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1909

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REPORT

OF

The Connecticut
Pomological Society

For the Year 1908

PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTEENTH
ANNUAL MEETING,

1909

Published by

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1909

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CHAPEL

OFFICERS

OF THE

Connecticut Pomological Society"

FOR 1909

President.
CHARLES L. GOLD, West Cornwall.

Vice-President.

ELIJAH ROGERS, Southington. .

Secretary.

HENRY C. C. MILES, Milford.

Treasurer.

ORRIN GILBERT, Middletown.

County Vice-Presidents.

Hartford— LEWIS C. ROOT, Farmington.

New Haven— NORMAN S. PLATT, New Haven.
Fairfield— GEORGE A. DREW, Greenwich.
Litchfield— CHAS. S. PHELPS, Canaan.

Middlesex— WALTER FAWTHROP, Cromwell.
New London— ELWIN HALEY, Mystic.
Windham— F. J. TABER, South Windham.
Tolland— JOHN R. HOUSTON, Mansfield.

Standing Committees.

Legislation.
J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury.
C. H. Savage, Storrs.
W. I. Allyn, Mystic.

Membership.
Geo. C. Com stock, Norwalk.
A. T. Henry, Wallingford.
W. E. Waller, Bridgeport.

Injurious Insects.
Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven.
C. D. Jarvis, Storrs.
Chas. L Allen, Terryville.

New Fruits.
John R. Barnes, Yalesville.
Geo. W. Smith, Hartford.
Harvey Jewell, Cromwell.

Finance.
J. C. Eddy, Simsbury.
J. M. Hubbard, Middletown.
J. H. Putnam, Litchfield.

Exhibitions.
A. B. Cook, Farmington.
Prof. A. G. Gulley, Storrs.
Geo. H. Hale, South Glastonbury.

Fungous Diseases.
Dr. G. P. Clinton, New Haven.
S. M. Foster, Westport.
Everett E. Brown, Pomfret Center.

Markets and Transportation.
J. NoRRis Barnes, Yalesville.
Chas. E. Lyman, Middlefield
A. N. Farnham, Westville.

Publicity.
Stancliff Hale, South Glastonbury.
E. D. Curtis, Bantam.
A. T. Henry, Wallingford.

G. W. Staples, Hartford.

Auditors.

Andrew Kingsbury, Rockville,

39260

CONTENTS.

Proceedings :

President's Address 1

Secretary's Report 5

Treasurer's Report 12

Reports of Standing Committees :

on Legislation , 20

on Exhibitions 21

on Markets and Transportation 22

on Injurious Insects 24

Commercial Fruit Growing in New England : Its Advan-
tages and Disadvantages. Prof. F. C. Sears 28

Report on Fungous Diseases for 1908, with Special Notes
on Melon Culture and Diseases and the Peach Yellows.

Dr. G. P. Clinton 39

Recent Advancement in Successful Spraying, with Special
Reference to the Control of the San Jose Scale. Prof.

H. A. Surface 55

Observations on Apple Growing in the Pacific Northwest.

Prof. John Craig 71

First Annual Banquet 80

The Menu 82

Mr. Hale 82

Prof. Clinton , 83

Dr. E. H. Jenkins , 85

Prof. John Craig 87

Mr. Farnsworth , 89

Mr. Edwin C. Powell .* 91

Mrs. Atkins 92

Mr. Lee 93

Mr. Geo. A. Cosgrove 94

Mr. F. H. Stadtmueller 95

Secretary Brown 96

Mr. H. W. Collingwood 98

President Beach 101

Prof. F. C. Sears 103

Mr. Pratt 104

Mr. Fullerton 105

The Proposed New England Fruit Show. Wilfrid Wheeler.. 113

Resolution to Appoint a Publicity Committee 116

Growing and Handling Berries and Other Fruits for the Fancy
Market. W. W. Farnsworth ' 120

vi CONTENTS.

Market Gardening on Long Island ; Some Striking Methods

and Results. H. B. Fnllerton 134

Election of Officers 146

Report of Special Committee on Fruit Exhibit 147

Methods and Results on a Successful New Jersey Fruit Farm.

Albert T. Repp 153

How Can We Handle Our Apples to Secure the Most Profit-
able Returns ? Thomas K. Winsor 162

Discussion of the Question List 110-157-167

Resolutions 115-120-148-149-152

Report of the Special Committee on Fruit Exhibit, with List

of Awards 172

Report of Special Committee on Implement Exhibit 174

Part Two — A Brief Record of Field Meetings, Institutes, Exhibi-
tions, etc., Held in 1908.

Summer Field Meetings, 1908 176

First Field Meeting of the Season at Wallingford, June 25,

1908 176

Peach Field Meeting at Middlefield, August 4, 1908 178

Third Field Meeting of the Season at South Manchester,

August 17, 1908 182

Institute Work in 1908 186

The Eleventh Annual Exhibition of Fruits, 1908 188

The New Horticultural Building at the Connecticut Agricul-
tural College 193

Spraying Machinery 195

Necrology 206

List of Members 210

Constitution and By-Laws of the Society

THE CONSTITUTION.

Article I — The name of tliis association shall be The Connecti-
cut POMOLOGICAL SoCIETY.

Article II — Its object shall be the advancement of the science and
art of pomology, and the mutual improvement and business advantage
of its members.

.\rticle III — Any person may become a member of this Society by
paying into the treasury the sum of one dollar, and the membership
shall cease at the end of the current year.

Any person may become a life member of this Society by the pay-
ment of the sum of ten dollars at one time. All moneys from life
memberships to form a permanent investment fund of the Society.

Article IV — Its officers shall consist of a President. First Vice-
President, one Vice-President from each county in the State, a Secre-
tary and a Treasurer, to be elected annually bv ballot, to hold office
for one year, or until their successors are duly elected.

The President. First Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer shall
constitute the Executive Committee of the Society.

Article V — The Society shall hold its annual meeting during the
month of February, the time and place to be decided by the Executive
Committee, at which time the annual election of officers shall be held,
various- reports submitted and an exhibition and discussion of fruits
take place; also other necessary business be transacted. Other meet-
ings for special purposes may be arranged for and called by the
Executive Committee whenever it is deemed advisable. Printed
notice of each meeting to be sent to every member of this society.

Article VI — The following Standing Committees of three mem-
bers each, on the following subjects, shall be appointed by the Presi-
dent, to hold during his term of office; the appointments to be an-
nounced at the annual meeting of the society.

Business and Legislation, Fungous Diseases,

Injurious Insects, New Fruits,

Exhibitions, Markets and Transportation,

Membership, Tzvo Auditors.

Article VII — This Constitution may be amended by a vote of two-
thirds of the members present at any annual meeting.

BY-LAWS.

.\RTia.E 1 — The President, Secretary, Treasurer and the Chairman
of each standing committee shall each present a report at the annual
meeting of the Society.

Article II — The President shall appoint annually two members to
audit the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer.

Article III — The Treasurer shall pay out no money except on the
written order of the President, countersigned by the Secretary.

viii BY-LAWS.

Article IV — All members whose memberships have not been re-
newed before the end of the current year shall be notified of the fact
previous to the removal of their names from the roll.

Article V — It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to
arrange the programs for the meetings of the Society, to fill all vacan-
cies which may occur in its officers between the annual meetings, and
to have general management of the afifairs of the Society.

Article VI — It shall be the duty of the County Vice-Presidents to
actively represent the Society in its various lines of work in their re-
soective counties, to arrange for at least one meeting of the Society in
their county during the year, and to report to the Society from time
to time the progress of the fruit growing industry in their respective
sections of the State.

Article VTI — The Committee on Legislation shall inform them-
selves in regard to such laws as relate to the horticultural interests
of the State, and bring the same to the attention of the Society, and
also the need of further legislation. And when so directed by the
Society, shall cause to be introduced into the General Assembly such
bills as may be deemed necessary, and to aid or oppose any bills intro-
duced by others, which directly or indirectly aflFect the interests of the
fruit-grower.

Article VITT — The Committee on Membership, with the co-oper-
ation of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work of the So-
ciety to the attention of the fruit-growers throughout the State, and.
by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the membership.

Article IX — The Committee on Exhibitnns shall suggest from time
to time such methods and imorovements as may seem to them desir-
able in the conduct of the exhibitions of the Society, as well as fruit
exhibitions throughout the State; and with the assistance of the
Executive Committee shall arrange the premium lists, and have charge
of all Exhibitions given by this Society.

Article X— It shall be the duty of the Committee on Insects and
Diseases to investigate in regard to the ravages of these enemies of
fruit culture; and to suggest hnw best to combat them and prevent their
spread ; to answer all inquiries addressed to them by the members as
far as possible, and. when necessary, promptly lay before the Society
timely information on these subjects.

Article XI — The Committee on New Fruits shall investigate and
collect such information in relation to newly-introduced varieties of
fruits as is nossible, and report the same to the Society, with sugges-
tions as to the value of the varieties for general cultivation.

Article XII — The Committee on Markets and Transportation shall
inform themselves as to the best method of placing fruit products uoo.i
the market, and bring to the attention of the members of the Society
this and any other information concerning profitable marketing.

Article XIII — The Society will adopt the nomenclature of the
American Pomological Society.

Article XIV — These By-Laws may be amended by a majority vote
of the members present at any regular meeting.

THE

CONNECTICUT

POMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

Proceedings of the

Eighteenth Annual Meeting
1909

IX accordance with the requirements of the Constitution and
the decision of the Executive Committee, the Society con-
vened for its 18th annual meeting- at Unity Hall, Hartford,
Conn., February 3 and 4, 1909.

The opening session was called to order at 10.45 Wednes-
day morning, February 3, by the President, Charles L. Gold
of West Cornwall.

The hall was well filled with enthusiastic fruit growers,
from all over the State and from adjoining States, at the
opening hour. Immediately on calling to order, President
Gold delivered his annual address, as follows :

President's Address.

Mr. Secretary, Members of the Connecticut Pomological So-
ciety and our Friends:
Another year has slipped away and we gather again to
meet old friends, and gain new ones, to discuss our success-
es as well as our failures of the past season, for to err is

2 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

human, and I trust we will all return to our homes with in-
spiration and determination to arrive nearer the top of the
ladder the coming year.

This can be accomplished only by careful attention to
the details as well as the foundation principles of pomology.
No one can make a success of any business without a love
and fondness for the work, and this is especially true of Ag-
riculture. It is one of the objects of this Society to instill
in the hearts of our members and others who may come with-
in our influence, an ardent desire for companionship with Hor-
ticulture in all its branches.

Your officers can do little of themselves except to direct
tlie work. To accomplish results we need the hearty coopera-
tion of all the members. The benefits derived are not alone
to be measured by dollars and cents, but by a broader view
of life, a wider scope of knowledge and a love for our fel-
lowmen.

By attending meetings, asking questions and stating facts
of personal work and observation we render help and inspir-
ation to others, and in helping others we unconsciously help
ourselves. As has been truly said, "He who would have
friends must show himself friendly."

Do not let us lose sight of the fact that Farming, Agri-
culture, in all or any of its branches, is a business, and a com-
plicated business, too. This phase of our calling has too long
been neglected. Anyone could be a farmer, any slipshod
method and work would answer on the farm. When we
are ready to realize that Farming is a business and put that
theory into practice, adopt business principles in the manage-
ment of our farms, then we can look for success and not
until then.

Agriculture to-day is calling and demanding men of in-
telligence, energy and thrift. Such men with business capac-
ity will make good at their calling. Is there any business
under the sun that would last over night with the neglect
and careless management that most farms have received the
last fifty years? Just give them judicious business manage-
ment and watch the result. Have anv of the successful

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 3

business men of our country reached their position by easy
work and carelessness? No, they have worked hard and
often late, g'iving attention to all the little details with energ-y
and snap, together with business principles.

With a given amount of intelligence, attention and busi-
ness methods there is no calling that will insure so certain a
reward as Agriculture. Your President has had the pleas-
ure to represent the Society at a conference in Boston in re-
gard to teaching Agriculture in our public schools.

Personally, I think our public schools have too much
other necessary work to undertake this subject. Time is too
short ; the more advanced schools might take it up with profit.

At a meeting of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation in Worcester last March an association was formed
for closer unity of all Horticultural interests in New England,
with especial emphasis on uniform rules or laws for packages
and packing and grading of fruit for market. A second meet-
ing of this association was held at Milford, New Hampshire,
in October, and at this conference each State organization
was urged to take action in line of the foregoing plan. This
subject should be brought before this meeting for your con-
sideration.

At the \\'orcester meeting the delegates were handsomely
entertained by the Worcester County Horticultural Society,
one of the oldest and most enthusiastic Horticultural societies
in the country.

In November last, your President, as representing the
Connecticut Pomological Society, was invited by His Excel-
lency, Governor Rollin S. Woodruff, to attend as a delegate
the Second Annual Conference of Governors of the New Eng-
land States, which conference has under consideration the
making of uniform laws on matters of common interest to the
several States. Committees were appointed to draft laws on
various subjects, to be presented to the General Assemblies
for their individual action.

In closing, just a word about the Country Life Commis-
sion recently appointed by the President of the United States.
The members of this commission are intelligent, broad-minded

4 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

men. and have commanded the respect and attention of the
public over the entire country. If it does no more than this
it has accomphshed a world of g-ood, for when the farmers
of this country stop and consider their condition they are
bound to work out a remedy, and will do so, I confidently be-
lieve.

It is an undeniable fact, contrary to the statements of
prominent men in this State, nevertheless, that in the rural
towns of this State, and of all the New England States as well,
there are thousands of acres that once supported large fam-
ilies and are now completely deserted and semi-abandoned.

One hundred years ago there was no calling so honored
or respected as Agriculture. If we have lost that position, it
is our own fault. The remedy also lies with us. The Lord
helps those who help themselves.

Let us then, by energy and attention to our private busi-
ness, as well as public affairs, demand, command, and reclaim
that position which we have lost. We cannot expect the re-
spect of the world until we respect ourselves, and there is
where the whole trouble lies.

Connecticut, during the war of the Revolution, sent more
men to the Continental army than any other of the thirteen
States, in proportion to her population.

In the war for survival or extinction that is now upon
us, Connecticut will do just as nobly. She will arise to the
occasion, I am sure. Connecticut will not be found wanting.
Now, let us do our part.

Mr. L. C. Root : I would suggest that those who speak
on the floor during this convention raise their voices so that
they may be heard distinctly.

President Gold : When a gentleman rises to speak he
should give his name, so that the reporter may hear and take
it ; he should also speak distinctly, so that all may hear him.

]\Ir. J. H. Hale: If the gentlemen give their names,
are the ladies to give their age? (Laughter).

President Gold : We will ask Mr. Hale to look after
that.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 5

Next in order was the annual report of the Secretary, H;
C. C. Miles of -Alilford, which was presented as follows:

Secretary's Report.

Mr. President and Monbers of the Society'

To-day we begin our eighteenth year as an organized
Society, and those of us whose memory goes back to that day
in the year 1891. when, as a small handful of peach growers,
we met in a room at the State Capitol and organized for mu-
tual protection against the many foes that threatened the
peach industry of the State, cannot help but feel a glow of
pride at the magnificent organization that has grown out of
that small beginning.

During the past fifteen years the fruit-growing interests
of Connecticut have been developed and increased immensely,
until now they have reached important proportions. Along
with this growth the Pomological Society has ever kept pace ;
indeed it has been, we believe, a most important factor in the
development of this industry that means so much for the
health and enjoyment of all the people.

This is a dav of remarkable progress and improvement
in everything agricultural and the rural home. New inven-
tions and changes in methods come up each year, and for
what we think is good to-day a better will be found to-mor-
row.

It is a fair question to ask, if we, as fruit growers, are
living up to our opportunities and getting a fair share of the
results of this progress, for, of all men, the fruit grower must
be up with the times if he would hope to succeed in his busi-
ness. And what of this Society, is if "making good" for the
benefit of its members and the State at large? Taking it all
in all. the year just closed has been a very active and useful
one in the work of our organization. It is hard to measure the
exact results of our efforts, — an enthusiastic meeting here, a
helpful suggestion there, someone encouraged to do better

6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

work with his trees and plants, some problem solved or loss
of crop averted, the public shown the value and appreciation
of fine fruits, and, best of all, our members drawn closer to-
gether for mutual help, protection and profit. Is not this a
record which we may claim with some prides-
It may seem to some of you like ancient history to dwell
upon what has been accomplished during the past year, when
the present and future claim our attention so insistently, but
we think a brief summary of the work of 1908 will be of some
interest and should help us in planning for the year to come.
To begin with,

Our Membership

is of first importance, for upon that depends the very life
of the Society. It is our aim year by year to put our strong-
est and best effort into this matter of membership, not only
to obtain new members, but to keep interested in our w^ork all
our old members. I regret that the results for the past few
years have not been more satisfactory, the number of new
members gained just about balancing the number of old mem-
bers who allow their membership to lapse.

Yet we have no reason to feel discouraged, for Connecti-
cut has one of the largest Societies, in point of members, of
any State of its size : still, there are undoubtedly hundreds of
persons in our State who should be connected with the Society
for their own good and the good of the fruit interests of Con-
necticut, and it should be a part of our mission to reach these
people and interest them.

From February 1, 1908, to February 1, 1909, we have
added 93 new members. These, with the total membership
of 538 which I reported to you one year ago, makes a total
number of names on our list for the year of 631. Since the
last annual meeting eight members have been lost by death,
and in addition we have dropped from the roll, because of
failure to renew memberships during the year, 108 members.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. y

^Making- these deductions, we have to-day a total of 515 mem-
bers in good standing.

The following deaths have been reported to this office
during the past year: Edwin Hoyt, New Canaan; George M.
Clark, Haddam; Dr. William J. Ford, Washington; S. A.
Griswold, West Hartford; N. N. King, Suffield ; Mrs. A. E.
Paulison, West Hartford; Allan R. Yale, Meriden, and Wil-
liam C. Hale, Willimantic.

Our Finances.

From February 1, 1908, to February 1, 1909, I have re-
ceived and paid over to the Treasurer :

From Annual Membership Fees $513.00

From Life Membership Fees 70.00

From Sales of Fruit at Exhibitions 23.56

$606.56

I have drawn orders for the payment of bills amounting
to $2,000.96.

The expenditures in the various departments of the year's
work are classified as follows :

Annual fleeting of 1908 $369.28

Annual Report 479.74

Crop Reporting 10.75

Annual Exhibition :

Premiums Paid 304.50

Running Expenses 172.88

Institute Work 74.15

Field Meetings 59.16

Secretary's Office :

Expenses and Supplies $116.87

Salary, balance year 1907 50.00

Salary, on account of year 1908 150.00

' 316.87

Miscellaneous Printing, Advertising, etc •• 122.58

President's Office, and other Sundry Expenses 64.05

Total $2,000.96

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Meetings.

Besides the annual meeting last February the Society has
held during the year three summer field meetings, the annual
fall meeting and fruit exhibition in September and six insti-
tutes during the winter of 1908, and up to the present time.
All of these gatherings were remarkably well attended and
productive of much pleasure and profit.

The season of 1908 was marked by three very successful
field days. On June 25, the Society arranged a meeting at
Wallingford, especially in the interests of the peach growers
of the State. The outlook for the season's peach crop was
discussed and plans arranged for making an estimate of the
size of the crop and the issuing of a Crop Report. Later in
the day the meeting adjourned to the orchards and nurseries
of the Barnes Brothers, where an interesting and profitable
afternoon was spent.

At Middlefield, August 4, we held one of the biggest and
most enthusiastic field days ever held in Connecticut or New
England. This was at the splendid farm of Mr. Charles E.
Lyman. Between 500 and 600 enjoyed Mr. Lyman's hospital-
ity, saw his extensive orchards with their promising crop of
peaches, his apple orchards, magnificent grass lands and corn
fields, enjoyed and profited by the addresses of notable speak-
ers, met the representatives of the railroads and the fruit buy-
ers from many large markets. Truly this was a day well
spent and long to be remembered. Our thanks are due to Mr.
Lyman for his part in making the occasion so great a success.

On August 19 the Society was invited by Mr. Seth Les-
lie Cheney to visit his fine farm in South ^lanchester. and
those of us especially interested in market gardening and
small fruits had the privilege of seeing a well-managed farm
devoted to these crops. ]\Ir. Cheney proved a splendid host,
entertaining us at the Town Hall, and providing many pleas-
ant features. The visit to beautiful South ^Manchester was of
itself a rare treat, and the afternoon's program of practical

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 9

addresses and discussions was most helpful to all of the large
number who attended.

The year 1908 again demonstrated the value of these out-
door gatherings, where plant and tree are studied at first
hand and the living objects point their lessons and impress
upon all important truths. More and better field meetings
should be our aim.

Many of the large agricultural fairs of the State desired
to have our annual exhibition held w^ith them. After care-
ful consideration, your ofiicers decided to again exhibit with
the Rockville Fair, where several successful exhibitions had
been held by us in the past. Accordingly our 11th annual
fruit show was held at Rockville, September 22 to 24, and
while, owing to the short crop of apples in 1908, the display
of fruit was smaller than usual, still the undertaking was a
success, and a creditable showing of Connecticut fruits was
made. The peaches, pears and grapes were especially fine and
the display attracted the attention of thousands of admiring-
people. The spraying exhibit and demonstration was a very
instructive feature of our fair.

Between 700 and 800 plates of fruit were on exhibition,
and premiums amounting to $306.15 were awarded to 42 ex-
hibitors.

A more detailed account of the exhibition will be found
in the report of our Committee on Exhibitions.

Institute Work.

Of the Society's institute work not much that is new can
be said. During the past year institutes have received their
full share of our attention, and we have met the demand for
such work so far as possible and the condition of affairs in the
institute system of the State would allow. Since February 1,
1908, our Society has held or taken part in six institutes :
Woodbridge, February 19; Ekonk, February 28; Milford,
March 3; North Haven, March 27; Naugatuck, March 31,
and Southington, January 29, 1909.

lO THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

As is well known by all, the various State agricultural
organizations conducting institutes have recently combined
rheir efforts, and the management of the work is now in the
hands of an advisory board. Owing to some delay in per-
fecting plans during the season of 1908 a less number of in-
stitutes were held than in former years. Again this winter
arrangements have but just been agreed upon for the sea-
son's campaign, but with the large number of applications now
on hand for institutes in rural towns throughout the State,
a busy and profitable institute season is assured. Our So-
ciety will continue to take an active part in this important edu-
cational work.

The subject of farmers" institutes is a very broad one,
and it seems difficult for all interested in it to agree upon the
wisest course to pursue. In our State it is largely a volun-
tary work on the part of the different organizations repre-
senting the several branches of farming, but each organization
is striving to make use of a portion of the State funds en-
trusted to it for the best interests of the State at large.

Crop Reports.

In view of the large pe^ch crop promised last season,
the Society made early arrangements for collecting figures
and securing an estimate of the probable yield for the benefit
of growers and buyers and the railroad people. Our efforts
were entirely successful and helpful, materially, in the distribu-
tion of the crop and the satisfactory handling, shipping and
marketing of Connecticut peaches. The estimate showed the
aggregate crop to be about 300,000 baskets, 265,000 of which
were to be shipped to markets outside of the State. How-
ever, owing to the very favorable demand in the markets near
home, the bulk of the crop did not reach outside markets, and
prices obtained w^ere generally satisfactory to our growers.
The final yield of peaches probably did not reach the estimate
figures, the shortage being about 25% with most growers.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. n

The apple crop was forecasted at not over twenty-five
per cent, of the normal yield, and even this figure was no
doubt found to be too high at harvest time.

