eh. tits eee < *, Set ee ~ See So Nes ¢ ‘ pee 4h a3) BAe Z ANY AS en Aaiiap beds TOUS MR EE aT birt: ¥s iy i RESUS % ¥ Hata > ene Shoe AS cn S ipeyi? AS ns CON AEE Sie ah yeah Pa 3 ey: ve rik preety Noy. \ = Py «Section of Biological Surveys age = io, ar 7 0a eae i al Bi ee i iy Ta Ly fl fi 4 ) ath Nate i Pity SAAS, } TARY OR Bi iul eta Bai ve ihe) ae if i ; i NW Hs vt i By tas oo OS ARES oP det Surveys ; ion of Distrution U. S. COMMISSION te a B45 FAS, Mammals GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner. PART XS V LE. EEO RE S_FisE.COMMISSION-STATION OF PALCTILA AT. ATOR THE COMMISSIONER A I FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE-30, 1902. ———————— + Se WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1904. ; xonyaere (| 7 Re a ques | aes o. | Ries EG ie ait ti var, a eee a8 cee ua SERS bf tai ot [i 9 a DUPE ee oe er oe mk: i 3 Oars arin S oy | cal: . i6sek ‘ ‘: ae , : hs ote Coad Pons. Pen par A Obt Hel ie i as in is. ri j ; 7 md 4 | i id ve _ if shee any a f oo; yee sil oe A ‘ " * r ea f ms apyat Tag rs Brae _ y ai see) Pe ree, A, WA - "a i a an, aoe. COND ENTS: Page. Report omibe CommiissONel= cacceecce sees e =a 2 eee eee eee == 1-21 Report on the propagation and distribution of food-fishes. By John W. BECO DT Seeee an ate ere motes eee be ee dleted Wier fase. Slava payet sis yaya 22-110 Report on inquiry respecting food-fishes and the fishing grounds. By LEC Hre 61 Ly NSTC 6s Satan edt ea Beas as BO Seca al UE eet eae 111-142 Report of the division of statistics and methods of the fisheries. By (Gea = OO Woy fa V2 00 Um emer nt RS RI ON Ay 143-160 APPENDIXES. Cobb, John N. The sponge fishery of Florida in 1900............-.--.---- 161-175 Evermann, Barton W. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic STA UCS meee ae eae ie ate ene Nn Hse taste cis Rice cooks See nates ate 433-540 Smith, Hugh M. The common names of the basses and sun-fishes ......-- 353-366 Stevenson, Charles H. Aquatic products in arts and industries. Fish oils, fats, and waxes. Fertilizers from aquatic products ............--------- 177-279 Stevenson, Charles H. Utilization of the skins of aquatic animals....-.---- 281-352 Wilcox, William A. The fisheries and fish trade of Porto Rico in 1902.... 367-395 Records of the dredging and other collecting stations of the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1901 and 1902........-.---------- 397-432 Supplement to list of publications of the United States Fish Commission AvalaAbledonGistmbOWON. <2 cso scias eae ie ec sens eens ceiccieceascccee 541-543 # : J ; Gay ts we? Dd , ¥ _— : 7 » i ~ os ; ” =e . , : | a / ‘f , 7 ay t i 2 1 4 fp. , en ** ; ; > See f af * , } : » al ; o ) é { nT : é ita a . iv : ‘7 ’ : i ' ¢ * a F ioe me. ; “en » 7 : , : - ; é : : Re i : e i yh Te | ed “ % Af ad |. » . ie , ‘ iy iy , =@ « A , SOL A Eyes ” i.e , F hy ux yr 7 : I 4 f b et eee ‘ 7 > : i ay 2 oes Be fa cakes 83 Cope g , Witoegse a Me e- e os oa hh ve Sie vite a ne ort tun eds eR rey ste Arey Se, 7 pA Pe “ged ey. pad y f oe aera ol etre dpe > ee Th pron hits ie 3a) Fa rine ao : - 7 A LC , i at ol Oth. ee i Coe Ri eead, ML oat is 1 oo ; ; y cr * o § Dawe, = 7 : “6 aaa se, ern ye ia : » ON cttal Pan ie) ae ip, Ariel hOgas Monte 3 tae ae ; ~~ — —= - 7 7 ; ; 3 's atl a : : Sieal VC Aa 7.0) Se Ae | : bt are . 4 ; Elec: ; ~ a ae ; «© 12 WE, tad E oa oe a ee taal | Wal Tost Oeilis irae ce Ns = itiie re Wh aie ee ek eae Nag icra a wer, eyii | a. A oe a eT ee | icaehdes am Pat te Gig pai Pale de Saat # - ian Ghd Pitehegie Leah i Uo Seen ai cy, mtr :. POD eb iat ep! ae 2 ios: a ne ‘eben re A Dee Prenat Cart) ce 7,” utieyee ote ON pea Foie Unie deh, ade od Tn ane Mee fom Ss it Peis Epa: Mh bth Beery otha PAM hick bi 200 airy ee ee hal araves He ones». JCM Fikes WA cae oa: a ial Pop tate 1S ie wa ‘dbedi el inti eatea abit wilt.te ey ae OA een Mas lct g Koa ieee Ca tee este “hoe Ottery ig) ROP #38 PEATE 2. 3. 4, Do 33. 34. , LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Beaufort laboratory: (1) PiversIsland and laboratory. (2) Exterior view of laboratory. Beaufort laboratory: (1) Interior view. (2) Observation tank ............-...------- (1) Sea-lions at Cliff House, San Francisco. (2) Pups about 4 weeks old .........----- (1) Stones found in the stomach of a sea-lion, Point Arena, California. (2 and 3) Specimens of salmon from gill nets, Astoria, Oreg., supposed to haye been TAT NEMA ony Gets hens) eee cone spo oanecobado ToGo UObsaReS Sore or oousa EH ascedenocessces . (1) A part of the Aiio Nueyo rookery. (2) Purissima rookery.......-.-...------------ . (1) Bringing sponges from the vessels to sponge wharf at Key West. (2) A sponge AIG HONEA TeATI Cl OLE Seema ene sinister ee einene oneness eae eee eee apiece se elite sieetal= . (1) Spongers at work. (2) Sponge yard at Key West, showing the sponges drying.... , Wieseelg ping! laren) Gye lath len ey ied hbiers so aos ee Oe ee eganeopoacuacdradeosaeenes . The sponge auction wharf at Key West ......-----------+-- +2222 222222 eee ee eee eee eee . Origin of the whaling industries at New Bedford, Mass .....-.....-.--...-.----------- . Whaling vessels at New Bedford, Mass., in October, 1901........---.------------------ . Removing blubber from whale beached on California coast. (2) Try works on modern Whaler, looking aft. 2 2.22 <5 cece meee oo cn cinerea denna neon ese neem anim ens iniv esi nn = == . Deck of modern whaler, showing try works, scrap hopper, and utensils employed in GTSVANT SOW OL eye terayaialslate eile ea = ole lela afore nme = lose lntmlelm! ein sfala=[=|=lnlmt=/lo\n\ninin(a'no\viel= = \1=1=!=alolalele ole) s]alelel=t= = (=)=lie eta alelaietelniet= . (1) Discharging menhaden from vessel by means of tubs. (2) Discharging menhaden from steamer by means of bucket elevator, at Promised Land, N. Y............----- . (1) Receiving-bin for fish at menhaden factory. (2) Continuous steam cooker, used by fisheries company at Promised Land, N. Y............-.---....----.--.------+--- . Press room of menhaden factory, showing arrangement of tracks, curbs, presses, ete. . (1) Artificial drier in factory of fisheries company, Promised Land, N.Y. (2) Fertili- zer room in factory of the fisheries company, Promised Land, N. Y.........-..----- . Drying skates for manufacture into fertilizer, opposite Provincetown, Mass......-..- . Fertilizer department, Russia Cement Company’s glue factory, Gloucester, Mass..... . (1) Sealing steamer at St. Johns, Newfoundland. (2) Weighing seal pelts at St. Johns, INT Gey OULD lL ean ee ate ee Fare ete ais areal Stans oreiste crn tare ttorete oie lafetolelay sisteloveists sic lm stele areleinelstereis . (1) Tubbing, combing, and reversing furs. (2) Fleshing mink skins ............-.--- . (1) Skiving beaver skins. (2) Beaming and plucking beaver skins ............------ . (1) Seal skins tanned without removing the hair. (2) Shaving mink skins .........- . (1) Cleaning drums. (2) Beating beaver skins for removing sawdust, ete ........-..-- . (1) Fur-seal skin, dressed, natural. (2) Fur-seal skin, plucked, natural. (3) Sea- OLteLS Keinevae resse lami ent tims ye yee epee ete eeererata taleala tal sieleralay ate a(aiele cs alecelstate leer sin) =fa mtateeele . (1) Nutria skin, dressed, natural. (2) Muff of mink skin, showing method of sewing Ghavol ONE ONEN 5 See oe dor Obs oo band ecmomoncereUcicoonon Sau ouo deo S OO RCoaCCOd Cec ens OCROrEneS Mink skins, cased and dressed .........-...-------.-- an ey Nas evar eietarar ea a cieis wteibre ere ebiatemisnie as (1) Walrus leather. (2) Skin of Brazilian shark. (3) Manateeleather. (4) Sea-lion leather. (5) Skin of mottled shark. (6) Skin of white shark. (7) Seal leather. (8)) Meopard-seall leather. 2= So -en sce c wininmle w niacin =minle eleiwiein alninieiais e/=in'sinisssnic -inn'=)= === . (1) Section of European sturgeon skin. (2) Skin of Delaware River sturgeon, tanned TEV GIN CVV ELT SIN eytad ete ceteyateie ete tctntatctenestae erent te ates ote alte alt oe lalota(ninla)=laiala lute /afaln/n[elaleleiniclm'ntel=ininieisig == . Alligator skins, under-surface and horn-back.....-.....-..--------..0.-+----«s------- 37. 38. (1) Skin of water snake. (2) Skin of beaver tail and jewel box covered therewith -. (1) Section of gar-fish skin. (2) Letter box mounted with shark skin, gar-fish skin, EATUCROTYNG) GEL C500 LPC Ns rma eee eres een ote at eet lat ators afo leila fe oie mialoleiala)ainielalet tele =/el~' whey i S j erat - . - 7 Gh ica as.) Pack Os

PY on Phar bhinen ae er ; { : Baty RE Ce ED a a i 7 : ‘ lee i ra Ae A eS, arp, . Fs ate aed ae bs ot : re ra hay ay ay . r “ o jay =p: Mn! he PP ye eg nN! i yWeote, eo: he, et ' e . 7 fee: ff a Okay ch s< a, huey’ Kis oe rey eu : G ‘ d . aye ie rh v7 wi viheng eee (oe ey aa ' Ps : eo : ~¢ i AiS4 stele I Hwy sey ‘ih (tee! eaeaee ' are Pr) a Sige ge iabetied rine Ba Pe aa? ROA sk soi ND Oa Aide A hr te ; iv aa + lea “yh ru Bhat ira aN fig eM at i) 7 tuk i Taal Ma Sage ; "ave ae rat f : Hay ising, a pea 5 ait anh ae ey un ag? Pas i, oe kU a a ay ue ne fe (ye, ays pe oe. sn Ty rv wet ; ; ‘ hae, 1a ots ra aA Mi a 7 y Ow ea yh a g 2 =e 7 : ifran a wer ‘ a vfs pee .. Ee oy Cea dae R99 dea ys iy : d a aN He eet mye wee "pr 7 ee ee, ae | ee mr Oe 17 ; ead as ‘ nay av aM alos! ow Deak ‘ sbi + J r igs ‘ , . tat fee de ss ‘em i _— << “| ah os). *63 &i si of 8 r eo . — A: Sor er eer ere ww tH y Wi eine = vise Hie ee Shei eae ‘wa? b ny (eae way cr i s Fomne geben =) fats ' Report U.S. F. C. 1902. (To face page 1.) PLATE 1. PIVERS ISLAND AND LABORATORY. BEAUFORT LABORATORY—EXTERIOR VIEW. U.S. Fish CoMMISSION STAT REPORT BOZEMAN, MONT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1902. I have the honor to submit a report covering the fish-cultural work and scientific and statistical investigations of the United States Com- mission of Fish and Fisheries for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, together with the detailed reports of the assistants in charge of its different divisions. PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES. Natural conditions governing the collection of eggs were generally very favorable at all points where operations were carried on, and - increased appropriations made it possible to take advantage of these conditions. ‘The Commission was therefore enabled to keep up its record and show an increased output of nearly all of the species han- dled, and in the aggregate there were distributed over 1,495,500,000 fish and eggs, or 321,700,000 more than last year. Of these, 99 per cent were in the interests of the commercial fisheries and 1 per cent, or 14,900,000, were game fishes. Popular interest in the Commission and wider knowledge of its functions are shown by the increasing number of applications for fish to stock interior waters, 3,814 having been received, or 25 per cent more than the previous year. The propagation of quinnat salmon was carried on in California, Oregon, and Washington, at 12 stations, including several collecting camps, and the season’s work was considered very satisfactory. The runs of fish in the various streams were in most cases good, and over 56,000,000 eggs were collected. 29,300,000 fry and fingerlings were hatched and planted and 17,480,000 eggs were transferred to the Cali- fornia State Commission. As far as possible fry were held and fed during the winter and planted when about 23 inches long, but lack of room and other facilities prevented pursuing this policy to its full extent. A few silver-salmon eggs were taken on a tributary of Rogue River, Oregon, and steelhead-trout eggs were obtained at the same F. ©. 1902—1 1 2 REPORT OF COMMISS{[ONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. point and at the Baker Lake Station in Washington. The collection of steelhead eggs was hampered by unfavorable weather and scarcity of fish. At Baker Lake 3,694,000 blueback-salmon eggs were taken and hatched with a small percentage of loss, and the fry were planted in the lake. Over 41,000,000 lake-trout eggs were obtained from commercial fishermen in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan; of these, 5,000,000 were assigned to various State commissions and other applicants, and the remainder hatched by the Commission, the fry—except some 7T00,000—being planted in the Great Lakes. In Lake Erie the number of white-fish eggs secured from fishermen exceeded any previous record, the hatchery at Put-in Bay at one time being so crowded that they were retained in temporary devices. The facilities for holding the white-fish in pens were increased, but, owing to unpropitious weather, not many eggs were obtained from fish thus held at Lake Erie points, though at the collecting stations on the Detroit River the results were very successful. .The total take of white-fish eggs amounted to 701,900,000, of which 111,000,000 were assigned to State commissions and others and the balance hatched at different stations of the Commission, whence the fry were planted in the lakes. The quality of the fry was unusually good. Although April was cold and unfavorable, 487,000,000 pike-perch eges were taken in Lake Erie, but the weather conditions were such that the percentage of fry was comparatively small. At Swanton, Vt., 118,000,000 eggs of this species were also obtained. No lake herring were taken, as the work was interrupted by ice before any spawning fish were found. On the New England coast 338,120,000 cod eggs were collected and hatched at Woods Hole and Gloucester, Mass. Those from the brood fish taken off Nantucket Shoals and held at Woods Hole were of ex- ceptionally good quality. Cod were scarce on the Maine coast, and the number of eggs from this source was not large. From Plymouth fishermen, however, the supply was good. The flat-fish work was more successful than in the preceding year, both in the collection of eggs, which amounted to 194,000,000, and in the hatching of fry. The collection of lobster eggs was also more satisfactory, though some of the territory in Massachusetts formerly depended on was abandoned. In Maine, however, egg-bearing lobsters were abundant. Eggs from all sources numbered 103,898,000, which, except for 5,000,000 devoted to experiments in hatching and rearing, were hatched at the New England stations and yielded 81,000,000 fry. The runs of shad in the rivers where the Commission operates were small, owing to the late spring, and consequently the take of eggs shows a falling off, the station on the Potomac being the only one REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 3 where there was an increase, while on the Delaware, where the collec- tions have usually been large, there was a great decrease. 141,289,000 eggs were secured from all points and 107,000,000 fry were hatched and planted. Considerable consignments were sent to rivers north and south, where the shad runs have been diminishing in recent years. The propagation of the trouts, basses, and other fish appropriate for interior waters has been satisfactorily continued, and these species supplied to applicants in all parts of the country. The collections of wild fishes from overflowed lands along the Mississippi River con- tinued throughout the summer, and large numbers of bass and other native fishes were saved and distributed. On the Illinois River this work was curtailed by the excessive heat, which caused the death of many fishes in the shallow ponds. In continuation of the policy of acclimatizing certain species in sec- tions of the country to which they are not indigenous, steelhead and grayling eggs were brought from the West to be hatched at eastern stations, and white-fish, lake-trout, and brook-trout eggs were sent to the Pacific coast, where they were hatched and planted. Landlocked salmon eggs from Maine were sent to various places as far west as Utah. Twenty-nine species of fish and one crustacean have been handled during the fiscal year, and in the following tables and in the reports of station superintendents are shown the results attained in hatching the eggs and the disposition of the product. Distribution and assignments of fish and eggs among the States and Territories. State or Territory. Species. Eggs. sane Sete INERT. 2252822220 2205-2 Siren ae tes Otte) EER tO: 4 Sees ABOKOOO ||25-- tk oe Raima DOW trOUbes ses caieeeee aoe cole ee ee enleemescesecsase | 3, 400 IBLOOKS LOM se oe cee ates See cea aee ee eeccas | ceconease cee 200 Catfish rer cc sece eran na aes lacises Galton aaee Saas coe 1, 300 IBA CKSIDASS esse eee eee cena tae seme cocci: eeeeseetecaee 9, 000 Crappie eet scans seen eee cece lbeecseanscoslnee seteennsens 500 IROCKMDASS rem cere seeeea eee oe al Jase teases see cisanelecesis 300 BOS eres ye teste eee eee Sas nseioe ats sizcis Saar. 2 Scie 7, 000 SAT OWMA ei te leiiteimse iscs sist Ram bOWAtrOUlen = seem e seam olaces se aeeese (sae snaceeasssa 1, 400 IBIS CkIDASS saoee asco seein coe wench Seeaeis aan aae|hoase scascesee 550 Straw DELLys DASSoanwacs = aces mnetn = cess mia ceyneselsneee a cesciescie 400 Stinsfishs ees oe scree case oe calacsctees sete s|Sonenner scenes 500 PAT KATISES ash acie cite aaasiekie RAIN DOWAUIOUG neces oese cea nea aladosceen san|(oace-sescesace 2,700 IBTHCKADSSSE ree ae oe ea etice sphail a .cteiemtere eisai ciate asics antares ees 2, 225 Crapplemrcacmecncccaes cecches secs isaqeou esis |Seeesesacleciios 200 ROCKAD ASS nay. Mee one aceon oe ale oe come aee ee ete Sete 100 Sunrfishlepscses aces oo ness caeceeos Mac staee eel ste ace ees see 500 California 7p ess. -7 Serene os Quinnatisalmoness 2232222522225 32 17, 480, 410 2 HShEO|t seeeeeeees WOlOTAG OM Ree cee seaccee Landlocked salmon ...........-... BY 1 0) Gerace socco) Sneeeacrctae Steelheadtrowtiesse+-c--eaa- tee TOKQOO Mea esaews castes cetseecs Lochgbeventrouts. 3222-2 so sce lbeecceeceee = 35 OOD se se os eee es Rainbow trouble sscesse esos =) eee |paseesseoes ae 160, 000 5, 200 Black-spotted trout ...........-- e PO OOOH eee seesecee ss 765, 000 IBrOOKRTOMt Ss as ore eae eaececa ln teenies ise | 745, 000 85, 500 Grayling ...... been eee erase |enae east s| 1003000" |Seeeesececn. Blacks passioss a 26 eee eens motte cos beseseccesnses 75 Connecticut= s-se-ss-ceseceee SHC nae once a ee nae ia eeloaesmiens 3 60004000) |Saaa- soe Atlantic salmon 2222202 sees nce: 200) OOO Sate acca aeses|beseacineceee Landlocked salmon.............- ZoOOO Peeancnwe ooseeloesee scatess RAINDOW MLOUls secee cee Seo ceea le cceamneaes 2, 000 3, 200 BrOOKArOUt sets nee nae chee taal ernie sae cee 59, 000 4, 000 MAO oaceser eee ce nee ae 250, 000 2ONOOON Sc ecissncccs= Blackupassrsse sss nese os seer en sea eee| sone he ae cece 150 CTA PDICM enone ae acne ence ce aa Gecuecig Mcecleosccsgcaswces 100 IRGC bass etn sort tenuate Ss aetna etapa ae EL 2) sh 200 . GODSUCE asec cess sagas toons ses alleccece eee = PLS OOOK |S errc ee WMelAWALGeoscac cc cecucecenc Shadieeeeesesearte- a58 St-JORMSDULY, Vii0e-a22---- Bandlocked salmonvt2 4525 52: ol scce esses asco ease eames Brook trout 471, 000 Rainbow trout 5, 000 Steelhead trout 10, 000 Makevbrowloncce sce e see ee eee eee 190, 900 Graylin oo ns- 2 cece Fe eeeseteont me 20, 000 Gloucester, Mass.c.......---. OG. Adee scaabees Seems scene’ 83, 191, 000 IGDSbED ce od nackte hee se oueteee eee 74, 340, 000 Woods Hole, Mass.d ........- COD SR osca25jo28-2 128, 810, 000 Plat-fishy 25.220. 168, 133, 000 MODS? vs aioz Se aeesc cost setcl noted 6, 680, 000 a Besides the above there were transferred from Craig Brook Station to other stations 10,000 Atlantic. salmon eggs, 65,000 landlocked-salmon eggs, and to Charleston (S. C.) Exposition 5,000 Atlantic- salmon eggs, 5,000 landlocked-salmon eggs, and to the Washington (D. C.) Aquarium 528 adult fish of various species; also 100,000 landlocked-salmon fry were transferred to Green Lake Station to be reared. bIn addition to the above, there were transferred from St. Johnsbury Station to other stations of the U. S. Fish Commission 10,000 brook-trout eggs and 100,000 brook-trout fry. ¢In addition to the above there were transferred from Gloucester Station to Woods Hole Station for scientific purposes 2,000,000 lobster eggs and 180,000 lobster fry. dIn addition to the above there were transferred to Gloucester Station, for hatching, 6,348,000 cod eggs, and there were delivered to Mr, Geo. H. Sherwood, for scientific investigation, 4,689,000 lobster eggs and 5,750,000 lobster fry. 5 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fish and eggs furnished for distribution during fiscal year ending June 380, 1902—Cont’ d. eae P y anc y ‘ Source of supply. Species. | Pggs fi ae n fierem ae Cape Vincent, N.Y........:. Brook trouGoe so ee eee eee 739 SB0 0) $2228 Sees REIN DOW TrOUtca--- ne eee onto poe Spe 38;'860) | ..- acs saeeeoe aketrout i acai eee eee Ged 3) 088,880! 2-222 5 a5 eee ike perch soccer eae aa eke 1.0; 0005000! | -7.:-cteemea cee Wihite-lshi noone. oe eee ese seen s 3453003000) |... as-cene SHC ol ngolihe Shee Soa So HOU OLE bas Bl pet beer 1,319 Swanton (substation)........ Bike perch soaks eae [saaecate eae 20},57D;(000:|\.....,- scents Steamer Fish Hawka ....... SBA i cteek estos acne eae eee eels eae 29; O97 OOO Es... anceaee Battery Station, Md.b........ Shad ce Nees codes one [Cena ee es Woes 14,943; 0000) 22-22 eee Fish Dakes, Di'C.¢.. 2.2.2 ..8 BBG DASE Rese cea et ee | ee ee ee nae cee eee 4, 464 CLAD DIG! kd own wice tao done aoe loa ee eee | Gennes comes 13, 908 S10: Ts (VR Aa Se FA eg en ee A eS eee oe ee ee 2, 000, 000 OFT Fila T ss Qomenra a ane ON Aiea A Rae hI AE EE. eke Be lS ae ee ee ae 30, 000 Central Station, D. C........ Brook trout 8000) |s oh aeneeee Rainbow trout 4" 200" |ictanc sc eeee Lake trout 58, 200: |e. 25. 5 scctee Pike perch C00; 000 || oo aoe White-fish 600,000" ||. 2255 eee Atlantic salmon 4° 050: | 22: cee Landlocked salmon 3; 870) | 22-2 oe Shas ieee ee ee ae 1;'850,000:|| 22 2 eee Bryan Point, Md.d@.....2:... SHAG Opener: ean nee etek See 34,994,000; |... 22 ae Wytheville, Va.¢......-. Psa as Rainbow trout 145, 000 208, 460 IBTOOK TOU Den te eee eee eee eee eee ce ee 18, 124 Bla Che Dass! Jo oe oe oe ee ee ee | eee ee a ee ee 3, 815 ROCK Dass ie e easst cate ee ene ee ee neal naan neces 8,700 HiInwinnennes sso. s556.255 0! RAIN DOW RUTOU Gace eee ee | eee eee ee eee Omen 138, 925 Brookstrout ods ee athe eee eee eee eee eee eee 12, 075 EEK} G oy 11 peepee erm re ance ee een [ehne SL Sea) en Se ok 1, 050 Cold Springs, Ga ............ BIB GC DASS cero cee eect cee eee | oe Ree ae ee | cae eee 13, 310 IBTCS IN she one Seton eS EO Cee Aen ae eee 17, 350 Speckledicat-fish. cee. sae eee eee cee anes Seen 5, 850 Bdenton) Nj G. 22. sosmeeene Shady. ssccncnecsenctee ce eee con inet see 24; 662000 oo Sac cena Chanlestoni(SiC >) Hx position) Shades ae ence] oe 21100; 000) | Seo ssc e eee Lead om a] 21 ol ee ee De eee See be es 2; 000; O00) ona wake aie Lae TOG. s.c.as13,0. 0 eo cee eee eee 20 O00 RIES Scone Atlantic salmon). 4.2.24. neciyoser seen eee ee ATO0M ee eee ee Put-in Bay, Ohiovoes-f2.- 22. PIKOWEIC DS os eee ee eee 60,000,000 | 143,000,000 |............ Nigar 3 =o eee se te Se a 56, 260, 000 200,500; O000|- = 22. 3a Northville, Mich.g .........- BrookstrOult=.s. 502258 oe ee eee eee 1031; 000 ||. 35 REINO WatrOUbscc--.2e eee MAKOnnOULH ee skan tense Ga es 2, 535, 000 6;,025;'000/|;4-- -eea eee Steelhead trout = 9. s..6c cess hoa sees eee 140000's) 3522 5an eee Gray in Oa oc acs e actoisma eee a cseene | apie cee eee 200;(000)!|2 222s sone Alpena Substation .......... TKO LENO beset reese 1 pao oe rene 2;,680)000 "| 2252 Wihite-fshso ccs = se eee Soe een sao ee es 42) 500;000))| 522 one Sault Ste. Marie Substation .| Lake trout .....................-- 1, 000, 000 2, (00,000 j] 25 eee WAL oth os aT) 1) Peet a Ree = Sef) 8 aed ae 40, 00050004)... 522358 Detroit Substation’ .... 22... WR te-Tish a Soe ee ee eee ae 55,000,000 | 135,000,000 |............ Dinluths Minn t25 css. csc ce BrOOKVOUG cas ces etesicoa gach eee se 92: 230 aces Soe FREUD B OW IERO IY = see mercies owe se eel| ease eee 82, 0005|: Ss = sae Steelhead troutiice <5). coe eas sal eeeee eee 96, 900 30, 000 Grp Vine 58S cce od ne soe © oro ate eee 1990005) 202. Sees LOPE Ba oy Meee eae ee ES EE ae 1, 700, 000 15(L00 (000.3). strc ee cenee W.HtS=Hishy 2 oS ee a ee 295 800;/000 esc cease a1In addition to the above there were transferred from steamer Fish Hawk to Central Station 621,000 shad eggs. » In addition to the above there were transferred from Battery Station to Central Station 267,000shad eggs, and to Charleston (S. C.) Exposition 2,134,000 shad eggs. eIn addition to the above there were transferred from Fish Lakes to Erwin Station 8,550 crappie for breeding Eparoses, and to the aquarium at Central Station and to Buffalo and Charleston exposi- tions 249 black bass and 15 crappie. dIn addition to the above there were transferred from Bryan Point to Central Station 2,421,000 shad eggs, and to the Charleston (8. C.) Exposition 2,007,000 shad eggs. eIn addition to the above there were transferred from Wytheville Station to other stations of the U. S/ Commission of Fish and Fisheries 60,000 rainbow-trout eggs and 300 rock bass, and to Charles- ton (8. C.) Exposition 10,000 rainbow-trout eggs, and to Norfolk (Va.) School 1,000 rainbow-trout eggs. J In addition to the above there were transferred from Put-in Bay Station to other stations of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries 2,000,000 pike-perch eggs and 32,212,000 white-fish eggs, and to the Charleston (S. C.) Exposition 4,000,000 pike-perch eggs. gIn addition to the above there were transferred from the Northville Station to other stations of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries 6,653,000 lake-trout eggs and to the Fish and Game Associa- tion, Philadelphia, Pa., 5,000 lake trout eggs. In addition tothe above there were transferred from the Detroit Substation to other stations of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries 146,480,000 white-fish eggs, and to Fish and Game Association, Philadelphia, Pa., 320,000 white-fish eggs. iIn addition to the above there were transferred from Duluth Station to other stations of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries 6,121,000 lake-trout eggs. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 9 Fish and eggs furnished for distribution during fiscal year ending June 30, 1902—Cont’ d. Source of supply. Species. Quincey, Ile... - Manchester, lowa 0 Neosho, Mo. ¢.. San Marcos; Tex: 225. -.--¢-- Leadville, Colo. @........-..- Spearish SnDak. 6. - AN, as KORe chs fo ee yeahs, ts ras we eee _ os 7 Roe SS re LA ead - ; Sa pO a wee. r cam ~ wes ae en fw ) 2 qs _ aa =r wth Ae pe = a 7 iy je se o: Lae 4 > ei A fu 2 A 7 . | i ; 4 & %*. -1g Cones . lad 7 a {= . 7 ¥ ; WV, - cays Sd p° = S ¢-* Pa: = ob Ci N - = . _ eo Mideerg eee irs Bel, a. a | foe. ae ia + : ee | Cele ee, t ay he =" i ae oto” —t ré, a oe = 7 _ - 7» Poe ra 7 aor rigs =F) 7 was , a.» a - : 7 oz 7 7 7 -_ > a a a - - - ov ’ en eae RY ee ie i rn. je ' : ~_s * ene e: ‘gc’ eT ees et [> ow oe a! Pee Sah A, i VA tg RS Robo” oy ge ron Re | ec a Oe ae 1 “be a - De : he |” on = 4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 15 two wings each 513 by 173 feet, and contains a laboratory, aquarium, oftice, 12 bedrooms, commodious halls, 2 bathrooms, and storerooms. In front is a portico with a balcony, and around the sides is a veranda. In the center of the large aquaria hall are two oval tanks, 12 by 8 feet and 3 feet deep, constructed of white cedar and finished with cement. Along the north wall, in front of each window, are placed large aquaria ‘with tidal boxes between. The room also contains a tank-table and saurian tank, three compartment hatching-tables, work-tables, and sinks. Along the north and south walls of the laboratory are compart- ments divided by partition shelves, each compartment being provided with a table for microscopes. Four large tank-tables, two at either end of the room, are arranged for the experimental work of the laboratory, while two long tables in the center contain lockers and shelves for the supplies. At each end are sinks. All other available space is used for show-cases. Sixty-five feet north of the main building is the mess-house, a 1$- story frame structure, 36 by 33 feet, containing a dining-room, three bedrooms, kitchen, and bath. Near by is the power-house, 36 by 33 feet, in which are the boiler, pumps, dynamo, etc. All these buildings are lighted with electricity and have slate roofs. There are also a boat-house, fuel-shed, outbuildings, and a landing-pier 80 feet long. Fresh water is obtained from an artesian well 200 feet deep and a brick cistern with a capacity of 10,000 gallons. Salt and fresh water tanks are placed in towers on the wings of the main building, from which the water is distributed by-pipe lines as needed. Under the authority of an act of Congress approved June 6, 1900, correspondence was begun with a view to the selection of a site for a fish-cultural station in West Virginia, and during the fall of 1900 and the succeeding year a number of localities in different parts of the State were examined by the Commissioner personally and by agents of the Commission. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 23 List of fishes propagated and distributed by the Fish Commission. Siluride, THe Cat-FIsHeEs. —* § Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Spotted Cat; Blue Cat; Channel Cat. * § Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Horned Pout; Bullhead; Yellow Cat. Catostomide, THr SucKERS AND BUFFALO-FISHES. § Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque). Small-mouthed Buffalo-fish. Cyprinidez, THe Minnows AND Capps. 1 §§ Cyprinus carpio Linneeus. Carp. (Cultivated varieties, German Carp, Leather Carp, Mirror Carp, etc. ) Clupeide, THE SHaps AND HERRINGS. * Alosa sapidissima (Wilson). Shad. Salmonide, THE SAtmons, Trouts, WHITE-FISHES, ETC. * Coregonus clupeiformis (Mitchill). White-fish. * Argyrosomus artedi (Le Sueur). Lake Herring; Cisco. * Oncorhynchus tschamytscha (Walbaum). Quinnat Salmon; Chinook Salmon; Tyee Salmon; King Salmon. * Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Silver Salmon; Coho. * Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Blueback Salmon; Red-fish; Sockeye. * Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Steelhead; Hardhead; Salmon Trout. * Salmo salar Linnzeus. Atlantic Salmon. * Salmo sebago Girard. Landlocked Salmon. * Salmo lewisi Girard. Yellowstone Lake Trout; Cut-throat Trout; Black-spotted Trout. * Salmo pleuriticus Cope. Colorado River Trout; Black-spotted Trout. * Salmo macdonaldi Jordan & Eyvermann. Yellow-finned Trout. * §§ Salmo trutta Linneeus. Sea Trout; Salmon Trout. * §§ Salmo trutta levenensis (Walker). Loch Leven Trout. * §§ Salmo fario Linneeus. European Brown Trout; Von Behr Trout. * Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). Lake Trout; Mackinaw Trout; Longe; Togue. * Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Brook Trout; Speckled Trout. * Salvelinus agassizii (Garman). Dublin Pond Trout. * Salvelinus aureolus Bean. Golden Trout; Sunapee Lake Trout. Thymallide, THE GRAYLINGS. * Thymallus montanus Milner. Montana Grayling. Esocide, THE PIxKts. § Hsox luctus Linnzeus. Common Pike; Pickerel. § Hsox vermiculatus Le Sueur. Little Pickerel; Grass Pike. Centrarchide, THE Basses, SUN-FISHES, AND CRAPPIES. * § Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. Crappie. * § Pomoxis sparoides (Lacépede). Strawberry Bass; Calico Bass. * § Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Rock Bass; Red-eye; Goggle-eye. * § Chenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Warmouth; Goggle-eye. § Micropterus dolomieu Lacépéde. Small-mouthed Black Bass. * § Micropterus salmoides (Lacépéde). Large-mouthed Black Bass; Straw Bass. * § Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Bluegill. Percide, THE PERCHES. * § Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). Pike Perch; Wall-eyed Pike; Yellow Pike; Blue Pike. * § Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Yellow Perch. Gadide, THE Cops. * Gadus callarias Linneeus. Cod. Pleuronectide, THe FLOUNDERS. * Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum). Winter Flounder. 24 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND. FISHERIES. INSPECTIONS. During the month of November Mr. Ravenel visited Detroit and Northville to confer with the superintendent of the Northville Station and the State fish and game warden of Michigan, and to arrange for the collection of lake-trout eggs in the Michigan waters of the Great Lakes. Healso visited Put-in Bay Station, inspected the improvements recently made, and found the station in very good condition. Various recommendations were made for further improvements—first, for the dredging out of the channel and a place for anchoring the penning crates. The station very much needs a residence for the superintend- ent. The only available house is over 2 miles from the hatchery. In order to familiarize himself with the work of the various stations over which he had recently assumed charge, Mr. Titcomb began a series of inspections in March, and before the close of the year had visited the following stations in the order named: Wytheville, Va., Station. Gloucester, Mass., Station. Erwin, Tenn., Station. Swanton, Vt., Substation. Bullochville, Ga., Station. Nashua, N. H., Station. Neosho, Mo., Station. Battery Station, Havre de Grace, Md. San Marcos, Tex., Station. Steamer ish Hawk, Delaware River. Bryan Point, Md., Station. Cape Vincent, N. Y., Station. Edenton, N. C., Station. St. Johnsbury, Vt., Station. All of these stations were found to be in good condition, but each one seemed to haye more or less need for improvement in order to keep the work up to its fullest capacity. At the Wytheville Station the buildings and ponds were found to be in very good repair. An ice-house is needed, as it is possible to collect at the station all the ice necessary for fish-cultural work if storage room is provided for it. The superintendent was instructed to introduce a power chopper for preparing fish food. A bad feature about this station is the fact that the spring is gradually failing in the amount of water flowing from it. The Erwin Station is very attractive in appearance, and everything being new was in good repair with a few exceptions. The superin- tendent’s residence is small and cheaply constructed; it should be enlarged and the chimney rebuilt. Arrangements were made for the construction of five new ponds for the propagation of bass and other pond fishes and for inclosing the station with a hog-proof wire fence. The station at Bullochville, Ga., was found to be in first-class condi- tion, both as to buildings and ponds. One of the main sources of water supply is not on the station property. It would be a great improve- ment to the station if an additional purchase of land could be made, to include the source of water supply and straighten the boundary lines. At Neosho the buildings had been recently repaired under a special appropriation and the ponds were in course of construction and repair. The station is very inadequately supplied with water, and an additional supply can be obtained only at large expense. The station at San Marcos, Tex.,and everything connected with its conduct, was very satisfactory. The demands upon this station are REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 25 increasing annually, owing to the opening up of new territory and the remarkable results attained from the fishes already distributed. These conditions make it desirable to acquire additional land for pond culture. The shad stations at Bryan Point and Havre de Grace, Md., were visited during the period of active operations, and everything was found to be working most satisfactorily. The /%sh Hawk, engaged in shad work on the Delaware River, was also visited before the close of the ego-collecting season. The shad station at Edenton has in connection with it three marsh ponds for the propagation of black bass and crappie, but it is ques- tionable whether the station will ever be of value for other work than the propagation of shad. It is a well-built and well-equipped station, in fact, the most complete shad station of the Commission. It would be economy, however, to have in connection with it a boathouse to shelter the launches and other boats and to give additional storage room. When the station at Gloucester, Mass., was visited everything was in readiness for the lobster work. Arrangements were made for the con- struction of a breakwater in which to keep the fish-cars for retaining live cod and lobsters. The capacity of the station for fish-cultural work should be increased by an addition to the hatchery. At Swanton the work of collecting pike-perch eggs on Missisquol River was placed in charge of Supt. Livingston Stone, of Cape Vincent Station, and arrangements made for its conduct during the season. At the Nashua Station the chief problem was the shortage of the water supply during the summer season, and methods for increasing the supply were fully discussed with the superintendent. In the hatchery there had been an unusual mortality among the brook-trout fry, undoubtedly due to the lack of sufficient flow of water upon the egos during the period of incubation. At the time the Cape Vincent Station was visited no fish-cultural work was going on, the product of the station having been previously distributed. This station is entirely dependent upon the collections of eggs from other stations for its source of supply. The capacious hatchery building is capable of turning out a great many young fish and is well supplied with the necessary apparatus and equipment. Arrangements were made for obtaining water from the city works upon a more economical basis. The heating apparatus at this station is not satisfactory, owing to the inordinate amount of coal consumed by it. A new and more economical heating plant should be installed. Extensive repairs upon the wharf will soon be necessary. The St. Johnsbury Station is still inadequately supplied with water, the special appropriation for necessary improvements being kept unim- paired until satisfactory arrangements can be made for its economical expenditure. The traveling expenses incurred were much less than the saving at one station, resulting from the changes made as a result of the inspection. 26 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. METHODS OF FISH-CULTURE. Few improvements in the methods of fish-culture can be recorded for the year. The most notable one may be the method of taking salmon eges at the Baird, Cal., Station and substations, whereby from 10 to 15 per cent more eggs are obtainable from the same number of fish than heretofore. This is accomplished by cutting the salmon open after the usual stripping and washing the bloody eggs thus obtained in a normal salt solution before fertilizing them, as explained in detail under the summarized report of Baird Station. Thisimproved method will be adopted at the other salmon stations the coming year. At Put-in Bay, Ohio, Superintendent Downing has devised a new hatching-jar along the same general lines as the Stranahan jar, except that it is of a different shape and of greater capacity. It has been adopted for Put-in Bay Station. In pond culture, by which is meant the propagation of the basses and other fishes, the eggs of which are handled and hatched in ponds by the natural process, little definite progress has been made. The gen- eral feeling among fish-culturists in charge of pond stations is that the ponds for the propagation of bass and other fish should be made much larger than at present—in fact, as large as possible and still have them entirely under control so that the fish can be removed as wanted. The following stations and auxiliary stations were operated during the year, and the work at each is reviewed in detail in the abstracts of the reports from the various superintendents: Green Lake, Maine. Detroit, Michigan. Craig Brook, Maine. Alpena, Michigan. Grand Lake Stream, Maine. Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Duluth, Minnesota. Nashua, New Hampshire. Quincy, Illinois. Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Manchester, Iowa. Gloucester, Massachusetts. Bellevue, Iowa. Cape Vincent, New York. San Marcos, Texas. Swanton, Vermont. Neosho, Missouri. Steamer [ish Hawk (Delaware River). Leadville, Colorado. Battery Station, Maryland. Spearfish, South Dakota. 3ryan Point, Maryland. Bozeman, Montana. Fish Lakes, Washington, D. C. Baird, California. Central Station, Washington, D. C. Battle Creek, California. Wytheville, Virginia. Mill Creek, California. Edenton, North Carolina. Rogue River, Oregon. Erwin, Tennessee. Clackamas, Oregon. Cold Springs, Georgia. Little White Salmon River, Washington. Put-in Bay, Ohio. Baker Lake, Washington. Northville, Michigan. GREEN LAKE Sration, MAIne (E. E. Rack, SuPERINTENDENT). The work at the Green Lake Station has been confined entirely to the propagation of the brook trout and landlocked salmon. During the summer months, in addition to the usual fish-cultural work, inves- tigations were made with the view to establishing new field stations for the collection of eggs, and as a result operations were inaugurated at Alligator Lake, in Hancock County, and Sourdnahunk Lake, in Piscata- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. oY quis County. The field stations operated in previous years at Green Lake, Pattens Pond, and Branch Pond were also reopened and operated. At Alligator Lake a log camp was constructed for the shelter of the fishermen, and a temporary hatchery for eying eggs was erected and equipped with the necessary apparatus for conducting operations. At this point it was thought that brook trout could be captured on the bars and landlocked salmon at the outlet of the lake, but although the water and weather were both favorable, and the station in the hands of experienced fishermen, no salmon and only 52 brook trout were captured. From the trout 21,000 eggs were obtained, 7,000 of them being transported direct to Green Lake Station within 24 hours after being taken from the fish. The remaining 14,000 were laid down in the temporary hatchery to be eyed, but after holding them from 15 to 20 days in a temperature of 38° F., it was found that the expense of developing them at the point of collection would be very large; they were therefore transferred to Green Lake Station before the eye-spots appeared, but all died en route. Sourdnahunk Lake is 55 miles northwest of Patten, in an unbroken wilderness, and is probably at the highest elevation of any lake of equal size in the State. It is 4 miles long by 14 miles wide, and is the breeding-ground for nearly the entire west branch of the Penob- scot River. No fish are found in the lake except brook trout and shiners. The adult trout averaged a trifle less than a pound in weight, the largest weighing 2 pounds. Owing to the expense of transporting suitable material from Patten, nets were used for the leads of the traps and sides of the confining pens, but these were destroyed by a moose swimming around in the lake about the time the fishing season began. Temporary pens were built of poles and the fish were captured by means of seines. All the fish that could be safely held in these pens were caught before any of them had commenced working on the spawning-grounds, as many as 800 being taken at one haul of the seine. The total number recorded as captured was 4,275 males and 5,725 females; 4,047 females were stripped and yielded 1,470,000 eggs. As the lake froze over two weeks earlier than was expected, the rest of the females were liberated by cutting holes through the ice and removing the stakes in the pens. The eggs were eyed in troughs set up in a small tent, the troughs being not more than 6 inches above the ground; but notwithstanding the fact that two fires were kept night and day, the water temperature dropped to the freezing-point several times, and 190,000 were lost by freezing to the bottoms of the hatching- troughs. On February 19 the eggs were packed out, but on account of the deep snow between Sourdnahunk Lake and Patten they were on the road three days, and 10,250 died en route. Of the 1,280,000 which reached Patten in good condition, 320,000 were shipped to the Maine Fish Commission and 50,000 to the Parmachenee Club, Camp 28 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Caribou, Maine. The others were transferred to Green Lake to be hatched, and the losses on the eggs and fry were very small. Operations at Green Lake for collecting landlocked-salmon and brook-trout eggs were inaugurated as in previous years, but owing to the fact that the water in the lake was 14 inches lower than during any fishing season in the past seven years no fish were captured in the trap at Great Brook near the spawning-house, it being impossible for them to get over the bars at the mouth of the brook. This is the first season since the establishment of the hatchery that the fish were unable to ascend Great Brook during the spawning season. Siloee scllesadae Scan aal bmecaangasos 53 52 DOE ce S38 Teese WOl. 000d soon ce eek sn| Sa = ees asters |e Oe eestor | stare stareaernteminta Bd!) || "b2 7) ES errr 1599: O00! = secre a aietns a8 este oe a leeita ene ae eae eels 56 54 D7) AR a SS 2.748) 000! Fat tead oskc bocce es coeee| ote ea rep ces ae cenmeteoae 60 53 DE SOIC OR ccs Paty AU tt UE ee es See seer ee, okaee cans PIKE PErChis cS Sasies Sees eee eee elec bse |) #24000! 000! |e - Se) 5 5052 1,800,000 } 1,800,000 |........-. Shad. cc cacnctsdonsnes cee cecuda den seecomratas | 2, 892, 000 400, 000 | 2,050, 000 800; 000) || > ae Sees Totali ss £. setae ets 4,833 | 8, 279,477 | 2,703,000 | 4,561,780 4, 323, 320 | 4, 828 i CENTRAL STration Aquarium (L. G. Harron, SUPERINTENDENT). In addition to his regular duties in charge of the aquarium at Central Station, the superintendent was detailed to the station at Woods Hole, Mass., from July 8 to August 15, for the purpose of superintending the arrangement and stocking of the aquarium there. In February he was detailed to superintend the installation of a live-fish exhibit at the Sportsmen’s Show in Boston, and from March 24 until May 14 he was detailed in charge of the shad hatchery at Bryan Point. During the summer the aquaria were kept well stocked with the various species of fresh-water fishes found in the Potomac River and five species of ornamental fishes, some of which have been kept in the aquarium for years. In the fall, as soon as the water temperature was sufliciently cool to maintain them, various species of Salmonidx were introduced into the aquarium and carried through the winter. An assignment of trout, salmon, and grayling, representing nine species, was received from the aquarium at Buffalo, at the close of the exposition, and held until December, when the stock was drawn upon to stock the Fish Commission exhibit at the Charleston Exposition. A live-fish exhibit of marine species was maintained in the aquarium from September until May 15, when the salt-water exhibit was given up entirely, and the closed circulating system connected with this exhibit was used for supplying the fresh-water aquaria, which were cleaned out and completely stocked with fresh-water fishes. The adoption of closed circulation for supplying fresh water is an experi- ment to test the feasibility of using the system of closed circulation for this purpose at the St. Louis Exposition in order to insure having perfectly clear water in the aquaria at all times. At the close of the year this system was in successful operation, and the exhibit showed great improvement over its appearance when the filthy water of the Potomac was supplied to the aquarium from the city water mains. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 45 Very few improvements have been made to the aquarium in the past few years, and in comparison with the elaborate aquarial displays at: the World’s Fair in Chicago and the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo the Central Station aquarium is a very small affair. It should be greatly enlarged and the salt-water tank supplemented with an additional one, so that during the year, while the stock of marine spe- cies is in the aquarium, the salt water can be entirely renewed every few months. A refrigerating system is also recommended, in order that the various species of the Sa/monidx may be carried in the fresh- water aquaria during the summer months. The following is a list of the marine and fresh-water species exhib- ited at Central Station during the year: Salt-water species. Jumping mullet, croaker, hog-choker, red drum, sea-robin, toad-fish, sea trout, moon-fish, pompano, swell-fish, spot, pin-fish, spade-fish, blue- fish, yellow-tail, king-fish, striped bass, tautog, flounder, white perch, tongue sole, crevalle, sea bass, blenny, pig-fish, file-fish, seup, rudder-fish, cunner, bur-fish, tom- cod, remora, mummichog, star-fish, cheetodon, conger eel, blue crab, hermit crab, lobster, sea-anemone. Fresh-water species.—Rainbow trout, steelhead trout, brook trout, albino brook trout, lake trout, Scotch sea trout, golden trout, Atlantic salmon, landlocked salmon, grayling, black bass, rock bass, white perch, yellow perch, sand-perch, crappie, blue sun-fish, long-eared sun-fish, banded sun-fish, common sun-fish, spotted cat-fish, channel cat-fish, yellow cat-fish, golden ide, golden tench, green tench, gold-fish, gar-pike, dog-fish, paradise fish, German carp, dace, red sucker, chub sucker, common eel, snapping turtle, diamond-back terrapin, common terrapin, salamander, alligator. The following shows the maximum and minimum temperatures of salt and fresh water in the tanks during the year: | Fresh water. Salt water. | Fresh water. Salt water. Month. Month. Max. Min. | Max. | Min. | Max. Min. | Max. | Min. OF, CF. OF ya SiO OF: OF ae July ik ces cee cieSe 84 ZS WN ee ae ee es ee JANUMALY, wo. 22 ee 30 BBO Ie 3 55 IATISU SU see ceee 82 Cae ee eRas OR | is Se EES February .....-.- 36 33 58 54 September...._.. 78 68 72 58 Marchi sess: -e- 51 36 65 51 Octoberes eso. ic. 68 55 69 54 API eee e aceon 61 47 72 50 November....... 55 38 61 51 Miaiy: aS: as acrec'sals 72 61 75 58 December -...... 41 34 58° 53 JUMP ye ecices 78 OSes Secehone| nemetas = WYTHEVILLE STATION, VrRGINIA (GEORGE A. SEAGLE, SUPERINTENDENT). Fish-cultural operations have been confined chiefly to the propaga- tion and distribution of rainbow trout, brook trout, black bass, and rock bass. The number of fish on hand at the beginning of the year is shown by the following table: Calendar yearin which fish were hatched. Species. ae : te 1897, or 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. before: REIN DOW AULOU bine cinyearere’a is orci ais ciniaraim oiclclaeeiaiacine au seis savers acts 318,000 | 5,080 598 339 1, 872 BGO KAtrOUt eet tao aa Sees eee bins eke Gas oamake ot aes NOFA OO) areal ERIN ese ee teen | SEE RE Wear cen ONG R eal DlaGka Dass sess chan cs cme. on meer eeedtee lane cine cee TD Wee Soe eels accesses 53 Smallemnouthedshlackabass! ase cece Serer pate cicitass ete See tens a5 | Ye seb beet 11 UGK SS po neeee ne ee EE acts m enias ecismiee cain cere ceinenl me meciioee nl Seaneaen 39 80 180 Canpraett cece eeneeece nee oe cscu nese s tee Res c elated 2 ete ee ee oe ae 20 (GOUT oan See seep ACU ek Beit Ea atk em crene lee AS (uel ir EN ere ies ee Nae 15 ADCY DH] Sea ee: HEN Tea a es eee. SR ee 337,400 | 5,192 637 419 2,151 46 “REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The distribution of the stock of young was begun October 5 and continued until December 13, the output amounting to 208,100 year- ling and 385 adult rainbow trout, 13,124 brook trout, 3,815 black bass, 8,700 rock bass. In addition to the above the following fish were received from other stations and distributed: 3,450 brook trout, 2,142 black bass, 9,650 rock bass, 7,310 crappie. The spawning season of the rainbow trout began November 6 and closed February 10. During this period of ninety-seven days 1,099,000 eggs were collected, of which number 802,000, or 73 per cent, were ferti- lized and brought to the eyed stage, 246,000 were shipped on assign- ment, and 556,000 were hatched at the station. The fry resulting from them were strong and vigorous, and when four months old 145,000 were distributed to various applicants by the station employees, and at the close of the year there remained on hand 200,000 fingerlings to be reared for the fall distribution. In January 304,000 eyed brook-trout eggs were received from one of the commercial hatcheries at Plymouth, Mass., in good condition and hatched out well. Owing to an unusual period of muddy water during the hatching stage, there was a loss of 18,000 alevins, caused by smothering, and the mortality among the young fish during the sac stage was considerable, presumably from the same cause. The fry began feeding when about four weeks old and have grown rapidly. At the close of the year there were 105,000 fingerling fish on hand, the largest weighing 134 ounces to the thousand. The brook and rainbow trout fry were fed on canned herring roe for the first six weeks, when the food was gradually changed to a mixed diet of liver and mush. Early in the spring the brood stock, consisting of 53 large-mouthed and 11 small-mouthed black bass, were transferred to the breeding ponds. Large beds of creek gravel were provided for their nests, and a light paling fence was built around the nesting-ground to keep the brood fish within its limits. The fish commenced nesting early in May, and by the middle of the month several large schools of young were observed. When the fish were from one-half to five-eighths of an inch in length, which is about the time of the breaking up of the schools, a few thousand were netted from the ponds and placed in rearing-troughs for the purpose of making some experiments in arti- ficial. feeding. These fish were first given minute insects collected from the warm, shallow parts of the pond. Only enough of this natural food was given to keep them alive, and while their appetites were only partly satisfied in this way, prepared artificial food was offered them. Ground fish, crawfish, beef heart, and herring roe were all tried, but the experiment was not sufficiently successful to warrant continuing it for more than a few days. If crawfish could have been secured in suflicient quantities, it is believed that better results would have followed, as the fish preferred it to the other food. As soon as it became evident that the experiment would not be suc- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 47 cessful the fish were released in rearing-ponds, together with several thousand more which had been captured from time to time. About two weeks later, when the fish were nearly an inch in length, the experiment was repeated by transferring 1,500 bass from the ponds toa trough. This time the fish were easily trained to take artificial food. They were first given chopped or ground fish, and afterwards prepared beef heart. After the first two or three days they devoured this food ravenously until about the tenth day, at which time they began to die, and although eating well and apparently in the best of health, the death rate steadily increased from day to day, until the loss reached over 100 per day. On the fourteenth day the remaining fish in the trough, about 900, were released in the rearing-ponds. The cause of the mortality is not known, but sufficient success followed the feeding of artificial food to warrant taking up the experiments another season, in the hope that the cause of the mortality would be ascertained. The brood stock of rock bass were transferred to their summer ponds about the middle af April, and nesting began the latter part of the same month. By the middle of May the ponds were well stocked with young fish, and at the close of the year there is every prospect of a large crop. The following improvements at the station were made during the fiscal year: The superintendent’s residence was painted, a water tank for supplying the transportation cars with water at the railway siding was erected, and pipe connections made with it and with a Rife hydraulic ram for supplying the tank with water. A cooling tank for mush and two tanks for culling fish were also constructed, besides several other minor improvements. EpENTON Sration, NortH Caro.ina (S. G. Wort, SUPERINTENDENT). This is one of the new stations, all constructions having been made since 1899. It is in first-class condition as a shad-hatching station, the third successive season of operations having this year been concluded. Within the year two tidal ponds were constructed, which will dem- onstrate the value of this class of ponds for producing black bass and crappie for stocking interior waters. The bottoms of these ponds are from 3 to 5 feet below the surface of Pembroke Creek, wire screens in the gateways permitting such change of water as the irregular wind tides send in or draw out. The ponds can be emptied when desired at the rate of 1,200 gallons per minute by means of a centrifugal steam pump economically operated. The shad-hatching season of the present year was marked by its short duration, being practically confined to twenty-two days between April 14 and May 8. Adult shad were less abundant than usual by one-half. It is believed by the station superintendent that this scarcity was caused by the destruction of the young in the prolonged and violent hurricane which beat directly upon the Atlantic coast August 18-21, 48 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1899. The young which should have arrived at maturity and reentered the sounds and rivers in 1902 were then but a few inches long and were outside the inlets and subject to the breakers. The spring was very late, both air and water being far below the normal temperature. A feature unobserved before in this region was the deposition of egos by the shad 20 miles or more down the sound to the eastward of Edenton Bay. The superintendent attributes this new condition to the excessive rainfall of the previous year, which freshened the waters of Albemarle Sound throughout its length, consequently when the shad reached the fisheries where the spawn-takers were located they were largely spawned out or were carrying overripe eggs owing to low temperatures. | 366, 040, 000 104, 720, 000 217, 500, 000 Dake trout. ko sc cen cssasd oak oop once eeee sera seee eee 25, 312, 000 | 8, 128, 000 13, 255, 000 Brook trout <<< oc cocd- cece cic calsiees ses s epmatsrasinpiessise areata ates LOSS 2600 ee cece Bese 1, 055, 000 Steelhead trout 622525. e hee ea re an cletel 164600" | cs osc ct eek 140, 000 REINDOW CLOW 3, scemest ome eis eee eee cece ce een TOD NOM, | eecee eee ee 86, 000 OCH WeVeM POU soceacectce Sears teem tae eialeiettolaan see eee CU UN RRs noo mean 75, 000 (Crenyditels O68 s a5 aba sanncona do ono scacanoasecossesocae se roue 209078. sen os aeeree 200, 000 Motels aocsrce ees ee EE eee eee ae 393, 042,950 | 112,848,000 | 232, 311, 000 Duturea Station, Minnesora (S. P. Wires, SUPERINTENDENT). During the year a concrete sidewalk was constructed along two sides of the station grounds abutting the highway, and extensive improve- ments were made on the hatchery building, gravity flume, and steam plant. A large number of shade trees were also set out. Of the 34,290 young steelhead trout on hand at the beginning of the year 30,000 survived and were distributed.as fingerlings. In August and September arrangements were made for the collection of lake-trout eggs at the usual points on Lake Superior, namely, at Grand Portage, Minn.; Port Arthur and Rossport, Ontario; Isle Royale, Manitou Island, Keystone, Ontonagon, and Marquette, Mich. The spawning season opened September 15 and closed October 31, resulting in a total collection of 15,771,000 eggs. Of these 8,771,000 ereen eges were transferred to Cape Vincent, and 25,000 to the Pan- American Exposition, at Buffalo. Subsequent shipments of eyed egos were also made to the number of 2,325,000. The following table shows the number of eggs of various species received from other stations of the Commission and the disposition of same: reap aes ay Sh ie jceivedfrom Eggs Eggs Fry Fingerlings ppecies: other collected. | shipped. distributed.|distributed. stations. Winite-fish joe see Pohick Creek, Va Doves Creek)! Vain. c.scsascercsssocccoeecne RObAL Se sero ciate are ee See eee ores anise oes ceiae ceiaisistreeicmiee cts Quinnat salmon: MeCloudRiverBaind, Caltcssacncccssece es sectemciee oneleisccicinete California’ Fish Commissfon, Sisson; ‘Cal 2.2.2.2 .2..c-.enmces ees Hel, River: \Caloajsasses oc sence Price Creek Hatchery, Cal ...-.-. Lake Okoboji spirit Lake) Towa) <2-- =-- <= ccs s22s-cc eee oeenis= Spring Branch, Clackamas, OLE een laesties eoesceeeeaosse see sate Clackamas River, Clackamas, OTC RE Fests Soc eee ee eee Columbia River, Viento, Oreg Br nips Socio as eke cee siaeeereees Cascade Locks; Oregis.. 2. cesse scons cence ans ood FRiversOrep sash. coceeces cess eoeeeereas Hood River, Hood Rivers Onegcs. ssa: s0-o= ee mseenicce cece sense Columbia River, mouth of Lindsey Creek, Oreg...........-.-- Osterguarde Creek, Oreg.........- ShelltRock Ones toretact -b ccc cases ace cosas The Dabless Oreg o- - kgs as sceicte ae secsisinets ce Memalooseiisland: 'Orégs sc s-.-- +... seen ssc- Eagle Rock, Oreg......... Hse Ae IEP Ooo Wasco County JOrer atc cosenciccscce eeaccacee =e Seufert’s cannery, Oreg --..-32225...--.-.005 =e Rogue River MROLUeIRI Ver, OLCR so. sacle ncccte celieisissicciciiaeieeeteine Trail -Onvepin 8 ccmaece aaion co eee ceemacc on cece eee Manner Creek, Bonneville: Orepe. caccc cle csis-cteame niet eascmiens Five Mile Creek, Wasco County, Oreg ..............-..--.---- Lindsey Creek, Wasco’ County, Onegin. t. 2. : oe eee a wins Five Mile Creek, Seufert’s Cannery, Oreg.............-....--- Des Chutes River, Free Bridge, Oreg.................-...----- Sandy River, Multonomah County, One gareaeste come ctemecece Mill Creek, The Males! Onegsscoece cee eee eee eee ceene Currens Creek, Currens CREEK OTE oe sie neo rcs ce wectice coe Eagle Creek, Wasco County Ore geri cn ssc-mecisiscwinccmasscseecs Eye Tanner Creek. Wasco County, (Onrep snc cnc ccccscecccecesscces ane Herman’ Creek, Wasco Coumty, Oreg inci oo: 2 cics eects ese eeincs Willamette River weorbland (Orepec. co.cc sccemice cee oe cee cere RBS Humes wWedderbtmi Oneg sc saecc acicks sciscmeiciee arc: -sreelere Little White Salmon River, Skamania County, Wash.....-.... Big White Salmon River, Skamania County, Wash ..........- Columbia River, mouth of Dosey Creeks Washes eo sece cence cece Cooks Landing, Wash eS Cee Ea ake Sess linderwoodsy Washeist a ccccscc- ssen seaeee « Skamania (County. Wash ectccn ccc crcetiee= Mhirteen Wale Pomt.Washoeese. seca e eee Hao lewRock wWaslice. aac ces costes naa cceee Khiekitat County. Woashe-s---cececes. asec Buntsucker Point, Washice-ta-- ascce ose saces Dog Creek, Skamania County, Wash ..2>....: 2.2502. -e-e. cece Rock Creek, Skamania County, Washes------s- er. -nee ee eese Olsen Creek, Skamania County, Wash ......-...----.-22.--..- Wind River; Skamania County, Wash.....-.-..--...---...---- Hamilton Creek, Skamania County, Wash.........-..-.....-- Klickitat River, Klickitat County, Wash...................... ‘Baker Dake, Baker LakeWash's-c2c2 2. c0a-esacsnceecessaeee ROGET ec 2 Se cara hiel or cicreirre a dae se Se Cie meen tae eine meer ete ie Atlantic salmon: Connecticut Fish Commission, Windsor Locks, Conn ......... East Branch of Mattawamkeag River, Oakfield, Me..........-. East Branch of Penobscot River, Grindstone, Me.....-..-.--- Pleasant River, Brown ville, Me. 2c c2cceanceaceeeocewencaciace Phillips Dake. Bangor, Me. o2- 20 22s22cecetss sme suscescnecences New Hampshire Fish Commission, Concord, N. H...-.-....--- Salmon River Altman, IN. Vo. S22 s2cte ctw necewasceee= sae eneere Saxton Millpond: ‘Spartanburg, 'S, Ci..cc.o cc caeeee- -seceeees Total) cose ns nce san. pacar nas makewestns asset see eere | 104, 986, 000 2, 000, 000 "14, 472, 380 2, 008, 030 1,000, 000 "450" ODO) eeseciemtees 19, 346, 410 Pe ROSY BSW oil Peoeora nas aa REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF Details of distribution—Continued, FISH AND FISHERIES. 85 Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry and finger- lings. Adults and | yearlings. Landlocked salmon: Gus. Cushman, Telluride, Colo Connecticut Fish Commission, Windsor Locks, Conn Sysladobsis Lake, Grand Lake Stream, Me Grand Lake Stream, Grand Lake Stream, Me Grand Lake, Grand Lake Stream, Me PhillipssbakeDedhame Mes... 22.2: ssess cases ce tsceeaceaseese moddyaboud | OrlanGd WMee sss cco eke oo se cesses eee eceeee ee Williams Pond, Bucksport, Me Moosehead Pond, Moosehead, Me Herd Pond, Norcross, Me Nickerson Lake, Houlton, Me Parmachenee Club, Camp Caribou, Me CityReservoins Worcester IMasss isos. -2 doses coon nee seeded Trout Pond. Cedar Sprimegs jVaisocsccss ce aeeisteiice co cee sareeene Martin’ Creek -Boons Pathe: Viaieccacosee mae ses seen aeeeeecec eit Tee Pond: Cumberland Wass. sec occs eee eater eneeecseee Trout Pond, Burkes Garden Valls. ceo sos sect ee ceeaee eee North Fork of Catawba River, Fincastle, Va............- ea ae | Trout Pond, Briggs, Va : Eggs. Fry and finger- lings. Gedar' Creek: (Winchester Vie sateen cc Seno caciow cen sree asen Vance Spring, Winchester, Va Bobbs Run, Winchester, Va Fish Pond, Milford, Va Goose Creek, Plains, Va Fish Pond, Spencer, Va Wolf Creek, Vienna, Va Fish Pond, Cumberland, Va Seottsville, Va Wash Creel oynch. Va seen Vine Li Sie pate > a a Milland'! ChifiCreeks: Tynch, \Vias22 5. o-20 eS ee ee nee eee Fish Pond, Ontario, Va Millpond, Draper, Va Trout vake wuraluRetrest Vas ss ess ee eee eee eae Ee Northfork Creek, Northfork, Va Fish Pond, Powhatan, Va Graham Creek, Burfords, Va North Fork of Holston River, Ceres, Va Kish Pond? Mariony Wass 28222 252s. cc eee eeeeene eae eareee nee Back Creek, Stewarts Draft, Va Glade Creek, Blue Ridge, Va Dry River, Harrisonburg, Vas iist ress s acceso eee ee Appomattox River, Petersburg, Va Stony Creek; Petersburg. Vai i es2ccos oS eee Bailey Creek, Petersburg, Va bake Spring; Gap Store: Vacs: :. so.re- cee ee ee eee Paper Companies’ Reservoir, Bristol, Va Goose Creek, Bristol, Va Brumbley Creek and tributaries, Abingdon, Va Light Top and Laurel Rivers, Damascus, Va Mill Creek, Christiansburg, Va Trout Brook, StrashuUre, Vaeacsceesscesoce a cectcb es avo ace se uae Berry Creek Pond, Amherst, Va Reed Creek, near Wy thevillesViani 2s s-s-5 Ro ae South Fork of Reed Creek, Wytheville, Va Tates Run, Wytheville, Va Little Stony Creek, Pembroke, Va Dry Branch INGITOWS SV dress cee seca coca enone te eo oeeeeenine North Fork of Clinch River, Tazewell, Va South Fork of Clinch River, Tazewell, Va Laurel Creek, Elliston, Va PiOiy CrecksebMlSLONV dese aceneccne cee seater Jennings Creek) ACACIA; Viluveevcccevdtcussecseveecbeuoncress REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Adults and yearlings. f288 = Rhee hoe S Se bt et dt ~ oe we Ne SESSSESSSSESSERESESE mr Ne bee 1, 000 ~~ ssseeseeeeeeeees ~~ ~ ss - - wee v_ewrseuve SESSSZESZESSESSSESSSSEESSES eT > i] COA OOOO DIDO RO ee eet ee SESSS8 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution—Continued. 91 Species and disposition. Rainbow trout—Continued. SpielCreeks CatopaxdwVa..- 22. - tn's cictalctal-ial-ataisinleteinielocieicwete'a'ciniels Cove Creek, Max Meadows, Va DLOUTPUAKeSROAMOKEMV Becca ss = css wine e ere’alsinie -leatnle/civtariewinise site Tinker Creek, Roanoke, Va HISHEPONG Crockett WVaecr ccs =<. wcoes sees s toeessedcaceesec eae South Fork of Holston River, Marion, Va StaleyeCrecku Marion; Viale socs cecese cciele cess talde alee saci soe Berry Creek, Abingdon, Va North Fork of Holston River, Groseclose, Va.....-.----------- Middle Fork of Holston River, Sevenmile Ford, Va POUL SA Ke PR OLOR VA ome = tn seice seine de aiectctcl acid cecidcaias aasloaciests Gladstone Pond, Gladstone, Va Spring Pond, Bluemont, Va Harrisonburg, Va Spring Stream, near Alexandria, Va Swanlerceks Warminster Vialjcesce eeiadiciacwensreesccscsgsedeces Buffalo Creek and Lick Run, Forest, Va Mill Pond, Rural Retreat, Va RoanokeuuversHIMSLONs Vidic cee en seas odsscolsdosoo steak eeeeee Tributaries of Difficult Run, Vienna, Va Trout Pond, Rural Retreat, Va Stoubles Creek, Blacksburg, Va Meadow Run Petunia Vian. ccs sec oo secedes os cicdacanceoeectdiasas North Fork of Roanoke River, Blacksburg, Va Hick Branch Blacksburge, Vas... soce ssec sss 2 sa saseese Stone Bridge Run, Milldale, Va Little Reed Island Creek, Betty Baker, Va Buffalo Creek, Bayard, W. Va HISHEEOUGSMPLOM MW. VW de toe cence cc cece ce cet) saccecese cae cass Buffalo and Cross creeks, Wellsburg, W. Va rOuisEOnd ekunn elton Wie Vai ose sacs acon sane ss scSeadecace- Cheat River, Morgantown, W. Va HyiiiSseR in. Charlestown. Wii Vanacec sccoe son ccenslescseccsss ee Trout Brook, Rowlesburg, W. Va BLOM ONECKA AUP UStHWUSUscocccs sc cveceeceddiaccceccaucstsces Augusta Pond, Augusta, Wis CoonHorks Creek AMeuUstas WSs so cjecac cceclecsine ses cssesceseeue Pigeon Creek, Alma Center, Wis........- Wyoming Fish Commission, Wolf, Wyo .. HS Beattie wNexiTCOt eco met eet ees ode cine oe ew Jace Saulascnee tes Walter Bailey, Malvern Wells, England Moreton Frewen, Innishannon, Ireland F, Bruggeman, Lemgo, Germany Black-spotted trout: Chicago Lake, Idaho Springs, Colo Millers Lake, Taaho Springs) Colols 25... 5.2.2 --c--ncseeneeeae Loch Lomond, Idaho Springs, Colo Soda Creek, Idaho Springs, Colo.....-. Clear Creek, Idaho Springs, Colo Lake Creek, Leadville, Colo Bocki@reeks Mead ville (COlOssccassce cee cece soe eee seeae nen ewee Savage Lakes, Thomasyille, Colo Onrystaleake Malta Colo ccrcscoce. acoso teecinssaecesceceh eee COne|OSMmIVyer AN LONItO; COlOms sass: Sorecestecees cseceaenene Chicago Creek, Idaho Springs, Colo HanlertakeyCnOmasvialler ColOs msccsscatcsscacsasccsocscecsee Fryingpan River, Thomasville, Colo hittle Dhompson) River, lyons: Coloiss2e.02c-s2sesene+ 220 5ecee St. Vrain River and tributaries, Lyons, Colo.................