
@hicheootwensascsec citar e oe eee 239
Constantine - - . .230, 236, 240, 250, 251, 253, 283
Cormionbesisatee: tas ace cee eee ets 267, 268
Halconmceerer cet ake eee ane eee 272, 273

Mla ttenyee eee =eeeee = = 212, 226, 254, 271, 274
Flattery fog signal_..........---..- 1211
Flattery, investigations off... ...--. 216, 217
Flattery light-house. .-.....-..-...- 217
CJasenapteee-eeeeae-E eae eee = 233, 246, 247
GrecOnverer epee t eer errant earcee 212
Gregory, investigations in vicinity of 274
(Gpdey cs Sc ean tosgcode25 sseoardo sadees 249, 250
SRW eercsoges Ssaneneseceseson Je 289
Ua h S555 2 Saad occas ane oaseso 244

LGM AOS aan Ae sceasadhooSssedess 45 249

ILO ORM ss5qgecnosboserscoasssechod 214, 273
AWGN Ee <2 Ep occbonooqModetmanacaaese 258, 267
Malkishininerceasese meme scree 242, 244, 245, 289
WIENS Se Secs ssagssesSehS sos senccsaes 273
Menchikof .....-.-- SER see CELE 249
Mendocino .......-..- 215, 216, 226, 254, 271, 275
Morgan .~-.------ 5-22 --ciee see eee 253
Newenham..... 229, 230, 231, 236, 240, 252, 253,

283, 284

ENGUDONVOS Geeta tee ete eee 280
Ontordieecseee eee eee cee aaa 215, 217, 254, 274
Perpetua; Oregons... -- caccncneee aes 272
IPOITCOM ee eres se cere nicer crentan 240, 252, 283

SAM WU Cas seewee a eisaee = orcas eee 267, 268
SOS En oe Sabor soc gmeosceoeenae 215, 275
Seniavin...........-- BF BpeepocaseoSe 249
SUPRA 6s eeencbckobaossosssmoase 249
Smworofe po. coerce ama. acme eee 250

(Op Yabhigos acs sascoae: coc cone aseeeoteesen = 236
Captain Harbor---.--~ es-r--==----—- =~ 255, 280, 290
@ardenasb ay ae eenee nome eee or 207
OUnepTOChUS seo meen deae eee een sas 235, 255
Caribbean eh) <<). neue we tceeeee cae tS 261, 266
Carmel Pointicesc. awe oe aaaaas’ ABoGpenaDAC 223

Carter Bay oss ccccccsecaccocenectssncencas 207

Page.
Cave; discovery of--23.--~=-mecass-ascnest 263
Cave Points .2 5355. eeaeec oe cueiele eee 246
Census agent aided -----.-....--..--... =s 229
Central America, investigations off west
CORSE. a. f oeeeven oe. Seen eee eens 256
Central PaciicRvRe a: .4sse-cge-e eee 263
Gerros ‘island! 2.252.5-2- 2 secon ae eeiee oar 257
Oharlestisland’s.2: ste sete eee 264, 265
Charleston steamer =: tess cscs 6 eee ne 218, 226
Charts... 32.2558 2.0) 2e-sddesenes see sere eee 256
Charts; inaccuracy Ofs-22- 2-22 s ees -eieaiaee 228
Chatham Bay: .-. een eee re eee nee eee 261, 262
Chatham<Island) 5-22 ssc see. seer aes eee 264
Chatham Straits <5. 2.2.2 2-2 42-eeseeeee cee 208, 209
@hermotiskiyoesse-s eee! sere eee eee 245, 289, 290
Chemotiskyebaye-ec= sce ee ee eee 245
@Ghestakef Island’: 2: 245. oops eee ee 249
Chilkat p= 22-84 covet teen eee 209
Clarence Straits cace--.-ss--- eae eee 208
Clarkicd. Wine toca eee Si eens 229, 285
Clark Point: <2). --2<225 S22 eheeieamaceeee 250, 251
Clipperton Island! 22. -— sea =a oes 267
Goal Blaits. .= sae.) ose ce cee eee 248
Cobos; Senor ManuelA\--2 22 <a e- eee 264
Cocosiislandt lessee essere 258, 260, 261, 262, 267, 268
Cod, abundance of ----..- =-)-----= Cae aes 237, 245
Cod affected by weather...--------.------ 252
Cod, black, occurrence of -..---------- 213, 217, 272
Cod, ecultus, occurrence of .-.-.---- 213, 220, 275, 276
Codsbanks ences eee eee ese eee 224, 230, 234, 245
Cod banks in Bering Sea.-------:-2.----- 245
Cod grounds i222 Seinen eee eee 232
Cod, occurrence of. - - 208, 214, 236, 239, 240, 255, 281
288, 289
Cod, pebbles found in. ---.-----------+--- 283
Cod, young, abundance of-..----.---------- 290
Cofiee Pointies-.2 esse ee er ee eee eee 251, 286
Coianisland| ae aeee eee eee eer eet 258
Collision with steamer Bonita -...------- 215
Colnett, Capt sect err ae em eerie 261
(Oia) tort Read Gist soiaela ees RBH OC OA AAC Hite 258
Columbia GRiver-- c= heen -=-ee eee elena 226, 271
Columbia River boats, type of -..-.-.-.--- 285
Columbia River soundings..------------- 275
Oomatiloe 2 Seer eae eee soto eile ae teeter 225
Compass errors ---------------+---------- 231
Conway Bay ------<------.0..---=----6-=" 265
CookCaptet 25-0-- seen ner eeee ee 242
Coquille River -.....---------------++---- 274
Corvalsieese cin see este ee eee eer 256
Corals, alcyonarian .--------------------- 225
Corals, occurrence of ---..--.--..--.-: 213, 225, 256.
GCordellebaniceesaeee eee ee 220, 222, 276, 277
Corrientes, Cape. 2 c= -=- === ree 268
Oorwin, steamer -..<..-------2----e-----= 243
Crabsmherntites sees -eee— eee ee een eee ee 237
Crabs, occurrence of..-.--- 225, 226, 237, 248, 255, 277
Crew, reduction Of- 22: - 222-2. as 2-2 ee 269
O@rimolds (2 o2eeoe eee a ee eee eet 256
Crooked Wslandisssec- ee 2 eae 251
Oro wiRGebeiis ese eot aces ace ee eee ee _ 248
Crustacea, abundance of....------.---226, 236, 255
Cultus-cod, occurrence of..... 2138, 217, 220, 275, 276

Cup corals ...2.cceccccrensecescesesssscddy 220; 208

in
or

~~

INDEX.

655

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS—Continued.

‘2 Page.
Memteas POM oc.ncs-----andesnaneeny 221, 228, 278
PIMUDLET, VOSBEl oa 22 <5 cess acc cc ences ec es 261
ROSS ER Mtrevaletateteinya:c/ajehn sicie't) eie'siamictwiaie le ace 207
LUST ES EG Rea e OnBececSepEo epee He 249
Deep-sea sounding apparatus. ........--- 269
Departure Bay..-.--...--- 207, 210, 212, 226, 227, 254
Difticulties encountered by fishermen. ..-. 218
DUI LAID Je ee ee Ro SeooSr eres 248, 249
Dogfish, abundance of .....-.-.--..-...-- 213
IN ADAP LET 6 HAO cgooe pop pope aADaEneseeTee 255
LISTS LSE R ag Stor eb oSeoe Be saessenSeseeoe 220, 276, 277
IDNs Nip 18t bane ao bosogeesesseedsresenss 256, 270
Dredging apparatus...-.....-....---.---. 218, 270
Dredging and trawling stations, record of, 302-310
ae SE TOD Oe sate les winl= aiviae nin!ain(=(a\ule vin!='el~ =a) 270
SAWING OF MOM. = = oa 1.<.cnine tee toe ecm einim 218
Dry dock at Esquimalt -............--.-- 210
Mar Cae Mise eee Se, ona aie Neste ee Soo 207°
Piper cries LAIN ei oe yt iajsieiain iam </<ie.ele(a/e= of 265
ITE GANORDOK ssi ae | ole to Ss.- data alesis ses cicle 211, 212
IOP ERGU Kes cine sain sce -5-b oe cs tecoss 248
ISN ELSE TDS Wade aoe dsce ee peneeeDacaee saree 237, 256
GRUNT A CRUG 23) a3 ina 3 255 < m= oa So sae 235
Ecuador, coast current...-...-:-<--2-5--¢ 268
Kelpouts, occurrence of....-..--..--:.--. 235
TOS . QUA Aare OBS ee aaa eee 228, 251
LDIF Wp dation pS SSE SaaS oso cos oorE or PoAeee 245
Electric light used in collecting.-.....-..-- 217
Pi ATTOW OM em sais eso swe wnininiso ec 222
IN OUNG | ACCIGENGILO: 52 cin aos mae nlaie amin 211
Ae NGO Meee ate aicial =a aii ie ae 270
BEM SLO al Ole sa isos ascii noeieceein 212
Enright, J., drowning of...........------ 218
Entrance Point.......---. 234, 238, 242, 247, 248, 249
Esquimalt, dry dock .-............... an Se 210
ER UIOS pAUIGSS Ofe s2o t= 2eint clin ictal ic ape)si<iaie 230
LOG LETr oy eT ERG con GBocneeeuc aoGes career 251
BE STG EON Es A ypetei nie ett aeta mates ate ere ao jatate tater loin art 22
COMME ONG pceme asec rcas ee cclecee ee stes 228, 250
Exhibition of Albatross at Portland, Oreg. 215
Falcon Rocks, investigations of.....-..--. 214
HalsevMMaMOO kc Saaw-'e re)s choc acacie 272
ATIVE SHOAL So. nents nn S lois oe, oer chaitaee wee 276
HMarallonTsland s<< =< cw one oeceses sek 223, 276, 277
TNS CT EL rae Ea vid OFF Res Pe epee ere 237, 270
Wanna:0l erin OSGeo sew. -- ci e'saies min ome 254

BMS COSA > «a2 oho -ormicemamiacisiote 254

Pacific Ocean <).. so 2 a. sec ma ain 254

Finback whales. --s.....5...--« Jiomnce sees 245
Fishermen, difficulties encountered by .. 218
Fishes found off California coast......... 224
LN pone ie Sogooa cap SCeSCOCOSSeb SoSene 277
Fishing-grounds.....--..-.--.-..- 232, 276, 282, 284°
Fishing-grounds off Orford Reef.-....... 217
Fishing stations, table of ........-.--.... 311-315
Wiatiery, Banlies 2 cc teicc cna 217, 275, 289
Mlattery shocks |<. 2-2 202. otc eeeems uses 216, 217
Hlatfish, occurrence of... ...---.--..-----% 217, 220
Flounders, occurrence of... -. 213, 217, 225, 235, 236,
237, 255, 272, 273, 275, 277, 281, 290

MMlving: Ash) 25. s2os sts ad sieet hae a aes 258
MHOreRt TVOS oes ole ajas oc oss encase anemia 210

Page.