This important feature of our work should continue from
year to year, for it means much to every business grower and
will mean more as the fruit industry grows.

All that we have said thus far concerns "past perform-
ances." We may well take pride in what has been accom-
plished and in the splendid organization that we as fruit grow-
ers have built up, in many respects second to none in America,
I believe. But what should be our aim in the coming year?
In a word, to "keep everlasting-ly at it" until we win even
greater success in attaining the' objects for which we were
organized.

Fruit growers to-day, like every other class of business
men, must stand or fall together. Then, we must impress
upon one another, the importance of cooperation, of working
together for mutual help and protection and of attacking
unitedly the many problems that confront us in orchard, gar-
den, packing house and in the shipping and marketing of our
products.

In addition, we have a higher duty, that of educating our-
selves and the people around us to appreciate the pleasures
of fruit culture and the value of the more extended use of
fresh fruits as part of our daily food, and, last, but by no means
least, to do all we can to exploit the splendid resources of our
good old State and the wonderful possibilities ofifered right
here at home for the production of choice fruits, the equal
of any grown anywhere under the sun.

Your officers have worked hard and unitedly for the wel-
fare of the Society, and good feeling and a strong faith in the
work prevails among all our workers.

I desire to express my hearty thanks to all who have as-
sisted me in the work of my office and for the patience with
which you have borne my mistakes.

May you, each and all, enjoy and profit by the array of

12 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

good things promised in the program of this meeting and in
the year to come may success attend your efforts.
Respectfully submitted,

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary.

On motion, the above report was duly accepted and or-
dered printed in the Proceedings.

The report of the Treasurer, Orrin Gilbert, of Middle-
town, was next called for and was presented, as given here-
with :

Treasurer's Report

For the Year Ending February 1st, 1909.
ORRIN GILBERT, Treasurer,

In Account xvith The Connecticut Pomological Society.

1908. Dr.

Feb. 5. To Balance $249.67

6. Cash from H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, Annual

Membership Fees 271.00

28. from Annual Membership Fees 17.00

Mch. 27. from Annual Membership Fees 24.00

May 26. from Treasurer of State of Connecticut.. . 330.20

from Fruit sold at 17th Annual Meeting-. . 3.60

July 13. from Annual Men'ibership Fees 8.00

Aug. 4. from Annual Membership Fees 48.00

7. from Annual Membership Fees 5.00

from Treasurer of State of Connecticut . . 300.73

19. from Annual Membership Fees 35.00

Sept. 23. from Annual Membership Fees 14.00

24. from Rockville Fair Association Co 50.00

from Annual Membership Fees 24.00

from Fruit sold at 11th Annual Fruit Ex-
hibition 19.96

Oct. 20. from Treasurer of State of Connecticut . . 202.37

Dec. 17. from Treasurer of State of Connecticut . . 378.44
1909.

Jan. 2. from Annual Membership Fees 33.00

5. - from Comptroller's order, account State

Board of Agriculture Fund 130.87

EIGHTliENTII ASNVAL MEETING. 13

28. from Anmial Mcmlicrsliip Fees 23.00

30. from Annual Alemhersliip Fees 11.00

$2,178.84

1908. ,Cr.
Feb. 6. J3y Check to S. Seward Hopkins. Traveling Ex-
penses as Speaker at 17th Annual Meeting. $22.40
Cash to E. Manchester, Apples for use at An-
nual Meeting 1.00

Check to U. P. Hedrick, Traveling Expenses

as Speaker 17th Annual Meeting 24.00

The E. Tucker's Sons Co., Paper for Apple

Packing Illustration 1.00

L. B. Judson, for' Services and Expenses as

Speaker, Annual Meeting 45.70

G. B. Treadvi^ell, for Expenses as Assistant to

Secretary at Annual Meeting 2.95

Geo. C. Comstock, Services as Assistant to

Secretary at Annual Meeting 4.00

Dudley Wells, 2d, for Expenses as Member-
ship Committee at Annual Meeting 5.00

R. S. Bascom, for Cash Advanced on Ex-
press, account Annual Meeting 8.72

13. New Dom Hotel, Bill for Officers and Speak-
ers, account 17th Annual Meeting 44.00

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, for Expenses and

Supplies, 17th Annual Meeting 13.55

The Milford Post Office, for StaiTips and
Stamped Envelopes for Mailing Programs 20.36

18. . Whitehead & Hoag Co., 500 Membership

Badges 22.40

Beeman & Hatch Orchestra, Music, Evening

Session, 17th Annual Meeting 16.00

The First Unitarian Cong. Soc'y, C. H. Field
Treasurer, Rent of Unity Hall, 17th An-
nual Meeting 60.00

Henry M. Howard, for Services as Speaker

at 17th Annual Meeting 20.00

H. C. C. Miles, Office Expenses and Supplies,
Nov. 15, 1907, to Feb. 1, 1908 33.69

19. J. H. Hale, 1 Box Apples, Expressage and

Supplies, 17th Annual Meeting 3.05

The Rex Sign Co., for Sign Painting 2.00

14

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Prof. C. D. Jarvis, Expenses as Speaker, 17th
Annual Meeting 2.78

The Hartford Lumber Co., Lumber for Dem-
onstration Table, 17th Annual Meeting . . . 2.83

Elbert Manchester, 1 Barrel Apples for Pack-
ing Demonstration 4.50

B. H. Walden, Expenses of Lantern, 17th An-
nual Meeting . 2.48

Clarence H. Ryder, Printing l.COO Programs
for 17th Annual Meeting 12.00

John Coombs, Plants for Stage Decoration,

17th Annual Meeting 5.00

J. H. Putnam, Traveling Expenses to Insti-
tutes 20.35

Orrin Gilbert, for Cash Advanced for Sup-
plies, account Fruit Exhibition, Nov. 1907. . 3.35

H. C. C. Miles, Balance Salary for 1907 50.00

New York Dft. to Prof. M. B. Waite, Trav-
eling Expenses as Speaker at Annual Meet-
ing 28.80

Mch. 10. By Cash to Prof. F. Atvi'ood Sirrine, Traveling

Expenses and Services at Milford Institute 11.42
18. By Check to Milford Post Office, 500 Stamped

Envelopes and Postal Cards 7.86

21. A. B. Cook, Expressage and Supplies, account

Capitol Exhibit and 17th Annual Meeting. . 3.25

Kilborn Bros., Envelopes, etc., for Mailing

Programs 4.26

May 18. Prof. C. D. Jarvis, Institute E.xpenses,

Feb. 1908 12.70

The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co., 4

Membership Receipt Books, 1 Order Book. 9.25

Miss G. S. Smith, Reporting Proceedings

Annual Meeting 50.00

June 4. Prof. A. G. Gulley, Institute Expenses, Win-
ter of 1908 14.15

Clarence H. Ryder, Printing Programs for
North Haven Institute 5.50

H. C. C. Miles, Secretary, Telephone Charg-
es, Secretary's Office, Jan.-April, 1908 9.15

The Milford Citizen, Printing Programs
4 Institutes 7.00

Dr. W. E. Britton, Institute Traveling Ex-
penses 2.50

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 15

H. C. C. Miles, First Payment on Salary, ac-
count 1908 50.00

June 10. Joseph R. Clark, Supplies and Printing,

Sept. 1, 1907, to Feb. 5, 1908 ' 30.15

July 13. The Milford Citizen, 300 Postal Cards and

Printing Field Meeting Notices 4.00

21. Clarence H. Ryder, Payment on Bill for

Printing Annual Report, 1908 150.00

The Milford Post Ofifice, 250 Stamps for
Mailing Annual Report, and Stamped En-
velopes 22.86

Aug. 3. Milford Post Office, Postage Stamps for

Mailing Crop Report Blanks 6.00

7. H. C. C. Miles, Office Expenses, etc.. Feb. 1

to July 1, 1908 32.37

15. Clarence H. Ryder, Balance of Bill for

Printing 7C0 Copies Annual Report 224.75

25. The Farmer Printing and Publishing Co.,

for making Half-tones used in Annual

Report 6.75

C. G. Whaples & Co., Printing Letterheads

and Envelopes 5.25

Clarence H. Ryder, Printing Crop Report

Blanks and Programs for Field Meeting . . 8.75

28. The Milford Post Office, Stamped Envelopes

and Stamps 13.36

New York Dft. Geo. T. Powell. Services
and Ex,penses attending Field Meeting as

Speaker 22.20

H. C. C. Miles, Second Payment on Salary,

account 1908 50.00

Sept. 21. W. J. Mofifatt, 1,C00 Envelopes and Printing

for Annual Exhibition 2.50

22. J. Sutta, Making and Printing 45 Premium

Ribbons 4.50

• 23. . John W. Clark, Services and Expenses as

Judge at 11th Annual Exhibition 10.00

24. By Cash to W. O. Hollister, Expenses of 4 Helpers

at 11th Annual Exhibition 14.70

Geo. C. Comstock, Services as Entry Clerk,

1 1th Annual Exhibition 3.50

By Check to The Rockville House, M. McPherson,
Hotel Bills for Officers, Committees and
Judges, 11th Annual Exhibition 41.25

l6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

30. The Milford Post Office, Stamps and

Stamped Envelopes for Postage, account

Annual Exhibition 11.62

W. H. Burr, Traveling Expenses, attending

Field Meeting 2.80

Oct. 10. Kilborn Bros., Envelopes 3.88

Clarence H. Ryder, Printing Notices of Field

Meeting 3.50

P. 0. Order, The Fair Publishing House, Entry

Books for Fruit Exhibit 3.00

By Check -to The E. Tucker's Sons Co., 2 Rolls

Paper for Tables, Annual Exhibition 4.02

H. C. C. Miles, Supplies and Expenses, An-
nual Exhibition, Rockville 13.55

P. O. Order, Vredenburg & Co., 1,100 Lithograph

Fruit Cards for Advertising 3.35

13. By Check to T. F. Rady & Co., Printing Fruit

Cards for Advertising 4.00

21. By Cash to Wilfred Wheeler, Expenses as Judge,

11th Annual Exhibition 6.00

Mrs. H. L. Crandall, Expenses attending 11th

Annual Exhibition as Judge 2.00

By Check to Clarence H. Ryder, Printing 1,000

Premium Lists, 11th Annual Exhibition.... 13.75

Prof. A. G. Gulley, Washing and Packing

Plates, account Uth Annual Exhibition . . 1.44
Chas. L. Gold, Traveling Expenses, attend-
ing Meetings, etc., Feb. to Oct., 1908 73.35

24. L. C. Root, Expenses and Supplies, account

11th Annual Exhibition 5.75

Prof. C. D. Jarvis, Expenses in Connection

Spraying Exhibit, 11th Annual Exhibition. 22.80
H. C. C. Miles, Third Payment on account

Salary as Secretary 50.00

Dec. 5. B. C. Patterson, Treasurer, Expenses of Joint

Board Institute Managers, Season 1907.... 2.82

The Milford Post Office, 500 1-cent Stamped

Envelopes 5.62

Clarence H. Ryder, Binding in Cloth 50

Copies Annual Report 14.50

By Premiums Paid, as awarded at 17th Annual

Meeting, as follow^s : 16.75

W. A. Stocking & Sons $2.00

R. S. Griswold 1.00

Geo. W. Staples 1.25

EIGHT EESTU AXNUAL MlilLTlNG. 17

H. E. Savage's Sons 2.50

Joseph Smith 2.00

W. E. Waller 100

Dennis I'cnn 2.00

l':arl C. Roberts 1-25

L. J. Roliertson -75

E. M. Bnck 25

Thos. Callahan SO

J. C. Eddy 25

J. L. Rice 50

F. E. Tncker 50

E. J. Ellsworth 50

F. B. Miller 25

H. I. Nettleton 25

17. By Check to H. C. C. Aides, Secretary, Office Ex-
penses and Supplies, July 1 to Dec. 1, 1908. 38.66

19. By Premiums Paid, awarded at the 11th Annual

Fruit Exhibit, 1908, viz : 304.50

Mrs. E. W. Ellison $31.50

Mrs. Harvey Jewell 1 1.25

H. Elliott Savage 2.00

Mrs. Joseph Barber 3.25

H. E. Savage's Sons 24.00

Harvey Jewell 5.00

L. J. Robertson 2.00

A. B. Cook 2.50

Clarence H. Savage 27.65

J. Al. Hubbard 2.50

Jos. Albiston 4.00

H. O. Griswold 4.50

Geo. F. Piatt 4.20

Geo. H. Hale l.CO

Everett E. Brown 29.75

T. H. & L. C. Root 7.75

F. B. Bailey 9.00

Fred Gehring 3.25

Geo. W. Smith 2.75

Chas. I. Allen 21.00

G. A. Drew 4.25

Geo. P. Wood 2.00

Arthur J. Clark 1.75

Dennis Fenn . 3.00

Miss Alice Fawthrop 1.50

Mrs. Geo. P. Wood 2.00

Elbert Manchester 5.C0

l8 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lyman Payne 1.50

G. G. Tillinghast 4.50

Mrs. F. B. Bailey 23.25

Chas. L. Gold 14.50

H. B. Buell 3.65

T. K. Winsor 5.75

Geo. C. Comstock 1.00

Prof. A. G. Gulley 8.50

J. H. Putnam 10.00

\V. Maxwell 3.00

Walter Fawthrop 5.50

Geo. S. Butler 3.75

Greenwood Deard n .50

Louis Pero .75

1909.
Jan. 19. By Cash to Geo. D. Bone & Son, Printing in Dupli-
cate ■ 35 Circular Letters 3.00

By Check to Clarence H. Ryder, Printing Circular

Letters to Granges, account Institute Work 3.50

Joseph R. Clark, Printing and Supplies from

IMarch 1, 1908, to December 31, 1908 41.70

21. By Cash to The Rex Sign Co., Lettering 2 Card

Signs for Annual Meeting .75

27. By Check to The Milford Post Office, Stamped En-
velopes for Postage on Programs 11.84

By P. O. Order, Vredenburg & Co.. 500 Lithograph

Cards for Advertising 1.67

By Check to The Best Mfg. Co., Printing and Pad-
ding 900 Calendars 9.00

Feb. 1. Balance 177.88

$2,178.84

EIGHTEENTH AW UAL MEETING. 19

Summary.

Receipts ., .$2,178.84

Expenditures — •

Premiums Paid 321 .25

Miscellaneous Expenses 1. 679.71

A\ A11..\BLK ReSOCRCKS.

Feb. 1. 1909. .\mount in Berlin Savings Bank $188.69

Due on account State Appropriation for year

ending September 30, 1909 1,121.56

Balance in Treasury 1 77.88

SOCIETY'S PERMANENT IN\ESTED FUND.
1908.

Feb. 1. Amount on Deposit in Berlin Savings Bank $113.47

17. Deposit, Life Membership Fee 10.00

19. Deposit, Life Membership Fee 10.00

July 1. Interest 2.52

Dec. 19. Deposit, Life Membership Fee 10.00

24. Deposit, Life Membership Fee 10.00

1909.

Jan. 1 . Interest 2.70

5. Deposit, Life Membership Fee 10.00

22. Deposit, Life Membership Fees 20.00

$188.69

AUDITORS' CERTIFICATE.

We have examined all the books of the Treasurer, Orrin Gilbert,
and find them correct.

GEORGE W. STAPLES,
ANDREW KINGSBURY,

Auditiiii:; Coiiniiittcc.
H.VRTFORD, Conn.,
Feb. 3, 1909.

Following- the reading- of the Treastirer'.s report and the
acceptance of the report of the atiditor.'^, it was voted: To ac-
cept the report of the Treasurer, and order the same printed
in the proceedings.

20 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIErV.

ixeports of standing Cxommittees.

Report of Committee on Legislation.

Mr. J. H. Hale, Chairman: During the last year the
General Assembly not being in session, there has been noth-
ing for 3'our committee to present to them.

Your committee has but little to report at this time, but
later will have some recommendations in relation to some mat-
ters that need improving. As noted by the President's ad-
dress, this Society has for two years, through its officers, been
meeting with some of the other Xew England State Horti-
cultural Societies and planning for some uniform package
laws. At the recent conference of the governors of the New
England States there were discussions of matters of general
interest to all New England, one of them was the sub-
ject of Horticulture, — presented by Professor John Craig of
Cornell University. While there were various committees ap-
pointed at that conference they did not really act until this
last week, wdien before the General Assembly of Connecticut
was presented a matter that will be given a hearing this after-
noon. A committee of three (one senator and two representa-
tives ) conferred with a like committee from each of the other
States concerning the adoption by the General Assembly of
such laws as affect our common interests ; and the commission
will take up the work that our own Pomological Society has
been considering along these lines. I would like to present the
following resolution, Mr. President :

W/icrcas, The Connecticut Pomological Society has for
several years been cooperating with the Horticultural Societies
of the other New England States to secure uniform laws on
matters affecting our common interests as fruit growers ;
Therefore, be it

Resolved, That we welcome the introduction into the
present General Assembly, of the bill providing for a special

lilCllTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 21

committee of the ficneral Assembly for the purpose of co-
o]XM-atin<;- with a hke committee for each of the other Xew
iMii^laiul States, with the idea of attemptino- uniform le.^isla-
tion on such matters as affect the common interests of all
these States.

And we hereby plcds^e our hearty su])])ort to the move-
ment.

L'pou motion t)f Professor GuUey. duly seconded, the res-
olution was adopted.

]\[r. Hale: 1 move that President Gold be authorized
to go before the Judiciary Committee at the Capitol this af-
ternoon and present this resolution before that Committee.

Dulv seconded and passed.

Report of the Committee on Exhibitions.

]\Ir. L. C. Root, Chairman : Our exhibition of 1908 was
held in connection with the Rockville F'air, the date coiuing
nearer the ripening- of apples, of which the greater part of
our P""all exhibition is composed. The total number of plates
exhibited fell far Ijelow (uir usual record on account of the
generally short fruit crop. Our growlers have come to know
vvdiat good fruit is. and that it is of no use to try to compete
with imperfect fruit. Therefore the quality was good, even
to the taxing of our excellent judges to decide on the first
premium in some cases.

One member, who grows almost perfect fruit, had things
altogether too nuich his own way, and your committee washes
to sav right here that esjiecial effort should be made to get our
larger growers to exhibit at this annual fair, and thus make
more competition. It would also prove that this is a fruit-
growing State and hel]) to sell those abandoned farms at good
prices.

The small growers are keeping these exhibitions up and
are doing well, but let us have help from those w'ho have large
quantities of fruit to make selections from.

22 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The total number of plates on the tables at Rockville was
about eight hundred, divided as follows : Apples, 303 ; pears,
170; peaches. 64. with 170 plates from the State college, the
balance of grapes, plums and quinces. Several handsome
packages for market were exhibited, deserving the blue rib-
bons placed on them.

\Miile the exhibition from the College at Storrs does not
appear in our premium awards, not being entered in competi-
tion, vet we must not fail to give them the credit due for the
large part they take in our annual exhibit, as well as in all
of our State, and some of our County, expositions, in all of
which they show us the results of experiments that the aver-
age fruit grower could not afiford to carry on alone. Thus
we are able to grow our fruits with less uncertainty as to the
results of our labor.

A new feature? in our tent at Rockville attracted much at-
tention, and we feel that it might be well to encourage in some
way the exhibition of flowers with our fruit. ]\Ir. and ]\Irs.
Chapman of Westerly, R. I., had on exhibit two hundred and
fiftv varieties of dahlias. It must have been a revelation to
many, and all surely enjoyed the sight.

Respectfully submitted.
L. C. ROOT. )

GEO. H. HALE. [ Committee.
A. G. GULLEY. )

The report was accepted.

Report of Committee on Markets and Transportation.

AIr. J. NoRRis Barnes, Chairman.
Mr. President and Members of the Connectieut Pomological
Society:
At our annual meeting one >ear ago. a resolution was
passed, instructing this committee, in connection with the
executive committee of this Society, to make an attempt to
ascertain the probable volume of the peach, apple and other
fruit crops of the State the coming season.

liJCHTEENTH AXXUAL MILETISG.

23

As a first step to such work, a meeting- of the joint com-
mittee was held in Walhngford, Conn., in early summer,
which the fruit-growing public was invited to attend. This
meeting was well attended, persons re])resenting all sections of
the State being present.

A count of the probable volume of the fruit crops, partic-
ularly apples and peaches, was made as represented by the
judgment of those present. The summary was turned over
to the secretary of the Society, Air. H. C. C. Miles, for veri-
fication by further investigation and correspondence before
submitting" the final conclusions as to the size of the crops of
fruit, and particularly on needs for transportation facilities
to our railroad traffic managers.

At a meeting later, held at the place of Mr. Charles E.
Lyman, the final conclusions of the work, resulting from the
information collected, was placed before the proper transpor-
tation authorities, who arranged a satisfactory service in get-
ting our fruit to market properly. Your committee feel that
the service in transportation, as arranged and rendered, was
in general, most excellent.

In getting such articles as our best fruit products to mar-
ket, and especially in selling satisfactorily, very much depends
on the transportation, the delivery of the fruit at the selling
place in good season. The failure to reach the desired mar-
ket in proper or schedule time, whether due to failure in
transportation, or other causes, usuallv results in serious loss
to the grower or owners of the fruit, whoever they may be.
And your committee feels sure that the efifort made by those
in authority in such matters to give good service in handling
our fruit products is heartily appreciated by all receiving bene-
fits of such service.

Some small fruits, particularly strawberries, also peaches,
were the fruits principally coming under our observation as
producing a surplus over local market needs, and requiring
transportation. The greater part of our fruit crops were
needed and used in our nearby local markets. The apple crop
proved very small and poor, as a whole, however, we believe
that all growers having crops of good fruit during the past

24

THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

vear have realized most gratifying results for the same, and
that looking ahead for some time in the future, the skillful
grower of fruit, whether in large or small quantities, has a
sure and satisfactory reward in return for same.
This report was accepted and adopted.

Report of Committee on Injurious Insects.

Dr. W. E. Brixton, Chairman : An important feature of
the season of 1908 was the local appearance of Canker Worms
throughout the State. Most of the damage was apparently
done by the fall species, and several orchards were completely
stripped in May. The Canker Worm injury brought to my
attention was mostly along the coast, but the insect was pres-
ent in some localities in the northern portion of the State.
Orchards around Stamford, East River and at Stonington
were completely defoliated. A thorough spraying of the foli-
age with poison will prevent injury, and where spraying is not
practiced, sticky bands applied in October and kept sticky
through November and December, and again in spring will
protect the trees from damage. Probably this insect will do
even more damage the coming season than in 1908, so all or-
chardists should be prepared to spray early.

The Peach Sawfly was observed in a number of diiTerent
orchards, and though it is now quite well distributed through-
out the southern-central portion of the State, it has not yet
been sufficiently abundant to do much damage except in the
Barnes orchards at Yalesville, where the thorough spraying
with lead arsenate in 1907 served as an important check to
this insect. We have no record of any spraying being done
against it in 1908, but all orchardists should be on the look-
out and prepared to give such a treatment in case the Peach
Sawfly appears in destructive numbers.

A prevalent and apparently increasing pest is the Lesser
Apple-worm (Enhaniwiiia prunivora Walsh), which eats or
mines the surface of the apple when nearly ripe, often injuring
the appearance of the fruit in storage. Usually the blossom
end of the apple is injured, but this insect may attack any por-

E/CHTEEXTII A.WM'.IL MJiliTJ.W;.