- Eggs. Fry and finger- lings. Adults and yearlings. 25, 000 | 25, 000 397, 790 3, 000 2,500 Texas, Mera, and Colony lakes, Westcliffe, Colo Clear Lake, Georgetown, Colo Fish Lakes, Leadville, Colo ........-. Eagle River, Berrys Ranch, Colo.... Grissley Creek, Glenwood, Colo ..........-.-.2.50.-.0.-0-0s2-- Fryingpan River, Ivanhoe, Colo PinivevRiversBallevs: COlOsste occ. sak ccasdsce sw cacscetaes seeeee Hunter and Maroon creeks, Aspen, Colo BrusniGreek, HaPle Colom sececsa.cacccciasc\sseccieeecewececees| Marshalli@reeksChester Coloisecccsseocch ceeceeccdee cscs neces Beaver CreekwAperdeen COlO sn 20 teceees 2 ld- seco encoewoss lk Gree ke GUNNISON A COlOMa-sacce vena at cee cee cece ce acccce. Goose Creek, Wagon Wheel Gap, Colo Boulder Creek, Black Hawk, Colo Sipsum Creek, Gypsum, Colo Fish Pond, Buffers Spur, Colo Alex. Van Boxel, Cimarron, Colo Crystal Lake, Hailey, Idaho Lake Ethel, Nampa, Idaho .. 20,000 |.... See eee eee eee ee ai) eee cere eee eee ee www ewe etter te ee eee weeeeeessees see REPORT Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Fry and finger- lings. Eggs. peep Gud, trout—Continued. Hayden Lake, Rathdrum, Idaho Rive DakesPriest River, [daho vise scean sone seme eee eeonee ne MroupnLouGs, Henrys Wakeyidaho sesso ess see ce ease ceee eee Re A OSbOrn Su. AntNOnYALGRNOl see eee aoe eee eeaeeeee Walter Green, St. Anthony, Idaho CoA; CofimansSt- Anthomycldaho cc occ nice cie seein eee ace ates Six Mile Creek Pond, Toston, Mont Duck Creek. Bonner Mont oc.5- <> set ee ae eee ee eee eae eee Make ALVOrds Troy, NOMb sa cace aclam coe meee ee cciee sees eee Upper Dry Wolf Creek, Monarch, Mont Twin Lakes, Columbia Falls, Mont Pritchard Lake, Chester, Mont Fish Pond, Chester, Mont Spring Lake, Chester, Mont Corrall Brook, Chester, Mont Little Boulder Creek, Boulder, Mont South Miners Coolee Creek, Shelby Junction, Mont Morgan Pond, Maudlow, Mont Gooseberry Creek, Shelby Junction, Mont Blacktail Deer Creek, Dillon, Mont Red Spring Creek, Harlowton, Mont Little Belt and Highwood creeks, Belt, Mont Belt and Deep creeks, Great Falls, Mont Neil Creek, Great Falls, Mont Sixteen Mile Creek, Bakers Siding, Mont Scotts Lake, Red Rock, Mont Sixteen Mile Creek, Broadwater County, Mont Spring Creek, Harlowton, Mont Rock Creek, Harlowton, Mont North Powder Lake, Haines, Oreg Trout Ponds, Norton, Oreg Little Spearfish Creek, Spearfish Falls, 8. Dak Box Elder Creek, Nemo, S. Dak Spring Creek, Hill City, S. Dak East Fork Spearfish Creek, Elmore, 8. Dak Spearhsh: Creeks bilmores Soak © 2.55. aac2 gana Sesser eee Middle and East Forks of Spearfish Creek, Elmore, §. Dak ... Upper and East Fork of Spearfish Creek, Elmore, S. Dak Lower East Fork of Spearfish Creek, Elmore, S. Dak Spearfish Creek, Spearfish, S. Dak Crow Creeks, near Spearfish, S. Dak .... Trout Ponds, Spearfish, S. Dak Whitewood Creek, Englewood, 8. B. & M. R. R. Ponds, Englewood, S. Dak Tributary of Box Elder Creek, Rochford, S. Dak Tributary of Spring Creek, Hill City, S. Dak Squaw Creek, Hermosa, 8. Dak Fish Pond, Pringle, S. Dak North Fork of Rapid Creek, Rochford, S. Dak Jim Creek, Nemo, S. Dak Red Butte Creek, Salt Lake City, Utah Freeman Lake, Newport, Wash O'Reilly River, Newport, Wash Trout Lake, Hood River, Wash South Fork of Stilaguamish River, Everett, Wash Samish Lake, Samish, Wash Local Trout Creek, Northport, Wash A. J. MeNab, Lake Nebogemain, Wis.................--.----- Streams in Big Horn Mountains, Sheridan, Wyo Wyoming Fish Commission, Laramie, Wyo S. E. Land, Laramie, Wyo Minister of agriculture and public works, Brussels, Belgium. Total Brook trout: Big Spring Creek, Tuscambia, Ala Lode Creek, Leadville, Colo Fish Lake, Montevista, Colo Cimarron River, Cimarron, Colo Little Cimarron River, Cimarron, Colo Van Boxel Lake, Cimarron, Colo Cimarron Fish Lakes, Cimarron, Colo Frying Pan River, Basalt, Colo Cottonwood Creek, Buenavista, Colo Clear Creek Ponds, Granite, Colo i OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Adults and | yearlings. . « . . . . Loall sh . . . ’ . NASMNS OO MOSH ONO SSCs WCOCOS _ eho e ee et et et DD SCOocunoue & Rr wore sre tow SYSOAILPALSSS _ NOSTO WO OMe to on SSSSSSSSSSSSISSSSSSSSSSSSSESESSSSSSSSSSSEESSESSSTSESESE 5, 000 SS22222S3% NOR ONE REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND Details of distribution—Continued. FISHERIES. 98 Fry and Adults Species and disposition. Eggs. finger- and lings. yearlings. Brook trout—Continued. Hirving PaniRivery Sloane; COLO eoce cs esnes cccdeesases sac soss|soecrnseidhsd| cemad SaeSesecs 1, 000 Thomasville, ;Colos: 2--2sss-<=o-s-2cs=- 75, 000 2, 000 Cache la Poudre River, Fort Collins, Colo 10, 000 3, 000 CnystalbkiveruRecdstaneyColor-f.. sce sssssssns cesses ecscecscces|Gcsee sates cleat tees shee 2, 000 NicholeMbakes Crested Butte:\COlO saa c.nc0 s222 sncnsccs tess sa os|aonerneeer ees looseecsncesens 2,000 HalRiverwoaaho Springs, Colon. seces2=cieccscescesssoesa-s-0- 5, 000 2, 500 iBannine wakes ColoradoiSprings -Colos. ss - ..< .< .neccececancecee oes eeeeeeee Rock: Creek ;-Bakers Perry; Oreg oq scs- 55 oscussecscceceneees REPORT OF Details of distribution—Cont inued. COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. OG Species and disposition. Fry and finger- lings. Adults and yearlings. Brook trout—Continued. Clear Creek, Clear Creek, Oreg Clackamas River, Clackamas, Oreg Ten Mile Creek, Seuferts, Oreg La Bish Creek, Chemawa, Oreg Ford Creek, Chemawa, Oreg Ranthen@reck= Carlton OLeg. == -.c.e sce vies sansceeeccecceaces Gaim Creeks Canton Oresees ss secede cece esis ese oeinswcee cts nieer North Fork of Macham Creek, Wilbur, Oreg Scappoose Creek, Scappoose, Oreg Johnson Creek, Milwaukie, Oreg Hamilton Creek, Bonneville, Oreg Trout Lake, Marietta, Pa Stony Fork Creek, Wellsboro, Pa SteelesRun MWellsbOrd, (Passacsiccsecticigssscdeeens odecccocscane Spring Brook, Wellsboro, Pa or Four Mile Run, Wellsboro, Pa Stowells Creek, Wellsboro, Pa Fellows Creek, Columbia Cross Roads, Pa RattlesnakesRun Welham MPa ac sco. --ssec cs ecncisececee cence HanlemansuRun hock Haven, Pas. sscc.--o5225+--ene 4-2 ect i CkARtMEsOekgHavenea anne ose sts eme ssc cc sec nie sciemios ar Fishing Creek, Lock Haven, Pa Baker Run, Lock Haven, Pa McElhattan Run, Lock Haven, Pa Cherry Run, Lock Haven, Pa @Queens Rin wuock Haven. Paes.sesscce sea emoo ost sce eseeee cee Chatham Run, Lock Haven, Pa Hayes Run, Lock Haven, Pa wanes Mock: Mavens Pan csc acces scene =citaccce esse csatsecie Cedar Run, Lock Haven, Pa Bull Run, Lock Haven, Pa HiSheROnNG ReaGINne WPA se. scmanescihsccecsscc cee esesseccicct Daniels Brook, Ulysses, Pa Lead Run, Jamison City, Pa Pigeon Run, Jamison City, Pa West Branch of Fishing Creek, Jamison City, Pa East Branch of Fishing Creek, Jamison City, Pa Meeker Run, Jamison City, Pa Troutkun, Jamison City,0Pa-.-.---.... Ses eer he ee Craig Run, McElhattan, Pa Cedar Run, McElhattan, Pa............. Grayham Run, McElhattan, Pa ae RAM dys RUne CH batianmere ase cse ace secs. sons -s secs es eee Spring Run, McElhattan, Pa Lusk Run, McElhattan, Pa Ferney Run, McElhattan, Pa Sixpenny Creek, Birdsboro, Pa Gales RUM yO Cte etree ecciscece sie ciceeaenccsoe ene ssc esas as Little Mahanoy, Ashland, Pa MeGintve Dam CASH anGi bass cscs ss0 co: cco soae we acess cine ecien Sherman Valley Brook, Hopewell, Pa........----......------- Raven Run, Riddlesburg, Pa Branch of Blacklick Creek, Ebensburg, Pa Barren Run, Ebensburg, Pa Crooked Creek, Little Marsh, Pa BeaveriCreek eoOustOwdal, Pa accesses on~osccns-cas sscece ne lee PLCC AM ULM wWATISGIM Wea een oc teenies cn cisceais cece ce wees Trout Run, Trout Run, Pa Clover Creek, Martinsburg, Pa Fisher Dam, Shamrock, Pa Old Log Cabin Brook, Honesdale, Pa Cacoosing Creek, Sinking Spring, Pa......-...--....---------. Sansompeond Shenandoah Pas c..2-)--eseescceecceeecee sce Young Creek, Conshohocken, Pa Spring Brook, Linesville, Pa Alwine Run, Johnstown, Pa Oven Run, Stoyestown, Pa Muncy Creek, Nordmont, Pa Trout Pond, Lansdowne, Pa =e Clover Cree le -AUtOON a bance: cencscacce Seicc cee ace cee ascissele Bea RUN CLSDOLOm baeecsscce a. cion cannes sceeisemen caeaeeese Branch of Yellow Creek, Curry, Pa WANTON Creek DOHNStOWARN basse. oaeiemacineniaceccne'sansacctacene Bushkill Creek, Stroudsburg, Pa Spring Run, Martinsburg, Pa ksi Vo amMisOm Cllya le aie seco ce ences esse sss eteseons cider Panther Run, Jamison City, Pa Deserters Run, Jamison City, Pa Big Run, Jamison City, Pa Muncy Creek, La Porte, Pa F. C. 1902——7 98 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution—Continued. P : Bie Fry and Adults Species and disposition. Eggs. finger- and lings. yearlings. Brook trout—Continued. Ghilliquakie Greek; Washingtonville; Pa 22 5-3 ac seme ee ain oes pee eee eee eee 300 GordsRun “Potistown, Pa. 266 o-oo sse soon Sees ree rim emcee ictal | Nee cee eee as | eee eee 300 Lhrbeny Nha vod yb eed OAR Rea Ob aye Wee 5 eae en Senge esto deel ean doses sodlsancecaitiss oe + 300 Trout Pond, Georgiaville, Radic. 22cm. sec case nw ace oem encms [aaa aetaaenala 20;,0005 |e scoaecenes Reservoir, Waener, So Dakia = toes see tees oon eee eae eee ae Pease Creek. Geddes, 8: Dake ...2.0.254 0.2. soca a same cee cee een nc ames ceeee Beaver Creek, Buffalo Gap, 8. Dak . 2.22.2 Sooo sgcadseectccenc|snsemeccenee Rish' Pond; Spearfish,S. Dak’ si oo. onc. ccccqceae soe esse seers ee eateeenere Spearfish'Greek) (Speartish’ S) Dak <2 8 ooo ccmectes sein ooo soca oe Co cee mccteseienemesiaaerte Black Ponds Plymouth Vie secese ees eee eee eee eee eee Meccawe Pond; Redding, Vt -... .so.cscccce nuae eae ne eeees ESS = Se ell Ie Ae eo Trout PONG whaITNOlO WVHA. < hee vues cece escessosmneneasemeenet (eer se cae A bacer petoE ee for) J oa Nyronnmrrrnrtrry S2SSSS2SS225 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Detail of distribution—Continued. 99 Species and disposition. Eggs. Brook trout—Continued. Green Lake, Seattle, Wash Trout pond, Seattle, Wash North Branch of Spokane River, Milan, Wash Fish Pond, Tacoma, Wash O’ Reilly River, Newport, Wash Local Trout Creek, Northport, Wash........:.--.---.:-.---.-- Star Lake, Auburn, Wash Lewis Gilbert, Milan, Wash Clover Creek, Lake View, Wash Cheat River, Huttonsyille WV a-. so. 22 2s2te2s5-s22eseccccess Branch of Deep Creek, Morgantown, W. Va Elk and Houston rivers, Centralia, W. Va F, A. Degler, Cheat Bridge, W. Va Sportsmen’s Association of Cheat Mountain, W. Va Stony Creek, Marlinton, W. Va OMenereek. ATielISta, WAS. 23. -ccebacsst cc taeecesessecsésccose f Thompson Creek, Augusta, Wis.........--..---- Beef River, Augusta, Wis -.. Brown Creek, Augusta, Wis BEAT GTassiOreek VANESSA. WAS acs ss2sc2scsseceseeccccccess Sandi@reekAnPusta sn Wik ssc) ects vessefectensedeees Eagle Valley Brook, Fountain City, Wis.-..........--..-.----- Spline Brook Wi esp SAlCIN WAS... ess to seciscsasessstecetses Mill Brook, Tomah, Wis Squaw and Ash creeks, Sparta, Wis..........---..------------- Burns Creek, Bangor, Wis Hall Creek, Alma Center, Wis Storkwell Creek, Alma Center, Wis..............-.------------ iBovee Creek alma Centers WIS. os s.0s2-ssscec255225ce550ec002 ATOM TECK Pods CENLEE! WiSocce] ec cnes ence seced ssc csasesece North Branch of Coon Creek, La Crosse, Wis .........---.-.--- Chipmunk Creek, La Crosse, Wis Krall Creek, La Crosse, Wis Withee Creek, Sechlerville, Wis MarmeiCreeks Wainchida Wiss socosc.sscccsescosctcscocescecnes McLaren Creek, Fairchild, Wis Soper and Davis creeks, Sparta, Wis...........-..-....--+----- Sally culierecnsppalia. WAR. noc ce net ees ence shsceceeceec sess OSU ACTCe kB ALG Will, WIS*- een o cece a ce cececewexeceess neces Eee Kenyon Creek, Black River Falls, Wis Allen Creek, Black River Falls, Wis Trout Run, Black River Falls, Wis...-.. Squaw Creek, Black River Falls, Wis Rock and Beaver creeks, Rice Lake, Wis...-....--.--...---..|]...--22----- Sinpeine br0Gk FOXDOLO,AWIS= cn -2 5. s8 pesca couse teeet el ee: SLanvmiCrcek BiaAcCk RIVE Halis, WiSs=222< .scsescssceccse en eetelboeece Semiasbranch eAlmsa Center, WiS8\ss.522!2-2: ia See eee NormheBranch or rike River, Dunbar, Wis:.-2<..2- 2222225220 | 2s oe ce coco Balsam River, Foxboro, Wis Trout pond, Appleton, Wis.....-...-- Fe ee ee) eee ee Inlet tolbow Lake, Wausaukee, Wis-:-.-=---:.--<222.2.222:|2.-l.cseen-e ironand Brule rivers, Marinette Wis) - =. 2222223222 decss2e2|bose lees bene iBeaverhivers Galesville: Wis s2ss2s-=-22-ces22a222 cscs eee ee set sansces eee BablineriOreek Glen Gale:-Wis-soasc.->snee once. eee ee Winite Greco CwalispOn WSs sccc. vcct ates eect ore abe es Fareoniereek salma Center, Wihsecssceses secbskcscesccocssel|ee Lee MIOBTESICTCC KIN OLY ali WWAS = oss aren sense bach os eoce cones oene on eons SPLINE CLeCKs N OPM ALAWAR S <2 2 saecscs ent res secdsstk oes eeeevizl cesccoseocee HaVACrOCkKPAPUste WiSoss4sscccesoese ce eae sae acesenwe lcknisn|Sosnceecacte Gates CIeCCkrOSseOs VAS stesso hele cet ences aoe een eee se nceae ee Wick Creeks taAITenUG wWis sos sccc sess wees eere te eee eel ec|tecccle ae MormilliCreek? Maire hilds WiSs. 525.22 2ce soe ee ee eee Marvins Creek, Fairchild, Wis Beef River, Osseo, Wis Blacktail Creek, Hulett, Wyo Miron pOHGN -beHian WiVOScors. ss oMee onan eee ete eee ee Glenn Creek, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo...............|....-.------ Willow Creek, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo Indian Creek, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo Wyoming Fish Commission, Sheridan, Wyo Claude M. MacDonald, Tokyo, Japan Lake trout: Adults and yearlings. 100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Detail of distribution—Continued. Fry and Adults Species and disposition. Eggs. finger- and lings. yearlings. Lake trout—Continued. Ammold lake elarnison, Micha. sc scccens cams saccseas sucess peice ee noe 100, 000 Bonetake, Howell, Mich: sa.0. 2s. ccs ode oe oeemaae cee cis nies cee eee ene Clark and Loon lakes, Watersmeet, Mich...... 5.2.2.2 .<.2-ceees/sce- eee eennn Chief or Trout Lake, Iron Mountain, Mich take Michigan, Charlevoix, Miche: -ss---secsessccsesieeessiseee near Beaver Island, Mich MackingelCity, iMieh. <2 so. 5 cos aceeeeeetee hake Euron, Alpena Michie. onsen con ces cme cation seme once s NorthvPoinu MCh eae bence seeec a oe aeeeeeee eee 4 SCarecro wal sands MiCheesneeeesceeeee ese eeenee Bio ReeiMicho-c6- Soon. ec ose een Gena nee Ree Detour Mach 222 hooch. 4 sos SoS Sock wis oe te cece as Bake Superior Rock HarporeMichia..ocsseossenee sees sesecnee Washingtonublarbor, Michice...saccs se. esses Marquette Mich. c-;5--csasccacnere soocsmeeeee RodasiHarbor wn Chisss--sesece ese ee eee ae BHaglesMarbor Mich. See ccscececamese aenae eke Long Point, Mich 2-22. sce. aseees sone seers sees Ontonagon: Mich 2 -n2c.. tee SA he ors SS or Ree POV B5 oe eS 1,000 West Lake, West, Tex .............. Elk River, Charleston, W. Va...... 240 Railroad Lake, Walnut Springs, Sleepy River, Hancock, Wa Vialewane 200 "Tex vucaee ueueats pasiteewenesceunmes yearlings. 200 200 735, 120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF < Details of distribution—Continued. FISH AND FISHERIES. 109 : < <4 Adults and eee . ae Adults and _ Species and disposition. yearlings. Species and disposition. yearlings. Rock bass—Continued. Sun-fish—Continued. Railroad Lake, Cisco, Tex ........- 350 Mississippi River, Dubuque, Iowa . 600, 000 Trinity River, Fort Worth, Tex.... 400 North Spring River, Roswell, N. Hish bakes; Chico; Texis- S55... ---- 250 IUIGD Seppe boo dasehssbeanbbpadssueE 600 San Antonio, Tex..... 150 Spirit Wood Lake, Jamestown, N. AD DIICAN tS MW MO KAS ioe chea <= ecea = 830 WD at eects. ee ceeinsacasescecmeces 250 Fish Pond, Richmond, Va-....-..-- 200 eee Spring Lake, Luray, Va .........-- 100 ANOICH IS (sda atoonbddbeEaSHSeHedAr 606, 040 Tacoma Fish Club Pond, Rich- ed TMOM OMI Bre aortas, sec wei es -teinisles sits 200 || Bream: Wolf Creek Mill Pond, Abingdon, Mill Pond, Alabama City, Ala....-. 100 200 Oak Lake, Hooks, Ala.............. 500 150 Fish Pond, Inverness, Ala.......... 200 James River, Lynchburg, Va ....-- 300 Mill Pond, Inverness, Ala.......... 200 City Reservoir, Charlottesville, Va. 200 Rodgers Lake, Letohatchie, Ala ... 200 Dowdy Creek, Petersburg, Va ....- 200 Craddock Lake, Dadeyille, Ala .... 100 Appomattox River, Petersburg, Va. 200 Bloom Pond, Eufaula, Ala ......... 800 Powell Creek, Petersburg, Va ...-- 200 Dent Pond, Eufaula, Ala........... 700 Taylor Mill Pond, Warsaw, Va ...- 200 Thompson Pond, Eufaula, Ala... .- 200 Tinker Creek, Hollins, Va.......-- 200 || Chambliss MillPond, Montgomery, Davis Branch, Catron, Va .......-. 200 | IAN Biers semen cae cacao cen cae eee 200 Piney Creek Mill Pond, Clover, Va. 200 Jones Mill Pond, Waverly, Ala..... 200 Orrix Creek Mill Pond, Evington, Briggs Mill Pond, Jasper, Ala....-- 100 Widlteyeae we ctettane eac mises saineis eee: 200 Blackwater Mill Pond, Jasper, Ala. 100 Goose Creek, Edwards Ferry, Va -- 1,300 Ingrams Mill Pond, Opelika, Ala .. 1, 000 Applicants in Virginia............. 800 Lake View, Opelika, Ala........... 100 Kanawha River, Fishing Camp, | Eley Pond, Union Springs, Ala..... 300 Wadler etiterst- cere ccatinsis scenes esc 300 Howell Pond, Union Springs, Ala -. 100 Buzzard Pond, Eufaula, Ala ...._-. 200 Motel eons seen sees Ss 37,170 Spring Lake, Union Springs, Ala... 150 SS === Applicants in Alabama-.-........... 1,550 Strawberry bass: Crescent Lake, Cleremont, Fla. .-... 200 Verde River, Jerome, Ariz......... 400 Lake Ella, Umatilla, Fla. .........-. 110 Fish Lake, Ardmore, Ind. T....... 350 Jaques Pond, Macon, Ga .......... 100 Lake Macia, Natchitoches, La ..... 100 Henderson Creek, Jasper, Ga-...... 100 Chaplin Lake, Natchitoches, La...) 200 Mill Pond, Jonesboro, Ga.......... 100 Youseeka Lake, Shreveport, La ... 200 SunmMysidenGaeoces sae 50 Lake Ninock, Ninock, La.......... 100 Coleman Mill Pond, Cuthbert, Ga. 300 Scoutaway River, Leasburg, Mo... 200 Laza Creek, Talbotton, Ga 150 Clear Creek, Bois D’ Arc, Mo ......- 100 Juniper Pond, Juniper, Ga 200 Lake of the Woods, Fulton, Mo.... 51 Augusta Game Club Pond, Augus- North Spring River, Roswell, N. tay Gals 552 sae e eset oee ees c ees 300 IVE Otte re ters ere ra eee ine aferere va isrore ania 200 Spring Creek, Rome, Ga....-...... 200 Yost Reservoir, Guthrie, Okla ..... 500 Roundabout Pond, Kirkland, Ga.. 200 Spring Lake, Guthrie, Okla........ | 500 Mill Pond, Greenville, Ga......... 200 Sanders Pond, Okarche, Okla..---- | 300 Kings Lake, Box Springs, Ga....-. 300 Applicant at Mulhall, Okla......-. 150 Hills Fish Pond, Greenville, Ga -.. 200 San Gabriel River, Georgetown, Brick Yard Pond, Columbus, Ga... 500 ED Oye epsiereiais sale aTeinlssisioisisis'sio xe sioaee 2 200 Hoods Creek, Bostick, Ga.........- 100 a Hudson Pond, Hamilton, Ga ....-. 200 aT 8] Praca rs ate esos eiclets secs 3, 551 Crystal Lake, Cuthbert, Ga........ 209 ——— Green Springs, Columbus, Ga..-.-.. 300 Warmouth bass: Hooks Mill Pond, Americus, Ga... 500 Soldiers Home Lake, Danville, Ill. 100 Applicants in Georgia .........--... 2, 850 SE Applicants in Mississippi -...-.-.--.-- 500 MOtalee sen seceeeaacite meee e sels 100 El Caney Lake, Crockett, Tex ..... 150 Old River Bed Pond, Marlin, Tex . 500 Sun-fish: Crystal Lake, Palestine, Tex....... 500 Verde River, Jerome, Ariz .......-. 200 Little Brazos River, Hearne, Tex.. 500 Beaver Creek, Jerome, Ariz.......- 300 San Gabriel River, Georgetown, Little River, Wilton, Ark.......... 500 MOK cae cece cakicine seneoecae ease 500 Soldiers Home Pond, Danville, 111. 300 Waterworks Pond, Taylor, Tex.... 100 Maquoketa River, Manchester, Trinity River, Fort Worth, Tex.... 500 WOW RE ee een cen cee ones ster 1, 400 Applicantsin, Texas!sco.cs.cscssses 80 Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa... 2,400 Wapsipinnicon River, Independ- MOTH Sas cicisigsveniakics eceemonces 17, 699 ONCE PLOW Asie cicleeiste cic sei sistieialsieos 90 110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIKS. Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Cod: Woods Hole Great Harbor, Woods 18 C0) (eet (Cl eee eR AOr er eocae Vineyard Sound, Mass.: Robinsons Hole... s.ccsewe- ees ce Menpauliny COVE sc esassees ses Nashewena Island........:.....- Quicks Hole’.2-2 as. s-eeee ances French Watering Place.........- Hadley Harbor sin sa2ececs-esar- Atlantic Ocean, Gloucester, Mass - - Rockport, Mass ... Total Flat-fish: Woods Hole Great Harbor, Woods Eel Pond, Woods Hole, Mass...---- Waquoit Bay, Waquoit, Mass....... Hadley Harbor, Hadley Harbor, IMIASS << sieicjers cts so cisinne oaimeceniceewse Buzzards Bay, Monument Beach, INARS Boe do coemesncletmaivesmenteicis ee Lobster: Oye a Sematincices po dadeLc esos eases Gulf of Maine, Maine: Goose HaimiBay = i=. --2. 252-8. Portland Head san. < osc ncee Cape Elizabeth off Cape Porpoise!:..5---.---cs--= SmalePointeer serene cree Sequin Island ecessacee sce eee ass Gape Newagenien = sn -.nencicmen sa Pemaquid! Bombe cee scccnes es West Boothbay Bay Harbor.....- Kennebunk Beach .............- Fry. 1, 257, 000 32, 265, 000 |, 69, 574, 000 16, 315, 000 5, 231, 000 3, 132, 000 1, 036, 000 60, 033, 000 23, 158, 000 212, 001, 000 113, 996, 000 13, 621, 000 28,557, 000 7, 623, 000 4, 336, 000 168, 133, 000 1, 151, 000 |, 1, 800, 000 500, 000 700, 000 1, 000, 000 1,500, 000 1, 000, 000 1,500, 000 1, 000, 000 1,000, 000 500, 000 Species and disposition. Lobster—Continued. Gulf of Maine, Me.—Continued. Wood Island's:2- 5 ---seseoeecneee Mouth of Indian Harbor......... off Eastport Harbor .-............. off Georges Island Harbor ..-..-.- Mickleridge Channel .........-.. Rockland: Bayis..osccce eee eee off Cranberry Island Harbor....- East End of Long Island.......-. near North Point, Isle au Haut.. Outer BassiElanbOn ss .a-ei sees near Scoobic Island..........-... Casco Bay, Maine: Diamond! Covesacass-.-eeemeeee te west side of Cow Island.......-.- Off Peaks Islandia consecrate south shore of Great Diamond TS] erie ee Se cee eee eee | west side of Long Island ........ off Two Brothers Island .......-. | off Mackies Island ..............- off Clapboard Island..........--- Bidditord "Pool Mem sse- soe oeieeee Fore River, Portland Harbor, Me.. Atlantic Ocean, Kittery Point, Me. York Harbor, Me.. Gloucester, Mass -- Rockport, Mass.... Beverly, Mass..... Boston, Mass ...-..- Manchester, Mass - Wellfleet Harbor, Wellfleet, Mass. - Scituate Harbor, mouth of Scituate Harbor Mass eo. eee cee eee een Woods Hole Great Harbor, Woods Hole Harbor; Mass... ---sc-sesee Atlantic Ocean, Isle of Shoals, N. H. Wickford Harbor, Wickford, R. I-- F is | y. Ron be Z2SS233 238 SSSSssssens — RSSSSSESSSSSSES ws no S no CD OO SD OT et et et DD BLES Do. ~ A(GKO taal eee Oe ae Do. July 28 | 6a.m. Yes Aug. 1] 4a.m. Do July 23 | 8a.m. No PG Onne se sO fee bYes: July 29 | 10a.m-..} Do. Fdole_|-222do02..| No July 31 | 7a.m...| Yes oO = GOs ENO -.do 1Oigemes Do GOn-s|) Lica. Do Aug. 1 |f5ia. m= =-| Yes do FOO .o5)|y 20. Perales do Peo eee NO, Aug. 6 | 9a.m.-.| Yes Bee | Saas do. Cee se No 118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table of stomach contents of sea hons—Continued. Kind and quantity of food. es) Fish bones. = 4 2 : |g| [2x Se 2| |eggs cS} 3 |g ag eB apf : : D SES A & ee pI aes ce) @ Ble 2 lies ailz| |dala -13/ 58 lee She |) bee 2 feie8 gs |a|-|S/&| .jeslS].]. alelox|/9Sa\ 2/218) 46 © peaier= a= iw |A|/ Ola /d/Pols | o] 4 1G g|ge OS cf) ~2P1a!g 3) -|o-lo S /SIE|S/E/4|PSl 3 |e 2 els] s° leg] = 12/2/85 |e| 2 le lsaigs a he a Nic D =a o 4 Ss) =} 2 |\Zif Ss lsiais |slé#lalalsla ke Alsislelélo lee B i) a||S5c ol eee 4 52 il {fal Wel ee| eee eee 7 epee (ned eel es | ne ae 8 Spel Se Se28 2 Ta] Ene er ese) mesa ssa eta acd kn ol =e Ge te = Alaa 16 1 CPs Perel aoe la cee a OS) Wiese SP SS rel eed tee eet é 8 TE (rece Oe meal (eae) Te ae Be ee Ge Sees See pee cel caicd noo Bee oct 32) |. AA ASC ae Gaal eae eee eed od 1 5 > EE Seid ise lion Aa ledolloes doce Bee oe BO. [ese cealere sal sce ls clic sral|inre ce!) Srcreil etree tos stall creel cree rerahe | lobar teers ll stern ren sl aPatotel levetayey| eheseecat | tres atetetel exter SETA ere 34 |... eal ee Sales Sfe-de| aire ltereSreifoas|aoa| Sesacs lowe. 80 0)6l esate! leictel easel (esc acces! isc wotsleeee Sb |e cclen a see eee a cc alaee als ealecsc| see) see sineaee|cocaeeleaseee sweulssos|seee Ne er aoe Sat ee 5 Tm eS) soe (Sere ees SS Ieee (eee sees! Secs sci (cl ees Morro Issn! ssc eda ame fre as ee Beal oe St Saenl| sete eratellems BG esa sect mao Sceeiiees| Sos arate sacra mcicadlsooo boodl|saag ot ee eee See 4 hot ee EAs es (eet) Seles ge ees el set soe (Se le eee red ca SOO! |feroveti|/k Sees tetee By 5-3] BAe an sce 39) ons |e Slacsalsce| orc] conc nes lemels aneete lace eeees.c| emote LOOM) S= setae Beets as 4 = ZAC) a eee | Oa |e pel Bt RAPS ARC Gael aaa aoe see ates Gaenoa soueos Seer eases ee ee es ee Se eo] aS) eT ee (es een ese Ee eee bo scial ese eee ctr! [ene 1 5 Xa eel seers | ee albece Poe Seo esas AD i erie eae os Gal ees 5s | Sasa reales Steal oe loeb Pose es | Mette |S see BCR cel Hea Pe ese eee Bee eee 171-2]. 80) 1, 2°} 17 | 2516: | (S-| ea) 18.1 286 ime) aa }s (By a a aso oe « Indicates that the forms mentioned were present, but their number could not be determined. a Several ‘‘sea pens.”’ dShell apparently empty when swallowed. b Few. e Filled with clear liquid, in which floated a light, ¢c Unrecognizable material. yellow, flaky substance. The following additional information regarding the number of sea lions on the California coast has been submitted by Mr. Rutter: In 1902 the Ano Nueyo rookery contained 150 pups, which would indicate as many adult females. As there are more males born than females, there is no apparent reason why there should not have been as many adult males, so that the adults of the herd certainly numbered 300, not including the 1 and 2 year old individuals. The number of pups could not be determined at any of the other rookeries, and there is, therefore, no basis of estimating the number of adults at any point except at Purissima, where the adults themselves could be counted. But as Purissima was not a regular breeding rookery in 1901 and 1902, and as it is probable that many of the Ano Nuevo sea lions spent part of the year there, the Purissima counts can not be relied upon for statistical estimates. The most that can be said is that there were more sea lions at Point Arena than at Ano Nueyo Island, and that there were several REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 119 times as many at the various Farallon rookeries. Probably half the sea lions of California are found at the Farallon Islands, and it seems doubtful whether the total number on the coast amounts to 5,000. During the breeding season of 1901 there were about 400 adults at Ano Nuevo rookery. The larger males began leaving in July, and were followed by the younger males, and these by the cows and pups. The rookery was entirely deserted by the first of September, and remained so till the middle of the following May, the begin- ning of the next breeding season. Such was not the case with the Purissima rookery, however. This was not an important breeding place, though a few sea-lion pups were found there in 1901 and also in 1902. The Purissima rookery is located on a single flat-topped rock lying close to a high bluff, affording an excellent opportunity for observa- tion. Mr. James Mosconi, an employee of the Light-House Service, was engaged to make a count of the sea lions on this rookery at regu- lar intervals, and his figures are as follows: | {| Date. No. || Date. No. | Date. No. | Date. No. 7 wh | orem f u , ma 1901. ] 1901. 1902. | | 1902. | uly b wees es 225 || October 15 ....... 417 || January 15....-... eatGs Aprile 5snases ccs | 66 Juliyed lt See ee B12) Octoberjal s:5--4- 313 || January 31-......-. 42 April: S0525-55.5s.0¢ 36 AUMPUSCLO2~o-22.-- 578 || November 15..... 311 || February 15 ..... Osa yal bec eeee sacs 122 August 31...:...-- 558 || November 30..... 59 || February 28 .....| 68 || May31........... 64 September 15....- 302 |} December 15 ..-.. 481 March 15 ........ | 2 \\| dibs) Soosoesces 78 September 30..... 370 || December 31 ....- 90 || March 31 ........ | 29.)| June 30.....-.--- 143 e THE REARING OF LOBSTERS. Profiting by the experience gained from the previous season’s obser- vations and experiments in rearing lobsters, the Commission, during the spring and summer of 1901, made substantial progress in this impor- tant work. It having been shown that the station at Wickford, R. L., on Narragansett Bay, afforded better facilities and conditions for lob- ster rearing than did any of the other stations occupied in 1900, the experiments of 1901 were chiefly conducted at that place, where, as heretofore, the Commission cooperated with the Rhode Island Fish Commission, represented by Dr. A. D. Mead. The essential factors in lobster rearing are (1) to keep the larval lobsters in motion so they will not settle to the bottom of the retaining vessel and there suffocate or devour each other, and (2) to provide them with suitable food so they will grow and molt quickly and take on the habits of the adults. The vessel in which young lobsters may be best held was devised only after much study and experimentation. The following report of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, who directed this work, may be advantageously quoted as to methods and results: Large salt-water ponds, small pools, artificial pools made by the building of dikes, inclosures made of wire screen and floated, and of wire screen and submerged, huge canvas boxes and cars, cars of scrim floated and anchored at the bottom, glass jars of various sizes, running water in vessels of wood, glass, porcelain, and stone, and various rotary devices, all proved efficient agents for the killing rather than for the rearing of lobster fry. After many experiments a relatively simple and inexpensive device was adopted. Several bags of scrim about 3 feet in diameter and 4 feet in 120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. depth were so suspended in the pool of the floating laboratory that the current could not change their general shape or cause them to collapse. In each bag was placed a dasher, the blades of which in rotation would constantly lift the water through the mesh at the bottom of the bag and urge it with obviously less velocity through the pores of the vertical walls. The dashers were kept in motion by means of a small gasoline engine. We found that when the mechanism was in actual operation, the current, in rising through the bottom of the bag, brought with it large numbers of pelagic animals, while the reduced current of the water passing through the greater expanse of the vertical walls was not sufficient to carry this living material out of the bags; thus the apparatus sufficed not only for keeping the fry and artificial food from the bottom, but also provided the fry with living natural food. To Mr. G. H. Sher- wood is due the ¢redit of devising and installing this aerating and feed apparatus. In practice it was found that the eggs stripped from the abdomen of the female would hatch in these scrim inclosures under much more favorable conditions than in the McDonald jars. Indeed, I am inclined to believe that a far higher percentage of eggs would hatch in these bags than in the McDonald jars, and I am sure that the young are in a much more healthy condition than when hatched by the older method. Even a superficial examination of the young that have spent some hours in the trituration of the McDonald jars will show that a large proportion of them have the appendages broken, bent, or indented. The number of fry that were available for the purpose of experimentation during the first season was considerably less than in 1900, and the period of experimental work was also materially reduced. Nevertheless, Dr. Mead, who had the work imme- diately in charge, reports that by actual count in no case was the number of lobsters that reached the fourth stage less than 16 per cent of the number of fry originally placed in the inclosure. In a few cases it was above 40 per cent, and in at least one case it was as high as 54 percent. In previous years no experiments had yielded more than a fraction of 1 per cent. The total number of lobsters raised to the fourth stage during the season of 1901 (in the 12 cylinders) was a little more than 9,000.4 OYSTER-FATTENING EXPERIMENTS AT LYNNHAVEN. For several years past the Commission has been conducting experi- ments in Lynnhaven, Va., under the direction of Messrs. H. F. Moore and W. W. Blackford, for the purpose of developing a method by which oysters may be fattened artificially with the same degree of certainty attained by stock-raisers in fattening cattle. The practice of allowing oysters to fatten on the beds where they are grown is haphazard in its methods and uncertain in its results, and coves and other places where the natural food supply is sufficiently great at all times and under all conditions are too rare to be available to most oyster-growers. Ordinarily there is no difficulty in raising oysters to a marketable size within a reasonable time, but there is often considerable difficulty in producing them in a marketable condi- tion. Frequently a grower will be unable to ship during a large part of the most profitable season because for some reason, which he can not control, the oysters will not get fat. This difficulty often happens unexpectedly, even within the most favorable localities, and causes the grower to hesitate to enter into contracts which he could profitably a The results attending the experiments in lobster culture made by the U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Science, December 27, 1901. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 121 make had he available some method of fattening his oysters as they were needed. To overcome this difficulty in a measure, it has been customary in some places to resort to ‘‘floating” or ‘* drinking,” which consists essentially of transferring the oysters to fresh or brackish water. That practice, while giving them an illusive plump- ness, injures them in both flavor and nutritive value. The experiments which have been carried on by this Commission have nothing in common with this method, but are designed actually to fatten and improve the oyster in weight, flavor, and food value. The progress of the work has been briefly noticed from time to time in the annual reports of this Commission. Each year the results have approached more nearly the desired end, and during the season 1901-2 the work has been attended with such success that it is considered desirable to give a more extended account of the plant and its opera- tions than has been before attempted. The work, however, is still in an experimental stage, and the financial results have not vet demon- strated the practicability of the method. During the coming season it is believed that the operations can be so simplified and cheapened and the output so increased as to show pecuniary advantages. The plant at present consists of a 2-acre pond having an average depth of 23 feet. Originally it was a cove with a narrow mouth, giving tidal communication with the main body of Lynnhaven Bay. Across the mouth a substantial dam has been constructed of such height as to exclude all save exceptionally high tides. There is some drainage into the pond from the surrounding land, so that after it was dammed it became practically a claire according to the French method. During the first season of its operation oysters were spread on the bottom of the pond in limited numbers, but there was practically no improvement in their condition during the season, and it was evident that the diatoms, which constitute the principal food of the oyster, would not multiply to a measurable extent under these conditions. In the meantime laboratory experiments carried on in Washington had demonstrated that the growth and multiplication of these microscopic plants, like that of other vegetable organisms, could be stimulated and increased by using certain salts in solution; in other words, by the application of fertilizers to the water in which they were growing. During the following year ordinary commercial fertilizers, such as are commonly used for potatoes and similar crops, were placed in the pond and the number of diatoms increased very considerably, and during that season about 50 or 60 per cent of the oysters in the pond became reasonably fat, some of them excessively so, but the others remained poor and lean. It was evident, as a result of the season’s work, that the food supply was ample, but that for some reason it was not equally accessible to all of the oysters, and a comparison of the conditions in the pond with the open waters of the bay indicated that the cause probably lay in the absence of the currents necessary to 122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. transport the diatoms within reach of the sedentary oysters. In the open waters these currents were furnished by the tides, but in the pond there were only feeble currents produced by the winds and local differences in the temperature of the water. To supply the necessary currents a canal faced with sheet piling was constructed along one side of the pond and communicating with it at both ends. This canal is about 150 feet long and 9 feet wide, and is provided with 16 wooden floats or trays 8 feet 8 inches square and 4 inches deep inside. Each float is capable of holding about three bar- rels of oysters in a single layer packed nib up, and is hung by ropes attached to small roller windlasses about 6 inches above the bottom. A current through the canal is produced by a propeller at the inlet driven by a gasoline engine connected by rubber belting. During the first year power was supplied by a windmill, but it was found that much power was lost, owing to the frequency of calms and winds too light to carry the load, and the more reliable motor was substituted. The method of operating the claire is briefly as follows: Before the opening of the oyster season a supply of commercial fertilizer is applied in the shallow water around the edges of the pond, whence it eradually reaches the surrounding water, stimulating a vigorous erowth of oyster food. Poor, unsalable oysters are then placed on the floats in the canal and, the propeller being set in motion, a current of about 1 mile per hour is maintained, carrying over the oysters a constant supply of diatoms from the rich store contained in the pond at large. It was found that by this means the oysters in the canal fattened quickly and uniformly, an extremely low proportion of blanks or watery oysters being found. Owing to the exigencies of experimental work, the utmost capacity of the claire in fattening oysters has not yet been determined, but the fact that one lot was raised from a very poor to first-class condition in eight days indicates that it will be considerable when the proper arrangement is discovered. With the present canal capacity, which could probably be considerably increased to advantage, a maintenance of this rate would give a capacity of about 175 barrels per month, or 1,400 barrels during the season of eight months, from a 2-acre farm. During the past season two difficulties which militated against a true test of the capacities of the ponds were encountered: Occasionally ¢ very slight marshy taste would be noticeable in the oysters, and at such times no shipments were made, for fear of injuring the demand. It has been learned that this can be overcome by the application of lime to the water at the end of the canal. The other difficulty is that in wet seasons with few high tides the water in the pond becomes too fresh and the oysters rather too insipid to bring the highest price in the market. A plan is now under consideration and will be put into operation during the ensuing season which it is thought will obviate this. Under the best conditions, oysters placed in the pond in an REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 123 unmerchantable condition sold after fattening for $6 per barrel in Philadelphia. It is believed that at the close of the next oyster season definite plans of a plant and a method of operating it can be placed before the oyster-planters of the country. At present the Commission does not feel prepared definitely to recommend the method. INQUIRY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF OYSTERS BY DRUM-FISH. In the latter part of June, 1902, the attention of the Commission was called to the destruction wrought by the drum-fish (Pogonias cromis) in the vicinity of Tuckerton, New Jersey, and Dr. H. F. Moore was at once sent to that place to make an investigation and if possible deter- mine what measures should be taken to mitigate the losses. Oyster- growing is the main industry of Tuckerton, and most of the available oyster bottoms of Little Egg Harbor and Great Bay are taken up by persons living in that town and its vicinity. Although there is some good spawning-ground in these waters, the industry is mainly depend- ent on seed brought from other localities. Until within a few years, most of it was brought from Chesapeake Bay and other parts of Vir- ginia, but recently it was discovered that seed from Long Island and Connecticut grew with remarkable rapidity when laid down in that Vicinity, and it has since been heavily purchased, almost to the exclu- sion of other seed. It is stated that in some instances seed oysters from Great South Bay, Long Island, have increased 400 per cent in bulk within a period of six months, and to a somewhat greater extent in value. For several years past the oystermen have sustained losses for which they could account only by attributing them to theft, but in the spring of 1901 it was discovered that the drum-fish was eating the . young oysters in considerable quantities, and during the spring of 1902 the destruction became so great as to demand concerted action upon the part of the oystermen. A meeting was held at Tuckerton, at which most of the principal planters were present, and a fund was created to defray the expenses of fighting the common enemy. Spe- cial permission having been obtained from the State authorities, an attempt was made to kill the fish and drive them away by dynamite and nets. The nets used were some that had been discarded by stur- geon fishermen, and had a mesh of about 14 inches extension measure, rather too large for the drum-fish. They were set at random over the oyster beds and at first made fair catches, but their efficiency gradually decreased, owing, the oystermen supposed, to the fish being frightened away, though it seems very probable that the fish deserted the beds owing to their practical depletion and to their consequent loss of attrac- tion to the fish which came upon them in search of food. At the time of the visit of Dr. Moore about 100 pounds of dynamite had been exploded during four days’ work, and about 1,000 fish of large size had been killed. The dynamite is not used on the oyster 124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. beds for fear of killing the oysters as well as the fish, but near the inlet, where the fish school at ebb tide. Two charges of 3 pounds each are attached, 50 feet apart, to a conductor, towed over the schools of fish, and exploded about 4 feet below the surface. On several ocea- sions from 100 to 200 fish have been destroyed at a single explosion, and the survivors within a considerable radius of the disturbance are apparently badly frightened. As the dynamiting takes place at a con- siderable distance from the oyster beds and in the daytime, however, while the fish appear to feed on the beds principally at night, it is by no means certain that the effects will be very manifest in preventing the destructive inroads. ‘The most efficient way of protecting the beds would, of course, be to inclose them completely with nets or stockades, but, owing to the large extent of the beds, to the navigable character of the water, and to the amount of material which drifts with the tide, this plan is not feasible at Tuckerton. Some very extensive beds examined by Dr. Moore were found to be practically depleted of oysters. In one case where 15,000 or 20,000 bushels had been planted, and the owner estimated the loss at 50 per cent, an examination of areas selected at random indicated that upwards of 80 per cent of oysters had been eaten by the drum-fish, and nothing remained of them but a few ground-up fragments of shells. On these same beds native seed, owing, doubtless, to its much heavier shell, had not been destroyed. Should the present efforts of the oystermen to protect their beds prove unavailing, it seems probable that the only recourse is to abandon the use of the thin-shelled eastern seed and restrict planting to heavy-shelled varieties. If the beds can be efficiently protected each year for a period of two or three months after they are planted, it is probable that no further trouble will occur, as by that time the seed oysters will be large enough to resist the attacks of drum-fish. > TRIP TO THE TILE-FISH GROUNDS. On July 28 the schooner Grampus, with a small party from the Woods Hole Station, made a short trip to the tile-fish grounds lying off No Man’s Land. The grounds were reached during the night of July 28-29, and on the morning of the 29th four tubs of trawls, baited with squid, were set in water 65 to 70 fathoms deep, in latitude 40° 6’ north, longitude 70° 24’ west, 704 miles south and one-half mile east from No Man’s Land. One part of the trawl, owing to fouling, caught no fish; the other, after being on the bottom for about two hours, was hauledand found to have 62 fine fish, with an aggregate weight of about 700 pounds. The Grampus returned to Woods Hole on July 30, and the fish were shipped to dealers in New York, Boston, and Gloucester, who had expressed a willingness to handle them and endeavor to create a demand which would lead to the establishment of a regular fishery. The reports as to the food yalue of these fish coincide with those REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 125 received in previous years in being unqualifiedly favorable. The following, from Mr. William H. Jordan, collector of customs at Gloucester and one of the leading vessel-owners and _fish-dealers, shows the way in which the tile-fish is regarded in the leading fishing port of the country: The tile-fish arrived in the best of order, having been very carefully prepared, and I distributed them among fourteen of my acquaintances. I have heard from nearly all of them, and they have expressed themselves as highly pleased with the quality of the fish, considering them delicate and of high flavor. I, myself, found the fish exceptionally good, and enjoyed my dinner from it. Certainly it would seem to me that if the people could become familiar with the tile-fish in some such manner of distribution as you have made through me, it would open up a demand for a large quantity of the fish, should they be caught. The prospects for the inauguration of a special tile-fish fishery from Gloucester, Boston, New York, and several other ports now seems much more promising than at any previous time. The investigations of the Commission have shown a great abundance of tile-fish over a wide area adjacent to our shores and clearly indicate that a profitable industry may be developed. THE GROWING OF SPONGES FROM CUTTINGS. The experiments in sponge-culture begun in Florida under the direc- tion of Dr. H. F. Moore during the preceding fiscal year have been continued during the present year, and it is believed that considerable progress has been made toward the development of a practical com- mercial system of sponge-culture. The constant aim has been to reduce as far as possible the niceties of experimental work to a basis adapted to the requirements of the practical sponger. As stated ina previous report, several thousand sponges were planted in January and February, 1901, and at the end of six weeks these were found to be growing well. ‘Examination in November, 1901, however, showed that most of the cuttings had died and that some of them had been stolen for the value of the wire to which they were attached. Most of these plants were made upon copper wire, which, while it has the power of resisting to some extent the action of salt water, is in some localities more or Jess subject to corrosion, and the salts produced are inimical to the sponge, causing it to die near the point of attachment and fall from its support. During the present year it has been sought to overcome this difficulty by using insulated copper wires, so that the cuttings would not be brought into contact with the bare metal. Further improvement was made in slitting the sponge cuttings and placing them astride the wire or other support to which they were attached, and then binding the surfaces of the flap in close apposition by means of a wire. In the course of a few days the two flaps grew together and the cutting became permanently attached, independently of any artificial binding. Temporary tie wires of aluminum wire were 126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. used, which, while slowly acted upon by salt water, lasted a sufficient length of time to permit the sponge to permanently heal. During the winter months the growth of the cuttings was rather slow, so far as increase in bulk was concerned, although eyes, or oscula, were promptly put out and the circulatory system quickly reorganized and completed. During the spring when the water, especially in the more southern part of the State, was becoming warmer, there were indications of more rapid growth. About six thousand cuttings were planted in Biscayne Bay, Sugar Loaf Key, and in the vicinity of Anclote Keys, and in the latter part of April, after they had been planted for periods varying from two to five months, most of them were growing and in an apparently healthy condition. Between the lower end of Biscayne Bay and Matecumbe Key there is a long stretch of water where sponges de not grow naturally. An investigation of this region was made to determine the reason for their absence, and an experimental plant of about a thousand cuttings was made ina small sound back of Key Largo, with a view to deter- mining whether they could be artificially introduced there. At the end of six weeks practically all of these cuttings were dead, although others planted at about the same time in more favorable localities were alive and growing. aerate stom oe ese eral eereteteisters 85, 000 908 Tosca selectors oe South Channel........ DBAS SON |! 1 OG reapers ates ae omer 256, 108 2; 686. Yio acter eres lee eeee Bay of Pundy.--.----- 1, 000 Sh esencbecd||becsooce 578, 000 cade Ha caalleacossin: BIOCKMSIANGE cas cock. Gack ce sicte cee | netaenes 8, 120 AG2 || Riccoe stor.aeclell he aenesereice 3, 560 80 Shore, general ........ STOVG7O4F O787) |Saeens eee eee 386, 035 4, 838 66, 700 834 ANOLE aes a eee 1, 946, 654 | 33,557 | 27,280 457 | 2,329,052 | 26,437 | 136,920 | 2,006 Grand totallss--2-- 4,198, 891 7, 089 | 45, 970 827 | 3,663, 097 40,119 | 148, 480 2,270 Mackerel, fresh.| Mackerel, salted. | Other fish, fresh. | Other fish, salted. Fishing-grounds. = Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. - : = == 224 East of 66° W. longitude: | ipAecai cuss aMnikes eee see) saeeee | ee ieeais ae |eeeneomeciem el eer serene 250 | $33 OR Ne wioundlan disease sse sac] sees eater aceeas| cee 1,308, 800 | 51, 330 Cape SHOLes ems aer| tice eiciste |e eeisis stare 4055400)! -$20::600 | isc: o. See |eecicicce AWo eon Se A rl ee Oe eel eeeeaeee 405,400 | 20,601 | 1,309,050 | 51,363 West of 66° W. longitude: in Georges Bank.......-. 34, 740 1,622,200 | 95,546 17,610 | 1,514 Jefireysilicd ge. .o5.s2.clnocdoceel oes cree ose scmiee culeacisccieret 10,240 | 1,085 Ipswich! Bay 2.2 aq-i2 oiclitetew are eal ae motes sel tise re eee oie ete areata 167,040 | 1,856 Of Chatham sss... 51, 000 397,000 | 24,817 260 31 Bay of Fundy......... 118, 260 2,504, 600 | 155, 306 522 42 BlockiTslamde seas ae eon eee ce 16, 000 100) |Gaceancceerlteeemere Shore, general ........ 756, 440 | 31,354 | 6,435,400 | 260, 395 413,740 | 56,523 | 2,095,240] 23,983 Totaleeee oe ceostee 990, 440 | 41,474 | 10,975, 200 | 536, 764 609,412 | 10,051 | 2,187,320 | 24,612 Grand total ....... 990, 440 | 41,474 | 11, 380, 600 | 557,365 | 1,918,462 | 61,414 | 10,698, 720 | 163,121 Total, fresh. Total, salted. Grand total. Fishing-grounds. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: Thay Have. Bankes. sacesees sae 6, 613,570 | $128, 584 828, 450 $28,289 | 7,442,020 $156, 873 Western Bank -2-2325.--52 20% 10, 230, 789 190,978 | 5,528,619 186,157 | 15, 754, 408 377, 135 Quereaisbanikeeeceneec acne 3,574, 209 | 160,791 | 4,868,126 158, 246 | 8, 442, 335 314, 037 Grand) Banik =. c223¢2 2essccees 404, 253 30,907 | 12, 406, 948 385, 344 | 12,811, 196 416, 251 bt. eters Bank too asenccsanae 47, 559 4, 756 9,730 815 57, 289 5, O71 Bacalieu Bank. 2. sce see ee 392, 292 29, 032 495, 970 41, 929 888, 262 70, 961 Off Newfoundland ..........- 2,355,512 | 108,647 | 8,800, 492 147, 333 | 11, 156, 004 255, 980 GapeiNoron ---5--<-- 44 622,500 | 15,430 |10, 000 300 45, 000 780 760,000 | 20,838 RoOtiless sso sass 170 | 2,237,000 | 55,868 |16, 000 420 | 204,500 | 3,334 | 1,772,300 | 44,715 West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank ...-..... 61 927-200) | 25;\003) |= =-<-laec cece 137,000 | 2,128 }2 , 222,000 | 25,148 Georges Bank ........ 26512309. 600! 1"60;,088 [222soes|-5--552 68,000 | 1,057 | 4,631,500 | 101,160 Cashes Bank.......... Din eG Ae SO0 Nl sO20 see elena ose 206,900 | 3,201 ie 344,200 | 9. 234 Clark Bank.°.-.----~- 11 1062000!) 25930) | 22522|scccos- 12, 000 180 | 169,000 | 3,985 Fippenies Bank ....-- 9 AE OOO le Dl See ates eee 14, 000 220 46, 000 1,585 Middle Bank .......-- 219 391;800 | 10/608 |=-.--5<|-..--. 12, 500 190 | 1,117,500 | 33,071 Jeffreys Ledge......-.- 233 F105 2001655046 |Ee- = 2 c|oeacecte 63, 700 970 | 1,092,900 | 34,093 South Channel ....... 450' 13; 5285300) || 99) 322,]..-.-..-|_-<.--- 70,500 | 1,155 | 8,097,800 | 188,125 Nantucket Shoals -.../ 102 | 1,552,400 | 37,241 |.......]....... 83,300 | 1,429 | 194, 800 3, 828 Off Highland Light... 65 1A LOL) 7) ee ee ee 519,000 | 14,894 Off Chatham ......... 84 325; S00) [he oseLOOr |e ooo clos seoe 8, 000 110 | 839,000} 22,309 Shore, general. ......-. 1,685 | 4,245, 450 |124, 886 |...-...]...---- 209,900 | 3,573 | 4,685, 350 136, 088 TNC) aT Utes Se 3, 233 |14, 655, 450 |409, 626 |.-.---.]------. 885, 800 |14,213 (22,959,050 | 573,520 Grand total. ...... 3,403 |16, 892, 450 465, 494 |16, 000 420 |1, 090, 300 |17,547 (24,731,350 | 618, 235 | Hake, fresh. Pollock, fresh. Halibut, fresh. Fishing-grounds. = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: 5; Pala eubank ree et. secre 76, 000 $946 29, 000 $390 9, 300 $1, 088 WiesterneBanmle 8-56 Fcc cse 101, 000 1, 528 28, 000 374 307, 800 24, 699 Giveresnpamkee ys — > Sart 2S: 21, 000 03 8] ee ee ne a DE ee 207, 000 17, 200 SCC EUD EaSEU ete aig tp Sas al icin aaiaioe [pees oe ore Lure mice sini 20, 000 2,000 (Gare aya (51 S45 0a eS a er ee a Pern Seca ei PRI 7 pining) bore rake eS | tee nN oa 368, 000 28, 370 tia Ney Louie Lani Ge ssa ce See pers Sere | 5s SEE Ee ae 393, 000 27,500 Cape SHOLGn o> <==255 42 2e2s es -2s5e 57, 500 938 38, 000 548 31,700 2, 640 Wotales ses. Soot eee oes 255, 500 3, 697 95, 000 1,312 | 1,336,800 103, 497 West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank 67,7 1,189 26,500 355 11, 350 1,109 Georges Bank 216, 000 2,563 69, 200 1,124 32, 800 3, 831 Gases Bankes see ie se tees 546, 100 8, 829 65, 500 807 3, 600 512 Glarkpank:. 282712 soe Se. 28. | 99, 000 1, 435 18, 000 175 2,900 447 Fippenies Bank.-..-..--.--.-...- | 94, 000 1, 600 2,000 20 400 60 MuddleyBantky=: .: 2-22 feces. cctee: 540, 400 6, 757 107, 200 1 bar al ee eee ee Le Jenreysedrec....6 26.2 eee 721, 400 12, 082 367, 900 4, 202 2, 600 374 DOuta Ohannel 2.2. -555-s-e=6-5-2 2, 430, 300 39, 218 390, 200 5, 509 23, 100 3,110 Nantucket Shoals:. = 22.2 2.2.2--52 7, 000 120 97, 300 1, 306 3, 000 390 Off Highland Light .............. 107, 000 1, 408 49.100 547 200 20 Om@hatham 2-5 4522 See Sec sens 195, 800 3, 037 134, 800 2,582 300 36 SHOLEY PENEIal pc ccs tee cc asec 2,177, 650 35, 392 811, 100 10, 301 4, 666 583 Micra seer ee PEE Oe 7,202,350 | 113,630 | 2,098,800 | 28,370 84, 916 10, 472 Grandstopmlios pases eee 7, 457,850 | 117,327 | 2, 193, 800 | 29, 682 | 1,421,716 | 113,969 Mackerel, fresh. | Mackerel, salted. | Other fish, fresh. | Other fish, salted. Fishing-grounds. | aT a ee | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. East of 66° W. longitude: raNewtenndland ss 25.2. 2225. NE. Soe ll. nt ees ee 410,000 |$12,300 | 1,468,200 | $23,005 West of 66° W. longitude: Georges Bank......-.-. 208, 250 |$11, 127, 200 | $7, 407 BBY /S1 0)" MSS 7 boil Eee AS Saeed eee Middle Bank .......... 64, 450 PARSON Doaae sacs a see 1, 400 TAD Son eas Naso acecc AN SUURSS FEN ETDS se Se Et (ee ee eae tn) eee ee eee 4, 400 US Been Ses 4 eee South Channel......... 16,250 | 1,300 1, 000 40 8, 700 Zio BRS ae sa Seo eee Nantucket Shoals. ..... 7H Uhl Bee Seee coe Base 4,000 AGO Ee Sota ele acaa= Shore, general......... | 1,501,405 | 69,968 | 504,620 | 19,741 509, 790 | 23,431 20, 000 325 Totalose sc. s- et 282 1, 792,355 | 87,073 | 632,820 | 27,188 | 865,290 | 58, 835 20, 000 325 Grand total ........ Pa. 792, 355 | 87,073 | 632,820 | 27,188 | 1,275,290 | 71,135 | 1,488,200 | 23,330 148 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fishing products landed at Boston, Mass., in 1901—Continued. Fishing-grounds. East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank Western Bank Quereau Bank Green Bank Grand Bank Off Newfoundland Cape Shore West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank Georges Bank Cashes Bank Clark Bank Fippenies Bank Middle Bank Nantucket Shoals.........--- Off Highland Light Off Chatham Shore, general Lbs 1, 684, 600 G80 080) Betn.ns coose| Meee eee 1, 372, 800 032805) ts so. ee all ee NOE 494, 000 PS (at ee beac a 7 EE 20, 000 2, 000 377, 000 28, 565 808, 000 39,900 | 1,474, 200 1, 554, 700 41,174 10, 000 300 224,723 | 1,484,200 | 23,425 6,311, 100 Total, salted. Lbs. Value. 2, 391, 750 7, 922, 350 1, 630, 600 406, 900 200, 400 2,935, 250 2) 763, 100 ‘ 14, 525, 150 338,517 1, 000 40 1, 943, 800 ET 5 Tal Pe A a a 873, 200 50°30 [a meee ereecans || ap eae ee 1, 506, 200 7 NOLON | ieee Oe ns (Nee yer 14,145, 311 404, 222 524,620 | 20, 066 50,544,011 | 1,295, 739 652,820 | 27,513 56,855,111 | 1,520,462 | 2,137,020 | 50,938 Grand total. Lbs. Value. 1, 684, 600 $39, 030 1,372, 800 50, 289 494, 000 23,765 20, 000 2,000 377, 000 28) 565 2, 282, 200 63, 025 1,564, 700 41,474 7,795, 300 | 248, 148 2,391, 750 54, 982 226, 983 34, 512 9) 152 4, 860 56, 638 68,783 14,526, 150 338, 557 1, 943, 800 44, 864 873, 200 22) 391 1, 506, 200 37, 242 14, 669, 931 424, 288 51,196,831 | 1, 323, 252 58, 992, 181 | 1,571, 400 Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., by American fishing vessels during the year 1901. No. Cod, fresh. Cod, salted. Cusk, fresh. Cusk, salted. Months. of SSS = === trips. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. | Value. VANUALY aeseeeace se | 237 GSB SOON G28 ob 1D | a etereteyeciscte ren ae aaeiee 99) 000 $1; 654 4-2). o.cc) eee MeD@LuUary ise eces~<----- 283 917,100 | 37,396 6, 000 $120 64,200) | 1, 221 | so .eepelecceeee IMBrChiscccsceece oacee 34075 | 1788, 8004952701 Bese scecee lesen eee 57, 700° || 1,144 | 2. scccleaccene PAP cosets eres 308) |e 007s 200) 84 AlG0 | Beem ete seeee eee 44, 500 766 | skeet ea eeee MAY cise cisccasicisis ccs DRS Dol OO RSL ion lle ale oe a aletstarall steteteisieie state 195;000:| 2,/789) | o2- eee eeceee POM Cee ace cece aescise aie 206 | 1,632,400 | 39, 937 10, 000 8007|| 183)\000))/ 1,920) |e wteces| see MUNG) ee acasoss se nese 246 | W257600" | S2e7a4 ee oe oo neeaclaeemee eam 24, 000 $60: |:.-8. teal eee AUISUS Uae seine nine 74s de b04. 400M |) AAT a8 | ie cremate se ciate ete 109;:300'||' 1, S52 iisosersee| Gee September...-..-.-..-- 2651)! 1,608; 000-46) 252.152 a aee easel emer ie 28, 900 446) || GOO (Sa ae B50 sl saees [eceanellasecec||seecos|o2seae 1, 000 Potal case sec ome. oe ae |------ | 30, 400" |'-..- = ga tS) ce ee | AGG \esnsec GoO) fase s- 15, 825 { | 5) _ 15 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing apparatus and capital employed in the Utah fisheries in 1900—Continued. Cache. Weber. Morgan. Rich. Total. Designation. No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Val. | No. | Val. | No. | Value. Apparatus: BORIS) 2--- ace shiaacisc aches canes|=-nccnlaeneeees 2 $50 |....-- $50 3| $55] 150} $2,480 FARGRINGSS. cc Co aeseeeeccces sae 20 $100 31 155 BUS) Fae] Pee es 5 266 1,370 NST ToS ARE Se EE A oe sali nee 8 P20 cosa ean = as 2 45 25 1,120 GUNN ETS ec. 5 «os caine nese ees Las irae [rare leone mie er | erat 1 15 1 15 NS) ieee Aap eRe pe Beeerced Peco! aSaeneae Keaaad Repco dol bscceg paGeee sy Beee ee ndigce 200 200 Shore and accessory property..|......|....-..-|.-.-.. DOOM ce oo ecm ont eneen | see ace 43, 050 Cashicapital 2 52c. gece op tee soe eee taseea ces eee SO0h|. 25-2 See seen semen eects 4, 750 Potalse ..- nS oscjccncans eee |e sees 100"). 22522 1G2D 4-6 50} | Sacer no yal Pease 52, 985 Table showing, by counties and apparatus, the yield of the fisheries of Utah for the year 1900. Utah. Garfield. Piute. Sevier. Salt Lake. Apparatus and species. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value. Seines: 1330070) 2140) a RSRIR SE CRSECo race] PoESe bor Sebsocod Sccaner IScScose Scos Sac adccesd) scasass 3,000 | $1,500 Bullheads.........--- 10, 050 $608! eee ee eke ee ce wal ee aoe. S|. 5 SSeS eS bboeasee | eee Carpe eee ge Ao Re: Bl ees BeeSeoc So stese Peer ar RRA Se Sn lscemeec 4, 200 85 AAI POW ULOU Gas ease ee a em im | em merase ate en a te , 800 900 Suckers and mullet..| 387,880 | 3,879} 3,000] $150 }.......].......|......-|..--..- 5, 400 108 WiRTTG-TENG Sono cece aaao esas eemeces 1,000 a1 i eee epee Pee meres erent er r| meyers | b= A 10)? eee ee 592,615 | 6,916 | 4,000 250! |o- ss ssc | Sas Secale a sees psbeene 14,400 | 2,593 Lines: a 7 Black bass cceesses-e- C76 1h Bek! BVA eeeescses Sameced Beesecicl Meaticnc| posse aa baedaas 12,500 | 1,875 Black-spotted trout..|.........-|...-.... 39,500 | 3,950 | 3,500 | $350 | 2,900 | $290 | 10,200.) 2,050 TTOUU eee ete nee 40,098 |. GOL to. cece he fc co slash ce eee cant senoces|oeneccs seco ees aceeeee White-fisha .......... 4,100 410) forked nck] es coh Sse ee CA ok Sole SESS ss Se See eee Totalans.-. =.= 136,498 | 15,655 | 39,500 | 3,950 | 3,500 350 | 2,900 2Q0 22,700 | 3,925 Spears: ass i Carp =.) See eee 150;000))} 1875.1 ic.cc..c|aa-2s-c}eceeeee a se~s0) a5 see secon sa eee =| eee Grand total ....-. 879,113 | 24,446 | 43,500 | 4,200 | 3,500 350 | 2,900 290 | 37,100 | 6,518 Cache Weber. Morgan Rich. Total Apparatus and species. |> Lbs. |v alue.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value Lbs. |Value | Seines: Brook trout. cccssews|esacteane ee Pisce Bisel Prec t 4 Ereecegens Meese (NR 2 3,000 | $1,500 Bullheads: — =< 222s) ae | ae | ee eee ee ene lone ee |e cee [ome 10, 050 603 Oarpis ooh ones oo aw aecec fee co een es eae BS OUON S100) |e ooo. ale ences | nese |_ eae 203,885 | 2,619 GHUbS ee Se |e 1,500 CVS etl Pace poeiasl ISS eee ety at 1, 500 40 RAMDOW CLOUb soc ek of ac oie eee | eles ae fre ee mera free oe reel re trae | eer 1, 800 900 Suckers and mullet..}........|------- 4,500 LD Eo tal es eee eerste 50,500 | $558} 451,280 | 4,810 Wibite fish ey ee ee a Sere eet see ath en ool a leer ee | arene 1, 000 100 Potala eee ae ATS CVA ie Ds 00 eae | eae Se 50,500 | 658 | 672,515 | 10,572 Gill nets: fs ae Suckers -..22.55<52<. [ws Aewa ieee clones caSe| sieseee lowe meacleneetcor 1,500 23 1,500 23 Trott: 0c bobo see ee ee ae oe cee o os ee ee ee ee ee 100 8 100 8 rh a ag ee eae ER at Pes © es 1,600} 31| 1,600 31 Lines: | ee | BSCE PASS sk. a ok les ee eee eee ieee eee See eee Poaeetonse [eeocon Black-spotted trout..| 13,500 $8,375 | 27,400 5,480 | 3,800 Trout oe eee ae | White-fish a de | 34,350 | 6,525 | 4, 800 Spears | i COED sie nce eee [oanwete | acee eee ERE cacao! |: ocak eee eS eee 150,000 | 1,875 Grand total ...... 13,500 | 3,375 910 | 52,100 589 |1,081, 863 | 417, 458 5 | 45,350 | 6,780 | 4, 800 ! aThe species called white-fish in this table is Coregonus williamsoni, commonly known in this region as mountain herring or Rocky Mountain white-fish. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1538 CARP. The wholesale trade in carp in New York City.—During the progress of the canvass of the fisheries of New York City for the year 1901 Mr. Cobb made inquiries respecting the trade in German carp. The item of carp in the fish supply of the city is quite important, amounting to 6,906,950 pounds, valued in New York at $197,451. While small quan- tities are received incidentally by most dealers, the handling of the greater part of the supply is done by a few firms only. Carp in the New York markets are mainly from the Illinois River and from Lake Erie, the balance coming generally from eastern points, notably East Bay, L. I., the Delaware River, Havre de Grace, Md., and Washington, D. C. Most of the carp are received from April to September, inclusive, the remainder arriving in the winter months. Hebrew retail dealers and peddlers dispose of the greater part on the East Side, some going to Philadelphia and to points in New England. As the Hudson River contains many carp, it is probable that New York will in time be supplied with cheap fish from that source. The following table shows the quantity and value of German carp handled in the wholesale markets of New York City during 1901: | Value to | Value to Seasons. Lbs. fishermen.| dealers. RUST Aer be Oy AMSAT Ped 7-025 ip \ayamya’a a: a'a)s/a's)=\G/=|a/a/x!s (ais) ajo'e'~ =iajs\=.=ia\a’a ic ciw'disieia\eieie’n == 354, 950 $10, 649 $17, 748 Manel COMA T Nl ane eo etn cet, Ser cae. sean a skebiseceseser-esicds 589, 500 7,370 11, 790 PANS Tem OM LATIO PL Dee tlen as mae =o eee eee cerelace eeetine eae nee neces ae 2, 040, 000 20, 040 34, 000 JUNE MSLOMepielsste= 2. Soe Stee. 5. satel eee seks bul se cess 2e ees 1, 485, 000 29, 700 44, 550 DED pluLOMUCCr tease cone e tee ae ec aosase ao ateeie sews cce cecklene 2,032. 500 51, 813 71,138 MECH INTO) pal haere tn oS ccctersee taisate « @ bisicles aniciele res sisisiclieiaieae viele 405, 000 13, 163 18, 225 TotalMoritine:y Cary pete eet 2 teas ae PEP anise scene co detekie 6, 906, 950 132, 735 197, 451 The above values represent the selling price in New York. The value of this guantity of carp to the fishermen was $132,735, which does not include freight or express charges. The carp trade in general.—The carp industry of the Illinois River has been important for several years, the catch in 1901 amounting to 5,780,200” pounds, valued at $173,406. The catch in Lake Erie in 1900 was 4,598,090 pounds. The quantity marketed in the United States is, according to the latest statistics available, 17,160,873 pounds, valued at $407,633. As the figures for some sections of the country are over three years old, and as the consumption of carp is increasing, the quantity put on the market annually is probably over 20,000,000 pounds. Where dealers have worked up regular markets for carp, and handled them in quantities large enough for profit at the low prices obtained, hopeful opinions will be heard; where these fish are received incidentally they can not be handled with profit, and opinions just the reverse will be expressed regarding their presence in the fish trade. a Report of the Illinois Fishermen’s Association for the year ending December 31, 1901. 154. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. HOOK-AND-LINE FISHING FOR PACIFIC SALMON. Mr. A. B. Alexander, of the steamer Albatross, has furnished some interesting notes relative to the taking of Pacific salmon with hook and line. Trolling for salmon in Monterey Bay has increased steadily each year since its beginning, and in 1901 there were taken by this method, approximately, 190,786 pounds of saimon, or about 10,000 fish in num- ber, most of which was placed in cold storage and shipped to various Eastern markets. About 100 boats were engaged in the fishing. Previous to 1893 few salmon were taken in Monterey Bay by any kind of apparatus. In that year trolling for them was found to be very successful and the discovery was quickly taken advantage of by anglers and commercial fishermen. It was not known that salmon could be taken with the hook in this bay in paying quantities, the reason being, doubtless, that the fish do not appear leaping at the sur- face, as is the custom when entering fresh water. Most of the fishing is done in the summer time, but a moderate number of fish can also be taken in Monterey Bay during the winter months. The fish appear in numbers about the first week in June, when the sardines are most numerous. The salmon are also found feeding on smelts and squid. The fish are taken in two ways, by trolling with the spoon with and without bait, and with the baited hook used ata considerable depth with a heavy sinker. Previous to the arrival of the sardines and other species on which the salmon feed the fishing is done mostly by trolling with the rod and spoon, but as soon as bait is to be had this method is abandoned for the sinker and hook. As a substi- tute for bait the baited spoon is sometimes used, but the baited hook is preferred by the commercial fishermen. Sportsmen who visit the bay from San Francisco and elsewhere use split bamboo rods ranging from 10 to 12 ounces. Both silk and linen lines are employed, varying in length from 150 to 200 yards. The spoons vary in size from Nos. 5 to 7. The average hook used in con- nection with the spoon corresponds in size to the No. 14 cod trawl hook, with a slightly longer shank. Some fishermen use the brazed treble hook, but it is not a favorite with sportsmen. All the fishing is carried on from skiffs and small rowboats. As the numerous commercial fishermen do not often use a spoon, many more salmon are taken with baited hooks. A common bamboo pole is used by the fishermen, with a cotton line of 32 thread, from 80 to 100 feet in length. The hook is 5 inches long and shaped like a halibut hook, with a longer shank. In baiting the hook care is taken to have the shank entirely covered, leaving the barb and point bare. The sinker is quite heavy, being about 4 pounds in weight and fast- ened to the line 25 feet above the hook. When the salmon is hooked the pole is dropped and the line is hauled in hand over hand, great REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 155 care being taken that the fish does not break away. Frequently the fishing is done without the use of the rod. When the sinker is used the trolling is done at a depth of at least 20 feet. The usual sailing speed in trolling is 4 miles an hour, and the average size of the salmon taken is a little over 20 pounds, although 50-pounders are sometimes caught. The best fishing is usually to be had during the afternoon, and 25 fish are considered a good day’s catch for one hook. Monterey is the most southerly point where salmon are taken, either commercially or for sport. Very few salmon are taken with the hook in San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River. In the Eel River there is good salmon trolling to be had in the fall. The fish are taken in tide water chiefly by professional fishermen, using from 20 to 30 boats, but many anglers visit these waters for the sport fishing. It takes the angler an hour on an average to land one of the larger fish. Similar fishing is done by anglers ina number of the smaller coast rivers, such as the Russian and Nevarro, the Olema, and about the head of Tomales Bay. Steelhead salmon are frequently taken in these waters with artificial flies. The Indians of Neah Bay, Washington, do considerable trolling for silver salmon and have been known to take as many as 4,000 fish in a day. The principal fishing-grounds lie off the mouth of the bay and in the vicinity of Tatoosh rock off the coast and some 2 or 3 miles farther south. The catch is usually disposed of at Port Townsend. The Indians repair to the grounds early in the morning, remaining out all day and sometimes after dark if the weather permits. The spoons employed are larger than those used elsewhere on the coast. The lines are usually of 30 thread and about 150 feet long. Pieces of salmon and small herring are used for bait. In trolling the canoe is paddled, except in very light breezes, when the sail is set. ‘Salmon trolling has long been practiced in Puget Souna, where sportsmen use the rod and reel. At Killisnoo, Alaska, the king salmon take the spoon readily, the fish coming in to feed on the herring which annually visit these waters in great numbers. Spoons and lines of the same pattern as those used at Neah Bay are employed by the Killisnoo Indians. The same bait is used and the fish taken are for their own consumption. When salmon will not readily take a spoon at the surface, a baited hook towed near the bottom frequently induces them to bite. There can be no doubt that there are many other places along the west coast where salmon could be taken by trolling. They have recently been taken from vessels 10 or 12 miles off the coast of Wash- ington, the bait being towed at 30 fathoms where the soundings were 40 fathoms. It now seems probable that a thorough trial by deep trolling all along the west coast will show that the salmon are ‘‘on soundings” and not far from the coast during most of the time they spend at sea. 156 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. THE LOBSTER FISHERY. During the summer of 1901 a canvass was made of the entire lobster fishery of the Atlantic coast of the United States. The number of persons engaged this fishery was 4,348, including 4,059 fishermen and 289 shoresmen. There were 191 vessels employed, aggregating 1,888 tons, valued with their outfits at $216,674. The boats in use, with ‘launches and steam vessels under 5 tons, numbered 3,960, and were valued at $261,918. There were 208,563 lobster pots employed, worth $224,111. Shore and accessory property was valued at $454,457, and the cash capital amounted to $510,900. The total investment in the fishery was $1,668,060; of this amount $960,529 is credited to Maine, $570,923 to Massachusetts, $54,516 to Rhode Island, $59,133 to Con- necticut, $14,589 to New York, $5,960 to New Hampshire, $2,320 to New Jersey, and $90 to Delaware. The total yield of the fishery was 15,767,741 pounds, with a first value of $1,390,579. The yield is credited to the States as follows: Maine, 12,346,450 pounds, worth $1,062,206; Massachusetts, 1,805,042 pounds, $171,825; Rhode Island, 660,017 pounds, $58,026; Connecticut, 550,450 pounds, $51,484; New York, 156,260 pounds, $21,294; New Hampshire, 205,122 pounds, $19,078; New Jersey, 40,800 pounds, $6,400; and Delaware, 3,600 pounds, $336. Table showing details of the lobster fishery of the United States in 1900. Persons employed. Vessels fishing. Vessels transporting. States and counties. . . Fisher- | Shores- Sil aure x 5 7 eat neat No. |Tonnage.| Value. | No. |Tonnage.| Value. Maine: Washington 542 33 10 65 $3, 750 8 60 $6, 890 Hancock......-. siatew 600 19 56 417 22, 235 5 94 6,465 Waldoti2....-.- 6 | seb ccanc| one cS. Ste ooes satel ete cisiac|mmste ots Sacise emanate eee OM! sc cic s cw ates ciseteaeaaic 553 37 25 161 10, 510 3 31 22,560 Linbovere) b hee eee tame seade 488 18 1 5 369 | 32525]5 cece see ec aeeeeeee PALAGANOC sa sease cee siee ne (C0o} BER BE SBAas| Oorood PBnacoonac Eebooaecnd cesses Sas5cncasee|locaccsces- Cumberland’ $22 2-2222-2--2 417 51 5 33 2, 103 37 601 106, 275 MOUKG oe acicteniceine cae 176 Uf Btosted peasacancd) penceeet aa) H-eeoe bescecenns losones222- Sess eee ee pS ol ee Total A.-eeeseeceer eee. 2,870 165 97 681 38, 963 53 786 142,190 New Hampshire: Rockingham), ees. see ess- ADM Sq LoS kl seistos! Paiste ss fetal] a emicets eaten ears | Ree eee | eee Massachusetts: | fia re WSS KR hee = sole nlelala Meleye ster sete ny (Ml Re ae 2 16 825. ccna clanar sence | Gee eee Sufolik2 6. sencae ce eee 34 NGO Reese soacae one lsaceoarter 1 25 1, 250 Wortolke. 23) 2372 e-nsceeess QD: | ete. c,siure w eial|'s:a-c:2 c1ei|le Sis = Secotaiw |e ae ee a eae | Gar ea eet ee ne ee Ply mouths... ee ceecs- ees 1 Pee ees ee ao) Roe encase fciasccepaag erases amos onao lc 2sof0L SS Barnsts bles. c-ch ane cseceee 100 eae 1 5 800" |.ccd Sele cnecce sont ae rere Nantucket. :.52.220¢) 11, 298 23.34] 31,476 13.99 | 12,881 8.05 Cape Horn. G sat tion © Australasian. Unalaska. South Sea. Yearly cateh- i Average Average Average Average | Average Skins.| price |Skins.| price |Skins.| price |Skins.| price |Skins.| price realized. realized. realized. realized. realized. 2,171 $3.36 | 3,156 Por Ae Ss calls Saiajeie 4, 214 PLSIOM ers are . |--2---2- 7,022) 25L1), 178) 3,505} 5,667) 7,356) 11,981) 5,098) 8, 621 PRO Gals yore 207, 000/$200, 750 316, 559) 381, 087) 366,772) 438,682 306, 120) 386, 871) 418, 125) 567, 685 Table showing, by kinds, the yield of the sponge fishery for 1895, 1896, 1897, 1899, and 1900. 1896. 1897. 1899, 1900. | 1895. Kinds. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. | = oso | | | | Sheepswool ......-. | 231, 272 $363, 107) 149, 724/$248, 196) 157, 476 $240, 599) 153, 700)$332, 390 181, 311 $483, 263 MMGWO Ws atctectciners cies 29,509, 11,798) 28,655) 9,318) 32,362) 138,082! 55,800) 16,205) 74,466) 44,045 GYaSS. oo tcee see sces | 21,387) 5,464) 44,617) 11,508) 128,622) 29,188! 76,900; 14,319) 143,112) 33, 263 Otherstaesteeeaee = | 23,952) 6, 502) 18,315) 3, 990; 13,086) 3,171) 18, 000 5,000} 19,236} 7,114 | 5 | Sa pees SS EE | Ss es Mota ers. 306, 120 386, $71) 236, 311] 278, 012 331, 546| 286, 040, 304, 400) 367,914) 418, 125) 567, 685 | | Table showing, by kinds, the average price per pound for a series of years. Average per pound in— Kinds. —— : : 1895,, ||») 1896: | 1897. 1899. | 1900. | Sipasiara eeiga il: 8 a Alpe RE IR le Sa $1.57 | “$1.66 | $1.53 |-* $2.16 $2. 67 LON a 8 BE SB DOOR EEE a ae ae re .39 40 | .40 .29 59 (CHESS Ghat Se. OSCR Se Ae SSecoHemeeaccoeacre core 26 -26 | 23 19 23 OW SI see So ode Secs ewes icls beets cba oalee 227 224| . 24 28 37 (NOH) BER eit, See eS Sen Ae Ie, Sete ree Pe 1. 26 1,16 | . 86 eval 1.36 Table showing the relative importance of the different kinds of sponges in percentages of the total quantity and value of the crop for aseries of years. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1899. 1900. Kinds. : | _ Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value-} Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. = _ - —— — eI ee Sheepswool .....-.. 75.55 | 93.86 | 63.36 | 90.91} 47.50} 84.11 | 50.49 | 90.34] 43.35 85.13 Wellows*. ss c2heees 9. 64 3.05 | 10.01 3. 41 CECE 4.57 | 18.33 4.41 17.81 7.76 GTOSS? 52S e ee 6.99 1.41 18. 88 4.22 | 38.79 10. 21 25, 26 3.89 | 34.23 5.86 Otherk-ciias sees 7.82 1.68 7.75 1.46 3. 94 alan ah 9. 92 1.36} 4.61 1,25 TOoOtalssee asses 100.00 | 100.00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100, 00 | 100.00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100.00 168 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF SPONGES, As the yield of domestic vee is not equal to the demand, large quantities are imported each year, the greater part of these coming from the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Haiti Greece, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. During the fiseal year ending June 30, 1900, the imports of foreign sponges amounted in value to $536,303, almost as much as the value of the catch of domestic sponges for the calendar year 1900, which was $567,685. During 1900 we exported 71,642 pounds of domestic sponges, valued at $32,199, most of which went to Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Most of these were grass sponges, for which there is very little demand in this country. We also exported SS4, 100 worth of foreign sponges Ww hich had been previously imported. Except in the imports during 1900 there has been very little fluctuation during the last three years. The following table shows the imports and exports for the fiscal years 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900: Table showing the imports and exports of sponges in 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900. | Exports of domestic _ Imports sponges. Exports Fiscal year. of foreign) ____|jofforeign sponges. Lbs. | Value. | SPonges. = — 2 = |— =a 1896 $499, 766 36, 398 $14, 237 $73, 704 1897 487,143 | 125,492 53, 962 75, 007 LSOSia St eee sce C401 9725 75, 819 34, 547 89, 192 I ho} ees eee a eS A EO See ae Sea SS a eo HER SAA Sener 430, 231 71, 657 26, 452 92, 664 1900 536,303 | 71,642 32, 199 | $4,100 STATISTICS OF THE FISHERY. The season of 1900 was one of the best that the spongers have had for years. Owing to the unusual clearness of the water on the ** key grounds” the spongers were enabled to work over almost all the grounds, a thing which has not happened for some years. This was especially noticeable around Sandy Key, near Cape Sable. Usually yellow, muddy water is found strete hing out for about 40 miles in every direction from this key, except toward the mainland, which is about 4+ miles distant, and from a distance the surface looks like a light yellow mud bank exposed at low water after the mud has had time to dry. Last season was the first time in about fourteen years in which the spongers were enabled to work this section. A noticeable feature was the unusual number of rotten sponges gathered on this ground. No sign of this rot appeared on the surface of the sponge, but after it had been cleaned it could easily be seen by pulling aside the fiber at the bottom. In some of them the whole inside had been rotted away while the exterior presented a clean, healthy appearance. The tables show the condition of the industry for 1900. The great preponderance of Key West is very noticeable in all of the tables, THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. 169 and this place leads in persons engaged in all branches of the business, with a total of 1,827 persons. Tarpon Springs is second, with 354. An interesting table is the one showing the color and nationality of the persons engaged in the business. Among the spongers themselves the colored people predominate, there being 1,356 engaged, while the whites number 757. This disproportion is especially high at Key West. Among persons employed exclusively on shore the whites predominate, with 119 to 13 colored. Of 2,113 persons employed directly in sponging, 1,268 are British provincials, mostly from the Bahamas; of these, 1, 013 are colored. Te tae worn Americans num- bered 839, of whom 348 are colored. One Norwegian and 5 Portu- guese are also engaged in the business. Among the shore employees the native-born Americans lead, with 114, of whom 13 are colored. The British provincials numbered 17, all white. There was also 1 Greek. In the matter of vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore and accessory property, Key West far exceeds all the others combined, with a total investment of $518,932. Tarpon Springs is second, with $65,014, fol- lowed by Mee date st: with $10,652. -The total investment for the fishery amounts to $594,598. The Ker West fleet shows a most grati- fying increase since 1895. In the latter year there were 99 vessels of over 5 tons, and 185 vessels under 5 tons measurement hailing from this place, while in 1900 there were 136 vessels of over 5 tons and 183 vessels of under 5 tons measurement, a gain of 37 vessels of over 5 tons and a loss of 2 vessels under 5 tons. So faras vessels of over 5 tons are concerned, Tarpon Springs has practically held her own, while Apalachicola has dropped off considerably, but in the matter of vessels under 5 tons Tarpon Springs has made a considerable increase. Key West leads in the catch of all kinds of sponges with 359,854 pounds, valued at $488,744, followed by Tarpon Springs with 53,173 pounds, worth $70,320, and Apalachicola with 5,098 pounds, valued at $8,621. All the ‘liste >and velvet sponges were taken by Key West vessels. The total catch amounted to 418,125 pounds, valued $567,685. An interesting feature is the showing of the catch by kinds and grounds. The ‘‘key grounds” were worked exclusively from Key West and the surrounding keys. The total catch from the bay grounds amounted to 228,461 pounds, valued at $389,890, and for the key grounds 189,664 pounds, worth $177,795. Sheepswool sponges are more frequent on the ‘‘bay grounds” than on the key grounds, while the reverse is the case with yellow sponges. The grass-sponge catch is almost equally divided between the two grounds. Very few glove and velvet sponges are taken on the ‘‘ bay grounds.” 170 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by places, the persons employed in the sponge fishery in 1900. Key Tarpon |Apalach- West. Springs. | icola. Total. Vessel fishermen Boat fishermen.) ces oo joss0c. oan eae eee 5 ; SHOLeGHIPIOVCES occ so asiae os wins wae Cette wees eee hae mane 78 64 || uc ae 132 fh a SN LS at | or) 354 64 2, 245 Table showing the nationality and color of persons engaged in the sponge fishery in 1900. To 48 His Key | Tarpon Apalach- Nationality. West. | Springs.| icola, | Tot@l- Vessel fishermen: Americins white ws: s f5 do. Meee Secek oes cece eee eee 240 - 26 30 296 AM GrICANSCOLOTER soo coe aicco ancien se ee ae eee ee Cee eee 120 54 6 180 Britishspro yincials; WHte Ls ssc cw ae a a eee aes 144 8 | 2 154 BLItISH Provan Clay, COLOLEC == = aan ee eae =e ae eee 576 32 | 1 609 Mtl oho 6 eI oS ee see Sack eee cg ea te 1, 080 | 120 | 39 1, 239 Boat fishermen: : Americans; swhite. i226 sas Fon eS ee eee 146 40 14 200 "AM CHICANE ICOlOTEO 2s eke oes aensmac pee eee ere nios sae coe ee 77 80) 6 163 British provincial WwUtte iss nse cc ote ee eeee eee sence a= 90 ET Pit ge 101 BITAhISH DLO VANCIMS sCOlOLCG. cee tee aa ee een ae eee nee ee 356 AS 4 Sakina seer 404 INOTWEPIBIS: (225 Sjos bes Sette es ee onc ne As eacweeen ce Sane s aac Dsl ee 2 cam 1 IHS Ta EM CTS By. Sa pen aon pebor DOP CONES Ole Heo Scop aa eHy soso set Gee nertad baecnesass 5 5 4 10) #:) re ie ee Ine © Pita ge re er 669 180 | 25 | 874 Shore employees: | FAIMENMICANS® WRLUGS ses eee oe = ee sie ee eee falesisereiere ons 5E 101 VAM CTICANS. -COlOTET 25 225 sessn aie cose etnes semis ccleaie ola wes afore be 13 British proviticials, white 7 Greeks ae coe odes te seat nas See ce eee acre eee | 1 Wotals essed oss Tae ona a ee se Sessa eet 4 | 132 Grand totah!=3.0 520.23. Fee Spins has accel © Bor 354 64 2, 245 Table showing, by places, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed inthe sponge fishery in 1900. Key West. |Tarpon Springs.| Apalachicola. | Total. Items. al Se is No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. : ee ead Sok | Se SEER Seer 2: Wessels i apes up sia hen Sear dees 136 |$167,170 | 15 | $11,831 | 5 | $3,150 | 156 | $182, 151 MpnMARGe sso. ae eee ee ig ees ie PEO aes toe ad Pe ieee 1,750 eee Outht . 22ers he eee ee |S en LOO }950i| 2s == ee MMOS 112 ia Pe” ih eee 115, 499 Bowtie ss. 2-525 2a 8 ee eens | 183 | 146,450 40 | 28,100 5]. 3;915 228 | 4178, 465 Apparatus used in vessel fisheries. .|....-.- 2104) /222s8er Boodle ass 96 |.---<-< 3,153 Apparatus used in boat fisheries... .| |) S208 encer ec Oates =n = Gy ete 3, 223 Shore and accessory property....--- [ed 9 9 200 Nl rete =a) 1 Uy ae [seetteees ceeeeee | 112, 107 Total weh5%.. Seka Se eee 518,982) |. --2 <2 = Go O1ar ee - }) 20) 652)1- see 594, 598 aTneludes value of outfit. Table showing, by kinds and places, the catch of the sponge fleet in 1900. Key West. Tarpon Springs. | Apalachicola. Total. Kinds. = = ; Se Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. | Value. | -Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. : —, SS Sheepswool... .c.<..cesateera=- 157,680 |$413, 629 | 20,995 | $61,866 | 2,636 | $7,768 181,311 $83, 263 Wellow= .% see e eee eee 66,537 | 40,080 | 6,727 8,364 | 1,202 601 74,466 44,045 GYASG os eas oo epee tan eae eee 116, 401 27,921 | 25, 451 5, 090 | 1, 260 252 } 143, 112 33, 263 Glove sete 2 oe eee eee ees 12, 428 L794. |: ok eee eaters BAS pcre Aamo | 12,428 1, 794 Welvetor poat 522. s .0- gee 6, 808 52520 |||... oe ee eee Peon 3 Dtete sense 6, 808 5, 320 Tobi oo s2 oan eS ee ee 4359, S54 | 488,744 | 58,173 | 70,320 | 5,098 | 8,621 | 418,125 | 567, 685 | | aIncludes 1,016 pounds of sheepswool, valued at $1,366, and 44 pounds of velvet, valued at $34, from the Nicaraguan coast, ‘. “I at THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. 1 Table showing, by places, kinds, and grounds, the catch, by vessels and boats, in the sponge Jishery in 1900. Key West. Tarpon Springs.| Apalachicola. Total. Kinds and grounds. = Sait aT ees Lbs. Value. | Lbs. | Value.) Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. | Value. aa : = —— = ee ee Catch by vessels on bay grounds: | SheepswOollas-o-----..2-\-o-\2 79,466 ($229,401 | 12,572 |$37, 046 1,640 | $4, 834 93,678 |$271, 281 Ve LO eect tn = mist oeteltale nates 19,269 | 11,305 | 3,168 | 1,584 618 309 23, 055 13, 198 GTAISS EPR eee aide c.-' tate ein scicls 35, 785 8,140 | 10, 926 2,185 780 156 47, 491 10, 481 Glove 948 iRelN tee eS alocedod pecEnoes secpeaee 948 134 Velvet or boat 386 Gah creas emcees tS Seay eo Sli Sh Scie 386 64 Si Mx 3 ep et Be 1135, 854 | 249,044 | 26,666 | 40,815 | 3,038 | 5,299 | 165,558 | 295, 158 Catch by vessels on key grounds: | | | SHeEGpswOOlle ssa. a oe.scc5 Seatac 19,199 | 41, 856 SSSeSees SeoSeene Seeenees Seneenne 19,199 | 41,856 MEMO RE nase consents somes 14, 932 Si) (URS | Seco peoalloccosenclisoopocos KGetasoer 14, 9382 8, 603 (GIR SO ere Mecha hee ap tere sie oertaclots Sleralc 23, 122 WOES \Geccackelloccosceclsbapsoedl|anacosne 23, 122 5, 778 (GHGS Guano Gene eer Or ceise 3, 748 Geel. & Seco case eae Be ebooce Maeese st 3, 748 542 Velvevion boat. 5.52 Sages sce se 2,141 TOD" ere Cieescre eee eee ersarrcictae 2,141 1, 752 AROUNINS «SaaS eee AE ECat 63,142 | 58,531 [Seagsees | SCE (eotdoenc|esceciet 63,142 | 58,531 Catch by boats on bay grounds: | Sheepswool)-.--2- 42.95 seeee- 19,674 | 57,009 | 8,423 | 24,820 | 996 | 2,934} 29,093 | 84,763 WellOWeoe s2sscicneexewssoecee ae 5, 235 2,827 | 3,559 | 1,780 584 | 292 9,378 4,899 GEASS ia Ay oe ohn aceite eins: 9, 190 2,035 | 14,525 | 2,905 | 480 | 96 | 24,195 5, 036 (S11G) fee OE eS | SO 237 Bi | eaten net ie are eae [eee 237 34 ERO taller cee ek Bae eee 34,336 | 61,905 | 26,507 | 29,505 | 2,060 | 3,322! 62,903 | 94,732 Catch by boats on key grounds: | | | | Sheeps wool: /s.-coe ose ees sie. BOP SATS Mi BONSOS4 see alae a cantons] sie sie'etoellsraco= = 3% 39,341 | 85,363 BY GUL ONG Chi Se Dy ASUONE Alt peal (ees | ea | [ea Be eee Rae lr 97,101 | 17,345 GUAGE ae macaniascae eae cscise ses ae 48,304 | 11,968 eenbial rgd Loc eemcors oc Pre sia 48, 304 11, 968 Glovew ew acne see ee FR Se oe petabaae [Beaheet es 7,495 | 1,084 Melvetomboatn. 22. 4se-eeesce 4, 281 SEbOA eek see. SS es ea |e rapatareteeen| eusreve ec 4, 281 3, 504 Mo tales sce ceusonetese 126,522 | 119,264 |......-- | aa | 126,522 | 119,264 Sremd:totalts 5.25282. 359, 854 | 488, 744 | 58, 173 | 70, 320 | 5,098 | 8,621 | 418,125 | 567,685 fe 4 Ecce ponnas of sheepswool, valued at $1,366, and 44 pounds of velvet, valued at $384, from The following table shows the average price per pound received for each kind from the various grounds. The *‘ bay” sheepswool are much more valuable than the ‘‘ key” variety, while the ‘‘ key” yellow, grass, and velvet are all more valuable than those from the ‘‘ bay.” There is no difference in the value of the glove sponges from either ground. The general average price was $1.36. Average Kinds. Lbs. Value. | price per pound. GE BESTA ZY GSLAVEYEY Of Ny OCORGE Als elena ne ae Si ee ae ge 123,017 | $356, 045 $2. 89 ie ERS COPS WO lees mere as Rat eer ance a Nee hie Stare Sacre ee chert epee siain, = 58, 294 | 127,218 2.18 PBA oe SEU LOR hs ir aN ie teas a a eta te ae eae ae nea i ak ae 32, 433 18, 097 .50 eee ns Ve gre seco bn USS OSE BOOB GD OE One ene nee ek aR Ge ey oe ar eee 42, 033 25, 948 . 62 mes SO UAMIR EE Speer et eye Re SE EN et Se ie wee tei eaten oelee | 71,686 15,516 py SULA? FETRTISG) S20 = nt oe ee re de a a | 71,426 17, 747 525 pe CUM MMN GUC MOMDONGsrtasasmccte nee ssc sanimc csc nee e ose Heese se | 386 "64 Site) CUES nts DOL maior marae etme cee mee Cee cata mca coke ee 6, 422 5, 256 - 82 POLO MC memeaee ea see see nia emu ste Me stiocaceacne aoedeclcene ses 1,185 168 .14 AISA? FMR 2 28 oa saqar Con ES GE SG DEAE RO oe gOC eee et ee eee 11, 243 1, 626 14 418, 125 567, 685 1.36 Heretofore the law in regard to the gathering of sponges less than 4 inches in diameter has been more honored in the breach than in the observance. This was largely owing to the fact that the law did not 172 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. prohibit the wale of such sponges or the having of them in possession. The law was amended in 1901 to cover these points, and will doubtless prove useful in protecting the small sponges from the depredations of the spongers, if properly enforced. DISASTERS TO THE FLEET. The spongers have not been exempt from the many perils of the fon) . deep, as is well shown by the following brief record of the principal disasters to the fleet since LSS80: Year. Vessel. Remarks. 13825 j= | RNTnMe Ske eee Sa SAA cae Struck on bar near Stump Pass. 1886... Sea Gull :22225 sce so cas bt Capsized by cyclone near Cuba while on her way back from | sponging trip to Nicaragua; 7 lives lost. uk {op Aeseatts) fat sd Be aria sc a a a a Struck a drift log and foundered. PS9BE= | OILVer Splaviececes ese eee | Burned. 1894224) AG ClaIGe! 5. och eccse < ee cis Capsized at Peckles Reef in gale. 1895..... Marion, Rosalie, Euphemia,| Carried by cyclone up into the woods, near Cedar Key. and Ada Norman. SAMONO Che sere cee cettecee ee | Capsized near Sea Horse Key; 6 men lost. 1896 5-| COMPCMtOL. = seemceo-cce cae | Captured by Spanish gunboat while carrying cargo of contra- band goods to Cuban insurgents. Crew condemned to death, but saved through intervention of United States. KOsAiGi eel oso aceon | Capsized during cyclone; 4 of her crew lost. 1897oce | Up emia ees. sees Capsized in gale. 1898: :2:|'Speedwell 2.0.2. 22222-2208 | Capsized near Marquas Keys. Had just been launched and was getting ready to go into sponging; 9 persons lost. 1899....| Amanda Rosalie :.......... Stranded during heavy blow. TOD SS ai Vale ts eb oe sh esate oy Beached. \RESVemine is tone aes sae toes | Struck on St. Martins Reef. Sone Stan. es.coneee le mee Struck a rock near Anclote and was sunk, SPONGE BUYING. The buying of sponges gathered by the Florida fishermen has developed into a business of considerable magnitude and one quite distinct from that of the gathering of sponges. When the sponges are landed by the fishermen they have merely been roughly cleaned of the mud and dirt adhering to them, and it is neces- sary, before they can be placed on the market, to thoroughly clean them of the remaining dirt, see that no foreign substances are inside the sponge, and trim off the rough edges to give a symmetrical appearance. This work is done by the buyers, who have large ware- houses at convenient places on the coast. For many years Key West had almost a monopoly of this business, but in 1891 serious competition began at Tarpon Springs. Owing to the favorable situation of this latter place the business here rapidly expanded until in 1900 it amounted to almost as much as at Key West. The Spanish-American war was a great help to Tarpon Springs, as the Key West vessel captains avoided going to Key West with their car- goes for fear of being captured by Spanish war vessels, and so were constrained to sell at Tarpon Springs. During 1899 and 1900 a few sponges were sold at Lemon City, on the east coast. Some of the ‘*key” boats from the upper part of Biscayne Bay found it more con- venient to sell to the one buyer there than to make the long trip to Key West. The business did not thrive, however, as the spongers do PLATE 8. 1902. Report U.S. F.C. VESSELS AND KRAALS AT BAILEYS BLUFF. THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. is not like to sell at a place where there is but one buyer, as they claim the lack of competition keeps the price down. None was sold at Lemon City after the spring of 1900. At Key West and Tarpon Springs all of the buyers, except two— one at each place—represent New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis wholesale houses. The two independent buyers market their own catch. Each buyer has a warehouse where the sponges are dried, cleaned, and baled ready for market. Some of these buildings are elaborate and costly structures, anda number of persons are employed at each in preparing the product. In 1900 the Key West establish- ments, which were valued at $90,400, employed 67 persons, whose wages amounted to $25,978. At Tarpon Springs, in the same year, the sponge establishments were valued at $9,332, and gave employ- ment to 57 persons, whose combined wages amounted to $17,969. Property is much less valuable at Tarpon Springs than at Key West, which explains the great difference between the two places. The employees come under three classes, viz, ‘*‘clippers,” who clip the sponges and sort them; the ‘‘pressmen,” who bale the sponges, and the draymen and common laborers. The ** clippers” are paid about $1.50 per day, the ‘‘pressmen” about $2 per day, and the draymen and laborers about $1 per day. At Key West very few buyers own drays, preferring to hire them when needed. Burlap, which costs about 10 cents per yard, delivered, and jute rope, with diameters of one-fourth and three-eighths inch, worth about 74 cents, delivered, are used in baling-the sponges. Formerly sisal rope was employed, but as it was found that jute rope could be secured at 2 much lower price, and would answer the purpose, the latter is now used almost exclusively. In baling each kind is kept by itself. For the general trade sheeps- wool sponges are packed in 15, 80, and 50 pound bales. The medium- size sponges are placed in the 15 and 30 pound bales and the large ones in the 50-pound bale. The yellow sponges are packed in 30, 40, and 50 pound bales; the medium size in the 30-pound bale, and the larger sizes in the 40 and 50 pound bales. The grass sponges are generally packed in 50-pound bales, while the velvet and glove sponges are packed in 30 and 50 pound bales. The above weights represent the net weight of the sponges in each bale. The burlap, rope, and twine usually adds about 2 pounds to the net weight of each bale. Bales weighing differently from the above are also put up, but only for special orders. In baling the sponges presses, very much resembling cotton compresses, are used. The screw is purchased, but the framework is erected and the screw adjusted at the warehouse. The great evil in the sponge business at the present time is the loading of sponges. Sheepswool sponges are n sarly all loaded, while occasionally lots of yellow and grass sponges are also adulterated in this way. The loading is done for the purpose of increasing the 174 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. weight of the sponge. Rock salt, glucose, molasses, lead, gravel, sand, and stones are the substances generally used. Most of the ware- houses have water-tight bins in which glucose or molasses, sand, and rock salt are mixed together in water. According as more or less weight is desired, the quantity of certain of the ingredients is increased or decreased. The sponges are thoroughly soaked in this preparation and are then run through an ordinary clothes-wringer, or laid on an inclined rack and allowed to drain into the bin. Some years ago the loading of sponges was quite common, and became such an evil in the trade that an agreement was made by the dealers that loading would be abandoned. This agreement was lived up to until within the last two or three years, when certain dealers resumed the practice. As the loading enabled the buyers to pay more for their sponges and still not increase the price to their customers, the buyers who had not taken it wp were compelled to do so in self-defense. Most buyers would gladly abandon the loading if the agreement was made unanimous. No sponges are bleached at the warehouses in Florida, this part of the business being done at the wholesale houses or by the jobbers in the trade. Small sheepswool sponges are quite generally bleached, as it gives them a bettercolor. The bleaching of the yellow sponge, and the consequent great improvement in its hitherto poor color, has made it more attractive, and the increase in its value during the past year has been quite remarkable. Owing to the prevailing high prices for sheepswool, it is supplanting the latter for many purposes. In bleach- ing, lime and acids are used. This bleaching undoubtedly injures the sponges, as it weakens the fiber and considerably shortens the period of its usefulness. The spongers bleach a few sheepswool. They are usually washed in soapy water and, after being covered with soap- suds, are hung up on poles on shore or on the masts of the boats. The action of the nightly dews and the sunlight in conjunction with the soapsuds bleaches them to a beautiful white or golden color in one or two weeks. This manner of bleaching preserves the fiber of the sponge intact, and it is as durable when bleached as before. These sponges are either given away by the spongers or sold to the merchants in Key West, who sell them to tourists. The two following tables show the condition of the sponge-buying business during 1900, and the rapid increase in the quantity of sponges bought at Tarpon Springs. In 1895 there were three buyers at this place and the total value of the sponges purchased amounted to $60,000. In 1900 there were six buyers and their combined purchases amounted to $278,550, an increase of three buyers and $218,550 in value. In 1895 Key West had nine buyers, who purchased $312,020 worth of sponges, while in 1900 there were eleven buyers, an increase of two, and the combined purchases amounted to $289,135 in value, a decrease of $31,865 in value. The decrease at Key West would . ‘LSAM ABY LV SYVHM NOILONVY SONOdS SHL ont Wise es wT ara Ne sy ==) —a | : me i ’ 4) jul oe PLATE 9. THE SPONGE FISHERY OF FLORIDA IN 1900. 175 undoubtedly have been greater had it not been for the exceptionally good catches on the ‘‘key grounds” during 1900. Ail the ‘‘key” sponges are sold at Key West and will likely continue so to be sold, as Tarpon Springs is too inaccessible for the ** key” boats, but it is prob- able that in time most, if not all, of the sponges from the ‘‘ bay grounds” will be marketed at Tarpon Springs. Over two-thirds of them were so disposed of in 1900. All of the data in the first table, except wages and buyings, have already been shown in the regular fishery tables. Table showing the extent of the sponge-buying business in 1900. Key West. | Tarpon Springs. | Total. Items. aoe wee ee gee No. | Value. No. | Value. | No: Value, EST MMs eas Meee enetaraa a cio is'o a sis/oamewee (Ol eepomeeicce (Ue eR oeeeecoe | 1 el See Oeste MIP LOY COS erence seine nes sieSicnye coe Sl ce Of) |paseniacees LAT anaes = RV SEO See se ee Sree eee Cres tice oe cea Seances 2D IES sai ot alas = PAYEE SON aepse cee | $43,947 ECO DOL Vie eee ee eee enn ais a's nin wae sit [lo mwizis c ciecats DOTAOON Res Sees. se ihesr | tecesereoc 99, 732 pee ee [era AGL RIB Oe Lope pe areagds |i te: frie 143, 679 Kinds. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. ae a ae apa a, | aaa |S aL | Ce ae! a ea | BHCDSIOGlpr a ssea ene an se ables aataya yer | 95,490 | $229, 433 85, 821 | $253,830 | 181,311 | $483, 263 CUS oe ee ero pee Rigptta ye, 49,135 | 31,975 | 24,129] 12,070| 73,264 44,045 (ens Top ave MR Bee Ae a a ee ee a 81, 055 20, 613 63, 259 12,650 | 144,314 33, 263 LON, Ore ee steed a hee Bias = melee Maltese | 12,428 io OES ee eco aN neue eo Chee 12, 428 1,794 Melvieti Ol OAM pice mc sevce hate Gale clatetya acces 6, 808 OL AZAU Meas ea Bae ocean aaas 6, 808 5, 320 Revie erate ati has eae is tie tat 244,916 | 289,135 | 173,209 | 278,550 | 418,125 567, 685 | alncludes one buyer at Lemon City. Table showing, by places, kinds, and grounds, the extent of the sponge-buying trade in 1900. : Key West. Tarpon Springs. Total. Kinds and grounds. — = = == | Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. | Value. From bay grounds: : SHEDS WOOlE] jaca cis cise croesiensc cele on 3S | 37,196 | $102,215 85, 821 | $253, 830 123,017 | $356,045 BYGUUG Wiener ese hae sn Se es Nose | 9, 095 6, 027 24,129 | 12,070 33, 224 18, 097 (NENG yo pee Se a ee ee eee ane | 7,990 2,866 | 63,259 | 12,650} 71,249] 15,516 CON Cee aaa cae oiaw nels Batata Satie | 1, 185 GS beciom anaes Xe Aeee re sare 1,185 | 168 Ne IVe OTA ON a!= -ioro.s\a 2 a! \eiererelai sicko a= eee eee Oil fromufish heads se= =e 240 Oil from: yascers of fish=s2= 2282-2) Miscellaneous oils 2225. =) ee eee 242 Spermaceti refining and manufacture__.. 214 Amibereris:: 225. "832 = = oe 247 FERTILIZERS. General review =---.<2-S<2- Sess-5 seseee eee 253 The menhaden industry: History and extent of the industry... 256 Cooking and pressing the fish-_______- 259 Treatment of the scrap ---..-----.--.-- 265 Fertilizers from fish waste or refuse____- 269 | Fertilizers from crustaceans-_-_-.-.---.---- 273 Agricultural lime from mollusk shells... 274 Seaweeds as fertilizers _.._.....-..-.------ 275 PLATE 10. 902 mUsShaGal p Re ‘S9Ll T?eM Aq Suured yo Adog “SSVW ‘GHYOIGSd MIAN LV SSIYLSNGNI ONITVHM 3HL JO NIDIYO AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. By CHARLES H. STEVENSON. PREFATORY NOTE. The diversity and magnitude of the industries based on the utiliza- tion and manufacture of aquatic products are not fully appreciated. In a previous publication of this Commission” the great variety of fishery products used for food and their methods of preparation were discussed. In addition to the numerous items of food articles, the materials employed in the arts and industries compare favorably in variety and interest with similar products of the land. These may be roughly separated into five classes, viz, (1) oils, fats, and waxes; (2) fertilizers from aquatic products; (3) skins of aquatic animals and their products of furs and leathers; (4) the hard substances, as shells, scales, bones, ivories, etc., and (5) miscellaneous articles not properly classed with any of the foregoing, as glue, isinglass, seaweeds, sponges, marine salt, ete. The total value of the annual product of these throughout the world roughly approximates $45,000,000 in the condition in which they are first placed on the market, of which the United States contributes $11,000,000. Some of the most extensive fisheries of the world have been prose- cuted almost wholly for the purpose of supplying the oil markets. Whale oils were the first of all oils—animal or mineral—to achieve commercial importance, and for fully a century the whale fishery ranked as one of the principal industries of America. Indeed it was of far greater relative value in the industrial wealth of the country than the petroleum industries are at the present time. The seal fish- eries of Newfoundland, Norway, and other northern countries, which rank among the most daring and venturesome of marine enterprises, are dependent for their prosperity on the oil obtained from the thick blubber underlying the skins of the animals. The taking of men- haden on the Atlantic coast of the United States for conversion into oil and fertilizer gives employment to thousands of men and to several million dolars of capital. And in the various cod fisheries of the world the rendering of the livers into oil for medicinal as well as for technical uses is a source of great profit. In addition to these exten- sive industries there are numerous minor fisheries supported entirely, or to a large extent, by the oil markets. aThe Preservation of Fishery Products for Food, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1898. 179 180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. From all varieties of aquatic oils may be separated, at a low tem- perature, a solid fat or grease known as ‘‘ foots” or ‘‘stearin,” some- what similar to the tallow obtained from sheep and oxen. This is obtained in the process of refining the oils, and the yield ranges from 3 to 20 per cent of the bulk of the crude oil. It is sold at a few cents per pound, and is used as a substitute for tallow from sheep and oxen in sizing yarns, as emollient in leather-dressing, and for various other technical purposes. Bleaching the various marine oils produces a semi-solid fat known as ‘‘sperm soap,” ‘‘ whale soap,” ‘‘menhaden soap,” ete., according to the variety of oil treated. This material is used in smearing sheep, washing fruit trees, soap-manufacture, ete. In the process of refining sperm oil, instead of the foots, the wax- like spermaceti is obtained, the quantity yielded approximating 11 per cent in weight of the crude sperm oil. Spermaceti is used princi- pally in eandle-making, as an ointment for medicinal purposes, for producing a polish on linen in laundering, and for self-lubricating sartridges. Another wax-like substance peculiar to the sperm whale is amber- gris, an extremely valuable substance found at rare intervals, but sometimes in comparatively large quantities within the intestines of that animal, and also afloat on the sea or cast up on the shores. A single whale has yielded $50,000 worth of this material, and several intances are reported in whieh $20,000 worth has been obtained from one cetacean. Ambergris was formerly used as an incense, in cook- ery, aS a medicine, and as a perfume. Its principal use at present is in the preparation of fine perfumes. The principal aquatic products used for fertilizer are seaweeds, shells of mollusks and crustaceans, non-edible species of fish, espe- cially the menhaden, and waste parts of edible species. At present the quantity of this fertilizer produced annually in the United States alone approximates 420,000 tons, worth $2,120,000. This is capable of very great increase, especially in the quantity of seaweeds and waste fish employed. Doubtless 50 per cent of the world’s stock of furs is obtained from aquatic animals. Formerly this percentage was greater, but it is reduced by the decrease in produet of beaver, fur-seal, otter, and sea- otter, and the large increase in quantity of certain land fur-bearers. Fully 75 per cent of all the furs produced in the United States are yielded by aquatic animals, principally the fur-seal, mink, muskrat, beaver, otter, and sea-otter. The value of the annual output of these in the United States approximates $2,500,000 in the raw or undressed state. Leather is made from the skins of practically all the aquatie mam- mals and of most of the species of fish, but these usually rank among novelty or faney leathers. Seal leather is produced in large quantities, the value of the annual product averaging $1,500,000. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. chet The hide of the beluga, or white whale, is one of the best of allskins for leather purposes, on account of its durability, strength, and pli- ability. It is sold as porpoise leather, and probably $200,000 worth of tanned hides are marketed annually. Alligator skins are also obtained in large quantities, and owing to the peculiarity of their markings, are used entirely as fancy leather. Tanned walrus hides, especially the thick ones, are in great demand for polishing-wheels and other mechanical purposes, and about $100,000 worth are sold annually. ~Among the aquatic skins used to a less extent for leather purposes may be mentioned sea-lion, porpoise, sea-elephant, and a very large variety of fish skins, especially those of sharks. Of the hard substances existing in the form of shells, bones, scales, ete., shells are by far the most important. Nearly, if not quite, 1,000,000 tons are secured annually in the United States, consisting principally of the shells of oysters, clams, river mussels, and a very much smaller quantity of other varieties. A fair valuation of these at the places of consumption would doubtless amount to $1,500,000; to this should be added about $600,000 as the value of pearls secured during the last year in the Mississippi Valley and elsewhere. The value of the shells secured outside of the United States, principally mother-of-pearl shells, amounts to $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 annually, and the pearls secured sell for nearly an equal amount. Pearls are not obtained in the seas in such large quantities as formerly, but their value is greatly increased. The manufacture of mother-of-pearl and sweet-water shell in the form of buttons, buckles, knife-handles, pistol-stoeks, ete., gives employment to nearly 10,000 persons in this country and to probably three times that number in Europe and elsewhere. The yield of whalebone in the United States fisheries is less than 5 per cent as much as it was 50 years ago, but the reduced yield has been largely counterbalanced by the increase in value per pound. The product in the American fisheries now approximates 120,000 pounds each year, worth $500,000, and about $150,000 worth is obtained in all other parts of the world. At the present market price the total value of whalebone secured in the United States fisheries since 1850 is not far from $200,000,000. Comparatively little tortoise shell is produced in this country, the annual yield approximating $12,000 in value. The West Indies, South America, Africa, East Indies, Pacific islands, ete., supply probably $500,000 worth each year, much of which is manufactured in the United States. Little economie use is made of fish scales, except in the production of artificial pearls and other ornamental objects. Unique and attract- ive artificial flowers are made from the scales of sheepshead, tarpon, drum-fish, channel bass, ete. Cuttlebone and coral are not produced in the United States, but large quantities are imported into this country. 182 “REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The yield of ivory in the form of walrus tusks, sperm-whale teeth, ete., is small at present, amounting to less than $25,000 annually. The principal industrial use for bones of aquatie animals is for conversion into fertilizer. Several varieties of curious bones are used for ornamentation, but their aggregate value is inconsiderable. The sponge output of Florida approximates $500,000 annually, and the value of the product throughout the world is probably not far from $5,000,000. The uses of seaweeds are numerous. They furnish thousands of tons of fertilizer, many nutritious foods, and a variety of chemicals, especially iodine and bromine. Other uses are in sizing fabrics, as a mordant in dyeing, in refining beer, in making paper, fishing lines, ropes, for stuffing upholstery, packing porcelain, ete. The Japanese have been especially adept in discovering uses for seaweeds. Glue-manufacture provides an outlet for the profitable use of much waste in dressing dried codfish. This material was formerly dis- ‘carded as useless, but now tens of thousands dollars’ worth of choicest glue for postage stamps, court-plaster, adhesive paper, labels, envelopes, for mechanical purposes, and for sizing of straw goods and textile fabries, and likewise office and domestic mucilage are manufactured from fish skins. The product is very much stronger and more durable than glue made from the skins of mammals. Isinglass made from the sounds or swimming bladders of sturgeon, hake, cod, squeteague, ete., is used for clarifying fermented liquors, the cellular construction forming a sort of net which carries down floating particles. However, the use of this material has been much reduced, owing to the numerous substitutes obtained from domestic animals. Commercial albumen may be made from the eggs of cod and other species, but it has not yet been extensively manufactured. The preparation of oils and fertilizers, to which the present report is devoted, is intimately associated, especially in the case of the men- haden industry. The tissues remaining after the extraction of oil from herring and other waste fish, from the blubber of seals, porpoise, and the like, from the livers of cod and related species, the livers of sharks, from the waste parts of fish in dressing, ete., are commonly prepared for fertilizing purposes, and the preparation of the two materials is usually carried on in the same factory and in some instances by the same workmen. For this reason it appears desirable to combine in one paper the account of the preparation of oils and fertilizers from aquatic products. This paper, however, is divided into two parts, one relating to the preparation, characteristics, and uses of fish oils, fats, and waxes, and the other to the utilization of aquatic products as fertilizers. FISH OILS, FATS, AND WAXES.. GENERAL REVIEW. Previous to 1600 there was comparatively little demand for oil of any kind. Tallow dips, pine knots, and the like afforded the princi- pal means of illumination. The quantity of machinery in use was small and lubricants were in little demand. The leather industries were undeveloped and the greases required in currying were obtained principally from the fat of the animal furnishing the skin, supple- mented later by certain vegetable oils. The value of whale oils for purposes of illumination was not unknown previous to the seventeenth century, but the fishermen were unequal to the task of capturing the cetaceans, in large numbers. of both, are cut into 196 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. in junk casks as fast as it is whipped or bailed from the case. The junk is reduced to horse-pieces, placed in similar receptacles, and held in reserve with the head matter until the body blubber has been disposed of. The junk casks are ordinary oil casks with one head removed, and vary in capacity from 100 to 300 gallons each. They are also used to hold the scrap which is saved as fuel. Instead of the casks some of the larger vessels have one or two tanks between decks, which are used as temporary receptacles for the head matter and also for storing the oil. When ready to boil out the head, the try-pots are well scrubbed, greater care being taken than when boiling the body blubber. They are next about half filled with some of the head matter as soon as it is bailed from the case, the remainder being stowed away as just mentioned. With legs and feet bare, men get into the pots and, standing in this odorous compound, squeeze out the soft pieces of fat. The oil flows freely between their fingers into the pots, while the refuse, called ‘‘ twitter,” is thrown into another receptacle, called the deck-pot, or perhaps into serap-tubs. Notwithstanding the many improvements that have been made in the oil industries, no process of eliminating this membranous texture from the crude sperm oil has yet been discovered except the one just referred to—that of squeezing by hand. It is necessary to remove these fibers to prevent them from charring and darkening the oil. The case being carefully squeezed, the fires are started and the cooking then commences. The pots are spaded constantly to prevent the small but sometimes numerous par- ticles of twitter, which have not been removed, from burning against the sides and bottoms. Meantime other men are squeezing out the remainder of the head matter deposited in the junk cases, and this is kept in serap-tubs and poured into the pots as soon as the first install- ment has been properly cooked and bailed off, this operation continu- ing until all the head matter has been boiled out. While the case is boiling, some of the crew cut the junk into horse- pieces somewhat larger than the body-blubber horse-pieces, and these sections, after mincing, are pitched into a pot of thoroughly cooked head matter. The hot oil of the case soon dissolves the junk, the two mingling most intimately, being of a kindred nature. Sometimes the ease and the junk are boiled separately. : White-horse in considerable quantity ranges through the junk in streaks. It is tougher and whiter in large whales than in small ones. The fatty substance found between these layers, or strata, is soft— about the consistency of butter—and is of a pinkish cast, resembling somewhat in color the meat of a watermelon. The white-horse of large whales, especially of an aged male, is remarkably tough and is detached by means of sharp cutting-spades and thrown overboard. There is little oil in it, and its extreme toughness prevents it from being minced. If attempts are made to boil it out with the junk, it usually soaks up more oil than it yields, But the junk of small whales, more “WO LNO-DONIAYL NI GSAO1dWS STISNSLN GNV ‘YaddOH-dVYOS ‘SHYOM-AYL DONIMOHS ‘Y3S1VHM NYSGOW JO MOA Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 13. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. He particularly the cows, including both the white-horse and the fat, may be cut into horse-pieces, minced, and boiled out together. The process of mincing the pieces of junk and pitching them into the try-pots is identical with that previously described in connection with the body blubber. While some of the men are cutting out the white-horse and preparing the junk for the pots, others are scraping up the oil, which flows out-profusely during the operations. The hump and ridge of the sperm whale are cut into horse-pieces and boiled out with the head and with the fat secured from the jaws. The term ‘‘ twitter,” which has been previously referred to as applied to the thread-like or membranous substance ranging through the con- tents of the case, is also applied to the lining of that reservoir. This is from 2 to 3 inches thick, glutinous, and extremely tough. In deeap- itating the sperm whale, especially in severing near the bunch of the neck, a very sharp spade is required to cut through this toug2 and elastic formation. Although it is very difficult to manipulate, an economical whaleman never throws this substance away. Since it can not be boiled out with the case, for the reason above given, it is saved and run through the pots with the fat-lean after the case and junk have been cooked. There are two kinds of ‘* lean,” the ‘‘elear-lean” and the ‘‘ fat-lean.” The clear-lean, as the term signifies, is composed almost entirely of muscles, and is rejected as utterly worthless to the uses of whalemen. The fat-lean is composed of fat and lean so intermixed that sepa- ration by means of knives is impracticable. It is obtained prin- cipally about the jaw, as well as from other external parts of the whale. A large portion of it is cut from the blanket pieces during the process of leaning. When whales were abundant, the fat-lean was thrown away, but at present many, if not all, of the whale- men convert it into oil after the oil from the head and body blubber has been boiled out and bailed off. The fires are then drawn, the try-works cooled down, and the fat-lean is pitched in. This is a deli- cate operation, and if not performed in the proper manner there is danger of cracking the pots. Water is usually placed in the pots first and the fat-lean is pitched in until the pots are about two-thirds full, and then the twitter and lipperings are added. The fires are started, the admixture brought to the boiling point, and the works are again cooled down. When cold the oil floats upon the surface, and the water and cracklings remain at the bottom. If the process has been skillfully conducted, the oil may be almost as light and clear as any obtained from the better and purer parts of the whale. As a rule not more than two pots of this substance are boiled down, for the oil obtained from it is generally more or less sour—a result probably from either mixing it with water when boiling, or because it had become tainted through decomposition, or it may be due perhaps to both causes. This oil is usually barreled separately. The oil obtained from the fat-lean of one whale is sometimes mixed 198 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. with that obtained from the blubber of the next capture, this being effected by putting a few gallons of it into the cooling tank every time a pot of the subsequent fare is bailed off. Notwithstanding the impor- tance of keeping the different grades of oil separate, some whalemen adulterate the blubber oil to a greater or less degree by the addition of fat-lean oil, yet they are prudent enough to save several casks of the latter grade to show on their return that the fat-lean has not only been economically saved, but also that its product has not been mixed with oils of higher grades. The slivers, or small pieces that have been cut and hacked from the blubber while reducing it to horse-pieces and mincing it, are also saved and boiled with the blubber. The ‘‘slumgullion” and ‘‘lipperings” or ‘*dreenings ” of the blubber—consisting of a mixture of the blood which issues from the fat-lean and the salt water and oil which flows from the blubber while the men are handling it as they hoist it aboard ship, stow it away, and prepare it for the try-pots—though discarded in the palmy days of whaling, are now carefully husbanded and amalgamated. Like the sweepings of the floors of mints, this liquid refuse of the eatch is refined in the whaleman’s crucible in order that nothing may be lost. After the solid matter has been disposed of, both the deck lipperings and the blubber-room lipperings are usually deposited in barrels ortubs and there scalded with hot oil. The oil thus obtained is ‘caked off and transferred to the cooling tank. In ease the lipperings are not clean they are cooked with the fat-lean. ‘*Slush” is the skimmings from the tops of the pots, and is usually saved by the cook, who is commonly entitled to one-half of it. On arrival home it is sold to manufacturers of soap, and it is even clarified and mixed with lard. At sea the whalemen sometimes eat the slush as a dressing in the form of gravy on sweet potatoes, etc., but it is doubtful if they could be induced to eat it ashore, although it is quite clean and nutritious. The different varieties of oils are barreled separately. A cask that has contained whale or humpback oil should be thoroughly cleansed before putting sperm oil into it, but a cask that has been used for sperm oil need not be cleansed should it be necessary to use it for “whale oil; the small quantity of whale oil that might be left in the cask would perhaps make the sperm oil somewhat heavy, but a little sperm oil would not injure the whale oil. The casks of a ship engaged solely in right-whaling are not marked at all; should the vessel incidentally catch sperm whales, the casks containing oil from this species are marked S O, and the other casks are supposed to contain whale oil. Casks containing right-whale oil taken by a sperm-whaler are marked W or W O. The head oil of the sperm whale, unless the quantity be very small, is always kept in separate packages, which are marked H; those containing the body oil of this species are marked SOorSp 0. The packages of fat-lean oil bear the initials F L O, and black-fish oil BF O. Except when large catches are made, black- AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 199 fish oil may be kept in meat barrels. The lettering is done in white paint, on the heads of the casks. When the oil is shipped home by another vessel the name of the ship is also branded on the cask, the impression being made with an implement called the ‘‘ship’s marking iron,” and the casks are numbered consecutively. REFINING SPERM OIL AND WHALE OIL. The rendering and care of the oil on shipboard having been described, there remains to be discussed its further treatment for commercial purposes, especially extraction of the foots and bleach- ing. The headquarters of the refiners of whale oils in the United States are at New Bedford, Mass., and San Francisco, Cal. Twenty years ago New Bedford monopolized the business, but large refineries have been erected at San Francisco, and at present about 20 per cent of the sperm oil and 60 per cent of the whale oil are refined at that port. The subjoined description is prepared almost wholly from information furnished by the principal refiners of New Bedford in 1901. The writer wishes especially to acknowledge, in this connec- tion, the courtesies of Messrs. William A. Robinson & Co., and of Messrs. Frank L. Young & Kimball. As received at the refineries, the casks of oil have been inspected and gaged by customs officers. They may have been kept in storage for months, and in some cases years, before reaching the refiner. Formerly, on the wharves at New Bedford might be seen thousands of casks filled with oil awaiting sale, being preserved from great leak- age in the meantime by a covering of seaweeds; but in recent years the quantity has been much reduced, and on the oceasion of the writer’s last visit to New Bedford (October, 1901) not a single barrel of oil was on the wharves. The oil is of two principal kinds, viz, sperm oil and whale oil, the former being obtained from sperm whales and the latter from all other varieties of whales and also from walrus, black-fish, sea-elephant, ete. It ranges in color from clear amber to very dark brown, depending on the variety of animal, the condition of the blubber, and the success of the rendering. The quality is determined by appearance, odor, and flavor. There is some difference in the value of crude oil of the same species of whale from Northern and from Southern seas, the former selling for a few cents more per gallon. Crude sperm oil was formerly worth about double the value of whale oil, but in recent years the dif- ference has been much less. Little use is made of unrefined sperm oil, but considerable of the product of whale oil is sold in a erude state to steel-workers, miners, and cordage-manufacturers. The products from refining sperm oil are the ‘‘ winter sperm,” which is the first running from the crude oil after it has been granulated by refrigeration; the ‘‘ spring sperm”; the ‘‘ taut-pressed,” and sperma- ceti. The refined sperm oils are not generally sold in their natural color, however, but are usually bieached by a process which leaves 200 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ‘*sperm-oil soap” as a product. The products of whale oil, including that of walrus, black-fish, sea-elephant, ete., are the winter, spring, and summer pressings, a tallow-like substance known as whale foots, and ‘‘oil soap.” Sperm oil.—The two varieties of oil obtained from sperm whales, viz, body oil and head matter, differ greatly in appearance. The former is of a light straw color, while the latter when first taken from the head of the whale is as clear and limpid as water, but after a short time thickens and hardens into a white mass. Each animal is sup- posed to yield about two-thirds body oil and one-third head matter. These are kept separate on shipboard, but when received at the refin- eries they are generally mixed in natural proportions and together sub- mitted to the processes for separating the oil and spermaceti. In the process of refining, the crude oil is drawn from the casks and heated for the purpose of driving off all the water. This is conven- iently done by running it into large iron tanks of several hundred, or even thousand, gallons capacity, where it is subjected to heat by means of coils of steam-pipes running around the inside of the tanks. When heated in excess of 212° FI. all moisture is soon expelled, and the oil resists water; that is, water will refuse to mix with it and will ‘‘snap” when dropped into the oil. By continuing the heating from six to ten hours the crude oil is converted into a clear liquid state, all particles of fat and blubber boiling out and the impurities settling at the bottom of the tank. The steam is then shut off and, after the oil has partly cooled, it is drawn off from the top of the tank into barrels or casks with capacity of about 50 gallons each. The sediment which precipitates at the bottom is drawn off and made into soap. In the barrels the oil is chilled. In cold weather, from December 1 to March 31, this is done by exposing the barrels and their contents to the weather; but during the balance of the year it is necessary to place them in large covered pits, where the oil is frozen by using ice and salt packed among the barrels. To avoid the expense of artifi- cial refrigeration, it is preferable to do the refining during the winter season. After remaining in the pit from ten to fourteen days, at a tempera- ture of about 32° F., the oil is thoroughly chilled, shrinks, and sepa- rates or granulates into little balls or grains. Itis then removed from the refrigerator, shoveled from the barrels into canvas or hempen bags holding from 2 to 4 gallons each, and placed in a press, where it is sub- jected to a pressure of from one to two thousand pounds to the square inch. There is thus pressed out a clear, cold oil known to the refiners as ‘“winter sperm oil,” which will stand bright or will not congeal at a low temperature fixed as a standard. Formerly the standard was 32° F., but at present the usual commercial test is 38° F. Oil of 23° F. test has been prepared, but there was no demand for it. Since the lower the temperature at which the congealed oil is pressed the less the quantity yielded, it is not desirable to use any lower temper- Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 14. rib rs y jini) INTERIOR VIEW OF OIL REFINERY. FILLING BOTTLES WITH SPERM OIL. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 201 ature than required. When producing oil of 38° F. test, the amount of ‘‘winter sperm oil” yielded is about 75 per cent of the original quantity. In former times when a 32° F. test was used, the ‘‘ winter sperm oil” was about 67 per cent of the original bulk. This may be sold either in its natural state or bleached. It is used principally as a lubricant, and, to a less extent, as an illuminant in mines. After the ‘‘ winter sperm oil” has been pressed from the bags there remains in them a solid of a brownish color, which is again submitted fo pressure at a warmer temperature, say 50° to 60° F., and there is produced an oil known as ‘‘spring sperm oil,” which congeals at the test of 50° to 60° F. above noted. The quantity of ‘‘spring sperm oil” is about 9 per cent of the original quantity of crude oil. The solid now remaining in the bags is emptied into receptacles and, after remaining for several days at a summer temperature, is dumped out in the form of solid cheese-like cakes. These are stored where the temperature is kept at about 80° F. and in the course of a week or so are shaved up by revolving knives and again bagged and sub- jected to a pressure of about 100,000 pounds to the square inch. This yields a third grade of oil called ‘‘taut-pressed oil,” which will chill at a temperature of 90° to 95° F. The quantity of oil of this grade is about 5 per cent of the original bulk, making a total of 89 per cent of refined oil obtained. The residue in the bags after the extraction of ‘‘taut-pressed oil” is crude spermaceti of a brown color, which will melt at a temperature of 110° to 115° F. The methods of refining spermaceti are set forth on page 245. As refined at the present time, sperm oil, including both body oil and head matter, yields about 11 per cent of crude spermaceti and 89 per cent of refined oils, in the following proportions: 75 per cent of ‘‘winter sperm,” 9 per cent ‘‘spring sperm,” and 5 per cent ‘‘taut- pressed oil.” Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries of Canada for 1876, p. 346. ¢Fourteenth Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries of Canada for the year 1881, p. 214 of supplement No. 2. 230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. attains a length of 5 feet, and yields from 1 to 2 gallons of oil; the leopard or tiger shark, length from 10 to 25 feet, yielding 10 to 20 gal- lons of oil; the mackerel shark, also known as porbeagle or blue shark, measuring from 8 to 10 feet in length, and the liver yielding from 2 to 7 gallons of oil; the dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), which attains a length of 10 feet; the hammer-headed shark (Sphyrna cygena), of 12 or 15 feet in length; the dog shark (Mustelws canis), 2 or 3 feet in length; and the thresher shark (Alopias vulpes). Some of the large sand and leopard sharks are difficult to secure and their capture gives considerable trouble. They are taken usually by means of harpoons or stout hooks and lines. When taken from a small boat at sea, immediately after the fish has been secured it is lanced to death, the belly is ripped open with a knife, the boat canted, and the large, slippery liver pulled over the side into the boat, and then the ‘areass is discarded. Many of the smaller sharks are captured with menhaden, in purse seines, and are utilized at the menhaden fac- tories. Owing to the damage which they do to the twine, the fisher- men prefer to not set the seines around sharks, but it is difficult to avoid taking afew of them with the menhaden. It is estimated that from 7,000 to 10,000 sharks are captured annually by the menhaden steamers, all of which are converted into oil and fertilizer. On the Pacific coast of the United States, especially in California, the oil shark (Galeorhinus) is utilized. Itis 4 to 6 feet in length and weighs from 40 to 70 pounds, the yield of oil from the livers varying from two-thirds of a gallon to 1 gallon each. The fish are taken by means of hooks and lines when they enter the lagoons for reproduc- tive purposes during the summer. The fins of this species are dried and sold for 12 or 15 cents per pound, the Chinese using them in soup-making: Other species of shark utilized on the Pacifie coast are the shovel-nose shark, thresher shark, and the man-eater or white shark. The shovel-nose shark was taken extensively along the coast of Humboldt County, Cal., from 1858 to “1868, from 50 to 60 men being employed at times in the fishery. It is harpooned in deep water and taken by means of hand lines in shallow water. This species measures from 6 to 10 feet in length, and the liver of each individual yields 3 to 7 gallons of oil. There are several species of skates, rays, ete., occurring on the United States coasts which are utilized to some extent for oil-produe- tion. Principal among these are the common skate (Raja erinacea), the prickly skate (R. eglanteria), the smooth or barn-door skate (R. levis), the sting ray (Dasyatis centrura), the cow-nose ray (Rhinop- tera bonasus), ete. Many thousands of these are captured by the men- haden fishermen and utilized at the factories for conversion into oil and guano. Oil from the liver of the torpedo or cramp-fish (Tetro- narce occidentalis), a large species, which at times attains a weight of 200 pounds, is said to be valued by the fishermen in the treatment of cramp and rheumatism. AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 231 Captain Atwood wrote in regard to the oil from the torpedo: I used to go and look for them for their livers—for the oil. The oil is one of the best lamp oils that I ever saw. It has been used sometimes beneficially in cases of cramp. I got a gallon of oil from one liver. I do not know but I have seen a cramp-fish big enough to make three gallons of oil.