MGT GE -AVOXAN WOlis evi cclciet =)ancs see seals s aerate 251, 285
SHOT GLOW PAR aa a catatccciele siete ne a eee eleeeinee 207
HM OX: WOO saan sac a c5 these cea homers 254
Mresh water Day, . 2 5.00 cn ease secon ass 209
HT PALO DING sales inieeactna= ota = a es 258
Fulmars, abundance of .......--......... 218
Hur seals, occurrence of. ..=::..2-.-.--2<- 226
Galapagos Islands ......-. 256, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268
Galerave ont <= 5. fete soa ~ cet gees ima 263
Grammar Nas Mee ier= atetatelntere se eames me r= 237, 256
George L. Chance, schooner ...---.----.--- 275
(GG Eek ecb oo sake SSuenceneaseannencds 247
GilbertnOndic-2s sees. 210, 226, 235, 237, 254, 256
Gill-net salmon fishing.-........--...---.- 285
Gilmer MWienWiees=mee ese sc ceca tes ets 226, 237, 268
(GUE MNIe 18th veo stor ste omemacingnep aces ned6DoS 209
Glyptocephalus zachirus ....-------------- 225
GoldeniGate: a soso Sees scene 220, 223
Golets;Channelys2... gees - 22 see cos Seeds 211, 227
Goonies) occurrencelof ~~ --- os. asain 218
GoodnGwstbaVecan-- os sees aero ee aae 231, 252
xo eave GON Re eeieesorossoconseriqecdsor 225, 237
GmandU Ban kia -rcelacineeee seen ase 282, 289
GravelWbancare eee saints 283
Graystbarbor Banlkesr 2 aa sclejoe 5 lj =i 216
Great:Glacion ass so ns-5 ease a soe wn te 209
Guadelouperese-sss5-6a ose cetera 257
(Ore Watney Beane peesoaoueras Soe acct HOS 265, 266, 267
Goillemotsaese see octet 243
Gulfof California: 0.4. .-- 6-24. nas 217, 258, 266
AD UIC ORS s Hee secisce sie wi deraetentre 258, 267
Geoneiatsss- ones occ sama eee ets 227
MemiC0~sascssiaceiees, nastics gas 266
Panama eee eee 261, 263, 264, 265, 267
GulisSoccurrenceios ~-- -.-- 5-1 s-e nice 218, 227, 258
HaciendaideleRrogreso-- <= 50.5. sciieciee ens 264
Hagemeister Channel ............-...- 230, 236, 252
Hagemeister Island -.:-..-...---.. 236, 240, 252, 283
Hagfish occurrence of --.-<------..----=- 210
lekaysrne Ohana Seip aoseesenson sees onee 238, 248
IFateti Wey Oc Keer eae eae eaten ee 248

Halibut, occurrence of. ..208, 217, 236, 244, 245, 255,
275, 281, 282, 289

Harbor Point-*--2---2--/--.--------0---< 247, 248
Hassler) Steam Cire. -ecce a aejce ct ee minee he 226
Heceta Bank ....-- Beet 2138, 216, 217, 254, 271, 275
Miecatasetead eee ose. nie case w woe se sleiie te 272, 274

Herendeen Bay . .234, 235, 238, 239, 241, 242, 247, 249.
253, 255, 256, 282

Herendeen Bay ¢oal...../-......--...6... 241
TB ey ehh O15 56 sb enacesboupog ea anmribns ce 237
Herring, schools of......-...-.-.-...-.... 227
FFCLAGTAMIMNUS ... 22-02 -2-- enews crew eee 236
et OG stint ecto aioe aaleelee miele sisee slain ane 251, 252
UGICOMPSA teed safe acces ase ce sem sees en 257, 270
Holothurians, occurrence of. .213, 225, 226, 237, 255
PEROOMY ANOS AN eee eee ee enio ae es © am ieleleletals 209
Hlospital Bankshares oni = «= == minilele ane 283
Hoambolat Carrent=. <2. -<2<cececene 263, 267, 268
Humpback salmon, abundance of.....-.. 290
Hundred-fathom curve ....-..-....-..-.- 216
1Bhaiote, Je. IG ae Ne Seana noo sesecciclesr 269, 270
Hy drocoralinee ...+..0++2222- wale'aininia'e omer 225

656

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS—Continued.

Page.
Hydrograpnic information........-.-.--- 245
Hydrographic operations off coast of
Wastin tens sesso sae aoe cee 271
Hydrographic soundings, recordof..-..---. 291-301
HIVATOIdS eo soca es Soc ee beeen ah D> 236, 255, 256
TLC WSUS 52 aac ee ae eae Ceca ee eee 209
Baby Ube) See ema toe ate es 227, 231, 242, 244, 245, 287, 290
indefatigable: sland. oo fee een 265
Indians of British Columbia-:..2.-.--..--- 207
Rsanotskisstraibss se ee este eee eee ae 246
Italian fishermen of San Francisco-..---. 275
Tenbek Bays sooo ssc - 2: Se Sree ee 233, 246, 281
vameas Island 2252.25 65 ake ee teaser eee 255
AiG iwi OG as sage Sodserceesnansce StS sSSo05 280
Jeneen, WO sshssete see ee Use Se ses 284.
ICAL vA SLANG 2 ase ae semen eos seers 258
AUG HIG Sy oid Qe ee Seas aaa Sado 207
Wohnson; {Ps ER Pic oso eos aoa caress 229
Johnston Marburyesse. aces. ae= see 218, 237, 256
Johnston Channels = cos see nse se cca nee 238, 248
VONMStOM MUL 2 2 ae ee sce eee eae 249
PONNSLOM SULallS oe =e eee neater eee 227
DUM GAUR ss 2 Sets crac ee ee ace ete eee ares 209, 210
Kartik steamer: o2 2 sce = «cerns e seer 232
JG ine SE Ns So 5eb psoas mano ass aS ssoesene 208
Kastrometinoff,,George --.----.-.--.-.--- 208
IRGGN) is Wireoenchesccs ance oecce encase es, 207
Pehndiakonelsamasyea-s- ese eae sees eee 247
Khadubine dslands 5-222 2-2 ..ces eee cee 247
Rieby. Jighns sos owes eclrss ems ee san seecee 257
MINS SalmMO Nees ae eee eno eee 286
ROOS PIS ary tren ptntae ie ne aoa ane aera 215
KOotzIAOOTROAISS 2 se o55 5. foe cee eo ee 208, 209
RGSGSIOT 2 ecient eee ote Wa Ate eet 247

Kuskokwim River -------229, 280, 231, 236, 245, 249,

252, 283

ROKK Bay icusces cece soos semen sens 240, 245, 251

Banke s220- ees. eo sce ees een 240, 283
Reyviehalc iver 6 sacastaccees see eee core? 245, 282
ake Nushapalcees vedere gees aoe een = 287
GOW Wo GLOW MINCLOL ese season non 218
(pemesunier LOmMteass te <= rosa ee ee 210
EAOneu Waser, Vessel 2-2-2 =. ote. cess sn~ 261
Ling, occurrence of --....---..- Bec areca 172
Tp OIs OCCUILONCOS Of-2 === a= sla e 236
Eithodes. occurrence Of--5--------------- 226
Tabtloawks 52. 36222. Sos Shc eemsten ee 227
MGDAS OM bre occ ea ates ase ee 276
Long-finned sole, occurrence of.....------ 225
WOPezwROCkvae: wee peearh cmneee oes core eee 223
ower California ooec-2,02 cae 2+ ee oes 268
Mower Nushapak ssc se0scass-sccese see 251, 256
OW IE OM sete ies stores saci nse 289
PE COUES rec asec ae nee a eee ete ela see 235
Mic Commnick Ca Nise of oeeeee scan = sneer oo Ie
Mackerel attracted by electric light--.---- 217
MOACTUTUS 3 Soa Staonal eacse cn eae ee 255, 256
MaikushimiBaye.emceeemenas ocr ce sae 244, 289, 290
Makushin Volcano cess e-eese.)-'= = eo oe ae 243, 256
Malpelo md stam dias caesarean en oo oe 258, 262, 267
Mandersons-Cs S22. 22 et neers coat ee 207
Man-of-walthawkseol- sep eseess--2- 2522S 258
Marble Point sesoc2e sacar nese aoe as 238, 248