25

tion (if the surface, and sometimes pen'etrates to the seeds.
Thougii tlic injury is usually very shallow, it hurts the appear-
ance of the fruit and makes an oj)enino- for the j^'erms of
decay.

The larva is about three-ciii'hths of an inch loui^', and
being flesh-colored, it is usually mistaken for the Codling-
Moth, to which it is closely related. This insect was lirst dis-
covered about forty years ago by Walsh in Illinois, and Pro-
fessor Quaintance of the Bureau of Entomology at Washington
has recently studied it and published a bulletin about it. There
are two generations each year, and the best treatment that
can now be advised is to sprav the orchards as for Codling
^loth.

The (ireen Apple Ajihis l. -I phis poini De (leer) and the
Rosy Apple Aphis (A. sorbi Kalb) were both abundant. The
former caused considerable injury to young trees by checking
their growth. T>oth species injured the crop by causing the
leaves to curl and the fruit to be stunted, gnarled and ill-
shaped. As a rule, the presence of the aphids is not noticed
until the leaves have become so curled that it is difficult to
reach them with a spray. Of course kerosene emulsion, or
soap and water (one pound in six gallons) will kill the lice if
the mixture comes in direct contact with them.

The Strawberry Weevil {Anthoitoiiiiis sii:^ii.:tiis .Say) was
received from South Killingly and from Huntington, where it
was doing considerable damage to strawberries by puncturing
the buds and causing them to wither and die. The larvae feed
upon the maturing pollen. The, remedy is to plant pistallate
varieties so far as possible, using just enough perfect flowered
varieties to insure pollinization.

The Raspberry Sawfly ( Moiiophadiioidcs ntbi Harris)
was received from Stonington, where the larvae were feeding
upon raspberry leaves.

The Hickory Tussock Moth ( HaUsidota caryac Harris )
though abundant in 1907, was even more abundant in 1908.
The caterpillars are more than an inch long and are covered
with white hairs, with pencils or tufts of black hairs. They
feed not only on hickory, but attack a]:)ple and other fruit trees

26 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and a large number of shade and forest trees. In the fall of
1908 thousands of these caterpillars were killed by a fungous
disease and their dead bodies could be found on the bark of
trees or on fences and stone walls throughout the State.

Young pear trees were injured at Wallingford by the Xew
York Weevil (Ithyccrus noveboracensis Forst), which in the
adult state ate the new growth of the trees in May, causing it
to break off. A thorough spraying with lead arsenate seemed
to check the trouble.

Home-made soluble oils have been well tested in Connec-
ticut during the past season as a remedy for San Jose Scale,
and though they have been found fairly satisfactory, our ex-
perience prompts us to recommend that in most cases the av-
erage orchardist had better purchase a ready-made article than
attempt to make it himself.

Several growers are still relying upon the lime-sulphur
mixtures. There are several ready-mixed entirely soluble
lime-sulphur preparations now on the market which sell for
a reasonable price. 'Some of these have given good results,
but should be further tested before being generally recom-
mended.

The San Jose Scale has not multiplied quite as rapidly
as usual in Connecticut during the past two seasons on account
of being checked by severe freezing, which killed a large per-
centage of the over-wintering females. Nevertheless, late in
the season the pest had accumulated sufficiently to leave no
doubt as to its destructive character and its ability to increase
under ordinary conditions. The pest must be controlled by
artificial measures, though we do not dread it as we did a
few years ago.

Good progress has been made in controlling the Gypsy
Moth at Stonington. Fewer caterpillars were found in 1908
than during the previous year, though more trees were banded.
The area infested has been diminished, and though a careful
searcli has just been made, only six egg-masses were found.

The Brown-tail ]\Ioth has not yet been found in the State,
though it is expected at any time. Large numbers of winter
nests containing living caterpillars have recently been found on

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

27

scedlino- nursery trees imported into New York State from
France. As there is no provision for inspection of imported
stock at the ports of entry, the importer should liavc the stock
looked over carefully before distributing it.

As a result of the Governors' Conference at 1 Boston, a
nieetinq- of the boards of agriculture and State nurserv in-
spectors of the six Xew England States was held at Boston,
December 4, 1*'08. The question of securing greater uniform-
ity in the laws of the New England States regulating the in-
spection of orchards and nurseries and the shipment of nur-
sery stock was discussed, the chief idea being to promote or-
charding in New England and to protect this section of the
country from insect and fungoiis pests. The matter was fur-
ther considered by a sub-committee which met at Baltimore
at the time of the Official Horticultural Inspectors' meeting on
December 28, 1908. A rough draft was prepared, embodying
the chief desirable features of our present law and strength-
ening the weak points. An attempt will be made to enact
this in modified form, or some similar measure, in the other
X^ew England States. A National measure would be desir-
able so far as uniformity is concerned, but this cannot be ob-
tained, and the onlv alternative is for the States to cooperate
by making their laws as uniform as possible.
Respectfully submitted,

W. E. BRITTON, New Haven, Chainiiaii.

C. D. JARVIS, Storrs.

E. M. IVES, Meriden.
The above report was accepted.

President (jold then called for the first address on the
morning's program, "Commercial Fruit Cirowing in New Eng-
land." and introduced as the speaker, Prof. F. C. Sears, Profes-
sor of Pomology at the ^Massachusetts Agricultural College.

28 THE COXXECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Commercial Fruit Growing in New England ; its Advantages
and Disadvantages.

Prof. F. C. Sears, Amherst. Mass.

Mr. President, Members of the Conneeticut Poinologieal So-
eiety, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I don't know but I have made a mistake in appearing
before you without a paper, for, so far this morning every
speaker has had one. It is not usually my custom to prepare
a paper to read before an audience, and I did not do it this
time. The reason I didn't prepare a paper is that I feel I
can talk better if I am looking at the faces in the audience.
I heard Air. Collingwood about a year ago at Amherst give
an address ; he had prepared a paper and read it and gave as
his reason for so doing that he had recently heard his children
discussing whether they preferred to have the minister read his
sermon or speak from notes, and his little daughter remarked
that she would much rather he would read it, for then she
knew when he got through.

I don't suppose you are at all interested in my personal
history, but I wish to tell you a few incidents concerning my-
self, in order that you may understand the point of view from
which I look at the subject on which I am to speak. I claim
the honor of being a Alassachusetts boy, but very early in life
I took Horace Greeley's advice and went West — to Kansas ;
so I am essentially a Western man. I was six months old
when I went West and I lived there practicall}' all my life
until ten years ago. when I went to Nova Scotia, and re-
mained there until I went to the Massachusetts Agricultural
College at xAmherst a year ago.

Xow I don't know how much }-ou people know about
Nova Scotia, although I have no doubt you know more than
I did of that country previous to my going there, for about all
I knew was that it had the highest tides in the world and that
Halifax was the capital. But I found it a wonderful fruit-
growing country, and everyone there interested in fruit. If
a policeman stops vou on the street, it is not to arrest you —

liiairriii-.xru axxu.il mhhting.

2()

at least, it never was with me — l)ut t<i ask vou conceniinrr tlic
dififerent \arieties of plums or as to a remech' for black knot.
The Annapolis \'alle\- is practically one orchard, from one
end lo the other. It was there that 1 learned the most that I
know about the business of growing fruit. It is principally
from the standpoint of the Nova Scotia people that I am look-
ing at the fruit industry here. I don't know so much aboui
the conditions surrounding fruit growing in Connecticut as I
do about the conditions in Massachusetts, but I have been a
good deal disappointed in going over Massachusetts, and in
looking over the product of the orchards of that State, to find
that fruit growing is not of more importance; that more fruit
is not raised and that it is not better grown.

It seems to me this condition of affairs comes about large-
ly from the fact that a man going- into fruit growing feels
that it is going to be a long time before he will get returns
from his investment, and he naturally prefers to go into some-
thing where he will get returns more quickly. If you buy a
cow you can milk her the next day, or if you plant a crop of
tomatoes you get your money out of them that season, per-
haps, but you cannot get returns as quickly as that from your
orchards. But this idea of the length of time required for
an orchard to come into bearing has been greatly exaggerated
because the fruit business in the past has been largely con-
ducted along entirely wrong lines. A man has set out from
a dozen to a hundred Baldwin apple trees upon a hill, using
the land for a hay field and letting the cows take care of the
trees, and in that way ten or fifteen years or even more elapse
before they come into bearing. It seems to me high time that
all that sort of thing was abandoned.

We must take better care of our fruit, and bring it into
bearing in a reasonablv short time.

I believe there is no line of farming which is more profit-
able, one year with another, than the fruit business, and I
would like to give you a few instances where it has proved so
down on Cape Cod. We ordinarily think of Cape Cod as a
cranberry country and nothing else, and yet I saw there a case
where a man had gone into tree fruits and made it profitable.

30

THE COXNECTICl'T POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

He had a three-acre peach orchard, five years set. which had
given him a gross profit of two hundred dollars per acre last
season. Naturally all the neighbors are inquiring about the
matter, and I predict a large business in tree fruits in that sec-
tion of the country in the near future, if all who take up the
work are fortunate (as was this man) in setting the right va-
rieties and taking proper care of the trees.

Another man in the same neighborhood had a few apple
trees in his garden. He showed me a Baldwin tree seven
years old, from which he had picked a barrel of fine apples,
which he sold the day I was there for three dollars and a half.
Most people don't think of getting a Baldwin into bearing by
that time. He also showed me some Alclntosh Red trees, of
the same planting, that gave him four bushels this year. That
was hard to believe, but I was assured it was a true statement.
Now if a man had a number of acres giving these returns he
surely would have a good proposition.

Another case : People ordinarily think of an agricultural
college as a place where they spend money, instead of making
it, and where they do everything in an expensive way. Yet
we have in one of our orchards tv/o rows of trees — one of
Wealthy and one of Alclntosh Reds (now some thirteen years
set) that have averaged us two bushel boxes per tree each year
since they were five years old ; and we sell these apples at two
dollars per box ; and since I have been there we have not been
able to supply the demand for this fruit at this price. The
trees are planted 40 feet apart, and at two dollars a box and
two boxes per tree, it doesn't give a large yield, but with
these varieties the trees could be planted much nearer and the
income be materially increased.

Still another case : A year ago this fall I was up in "Ap-
ple A^alley,'' in Franklin County, where they are said to grow
the very best apples that are grown in [Massachusetts, — and
in talking with one man (who. I must say, didn't seem to have
very much of an orchard, although he said he harvested some-
thing like a thousand barrels that year and got around three
dollars and a half a barrel for his crop), in speaking with him
about the value of farms about there, I asked him what a

EfGHTEEXTH AXXUAL MEETING.

31

certain farm nearby was worth, and his reply was. between
$5,000 and $6,000.. \\"e inquired about one or two other
farms and received the same reply. Then he said. "You know
xvc can grow apples on this land, and where you can grow
apples the farms are uK^re valuable." That has certainly been
my observation ! Where people go into fruit and apple grow-
ing, the farms arc more valuable and the people live better.

Just one more instance to show the profits from fruit
growing". Several years ago the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers'
Association wished to get some definite facts about the mat-
ter, so thev made out some blanks and sent them to the difl:'er-
ent growers, asking them to fill in their returns for the last
five years, giving amount of fruit produced and the price at
which it was sold. etc. The returns from ten of their best
growlers showed net profits amounting to from 11.7% to
24.5% on a valuation of $1,000 per acre. And mind you this,
as I said, was the average for five years and not some one-
year's big profit.

We often hear the question discussed as to what is the
value of a bearing orchard per acre, but I think you will agree
that if we put it at $1,000 we are putting it high enough. They
have not many advantages, if any, over us here, but they do
have many disadvantages. So if they can make their big
profits we ought at least to do as well.

I come now to the real subject for discussion — "The .Ad-
vantages and Disadvantages of New England for Fruit Grow-
ing."

Alay I give you two points which I should consider dis-
advantages under which we labor? The first, and the most
important, and one which I should like to see overcome at
once, is so comparatively few people engaged in the work.

Wherever you find any line of business engaged in ex-
tensively by a large number of men. you find that industry
pushed to the front. That is one of our great difficulties
throughout Massachusetts. While occasionally you find a
man in the business, making money out of it, the general run
of people are in general farming or dairying and do not pay
any particular attention to fruit.

3-2

THE CONNECTICUT FOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The second point, and one more difficult to overcome, is
the matter of markets, or to speak more accurately, the reputa-
tion of our fruit on the market ; I have classed this under the
head of advantages, too, but at present I believe it is more of
a disadvantage than an advantage. A single case will serve to
illustrate the point. Last year we had some extremely fine
fruit from one of the experimental apple orchards. It was
sent to Boston and put in cold storage, and when it came time
to put it on the market, we sent a young man with experience
in packing, to look after it. The fruit was packed in boxes
very nicely ; the young man said he didn't think the Oregon
people could have done better.

Our idea was to put this fruit on the high-class market,
and the voung man visited the different high-class fruit men
and grocers, and in nearly every instance when the proprietors
were told that the fruit for sale was grown in ^Massachusetts,
they refused even to look at it, saying they preferred to han-
dle the Oregon or Washington apples. They said that when
their customers ordered a dozen apples they always wanted
those from the Pacific coast rather than eastern grown apples,
as they knew what they were getting, and knew every apple
would be perfect.

Now, that is the difficulty we have to overcome, and it
arises in this way. We raise, unfortunately, a large amount of
poor fruit. We are right here in the midst of the largest mar-
kets in the world, and if a man has a barrel of windfalls, or
fruit he has knocked olT with his pole, he puts this fruit on
the market as Massachusetts or Connecticut apples and we all
get our share of the blame for it. Whereas the Oregon and
Washington growers are so far away from the market that they
know it is not good business to send to the market any but the
very best of their fruit. Consequently consumers imagine they
produce nothing but the very choicest of fruit, and their fruit
is correspondingly popular.

If we could place ourselves in the same position and real-
ize that every time we put a box or barrel of poor fruit on
the market we hurt ourselves, and our neighbor as well, we
would stop doing it and stop it at once.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 33

So much for our disadvantages. Now, let us look at
some of the advantages.

One of the first and by all odds the most important, is that
we can grow fruit of the highest quality. We don't always do
it ; for quite often we do quite the reverse. But we can if we
will. One of the famous apples of Nova Scotia — perhaps the
one which is the favorite, is the Gravenstein. They can grow
them to perfection. Yet I have seen in Massachusetts as fine
Gravensteins as were ever grown in Nova Scotia. And other
varieties the same way. New England Baldwins and Rhode
Island Greenings and Hubbardstons and Wealthys are the
equal of any grown anywhere.

While in Nova Scotia I was greatly interested in reading
some letters that an old friend of mine had received from the
late Charles Downing. One which interested me particularly
was where Mr. Downing said that from only one other sec-
tion had he received as high-class fruit as he had from Nova
Scotia, and that was from the Tennessee and North Carolina
mountains. And he attributed the excellence of the fruit to
the high altitude in the one case and the high latitude in the
other. We ought to adopt "Quality" as our slogan. And we
ought to advertise the fact that our apples are of the highest
quality! Insist on it, in season and out of season, that we
have the best grown.

Second, there is no question but that we have the finest
markets in the world right around us, and if such a thing
should happen as that we should produce more than our mar-
kets could take care of, we have the European markets to fall
back on. Nova Scotia depends on them altogether, and her
fruit growers were always trying to get freight rates equal to
the freight rates out of Boston, but could never do so. Cer-
tainly we have a distinct advantage in getting into the English
markets in the matter of freight rates.

The next general advantage is in the matter of labor.

In our operations at Amherst we have had practically no
difficulty in getting first-class labor at reasonable rates, and
when our plantation becomes established I believe we shall
have still less difficulty. It is a further advantage to the fruit

34

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOCICAL SOCIETY.

grower that fruit is coming to be looked upon as a necessity
everywhere. It goes along with flour and sugar and kero-
sene and tobacco, and people will have it ; they cannot get
along without it.

Another advantage, which goes right along with this ques-
tion, and which we have over some other kinds of produce, it
is impossible to hold our product over from one season to
another.

I should like next to discuss with you briefly, the ques-
tion of "What are the Elements of Success?"

And I should put at the head, going into the enterprise
on a reasonably large scale. One of the greatest difficulties
that our fruit industry has to-day is that everybody is in it on
a small scale, — perhaps an acre or two, and that is not enough,
so that the owners can afford to take the best care ; not enough
to arouse any particular interest in it. When you have five or
ten or fifteen acres, or more, of good bearing orchards that
are giving you the highest returns of any part of your farm
every year, or every other year, nobody can help getting en-
thusiastic over it. I know that it is quite possible to overdo
it — to put out more than a person can take care of to advan-
tage, but I am satisfied that there are thousands of orchards
neglected because of being too small, where one is neglected
because it is too large.

There are many other advantages from the larger plan-
tation besides arousing a man's interest and enthusiasm. You
can buy fertilizer and machinery and spraying material and
many other things to better advantage if you have a large or-
chard than if you have a small one. (In this sense I would
call a large plantation from four acres up). You can afford
to hire better men. You can get better prices for your fruit.
And in almost every way the larger orchard can be handled
more profitably.

The next question is the one of varieties.

I am not going to discuss this matter in detail now, but have
only to say that the question of varieties very often makes the
difference between success and failure. We should not be
carried away with the idea of buying certain varieties that

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

35

have flourished somewhere else, in an entirely different climate
than our own. Some people get enthusiastic about the west-
ern apples ; they have seen the monstrous size and fine color
of the fruit coming from there, and they see no reason why
they cannot do the same thing here. I think at the college
v<^e receive more inquiries about the question of varieties of
fruit, than on almost any other question, and probably
we are more often asked about the Delicious apple just now
than any other variety. Now, I don't know personally of any
bearing trees of that variety in the State. There may be some,
but probably there are not. And certainly it has not been
grown here sufficiently to warrant us in planting it except
here and there a tree to test it. Ben Davis is another time-
honored instance of where we have run away after some va-
riety which has been famous in some other section, but which
we can't grow worth a cent. I should like to go on record
as saying that we never ought to set out a tree of Ben Davis
in either Connecticut or Massachusetts.

Professor Waugh and I are planting a good many more
varieties than I would advise most people to plant. I believe
there are more orchards made unprofitable by planting a large
number of varieties than in any other way. There is no
doubt in my mind but that the average man will do better to
plant an orchard of Baldwins and Rhode Island Greenings.
But what we are planning to do is to get a man to handle our
fruit in each of the larger towns, and we want co start in with
the earliest apple in the summer (the Yellow Transparent, or
some better variety) and then carry him along through the
entire season until it comes to the Baldwin or even later varie-
ties. The varieties we have are Yellow Transparent, Olden-
burg, Wealthy, Mcintosh Red, Gravenstein, Hubbardston,
Sutton Beauty, Palmer Greening, Rhode Island Greening,
Baldwin, etc.

Next as to the matter of cultivation :

I know there are orchards throughout the country in sod
which are successful, but I am sure it is usually a dangerous
proposition to seed an orchard down, especially if one has any
cows to eat hay. It removes the temptation if you don't have

36 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

any hay growing in the orchard, and there are advantages in
a cultivated orchard. We shall practice thorough cultivation
from early spring until about July first, when we will sow a
cover crop.

Another factor of success, and one altogether too often
neglected, is the matter of fertilizing. I believe one reason
why the Western apple grower raises such handsome fruit is
because he is growing his fruit on new land, which is full of
plant food; whereas much of our land is poor and worn out.
I am obliged to admit that this is one of my theories, but it
is one I firmly believe in. Last year I saw an interesting fact
which bore out this theory of mine. We had, on one of the
farms we bought, a small Baldwin orchard, and across the
road from it were the buildings and a few scattering trees on
the same farm. We fertilized the orchard well (and inciden-
tally, we got a crop this year that more than paid for the
land and the fertilizer we put on it), but the apples were not
particularly attractive. But one tree across the road, which
grew by the side of the hen yard, and where the people
dumped their ashes from the kitchen stove, bore Baldwin ap-
ples that looked no more like the apples in the orchard across
the road than our average fruit looks like the Western product.
The apples from this one tree were highly colored and very
attractive. Now, I am not saying that this difference was due
to the continued and high fertilization the single tree received,
but I believe that it was, and that a generous application of
fertilizer will do much to improve the appearance of our fruit.
At least, we intend to make fertilizing a prominent feature of
our program. I would not like to tell you what our bill for
fertilizer was last year, nor that it will be larger this year.

Last year we used sulphate of potash and basic slag. We
applied generally over the field 400 to 500 pounds per acre of
basic slag and 200 to 300 pounds of high-grade sulphate of
potash. Then besides that, to our small trees that we set out
last year, we gave one ounce of nitrate of soda per tree, using
thorough cultivation in the plantation all the time, and our
trees made a growth of from a foot and a half to three feet this

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 37

last season and are in fine condition. And this in spite of
the fact that our land was badly run down.

We use the Filler system, planting standard trees 33 feet
apart each way, and interplanting both ways, which brings
the trees down to sixteen and a half feet apart. We plant sol-
id blocks of apple or peach trees, for the most part, whatever
kind of fruit we are setting.

We buy one-year-old apple trees when we can get them.
Last year we had to take a few Hubbardston two-year-olds,
but as we head our trees 18 inches from the ground we much
prefer one-year-old stock, as we find we get 'a better and more
symmetrical growth from the year-old trees. I should prefer
one-year trees for any height of head, but for our low heads
they are almost essential.

Question : Do you let them branch near the ground ?

Prof. Sears : Yes. We expect to do some hand work
around them, and there is not much more of such work with
low heads than with high ones. We have five hundred peach
trees 12 inches from the ground and they made the . best
growth of any trees that we set last year.

There are two more points which I wish to mention as
elements in any successful scheme of orcharding. One is the
disposition we make of our number two apples, and the other
in packing. We are bound to have some number two's, and
probably some number threes. The tw^os may, perhaps, be
disposed of as fresh fruit, if they are as carefully graded and
handled as our number ones, but the threes must be dried,
used for cider or sent across the water to be used as cham-
pagne, or else thrown on the dimip. They should never go
to the market in a fresh state.

The last is the question of packing.

Here, I believe, is wdiere the Western growers have us
beaten w'orse than anywhere else. We grow less good fruit
than they, it is true, and then much of what we do grow we
ruin in packing.

T^S THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

One feature which I have introduced in my senior po-
mology class is the getting of packages of fruit from all the
famous fruit regions; from Hood River, Oregon, British Co-
lumbia, and other places, so that the boys may see the very
best types of packing and packages. The fruit from these
places comes out of the packages without a bruise or blemish,
every apple wrapped in paper, the right kind of boxes used ;
often the wrapper around each apple contains some attractive
design or some advertising literature. While we here in New
England are too often content to shake from the tree and dump
them into barrels for market. We need to learn lessons along"
many lines, but none more imperatively than along the line of
packing our fruit.

Prof. Sears' very interesting address was attentively lis-
tened to and greatly appreciated by all present.

At 12.30 a recess for dinner was declared.

Before adjournment Mr. Hale called attention to the
Fruit Banquet, to be held in the evening, at Jewell Hall, and
urged all to secure tickets and attend.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAE MEETING. 39

After

noon ijession.

F*residcnt Gold called the afternoon session to order at
2 o'clock. At this session the attendance increased to large
propoVtions, making it one of the largest and most enthusiastic
meetings in the history of the Society. Every seat in the
large hall was occupied, and the interest in the speakers and
their subjects remained miabated until the close of the after-
noon.