@ The liver of the saw-fish (Pristts), numerous on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, yields from 6 to 18 gallons of oil. It is said that in British Guiana this oil is used for illumination and also for anointing the bodies of the inhabitants. The liver of the elephant-fish (Chimera), which occurs in abundance on the Cali- fornia coast, is large and yields choice oil. This fish has a maximum length of 2 feet and weighs 6 or 7 pounds. It appears from the above that the yield of oil from individual shark livers ranges from much less than 1 pint in case of the dog-fish and others to the 400 gallons procured from the basking shark. Other than the livers, the carcasses of sharks are slightly oleaginous, and are rarely ever utilized in oil-rendering, but they are of course useful for conversion into fertilizer. The method of extracting the oil from the livers is much the same in all cases. If they are large, they should first be cut in small pieces or minced, as is done with whale blubber. The pieces are then subjected to heat until the cells are thoroughly broken, when the oil is extracted by pressure or it is permitted to drain therefrom. In case the oil is to be used for medicinal purposes great cleanliness is observed, the livers being washed free from blood and the gall bladder removed. tise . t 7 mn Sy fe RE) wide riugy ice oer) Sia - T Pee ard al'f a filer lé rat “1 M1 Wp a Vea VA Le ts 7 y at : DS + Ag? wera ay we A ees ie Bee ae ea ee gaa ri BE Cr ad eh Raia ied eve parity on pit tie [aps ont ballet inn Meta VLEs We liar ne Fy At. EU Lak ‘T° é ia ys Fintl Bal pe We Ley, ae ay ha at var? BP is ai rst inh Mt r Se yn “i jie at ie Witte! ey “ Va Li Fe Re eA Gade Rete eee oe try tee eM Sl thy ie 7 - Vie bas . yal ioe 5 eh if ay ere ay a oh aI f - et? ‘ Da > pee | * = & * ' ‘ a vi yr oe | » - ~ Yel : io ri we i = ke we @ ran) - _ i. Ma . 7 Ae) Te.’ at ‘ = i 6 _— af) a Pi af 4 ao 7 ibe A oe ») oh Sh Be eer » \ movil Sy oi mee aeele oe “Ee pia! i ue ; ae Ce ae Bo rms, Oe ts a 7 3 r Te L444 ° 4 Libs | ie 's' Feel 4,” : _ a ; pio pare PF ay Ms a aM aa i pe Pe ce) eo 5, 4 ps 7 ") “sy; TF —_aa Aaa @ Uh he ‘(2G es win ie Pore es ‘4 282 9.0.50 7"). pees 44a 8 oe Jw hoor - a pda ab ‘> 2 eee Oe iy ine Me Gul, Lede Pig Veo, See Keeton Ceca PR irs i ee a Cage a west P37, oe on i ea ee semiieas a ony} x cae Pal UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. BY CHARLES H. STEVENSON. 281 Pretatory MOL cscas seaecsoneeae eee eens Aquatic furs: General review coccascsenes acess nce cece The fur supplies and markets ............ Fur dressing and dyeing ................. Aquatic furs used by hatters ...........-- Fur-seal skins: Description of the skins...............- Mur-sealumarketsp cece cess eclewesere ae Methods of dressing and dyeing .....-. Beaver furs: Description of beaver skins .........--- The markets for beaver skins .......-... Dressing and finishing beaver skins. ... Muskrat furs: Description and characteristics of fur.. Productior muskratsi==s---cee sce eee cee Dressing muskrat)skins -....... 522-2. Fur of the .coypu or nutria .........------ Otter furs: Characteristics of pelage................ Trade TiO;beniskinsys-sees aes eee oe Dressing ‘Otten SKINS 2 sasecees nae cece: Sea-otter furs: Characteristics! a. 8s. 4 -nececee cee a= Markets andivyallues!-<..se.ssssee senses. Dressing sea-otter skins ................ 282 SYNOPSIS. Page. 283 284 286 290 295 | 298 | 300 304 309 309 311 313 | 313 315 317 318 318 319 | 321 322 323 Page. Aquatie furs—Continued. Mink furs: Characteristicsof fur--......2.-.2---22- 324 Markets for mink skins =... s2.-.-eseeee 825 Dressing mink: skinss. 4 sos. 2 eee eee 326 Aquatic leathers: REVICW si. ce ose tockein oe aaa eee 327 General methods of preparation. ......--- 328 Leather from seal skins: The sealsupplies ce. wis. sccceeie as see eee 332 Methods of tanning seal skins........-- 333 Sea-lion Teather 6:4 2. 408 2 See eee 336 Walrusilesthér\.3.cés af / UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 287 and Mr. Joseph Ullman, the following estimate is made of the number of aquatic skins produced in the United States and in all other countries combined during the year 1900, and their value in the wholesale trade: Classified statement of the product of aquatic furs in 1900. United States. | All other countries. Total. Designation. innmaee of y | Number of & r at Number of r : Sine. Value. nae, Value. icine! Value. ———— = e ee eS (eee BEAVERS sosceoest-ccssessss el 8, 000 $39, 860 58, 000 $301, 200 66, 000 $341, 060 Miu Reaa soe eee ee enn ceno sis 24, 000 660, 000 71,485 | 1,471, 000 95, 485 2, 131, 000 Mane aoe eck eases esas 578, 000 810, 000 150, 000 330, 000 728, 000 1, 140, 000 IMIS Abie See te al tai sla wens 4, 035, 000 565,000 | 1, 250, 000 138,000 | 5, 285, 000 703, 000 INNER Serene ee cee c cscs seals ce ccne see ce wece suse teeel 1, 950, 000 444,000 | 1,950,000 444, 000 Often se ce setee sce tees 14, 660 93, 260 19, 040 170, 850 33, 640 264, 110 SEV ROIS S aaganes aBbeiaanapece 330 133, 980 260 105, 560 590 | 239, 540 Motaillvaluevse. eats e ee jie aoe nae OLY) Te Baan ieee DFOCOHOLON Seems se ee 5, 262, 710 During the summer months the skins of most of the fur-bearing animals are practically worthless, the thickest and finest part of the fur being shed as warm weather approaches, growing again in the fall to protect the animal in winter. This deterioration furnishes great protection to the animals, their value in the summer pelage being so small as to not warrant their capture. Furs in best condition are designated ‘‘prime,” and this state is indicated by the color of the pelt. That of a prime skin is generally very light and clear, but as warm weather approaches it becomes bluish and dark. Most aquatic furs in the United States become prime about the middle of November and remain so until March, but beaver and muskrat are not thoroughly prime until late in December and are good until the last of April, while the fur of the otter may be prime as late as the end of May. There are two prominent exceptions to the general rule of taking fur-bearers during cold weather only, viz, the sea-otter and the fur-seal. The fur of the former is prime throughout the year, and the latter is taken principally during the summer for convenience of capture. In addition to the protection afforded by the poor condition of the pelage, many governments have interdicted the capture of certain fur- bearing animals froma definite date in the spring to a fixed date in the autumn. ‘There is no uniformity in these regulations in the dif- ferent States and frequently in different counties in the same State. None of the aquatic fur-bearers is utilized to any extent for food, though the meat of the muskrat is used by some persons; nor are these animals valuable except for the furs, which constitute the prin- cipal, and in most instances the sole, object of their capture. With the exception of the taking of the fur-seals on the rookeries, practically all the aquatic furs are obtained by a resort to skill and stratagem. Many muskrat, mink, and otter are obtained by farmers and villagers. During cold weather, when furs are prime, compara- tively little work is done in rural sections, and thousands of men and 288 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. boys find profit and sport in matching their skill and cunning against those of the wary animals. The greater portion of the peltries, how- ever, are secured by professional trappers and hunters, who devote themselves entirely to that work during the season. In taking or killing fur-bearing animals the use of guns or spears is avoided whenever possible, as they injure the skin by making holes in the pelt. Shooting is especially wasteful in taking aquatic animals, since a large percentage of these sink when shot, and are thus lost; furthermore, the shot cut paths in the fur, sometimes several inches in length. Neither should they be taken by poisoning, as this spoils the skin, the poison spreading through the body of the animal and injuring the texture and gloss of the fur, greatly depreciating its value. The best method of taking these animals is by clubbing them on the head whenever that is practicable, as in the case of fur-seals, or by means of steel traps in case of the smaller and wilder animals. Previous to 1670 the fur trade was centered in Leipsic, Amsterdam, Paris, and Vienna, the markets of Leipsic being the most important. Comparatively few choice furs were handled in London or in any mar- ket center other than those named. But shortly after the inaugu- ration of its business in 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company began dis- posing of its receipts of peltries at public auction in London. Within a few years the continental markets relinquished the bulk of their trade to the new insular rival, and from that time to the present London has been preeminent as the greatest fur center of the world. The series of sales occurring at stated intervals at the various ware- houses in that city dispose of the great bulk of the world’s product of fancy furs. The American merchant, for instance, goes to London to buy the pelts that were obtained and shipped even from the vicinity of his own home. The reason for this is not difficult to discover. The principal fur company of the world has its headquarters in that city; the fur trade is better understood there at present than in any other large commercial center, and the importance of its being centralized makes it comparatively easy to hold when once secured; also the busi- ness ranks well among the London bankers, and they advance money on consignments of furs, and the consignor can negotiate his bill of lading on the receipt of his bales of peltries. Although none compares in extent with that of London, there are several other markets which assist in the general work of distribution. Most celebrated among these are the fairs at Leipsic, which have existed over five hundred years. The Easter fair is the most important. This commences a week after Easter and lasts about two or three weeks. Large quantities of American peltries, especially muskrat and mink, are disposed of there. Furs are marketed in much smaller quantities at two other fairs held in Leipsic, one at Michaelmas and the other at New Year. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 289 New York City is the great fur center in this country, not only for accumulating the raw goods but for dressing, dyeing, and manufac- turing as well. Indeed, New York leads the world as a consumer of furs, the sales to individuals there exceeding that of any other city in the world. Many firms long established, with large capital and of international reputation, carry on the business. At present there are 93 fur houses in New York, many of which have branch establish- ments and resident partners in London, Paris, Leipsic, Shanghai, ete. In view of the fact that a very large percentage of the furs of the world originate on the North American continent, and that the rank of the United States as a fur-consuming country is constantly increas- ing, it seems not improbable that the enterprise of New York may result in that city securing a large portion of the wholesale trade which now centers in London. In addition to these large centers, the work of fur distribution is carried on by traders and merchants in almost every section of the world, scarcely any large town being without its quota of fur stores of greater or less importance, according to the climate and the wealth of the inhabitants. In the markets, the skins of each variety are graded according to their size and the condition of the fur, the number of grades or classes depending on the importance of the particular variety, the cheaper peltries requiring fewer grades than those of greater value. For the purpose of showing the comparative value of the different aquatic furs, the following summary is presented, indicating for dressed prime skins of each variety the average area in square inches, the average value in the wholesale markets of the United States in 1901, and the resulting value per square foot of area.“ Comparative statement of the average area, value, and value per square foot of the different aquatic furs in the United States markets in 1901. Designation. Area. Value per | Value per | skin. square foot. ! Sq. inches. | Sea-OGtemnGamkatect. 2/2 = ce Seiten ose ere ote eie neste eine Se wie wieicio Seu e'a eae 1, 285 $600. 00 | $67. 24 DROW AI WEPee as me arc ele aa ales Sane ee ome een ace aera 1, 285 200. 00 22.41 TDW OSERETT NETS ED Poel ee RR ACIS a hee eS ere 940 45. 00 6.89 (COMER oo hee ae booneacasaspoceen setES uno scouacesanocs 890 | 34. 00 5.58 Aviat cote (ery COVENT soe RAS Soe fe SU Se Ore Bae NU Ronee elas cla 73 | 2.60 | 5. 12 Whitin CNOA Hee ese ot oN abasic ae sown cee aes pene re ssses 90 | Deere 4.38 Reet eee a ce eee e eae ee Se eiios ee cise ei Sn taaiaes 83 | 1.80 3.12 Qiiet, CENTENG NENA. BE ote Boe pice oes pea sep ae esas HEB anpaeen see 460 | 10.33 | 3.23 IBACITIC RR Ie ee ek bch SA pe ye ae Pare e ake. chee 448 7.90 | 2.54 SVOMb UV ey ity BS EE ta ce ts gee Re et Aa ea eS 400 | 6. 80 2.08 TE a anvibye, CANS FIO a ne ee ie I Sot Oma eR ee Reese eae 635 | 75D, | stall IRACHIG, o 08 355 ee SRE oe oes See Sa oe eee ee 650 7.05 1.56 SMUT ATE Pea eee tree Ae ois cristo aes Peis See Mia wineee eis esiSe 560 | 5.80 1.49 ISTO! ope ood ee SR AGO OH SAAS RA Estee eee | 214 | .78 any IMS leita te has eee eee ot oo.< Ue SEAN oi 28 soe css sa nidinasiese | 100 | . 34 | .49 aS Nit eee eene Sem hoe OS Me eI As de ce dole ue seecese 100 | -23 | Sao: average areas and yalues used here are in excess of those in the tables. The explanation of this seeming discrepancy 1s that the figures in those tables refer to all classes of skins in a raw state, including the smallest and cheapest, whereas the present figures are for dressed skins and only those of prime grade. F. C. 1902——19 290 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. FUR DRESSING AND DYEING. The appearance of aquatic furs as they come from the hunters and trappers is quite different from that which they present when ready to be cut into garments. They are more or less greasy and dirty and require thorough cleansing. .The pelt or membrane must be converted into a form of leather and made soft and pliable, and in some varieties it must be reduced in thickness. The overhair of many skins is quite undesirable and must be removed, this being the case with the fur- seal, beaver, nutria, and cheap grades of otter. The overhair is not removed from all varieties, however; for in some it constitutes the principal attraction, as in the sea-otter, mink, muskrat, and choice grades of otter. The fur-seal alone among the aquatics is usually dyed, but many cheap grades of other varieties are also dyed for the purpose of imitating more valuable ones. In the dressing of aquatic furs thereare no especially valuable trade secrets; but, as in nearly every other industry, some establishments have methods of treatment which they consider superior to those used by others and which they desire to keep from general use. As a rule, however, these secret processes are for the purpose of substitution or imitation, and have little standing among the most successful fur- dressers. In the best establishments the excellent results are due to conscientious application of well-known methods, without stint either in amount of labor or quality of material. The fur-dressers of the United States are preeminent in the prep- aration of otter, mink, and beaver, while those of Germany rank well in dressing beaver and muskrat furs. The English have excelied for forty years in the dressing and dyeing of fur-seal skins and have pre- pared the great bulk of those on the market, but the Americans and French now prepare them equally well. The Chinese fur-dressers are the most ancient and among the best in the world. They dress sea- otter skins remarkably well and secure wonderful effects in matching furs of all kinds. The principal fur-dressing establishments in this country are located in New York City, where the great bulk of the skins are prepared. Smaller establishments exist in Chicago, St. Paul, Newark, and Phil adelphia. In Europe the fur-dressing is centered at Leipsic, Weis- senfels, and Lindenau, Germany; London, England; Paris and Lyons, France; and Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia. When received at the fur-dressers, peltries are usually hard, greasy, and dirty. If very greasy, as in the case of mink skins, the surplus grease is scraped or beamed off. The skins are soaked in water over night for softening and opening the texture preparatory to the unhairing and leathering processes. Salt water is generally used for soaking, especially during warm weather, as its tendency to loosen PLATE 28. 1902. Report U.S. F.C. SKIVING BEAVER SKINS. BEAMING AND PLUCKING BEAVER SKINS. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 291 the hair is less than that of fresh water. Heavy pelts, as of beaver, otter, etc., are beamed the following day for the purpose of bre: seine up the texture of the membrane and softening it. The beam on which the skins are successively placed for this purpose is made of some hard wood, as locust, boxwood, ete. ; it is about 40 inches long and 8 or 10 inches wide, and is placed at an incline of about 45 degrees. The breaker is a dull scraping knife, with a handle at each end like a carpenter’s draw knife, and is always operated in a downward direc- tion. After beaming, the pelts are washed in warm soap water until perfectly clean and then they are freed of moisture. If the overhairs are to be removed, that process is next in order, except in the dressing of muskrat skins, when it is usually postponed until after the dressing. In preparing for plucking, the hair side is dried and warmed by artificial heat, the membrane being kept moist in the meantime. Each skin is placed flesh side down on a flat, hard- wood beam, similar to that used in breaking except that it is covered with thick, elastic leather. Chalk is first sprinkled over the hair, and then, using a knife similar to that employed in breaking, a workman rubs or works most of the overhairs out of the membrane. Those not removed in this manner are subsequently plucked out with a dull knife of soft metal. With this knife in his right hand and his thumb protected with a rubber cot about 4 inches in length, the picker grasps the hairs between the edge of the knife and his protected thumb, and with a quick, jerking motion pulls them out, going over the entire pelt in thismanner. The fur-seal is quite difficult to unhair, and the process is more complicated, as may be seen from the description on page 305. After plucking, the heavy pelted sk as beaver and otter—are placed successively on a beam and shaved to a thin, even surface with a skiving knife. The blade of this knife is a straight piece of steel sharpened to a keen edge, which is then turned at right angles to the plane of the knife by means of a peculiar flat steel. This blade is fastened in a tool having two wooden handles differently attached, one running parallel to or in direct continuation of the blade, and the other placed at right angles thereto. Each skin is placed, fur down, on the beam, and by pushing the skiving knife downward and forward from his body, the workman scrapes the pelt perfectly clean and shaves off some of the membrane for the purpose of rendering it less bulky and more pliable. The skins are now ready for leathering. The pelt side is dampened over night with cold salt water, and the following day butter or other animal fat is rubbed on the membrane. In dressing very fat or oily pelts, as those of mink, the greasing is omitted. The pelts are then tubbed. This is probably the most noticeable operation in the fur-dressing establishment. Tubs or half hogsheads, slightly inclined backward from the floor, are located in a row along one side of the room. A number of skins are placed in each one, 292 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. usually with a small quantity of sawdust. A workman with bared feet enters the tub, with a heavy cloth or piece of bagging tied about his waist and to the chimb of the tub to prevent the sawdust from flying out and to retain the heat. By treading and twisting movements he works the skin over and over for two or three hours or more until the pelt is thoroughly softened or leathered. It is a strange and interest- ing sight to see 10 cr 12 men working in an equal number of tubs placed in a row, each person monotonously treading and swaying from side to side in solemn manner. Tubbing is gradually giving way in a greater or less extent to the ‘*tramping machine,” whenever anything less than the very best work will suffice. This machine is adapted from the French apparatus for fulling wool stock. It consists of two wooden hammers, which are moved alternately back and forth or up and down in a suitable recep- tacle, agitating the skins slowly and constantly, turning them over and over each other, and developing by friction the necessary heat, thus rendering the pelts soft and phable. This process is far more eco- nomical than tubbing, costing only 10 or 20 per cent as much. The result, however, is not always so satisfactory, and for the choicest skins tubbing is yet generally used. At this stage of the dressing process comes the fleshing or skiving, the former being applied to small skins and the latter to large ones. Fleshing consists in removing all particles of flesh and fat by means of a fleshing knife, formed with a broad blade having a sharp edge, fas- tened in an upright position on a bench. The workman sits astraddle the bench immediately behind the knife, with the edge turned from him, and proceeds to flesh each pelt by grasping it with both hands and drawing it repeatedly across the sharp edge of the knife, cutting off the superfluous flesh. Only small skins, such as mink and muskrat, are fleshed in this manner. Large skins, as those of beaver, otter, etc., are shaved on a beam with a skiving knife, in much the same manner as before the leathering process, except that the operation is performed much more carefully. After fleshing or skiving, the skins are usually put through the tubs or tramping machines a second time, and on removal therefrom are cleaned of grease. In this operation two forms of revolving drums are used, one known as the cleaning drum and the other as the beating drum. The purpose of the former is to extract the grease by means of dry sawdust, and of the latter to remove the sawdust. The drums are usually about 4 feet wide and 6 or 8 feet in diameter, but the size is entirely a matter of convenience and desired capacity. The cleaning drum is made of wood, and upon its interior circumfer- ence are four or five wooden shelves about 6 inches wide and at suitable distances apart. Instead of these shelves some drums are provided with rows of wooden pins or pegs 6 or 8 inches in length and similarly situated. Sometimes each cleaning drum is inclosed in a wooden Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 29. Blueback seal. Harp seal. Wool seal. SEAL SKINS TANNED WITHOUT REMOVING THE HAIR (SEE P. 335). SHAVING MINK SKINS. ne iis a | Pr ¥ 7 ay Report U. S. F. C. 1902. PLATE 30. CLEANING-DRUMS. BEATING BEAVER SKINS FOR REMOVING SAWDUST, ETC. ~ UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 293 closet, which is heated by steam pipes or a charcoal fire. A number of skins, with a quantity of fine, dry, hard-wood sawdust, are placed in each drum. The latter is revolved steadily, making about 20 revolu- tions per minute, and within three or four hours the dry sawdust absorbs the grease, leaving the fur clean and soft but filled with saw- dust. The beating drum, also sometimes inclosed in a closet, has wooden ends, and the side or circumference of wire gauze, with meshes about one-fourth inch square. Along the interior circumference are wire- gauze shelves about 10 inches wide, which catch the pelts at the bottom of the revolving drum and carry them nearly to the top, when they slide off and fall against the wire gauze covering the circumference of the drum. In this manner the pelts are cleaned of every particle of sawdust. Many of the larger pelts are beaten with rattans for the same purpose. After removing the sawdust and straightening the fur with a steel comb, the dressing process is at an end. ‘This general process would suffice fairly well for all varieties of aquatic furs, but it is modified to suit the characteristics of the different sorts. The special, methods applicable to each variety are described at length in appropriate chapters. Except in case of very cheap skins, the expense of dressing furs rep- resents only a small percentage of their value. The following tabular statement shows the average charges that prevail in New York City for dressing skins in quantities for the trade: Statement of average charges prevailing in New York City for dressing aquatic furs. | Dressing Species. | Dressing. and plucking. } PES EHINV.C Bee tater yon h oa sate otal areata sia oie o's atarateitretcleree eae ener emisie aie eaicin a kleie este $0. 50 $0. 69 RIESE R alee neers oak Sosa le wsces see cies miaicha tele epaete aete Siete aieta is ere diene 6 2 = siave/sinjafeca ceca seas a 3.00 Witte a ASeCb eee se scnet ssc S elelnc etic. fae 2 Soe eee ea a sik ees | ai Pee 8 5 seen ole (CHIE 2h-Sapeatetos Ene ite eOncoOerenenenr cna acct Score son eee a anne eeapecs MAN Sock necceec ones viral (eaitiey Ea Se he Ue Nae Se ae Mercer thd nie Uo ane Seen ee rae OSU ais tae Saaee ne WHESUTGT JAcRe BAB Gob CSCC OMe Dee Eo ance aes Cae sone ae 06 INDE Ye Sk eae Goce Stee Mn SE ee eee eC ee Bee 51 ES tS eee se nnn An ed ea | 25 ORGS Teeter craie isa atone oto ele rate a is ie ara ein acing ne erete mnetsta gd ict ae, 6/fain cisaie-s 00 | 5 STOPS ie ae ae Re ee eee eet Faehitstaa sae sels oheis eee DOO! zescecsve cess a Dressing, plucking, and dyeing, $5. With the exception of the fur-seal, the choicest furs of any particu- lar species are rarely dyed. Indeed, their degree of excellence is determined by the nearness of their approach in the natural color to the most desirable shade for that species. So important is this that a skin of the proper tint may be worth three or four times as much as one whose texture is equally fine but lacking just the right shade. For instance, the present average value of prime dark sea-otter skins is about $600 each, whereas the average price of prime brown skins is only $200. In case of mink, otter, and other choice species the difference is as great in proportion. . 994 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. In order to obtain those shades which taste and fashion have deter- mined to be the most desirable, much of the aquatic fur is dyed; either the ends of the fur and hair are merely tinted, or the color of the entire skin may be changed. The object of tinting or blending is to make all parts of the fur used in a garment of the same color, to make an inferior grade of fur like that of a superior, or to cause the fur of one animal to resemble that of another. Certain furs so closely resemble choicer ones in every particular except color that when dyed to a similar hue they are almost indistinguishable to the casual observer. While dyeing may be a cheap and ready process in the treatment of low-priced furs, it is an art when applied to choice skins. Its perfec- tion consists in the exact imitation of the proper color and tint, with the preservation of the glossiness of the fur and its natural firmness and pliability, and, finally, in the durability of the dye. In case of the fur-seal, fashion has decided that the color shall be changed toa lustrous blackish-brown, an original color resembling nothing what- ever in the animal kingdom. Some skins of beaver, otter, etc., are “‘silvered” by passing lightly over them a solution of sulphuric acid, and also some are made a golden yellow by means of peroxide of hydrogen. Dyed furs are generally not so durable as those left in the natural state, the artificial color fading and the garment sooner presenting an old and worn appearance. The dyeing of furs is of great antiquity, but its principal develop- ment, in America and Europe at least, has been within the last forty years. Experiments on the part of conscientious and able chemists have resulted in greatly improving the permanency of the dyes and lessening their injurious effects. The methods are constantly under- going changes and many improvements are introduced from time to time. The composition of the new dyes and the methods of applying them are carefully guarded from general knowledge. One frequently runs across published directions for compounding the dyes and methods of applying them, but usually these descriptions are totally valueless, the methods described being either superseded by better ones or lacking in certain essential ingredients. The number of successful dyers in the world is very small; their prosperity is dependent as much upon the elimination of competition as on the excellence of their work, consequently they are not proclaim- ing from the housetops the composition of their dyes, frequently the results of long and costly experiments. In the separate chapters devoted to each variety of furs certain general methods of dyeing those particular skins will be described, but the writer is unable to promise the formule and details of the newest and most successful dyes in every instance. co On UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 2 AQUATIC FURS USED BY HATTERS. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries an important if not the principal use of aquatic furs in Europe was in making fashion- able hats, commonly called beaver hats, beaver fur being the chief material in their make-up. The general adoption of the silk hat about sixty years ago resulted in greatly reducing the quantity of aquatic furs used by hatters, but those manufacturers are yet large consumers of these articles for the production of fine grades of soft hats. The principal felting furs among the aquatics are nutria, muskrat, beaver, fur-seal, otter, and mink, named in the order of the extent to which they are now used. Rabbit, cony, and hare furs are used far more extensively than all the foregoing combined, owing to their cheapness, but are less desirable than most varieties of aquatic furs. Hatters’ furs are both cut and blown, the former being taken from the whole skins, and the latter from small pieces, clippings, roundings, and other waste obtained in cutting skins for sewing into garments. The choicest felting fur is that of the beaver; but its high cost limits its use in hat-making. A felt hat of average size and weight made of fur cut from choice beaver pelts could not be made for less than $500 per dozen, and no demand exists for such expensive goods. But manu- facturers receive a quantity of beaver cut from damaged skins of little value as dressed fur and also considerable blown from clippings and the waste from cutting skins into garments. The choicest beaver fur for hatters’ purposes is obtained from the cheeks of the animal, with that‘from the belly, the back, and sides, following in the order named. Beaver clippings sell for about $1 to $1.25 per pound, and the fur, when blown free from hair and impurities, sells for $8 or $10 per pound. Cut beaver has been sold as high as $224 per pound by brokers yet in the business. The quantity of beaver fur used by hat-manu- facturers throughout the world averages about 6,000 pounds annually. It is made into very light soft hats, which sell wholesale at about $80 or $90 per dozen. These are very durable, and if occasionally cleaned or dyed may be worn almost indefinitely. A small demand still exists for the old fashioned beaver-napped hats, shaped somewhat like the present style of silk hat, being the fashionable headgear for the guards on drags and coaches, and to a small extent for ladies’ riding hats. The next highest grade of fur used by hat-manufacturers is nutria, which is the standard choice fur for makjng into soft felt hats. It is estimated that about one-third of the total product of nutria skins are cut for hatters’ use, and in addition the hat-manufacturers receive large quantities of blown fur from manufacturers’ clippings. Nutria is very nearly as desirable as beaver for felting, selling at present for about 80 per cent of the value of the latter, whereas in the dressed-fur trade it is worth only 30 per cent as much as an equal area of beaver fur. During the past twenty-five years the average value of cut and blown nutria fur has ranged between $2.25 and $7.50 per pound. In 296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. L877 it was $5.50, and gradually decreased to $2.25 in 1886; it increased to $7.50 in 1897, and in 1900 it averaged $6.50 per pound. Single sales have been made as high as $14 per pound. The total product of nutria fur used in hat-manufacturing in 1900 is estimated at 80,000 pounds, valued at $520,000. It is claimed that a single manufacturer in Philadelphia has at times over a million nutria skins in warehouse. Otter ranks next in grade among felting furs, but only a small quantity of this kind is used, and that is obtained from fur-cutters’ waste. The clippings and waste sell for about 45 cents per pound, and the cut and blown fur for about $3.50 per pound. |The quantity used by hat-manufacturers annually probably approximates 700 pounds. Muskrat fur is used extensively in hat-making, the whole skin as well as cutters’ waste being utilized. Like beaver fur, it is assorted into three grades—backs, sides, and bellies—on eccenee difference in color and texture. The belly fur is the choicest and is used for making light * pearl hats. During the last 25 years the price has ranged from $1. 80 to $38.25 per pound, averaging about $2. In 1876 it was $2.25, from which it varied little till 1890, when it began to increase, Teneo $3.25 in 1892, and since then it has steadily decreased to the present price, $1.80 per pound. The cutters’ waste sells for 35 to 40 cents per pound and the blown fur for $1.30 to $2 per pound. The standard mixed grade of blown muskrat fur usually sells for 30 or 40 cents less per pound than the belly fur, while dyed muskrat sells usually for one- third the price of cut belly, or about 60 cents per pound. A small quantity of mink fur is used by the hat-manufacturers, ‘the amount not exceeding 1,500 pounds annually, obtained entirely from cutters’ waste, no whole skins whatever being used for this purpose. Mink fur is rather poor for felting, as may be inferred from the price at which it sells, the clippings fetching about 15 cents and the blown fur about $1.10 per pound, or only one-sixth the price of beaver. The cheapest aquatic fur received by the hatters-is that of the fur- seal, of which probably 5,000 pounds are used annually. This is obtained almost exclusively from cutters’ waste of dyed clippings, and when cut and blown sells for about 75 cents per pound. The prepara ution of all of these furs for felting purposes is practically the same in each case. Preparatory to cutting them from the whole skins, the pelts are scoured thoroughly with soap water to remove the erease and other impurities, then they are properly dried and plucked, sach one of these several processes being performed in much the same manner as in the fur-dressing establishments, except that it is done with greater expedition and less care. The overhairs are of no value in felting, and are sold as stuffing in upholstery, for plasterers’ use, ete. The plucked skins are next carroted, consisting in moistening the fur with a solution of quicksilver and nitric acid or chloride of mercury, and then spreading them out flat to dry. This is done either in the open air or in rooms heated by steam, according to the color desired. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 2997 When dried in the open air the fur becomes whitish, and when dried by subjection to steam or other artificial heat it assumes a yellow, carrot-like hue. This explains the abbreviations W. C. (white carrot) and Y. C. (yellow carrot) always given in connection with the designa- tion of each kind of felting fur. Inthe preparation of beaver and some other furs, the carroting is occasionally omitted, but this raw stock does not felt so readily and is usually mixed with properly carroted fur. After drying, the carroted skins are brushed by holding each one for a few seconds against a revolving wheel studded with quills. This is for the purpose of removing all dust and to straighten the fur so that it may be readily cut from the skin. Originally the cutting was done by manual labor, a pair of shears being used, and later by means of an ingenious mechanism giving a chopping motion to a ver- tically mounted knife. At present a much better machine is used, which with great rapidity cuts the pelt from the fur in little narrow strips about one-sixteenth of an inch in width and equaling in length the width of the skin. These strips of coriaceous membrane fall into a receptacle and go to the waste heap or to the manufacturers of certain oleaginous compounds. An endless apron carries the fur for- ward without disarranging it or changing its natural formation, where it is properly assorted by experienced operators. Each assortment consists of the fur from a particular part of the skin, the chief divisions being the back, the sides, and the belly. Fur eut from the back is the darkest in color; that from the sides is lighter, and somewhat lower in quality. The belly fur is nearly always the lightest in color. It varies in quality, however, being the finest of the principal grades when cut from the beaver, nutria, or muskrat skins, and the lowest when obtained from the skins of land animals, such as the cony and rabbit. Minor assortments consist of the fur cut from the tails of various animals and from the cheeks of the beaver, the latter being the choicest felting fur obtainable. Belly fur is used in making light-colored hats; that from other portions is available for the production of felt hats of every desirable color. All of these assorted furs are placed separately in paper bags, contain- ing 5 pounds each in America and England and 1% kilograms each in France, in which they are stored or marketed. The blown furs are those obtained from fur-cutters’ waste, which every furrier establishment saves carefully. These pieces are assorted and sold to the cutters of hatters’ furs at prices ranging from $1.25 per pound for beaver to 15 cents per pound for mink clippings. The fur- cutter runs them through a chopping machine, where they are cut into minute pieces, and afterwards are repeatedly blown to separate the fur from the overhairs and pieces of skin. Blown fur is not usually carroted, and since it is short and is not readily assorted into various grades it sells for considerably less than cut fur. 298 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. THE SKINS OF FUR-SEALS. DESCRIPTION OF THE SKINS. There are two distinct groups of marine mammals commonly called seals. The members of one family, the Ofaridx, provide the fash- ionable fur, and are known generally as fur-seals; while the Phocidzx supply seal leather and oil, and are called seals or hair-seals. The northern fur-seal pelts on the market are of three sorts, viz: Alaska skins, Copper skins or Copper Island skins, and Northwest Coast skins. Of the southern pelts the principal varieties are the Lobos, the South Shetland, the Cape Horn, and the Cape of Good Hope skins; but the present yield of these is quite small compared with that of the northern skins. These several classes of pelts are distinguishable from each other and sell at different prices. The Shetland Island skins are the choicest, but they are now very scarce and are rarely on the market. Of those obtainable in marketable quantities, the most valuable are the Alaska skins; next are the Copper skins; and the Lobos and Cape of Good Hope skins are of least value. The pelage of the Alaskan fur-seal consists of a nearly uniform coating of dense, soft fur overtopped by coarse rigid hair of varying length. The coriaceous membrane is thin, pliable, and of light weight. The fur increases uniformly in thickness and fineness all over the body until the third or fourth year, when it is about three-eighths of an inch in length and is in its greatest perfection. After the fourth year it grows longer and thicker on the neck and shoulders and becomes thinner on the posterior parts, thus deteriorating in value. The hair overtopping the coating of fur is longest on the back of the neck, where in case of 4-year-old males it reaches a length of 2 inches or more; on the posterior parts it is shorter, and near the hind flippers it is usually less than an inch in length; on the limbs it is much shorter and less dense. and in some places quite absent. It is shed annually in August and September, new hair appearing as the old is cast. The process occupies about six weeks, and while in that condition the skins are known as ‘‘stagy,” and are of inferior value owing to the amount of labor required in the process of dressing. The Alaskan skins have constituted the greater part of those on the market since fur-seal has been fashionable in Europe and America. The Pribilof Islands, whence they are obtained, have probably yielded one-third of the total product of fur-seals of the last two centuries, and 80 per cent of those secured in the last seventy-five years. From the reports of the United States Treasury Department, it appears that from 1870 to 1900, inclusive, 1,837,563 marketable fur-seal skins have been shipped from the Pribilof Islands, and the revenue to the United States Treasury has amounted to $7,812,036. The fur of Copper skins, from the Commander Islands, is coarser and less dense than that of the Alaska skins, and commands a lower UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 299 price in the markets, usually about 70 per cent of the price of the latter. The pelt is also less porous than that of the Alaskan skins, this being especially noticeable in the process of working them pre- paratory to leathering. It is far more difficult to unhair a Copper skin, as the membrane is harder and stiffer and the hair more brittle. Since 1871 the Russian Government has leased the sealing rights on the Commander fslands under conditions similar to those in the Pribilof lease. Following this, the number of skins secured averaged between 35,000 and 40,000 for upward of twenty years, but during the last six years it has greatly decreased. The skins from Robben Island, in Okhotsk Sea, were formerly classed separately from those obtained on the Commander Islands, and were regarded as inferior, owing to the greater difficulty in removing the hair and the lighter color of the fur. Improved methods of dressing and dyeing have lessened this difference, and within the last fifteen years they have been combined with those caught on Copper Island and included in the term *‘ Copper skins.” The Northwest skins are obtained in the North Pacific Ocean and the adjacent seas, and are the product of the so-called pelagic fishery, which has occupied so much attention in diplomatic correspondence and in the public press during the last twelve years. Previous to 1881 the output of this fishery never exceeded 10,000 skins; then it increased until 1894, when the catch was 141,148 skins, and since then it has greatly decreased, the product in 1900 being 38,923. Notwith- standing the fact that the Northwest skins are from the same herd as the Alaska skins, they are of much less value, many of them being taken out of season, when the fur is poor and the pelt stagy. Asa rule they are not so well cured as the skins taken on the islands, and have many raw spots, a result of their being salted in the foul air of the ship’s hold under indifferent supervision. They are readily distin- guishable from the Alaskan and Copper skins by the fact that they are all pierced by bullet, buckshot, or spear, furnishing another reason for diminished value. The Lobos Island fur-seal, at present the most numerous of all the southern members of this family, is obtained principally from Lobos Island, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, which is owned and con- trolled by the Republic of Uruguay. It is of a greenish or yellowish- brown color, with sides of a darker brown, and the fur is comparatively long. The pelt is thin, rather spongy, and easy to work. Since 1825 the right to take seals on the island has been leased under a system of regulations resembling somewhat those in force on the Pribilof and Commander islands. The annual product is from 15,000 to 20,000. The total number of skins obtained since 1873 approximates 415,000, valued at $4,000,000, a remarkable output for an island covering less than 1 square mile in area. ‘The rookeries on this island are the only ones in all the southern seas which have been protected, and they 300 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. are also the only ones whose output has continued undiminished to the present time. The general color of the South Shetland or Cape Horn fur-seal, according to Mr. Henry Poland, is light gray with a silvery hue; the neck and cheeks are whitish, and the sides and belly are of a rich brown. The fur is thick and heavy, and of a reddish or deep pink color. The habitat of this seal is the islands in the Antarctic Ocean, and it is more numerous on South Shetland Island than elsewhere. When in good condition this fur is the choicest on the market, its quality being much superior to that of the Alaskan seal, the high latitude and the rigor of the climate developing the fur into full per- fection at the time when the seals seek those shores. During the seventies the skins of the South Shetland fur-seals sold for nearly twice the price of Alaskan skins, although, owing to the inferior quality of the leather, they are less durable. Since 1882 the receipts of Cape Horn skins haye been small and irregular, ranging from 6,000 to less than 100a year. The high prices of the pelts have resulted in the searching of every accessible beach and rock in the southern oceans and the removal of all fur-seals that could be secured, their only pro- tection being the severe weather, which often makes it impossible to effect a landing on the rookeries. The total number of fur-seal skins marketed since their introdue- tion in the early part of the eighteenth century aggregates probably 13,000,000, of which 5,000,000 were secured from northern localities and the remaining 8,000,000 from the rookeries of the southern seas, the great bulk of the latter being marketed at Canton, China, a hun- dred years ago. At the present market price the total value of these pelts would approximate $500,000,000, but owing to their cheapness in the early years, when the greater part of them were obtained, the actual returns have probably not exceeded a tenth of that amount. In curing fur-seal skins preparatory to shipment it was formerly customary to dry them while held stretched upon the ground by the use of stakes and twine or by means of wooden pegs driven through the edges. It was often impossible to dry the skins thoroughly in the damp climate of Alaska; and even when artificial drying was resorted to, it was frequently difficult to prevent them from dete- riorating while en route to market. The drying process also made it dificult to unhair the pelt in dressing. This led, about 1855, to the salting of the skins, which is now the general practice. However, a few are dried by the natives along the mainland and on the adjacent islands of Alaska, a thousand or more being marketed each year. FUR-SEAL MARKETS. Previous to 1855 fur-seal skins were in little demand in Europe or America. The fur was not fashionable and the skins were made into gloves and riding rugs, caps for cabmen and street peddlers, and even UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 3801 for the covering of trunks and boxes. Another use to which they were put when unusually cheap in the Kuropean market was to clip the fur from the skin and tan the latter for the general purpose of leather, while the cut fur was either discarded or manufactured into napping for ‘‘ beaver hats.” But few hats were made of this material after the adoption of silk felt. About 1825 the unhairing and dyeing of fur-seal was introduced, and although the article was very poor compared with the choice product of the present time, it was a decided advance over the former methods of dressing. Between 1855 and 1870, through experiments on the part of Messrs. Oppenheim & Co., and of Messrs. Martin & Teichman, in London, and of Mr. George C. Treadwell, in Albany, the methods of dressing and dyeing fur-seal were greatly improved, resulting in an exquisitely soft and downy texture and rich dark-brown color, which was quickly adopted by the fashionable world for cloaks, jackets, muffs, trimmings, etc. So popular did the fur become that the demand quickly ran up from 10,000 skins in 1860 to 20,000 in 1865, to 150,000 during the seventies, and 200,000 during the eighties at greatly increased prices. The high prices resulted in excessive drains on the rookeries and unwise methods of slaughter at sea, so that the quantity of skins obtainable now is very much less than ten or fifteen years ago, only 95,485 being handled in 1900, and the price is much in excess of what it ever was before. Previous to 1871 fur-seal pelts were comparatively cheap, the un- dressed Alaskan skin rarely selling for more than $4 or $5; but since that time the market price has greatly increased. In 1875 Alaskan skins averaged about $13 each; in 1880, $20; in 1885, owing to the large number received from the pelagic fishery, the price fell to about $16 each, but in 1890 it increased to $35, and in 1900 to $40. Since 1870 practically the entire world’s product of fur-seal skins has been sold in London. Most of them are handled by Messrs. C. M. Lampson & Co., who receive consignments from the North American Commercial Company, the lessees of the right to take skins on the Pribilof Islands; from the Russian Sealskin Company, the lessees from the Russian Government of the rights on Commander Island and Robben Reef, and a large portion of the Northwest skins. Other prominent firms in London handling skins are the Hudson’s Bay Company, Messrs. Boulcher, Mortimer & Co., the consignees for Lobos skins, and Messrs. Culverwell & Brooks, who receive many of the Northwest skins. The skins are duly catalogued, and public-auction sales are held at stated times during the year, usually in March, October, and Decem- ber, when all the leading furriers of Europe and America are repre- sented, the number averaging about 50. Generally the entire stock on hand is sold at each occasion. 302 The consignments of skins are assorted according REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF following grades being recognized: Name of class. FISH AND FISHERIES. to the size, the Age. wigs etans mie Oateie tne Pens «oe eee eee 6 to 10 years. Middlings —- ~~ 2. star ste eee \ Ra Middlings and smalls .........:.---- i to 5 years. Smalls: t...--cmcc onsen weeear sonoma 4 years. are DW DS scence mcs Seen aerial 3 years. Middlins pups. -sscessee nas bene lee Smalll-pupseaseechs 5-e20e soe some ic vers: Bxtre small pupst casas a= cers 1 year. Extra extra small pups...-.--.....-. lars ats x | (GYCY DUDS ec be ceies cecinmecen sasicm= sa Under 1 year. The following summary, compiled by Mr. Alfred Fraser, shows the total number of skins offered at the London auction sales during each year since 1872: Statement of the number of each variety of fur-seal skins offered in London during « series of years ending in 1900. | | | | 23 Ss Copper | Northwest Lobos Cape Year. | Alaskan. | Teinnd, coast. Island. | Ss Total. NBS py tea amie ateges i ee Ar RI) te 96, 283 7, 182 16, 312 7, 000 320 127, 097 TR7 Se. ASO hee s Seer 101, 248 | 21,614 931 6,956 | 9,000} 139,749 bey Re eee seen ae oe eas ac a5 90, 150 | 30, 349 §, 843 8, 509 | 8, 600 146, 451 TOD see eee Reece eia See 99, 634 | 34, 479 3, 575 | 8,179 | 9, 500 155, 369 LCS Ses cose ese ee soaseon os oanescae 4 90, 267 33, 298 4,097 | 11,353 6, 306 145, 321 AY (MOE Shee moososeC spac tan pe. Santa» 75, 410 25, 380 1,945 | 13,066 | » 7,631 123, 432 STB ioe cesses das Sess a seeeee ae 99, 911 19, 000 3, 610 12, 301 8, 227 143, 046 CY ety aS Se ae See SBE eo ac 100, 036 28, 211 15, 527 12, 295 12,180 168, 249 TRSO ee coe nee eee = rear eere 100, 161 38, 885 13, 01 14, 836 17, 562 184, 945 TOSI sae nee ce meee eae tence saci 99, 921 45, 209 16, 573 13, 569 13, 164 188, 436 LEQ D eee eee a wale sine oerraeae 100, 100 | 39,111 23, 765 13, 200 11,711 187, 329 W885 See aia Se aster Senses isin i a : } . - a5 =) - = 7 e s S : ‘ iS J ‘ t » 7 i —_ a ‘ 7 oF kh . : 5 i i * ® = f 7s @ i,’ ‘ - hy /- . UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 329 The skins of most mammals are composed of four membranes or parts. The first is the fat-bearing tissue, situated between the flesh and the body of the skin; the second or middle portion, known as the dermis or true skin, is made up of layers of fibers interwoven and intersecting in every direction; the third or outer part is a more or less horny membrane, which contains the nerves, the smaller blood vessels, and the base of the perspiratory glands; the fourth is a thin, semitransparent cellular tissue, known as the epidermis, in which the hair is rooted. The dermis or true skin forms the leather, and the third layer above noted—the horn-like tissue containing the nerves and perspiratory glands—forms the “‘grain” or ‘“bloom” of the leather. The fat-bearing tissue and epidermis, as well as the hair, are removed in the various processes of preparing the skin for tanning. In some leathers—for instance, porpoise—the grain or bloom is also removed. Many persons in securing aquatic skins fail to appreciate the impor- tance of care in removing them from the dead animals, and through carelessness make many knife-cuts in the membrane. In the case of furs these cuts are not so very serious, since the membrane can be sewed together and the damage concealed by the fur; but when skins are to be used for leather the cut portions are wholly valueless. Under ordinary conditions, as soon as life ceases decomposition of the skin begins unless a detergent is applied. Salt is very generally used for this purpose and is plentifully sprinkled over the skin on its removal from the animal. Although effective, salt is not the least injurious agent that may be used, borax being generally more satis- factory and more easily removed by soaking. On account of the great range of raw materials and requirements of the leather tride, the various processes of leather-making are neces- sarily numerous, differing even for skins of the same variety, accord- ing to their quality, the season of the year, and many other conditions, the correct understanding of which is the outcome of experience. However, the general principle is so far identical in all classes of leather-making that it may be outlined here. The skins and hides usually reach the tanner after remaining in salt a greater or less length of time, depending on the distance from the place of slaughter. The first procedure is to cleanse the skins and to loosen and remove the hair and epidermis, neither of which is desired in the finished leather. In ease the skins are received direct from the animals, they are easily cleansed from blood and dirt by soaking a few hours in fresh water and then washing for a few minutes in a per- forated rotating drum, known as a wash-wheel, through which a stream of water is constantly flowing. If the skins have been salted, as is usually the case with aquatic pelts, a more thorough soaking and wash- ing, with several changes of water, is necessary, the soaking sometimes extending over several days. In case of large hides which have been heavily salted the process may be assisted by a ‘‘hide-mill,” in which, 330 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. by means of cranks, heavy hammers are moved in pendulum fashion on the hides, or in which the hammers are alternately raised by cams. It may also be aided by using caustic soda in the tank water in the pro- portion of about 1 pound to each 100 gallons of water. Various agencies are used for loosening the hair, viz, putrefactive fermentation; lime, either alone or in connection with caustic soda; ‘alcium or sodium sulphohydrate, etc. The first is of ancient origin, and is the method even yet employed by primitive people. The green hides are permitted to remain several days in a warm, moist condition. Putrefaction soon begins, and quickly dissolves or destroys the epi- dermis and loosens the: roots of the hairs embedded in it, when the latter easily slip out. This sweating process has little effect in split- ting up the fiber bundles of the true skin and is usually employed only where a firm, solid leather is desired, as for polishing wheels, covering the Alaskan bidarkas, or more commonly in the preparation of sole leather. A more important method of removing the hair, and the one in gen- eral use, is by means of a solution of lime or calcium oxide in water, making a milk of lime, or calcium hydrate. This not only has a solvent effect on the epidermis, but splits up the fibers of the skin, both of which are essential to the production of good, pliable leather. The skins are sunk flat and smooth in a tank or pit filled with milk of lime, and after twenty-four hours they are removed with hooks or tongs, the lime stirred up, and the skins returned, this process being repeated daily for a week or ten days, or until the hair is sufficiently loosened. The immediate effect of the lime is to swell the fibers of the skin and to split them up into their constituent fibrils, the dissolving of the epidermis being attributed to the action of the enzym products of bacteria. In preparing leather of different degrees of solidity or pliability, variations are made in the freshness and the temperature of the milk of lime, fresh lime at a low temperature being used for heavy leathers, while old lime at a high temperature is used in making thin, pliable leathers. Comparatively few fish skins are limed, since it destroys the fiber rather than loosening it; therefore they are usually tanned without liming. Shark skins, however, will go through the lime, and eel and cat-fish skins may be limed for one or two days. On removal from the liming tank the skin is laid, flesh side down, on a sloping beam haying a convex surface, and scraped on the grain side with a blunt knife to remove the hair; then turned over and scraped on the flesh side with a sharp knife to remove all the adhering flesh, fat, and other loose tissue, this process being known as ‘* fleshing.” Next it is necessary to remove the lime from the skin, as its presence would interfere with the subsequent tannage. Also, when soft, pliable leathers are desired, the swollen condition of the fiber produced by the lime must be reduced, and in some cases a further portion of the UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 5 Jk cementing substance of the fiber must be dissolved. Removal of the lime is sometimes accomplished by neutralizing it with an acid, as sul- phuric or boracic, and then washing out the neutral salt. A more common method, however, is by the ‘* bran drench,” either alone or supplemented by dung bates. Hot water is poured upon bran, and the mixture set with a few pailsful of a fermenting drench liquor. When the skins are placed in this liquid, maintained at a temperature of 70° F., fermentation soon ensues, floating the skins up to the surface. They are again forced mechanically down into the liquid, but soon rise as before. When this has occurred three or four times, in 12 to 16 hours, the action is generally sufficient. Large hides, especially those of alligators, are sometimes submitted to the action of paddle wheels to hasten the removal of the lime and make that removal more uniform. This process is often preceded by treating the skin in a fermenting infusion of excrement of dogs in the preparation of lighter skins, and of pigeon or hen dung in case of heavy leathers. This not only acts on the lime so as to make it possible for it to be easily washed out, but it also renders the leather soft and pliable. The dog dung, called puer, is dissolved in water at a temperature of 90° F., and in this liquor the skins are kept in gentle motion for an hour or more. The previously plump skins become extremely soft and flaccid, and may be stretched in any direction without springing back. This operation is known as puering. The treatment with hen or pigeon bate is similar, except that it usually takes place without artificial heat and the process requires four or five days. The hide is now a simple network of fiber, all the interfibrous sub- stance, or filler, having been removed in the various processes above noted. Next comes the principal operation in the process of tanning, viz, dehydrating the skin and combining with it certain agencies which change the fiber network into leather. These agencies are (1) mineral salts, when the product is known as ‘‘tawed leather”; (2) oils and fats, making ‘*‘chamois leather”; and (3) tannin or tannic acid, resulting in ‘*tanned leather.” Mineral salts are rarely used in tanning aquatic skins, being employed mostly in preparing laces for belts; and the chief use of the oils and fats for aquatic leathers is in preparing por- poise hides for shoelaces. Most of the aquatic leathers are prepared by the third process, the use of tannin or tannic acid. After liming and bating, the hides are submitted to the action of infusions of tanning material. They are first worked by wheels in the tanning liquors for one to three days, according to the result desired, and then placed in tanks or pits, where, for several weeks, they are subjected to fresh tanning liquor, with frequent renewals of the liquor. On removal therefrom the skins are finished. This operation differs so much, according to the variety and quality of the skins, that accounts of the special treatment of the different kinds of skins are reserved for appropriate subchapters. | 332 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LEATHER FROM SEAL SKINS. The seals whose skins are utilized for making leather are quite des- titute of the coat of choice fur which gives to the fur-seals their great commercial prominence. Yet on account of the valuable products of leather and oil, the economic importance of this group of animals is searcely less than that of the fur-seals. They are found in various northern waters, especially off the northern coast of Labrador and Newfoundland, in the waters of Greenland, the Arctic Ocean north of Europe, along the Nova Scotia and New England coasts, in the North- ern Pacific Ocean, in the Caspian Sea, and to a much less extent in the Antarctic seas. The principal sealing districts in the north are Newfoundland, Jan Mayen Seas, Nova Zembla, Kara Sea, and the White Sea. The Newfoundland fishery is by far the most extensive. It ranks among the most venturesome and important of all the marine industries of the world, giving direct employment to 5,000 men, while thousands of others are engaged in preparing the resultant products of leather and oil. American vessels have not engaged in this fishery except in a few instances, but the fishermen of Scotland unite with those of Newfoundland in reaping large returns from the seal bunt off the northeast coast of America. According to Mr. Robert Badcock, the total product of seals in the Newfoundland fishery in 1901 approximated 345,000, of which 27,000 were young hoods or bluebacks, 13,000 were old hoods, 10,000 old harps, +,000 bedlamers, and the remaining 291,000 were whitecoats or young harps. The catch of bluebacks was far greater than usual, the average take of that variety not exceeding 5,000 in one season. A small percentage of the whitecoats are known as “‘ fast furs,” the long, thick woolly or hairy covering not easily separating from the pelt, as the name implies. These are usually very young animals, less than fifteen days old. Owing to the vessels reaching the seals quickly in 1901 a larger number of fast furs were secured than usual, the total amounting to about 10,000, whereas it is usually much less. In the markets these are commonly known as wool-seal skins. After discharge from the vessels the pelts pass through the hands of the ‘‘skinners,” who remove the blubber, take out the flippers, cut off the noses, ete. The skins are at once dry-salted and placed one over the other, with the flesh side uppermost, in piles of small height. There they remain for about three weeks, when thev are sufficiently cured for shipment to Europe or the United States to be tanned. After removal of the blubber the skins of the young harp seals average 5 or 6 pounds each in weight, and are worth about 80 or 85 cents at the present time. Bedlamers’ skins average about 12 pounds in weight and $1.30 in value, and old harps, from 14 to 18 pounds in weight and 90 cents in value. The skins of the young hood or blue- back seal weigh 6 or 7 pounds and sell for about $1.35 each, and the UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. oe old hoods range from 15 to 24 pounds and average about $1.65 each in value. Of the old seals the skins of the females are preferred to those of the males, as the latter are frequently damaged about the neck and foreflippers, by the animals fighting among themselves. The principal seal fishery of northern Europe is prosecuted in the seas about Jan Mayen and Spitzbergen by vessels sailing from Dundee and various other ports of the North Sea, and engaged also in the cap- ture of whales and walrus. As in the case of the Newfoundland fishery, the Greenland or harp seal is the principal species secured in the Jan Mayen district, but many hooded or bladder-nosed seals are also obtained, principally by shooting. During recent years about 35 ves- sels have been engaged from the various ports, mostly from Norway and Scotland, and the annual take of seals has ranged between 100,000 and 200,000, the proportion of mature seals being much greater than in the Newfoundland fishery. Owing to increasing scarcity of seals north of Europe, the British vessels have almost abandoned their pursuit, leaving it in the hands of Norwegians, whose more economical outfits enable them to continue the fishery at a profit. In the seas north of Russia, especially the White Sea and in the vicinity of Nova Zembla, many harp seals are taken in the spring by vessels from Norway and also by natives of the coast. ‘The fishery is not so extensive as that off the Newfoundland coast, the product amounting to probably less than 20 per cent of the latter. Another important seal fishery is that of the Caspian Sea, the species captured being peculiar to those waters. This industry is centered at Astra- khan, and the annual product is reported as less than 100,000 pelts. METHODS OF TANNING SEAL SKINS. The total quantity of seal skins received in the markets of the world approximates 650,000 annually, valued at $600,000. The majority are sold in London, but some are sold in Liverpool, Dundee, Hamburg, New York, Halifax, St. Petersburg, and Moscow. Most of them are tanned in Great Britain, London and Dundee being more extensively interested than any other places; but some are tanned in Norway, Russia, Germany, France, and the United States. Previous to 1901 the number tanned in the United States was small, not fre- quently exceeding 30,000 in any one year; but during 1901, owing to an overstocking of the trade in Great Britain, about 75,000 skins were purchased and prepared by leather manufacturers in the United States. The general methods of tanning seal skins employed in Europe and America do not differ greatly from the treatment of similar pelts. As received at the tanneries, seal skins are thick, heavy, and extremely oily, but except in the last characteristic they closely resemble other raw skins. They are roughly cleaned of adhering flesh and blubber and as much of the oil as practicable is pressed out, when they are placed in lime pits to loosen the roots of the hair and prepare them for depi- 384 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. lation. The skins are put first into an old-lime solution and frequently changed to stronger solutions until the liming effect is completed, three or four weeks being generally required for this operation. The action of the lime is usually hastened by frequent ‘‘ handling” and changing the skins from one tank to another. When the bulbous roots of the hair are thoroughly loosened, the skins pass to the flesh- ing house where each one is separately laid on a beam and carefully unhaired on one side and fleshed on the other. In some establish- ments the skins are partly unhaired before the liming process is com- pleted. The choicest grades of hair are used largely by plasterers, but most of it is suitable only for fertilizer or the waste heap. After a thorough washing and ‘* striking out,” currier fashion, the skins are in condition to be converted into leather. Owing to the excessive and irregular thickness of the skins, it is desirable at this stage of the process to split or shave them, although many tanners, especially those in the United States, postpone this until the tanning is complete. The splitting is effected with a machine of clever mechanism, its principal parts consisting of two metal roll- ers, revolving horizontally one above the other, between which