_ Page.
Mare Island navy-yard ...... 216, 218, 222, 226, 256;
267, 268
. Marieto.Pointicss -2 tases ees gee soar 258
Martane a8. iS. iscen-ees sear ene eee 226
Matthew Turner, schooner.-.---..---<.--- 243
Mattie 2. Dy ors SCnooneres.--ces --eeeeee 232
Meduse, oceurrence of...--...... 232, 237, 254, 255
Mendenhall! PhomasiG so ss0-6- = see 269
Mendocino @apel asst see one eee “227, 275
Méerriani, ‘Dr... Hartice. oc opecaee rere 269
Meteorological conditions in Bering Sea- - 252
Meteorological observations, record of ... 329-342
MexICO; /CoasbiOf = 2o =. -- otence eee 256, 265, 266 —
México; (Gultot. . 252 -. eer ane ee eee 266
Microstomus pacificus ..-----..--..2------ 225
Mad waiysROG@k: =: as-m=- seen te eee eee 248
Willer SN MBtaccn onedose ope sees 237, 270
Winevhiarhor .- se sees ee 238, 239, 241, 248, 249, 255
Molinsks s2o22. 3620s oe Sas. lee ee ete 213, 236
Moffett eb ont = =e ae esate st Go sae 247
Montereyebayy o2.-ho sesso 221, 222, 223, 278, 279
Monterey fishermen. ------=---- 7-2-2122 279
Morro /Puercos.ciuw = 2! = Paani eee eee eee 258
Mittin nl ete sec ceccee sb ce een ae 209
Murenoides™..........2.2.+-- Dee 236
MR CCOMRAN ano sees en ee 235, 255
Naked mollusks”. 2s: <2. o-eeceeee eee 237
Naknek River - - - .228, 236, 240, 245, 249, 250, 282, 287
Nateckin Bay sss eee eee ee 245
Natural-history observations -........2.. 235, 254
Navy-yard, Mare Island ..---..-.-- 218, 226, 256, 268
Negretti and Zambra thermometers. ..-..- 260, 270
Welson) LagoOnsc ose. sees oes See eee 247
Nestuggah, Oregon, bank off.........-.-- 214
Net plammneree= jon cceat- ch aee eee eee 263, 265
Net itramimely 1860p: ose ene eee 276
|MINGwBOSOSLOL os. scree =i aaa eee ewer 242, 243
Newenham, Cape Jer. 25. see cesses 284
Now Metlahcatlah= =.3. 22522 cue ceemeine 207
INT CHOISUHMN SEY © Sep ree pe einaee ere 250
Northern Pacific Industrial Exposition. - 215
North Warallom. J.-.~ jsa22 2 ccc eae enee 222
Noonday ROCs. se oe cee me ie wae 220, 222, 277
Northwest Cape ..---.- 281, 232, 233, 237, 245, 246, 280
INOCG CUIVONALSS oro =ten saa oes ee ee ee 255
Numi vik: Island's i..j22:22 ace ee ceanis sence 284
Nushagak Canning Co............------- 229, 285
Nushagak Lake..........5......- ee eenea 287
Nushagak Packing Co ...........-.------ 251
Nushagak pilot <2... <-<s:2s0-es~sece seer 228
Nushagak River.....:..---.-. 228, 230, 236, 240, 245,
250, 282, 284, 286
Nushagak River canneries....---.-...--- 285
Octopus, occurrence of-.---.-.--.----- 225, 255, 256
OkhotskiSeas 23 22.8 vee pensar eee 290 =~
Old Borostol. -c-4.scs-- eee eee eee eet 242 ©
Old Mietlahcaiilah) 2 -.-- 2 neeean eee ee 207
Olga, schooner--.-------.. SaHem Seas aSINE 234

Ophiurans, occurrence of, 210, 218, 225, 235, 237, 255 ‘

Oregon coast, investigations off. . .210, 212, 216, 254
Orford Reef. 5222222 se ssesiteee cee 214, 217, 274
Orange rockfish, occurrence of
Otter Bay=.....50ss.66 ROBB as sade soca 212

272

ee ee ee eee

sto hte

eaten) A

athena

;

INDEX.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS—Continued.

Page. Page,

Oyster investigation in San Francisco Port. Moller Banks. saa ssece «ena cee cae 281
PAN ae oeeiarn ale new em nies omni gem isiaimi a nininlsl= 269 Orford) 2255 <2 o~ decease ek cee 215
avine GOAst GUEVO-..---..-..- --="-=-=--- 216 SUG PRON ons. «pis sectae ciel Selanne ee 207
Pacific Ocean, fauna of ...-...-..-....--- 254 MOWNGENUs casa t coronas cca 210, 211, 212, 254
Pacific whiting, occurrence of -.-.----.--- 217 Warangelll. 2.222852. ote sess odee see 208
Padgett, R. S., drowning of...-..-.--.-.. 218 | Port Townsend and Southern R. R-..-..- 254
Dna Does SA Seceeen Seo e Seen cE ee aoe 257, 258, 262 | Post-office Bay......-.------......-...-.- 265
Manama, GU Ofc .csceecjo~ sens cichi= =n = 61,263 | Prawns, occurrence of...-------.. 218, 225, 236, 255
BRIE COAL conte lenin las of- Wie Gk = alaiaiel=m Ia ninig 205s MARLON OLN LANES! mec. soSapecscanin sess eet 269
Panama, Current off. .--.-.<.---:-s-----=- 2S (MEETCA DME OUNbe <c <5- eee etm atte 244, 288, 299
Parmenter, H. E..-.......----+---.-+-+.-- 218) | Programnoi Volcano. ..---:--.---22-2.--- 246
POU ERE DOT esis = oe n hie cio wg ois gere ala 209) Protection POintasses<- acc -- oS siome ee 228, 240, 250
EOL OY OL GATOS 2 corm m\o1= = =!= Sloieinin/-relei= winla ne Aiea MEET Sia cess 2 2 Sets clare assis Stat alay aor ea el ote 212
Pearl islands ..... 02... 5-5-5 2 a eses PAipy Wy VeXyechrob ti (1s hd fee 26 seen ores se sees: 209
HOPE ARC OQOONOE. ees n.- = comatose lepine = |e 240,249 | Queen Charlotte Islands.-.-.-...-.-. 253, 256, 274, 289
Eire CANCE Jo. - =~ se === Seceeneseens 240, 252, 283 | Queen Charlotte Sound.......-..-....... 227
SUES TP GD ssl Se S hs 5 ae eS Se ete 268s van kin Mir 25s) = --.nei cscs meee dee 289
WoennAilAs 42 seca =ie so vas5i2 Pin arses 225 | Red rockfish, occurrence of. .-..-.273, 275, 276, 277
Perch, abundance of.....-..--..-..------ Zia | MRECUBALIMON Soca s oacs een Se op as Bee 286
Perch, viviparous, occurrence of..-....--. F.)279))| Reeling, engine 2-.-.cs----=---- alee = 270
ETS TEATS tee ata aye wii Clee wee eee oe Ain 208,209 | Reindeer, occurrence of....-.-.-..----... 242, 249
Perpetua, Cape, Oregon ..-..-..-.------- 272 | Repair of Albatross...-.------ 216, 218, 226, 256, 263
Personnel of vessel’. ---..-=-----..-.--.-.. Bay 210" | eepalroL, eNPINes..2- = seceeciss «aoe 212, 270
Petrels, occurrence of....--.--.---.------ 218, 258 | Reuce, ship, rescuing men of..-.-.--...--. 257
EP nhath JQ CRRSe ceca cernescemeoeosorce 229, 230 | Revillagigedo Islands...--.-..-..-..-.-.. 217
Philippi, Walter, drowning of.....-....-. ZB RG Ves i OMNb TIS DOLLIES s- — 6c nme an ee 275; 277
Piedras Blancas Point. .-.22-----e-.---n.< 221, 223 || Rivadeneyra Shoal.......-- eee oe 262
Pigeon Point -----.-.-.-----<-----+.---- 219, 220, 222 | Rock-cod, occurrence of ... . - -218, 214, 217, 220, 236
alot SbablON <5 2s <a:aec =e actns Waesisjos 250 | Rockfish, occurrence of-.-.--.- 272, 273, 275, 276, 277
Plover, Capture Of-- 0-2 o= j- 22> ~~ + ame =i- 22s eleoGlker, Co rhese aa meee 25 i 235, 237, 241, 257
PointeA nO MN DEV Orica ao n= <== osm elmctale 276 4) ROSALIO Soralbs) = <n cae ea— oti ol a a 254
PAGOND.\-sSeccoasecetasee~- os 220; 202, 2odo Onin MROUNE) ULSAN.) cos) )arsn)5 see ees 230, 236, 251

EMTS TO) cS aap ocoprRpSeben op onseoe DORs al OG Ae OM tate S21. 2 <lanleteieye =) pe eee ae 233
LTS eS ee EEO DOE. Ore PAR ORT WW 70. ARG ENS Uae aoreeee Se Rhec Tec Heoere re 244, 253
LEGG) Sher sac te geseans Seca. epee. 221,223 | Russian River-\-.-..--.../..-=..---.--220; 222/277
Girma ace ices so se ee thos Pec DO Sau C Kas kinelnce = oe oak eos Oe kewee aoe 242, 243

MO GHOG secre ae a ance tee Cashes rad OCA: 2) Ce oe Oe Spe ear ASReS See Sris 284
(CORR IN NO Mop Seca Seadocsas sce paes 221, 223°) St Paul, steamer ----- 2-2. -- 2. se seine e- 232
Cypress, trials with hand lines and Salmon canneries -..-. 209, 229, 251, 284, 285, 286, 287
Hieeilinie hid peepee sesso a aoeoe PRY Wy bee Rod: pee ncoossosecer so aqRc caer 223
DiVi0 Grenade aeons 230) 280; 2802471248 'a| “SALMON GOP's a1 o's 22th se wwe ns coe a 255
IOS ees) eae erer neideeesseo ss dase 223 methods of fishing for.......-.-. 285
“GIR GaShecenensabese specs s+ depctc 263 occurrence of.....---. 208, 209, 240, 249, 286
IGE SES demos ce aappcomanobe Scart 276 price paid for putting up, ete... 286
IVY coo Snpnoceekestesadsecadarocec 223 Tt Soc poroc one nS Oqe 26 SORES oc 286
PEINOS )otore oe acta ole aie ator ere ate alas 222, 228 SUG OI Ase esis sens h ase cekwe melee 286
Purisima ------.-----------------:- 223 spawning season.......-.------: 287

ISG WOES Sorc Saepe peer esas 222, 223, 254, 275, 277 UT RDS i pata reras ogee aia nw aete teereeitaiate 287
Reyes light - --.. << - mss -saaeen=ce 220 ‘ young, occurrence of -........-. 236

Sale. bia wiete ays eo a0 2S ole oe fein ene ale 223 | Salpe, occurrence of ......----------..--- 226

Sei BRIT ae poco nice probate acc nacase PPP aati Olt sss ae aciye's eee 5 ss does Bee 222