President Gold : We will now have the report of the
Standing Committee on Fungous Diseases, which will be in
the form of an address by the Chairman, Dr. G. P. Clinton,
and will include some very important statements on the Peach
Yellows and the diseases of melons.

Report on Fungous Diseases for 1908, with Special Notes
on Melon Culture and Diseases, and the Peach Yellows.

Dr. G. p. Clinton, Botanist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, New Haven.

The past season was one which was not especially
favorable for fungous diseases in this State, but rather
on account of the droughts, proved unfavorable for the
development of many of our common troubles. Though
on the whole it was a very poor year for apples, none of
the fungous diseases were unusually prominent except the
leaf rust (Roestelia pyrata). This fungus, which has its
earlier stage on the red cedar, must have had unusually
favorable conditions for its spread, since it was more fre-
quently sent to the writer for identification than in any
previous year. It was reported abimdant on the Wealthy,
Westfield Seek-No-Further, and less so on the Roxbury
Russet and the Greening. Usually one does not find
this rust on the fruit itself, but the past year it

40 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

was found a number of times, and in one case very com-
mon on the apples of a roadside -seedling. A related species
( Roestelia aiirantiaca) also occurred more commonly than
usual on the quince. In this case the fruit only is attacked,
usually at the base near the stem, and when serious, the rust
prevents its maturity. As these two rusts are not perennial
on their hosts, but depend on annual spring infection' from
the so-called "cedar apples," we need not necessarily expect
them to be prominent the coming year.

The peach, perhaps, more than any other fruit, had an
unusual share of troubles, yet the weather was so favorable,
especially during the ripening period, that less than the usual
amount of scab, and practically no brown rot, developed. The
cold weather in late January and early February, besides kill-
ing many of the blossoms in certain orchards, also produced
a more serious trouble, called collar girdle, in which the bark
near the surface of the ground was killed. The bacterial leaf
spot, to which attention was first called a few years ago, was
more common than I have yet seen it, but was not so abundant
as to cause any very serious injury. Mr. Rorer, of the United
States Department of Agriculture, recently reported this trou-
ble as sometimes causing serious injury in the Southwest, where
it attacks the fruit and twigs, as well as the leaves. This dis-
ease is now known to be identical with the black spot on the
plum, which has been reported here rarely on the fruit. As
many of you are aw^are, Mr. Waite has definitely identified
the trouble mentioned by Mr. Lyman and others at our last
meeting, as the Little Peach, so called on account of the small,
late-ripening fruit. This is said to be of a nature similar to
the yellows.

So far as this latter trouble is concerned, while certain
orchards have suffered severely from it or so-called "yellows,"
apparently it has not proved quite so serious as anticipated by
some. At least, certain nursery trees, and even some trees in
the orchard, thought a year ago last fall to be showing signs
of the yellows, the past year apparently outgrew the trouble.
These trees, no doubt, were merely temporarily injured by the

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 41

droug-ht of 1907 ; but they illustrate the fact that it is not al-
ways possible for even an expert to positively distinguish the
first symptoms of yellows from similar symptoms produced by
other causes. But of this subject of yellows I shall speak at
length later on.

So far as the musk melon crop was concerned, while there
was some injury by the blight, etc., toward the end of the
season, this, on the whole, was the best melon year for some
time.

So much for the diseases of our fruits the past year. I
wish now to ask your attention more particularly to two dis-
eases that have an important bearing upon the success of the
melon and peach industries of this State, viz. : the melon blight
and the peach yellows, these terms being used in a broad sense.

Musk Melon Experiments.

During the past ten years, at least, the musk melon in-
dustry of this State has had a hard time to maintain itself,
and, in fact, the acreage has probably decreased. Without
question, during certain years the acreage has been consider-
ably less than in other years. The reason for this has not
been glutted markets or poor prices, but chiefly because of
the failure of the crops and the poor quality of the melons.
Because of the gradual decline of the Southport White Globe
onion industry in the Westport district, and possibly because
of failures with onions and tobacco in the Hartford district,
and threatened peach yellows in the Wallingford districts,
increased attention of late seems to have been directed to mel-
on-growing. The very evident success that has attended the
efforts of certain growers the past year, due quite largely to
an exceptionally favorable season, seems also to have greatly
increased the interest, so that I should not be surprised if
next year saw a considerable increase in the acreage. This
being so, perhaps it may be wise to briefly consider here the
factors that determine successful melon growing in this State.
I make these out to be five in number and of varying value.

42 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

First is the market. I think this factor places us at a
distinct advantage over any other State in which melons are
grown commercially. We have an excellent local market,
which certain growers have already developed for themselves
because of the quality of their melons, and then there is the
general local market, which is never glutted with melons of
good quality, though there may be an excess of the poor ones
grown here and elsewhere. If it pays to ship in poor Rocky
Ford melons from distant States, ought it not to pay to grow
good melons locally? But aside from our local markets,
\yhich can take care of most of the crop at present, we are
exceptionally well situated for the New York and Boston mar-
kets. If it pays to ship melons from Montreal to Boston, it
certainly ought to from Connecticut, when we have learned
the tricks of successful melon culture. Even now we ship
some melons to New York and Boston. I understand that
melons on the Boston market last season from the vicinity of
North Haven were a success, both financially and otherwise.
At least concerning their quality, I was informed by one who
bought them in the open market that they were equal to any
he had ever eaten. A certain grower near Westport for some
years has been sencHng melons to New York, sometimes sell-
ing them by the pound, and his success has encouraged cer-
tain of his neighbors to enter the business. The market, I
think we can conclude, is not an unfavorable factor in this
State.

The second factor, or set of factors, is the land and cul-
tural conditions, and these do not present any unusual draw^-
backs for Connecticut. The usual care in fertilization and
cultivation pays here as with other crops, and while there are
no mysterious features connected with these, of course expe-
rience always gives to each grower its advantages. As mel-
ons love a warm, dry season, certain exposures where the
sunlight is greatest and the soil is warm, rather than wet and
cold, have their advantages. Possibly certain definite regions
like the sandy soils around North Haven may prove especially
adapted to the growing of melons.

H/GIITEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

43

I'nder the third factor I inchide varieties. There are
certainly a great many varieties of musk melon, and each
seems to have at least a catalog reputation of value. Without
question certain varieties, as the Montreal Market and the
Rocky Ford, do better in particular regions than they do here.
What we need to know is what varieties are best adapted to
our conditions, and also if we can improve the strains of these.
Growers of experience here have, wath some cost to them-
selves, more or less definitely decided what are the best mel-
ons for them to handle. From what I can learn the Emerald
Gem at present has the best reputation, or at least is the mel-
on most generally grown for local markets. A certain mys-
terious French melon, not listed in the seed catalogs, said to
be a cross of the Emerald Gem and the Alontreal Market,
enjoys a rather unusual reputation. I should like to learn
more about this particular melon, as I have heard that it was
raised by a number of growers last season. But with a va-
ried or extensive market, besides quality, which I place first,
and yield, there is the keeping factor, which determines wheth-
er or not the melons can be placed on a more distant market,
such as Boston or New York. In order to learn something
about different varieties of melons and their value to this
State, the New Haven Station last year, in cooperation with
Mr. Frisbie of Southington, grew about one hundred varie-
ties, and expects to g-row them again the coming year. Of
these varieties none proved of any greater worth, as to qual-
ity, than the Emerald Gem. Though last year was a better
year than usual to obtain quality, the greater part of the va-
rieties, so far as this test shows, were poor in this respect.
The varieties that gave melons the majority of which were
of good or excellent quality are as follows : Admiral Togo,
Defender. Emerald Gem, Extra Early June, Fcrdhook,
Hac'kensack, Hoodoo. ^Missouri and Stokes' Standard Salmon
Flesh. I think that it is important for the grower to deter-
mine from his own experience, as well as from that of others,
what is the best melon for his conditions, and then by rigid
selection from his own stock, try to improve the strain.
Where one depends upon the market for his seed, he will find

44 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAE SOCIETY.

that the same variety has strains of different vahies, and also
the type is not always constant. For instance, we found
among our melons grown from seed from the same source
a considerable variation in certain characters, especially shape,
and even in color, since both green and salmon fleshed mel-
ons were present in the same varieties. These differences may
be due to mixture of the seed, or lack of fixity in the charac-
ters of the particular variety.

The two remaining factors that have an influence on our
melon industry are much more difficult ones to regulate than
the preceding, and may be considered briefly under the head-
ings,— weather, and fungous and insect enemies. A cold, wet
spring and summer and early fall frosts are very considerable
factors in making a poor crop. Of course we cannot regu-
late the weather, but by selection of certain varieties we can
usually escape much of the injury from early fall frosts. The
varieties grown should be ones in which most of the melons
are out of the way by the first of September. Late maturity
is one of the objections against the Rocky Ford melon here,
though this, no doubt, could be largely overcome by selecting
earlier maturing strains. I have heard of one market grow-
er who had melons up into October by covering the vines with
straw during the nights. As I said before, the selection of a
warm, dry soil with the greatest exposure to the sunlight may
help in this matter, as will thorough cultivation.

In considering the enemies of the musk melon, mention
must be made of the green louse and striped cucumber beetle
among the insects, and of the bacterial wilt, leaf mold, and
the downy mildew, among the fungi. Of all these, the last
is by far the most serious in this State, and together with un-
favorable weather conditions, constitutes the chief obstacle to
successful melon culture. In fact, these two factors of weath-
er and blight are so intimately bound together that the most
unfavorable season for melons as regards the weather is the
one in which the blight also does its greatest damage. For
seven years the writer has been carying on spraying experi-
ments against the blight. Taken altogether, the results of
these experiments have not been very favorable for advocat-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

45

ing spraying- as a regular procedure in melon culture. Each
year the sprayed vines have remained green longer, but usu-
ally the desired results of increased yield and flavor over the
unsprayed melons have not been forthcoming. The past sea-
son was, however, an exception in this respect, for the sprayed
melons both yielded more and had better quality. Perhaps I
can best express the spraying question by saying that it will
do no harm and may do good, and that it is most desirable in
those cases where melon growing is an important part of the
farm work and where it will receive the necessary attention.
The fungicide used is the ordinary Bordeaux mixture, and the
first treatment need not be made before the first of July, or
even as late as the fifteenth. In general, treatments every ten
days or two weeks, according to the weather, and making four
to six altogether, are necessary.

Another possible method of combating the blight is
through resistant varieties. The seedsmen are now beginning
to advertise such, and the Colorado Experiment Station has
been conducting experiments recently with a strain of the
Rocky Ford, which is said to show unusual resistance to the
leaf mold fungus, a fungus which also does damage in this
State. Our experiments with melons the past year were not
alone variety tests, but had for their prime motive the dis-
covery of the degrees of resistance of different varieties' to-
ward fungous attack. Therefore, we made special effort to
secure all varieties for which any merit in this direction was
claimed. The results were not altogether promising, for no
variety showed marked disease resistance, and such differences
as did appear may have been in part accidental, so that anoth-
er year's test may give a different set of varieties that retain
their foliage longest. While we do not think it likely that a
perfectly resistant variety with other desirable qualities will
be found, still it is quite possible that the tendency to resist
attacks may be increased by careful selection and breeding.
This and greater stability in quality in such desirable varie-
ties are points we have chiefly in mind in these experiments.
We have gone into details regarding this subject of melons
because we wish to come more intimately in contact with the

46 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

melon growers of the State, and to obtain the name and ad-
dress of ever}^ grower of importance, in order that we may
profit from his experience and thereby prove of more help
to others.

Peach Yellows and So-Called "Yellows."

Concerning the second topic I intend to discuss, I do so
with some hesitation after the comprehensive address we lis-
tened to last year from Mr. Waite of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. However, during the past two years I have
tried, either personally or by letter, to come in contact with
most of the experimenters of experience with yellows in the
United States. ]\Iy views, perhaps, are a little diiTerent from
those ordinarily held, but a discussion from a different view-
point often helps to advance our knowledge of a subject rather
than to retard it. During the past six years the peach trees
of Connecticut have had many difficulties to contend with, and
as a result, many have been killed outright, others have sick-
ened and are gradually dying from a variety of troubles. As
to the definitely known causes of these troubles, we have first
the sudden drop to zero weather on December 9, 1902, which
resulted in very severe injury to large numbers of the young
trees in the nurseries, some of which were afterward sold,
and less severe injury to orchard trees. The following win-
ter of 1903-04 was so severe, as a whole, that orchard trees
all over the State were killed, and others severely or slightly
injured. Some orchards or parts of orchards were rooted up
the following year, while others were severely pruned back,
and some of these trees and many of those less severely in-
jured are still in existence. In 1906-07 we had a slight in-
jury to the trees, confined chiefly to killing the blossoms and
young twigs. The past winter caused more injury through
collar girdle to scattered trees in situations favorable for such
trouble. On top of these various winter injuries we had, in
1907, an unusual drought that also severely affected the trees,
in my opinion, since it is from that time that the yellows, or
so-called "yellows," became most prominent. The dry periods
of the past year seem not to have been so severe in their ef-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 47

fects, as they were earlier and later in the season rather than
during our hottest weather, as in 1907. Concerning the trees
killed outright by winter injury, there seems to have been no
difference of opinion. The trees were healthy the previous
year, the winter was severe, and the trees were dead the next
spring or summer. Obviously winter injury was the cause.
But concerning the trees whose wood" was more or less severe-
ly injured, while the foliage showed no very evident distress
the following summer or two, but which has since gone into
decline, there seems to be a decided difference of opinion as to
whether these subsequent troubles of yellows, "little peach,"
so-called "yellows," etc., have any relationship at all to the
unfavorable weather conditions. Curiously enough, it w^as not
the dead trees so much as the off-color living ones that seemed
to worry their owners. In other words, the growers do not
seem to fear winter injury, which is certain to occur at irreg-
ular intervals to peach trees grown this far out of their normal
climate, as they do the supposedly contagious waves of yellows
that sweep over orchards not oftener than the winter injuries,
and which, in my opinion, are largely after-effects of such.

Without entering into a discussion of the characteristics of
yellows, and admitting for the moment that the cases of yel-
lows and so-called "yellows" in this State are all true yellows,
let us consider briefly what we know about this nightmare of
the northern peach grower.

(A). By definite experiments it has been proven so that
all agree : 1st, that yellows can be grafted or budded into
healthy trees from the buds of diseased trees even when the
evidence of yellows does not show on the particular branches
from which the buds were taken. 2nd, that yellows cannot
be cured in a tree by pruning off the diseased branches. 3rd,
that special fertilization of the land cannot effect the cure of
diseased trees. 4th, that the pits from yellows trees germin-
ate very poorly and that of the resulting seedlings apparently
not all show signs of yellows. I take this last conclusion from
recent work of Mr. Phillips in Virginia.

(B). Through practice it has been proven more or less
satisfactorily: 1st, that nursery inspection does not necessarily

48 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

reveal the presence of the disease, so that careful inspection of
the young trees for one or two years after they are set out
in the orchard is very desirable. 2nd, that the best way to
combat yellows in the orchard is the prompt removal of a
tree and its destruction as soon as it shows any signs of the
disease. When we definitely know the cause of the trouble
this precaution may be shown to be unwarranted, but certain-
ly custom and apparent results favor the procedure at pres-
ent. 3rd, that trees reset in place of the old ones are not
more subject to disease than the surrounding ones in the same
orchard.

(C). Neither experimentation nor practice has proven:
1st, that yellows is positively contagious in the ordinary sense
of germ diseases. The nearest we come to proof are the ob-
servations made in orchards where the disease, first appearing
in single trees, seems to spread to the adjacent ones. 2nd,
that it is spread by the pollen. Smith's work, so far as it
goes, is against the theory of its spread by this means. 3rd,
that it is carried by the tools in pruning or by the leaves, etc.
In Waite's report last year he states that he failed to repro-
duce the disease by injection of juices from diseased trees,
but he did succeed in producing it by "budding in pieces of
the bark without the bud." 4th, the exact cause of the yel-
lows remains unproven.

Concerning the nature of yellows there seem to be two
general views, viz. : 1st', that it is a germ disease, apparently
of bacterial origin ; and 2nd, that it is a physiological disease,
whose active constituent or virus is a chemical substance be-
longing to the enzymes or the toxins. So far all effort to
prove the bacterial character of the disease has been unsuc-
cessful. In a recent talk with Erwin F. Smith, he expressed
the belief that the cause of the disease might suddenly be dis-
covered. He apparently was inclined to the bacterial theory,
and seemed to think that th presence of the germs on the roots
might explain the problem. This idea, however, certainly
does not coincide with the apparently successful practice of
resetting young trees where diseased ones have been removed.
Waite, also, in his address, seemed inclined to the germ the-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 49

cry. Sinitli, and later, Woods, of the U. S. Bureau of Plant
Industry, seem to have been the first to suggest a definite
physiological cause for the trouble. Personally I thoroughly
believe in the physiological nature of the disease. Briefly
expressed, my views at present are as follows : Winter injury
is primarily at the bottom of the trouble as a first cause or
starting point. Certain winter-injured trees, especially under
subsequent unfavorable seasonal conditions, such as drought,
may have set up in their tissues unusual chemical activities
that result in the formation of deleterious enzymes or toxins.
That these enzymes or toxins are spread through the tree by
its sap and are capable of producing the disease in healthy
trees through bud propagation and possibly through other at
present unknown means. Little peach I believe to have a
somewhat similar origin. In other words, the winter-injured
trees may develop yellows, little peach, some non-infectious
trouble, or may entirely recover, depending on the varying
conditions that exist with each individual tree. My reasons
for* these views are as follows: 1st, peach yellows is primar-
ily, if not entirely, a disease of our northern, semi-northern,
and southern mountainous regions, where the possibility of
winter injury exists. 2nd, the yellows comes in waves and
at irregular periods, just as do winter injuries, and there seems
to be some sort of connection between these, as illustrated by
the present wave, which seems to be following up the recent
winter and drought injuries. 3rd, there are certain features
in common with the yellow^s and the chlorosis of variegat-
ed cultivated plants, recently studied by Baur of Germany,
and with the calico of tobacco, studied by various experi-
menters, including myself. These troubles are now gen-
erally admitted to be jihysiological diseases produced by
enzymes or toxins rather than due to germs. For instance,
Baur has shown that certain variegated shrubs (those with
mixed green and white or yellowish marked foliage) are
infectious, and others non-infectious when budded on the
normally green varieties, or vice versa, when a bud from
the infectious variegated variety is grafted into the nor-
mally green variety the subsequent growth from the green

50

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAE SOCIETY.

stock may become variegated. ]\Iuch of the former mys-
tery surrounding calico of tobacco is now easily explain-
able through infection in handling the calicoed and then the
normal plant. Taken early enough, I can calico every plant
in a tobacco field simply by touching the plants after I have
got juice on my hands from a calicoed plant.

Finally, let me say a few words concerning what I be-
lieve we should do in this State regarding yellows. 1st, I
thoroughly believe in patronizing home industries, there-
fore I advocate as a rule buying trees from our local nur-
serymen. There are a number of things to be said in favor
of the purchase of trees at home, while the one point in
favor of the purchase of trees from the South is that such
trees come from a region where there is no 3^ellows. If,
however, yellows is as contagious as some fear, this advan-
tage would prove of little value, and there is the additional
danger of importing new troubles, such as the rosette, which
is of similar nature to the yellows. If, however, we loyally
patronize home nurseries, we have the right to expect from
them the very best trees that they can raise, and free from all
suspicion of yellows. Mr. Phillips of Virginia in a recent paper
advocates the purchase of peach pits from inspected orchard
trees in the South rather than the use of the so-called "natur-
al" pits. He bases this on the facts that the native peaches of
the mountainous districts do not furnish sufBcient supply for
the demand, that some yellows exists there, and that pits from
cultivated varieties are as good from a horticultural point of
view. While we might derive some benefit from the use of
certified pits from inspected trees in the South, and should take
advantage of such means if possible, still the great danger,
to my mind, lies in the careless or indiscriminate selection of
the buds. I have no doubt that our nurserymen use more or
less care in this respect, still I think that it would be of decided
advantage to them and their patrons if they used only buds
from trees that had recently been inspected by our State en-
tomologist and certified to as being free from all suspicion of
yellows and with no yellows in surrounding trees. This in-

EIGUTILENTH ANNUAL MEETIXG. 51

spection might be made vohintary or obligator}-, as would best
meet the situation.

2nd, we already have a careful inspection of our nursery
stock by the State entomologist, but this does not necessarily
reveal the presence of the yellov^'s. In point of fact, compara-
tively few nursery trees showing yellows are found by nur-
sery inspectors, either here or elsewhere, and there seems to
be a growing conviction that careful inspection of the young
orchards for the first one or two years after setting out should
be made. This is perhaps a thing that the owner himself
should perform. At any rate, all suspicious trees, either young
or old, should be promptly removed and destroyed.

3rd, in order to advance our knowledge concerning this
disease, especially with reference to its spread in the orchard,
the efficacy of the prompt removal of trees, and the relation
of the disease to weather conditions, I advocate the selection of
half a dozen young orchards in the State and their inspection
at least three times annually for a series of five to ten years by
the horticulturists of the Storrs College and Station and the
entomologist and botanist of the New Haven Station, and that
definite data along determined lines be kept of each individual
tree.

Discussion.

Question : Do they have the yellows or rosette in Cal-
ifornia?

Dr. Clinton : No.

Mr. Fenn : I understand the gentleman carried the idea
that the calico disease of tobacco was carried from plant to
plant by the hands, or could be so carried. Is that correct?

Dr. Clinton : I can take a calicoed plant, handling it
so as to get a little juice on my hands, then touch another plant,
perfectly healthy, and later on that healthy plant will calico,
not only the leaves that I touched, if not too old, but also those
that were not touched.

Mr. Fenn : Two or three years ago Professor Shame!
advocated a notion that calico was derived or sprang from

=,2 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

breaking- off the tap root of the plant. That theor\- was
wrong, because we always break off the tap root of the plant.

Dr. Clinton : When you top a plant that has calico,
with the same knife that you use on other plants that are
healthy you will inoculate the healthy plants. There may be
other conditions under which the disease is carried in the field ;
some hold it is contagious in other ways ; we are not sure
about it.

Member : I have been a tobacco grower for 30 years,
and I never saw a tobacco plant turn calico, as we call it, or
gray, after it had been topped.

Dr. Clinton : Perhaps not the original leaves, but
the leaves on the suckers will come so. This disease may be
communicated by a knife being used on a diseased plant and
then in turn using the same knife on a healthy plant. I have
cut the top off a diseased plant and then sterilized the knife
before I cut the tops of other plants ; then I have cut healthy
plants immediately following the cutting of a diseased plant
with the same knife, alternating these two methods ; and
when the suckers have grown have noted that the plants that
I cut with the knife used upon diseased plants without steriliz-
ing were calicoed, whereas the others were not.

AIember: ^^4^at is the difference between the yellows
and little peach?

Dr. Clinton : The chief difference is that with peach
yellows you get the premature ripening, and with the little
peach you have the late ripening and the small fruit. The
characteristics in the foliage are about the same.

Mr. Platt: Frequently we have a large, a very abun-
dant blossoming of an apple orchard and a small yield of fruit
following. Can you explain the cause of this or how it can
be remedied ?