passes the skin spread out smoothly. The advance edge of the skin is pre- sented to a keen blade, moving with great rapidity parallel with the line of contact of the rollers, thus splitting the skin into two pieces of equal superficial area, of which only the grain or outside portion is desirable for leather-making. The other half is sometimes used for making an inferior grade of leather, or cheap and somewhat deliques- cent size or glue, but ordinarily it goes to the waste heap to be con- verted into fertilizer. The thinned skins are puered with bran or dog dung, followed by drenching and a thorough working out on a beam to remove all traces of lime salts and other refuse materials, as already described on page 331, and thus made ready for the tanning solution. The skins are next steeped in tanks or vats containing successively stronger baths of the astringent infusion of oak bark, japonica, sumac, or any other tanning agency. For fancy shades of coloring, sumac only is used, asarule. During the first few days the skins are fre- quently ‘‘handled,” so that the liquor may quickly strike through them. This ‘‘ handling” or ‘t working” is cheaply effected by means of paddle wheels, which turn the skins over and over in the solution. The more they are worked by the paddle wheel, the larger the grain of the finished leather. From four to six weeks’ time is usually required to complete the tanning process, even with the use of paddle wheels. In England and Scotland large quantities of the skins are tanned by sewing together two skins, flesh to flesh, around the edges, so as to form sacks or bags, which are then filled with liquid sumac. This method is cheaper and gives a better color. It is also more expeditious, requiring usually less than one week. The tanned skins are next submitted to a sumac bath containing a. UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 335 cleaning acid, such as oxalic acid or sulphuric acid, then ‘* struck out” and lightly oiled. They are afterwards selected for coloring, and dyed if desired. To ‘‘ finish” the skins, they are dampened, sammied or partly dried, and ‘‘ struck out’’—that is, stretched out on each side withatool. Ifa bold grain be desired, in using the skins of old seals, they are embossed and dried out; but if the natural grain is retained they are blacked at once. A finish is imparted by a good bottom coat of logwood, prepared by subjecting 1 hundredweight of Campeachy hard wood and 5 pounds of carbonate of soda in 50 gallons of water until the logwood is extracted, the liquor being at once drained off. After airing slightly in a warm place the skins are ready for ‘‘ wet graining.” They are again dried out in a warm place, laid away to cool, and then seasoned with three-fourths of a pint of milk and about 14 pints of blood added to a gallon of water, which is rubbed in well with a stiff brush. The skins are now moistened with a mixture of milk and water, in the proportion of 1 to 6, and rolled up, half a dozen skins together, grain to grain. After a few hours they are rolled, grained off, and oiled with warm cod oil, when they are ready for the market. When carefully prepared, seal leather has greater strength and dura- bility in proportion to its weight than almost any other on the market, and on account of its choice and attractive grain it is very popular for such articles as cardeases, pocketbooks, shopping bags, etc. Much of it is enameled for belts and upper shoe leather. The market value of seal-skin leather in the United States is from $20 to $30 per dozen skins, equivalent to about 50 or 60 cents per square foot. The ‘‘ fast furs” or ‘‘ wool-seal” skins are blubbered in the same way as the ordinary pelts, and are sold to the fur trade in the salted state. By the fur-dressers they are washed and leathered as in the first stages of fur-seal dressing. The thickness of the pelt is reduced by shaving or by friction on an emery wheel. When the dressing is completed the hairs are dyed black or brown, scarcely any of these skins being left in the undyed state. They are used for various purposes, especially for gloves and military busbies. During some seasons they are fash- ionable for trimmings, anda brisk demand exists for them. This was especially the case during the early eighties, when they sold for $3 to $6 each, dressed. At present the average price in the dressed condition is $1 to $2 each. Many furriers—in America, at least—fail to recog- nize the fast furs as from a species of hair seals, considering them as the skins of a distinct and separate species, to which they give the name ‘* wool-seal.” On the Continent of Europe the bluebacks are used mostly for fur trimmings after they have been dressed with the hair on; but in Great Britain and America they are usually tanned for leather purposes. During the last season some blueback skins were tanned in this country with the hair on, but they did not take very well. 3836 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LEATHER FROM SEA-LION SKINS. Sea-lion hide was formerly considered unfit for tanning purposes, owing to its thickness and coarse texture, consequently the hunters taking these animals for oil-rendering rarely saved the skins; but at the present time the hide is worth as much as the oil. When properly tanned the skins of the young animals make a soft, velvety leather, quite popular for fancy articles. The thick hides of the old animals are used to a limited extent as a substitute for walrus hide in polishing wheels for metal-workers. It is much like bull-neck leather, and, although inferior to walrus polishing wheels, is prized by silversmiths for small work. The hides suitable for polishing purposes are one- fourth to one-half inch thick, weigh 30 to 40 pounds when tanned, and are worth about 30 to 40 cents per pound wholesale. The poor or cheap hides are used to some extent as glue stock. In preparing the skins of sea-lions for covering the Eskimo kaiaks or bidarkas, the green hides, as soon as removed from the animals, are closely rolled together and permitted to ‘‘sweat” until the hair becomes loosened, when it is readily removed by scraping with blunt knives or stone flensers. When unhaired, the moist skins are deftly sewed together in suitable patterns and stretched, flesh side out, over the boat frames, the entire structure being covered, with the exception of a circular hole or holes in the top. This boat is perfectly water- tight and substantial, and, although weighing usually less than 100 pounds, will carry several hundred pounds of goods in addition to the crew. Because of the softening influence of the water, after each day’s use the boat must be hauled up out of the water, turned bottom side up and air-dried during the night. Protected in this manner and oiled occasionally, it lasts many seasons. Sea-lion skins are also used to some extent for covering the bidarrahs, which differ from the bidarkas in that they are much larger and more substantial. Usually, however, walrus hides are used for that purpose. The natives make various other uses of sea-lion skins, such as tent coverings, harness for the sledge dogs and reindeer, and, in case of very young animals, even for clothing. When used for these purposes the hides are sweated, as when used for covering the bidarkas, then stretched for about ten days to cure, when they are taken down, rubbed between the hands to render them pliable, then cut into suita- ble size for use as may be desired. In the fisheries of the sovthern seas, sea-lion hides were sometimes saved and brought to port. In curing them for this purpose they were removed from the animal with half an inch of blubber adhering. After washing and while yet wet they were plentifully sprinkled with salt rubbed well into the fat, particularly around the edges and neck folds, and then packed in tiers in the ship’s hold. Sea-lion skins for fancy leather are tanned in precisely the same UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. B34 manner as seal skins, and especially those of large seals. The only difference in treatment is due to the greater size and body of the former. On account of the difficulty in procuring sea-lion skins free from scars and markings, and also the ease with which its peculiar grain is imitated on seal leather, the great bulk of the sea-lion leather on the market is prepared from seal skins. The value of the genuine skins when converted into leather ranges from $2 to $12 each, accord- ing to their quality and freedom from damage. LEATHER FROM WALRUS SKINS. Formerly the principal use of walrus hides in Europe was for the rigging of vessels, for which it is especially adapted. For many years nearly all the rigging of vessels on the north coast of Norway and Russia was made of this article. The skins were also employed for protecting the rigging of vessels from chafing. Later came their use in northern Europe for manufacture into harness and sole leather. Then the thick heavy leather was adopted by silversmiths and other manufacturers of bright metal objects, for removing mars and scratches and to polish fine metal surfaces. The hide is particularly desirable for this purpose because of its peculiarly tough grain. It is usually cut into circular shape, forming a wheel of solid leather, but some- times a ring of leather is cemented to a wooden center by which it may be attached to a revolving head or mandril. Other than that made from bull neck, buffalo, or sea-lion hides, there is no satisfactory sub- stitute for walrus leather for these purposes. The thickest parts of the hide are the most valuable, and the demand at the present time is quite large, the principal silver works of the United States and Europe making use of it. The London value of an average hide suitable for polishing purposes is in excess of $100. About 30,000 pounds of tanned walrus hides are imported into the United States annually. The import value is about $25,000 and the selling value after it is cut in the form of wheels is from $40,000 to $50,000. The quantity used in Europe is probably double the amount of the importations into this country. A small quantity of walrus hide has been tanned on the Pacific coast of the United States, but the quality of the output is reported as inferior to that prepared in Great Britain. As shipped from the tanneries, the ‘‘sides” weigh from 30 to 200 pounds. The cub sides weigh from 30 to 40 pounds, measure from } to 4 inch in thickness, and are worth about 30 cents per pound. The largest sides weigh 180 to 200 pounds each, are 13 to 2 inches thick, and sell for $1 to $1.25 per pound. The average sides weigh 80 or 90 pounds, are § to 1 inch thick, and sell for 60 to 70 cents per pound. Of course, when cut into circular shape these are sold at very much higher prices. The average price paid by metal-workers in this country is probably between $1 and $2 per pound, and for the very thick hide as much as $5 per pound has been paid. F. C. 19022——22 338 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Another use to which tanned walrus hide is put is as covering for the rollers used in ginning long-staple cotton, such as Sea Island or Egyptian. This is a comparatively recent use, yet probably 6,000 pounds are consumed in the United States annually in this manner. The tanned hide is cut into thin strips and attached to the surface of the roller, entirely covering that portion that comes in contact with the cotton. It is peculiarly adapted to this use and much more satisfac- tory than bull-neck leather or any other material formerly employed. Formerly the light or thin hides of walrus were little used, as they were not suitable for polishing purposes, and therefore they were of small value. But during the last few years the leather made from these thin hides has become quite fashionable for such articles as card- cases, pocketbooks, belts, ete. For this purpose the leather is split and so tanned that the grain has a remarkably smooth velvety appearance. The process of tanning walrus hides depends on the purpose for which the finished material is designed. If intended for polishing pur- poses the hide should be tanned as thick and heavy as possible, with a hard, tough texture. The tanning of the heavy leather consumes from six months to one year or more when properly done. Accelera- tion of the process is likely to result in uneven texture, with the interior fibers imperfectly tanned. It is claimed that the best of the heavy hides are English tanned. For thin, pliable fancy leather, the skins are tanned in precisely the same manner as seal skins, except the changes and the greater length of time due to the superior thickness of the leather. It is proper to state, however, that the greater portion, indeed possibly 90 per cent, of the so-called ‘‘ walrus leather” manufactured into cardcases and other fancy articles is nothing more than seal leather with a walrus grain, which is easily given to it in the process of currying. The walrus skins are so difficult to obtain and are so frequently cut and damaged that they can not be economically used for fancy articles. The seal leather is equally durable, and when properly grained and finished the substitution can be detected by comparatively few persons. LEATHER FROM MANATEE AND DUGONG. For many years the market has received small quantities of curi- ously grained, tough, and durable leather made from hides of manatee and dugong. The manatee is found in the shallow waters of the tropical seas on both sides of the Atlantic and in the large tributary rivers. It occurs principally among the West Indian Islands, the coasts of Brazil and Florida, and on the Senegambian coast of Africa. Owing to its gre- various and inactive habits it is easily killed. Being valuable for its oil as well as for its hides, it has been so extensively slaughtered that it is now quite scarce. The dugong or halicore is the manatee of the Asiatic and Australian UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 339 coasts. It differs from the Atlantic manatee only slightly in outward appearance, the difference being most noticeable in the shape of the tail, which in the dugong ends in flukes instead of being spoon-shaped. The dugong is reported as much less numerous than formerly. It attains a length of about 10 feet and is reddish brown in color, some- what lighter than the porpoise. The hide is so thick and tough that harpoons used by the whalers are almost ineffective in its capture. The skin of the manatee, as well as of the dugong, is hard and thick, exceeding 1 inch in places, and has comparatively few hairs on the surface. When removed and salted it is of a dark lead color. The number of skins received on the markets of Europe and America is relatively small, probably not exceeding 50 annually, most of which come from Queensland. They are tanned in the same manner as seal skins, but as they are larger and heavier more time is required. These skins produce the most characteristic grain of all marine leathers. It is quite unlike that of the seal, walrus, or sea-lion, con- sisting of closely associated and irregular rows of well-defined ridges, and at intervals of about one-half or three-fourths of an inch there are peculiar indentations or pin marks surrounded by a circular ridge, the locations of the hair follicles. Unlike that of walrus and sea-lion leather, this grain is rarely imitated. Indeed, it is difficult to make a satisfactory imitation. Owing to the small quantity received, there is no regular market for this leather and no standard price. It is used almost wholly for small articles, such as cardcases, belts, and the like. PORPOISE LEATHER. The most abundant porpoise on the Atlantic coast is the harbor porpoise or puffing pig, which occurs from Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico, ascending the rivers to the limit of the brackish water. This species is not at present an object of fishery at any point on the United States coast, although occasionally it is taken incidentally in pound-nets and seines set for food-fish. Owing to the fact that the skins are rarely free from the markings of sharks’ teeth, they are not used for leather purposes to any great extent. Of much greater economic importance is the Hatteras porpoise or bottle-nosed dolphin, which occurs in great abundance on the coasts of the United States and Europe and at times has been the object of extensive fisheries. This species also has shark markings but the skins are usually in far better condition than those of the harbor porpoise. On the North Carolina and New Jersey coasts profitable fisheries have been maintained for its capture and its utilization for leather, oil, and even for food. Porpoise fishing has been prosecuted during the winter season since 1810 at several points on the Atlantic coast, and especially along the ‘**Banks” of North Carolina. It was abandoned for several years fol- lowing 1860 and again in 1893, the period of greatest extent being 3840 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. from 1885 to 1890. During the last few years the fishery has not been prosecuted, owing to conditions in the leather market, but it appears probable that it will be reestablished at an early date. The porpoise are dressed as soon as practicable after they are dead. The flippers and the dorsal fin are cut off and the skin and blubber cut along the middle of the back and of the abdomen from nose to flukes, and the whole peeled off in two uniform parts, the hide and blubber being removed together. The halves are laid on an inclined beam, similar to that used by curriers, and the blubber shaved off and processed for extracting the oil, while the skins are salted for the tan- ners. The largest catch of porpoise on the coast is reported to have been about 20,000 in 1887. The value of the green hides was about $2 per side, and when tanned they were worth $10 or $12 per side. The commercial porpoise leather of England is made from the skin of the beluga or white whale. This species attains a length of 18 feet or more, and averages perhaps 14 feet in length and 10 or 12 feet in circumference. At several places along the coast of northern Europe, and toa much less extent in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Hudson Bay, on the coast of Newfoundland, etc., the beluga is captured chiefly for its hide, to be used in leather-making, and also for the oil that may be rendered from the blubber. The principal fishery is prosecuted by vessels from Dundee, Scotland, and from ports of Norway and Sweden. It is estimated that the annual take is over 7,000, of which 6,000 are obtained north of Europe, leaving 1,000 as the catch in the northern part of the American continent. The value of the hide when green is about $8 per side, and when tanned it averages probably $25 per side. While the skins of other cetaceans are occasionally tanned, the product is of no commercial importance. These skins are very spongy and usually have a villous or woolly surface. TANNING PORPOISE SKINS. According to Mr. R. G. Salomon, of Newark, N. J., to whom we are indebted for most of our information in regard to the method of tanning this leather, skins of the beluga and of the Hatteras porpoise are tanned in precisely the same manner, but the former require much longer time on account of the greater body. Both are received at the tanneries in a salted condition, and the first operation consists in cleaning out the salt by soaking them in water for two or three days, according to the state of the hides and the temperature of the water. After this soaking, they are washed thoroughly in warm water and again soaked for a day or so, and the grease worked out by hand or by machinery. They are next immersed in lime solution for a length of time depending on the condition of the hides, but usually much shorter than for cowhides. After liming they are bated and washed thoroughly to remove the lime and other impurities. The skins are now immersed in whatever tannic acid is desired. When half tanned they may be reduced to the required thickness by splitting, or this UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. 341 operation may be postponed until the tanning is at anend. After the tanning is completed the nap is shaved off and the leather scoured and prepared for stuffing with oils and then finished in the usual manner. The new chrome or metallic tannages seem likely to produce excellent results in porpoise tanning and will doubtless soon be adopted. Most of the beluga skins are tanned in Dundee and Glasgow, but several small tanneries in the province of Quebec prepare this leather. Porpoise tanning in the United States has been mainly at Newark, N. J. Leather made from porpoise hides is remarkable for its tractility; a portion one square foot in area is easily drawn out to 14 feet in length, losing correspondingly in width, a feature possessed by few other leathers. This makes it especially adaptable for shoemaking, for in whatever direction the foot is thrust by the weight of the body the leather will adapt itself to that shape. It is also exceedingly dur- able, readily outlasting two or three pairs.of calfskin shoes. It has another recommendation apparent only when it is wet; then it swells up, becoming almost twice as thick as in its dry condition, and absorbs water but allows very little to penetrate it. This, added to its strength and suppleness, makes it most desirable for hunting and wet-weather boots, since it is not easily penetrated by moisture under ordinary conditions. It is sold by the pound, the price varying from $2.25 to $3.75 per pound, each side weighing from 13 to4 pounds. Ordinarily a pound is sufficient for about three pairs of shoes. The skin of the beluga is among the very best for leather purposes of any obtained from either aquatic or land animals. It resembles the hide of the Hatteras porpoise in many respects, especially in hav- ing the fibers running mostly in one direction and in possessing great tractility. However, the beluga is more solid and durable than the latter. Beneath the nap it has a membrane like the ‘‘shell” on the rump of a horse,“ which becomes soft and flexible in dressing and makes strong and durable leather. In comparing the tensile strength of the two, it is found that a shoestring of average size made of beluga sustains a weight of about 300 pounds, whereas one of Hatteras porpoise supports 85 to 100 pounds, and calfskin only 40 or 50 pounds. If a porpoise lace lasts three months, the life of a beluga lace subject to similar usage is said to be nearly two years. Beluga leather keeps its shape when made into shoes, whereas porpoise leather gives with the movement of the feet. Considering its great tensile strength and the large pieces obtainable, it is apparent that beluga leather is remarkably well adapted to the purpose of machinery belts. A continuous piece 60 feet long and 18 inches wide has been cut from a single skin. a The shell in horsehide is the flat muscle spread over the horse’s rump from the tail to the forward point of the hips and extending down to the legs, making an oval-formed sheet about 2 feet long and 1; feet wide in the widest part. This muscle grows firmly to the grain of the skin and furnishes remarkable pulling power. When shaved clean of its sinewy matter and properly tanned, this shell makes most durable leather. The members of the equinal or horse family are said to be the only land animals possessing this membrane, but it extends nearly over the entire skin of the beluga. 342 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Leather from the beluga is especially suitable for use as shoelaces on account of its tenacity and durability. That from the Hatteras por- poise was never much used for this purpose, owing to its unfavorable size, causing much loss in cutting. Many shoelaces made of inferior leather are sold as porpoise. The genuine can be easily distinguished by grasping it with the thumb and forefinger of each hand about one- half inch apart and contracting or pushing it together in the direction of its length, when the contracted portion will increase about one-third in width. ‘*The genuineness of the article is positively assured by this simple test, for no other leather has this feature.” “ The beluga laces sell for about $8 or $10 per gross, while calfskin laces sell for about $1.25 per gross. No beluga laces are made in the United States, nor is the demand for them here of importance; but many are made in Scotland for the English and continental markets. LEATHER FROM ALLIGATOR SKINS. Occasional attempts to utilize the coriaceous epidermis of alligators in leather manufacture have been made for one hundred years or more, but not with much success until about 1855, when this novel leather became somewhat fashionable and a considerable demand devel- oped. The market, however, was not long continued, and after a few thousand hides had been shipped from the Gulf States the demand ended. During the civil war another raid was made upon these saurians to sup- ply shoe material, and they were again slaughtered in thousands; but with the cessation of hostilities and the restoration of free commerce in shoe materials, the alligators were again left to repose for a period. This rest, however, was only temporary, for about 1869 fickle fashion again called for the leather for manufacture into fancy slippers, boots, traveling bags, belts, cardcases, music rolls, ete. An immense demand was soon created for it, resulting in the slaughter of many thousands of the animals every year, giving employment to hundreds of men. The demand soon exceeded the productive capacity of our own country, and large numbers of skins were imported from Mexico and Central America. The consumption of this leather at present is greater than ever before, and owing to the large importations the market price is somewhat less than afew years ago. The output of the tanneries of the United States approximates 280,000 skins annually, worth about $420,000. It isamong the most characteristic of all aquatic leathers— indeed, of all leathers—being curiously checkered in oblong divisions, known as ‘‘scales” or ‘* bosses,” separated by intersecting grooves, and varying in size and character from the rough horn-like scutes on the back to smooth pliable markings on other parts of the body, giving the skin that peculiar effect which makes it so popular for leather purposes. . There are several distinct varieties of alligator skins on the markets, the most important being the Floridian, Louisianan, and Mexican; aShoelaces, by R. G Salomon, 1886, p. 21. PLATE 36. Report U. S. F. C. 1902. BACK. ALLIGATOR SKINS, UNDER-SURFACE AND HORN UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. ate each differs from the others in certain well-defined characteristics, and owing to these differences each variety has its special uses. The Florida skins are longer in the body—that is, from the fore legs to the hind legs—than those from Louisiana and Mexico, and consequently they are largely in demand by manufacturers of large handbags. They also have a number of so-called ‘* buttons” or ** corn marks” on the inside or under surface of an equal number of the scutes, resulting from embedded horn-like tissues in the center of those scales. These increase the difficulty in tanning the skins and detract somewhat from the appearance of the finished article, and for this reason the Florida skins are ordinarily the cheapest on the market. The farther south the skins are secured in Florida the greater the number of ‘‘corn marks,” and those from the vicinity of Key West are almost valueless on this account. The Louisiana skins differ from those of Florida in the absence of the ‘*corn marks” above noted, and from both the Florida and Mexican skins in being more pliable and in having the scales more artistically curved and shaped. Consequently they are preferred for such small articles as cardcases and pocketbooks, and usually sell at the highest prices. Skins obtained in Mississippi and Texas are similar to those secured in Louisiana, while those from Georgia and South Carolina are similar to the Florida skins, except that the ‘‘ corn markings” are not so numerous. All the Florida and Louisiana skins show greater uni- formity of coloring, being of a bluish black on the upper surface and a peculiar bluish white on the under side. In addition to an absence of the characteristics above noted, the Mexican and Central American skins are distinguished by having from 1 to 4 small dots or markings like pin holes near the caudal edge of each scale. The length of the Mexican skins varies greatly in propor- tion to the width, sometimes equaling that of the Florida skins. Those from the east coast of Mexico are the best, being lighter in color and with neat and attractively shaped scales. The west coast skins are yellowish in color when in the green state, and the scales are larger and not so artistically formed. The Florida and Louisiana skins are almost invariably split down the back, or rather along each side of the back, so as to preserve the under side in a solid piece, but most of the Mexican skins are split down the middle of the abdomen, keeping the back intact, making what is commonly known as ‘* horn alligator.” On all of these hides the scales or bosses are far apart, without mutual articulation or overlapping. The number of nuchal scutes is usually four large ones, forming a square, separated on the median line, with a pair of small ones on front and another pair behind; there are 17 or 18 transverse series of dorsal scutes, the broadest series containing 8 scutes. The skins of the alligators or caymans from Brazil, Venezuela, and other South American countries are distinguished by having a much 344 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. heavier or more horny covering than the foregoing. The cuticular plates on the back are articulated together, and those on the under surface are more strongly developed than in skins from Mexico or the United States. They are of very little value for leather purposes, owing to the difficulty in properly tanning them. Of the 280,000 skins used each year in the United States probably 56 per cent are furnished by Mexico and Central America, 22 per cent by Florida, 20 per cent by Louisiana, and the remaining 2 per cent by the other Gulf States. The South American hides do not come on the market in the United States. The quantity of alligators has greatly decreased in all the Southern States, and it seems only a question of a few years when it will be impossible to obtain the hides at a price that will justify their general employment. Thousands of the animals have been slaughtered merely for sport, no use whatever being made of them. It is estimated that the number in Florida and Louisiana at present is less than 20 per cent of what it was twenty years ago. This decrease is attributed largely to the shooting of them in wanton sport. It has been deemed neces- sary to legislate for the protection of alligators in some localities, especially in Florida, owing to the rapid multiplication of the cane rat which threatened ruin to many harvests. There is a strong sentiment among the hunters in Florida and Louisiana favorable to a law inter- dicting the killing of those measuring less than 5 feet in length. The hide should be removed shortly after the animal is dead, for in the warm climates putrefaction ensues quickly and the value of the hide is depreciated. The operation is begun by cutting through the scaly covering longitudinally from the nose to the end of the tail, along either side of the horny ridge along the back, or in the middle of the under surface of the animal. The former is the usual method in Florida and Louisiana, while the latter is common in Mexico and in Central America. Formerly it was considered difficult to tan the horn-like back properly, but it is now prepared almost as readily as the more pliable portions, and its use is very extensive. After making the incision above noted, a cut is made running from the longitudinal one to and along the middle of each of the legs on their upper side; or, if the back is to be saved, along the under side, extending almost to the wrists. After cutting around the jaws, the skin is peeled off ina blanket piece. Great care should be exercised to avoid careless cuts in the membrane. A very large percentage of the hides received in the market are badly damaged in this manner. These knife cuts may be scarcely noticeable in the raw skins, but when dressed are so apparent as to render quite valueless the part of the skin in which they are contained, resulting in much waste. The hide should be salted immediately, the salt being carefully rubbed in all folds and crevices as well as over the entire inner surface of the skin, the use of coarse-grained salt being avoided. The edges along UTILIZATION OF THE SKINS OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. B45 the abdomen and the parts from the legs are folded over neatly and the entire skin rolled up in a compact bundle and placed in a dry, cool place. Many hides spoil by reason of insufficient or indifferent salting, the grain side becoming so damaged that at best they are suitable only for second-class leather. After thorough curing, the salted hides are placed in boxes, barrels, or bags, and are bartered at the neighboring trading store, whence they are duly shipped to the tanneries. The price received by the hunters for alligator hides varies from 15 cents to $2 each, according to the length and condition of the skin, and averages probably about 90 cents. Prime hides 5 feet long, with no cuts, scale slips, or other defects, are worth about 95 cents each, in trade, when the hunter sells them at the country stores, and about $1.10, cash, at the tanneries. ‘Those measuring 7 feet are worth $1.55; 6 feet, $1.12; 4 feet, 52 cents, and 3 feet, 25 cents. Little demand exists for those under 3 feet in length. TANNING ALLIGATOR HIDES. The principal tanneries in the United States handling alligator hides are situated at Newark, N. J., and New York City, N. Y. Some hides are also prepared in New Orleans, Jacksonville, and in one or two of the tanneries in Massachusetts. Many are also exported to Germany and to England and there tanned. Alligator bides of all lengths, from 2 feet up, are used, but those most in demand are about 7 feet long. Hides over 10 feet in length are not much used, owing not only to their scarcity but to the hardness of the cuticular plates, making them difficult to tan properly and almost valueless for leather purposes, although some over 17 feet long have been prepared. Formerly only the skin from the underpart and the sides of the animal was used, that from the back being so heavily armored with tough, horny plates and shields as to be of little value, except in case of very small hides. During recent years, however, a demand has existed for ‘“horn” alligator, i. e., leather from the back of the ani- mal, and this demand has been supplied by the importations from Mexico and Central America, a very large percentage of which are cut down the abdomen so as to preserve the back in one piece. The Louisiana and Florida skins are not cut ‘‘ horn back” because they are not so flexible on the back as the Mexican. On receipt at the tannery the hides are assorted according to their size, the small, medium, and large being treated separately on account of the difference in texture. With plenty of salt they are placed ina suitable storage room, whence they may be removed as required. In the process of preparing for tanning, the skins are first immersed in vats of clear water, the smaller ones remaining about two days and the larger ones six days, according to the condition of the membrane. When sufficiently soaked they are immersed in a solution of lime, which should not be so strong as for depilating, and there they remain 3846 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. from eight to fifteen days, according to their size and the conditions of the water and the temperature. Each day the hides are reeled or removed into a stronger lime solution, great care being observed to avoid injuring the skin during this handling. The wet hides are now placed on a beam and shaved on the flesh side, all fat and superfluous flesh being removed. The bate of bran into which they next pass is made very weak, and in it the hides are gently agitated by means of a wheel, remaining there for ten to fifteen hours. The hides are next cleaned in a wash-wheel tank and then immersed in a vat of oak bark extract, gambia, or sumac liquor of about 4° strength. Every day or so the liquor is made stronger, increasing to about 20° at the end of eighteen or twenty days. .--e2< Soest ee a ee ‘che ke One ee eer es Pomoxis sparoides. IBig-mo uth ss ee ee Upper Miss. Valley- (Sif een eee eee oe Cheenobryttus gulosus. Big-mouth bass--_------ (Generals = Seed). eee [Sorter oeee ues Micropterus salmoides. Big-mouthed black bass].....do_.....-----.---- St) accent ee Do. Big-mouthed sun-fish _.| Kentucky; Ohio? __- OT ADDR a es eee ee | Cheenobryttus gulosus. Big-mouthed trout_..... Kentucky ----.------ AOU eee Oe oe | Micropterus salmoides. Big-nosedisun-fish 2). | ae ee 23) || Book 222-2 == Apomotis ischyrus. Bitter-head _..-.2 2. -.2. OHO So se Se Sr 23-572 = eee Pomoxis sparoides. Black-bandedsun-0sh.-| 2222 S88 eee ee 2) (Book ass Mesogonistius cheetodon. Blackepass 8.2.0" ne athe General’i.2.6 2 Sh eee Se Ee eee Micropterus. Black bass of the elu | =2.2-=sens seen ih (| Books eee Micropterus salmoides. ron. | Black crappie --.....-.-- Mlinois: =a esses Pe tig ee eee ae | Pomoxis sparoides. Black-eared pond-fish -.| ........-.-..---------- Piel hls toi0) ce ok Sake eR | Lepomis pallidus. Doesnt Soe ae (Ee eee SoS ae 30,39 jz --- (0 oe eas oe | Lepomis auritus. Black-ears ae] 24 ss Sra | Ohio Valley ---.----- Sil] |. Ba eee Lepomis megalotis. BIAGK-OVES CF) eae ee ana o ae 0.223.232 ee 81 |................| Lepomis cyanellus. Blackeye pun-shscen neces. 25-22 estes ee Ble SBOOK. 222 "2s Do. Blackfresh=-water bacse|lsee. eo os-en een ne ee Gy| Sete do ____-...| Micropterus dolomieu. Black huron --..---2_.-2 Perak eee th gs ete ey | (iy) (Ee Go reese Micropterus salmoides. Black perch -—..-_._.22¢_| Ohio Walley; Miss;;))/9, 31;-viil |2 <2. 22-2 2a58 Micropterus dolomieu. enn | Black sun-fish .........- MRS Pe ee be i | | 11-17) Book? -- = Cheenobryttus gulosus. D fo) hee Et Tae #2 Olio ee Sel SRK eee et ees Ambloplites rupestris. Black-tailed sun-fish..... Ohio Valley --------- 81 |.-..-.--..-..---| Lepomis megalotis. Black warmouth. ohaes- |) ee eee eee. ee | 9 i Book’.2 52251 Chrenobryttus gulosus. Bloody sun-fish's..c 722. lene coos Se eeee sees balm Saas Gomseace Lepomis megalotis. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 359 Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continned. Common name. Blue-and-green sun-fish Blue bass Blue-gilled bream Blue joe Blue-mouthed sun-fish - Blue perch Blue sun-fish Bréme Bride perch Bridge perch Brilliant sun-fish Brim (see Bream) Bronze-backer Bronzed centrarchus _- IBTO WN DHSS = 22 se ogra Brown river-bass- - ----- Brown) trout--—---.---— iButraloibass!—----—----=2 Buffalo sun-fish Butter-fish Galicobassee ca e- =n oases Calico bream Chain-sided sun-fish ---- Chain side Chinquapin perch O Do Chub robin Common basss---------- Common sun- fish Copper-headed bream -- Copper-nosed bream --- Cow; bass). --=..----=.----= Crapet Crapet calicot Crapet jaune Crapet mondoux Crapet noir Crapet vert Crappie Do Crappy (see Crappie) -- Expppie (see Crappie) -- fe) Croppy (see Crappie) -- Dollardee RF Wollyaviarden==--2-.-=-2 Dotted painted-tail- -_-- Dwarf bass Female perch Flat-fish Fresh-water bass Fresh-water perch Fresh-water sun-fish Locality. Rieter . Remarks. | _ ABS ee ee 23 Ohio Valley ----- ea 31 General, 25-.~.-5- 8 Ohio Valley --------- 31 Maumee River, O.; 20, 26 Mich. IMG GHEE Tec ot oeeectase By loa eae Set at IN Cleese ese eee at Ohl (hee SA hola ase aah, sae ey emepe Cal BOOK eso a INC ae hi ees 1O236t | Raeeee eee see Generali eso S| Ree ea aaa ee OWiGEs eet ee oases Sih | ee eee a Ee NA RIN chal is Se) Hela" BIS 00 Kasse Maine; Mass -..-..-- SOnxie |eeees Soy lle Maine 0 asa: eo eS ScLh | Ge eee ee Southern Atlantic 0p fee ae cece ese States. yee done eee ee br secon Cooma Leer e (Govan Se Ee Lae 357 )e| (ese ae ees Meee = ee CO ae Seyi | eee eeee, eee ene ae Southern States; (ott by eka eet Se general. mebec Peal Prencheseas-- hi Owe G4 1) beeen pa eee -3- A Ee 9) | Seer ets Beyer s aie $ Sie at eee ee ieee PAL | 1eyayoy se ene General, South ...--.!-----.-- = Corruption __| ee see te eee Of eee se eee eee Oe ee eee ese SOO kee eas Ohio Wallley;=-=-2---- Bi ES erent ats | Ret ea aie bees in| BOO keene Ohio: Valley: _-------- eRe ee eee MiG hearer one oe Si ess Aneeme nee Lee COWS HE tare eee Ba eee Ba alee MMMM OISe eo ae a eete|| TLL | See ee a ta Generale) bases a. I SHelli eet hes See dE Shi Gla aeie Beate eae OO Geseee Sees ng ee ee ee yest ee aee Ont Le ay ieysvinid eee tojkl kana eat eos ee ey eR keene ie OO kee eee Py te ag fee ceo Dileeae GOs eees TENNER oo Be clears Ly eae bt Sa eee a S Lower Miss. Valley- OU See ees ae Ii OLAS A ee ee IIS Sas Sete ee eee dons Goby cee a= So IN OAV Biss eae eke NBO seXsV? [oars ra Se EN ete tee ee ee diy | eee oe ae Sere eae res Gil || 18xofoles oth we Se a ee ee ee ees See (CW mtost Rigeses PRE SY: Sees Bd Meee oA eoeoee Generally 2-3-2 e Bsa eee Sess [ieYo eee oes SCE nitib ial SP 3 eee Bae Se; Sa Ph See Be here aes rench: 5-2 CE a eee Dar Reet ome: sess af heh Sa ee ee ON BOOK. o-eeea— eS Dad NI Tee ee Pe ee Poy teen dOneare S: Montrea len == sss—=2e5 2) rench=22 = ee Stee ee ee ee 20) EBOOK 2 =ea= Generale cee Bt RAs Se eee . C4 general..-.--- SELON Eee ers Bar oe LY Po ee Os eS a ee aaa ees eee ea } iG yes Fase eee Sh ee aes om ii esol 3 5g ihe ee Asti] pS Spee ee al tS re ee Snes Bilolpastovoiio sess Bille |e dome le pee Ose eens iL): | eee see SEs BOSAL | PEE Ree be oe SI ps eas ee IS hs eee fee es 5-1 ll aaa beet ee 5. || \eR Ae See aint | ease a SCE. Se eee eee 6 Ba ee eee the 28 4 | | ) Identification. Lepomis cyanellus. Do. Lepomis pallidus. Lepomis cyanellus. Lepomis pallidus. 0. Lepomis cyanellus. Do. et gloriosus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis auritus. Ambloplites rupestris. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis, Eupomotis,ete. Ambloplites rupestris. Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis annularis. Lepomis megalotis. Lepomis, Eupomotis,ete Micropterus dolomieu. Ambloplites rupestris. Microplerus dolomieu. oO. Do. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Lepomis cyanellus. Pomoxis sparoides. Do. Do. Pomoxis sparoides? Pomoxis annularis. Lepomis macrocheirus. Do. Lepomis punctatus. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Micropterus salmoides. Eupomotis gibbosus? Micropterus salmoides. _| Eupomotis gibbosus, Le- pomis megalotis. Tepons pallidus. oO Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis, etc. Pomoxis sparoides. Eupomotis gibbosus. Arab lopliies rupestris. Do Do. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Ambloplites rupestris. Lepomis pallidus. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus salmoides. Micropterus dolomieu. Lepomis megalotis. awous gibbosus. fo) Lepomis auritus. Centrarchus macrop- terus. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Centrarchus macrop- terus. Ambloplites rupestris. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis auritus. 3860 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continued. Common name. Locality. Fresh-water trout ------ Gor Ga.; Wa. 222ees Gilded'sun-fishts seers |e -. -- aa ee Gogele eye. ni intense Netba General in West ---- DON coee eee General; N. C.; Tex. LD YC aes Sn ee ele Southern States --_- 1D 0), = SSR eS ee einen aon 5 ee Fe Goggle-eyed bass- -- Ohio - iggy Gorels: eyed perch -_-__-- -| Souther n States ___. @oldsbass'-] 22. =. .-- Ohio Valley 2==---=- Golds=hshe ss sete ee ODIONStC esas nee Goldring sae Ohio Valley ------.-- Gold-ringpomoxis 2 see e eae nia ee ee Grass bass= 222 ee Ind:; Minn) <== 2-2: D {Lake Erie; Ohio: I11.; Neale es aki ee ‘Miss. Valley. Gray bass. -.-...- nae i(o) se See ee eee Green'bassi ei sase ya 2c MicH? Ohio River - (oo as as oe ea Ys Semen cr Meer tans GyeeninerGh oe sce n= n aes emer e oon aeeee Green sun-fish ______-__- General S20 222s ee Green trout 2--_ 722. :! ae eee eee Oe ee eee BL ey es See eee Growler se: = co) a el ee ee een eae eee Harlequin roach ____--- [oe Bee een ace Seen HOD Dbassiee sae ee DEPOT eee oe John Demon-_-_-____---- sue meutE EERE ak etc JUMpPeOre so. ss e Riven vente es cee eee Domes eee ee Takeibasss oo ae | Ohio? ie 1 8 fo yes ee eee ee Ae KONI Om weet ee ee oe DO eee eee nee Great Lakes ? ____--- hake crappiels==0--2--2-|.-<=- Gor? Soe er ee Lake Erie bass_.-...._.-.| (LETS (OM otQeya eta ee Lake Huron black bass. Le eee, Lamplighter__......_._- @Ohio=s Sree harge-tinned bass 2 2s eeesecac ane Seen eee Large-mouthed bass ___| General __.______.--- Large-mouthed black |_.--- does eae bass. Latge-scaled sun-fish sie. 22 2 coos sees aoe Leather-ear........_..-- N. A Leather-wing Little bass Little bream Little red-eye Little ee Tonginied sun-fish ___| Many-spined sun-fish _- Marshihigassye- seco see Mill-pond chub -_______- Mill-pond flier _______._. *Mill-pond perch Minniy bassia2s5055°- ee More-mouth bream ____| Mountain trout Mud bass DOs oer. 2 eras. 3k Mudchup iss -- 2 Mud perche=- ee: ss Mud sun-fish New Light Newulbiphte: 22. o-2 228 Northern crappie ---.-- Northern pomotis_-__-_- Obscure bass. Orange-spotted sun-fish OBWOR0; Dass os. ~ ae ee s.C Moss basai2. © ee I NGrte sso ee dO eee | Ohio Valley fresh-water |__. Great Lakes; New York. Refer- eee! Remarks. Identification. 3 Fl ed pe cts pai ee Micropterus salmoides. 91 9 { on Ba |Book shteoet< Lepomis macrocheirus. ta ete 3 a rtrd ene rupestris. URC Th eee oh eed Cheenobryttus gulosus. Foie eae Ss Se Dee Pomoxis sparoides. Qi: | Eads eee eee | Pomoxis annularis. 2130 ||) BOOKeessenaes Ambloplites rupestris. 8) 2 aereeee eee | Pomoxis sparoides. Xi) See ees | Lepomis auritus ? Bl SSeee ss eee Micropterus dolomieu. Bl! sae e eee Lepomis macrocheirus. 1 ep se eee ee Pomoxis annularis. Bib |elstovoy ie ees = oO. VAbuS-ohny |e eo eee Micropterus salmoides. 2,8, a ean pas Pomoxis sparoides. Fj beta orig es See Micropterus salmoides. 351d) | Seas Ce ee oO. AQ WEES eSe2: eee Micropterus dolomieu. 0 | Se ee ee Micropterus sp Si. 2o2 oe ie Lepomis eyanninee TRL Val pose seers Micropterus salmoides. AQ) | Deva eal Seth ec Micropterus dolomieu. 6 | Obsolete -_--- Micropterus salmoides. OT | MBoolkeaeseeens | Eupomotis gibbosus. Sls Past ls Bee parents dolomieu (young). 325 BOOK sess Micropterus salmoides. Ch eee eis yee ee Pomoxis annularis. be Ee ee pee a | Cheenobryttus gulosus. ie eee eek nae a Sy en ey | Mic ropterus salmoides et dolomieu. Tx 1|Se Ne Lepomis auritus. als | S228 eee oS eee Eupomotis gibbosus. Gull BOOK ee 2a a= Ambloplites rupestris. PN ene See ES i Micropterus salmoides. el eden © Bee ee Se: Pomoxis sparoides, 2) (Peete eee ra ee Do. PS Ta eee ee ee Do. Si Book = <=" Micropterus salmoides. CPC eee ee ae Pomoxis sparoides. Li | Books 222625 Centrarchus macrop terus. eee el ESE es EOD Ce Micropterus salmoides. pee ae [peeccccecoroeace Do. 23) |) Books oees Lepomis megalotis. ; Lepomis auritus. Do. Micropterus dolomieu (young). Enneacanthus obesus. d | Lepomis eyanelius. Soe ee eee |__...do_....-.-| Enneacanthus. (| ae doses Lepomis megalotis. 1) aoe do. Lepomis auritus. ah eee doles: Centrarchus macrop- terus. Psy ee do 222-222 oO. 5 Ae) eae = ae ee Micropterus salmoides. Riv, | -ce22 wees Do. LD cere eee Pomoxis sparoides. 36/22 eee | Centrarchus macrop- | terus. Bl PR eee ee _Micropterus dolomieu | (young). é Corruption -.| Gh epee tine ulosus. th pee i el ae ee ee | Micropterus salmoides. (Te Ne ee Micropterus dolomieu. Will | 225524554 Micropterus salmoides. Ch 4. 3a eee Acantharchus pomotis. BON eeaeas ea. a eee Cheenobryttus gulosus. 18, Bde)-e252--- .... Acantharchus pomotis. 2,5 | Book Se Do. PO eases eee | Pomoxis sparoides ? gl ee See Pomoxis annularis. 1? |) Bookt22a22e- | Pomoxis sparoides. 82 jo... do | Eupomotis gibbosus. (ia Same doves | Micropterus dolomieu. 17 Sop =: Lepomis humilis. Sha eee Micropterus salmoides. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 361 Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continued. Common name. Locality. ne : Remarks. Identification. Painted=tail: 22.2.2222:2: Obie. ee ses eee 63 Ue See Goes Micropterus salmoides. Palecrappies: 22 3-2>--= U5 eee eee TC een Fe ee AE Pomoxis annularis. Palewmivier-bassi. eee ee |eseeesiecessaheass2eeeS5- 31 Books*22241..- Micropterus salmoides. Paillidisun-tsh est enon ee ene 2 8) epee domo 25-5 Eupomotis pallidus. Paper-mouth'-==_2----= MGNe v0 s Ses 8s. eee VAL eon eee ee Pomoxis annularis. Pearch or peerch- ------ Southern States ----]_-.2.-----} Corruption _-| Lepomis, Eupomotis, etc. Perch sis eet eee Generals. 25-222 322-5| fo) ls eee tenes i Do. lO ios ee eeoenee ness||=Secen Bee seeosonon=sase Dy ean aes ae Centrarchus macrop- terus. Do ie ee eee Southern States ---- Of et SASS Micropterus salmoides et dolomieu. 1D Oe vee Be rey Bee = eee (CKO ee ae S| PE ee ee er eee Cheenobryttus gulosus. IDO eRe ee Fo Cale sss Se alleen ee Se ee Archoplites interruptus. Perch-mouth bream -___| Florida -.-....--.---- Riles Soo - se eS Cheenobryttus gulosus. IOV AG) SOM ean eee a | Oe eee aes se See eee Sone OO Keene a= Eupomotis gibbosus. 1D 0) eee nner OBiOe eae es asec eee Po) Se ea Ase Micropterus salmoides. Pumpkin-seed --.------- New England and | 8,30,38 |_.....--....---- Eupomotis gibbosus. Middle States. Quivers. ---<-=--..24--=- Maine: = 2 te. == Te Seon se oouses Lepomis auritus. (Oss Bs eee ae dott tes peewee kein ks Eupomotis gibbosus. RBZ be ee ee eee Pas ee es ee eo OFiSiecse sesso ascce Pomoxis sparoides. Red-bellied bream ------ INS Cyse ee sss C6 Syh | Sees eee Lepomis auritus. 1 DG Tae eee ee ee! eS aa ee ee ae Sr (COlBoo ke. 26-23. | Lepomis megalotis. Red-bellied perch ---.-- aha uth Atlantic | 9500 || Pe cece Sseee Lepomis auritus. States. | | Doe eee Gates s oss seaesteeccee 5 TP oone ene tones Lepomis megalotis. Red-bellied robin perch | N. C -_--.------------ 10; eS eee oe eel Lepomis auritus. Redebelliy se Hasek Ome ese eeee es BG Ree eee es oe | Do. DOS eee ee a ee dor Pateeat=. aan < | el es ee oe ees Eupomotis gibbosus. Dori. Aes Be FOhionvialleygas oe a= SUH ee ees oon | Lepomis megalotis. IPayel lovee ee 8 ee eee ee eee Q) ass Sere ae | Lepomis auritus. Redseyes os: 223-25 222=2- General 22-----5=>--- to) es Sel ee | Ambloplites rupestris. Worse Ae ee do SS ee Ba a eS eae | Cheenobryttus gulosus. [Do ke we ee eeamay ania Winavoytsy = SEE STS Doli ake Hou uetees | Lepomis cyanellus. DOS = sae Scots: pCa tee NOES: LOW RES Sake Sa Micropterus dolomieu. Red-eyed bream -------- pout Atlantic BO) | soem ee oto sae Ambloplites rupestris. States. | DOS eee Iowa; Ark.; Ohio’ __| 17,24,25 | Book ?_-.----- Cheenobryttus gulosus. Red-eyed perch -------- Gieneralen saa. eee ee ese aa (Ae eee ee Ambloplites rupestris. Red-eyedisun-fisho2e2aie 2522 2cnes2525 5-55 2es= 21) Books. .25--22= | Lepomis megalotis. IDO eh ROE oe el ee ee ee ae Bile eee doeesess Ambloplites rupestris. Red-headed bream - ---- Pate ss eee 229) bas ee Se Lepomis auritus. IRGGiperchy=--s45 2s EG Gece ea eee os (ig ae a ae | Lepomis miniatus. Dots sce et ak eee Georgiates. =. 2. 5s. Sey | peace Locke eas | Lepomis auritus. Red-spotted sun-fish-_--.| Miss.; Ark.; Iowa ?_- 11,25 | Book ?- 222 --- Lepomis humilis. Red sun-fish ------ BOG Mee eet eos Scat ete p< ees ee | Lepomis auritus. Red-tailed bream -- | eee eee me 70) re ean ee Do. Red-tailed pomotis -----| -------------- Jon WBOO Kees sce Do. : LetihGhe [SEs Seas eee ees | eee aS [ee ee eee | Micropterus salmoides. AS) OMe ea ee we ceca eee Jaa ES eres ..| Micropterus dolomieu. River crappie ---------- Dil e at ee oe oe SUT ten ee | Pomoxis annularis. Od Ch ee == eeseeen eee MiG Hesse: os -8Son2< = RE eco. eS eal Lepomis auritus. Doses est QOhios= MG! so sets Palo al deen Ae eee Eupomotis gibbosus. Wot 2 estas tes oa9~ Ohion ee PAG Sear ses creer Pomoxis sparoides. ROLE eee are tee eeee IN Cy eee eee 3D, | Se seserme ee Saaen Lepomis auritus. DONS AS ot a Se| Ses (6 Kayenta SUN Eerie ee eee Eupomotis gibbosus. Robin perch = ses sees 5-255 Closet, pee eae 3917 eee anaes * o Lepomis auritus. (DY) See ee eee Vidtes INI @ bee ree G0 OO ua eee eee ae Eupomotis gibbosus. Rockibasss-.t i -224---2 Generales pol eee yee eee Ambloplites rupestris. IDO) Sean t Panel ie Se eee ee UO) Berea ieee ae 5 Micropterus sp. ROCKS Slee =e he Fees ee iis octet eek 22) BOO kee se. oe Pomoxis sparoides. RiGunid bass ease ae ee he oe eee eke 1G Rees doe = Centrarchus. Ipoyebavolysivual=s ee) el OS 5 ee 0 Re Bee eee eee Akos BeSee dOe=e=e = | Centrarchus macrop- terus. pers ae ae bee e Masses e260. 2 eet 30,38 |_...-.-----..--.| Eupomotis gibbosus. Sacramento perch Salmon-formed grow- Silver bass Silver perch Do Slough bass Pomoxis annularis. Cheenobryttus gulosus? Centrarchus macrop- terus? Pomoxis sparoides. Pomoxis annularis. Archoplites interruptus. Micropterus salmoides. Eupomotis gibbosus. Pomoxis sparoides. | Pomoxis annularis. Eupomotis holbrooki. Centrarchus macrop- terus. Pomoxis sparoides. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus salmoides. 362 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Alphabetical list of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes—Continued. Common name. Small green sun-fish -_- Small-mouthed bass____. Small-mouthed black bass. Southern chub-__.-.-- Speckled bass- __--- : Speckled hen =---_---::- Speckled perch Spotted bass........-..- Spotted bream Spotted perch --.......-- Spotted river bass_-.--- Spotted trout Strawibasst asec ee=- Strawberry bass ------.- Strawbery perch Streaked-cheeks river- bass. Streaked-head Striped bass .-.......-.- Suckley perch --....---- Sim bass = 222-2 ss2s2-e-- Sun-fish DOs tee ose eee Sun-fish bass .-.--....-- Sun-fish river-bass Sunny Sun perch Does Sun trout Swaeo 22eve ste ses See SWwaeo Dassie cease ee ee Swego Swero basset a tre. Timber croppie -------- Tin-mouth Mini perches ese ae TODACCO-DORK oases eae Troutiseots sictesesose. Trout) bass 2255.22 528s25 Trout perchrse=- 5 sse22- Trout river-bass.--....-- Warm-mouth perch-.~- Warmouth perch Welshman we bass White salmon _..._-...- White trout iguana fetus Wide-mouth sun-fish-_- Yaw-mouth perch Yellow bass. ...........- Yellow bream Yellow perch Do Das Arava Cees Yellow pond perch Locality. pete Welene taiic cbaladecaaiwace 23 General’... = oan pres GO saccsccon casted aneeeeesee 5 noe a 12 | MG Gh 225 35 Sa 3 Canada, 282 2 a2 ae 9, B4 WiNis CS eeeaee ete tarsecs 10, 35, 36 las Asics Gale sess vV,XV ee ae eee ees 2 Se ee Bir et 9 ee 9,34 Ce a en ee eee 13 NOT dass soe ae i Ga eee Michi ind eisse estos Ohio-e sees Generalle= 22-2 Ohio Valley -..--.-.--- Chautauqua Lake, INRYi NDE ae See ee acess ING ee Set ae ee N.C.; Southern States. aonewe coe cura meeees 8 Generals Ss Se Kentucky River ---- 31 fe ee eae eae 3l IN Yi Ni EIT eee 8 IMISSie 2 see ee 11 Monn 722s epee asec x | et Re Saas, SU mee 2,9 Gases = 5. och seas xv Gan cet 2 eee 35 ING VE OV ibeere oe eae ote iv, xvi weaae OU) Baer esses} hae ayal ae OO soonest tees ive xsl oe (6 Ko Peeps eee ee MdaVia.; DEG Southern States ---- Ohio Valley Ohio Valley, South- ern States. Ohio: Valley.-2- === N iv, Xvi 2 2, ii 12, viii 35 14, viii 31,34 18,36 13 Remarks. Identification. BOO KE =a = s225- Lepomis megalotis. ne eee Ra Micropterus dolomieu. Eiesco stan soses Do. Bookieoe-nsn2 Micropterus salmoides. woah do _-..--.-| Pomoxis annularis. ee ..-| Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus sp. \Pomoxis sparoides. Pomoxis annularis, Micropterus sp. Lepomis punctatus. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus dolomieu. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis sparoides. Do. Pomoxis sparoides et an- nularis. Micropterus dolomieu. Do. Micropterus salmoides. Pomoxis annularis. Eupomotis gibbosus. Ambloplites rupestris. Centrarchus macropte rus. Cheenobryttus gulosus. | Lepomis, Eupomotis, etc. | Ambloplites rupestris. oO. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis megalotis. Ambloplites rupestris. Lepomis auritus. Pomoxis sparoides. Chieenobryttus gulosus. Micropterus dolomieu. Do. Do. Do. Pomoxis annularis. Pomoxis sparoides. Pomoxis annularis. Do. Eupomotis gibbosus. Micropterus salmoides et dolomieu. MUCTOpIOEDS dolomieu. O. Do. Cheenobryttus gulosus. Th csse eee eee oO. Se arr ip oe eet A Micropterus salmoides. ERG Fae Ses 2 oO. Ambloplites rupestris. Pomoxis annularis. Do. Pomoxis sparoides. Micropterus salmoides. O. Micropterus dolomieu. Cheenobryttus gulosus. eae oO. ae a _ Micropterus dolomieu, Micropterus salmoides. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Lepomis holbrooki. Lepomis auritus. Eupomotis gibbosus. Micropterus dolomieu. Micropterus salmoides. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 363 Systematic list of the basses and sun-fishes, with the common names applied to each species shown thereunder. ¢ 1. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacépéde). Strawberry Bass; Calico Bass, Bachelor. Bank-lick bass. Bar-fish. Bitter-head. Black crappie. Calico bass. Calico bream. Campbellite (?). Chinquapin perch. Crapet. Crapet calicot. Crappie. Crappy. Dolly Varden. Goggle-eye. Goggle-eyed perch. Grass bass. Lake bass. Lake crappie. Lake Erie bass. Lamplighter. 2. Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. Bachelor. Bachelor perch. Bridge perch. Calico bass (7). Campbellite. Chinquapin perch. Crapet. Crappy. Goggle-eye. Gold-ring. Gold-ring pomoxis. John Demon. New Light. Pale crappie. Mill-pond flier. New Light (?). Northern crappie. Razor-back. Roach. Rock-fish. Sac-a-lait. Sand perch. Silver bass. Silver perch. Crappie. Paper-mouth. River crappie. Sac-a-lait. Shad. Silver perch. Southern crappie. Speckled perch. Crappie. 3. Centrarchus macropterus (Lacépéde). Perch. Round bass. Round sun-fish. Long-finned sun-fish. Many-spined sun-fish. Mill-pond perch. Flier (or flyer). Flying perch. Large-finned bass. 4. Acantharchus pomotis (Baird). Mud Sun-fish. Bass sun-fish. Mud bass. Mud perch. Rock Bass. Red-eye. Red-eyed bream. Red-eyed perch. Red-eyed sun-fish. Rock bass. Sun-fish. 5. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Black sun-fish. Bream (Brim). Bréme. Bronzed centrarchus. Crapet mondoux. Crapet noir. Crapet vert. Croppie. Fresh-water bass. Goggle-eye. Goggle-eyed bass. Lake bass. 6. Archoplites interruptus (Girard). Sacramento Perch. Perch. Sacramento perch. 7. Cheenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Big-mouth. Chub. Perch-mouth bream. Big-mouthed sun-fish. Goggle-eye. Red-eye. Black sun-fish. Jug-mouth. Red-eyed bream. Black warmouth. More-mouth bream. Sac-a-lait. Bream. Mud chub. Sun-fish. Buffalo bass. Perch. Sun trout. 8. Enneacanthus obesus (Baird). Banded sun-fish. Little bream. 9. Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook). Blue-spotted sun-fish. Little sun-fish. Banded Sun-fish. Black-banded sun-fish. 10. Mesogonistius cheetodon (Baird). Banded sun-fish. Speckled bass. Speckled perch. Spotted perch. Spotted trout. Straw bass. Strawberry bass. Strawberry perch. Sun perch. Tin-mouth. White perch. Strawberry perch. Suckley perch. Timber croppie. Tin-mouth. Tin perch. White crappie. White perch. Flier; Round Sun-fish. Sac-a-lait. Shining bass. Sun-fish. Mud sun-fish. Sun-fish bass. Sun-fish river-bass. Sun perch. White bass. Warmouth. Warm-mouth perch. Warmouth. Warmouth bream. Warmouth perch. Wide-mouthed sun-fish. Yaw-mouth perch. Little sun-fish. «There are 8 or 10 other species of sun-fishes to which no common names have been given. 564 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Systematic list of the basses and sun-fishes, with the common names applied to 11. Apomotis punctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bream (Brim). 12. Apomotis cyanellus (Rafinesque). Black-eyes. Black-eye sun-fish. Blue-and-green sun- fish, Chinquapin perch. Blue bass. Blue-fish. Blue sun-fish. Blue-spotted sun-fish. Green Sun-fish. Bream (Brim). Buffalo sun-fish. Green sun-fish. Little red-eye. 18. Apomotis ischyrus (Jordan & Nelson). Big-nosed sun-fish. 14. Lepomis auritus (Linneus). Black-eared pond-fish. Bream (Brim). Flat-fish. Flounder. Fresh-water sun-fish. Goggle-eyed perch (7). Kiver. Leather-ear. Leather-wing. Long-eared sun-fish. Perch, pearch, or peerch, Quiver. Red-belly. Red-bellied bream. Red-bellied perch. 15. Lepomis miniatus Jordan. Red perch. 16. Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). Big-ear sun-fish. Black ears. Black-tailed sun-fish. Bloody sun-fish. Bream (Brim). 17. Lepomis humilis (Girard). Bream (Brim). Brilliant sun-fish. Common sun-fish. Eared-sun-fish. Large-sealed sun-fish. Long-eared sun-fish. Red-bellied robin perch, Red-breast. Red-headed bream. Red perch. Red sun-fish. Red-tailed bream. Red-tailed pomotis. each species shown thereunder—Continued. Chinquapin Perch. Spotted bream. Perch, pearch, ov peerch. Red-eye. Sun-fish. Roach. Robin. Robin perch. Sun-fish. Sun perch. Yellow-belly. Yellow perch. Long-eared Sun-fish. Perch, pearch,or peerch. Sun-fish. Red-bellied bream. Red-belly. Red-eyed sun-fish. Small green sun-fish. Red-spotted Sun-fish. Sun perch. Perch, pearch,or peerch. Red-spotted sun-fish. Sun-fish. Orange-spotted sun-fish. 18. Lepomis macrocheirus Rafinesque. Bream (Brim). Chain-sided sun-fish. 19. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Bluwe-gill; Blue sun-fish. Black-eared pond-tish. Blue bream. Chain-side. Gilded sun-fish. Blue joe. Blue-mouthed sun-fish. Blue-gill (or Blue-gills). Blue perch. Blue-gilled bream. Blue sun-fish. 20. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linneus). Bream (Brim). Chub robin (7). Common sun-fish. Crapet jaune. Female perch. Flat-fish. Flounder. Fresh-water perch. Harlequin roach. Kiver. Northern pomotis. Perch, pearch, peerch. Pond perch. Pumpkin-seed. Gold-fish. Sun-fish. Perch, pearch, or peerch. Bream (Brim). Copper-headed bream. Copper-nosed bream. Dollardee. Perch, pearch, peerch. Sun-fish. Pumpkin-seed; Tobacco-box. Quiver. Red-belly. Roach. Robin. Robin-perch. Ruff. Sand perch. 21. Eupomotis holbrooki (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Yellow bream. Shell-cracker. Sun bass. Sun-fish. Sunny. Tobacco-box. Yellow-belly. Yellow perch. COMMON NAMES OF THE BASSES AND SUN-FISHES. 365 Systematic list of the basses and sun-fishes, with the common names applied to each species shown thereunder—Continued. 22. Micropterus salmoides (Lacépéde). Large-mouthed black bass. Achigan. Cow bass. Large-mouthed black Slough bass. Achigan grandebouche. Dotted painted-tail. bass. Southern chub. Achigan noir. Fresh-water trout. Marsh bass. Speckled hen. Bass. Grass bass. Mill-pond chub. Spotted bass. Bayou bass. Gray bass. Moss bass. Straw bass. Big-mouthed bass. Green bass. Mud bass. Striped bass. Big-mouthed black Green perch. Oswego bass. Trout. bass. Green trout. Painted-tail. Welshman. Big-mouthed trout. Growler. Pale river bass. White bass. Black bass of the Hu- Huron. Perch. - White salmon. ron. Jumper. Pond perch. White trout. Black Huron. Lake bass. River pass. Yellow bass. Bride perch. Lake Huron black bass. Rock bass. Yellow pond-perch. Chub. Large-mouthed bass. Salmon-formed growler. Common bass. 23. Micropterus dolomieu Lacépede. Small-mouthed black bass. Achigan. Dwarf bass. Perch, Streaked-head. Achigan noir. Gold bass. Red-eye. Swago. Achigan petite bouche. Green bass. River bass. Swago bass. Bass. Green perch. Rock bass. Swego. Bass hog-fish. Green trout. Small-mouthed bass. Swego bass. Black bass. Hog bass. Small-mouthed black Trout. Black fresh-water bass. Jumper. bass. Trout bass. Black perch. Little bass. Speckled hen. Trout perch. Bronze-backer. Minny bass. Spotted bass. Trout river bass. Brown bass. Mountain trout. Spotted river bass. White trout. Brown river bass. Obscure fresh-water Streaked-cheeks river Yellow bass. Brown trout. bass. bass. Yellow perch. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Bairp, SPENCER F. Report on the fishes observed on the coasts of New Jersey and Long Island during the summer of 1854. Ninth Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. BEAN, TARLETON H. The fishes of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, 1893. Bo.tuMan, C. H. A report upon the fishes of Kalamazoo, Calhoun, and Antrim counties, Michigan. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission 1888. Catessy, M. Natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. London, 1754. Corr, Kk. D. The fishes of Pennsylvania. Report of Fish Commissioners of Pennsylvania 1881-82. Dr Kay, James E. Natural history of New York. Part Iv, Fishes. New York, 1842. Ev2=RMANN & KENDALL. The fishes of Texas and the Rio Grande Basin. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission 1892. . GoopE, G. Brown. ‘The food-fishes of the United States. The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States, Section I. Washington, 1884. GoopE, G. Brown. American fishes. A popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North America. New York, 1888. 10. HaLLock, CHARLES. Winter sports in North Carolina. Forest and Stream, New York, February 18, 1892. 11. Hay, O. P. On a collection of fishes from the Lower Mississippi Valley. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission 1882. 12. HENSHALL, JAMES A. [The American Angler. vol. U1. ] 13. HENSHALL, J. A. Report upon a collection of fishes made in southern Florida : during 1889. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1889. 14. Hopps, ORLANDO. A list of Ohio River fishes sold in the markets. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1881. 15, JARDINE, WILLIAM. The Naturalist’s Library, vol. 1. Edinburgh, 1835, 2 29 - a 2 DP IS 36E 16. is 18. : ) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERTES. JORDAN, DAVIDSTARR, and EVERMANN, BARTON WARREN. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin 47, U. 8. National Museum. Wash- ington, 1896. JoRDAN, Davip Starr. Report on the fishesof Ohio. Report of the Geolog- ical Survey of Ohio, vol. tv. Columbus, 1882. JoRDAN, Davin STaRR. Report of explorations made during 1888 in the Alle- gheny region of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and in Western Indiana, with an account of the fishes found in each of the river basins of those regions. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1888. . Kenpatu, W. C. Notes on the fresh-water fishes of Washington County, Maine. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission 1894. . Kirscn, P. H. Report upon investigations in the Maumee River Basin dur- ing the summer of 1893. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission 1894. . Kirtuanp, J. P. Fishes of Ohio, in ‘‘ The Family Visitor,’’ Cleveland and Hudson, Ohio, 1850-51. . KirtTLAND, J. P. Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. m1. 23. KLIPPART, J. H. Catalogue of fishes of Ohio. Report of Ohio State Fish Commission for 1875-76. 24. Meek, SeTH EvuGENe. A list of fishes and mollusks collected in Arkansas and Indian Territory in 1894. Bulletin U. 5. Fish Commission 1895. . Merk, Ser EvGene. be | ape 190022. Fee eee ee Sees | 43] 43 | 42] 42] 4 | 43) 43] 4 | ae SE | 63 5} Ct [pas A Ns A | 44) 62]. Gk] 5h] 5) Gh 6 | 62] 6h). Sh.) ocBe 1 QO 2 fete cis ovis eraicis ayatdn o'au'ale | 5 53 | 5 5 43 4 4} 43 5k 6 4i 5 | Hake, haddock, and pollock meet with only a small demand; split herring in moderate request; round herring, alewives, and boneless fish are not desirable. Quite an amount of canned fishery products of various kinds is imported from Europe, sardines predominating. With the exception of canned salmon, canned fish from the United States is seldom seen. PONCE. In the number of inhabitants and the amount of fishery products handled the city and district of Ponce largely lead any other section of Porto Rico. The last census reports the city with 27,952, and the district 203,191 inhabitants. The Spanish records show the total amount of fishery imports received at Ponce in 1897 as 17,289,196 pounds, of a value in Spanish silver of $1,030,854, on which the duties amounted to $72,332. In THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. oe 1902 the total direct imports amounted to 8,377,680 pounds, valued at $330,074 in United States money, on which the duty was $56,008. The imports from the United States in 1902 being admitted free accounts in part for the decrease in duties. The large decrease in direct imports in 1902 is due partly to the fact that the receipts were entered at the San Juan custom-house and forwarded from that port by local steamers, which was not the case in 1897. The following quotations of values and notes on the market are of interest: Feb. 10, 1903.—Total receipts of the past two weeks, 285 tierces, 79 drums, and 42 boxes of cod; 80 tierces of haddock, 8 of pollock, and 2 of hake. Last sales, cod 5} cents, haddock 44 cents, and split herring $6 per barrel. Feb. 24.