Sah GdvOre secs sea = aire oe eeinlalas PHD MOANDICL Os ce sje c'ea'-1e = c/o cs waee tamer 267, 268

SUM arts assent canta stots aelasicine eens 223 | San Francisco, Cal - ..219, 220, 253, 256, 257, 267, 268
Powidles: (es <ceco2 ease ees eeER es 275 | San Francisco Bay, oyster industry-.---- 269
Pollock, occurrence of .....-.----..-.. 235, 236, 237 | San Francisco fishermen..-..--..-.-...-.-. 275
Polyp)-=--- <2 -ce--- si - en ncsiss ceelinch see PPD a oAmlgiis © PIS PO \=a(j2%:0- J-oe)-nstee ema ys 223
Porpoises, marking of...--....-.------.-- Doi Sanmek Toland) .e2--- 5 -2- tose = 227, 235, 253, 288
Porpoises, occurrence of....-..--. PAO PEO eA COS | NAT I UL OM BBY) «nc <i-1n << = =m m2 onlnie Sm ecto ae 218
ROYbAg eS BAY; sep s--n-- 0c sa fee eee ae ee -209 | San Simeon Bay........-.-..--..- 218, 221, 223, 278
ortiand, /Orepony -.-c-sseeunt= =e mien een Dil |hsansSumeonwe Ont... 2- =-224-c-ee -aeeee 223, 276
Port) Chesterss on) ammo earner esee nis 20f a SantarBarbaras.--..).s22-S-=2- ORL Sr er 221
Haid e@nse-5-d.0 5h atone ae sae 240, 249,253 | Santa Barbara beach ..........-.---.-.-- 279
Moller .--..- 234, 235, 238, 239, 242, 249, 253, 282 | Santa Barbara channel .................. 221, 222

H. Mis. 113 42

658

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. |

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS—Continued.

Page
Santa Barbara, Tslands:<<2-- ...<0-e5-u<ee 267
Santa Cataline sland: 27-202 -\.cas-s seen 257
Santa Cruz. sesjcqe5 a2 coe seme 219, 222, 223
SantaiCrnz banks: ~\.25--..-4-ccceees es 219
Santa Croz channel. --2--.5-:----ce2ss-655 257
Santa Cruz fishermen*s..2-.--45-----<- =: 279
Santa Cruz light-house .......-.-.-.----- 219
Wantahosa Veland)-. 25 4-soenence cece rens 221
Sacelitovcavece ce uec- sete. ceeemebe eta 219, 220
Sawmill near Port Simpson ..-....-..----- 208
Schizaster, occurrence of....-----.------- 225
DCRIZOLROTUS se 22 =e am seis sac ee eee oe ee 255
Scientific results of cruise..--...--.------ 266
Scoth islands: ..-2ese5: o-sese ce aeaeeeaeece 254
Sculpins, occurrence of. ..235, 236, 237, 255, 275, 281
Sea-anemoneés..2’.2--2<- asst see- 2 acer 236, 255, 256
Sea bass, occurrence 0f-. =... scceseee- 276
Sea birds, occurrence of -....-.-.-.------- 226
Seal [sland ses eos sa heen tien fee 249, 253, 269
SenNbOn ROCK. eas aiam ae eee el ene eae 234, 247
Seasons eee tees coe ee Cee 243, 247, 273, 281
Sea lions destructive to fish .....----- 214, 217, 251
NealnROCK 2s eas oceet ee celts Ree eee te 252
Sea wouteee es. on nee ee ae een See 236
Seattle; Washington 23-2202) os eet 210
Ned rc nins Ssees cs. oe ee Sete eee ee 210, 225, 255
Sebastian’ (Capes. 2-2 -<c ste -uasek ee eee 275
Sebastodes, occurrence of.......-..---.-.. 235, 236
Sebastolobus, occurrence of.........-.---- 236
Senate Committee on Indian Affairs ----. 210
Serial temperatures, record of .------..-. 328
NevMourWslandses 2 .ss seek ote ee ee 265
Seymour: Narrows). -2-.2e-- <2 ee eens 210, 227
Shir Rope Oe ae ee ee ee eee 218, 226, 227, 262
SLIM iS A VedodgSn SueeeaeS r= aaHaae occ ase 228, 246
Shells, occurrence of .......-..--.. 210, 225, 235, 236
Mine lesP Ombre conse se tases sete 248
phishaldin, Volcano. ac =2c.c- of2 oases 246
Shrimps, occurrence of...-.-.....- 225, 235, 236, 256
Shumagin Island’. -2..\-.2..2-ctascudece se: 253, 288
BileizeBayaee sens oder e ae oe ec Pe eRe 273
Silwen salmon): case tees pas tHe 286
Sit lesan ee eee me ceed: (ee ae Ne 208, 209
Sinslaw-River ae ceieee wen sane tee 272
Skates, occurrencéiof sa.) cee ase ee F 235
Slime Bank. . .232, 237, 239, 253, 254, 255, 280, 281, 283
Siielt, abundaneelof 4 suo ten ee 279
MGA We ee eee e een Mae cee e eee 282
Sole, occurrence of.-=+.:---s----- 22-0: 217, 277, 278
NOW A MOriVa hss S22 tees Sete eee 263
Sonchibeadsc. sc see ee hee oe ae 250
Southérn PactficuR: Rize... -.ta.0s- cee ee 263
South Farallon light..-..--.......2.2...- 219
South Harallones:4- 22-22-52 eee 219, 222
Specific gravities, record of.............. 321-327

bo

Sponges, occurrence of. . .213, 225, 234, 235, 236, 237,

255, 256

Squids, abundance of .-...-.........---.. 225
Starfish: Aa.e-5 sae ha ee eee a Sis 210, 255, 256
Stockbridge; Hon N.iBies.s- cee. 02 noe 207
Straits of Wnca~.-cce cee eee eee 211, 212
Submarine tow-net, description of ......- e | 259
Submarine Valley off Monterey Bay..-.. 222
Sucie Tslands 4522.2. e2sqeese oes eee cae 254

Page.
Sulima River!. 05.02. . sence see ent aeeee 249
Surfidneks 7.3.6 wees eee eee ee eee 12
Cyne pROOrancnus case seers ae 255
Tables: ;
California coast fishes -....--.....--- 224
Dredging stations......--.-<--...--s-5 302-310
Fishing stations ....-...-.--.----.--- 311-315
Hydrographic soundings. ...-.-.----- 291-301
Meteorological observations ......... 329-342
Ocean temperatures ......---.-...---- 321-327
One-hundred-fathom curve .....-.--- 216
Serial temperatures -...-........----- 328
Specific gravities ..--.-.........-.-.. 321-327
Summary of operations...........--. 237
Towing-net stations -......-..------- 320
Tacoma, Washington. ........--------.-- 207, 210
Tanner Nebsnc asc. sse Deen e eee eee 263, 265
Tanner tow-net, description of..........- a
Tehuantepec jj. ios sess sl eee eee 258, 267
Temperatures, record of ------.--.---- 321, 327, 328

Thermometers, Negretti and Zambra -.-. 260, 270

Thetis; steamer s----- 55-62 Seo eee] eee 218
Tide rips off Esteros Bay ...-----..--.--- 221
SUEPAGIMOENGhG) GSA asec ocenconc syerioescose 280
‘Tillamook Bayes ee eee ee sea ee 273
Tillamook alse-. s-e ce aseoasee eee tee eee 272
Tillamook Rock = -22 222-2024 -smeee 212, 217, 273
ERO pues aiy ere senate ee ee eee eee 251
Toke Point light-house ..---.......-----. 217
Momiales Baye es eee eee 275
Tomales:Point.2 22 2s- 5c 2<c chee ee eee ee 222, 275
TOMCOS<% ces ee oe eee eee 236, 275, 277
Tonpue te ointee ts pace anne = sae nee eee 230, 252
Tow-net, submarine, description of ----.- 259
Tow-net, Tanner, description of .....:-.- 259
Townsena.C tees. = ese eee ee 233, 237, 264, 269, 270
Prachiopousy= nese niae == ae eee ere 213
rade ywinGSies2 ee ee aie eee ee eee eee 267
Trammell net used == -po-meeeee ae eae ee 276
Trap.on Wood: River-.o---— .-- eee ese 229
Traps, salmon......-- Holane cee cee neeeeen 287
TreadwelleMinG se. ee ese ene 209
Tres Marias Islands c--.-=-->e =e eee 266, 268
PUTIN ty Lslands: eee s- sone =e ee eee 253
TO PILOW fae nee mele ei sae oe eae eee eee 237
Trout, occurrence, Ofs- 522-50. 255 eeeeeses 209, 290
A Urb i CN eases See Sao see Sabo sore ca Gesssoe , 258
Twine; WBanDOUly sees ecliee ee eiae ae 285
di auey eee ncgarasacs canoes sccm a0Da 260 251
Usaguk sBivers2s--4scn 555s cesar 240, 249, 250, 282
UWigashiksRivenie-c--ceersencmetst eee 240, 249, 282
WiakhtaHcad 2) 5oa-- cease see eee 245
Um belialas®: a2. ccs see eee eee 225
Umnak Sislond! 3c s4) ose 242, 243, 244, 287
OmingkwP ass ee sere. .] ees eee eens 289
impo sheRiver= n.2 sees eee ee 216
mala dsland ear aeee= = eee eee eee 253
Unalaska)-2--2.=. 210. 228, 231, 232, 235, 242, 244, 245,

; 253, 255, 290
Wales Kat aioe cena een eee eee a 244
Unalaska cod banks....-.....---.-.--.--- 245
Unalaskavslands <2 22: sit ae eee ee eee ee 287, 288
Unimaks Cape? 4. 25. 2220. 22 ass eseen eee 228

Unimak Usland 2222-25-02. 228, 236, 239, 246, 290

INDEX.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS—Continued.

Page.