Dr. Clinton: That is a large subject. Years ago out
in Illinois I watched an apple orchard through successive years
and noted that the trees or branches that bloomed heavily
one year did tiot usually bear the next year. Possibly the bear-
ing of a tree the previous year may have something to do
with it.

HIGHTlillNTH .IXNUAL MEETING. 53

]\1r. Pi.att: Well, wIk'h it l)lossoms heavily both years?

Dr. Clinton : Did it bear heavily the previous year?

Mr. Platt: Sometimes, not always.

Dr. Clinton : It may be the weather conditions at
the time of the carrying- of the pollen.

]Mr. Platt: Another thing, this year I picked apples
from trees ordinarily bearing smooth and clean fruit, which
were full of knarly. yellow, sometimes bitter lumps inside,
making- one out of every four apples unfit for use. Can vou
tell me the cause of that trouble

Dr. Clinton: Are they ill-shapen apples?

Mr. Platt : Sometimes.

Dr. Clinton: I thing the aphis that Dr. Britton
speaks of had something- to do with this trouble ; apparently
that aphis attacks the fruit when very young and injures it
badly, sucking the juice from it.

Meaiber : Is there any remedy for little peach ?

Dr. Clinton : The same remedy as is used for peach
yellows ; cut it out. It is supposed to be contagious. There
is no other remedy.

JMr. Fenn : Is it true that bees carry fertilization in
the case of melons, — I mean from other vines, as cucumbers,
spoiling the fruit?

Dr. Clinton : I think not. I had some cucumbers by
the side of melons and they were not injured the first year,
anyway. The earlier you can ripen melons the better. The
fruit that ripens before the blight fungus infects the vines will
be of good quality, but after the fungus kills the vines then
the quality of the fruit begins to drop. Anything- that kills
the vines alTects the quality of the fruit.

Mr. Fenn: Is there anv remedy for this fungus on
vines ?

Dr. Clinton : As I said in my paper, spraying some-
times g-ives good results and sometimes not. You have got
to figure it out for yourself as to whether it will ])ay. Out of
the seven years I have sprayed, I don't think it has paid until
this last year. At the time the melons are ripening you
need good, hot, dry weather, — however, not too dry and hot.

54 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

If you i^et a cold, wet season, it is almost impossible to get a
good crop of melons.

]\rR. KiLLAM : Why is it Red Astrachans are almost a
total failure? I have not been able to get more than a bushel
in the last three years.

A Member: I have two or three Red Astrachan trees
that I don't have any trouble in getting fruit from, if I put on
good fertiHzer. I get a good color and good fruit if I pick
them at the right time, and I got $1.50 a bushel this year for
them.

Mr. Phelps : Do you know of anyone Avho is growing
melons under cloth with success ?

Dr. Clinton : No ; they did some work at the Massa-
chusetts experiment station along that line, but the experi-
ments did not prove of much practical value.

^Member: Do they blight just as badly?

Dr. Clinton : I think so.

Mr. Hixon, of Worcester : In regard to raising mel-
ons. George McClellan. gardener for the A\'hitneys, has been
interested in raising the ^Montreal melons for several years,
but had no success until he got some seed from ^Montreal, and
for the last three years he has raised larger and better mel-
ons than any I have ever seen from ^Montreal. Last year he
raised two melons that weighed 29 and 27 pounds, respec-
tively. \\'hen cut, the quality was said to be very fine. He
planted his seeds out-of-doors with a frame of four little
pieces of board about the hill, covered with a 3 x 3 sash for
a little while, until they became well established. He is not
troubled with blight or fungous growth.

In regard to the gentleman's question about Red Astra-
chan apples. I have had experience in growing Sweet Bough,
Mcintosh Red, Northern Spy, and almost every apple that
grows, and for some reason or other, some years, under cer-
tain climatic conditions, they will almost fail in their crop, and
the next year you will get a fine crop of splendid fruit from
the same trees.

Mr. Moss, of JNIassachusetts : In regard to apples : Is
it true that the fellows in the vallevs must grive way to those

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 55

on the hillsides in the growing of apples, on account of cer-
tain climatic conditions?

Mr. Wood, of Massachusetts : I have raised apples on the
banks of the Connecticut and have carried ofif prizes at a good
many county fairs. My apples are larger than those raised
on the hills : this year they were over-ripe because we had so
much dry weather.

At this point Vice-President Rogers took the chair and
introduced as the next speaker Professor H. A. Surface, State
Zoologist of Pennsylvania, who spoke as follows on the im-
portant subject of "Spraying" :

Recent Advancement in Successful Spraying, with

Special Reference to the Control of

the San Jose Scale.

By Prof. H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, Penn.

The day has come not only for the scientist to become
practical and reach forth a strong right hand to meet the
grower on his own grounds, but the time is also at hand when
the tiller of the soil, be he agriculturist, horticulturist or spe-
cialist in any line, must be scientific and technical in the knowl-
edge of his subject. H must keep abreast of the times by
knowing what is being done in his own State, as well as other
States, along the line of his profession. To know this he
reads Bulletins and Journals, but he demands more than mere
empirical instruction. Like the man from Missouri, "He
needs to he sliozvn." For this reason, now, as never before,
teachers of all kinds are adopting the system of demonstra-
tion instruction, or giving instruction by exhibition, showing
the details of practical methods.

In response to the call for a more definite and tangible
form of help than the publication of Bulletins, wc established
in the State of Pennsylvania, thirty Demonstration Orchards,
or an average of nearly one for two Counties. Announcements
were made by the press throughout the State, by Bulletins and

56 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

otherwise, concerning the dates when we would do pruning-
and spraying in those orchards. The pubhc was invited and
attended. On the appointed days the demonstrators in charge
of the orchards were present, pruning trees according to ap-
proved and proper methods, and speaking of the principles of
pruning- as illustrated by the work done, talking and working
at the same time, and also doing the spraying, making in the
presence of the visitors the lime-sulphur wash, — best known
material to control the San Jose Scale, which was the chief
pest for which these demonstrations were given. However,
the Codling Moth is an important enemy of the pome fruits,
or apples, pears and quinces, and to show how this was to be
controlled we gave subsequent demonstrations in the same
orchards, just after the falling of the blossoms, spraying with
two pounds of arsenate of lead in the 3-4 formula of Bordeaux
mixture. Visitors were again present to see the work done,
listening to the remarks and directions regarding the Codling
Moth spraying, asked questions, and went home and treate.l
their own trees likewise.

In the fall of the year we again met in the Demonstra-
tion Orchards and studied results. In most orchards it was
to be seen that that portion which we had taken for demonstra-
tion purposes had considerable more fruit than the other por-
tions not so treated, and at the same time was less infested by
Scale. The remarkable results of the Codling Moth spray-
ing were that in some orchards 98 per cent, of the apples were
found free from infestation by this pest, while on trees not
treated the reverse was to be found true, or almost every fruit
wormy. This was conspicuously to be observed in many of
the orchards that were carefully examined by hundreds of
persons visiting them, ft was plainly to be seen that the
Codling Moth spray had not only destroyed the pests making
the wormy fruit, but had also kept the fruit on the trees longer
and had resulted in a greater quantity of fruit that was per-
fect and sound. Thus, this spraying alone had fully justi-
fied all the expense and efifort of the Demonstration Orchards,

However, as the San Jose Scale is at present the arch foe
of the fruit grower in Pennsylvania, as in almost every State,

lilGliriiENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

57

it was against this pest that the demonstrations chiefly were
directed. The home-boiled Hme-sulphur wash was used in
most instances, but the commercial or concentrated lime-
sulphur was applied in a few cases. In all the orchards it was
recognized by the visitors themselves that the pests had been
controlled. In many instances trees that were badlv infested
the year before were, at the fall examination, found to be
practically free from Scale. x\t the orchards of the Dapuhin
County Home, the Lancaster County Home and Or])hanage,
and others, the fruit was practically unfit for use the previous
year, but was found this year to be better than it had been for
some time. The officers in charge did not hesitate to attribute
this to the methods that we used, and thus these orchards
became practical object lessons, standing as irrefutable argu-
ments against any remarks that might be made unfavorable
to spraying.

The chief purposes of these demonstrations were to illus-
trate the application of certain principles, w^hich are now rec-
ognized as the basis of successful work of this kind. Among
these are the following:

The orchardist must have a sufficient knowledge of the
principles of application of fungicides and insecticides to
know that the former are used to prevent the appearance of
fungous diseases, while the latter are used as remedies for in-
sect pests. The word "preventive" alone indicates that it is
to be used before the trouble comes. The chief fungicide is
the Bordeaux mixture, made by the 3-4 or the 4-4 formula
for apples, and the 2-4 formula for peach and plum, although
there should really be no need of spraying" peach and plum
with this material. The commercial lime-sulphur wash has
made its appearance on the market in a concentrated form, and
is recommended by us for use in destroying the San Jose
Scale during the winter or dormant period of the tree, when
not too greatly dilute (one to eight), but it is also recom-
mended by manufacturers and agents, with considerable di-
lution, such as one to thirty or forty, to act as a fungicide and
take the place of the Bordeaux mixture. I have tested it on
potatoes for Potato Blight, but as the Blight did not come in

58 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the field where the tests were made, nothing can be said about
the results at present. However, we are not yet ready to say
that dilute lime-sulphur wash will take the place of the Bor-
deaux mixture. On extensive operations, it would be better
to stay by that which has proven good until a cheaper or
better material is found. It must be emphasized that Bor-
deaux mixture and other fungicides arc not for the destruc-
tion of insects, hut for the prevention of plant diseases, and,
therefore, must be applied as a means of insurance before the
diseases come.

The application of insecticides differs chiefly from that of
fungicides in the fact that the former must be applied when
the insects are present in order to kill them, either by acting
as internal poisons, as in the case of poisoning chewing insects,
like Potato Beetles, or killing sucking insects by direct con-
tact, as in destroying Scale insects, plant lice and other suck-
ing insects. Perhaps, the only exception we make or now re-
call to the statement that insecticides as remedies are not ap-
plied before the insects come, is in spraying with an arsenical
poison for the Codling Moth. This is done just after the blos-
soms fall, whether the insects be seen or not, because it is
known that this is the time when they will commence to make
their appearance. For this particular pest, the past year has
demonstrated the success of arsenate of lead, which has been
extensively used, two pounds to fifty gallons of water or Bor-
deaux, but which will, no doubt, prove efficient if used only
half as strong.

A few elementary principles, such as some mentioned
above, and the following, are to be kept in mind, even in con-
sidering advanced methods. Among the elements is the subject
of differences in the kinds of insecticides according to the na-
ture of the feeding of the insect. Those which are suctorial must
be killed by the contact insecticides, such as the oils, soaps, de-
coctions, powders, caustic solutions or gas, while those which
feed by chewing the plant tissue, and are consequently called
"biting insects," such as the larvae or caterpillars, potato beetles,
and in fact all insects that feed externally on any part of the
plant by eating it away, are to be killed by applications of ar-

ElGHTELiNTH ANNUAL MEETIXG. 59

senitcs. w liicli are i)r()perly called internal poisons, because they
destroy the pests by being taken internally. Among these,
Paris Cireen and arsenate of lead are the best, with the latter
being in greater favor owing to its adhesiveness and freedom
of injury to foliage. It can be safely used not only on such
fruits as apples and pears, but also on smooth hard fruits, like
grapes and plums, for the Grape-berry Moth and Plum Curcu-
lio. and also even upon cabbage for the Cabbage Worm, and
on tobacco for the Tobacco Worms. These elements are
mentioned to show that while they are fundamental and have
been known for years by our practical horticulturists, there
are a few progressive steps, such as the recently demonstrated
use of the commercial lime-sulphur washes and arsenate of
lead, which enter into the subject and mark steps of recent
progress.

It becomes necessary for the successful plant grower not
only to have a knowledge of the principles of the application
of fungicides and insecticides and the advancement in each of
these, but he must also know just what to spray, when to spray,
how to spray, and with what to spray. Practically each
kind of insect and each kind of disease germ is to be treated
distinctly in some regard. There is no possibility of a general
spray for everything. The man who writes to a specialist, as
some yet do, saying, 'T am going to spray my trees. With
what shall I spray them?" gives as little diagnosis for reply and
shows as little knowledge of the subject as would a person in
writing to a veterinarian by saying, 'T am going to doctor my
live stock. With what shall I treat them?" The specialist
answering the inquiry should know the kind and age or size
of the trees to be sprayed, the kinds of pests infesting them,
and the kind of apparatus which the owner will have at hand.
He will then prescribe according to the conditions.

The horticulturist now recognizes that insects have their
different life histories or life cycles. There are fully as many
insects present on the earth and alive now (during the win-
ter ) as there were during their more active season of last
summer, but the difference is that they are at present dor-
mant or quiet. The successful horticulturist must know

6o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

where his worst enemies find their winter conceahnent and
must know their hfe histories or development, in order to
know just where to attack them. For example, for Oyster-
shell Scale there is no time for spraying like the early part
of May just after the eggs hatch, and with the Codling Moth,
there is no time when they are so vulnerable nor as easily
attacked and destroyed as just after the blossoms fall, re-
peating this arsenical spray again in about ten days.

Now the horticulturist must learn this point, perhaps
new to him, that plant diseases likewise have their life cycles
and life histories, and there are certain places in which they
pass the winter, and different forms in which they appear
upon the plants. He must know that if he should destroy
them in one place, they may yet continue in another. It is
necessary in successful horticulture and agriculture to know
the different places and methods by which these disease germs
can exist. For example, the farmer can treat his potatoes
successfully for Scab by soaking them in a solution of For-
malin, composed of one-half pint or a pint of this liquid in
fifteen gallons of water, and he will kill the Scab germs on
the potatoes without hurting them for growing. If, now, he
should plant these treated seed potatoes in clean ground, they
would be free from Scab, but if he should plant them in the
ground where the Scab previously existed, they would again
become infected. Likewise, if he should plant untreated
scabby seed in clean (uninfested) ground, the potatoes taken
from that soil would be Scabby. Thus, it becomes necessary
in preventing the recurrence of this particular disease not only
to treat the seed crop to destroy the germs, but to provide
against planting them where these germs already exist in the
soil. The same is true of certain diseases of the fruit that
may take two or more forms, such as the Bitter Rot of the
apple, presenting canker spots in the l^ark, as well as rotting
the fruit, or Ripe Rot of peach in the form of brown spots
on the twigs, or of brown decay of ripening peaches, plums
and cherries.

What to Spray. In considering what to spray, the rec-
ommendation can be established that the horticulturist should

RIGHTEENTH AX N UAL MEETIXG. 6 1

spra}- all trees or shrubs that are infested with pests, or in
the case of a plant disease, spray those that are liable to be-
come diseased within a certain period. However, it is not
necessary to spray for insects that are not present or not sure
to come, and not desirable for the orchardist to go to the
expense and trouble of spraying- to prevent such pests as the
San Jose Scale, if he doesn't have them on his trees. There
is no protit nor advantage gained by spraying apple and pear
trees during the dormant season, if no scale insects be pres-
ent, but it would be well to spray peach and plum trees with
the lime-sulphur wash, the same as for San Jose Scale,
whether this pest is present or not, for the reason that the
lime-sulphur wash is a preventive of the Peach Leaf Curl,
and destroys certain other disease germs and insects, as well
as the Scale. For San Jose Scale even slightly infested trees
should be sprayed, and all trees near one that is infested
should receive treatment. It will not do to pick out a badly
infested tree here and there in an orchard and treat it. and
let the others remain. Ornamental shrubbery of certain
kinds, such as Japan Quince, Purple Plum, and some others
of the botanical family Rosacese should be sprayed, as well
as should the Osage Orange hedge and others liable to serious
injury by San Jose Scale, provided, of course, that this pest
is present.

When to Spray. The time to spray depends upon the
nature of the pest for which the application is to be made.
Fundamentally, we spray with a fungicide just before the
time when the fungous diseases would appear, and find that
it is more effective than to wait until after the evidences of
the diseases are to be seen. With insecticides we spray as
soon as the pests are present, but (with the exception of the
Codling Moth) not before. For the San Jose Scale we must
spray when the trees are dormant, as no material will kill
the Scale without injuring the leaves, buds or fruit if applied
when in foliage. However, we have found that early winter
spraying is as good as early spring spraying for this pest, and
the work can well be done in the late fall, or at any time
during the winter, when the ground is hard and the weather

62 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

favorable. For the Scale, spray at any time when the trees
are dormant. Also, be sure and spray when the wind is in
the right direction. Tliat is to say, spray one side of the
orchard when there is a gentle breeze that will carry the
spray liquid well through the tree tops, and when the wind
changes and blows in the opposite direction, spray the other
side of the tree, being sure to do a thorough job. Thorough-
ness is essential, or success can not be obtained.

How TO Spray. The horticulturist must remember that
spraying is not sprinkling. In general, he must apply the
material in a fine mist-like steam or fog, which is a genuine
spray, and not in a jet or drops. With some materials, par-
ticularly the oils, if enough material is used to drench the
bark, there is great danger of injury. However, with the
lime-sulphur wash no such danger exists, as it can not be
used strong enough nor in such quantity as to hurt any kind
of tree, bush or shrub. The trees should be thoroughly coat-
ed by a film of the spray mixture, leaving no spot uncovered.

With What to Spray. This becomes important, as it
is to be varied in kind and proportion according to the kind
of tree and kind of insect or disease for which the spraying is
to be done, as well as the condition of plant as to foliage. Of
course, the standard fungicide is the Bordeaux mixture. It
is not proven that the commercial lime-sulphur washes or
other fungicides fully take its place. However, for Peach
Rot it has been demonstrated that the self-boiled lime-sul-
phur wash, five pounds of sulphur added to five pounds of
quick-lime in enough water to slake it, and heated well in
a barrel, strained and diluted to fifty gallons, makes the best
spray for Ripe Rot of peach, plum and cherry. This is bet-
ter for this particular purpose than the dilute commercial or
home-boiled concentrated lime-sulphur, as there is consid-
erable free sulphur with it, which also acts as a germicide,
and only the lower sulphur compounds are made by this pro-
cess, while the higher compounds, made by prolonged boil-
ing, and which may be the ones injurious to leaf and fruit, are
avoided.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 63

Recent developments have proven that the material to
use for chewing- insects, particularly the Codling- Moth, is ar-
senate of lead in preference to Paris Green, although the
latter will give good results. In spraying- for the scale in-
sects, particularly the San Jose Scale, it has now been dem-
onstrated that the lime-sulphur wash is the best and cheap-
est insecticide that can be used, and it is also a good fungi-
cide. One can either make his own, according to the formu-
la of seventeen pounds of sulphur and twenty-two pounds of
lime, boiled one hour, strained and diluted to fifty gallons, —
or he can buy the commercial concentrated material, diluting
it one to eight, and spraying it on his trees with good results.
However, in using carbonic acid gas as the power for pres-
sure, it is necessary to dilute it with hot water, as less gas is
absorbed by the hot liquid than by the cold, and consequently
the gas has less chemical effect upon the preparation when
heated. There have been some remarkable examples in Penn-
sylvania of orchards saved by the lime-sulphur wash. Mr. C. C.
Gelwicks, a banker of St. Thomas, had an apple orchard so
badly infested with San Jose Scale that he was destroying his
trees, and we gave a demonstration there in the fall, showing-
how to make and apply the lime-sulphur wash. He sprayed
his trees twice with this material that winter. Mr. Kieffer,
a fruit buyer in Chambersburg, told me that although the
previous summer the fruit had been so badly marked with
San Jose Scale that it was worthless and he could not use it,
he went through the same orchard last summer trying in vain
to find a single scale-marked apple, for which Mr. Gelwicks
had offered him five dollars, if it could be found. Another il-
lustration worthy of note is that of two fruit growers, each
with about one hundred and forty acres of trees, with or-
chards adjoining. One used an oil preparation, viz.: "Tar-
get Brand," and failed to control the Scale on his trees, but
injured them considerably, and I am told that he sold only
ten carloads of ])eaches last summer, while his neighbor, with
an orchard of the same age and number of trees, used the
lime-sulphur wash, boiled with a steam engine and applied
with six compressed air sprayers, and kept the Scale in per-

64 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

feet control on his premises, and sold from his orchard sixty
thousand dollars worth of peaches last summer. From one
hundred and forty acres of average quality of Pennsylvania
soil was thus obtained a greater cash value in fruit prod-
ucts than the entire annual salary of the President of the
United States ! This shows the result of the intelligent use
of lime-sulphur wash, but that result could be obtained onlv
by the personal application of the efforts of the man behind
the nozzle. The man growing this large crop was Mr. D. M.
Wertz, of Waynesboro, Pa. I was in his orchard and know
that his crop amounted to one hundred and forty carloads.
In one day thirteen carloads were picked, packed and shipped
from that orchard. The Scale had been there, perhaps as long
as in any orchard in the county, but the owner had relied
upon us very frequently for counsel, and had followed our
advice and saved his trees and his crop as a result.

The oil sprays have not given universal satisfaction.
There are no commercial oils that are at all times entirely free
from danger when applied to fruit trees, particularly on peach
and plum. I have just received a report from two of my as-
sistants telling of injury and destruction in an orchard of
twenty-three thousand trees, in Franklin County, by the use
of an oil spray. The owner of the orchard is S. B. Rinehart,
of Mercersburg, Pa. He will confirm the statement that he
has not only lost his crop for the past two years, but is now
losing his trees. The material used in this case as a spray-
was the "Target P>rand,'' and there are several reports of in-
jury from its use. but other oils have not been free from jus-
tifiable censure. For example, an orchard belonging to R. S.
Clarke, of Dillsburg, was bady injured by "Scalecide," look-
ing as though scorched with fire, and hundreds of persons re-
cently gathered there at a public demonstration recognized
this injury at once. At West Fayetteville is another similar
case, and several reports have come to us concerning unsat-
isfactory use of "Scalecide," either in not killing the Scale or
in injuring the trees, although this material must be regarded
as one of the best of the so-called soluble oils. It appears
that these oils effect their injury by entering the lenticals, or

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 65

bark pits, and enlarging- and deepening them. While it is
true that some persons have successfully used the oils in the
control of the Scale, it is likewise true that more success has
come from the lime-sulphur, which does not have the ele-
ment of occasional danger, due to lack of proper preparation.
We have specific examples to give to substantiate the state-
ments here made. I feel it but justice to the fruit growers in
speaking of results to call their attention to these possibilities
in reference to the various insecticides.

As to apparatus, it becomes important for the fruit
growers to get the best. The kind to buy depends upon the
number and size of the trees you have to treat. A large
grower of fruit in the future will, no doubt, use either com-
pressed air or a small gasolene engine. However, for or-
chards of fair to large size, a lever pump with an upright lev-
er and a cross bar for the hands will be found to be one of
the most economical and satisfactory pumps, but the regular
barrel pump will prove the salvation of our average farm or-
chards. The hose should be long enough to let the operator
swing well around the tree. One section should be twenty-
five feet and the other from twenty-five to forty. On each
section or lead there should be an extension rod. We have
found that the gas pipe extension rod is satisfactory. Plain
three-eighth inch gas pipe is cut with threads to fit to the
hose and supplied with nozzle attachments for nozzles. The
rod can be three feet, six feet, or ten feet in length, or bet-
ter, jointed, so that it can be taken apart as desired. The
bamboo extension rod is lined with aluminum or brass, and,
of course, is to be recommended, although more expensive
than the gas pipe. It has the advantage of ofiferirfg a larger
surface for the hands to grip without becoming heated with
hot liquids or cool with cold liquids, and thus becomes more
agreeable to the hands of the operator, but it has the disad-
vantage of the lining tube turning around with the bamboo
casing in such a way that it can not always be used with sat-
isfaction.