—Reeeipts past two weeks, 619 tierces and 100 boxes of cod, 90 tierces of haddock, 253 barrels of herring. Sales of cod 5} cents, haddock 4} cents, and split herring $5.50 per barrel. The demand just at present for cod is anything but satisfac- tory, and the explanation we offer is the low prices which our planters are receiving for our Porto Rico coffee, owing to the unsatisfactory situation of this article in the world’s markets, and for this reason merchants and planters in the interior are buy- ing only what they require for immediate consumption; therefore sales of round lots, such as were formerly effected, are nowadays quite out of the question. THE DOMESTIC FISHERIES OF PORTO RICO. _ Although there are many species of excellent food-fishes native to Porto Rican waters, none of them are canned, dried, smoked, or pickled. The local demand is good, yet poorly supplied with fresh fish at high prices. Whether fish can be well cured in the trying climate of the Tropics remains to be demonstrated. If some of the fine food-fishes now found are in ample abundance after supplying the local demand, they could be sent to northern markets quicker and cheaper than is now possible with fresh fish from the Pacific coast, from which shipments are made every year in increased quantities. The profitable canning of the spiny lobster, which is quite plentiful on the south side and eastern end of Porto Rico, is also a possibility. Oysters of good flavor and small size are quite plentiful in the lagoons and arms of the sea at several places on the south side of the island; also in the waters of San Juan Harbor. At the latter place the sea wall is covered with small oysters $ to 14 inches in length. On the south side of the island they are usually attached to the roots and lower branches of the mangrove trees at the shore. The largest of the oysters compare with 2-year-old seed of Virginia waters, but are very poor and quite salty. No oysters. are planted, nor is any attention given to their improvement or cultivation. Occasionally : few are gathered and peddled at 10 cents a dozen through the streets of the cities. The few fishermen at most of the numerous ports are satisfied with small incomes derived from a small amount of labor. Many of the men combine a little fishing with work on the plantations, lightering 374 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. of vessels, and other work. During the past few*years a steady demand for labor on shore at increased wages has induced the most enterprising of the fishermen to give more time to shore work at the expense of the fisheries. The only boats employed in the fisheries of Porto Rico are small - open sail or row boats, and these are used only when the weather conditions are favorable. The total consumption of fish-food products in Porto Rico during 1902 and the average amount per capita were as follows: | Average Kind. | Lbs. | pounds per | capita, — — a Tas ———— Imported) Cured) a. 2h las = Sahelian cm cements baslae cine olde cane a eee eee 20, 503, 507 | 214 LOGaMeCSLGN OT estiisth 23<7 Seca coe fee ots ecole ae Saale ra ait lane ae et erent 2,169, 770 | 2 SAN JUAN. The city of San Juan is but poorly supplied with fresh fish, sold from two stalls in the city market and to a small extent by street vend- ors, who carry their stock on their shoulders suspended from a pole, asmall pair of scales completing the outfit. The market prices for undressed fish range from 8 to 12 cents a pound, the fishermen receiy- ing an average of 5 cents a pound. The local fishermen of 1902 numbered 25, having 10 small ‘boats. Their aggregate catch amounted to 120,000 pounds, valued at $6,000. This catch was all by hook and line and most of it from the waters of San Juan Harbor, the species being the same as those taken by the neighboring fishermen of Palo Seco, which furnishes the chief supply to the citizens of San Juan. PALO SECO. This small fishing village is at the mouth of Bayamon River, nearly opposite the city of San Juan and the entrance to its harbor. During 1902 the fishermen numbered 80, with some $6,000 invested in boats and fishing gear. Theircatch amounted to 280,000 pounds, valued at $16,800. They appear satisfied with a small income which might be largely increased by working more continuously. Of the 80 fishermen, the number daily engaged in fishing is said not to average over 20, ‘The ‘atch is in the waters of the harbor, and, at times, by trawls, hand lines, and trolling a few miles outside of the harbor, and is marketed at San Juan. This is one of the few places where fish are sold by weight, averaging the fishermen 6 cents a pound gross. Fish are fairly abundant at all seasons. The fishing apparatus consists of haul-seines of 125 to 150 fathoms each, drift gill-nets 150 fathoms each, trawls with 150 hooks each, and hand lines with 3 or 4 hooks each, used in deep water. Fish pots have been discontinued. THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. 375 The leading species taken by the several forms of apparatus are as follows: Trolling: Spanish mackerel, king-fish, barracuda, hound-fish, gray snapper, dog snapper, schoolmaster, red grouper, Nassau grouper. Cast-nets: Leather-jack, sardines, robalo, mullet, eels, pargo prieto, lane snapper. Weirs: Sardines, pargo, picuda, jurel, liza, robalo, mullet, mojarra. Haul-seine: Lane snapper, moon-fish, trunk-fish, toro, barracuda, hound-fish, mero, mullet, pargo prieto, balaju, robalo, leather-jack, sardines, mutton-fish, spade- fish, margate, runner, pompano, red goat, yellow goat, red snapper, dog snapper, gray snapper, schoolmaster. Trawl: Margate, yellow-tail, red snapper, dog snapper, parrot-fish, mutton-fish. Hook and line: Candil, toro, pargo prieto, yellow-tail, robalo, cabra mora, red goat, yellow goat, chopa amarilla, mero, lane snapper, cherna, margate, red snapper, dog snapper, schoolmaster. ARECIBO. Arecibo is located on the northwestern end of the island near the mouth of the Rio Grande. The city is credited with a population of 8,008, the district of Arecibo having 162,308. Quite a large amount of imported fish is used. The fresh-fish business is conducted by 50 fishermen who divide their time between fishing and work on the sugar plantations, an average of 25 men being engaged in fishing during the year when the conditions are favorable. Fish are reported to be fairly abundant, yet the aggregate catch for 1902 amounted to only 75,000 pounds, which could have been greatly increased had the needed energy been shown. The catch is all disposed of locally by peddlers, who sell nearly everything by the bunch, averaging 5 cents a pound for undressed fish. A few large fish, among them the mero, are taken by hooks in deep water. These are cut up and sold for 6 to 8 cents a pound. Many cast-nets are also used. Bow hooks and lines have 2 to 4 hooks attached to short snoods, which are fastened near the end of the two long lines that are attached to the bow. These lines are as long as 150 fathoms and are fished 2 to 3 miles from shore in 50 to 150 fathoms of water during the summer; there is no hook-and-line fishing during the winter on account of rough water. These hook-and-line fishermen usually begin the day’s work at 4 in the morning and leave off about noon. Fish- pots are used in and near the mouth of the Rio Grande during the high waters of May, June, July, and August. Haul-seines are more or less used at all seasons, from the beaches adjoining the city. Sardines are taken by haul-seines during June, July, and August. The greater part of the seine catch is the jurel, which are most plentiful during November, December, and January, their weight being from 1 to 20 pounds. Candil or squirrel-fish are taken by hook and line in 50 fathoms of water, but are not plentiful. Spanish mackerel are taken by trolling and by seines at all seasons, but most plentifully during June and July. A few pompano are taken by seines. The following are taken by hook and line: Cabra mora, in 3 to 70 fathoms; cherna or red 376 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. erouper, weight 15 to 30 pounds; cabrilla, but few caught; pargo prieto, plentiful in 10 to 25 fathoms of water; toro are taken by hooks near the rocks in from 3 to 10 fathoms; mero by line with a single hook in deep water, weight 10 to 20 pounds; mullet are seined. Small wooden box-pots are set in and near the mouth of the river, their catch being chiefly the common eel of small size. Eels are also taken with hook and line, and are sold in bunches of about 24 pounds at 15 cents a bunch. Commercial fishing of the Rio Grande is of small extent, being con- fined to the season of high water, at which time the river is fished at the mouth and for a short distance above. A little fishing is done higher up the river by the natives for family use. AGUADILLA. The city of Aguadilla has a population of 6,425, the district of the same name having 99,645. Fishing is carried on at all seasons, when the weather is favorable, by 50 fishermen, who have $10,000 invested in boats and fishing apparatus. In 1902 the catch amounted to 160,000 pounds, valued at $10,310. This was largely disposed of by peddlers in filling a local demand from the city and near-by sugar plantations, any surplus find- ing a ready market in Mayaguez. The average prices received for the common species is 6 cents per pound. Spanish mackerel, king- fish, red snapper, and a few others of the best species bring 8 to 10 cents a pound for undressed fish. The most important apparatus is the haul-seine, 100 fathoms in length and 15 to 20 feet deep, 2 to 3 inch mesh in the wings and } inch in the bunt. The seines are hauled on the beach in front of the city by 8 to 12 men. The catch is chiefly made during March and April. Of the species taken in seines, scad are the most plentiful, as high as a ton or more having been taken at a single haul. Salmonete are quite plentiful. A few Spanish mackerel of small size, 1 to 2 pounds, are taken; also a few flying robin. Next in amount to the catch by seines is that by the bow-rigged hook and line. These are used as far as 4 miles from shore in 5 to 100 fathoms of water. Of the numerous species taken, the following are the most important: Runner, or Carana crysos, very plentiful in 8 to 9 fathoms of water; catalufaand toro, plentiful in 6 to 7 fathoms; a few cabrilla or red-hind in 20 to 25 fathoms (by hook and line only); gray snapper, not plentiful; schoolmaster and red snapper, weighing from 2 to 25 pounds, are plentiful in 10 to 12 fathoms; yellow-tail of 1 to 2 pounds, plentiful in 50 fathoms (only taken by bow-hooks and lines); margate of 1 to 3 pounds, plentiful in 150 fathoms of water; moon-fish, 2 to 3 pounds, in 25 fathoms. Fish-pots made of woven bamboo splints are used at all seasons, and are anchored without bait near the mouth of the Culebrinas River, THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. SC and up the same for about 2 miles. The native name of these fish-pots is ‘“‘nasa.” Of the numerous species taken in pots the following are noted: Salmonete, plentiful; lane snapper, of 1 to 2 pounds; red parrot, of 3 to 4 pounds; mud-fish or old wife, of 5 to 6 pounds, are plentiful; blue parrot, 2 pounds; spade-fish, 1 to 14 pounds; rock- beauty; palmoneta, of 3 to 6 pounds, are plentiful; mariposa, 3 to 1 pound; medico or barbero, } to 1 pound; old-wite (Lalistes vetula), average weight 2 pounds. When sold in the market the skins of this fish are taken off and bring 2 or 3 cents a dozen, being dried and used for polishing or scouring. Spotted trunk-fish of 2 to 3 pounds are here sold for food; gobies (Dormitator maculatus) weighing + pound are taken in 4 fathoms, only by pots; spiny lobsters (Palénurus inter- ruptus), occasionally taken in pots, are not much used by the natives. Outside the river, about 2 miles from shore, pots are fished in 5 to 6 fathoms. In the river pots are more or less fished at all seasons. Hooks and lines are also used in the river by 12 men having 6 boats. Their catch comprises the following, which are reported plentiful: Eels, big-eyed herring, bony-fish, and robalo. Trawls are set as far as 8 miles from shore in 85 fathoms, 75 hooks on each trawl, the following species being taken: A few pompano in 50 fathoms; cabra mora, plentiful in 5 to 7 fathoms near shore, in deep water some weighing over 50 pounds are reported to be taken; cherna or Nassau grouper, plentiful in 5 to 6 fathoms; red grouper in 10 fathoms; catalufa; toro, plentiful; gray snapper, scarce, taken in 25 fathoms; dog snapper, a few from 7 fathoms; schoolmaster, not plentiful, 8 fathoms; red snapper, plentiful; mutton-fish; pargo, from 1 to 10 pounds, plentiful, taken only by trawl; pluma (Calamus bajo- nado), plentiful in 25 to 380 fathoms, average weight 4 to 10 pounds, taken here only by trawls. Cast nets are used near the shore in the surf, no boats being used. Their catch consists chiefly of sardines and mullet, which are plentiful. Trolling hooks and lines are used as the fishermen visit and return from the offshore fishing grounds, the following species being then taken: Spanish mackerel of 5 to 10 pounds; king-fish of 20 to 30 pounds, plentiful; also bonito of 15 to 20 pounds. MAYAGUEZ. The large city market at Mayaguez has at most seasons a greater abundance and larger variety of fresh fish than is elsewhere found on the island, yet the supply seldom, if ever, fills the steady demand. In addition to the fish furnished by the few local fishermen, small amounts are received from Aguadilla by rail and sail, and from the few fishermen of several near-by places north and south of the city. Fish are most plentiful during the winter months, but there is more or less fishing all through the year. The one fish stall of the city market handles about 150,000 pounds of fish a year, 50,000 pounds 378 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. additional being sold through the streets by peddlers. Fresh fish,-as sold in the market, average 8 to LO cents a pound, undressed, with very small changes in prices of species or for seasons. The market officials and fish handlers report very little, if any, change in the amount of receipts, prices, or abundance of the several species during the past four years. No record is kept of the receipts or sales, the aggregate for the year being from estimates of market officials and dealers. Of the numerous species at times found in the market, the following are the most common at all seasons: Salmonete, or red and yellow goat-fish, lane snapper, mullet, sardines, Spanish mackerel, king-fish, runner, grouper, scad, and snappers. The following shows the catch by different forms of apparatus: Haul seines (chinchorro): Leather-jack, runner, barbudo, and casabe, all very plen- tiful; pompano, Nassau grouper, red hind, red grouper, lane snapper, and jurel. Trolling hook and line: Colirubia, picuda, jurel, green parrot, madregal, Spanish mackerel, and king-fish, the last two chiefly during December, January, Febru- ary, and March; a few during other months. Pots: Runner and margate, very plentiful; corocoro, Nassau grouper, red hind, red grouper, gray snapper, dog snapper, schoolmaster, red snapper, lane snapper, pluma, squirrel-fish, scarce; spiny lobsters, of 3 to 4 pounds weight, fairly plenti- ful, pots often having from 3 to 10 lobsters each at a single lift. Cast nets: Sardines and balaju. Trawl: Runner, mero cabrilla, red hind, red grouper, schoolmaster, mutton-fish, red snapper, and lane snapper. Randal (line with 3 to 4 snoods near its end, one hook on each snood): Runner, cabra mora, Nassau grouper, red hind, red grouper, gray snapper, dog snapper, mutton-fish, lane snapper, and pluma. MONA ISLAND. Mona Island, about 25 miles southwest from Mayaguez, is at times visited by fishermen from Aguadilla and Mayaguez for fish and hawks- bili or tortoise-shell turtle. Fish are reported plentiful about the island, though but little fishing is done. The chief attraction for fishermen and others from more distant sections of the main island is the turtle fishery. Turtles are found during May, June, and July, but are never numerous. The hawksbill turtles weigh 25 to 75 pounds each; the shells from 5 to 10 pounds. During 1902, 700 pounds of the shells were sold at Mayaguez at an average of $3 per pound, and the turtle meat at 6 to 7 cents a pound. ANASCO, SABINATA, AND ALGARROBO. These three fishing settlements are a few miles north of Mayaguez. The amount of their fish business is small, and the species taken are the same as those taken by the fishermen of Mayaguez. This section of the island suffered much from the hurricane; many of the fishermen, having lost boats and fishing apparatus, gave up the business. BOCA DE JOYUDA. Eight miles south from Mayaguez a few fishermen live in a grove of cocoa palms that borders the beach. Their work is varied by fish- ing at times and extracting cocoa oil from the products of the trees at THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. 379 their doors. The men report fish fairly plentiful, and of the following species and weights, in pounds: Red grouper, 10 to 50; toro, 1; pargo, 5 to 30; dog snapper, 2 to 20; schoolmaster, 5 to 15; red snapper, 5 to 30; mutton-fish, 1 to 20; lane snapper, | to 4; margate-fish, 1 to 6; red parrot, 1 to 5; blue parrot, 1 to 5; rock beauty, 1 to 2; mariposa, 1; spotted trunk-fish, 1 to 5. PORTO REAL. This small settlement, near the southwestern end of Porto Rico, well represents the fisheries by its 30 fishermen who make it their entire business. Their catch during 1902 amounted to 175,000 pounds, all of which was sold fresh. The harbor is small and shallow but ample for their small draft boats. In this vicinity many species of food-fishes are quite plentiful, particularly during January, February, and March, at which time they are nearer land and the weather is most favorable. After March the fish draw away from the shore into deeper water, when the sea becomes too rough for the smal] boats. Haul-seines were formerly used but have been discontinued. The bulk of the catch is now taken by pots that are anchored and buoyed in from 1 to 13 fathoms, no bait being used. Pots are, as a rule, set singly, but occasionally in trawls, or a num- ber are connected by a line. One trawl with 80 hooks is used in 7 to 8 fathoms. Trolling is chiefly carried on as the men go to and from the pots and trawls. Fishing is done in the early hours of the day, pots and trawls being visited only once. The catch is then removed to the wells on their boats, the pots replaced, and hooks rebaited. On reaching the home harbor any fish not at once disposed of are removed to floating fish-cars and kept alive until such time as needed. Buyers from Mayaguez visit Porto Real and purchase the bulk of the catch, paying 24 cents a pound; the remainder of the catch is sold locally, at the village of Cabo Rojo, and at the sugar plantations of the vicinity. Krom the latter 4 to 5 cents a pound is received. Spiny lobsters are scarce and of small size, $ to 2 pounds each. They are taken in 10 to 15 fathoms of water and sold at the same price as the fish. Spanish mackerel are fairly plentiful, those taken near shore aver- aging 1 to 3 pounds; 5 to 10 miles from shore larger sizes are found, the largest seen being 8 to 10 pounds. The mackerel and the king-fish are caught with trolling hook and line. Hawksbill or tortoise-shell turtle are taken by hand on the beaches of Salinas and Mona Island, and by turtle gill-nets set off the same, each net having attached a wooden decoy turtle. This is said to attract the turtle andalso helps buoy up the net. Turtles are reported scarce, the total catch of 1902 by the fishermen of Porto Real being 10 by hand and 12 by nets. The turtles weigh from 40 to 100 pounds each, having 83880 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. an average of 5 pounds of clear shell. The fishermen receive $3 a pound for shells and 8 to 6 cents a pound for the meat of the turtles. The fishermen keep no record of their catch by species, but report most of the several species plentiful. Very many fish too small to be marketed are caught. These are given away to the poor and nothing is wasted. The following species are reported as being taken by the apparatus named: Pots or nasa: Red goat, yellow goat, lane snapper, rock hind, Nassau grouper, red hind, red grouper, red snapper, gray snapper, mutton-fish, pluma, loro colorado, blue parrot, candil, margate, spade-fish, rock beauty, blue angel, trunk-fish (little esteemed), lobsters (scarce). Cast nets: Sardines, scad, chopa amarilla. Trawl (palangra): Runner, cabra mora, grouper, red hind, red grouper, gray snapper, dog snapper, schoolmaster, red snapper, mutton-fish. Trolling: Spanish mackerel, pluma, zapatero or leather-jack, runner, schoolmaster, yellow-tail, lane snapper. PONCE. The district of Ponce is bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea for some 40 miles, about half the water front of the south side of the island. The long stretch of water front back to the foothills and mountains is largely engaged in sugar culture, back of which the mountainous district is engaged in coffee and tobacco raising. The fisheries are represented by a large variety of fine food-fishes that the fishermen report as quite plentiful. No fish are dried, smoked, or pickled. Fresh fish are in demand at the several cities and villages, and at plantations, and prices are quite high. The business is appar- ently capable of being largely increased to the benefit of producer and consumer. ‘The fisheries are represented, from west to east, by a few fishermen at the following places: Guanica, Guayanilla, Ponce, Isabel, and Salinas, the total being 110 men. Guanica has 20 fishermen who dispose of their fish to a local demand and at the city of Yauco. The 14 fishermen of Guayanilla also sell at Yauco and to their own neighborhood. Ponce has 40 men who fish more or less, about half of the number depending on the fisheries for a living; the remainder divide their time between fishing and other work on shore. Their catch is dis- posed of at the city market and by street peddlers. Isabel has 22 fishermen who sell their catch near home and at Coamo by peddling. The 14 fishermen of Salinas find a market near home and at Guayama. The fishermen of the several places mentioned fish more or less at all seasons of the year. The catch is made in the waters of the home ‘harbors and for 4 to 6 miles out. Fish are most plentiful near shore during January, February, and March. Two-thirds of the catch is made by the use of pots that are anchored without bait and visited once a day. THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. 381 The following species comprise the bulk of the catch by pots at the several fishing stations of the district of Ponce: Pots: Squirrel-fish, zapatero, red goat, yellow goat, rock hind, red hind, red grouper, toro, gray snapper, red snapper, mutton-fish, yellow-tail, margate, pluma, red parrot, blue parrot, spade-fish, rock beauty, blue angel, medico, trunk-fish. Haul seine: Runner, pompano, red hind, red grouper, lane snapper, casabe, barbudo, sardines, and Spanish mackerel. Trolling hook andline: Spanish mackerel, king-fish, barracuda, yellow-tail, rock hind, red hind, red grouper, schoolmaster, mutton-fish, red snapper, lane snapper. Cast-nets: Sardines, pompano, jurel, cutlas-fish. Trawl: Cabra mora, Nassau grouper, red hind, dog snapper, schoolmaster, red snap- per, mutton-fish, lane snapper. Hand hook and line: Madregal, red grouper, pargo prieto, dog snapper, gray snapper, lane snapper, mutton-fish, pluma, runner, mero, Nassau grouper, red hind. ‘Spiny lobsters of 1 to 5 pounds each are taken in pots, but appar- ently are not very abundant. They are sold at same price as the fresh fish, or an average of about 44 cents a pound. Tortoise-shell turtles, weighing 20 to 100 pounds, are taken off the beaches of the main shore and the island of ‘‘Caja de Muertos,” off the southeastern shore of Ponce, and other small islands. The catch is made by hand as the turtles come on shore to lay their eggs. Not over 400 pounds of shell are taken by the fishermen of the district. Market fishery of Ponce.—The fisheries are represented in the large city market of Ponce by one fish stand, which poorly supplies the city demand for fresh fish. No account of the amount of sales is kept. The dealer and market official reported it as being about 200 pounds a day, or some 75,000 pounds a year. On visiting it February 20, about 200 pounds comprised the stock, which represented the follow- ing 14 species: Spanish mackerel, king-fish, runner, cabra mora, Nas- sau grouper, toro, margate, blue tang, medico, squirrel-fish, cabrilla, lane snapper, blue parrot, and file-fish. The fish are sold undressed, usually by the bunch instead of weight, averaging 8 to 10 cents a pound for fresh fish or spiny lobsters. A few small shell oysters arrive from Guayanilla in old kerosene tins, the fishermen receiving 20 cents a can for them. About 4,000 pounds of crawfish annually come from Portuguese or Dangerous River. These are taken by dip nets and bring at the market 8 to 10 cents a pound. Besides the 200 pounds of fish daily sold at the market, about half as much more is sold at the playa or landing and surrounding country by peddlers. ARROYO. This port has a population of 2,757, a custom-house, several stores that handle considerable dry fish, most of which comes from the larger cities, with occasional direct importations. The home fisheries are represented by 60 men who follow fishing, plantation, and other work. This is about the same number of fishermen as in 1899, though they fish less, work on shore being more plentiful and attractive. Fish are reported fairly plentiful. When engaged in fishing, men leave the port at 4a. m., returning about 8 a. m. of the same day, and as a rule do no more fishing that day. The catch is sold from half a 382 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. dozen rough tables at the shore landing in front of the village. The local demand is poorly supplied, much of the time there being no fresh fish for several days, as was the case at the time of the writer’s visit. The boats are of small size, rough and strong, home-built. Sail or row boats, even the largest and best, do not venture over 3 or 4 miles from shore. No wells are in the boats, no ice or salt is used, and the catch must be disposed of at once on landing. If the catch is larger than needed for local use, it is peddled on the sugar plantations. Sales are usually by the bunch, single fish, or strips of the largest, which are cut up, the price averaging about 6 cents a pound, all species being sold at the same price. About four months of the year are lost to the fisheries from weather that is unfavorable for the small boats used, but would not prevent a New England fisherman, with good equipment, from fishing. Hawksbill turtles, once plentiful, are now scarce, only 30 being taken during 1902. This small catch was made during January and February, one net being used on the coral reefs, and by hand as the turtles were found on the shore. Spiny lobsters, weighing from 1 to 3 and 4 pounds, are taken quite plentifully in pots set in about 6 fathoms of water and also on the coral reefs at night, when a torch and forked stick are used. The torch attracts the lobsters, and the forked stick pokes them out from holes and impales them when emerging; or when found on the reefs they can be picked up by hand. Lobster pots are baited with refuse fish, either fresh or spoiled, of any kind. The runner, when taken in pots, will soon kill itself if not removed; moray, both black and olive, from 2 to 40 pounds, are plentiful at all times. Over two-thirds of the fresh-fish catch is by unbaited pots anchored in 3 to 6 fathoms if near the shore, and in 8 to 15 fathoms when 2 or 3 miles from land. The following species are taken by the apparatus named, the average weight of many species being given: Pots: Candil; red goat; yellow goat; zapatero, } to } pound; runner, | to 20 pounds; pompano, | to 8 pounds; cabra mora, 1 to 3 pounds; Nassau grouper, | to 6; cabrilla, 1 to 3; gray snapper, 1 to 6; dog snapper, | to 6; schoolmaster, 1 to 3; red snapper, 4 to 5; mutton-fish, 1 to 3; lane snapper, | to 2; yellow-tail, 1 to 2: margate, 2 to 5; boca colorado, 3 to 1; chopa amarilla, 1 pound; red parrot, | to 10; old wife, 1 to 6; spade-fish 2 to 10; blue angel, 1 to 5; file-fish, 3 to 6; trunk-fish (scarce) ; puffer (not eaten); capitan or hog-fish (4 to 20 pounds). Single hook and line: Cabra mora, 1 to 8 pounds; cabrilla, 3 to 30; red grouper, 20 to 50 pounds, in from 6 to 40 fathoms of water, are taken from July to October; gray snapper, 8 to 20; dog snapper, 8 to 20; schoolmaster, 5 to 20; red snapper, 10 to 20; yellow-tail, 2 to 3 pounds. Trolling hook and line: King-fish, 10 to 60 pounds; Spanish mackerel, 1 to 10; red grouper, 20 to 50; gray snapper, 8 to 20; pompano, 5 to 10; cabra mora, 2 to 3; Nassau grouper, 5 to 70; gray snapper; dog snapper; schoolmaster; barracuda. Haul seine: Zapatero, 4 to 14 pounds; runner; pompano; Nassau grouper; mutton- fish; lane snapper; robalo, 4 to 15 pounds; Spanish mackerel; mullet, 1 to 3 pounds. Cast nets: Sardines, mullet, robalo. These nets are here used only for taking bait. Gill nets: Only 2 species reported, the balaju and hound-fish. The latter, weighing 5 to 8 pounds, are plentiful, but are not sold for food. Bow hook and line (used in 40 to 60 fathoms): Catalufa, yellow-tail. Trawls (seldom used): Yellow-tail, red snapper, cabrilla, Nassau grouper. THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF PORTO RICO. 383 JOBOS HARBOR. This small and quite good harbor is a few miles west of Arroyo. A few fishermen operate in the near-by waters on each side of the bay. The apparatus used and species taken are similar to those previously reported from Arroyo. The catch is disposed of at the city of Gua- yama and the surrounding sugar plantations; at the former to dealers at an average of 5 cents a pound; when peddled out at the plantations, 8 to 12 cents a pound is received. Not much system is used in disposing of the catch, sales being by the bunch, piece, single fish, or the lot. The catch is chiefly made by pots that are used inside of the bay. Haul seines are fished occasionally, but the rough water on the outside beaches interferes with their use. The fishermen divide their time between fishing and work on the sugar plantations. Fish are reported of an average abundance both in the bay and the outside waters. Spiny lobsters are reported quite plentiful but are little cared for. Small-sized oysters are quite plentiful in the lagoons of the vicinity but receive very little attention. The Guamani River, that has its outlet not far from Jobos Bay, is at times fished by the inhabitants living near its banks for their own use. Eels are plentiful in the river and are taken as needed by eel pots. HUMACAO. The district of Humacao, at the eastern end of Porto Rico, is cred- ited with a population of 88,501; the city of Humacao with 4,428. The latter is 5 miles inland from the playa or landing at which is located the custom-house, several stores, and a small settlement of fishermen. The waters of this region are quite well supplied with a large number of species of fine food-fishes. Dry and pickled fish are received from the dealers of San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez. The fishermen and dealers find a good market for all fishery products at the city of Humacao and at the numerous large sugar plantations of the vicinity. This section of the island suffered severely by the hurricane of 1899, the local fishing business being almost ruined. Many fishermen and their families lost their lives, and all lost their fishing boats and fishing gear. Sugar plantations were for the time ruined and all business paralyzed. The fishermen receive an average of 5 cents a pound for their catch. About one-third of the time is lost from the water being too rough for their small boats. The men appear satisfied with their small earnings that give them an average of $125 a year, an amount that could be more than doubled with more energy given to the business. Only small sailboats with 3 men each and rowboats with 2 men are used. Most of the catch is by pots that are seldom baited. Hooks lines, and nets are but little used. All fishing is near shore, the extreme distance being some 4 miles. 884 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Spiny lobsters of 1 to 6 pounds weight are quite plentiful. They are taken by pots, and at night they are taken on coral reefs of the neigh- boring islands by hand, a torch and forked stick only being used. Fish pots are anchored in 2 to 10 fathoms of water from near shore out to a distance of 4 miles. The catch by apparatus includes the following species: Pots: Red goat, runner, Nassau grouper, red hind, red grouper, catalufa, gray snapper, dog snapper, candil, schoolmaster, red snapper, lane snapper, margate, pluma, boea colorado or red-mouth fish, red parrot, capitan, spiny lobster, yellow goat, rock beauty, yellow-spotted eel, old wife, spade-fish, blue parrot, mariposa, medico, trunk-fish, moray, and file-fish. Hook and line: Schoolmaster, pargo prieto, red grouper, red hind, rock hind, Nassau grouper, gray snapper, dog snapper, red snapper, mutton-fish, lane snapper, chopa amarilla. Cast nets: Sardines, balaju. Haul seine: Mutton-fish, lane snapper, pluma, trunk-fish, barracuda, mullet, balaju, hound-fish, soap-fish, moray, eagle ray, Spanish mackerel (small size), king-fish of small size, zapatero, runner, pompano, Nassau grouper, gray snapper, dog snapper, schoolmaster, red snapper. _ Trolling: Spanish mackerel, barracuda, king-fish. HUCARES. This small town is 4 miles north of Humacao. 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COMMISSIONER OF OF REPORT 414 *poseurep 10, B[NUINDOB 4sByy “urd apyoRys YOMoIp pus pouedo sedo o[puq uolt ‘aspeaip J103skO 4so’Ty “4so] Jou pus Seq ‘payooim euviy ‘oqo ‘QBoYy “ou ‘auTBIy IsO'T queq A[pRq YIOMOUIRIY | "‘SHIVULOZ ike IL 8 “**-1q 10}ShO Wg UU, "77 SIL “dH a} "-- sia, ‘dH 9 “"" pel puvy iq ‘us “-" pro, pur "77 SISL “dH 9 “*-pBol puBy "7 SISL “CH 9 “""pBol puBHy W'S AUL iq 10jshQ W ‘8 “UL a AeA | Gael a ire hee ealet US Nee eel mone. |. 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Cee} ‘UL "8 Sh TT | “Us Va ‘olL “8 ‘IOSIT ez Avw | 1968 “a | autres Ne ican ee | cea rer mele | eerie pea ie ea TALE Oe “BIS “3Aq “8°00 ‘SiO SOL G‘gc) cL OL le UBIST UBSABT) | ‘ULB STIL ; ae eT ANA Aaa beens ee eee saad ; “62 ders : v M099 °N | 06 aLOPLO_ IUD 8 $°OO "SIO | 89T-9TT) 9°89) CL | 92 Sr UL'@ FP a ke : fs cie.s\ainval| we Rete oa a ad ee aeeee W'S "SIs |---"-- 8 ‘00 “suo | OTT g‘gc| en | OZ ee ie “ULB CZ “OL SGABIN | 9968 “CT REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 416 ‘938 | | f | 1 -WIRp OU Inq ‘sUTBIys AABAH | T* “7 M o@8°N | ¢ "m0}}0g |"*"* Sid “dH 6 |” cease *Ouy | ZLZ-96G| L'Sh} 6L | 08 \ “/0'F “M ‘099 "S {\: “ULB GL '6 y zLoune | 1668 °a Saivicielsinie||/ae' ssp “dH 6 soscceersl=*""pBea] DUB TMOMOM NS Seen IMD 78 AO ere Ce “W'S ‘31S PORTING) Peo s Sooo NE TINS SULO91 OG} linen cmon ee TUG eae ee Pee TASES) “WLO} Og [oo 77" TUT, 8h ammmeah ails er emai ash ee soiLl ca “IOJ'S “AS ‘oul nl “loys “AS “ouy Piette ane 3G | seeeees Tua “I “qo[s ‘MH “aq! 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C. 1902 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 418 “PRM a “* M o$S°N | OT “m07}0g |"""" "°°" * TUL 8 |°°" "°°" "TOFS | ZOS-66E) BOF] GL | LL |)s . tag pee LT 1 ia ir taal i Va ee a(n |) eahhbeida ai bak Cal? W'S'SIS |--"""-"""“IOF °S | 66E 8°0F| GL | LL Se nenmcen ‘urd 6g ae 5 . sri lier 8 1 | senoatag aneae Sear l serene ae i : “WL's"M ||. 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W SSIS |a'qops urs AS | coy 0‘88) SL TS |o8L'S Garon BUOY || Ul’ FE "6 ee ? “punysy SUIT NOT INOGB 4B i , P ; 010730 IJe, [MBI] po yBUr VOUVEN, £0 TULOUA WY “YOoIM ojoldur09 “PLM 1 JON “BOY puB oUTBIT 4SO'T | f° """H oGT'N | Lz “mr0og [77777 IMT 8 55°57 “77 1°80 | OOT-ZOL} 0°88} LL | BL [J pee “UI "B EG "% ‘ PcUgeaail aieco aera Frees Sees Gage (ae PIs BSSTS | 5 as TS FOD Veer | KONRR Vat A Mecenten rene yl nam eee By || Satr se "payoeIM JON “M{SIOM [TR} a | punod-ce puw oulery 4so7y | 7° "7 AA 089°N | OF RCL: il * AIG /8 |-I°LOJ 8°09 "SIO | OFE-TGL] 0'°Re] 84 | O8 [f 01S “H ‘089 ‘N |} urd ge'¢ 1) g ‘Suny | tLIF ‘a ay ral | Sosa al hae coun aa | ie Heeb | Stk ee Ge “I'LOF ‘S‘OO "SIO | TG) 0°88) 8Z Os ie PI Pita FO 707TH), ‘ud GFP J) . : 4 ema ae Salmon, Atlantic ......... 163 78 | 23¢ SOU pases aiae cee sreicie cine aie 804, 589 25, 379 607, 099 DCANDRSSER acne cece sccieicee 231, 517 15, 216 1, 495, 247 SEH MOVING eeiccesscoce =< scee 385, 000 ABS tismer ines oe cere Shad, fresh 8, 432, 472 110, 682 14, 081, 002 SIRI CSA Se bpp spp paee added loSrEeeormraace mececmeeactats 500 Sheepshead... 100 12 7, 285 Skates tao se eae s sissies oa tests 139, 200 140 2,375 Spanish mackerel........-. 4,104 933 38, 928 SpOtsee cect oeeccsec er cees 4, 800 206 299, 092 SOVHGICE MINS Goseemacodsaceor 2, 346, 683 73, 939 11, 973, 394 : Striped bass: 2 -.\.->-< caeiib ea lameisie seen | aaciesaia tele eiciaceeesy 1, 682, 220 113, 761 Gl amiss Mune: ccs cece easncet losac cece lence wet cons lant Sens | -noeeeie ome cshaeeenmers 13, 336 500 Crabsshardic-- 5 }20 Stee. Sea 9, 824, 793 85, 884 6, 113, 277 52,863 | 17, 449, 790 167, 298 Creips*sottsccsocace 150,509 | 5,587 | 4,303,582 202, 563 1, 288, 424 65, 972 6, 200, 865 328, 087 TORS a2 ceeecnice ace lecpiesmeas|aqcaseee 130 5 15, 377 1, 283 16, 807 1,573 King crabs.2.---.-. DO SAO0 Ste) S80n| dat cates onic oo eieret eal aerate ete ae 1, 130, 200 4,091 ILODsters!..c-.--- == 2 760 298 ye ois wwnaad| somes mace MEETS som esees| aaemee eee 252, 242 30, 376 MUSselSioo cto coeee los ctaeen hae eae Ils crteiavs oe /osic | ices Satonees | Oonmniee wetele as | anette are aes 637, 000 2, 780 Oysters, market ...! 678,300 | 40,290 |39, 798, 927 |3, 031,518 | 42,473, 683 |2,621,915 110, 260,528 | 9, 129, 992 Oysters, seed ...... (oe BCT a 3 Ooh ee eee Mace sac 12, 724, 446 301, 541 | 27 "987, 211 | 1,157, 564 Bhelisetoscctsce |. wwosdeeele SAsoee a shes nc = soeal eae cecal ee tee ee ieee ae nee | 2) 430; 000 1,362 Prawnises sec cces [Ute occ eal ateiearete | nett ates ainye miners 2,850 142 | 2, 850 142 Scallops ice csc 22 2 |l Sata came |Soanbes lee ase oto. oc lcins sweeeen ee eer ocean 1, 228, 724 110, 537 Shrimps -cscteele sce sene|pecscees 728 108 | Sincde Cases saeeee eae 4, 823 2, 696 Squid ssc sence eee ses a eae ae oo eee | nee eee 198, 594 5, 940 Terrapin: 2.2. 512 | 491 1, 593 1,139 5, 180 1, 444 | 15, 807 6, 549 Pantless245 eso |} 50,050 | 2,445 4. 835 203 56, 897 ile 444 142, 412 6,015 Total. Lees |5,835, 186 |203, 372 82,975 5, 245 |3, 767,461 |378, 188, 358 |4, 613, 384 ‘819, 046, 576 17, 485, 500 | | FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 44] Supplementary table showing certain of the above products in number and bushels. ————d New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Products. == No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Glams) hard’. -22- bushels. - 184, 736 $257, 686 530, 759 POO GOS! | eerie le cia =. coca seo Clams) softs = --s2.s=1- doses 77, 945 58, 843 90, 277 PAR OUR) Cae sas wh 1 | Set eer @Glamsusurisec.o-s5-- 410) 55 sal se seaoo seeoc| pedacee asses 1, 667 HOO) |Pno- cess ssce| te soaee eee Crabs, hard ..---- number... 2,375,175 4, 993 2, 159, 985 DBP oil poco oeaseeed CaaenEpsobec Grabsesottzee.--~---5 do. 121, 320 2,104 1, 253, 730 DIS SOUnteee se See eee nace eet Keine ralbs'2-=2-=---- Oe eee Anse asdsose] Be coneateeee 204, 900 TVA le ecobedccers besbcbsseane Mnrsselsi= S-ssc2- bushels 10, 240 1, 860 11, 860 C0) BARS aaee oct aecroaeceeoe Oysters, market -..-- do. 1, 768,703 | 1,708, 985 2, 092, 335 1, 696, 767 40, 336 $39, 517 Oysters, Seed .-.----- do. 544, 075 268, 555 1,516, 796 550, 918 43, 234 14, 232 Shells teases c-2- 561 do. 38, 100 1, 330 2,400 SD testa Sees aosscteeseee SGRLOPS see aaa do.. 184, 954 107, 337 7,333 SP) peandocszcanneboscoccosae Delaware. Maryland. Virginia. Total Products. —— SS No. | Value.| No. Value. No. Value. | No. Value Clams, hard ...--- bushels HS 025 $1, 203 13,450) $14,384) 220, 585) $134,777, 950, 555) $961, 073 Glams soft) 22-522 ..< (ooNS 5) pe oseae eee eal aa tah ee eas Beecascae paesedacce Mer ooutas - 168,222) 113,761 @lams:surf..-!+--.2- doren|seace jee OR ea So | Relies See eee onan ESSERE 1, 667 506 Crabs, hard. .--.-- number. aa 129, 474, 379 85, 884/18, 339,831) 52, 863/52, 349, 370) 167, 298 Grabs sOtbss se ==. = dO=e.- 2 5, 58712, 910,746) 202,563) 3,865,272, 65, 972\18, 602, 595) 328, 087 King Crabs scenic sss. do.. | 360° 200 2; Bho s Beck Ce beeen s ea saceousean Sesocunee 565, 100 4,091 Minrsselsaas=s-5-- bushels. -, SO DU he eal hes (on eae abso Boaocende aphoeconas penaeesncd 22, 100 2,780 Oysters, market ...-.-. do... 96,900} 40,290) 5, 685, 3613, 031, 518] 6,067, 669)2, 621, 915)15,751, 504)9, 129, 992 Oysters, seed .....--- gees ee769000) Doeislon. faces e 1,217, 778| 301,541) 3, 998, 173/1, 157, 564 Shellisie ete cece os CLE ea ee Seen Sea ae etnies fa cco a's ecotenal| wiate tm trelars 40, 500 1, 362 SeaMGps es fn. a0 aor? | ich ree sgh ala WE Ee TU Gir 8 RON Deg aed | le De 192,287} 110,537 | Comparative table showing the extent of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States in 1897 and 1901. Persons engaged. Capital invested. pg pe a sa Inerease | age 0 ageo Bates or de- | increase eee. Hs increase Bay | 1901, ate | OF AES B07, 1901. | 1901.com- | ,0r 22: 1901 com-}| crease 1n ared with crease 1n pared /|1901 com- P 1897 1901 com- with 1897.| pared : pared with 1897. with 1897. New Work. 2. =--- 8, 862 | 11, 564 +2, 702 430.49 | $7,012,725 | $9,444,271 | +$2, 431, 546 +34. 67 New Jersey -.--.- 12,494 | 12,030 | — 464] — 38.71 | 2,371,253 | 2,729,571 | + 358, 318 415.11 Pennsylvania ..-| 1,898 | 2,484) + 586 +30. 87 1,601,528 | 2,110,162 | + 508,634 +31. 76 Delaware ...---- 2, 392 1,998 — 394 —16. 47 407, 819 657,197 | + 249,378 +61.15 Maryland ....... 42,812 | 36,260 | —6,552 | —15.30 | 5,821,610} 6,506,066 | + 684, 456 +11. 76 VAreiniact: 552-1). 28,277 | 29,325 | +1,048 | + 3.71 | 2,891,536 | 3,633,104 | + 741, 568 +25. 64 Totale-css< 96,735 | 93,661 | —8, 074 — 3.18 | 20,106, 471 | 25,080,371 | + 4,973, 900 +24.73 Products. Pounds. Per- Value. Per- centage centage of in- of in- crease crease States. Increase or | or de- erat or de- decrease in | crease crease in | Crease ~ 1897. 1901. 1901 com- | in 1901 1897. 1901. 1901 c om: |22 1901 pared with | com- ared with| ©O™- 1897. pared P 1897 pared with : with 1897. 1897. New York.....=2 109, 555, 566) 228, 092, 285|+-118, 536, 719 +108. 19)$3, 391, 595/$3, 894, 270) + $502, 675) +14. 82 New Jersey ...-- 103, 782, 517) 117, 930, 964/+ 14, 148, 447 + Lb. 63| 3, 614, 434) 4, 755, 522|41, 141,088) +31.57 Pennsylvania...| 5,604,263) 6, 029, 538)+- 425,275|+ 7.59) 269,507) 251,491) 18, 016) — 6.68 Delaware .-.---- 8, 647,897| 5,835,186/— 2,812, 711/— 32.52) 252) 123) 203,372;— 48,751) —19.34 Maryland ..-.-... 88,588,018) $2,975,245)— 5,612,773;— 6. 34) 3,617, 306| 3, 767, 461) + 150,155) + 4.15 Virginia ....-.-- 277, 993, 949) 378, 183, 358 +100, 189, 409 + 36.04) 3, 179, 498) 4,613, 384) +1, 433, 886) +45. 09 Motailsssae 594, 172, 210 819, 046, 576 +224, 874, 366 + 37. 84/14, 324, 463,17, 485, 600) +3, 161, 037 +22.06 442 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The study of the fisheries of this region will be greatly facilitated by consulting the earlier publications alloc to Thence as follows: The Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11. Geographical Review of the Fisheries for 1880. Parts vr to x1, inclusive. The Fishery Industries of the United States, Section vy. History and Methods of the Fisheries. A statistical report on the Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States, by Hugh M. Smith, M. D. Buli. U. 8. Fish Com. 1894, pp. 339-467. The Oyster Industry of Maryland, by Charles H. Stevenson. Bull. U. S. Fish Com. 1892, pp. 203-297. The Sturgeon and Sturgeon Industries of the Eastern Coast of the United States, by John A. Ryder. Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. 1888, pp. 231-328. _ The Sturgeon Fishery of Delaware River and Bay, by John N. Cobb. Rept. U.S. Fish C om. 1899, pp. 369-380. Notes on the Oyster Industry of New Jersey, by Ansley Hall. Rept. U.S. Fish- Com. 1892, pp. 463-528. The Shad Fisheries of the Atlantic Coast of the United States, by Charles H. Steven- son. Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1898, pp. 101-269. Notes on the extent and condition of the Alewife Fisheries of the United States in 1896, by Hugh M. Smith. Rept. U. 8. Fish Com. 1898, pp. 31-48. Statistics of the Fisheries of the Middle ae States. Rept. U.S. Fish Com. 1900, pp. 195-310. FISHERIES OF NEW YORK. Considering the value of the fishery product, New York now ranks second among the Middle Atlantic States, being surpassed only by New Jersey. The returns for 1901 show about 10 per cent increase over those for 1898, the total value amounting to $3,545,189 in 1898, and $3,894,270 in 1901. The oyster industry yields about 50 per cent of the value of the fisheries of New York, the product in 1901 amounting to 1,768,703 bushels of market oysters and 544,075 bushels of seed oysters to be replanted, the whole worth $1,972,540. This industry is now almost wholly dependent on the growing of oysters on private areas, which a few years ago were entirely barren and unproductive. In the same year, the natural oyster reefs, to which the public resorted, yielded only 5,480 bushels of market oysters and 33,890 bushels of seed oysters, with a valuation of $20,104, or little more than 1 per cent of the total oyster product of the State. One of the most interesting of the recent developments in the oyster industry of New York is the extensive planting of seed oysters at the eastern end of Long Island, especially in the vicinity of Greenport and Southold. This began ten years ago, and at present about 350,000 bushels are planted annually, the seed being obtained from Long Island Sound. The oysters in those waters grow very rapidly, but, not fattening readily, they are usually taken up within a year and again planted in Great South Bay and elsewhere. An offset to the development of oyster-planting in Peconic Bay is the decrease in this industry in Shinnecock Bay, on the south side of Long Island. In 1898 the private areas in that bay yielded 45,000 bushels of oysters, worth about $1 per bushel; but, owing to the fail- ure on the part of the town authorities to secure the planters in their FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 443 holdings of ground, the planting has almost ceased. In 1901 less than 2,000 bushels were taken from private areas and no seed was planted. A new departure in the fishery industries of New York, and one which gives promise of extensive development, is the cultivation of hard clams or quahogs. During the last three or four years many thousands of bushels of small clams have been bedded on private areas on the south side of Long Island. Comparatively few of these were marketed previous to 1901; in that year 9,260 bushels were sold for $25,565. The increasing scarcity of clams on the public areas and the high market price which now prevails indicate that the cultivation of this mollusk will be greatly extended. The popularity of small clams is constantly increasing in the markets, and in time their cultivation on the south side of Long Island may even rival oyster-culture. During the year covered by these returns, the scallop fishery at the eastern end of Long Island was in a prosperous condition, yielding 169,294 bushels, which sold for $100,607. In 1898 the yield was 103,063 bushels, worth $49,960; and in 1891, 69,565 bushels, worth $48,340. This mollusk is taken entirely by means of light dredges, which are usually operated from sailboats, but to a very small extent from rowboats. The blue-fish now ranks first in value among the food-fishes of New York State, the yield in 1901 being 9,350,502 pounds, worth $473,366. These were taken principally by line fishermen sailing from New York City, 617 men and 48 vessels engaging in this fishery in 1901, and to aless extent in gill nets, seines, and pound nets operated along the Long Island coast. Compared with 1898, it appears that there has been a decrease in the quantity of blue-fish taken and an increase in value, the yield in 1898 being 11,214,433 pounds, worth $387,167. The catch in 1891 was reported at 5,506,575 pounds, worth $237,010; and in 1880 at 3,000,000 pounds, worth $67,500. These figures furnish an illustration of the increase in value of food-fish during the last twenty-three years. Thus it appears that in 1880 the value of blue- fish was 2.25 cents per pound; in 1891, 4.30 cents; in 1898, 3.45 cents; and in 1901, 5.07 cents per pound. The demand for blue-fish in the food markets is constantly increasing. To secure early supplies, a part of the fleet now leaves port in March, going southward as far as Cape Fear, and the season extends until late in November. The yield of menhaden in New York is second only to that in Vir- ginia, 300,682,545 being secured in 1901. Of these, 233,667 were landed at oil and fertilizer factories in Maine, 25,703,000 in Rhode Island, 154,102,335 in Delaware, and 33,118,338 in Texas, as they were caught in those respective localities. Thirty-two steamers, valued at $489,350, including their seines and outfit, and 3 sail vessels engaged in this fishery, employing 745 men. In addition to these 191 men were employed in rendering the fish into oil and fertilizer at the factories in the State, these factories representing an investment of $558,500. 444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Exclusive of the oyster and clam industries and the taking of blue- fish and menhaden, the use of pound nets is the most important fishery in New York. The pound nets are set principally at the eastern end of Long Island, and to a much less extent at the western end of Great South Bay and off Gravesend. This fishery was more valuable in 1901 than ever before, the 248 nets yielding 8,769,082 pounds of fish, worth $164,557. In 1898 the yield was valued at $108,939, and in 1891 at $125,719. The large increase in 1901 was due principally to the higher prices prevailing in the markets. The principal species taken in pound nets are squeteague, butter-fish, flounders, and scup. The shad yield in New York in 1901 shows a gratifying increase over 1898; indeed, it was greater than for any previous year for which returns are available since 1888. The number captured in 1901 was 888,240, valued at $110,682. In 1898 the catch was 488,611; in 1897, 506,273; in 1896, 542,814; and in 1891, 762,946. Most of the shad are taken in Hudson River, and especially in Dutchess, Ulster, West- chester, and Columbia counties. The sturgeon fishery shows a remarkable falling off, the value of the product decreasing from $46,573 in 1898 to $8,323 in 1901. This fish is now very scarce, not only in Hudson River, but also along the south side of Long Island, where it was secured in abundance six years ago. snare or | ee ee eee [eeeeeee WAV AIG) See 2 2 = 25096 Noa == a | 62738; 216) |aoeceer 10, 033 Putnam. | Queens. |Rensselaer.| Richmond. Rockland. Items. : | No. | Value.| No. | Value. |No.| Value.| No. | Value. | No. | Value. WesselsHishingy faa i o.n secs ncloescse|escecuse DADO; 200) | ose lee commie 40) [$945 150) | 252) s25--2-- WOMMAS Cy) aaa ss cae sans ee |------ [oa anesee ABE Ee Senos epielcea cect 62008 Reeirerod bier ognsoee OTe eee Sct oe oe sealer a [ee TESTE apd lee aes eee BOOT Fasc lcaaseae Wessels transporting, 5-222 5. oe |S2-<22)|-00---02 DOMNWOL, DOOM aso eteateis nie BOs 48,800! |2222-|o2ese2 se MOMDAL Cizaec ons cceae es = Samael ee easel feaiae stele SoD Sen Sooecles alee eee ce GLOSS eeee el oeos seeosees OTITAG tae oo Sn Bete steric Mawcaas bebe besies| iiss 0 Oat eee eee eens WT S476 Ooms Vetere ne BOR Ser se nceecmannscacnes esas 10 $520 | 273 | 14,643 | 57 | $1,210 436 | 46,085 | 69 | $3,185 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: | Lines if PS | eee ; 1 SV Tee Lobster pots Be eer 1, 250 VAT Vel ord ee a Dredges a ace 128 62000 eae eee Tongs PY bas 40 CVA Passe ono snes RLEC ES RE ee ae ata es os) st I NS Eline SC SSB ese Solo nGe|an'eniere a 18 A ee Penae ae Apparatus—shore fisheries | GIN GS ere Seema ae sieeie ls cso 2 MO) |B | amen ee a NOs S70 bree cal eee 11 785 Gallime tare oe sae niet ols sec lee Sorel ObOr fe ele mee 3 60 80 1,200 | 564 4,940 Pound netsise2 ooo eto 22 losonce Hoccses= posed eesecsac eS Eee cone | 2 2100: pene alae nese Hy KeMetsienaaee rece ese scien 5 25 1 25 |160 800 34 1,580 | 69 545 DAP MCLs Se oats a ins bona 3 cee) ao -c2 5 Nee ajcom cali bee a Se # 20 ese as|-eaeacses|=aeeo|seakosee Wel POs awe neem sen Nase| acme == S260 532 (itis LS Pee) oe ee | 50 25 | 100 125 ISODSten POtSer as soeas sees peek |oaceee ons sala mee] -2 anes - Saleaceaaee 400 800 Seo lace-eeee SPCATS sss Anes Se caciee Soe [sees se laa steeis ee 16 11S ee Al ean eee (Soares DSescesea limos Breorace DredGesec sss cc esas oleae me ool cgaeene 54 Be Ee eee ae 6 015 1M) eae ee, ee 448 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, and apparatus employed in the fisheries of New York in 1901—Continued. Suffolk. Ulster. Westchester. Total. Items. = No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. No. Value. Vessels fishingyoccn-~ccmecres=.s QT || 96145046) So acealaeeeee ees 3 $8, 400 437 | $1, 005, 665 MONEE Cece ee eee nie oisis sinee 4769) sehee es celiceeerrel ee aera SO \.ceecen ee | 9,408: Sn-ceneeeee Outiitieetase cocs sac oe cc cinco ses cee 1465 70 Nec cele 8 Goma acts eo lavesce O85) snc scece 328, 865 Vessels transporting .......---- 62 SOOO a are alassaeeeeeslacecsleemnceeeee 196 235, 550 ANov oot: t2\ eS Se Seaonpp cas D296 ese aets ar te teaen| owes cree ies totale retell create merert vem 8,183:4|. Sse seers Olin sla RRooe ee aEEESSoerba nor seni acc 0; SIA eee essa cae lee sacle emenece lewsiwa ete 25, 311 BO pod eee sae at aste i ne aeteoeeete 1,584 | 113,494] 182 $8,785 | 153 5,034 | 4,656 317, 447 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: BOINCS | sees ecnoeceemee steam 67 83.9108 eae mae ine es al onwes s|'oe esosee ee 76 36,375 Gillmetetscc scene 364 SUD OSs |".o mules |Cowcies smal mate ohses es eee 465 4, 623 Fyke nets 605 NT Oil cereal lose siccer ec las cooeeeeeeemene 605 215 RINGS =o. pecan ce msccaeonesiceme|eaeee eee got ata Peas anne heated Peeters arin ls Oc 4,590 Heli pots: dence sanceeenessesss 330 8603 | Saceccl ? abc etc |ee cece emcee oes 505 535 Lobster potsi-cees- 2. sic6225 sho oes eee 47, 867 5, 744 14, 200 1, 704 62, 067 7,448 Bulolkc lock osse Sesh iiiee see mee eee 28, 580 2, 388 44, 132 4, 564 72, 712 6, 952 Westchester io. cone srs 5 eisee ooo eee peer eenea | noun ated 16, 800 3, 696 16, 800 8, 696 Total ers Kvn cme haste wont Cutewe. sees 97, 447 10,652 | 86, 092 | 11,090 183, 539 21, 742 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 455 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the dip-net fisheries of New York in 1901. Albany. Greene. Nassau. al Suffolk. Ulster. Total. _ Species. : d | i Lbs. | Val.} Lbs. | Val.} Lbs. Val. |Lbs.|Val.} Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | val. | Lbs. | Val. Shore fisheries: | | Alewives....-. 434 PO) BETO | AS | peancccs) Saacsne 248 bp bs Sop |) ae |3, 866 | $95 | 6,148 $146 Bullhesds==55| 210)" Ail |b2sae2 ese eeeeten Peirce Le O6 4 evo ees) | Pek eeeee. tear 316 16 Carp, German| 275 | 14 |..-.--. legscclbericansaiesecere 50 Sr leemsan | Sacosleosceatancae 325 | 17 eee, aavrrs.|| 0) || G1 \) WW) || Ine ecodesd|te Set oaeshsqllee ase) econo |sesec leer seems 460 | 46 BRereh: yellow! 17d0|) 183) 290) 129) |'F. 5522-25... 72 We | eemanMee nsi|eant> foscee 537 54 Sturgeon..... 400 ol aoa nal ladeoel Seeserse) Seer 300 Gil se cete ewe oe le cectne eres 700 14 suckers... ..- S110) ||| dy Ns ss Baca ecan tod! Gacaacte 185 0 \\ess5s0 pacco|lsasees Weer 565 22 (Orapstsotteees (sae eee eae ieees: 93,200) $1 140) oe. 5215.5. 6,440 |$844 |...... ieee 39, 640 | 1,984 Totalese.- 2,224 | 110 |2,000 76 | 33,200 | 1,140 | 961 34 |6,440 | 844 3, 866 95 48, 691 | 2,299 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the line fisheries of New York in 1901. Nassau. New York. * Richmond. Species. | | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: | PB Mechs ears cei se onie meeie eo ceeies coaailisisin= asec 83/1305420) ($436 1925) lea nea aoe areas COMP M en oo. esses tee ose | 276,920 | $11,158 263, 700 13, 185 73, 451 $3, 673 AMG OCKS eee asses oe neem eee | 44, 750 1,772 3, 333 100 500 15 PE aNKGieere cose Cae eae ee ee aroinis | 1, 900 AGS hes Bais oe aasal| Roem see ael esse atieme oi ween teeta SOS) B28 Cb awat nels Se neee Sees eaes pode saccese Pesocscess 17, 800 623. cae eee oes eesenns SCHAD ASS eee cee eee eee en sen Ee eenioectinon lkamewanee 42,768 2, 566 5, 200 312 DOQUETCA PMC aes te eee meee ee | ieee ica | amie area 3, 250 a B10 eee ean Seem rs {Moye ae ae ee SS ee See 323, 570 12,976 | 9,067,271 453, 529 79,151 4, 000 Shore fisheries: (Crave lea eee ee ee ee ee 21, 200 (3 ol PRS SEAS Res cl EOORC OOS IG BREE DORcC a Meee sre UHC OCRamtte cise eens e aoc eames | 3, 250 SORES acre ea Soe coe eel a eoe eaas oe ee ereee o Ota ee eee Sesame ae ceeze 24, 450 OF Bi nape Sater enone Sie rrsfare [ie o-te taje ever Ware yr ete Total vessel and shore .....-. | 348, 020 13, 954 9, 067, 271 453, 529 79,151 ' 4, 000 Kings. Suffolk Total Species. : Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: | | 8,855,915 | $443, 702 2,445 100 726, 231 33, 468 6, 499 242 74,378 2, 960 9, 700 216 4, 100 82 49, 065 2,277 86, 484 5, 430 1, 230 36 Spanish mackerel......-.-....--- 10 OA EE be Reece oceeccoete 10 2 SGUECLEROUICL © se een ama teen 2, 800 120 7,045 331 13, 095 581 Shiey eel) OnrGp a ooo el ae ee Eo oss cee esos lbcoamociod| 280 33 280 33 PAWLO Gat ws c so soo: Cone soe sme se ome | 1, 300 78 15 1 1,315 79 UOT RTH Le eo ec ee a Se 103, 160 5, 137 257, 595 13,566 | 9,830,747 | 489, 208 Shore fisheries: | IBMesfiSHi ans Ho 2. seee acess anacsaee 51, 000 2, 960 26, 250 1,570 77,250 | 4,530 ROMO emose Secs cee seca. s asco ees 2, 500 100 2, 380 70 4, 880 170 COG aeons: Sears scenes 58, 506 2,765 356, 010 14, 443 435, 710 18, 056 LOGI aeee oe aoe ae ee eee 2, 000 200 1, 200 72 3, 200 272 MVOuUMd ers os sane ae se soe ta. een 6, 200 310 18, 100 743 24, 300 1, 053 Hid do@kaes.eesss naceieer mac a2 at ayeie 12, 600 600 70,475 2, 826 86, 325 3, 556 IBN Loa ee Be Cee pees 21, 900 548 4, 980 96 26, 880 644 Lire Ye ee iS a ce eh ee 18, 800 Sy otl Iscopesecoood Pconnecans 18, 800 376 SCUD ct aceee see ease Reese o-aton. 6, 000 300 25, 265 1, 027 31, 265 1, 327 DS Gan DHSS a eese ne oo ete nee wciars 5, 300 424 26, 338 1,889 31, 638 2,313 Spanish mackerel 50 100 18 Squeteague ........-.- 31,810 1, 327 Striped) bassseenies2<<6 60 TauUMlOgs oe gence ne an dee eases 12, 000 710 (Crabs nanos. = eee ae seco aie se eee lnaecleisisis elas. 325 347, 625 1,451 Crabs soit ons acsnscxwe saicsacetie ns ea ees SAIS sce ce cei 800 120 800 120 Ota Ss eee eee ee 218, 850 10, 243 889, 343 24,710 | 1,182,643 35, 931 Total vessel and shore....... 322, 010 15,380 | 1,146,938 38, 276 | 10, 963, 390 525, 139 456 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the catch by dredges, tongs, rakes, etc., in New York in 1901. Kings. Nassau. New York. Queens. Species. == ae PS = SSS Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. | Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value ee | — - SS Vessel fisheries: Clams, hard— Public areas ......- lose ater els cae meas 375440) SG; L60N |e Soe. Soleo es eS ee RUSS CS eee eee | ere en ee | oa nae 15, 900 | GRID) |e seneshoc|[sossss4c- | -forte ears Neo ears Oysters, market— Private areas ...... 7,700 $980 551,600 | $3,350 9,800 | $1,400 172, 200 | $22, 140 Oysters, seed— | Publiereeis.. 3222.2 22...sce<< eeermene s 32, 130 D5 DID" | aco Session o emacs iss xo] a Sen ee Private areas co sse0| oe ten se cen] Ceo ATBSA50 pI PAB SSSb yl acc sae c| Soe oe eee | meee eee | ae | a | Totals sas ae 7, 700 980 | 1,115,520 | 125, 200 9, 800 1, 400 172, 200 22,140 Shore fisheries: | Crabs hard) se es oe seater 12,000 | DLO RE ee aeee |occceccec. cess eee eee Clams, hard— Public reefs........ | 158, 880 24, 542 322, 384 55, 431 23,600 | 3,677 70, 480 11, 722 Private areas....... | 60,960 | 22, 400 131120), eS GLG54|2 os eeeee panes Ss ar oi Fe bk coaae Clams soit. 2 2. -ceee | 828,050 | 24, 684 115, 300 Dy QLD eee Sets os Secor 2 33,200 | 2,824 MiaSselsi esc. oo onl een eas cr | eS Aeooce = 46, 500 D210) i scat oeclentenee cn eee ene ee es eee Oysters. market— | Puplie TeCISSoa2 = ase ences eee Peeaseee Vaiecrworsicce | cesar ese | Watepee ars peat eee 700 100 Private areas. .....-.| 2,186,520 | 294,757 | 1,460,480 | 237, 156 70, 000 10,000 | 1,179,640 | 158, 245 Oysters, seed— Piblie Teeisssc.. ne |we esas nels assets 31, 500 2,185 | 14,000 1, 000; |-s ssc 555e lee Private areas: =~ .cs|e ss cncee eee oe 363; 720!) 245509. |... Soc cea] eos us ek cee eee SCHHODS asses soe seasee |e ose pecosesce | 38, 960 SF BUM ABER pemae| Bessanoee| |b onos ees boone = Re PROt coe he 2, 734, 410 | 366, 383 | 2,398,964 | 335,561 | 107,600 14, 677 | 1,284, 020 172, 891 Total vessel and | SHOPCGS.26-e 2,742,110 | 367,363 | 3,514,484 | 460,761 117,400 16,077 | 1, 456, 220 195, 031 | Richmond. | Suffolk. Westchester. Total. Species. 5 aes ; Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. as | 5 Vessel fisheries: Crabs hardh<-.<-.2:4) 2-26 acca |teeeeecos 2035600 7 © SL) 612i a2 so | eee ee 203, 600 $1, 612 Clams, hard— Public areas ....... 42,400 | $4,505 96,160 | 23,617 | 16,000 | $1,500 192, 000 35, 782 Mussels oo oe 2 = = enna = ==] === ===-| |) 200; 000 420 | cc2e-252)osee-see 218, 900 650 Oysters, market— Private areas .......2,000,187 | 267,112 4, 093, 054 544,029 | 14, 000 1,813 | 6, 848, 541 920, 824 Oysters, seed— | } Publie reefs......-.. 56, 700 3,430 | 52, 850 47100); nate cele ace ee 141, 680 9, 805 Private areas....... | 42, 000 3,000 | 2,549,715 | 179,787 | 70,000 | 6,500 | 3,140, 165 222, 72, Scesllopsé:4o52 2:2... / 60,000 3;000)|| 4865900) | 485370) |. 2s-- --|ee eee 546, 900 51, 370 Shellls).35 57432 eee cn alecs esse Boe ie 1, 236, 000 ALD eee hs 3] See ee 1, 236, 000 719 Totals <2 - sesh 2,201,287 | 281,047 | 8,918,279 | 802,354 |100,000 | 9,813 |12,524,786 | 1,242, 934 Shore fisheries: Crabs, hard! s--....-=- ESecateeesd LERoseses 228, 500 aA a er STC 240, 500 1, 930 Clams, hard — | Public reefs........ 132,800 | 138,980 372, 944 66, 487 |131, 200 | 20,500 | 1,212,288 | - 196,339 Private areas. sca. a|h ee ees s eae ae eee aes sacs BT See nia aae-— 74,080 |: 25,565 Clams: SOfts22 22 <2. ce| ese sceusselnnwee ber 260, 900 19, 220 | 42,000 | 4,200 779, 450 58, 843 Mussels. oo oil ccc ecis to] aces cece ee eeweeet ees oat nade ao ekeemeee 46, 500 1, 210 Oysters, market— | Public reetses. 3- 452/22 225-5520| sees ae 37, 660 3) 40S oS 5o Ree ee 38, 360 3, 554 Private areas....... 42.700 6, 505 5d4, 680 12; SA aoa ccs eecemerer ), 494, 020 779, 607 Oysters, seed— ; Publicirediss.- 2552) Fano | see eee 50, 050 2: 1DO0)|- sews | ee Sse tes 95, 550 6, 745 Private (ATCAS: 6. cclassetc cee eee 67, 410 he tl RRR Pa eeeser 431, 130 29, 833 CoH) 0: EE eee (ee One ccna 528, 864 BOS Tilt 2 seoe eek s seat 562, 824 55, 967 Bhellge ssa. Seda eesas arse ec aceoe 1, 050, 000 (7310 Fa ees | ae aee 1, 050, 000 611 Totaliecoos.ce-2 =e 175, 500 20,485 | 3,151,008 | 225,507 |173,200 |} 24,700 |10, 024,702 | 1, 160, 204 Total vessel and BNOre 2 sa8 22 ace 2,376, 787 | 301,532 |12, 069, 287 |1, 027, 861 |273, 200 | 34,513 |22, 549, 488 | 2, 403, 138 ————eaertc ler Cm FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 457 Table showing, by counties, the yield of eels in pots in New York in 1901. Vessel fisheries. Shore fisheries. . Total. Counties. - Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. RAIN PSA ek Sale So = hee eee meee Rae oye 28, 500 $2, 280 59, 700 $5, 243 88, 200 $7,523 WaSSa Ue 72. Sah ee SERRE RNS See eat 67, 190 4, 802 67,190 | 4, 802 QUCCNSE eth ee. oe eee a Sane eae 38, 960 3, 300 38, 960 3, 300 Richmond 2, 600 208 2, 600 208 Rockland ~~. -.- 4, 800 240 4, 800 240 DUO ee a ee ee ee ee Fee no Ee eo 256, 008 15,734 | 274,508 16, 859 Westchester 9, 900 503 9, 900 503 Total 439, 158 30,030 | 486,158 | 33, 435 Table showing, by counties, the yield of fish by spears in New York in 1901. Kings. | Nassau. Queens. Suffolk. Total. Species. —| ——F Lbs. | Value Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. _| Value. 3 | : | a | = | a | Shore fisheries: | | . | Hela #4 eS | 11,480 | $1,110 | 67,500 | $4,420 | 12,050 | $1,114 | $4,180 | $5,312 | 175,210 | $11, 956 Flounders ....|........|.--.--.- BRIS es 9206) fear eee | cee | 600| 30| 5,750| "236 SS en EES ES Totalea a 11, 480 1,110 | 72,650 | 4,626 | 12,050 | 1,114 | 84,780 | 9D, 342 | 180,960 | 12,192 | | Table showing the extent of the menhaden industry of New York in 1901. Items. No. Value. Items. No. Value. = ce aa | HAL OBIE = 22 (<2 a eae oan eae 3 | $405,500 || Steam vessels fishing ...._. | a32| $357,500 Gashicapital y= a. oes scan | etecss ee 5 1538, 000 TONNALE Se - ss ae een eee 2, 646 | bo wae te Persons in factories ........ 191) | tS -e2 eae. Ouvih sere ae Se ee sae 99, 350 Persons on vessels.......-.. TESS Bocce ees Seimestc eae oes her ss: 63 | 32,500 Menhaden received ...._.-- 84, 043, 667 | 125,582 || Sail vessels fishing......... 3 | 3, 700 Tons of dry scrap prepared. 4,357 OTL al) 2 ROUT AL Crass een eee 64 | Bea eS Tons of acidulated scrap QUtRTEISas4 Pes ee ol. Saceee Sones 2,245 DICPALEM see = ser eiea= 2,019 22, 504 SCINCSs..coSscse Soe seo ss 3 900 Gallons of oil made .......-. 656,286 | 156, 638 | | aThese vessels also supplied menhaden to factories in Delaware, Rhode Island, and Texas. Table showing the extent of the wholesale trade in fishery products of New York City in 1901. Oyster | - Fresh-fish | Salt-fish a, Sponge | Miscel- , Items. trade. trade. we clam! ‘trade. |laneous.| 7°tal- ade. | Number obAnrmse. oscc.22= serene | 168, 919 | 8, 393 714 | Cala ass. 0 esses 19,108 10, 959 OL 608 sl BUCKETS: eos aos seer 110, 415 | 5, 459 Da MR ANIGO Es cs coe. See eee 91, 105 3, 136 BOO 5a| (el Om COMM ae see neat aes 265, 041 4,519 $687 i Wihitine =. 2p es mecee oo ee 405, 804 7,874 7105686.) ©lams Manrdecs sen soe none «4, 246,070 552, 953 25995 ll Clams s0itas eee eeeeeeee b 902, 770 54,918 14-°290))|| (Clams; suni---.- 5 22ss5- € 13, 336 500 8, 101) || Crabs, hard 2252-2 --22.22- 719, 995 23, 558 749-\| (Crabs) SOlbacss-aecce. cess e 417,910 51, 861 i] Rang craps2ce eens see te f 409, 800 ievaal 3,085: ||) UODSLCTS# ssee cee cee eer ce 65, 943 8, 340 4 O00!,||| MUUSSCIS)< Aeem see ae ae 9 374, 600 920 1,577 || Oysters, market .......... h14, 646, 345 | 1, 696, 767 88,041 || Oysters, seed ...........-. 710, 617, 572 550, 918 1,842 || Oystershells.-.22.. 2 ..-2- J 144, 000 32 5,123 || Scallops! ss222 feu. heeer k 114, 000 3, 200 Me) | Stowubualoy Conse ceeaaanossae 1,095 1, 988 T0385] SQUIG Se. cee = sees ene) 17, 748 $26 ALO | RPerrapins. os soci eee } 8, 232 3,135 Toil | MINILGLES hse ote ce See 20, 130 1, 0538 16, 367 ae 76, 003 Totals 2225400 .ee eee 117, 930, 964 | 4,755, 522 475, 202 || a 530,759 bushels. 6 90,277 bushels. ¢ 1,667 bushels. d 2,159,985 in number. STATISTICS OF THE e 1,253,730 in number. F 204,900 in number. 911,860 bushels. h 2,092,335 bushels. FISHERIES BY Fishing is carried on in 17 counties of the State. no fishing, but there is considerable wholesale trade in fishery products at Newark. ‘1,516,796 bushels. J 2,400 bushels. k 7,333 bushels. COUNTIES. Essex County has Of these counties Bergen, Hudson, Union, Middlesex, and part of Monmouth are on the Hudson River, Staten Island Sound, and New York Bay; Ocean, Atlantic, and portions of Monmouth, Burlington, and Cape May are on the ocean side, while Sussex, War- ren, Hunterdon, Mercer, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, and parts of Burlington and Cape May are on the Delaware River and Bay. Monmouth County leads in the quantity of products, while the large oyster industry of Cumberland places that county ahead so far as total value of catch is concerned. in the value of the « ‘atch. Ocean County also surpasses Cumberland County in quantity, but is far behind both Cumberland and Monmouth is the immense preponderance of the shad fishery. The three following tables show the extent of the fisheries by counties. A feature of the fisheries of Salem County FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 465 Table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Counties. On vessels fishing. PATI ATNGIC apnian sos Sates a some ce eice ae ea ace 211 JSSIGRTIN Seas SAR SOBER aE ce GeSSoe: - Soc cbbeb as Gee eneeeaas IBUEMM OOM 2 gee = ce ons s Ae ee elekie Sec ae|(seseeeceeecs Gaim deny e.3.545 2Sa-/oneclns tasecetien cscs 87 Capes Mia, 3. 22m. sa <2e2 =i Sees sseteet eo oaee 115 Gumbenrland essen. pease eae alee as 1,356 FHSS ORS eee ase cane see Soca es eee sine sea [eetkes Ssace GIOUGESLC TAR teens eter er mae acciaa= bates eocase| scuieasiacs ce IO RO WE A ee sonics Sse ae Selene aceaes 4 IN TeEC One eee ee moe ae See enees = chee hoe ais scee ne MMeCR COI pee. Ae Suc see nce thee ee rye mace bamiiesce Loe IMEI GIGSEXa esas. ceh eco 2 oma naw ath ASS 10 Monmi ough es cored eon tasase Seseneet nesses 295 MCCANN s nays ao estwe nce s2e se ese ese soko ssae 64 SHEUIOuTAN ee IR eC oe tonne ee Oe P| ae ee ene Sls Ore eee hase eo msc. semen apna sam a[tece sae 33 ot Wm OM seas ewe cee ace os ee cemaet Sec aaceibeeeascceee WSO leer = a3 55 See oee cs annecms sheets a incense ce INC oc PEERS aS ee ee eS PE 9,142 On vessels transport- ing. In shore or | boat fish- |Shoresmen. Total. eries. 646 7 889 85 10 95 466 30 503 309 11 410 923 16 1, 072 777 289 2,438 aria Ree 85 85 334 8 342 182 29 217 99 1 100 236i |bsa52cemce 236 217 24 270 1, 740 203 2,303 1, 443 °6 1, 635 1, 062 44 1,119 260 eee Naas eee 26 210 7 217 (EY ame oeect dt 73 8, 828 860 12,030 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, and apparatus employed in the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Bergen. Burlington. | Camden. Cape May. Items. No. | Value. | No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value. | No. | Value. Vessels fishing ...........2.