LO) EC eh 227, 235, 246, 253, 280
U.S. Census agent, aided .............-.- 229
Teme Gg dnt, StCAMEL....\...2-..=5--2scc5se 278
U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. ...207,
209, 210

DONC OUNOD = cide seas che Ses aSs boas cae cee a 261
MEMIBO MVE LSIANGs...c.o.2 ea taciceetecte ns 227
Wamnderbwt, SCHOONEL... 2... .0-2-20--022<s 234, 282
Vervrillia, occurrence of............-.-..-- 225
“VG oe ie Ee ee ee ad oe 207, 212
Viviparous perch, occurrence of...-.--.--- 279
WU OCT RS al 242, 244, 246, 247, 256
AN DUG oUt a ee ee ed - 262
Wallalla Point, investigations off......-.. 220
MAITUa azpUNnaance Ol! 225. <s2-.</595--- 281

bo
or

W alrus Islands. .230, 233, 236, 240, 242, 247, 248, 250,
251, 252

ECT TE Col goa aaa a a 21

Washington coast, explorations off .. .210, 216, 254

OYSTER RESOURCES AND OYSTER FISHERY OF THK PACIFIC COAST.

ANTOTTU LGTY Se aS SSeS ce gaa R oC BOB Ron GEE sarc 361, 362
ANE TELE OERST) Se Se ee 354
Albatross, steamer ....-...---- 344, 345, 346, 361, 362
Advodonés Lagoon... .--.52:2------...52-- 361
IE ie ee PEE eae ae ee 362
Nite SiG nseee eee Bae ee 363
LNTEG ES CONGR) 2 SOBA Sr OG EHS CRED eae Bee Ee aee 363
PANT DOLOAS Ane cain see aeons tales oe 362
Aneel Guardia Jaland:-- 2. .-2.2-..2..--:- 362
EMRE Oe cet ne tee areas cacti nt 356, 357
Australian oysters .....-..-.-----.---.--- 362
SES ARON MES AVS ee ete A seca e cet ee ces ario 364
Bay Centers =... ss0=33--22-2 Bema cas ate 367
Bayekarm Veland | 56. cnt 56 cs-c2c-c0-5 == 352
PAT TOO Ke cise ien saciden doles alec sea 363
Bolmoham Baye. cee. 522 ccc ceca eats aah 370
Belmont.......- Re TRY PRE rhe he hic 345, 363
PHC OPOLU ED re “ences ca race wen see eas 367
TESTU JN a Sg See ee eS 353
T5717 11011 Ce oe a ae ae ee ee a 369
(Chik. Ova il Ga AA nee eeRe rane e aaa 345
Ae aa H LALA coop 210'<7<in) o'=.nie comin ace a 362
Carp introduced into California waters... 344
Catfish introduced into California waters. 344
CAV ODS OTCOLE «cise mais a0 an ana pee ae 363
Chesapeake Oyster Company .....--..--. ” B54
KCONCENCION BAY Cae ae an ns 22'S ees came ae 362
Corule GeO) «2-2 soe acl sn min ste Nee tere 353, 357
BOLAWLOLG, 0 AMES ose ese cism amen veal tonarals 369
CITT et SA cite Se I en 362
Davidson, Prot. Georges <2: -/ai40sa0eo. 346, 360
Wosne Capt oWie diecaosacadaqsccsteneuseece 369
panes MO) S ee eas Se As A 351
WIpANG O61 CO) sae ssacs castes sea ce cele 354, 357
Wu bALboOMe OlNGeaaciaeioe one eye ee 352, 356, 357
LUATETTUS § (64 DEIR ine akan ham er mere See Ie 352, 360
Eastern oysters in Puget Sound and Wil-

Napa Bar y= nck aj toa as Tels Sees eo aae 370
MMs VLandin Sis oS a cassenos case eae Aen 352
Employés of oyster industry in San

ERAN CISCO BAY. -asit5 tascar ace eae ee 358

\
659
Page

WiassilieiiCapu.osece a. ccc tren atetasas cae 224
Wrellincton' Come ssn cas on Sac sane 247
WienmanTeland? =o. ccsciace.ccecese annie 262
VJESLEDIM Dane Rn cee ere eee a ee 278, 282
Wiltall@sy teedin PO h co cecct-rtcemiaieetsenee 229
Whales, occurrence of ....-..- 218, 226, 227, 245, 278
Whiting, occurrence of .....-...-........ 215
Wallonehiby lslands oo. o- ees. Joes 204
RWallmernred eekur este <rclaict. ene ote ee eceres an 257, 268
Wallisniss CharlesiS: 2-1 --ues-cocce ssc 237, 270
IWANCS AULA Ose e acre ao scco scot ees ee ete 267
Marston. Byer seca ate Te eee 246
WWOLESP OMG fotos eee eins eae neon eres 247
Wioodbtivereecsse scr en osecces ooeaaetetee 229, 251
MWe Ok Bary yam seers tare fee Sui cece nee 264
WAIN AWA GALE. see cae cee eee 216, 271, 273
Maquina lelht-louses-.+-seeeaeee sess eee 213
Yaquina light-house bank ..........----. 217

Enemies of the oyster in San Francisco
BAY isis tee e es coice este oe eter oe 348-550
Hal Si Bayes lee ona,ae ese iacieeseeeee ee 364
Horny, (Governor. Es bass.0 shee cease 370
HixatioM Of Spa. .sescie enn eters ees ceee 350-351
Horbess @leavelandesscece. scece ceeenceee 351

Foreign species of oysters, proposed in-
LLOMMOLION {2 Fane ois ie ase waacieemsen 360-362
Gedney) steamers sce se aes een ieee 367
(Georredslands. Seas: = sst a= sgt none aor 362
Guraymasae as ck meee encsccicase saemeeee oe 364
GulfotiCaliforniajssseseese. sense eee 364
Harkness? Dri Weasa sa ccs eee awe eee es 353
Mermosillo « ec cre <ceiee sine seem ace 362
Hood: Cankll 2 scm aiccos saga cece ens 370
Hin bold teB ayy ss (tienen cee eee aere 364
International Oyster Co., of New York .. 354

Introduction of foreign species of oysters --360-362

Wa a rere ein = he vicina ners sania acs oe Sees 362
Waramies Colonels ss. 42)¢ccc <sdesacauceens 370
awsony Captre nn -assac cen. + + aacee scant 364
MostaAn colegio. cans c2c9-s otmtereseseicwen 364
Mian Ss One Mir esse aa agama es idan 359
Mare Tsland). <a me seclexs see nets aa eeecaee 346
McArthur. StOamer: cicaia<e <2 slaeces cease 347,370
MG N Gareiited nose. 225 ce aamecos ts seme 359
IMGNGar Swe and in. sa ansjactene tact elects 359
Mexican Oyster Company .....-.-.-.---- 362
MTL enton) s battON = sate nta= aincise se enin eee 364
MGI praer a tleeoe oat aces eck = 349, 350, 356, 357
Moraghan, M. B........... 345, 349, 350, 357, 360, 367
Moraghan oyster establishment........-. 357
Mig Tani Miu ease a claelcidts =o mela anes aaa 354
Morgan Oyster Company ....----- 356, 357, 358, 360
IVPOmE aN SE! CO) yee a cinict wicis i wieleisisinaie erate 354
IMTOO TEC ka eartee tate era vei ctorjcncnanetane 363
Myliobatis californicus........+.-.-+.----- 348
Native Oyster Company of Bay Center .. 367
Natural propagation, evidences of......-. 351-353
Rem IAME a2. A wcraa Ubypanew es art 363
ENORMES OLMONGS. oi -cixcecAase cleteaas means 357

660

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

OYSTER RESOURCES AND OYSTER FISHERY OF THE PACIFIC COAST—Continued.