At the end of the rod one should use a drip tin, which is
a disk of tin or other metal, about three inches in diameter,

66 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

soldered tig'litly around the rod, just l^elow the nozzles, for
the purpose of turning the drippings of the liquid off and not
permitting them to run down upon the hands of the operator.

For gloves, we use cheap leather gloves dropped into
melted tallow, and have no trouble with the lime-sulphur wash
or other liquids penetrating them.

An important attachment on the end of the spray rod is
the eighth-turn, which can be provided by giving the outer
end of the rod itself a short turn one-eighth way around, or,
better, using the attachment between the nozzle-holder and the
rod. This eighth-turn is for sale by supply dealers, costing
only twenty-five cents, and is one of the best and most im-
portant features of a modern spraying outfit. It turns the
nozzles just enough to permit the operator to stand in his
tracks and spray three sides of a tree by merely turning the
rod over in his hands. Without the turn at the end of the
spray rod, he must walk around the tree to reach all sides,
and then can not reach the upper sides of the branches. With
this eighth-turn he can do a thorough job. reaching the upper
sides of the brandies, and reaching the sides of the trees,
wdiich must be sprayed to be successful.

In this day of busy work and need of saving time, a
man can not afford to spray with only one nozzle, and for
that reason two good, large nozzles should be the least num-
ber to use on any extension rod. These should be attached
by means of a "U" or "Y." For spraying dormant trees I
prefer the former, as the spray volume is spread over a less
area, while the "Y" is to be recommended for spraying trees
in foliage. However, for the latter work I prefer a larger
cluster, with at least three nozzles, spread even wider. Two
good nozzles are the "Friend" and "Mistry Junior." These
will spray the ordinary lime-sulphur, as I have demonstrated,
for days, without clogging nozzles, and two of these will give
fully as much volume or spray as three of the old style "Ver-
morel" nozzles. The "Improved Alistry Junior" has a swivel
arrangement and a thumb screw attachment at one side, so
that it can be turned to one side and fastened in place there,
and this takes the place of the important eighth-turn, just

lilCllTIiliXrn ./NAT.//, MliliTlW;. 67

nicntiiMiod. ll slumUl he added that two sliut-offs or stop
cocks are needed, one at tlie pump at the heginning- of the
hose, and the other at the base of the extension rod. This
is so that the hqttid can he shut off immediately either by
the operator at the rod or tlie man at the i)innp. This saves
l>oth time and material.

The strainer is one of the most important features in
spraying with lime-sulphur wash. We have devised a conical
strainer, which is here exhibited. There is no patent on this,
and any one can have it made for himself. It strains perfect-
ly all liquids containing sediment. Thirty meshes to the inch,
of brass wire cloth, should be used, made in the form of a
cone set upright in a fifteen-inch funnel. Before the brass
wire cone is soldered in place, a cone of coarse galvanized
wire four meshes to the inch should be soldered into the fun-
nel as a support for the brass wire cloth strainer, and this
can then be slipped over it and soldered firmly.

On our recent demonstration train run three and one-
half W'-eeks over the Cumberland Valley Railroad, our
fruit growers were much pleased by the practical features of
the apparatus here illustrated. The lime-sulphur wash was
made and applied to the trees with this apparatus. The
growers were encouraged, and those who have not been sav-
ing their trees are now taking heart to push forward and do
so. Other demonstration trains are to be started to show
the use of the apparatus here mentioned. There is no great
difficulty in spraying if one only knows how, and what mate-
rial to use. ]\Tuch has been said against certain spray liquids,
such as lime-sulphur wash, because they are supposed to be
difficult to prepare and apply. The man who has trouble with
them is one who does not know how to handle them.

Orchardists should take courage, for the day of gloom,
particularly in regard to the San Jose Scale, has now w^ell
passed, men are saving their trees and their crops and pro-'
ducing first-class fruits, notwithstanding its presence. Let
each grower learn what to do, when to do it, and how, and
what material and apparatus to use, and procure that which
he finds best adapted to his needs. If he is using any kind

68 THE CONNECTICUT POMOEOGICAE SOCIETY.

of commercial insecticide and is sure that he has obtained
good results, there is no reason why he should reject this for
another, if he be satisfied with the results and expense.

This address aroused considerable discussion, not all
present agreeing with the statements of the speaker. Follow-
ing the address Professor Surface was sharply questioned.

Discussion.

Prof. Craig: I think we have left the matter of the dif-
ferent bil sprays in a bad way. These sprays have been con-
demned in a wholesale manner. We ought to know what
sprays have been referred to, how and to what they have been
applied and just the conditions under which the results spoken
of have come about. I believe it due to ourselves and the
spray manufacturers to know more about it and to get a little
more definite information on these points. In my own case
I have been using one of the oil sprays on apples, pears, plums
and peaches, and am certain no such injurious effects have
resulted as have been reported this afternoon. I am not advo-
cating the oil sprays, but I object to wholesale condemna-
tion. On the other hand, if oil sprays are injurious to apple
or peach trees we ought to know it.

Prof. Surface: As I intimated in my remarks, the oil
spray that has proven the most unsatisfactory is the "Target
Brand Scale Destroyer."

Prof. Craig, to Prof. Surface : Do you, then, confine
your remarks to the Target brand?

Prof. Surface : No, sir.

Prof. Craig: Then you are making these remarks con-
cerning oil sprays with general significance?

Prof. Surface: No sir, I am going to make a modifica-
tion according to the brand used. I did not finish my reply
to your remark. If a person has had a barrel of any kind
of oil spray that has given him satisfactory results and he
wishes to continue its use, there is no reason why he should
not do so. Take the home-made oil : We have had a won-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 69

derfiilly varied condition of results from it ; some have been
good, others have been poor; it has not been at all uniform
in its results.

Prof. Craig : You arc now referring to home-made mis-
cible oil. Has it been uniform in its manufacture?

Prof. Surfaci-:: That may have been the difficulty, and
for that very reason I do not feel we can recommend it to our
people, although they may not always have unsatisfactorv re-
sults, either for one cause or another, there is always a liability
of failure. One of the best commercial oils on the market is
"Scalecide," but at the same time I can tell you where there
are three orchards, which either myself or my men have ex-
amined, that have been injured by the use of oil spray, and
yet, as I say, a person getting good results may go on using it ;
but let him know that there is a possibility of a barrel occa-
sionally producing injury to the tree. Let him know that there
is apt to be on the top of the spray . mixture in the tank a
thin liquid oil that is much more likely to penetrate the bark
than is the regular oil. On peaches and plums I do not be-
lieve that oils of any kind can safely be used ; and yet I be-
lieve they can be used, with proper discretion, unless there
is some unusual condition found, in the case of pears and pos-
sibly apples.

From the unsatisfactory results obtained in so many cases
where the home-made oils have been used, I do not think we
can recommend them.

My remarks must not be applied equally to all oils. I
think I am riglit in giving a word of caution against the use
of oil on peach and plum trees, while it may be perfectly safe
on apples and pears. The lime and sulphur wash is a fun-
gicide as well as a scale destroyer. One spraying with it at
this time of year will prevent peach leaf curl.

Mr. Pratt (of the B. G. Pratt Co., New York City) : I
think, in view of what has been said in regard to "Scalecide,"
that I ought to say a word at this point. T don't believe it is
possible — and I say so with all candor and freedom and after
a great many years of experience — to injure in any way a tree

70 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with "Scalecide" if the latter mixes i^nth zcater; and if it does
mix with water, that determines condusively that it is safe.
In fact, our directions say, whenever the contents of a
package do not mix with water that the same may be re-
turned to the manufacturer and the package will be replaced
without expense to the buyer.

Prof. Surface: It is probabh true that the failure of
the oil to mix with water is a sign that it is unsafe to use, but
if it does injure a tree — in any event it ought to be watched
by the user.

A AIkmbkr: Have you ever known of any case where
trees were damaged by use of the Target brand, or an\- other
oil, when it mixed with water?

Prof. Surface: I did not see it applied: I simply saw
the results.

A jMember : My experience has been that there is great
danger when the oils do not mix with water, but when they
do mix there is absolutely no danger.

The next feature of the afternoon's program was an il-
lustrated address on "Apple Growing in the Pacific North-
west,"' by Professor John Craig, of Ithaca, N. Y.

Professor Craig's brilliant description of his recent trip
to the Pacific Coast, his observations of the splendid fruit-
growing sections, and especially his account of the great apple
show at Spokane, were intenselv interesting to the audience.
The many fine lantern slides that were shown added much
to this instructive lecture, an abstract of which is given here-
with .

PLATH II.

PROF. JOHX CRAIG,
Ttm.vca, X. Y.

MR. W. W. IvVRXSWORl'l
\\'.\TKRviLi,E, Ohio.

MR. HAL. P.. FL'Ll.KRTOX.

I 1 rXTTNCTDN, L. I.

WELL-KNOWN HORTICULTURISTS WHO WERE SPEAKERS AT
THE SOCIETYS ANNUAL MEETING. 1909

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 71

" Observations on Apple Growing in the Pacific

Northwest."

By Prof. Jo^n Ckaig, Ithaca, N. Y., Professor of Horticulture, New
York State College of Agriculture.

I coil!:; rat 11 late myself on having- the privilege of again
meeting with the Connecticnt Pomological Society. It is a
privilege, gentlemen, to come before snch a large and such
an interested audience as this. I feel that the person who
comes on this platform cannot afford to spend your time on
presenting merely elementary subjects. I realize that he is
addressing an advanced class in pomology. I feel for you to-
dav. however, because you are having a pretty heavy pro-
fessorial regimen ; I am, of course, not referring to the speak-
ers who preceded me, but have special reference to the pres-
ent occupant of the platform. I think this meeting is, and
should be, primarily, a conference of fruit growers themselves.
We have passed the elementary stage, — the beginning class, —
when orchardists desire those elementary principles necessary
a few years ago. The day is past, also, when there are "pro-
fessors of all knowledge." The day has arrived when each
investigator has got to look out for his own education and
progress in order to keep ahead of the practical fruit grower,
because the practical inan in the orchard is close at his heels,
and sometimes a little ahead. In luy own State, when I want
to get the latest thing in successful orchard practice, I go
where there is a good example of this type of orcharding, and
acquire the information ; then, perhaps, steal back to my or-
chard— like my friend Sears — and put the things I have
learned into practice.

I had a good deal of confidence in Professor Sears before
he started this orchard scheme of his at Amherst — I had con-
siderable faith in his discenmient- — but when he "broke" into
that orchard "stunt" up there only about a mile from his class-
room and students, — I have come to the conclusion that he is
a man of niight\' poor judgment. I had more sense than that,

^2 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

for while I am doing some little things in orcharding myself,
I am conducting my operations about 2,000 miles away from
the college. (Laughter).

(Prof. Sears: I am not so much afraid of my methods
as 3'ou are,)

(Prof. Craig: .That is not only a case of mistaken
judgment, but it is aggravated by inability to see the error of
his ways.)

I think it is a mighty good thing for professors to take
up orchard problems and try to work them out once in a while.
It gives them a first-hand knowledge of the practical man's
difficulties, and it also gives them a first-hand knowledge of
what things cost, which is a pretty good sort of thing. When
we have to provide the money for the preparing of the land
and the laying out of the orchard, the planting of the trees
and that sort of thing, we are compelled to speak a little more
thoughtfully on such subjects. When a man "falls down" in
his every-day task we have a little more feeling for him.

Like my personal fruit farming, — my subject is just about
as far away, so I am altogether on safe ground, unless I run
up against some man from Oregon or Washington. I have
been asked to tell you something about fruit growing and
fruit handling in the Pacific Northwest.

In the progress of all industries in recent times we know
that distance and time have been practically annihilated ; we
know that the fruits of the Pacific coast are alongside ours
so far as competition is concerned, and that the man who
grows fine apples in Washington and Oregon is our com-
petitor at home and abroad. So it is up to us, if these men
are making great successes, to see how they are attaining these
successes and, if possible, to get ahead of them.

I think it was twenty years ago last fall that I made my
first visit to Washington and Oregon, and spent some months
in prospecting over these sage brush stretches in upland and
inland valleys. The last time I was there was less than two
months ago, at the time of the great apple show at Spokane.
This was the greatest event in the history of pomology in this

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

73

country. A show in which more apples and handsomer ap-
ples were displayed than at any other exhibition I know of ;
a show in which not only the fruit growers were concerned,
but the citizens of the place where the show was held were
intimately interested. Right here is one of our difficulties in
the East, — the townspeople where our meetings are held are
never much interested. In the city of Spokane on this occa-
sion the streets, the stores, and even the little shops, were dec-
orated with apples, to celebrate the event. As you walked
down the streets and around the corners and saw those mag-
nificent apples in all the windows, you thought you were at
the show itself, because the whole city was in a gala attire
of apples. That suggests the spirit of the people in the great
Northwest.

There are a good many striking features about the North-
west country. One of the things that appeals to you most is
the great size of the country. Oregon is about twice as large
as the State of New York ; Washington is larger than all of
New England, and that other country which we are soon go-
ing to hear from — British Columbia — lying to the north of
these two States, is eight times as large as the State of New
York. A tremendous expanse of outdoors when you come
to think of it in relative terms !

We can divide the region roughly into two sections, and
the division line is a natural one running north and south, the
great Cascade Range, one of the backbones of the continent.

On the coast side of that range we find distinct climatic
conditions and products peculiar to the region. On the east
side we have a dififerent climate and products governed by
those different conditions. On the coast side of the range we
have the moist winds from the Pacific sweeping easterly; as
they pass over the Cascades they are robbed of their moisture,
precipitation occurs and the rainfall on the Pacific side is
heavy. You have, then, a humid atmosphere and moist soil
conditions. On the east side of the Cascades very different
conditions prevail. There we have aridity, and irrigation is
necessary. Fruit growing in the oldest part of that country

74 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

is onl}- an infant compared with fruit growing here in the
east. We are told that the first peaches grown on the coast
were sold in the (then) village of Portland in 1853 at five for
a quarter. However, that is not the price of peaches there
now. Prunes at that time at 15 and 20 cents a pound, now
they are sold for three to five cents a pound, and a grower
is fortunate if he can get five cents a pound. Prunes, peach-
es, walnuts and apricots marked the introduction of fruit
growing into the Pacific coast side of the valley.

The development of the country on the east side of the
Cascades is of later origin. The two regions are radically
different in their climatic make-up. It rains a good deal on
the west side ; it is very dry on the east side. The residents
of the two sections joke each other, the men on the coast
calling the inland people Salamanders ; the inlanders calling"
the people on the coast Webfooters. The inland region is di-
vided into two important sections, based largely on elevation.
Along the rivers running through the country are low, warm
valleys, giving almost sub-tropical conditions. On those low-
er valleys are cultivated tender fruits like the European grape
— the black and wdiite varieties, the same type as that which
comes from Spain packed in cork ; prune, peach and apricot
groves are numerous.

Then there are the great inland uplands, the plateaus,,
which lie between the rivers. These range from a few hun-
dred to a few thousand feet above the sea level. That is
where cereals were first grown. This is all changed now,
fruits have been introduced and fruit cultivation is established
on a large scale where the growing of fruit was not dreamed
of a couple of decades ago. I believe it is from these sections
— the inland uplands — that we are going to hear from most
emphatically in the years to come. Given clear summer, sun-
ny days, coupled with cool nights ; given water and the rich
volcanic ash soil, which exists all through, they are enabled
to grow beautiful fruit. The climate and soil make beautiful
fruit, but right there I wish to make a distinction. You can
have a fine looking thing which is not quite so good on the

lUaiiri-liXTJI .IXNi'.IL MliETIXC. 75

insiclo as autillu'r tiling is which is not as pretty. There is a
great difference l)et\veen Western apples and the same variety
of apples i^rown in the East. In short, the Western apples
have the appearance, l)nt onr apples have the quality. Yes, we
have good quality ; then let us bank on it. Let us swear by
quality, let us shout quality, let us keep the factor, quality, con-
stantly to the front. They have handsome appearance ; they
are keeping that before the public constantly ; that is their
main reliance. They meet and beat us in our markets. In
order to compete with them in our Eastern markets we must
sell on the basis of high quality. And we can win.

The land in the inland is practically clear of tree growth.
There is nothing but sage brush growing out of the sand.
They clear and water the land and it is immediately valuable.
Unimproved land without water can be bought for from
$50.00 to $73.00 an acre to-day. How much can you buy
good apple land for on our hillsides in this country? How
nuich will good apple land cost us here, where we can grow
adapted varieties of the highest quality?

If you go over the Cascades into the timber region you
can buy cut-over land at less than on the east side, but it will
cost you from $125 to $175 an acre to clear it for orchard
purposes.

The inland region has three noted apple valleys : The
Yakima Valley, Wenatchee Valley and the Chelan Valley.
Many other regions are rapidly developing.

These three valleys have recently developed great apple-
growing regions, which (aside from Hood River Valley) are
supplying us tlie bulk of these handsome apples that come in-
to our Eastern markets.

ORCiiARn ^Ianagement.

A word or two about the peculiarities of these two re-
gions, the coast and the inland, in reference to orchard prac-
tices. The coast men have lots of moisture and a good deal
of cool weather, and so they need open-headed trees ; they
wish to let in the sunlight to color their fruit. The men on
the inland have an abundance of sunlight and are obliged to

76 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

protect their fruit trees by keeping the trees close headed.
The men of the coast head their trees high in order to work
underneath them ; the inland fruit grower needs a low-headed
tree because the stem and branches must be protected from
sun scald ; he needs to protect the trunk of the tree. The
coast fruit grower prunes in the summer to check growth,
while the man in the interior may prune in the winter.

In the Matter of Spraying.

On the coast they have conditions favorable to the growth
of fungi ; they have moisture, and fungous troubles develop
quickly. In the inland they are not troubled with fungous
enemies, but are greatly bothered with Codling Moth. The
men of the inland uplands must fight the Codling Moth and
must fight other apple insects, while the men of the coast fight
fungous diseases. One class works with his fungicides and
the other with his insecticides.

After noting the spray methods of these westerners
I am free to say that in the East we don't know much about
spraying, from the standpoint of thoroughness.

They realize that their work must be done so that every
apple will be perfect, so there shall be no number twos or
threes. In orchards where spraying was carried on thorough-
ly, six or seven applications of insecticides are sometimes made
in one season, and it would have been very difficult to find an
apple that was injured by the Codling Moth. Remember that
these growers are 2,000 miles from the great Eastern markets
and 5,000 miles from Europe. It costs a cent a pound to
carry fruit from the West to the East, so that they can't
afford to grow anything they cannot ship. They have got to
grow only first-class fruit. Spraying, pruning and other prac-
tices are absolutely essential to the raising of perfect apples.
In no other way can they maintain themselves.

Markets.

They have three markets, and they are working them all
"to a finish." You men here in Connecticut know one of them
they are working to a finish.

lUC.HTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. yj

1st. Their local Western market. This does not amount
to very much. The mining towns and the inland cities con-
sume a certain amount, but the population is, of course, not
so dense as here in the East, consequently the consumption is
light.

2nd. The Orient is a market which they are looking
forward to. .After all, fruit must be introduced into the Ori-
ental markets through the medium of people who are accus-
tomed to eating Western fruit, the apple in particular. The
Orientals are not accustomed to eating fruit and are not edu-
cated along that line. I do not look, therefore, for the de-
velopment of an extensive market in the Orient for our West-
ern apples in the near future.

When it does come, the Pacific Northwest growers will
be on the ground floor.

3rd. Then there are the Eastern and the European mar-
kets. It costs Washington shippers practically a cent a pound
to any point east of the Mississippi River. Notwithstanding
this, they are taking the cream off all our markets, for they
send nothing but the highest grade of apples, handsome, uni-
form and reliable. We must look to our laurels.

The ArPLE Show.

One of the things in connection witji the National Apple
Show at Spokane was an interesting little incident with an im-
portant moral, and I speak of it in passing. Somebody con-
nected with the apple show said New York ought to be rep-
resented, so they telegraphed to one of the largest firms of
apple men in New York City, saying, "Send us half a dozen
barrels of New York commercial apples, standard varieties."
A representative of this firm went into the storehouse and
selected a couple of barrels each of Baldwins, Kings and
Greenings, and sent them on. These were commercial apples
— you know how they are generally graded and packed. When
they arrived at Spokane they knocked the head out, then tipped
the barrel forward to show' its contents. I need not describe
the appearance of the apples. On the top there were two
layers of good looking apples, in the center were culls, and in

78 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the bottom — FlI not tell you what those were. People in
passing saw the label "New York Apples." Then they went
over and saw those beautiful specimens of Oregon, Washing-
ton. Idaho and British Columbia apples, and they probably
said, "I guess I will grow apples out here where I can grow
decent ones."

You see those people didn't analyze the situation at all,
but the apparent lesson to themselves. Success in the apple
industry lies not only in growing and selling, but also lies
in honest packing. If our apples were packed in boxes the
packer would not have the same chance to practice crooked-
ness in grading.

The box package is the package which is used exclusively
in the West. The size of the Oregon package is 18 x 12^ x
10 VS, the package which is known in the market and has been
established.

What are the lessons, in brief, to be learned?

1st. High culture, pruning and spraying are essential in
the growing of good apples, and no one can visit the North-
west countr)^ without being impressed by the methods em-
ployed by the growers there.

2nd. The lesson of grading with absolute rigidity and
uniformity, and the use of an attractive package.

3rd. That these men, although having to send their
fruit 2,000 miles to reach the markets of the world, are not
frustrated by distance, but are going ahead making a repu-
tation and establishing their fruit in great consuming centers,

4th. Thev are demonstrating the influence of enthusiasm,
cooperation and judicious advertising. All honor to these
men who are giving us this great object lesson.

I don't believe we do half enough advertising — I am not
referring to the kind I saw from the car window as I was
coming up the Hudson and Connecticut Rivers, the billboard
advertising that obliterates your beautiful landscape — but such
legitimate and judicious advertising as will bring your apples
to the front.

(The address was illustrated with many orchard scenes and a fine
lot of pictures taken at the national apple show. Professor Craig

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

79

acknowledges the kindness of the Commercial Club of North Yakima,
of Yakima, of Wenatchee, of Michael Horan of Wenatchee, of Rogers
River and of the Better Fruit Publishing Company, in furnishing pic-
tures from which lantern slides were made.)

Vice-President Rogers : There are no other addresses
scheduled for this afternoon, and it has been suggested that
we take an early adjournment so that we may prepare for the
Society's banquet, which is to take place promptly at six o'clock
in Jewell Hall. You will understand that this banquet takes
the place of our usual evening session.

Is there any further business before we adjourn?

Mr. C. S. Phelps : Mr. President, I make a motion that
a nominating committee be named from the floor to bring in
a list of nominations for officers of this Society, to be voted
for at to-morrow's election, such committee to consist of one
member from each county.

This motion was duly seconded and passed. The fol-
lowing were then elected as the committee on nominations :

Hartford County- — Stancliffe Hale.

New Haven County — John R. Barnes.

Fairfield County — N. H. Sherwood.

Middlesex County — C E. Lyman.

New London County — C. A. Gray.

Litchfield County — Willis E. Frost.

Tolland County — C. H. Savage.

Windham County — E. E. Brown.

At 5 o'clock the meeting adjourned until Thursday morn-
ing at 9.30.