---- S| 850 sl BON ee ere |oetce ae (OPO oe me 13 $21,000 29 | $29, 975 MONMAe ste see cee eee oe Zh) | co5 saad beonsee||daocoses||sapee||4esocaan WO |ocsosecc 53 30] eee OUUGH Hee 2 Sere Sac seas sore oo eles 1S 14) See eeadl aseoase Asser loaoeecce daeee | 45203)e 2 22 5, 948 Vessels transporting -...---.---- 12 92300! eee =mieclsen tee 3 | $3,350 1 900 7 | 12,650 MOMMAS Cle) (the esis score 1a Bebaodedel Hoseaed meceasee (1) |[Sesocaan US! seers sel 138s |Nebeeee OUbhitven = Accesses ae 176| 18,427 |<... - Wyke nets .:s)oo2-sedss2sece-< j 291 D9Uat posse Lines, hand and trawl....--- Rees Ae | See POtsie@@l oan see cocmemice cenaln-s = cele eeeeciee sso Pots; lobster .......5-- SOSA Rae Bene nen poonenece pape Oyster tongs, rakes, and 620 GlO7SN See OTCALCS «je seeesm sot oseee ss Glamstones, makes vandvnoes. | :p--saleasc- cee [eects oclestventee teri te | sence 4 92) oteonlSncetee MINOWADNArALUSs- 2509-2 s0-|c2ecee AGA ies clot ota ee lese soauceeeen ace Di) worctoe | eet Shore and accessory property..|.....-- 169, 702 |....- $83, 000 |..... ay fall eee 23; 260) |eciee= 6, 985 GASDICE DLA. coos acteceecee ce eelan es E2000 seiare AQ 200! | -..:- -|-see2- ones) 30) OOD! Seeee eee ners OLA ees to so ye eee alec eee 648;,027, 15.522 1255200) <2 30; 585 |--< =<) C4637 lease 10, 290 Middlesex. Monmouth. Ocean Total Items. : r | No. | Value. No. Value. | No Value No Value Wesselsifishing?. -5.-.---2-- oe | BY $3, 750 117 | $77,725 10 | $24,600 533 | $518, 025 MOUM GRC sas seen oe eee eee |. (Oi |Rancsenee~ M095) | ssk.cect cc 92 |2 30 S455 5; STL | Peete aoe OUT Sa 25 ek oo eeteneene ss asses THO10}\ jee eeeee AS: 862) |. e227 1 AIDE Se 148, 067 Vessels transporting .-........- 6 8, 500 29 38, 650 14 12, 900 78 125, 450 MONNAPE ss cs-= en ekeaesees S45. cae b se AIG eens ae ply eal ea 15343"). soe OUCH Gye oclooic Soo eee nls tee 21 Byala ie re WT 475) |eeecees LS DSO) |e 23, 746 SORES tars ernie aaron asi tie 153 14,635 | 1,395 91, 569 | 1,286 96,622 | 6,473 502, 666 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Sein ess oc Ste akeccais eters] seceealldedee acc 6 2, 700 3 1,900 ald 5, 785 IGAUNTIOTS Sa ois Sel ec eehapenis |b mera | fae oe 2 160)\[Ss22.ee locas BP b2 160 ines! hand and tra wihe<<-.: Selle emeciicas a] cisn sens «|e eeeemnntl| salsa eee meee el4 1, 660 ines. whan Gama trans seo see se ete cerca neem see T9388) | ai=sce = 470 Won Saoees 3,421 Pots; Cells. Jlss82. 2. pee onan te 115 95 1,343 1,258 | 2, 950 1,507 | 5,275 3, 829 Pots; lobster? -. 55> hecwacaaesleeeece Macc acts ees 695 2, 085 30 90 850 2, 358 Oyster tongs, rakes, and dnredses iin 2e2 ees ee ees 262 1, 834 470 3, 167 | 1,902 13,057 | 5,096 35, 660 Clam tongs, rakes, and hoes. 10 | 90 744 5, 293 | 1,218 7,767 | 3,372 22, 337 Minor apparatus. 22k 5. ce >| eeniise| eee oe learn a ly 29] ees Pal ees 533 Shore and accessory property..|.-.-.-- 1 ES | Mikes 31D} 0Sai|Lea- =e 09,640) | cc oa ene 785, 428 GCashicapitall cate soo ost dec alooecee 6,000) |... .-.- 44,350 |...-..- 16; 000) | Sse ones 155, 550 TMOtA «Seema Soe ecceeere Jenne 55;,000' |2. 520% 793, 020 Jrcteeee 282, NGS lewwceses 2, 729, 571 11,340 yards in length. 6320 yards in length. ¢ 68,303 yards in length. @888,253 yards in length. ¢ 9,625 yards in length. FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 467 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Bergen. Burlington. Camden. Species. = = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ........ 54, 500 Seat te es Pe EE Pe 148, 370 $735 50,500 | $255 Were iy cxqcalned sasen wean are Less Soy | re Lees l| keene. 368,007) (2; 760 |... .-...2.2 Beedce IRC S TS dessa bee a 3Y) SOBLTLI| “toROs (S| CRT ot Scere 4] ea eters Seale ae feoeye ees Buiterisheassen eee s 15, 000 AUU Isa 325 5 Spcibesertsa|AeceXs boned sdesscoea leapsesneans Vora ee See CRL-OSNe eee cent eee 6, 100 SOD ees sete ieee tsea 56, 985 2, 836 159730" | 0316 FOG Se ee eee aes ASSIS TAT) eho ke Sosa lseosunes eee Aaoroee aac sssrog| Secooroocac We An oe Cronikersi cies 2 e- sece- | 73,825 IAG) en ee baad bose eso Heed So sonbolloceantasd boccasodeealSusspepe BiG S ee ess aca 120, 800 6, 580 37,500 | $1,898 8, 125 410 3, 690 | 185 HV OUNCeTS ere che eto 38, 032 17 3 German carp---.-.----.- Wey easel aeicidencisis a GO Ckee eee = [setae =| 6, 846 Elaikent <= sn8/. ke eS a2 2 | 5,710 Reime=nsit se: oc. ess ol 5, 875 88: Menhaden.......-.-...| 4,500, 000 (a(0(0 Oe aooeacesee EEepsoe epeeeete ee era r | etceterstensrate | erste clo ter store eater eres Mullet, fresh...--.....- 3, 000 17 (0) ae Seer eee EP Aone Bea aeene Iso emsea aes eae Mullet, salted ........- | 5, 000 BOQ ites sess lentes cits eee aaa) | aciciaeeee cena ein Str eee ae Réerch whites... -2...--) 202; 019 9, 299 1,200 | 48 112,078 D483: | See ece etl seeeicaee Rerch yellow. so-cee ac. | see ae | 78 | | Pike'and pickerel.__....|..-.-..---- f : SalmOM sree ec aoe cee \eecaseaaaee | SCUpPlotgee.-2 coo ae = SeambAsseeeecr ec ceca | Siadeetan cnceonae ere. Sheepshead .......-.--- ‘NUGISL ah Sao aan Oe ae | Squeteague ..-....----- 23, SETUP ODaSSac sss ee o- 61, 075 9, 872 43, 385 | 4,339 52, 245 9, 771 1, 000 100 PUULTLEON. Ae sass aSe 472 BOM Sccns soos | sas sears SUCKS Seesees soar aes 25, 890 1,507 3, 685 | 295 TU OS 32 -SsseneeSesasclf URRUD A eee ee Sec Reno Eerceroceas| oer ose pe coscodord peocdoo> “FUGYER EC) lta os aerageee os al| APR Se = | et oe TTR SG L100 Umm 5 Paes Been le [em eee AMC LES oo \ivloniiines Sse eee seebeo|) 2 SSW IP) e- AABe eRe ees Seas See e aha so5| acisamasiae aca sec baa serone se @lams hard s-2- =. 22.-5-| 56 DAS TOR |G, BBO bees eee eee = (Chifzi| os p44 ae 6 | See eee SUB TN ae ae So6el bre se sca Hae sorbed PeEaeoose eae eee ae feeeerces Crabs, soit 3 Vie se ontere|| Sime niet oti cle mee ae eB asAcaeeal seca Haas INIISSEIS ces sams sce cere e 5 320, 000 BYY)) |beneesoasas eceeeme Oysters, market 146,020 | 16,681 578,200 | 73,115 Oysters, seed....-....-- H 5 22,750 885 365, 820 | 18, 186 Shrimip sce essssee See Bo Pere Aaa peoeee BobacSea Seaclss cond eseacecksel lccboocero. |tSapoaeed Neyo po ssgpscooeea) 8 CAR) SPUD ese see eee ees) Ea eee keel pee arocind pooocosonod||lsscsesne ROtale eee. voce 9, 253, 209 | 327, 087 661,145 | 27,986 | 2,699, 227 | 121,770 | 2,479,365 | 144, 140 ise H Cumberland. Gloucester. ~ Hudson. Hunterdon. | Mercer. Species. : Lbs. Value. Lbs. Val.| Lbs. Val. | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. ‘Value. | | Alewives, fresh -....--- 10, 100 POMP 2Oe5OO|! *BlOS|Seeeaccee| sess cals: cee [ert ao ae 8, 900) $89 Gaiaiishe seo! esos 29, 300 2,159) 15,837] 883 700} $35) 615) $72) 49,700) 2,478 LNCS AR Sooo ene 8, 340 657| 11,857} 952) 17,100) 1,205) 100) 6 9,700) 392 Genman carpe. >. = 2. 350 che | Ak 6,520) 621 820 49) 3,335) 163) 43,357) 2,602 Perch, white.........-. | 10,200 G55] eee eee) BOD OM S228 eete! 500] 25 ainda, Welle eeee fess te Boe tase oe beanies | esase.ccel Sale leSconeess nasheed laser ime tieeeee 1,000 51 Pike and picker 1...... es Ro Sa he En En oe [esa (ea hr (eee 20 2| 75 8 Salmon eee neo coos Cee aaSSeSe neato Seen Gar acoee Sameie eae aeesad Meee 55 17) 9 SDC Rees so oe eas | 1, 280, 450 38, 415 27, 675/68, 560, 3,998) 201,860, 15, 117 Squctessuve me. -ea 36, 650 DB0D nema ee oe cel een an esas! Secon |axtacine|(nals no eam asa Striped basis... os: 42,955 3, 804 168} 1,135 123 1, 830 149 SUUMSCOMs. S52.-sbe ears | 98, 614 CIS Ogee | OE sl eo spese eal beceee decees poses 400, 27 Caviar 13, 836 (alll Gass seeS ese ces lbeanseroa lssores esses Seceee lOsrecocn Boocsns Suckers ...-- 1, 000 () 39,210, 1,981 TG) QO. a aoe An eee bal Han se 5eson |aseeeeosslossacceecleeceeal ey ell! eel hea ee8| Paneee pee cenoe! bem Glimsonanrdie. cus s2o2| ascee sccia=| eee aise tal eRe Senses ME UO SGP Ee aso Eronts Maes sose epeeaoed (CIAWITS, SOLE Paonu scoeed pseaae eae baooseocellpseceoosdiamsees||) | eonlLUll— 405] ccnod poeeao Seaesses peeerer (Coming, lniiedl seca 4 esc eeal ls Spceeceoalenssoccdcdl seecemee|sarcce| Pe eommeh(L 0 eect E10 eee S Meesee iscacsecel posrase (CRAIOS, ACHE + ecb So0babe |eokoeokece be -dereed Peosceeee| Seerce!| meat AO (iit SS: ee aes Reece epeecooe Peee ame ROMPVETADS has ch ons es 51, 000: IW) pee sod IS same| |\Sboces ted bestia! SeGS55 beacao BeSshonan popscac TEOOAUERS 2. Ga eae Atel pana baeo dl We scEOUed DESSOOeReCSaeE ole P77-5U00 tN. 1 PRR ieee ler | Fare as Oysters, market........ TCO a) CHART l= aks setae Saccoel| Seuan se.) eae sa- lseteoe laeecs loooeaoes Peasesc Oysters, seed..........- 7, 392,749) 389, 367 \eenha.= oo eee Murtleseseecce ese oe ee 1,00 I hae baste eee fe lGbeneenot eco so Cmos es aaaae ESS estos Motes -e eee tee 16, 398, 030/1, 421, 689/2, 288, 767/69, 447|1, 227, 095/55, 168/83, 145) 4, 846) 356, cae 22, 920 468 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tuble showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of New Jersey in 1901—Continued. Monmouth. Cape May. Middlesex. Ocean. Species. 7 = So Os a = = Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. AIDBCOLrSsn.. o-%.smo5-eee 1, 600 + SY Al ames ce|snaaesce 11, 065 $197 2,478 $25 Alewives, fresh ........ | 110, 100 894 34, 400 $65 680, 763 8, 861 | 2,234, 358 7, 808 ANG WIVES: SAItCGi fae -. | 719,945 | 20,695 700 21 | 1,845, 097 50, 276 427, 559 12, 827 Gaieushis cs: seoees see \ncoeeneas [pace meee } 450 23 4,170 178 65, 450 3, 273 Geroter sons ee 4,590 GEE |e eee ees ees rate 17, 619 529 580 17 WO eccciee woes anaes 370, 834 ay Fa La ee ee eee enae 663, 979 19, 025 434, 818 12, 469 (One CWS pee eee esneere pepe piseass possoseod ecsancen-classnsccc 53 se eee soon Croakers\).55. 52222 2 --- 95, 575 D849) rece cs Se lboes some 38, 845 652 18,115 533 Drum: 32263 eeee ween ' 11, 880 G82 eee ene | eemtertone 46, 500 186 ic Seale eee 1,2) (ee ee 119, 450 6, 339 14, 600 841 412, 951 21, 314 598,700 | 29, 851 Mlounders’:2- oee- see eee | 110, 851 4, 803 138, 560 575 847,178 22, 830 658, 600 | 23,058 German i GAN pe ne. seme sel ecete = oe cetera) eletnia = ite elaPeretetaere 80 2 le joecaceece [pele Haddocks 2222-c+-as=-- = 18, 980 AK ea See Soros 77,771 2,334 128, 416 5, 137 12 6:1 pe eee 6, 840 DUG) ssn aeeiestn|seecioes 11, 580 274 Deva 82 Horse mackerel........ Hed ape ie | eens Seer siataos farstecere tell eteiermtete ere 224 5: |acdenamsaeelhecemeee Rein e=fishy Some ae ae eee | 11, 060 1S SOT See ee es ceecse ce 3, 046 495 1, 055 136 TIM a ssee enc cecescis oes 22, 033 eT te rena cremes eer Sean 258, 393 38, 152 37, 442 562 IWMackerel dee ice at- crs = 2,879 GIy fal Sere eee eases 5, 003 752 | 2,123 318 Menhadenle. 3222: 5.2--- | 755,000 | 12,480 | 260, 880 489 |17, 099, 342 54,308 10,295,444 | 14,814 Mullet, fresh..........- 19, S00 990) |eeeeecenc|aseesces 18, 500 682),|): cee e2 58.3 | eee Mullet, salted.........- | 52,814 CGY) | Seek eel Caan cs cece SAR ae bococss=a5 Bas ated. Wereh. White. sso. .-- = | 26,288 1, 306 3, 614 145 11, 793 683 901,688 | 64,043 Perch, yellow..-.....-.-- | 18, 653 oi) WARE OE Oe Beoreine ae eon al ee emma ooa cs sccollsemsc ro Pik@lana Pickerel oes ao) = cece = |e cern erste a erste mela aim ll leie ote mal mie tn letra aim mim miami 2,100 168 SCUpiie: son-ce ese secon. 251, 300 S238 see eo ce elec memtele 301, 795 6, 783 41, 404 828 Seabasstes ceo teeceone 5794690!) 295799) | te cee aleerimeyae 443, 977 19, 863 262,180 | 15,871 Shadinge 2252 Scat eck kes 7, 064 444 10, 068 418 235, 344 11, 768 17, 688 929 Sirs ke ee eS er ee ea SS Se eee ete cee sme sete 500 10! |ccstasceeeal peeeenee Sheepshead ...........- 3, 925 Bee eee sel eeeeeNed lsoscos Sasol lbacosnamas oaosa=Ssecllsso-co02 IS) gn) RNS CU is hal ee lens 5 al Bae sense eaeeetc 2,375 48) | oo eee eens Spanish mackerel...... | 2,510 SSM fae eects clnemeieee 32, 096 4,700 4,322 648 Spotiseccs i ccesccccsce= =e 5, 750 ODE |S cece rcmme letetetercmate 244,199 2, 654 45, 743 457 Squeteague -....-.....- 1,117,455 | 33,030 36, 100 855 | 8,874,124 | 222,564 | 1,135,149 | 31,173 Striped! bass------ s-2--- 48, 645 5, 643 3, 120 434 22, 669 2, 845 65,700 | 11,447 SUITS CO sciences 40, 595 2, 645 6, 683 487) |3ch2c2 sees loneeeeee Caviar a2, B09 ||.-.0:s2:28 2 Flees SUCKERS tee we sceeeice 11, 350 361 12, 315 369 PRSUITG Sees sie cece eters 88, 425 3, 046 400 8 MOM COCs soso eee sase see 214, 839 3, 720 47, 202 709 \idabiabel-eeeGoeeme ere 400, 454 7; 667 ||\.. seucres] Corecess 1418, 000 | 5, 220 Mullet, dresh: -...... 1, 000 DOU kee Joes |e eee loans. ce uel escelmowme ccs (tens cine Sema Aeeres. Mullet, salted ....---. 5, 000 HOO Ssicc= see Rat poses RBeoEmneces ee te ana eteeeod beseak aan Eero elas. ase Perch, white........ Bia cl 0s|| PGs | aeaenee [Bees ane aA a oS [neh iecre aed | ere at Io ee 10,525 | 537 Soil Ones aes PS ceell gee ce =|-,2 tere selacicrecis bes otis 24 bad (ee ety ed es een geaeel eater (| oa He SCUprsesere-eeeteri = |aeer= a= lbenenacllosbonene scoceenne loss-coceen |Eemisaselbomceinniieenetae 900 36 SAG store cope eae (Meese ccleaner 577, 260 |$21,647 1,017,680 |48, 304 |932, 652 $27, 977 Se eGR F Spanmishemackenelleer cca ao oeee eers |etecteieriorel merce llstaicrsGieteeacelllefossterstars'|leenettiscisieilleracse crete 150 23 Striped bass.......-. 200 24 | 42,985 Oe Eisicr eter al lst ace lah =rarbooseBee [reetee te 60 By | peonroaaleecabsoe 26,475 | 1,709 Caviar Jere | hs csr erent re Ntecate crac cel mlotete sca wrarciere ce mi|'s Syere eres 1, 080 756° Suckers fe eres) SAOUOM GOON Eeeee ee [SS ae Poe ae) ar Squeteague | 24, 000 O60) Pete ee aes: 3,540 109 eee lie rer | eee Rotaletea. esi 49,575 | 3,347 |620, 245 | 25, 946 1, 049, 764 49, 871 |932,652 | 27,977 |466, 382 | 8,652 ) | Cumberland. Gloucester. Hudson. Mercer. Middlesex. Species. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. ‘Value. Lbs. | Val. Shore fisheries: Perch, white....-. TABOO AGT O5y | Men saee asl ake cess le creie aes eisoesee| Seiciees Visrcr2 fetes oe See SallmOnwsesene- oe lntee sear pce crea ee ere seal beeie ses Seet aceclnso mai 9 | fl eee eee Shades seaccaeeoes , 266, 250 [87,989 |2, 011,168 |$60, 334 |478, 800 181, 760 | Striped bass...-.--- abe ili lsys Pee Bin es SS eceed Sosneete 500 Sturgeonm=.<--.---. OSH OLA Ara Of Naas epee ee melee setaete ele Cavaatiere a. 55. NBER TUES Soe eeeceollassosocs||kcsuones Squeteague -.:...- 7,010 (CoO eR Ebeaas| poocacca pooobpac FRotaileses = <5 253 1, 405, 325 |52,319 |2,011,168 | 60,334 |479, 300 | 18,005 |181, 769 18,593 | 1, 2CO 36 Monmouth. Ocean. Salem. Total. Species. — = == = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Blue-fish :..-.2---- 4,300 OY ee soc ee Seca Ncl CoS Reeeeeee! Saccme ras 4,300 | $215 Shore fisheries: AE WIVES: =< 5-55. < 5, 000 100 | 119,000 (Eels aaceeeneiel Soeaaanec 131, 900 | 660 Blwe-sh .-. 65. 202, 400 8096s cOOR4 Gein pel Agnes cre ae oe na ehotererotoiay= aie 508, 465 22, 604 BONO Ws. fo ee 2 =: 3, 308 100 21,375 TIL OM Sestscirs 2 ceayetsinie'llSearbne ie acts je 24, 683 875 FES Ute Te 1S betsy cs ees mee ace etre llores xe ees aM orotate etere is a) fim a IASya I ierm core errs w'llataraterayarwrerere 2,100 84 Groakers/-222%5..-..\: 1, 800 Dia eee seeeretas| ero loa ets cis era el aietate fc | ove enerchei cits 2, 300 38 litkoniavekevas) 5 ae oel EAs Sao Bec dosetesllogeeeoeccel lasercec. econ Sac base aes 280 | 14 Reineanishi-semacses. 200 C0) 8 see = eee eee ee 601 | 65 Mania Generic 55 peeeO WOON m wm [64m ot eee bien ae Serle Aa cei ae cei nme cmiociatee 427, 700 5, 304 Mine pares bese calorie sores 9 [sareciraieteers lleyoinr-tsteic incl seleiereie = Leeievaseaaasl percents 1, 000 50 MCE Gesell bedls sera eae oe Sac crclllnitce ee see |-arm crema staal ec soe leieielete clicial= eral Ciancletare merece 5, 000 500 Perch, white ...... De SLO POU OS oN eiaertetta ate =1-)||temtnpereto reas 280, 235 24, 851 Piekerel) fe sce225 %, 100 GSM cetose As yerctaraicl [Procite rapt 2,100 168 Salim OMe pe eel oS eel seperti ire nia eee yapee roe | arent aerel| acts een m. ae rete rere 33 5 SGU) ae kesAbe ese molec aad ducse Ge aeee lace psosecscen yee nud SShoseapoqod | anaes poose 900 36 UC tee el oO 27 Olle sOnOOO Merce crees ae steep 5, 930, 650 | $177,921 | 12,528,196 | 412, 294 Spanish mackerel. 3, 254 ASR a Besemepesiccts | Scstaene tele o comlacl= ll nistereleiaeee 3,404 dll SUMPCOs PASS tesa]. ses c el cies ee ae 5, 925 T0638 Sapo eseca cs lseserstasees 68.531 7,148 Sturgeon’. 222.2. =... 1,789 TONS SSIS See 2 ie es i 22,155 748 149, 093 7, 070 Gaiviariowo sss: 36 O/C SS Sete eee 2, 040 1, 428 16, 992 9, 815 SueCkers east se Sao saa ose cesanees 7, 800 SMG ieee pes Se Als Bence 15, 800 . 834 Squeteapuers=--.- 73, 250 V7 S45 GG e753) De 990R | ee =e sais lerere(ai-s=i=m =i 274, 075 9, 325 Wihiting sy. ss-e sce 50, 000 115 (0 0)a| eee een Ae eho seo aecem tees |aeaeareoee 50, 000 1, 000 Motalssseses 481,313 18, 347 854, 850 | 44, 727 5, 954, 845 180,097 | 14,488,388 | 503, 251 Grand total ...| 485, 613 18, 562 854, 850 | 44,727 5, 954, 845 180,097 | 14,492,688 | 503, 466 9 ~ 47 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the pound-net and weir fisheries of New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Cape May. Middlesex. Species. eee - ————— Lbs. Value. ‘Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. shore fisheries: ANID COTS me ete oe tates eres oc ee Srercl| 5 storwjate ie cl aratepal Semrelatetetoters 1, 600 AUG Cn Meee eet ere na cee cincicl| « cece ere nee ee etomereeieters 19, 800 hoor th Ae eee Ae ee ae 600° $30 5, 822 Toy eH) 5° Eee eee ner SenseeSces cclbaso ena 11, 480 MEG eL-NShe>.oeaeroca nao <= oats 15, 000 300 716, 400 GETO Rote se crnc a aero aie oe nie aie! oie feinte oll Mite eraretatatatatatel| iatoeaetetetelete 4, 590 (CikO A (onan e Ee Ree boc Sue oe aa Meseeccceacd baaccacoas 18, 508 IDIMEM occ Soe okies ccs eos oe cee oeeeis | ene sevcerais\oo| Cemetercteicias 2,690 CIS Bo 8 See arise ence b eleene 300 15 9, 500 MIQUNG CLSs.scnia= asa ns eos ae eee 18, 340 400 44, 300 Rein S=Aishir ese eieicco'sse:se ene co ernine 1, 334 200 5, 090 Ibi 78 5h aceon eendue aeeon ee Gsob cd posoucsooscul oe ceeoas 2, 100 Ma CKen elise: once mace ce = se asteciate | ere hearer | etstetcterererarate 2,879 Wi Karlee at eor Seeem nee cieacoeseee Mess AB wasanlbonopsedas 337, 000 IVE the) 4 7 oll fe) eee se 5 ae See en Gbad| posed codocd| aoe RCT 4, 400 SONS) Gowen sescessce = peneeseaspegon| bee Sopbo5cen| saeencanne 81, 400 SO aDASS ca mcvs oes So cee areas mate el eles sie ete tera le tersyosercterepeye 290 Shades oe soc oscmcacces eeaceeee 5, 960 Spanish mackerel 2, 360 NO Sia ses enobe ens scsceds no seescec 450 Stine ayete | | oy SiS SS ee Ree Serco soe 334 9,195 Shite 20) dl Spee oon dee cecdcoKEGsess SosasdseesHs| Sosmodsoc0 | 14, 120 (Cit) a See AO a are ers (Ss ANNA ere te RIO | 980 Sib G Grins Sebeansecosocorcsccce 90, 000 2,700 $24, 500 \yWlentnbey ee jaar eee econ pear scr , 000 200 350 Crabs bard ieaeec ao oc eee ieee - 20 12, 000 Kein PICTal pS anes eee aee aes ae aaa |e eee eee eee 358, 800 S{o (Pb i 5 Sb ce coc socooaee a scseaso pocose soacsd Ssssen5ass 16, 600 | MUTE ESE ce ean oedema sen ste = Scie aa eis Sie erereletote oll erelestevesintets 150 | Motels esses ste Gee ete 127, 908 3,915 | 2,518,314 63,392 58, 320 406 Monmouth, Ocean. Total Species. = = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Shore fisheries: ALD HCOLC Ree ocean sae seiescice ees 11, 065 $197 2,478 $25 15, 143 $259 INE WIVES 322-42 shesclcetaasenciisos 598, 769 7, 541 21,192 212 639, 761 7,820 Ble=fishic. i. sss cs- seers cece 93, 688 4, 014 1212 435 114, 272 4,873 IBOMLO wee en nee sere cele aoeic se 1, 277, 894 29, 289 130, 161 38, 905 1, 419, 535 33, 616 IBUbter-fish) ~ jose cecteress cine se teane 1, 845, 097 50, 276 427,559 12, 827 3, 004, 756 83, 969 COLO) S52 chee Sse cstcmiescenes veel 17,619 529 580 17 22,789 714 (Offs te Rees ee are ere ae ae 21, 201 627 9, 485 276 30, 686 903 Greville (fei a. ecn seme. seer ae ameter 88, 100 | 8, 524 99, 500 4,975 187, 600 8, 499 Total ee se ee ae ee 130, 200 | 11,029 | 149, 600 | 13,945 | 279, 800 | 24, 974 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. - 475 Table showing, by counties, the catch by dredges, tongs, rakes, etc., in New Jersey in 1901. | Atlantic. Burlington. | Camden. Cape May. Species. le | Lbs. Value. Lbs. |Value.; Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries:- | | Clams handisss. a=- 86, 024 SScOUS ONS ese esse eps eso AaBmecoten SaemeeeS 8, 480 $893 NUIGSCIS BRS Ss se. ee 17, 000 Oe cesta a oN aera < cla crateleate 2 oe | Rtacios 255.-- eee arate ae Sacer eas 10, 400 | $1,625 24,598 | $4,213 756, 624 $117, 980 @rabswhard +-+.225 ledotisescas do) sehchosbaste 6, 000 | TON Re See ects beores oe 426, 770 12, 805 Oysters, market...| 7,320,943 LW Bl osceSeccalacoot pelos ocon sboparer 301,700 | 38,780 Oysters, seed....-- 5, 282, 690 OAc? 3 ll Ae oe Baeeocacl cmc aeee ae eaeesec | 179,956 | 10,312 Sesllopses.a----- ence eee eee eee eee tees] eee cee ee ee eters 42, 000 350 42, 000 350 otal: pacha. | 12, 603, 633 1, 255, 134 16, 400 1, 805 66,598 | 4,563 1,707,050 | 180, 227 Shore fisheries: | CHATS ne h0 ln omees| aa aeeteoosed| Easessonesss | Maesacecde besreaoe 19,200 | 2,880 | 1,264,328 | 199, 969 (CUiIOR ESOS ease lesa cee nr aaa hecorsec see 3,500 DGS eae fe ah eleoe cee 788,130 | 48, 659 Oysters, market... 99, 743 13; 024 |eas asec oellewse See 340, 900 | 48, 700 1, 039,101 | 139,180 Oysters, seed:..--- 2,110, 059 92,936 | 422,100 | 21,105 | 455,000 | 26, 000 9, 450 540 Ove? se cs ana llossak stesead Poe csacesbes| Beeesscced| soc5ccen|(5 sacososcd beccdone 144, 000 32 Stemulloyse Soon cease Sat esenesose pseceedese 4) eeseoacasn ssnencaq| op ott aca asesscas 30,000 | 2, 500 Mota sesaee <<. 2, 209, 802 105,960 | 425,600 | 21,368 | 815,100 | 77,580 | 3,275,009 | 390,880 Grand total ...| 14, 813, 4385 1,361,094 | 442,000 | 23,173 881,698 | 82,143 4,982,059 | 571, 107 | Ocean | Salem. | Union. Total. Species. | | —— Lbs. Value Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: j amt Clams) hard=.=.5-- 9, 792 Fle 26d saree eee eee oes eeas,staye\eisiel| even sraterste-s < 895,918 | $134, 891 Crabs; hard! 2-2: .- lee dasSb0eaed| Saeco sss snes soaad Ssencecd eesden sedlocosecasec 432, 770 12, 985 Mnusselsis se Soe 554 oe eee Ibe aids.o4 lt comonne Deas hoeota cnc heoces) Cmte eee me 17, 000 170 Oysters, market... 5, 600 (0) Sees eee roee Beecer erro peecmcbotc 8, 530, 340 | 1,112, 165 Oysters, seed .-..-.. 11, 690 TEN Roe Dee oe ned Catet need PeEecoetare 6, 076, 483 338, 492 Scall Ops saab see lsat eee sere |e asia aol acserer sll Ream aan| ce ceeeaalsf cee eee 84, 000 700 Motale=eeseso 27, 082 DRC State be Sl ae el ee ee ee 16,036,511 | 1,599, 403 Shore fisheries: il A | Glamss hard =. 2s... 609, 592 3,300,152 | 418,062 Clamaxtsoib 2.132 111, 140 902, 770 54, 918 Glamis asuting Soe 24ers. Saeresce 13, 336 500 NINISSO IS Skee ee: IS Saar 357, 600 750 Oysters, market...| 3,230,129 6, 116, 005 584, 602 Oysters, seed....-- 270, 571 12,541 7,700 $330 | 630,000 | $31,500 | 4,541, 089 212, 426 OGIGIY GINGICE Goole SeaorcSee cue Seeente saa se oscess Mesceene fan eye aay sta o sate 144, 000 32 SOUS st ee ee A Be ores Se 56 oe Pie nccisted Cantanemas (anette 30, 000 2,500 MLOtale ss 5 4, 221, 432 307, 469 7,700 330 | 630,000 31,500 | 15, 454, 952 1, 273, 790 Grand total ...; 4,248,514 309, 894 7,700 330 | 630, 000 31, 500 | 31,491, 463 | 2,873. 198 1 476 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing the catch of eels and lobsters, by pots, in New Jersey in 1901. | Wessel fisheries. Shore fisheries. | ; == = ie Total. Counties. Eels. Fels. | Lobsters. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. }{Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value. ———. SS e eS = a Wd | | | } IS ONE CMe cect ante eee is- = ==> Jeceeceee|eeeee eee SZ bOOM PSL S98! |t ae aac 37,500 | $1, 898 BURN EtON es Se oeeec ati cece esienaas |vomamreellnaeeeioate 1, 150 tol RRB OGAES esaceee | wo bladls. 58 Gaewht airs een mensch re Goa $355 | 3, 700 185) |S sas-ee eee SS 10, 800 540 EMITS OMe oes qoctte soa sass a feat | Tene | ee ee 17, 100 1,205 | 22,000 | $2,220 | 39,100 | 3,425 NMNICUESEx ee Se oacee ccccct este esses eS Ssee ercce nr 14, 600 51 Reeeeesrs eeecsnce | 14, 600 841 Monmouth 180 | 156,884 | 8,230 | 40,043 | 5,574 | 200,527 | 13,984 Ocean... =. Be ala eta ison oes eieiorelare 2,265 | 545, 300 | 27,181 | 3,900 D46 | 594,500 | 29, 992 Total 2,800 | 776,234 | 39,598 | 65, 943 | 8, 340 | 898,177 | 50,7388 Table showing the catch by minor apparatus in New Jersey in 1901. Atlantic. Cape May. Cumberland. Hudson. Species. = 2 Lbs. Value. Lbs. ae Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. ne . | Shore fisheries: loi) ERA SS eee 61, 000 $3, 050 §94200)|| = $2:960) so e-nceeecleeeoneeene Crabs; hard). .-.-- 3, 767 283, 1, 600 BOM Beene Soa | once ae os Crabs, soft.......- 2, 400 480 6, 400 | L200 WS. 8 see Sosa MGbeYS 72) 0): Lee ee pacer eed) seercoct.|Seecnee aes lcineeieciye 51, 000 $128 MEeNVANIN jase ees ei See eae eee aaa 7, 832 | Dy QGOL\lemibssies ees sites oeee Piintlewess sees hoes eee cee | Semarctecle ce eee ae colon ones 1, 800 162 Motels o-oo 67, 167 3,813 | 75,082 | 7,175 | 52,800 290 Monmouth. Ocean. Salem. Total. Species. ; = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: (COfieits ol owe so ee a eels eee season cealscearaonec 2,910 $154 2,910 | $154 Melee o.c82 eee 126, 950 $6, 347 8,100 bi U0) fees Pee et a cara 255, 250 12, 762 (Cernihhal (rhg gs seco lacqeoneacc||~snobesdso | caesscues|S-sscuscac 16, 269 976 16, 269 976 MOmMCOdlseee eee - 33, 200 eee aed Sastomoued senocd coool oocedecae 33, 200 996 Crabs, hard .....-. 116, 952 4, 004 2, 672 167g eee an eee 126, 991 4, 784 Crabs! soit -o..-. 173, 578 22,917 8, 100 IetVialleogeocsasd |sesosacaad 191, 478 26, 287 Kain S| Cr apse. sone o-|sesiee ase ee peor Soe ecSoresecl baacsenocd poppoccsor 51, 000 128 Shrimp so.a-si2s--—- 210 | 140 390 1: ee aes Reems 55 600 335 Merrapine soos. se caleiis eS = eeal| re ae ateten | lateiclee fofeyata = eee alate | iainleepe ain | ioe teeeetesal 7, 832 2, 935 MuUrtle secse ccc cod] oes sejse se eieeee se ope 8, 000 640 89 11, 075 891 otal sees sass 450, 890 34, 404 27, 262 2,764 20, 454 1,219 696, 605 50, 248 THE MENHADEN INDUSTRY. While the greater portion of the catch of menhaden is sold to the factories to be turned into oil and fertilizer, large quantities are also utilized by the line fishermen as bait. In 1901 one steamer, two gasoline vessels, and one sailing vessel spent much time during the fishing season in running menhaden from the fishing vessels to Sea- bright, Monmouth County, for the numerous colony of line fishermen located at that place. These are prepared as ‘‘chum” by the fisher- men and used for attracting the blue-fish to the vicinity of their boats. At many places the line fishermen have gill nets which they use in ‘atching their own menhaden bait. In 1901 there were six factories for the preparation of oil and fertilizer in operation, viz: One at Keansburg, two at Belford, and one at Port Monmouth, in Monmouth County; one at Tuckerton, FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. ATT Ocean County, and one at Leesburg, Cumberland County. Part of the plant of the latter factory is at Bakersville, Atlantic County, but as most of the work is done at Leesburg it is all credited there. Table showing the extent of the menhaden industry in New Jersey in 1901. Items. No. Value. | Items. No. Value. | HA CLOTICS = ostoree aieisc' =) -2i21- - - 6 | $124, 000 | Steam vessels fishing ...--- 4 | $30, 000 ~ @ashyGapitale sa: = Jace aceronneneoeenar stares 209 Onmeviess cl ssira ms pOnulnopa: eee see the eae eecise meena on cis aseioele eset amie cele wisiceinie pian 7 nen oatsHMeshOnestis Merl Cg psy ae eects jie tete eee ore i eicicic ra sinless tee earls = ce spoiereteleiele coer cis eisai 1, 582 STORES 1) Gla perenne ee eee ee neato Sere ne etcyaia inet elma cieislermeis ais cine otlsies stminiow eeiseeers 736 BING) heal liners eee reece mises cic cierey aes eefave sie sine iee eae aeieie Olntein Sinic cael seeete cas star Stet eoeeemecsis 2,484 Table of apparatus and capital. Items. | So: Value. Items. | No. Value. Wessel sifiShim pes jacireriarrsycinie =e 25 $54, 650 || Apparatus—shore fisheries: Tonnage 2 ses soe CCA A aseeiomae S@INCS osccnas=tetoce et ees $12,615 OuGhb se coceee a Pa Bg 21, 740 GilJsNets:: sacce- = 228 13, 193 Vessels transporting. ... ae 2 4,500 Stop nets ....- cee 5 905 TOWNE ROL se ie cscs sistas G78 seen eons Fyke nets ........ ws: 2, 239 Outhtees meee soca = Sere sees |soceete 25100) |||" Dip mets i=. 2scccces sss ae 570 BOatS ia jose cans eee esses: 526 30, 583 IMS ead ecue encore Eaaasene Ubeyorte 269 Shore and accessory property -.|.--.-.--- GSs24ou| Cl pOLSes sae. =e co a cecicee 117 122 Gashicapitaliasceeee ne ssemice| sesso ROse707 | Wash pasketsijecs- sce. ccs 122 1, 686 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Dred gests2 22254 22 sees -c | 80 2,650 SERS Totaliss > Sesh e ese tees leesesece 2,110, 162 WGIMES epee. s osc eee See. ae 390 |! 478 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table of products. - | Species. Lbs. Value. Species. Lbs. Value. Alewives; fresh.<..5..00.cce SOI 9255 $2,448 |) (SHAG moc eeeectateicne aes 2,982, 868 |$124, 328 Alewives, salted..:..........- 334,000 | 6,960 |} Squeteague .................. 3, 600 115 Black bass2c-.52,.- sense ses 7, 556 7621 SULIDCGNDASSS.< cece cere oe ae 18, 092 1, 153 Blue=fish=- 25 eee ee 1,345 62 | StuneeOne eee eee eee eee 530 43 Calt-Dshie soo eet tate anes 193.199 | LOMM6Ss ||Sule Kens .252 > serene eee 29, 395 1,313 Grogkerssos-0 5 scccesccsecn ss 6, 231 TAS AS WS epee cepa ere ecient 3, 970 317 LOCC Aan Ae ee 140,504 | 6,151 |) Wall-eyed pike..............- 14, 675 2,321 WVOUMGETS once sister ns oe i 22, 411 709i) POSS) a3 asesecee: ot ae aoeee 800 240 Genmani carp)... os -scce- ese 161,895 | 9,795 || Oysters, market.............. a 282,352 | 35,517 RERCREWOILC. cannes socks paso 5 3, 465 206. || Oysters; /seed=:: - 2...-2s5----= 6 302,638 | 14, 232 Perch Vellow’ s.¢cocceasace-< 1, 225 PAT Ub lig Ket: Be tee SE SaaS ae mo obe 10, 500 70 MAIMOM eee ane see ese ee eee 1,397 202 2 a SCUD Heroes cere acs eee ees 22,593 585 Totals Sic se cSecew eases 6, 029, 588 | 251,491 BCRIDOSSis- scone aa eee ee eae | 687, 412 | 32,791 a40,336 bushels. b 43,234 bushels. THE FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. Kight counties in the eastern part of Pennsylvania engage in the fisheries— Bucks, Delaware, Monroe, Northampton, Philadelphia, and Pike counties on the Delaware River, and Lancaster and York counties on the Susquehanna River. Nearly half of the total number of per- sons employed, over two-thirds of the total investment, and almost one-half of the catch are credited to Philadelphia County. This is largely owing to the wholesale trade of the city of Philadelphia and the vessel fishery for oysters from that city. The relative importance of the fisheries of each county in 1901 is exhibited in the three following tables: Table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Counties. On vessels | fishing. | Buk ccs cc gan deeese eb ooceaeeeeaemee cee Delaware........ ese Sots ke maye Se ee ieee Lancaster ....-.... Monroe.....-.- Northampton. - - PHT RGGI POI essen eet eae oes ae On vessels | In shore or transport- boat - Shoresmen.| Total. ing. fisheries. | See oe Sere 335 25 | 360 160 26 186 r RY al eee | 437 16)|s2c2 eee 16 B9i|esscec epee 59 257 1,158 39 39 229 229 7 1,582 | 2, 484 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed in the fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Bucks. Delaware. Lancaster. Monroe. t= Items. . | Su. es: : No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. Biatayet 2 ee nose eee | 135 | $5,291 | 72] $9,752] 114.| $2,385] 5| $65] 14] 210 Apparatus—shore fisheries: | | DOINCS. soe de tae attnete sii == 40 | 6,030 6 430 36 | 3,060 1 131 | il 480 Gilets: ooo. cj0c otisciae eee 42 2,650 | 66 5, 938 | 14 2é SLOP MOUS ese =e - oeee = eee clel| See iene 6 CSE Ke ener He =a VEC MECiSioson naan sec 45 45 100 98 | 215 DIP Mets eo gac Sam ocwiewnw ciclo wine| mite a ecab eine ete 2 6 | 157 TAN GR dante Jeon ieee ese eee LOA cise 1a eee WEL DOLE. seeciaccanccx ne wamee 55 42 62 BO bsoccte a pare eevee Mish Haskets occ 20 aocsce ee os | seers leaeeee pee aes||mcinosls "80 Shore and accessory property.. .----- B9945").. =. 10;069)|-ceee- Cashicapltal’ 2... o-secewc ccc nal =e se 5 feneeetee ae ons 1:2;.099) | sas select tac P45 O18 Wea <2 a] 180) OLE ee bi 0) 1: a ey el ee ee FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 479 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed in the fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901—Continued. Philadelphia. Pike. York Total. Items. a = No. Value. No. | Value.| No. | Value No Value. Wesselsfishing’=s2. ==. -ceccc eee 25 MDASODOMIE sts erecta eee erdee ss Vator ns 25, $54, 650 MoONMAPe ween an satoo assesses ABE estes are aa arena Peloees al mace ce els ce ncsaic ABD Nir c aeiteeasee OUnE tee eene ae n as See Dail) |e Sse Neen al ae ce ee a ea 21, 740 Vessels transporting ...-.-.-...- 2 EIA) Sn onael aece Doro ieee cel eee roee Pau 4, 500 OMMAL Ceeee re seaso asec Wl Ilse secosascec eosasee Seodeoss lbacosse bhereoce Ode eoseecenmee Out tesserae Jones eccenas| secs oe DLOO! | Re eee |taee's =a ccse= = sede a alatallameraisocre 2,100 Boats tenemos ee dese asee cee 139 11, 880 ii $110 40 | $890 526 30, 583 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: : IDG0 EOS) panopppcosponpeespsae 80 | WO poe obde Seseac cs lSe- sade sucoce 80 2, 650 MAIMON a erasae pose ec elas ee asecose | Bt Pee cess acosece Seeaced taseraes SAA ssaS 390 Apparatus—shore fisheries: SCIN GSE Seccas ecces tees sees 10 1, 365 6 169 7 950 | «120 12,615 (GiilbtGi Lae ashe een seeraas 104 4°030! |S. 222502\eeseeae 2 150 b 228 18, 193 Stop meses ns .- 6 ss snssceesa. 10 Ly) eae nee| See aeee ect Goctertee c16 905 WVKOMESe sess. sae ce sconce se 924 | 15675: eis sa-| sees a2 100 125 | 1,384 2, 239 1D Os YS) js ae 13 GO) ea = 52) step arose 80 160 252 570 NGI CS Ese esses = see ee cet owe Saat oe AQIS Fe 52S esas eens ons 10. Sarees 269 HOMO TS eeeeres eare ae si sc ca| pron ace ler wee Means coe aacelacec sees coe eaaslseccc cee 117 122 Higa paSKets) seme cceciss. ase oe |eecme.-|sumeaeeoesis=[pcemerelecsec ccs 42 558 122 1, 686 Shore and accessory property..|.----.- IAB GPALH eee aoe O00 eeeae oe DIS eases 1, 168, 243 Cashicapitall 222222. eet seen eles. GUS GOSS hos SANE ce kip Peed Sete S180 SE ae ele 793, 707 Motel teed esky 2. aE re | 1,980, 784 |...-..- TaDVOWles ote es i4o7g|belsee a) 2,110, 162 | a 20,179 yards. 688,440 yards. ¢5,110 yards. Table showing, by counties and species, the yield of the fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Bucks. Delaware. Lancaster. Philadelphia. Species. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ..... 669, 800 102, 500 29, 625 $345 JME ALOT NEU elie SEZ ENO GRC) Ue ree As An | epee eee eee he ae ae ee eee ern Peers ae NS ee KD ASB OEE eee OOK mien I) aaa len GOO ie “S600 eso ose Bluefish se 526 csee 1, 345 67 Catalishke sae aoe P ce 93, 054 4, 654 Groakersesiscn oso. 6, 231 141 Helsy sss cee seme asc 23, 999 1, 201 Mlonundersics- ce ==. 22,411 709 German Carp.......- 54, 350 3, 211 Perch, white.......- 365 18 Perch, yellow.....-.. 75 3 SAM OMe een sao 17 17 SCUPrs se ecnes oo ss 22, 593 585 SCaNDSSS Es ates nai o= os = 687,412 | 32,791 Slat: yol eee eee 567,545 | 25,504 Squeteague --...--.- 3, 600 115 Striped bass.......-- 1, 792 159 DUI COnee ace onsee slo ees eae eee kee are (DDO IRL MAS. | co se alee Oe Se OS Bt ee alles eo BUCKETS ease conce 6, 955 295 SEU SMe ere me Ore ree ele ce See a | oe TOO, TESali acum ncetllcasedee Wistll-euedapllccaene dae ssemer eens con be ae |in nen loum eee ee TN? gs BbOr |!) Wao Se eee alec eces ROP Seerertee ena eo eres S| Porccueslacnccscoecefeeasescel LOOM) 280 cet cs cae etc Oysters, market....- 282352) | 35.517 Oysters, seed.......- 302,638 | 14, 232 sinh CSenc cee cess oe ie aol HOOP N i LOO 9! O00 pap s720) |e Saelearon | eee lec ane ee tke oa ee Ota aeess 2552 2,091,725 | 55,479 1,148,520 | 36,178 467, 326 27,450 | 2,106,359 | 119, 563 Monroe. Northampton. Pike. York. Species. : Lbs. Value. Lbs. Vaiue. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. TERA ID DSCht saccesodd | SOS EOD C] Bee es Peres SEsEeel Paneer eae Sm [ob ein eam any [PaaS Sm 1, 400 $141 Cat-fishiere wer sascs clea sesttels| coos astm 350 C2DU Sees mece ne lease eeeeee 23, 900 1,195 NOs aes it Sa ae a eS eee ee 70 7 Rane Sosns Renee 46, 000 1,810 GermanCanprn. ons 2e lo ee secon loosen oe 1,135 GON eRe eee eee Se 4,350 212 Shady essere eee 3,995 $357 17, 800 1,275 17, 300 $1, 275 89, 963 4, 879 SEIPe CEDARS sees eee ame ene er eens aoe he ee shee eases eae |e Bilal 1, 495 150 Suckers mer secese ce [oan eee see 1, 900 TEA)! || eee ta Re | gyn ened 2, 625 79 GUUUril he Sema mee ale eae AT Mee Se oe eee |e ea (en aN) 1S eee 1, 800 144 WinlIPeyern pike er nein ene emma edema UO et 8 ie Nes ee oe 5, 825 79 IMIS FoiS} 2 Be SSS ied enc breis oe a ce ectics See tes fe pe at lel a Ue aR | alge RD 700 210 Total et-sa5 2s 3,995 357 2A), 255 1, 489 17, 300 1,275 | 178,058 9, 699 450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. THE CATCH OF SHAD. The following supplementary table shows the number of shad ‘aught, and the value, in each county of Pennsylvania on the Dela- ware and Susquehanna rivers in L901: Counties. No. Value. VICKS ee mites rereos seen S ck als: as, atoye terete aie lainisle acre eae einem Cre mae MIC RTe coe e eae 230, 187 $43, 241 CVG ELS cio cic crcl ccc a2 orale mies fateicrasjormuepmiaslore otal se eevee riers ears Gente ey attorney atete ererale atere ete ote 217, 000 29, 264 | Dh ae 0c (2) i ee ep aE een ln eM oe AO he EO aE oma ae 78, 679 18, 5383 INE ONTOC siete amen ao sae Soe ae ee ee eee eerie st ee alos mate sare 1, 330 357 IN OVEN SIMD GON Ss so eee tec sere ialeree eect at antetatoteterere te temas aretetete fats obs eLeieaie ater Rianne aaeyeee 5, 100 1, 275 Philadelphia's cca otis ccs sere crcteemis eels See eee ellen loieins Pee eicinl= conisieinfe samen] 145, 831 25, 504 Bik ooo ee Sac cn ticmraya os aero la no lepers Beret Ste etn ais Epeeiaieieie Sie cle ke ee marci cia sree seve eet 4,700 1, 275 VOLK e oasote Scekee oeec ee aie Sine aretenare ‘af taoc lava’ Siaveme ters erase Breve ere eierercsone alslohate te te era sta overe oeeele } 20,204 4,879 SIO) is UR ON oe = aie a ac eee a Be ee Re See e ae 703,031 | 124,328 THE FISHERIES BY APPARATUS. Vessel fishing is carried on in Philadelphia County only, lines and oyster dredges being the apparatus of capture. The line fishery is prosecuted in the summer months, after the oyster season has closed, by a few of the oyster vessels. Pennsylvania has no waters suitable for the cultivation of oysters and is compelled to carry on the industry in other States, principally in Delaware, where Pennsylvanians have bought or leased large tracts of suitable ground. Some of the oldest seine fisheries in the United States are to be found on the Delaware River. A few of the fishing shores at present in use were cleared and operated by the Indians long before the white man settled in the country. The seine fisheries are operated primarily for shad and alewives, though various other species are obtained in smaller quantities. Gill nets are also used extensively, and in 1901 the catch, consisting principally of shad, was greater in value than that taken in seines. The following tables show the quantity and value of products in the vessel and shore fisheries by each form of apparatus: Table showing the yield of the vessel fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Philadelphia ; County. Species and apparatus. Lbs. Value. Lines: BWesfis rs oe Nae is tek cid ciate cos dais heen ne anicteceteemeece eee ih aisicictn ene Sac ats jee 1,345 $67 CromkKeIs’: ss00.52ocenne noose een od AE ONE f Spe men eed ae al a Seer ME 6, 231 141 OUNCES oe Secs oes te toe ce ie en die cic che ois ee oe eee a ote oe 22,411 709 SCUpies tases ashe eres Ae a on oc os Se ee ee ee See ee An aie ny eee oe 22, 593 585 BER DANSE os no See emo aie ba iw cero SS ie aon EES OREO OSA SE os cece cbeweteeee 687,412 | 32,791 Squeteaguers =. 2 S5n chess Seeito ere Soha eh ete a ictain AEs Seroie alec Si icinm atreenearaasers 3, 600 115 Total, 6h.” Tae pe enema adit a Ue cee. 2 2 AA | 743,592 | $4,408 Oe Be : Dredges: Oysters: marizvet. 2232224 Stee ise eee he oa cses eens eC a ee 282,352 | 35,517 QOyaters; S@Gd's $2 282 ste eet hy Sa ee a a Soa i cane Te ote er 302, 638 14, 232 Mistelwe tu 1. eA aE: Sn oe ee lta ee 2 Ce Nig ee ne | 584,990 | 49,749 GrenG) Total noe occ chr a orcs ee Se een ee eee eee eee 1, $28, 582 84, 157 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE. ATLANTIC STATES. 481 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the seine fisheries of Pennsylvania in 1901. Bucks. Delaware. Laneaster. Monroe. Northampton. Species. = Lbs. Value.| Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. /|Value. Alewives, fresh ...... GCOS SOGR| I GIG ESO NOOO SWE R2 700 Esa cictc |e a1ai2 2 | a, dato.n-0:0'|l see ncic| nos oocel aeeeeee Alewives, salted ..... SBYE CHW! Gh Sl) ba oksAsn bodcnsollosoccods| Sobeosnal Seseend Seresos |losesaaad eesesse @atfishy <3 y-25 oe see 4,075 204 | 1,600 G4 eses ate eeces clletigees|eccece 100 $5 IDelkissh5 cease ets Casa e ase as comet 2, 600 OAR Seca Caen ocala neemso| sakes 50 4 German Carp.......-- 14, 385 806 | 40,250 | 2,605 650 £39 ere ee ee 1,135 60 Perchopwihtteses cc saa|ote sc cc s|- . essa 2,434,446 | 82,569 | 1,729,180 | 61,539 |1, 671,560 | 59, 264 | 5, 835, 186 | 208, 372 a 451,527 in number. € 14,368 bushels. €1,025 bushels. b 82,532 bushels. 276,290 bushels. FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. A87 Table showing, by counties, the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Delaware in >} ’ / “ 1901. Items Kent Newcastle.| Sussex. | Total. ONE ESSCl SASH Seen fecee eet s ae ok cose sce ecemasicaie cee U2 eciceean sees 2 74 Onkvessels transporting isceee cen 2 ene= ac sk een ase acennuenas 3 2 8 13 On boats, in shore fisheries 458 302 668 1,478 SHOTCSM EIS Sete qasce eee seen see ce eee sense ee See Faeacmise 16 40 377 433 MO tally sae eee Ft eee eel ee ee EN Eee 549 394 1,055 | 1,998 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the vessel fisheries of Delaware in 1901. Kent. Sussex. | Total. Apparatus and species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Dredges: Oysters, market, from private areas ... 86, 275 $9, 980 5, 600 $625 91, 875 $10, 605 Oysters, seed, from public reefs......-. 240, 450 11, 323 4, 550 210 | 245, 000 11, 533 MO ta Pee ee a eee = ne Sere ca 326, 725 21, 303 10, 150 835 | 336,875 22,138 Table showing, by counties and apparatus of capture, the yield of the shore fisheries of Delaware in 1901. Kent. Newcastle. Sussex. Total. Apparatus and species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Gill nets: IMME WAN CSE oe Se nicececaacine NARs sballseaod sce 44, 670 $396 16, 820 $181 61, 490 $577 Catefishmer 2 6sssane eee ote | 14, 400 D200 |e eee len eee 1, 200 53 15, 600 773 C@rogkersis sor ease se sees 700 QB ete sera eesereitteste 500 9 1, 200 37 INUIT enn eae = ee See 1, 200 210) eseessogsl Seaernsa tatsoccsacs sock occ 1, 200 20 LONGI DUB KEIRS SS Bee eae nT TH eR ST ee ea | en A a l(a A 4,150 166 4,150 166 Perchywhiteic--s.- sss 2o5° AM TSO Mesh Oo esas scree nes fe ater 39,950 | 1,678 81, 730 4,690 i Ea) c( 2 ee ae eRe 2,300 112A ieee re Maran [Renee 4, 000 160 6, 300 282 Shares eee eens 127,080 | 5,356 |1,010,0i2 | 40,003 99,471 | 4,982 |1, 236,563 | 50,341 Squeteamers—o7 02% te. sas: 800 Gia Be ee 2 eS ee ea 28, 500 340 29, 300 356 Striped basssaon----cssesee|| Sa 20 | eel O Gel peers ret ete | ert 7, 350 713 16, 070 1, 909 Stureeoneass se ic foots 24,484 | 1,185 42,608 | 2,027 8, 800 466 75, 892 3, 678 CHIVES he Ee RR ERIS 4,797 | 3,183 3ne00) 2. 127 2,160 | 1,462 10, 307 6, 766 SUCKEIStesete saa heat: 2,500 STS | eee et stae eels == aie eseieioe alee ee cite rete 2,500 101 PRO tae: cea eae ne eee 228, 761 | 14,939 |1, 100, 640 | 44,547 | 212,901 | 10,210 |1, 542,302 | 69, 696 Pound nets: Carp, German: -.-222----- 30,000 | 1,800 1, 000 BOM Bee cetaa sells ae teceere 31, 000 1,850 Wartahi Sees eee sees ele cee aniline Bees 2, 400 DDoS a Merderrs laa erecnere 2, 400 120 VERSION A OU Seay ee cee eg ee ae eee ea 200 174 ee eee Sens 200 12 GUE LC HO ae reas ee neal ence hn tees: eee 500 OM Srepeintsrstsel erste istareter 500 10 SUripe Om bass eae tee wh ate eee ese eh eo 1,100 TOY, | ee eece neste Se 1, 100 110 ANS rerED opal e ee Pi tere mee ne eee ba 2 Daal Sat 30 os Meeertyerte claus eee 30 22 TOU peers eee 30,000 | 1,800 5, 230 ay: Fala ai Ae ee ae ee ee ed 35, 230 2,124 Seines: -Alewives.........--- ae 8, 200 143 | 244,400 777 | 269,284 | 3,159 | 521,884 4,079 Garp, German. -2-22525--4- 11, 200 DOOM L268 S405 hauanooen | scence eer oases 138, 040 6, 452 (CHS thal Bere eeees mu neeer 500 20 49,800 | 1,660 13, 880 531 64, 180 2,211 Croalkensie no. seas ce yee ae 12, 100 MATT, Ne sapsecters'=| weieeermcl 12, 230 339 24, 330 486 qth eae See oe Saree ee 2, 000 Or Saree er) | Sees | een eee ea oe o. 2,000 36 Rel Seas wee emer caller toes le ee ee 500 20 6, 300 272 6, 800 292 PERO UNIT GETS Ses ate ese Sp cent |i ie a | ee od eH Aa 1, 350 60 1, 350 60 TALLINE ey AU a aa ae oer ar cent el Pe eae tae [ena 5, 350 180 5, 350 180 Perch wihlite\-:.2 sere. a 21,650 | 1,185 6, 600 240 | 112,860] 4,442] 141,110 5, 867 UCC pee ae ne aE eae ee leet ame Ne cote tone [Eateamans ate 8, 350 289 8, 350 289 OVEN [isnt ieee Seer nt ome ee 15, 960 799 2, 320 97 | 109,029} 5,164] 127,309 6, 060 Squeteague ..........-.--- BLORSID Pe ASO siIh eee ee | es 296,740 | 6,910 | 617,685 | 11, 451 Striped Passo 2.22 sce. sen ee 8,575 890 2, 350 237 19,500 | 1,968 30, 425 3, 095 SUMS TIS teeta eee en ead Moen eee (MAMIE SEE c sai. NO ERs 200 2 200 2 Merrapllicsaas Soe See 30 TEST nce ee ey 210 108 240 123 PRURtLGSe cece eee ee ion epee evoeece 1, 000 5On racers cise aeercer 1, 000 50 Motalinss. ese Pees 401,110 | 8,336} 433,810 | 8,973 | 855,283 | 23,424 /1,690,203 | 40, 733 488 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties and apparatus of capture, the yield of the shore fisheries of Delaware in 1901—Continued. Kent. Neweastle. Sussex. Total Apparatus and species. |— ner SS ee Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value, Lbs. Value Fyke nets: Wlewilyesi.c.5 Jess... fo Sc | Se Sule kcal wc cteons|eeseemess eameceee 14, 000 $160 14, 000 $160 Camp AGermanns -fesnocs sos tcreeeocenliseeccene 26/000) |* $l is2bs nee ences eesccee 26, 500 1, 325 Caitishishy ea cee cccacscce 10, 900 $555 Sp ,S00 S46 dooce. ces aemmcmes 46, 700 1, 901 Me] Saane ott cee assoc oesc 4, 000 170 66,500 | 2,680 600 24 71, 100 2, 824 PETG onc. ctaistsocicecicec econ 400 20 800 24 17, 520 714 18, 720 758 PUR OMe ce siacecacwe cs sed 160 Bi |b ces stewe oll ome acto | emir calc ar + llorccmerstae 160 8 Murtlesse ees sl Go sce ee ok 7,150 S78! ae Seen eee 9, 550 520 16, 700 898 MOtalse ss motos ee eee 22,610 1,181 129, 600 5, 325 41, 670 1,418 193, 880 7,874 Lines: aay IBlie=fisht tas otis Fare cient Leck we cee aoc com lee ae tee See one 400 20 400 20 COGN tt Se beas sae cat acee | Roe ohh al Soccer Maseeeemerdlegemecer 1, 250 50 1, 250 50 OTO RCI eee ae eee ae | eee er | eee oe eter eseaee 3, 200 142 3, 200 142 PUK CR ce Ps ach oe ee wae | eee oe ee | Cewek wert eeee ea cian cee 1, 500 75 1, 500 75 Sea wDass ee sateen someon a Ge eeen a taal eeaaee ees el Danes eee 500 25 500 25 Squeteague 22. ...5..5.5.- BON S00; || 512230) | asses nee once ae 24, 700 868 75, 000 2,098 SREUILLO RS Sake ae cy ot | eR ee | Seana AE ee eee ae 3, 600 180 3, 600 180 Muntles sss atoms Sacn ate Emote eens aon 31,400 | 1,450 950 47 32, 350 1,497 Motele ssc sesacweccrans 50,300 | 1,280 31,400 | 1,450 36,100 | 1,407 | 117,800 4, 087 Pots: ey tae rel ees oe a Helse ee ects aco anes 3, 850 231 28, 500 920 97, 900 3, 930 130, 250 5, 081 MODSUCTS) = ase cn anise) See oe ekele seen tee PE ater ees ceeeeees 2,760 294 2,760 294 Motels an. ass cease 3, 850 231 28, 500 920 | 100,660 | 4,224 | 133,010 5, 375 Spears: Mes tar hee an na eanieec ee me cleom cece «tee ae ee see ee 22,500 } 930 22, 500 930 Minormetss2s se aes acces Carp, Germanic. sccaeseee 2,500 DDB: Se ars celal yal seene clea ela cote aia eetereratate 2,500 125 Catstishise sel Se oo seeee. 1, 400 MOM ese cee teres | ema eos Remo on eee | semen 1, 400 70 POL Gea sec te ainjars os ectereis eco 600 BAI) Y ee ree Geral (ee ay Cee [ere ee a ats 600 30 1, 200 60 4, 080 204 150,509 | 5,587 | 150,509 5, 587 151,709 | 5,647 | 159,089 6, 016 Dredges, tongs, etc.: Oysters, market, from public areas............. S44 59306187 989)| cn senering | eee eee 232,785 | 9,710 | 577,724 | 28,699 Oysters, market, from private areas...........-. 8,701 986 Nieto anine ante steicawrenl hese seems |saeeteens 8, 701 986 Oysters, seed, from publie ATCQS jacees esc ne see ook PLE UB) ball ayésiialeaneasoq6e boos beeoassco. Ls Bioca 289,030 | 10,785 Clam geterce se oon enon 640 QOW See 2- cele eee ae 7,560 | 1, 113 8, 200 1, 203 POCA. = Seeieecineciccs ee 643310) |730%850) |e oaceae ose leaseeeee 240,345 | 10,823 | 883,655 | 41,673 Other apparatus: | a KAM (CAPS = nas ss seicce ese 205400 C2380) eke canrcticcl werincesre|nosee sees leeoacee 720, 400 2, 380 RELA DINER Pee ee MeO Sones Haan erate see ckeoe teens 242 346 242 346 Total vss eee 720, 400 2 SOU! oc we cesiemelsenomaes 242 346 720, 642 2, 726 Grand totali-o-.-.2s.-< 2,107, 721 | 61,266 |1, 729,180 | 61,589 |1, 661,410 | 58, 429 5, 498, 311 181, 234 The menhaden industry. Items. No. Value Mactories. 5. sa-tistoccc- cic he eee eses Bee Ee. - Sane er ss TAA 1 | $300,000 Cashicapitalicos. i sere 55 ee ates ewe ere oe J Ba cinjore Bete ea crate) Ree no aie cies | eee eee 200, 000 PRTSONBMTITACLOLICS oar aor tayse ste ae ee tee eto tee oi = siciert aioe creas ae eee 250" |... Sees Menhadentutiized! a: 2 fc setae te ets eee ois Socom ce una h aoe eee Eee 154, 200, 670 231, 3801 MODS OF GRECSCLAD cc Sis ate Socom ere ea eae ie Sim mean w/e etal Pore aan tet cites 3,314 69, 598 Tonsiot acidulated:serap:o...2 se Soe eee cio ana = Seance eee eee 11, #92 120, 273 Gallons of oil mades oo hese ge Sean nce ene eee ete 582, 584 136, 111 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 489 FISHERIES OF MARYLAND. In 1901 the fishery products of Maryland show a small increase in value over 1897, at which time the State ranked first among the Middle Atlantic States in the value of its fisheries. Notwithstanding this increase, the State is now surpassed in the value of fishery products by New Jersey, Virginia, and New York. The value of Maryland’s fishery resources depends largely upon the oyster, the yield being worth more than four times as much as that of all other products combined. The greater part of the capital in this fishery is invested at Baltimore in oyster canneries, shucking houses, and dredging and transporting vessels. Though the oyster season of 1900-1901, compared with 1897-98, shows a decided decrease in the number of bushels taken, there has been an increase in the value of the catch. The best catches by dredg ing vessels were from grounds in the upper part of Chesapeake Bay, and being near Baltimore were sold direct to dealers there instead of to transporting vessels. The diminished supply of oysters on natural beds in some localities has induced many oystermen to engage in planting on private beds. The benefits of oyster-planting are already apparent, and the future promises greater success, provided more ample protective laws are enacted. It is difficult, however, to pass laws that would suit both oystermen and crabbers in Dorchester and Somerset counties, as the crabbers object to crabbing grounds being taken for oyster-planting purposes. Maryland oyster planters have also suffered considerably through a law passed by the State of Virginia prohibiting the ship- ment of seed oysters from that State, thus cutting off a prolific source of supply. Before this law went into effect Maryland planters could obtain their seed oysters from Virginia at an average cost of 15 cents a bushel, while now the prices range from 20 to 40 cents. The prin- cipal sources of supply of seed oysters are the Potomac, Little Chop- tank, Choptank, and Honga rivers, and Eastern Bay. The most important planting grounds are in Fishing Bay, Pocomoke Sound, Chincoteague Bay, and tbe Nanticoke and Wicomico rivers. The planters in these waters are assured of a considerable degree of safety, as the crabbing industry is practically of no importance there. The following extract from an editorial in the Baltimore Sun of April 20, 1903, may be of interest as showing the attitude of those who advocate more extensive oyster planting: Oyster planting.—A dispatch to The Sun from Prince Frederick says that many tongers in Calvert County have taken up lots for planting oysters. This is gratifying intelligence and indicates that the oystermen are beginning to awaken to the situ- ation. There has been much complaint lately of seed oysters being taken from the State. It is to be hoped that a great number of lots will be staked off before the 490 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. supply of seed oysters is exhausted. Then the oyster planters will have to go to the legislature for the enactment of a law which will protect them from marauders who come by night and earry off their property, as well as those who despoil them by legal process. The present law under which these lots are staked off and planted affords no manner of protection to the industrious planter. Planting on natural beds is prohibited, and the common practice is for persons interested to wait until the oysters in a private lot are marketable, and then they go into court and prove that at some time long past the lot staked off was a natural bed. This is easy to do, as in past years nearly the whole bottom of the coves and creeks where oysters will erow had oysters on them. After this proof is submitted the court orders the lot to be vacated, and then outsiders carry off the oysters which have been planted. This has gone on so regularly and persistently that it is surprising to hear that men will take the risks. If all or a large majority of those interested in the oyster industry in a locality become planters, then all will be equally interested in protecting the beds. Then the oystermen will, perhaps, cease their opposition to the enactment of a law which will protect planters in their rights. * * * While Maryland is neglecting her opportunities and frittering away a vast mine of wealth, other States, by enlightened legislation, are growing rich from oyster bottoms greatly inferior to ours. Not only is a great food supply disappearing, but people are losing a profitable employment and oyster canneries are moving from the State to other States where a supply of oysters can be procured. As arule, oysters are marketed as soon as caught, but at Solo- mons, Calvert County, and vicinity the oystermen bed their catch and let it remain down for a better market. This insures an increased price, the oysters having a chance to fatten. This is especially advan- tageous during the early part of the season, when the oysters are rather poor and the demand for them light. With the exception of Baltimore the most important oyster centers in the State are Cambridge and Crisfield, the number of men and ° boats engaged in the fishery from these towns being very much greater than from Baltimore. Deal Island, Oxford, Tilghman Island, and St. Michael also have large investments in this fishery. Clams.—Clams are of commercial importance in only two counties, Somerset and Worcester. In the former they are taken in Pocomoke Sound by fishermen from Crisfield and vicinity. In 1901, however, a few men from Fairmount fished for clams to a limited extent in Tan- gier Sound. In Worcester County the entire catch is taken from Chincoteague and Sinepuxent bays. Crabs.—The crab fishery is next in commercial importance to the oyster, though the investment in boats, apparatus, and shore property is small compared with that in the oyster fishery, and practically no revenue is derived from it by the State, as no license of any kind is required, except in Dorchester County, where a fee of $2.50 is charged for the privilege of scraping. No restrictions as to seasons or size of crabs are imposed. There has been a noticeable increase in this fishery since 1897, and the outlook for the industry appears bright, though the catch in most localities in 1902 was small. The demand for both live crabs and crab meat is constantly growing, and the number of factories engaged in the preparation of crab meat is FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 491 increasing. It is not unlikely that in the near future there will be a demand for crabs during the winter as well as in the summer. Practically the entire catch of soft crabs is taken in scrapes and scoop nets, though a few are caught in small seines of from 40 to 50 yards in length, which are handled by two men. The seines are used inter- changeably with scoop nets, the latter being used on low tides and the former on high tides or when the water is too thick to see the crabs. With the exception of a few hard crabs taken in scrapes with soft crabs and in dredges during the oyster season, the catch is taken on trot lines. These lines vary in length from 200 to 1,000 yards, and are baited principally with beef tripe and eels. As the transportation companies object to handling tripe, it is being superseded by eels. Though the crab industry is of greatest importance on the eastern shore of the State, quite a number are caught on the western shore, and in 1902 increased catches were taken in Anne Arundel County and in the vicinity of Solomons Island, Calvert County. The preceding cold winter seemingly did not affect the supply in these counties, and with the decreased catch on the eastern shore and advanced prices many residents of the western shore were encouraged to engage in the fishery. Shad.—This 1s the most important species of fish taken in the waters of the State and, together with alewives, is the incentive for a great many men to engage in fishing. This is especially applicable to the gill-net fishermen, who set their nets as soon as the run of shad begins in the spring and fish until the close of the season, when the nets are laid aside and other occupations are followed until the next spring. Although the investment is small, the shad fishery sometimes proves quite remunerative to a large number of men. With the exception of Betterton and vicinity, where the catch of shad in gill nets was excep- tionally heavy, this species shows a falling off of nearly 50 per cent in 1901 compared with 1897.: It is probable, however, that the decline is only temporary, and is attributed by many fishermen to the late and cold spring, the low temperature of the water in the rivers tending to prevent the shad entering for the purpose of spawning. While the catch was small, the fishermen were compensated to a large degree by advanced prices. Shad are taken principally in gill nets, pound nets, seines, and bow nets, five-sixths of the total yield of the State being from the gill-net and pound-net fisheries. Alewives.—Alewives are next in importance to shad and are taken during the same season. Practically the entire catch is secured in pound nets and seines, though in some localities many are also caught in gill nets. Like the shad, and for similar reasons, they show a decrease in 1901 as compared with 1897. Menhaden.—The increase in this species over 1897 is due to the fact that during that year the factory at Crisfield purchased its supply 492 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. from Virginia vessels, while in 1901 it employed its own steamer and bought only a small proportion from vessels outside of the State. Striped bass and white perch.—Striped bass is one of the best selling species taken in the State. Very little change has taken place in its abundance, though it was a more special object of capture in 1901 than in 1897, an increased number of purse-seiners fishing for this species and incidentally for white perch. There has been a noticeable decline in the catch of white perch since 1897. German carp.—W hile this species is not of great importance com- pared with many others, there has been a large increase in the catch, especially in Harford, Kent, Calvert, Cecil, Charles, and Prince George counties. One small pound net set in the Patuxent River, off Calvert County, caught 10,000 pounds of carp during the fall of 1901, which were sold at an average price of 4 cents a pound. Gar pike.—Vhis species is not of great importance in any one local- ity, but in the aggregate quite a number are caught in pound nets and shad gill nets. They are sold principally to colored people for a few cents a piece and it is not uncommon at some places to see several colored people awaiting the return of fishermen to buy their gar pike. Terrapin.—Vhis fishery has decreased in value within the past ten years from $22,333 in 1891 to $1,139 in 1901, and it is now followed in but few localities as a business, most of the catch being taken inci- dentally by men engaged in other pursuits. If this decline continucs it will be only a few years when the terrapin will be practically extinct in the State. Other species.—Other important species are squeteague, cat-fish, butter-fish, sturgeon, and eels, all except squeteague and butter-fish showing a decrease since 1897. The increase in these two species is chiefly due to the extension of the pound-net fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean off Worcester County. Apparatus.—Taking the value of the catch as a basis, the most important kinds of apparatus of capture are tongs and nippers, dredges, pound nets (including trap nets and weirs), seines, crab scrapes, lines, gill nets, scoop nets, and fyke nets, in the order named. The catch by these kinds of apparatus ranged from $1,873,905 worth taken by tongs and nippers to $24,211 worth in fyke nets. Minor forms of apparatus were used, but their catches were small. With the exception of $14,384 worth of clams and $99 worth of terrapin, the catch by tongs and nippers consisted of oysters. “Two kinds of tongs are used, the ordinary shaft tongs and the patent tongs, the former being in much more general use. The employment of patent tongs is confined almost exclusively to Kent, Calvert, and St. Mary counties, their use being general in the two latter counties near the mouth of the Patuxent River, where they are especially advanta- geous owing to the depth of water being too great in most places for shaft tongs. The shafts of the latter vary in length in different parts FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 493 of the State from 16 to 35 feet, an average being about 18 feet. The use of winding gear for operating patent tongs makes necessary the employment of larger boats than for shaft tonging, these larger boats being generally used later in the season for dredging. Pound nets are fished principally in the spring for shad and ale- wives, but very often they are set in rivers in the fall for striped bass. Two kinds of seines are used, haul and purse seines. The former are used principally for alewives, striped bass, shad, white perch, and other fishes, while menhaden, striped bass, and white perch are the most important species taken by the latter. Haul seines are usually fished in the spring, but often in the fall also. Purse seining for striped bass and white perch is carried on during the summer. Haul seines are in most cases fished in the rivers, an average crew consisting of from four to six men, except on the Potomac and Susquehanna rivers, where longer seines are used. The longest seine used on the Maryland side of the Potomac River in 1901 was 1,600 yards, 22 men being necessary to handle it and look after the catch. The longest seine used in the State was on the Susquehanna River in Cecil County. Its length was 2,200 yards, and there were 65 men in the crew. Purse seines are fished in the open waters of Chesapeake Bay for menhaden, striped bass, and white perch. Almost the entire menhaden catch of the State was taken by the steamer already mentioned as being owned at Crisfield. Purse seining for striped bass and white perch is confined exclusively to fishermen from Kent County, Rock Hall being the center of the fishery. Vessels of about 5 net tons and ovey are used. The crew usually consists of seven men, and a trip varies in length from one to two weeks, according to the abundance of fish. This fishery, while not new, has been prosecuted more vigorously during recent years than formerly and has proved quite ‘profitable, notwithstanding the large outlay and heavy running expenses. The crew, as a rule, work on shares. Two kinds of lines are used, the trot line for hard crabs and cat- fish, and the hand line for sea bass, squeteague, and various other species. The same kind of line is used for crabs as for cat-fish, except that no hooks are needed for the former. Crabs constitute over 90 per cent of the entire line catch. The preponderance of shad over other species taken in gill nets is so great that this apparatus may be said to be used primarily for that species. In Kent County, however, large catches of striped bass and white perch are made in sunken gill nets set during the winter and early spring before the run of shad has begun. As soon as that species appears the anchors (usually bags of sand) are removed from the nets and the latter allowed to drift. The drift gill net is the most impor- tant style of gill net used, though quite a number of shad are also taken in stake gill nets. Drift gill nets vary m length from 50 yards set in the rivers to 2,200 yards set 1n Chesapeake Bay. The longest 494 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. are used in the bay off Betterton, Kent County. An average of those » used at this place is about 1,400 yards. Nets of this length consist of sections of from 200 to 300 yards each, fastened together while fishing. As the nets are set about 5 feet under water it is very seldom neces- sary to make any proyision for the passage of vessels, as most of the latter can go over the nets without injuring them. Occasionally, how- ever, in the case of larger vessels or steamers, it is necessary to sepa- ‘ate the net to allow them to pass. Another advantage in setting the nets under water is to prevent them catching logs or driftwood. In fishing one man can handle a net from 50 to 100 yards long, while it takes two men for a net varying in length up to 1,000 yards, or two of the shorter ones. Three men are commonly engaged in handling the longest nets used in the bay. In some localities drift gill nets are fished exclusively in the daytime, while in others they are fished during the day in the early part of the season when the water is muddy, and, later, when the water becomes clear, they are fished at night, the men usually going out about midnight and remaining until noon the next day. The nets are then spread out and dried before using them again. A comparatively new and profitable style of net, called ** buck net,” is used in a few localities. These are from 225 to 400 yards in length, from 25 to 40 feet deep, and are fished in the open waters of Chess peake Bay, the catch consisting principally of blue-fish and occasion- ally a few Spanish mackerel. The net is hauled around a school of fish, the latter gilling in it. A crew of about five men is required in handling a net of this kind. Owing to the almost complete disappearance of sturgeon in the rivers of the State, very few sturgeon gill nets are used; but in Worcester County an increase in the catch of this species is shown, due to an extension of the fishery by fishermen from New Jersey. Men.—The total number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901 was 36,260. Of this number, 16,880 are credited to the shore fishery; 12,553 were engaged in oyster shucking and pack- ing houses, crab houses, and other occupations incidental to the fish- eries; 5,715 were engaged on fishing vessels, and 1,112 on transporting vessels. One hundred and ten men were engaged both in the shore and vessel fisheries. There has been a decrease of 6,552 since 1897 in the total number of persons engaged in the State, this being due prin- cipally to the decline in the oyster fishery. Investment.—The total investment in the fisheries was $6,506,066. Of this, $2,297,515 represents the cash capital employed; $2,164,749, the amount invested in shore and accessory property; $1,137,362, the value of 955 fishing and 382 transporting vessels with their outfits; $553,526, the value of 11,498 boats under 5 tons. The remainder represents the value of the apparatus used. FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 495 In the following tables is shown, first, the number of persons engaged in the fisheries; second, the vessels, boats, and apparatus used and the value of the shore and accessory property and cash capital employed; third, the quantity and value of fishery products taken in the State during 1901, the statistics on oysters, however, being for the season of 1900-1901. Persons employed. How engaged. No. OMEVESSEl Satis lng; eee ere jeer taes fale ere te ce ee eS ae Ce Le tc ee Sie 5,715 OniyesselSiiranspoOrtim ets jap b ash dense iden See em assem aeye ees Saeitesie Se ae bea ao te sea e Sl 1,112 MAPS MORE OTRO OsIbMIS LCI CS etapa a ae ersertey piace 2 mats nee ieee selec enter et ees oe es Sere 16, 880 SIMOW OMIM S ek So oeshoo 25 wees soe Cost aR se OO dad Jooea aa ee Reto decians Ieee Roe eee sae seen ors cn 12, 553 TRON se Sad ca oe Ren a Uae eta, 6 Oat DSU at Me one 2s Or Gan ARE RETO DOL TORN Oe 36, 260 Table of apparatus and capital. Items. No. Value. Items. No. Value. | Wesselsfishing shes. ese. 955 $512, 955 || Apparatus—shore fisheries: | MONNAP CE oF cat oe eeee see MOP ST | eee cece ne SeIneSseeshssceso-cssecees | b 312 $28, 648 (ORG TAGS tee Serre ee Ra eae tenes eases 193, 089 Gillimetsiss2ese5-cece sees € 8, 653 34, 660 Vessels transporting. .