Page. Page.
Want Cove] -eacces ects colam apm ainel= sclera 3675) SantaiMoniGa jc sceecca~ eae esse eee ee eee 364
Notes on the oyster industry of San Fran- SUSAN SO Sea mine cele alee orees aint eee ete 354
CISCOMB AY costae eee see ee ete 353, 354 | Seed oysters, transportation of-.....----- 354
OnklangiGredk =. 99-45 oe soc ae eee 347, 351, 354 | Sheep (or Brooks) Island............-.-.- 352, 354
Givi pineee eens ees seiseiscie sce eae 369, 370 | Shoalwater (or Willapa) Bay....--..----- 366-369
Oyster Bay oe ese het aon ea ease 370 | Soft-shelled clam introduced into Cali-
Oyster beds in San Francisco Bay, pecu- fornia waters. tsi ete asia asee 344
iar sitWAnlOM ssn = sees ages aee ee eee 348)! South Belmont? 2222-222 esas ceee eee 357
Oyster laws of California .......--------- 3653| Southern! California -225----c-9e--en4saee 364
Washington .-.......---.. 371,372! ‘Spawning season. ---4sce-c seen seen eae 353
Ostrea lurida ...---..- 353/855, 356)'307, 809,004) 8000) Sbabigh: .ca= 66 e ce. oar aaeeiosee aie ae ie eee 350, 370
Saleh a OF amet capo Dads SSeS OSE BOeS 361,362 | Steinberger Creek.-.........----.---2.---- 363
MIU a etn nee ee eee aa 362 | Stingrays and stake protection against
var. glomerata.....------- 862:. them) 2.222 std eee So) shee scien sates 348-349
UU GUNECM ae oe teenne = So 350, 351, 360, 361, 362 | Striped bass introduced into California
Oyster product of Puget Sound ..---.-.--- 369 Waters. ao Soo. cacs cnist ase eeae ies ae 344
Oysters put on the market, quantity -.-.- 355 | Suggestions as to oyster cultivation ..... 363
Oystervillesessc see hore esee ee ae 366, 367,370 | Swanberg & West...-..--.:.-..------- 353, 354, 357
Pacific Coast native oyster...-..-..------ 355,356 | Temperatures at Olympia...-...-....-... 370
Palmer Dr Hdward.-c.0.-¢--siesses2 <5 362 in Oakland Creek......... 347
TEN) GW Sepbiit oecin ae meee, emanate a Haenooe 353 near mouth of Yaqui River 361
Point San Bruno®-.-.---2--------- 353, 354, 356, 357 of San Francisco Bay-..... 345-348
PoMb San LedrO vere: deacons eae aa 352 | of water and air in the
Poimnt;San’ Quentin». - 2-2 6.22... --4---- === 352, 354 Golden Gate ..-...-.2. 346
Bort Wiscoweny see se see eee ae eee 370 | of Willapa Bay-..-.:....- 367-368
Pont Ontondieseserce sees sma s eee ees 370 one mile from Dumbarton
Preparation of ground for laying out Points 23. cceessee coer 248
OMB ORS Sette trea election 350 taken off foot of Market
JEL HIS ING ls aoo soem seme On eeraas soe 369-370 street and Union Tron
Itt yee JUTTING 12 ese See asic ooeAbcoesscen 347 | Works, San Francisco.. 346-347
BNE CW OOGeaete create sens ate tierseinin = eels sini ae 363 | Tide Land and Water Front Co.........- 360
Redwood City Creek..-..-.-.+-.-2.-.. sts 363 | Tide lands of San Francisco Bay.....-.. 359-360
Si rT oT 5 eee ae ae oe Selena aE 362 Washington..........-.... 370-371
SHRenNSL i SHAY Geena SOR AGE Sesion SaaUlemore ce Si Os Romales (RB Vel (tassels eee 364
SPIO Wa Pa Lscoses sore eeecoe Se bassoon 364 | Union City Creek.--....-.-.--.---.--.... 363
ian poLseesce ree es eee eee coe ae 364 | Urosalping cinerea.-...-.----- eae See 349
LNW Soo ssasesiscidsdiscbantoads 364 | Vessels of San Francisco Bay.....-.--.-- 358
Sanslirane@iscolpay ano ncnne=nenaece nea 343-363 | Wallapa Bay ---./s-5s4-,-seseer 368-369
SHO) SeS6ecs- nose eorarcsaasoseecsses- SOS) | PWWeLnaI (Gee Ren iyi ete a elestetseelaletete areata 364
Sa eOSGL OLS AC no eee ne ca aeons 362 | Willapa (or Shoalwater )Bay..--..-...-... 366-369
San VeangTo Baya -n =e 352) ))/ VW ALTDN COR ster ate oleae ee ate ee 364
Nhat Psa ssacneecnoortSSAsconestaser 34D; 300, 00 Tas WAG, Wee te (aera aie eee =e atte 370
SPO EFD) (Bape Ses ne Soocougeeaaeneeioose - 349,359) || *Waquil River ccs. 1. soseeces ee eee eee 361-362
COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS.
AVligator hunting? ~-..5.2555.2sseessse6 + 385 |] Espiritu Santo Bay fisheries....-........ 407-408
Aransas Bay fisheries--.....---.0222-.2.. 409-4129") OHA SW Cultivacion ~ ccemweeenme coer eee 396
bay seine .......-.. 410 PLOUECHON ceo eee eae ee eee 396
hook and line....-. 410 | Fisheries, geographical review. -...----- 397-415
importance... .-.--. 409 importanee,2--.-s-c6 eee 374, 386, 409
Oyster. «a2. 2/eose5 52 4107), Wishermeniyas aectee sce e swaceeee eee eee 375
tuErtleyss-ce4- ose == ALLS) Mloundertfishery -2.--- ses. ee eeaeles ae 384, 400
NCIC Spm eae DEE aoeee 412 APeCariNn essen a see aie ieee 400
Bay-seine fishery... -- 377, 382, 400, 405, 410, 413, 415 | Galveston Bay fisheries.-.......-....---. 398-400
Cast-net fishery ..-.....--...- <.- 381, 400, 405, 415 bay seine ........ 400
Coast of Texas, description of....-...... 397 cast net .....-...- 400
Corpus Christi Bay fisheries..........--- 412-414 Oraprtisee scenes 402
bay seine. ... 413 flounders......... 400
erabese si 2226 413 hook and line .... 401
hand line.... 413 OYVStOL= === waleiaie « 401
oyster....... 414 ShMnip sence aeces 402
markets.-.---...---. 414 Spears 22.7.5 .2k.. 400
Crab fishery)<..3 3222 -.c2ee—eeeaests 385, 402, 413, 415 surf seine......-. 400

tw

ew

a a ae

INDEX.

661

COAST FISHERIES OF TEXAS—Continued.

Galveston Bay fisheries, wagon.........- 400
MATKCUS\e)- ss ane ges es 403

PeOUIENIELA Cie! Sein aoe tales Sola cee see en te 381
Hook and line fishery..........-... 382, 401, 405, 410
Laguna Madre fisheries...........-.....- 414, 415
bay seine -....-.. 415

cast net......... 415

CLAD sc. e seca 415

Oyster eee aoe 415

turtle). .<2..25h- 415

Matagorda Bay fisheries ..............-.- 404-407
bay seine.......- 405

cast net ..-...... 405

hook and line ... 405

oyster. Jceocces = 405

MISEKOtS = sae ae aos ok oi 407

Mesquit Bay fisheries. ....-.........--.-- 408
Oyster beds, area.......-.. 387, 402, 405, 410, 414, 415
eultivation -..........--.-.. 391

location .387, 401, 402, 405, 410, 414, 415

Oyster industry....... 386-393, 401, 405, 410, 414, 415

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE.

Analyses of—

Anisotremus, species of..-.........-- 481-484
Aprion, American species of...-.-...- 456
Apsilus, Amcrican species of .-...--- 455
Archosargus, species of........-.---. 519-520
Boridia, species Of-.s24-\5.- 52> a\.. 526
Csiosoma, American species of... .- 538
Calamus, species of... -.2.......<.-5 508-510
Conodon, species of-..............---- 488
Diplodus, American species of-....-- 523
Doydixodon, species of............--- 532
Etelis, American species of........--- 457
Erythrichthys, American species of. . 528
Genyatremus, species of .....-....... 504
Girella, American species of.......... 531
Heemulon, species of...-........-.-.- 464-468
Hermosilla, species of........--....-.. 533
Hoplopagrus, species of .......-...-.-- 431
Isacia, species of...--....--- Seti Stee 501
Kyphosus, American species of.-..--. 534
Lagodon, species of .....-.../........ 518
Lutjanus, American species of......-. 433-438
Medialuna, species of ................ 537
Nemipterus, species of..............- 505
Ocyurus, species of ---...-. Sansa te 452
Orthopristis, species of .............. 496-498
Pagellus, supposed American species

eee esa beaaas qacae Asse seaoe 517
Parapristipoma, species of ........... 502
Pomadasis, species of ...-...--....... 489-492
Rhomboplites, species of............. 453
Sparidz, European and American

PeUSra Of sss se aess es case antesee ss 424-430
Sparids, subfamilies................. 422-423
Sparus, American species of ......... 516
Spicara, supposed American species

Oe Fs sinte telat MN ie ey eo 527
Stenotomus, species of..............- 506, 507
Xenichthys, species of............... 461

Xenistius, species of .................

Page.

Oyster industry, extent ................-. 386

importance ......... te, state 386

law/ Of} Rexagy). tua osc Ses eeete oe 419

ORDOIBOS) Ass 2A Ser <i dls serde noid Sasi eee 385

MOUNG MN CUSAS see at as aswcete acces = ace 381

Products, marketing.............. 393, 408, 412, 414

Red-snapper fishery... ......-.........-20s 382

Rigi Grandessueriesicesss..cssss. sence eade 414, 415

Sabine Lake fisheries .................... 397

San Antonio Bay fisheries .............-. 408

Seine fishery.......... 377, 382, 400, 405, 410, 413, 415

Shrimp iishepy essence ccctteeee se , 382, 402

Statistics of Texas fisheries...:........-. 416-418

Surf-seine fishery..... 377, 382, 400, 405, 410, 413, 415
Tabular statements :

Apparatus and capital invested ..... 416

Rersons employed sc-~ =. 252664052 416

PLOGUCIS!- 5-4-5 secae bees oleae eee saan 417

Muntlomtisheryinaasssacacenn se cess 382, 411, 415

iVesselsand' boatssrscc-ccicnotecs danesoaes 376, 389

Analyses of—

Kenocys, Species Of 22--.c-c0seees- cee 459

iWerilus species\otiaasassseeeeee teat ae 458

PAMISOUPEMUS ce hi a. 52a Jae ca nceee esse 426, 480-487

bicolor: sa csccacene seems cee 482, 485

CRISTINA ee ae ee Sis oe eae 481, 484

catharinsey $5255. ese eess 483, 487

davidisonisss.scece aeons sees 483, 486

COWwab 52/22. 5225-.05 5020 6 ete ee 481, 484

PACHCHAL Sse esate eee 481, 484

SCApularis:s. 0.5 oJeneasere's 482, 485

Berrula pe. os. eae 484, 487

surinamensis............ 482, 484-485

tenistus).cs oe er eeste 483, 486

ViIEGiNiGUa'y) 6... se shescs sme 2 483, 486

PPTION s aeie celia faerie et te tree 425, 455-456

macrophthalmus.........--.---..- 456

ATISEUIS Aceh oe ects ee sic ee eee 424, 454-455

Menvatus yes ese e aise sens a2 455

PAD ON AGhy Linge acre sai iacie seietatets ae siento 423, 430

AMIOMACHY US sca cis class cles ainin's Claes 430, 539

Papi) BAAR eRe opodeeoc 539

PUNCTARUST sss cio eee te 539

Vermiculatus: -.<).-..-ccee 539

EATEN OSAE AUIS ele! ecieeimenria owt ote 428, 519-522

BLOKE Eee oem cc eee aa 520, 522

Pourtalesiisie7 |. chen sees. 519, 521

probatocephalus ........-.--- 520, 522

UWdG CHE Bo tnosndacsaeeecodeatic 519, 521

unimaculatus..........-.£ 519, 520-521

VED ERS DON 20 iotalettn roe iopots orchennt Sine inte erates 467

TST ie SEDs ae a5 SaU OAC BEBE ROR SEG cic 428, 526

PLOSSINON Breet tots taisnteieloiaiaia'= deictetes 526

Ltuelilities 2 oc SS See eee eee 423, 428, 526

TQ Dsiege <0 od seb abeoBemponpepaooseoaae 429, 529

GAD. SAR Soodiodse soi 529

IBOXF. ce trees eek ae «oe Soe sc aeslenceests 429, 529

DODDS Woes d= oes cies not ateraas oeeeee 529

Brachydeuterus::..\.. occ edd wsece cess 491

Brachypenya) soca 252 5355s. eu enes oe 467

662 REPORT OF

COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE—Continued.