8o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

First Annual Banquet of the Society in Jewell Hall.

New -Departure a Success !

"Feast of Apples and Flow of Wit/'

Instead of the usual evening session at the annual meet-
ing, the executive committee decided to try a new departure
this year in the shape of a Fruit Banquet, with music and
speeches following, the object being to emphasize the social
feature of the big convention and promote a spirit of good fel-
lowship among our members, as well as to offer the hospitality
of the Society to our many friends from other States.

Plans for the Banquet were determined on months in ad-
vance, and the result was an unqualified success, and an oc-
casion thoroughly enjoyed by every one present.

The fruit growers took kindly to the banquet idea from
the first, the tickets were in great demand, and the large hall
was taxed to its utmost capacity by a distinguished company,
representative not only of the pomological interests of the
State, but every branch of agriculture as well. Invited guests
and visiting fruit growers -were present from six different
States.

The banquet hall was very attractive with its decorations
of flowers and fruits, apples in quantity and of beautiful color
predominating in a scheme of unique beauty.

The catering was by Besse of Hartford, and an orches-
tra of ladies under the direction of Mrs. C. P. Hatch played
during the serving of the banquet.

The unique and very attractive menu cards were de-
signed and printed by The J. Horace McFarland Co. of Har-
risburg. Pa., and were presented with the firm's compliments
"to the happiness of Boss Hale and his bunch."

The members and their friends gathered at 6 o'clock in the
Y. M. C. A. building, and at 6.15 nearly 300 banqueters,
headed by President Gold and Former President J. H. Hale

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 8l

of (ilastonbury, the toastniaster, marched to the banquet hall.
The tables were decorated with apples in baskets and the same
fruit in rows and pyramids. The head table was at the south
end of the hall. Grace was said by Dr. L. A, Clinton of the
Storrs Experiment Station.

At the head table on President Gold's right were Mrs.
Gold, Professor John Craig of Ithaca, N. Y., Mrs. Orrin Gil-
bert, wife of Orrin Gilbert of Middletown, treasurer of the
society ; Dr. L. A. Clinton, Professor H. A. Surface, W. W.
Farnsworth of Waterville, Ohio, president of the Ohio Hor-
ticultural society ; Vice-President Elijah Rogers of Southing-
ton and Mrs. Rogers, and H. B. Fullerton of Huntington, L. T.
On Mr. Gold's left were Toastmaster Hale, Miss Hale, Pro-
fessor F. C. Sears, Wilfred Wheeler of Concord, Mass. ; H.
W. Collingwood, editor of the Rural New Yorker ; Mrs. H. C.
C. Miles, wife of Secretary Miles ; Colonel J. F. Brown of
Stonington, secretary of the State board of agriculture ; Dr.
E. H.« Jenkins, director of the Connecticut Experiment Sta-
tion, New Haven ; Wilson H. Lee of Orange, president of the
Connecticut Dairymen's Association ; Albert T. Repp of Glass-
boro, N. J., and President Charles L. Beach of the Connecti-
cut Agricultural College.

Almost every course on the unique menu contained apples
in one form or another. There were steamed apples, apple
sauce, fritter de pom, pomological salad, apple pie, protose
with dressing, and to cap the climax, sweet cider disguised as
apple juice. Even the ice cream, which was served in "or-
chard style," masqueraded in the form of fruit. One of the
special dishes on the menu which everyone seemed to like
was "peach dumpling with Hale sauce." There were apples
everywhere. In fact, the only variety of the apple family
missing that evening was the apple of discord.

82 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Menu.

STEAMED APPLES DE LAVAL SAUCE

CONNECTICUT STYLE.

Soup.

FRENCH NUT
KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK STYLE

Roast.

PROTOSE WITH DRESSING APPLE SAUCE

Entree.

HICKORY CHOP JELLY' FRITTER DE POxM

Salad.

POMOLOGICAL

Dessert.

PEACH DUMPLING^ HALE SAUCE ICE CREAM, ORCHARD STYLE

APPLE PIE, THE KIND OUR MOTHERS MADE

MACAROONS NUTS RAISINS

COFFEE

APPLE JUICE GRAPE JUICE

At the close of the banquet President Gold introduced
Mr. J, H. Hale as toast-master.

Mr. Hale: Brother and Sister Fruit Gro^vers and
Friends — As a former President of this Society I feel that
it is a great honor to have been chosen toast-master to preside
at the first annual fruit banquet. I believe it was our old
friend Solomon who said. "Comfort me with apples because
I am sick of love." I feel just the other way; and yet I am
not sick of apples.

It is a wonderful work that this Pomological Society is
doing for our apples. I have been asked since sitting here if
some of these beautiful apples that adorn our tables were not
Oregon fruit! If it had been a man who asked me the ques-
tion, I would have proved at the time, either that he or I
was no gentleman.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 83

I'licre arc sonic wonderful possibilities in our Connecti-
cut soil and we arc just starting- in to develop them. They
tell of the wondcTtul opportunities in the West. If we will
take advantage of all the ()p])ortunities we have right here at
home we can make as great a success of apple growing a.> the
Westerners do. To do this we must till the soil if we would
find the g'old lying underneath.

\\ c must use oiu" pick and our shovel. There is no
cpiestion hut that wc can produce fruit more than equal in
quality of that grown in any other section of the countrv. I
hope at next year's banquet we shall have a hall twice the
size of this and that we shall be able to have more elaborate
fruit decorations, possibly a thousand or more bushels and
boxes of choice Connecticut apples, and instead of wasting
our time listening to the talk of a lot of these fellows ( fiftv
or more who have asked the privilege of speaking to-night)
who are to follow me, we will spend the time selling those
apples and what w^e don't sell you may take away with you.

We are here to promote Connecticut agriculture, Connec-
ticut horticulture, Connecticut pomology. Every man of us.
if we are to succeed, must 1>e up a tree pruning and spraying
and thinning, in order to get the best results and that we may
get better fruit from our Connecticut trees.

I have pleasure in presenting to you first, Professor L. A.
Clinton of our State College, who is anxious to say a few
words to you on wdiat he does or doesn't know about any sub-
ject under consideration.

Prof. Clinton : I am one of those fifty who asked Mr.
Hale if they might speak here to-night, and if they all asked
in the same way I did he simply couldn't refuse to let them
speak. If I can judge at all of the frame of mind of an audi-
ence, this audience is in splendid condition to-night, so far —
I won't prophesy \vhat will happen between now and mid-
night— before those fifty speakers get through talking. You
have not told me that you have enjoyed yourselves, but you
act like the servant girl to whom her mistress said, "Mary,
does lohn love vou?" and Marv answered, "Well, I don't

84 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

know, missus, but he do like he do." Up to this time vou "do
hke you do" have a good time.

At the meeting this afternoon and at this session here to-
night I have wished many times that President Roosevelt's
Commission on Country Life could have their meeting with
us. T think after they finished with this convention they
would certainly have some information as to country life con-
ditions here in Connecticut. I am especially glad that we
have with us a man from New York State and a man from
Pennsylvania. You know New York State boasts and calls
itself the Empire State and yet in all its history I would ask
Professor Craig if they have ever had such a meeting as this,
and if he tells you the truth, he will tell you "No." On the
subject of co-operati(jn. it has been said that Connecticut fruit
growers could not work together ; that they could not work
for one common end. I would like to have the man who said
that be here to-night and see how you men have worked for
the same purpose, and by what I see you have pretty nearly
accomplished that purpose. That same co-operation you
have shown to-night, if carried into your every-day work will
accomplish great results, and there isn't any force in Con-
necticut that can stop you from getting what you want. If
the three or four various farm organizations in this State
could get together and would say what they wanted with ref-
erence to their interests, you would find the people at the Cap-
itol would just fall over themselves in granting their requests.

I had just time to-day to read the headlines in my daily
paper, and a part of one article — the report of the Commis-
sioner of Education of this State. If you have not read it.
get a copy of the Courant or Times and read that article
from beginning to end. If there is anything the matter with
Connecticut, you are going to find it right along the line of
our countr}' school system. Some of you live in the country
and are somewhat familiar with the country district schools,
but not as familiar as you ought to be. I wonder how many
of you within the last ten years have visited the little school-
house in your district. I wish you would make one resolve,
and that is, that vou will learn the conditions existing in your

lilUlITIiENTlI .IXNf.lL MEETING. 85

ilislrict scliool, and if there is anything- you can do to improve
those conditions, that yon will do it right away. In some of
the States they have organized a demonstration train. My
friend. Professor Surface, tells me he is anxious to get away
from here to go with a part}- on such a train, that the officials
of the Pennsylvania Railroad have for several weeks been
running through Pennsylvania. I am thankful we live in a
State where we don't need to run trains through the country
in order to inform the people. There are some advantages
in little Connecticut ; you who live in the farthest points of
the State can come to these meetings, attend the sessions dur-
ing the day and spend the night at your homes ; this is due
to the fact that our towns are so well connected by railroads
and the trolley system. We are proud of our State. We
are proud of our men. We are proud of our apples.

ToASTMASTER Hale : Our success in fruit culture
depends largely upon ourselves, our location and our soil ;
also upon the methods w^e use to develop our fruits, plants
and vines. When we are in doubt about what we should do,
we have our experiment station at New Haven to guide us ;
there they give us the standard of various fertilizers that are
gave his fine puppy to his Irish friend, and when a few months
on the market. You have heard the story of the man who
later he came to visit the Irishman, he inquired for the dog
and was told he was dead, having swallowed a tape measure.
The man, thinking to be funny, said, "So, Patrick, the poor
dog died by inches, did he?" "Faith, no," replied Patrick,
"he went round back of the house and died by the yard."
Dr. Jenkins, director of the experiment station, will speak to
you, and tell a ou what he knows, or doesn't know, about cer-
tain things.

Dr. E. H. Jenkins: 1 am very grateful for the privi-
lege of telling you what 1 d<» know, or don't know about cer-
tain things. Sometimes, when the Toastmaster is speaking,
I have to wonder which side he is on.

T am glad to be here in attendance ui)oii this uni(|ue ban-
quet. The nienu has kept us guessing- all the way through
as to what thing was coming next. There was only one thing

86 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

that seemed familiar on the bill of fare, and that I get every
time I dine with Brother Hale — it is Hale "sass." I have
always had a very great reverence for pomology. I think
this spirit of reverence has come in part from the fact that it
is the most ancient "ology" we have. I am snre theology
came two or three days later than pomology. The very first
thing that was established in the Garden of Eden was the
apple tree of the variety known as the "Tree of the Knowl-
edge of Good and Evil." Because our first parents didn't
understand how to handle the tree — never having read the
bulletins from the experiment station at Xew Haven, they
made mistakes and landed both themselves and us in a whole
world of trouble. That particular variety of apple is lost, but
when I get hold of a good Mcintosh Red or Northern Spy.
1 think to myself, that came from the "Tree of Good Knowl-
edge," and on the other hand, when I am unfortunate enough
to have offered me a Ben Davis. I sa\ , that came from "the
Tree of the Knowledge of Evil." I hope sometime we may
discover or develop that Tree again, for it is the combination
of the two things we want. What a grand thing it would
be if we could each of us have such a Tree in our yard — then
there would be no further need for our churches and schools
and experiment stations ; all we would need to do would be
to sit under that tree and wish for whatever we desired and
it would come to pass.

It would be a pleasure to me to be so situated that I might
mingle more with the public, but the duties of my office at
the station are most confining, and it is also a strain upon
one's knowledge to be called upon to answer intelligently all
the questions that come to us. Very often I am asked to
prescribe for a sick cow, and frequently when I am away in
the country, I am called upon at midnight to administer med-
icine to a sick woman — my title giving people the idea that
I am a medical man ; and, by the way. I have had great suc-
cess in giving long distance prescriptions. Another case is
that of a man sending me a calf in a barrel, asking me to
determine and tell him what it died of. ()ne request sent me
was asking for a harmless powder that would develop oxy-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 87

gen when it was put in the month ; another, whether borax
mixed with water was orood for freckles. So you see the
duties of the experiment station director are muUiform and
do not leave us much time for recreation.

ToASTMASTER Hale : Last week it was my pleasure to
be over at Cornell University and give a little talk to the stu-
dents in Professor Craig's class. One of the students hap-
pened to be a Chinaman and he asked me several questions
relating to our work. After the class was over, I was pass-
ing through one of the halls and saw the Chinaman talking
earnestly with one of the girls. As a grandfather, I felt it
my duty to chide them, so I said, "Young man, you are in
this country to study horticulture ; what do you mean by this
sort of nonsense, talking with girls in the hallways?" He
replied, "Mr. Hale, I study the peach." So you see what
they are teaching at Cornell. I will now ask Professor Craig
to address you.

Professor John Craig: Mr. Roastmaster — that is what
our friend, the presiding officer, ought to be labeled. Over in
England they do this sort of thing professionally ; when they
can find a man who has as much assurance as our friend Hale,
and as good a gift of gab, together with a string of taking
stories at his tongue's end, they give him a handsome fee for
presiding as "Roastmaster" — and that is what I shall call Mr,
Hale to-night, the Roastmaster.

I am unlike the boy you may have heard of who was suf-
fering with a pain under his waistband because of eating too
much green fruit. When approached by a believer in faith
cure and told to think there was no pain in his stomach, he
replied, "Well, I guess I know, because I have inside infor-
mation." If I had possessed a little inside information
regarding the possibilities of my duties to-night, I might have
been in a better position to have instructed or entertained you,
for I realize that there is no man so dangerous to an audience
as an unprepared speaker, who often, like many of our rail-
roads, has poor "terminal facilities." Let me congratulate
you in your progress as a society.

88 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It was ni}' privilege to attend a Connecticut Pomological
meeting- four or five years ago — it is said comparisons are
odious, but, when favorable, are permissible under present
conditions, I feel certain. After attending the meeting to-
day and the banquet to-night and recalling the last meeting.
I can say truthfully that I have never seen greater g-fowth in
an educational institution^ in the same length of time, as I see
in this Society in the period which has elapsed since my last
visit. This banquet is one of the most delightful functions
that I have ever attended — barring the number of things I
was tempted to eat. The worthy director of your experiment
station made some references to New York. I can reply to
Professor Clinton's comments in this way : We grow more
apples and more flowers than any other State, except Califor-
nia— and we don't grow the citrous fruits — and more nursery
stock, I mean young trees, than any other State ; but we have
never had strictly fruit banquets, but perhaps we shall attain
to that when we strike our gait. It must have been Colling-
wood who gave you the idea of this banquet — I know he is
always preaching the gospel of apple eating. I said to your
Roastmaster that it was a pity to put apples like those I see
adorning these tables, in barrels ; that they ought to be packed
in boxes and they ought to be sold as Connecticut apples when
you compete with the fellow from the West.

There are a great many questions about apple growing
which one can't answer. Success or failure, after all, depeads
on the man himself. One man can grow good apples and the
other man alongside does not grow good apples ; both using
the same soil, the same sky over both, the same sunshine beam-
ing upon them, the same rain falling on each. The men are
different. It is individuality. Personality counts in fruit
growing as in everything else. The personal equation is in
the last analysis the deciding factor.

The question before the Connecticut people at this time
is how to extend, understand and take advantage of the pos-
sibilities of fruit growing in this State. I tell you, you must
grow the best fruit possible on your own land. That is the
best advertisement you can have. Let every one present here

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 89

to-night go home with that resolve and put that rcsohition to
grow the best fruit possible, into practice at an early day. If
you do that, I do not think you need fret very much about the
competition of those more favored regions so far away. Let
us grow the best to the highest state of development, then
grade it conscientiously, pack it attractively, and place it
before the consumer as the best of its kind. Banquets of this
kind will do much to stimulate the grower to develop that
which is truly the "Flower of Commodities."

ToASTMASTER Hale : I am glad to be able to say to you
that we have a man with us to-night wdio really knows some-
thing. He is a former president of the Ohio Horticultural
Societv. and he is going to tell us something worth knowing :
Mr. W. W. Farnsworth.

Mr. Farnsworth : I think the most of you are acquaint-
ed with Mr. Hale and know how much to discount his
speeches. I am glad to say that I am a native of New
England ; that is. about a hundred years ago my grandfather
went from a little north of here to the West. I have been
thinking to-night that if he could have looked into the future
and seen what it held for the earnest workers of the soil,
could have seen this magnificent display of apples on the
tables, that he would have felt that Connecticut held as much
in store for him as did Ohio. You know some Westerners
say that the Ohioans started West, got "cold feet" and
stopped. We don't accept that; we claim the State was set-
tled by people who knew a good thing Avhen they saw it and
were contented to stay where they were instead of going fur-
ther and faring worse.

I congratulate this Society for the splendid showing you
are making in your work, for the great interest that is mani-
fested here, and upon your awakening to the splendid oppor-
tunities that lie before you. at your very threshold. Do you
know, I have been telling my friends that I had rather have
an apple orchard in ( )hio than an orange grove in California.
"He laughs best who laughs last." I am laughing now; the
future is very bright for the horticulturist who will improve
the knowledge he has at his command to-day. Fifteen years

90 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ago the conditions were different. At that time it was con-
sidered doubtful if an apple orchard of a hundred acres would
prove profitable. Then they thought it the best way to put
the apple orchard on the cheapest land they had and not invest
much money in it. Since then, thanks to the efforts of sci-
entists and the practical men working together, hand in hand,
we have established horticultural and pomological societies
and experiment stations in all the different States, and find
that to-day there is no rural pursuit or profession that offers
a better inducement for energy and intelligent tiiought than
does that of fruit growing.

We all have our problems. Even the scientists can't
help us to solve all of them. We must solve them ourselves
individually. We can receive a wonderful amount of help
and inspiration from each other — I have a very warm s\)Ot
in my heart for our scientists, as well as our practical men ;
each has done much for us and we can keep learning from
them constantly ; but when it comes to our own farm and our
own work, we must solve our individual problems for our-
selves.

I would speak a word of encouragement to the younger
men who are in attendance upon this meeting. There is no
pursuit that will give a young man greater opportunities,
wider scope, greater enthusiasm for the ideal life and the
ideal home with a wife and children, than will horticulture.
Friends, I bring to you the compliments of the Ohio State
Horticulture Society and wish you Godspeed in this great
work you have undertaken.

Secretary Miles : I wish to suggest at this time that
the company arise and drink a toast, which I am sure we can
all agree to. In explanation, let me say that it is the thought
of one of our good lady members, Sister Crandall, who has
composed it while sitting at the banquet ; the sentiment is ex-
pressed for the Society and its distinguished workers.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. ■ 91

The company then rose and drank to the following-

Toast

To THE Connecticut Pomological Society on the Occasion of the

Annual Banquet, 18th Annual Meeting, 1909.

(Composed by Mrs. H. L. Crandall, Farmingtoii, Conn.)

Here's health to our pride, who is just 18 —

The finest and fairest that ever was seen.

We crown her with fruits and flowers untold,

For she's hearty and Hale and she's worth all our Gold;

Let's fill up our glasses and wish her "God Speed"

And in years yet to come, we will follow her lead.

As Air. Powell of the New'England Homestead was leav-
ing the banquet hall. Toastmaster Hale invited him to sa)'-
a few words.

Mr. Edwin C. Powell: I have but fifteen minutes in
which to make an address and catch my train, and I assure
you the address will be brief. The matter has been referred
to by many that this was the first banquet of its kind they had
ever attended. I recall only one in my experience, — that was
way back in 1890, I think, when I was a student at Cornell —
that was before Professor Craig's time — when we arranged a
big spread, serving only what was produced on the farm of
Cornell University. We had fully as great a variety as }OU
have here to-night. It was a very entertaining experience,
for one never knew what was going to be the next course.
I congratulate this Society upon its flourishing condition and
upon the excellence of the banquet.

Toastmaster Hale : With the development oi a better
life in the country, our trolley car lines and the telephone,
better roads and the autos, and the stimulus that has come in-
to rural life by the work of this Society and others, there is
a steady drift from the city to the country and an increasing-
intermingling of city and country people that is doing us good.
One of the good ladies who has in a measure left town and
city life for that of the country, and who, with her husband,
is developing rural life into more beauty and wholesomeness,

92

THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

is with us to-night, and I am go'mg to call upon IMrs. F. C.
Atkins, of Hartford and Bolton, to say a word to us about the
"City Woman in the Country."

Mrs. Atkins : Mr. Toastmaster and Friends : The sub-
ject of country life is a very interesting one to both my hus-
band and myself. Four or five years ago we went out into
the country one beautiful spring da}'. — I remember so well
the apple trees were laden w'ith blossoms and how delicious
the air smelled — the result was that we were so delighted, my
husband bought a farm and gave it to me. When I entered
the house on the farm T questioned whether I was to be con-
gratulated or not upon my possession, — but there was a clump
of beautiful lilac bushes near, the house that won my heart,
and so I felt we could make the house livable— of course that
is the first thing a woman thinks of. When we really got
into the house, we began to think of developing the land — we
had some choice land, too choice, we thought, to put into fruit.
We had some hilly lands, very rocky, which we thought was
well adapted to fruit culture. We got the advice of some
people and then attended the pomological meeting in this city
that winter, to gain information regarding our w^ork, and it
was at that meeting that we received great help and enthusi-
asm, and there also that we met some of the nurserymen and
became greatly interested in the planting of apple trees. Dur-
ing the winter and spring we spent our evenings studying the
fruit catalogues, trying to select the varieties we wished. The
trouble was, we wanted them all, and didn't see how we were
to make a choice and leave some of them out. You will laugh
when I tell you that our idea of planting an apple tree was to
dig a little hole and put the tree into it. Fortunately we be-
came acquainted with a man who was spraying- to kill what he
told me was San Jose Scale — I didn't know wdiat that was at
the time — near our home, and when he saw I was interested
he said he would be glad to help us with our planting, which
he arranged to do. Our land was so hilly and rocky that be-
fore we could plant the trees we had to do an immense
amount of blasting, which took a long time After the land

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 93

was properly preparefl the planting' was done, and our work
has gone on successfully

Mv husband and I appreciate the work of this poniologi-
cal society : you are teaching us ; we arc going to school to
vou ; therefore, T could not refuse when the Toastniaster
asked me for a word, to pay you a tribute, and I am happ\' to
do so at this time.

ToAST.M ASTER Hale : One of the societies interested in
the adyancement of Connecticut agriculture, and one with
\\hich this Society works hand in hand, is the Connecticut
Dairymen's Association. We have as our guest to-night the
president of that association, Mr. Wilson H. Lee, of New-
Haven. We would like to have him tell us about his associa-
tion, his farm, and how he makes the New Haven people pay
him 15 cents a (|uart for milk that is 80% water.

]\Ir. Lee : That is a libel on honesty. Dr. Jenkins says
it is only 40% water. I don't know \\hy in the world the
Toastniaster didn't call upon one of the fifty men who asked
him for the privilege of speaking — I know I didn't ask him
for the honor. But T am pleased to say a few words to you.
Like many others here, this is the first banquet of the kind I
have ever attended. The fruit display is very attractive.
Like the Doctor, at my right, and others present who attend
other banquets where onlv men are present, it seems so nice
to see the ladies here. This gathering shows that the mem-
bers of the Society are ]M'osperous and successful ; the wives
are interested in the business. We may be sure when our
wives and daughters are interested in a work that it will surely
succeed. A woman wlm knows how to handle the pocketbook
will make the fortune (^f any man who is thrifty and honest.
I am glad to see so many ladies here to-night.