-..-.--- 382 374, 200 IROUNOMICISHe tos. cee ee 997 98, 765 POMMACC Sc -sse- oe eae 952901) |= faces sa Trap nets and weirs ..-..- 20 500 Outi eee Cott cose oun a leaeeee sees 7,118 VICE CLS hoe eae eeee 4, 064 bey PROMS ee nae acento ese 11, 498 553, 526 Trammelinets=- =. -.5- see ais 1,570 Shore and accessory prop- BOW MetSse. esc eieae sce 106 529 Git 2 SocenuseceOOCOneo Cena lorecnoSpe- 2,164, 749 MIMORMCtS ease asen eee eee 2,144 837 Geachvespltaleeescesecocee oe| see oe 2,297,515 AME Staessen elemerieeee (ace eee 4, 722 Heli pots. sees ceeeseeeese 3, 149 1, 678 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Spears s fee. ceceec eee 25 33 Oyster dredges ......--..- 3, 570 51, 730 Oyster dredges.........-- 2,183 20, 576 Crab sera peste. sccsss=- 178 607 @rabiserapestss eee ecee | 2, 653 9, 640 ROMP S pea eck ss aaah loi o4 512 Tongs and nippers.-.....- | 18,959 84, 580 Seines -. a6 1,385 Eel pots 1, 240 570 TOGA seniors h ese teeelasescecect 6, 506, 066 . aTotal length, 1,445 yards. ¢ Total length, 348,061 yards, 6 Totallength, 60,640 yards. a Total length, 7,520 yards. Table of products. Species. Lbs. Value. Species. Lbs. Value Alewives, fresh............. Vals 464. 157 |e GSU ODISll| SCUP aap ect dene cote nae ses aee 32, 650 $1,019 Alewives, salted............ | 292, 400 A287 |MGea ASS sas ner see ey vege oe 50, 800 2,540 ‘Blackwpassserstassee esses 23, 383 Dela SHAG hese = see ee ee ase ae 3, 094, 181 120,177 IBIMesAS tba ear ee oe see ee.| 100, 145 Ass 7eill Shad salted sass sale selon. 17, 000 425 IBOMMORE eet escrce chee noes 250 LOD PSWeepsheadia. ccc ecjsec= secs 1, 350 52 BUGUersfis hee eee Poe e oe | 458, 700 11, 505 || Spanish mackerel........-. 2, 922 348 Carprnsnscnces eee ene 163, 180 BeSlOnll (Ss pOteacsaceess cance. 22,470 387 Catefishs -aiseesscce esc sete 488, 777 151547) SQUCTERE UC Hass. sees —e - 25 1,018, 775 26, 921 Genomes Cees 2 tetera cee 500 TOU PS Cripeal bassteces sesame esac $24, 418 68, 568 Crogkensieh jaca ee eee 303, 405 A209) || \MOUUERCOMe see ee ie see een 107, 620 3,903 UR HUNEV see ciao fee See ape Ine | 53, 450 570 CaWiaivas tanto. oate ae 5, 818 3, 486 else imeshiss! 2) 5. cere Buty) TBA GTLE) | WShotelidetectec oak no wena beeen a 14, 750 281 BeISHSMLeG So. =a. cee cceeee 2, 200 GOs) |PSun-hshie sane sees 3, 970 72 Mlouu@ers 22222 so22.. 22225; 51, 205 ah GW)ayell| KO\ MaKe) ros one ener ee 2,300 143 Gizzamgishtadisss 2 oc os o.e 6, 010 11G83 |) Tene losen chine Was eee aes a A a9, 824,793 85, 884 Hanyest-fishte222 2s oee 12, 800 i Os RCrabsxsottsseseeeerer secs e b 4, 303, 582 202, 563 ickoryisha dere cece coe 8,315 PADS WiSiarebcay sy Sloe casacoe sdedsee 728 705 Kuimpefislisn sani oy S55 7,215 955 || Oysters, natural rock ..--.. c36, 298, 717 | 2,732, 274 Mackerelee sence soc nn. 1, 800 180 || Oysters, private beds-...--- @3, 500, 210 299, 244 Meniia dence est ae 7, 122, 230 MME 735 lt Clamseass saan ceeascecce ces € 107, 600 14, 384 Mullletta conte Yio Soest tase S 35, 295 OOH Maumtlesteecce cee... eeemne oes 4, 835 203 Perch whites 6 4. aera once 452, 815 2o4005y | MREnra pM ae Se )-1-92 ease Sse 1,593 1,189 Perch) Velo waeeesseceeee et 292, 720 QUOUZA IGE TORSicenc cea coccisescsmee Se 130 50 Pilsel So eieeas acs ne 67, 530 5, 390 | POMpPaMOr sees soos seee ce | 140 14 Notallsseeocewcacmoesee 82, 975, 245 | 3, 767, 461 | a 29,474,379 in number. @500,030 bushels, 6 12,910,746 in number. e 13,450 bushels. ¢ 5,185,581 bushels. 496 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Several fishery products shown in the preceding table in pounds, for convenience of comparison, are presented in the following table in number and bushels, as usually marketed: Products. Quantity. | Value. Crabs sDard oc antec secon en nc Sse cclnnec ce saecevice Saemoeetinesteaeeee number. .| 29, 474, 379 $85, 884 CrapsiSOitareoeaccces ccs ace ch ows ...5..:c..5.-ccscc ccs acer cece sem oemeeneee sae cee ee eee dosase 500, 030 299, 244 (CL StTTNG ER estates ate iret reje aoc nieiaata) ais a) ati ote ee Paceiaeroccinis’ weios Wao dO-nas 13, 450 14, 384 THE FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. While the fisheries are prosecuted on both the eastern and western shores of the State, by far the larger catches are made in the former section, this being particularly true in the case of oysters and crabs. Somerset and Dorchester counties possess the most valuable fishery resources in the State, this preeminence being due to oysters and crabs. Dorchester leads slightly in the catch of oysters, but Somerset’s valu- able crab fishery more than offsets this advantage, three-fourths of the State’s soft-crab catch being taken in this county. Practically all of these are handled at Crisfield and Deal Island and shipped from these points to the large cities throughout the United States and Canada. Talbot County leads in the catch of hard crabs, the principal part of the catch being used in factories, where the meat is extracted and shipped in tin buckets. Most of these factories are located at Oxford, St. Michaels, and vicinity, and Tilghmans Island. Large quantities of hard crabs are also taken at Cambridge, Dorchester County, and Mount Vernon, Somerset County, practically all of these being shipped alive. The fisheries proper are prosecuted to the greatest extent in Worcester County. This is the only county bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, and most of the fishing is now done by means of pound nets, which, since 1897, have increased from 1 to 7 in number. Talbot ranks next to Worcester County in its pound net fishery, the principal catches being made in the Choptank River and in Chesapeake Bay off Tilghman Island. Squeteague is the most important species taken in Worcester, and shad and alewives in Talbot County. Increased values are shown in 1901 compared with 1897 in the fisheries of Anne Arundel, Calvert, Charles, Kent, Queen Anne, Somerset, and Wicomico counties, while decreases are shown for the other fishery coun- ties, especially in Caroline County, where a decline from $22,012 in 1897 to $5,787 in 1901 has taken place. This is due almost entirely to the decrease in shad. With the exception of Charles County, the counties showing increased values owe it to the better prices received for oysters. A decided improvement is shown in the crab fishery in every county except Kent and Queen Anne. This compensated to a degree for the poor showing made in some of the other fisheries, particularly the shad and alewife. Harford and Worcester counties are the only counties showing an increase in shad. The former county represents a natural FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 497 increase, while in Worcester County it was due to more extensive fishing. On the basis of persons employed, the most important counties are Baltimore (including Baltimore city), Somerset, and Dorchester, where 9,642, 6,340, and 5,229 persons, respectively, were engaged. Balti- more’s lead over the other counties is due entirely to its wholesale oyster trade. The extensive haul-seine fisheries formerly prosecuted in Cecil County are being superseded by pound nets, the advantages of the latter being reduction of first cost and economy of operation. Baltimore and Kent counties have the most important fyke-net fisheries. The three following tables show the extent of the fisheries in each county of Maryland in 1897: Table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901. On vessels | In shore : On vessels : Shores- Counties. + transport- or boat Total. fishing. ing. fisheries. men AMITVEPATUNGES] ees ker Scents oa eee nae ee ce 61 127 1, 962 375 2,525 BalltiMOTess sess oo sase seins neon. Seen! 1, 257 243 170 7, 972 9, 642 CalWerGMr anv esctraa a acys tects ntice cece swears 209 82 1,195 10 1, 496 COP Yo) ba Ree ae ces SOc SCS ere eR epee are eee Pee ra 157 | aseswacseets 157 (ORO eee cc Ars Siac apa e ae 347 Whales see se sets Saree ateraincrels co Seles Sitjomiere 716 DONEHERTET (oN sme te oe ees Ae 5, 229 ATPOndya sins e osad cemame soecee Salsas eee as 5 628 IXGING SaR Gooner tenn Aan OCP Me anne ee 7 1,275 Prince George 80 Queen Anne.. oe . 1,317 StaMaryeo---- 1, 220 SOMLense tee farses wsajote ose sinisecictewisie asec ; 6, 340 MAMDOtEs samacse cee ccestonceceasacaee «ese 5E 3, 044 WMILGCOMU COR aaciee center cos pets eoseeee cere t 1, 452 NVONCESLER Ee ecee maciac sieicains aumec eae caeeeeeee d 792 RO tale ae ee teenies conceal se 5, 715 abby 16, 880 12, 553 36, 260 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901. Anne Arun- ‘del Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. Cecil. Items. ; ee 0 No. | Vaiue.| No. Value. | No.| Value.| No.|/Value.| No. |Value. WeSSeISiSMIN GY Se ceee son! oe 13 | $5,750 LAGS SS2 450 ASHI S22 300% |aerrs|= a accenltcions oallhaaeee MOMMATE Seen soc sees ore ces [EO Reson tbe SOON ease eee 6.8 oddeecs| acacnlsbe-aed pacernE caacone Outre secemeceoneoecwsss|aaners O25 Al ererciese 58,005 |..... 6. O8b nlegacmlbee soc accees Nee oes Vessels transporting ......... 57 | 35, 800 68 QDESHOVI ZL 28 Ob0u Pessoa eae = 1 $500 MRONNSEC see scee os esa sa nas ae CUP ae seas 2 G8aileeeresseses WALD siete fatatsye||'a/atole |e sees ais 1 al Boo ee Outhtess eee eee cee cece ccc alees ss BSB TT |e eoceee 15,470 |..--. 4. 0LDS |store soe oes bocce 45 BOBS me cere tiene heaton ool 1,040 | 61, 856 92 2,058 | 640 | 30,316 | 81] $475 139 | 5,900 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Oyster dredges..........-.. 30 557 584 ROSA TAI | 2 075s lesa] = Sena lewircietns | eee oe MON SS Per sees ene seem cccee 9 Baers soe leucine 28 344s een a seeeen sec cee] wees oes Apparatus—shore fisheries: BEIMES 2. ceccwass case se Sees CHIME TS oamcic conc maee ase ce Round inets! iso. seseeene< Cane ts-an ss see eee: ramimielimetss f=. smecce= ok 6 NGMOTEHG hs seem ees oe IGINESH Seether ceneteastcene Helpotsiesaseencaacesesena Oyster'dredges..-. 2-21-22. Tongs and nippers.......-. Suis Shore and accessory property.|....-. 27, 834 |.- -/1, 814, 655 |....- Wadeh! ease Cashicapitalt ase rescee sce stances 19S 800! | het oese 1, 968, 350 |..... 300 Rotalssesesnsosenssecses tees ee kg Ae 8 R(t eee ROD 1 22 7i| ce sete 108, 432 | NotE—In tables for Maryland showing statistics by counties the returns for Baltimore County and Baltimore city are combined. F. C. 1902——32 498 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed wm the fisheries of Maryland in 1901—Continued. Charles. Dorchester. Harford. Kent Items. = Es == = = No. | Value. No. Value, No. | Value. No. Value Vessels fishing: .-i22-------..2 1 $400 SSL SI SS BID w accc cee |seeateeamee 5 $2, 650 MONARCHS sree cinco cs )8 Baa eee 256083 |e Sas eee ee LO eee ceog S8iilaccee eee CGE ie santa cice soe weenie | ars ie lates 2B! aceon BON TDT |See oc tells oem |scyelne ae 1, 560 Vessels transporting .......-- 4 1, 950 44 5d, 450 3 #3, 400 32 18, 050 MODMAR CH= eececeea || | OL: osm eciceiere|p eal uLOUM meter Memetate 29) | emcee tele 6402. eee Owtht ee 220 = Foss. ces k eke MOSES Area 120) |) Sees 3, 345 BORIS = amen set coe ccseincine = 93, 758 158 14, 497 765 39, 982 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Oyster dredges 195458) |e scic cnc] onee cows ce] eacee nes eayeees Crap iserapesinc-s-.-- = = B86: | csceceete| S22 He Ade dec eee =| meneame MOWER a tee ae eercer B5i|k jojo ee [esc cctos coe tee See Gees soheWeseS Seen boss scoocodnesd scgsace lst ososcacc| neodnod|>onsscegsdleedaocas \eeeeeteeens 5 685 Wel pots snot en eee nea iO) sil| Ke eorced |Goeceaoce: hmepssner) braGass-a: Apparatus—shore fisheries: Sls pe oo edeaecceneepeceacd 14 4,590 8 435 14 5,910 2 1, 683 Gul Gt aces ccsiocinine.ore 68 5, 110 902 2,126 298 4, 360 518 7, 056 POUNG Mets ee cice ae elise 107 11, 750 204 125280 Sok eese|scaneeers 74 5, 735 Abed eCH lay (tbe segec|t coee ca laos oe aded | Socoeeen| Hedbonsend||psoogeec||Scroccs2¢ 19 475 Ry keimetSs teen oases. eee 2) 50 26 12 691 847 237 2, 032 dihehaahaols Walp Aeeesee meee lS acstos| SAeeee care Passage ne hee comers 12 1 2862 vs sacclee scares IMG OLAICISseeeceeeee soeeee lee ee a sce meals 298 NOG tas se elee ceinens 23 4 VAMOS ire cee eee cece cece see anceps 40) ||(-Seistcine 819) [xo Ss — alee eetereoleeee ares 314 Melipots hese. kes seess 18 18 519 248 482 246 555 376 Oyster dredges..........-.-- 4 100 924 7, 964. | accierersais|o sacs ower |cie on aaieca| beeen (CIsiDSSCTADeS ec e emcee eel omer ale wowace 220 TBD! a see cieice|cceccecis o| oe ee cess Coe aeeaee Tongs and nippers......-..- 332 1,224 | 2,198 NS 896n| asec costo acer 1, 044 8, 435 Shoreand accessory property .|...---- 65465) ||Baaeceee GSeS82H asset BOHOOU || cteta etcetera 3, 000 Cash capitalists yo-coencieciescicelaces see (G00) | serrate 98,440) | oo Saua52 2600: |\so-o-c05| == eee eee ToOtMemcwck cauce see sees teenie 44) O86 NcSessn 516; 969s aoa. 7, 965 ls eects 95, 382 Prince George. Queen Anne. St. Mary. Somerset. Items. No. | Value. No. Value. No. Value. No Value. Vessels fishing $2, 600 | 33 $203, 215 A Mo) oh 0Y- 1242 Bsa Sopp GbERCOasooEeossot poucscbouc|!. — sUillacsaccasocls ES) [-SoeboSot | O40 02 eee OWE Seas croeee qaccenee Tl D9: | Sersceerns 60, 713 Wesselsitramsportine s.5.-- 2 eae ceee|-eansceoes 16 10, 900 23 14,100 | 50 56, 425 MOONE Cr sei cee eae wee lmee seme | weaeeesae LOWE | Sere creer SOOM meen ae 1 S13) |coeecaeen OUMCHt Eee wanna cee cmcee cae Seeceee leous ores wellace eens 2; 290) | siaatereeicre 8; 045" |: een 7,506 RORUGS teaser eaecticnin cee wena 33 $940 777 34, 080 644 34,990 | 2,817 128, 375 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Oysteridredges:) 3-7 2235.|settiss|sec-c ems 4 20 14 265 | 1,208 18, 180 (O12) NFO Woche aeeeorimaeAce mee Ipecodeoaed sasiaerec pace once acc 5ec socoqe 1566 61 221 RODE S era wiassn.ste o:5S,5 ce cinemas fatal eosie Se lese | a iSie wie asso ore pero tie e| sraie estate 1 Th |.oS52 ass ees Semmleg: sae fe. hoes 9 oot pe | De act crete [eves eters! re Me nn ere ac ees a cee nar dere | 1 700 Apparatus—shore fisheries: SeCiIMneSasoccenisccsecmteese ses 12 1, 855 29 764 il 200: |e. s2 | See ene Gallnvete ioc: eh: te os Sees 22 128 47 325 7 295 30 230 POUNGIMets cee ease case nese 5 450 26 1,415 47 6,140 39 4,040 Trap nets and weirs ....--. Hike Nets... 4.6 son csecee ons BO WA GtSae sec aceceeieemate Mim OrmCisse nace. ce ee nee Whinesiscecec 2 eae setae MOM POs orescence tes secies SPCAIS: Sees sae cose cece e ee Oyster dredges....--.....-- @rab SCrapes << ccs. cc cece Tongs an Cash capital Total MIPPeYs-2-e-cce. = Shore and accessory property .|. - 69, 020 776, 957 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 499 Table showing, by counties, the vessels, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed in the fisheries of Maryland in 1901—Continued. | Talbot. Wicomico. Worcester. Total. Items. | | No. | Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Vessels fishing ..........-.--- | 66 | $36, 700 MBN, AS3, 27D eeeeta es Peeps a4 955 | $512,955 MONNALE = 55 seeessacesas sce | BYR) sesosscece Gl Bo esoceens| bosceaes|Seaeseenes W LO Sih Bee eee (OND NG ieee pee he ere eer el | LUNO99) | Seeicteers = S4 Ol as errr. ethene oats osceice 193, 089 Vessels transporting 27 20, 125 18 20, 550 15 | $13,550 382 374, 200 Tonnage 3 256 Outfit .-.. , 08 F IBOMtSHE wasn coe cera eacs a 2, 266 ; 558, 526 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: Oyster dredges: . =. -----5- 260 3, 660 28 SOO)| srje tected wesw salste me 3,570 51, 730 G@rabiSCrapesis ho sees ons ae apate| i aiareeicrsjelotslllaeletseee sins stars a/eeere| alc ieee meee eae ec 178 607 TONGS = Sate n/t scciseee ese mals 3 | WON tees eel Be oosicis yoclasnseaes|eeccmeccec | 54 512 GUNES en me ee eee seen ae sere ome ecscine ae nagerrs mal Uecigcemassclocim clio eel see aie nec | a6 1, 385 SUP OLS Sane cae ates oeise cect 165 | 65) ec caraebie|tesicencie cellesetieeecilesasceecce | 1,240 570 Apparatus—shore fisheries: | SCIMCS Ss were ce eases zoe 17 197 3 300 67 38, 590 a312 28, 648 Gillin Ctstee je tees cial et 60 1,141 488 4, 038 582 3, 5388 | 63, 653 34, 660 1etoyohove baaYe\ ic Wee aera 175 19, 445 32 4, 200 7 11, 355 997 | 98, 765 Pra yNeLS an CswiGins ea. sole sala| atte seal eeeeiecis | sceiemeensalecte ts aoe oct cee aoe 20 500 Mykemets ten. Be: sas. 12, 95 157 aaa SS eerecel Gacersceore 4, 064 11, 372 RTAMMNSIEM CUS asec oe = S| Pia eaisala| aneceteee’s la ceecerel| metic ess leellssisicices|sceceseues c18 1,570 BO WAM GUS Mee ow cesck acme salseetere | Seetecea se 4 18 78 391 106 529 MAM On Nets ee 2 seers cate cle 30 LD) lets eas | Stele ese a sere lee ae ces 2,144 837 RIN Cees emery ones Selle cp Se 1A eeoorce SOL Race aace PT eee 4,722 BEM OtS Sees eee ees ce Ease se cect ose as: 69 34 790 225 | 3,149 1, 678 SOG So cue es osocasednacd|sceog65| bopocosesc||saebaasel boceodoe 6 3 25 33 Oyster 'dnedgesie--sess-2s-- 120 1,138 18 VGO| 5 2.52;- Soe] emeicciestass 2,183 20,576 @rabiscrapes =o. Pecace|- 5 22 Wiles Boon] Saoomeneen monocone Meccecrane 2, 653 9, 640 Tongs and nippers.....-.--. 2, 302 11, 478 761 4, 850 241 1,188 | 13, 959 84, 580 Shoreand accessory property.|...---- a hc 8 Tel oes 95460) one hoes Mb SAH) | Sasoooee 2,164, 749 Cashienpitall: -e7 scccestes cee acleieweie = 400 77D) \eneee 200008 ce sel cn cectsze | ee eaaace 2, 297, 515 MOtalis rc cctmeeewaes ses ectacier PAN Oe eee 945369) occ cc ne 625469) ee aeeeee 6 506, 066 aTotal length of seines, 62,085 yards > Total length of gill nets, 348,061 yards. ¢ Total length of trammel nets, 7,520 yards. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of Maryland in 1901. Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. Species. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. | Value Alewives, fresh ...... 1,010,522 | $6,146 133, 600 $565 457,000 | $4,779 | 34,700 $688 iBJack bass == =. ...-.2 |e IR ic. cise 543 D2) | enema hace al ersnseslaeicreee es seems Blwerfishees 22.2 750 BY fl Mere ee ee ee ae 2,300 ala Ke il RBar es | a PS UM he Test Sth pete pease eae | ge cet eye ee le reyeratar sister a | npr eee eos earl tanctere aime 200 0 Beene! Beane Carpe see oon ke 35, tic 24,185 890 4, 700 184 21, 870 686 2,810 95 Gatzfishyaey =f: 2 5..-ce8 11, 266 280 68, 820 1,917 24, 850 858 | 17,070 415 @roagkerse: 22-2 22222c0 2,100 69 Geer eestiraccetnese Ser ce 18, 950 AARNE oe actos | van ee ] DOR aa 25 > ek eye af re | Sea gare cts | SENN [Oana pnereret| (gee Semester 1,300 LS), eects Seca Belsidiresh? 22. .25.22-5 29, 370 1, 060 13, 041 388 20, 405 Pe Al eee Gee Pe Wlounders* tee - sse2 532 450 22, einai creyeicieesa|iemaeree. = sie 9, 515 BOO | So eseer aes memes Gizzard shad......... 110 BeBe ees te Misch ce acs | eascecemnc cls semmetinsultmsoecemel eee ct PLETE VCSUslAS Wage e vara Seer tee Gal seed ticteee [Reems See mid seek Aeris 300 DOI etercraseeee ernetaes Hickonyshadi-¢22-.2 1, 275 Stele beoee atonal Stameeane 2, 890 Waal xctetecece (aetecee IMGUINC GS eee eae aie 900 QONE Picea ecell sec meeoe secs Sec tonalac acme as 3, 050 46 Perch) whitet2... 3-2 17, 820 996 16, 235 905 33, 300 2,016 | 17,020 713 Perch, yellow.-...-.- 6, 650 321 120, 005 4,341 1, 380 61 5, 350 175 Palle \e eee oer eee OS 750 66 26, 800 2,695 510 49 300 23 Shad; tres 22-22 5 2e. 141, 652 6, 047 10, 036 387 74, 200 3,605 | 84,250 | 3,499 DNEGEPSHER Mas 5 5.0 eA Meee ose Oe ee lames sects canis seas oBelemseeesss 150 U2 |senecceclelesesaes Spamishymackerelis-- ake cewee le wciece less aceka|seensse ee ceeltoccecees 100 WON emcee es| Sees cee SRO Isa ess Ee eae maenas late clase eaceeheascalbacemsnae 1, 000 23 El (ee ert es ee Squeteseue:-=..-..2-- 2,615 90! Nemietcies oe ale cemerenata 5, 850 DOA Whee oe See Seeee Striped bass.......... 36, 902 3, 021 53, 555 4, 808 47, 300 38, 977 3,015 133 RS LUVOCEN fp Se se | er ey od |e ee 1, 830 OOH [seats Apeteiss a4 fnictemaete| ee cis since | Meee ee Sunsishepetas ses. = 8 1,100 D2 Weegee alee sees eeialecceise eeeeet wncwecaccl’s co oseanlaosesns Oph erstis heer ese Ole te ore eee Meslnsicis ee 1, 000 G20 4 Pech aath cite srsmicmomealsisicceseiel eberse Crabs) hard) 22-2... : 1, 162, 565 8, 794 480 12 181, 333 S849) t et oes 2 | Raeeees Grabsysotteesses. see 171, 267 | 14,435 16, 288 1, 258 60, 266 Fa 155 il Paes a ees (apse Shrimp) 24s cbee ates ees eie sspears one 728 108)-| Seacee cone eal sce ccs. eaeeeenee | aaawees Oysters, naturalrock.| 4,398,702 | 350,758 | 2,297,050 | 229,515 | 1,705,690 | 147,400 |.........|.....-. Oysters* private edss| men ceoaneces|Saesces wale necemccenelocseccues 55, 720 Hy SOO Rac secs Roe sees Durtlestzosoncsocscees 125 6 60 be eretote eis eleinarerel | eteteintersiclaial| Merete eres laoreet Rerrapinisso cesses 138 GON rere cee ll laSiee clesonw) |eie.cietaier as clea [unl erence walmeaectind laaseaee TORS casos scsi ts Sackeaseoseolocss domed 130 BO) | Rach eset Receretins | Se sete eicel sere oe MOtaleeee sone 7,021,214 | 398,298 | 2,764,901 | 247,962 | 2,726,379 | 173,829 | 167,565 | 5,787 500 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fisheries of Maryland in 1901—Continued. Cecil. Charles. | Dorchester. | Harford. Lbs. Species. Lbs. Lbs. Value. Value. | | Value. Value. Lbs. $4,309 | 85 | Alewives, fresh Alewives, salted ..... Blacks passe e.s.sce.nt ped hres tte Ne ee eee a a= Butter-fish 3, 030, 000 $18, 445 | 1,865,600 | $9, 728 239,000 | 3,525 4, 000 3, 837, 500 |$25, 500 1, 209 DTU ee rice na ene Eels, fresh Wlounders= f5.-2-.5.-- Gizzard shad Menhaden Maulleta stan. sooner: Perch, white Perch, yellow......-.. PIkGe a2. settee Shad, fresh Shad, salted BPO = 25s ca-c ake. Squeteague Striped bass....:..---. Sturgeon Caviar Other fish Crabs, hard Crabs, soft Oysters, natural rock. Oysters, private beds.|....-.....-- noe Terrapin Total 25, 900 38, 593, 328 80, 241 53, 110 683, 691 | 4,507, 550 11, 482, 987 Kent. Prince George. Queen Anne, St. Mary. Species. Lbs. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ....-. 542, 240 358, 500 | $2, 034 160,250 | $1,549 Alewives, salted Black bass Blue-fish <.22.ccsa255- Butter-fish IDYUMG shes cc as wea Eels, fresh Eels, salted........... Mlounderss.= s-eecaese Harvest-fish.........-. Bickory shad). o2 ase... Mullet Perch, qwhite...- ni... Perch, yellow Pike 44, 400 1,480 62,750 450 19, 850 Sheepshead: .c-.s5 scaler cciceere= = Spanish mackerel....]............ ICOUS RS aeet “aa snesss 100 Squeteague Cavian cose. Goda eet eee lees eee eel Sera eine eke | Oe ee Crabs, hard Crabs Sotte-.. c- 648, 462 | 2,446, 604 | 104, 566 | Delaware........- 37, 097 129, 840 6,315 4 i(0) 1) eee | 794, 462 | 2,936,669 | 119,366 |) Totalicc. sessed 72, 082 252, 280 12, 292 Susquehanna River: Pocomoke River: Marvlangss-cc+ ss. 67, 000 252, 400 8, 874 Maryland ........ 28, 575 93, 683 4, 004 Pennsylvania..... 98, 883 409, 389 | 23, 412 | VItginidiccceeeesce 2, 137 7,480 414 otal. wee 2 | 165,883 | 661,739 | 32, 286 | Total age.o4 30,712] 101,113, 4,418 ~~ = + ~~ = —— eee! — — —_—, FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 508 The following tables show, by counties, the quantity and value of products taken by each form of apparatus in the shore and vessel fish- eries of the State in 1901: Table showing, by counties, the seine catch of Maryland in 1901. Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline. Cecil. Species. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |/Value.| Lbs. (Value. Shore fisheries: Alewives, fresh ...... 46, 000 $352 | 83,600 | $415 | 18,000 $142 | 14,600 | $283 | 600,000 | $3,000 Bineks passes so2- eee ie-2 sees <1 93 Te Rete et [eam sete) meee sss) seen 900 | 78 Blue-fish Carp) = -226<1 Cat-fish Croakers GIS eam ees ece Flounders RVING G Bee ees so Perch, white......... i Perch, yellow ...-.--.. 2,175 98 | 138, 255 Pike peeneeer sooo ok 550 46 | 5,550 Shadstreshieee 325-222 1,100 43 3, 636 SQuUetedeuer . 2c. -2 2,140 Yi Were cecal temeses Striped bass.....-...--. 13,975 | 1,173 | 50,555 SOE 55 Soe See eee) because lesceece 330 Sumetishee esse ec sense 850 ONekecs meet eeee es Crabsssolte.j2s-- geass 46,480 | 3,704 | 16,000 Muntlessts 222.22 5.8 Se 125 6 | 60 Errapiale sakecls = 0 ey 36 | AS iW crsteisnttell erates ae | Motels soe se 175, 787 | 7,776 |202, 410 | 8,596 | 65,830 | 2,658 | 50,325 | 1,627 | 711,900 6, 993 Charles. Dorchester. Harford. Prince George. Species. = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Shore fisheries: Alewives, fresh ...... 1, 040, 800 | $4, 803 3, 837,500 $25, 500 281, 300 $1, 600 Alewives, salted ...-- D395 OOO La uO2o whepeseca See | amc Oot laacecre seers hoes cia | epessiee eet Sra reise Black bass:ss2soe2.8-- 17, 590 1, 631 100 8 1,000 100 Blue-fish 1, 500 Die aioe Seta ee ee SY es Ge ee eae Sema oodeac ae aoos Carpi lace tecscccae al le 6, 560 129 23, 000 900 13, 000 455 Cattishts-5- 255 ieee 19,818 587 200 8 36, 100 1, 032 GrODIKCES Meee see eee lemme. | Pe ULDOV | RB aliwcceee cates taee wien Ociooetecere | eerie 10fS Gicasncceepsnaeeesas 800 Di): eee, 404s (be el Sens ccinsweesliseesecn 850 24 IW Ube ee ee | oe ea ee ee 1, 000 30 1, 300 38 Pereh, white....2<--- 20, 440 1,124 450 36 11, 300 625 Perch, yellow........ 7,990 267|h PUR SOON, W45i 55). 2226.5 2282 IE Rese 12, 350 296 PeUKOree Se ae oor 2, 200 142 50 | 4 1, 450 135 Shad: fresh! #:5:5:222- 48, 400 1, 452 130,000 | 5,550 46, 100 1,520 Shad, salted ......... 17,000 ADT Bisa ones | seteinoeme lee eaais econ = Sceptre banana ta cetetio tat SUSE OES S82 Ganoeccasal eeeecbocasna Sececses|) 6) UR eT ee eo so booocons bosopeeesas tecmcroe DQUCteASIEC:-- = 525--=- 800 Soa we #200 WN sol cise cs. scenc tee gaccs | Race eoeecen| so Aceh Siripedubasss==2-s-s-; 24,200 | 1,963 6, 100 730 6, 180 446 SUCKEIBIc scscschees = 5, 505 OS Rae ee sae leon anal is eas tect oeersteras 3, 525 52 en Se ——————— ——— Moy 2) Lee eis er ae | 1,452,603 | 16, 280 34, 210 1,146 3,998,400 32, 766 414, 455 6, 323 Queen Anne. St. Mary Talbot. Wicomico. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: Alewives, fresh .....- 4, 600 REO Nn osmoaen|oSace cele an ccmemer = IBIWe- fil 22 ts Sees laa ewreseeeel mais amare 2, 000 $100 Ganpy i. .-<.< Pee Sa 4,070 O85 | Becca ates ister atesete Catfish. 2 o2e..esseeee| 7, 850 210 500 15H Besa sensor HGISS ees ens. hoeee- 250 NOS Secwes sees aaa ccc lec cerscminiceme)|e MUM p Gea as soe se 300 (3) | SOs obe| Sean seise| Gemarers sees Pereh, white... 2...-- 4,750 236 5, 350 321 Perch, yellow...-..... 2,950 Te neemerers Bacerece| GaRsnoceecer eee 2 sae Seen eters see eet ee lacie oral Gee nae face chine scceacescexs Shad reste ssss2-se 1, 200 SO eee ae easel eratsio cia le aeeiee asses SMCS ede oases SaeE Se Ooonconc oncd essence] be seeSecuel ecomaae Saquetespue sce = asso oes == -|(sanele = 3, 750 150 Striped bass=—---.---- 26, 825 1, 930 7,142 571 SUN-fISH 2 asa cidoee 100 Dale eee ce loci See ail sctoweisininsen= Crabs, soft ........---| DIE TGBi | Ml aoe | Seco cleecs cr 8,166 ToOtwliiaes - sca et 75,061 | 4,144 18,742 | 1,157 11, 166 504 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the seine catch of Maryland in 1901—Continued. Species. Vessel fisheries: Cat-fish Menhaden..... Perch, white... Striped bass. ... Shore fisheries: Alewives, fresh Alewives, salted Black bass Blue-fish Menhaden Mullett .22--5 2 Perch, yellow PUG ie sae cee Shad, fresh Shad, salted SDPOWteo-o-ecece Squeteague Striped bass.... SUCKEIS.22 = 52a Sun-fish Crabs, soft Murtlesscns<<-=2 Terrapin Kent. Somerset. Worcester. Total. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. aa he 250 $5 il Rsseccioceoeslenebe ce aleceesaeenenl eae 250 $5 ee Sr a eee Esa Se ee 6, 000, 000 |$10, 000 |....-.--.--|-.------| 6,000,000 | 10,000 wee mars 9, 800 (Ws) Sere ossStao adoacocs Bsoasanacoad Heancdcic 9, 800 550 eet ELT OOOK| 737, \6O0N| Sone ee cece eck 22510 pale esi sso 111, 000 7, 650 aiehrate 121,050 | 8,205} 6,000,000 | 10,000 |....-......|........| 6,121,050 | 18, 205 BARS 1, 400 19 |cncccdccaac|eaes seen} + 1209;600))) SL 762i) 6.153; 500) seep SEE AG a a ee obs bine Soma Een Seon | Soc aGnar 239, 000 3, 525 a ee eee eee mes Ses eel goeccrem eda Rcrsanos 19, 683 1, 824 4,450 222 SEAR Ae 98, 580 3, 440 ee 127, 964 3, 755 3, 850 102 34, 151 1,194 375 15 1, 059, 830 1,490 zee 40 4, 950 148 38, 804 145, 295 8, 325 SANGRE 4, 025 190 |S ohe ceee clesec este leet see ceeee eoecmese 47, 700 1,537 SSR On ene Se oie eer el Marae te ee poeenece 4, 860 288 17, 765 1,347 eee 85 Dr eeeicckae wisest occ cate 7,484 329 395,075 | 18,052 et PRN Fe Re aaa chee leauiem semen ee eG Gore rosotocl ese oaas 17, 000 425 Be AN SPE E Mere tae Sse ee tee anal eee sea cemeers 700 13 SENS 2 Sera Bennoes Wet Bee neta ese sees 17, 550 622 25, 090 900 hed ee 84° 275 1] 12643 8) soassocassc|eensse ss 16,400 | 2,572 204,042 | 18,071 eat ins Bek PCL | Paeeraera| Re LOE Seen Sire sordsec 7, 200 182 8, 500 195 ROM ees ese e ae 3, 700 7D Webeeaaeenons heteseha |[Sacescsseaso| boesoece 3, 700 70 Mlounders):-s=--2--- 160 ED | cents eternal eleteietetaate 1, 650 62 1,810 66 Kam pati shige soca. 65 Dies sto accel seleeec cis ma semis sietteen er 65 5 Perch, white ........ 500 rip mesa nes Reta i ae eye er a atera a tare [ Reais fare Shs 600 10 Semel, WeWOW sageeecl Shs Sab edses-| sob sees hese odscsoss | Popseeco |Sescomecncnc 200 5 SOU) eae eaceeedacd sons ce nonose|Sooseure poeaseqcencs poodceen 4, 000 4, 000 160 SCHMID SISS ee eee aera | eee a eerste eal eve Sle tots ecailfu ste arate a) o=tevel| iatocizi= we 50, 800 50, 800 2,540 HPO se eck acess 600 SR Ree ea ees acte| setmerisice tine 600 13 Squeteague ....-.... 23, 950 GUDRIEE Reema tee 35, 880 59, 830 1, 675 SABC! ESS Saas ecetleascsccuserc| bescouss bocososotesd scrodern||booscorsosse 2,100 183 Grabs hard! 23.5... - 714,900 | 11, 761 784,000 | 5,040 1, 666 9,770,793 | 85,149 Craps sottic+c.aceee PET OOM BBO 0)Y Oa cocbatenbllmeoceenlaccoecscosee 268,420 | 10,464 Mumrtlestaseesos cee. 300 15 4, 350 ICON Bete cs sees 4, 650 195 Motale sass tess 770,135 | 18,909 809, 900 6, 449 110, 096 10, 231, 778 | 108, 305 Table showing, by counties, the catch of eels by pots and spears in Maryland in 1901. Counties. Vessel fisheries: Dorchester Talbot Shore fisheries: Baltimore Queen Anne St. Mary Somerset Wicomico Worcester Eels, fresh. Eels, salted. |Eels, smoked. Total. Lbs. | Value.) Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Hy RAA Oho Olea sam seers sees | Semen seese 57,440 | $2,621 SAE 0 [Raa Uy eee | Ose eee |eseteree 3, 000 100 COLON PS BESS eeeeee eee baer 60,440 | 2,721 BS G00b | WelOBH eee Sled -ene 1,000 | $120) 4,600 228 AS GOO, GoD Se [Gat |- ses ccnd| aos ecalascee see) 13, 600 459 Sp ODO) see 400 hares | erscte whe este atm natee 8,000 400 1, 300 25; | Eaaeay peceacud poueed Masser 1,300 26 P7000 8 IBIS | See ales sche 100 8 | 21,800 686 DG gel beceed peepee Becee Mameeree 23, 400 936 27,300 | - 6721, 700} $50 |. .--2-|:-.0-.-- 29, 000 722 els OOO paeA2O de Beale ae en cl o-s|oneea ons 13, 850 420 EC Os bile ey helenae Pbeoners Poceed Meena 2, 900 185 Li CAOOS Wee OM eens ates 45 Rec cael satens 17, 400 870 -| 3,200] — 140] 500 i eee Ree 3, 700 150 ASRS) |S RUE | ES ee pooecieud curen Gecobeee 28,360 | 1,174 164,610 | 6,068 2,200 60 [1,100 | 128 |167,910 | 6, 256 225,050 | 8,789 |2, 200 60 |1,100 | 128 |228,350 | 8, 977 Table showing, by counties, the catch by dredges and scrapes in Maryland in 1901. Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Calvert. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Oysters, natural rock ......-..--- 100, 807 $9,535 | 2,297,050 | $229, 515 270, 550 $238, 200 Shore fisheries: Oysters, natural rock ....-.....-. 18, 200 TE ODT iaeresaiateiateletay='s1| sreinieiiate sere 127, 400 12,510 Total, vessel and shore ...-... 119, 007 11,460 | 2,297,050 | 229,515 397, 950 35, 710 - Charles. Dorchester. Queen Anne. St. Mary. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Oysters, natural rock . 11, 200 $640 | 3,355,240 | $259,514 | 5,250 $300 43,400 | $3,130 (COMICS SOT eS eases] Merete ee ee] eee cae 86, 333 Ei OSON seek eeelits wot tjers | Sebo ad eeereeaes LOtAIEE ease e ssc aes 11, 200 640 | 3,441,573 | 263,544 | 5, 250 300 43, 400 3, 180 Shore fisheries: Oysters, natural rock . 39, 000 2,000 | 1,271,025 GRY 108) eonaease oaotocice 152,250} 11, 425 Oysters; private beds. .|-- -.- <2 2 .|ececcicone 3, 500 DOOM Gcism: jeccell eeeale cue] oseeane saa aes ccis CrapamsOltetece secs no. uence ccleanmaaeee 146, 500_ GEL) eremetrw al crertoaratee!| marae mateo mstoeieretoce MOtale es eecen se 35, 000 DAOOON ele 21025) eee OONO7On | Paeeneee |beaueeee 152,250 | 11,425 Total, vessel and ShOneste eee oae 46, 200 2,640 | 4,862,598 | 363,619 | 5,250 300 | 195,650 | 14,555 510 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing the catch by dredges and scrapes in Maryland in 1901—Continued. Somerset. Talbot. Wicomico. Total. Species. - . = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Oysters, natural rock..| 3,652,677 |$824, 788 | 957,222 $74,798 | 65,975 | $5,400 | 10,759,371 | $930,770 Oysters, private beds. . 7, 000 DOOR A 2ke8 woe |boscs tes szemomod Soares 7, 000 500 Grabsss0lteccscs leetactociae by 649s esac On vessels transporting..... ROW eee ee Hoo | Pyaaieles 2 BE Nees cca 1103 }2 25st Inshore or boat fisheries. - . -. AGO teeracrertere (618 | osae. 255% 236i ia obbrece 135298 eis eas soe SHOresmen 2 Hio.., eae ae Se a oapne 6 10 297 30 343 IQ APL AR e oe lat oni Sp lepeis Sala connection eee temas) incense cete| cess serete 165 10 175 (ENGR eae ee eee Ik EEN 346 73 967 | 84 1,470 [8 (dnt Waa 76 mateo OEe Der crea SUoES boanoacd duappooroaclbcosnar creer TAG Ha Se deoce ees 146 WALCTOMIWAP DG cee secre a ene heros esti ofele 141 7 209. sdeceeeemee 447 AION CUP ese sak «ete scale 21s eratacinrn atl Molar cee se [Clone saeco 1 2 (UF) eeeer se 52 84 RT OO Gi QITGONES 2 naa e cra niw:s we Peete S/N) Slectolaiw ale rayare 3 QG4 NES ceantes cee 267 Rain? “George ed -c. Ae = sas aan - ae eee wees Sileeee nr SSe5 252 2 262 Wing William! 22es 82 eel eens eaten oe 110. 62 256 234 662 THANICHSTER <6 Sas. sacs aerice aes alten ra ee 405 89 1,773 837 3,104 IMG G Wace siesta siecle sites sein aramiciericinre 30 111 15689" |.22 32cm steered 1, 780 hts Glos eee aocoenceeonee aneroppuceSEsex 53 121 1, 639 52 1, 865 BN SUS CHR OTN oe a aratape arate tas oatmeal 228 21 403 | 124 776 ING EIROT ROC Caeeesancep odes ae casoecoscecoba sanccoscocca|b obsocteee ae 4 fi eee eS 271 INOTLO I. coceec ac oer aoeee avo cicee elem eteioemer 628 106 718 1,959 3, 411 INOXUDEDIDLION eet one eaee ae eee ee ee eee ees a- 236 88 829 370 1, 523 Northumiberland)-<: 24c-|-.+22 GOK SSsaiheeceetallkstin se 16) |ay=52 Gh S542 s 55 45 Shoreand accessory property.|..... 10, 550 96D eases 300, 060 |....-. OIE ST Ay ts 2S 85, 800 Cash! Capital sees 5. 2.2 nace ne |) LOS O0ON | Feel ieee tae everasle 194,000 |...... 383/900) ss s. -252.-2-- BONITO see; ose tse 2 Butter-fishis.J2---: Carp, German...... Catshshts.. 5-555 ss \s Codes sa. eens Croskers =: -=-3-22:... Wa 2. 5 BAGS ce Melssroes sc. celts Flounders .........| Hickory shad ...-.- Kein gafishoes ce... Menhaden .......-- Manet So58 22s rece ac Perch, white ...--..- Perch, yellow 28 Pikes. 5. Pompano . Sea bass... Shad eassiie 2 seese: Sheepshead ...--... 73 Spanish mackerel. . 683625) he DLOGSS Eee saeco ee Sees sae ere ae Slee, Bee al, oo oso ee ec ces eens Spotsee teen ee: 17, 405 CGN |e ee | SMS ES WG (Eee A ee (NI (a oh fee Squeteague .....-..- BO SOGOR ELS lila teem ce | get Sct am SE cere ol Secs eteral Stawistera/sine | ee ererers leis eretentate | eee are Striped bass.......-. 5, 145 340 | 10,916 | 1,045 900 Zale 208795) Ts 248i ee See Sturgeon .....---.-. 8,115 CE eee Gl BOSS eerie be CeeSone 6, 840 O32) | see sees se oe Gavia Ter ee ela sane aoc cc ese PES Smell Sains oe Ge once eo eects 556 318) ).5 220 s08| Pease SUCK ETS eels aa esas eas sss -ne|'a0- cee = ; 3,900 OPN Bee sagede spacer! 3, 300 CO aero eae Crabs hard 3222-2—- 80, 000 SON ase See soe eae eae Mee, SSeS AS ok ee eee a Grabs; soitt..222: 2. - O95; 104, 46: 8480 | a cccnnch toe once|aneahactoes) SWF) eae ops Aerie 3, 066, 666 BNO see seroma cee i Goll) eae Se ee Sole es Re oe oan posbiancas 2,500 | $50 Perch, white ..... 2,900 ly (2 eater Feri a ints eee IS eamcae Rerehy yellow: s5-|.ccsseee| os enne- 3, 000 GU eeethe. ard neces Shadistescn-o-45-- 7, 650 AIO) | 88 Feccael Seate obec cess = line mente 650 Squeteague ......|..-...-- |decou 22, 500 TOON esdereelteeets 18 Striped bass. ....-. 625 63 600 B10) PEO enone 40 SUCKETSi---cec- 2, 200 | Spal ateaet cone = |-neeince-e|----- seelas bed 180 Totalo..- 5.2 143, 150 | 2,255 | 3,092, 766 4,100 | 2,500 | 50 | 1,194,500 | 1,826 | 23, 500 956 Grand total - = 143, 150 2,255 |84, 494, 960 | 181,620 | 2,500 50 | 3,194,500 | 3,826 | 23,500 956 New Kent. | Norfolk. Northampton. | Northumberland. |Princess Anne. Species. es Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. |Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Val. Vessel fisheries: Menhaden ....-.-.]..- sSeudel boon eaossballasaecse 25, 858, 800/$43, 098/113, 538, 368/$170, 109|........|--.---- Shore fisheries: vi Alewives, fresh ..| 328, 502/$2, 980) 780 $9 Black bass ..-...-- 200 Ose a see aeceees Blue-fish .......-.- | Sisereee m | ae nice 8, 000 240 Catfish = 2422325: 3;(000]) )L0b|sseeacnlacceces 1 Groakerse cet alo eee se ieee 160, 000} 3,100 Migunders eee lsaee eee eee 38, 4 161 Hog-fish <5 5222) |Jeaceseu acces 10,000) 1,000 Bein Oars eee ne |e eee] across 1, 000 30 Mullet o2ese aac bel cceaaced| sce es 10, 000 200 Perch, white..... 800 64) 15, 900 468 Perch, yellow.... 790 ATF less rate eiaictesate te BHad ec oecemtess ee 9,354) 604)2 2.5.5 sloesce.. Spamishimackerelllte ocecdieccsac|s=cecrelscteee= Spo iseees cesar sos lecerensl omens 104,700) 3,269 Squeteaeue 2 << os cen ellewccise 77, 260) 2,125 Striped bass.....- 200 20 \ereisiete \eiecmice Totaleasccsece 342, 846) 3, 833391, 040) 10, 602 782,500) 20, 830 Grand total ..| 342, 846} 3, 833/391, 040) 10, 602 25, 928, 035) 45, 912/113, 562, 768| 170,889) 782,500) 20, 330 Prince Prince Westmore- sei as George. William. Stafford. land. Total. Species. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.}| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Witte lyase sel oe Sel he ese Boas sacl esos leonasocdel loops 6 best oped ncsosen 262, 877,262 |$417, 765 Shore fisheries: | Alewives, fresh ..| 6,000 $90 500, 000 $3,125 | 580, 000 \$3, 925 2,980,253 | 21,538 Alewives; salteds|escesclecco a sal asec eee occecs- 280,000 | 4,900 |. , 000 4, 900 Black bass ....... | 8, 000 240 | 11,990 | 1,140 | 28,000 | 2,792 130, 204 9, 966 Blue-fish .....-..-- reese ees ea OR Pee ae (cers a 800 82 36, 670 1, 146 Canp esse = ss-< a= | 5, 000 150 | 8,759 290 2,000 60 60, 500 1, 663 Gat-sh 2. 5--<<:- 1, 000 40 | 25, 300 758 | 26,525 767 214, 905 5, 900 COS ROT Kein: Lanes, a aE a ee ee | i ee | et a al | ete Me caacd fe sAcicad 358, 150 4, 657 MDW oo oe catalan we clas ce eel cous ares an aaeloemaee aa caaene oreo 1, 200 18 MUG ers se 2s ose So cI See eo] Se cea Ee eee ee eae ea eererats | eee 18, 375 526 Gizzard shad..... eS eae eas eee Co Pee ee = SAS esto eS Aca ea eae 5, 250 100 HMickorwenadasss leet cele cece d| ieee |sacea| actos sito | eee ete |e ekeerwenctal| erent 4, 500 150 138i) eee eae Beene Ieee) SaeeSsee bosered Mose eer ed reese bate rece Memcrecs 10, 000 1, 000 BGinip-fine ts cee ce ceecee ccc cute tcise ec Meee etnetere all cee ier ee eSapcrorcte tacos 6, 460 302 MenbAGED Ss: nat ews siclecereedleecne ee | is tals ee Sot CA Same eeiloee eee 4, 261, 166 5, 046 MUlletiancccacevee|sexeecaleameucalacer dace |e EE De Crate MER docs be toeo leas 59, 1,570 Perch, white..... 300 18 | 10,650 465 | 19,950 998 | 37,500 | 1,875 425,802 | 15,345 Perch, yellow....} 312 6 | 7,860 272 | 10,600 358 | 14, 100 423 93, 689 2, 268 PikG ows. e3s we nu| oh deena ekeae 2, 466 185 2,675 1) eel ees yf 560 Sea basse. seca caat ee cbs Jalec che scoters eee alma cron c | Se eal pete Aentace | a tera 20 Shadi see $.150'|. 180 | 27,2001. G80\|' 12,480") =827)|-2ss5sscly scenes 183,002} 8,011 Spanish mackerel 2.222. 2. Sac -eerm seal eed dle ciecanieccl| 2 let taeeyn ete ell tein 60 BpOt ee ee ee ee aleeea ad | eeteeean meee poeta oe | wadueee 700 21 270, 420 8, 297 Squeteague: <2 222 |52 coe | eee clereetane| eens. 1, 000 40 | 2,600 104 361,770 | 11,702 Striped bass Gopretdes si eeiena an 16,400 | 1,331 | 21,850 | 1,726 | 28,000 | 2,240 194,114 | 17,468 Suckers Aiea ee 3, 000 60 6, 350 ny fi) ees ay WS 20, 850 466 BUD-fehcc-ecencee RR et se RS eer ee ee ered In aye 4, 000 95 4, 000 95 Total sc. .J% ‘18, 762 | 724 |613,616 | 8,306 | 992,280 |16, 276 |115, 750 | 5,557 | 9, 987, 821 122, 774 Grand total --/18, 762 724 |613, 616 | 8,306 | 992,230 |16,276 |115,750 | 5,557 |272, 865,083 | 540,539 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 531 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the gill-net fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Accomac. | Alexandria. | Caroline. | Charles City.| Chesterfield. hares: Species. Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs.-| Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val. INE Ba SeSe ace faecae mosdeia Se OOO! G202|5 = 5s-sloasce. 9,862) $99) 102,000) $1, 530]...2..|....-- ISI ENele of tec een se ee Re el a Sooesd Saseed Beene eeeocs 500 AQ | ee ely anne see alaeaeee Bluefishases-=s--c- WSN) Mis ccodsse|bscé5e)e She5s)ecedso| becrecad booeee HosoeG5| Seceode bosss 5) eseane (Cin Se So ge seas 6 esossa osicsee| bso codddl pceaed pesca Meedod 2,000) SOS sree. eee ae SS eee Kame-fish’ 2-22-2552 300 10] A Se 8566 pecsce he eod Sances SSCSsehal Goose Doesnt) Meee rer area Nacectas Mulleteso33 55025. 23, 600 70] Peeae ate a|skee aloe ce tel aoas Se] eo Se secede sod a] Ses aciaisellasceinei 20,000) $400 Chad eeeres pees cts |ecectole ues 289, 080) 7,401} 4,500} $180} 272, 650/16,033) 53,200) 3,040]......|.-..-- SDPO seeeent cee = si QU) See se8Sel bsseéal ses aod|leckendl econ ennalsSa5celbasotood| Fe sesoe|lsséacq] nacces Squeteague ......-. AA OOO EE a sot ce ietel| sensor Paminie cell stacietatsiats| e\eisiasiat| eis arises arate ies 400 24 SSO eos ose psa laanese lseeaoosts baccss| jesdeol lsecsog GS40ls “S82ice Ave cela. sacle cacee se eee's CAVA aT eee ce sas | eee elles t= ca] ecislehieis oteceicts |= soe eeinesciee BHG|ta (S18i Seeeeee [tase deal tories leuee es Motelenvns 55 29,700} 903] 327,080} 7,603) 4,500) 180) 292, 408|17, 402| 155,200) 4,570/20,400) 424 Essex. | Fairfax. | Gloucester. Henrico. (Isle of Wight.| James City. Species Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.} Lbs.| Val.| Lbs. Val. Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. Alewives........... 3, 0001 $30|5 cesaslemeeee| as sceclaasas © 265;,000/$5;/72D|he- =.= -cla=--55 9,055} $90 Shagrss sss 2e6e elcis 48, 835| 2, 014/91, 200)$2, 736/11, 250) $750) 72,450) 4,140) 121, 812)$6, 463) 66,096] 4, 046 LUTE COM sr ase seecee | haeactan|aeeekelloerecsle merece sece ns |aateics|eoacescalestend. 6,900) 516) 10,750) 860 Ca visige ee se cee | eetoe onl Meee he] Seeman ls seer «(ate Mac|osethslacnaeeec[soenbes 880) 513 600} 336 Totaleseesses 51, 835] 2, 044/91, 200) 2,'7386)11, 250} 750) 337,450} 9,865) 129, 592) 7,492) 86,501) 5, 332 Kin King and - ay 75 Nanse- g George. Queen. King William. mond New Kent. Norfolk. Species ‘ | = Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. | Lbs.| Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. PANG WAVEGS Sere m cess camo bet cele cinc ASE5O0 $18b|s eee |soee ee DAS OS a GOA0 | Seee es |e OLOMKEES eee eee lee ccs nick eae llawannrelnc hae sence «| newsece|oceworlbeosssl teen coe Vseene 50,000} $650 HI OMUNC erseeeer eee || Meer ees | cates. |e Saleen Saeee oo leeaemes |e Suc caleeecen baeeeee Leer 3,000} 150 MTU A SS SS Cos occ] eerie pase Seren! tetera [Se cea Sere ries meen | seers mes tas aera oes eel ee eee 68, 000} 2, 040 Shad Gate ccessncs ase 33, 763/$1, 284 4, 575) 258, 234! 13, 759) 9,275) $662/283,135 16,146) 55, 800) 3, 965 POLS er memree eis cee eter Seis |Sctew eels clew etl ae eines |oseecccllmcceaes|coscealenicceullscesses|S sects 24, 000} 1,500 MGMELCROTI Che sates t Se al. eee | ee Beal eer Ree she etal ac Be eae nose 43,500} 815 MUI PE OMe ry erie aon seccera| maereeia| are 625 7 SE Rae BSS a4 beceesc Geren aeainaec Gereee Caviar 22 .s52-5. (525. 55|- See 75 45 otha |e hasecl| aemcmjotal = occ-|Seacea au faeeoe MOIEC Sse 52 33, 763) 1, 284/99, 000) 4,650) 277, 484) 14, 033) 9,275 662/308, 066 16,395) 244, 300) 9,120 Princess Anne. | Prince George. |Prince William.| Richmond, Stafford. Species. Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. /Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value. TALC WIV.GS sise= d-saece| Gbesaeace|tie snes 10,800 | $108 | 116,000 | $870 |......... ay 64, 000 $480 Shadbas.css-0 s2sense 24,500 | $1,950 | 153,600 | 8,622 | 23,600 715 | 141,512 |$6,065 | 10,800 324 SUUTP CONEY case a cera ote ee sean es 4, 680 CAS eee re FO ety Ne lars 5 Steed IP SRR | Ie ta apes bade 8 no Caviar sa ss3sc|eae sss c|boaasher 350 ZOE Ser ace ce | Soeeere| stenoses | vicette-pecceeee| beceees Rota ls... We s- 24,500 | 1,950 | 169,480 | 9,268 | 139,600 | 1,585 | 141,512 | 6,065 | 74,800 804 Surry. Warwick. |Westmoreland. York. Total. Species. ——— | umeie : Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. /Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. INTE WIV eS eee Aone 668,648 | $9,643 Black bass 500 40 Blue-fish ......- 8, 400 288 Catpiecancacces-- oe 2, 000 80 Growkers 522522 sn. ce 53, 000 695 Flounders.........- 3, 000 150 Kanocnshinacteec-2 2: |cnce ccs celoo seen lnc ote aenecoe 300 11 MUM etmesstees se s|taccaseelaacaeee pececines|seobe ce 126, 600 3,710 Shades sa-ess-se2 5 66, 815 |$8, 580 | 33, 750 |$2, 250 | 2,219, 907 | 110,799 SPOUSE eee sce eas| oss sretcicicic!|ee cece seem nne nee aceis 36 | 26, 400 1, 566 SCWIG RET SING) SeAenang DOCS BEad packed Soecsces) sanecae | 51, 500 1,031 Sturgzeons-..-<.---- 10, 800 756 40, 595 3, 336 Cawiati acc coteceke 800 400 3, 261 1, 822 78,415 | 4,736 | 33,750 | 2,250 111 | 138,171 969 | 3,204, 532 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the pound-net fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Accomac. Caroline. Elizabeth City. Essex. Gloucester. Species. = ———__—_ Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Val. Lbs. Value.) Lbs. |Value.|} Lbs. |Value. Alewives.....------ 476,270 |$38,185 | 31,500 | $315 | 258,934 |$3,435 |206, 360 /$2,101 | 344,000 | $5, 160 Black pass =. acs. 1, 050 HOD intoiore re -taie \aisis vinn| wine nacncee|oeecice -|cieweceve|secsinnelececcts cis/sielamcmanm Blue-fsh<<.cs% eo Ue Oy OU als ec cas [liveries 42896 ("T0087 | .cc:canell aoe wc callonesese eee ee eee IBODILO Resse se eeeee 3, 640 QUOTA PS sesecssiecoe 400 1D ite io-s:0.0:i] isjc/ma ats] wicieie.s ela tee | ee eee Butter-Ashy-s.-=..-- 17, 005 BOL leaccemoslec sees 145, 100 | 4,353 | 17,300 413 | 172,000 | 5,160 COHN N= er ce sen sod) base Jose boccecs| Reaciacac| ase 1, 200 bol BEBE Sees bprese ser soccsc.- Catenishyon.c oss cons 750 30 | 1,000 O11 ee mses) esses 32, 750 844. |\.;. 23-29. 4/5 eee CreVallGiene. tose cc] ec ccc cemeclercened|seeeeeetcetes 1005561 ||)3;009:)-5- 2.2. 2|-2 eee 103, 200 | 3,098 @roakersic.:.2-2:-5- 88,665!) 1/669}. 2.--.9o|5..28 676,563 |10;499i) -- .22..5|5-2 nee 412,800 | 4,128 IDEUIN eee ce = 58, 320 ADV Gl ocecansa|seecse 6, 550 (iy fal Peel (Scooter © 34, 400 344 MGS a aneeee - oo eka senceerceelesesine=leserpeedlecsa-|eneeeae tae senses 16, 900 800)|=--2.- 22 4| Beene Flounders.........- 17, 955 py Ol aenoae ce | Raa scr 25, 564 BE «lane = enn| sates 10, 000 300 BUCKOFY SHAG 2s oslo ceo cece fl om atisloec cnc s[erecae 18; 000) | pL 889 Weeae cee elses ce 68,800 | 1,376 13 Coyne ete oa oe cece a qdel lsoconsc acnoccud kocere 300 bn Reeesece eeseerr prmespetes occceo. Kine-fishs...o-: 2. 3, 500 140!) Sczscs 3] shcocce| si comeeeee hee Menhaden ......... 1464; 82bi,1:25980) ic-ece-cs|eccan ee 344, 000 688 Moon-fish .<..<-.-.- 66,400: || (2: 057 |... cece seceeclleaceeet eee eee Mullet és.25e2..655: 1, 000 20" See a bose ans | coese cues lone eee Perch, white......-. 3, 600 116 | 4,310 V7B. || =. a'ce/cjatotarae | eee Is woliy, WOON aes ae aooes Soon Gd eonnoe a \Gocscoc dl Sccccalloqodnneps|lbacosas 125 GW Besencpecs |ososso- Pompano) -------- = 13, 870 997s ee ee |S eee 10, 000 700 SHA akes coc anice ci 272,507 |18, 703 | 28, 550 999 | 516,900 | 34,400 Sheepshead ....-.-.| 600 | 47 |..------]------)--- 2-2-2 2 - |e eee] eee ee eee |e ee eee |e eee ee eee |e Spanish mackerel..| 68,625 | 5,968 |........].-.-.- D3} S020 4, 40lal caressa ane aie 172, 000 | 13,760 Spotecpessos-s2as-2 6, 100 DAM eels \lercricse 19, 082 881 Leo ncsc|scca ae) amecnaenes| eee Squeteague ........ 250; DSbil|) 6. Dolglean areca tseeeee 1, 448, 631 |22,529 | 18, 825 385 | 206,400 | 3,096 Striped bass......-. 4,545 298 900 72 1, 534 92 | 4,940 306 3, 000 210 Sturgeonis.-+-.----- 8,115 TiS ctaee al cme see Pela eJyl | kOe eel eecse = 7,500 450 (Oy ab pesaeead HescSascen beceteoacorecra peace 3) G08) 112,207) |e aocecen|ecesaes 910 546 SiO KOM Ae SA aa 55a pon soenees| pcdeesolscascosn saagcollsnceéaseoe| |Ssoona- 165 Dl. scearsierete| enero WRG See ee Soe | eecieet ere o| ne cee eine ee nario 600 p38 ese eee Meares bere Secon oe TMuntleS=o5 2- 5 2 sec ecess ccn5| sescises eweeim ase Peer ats 12, 525 DOG nee rs| ements 5, 000 100 Motaleseaseses 2, 986, 966 |35, 828 | 38,575 | 646 |4, 782,004 |82, 387 |3825, 225 | 6,031 |2, 410,010 | 73, 516 Fairfax. james King George. Lancaster. Mathews. Middlesex. Species. 3 | Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val Lbs. Val.| Lbs. Val. | Lbs. Val.| Lbs. | Val. Alewives......-- $86, 000I$2,,557)...---2|--<-- 1, 116, 000.$5, 819 230, 000/$1, 725) 811, 500 $4, 403 299, 600 $2, 796 Black bass ....-- Bet) 8811) Beene lsccee| Beocebres lsoosee Gookdagse seneco| bpe-Sapscc|lpeinaas||amocico-)i------ IBJWG=fSh 22. cbc lesencbelececce| senlcwe eect slceeeanaealansses 6,500} = 455 9,380] +369) - 2258) |Seaaee IBUbbERsSD. asc ols ocr lowoeies leases [scene commie hee |x Sele 109, 500) 2,310) 37,400) 752) 77,950} 1, 252 Capacities cee 4, 150 (Be a oe | eee ee eee ee Oe eee Meets ee ahe te ean selrhe ccf nc Caltefishise cen. =e. | 14,800; 440} 3,000} $105) 63, 600) 1, 924 5,600| 168)s. 0222 -2|7--28-|snccee seeeeee G@roagkers 222 cscs -| Sec cos] eed a |eace ec | Soece lee ccesse|eecoee 75,600) 756) 68,500) 805) 25,800) 508 (ito Reece aed Seesead bocoec Sreccs pcccd scesoomon Formos 7, 560 (hd Geeeebreel eee joes. manos NLR ee rere ete la tee eres etirre ten oof ereterete | eeiote mere otal ereteranees 3,600). 240). S 2... 3-05). -<:- 2 | ates eee Flounders.....-. ee csood Beoseclmeaese|loaaae 11,350) = 331 3, 140 O4 «x 5 sain S05 | aie crenata | ee 1a hte eyargcleh: (0 WSS pee es4| Babesel beeces toasc Gocco doen bacacs poncenosd > Scene 83, 750) 2;.680)- <=. 2| ose eere Menhaden is. | hoe cee|e.csoe |e sec Se cel seeeeeces emcees 433, 330] 435} 135,000) 140).......]...... Perch, white....| 14,350} 717|.-.---|....- 48, 466] 3, 064/....-..-..]..-- #.a\| eiarere-arece/are'| ararelermn| Meera ee ee Perch, yellow..-| 5,400} 192)......|..... 2, 000) Ci) Sees eee Emenee Meesce nescecc|scocn- PUK OMe yo se Sena WeZ OOO mu S4 Ete aa eects o felters iterate lf are ete ete | Srere iene etait | letetereterel| mrestntetertate | Serato a Shadieseisecen tc 470, 225/26, 765] 818, 455/46, 776/150, 325) 7,978 Spanish mack- erel so.c02=5--- 33, 800} 2, 704 875} 189) 3,150) 252 SpOtsseeeeeee eee 2: 500) ) 2B). cco See cece een Squeteague 224,000) 3,730, 143,250 3,135) 96,250) 2,647 Striped bass..... 8,880} 830] 7,350] 882) 67,259) 5, 913 2,800) 168 7,200, 576 30,000 1,800 Snihe ONE Aas Sane ees Poesec| apenc loscnd Peeeaetses heeeoc 6,475} 389) 28,800) 714) 1,800) 126 COD gt:) eee Pee) Meee Pe See RA eee ee eae 1,200) 720 900 =. 360 130 78 Suckers ........- 38, 000 r|;] ae eee eee (ae ae PATE Sefemieeise (saserel Gaorccores bead Sac cnsc/fe os 27 TWIT RIGS eee sale ear oe | ca docel pase mel aoee| beisere acini] lelaiees | Coteeetrsieel] etait ace 10,000) 200). =s2s22|(2=oeee Totales- soe 455, 255| 5, 824}22, 850/1, 862/1, 434, 886/20, 999]1, 615, 730/40, 760/2, 150, eae 049/685, 005'17, 437 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 533 Table showing, by counties, the yield of the pound-net fisheries of Virginia—Continued. Nanse- Prince Wil- : : Westmore- ae ; aoe iat Richmond. Stafford. and York. Species. : : Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. | ie eee, Alewives........ 1,000) $10)150, 800/$1, 131} 315, 250 $3, 153] 296, 408/$1, 970) 584, 756/$2, 934).........)...... iBIAC Ia bass asses | aeons GU TOA Sent Cece ease 40750 |C4 025 | saree | saan |. Sees {eens Ble fishies ces | sece te aemeen [aeosen. | Semece |e cae. Jodecio {||FoasonAsimoneaa 140) 6) 7,600} $228 SELLE =1IS al a | Nee ee eee (Sescece (ek ona | tage ces Peo 24) can 50a00|5o8ego)'Gcancced|sococe 27, 000 810 Carper se bee testes | Searee insti) eh Rae eee seed G5 250) leet ee | eae es hee des | sme Catstish asec esc: 200 7| 2,000 60} 37,900) 948) 38,400) 1,278) 39,090) 1,234).........|...... Crevallegener nse ec s| sae naan | sm cieraliatine wetec lotemaclte ceceee sche Se lsees einai ten ane 20,800; 624 Croakers .......- 250000 a0 20|seees 2 fess oe Ae a A ae ea ee Wc ee i a 538, 000) 8, 125 PUT teeta tate lapetete ail yas ae ca [tae wane | Seamer fle esol sueie ceiejatell als Sinsto)| mroeies cee [joe ooicic |e aeeemela ceelae 900 15 1D Figueras Rae eet Real DEBS 200 Siac steerer eee see LOUIE Clie etter tere ol ae ete | note (Mert ace Stee cori Soe tenen neem 5,645) 184 400 12 HGTV IGE Sep case IE [SOG Me ieee Ren area Aine et All EES Al |B ee a | So oe 240,000; 480 Perch, white....| 1,100 45) 135760) 688) — 605970) 2° 805|25 5.2 52.-|es5-- Perch, yellow...|.-..... LPT COOL, DLS) eekeree eee Ses Cees A ee Ke paeeeeeee ase le Sed 600 (50h emcees eee 142850 | [1461s Semmes Be men de memes Sal Shadpes aac. 5, 950 DR Gh eee ae | Lae Pa 54,996] 1,663) 52, 800] 3,520 Squeteague ..... 1,000 WOO ozs ietcec|ssseee | 90! 36} 122,000) 1, 850 Striped bass..... 1, 800 482) 5,200) 520} 80,060) 6,393)......... |------ PLUTTeCOReee meee esos laces =| Snes seal ac cee ase eee a see calc eee eas oc. jotcote 8,700) 609 (CREE sa g0sa Beees el lasecnn BSeee se Nmeoed Sse pesce) loreeal Mecresise obec Serer ere er 1,500; 900 Suckersis-cpt ee alscnes BES SSE ES los tote cle mecinnleco sacle oesme meyers aes PRURUeS Seem a= cara h obo eee nokie ee otaee elke denise ls aecoalhasaadeals écises | oes cess|enaeae 1,000} 20 Motalsenese 18, 050 9,548) 453, 468/11, 467) 816, 757/15, 2683/1, 020, 700|17, 193 Norfolk. Northampton. Monnuzber, Princess Anne. | Total. Species. Lbs. ‘Value. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.) Lbs. Value. Alewives........ 83, 500; $1,023) 27,000 $42/4, 315, 000! $36,700) 11,915 $185 9,945,793) $78, 644 IBIECKADASS see. eae woe aecens bedsessaeSaceeos pececosee eeeeces as Aaeee (Beene 47,760; 4,704 Blue-fish ........ 46,850, 1,510) 21,600 972) 28,800} 1,292) 74,880) 2,278 315,935} 12,201 IBOmMILOP Re pee sea ox sees nec oae tee 5, 310 WHO steer ate elle stersteeete 4, 810 159 14,160 5387 Butter-fish ...._. 198, 850) 5,930) 21, 200 510} 50, 300) 803} 198,255) 5,807, 1,066,860) 28, 451 Carpre--=5-. 082 -: 600 1S) Saset meee |= see eee lise eaisiceee |eriscmes «leven Sees | enacts 23, 300 581 Catzfishiess.2-c22 Veineeene ers ccrstee | Me lasstseaetctal ee else teen |e cietne nen | oidiaralo aera! eines once] gece 3 | 239,090) 7,058 Crevalle ........ 122,650 3,680) 18, 650 AQS |e sehorian | stenisis cs 99, 890) 2,626) 465,751) 13, 442 Croakers ........ 172,500) 2,375) 42,175 442) 31, 200 156} 725,020) 7,426) 2,859,823) 36,909 IDS bbs Sco 24, 500 245) 10, 450 1 Us) es See ee ee 10, 342 113} 158,022} 1,434 ES) Eee a | ea a steel Sie ehaiayal retctetess te | re cnuate tea ara cate e eeosel | Sed ecto reya, dl pe arets atte eran cree | 41,075} 1,793 Flounders. ...-. 19, 550 662 5, 600 154; 27,300 819} 11,990 220 188, 494 4,097 HH CKOTyeSNaAdias see eesse et ae meets ooete ale a wee ZB 200 SO 2882] eae meses lerosene | 444,100) 11,277 Hog fishversepeee 1, 200 120 860| te? Eee eenal Sacer’ 1, 032) 104 3, 892 336 King-fish........ 6, 950 246 3, 100 QO ss Satass| nes one 46,512) 1, 560 60,062! 2,236 Menhaden ...... 440, 000 840; 22,000 38/1, 516,666) 2,274 8, 750 50| 6,355,371) 10,298 Moon Ash. s- sess | eeeeret eens = = 2, 000 CR eeee Maton 2,000 60 70,400; 2,161 Mallets. ase 2,000: GO) esa es eae Seat eee ole were os 2, 000 60) 5, 000 140 Perch, white... 1, 900 89 Fee eee se pe mee ilk Ries oe) 1, 887 43, 148,583! 8, 133 Perch, yellow. sc|ssesccen< Hage feyetata | Stsrate Staraiornl lone arelsi| ayete = esnistellleis sis cic eicinersice cell awit sine 36,600) 1,418 Bike reese ac cee | jeeeoasae [Bera oes | mete cne | bret one iemeiae Sia oud weir liss cea cenfeceieetns 17,650) 1,695 IROMIPAN Oa. 22 see eames se eee sere 7,015 PAL eee aac eas 13,016) 1,040 96,186} 7,549 Shadi tacscss.. 75,490) 4,526 12,510 720\1, 712,000) 88,075) 60,050) 4,650 4,548,978) 246,010 Sheepshead aaee|eoes seca sec coer 340 32 850 60 6, 040 183 7, 830 322 Spanish mack- erel an seee acc 5, 300 586; 72,425) 7,304 8, 335 725| 101,880) 8,022) 519,742) 43, 957 SPOtsepeeee eee sae 84,500) 2,275) 16,840 407 6, 500 325) 248,260) 7,446) 383,782) 11,206 Squeteague ..... 883, 650) 14,963) 863,700) 8,396) 405,980) 6, 897)|1, 365, 925] 21,016) 6,128,546) 97,301 Hiripedibasseemac sce sess acctocshomeds ccs lat sehee 39,000) 2, 500 3, 950 297 274,168) 21,673 Sturgeon. *:-.-:. 14,205) 1,022 2, 580: 129] 28,230) 1,571] 11,465 899) 142,428) 8,825 Caviar sees s: 55 484 70 35 5,089} 2,542 850 510 15,057) 8,382 BUCKETS Seeweecs sents ot se |sraoearne sceciciene ebleaacan-lanastelcelacescee| Sb no cccle scone « 3,415 55 RATPOW S22 e012 (6) Nl aire paeee | Sema ai=s|mcte= site's |iaatieseo | oetee sce clesceee 75 1 IVY ry ome erertsiars | stetetsas ne |opests |e nes |e ac eta mg aetins| sets col oeeeas cals eacteso 600 12 ETUC eee tes |e ta a bea ne Iisaace ae aemaadollcieeac ccllacecaees 2, 850) 142 2, 850 142 UTtICS a eoc- . Sa" 400 Sljasasleec|crecetels 9, 200: - 184 6, 080 61 44, 205 809 Totalessos- 2,185, 425) 40, 612|1, 155, 725) 21, 017)8, 393, 700| 145, 305|8, 014, 649| 64, 957/34, 620, 083) 673,789 5384 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing, by counties, the yield of the fyke-net fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Accomac. Alexandria. Essex. Fairfax. Species. eee eee Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. Value. AT@WiyeSscc<< .- enw ss aes o re | sper eneeee iseceiee 7, 000 500 | 298,696 | 23, 334 | 320,103 | 25, 976 Grand totalo_. 3.2.2... | 47,700 | 2,182 7, 000 500 | 298, 696 | 23, 334 | 367,803 | 28,108 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 537 Table showing the catch by oyster dredges and tongs in the fisheries of Virginia in 1901. Oyster tongs. Gauntics Market oysters from Market oysters from Seed oysters from oo natural rock. private beds. natural rock. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: INCROMBCE essen eos - os ee 129, 878 $6, 934 857, 437 $69, 395 773, 626 $21, 756 Maza e ta Clinyg some eee etal | oats telae wlelesele || ole l> eleva niet == | = ante mimieimlmi stains) sinlm min jmins === 213, 500 6, 100 THESES 5 et SoG Te des ee onan Reese aC pon coro Scabomecncs 7, 000 200 Gloucester neces. ssss2 == 234, 150 RGD) | EM eee ao wesoal cece seats 648, 900 14, 205 TSlevomWiehts=-2e.c-c. 66 416, 199 Distt Us paeesonecopcellqucaceouode 533, 946 11, 438 (ect? \WMlb On 5 aces Soa Sel Peoria aaecer ben] Soeepeeces cc meses ences 110 proparawWonyenalo ses as ooe Ses dew te 2, 36, 37,38 CodsHvenioleie so senesmac sss one eee e assis 216 Cogswell, T. M., field work of ............---- 143 Coker, R. E., investigations of ............... 138 ColdiSprings'stationiac.-~- econ ames si o'ae lel 24 OPerations 22.2 ..csedccce 49 Cole, Leon J., investigations of .........- 127.128 Common names of the basses and sun- FIRES 1a ee hao see ELE ede wae ean 353-366 845 546 INDEX. Page. | Page. Copepods parasitic on fishes.................. 137], Wisheries of New York: -.2.c.seee-ca--.ocne 442 Teachions! Ol cee caesce ee ce ceneeees 136 Pennsylvania s-2 see. a0-nce wae 477 Coregonus clupeiformis, investigation of..... 127 Utah. -sccau set cones coue 151 COV puri OL sae a sere ou oe ee 317 Virginians’ 3 ohare ae cence eee 517 Crabs of Woods Hole region, study of........ 187°) Hishery statistics. ctacs.aacumecsecne se aoe 13 Craig Brook station operations............... 29 | Fishes and fisheries of Hawaiian Islands... 111 Crappie'distribution -osscecesscacccs sees 107, 108 from the Philippine Islands....... 140-141 PIOPAS AMON cee asec ces stew nee aes 43, 63 introduced in Utah and Idaholakes. 134 @rasser. (E: REMVICES OL sana ce camacceiee seca 62 of Chautauqua Lake, New York.... 131 Cut-throat trout propagation ................- 77 Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, CURE MUNCH Se or cece eno shate coe cee Eels 136 and Lake Champlain ........... 141 Cyprinidz distributed by the Fish Commis- abrador): 5.22622. dcs0 es eee eee 142 BLOM MSc eseccae caciccp uaa te cate be Moe aio seee 23 Lake Mashipacong ............- 131-182 Darlings Pond, Vermont. .22222J.fe.2caccess 32 MEXICO; TEPOIT OD) sea. --eeeeuee eee 141 Dean HD: superintendents. ccessseee sees 64 propagated and distributed by the Delaware Asheries Of 252%. occaoncceecwesceae 484 Kishi Commision! -o-4--s see. seeeee 23 Destruction of oysters by drum-fish .......... 123%) Wish Hawk, steamensoseosesseeeees 17, 39, 126, 136 Detroitnatchery os casos cokes sees eee ce 57 | Fish Lakes station operations.............. 43 Dichelaspis parasitic on edible crab........-- 1389 Oils) fats, Aandiwaxes!-ceso- sq seen oes 186-247 Mimick wie M WServicGsiOl-occtcccsoes comeceees 144 pathology, workin 1.222s2ac-sesecee 139-140 Diplomas received from exposition......... 18 propagation...5. ssc... > seamen sees 1-3 Diseases Of fish t.teee oc 12, 34, 48, 58,139,140 | Flat-fish distribution....................... 110 Distribution and propagation of food fishes 22-110 DIOPAPATON <<. .c oeisa os cena noes 2,36 of aquatic plants, study of..... 128 | Florida sponge fishery in 1900............ 161-175 fish and eggs among the grounds, survey of....... 126-127 States and Territories. .... 3-7 | Food fishes and the fishing grounds..... 111-142 DMO esfish SINS ota cseeeec este cee eases 347 propagation and distribution Domesticated trout........ Seesatousceeweses 32 ODS ccaoces fan ceeecceouee 1-3, 22-110 Downine hatching yar. -soce- ence ec aeeeae 26,52 | Food for fishes ........... 381, 49, 50, 61, 64, 72, 77, 78 Downing, S. W., superintendent............ 50 Of sea Jions) stor eee sc ccc ce Soe eee 113 Dredging and other collecting stationsof the Fordyce, Dr. Charles, studies of............ 128 United States Fish Commission steamer Iresh-water fishes of Long Island.........-. 131 Albatross in 1901 and 1902.............. 397-432 Maines < 2 sce-cesrmate 132-134 Drum-fish destructive to oysters..........-. 12193" || Prog skins soe ee ee eee sh ates ace ee 301 Drum-fishes, drumming of -...-............ 137 :|| Murs: beaver. i45. cone seate see ee eee ee 309-311 Dusonpvleatherivcasee sos sete es eee eee 338 COYPWONTUinias. ceases eeseee eee 317 Duluth station operations ................--. 58 fur-seal.o23222 S. ossesie deere nen eae 298 Dyche, Prof. L. L., on food of sea lions..... 113 WINCH oe Poe sene ae cece sh eee ee 324-326 Mdentoni station. 22. j.cs <4. saeetem eee ese 25 minskerat secede ecccee eee eeee 313-317 OPCTAtlONS... s.-caccisas cre 47 Otter Jes... Jp cece sce eee 218-219 Edwards, Vinal N., services of...........-.. 136 Bea-Otter. <5 ./05 sone sec oae nee eee 321-323 Hg esr oyster, study Ol. -.2 ccc eee ~~ cewecee 138) |) Fur-seal Olli = 2.75 ase see ces ce ea de eee 215 sea-urchin' study Of. cece ose. cess. 138 SEIN othe ctnine om Ste aeclac eae 298-304 Elk Creek substation operations............ 78 trade/of London -.---22. 2-0. 13, 158-160 HnWaN Stains s6) s ocic cles Seeitescstacace 24 | Gadide distributed by Fish Commission... 23 Operations oe --s-.cce see ea 48) || 'Gar-fish Skins! .. So c0 cscc cin joc preteens 350 Esocide distributed by Fish Commission .. 23 | Gilbert, Dr. Charles H., investigations of .. 16 Evermann, B. W., work of ....-... 131, 182,141,142 | Glaser, O. C., investigations of ............. 188 EX POsttlons|).\.se- eo. seeders ceeere wns bases « 17) Glennan, J. J:, Services Ol-~...-s-e.-e-eeeee 40 Marailonevislandssso-csq. ance ceenseseeence 115 | Gloucester and Boston fisheries ........-. 144-150 Fertilizers from aquatic products ......-. 253-275 ASHETIES |... oe ee cee oe 13 CIUStACCHOS reece eseeeeees 273 station; 22. .caekhe aceees see eee 25 fish waste or refuse........ 269 Qperatious.\-22. 5220s ae 37 SCQWEEGS icuca- coke et tae eons 275 | Golden trout ‘distribution —-.-~-2-- ose ee 101 Fish and eggs distributed among the States Goldsborough, E. L., work of ....-.....-... 142 AUG Vermltories:...>..ic.s cccssce cee ee tess 3-10’ || Grampus, schooner... <--.. 22... cc. emcee 36, 37, 124 Fish-culturall methods... 2-20. <-s0.0cuececce 26 | Grand Lake Stream substation operations . 29 Wish diseases'-:-.2--ic5-cc0-c> 12, 34, 48, 53,139,140 | Grave, Dr. Caswell, experiments of ...-..-. 138, 1389 Fisheries and fish trade of Porto Rico in Graybill, H. W., investigations of .......... 128 1902 ee ade amet nace aseme neces 867=89D.,| GIaVIe <. 2.) on ns Sem cwenen adenoma Bee 31, 33 of Boston and Gloucester ...... 144-150 Gistributlonee tj. sveceee eee eee 101 DGIAWATC concn cebene anee epee se 484 propagation: ti. oscanjneascoccus 3, 55, 66 Middle Atlantic States...... 433-540 | Great Lakes biological survey.......-.- 12, 127-128 Maryland Snpecciaa > ccwsenene 489 BLBUON 2s sc emanate 128 WB Wi) QlkOU tena. seawem deine ses 458 fishes Obie! | occ..cee cee oeeee 141 INDEX. 547 Page Page. Green, C. K., superintendent............... 43 | Maine, fresh-water fishes of......-........- 132 Green, E. H., investigations of ..........- TSF 188\n|) aN AbeeeaAthenr. .leccacs ss ce cee tees sleet ciome 338 Greene, Dr. Charles W., investigations of.. 184 | Manchester station.............-....----..- 1S Greentinake'station:. scec7. dslecucme cesta isis 26 Operations. 2222 cc2 acer 60 operations!........+ <= -- 26 | Marsh, M. C., pathological studies of ...... 139 Hahn, E. E., commanding schooner Gram- Martin’ Sidi SCrviCes Of... occ ls ocaelecee 144 MUSH eNotes house eeceeeeee sameness ae 37H |e Marviand fisheries of. .n.-2u. sence octecieeee 489 Hargitt, Prof. Charles W., investigations Mashipacong Lake, fishes of ............. 131-132 ODM ics Seon ter tate oe aces ate oa ate alata 137,188 | Matagamon substation operations ......... 29 Harron, L. G., superintendent.............. 41,44 | Mead, Dr. A. D., lobster experiments of... 119 Hayre de Grace station operations .......-.. 25m) Menhadenwindustryt ssc. 20 = deswisie siecle 256 Hawallan fisheries) csteccs-osescce cs socecie 12 OMB ie ee mera cote sueaee Rie ae 232 Islands, fishes and fisheries of... 111 | Merganser, launch .....................-2.-- 136 Henshall, James A., superintendent ....... 69 | Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, on food of sea-lions. 113 Perrin OOF yaork cscs sine sais e[ac eisai miaia siete 236i Mexico sTiSHes Obie. sce cocae netece acc eaeem eee 141 Holmes, Prof. S. J., investigations of.....-.. 137 | Middle Atlantic States, statistics of fish- Hook-and-line fishing for Pacific salmon. 154-155 Oeste ee use yeahh cea me cele eeeeee 433-540 Hubbard, W. F., superintendent........... 34 | Mill Creek substation operations........-..- 74 Idaho Lake, fishes introduced into........- 135 | Miller, Dwight E., services of .-...........- 135 TMSPeCwWONOL Sta tlONS ociee-/-s asic nis cele os 24) | Mie fins fo hoc sataia~ eer ini Paminclennciae sisice 324-326 Introduced fishesin Utah and Idaho lakes. 135 | Mississippi River fish-cultural station...... 15 Isopods of Woods Hole region ...........--- 137 | Missisquoi River pike-perch work.......... 25 Jellyfishes of Woods Hole region.........-- Sve MostichthiysUZOMenSIs!;a2-2 siesrsiciecie cea ae 141 Jennings, Prof. H.S., investigations of... 127,128 | Mitchell Lake, Vermont .............-.-.-- 32 Johnson, R.S., superintendent...........-- 60 | Monterey Bay, trolling for salmon in....-- 154 Jones, Alexander, superintendent........-.. 48 | Moore, George H. H., superintendent... . 40, 143 Jordan, Dr. D. S., investigations of......-.. 16,111 | Moore, H. F., experiments of.......... 120, 128, 125 Kendall swirGe, workeOfeees o-oo cereme 132,141,142 | Mosconi, James, services of ..............-.. 119 King ve. Ss) Held workofeses2 555. h teed oes 143 | Moscow Exposition of Hydrobiology, Fish Krause, A. K., investigations of...........- 137 Culiuresandy ishing sees eerecrceeee sees 18 Mabrador shes of s.5256 =. s-e ses neces. 142 | Moser, Commander Jefferson F., detached Lake Champlain, fishes of..........-..-..-- 141 from. Albatross) = 72-5 ecsuie eek scien cesleteas es 17 Lake sturgeon investigations.....-........- 127 | Museum of Comparative Zoology .......... 21 MAEMO Wiss eh etoaniscimasanscncsit sess seeecee $3) ke Muskrat furs) -/s.c2-c-t-nneaencceonecrmenes 313-317 GiIStrPUOn eee sie aee eee 99,100 | Nashua station ...... Be, ees aia aletaistetiaeeiserate 25 propagation .......... 2, 38, 54, 58, 66, 78 Operations!-ss see cs sccm se 34 Lambson, G. H., superintendent.......... 71,135 | Neah Bay, trolling for salmon in........... 155 mandlockedisalmon\o-— sec = ose + ces aaee eer 30hs8el Neosho station casss-sacenccm esas ae aecises 18, 24 distribution <2. 2s. 6-- 85 Operations see sidssiem A Lig lid , H @ a) ' ini my 1 ; Tay iS ts " 44 7 Mt Mt a 1 tl a9 hep 3%: oe Pia ta -# ' { i - . ay j