Page.

CRPHIGSOM eco w cea incaae cemaresmieniekaicke 430, 538
CHUERSO seis coae ees etnes ce ene 538

Calamug notes ce pasa ceases cacee een 427, 508-514
ALCUTNONS =o his siecle cee ee eels oe 510, 514
DAJONAdO)S Sstdeectoe cn cpeeece cen c 509, 512
bYachySOMUS. os saaliene cece racine 509, 512

Calamus’ ss osccea sees ec cemaees 508, 511
jeucosteuss-2 7-222 5oeee seca c ee 509, 513

TDACLODS Waa terete caiseineee seer 509, 513

WNLOCUUS wha cae cisate cle cccree eel te eietareiets 510, 514

PENNA cetasiacseewe ewer = aeeeie 510, 514
pennatilae2-cscs- eee acete re 509, 512

PLOVIN ONG sieentseneiel se ieca ce eel 508, 511
LET Wi aT WUE (Ge A PS eas ed pe ae 510, 513
GONTTRGANURUS haan ctecieiesrs ae ocelot ceeie= S ele 428, 527
CILTUS asa. Seen cea eae te 527

CATA ee ee clos cic te nica oot eajaciaanta ne etee 428, 525
PUGAZ ZO key sae eect nae mae ee eee 525
GonOdOne eee ese aeee cca aeicme oeies 426, 488
MODUS %o sacs oe elee ems tee naeths 488

SOMO toe sees ceca eee es eae 488

PNLORE eae Coes we sete eae aos Seren oneness 427, 505
enters cm hccane senee setae mace 505

MIOSUS on < oe ace clec cece sabes oo ake 505
macrophthalmus -.........--..--.- 505
MANOCCATIUNG stem s)caisi' eis cio eee eee 505
DONDICIN Das se he/ dejo oa = ciniota sialee.o mee 423, 427, 505-506
Diplodusie ses o-cewsce temas eianienieats 428, 523-525
PUTT ATIB ceils eee wits a rare nie aerate 525

ALS ONTCUS: -~ ceinis his clu eile <nlcietaieiys nin 523, 524
fasCiatHsea.-2 sae ceo eaters 525
NOMBTOO Koch aches een tems 523, 524.

REIT SY BAA amonbee acon coosec bee 523, 525

WALL PAIS = stern Sao scr etnies ee 525
DIpPtOTOd ON. Ss .acsacins cece nc See ere eee 433
DG CIUXOG ONE soy essen a sae ae 429, 531--532
freminyvalleisssscneea =e 532

MPVAILONS eee oe cae soe eas er 532

HEM UOTE N GY Ste oti oils, cis misc eisis wie eeeiacioe 428, 528
cyanescens...-.......-..--- 528

VWiGUADUS hs ce cciamc rect ce 528

MLS pec acc beet anise eOcees eee ewer eee 425, 456-457
OCUIAUOS i amc cae cio cccnane cameo 457

PN VOPIUGOS Ye: iate neni tam orem cimenrerspcieere Sie stale E 433
Genyatremus 2s. joc Geesc2 chore ewe 426, 504
UREA SY: Hepes yy ae ae 504

GONYVOLOLO nea <- Salina pia as einserdiaelc ne 433
(Sinella secte too. J Gaescae Socorro 429, 530, 531
TNO UE ee ere see co-eine seein 531
Girellinge:= 2.2 a. csvewotace temektost- 423, 429, 580-532
HE ga ri COLUMNS seta sy -< c/a re eteeeine serine cee 423, 426, 462-504
PEL GOTO ON cree oe See aa eee ees ta ee 426, 462-480
GlPUMI te aese -Secuesseeeeons 465, 469-470
aurolmneatumes fess. enw ae 467, 478
honarienseess. 20 ee cose 465, 470-471

Car DONARIIM sec cmee cls s = samie elas 465, 472
chrysargyreum...-........--.- 467, 476
flaviguttatum ...-........-.--- 468, 479
fayolineatumecs: cna ---- ees 466, 476
ANLCTOS COM Riemer eenr wi ei na'e ieee 465, 470
mMacnlicaniies=--hee etme. = ces se 468, 480
MCLANMUPUM EG. wee ac eee Be cns-i2 466, 473

PRET A eee occa -ee See eee 465, 471472

MlMMIeR se a eee Cer earn ee 466, 475

Page.
Heemilon Mmator: oscenene. seen cee awe 467, 477-478
SChranley os Soc see crisis esac sels 466, 473
SCMUTUS ie 36 =- hime = oe eee 466, 474
SOU Meri 4.52... soe eee eee 465, 472 ©

sexfasciatum)....-. 0.20.5 <s0s 464, 469
SUristuM oes 2 a clemeene celeste 468, 479
Hermosillan. olen sa once ces ones 430, 533
AZT OU, Zaanlais ates eee sees ee 533
Hoploparrinss-.casea-ceteseeesee 422, 424, 431-432
Hoplopaerus) 2552s Soca ee eee 424, 431, 432
CUNCNOMS samen ee eee 432

TSAI 2% <1os,0 ee oreic a}otie x= ec eeeaeeee ee 426,501 -
CONCOPIONISS = =< -a-r--ce= sacs 501
Tsaciella.. 262. Ose e ware ea eee 497
CV PROSIND © osc) asa siatew els seer eee 423, 430, 533-538
ICV PHOSUS.| Anew s oan ce emeee Saar nee 430, 533-536
ANGLO SUS oo aoe Sroetes oe Pees 534
elePans. <5 .6 ssesee cease seers 534, 535
IWtEOSCONS =e check ee amcor eee 534, 536
OCYURUS bao eee ree een eten 534, 536
SOCtaiITIX-..< Sos. sac ee nemeeene 534, 535
Lagodon, 02 .hic sessed oes saceeeecen 428, 518, 519
rhompoidés.<<-....ceuscsseue waar 518, 519
Lvtjanin's. st. se.cscn sees tane ee 422, 424-425
EMtjanus: << 5.56502 qasmieemememsen ears 424, 432-451
ambiguus. ccc n-tcemees sea 458, 450
AaMNAlis --)aja'sc iene ses cee ees 436, 448-449
AUR AD US ya, «so <7 Sale cere oe cee cine ee 438, 451
argentiventris ..........----- 435, 444-445
BY GG Jeane cere see ene ae 436, 447-448
brachypterts!-<2-.=-s--sen= sce 437, 449
buccanellak. 5-72. -eaaeeeneceeeen 435, 445
CaNiNUS)-F 235 -ae-eseneee ese see 433, 439
CAaxISs: Ue be a5 Samaaee erento 435, 443-444
COlOPANO) : 5 sake age eases oeeee 437, 449
CYyaNOPLerus -- 5-652 -- nee --—n 434, 440-441
ALS CUS totelaininl aloes etal ateiaae eee 434, 441-442
Pubbatos~<-cce. aeons amie 437, 449
imermis’. 5...) --iselsese ae eee 438, 451
ddd: <-ccee > ses. ne eee 434, 443
luijjanoides =r see sate sree 435, 445
Mahogoniy ess ese ese 438, 451
novemfasciatus .....--..-...<... 434, 440
SYA TIS cee = ne tocol eee 437, 450
Viidis\2.- 35 ee eee eee ee ee 433, 439
VIVANUG: .osce wot pcre n eee 436, 445-446
Iya WUE Spann sose de sSeensoe Soccer 468
Mine 2ssjasiaacesins casas suseet ce tee eee dee 428, 526
MIEN Gece creat cee wacarter sate 526
PASE Naas sec ace acess o ce 526
M renin sc 2b sscion so seca eee eee 423, 428, 526-528
Medialunan$. 246.52 t see cetecen teem 430, 536, 537
californiensis.....-.------.---- 537
Microlepidotus --- -<-0 2. --- ooo on omeonenee 498
Nemipterits). <. seen sssece ona eeeretae 427, 505-506
MACTONCMUS ae ae eles eee 506
Obladat cco... sae sesso Ree ereeane eee 429, 530
melanwWTra<-i.- cis swam apace ete oie ele ee 530
(OMG aacsqe cece soda coccaas asa oe 424, 452-453
ebay giriduita We sasacnss ysgdosnc = 452-453
Orthopristis ~~ -6< 0. -- posse ae 426, 495-501
bennett aces Shs kee wt een 496, 499
brevipinnis ee aso eeee ae es 498, 500
eantharinussesce. s--nsseeeere 497, 500

abe ee

ee

INDEX.

663

SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE—Continued.

Page.
Orthopristis chalceus...-..---.-..-.------ 496, 499
chrysopterus ....------..---- 497, 499
VOLUME em = afore a tae ais win layelel = 498, 501
lethoprisuis)..---=--------1-~ 497, 500
NIC Wier a tare = ale ole eerste ol mrm 497, 500
MANOR seo aee ra Mtanntd de eeeles 496, 499
SRREMUSTOOUUG ss ata 3 See eaeee a eee «ese 468
BSOHNOS oo 2. Soon coo ccae nels oe --neecuunn's 427, 515-516
AIBA UAL SS ois ee aticle ce ones waw'a on caee 515
BEETHlOble serves 6-5. Se emante cate ae 515
cooruleostictus ..--------..cs-seeee 515
ehrenbergi..-.------ Shade ce note atarefelate 515
PALTUS)- 2-26 ee ose ee ween e- 515, 516
SCM as Soe Sapien =< nic aioe “once sae 428, 527
CU eeee se leies Se oe eens oie wieta clas oe 527
TIRE LITICG Scie veiw sie clslecle sist elas aeelae 527 |
DTT ee Count DoE p SSb pS cbeeaceooe 527
Spondyliosoma .....-.-.-.-.-------------- 429, 530 |
CaM THANNS 6 5e cane cen ioe 530
OEDICUIRIG es otce se osr ee 530
SUP lQ ities ds sescoteeoseoorboocrner ac 427, 506-507
AOUNOALI Stes se oe tuiciminicla siereteicrs 506, 507
GEO IU anos Sere SoC Bene cee 507
LSet) 0 Venopsene: Beaaeicde so cc 506, 507
Pagellus .-......------0--2--0nee---- 22 427,517
Brits) S sone oD bOSOEdI6 QOacsooeE 517
bogaraveo -----..-<.------------ 517
CONLEOGONTHS = -1- eioeas we sae «10a 517
GVYPHXINUS) = seria co sas === = 517
MOYMYTIuS.--~.------.----------- 517
IPAGTUS 222-2525 ce- wcins sere einecnenee <== 515
ParspristipOmMal-. 21. =-saoseccinc- cece 426, 502-503
mediterraneum......-.-.- 502, 503
WITIGENSS: 22) scc<aceieoe == 502, 503
IP OMIAUHBIR Gs 2 ~ cance lene clenicdciel sn ctisele ae 486, 489-495

FISH ENTOZOA FROM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

Meanthocephalaye aja. tor aj.) -nee arom =e 555-556
IASCAPIS: CAPSULATIA = 262-012 ann ome na disteion ate 560
CITB SUL ota tee niao's = pte i= 559, 560
Catostomus ardens ......---------- 545, 546, 555, 561
(G10 E Begs Rosen dbar CCEnEE Dobe Soa see sae s 545-552
Coregonus oxyrhynchus.-....----..-.---- 554
Cucullanus globosus ..-...-.---.--.------ 557
Dacnitis globosa ......-.-.--.----...-.-545, 557, 558
encysted specimens of .. 558

Dibothrium cordiceps ------------- 545, 547, 548, 558
Distomum laureatum......-.---.-------.- 553, 554
Echinorhynchus agilis -.-.----...--- wee 43 556
globulosus...........--. 555, 561

THDOLOSTIA «3 mci nines 555-556

PLANKTONIC STUDIES.

TOMNSULLOT’ 8 DTESUCE <6 2000.0 wan san daenn == 565-566
Historical explanations ...... Gis ineaiclaeer tas 566-572
PIGMKtONTC BUULGLES Oa. oe 32525 Sean oe ee 573-577
Chorological terminology..------..-------- 577-583
Marine Flora and Fauna.............-. 578
Plankton and Benthos...........-.-. See 579
Plankton and Nekton.-.. <7. 50622. :--- 579-580
Haliplankton and Limnoplankton ..--.- 580
Oceanic and neritic Plankton..........- 581

Pelagic, zonary, and bathybic Plankton. 581-582

Page.
Pomadasis axillaris: si... 30.2. scccea suede 491, 494
PLANICK Pode ccet av csooea seater 491, 493
COLVIN OLMIS. -2 = seas os = s sasce 492, 495
GLOCLO ties socle cme awe ree eee 490, 493
GQlON Pats eee ee ae cee wieateete 492, 495
humilineesesa: anes Gea oa ws 489, 492
IStCISOUS sen oem =i ot om ete 492, 495
WWACUACAIIUNURS .- So nctineisceieas 490, 492
MIGLOMNS Rss cite = > «is. 2oseicemitemicate 492, 495
PaMAMeNsisssy 52 cel occ cin clea es 491, 494
MEOOUGiUd Ss sos. er aeeeeeeie or 489, 493
OTERENL OS CEA esol a beatae ttef alent teies oat oe 491, 494
Pseudopristipoma .........--.------ 2.006 491
EUAN EIS EUS Tea oe ete iota iAe ale atom) «iam tet are 438
TAR eos Aor copped se eEeIo Gesu Shee oe 438
Rhomboplites!= essa. asa cce ns accaee 424, 453-454
aUrOrubens!. <=. - ss. sess 453-454
CADIS weate sialic es sate caine sis se oie 423, 429, 529-530
SCAN ANTS re lela alee ialelsiata Te eel eiep a= 429, 530
Capen) Aatisseds eaccaconge eee es 530
SEQURLON s.oer es emer mb reece eietats 534
Sparidz, definition ......--..----.----.... 421
Spanilieae rece ween see eens 423, 427-428, 506, 525
SHIEK eS paosbeeodcs opeaeeerebnsvadtor 540-544
XENI C Hib DVI Peeters oto misereraiasele = <lalalel pel 423, 425, 459-461
EMOMI CHUM YS ee suicte 4amisit= Sesto tects 425, 460-461
AGASSIZ rena een sete alate cat ele ae ore 461
RANG oo Ne eae ees emcee wes 461
SXCOIEISUETLS) coe ee ate aatcleiet oto os = ete ol setae oe 425, 459-460
Califormiensise= ses -- sos -ceeae 460
IGE Chenee panbos ee emnosnanpaGesotiae 425, 459-460
AGERE ABBE Saicrsen Aeeoacasaac ae 459 *
BVIOQTUNS oa at erersie wots e oe ise stele eter 425, 458
SOTOIMUA!.\.\5.-ississ winter eae 458
Explanation of plates .....-..---..-.-.-.- 562-564
Jordan, Dr. David Starr-.:-:.---......-4 545) nb
loertiby Dyer SICK) Were Sas nem oaoona soso 547
Leuciscus atrarius ....:--.-----~-- 546, 547, 553, 555
Lorie IRI RG io Wve Sonne daoee cesesocee > 545, 547
Monobothrium terebrans. --.. ...--045, 548-552, 561
ISTE CHIC HCN IE penteieicigc cHaeCOe 2Cpe SNOB OTe 557-561
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus .....-..-..--. 547
PIALMMOW ATL Ol ote nertae 3 stem inte lain aietwe = oiaiera 554, 557
mykiss ....-.--.-----545, 547, 554, 555, 557-560
bisyomiallrs| yl) Paris! ore ore pele awictwinize eimai 554
WEE) E Woonemerteeir Ae CAD sceO GOO DZOOC 553-556
Wagener, G. R...--.-.-2..---0s0ee0- cone 550
Ohorological terminology—Continued.
Autopelagic, bathypelagic, and spani-
pelagic Plankton..........-....-. 582-588
Holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic Or-
ganisms .......----.--2-----+-0-65 583
Summary of the Planktonic organisms. --. 584-606
Protophytes of the Plankton ........-.- 584-589
Chromacer. +=. - + ssn oer oe eae 586
(OR OT yah een eee popebeda-ecepcae 585
Murracytes .....-------------------- 586

664 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

PLANKTONIC STUDIES—Continued.

Page. ‘ Page.
Summary of the Planktonic organisms— Composition of the Plankton........----- 607-628
Continued. Polymixic and Monotoni¢ Plankton ... 608-612

Protophytes of the Plankton-—Cont’d. Monotonic Protophytic-Plankton - --. 609
Wintomeeeec)) obs oceans sole am 587 Monotonic Metaphytic-Plankton .... 609
Kanthellew.< <.0sc<<¢-pcaseccccsetencs 587-588 Monotonic Protozoic-Plankton...-.-.-- 610
WietyocheD:.- <.2.+-s-s2-sseeceeeces-= 588-589 Polycyttaria-Plankton-...-.......- 610
PP STIdIHOD 2 case oe os OS eee 589 Acantharia-Plankton .............- 610

Metaphytes of the Plankton. ........... 589-591 Pheodaria-Plankton........-.-...- 610
Paloapheopew =. 2.2 2025esskei02esoce 500 Monotonic Cnidaria-Plankton.-....... 610-611
acillatonis eee eee ie 590 Monotonic Sagittide-Plankton ...... 611
Senansere sc. .0 focarsg swe oe 590-591 Monotonic Pteropoda-Plankton...... 611

Pra otodordhe Pianitaen oe ee 591-594 Monotonic Crustacea-Plankton....-. 612
aE Ea ge Meet 2 ates 591-592 Monotonic Tunicata-Plankton -...... 612
Thalamophora (Foraminifera)........ 592 Monotonic Fish-Plankton...........- 6129
[aT oe ig aot Le NP er ee he go 593-594 Temporal Planktonic Differences ....-. 613-616

Celenterates of the Plankton .......... 594-597 Aint: Genes a Sn a Re 4
Bde ooo cs 2 cuaeene tY athy Ontos ee Se 615
Siphonophores .........------------- 596-597 Hourly Oscillations...-...-.--..----- 616 i
@ienophorestena2= 2250 Gases eee 597 pean? par Dh es eciey eae cae 4

q Jurrentic Planktonic Differences ..... 628

JEDI UES ae Russie Halicurrents or Ocean Streams...-.-- 622-623 }
al SSS a aera 1 et aa = Bathycurrents or Deep Streams..--. 624-625

Mollusks of the Plankton ........-..-.. 598-599 Nerocurrents or Coast Streams...... 625-626 4
Pteropods and Heteropods -....-....- 598-599 Zoécurrents or Planktonic Streams.. 626-628 —
Cephalopods -..-...--------+--------- 599 | Methods of Planktology .....------+-+-+-- 628-639

Echinoderms of the Plankton .........- 599-600 Distribution of the Plankton. .......-. 629-630

Articulates of the Plankton ...-........ 600-604 Oceanic Population—Statistics........ ‘631
PASE LIAS oo oe ene eres an sm 600 Counting of Individuals............... 632
Crustacea --.---.--..--.-22----------- 600 What is an Organic Individual. ....... 632-633 5
Copepoda .......-..--.--.------...... 601-602 Economic Yield of the Ocean.......--- 633-634
Oninacod disease saeeeee eee eee 602-603 Volume and Weight of the Plankton. 634
SCHIZOD0GR S22 Soe od aee oa cenh eesas ae 603 Cycle of Matter in the Ocean (Stof- :
IMBCChas ses Be sce seco kone ees emer 603-604 avechael des: Meeres) |... ee ose aee eee 635-636 —

Tunicates of the Plankton ..-.......... 604-605 Comparative and Exact Methods...--. 636-638

Vertebrates of the Plankton ........... 605-606 Planktological Problems........-.....- 638-639
MISMUMSBSs ses Sc a. oe Ju Saeedcea ye oaeee 606 | Literature ........ eleln ee rersiatolaieiclels ataiaa meine 640-641

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