T have a great interest in the farmers of this State, be
they dairymen, fruit growers, poultry raisers, market garden-
ers or whatever particular branch they follow, and I feel that
everyone who is interested in any of the various lines of agri-
culture should feel the ver\- same interest in every other line.

94

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and that the different organizations should work hand in hand.
Those people who, like our friend Hale, have made a success
of fruit growino-. show their ability to adapt the soil to their
wants, — and if every fruit grower is honest enough and good
business man enough to put just as good apples and peaches
in the bottom of the box as he puts on the top, his success is
assm-ed. Remember, it is necessary that people have confi-
dence in the individual.

There is one thing that Professor Clinton alluded to in
his speech that is near to my heart, and that is the rural
schools of our country. I have just been interested in making
an effort to improve the school conditions in my little town of
Orange, by building a school-house in the center of the town.
I feel this is a question that should be of vital interest to every
person in this room. We should adopt the recommendation
of the State Board of Education and centralize and improve
the rural schools, for in our rural schools rests the safety of
our State institutions.

ToASTAiASTEii Hale : One other kindred organization —
the State Poultry Association — and its members are good
friends of ours, is represented here by its president. I am
going to ask Mr. Cosgrove to give us his recipe for making-
hens lay eggs at this season of the year.

Mr. George A, Cosgrove : I didn't expect to be called up-
on to say anything to-night. I remember when the Southerners
in New York had a banquet, an Atlanta editor made a speech
in which he told of the Boys in Gray having hearts of gold.
That speech went all over the country. Connecticut can
boast of having a man not only with heart of gold, but "Gold '
all over. There he sits now — the president of the Pomolog-
ical Society. As I sat here and thought of the tremendous
amount of work involved in making this banquet a success, I
said to myself, I know President Gold of the Pomological
Society and President Lee of the Dairymen's Association can
join with me in saying what a fine thing it is to have an effi-
cient secretary, upon whom the bulk of the labor falls in the

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

95

preparation of these conventions. So. T say, "Lonoc live
Secretary J\Iiles."

I don't expect to win your applause for n\y wit. but I
will win your gratitude by taking- my seat.

ToASTM ASTER Hale : We certainly appreciate what Mr.
Cosgrove says about our efficient secretary. Variety is worth
having and we have it here to-night. We have been honored
by hearing from the officers of several of the different State
organizations ; now I am going to ask Mr. Stadtmueller, of
the Sheep Breeders' Association, to speak to us.

Mr. F. H. Stadtmueller: I did not ask the privilege
of the floor, but I expected to speak because I was sent an
invitation and a ticket of admission to the banquet free.
The only thing I regret is that I will not be able to deliver
full exchange for value received.

In the past few months one of the popular themes of dis-
cussion has been the meetings of the commission on countrv
life appointed by President Roosevelt. This has brought to
utterance a number of facetious remarks : one to the eft'ect
that up in Vermont all that was needed was a better grade
of summer boarders, to which a man replied by relating a
story of a farmer who advertised for summer boarders, and
received a reply in which they asked whether there were
facilities for bathing. When the farmer and his wife talked
the matter over, they decided to write to the city folks tell-
ing them to "take a bath before they started.''

There is one phase of the question about the uplift of
New England farmers which it affords me great pleasure to
announce has been materially advanced by the action of the
Pomological Society, and through which action the Society
has set an example worthy of imitation of all other agricul-
tural societies in the State. It is the cardinal principle upon
which our future improvement hangs — that is. the matter of
organization and co-operation. Have you thought of the
sagacity that was displayed by this Society in handling the
peach crop of 1908? I don't know where the peaches all
went. I thought I was going to be able to buy large quan-

96 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tities of peaclies cheap, but I didn't see a cheap peach on the
market. It cannot be calculated, the thousands of dollars
that were added to the income of the peach growers of this
State. There is more of hope in this act, to the farmers of
Connecticut, than any act that has taken place for years.

There are two factors that seriously interfere with the
adoption of the principles of co-operation by farmers in
general.

First, we cannot control the output of our production.
Xo man can forecast what the harvest will be of any one
crop.

The other feature that has been a puzzle is the matter
of our location, improper facilities for steady communication
with each (jther. This will be ameliorated as time passes,
as each mile of macadam road, each mile of new trolley, each
new telephone that goes in, accelerates and ameliorates this
condition. But let us hold fast to the lessons we have learned
in the past. Let us go ahead and constantly seek to organ-
ize so as to thoroughly understand each other's needs and to
help obtain a satisfactory price for our products.

There is another phase of country life I would allude to.
To those who aim their vision above the horizon of drudg-
ery on the farm, work in the country, on the farm, is un-
equalled by any other calling', and which, when compared
with the close application required by the average conditions
of work in the cities, makes that work in the cities when
compared with the opportunities ofifered in the country, at
least proximate refined slavery, if not abject slavery.

ToASTMASTER Hale : We are fortunate to-night in hav-
ing with us the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture,
Col. James F. Brown, and he will now speak to us, taking
sense or nonsense as his topic.

Secretary Brown: T have been told just now that I
could talk either sense or nonsense. If I could talk either
as eloquently as our Toastmaster can, I should challenge
William J. Brvan at once in a contest for the presidential
nomination in 1912, and I would expect to win.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 97

This convention concludes a series of most entertaining
and interesting- conventions that have been held in the State
of Connecticut for the last sixty days. We began with the
Board of Agriculture and the Sheep Breeders' Association;
then came the State Grange, followed by the Dairymen's
Association and the Poultrymen's Association; and now
comes the dessert to the feast in the form of the Pomolog-
ical Society's annual meeting and this delightful and delic-
ious banquet of fruit to-night, and it seems a most fitting
close to the series. This spread of fruit which we have seen
here to-night has been grown in a State which has the repu-
tation of being filled with abandoned farms. I have on file
now enough appHcations for abandoned farms to absorb
nine-tenths of the farms in the State of Connecticut. The
idea has gone abroad that we have a bargain counter here on
which the State is offering practically to give away farms.
Only last evening I received an application, evidently from
a lady of culture — and you know ladies are always looking
for bargains — asking me if I had an abandoned farm situ-
ated with a commanding view of the Sound, with good
buildings, a farm that had been taken by the State for arrears
of taxes and for which the title could be transferred to her
for a small consideration. Then a short time ago I had an
application from a widower of middle age down in Tennes-
see, who was in pursuit of one of our abandoned farms and
he hoped also to secure one to which was attached a widow
of middle age. x'Vfter a considerable correspondence I
assured him that I had on my hands neither abandoned farms
nor abandoned widows, and advised him that possibly by
advertising in some of our popular papers he might secure
just the situation he wanted.

The farm population of Connecticut has been drifting
toward the cities for fifty years. One-half the population
of Connecticut to-day is in her 18 cities ; one-half the remain-
der is in the 28 incorporated boroughs of the State, and a
half of the remaining one-quarter is in the manufacturing
villages ; so only one-eighth of the population of the State

98 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of Connecticut is to-day on her farms. Instead of, as in
Iowa, who has 05 per cent, of her population engaged in
larming. Connecticut has only 12^ per cent, of her inhab
itants engaged in agriculture. What does that mean to you
and me? What does it mean that only one-eighth of her
population is actively engaged in farming? It means, for
every worker on the farm there are seven consumers, instead
of, as in Iowa, where there are two producers to every one
consumer, and it is "up to you" to cultivate the soil. It is
"up to you" to raise such fruit as we see here before us to-
night and be able to supply the seven consumers in the cities
and villages to every one individual that produces.

ToASTMASTER Hale : None of our guests this evening
will receive a warmer welcome, I am sure, than our old
friend, Editor Collingwood of the Rural New Yorker. He
is here and will now speak to us on whatever topic may be
nearest his heart.

Mr. H. W. Collingwood: I hardly know what to say
when I look at 250 people who have made a hearty meal out
of apples and grains and nuts. My only criticism of the meal
is that there wasn't enough apple to it. You ought to have
had two more courses of apple. ~Sly mind goes back to
about ten years ago when the Apple Consumers' League was
established. I remember going to the different restaurants
in New York, wishing I might get a baked apple. I w^ould
take up a bill and glance over it and find there was no notice
taken of the apple at all. There were stewed prunes and
California plums and dried apple pie, but no baked apples.
I called for baked apples and was told they had none. I
told them what I thought. The manager of the place came
to me and hoped there was nothing wrong about the food.
I told him everything was wrong, there were no baked apples.
He said he would try and remedy the trouble. The next
day I went to the same place again and they had on the bill
in red ink, "Baked Apple and Cream." The next day I had
a letter from the proprietor asking me where he could get
anything in the way of an apple for baking; he said a man

/■l(;irri:!:.\Tlf ./.VAT.//, MliliTlSC. 99

was trvinj4 In sell him siuno apples with red stripes on them,
hut they didn't taste and smell like the apples he used to see
when a hoy. 1 did the best I could to steer him away from
the lien Davis and told him to oret Spies and Greenings. In
less than six months he was using three barrels a week ; he
had customers who would walk a mile in order to get a
baked Spv or Greening. From that has grown the Apple
Consumers' League. Here we have had a full meal and all
seem to be satisfied. We have not yet got into the business
of l)ooming the apple — it is a science, I tell you. Eight years
ago I was in Virginia and they became very indignant at me
because I suggested that they advertise their apples by
placing the name of Virginia on the boxes containing the
fruit. Connecticut is not "in it" with Virginia for apples.
Two days ago the Secretary of their society, who has charge
of advertising their apples in New York — and they laughed
at me when I suggested such a thing as a retail market for
Virginia apples in New York — came and told me they had
actually begun work. They sent up a shipment of boxed
apples and they were placed on exhibition in competition
with Oregon fruit. They found their apples were just as
good and then they began to bring them up and spread them
before the notice of the people. With the exception of the
color the apples are fine. You know it is usually true that
"Handsome is that handsome does." The Virginia apples
are packed by a man wdio does nothing else and they put
their name on every box. They found there were 50,000
people in New York who were born and raised in Virginia.
Now. if those 50,000 people do their duty and each member
of the family eats five barrels a year, you can figure out how-
many apples Virginia has got to furnish. Thev are going
to open a store and put a man in it and advertise in all the
newspapers their A'irginia apples. They will get the trade,
too. What are you men doing here on these hills of Con-
necticut that you will let the people of Virginia — -who are
backward in orcharding — come into your markets and beat,
you at your own game? Vnu must wake up. get going. I

lOO THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tell you this whole thing has changed since we were boys.
The whole thing has tipped over. If I don't bring my six
children up so that when they have homes of their own they
don't feel it is their duty as citizens to eat six barrels of
apples a year, I shall feel that I have fallen short of my duty
as a father and citizen.

I have found a place in Connecticut where as an ordi-
nary thing — not extraordinary, mind you — but as a regular
thing, wdien the camp-meetings are held in the summer, au-
tomobiles come, bringing the wealthy class of people — we
will call them the "city-farmer" people — and alongside them
comes a load of people drawn by an ox-team. There is not
another State in the Union where we can find that state of
affairs. Such wide differences as are found here are not to
be found anywhere else. Starting from Hartford — where
there is more wealth per capita than in any other State or place
in the Union- — and go in any direction forty miles, up on the
hills or into the valleys, and mark the contrast. There is
no other State on earth which presents such wonderful con-
trasts as does Connecticut, and in my judgment that is not a
condition to be ashamed of. On the other hand, it is one
of the most beautiful things, one of the greatest things you
could have. You speak of the possibilities of Connecticut,
of her richness, her strength and her culture. This is true,
and it is a fact that in her strength she is bringing the people
of the lower level up, and those of that level are not drawing
those on the higher planes down. If you go to Louisiana
or Mississippi or Alabama, that cannot be said now, and it
will be at least half a century before it will come true and
every man will have an opportunity to do his best. But there
is no farm in Connecticut that has not an opportunity hang-
ing over it readv for the man on that farm to grasp if he will
only improve what is before him. Where a man can put on
the market such fruit as I see here before me, such opportu-
nities ! You don't dream what it all means. In the twelve
months ending January 1, we exported from this couiTtry
about seventeen million dollars' worth of nuts and fruit.

EIUIlTJiJiNTH AXNUAL MEETING. loi

Twenty vcars ago the exports did not exceed probably one
million dollars' worth.

People are coming here who will eat our good fruit.
The foreign countries tell me that when these good red Raid-
wins come over the other side and can be bought at a fair
price, the poor will eat them in large quantities. There is
absolutely no product that can be taken into the foreign coun-
tries that w'ill be so thoroughly in demand as the apple. Here
is your further opportunity. Do you realize the wealth of
the opportunity that is held out to you and your children, and
all those who follow you, if you only plant apple orchards
and grow the fruit right and send it across the water? It
never will be done, my friends, by simply talking about. I
think our colleges, our experiment stations, our agricultural
societies to a large extent, and our pomological societies and
all other forms of education, have been barking up the wrong
tree. They have all gone at this too much on the theory of
the almight}- dollar. I think they have said, "You must
study this and do this simply because there is a dollar in it.'"
If we could have more of the spirit of the single purpose of
reaching down to the best there is in the hearts of men in
our agricultural education, we would succeed better.

J\ly theory is, if we are going to succeed as fruit grow-
ers, we must give up this eternal banking of our hopes simpl}-
upon the making of a dollar on our fruit.

ToASTMASTER Hali-:: The Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege has always been backed up by this Society, and it has
always helped us. The president of that institution is with
us to-night. He is a young man for a College president, but
still he is a worthy and reliable one. I introduce to you
Professor C. L. Beach.

President Beacji : It was my good fortune to have
been born in the West, but it was my greater good fortune
to have moved to the East in my early days and be adopted
by the people of Connecticut. My earliest recollection of
my farm home is the apple orchard. I remember the delic-
ious harvest apples that ripened about the first of August.

I02 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The man who planted that orchard on my father's farm T
know was a Connecticut Yankee. He planted it good and
plenty. He planted it not only to supply six barrels of
apples for each member of the family, but also to supply five
or six barrels of cider. After we gathered our apples for
the winter supply, it was understood we were to load up half
a dozen wagons of apples to take to the cider mill, and after
that cider came home, several barrels were "doctored" with
raisins in order to preserve it for winter use. I didn't hap-
pen to get interested in fruit growing. Aly father was a
pioneer dairyman. The University of Wisconsin this com-
ing year is going to offer a prize to, and confer honors upon,
those who have become proficient in agriculture. We have
been conferring honors upon such men as J. Pierpont ^Morgan
and Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller and Roose-
velt and Taft, men who have been successful in finance and
business, in law, and in politics and in statesmanship. Why
not confer honors u])on men who have made a success in agri-
cultural lines ?

I suppose every man acquires more or less of a profes-
sional education, whether he goes to college or not. Take
a man like Brother Hale, for example, he ought to have
more religion than the man who preaches to him. Xo doubt
he has been to church twice a Sunday for the last thirty
years and has probably listened to a hundred sermons a year
— in thirty years, that would be 3.000 sermons. Just the
same, in a certain wa}-, the man who is engaged in agricul-
ture in a State like Connecticut, where we have flourishing
societies like the dairymen, pomologists, poultry, and like
organizations, where institutes are being held, — it is hardly
possible for a farmer who is enthusiastic about this business
not to absorb a certain amount of scientific knowledge and
to get a professional education in his line of work. I don't
believe there is much difference between a conservative pro-
fessor at 50 and an aggressive farmer at 50. I don't believe
if }ou would take Professor Gulley and Brother Hale and
shake them up in a 1)ag and show them to a community.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 103

unknown to them, anyone could tell the dilYerence between
them.

Each one of you. as farmers, have an opportunity to
r;^ather a larcre amount of scientific knowledge and put it into
practice. I cong^ratulate you upon your work. You are
doing- a work that is as important as the Agricultural Col-
lege ; in some ways more so, because you have larger audi-
ences, vou are reaching the people we cannot reach. The
more work vou do of this kind, the more students we will
have at Storrs.

ToASTMASTER Hale : Those of you who had the pleas-
ure of hearing Professor Sears to-day must have wondered
how an ordinary professor, with the meagre salaries pro-
fessors receive, could have started a large orchard and
bought a farm. I wondered myself until some of the Mas-
sachusetts people told me since this meeting began, of his
fake advertising. He is a professor of Pomology, a fake
advertiser as well, and as such I introduce him to this audi-
ence.

Professor F. C. Sears: I find myself a good deal in
the same position as a friend of mine in the West. He was
a Alason and. as such, was called upon a great many times
to make speeches. He was always glad to do so, but insisted
that he know beforehand so that he might make some prep-
aration. One night, at a banquet, the toastmaster came to
him and said that Dr. Jones, who was to have spoken on a
certain subject, was not present, and that he would have to
call upon him to speak in the doctor's place. He declined
and the toastmaster tried to find someone else to speak, but
failing, came again to my friend and said he must speak on
the chosen subject. My friend replied, "Do you suppose I
am going to make an ass of myself without any prepara-
tion?"

I have enjo}"ed this occasion very much and am glad of
having the privilege of being with you to-night and taking
part in this unique occasion. I congratulate your Society
upon its prosperity and thank you for your attention.

I04 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ToASTMASTER Hale : Those who were in the hah to-dav
and heard Professor Surface talk about some of our manu-
facturers of scale killers, must have had your eye on Brother
Pratt. He must have felt like the colored woman who was
in court for having thrashed her boy. It was proven against
her that she had given him a very severe drubbing, and when
asked by the court if she had anything to say before sen-
tence was pronounced upon her, replied: "Fse got nuthin'
to say, but I want to ask you, Jedge, just one question: 'Was
yu ever yu'sef the parent of a puffec'ly wuthless cullud
chir ?' " We have "a perfectly worthless" oil manufacturer
with us and I will now call upon Mr. B. G. Pratt of New
York to say a word to us.

Mr. Pratt: I don't know what Mr. Hale has against
you and me, for I am not an after-dinner speaker and the
hour is late. Some years ago I heard of an especially fine
old chestnut tree" on Mr. Hale's place and went there for the
purpose of getting a picture of it. After tramping a mile
or more I found the tree and got a snap-shot of it. I think
I accomplished at that time what no other person has ever
been able to do^ — I got a photograph of one of Brother Hale's
"old chestnuts."

I begin to feel like I belonged to the Connecticut Pomo-
logical Society. I have been with you for four years now
and every year I enjoy the meetings more and more.

As I go about from State to State I learn many things
which I hope I may be able to tell others of and which may
be of benefit. There is a general sentiment throughout the
country regarding the better packing of fruit, the better
care of it. It is a question I have heard discussed thor-
oughly at every meeting of the different societies that I
have attended. I am a member of the Consumers' League.
When I lived in Jersey we used to have enough trees in the
yard to give us our apples for green apple pies and enough
to last up until about Christmas time. But now, I have not
had a green apple pie for four years ; you can't get them ;
they are not to be had. There is plenty of opportunity for

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 105

the grower of a high grade of fruit to succeed, more so now
than in years past, for now the individual grower has more
advantages in the way of study and helps from the agricul-
tural colleges. Results of this study wall show when a man
adapts the right kind of fruit to the right kind of soil. The
successful fruit grower must of necessity be an intelligent
man, not of necessity a college-learned man, but he must
make good use of his education in the line of work he has
chosen. As a result of the improvement in the growth of
fruit, we as consumers are beginning to have to pay for it.
There is no bank stock in the United States that pays as
good dividends as a good orchard. Think of it : I have to
pay thirty cents a dozen for cooking apples over in Hack-
ensack. I can buy oranges cheaper than apples. These
apples are packed in boxes and we can buy any quantity we
wish and know every one is perfect, and it is a very much
better way to buy them than in barrels. In the city, few
people have room to store a barrel of fruit, and hence a
smaller package is preferable and will be bought whenver
it is possible to find one. Our fruit growers have great
opportunities before them in the line of packing their fruit.

ToASTMASTER Hale : H. B. Fullerton of Long Island
and the United States is with us and I want to tell you that,
although he is not a large nor a small fruit grower, he is a
pretty good all-around fellow, and we are glad to have him
with us to-night. He runs a sort of a model farm out on
Long Island. You know him.

Mr. Fullertox : Neighbors, it is simply glorious to
come down here. I have been coming swift. I got a let-
ter from a man I am awfully fond of, and whom I think
of very often, asking me to come here. I knew he meant
business, so I came. I am here. And traveled 500 miles
to do it. I left the top of the Alleghany mountains this
morning and traveled by coach, by sleigh, by locomotive
trains, by ferry-boats and trolley cars, and I have arrived.
You can't do that — travel that distance in that time — any-
where else in the world; 40 miles an hour for 11 hours; I

I06 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

had all my meals on trains and they were of all kinds, too :
the only thing- we were shy on was apples — I forg-ot, thev
presented me with a bunch of Ben Davises, but I knew bet-
ter. I knew I was coming to Connecticut, and already I
have got my pockets filled with Greenings, Baldwins, and
Golden Russets. I see a great big increase in your attend-
ance since two years ago. I see, too, you have an old orig-
inal toastmaster, a good man, although he does raise Elber-
tas, but only for commercial purposes, for thev are not fit
to eat. I notice he don't eat them at home. You have got
something- else that pleases me, a good agricultural colleg-e.
Do you know that Western men are coming to the Eastern
agricultural colleges and into the East to grow fruit? Do
you know why? Because we have the markets. Don't you
think for 'a moment that you have got to go outside your
own county. The biggest markets in the world are right
near you ; some of you can drive into them ; others can send
their fruit by the trolleys. You have got New York : they
are shipping onions from Texas and imitation fruit from
the West to New York. See what your opportunities are.
Some people sa}- we must start a campaign of education to
teach folks to eat fruit. A child is born with a taste for
fruit. The first thing a child will grab is an apple, and New
York can't, simply can't get fruit. Last summer you couldn't
buy a decent pear in the New York markets, and yet there
were cars of Keififers rotting in the railroad yards. \Miy?
Because New Yorkers just won't eat cordwood and kind-
lings and pay fruit prices for it. Don't raise that kind of
fruit. Raise quality and you will get there. New York is
at last catching on. New York is made up of all sorts and
styles and kinds. It can't raise anybody ; it isn't big enough.
They all come in from outside. England, Scotland and
Wales are selling potatoes in New York City and it costs
them the freight and expenses to land them, 74^^ cents a
bushel, and they are thanking God they can get the New
York market at 90 cents a bushel. You can beat them, can't
you ? You have your experimental stations to help you.

liRiiiTiiiixrii ./.VAT.//. Mi.irnxc. 107

Read the bulletins. Spray not less than three times, whether
there is any blight or hugs. That is what those fellows are
doing-. You may be growing 265 bushels to an acre on an
average. They used to raise from 400 to 700 bushels in
Maine, now they are glad to get 210 bushels an acre. Send
the bovs to school and, when they come back, listen to what
they have to say.

Another thing- I am proud of, and that is patriotism.
Let us never lack in our patriotism. 'Way back in 1776
they said it was lacking. We licked one of the biggest na-
tions in the world, save one, before we got through with
them. They said it was lacking again a few years ago and
that Spain would wipe the floor with the United States ;
that we could not get enough men to defend Boston and New
York harbors. Everv regiment was overcrowded and we
had ten or fifteen times the men we had in 1776 or 1865.
We have got them yet. You people didn't come here just
for apples and to listen to apple talk — you came for patriot-
ism, to improve your land — not your own individual acres,
but all Connecticut. We are full of it and will never get
over it. We are Americans. What are Americans? Span-
iards, Irishmen, Englishmen, Germans. Get into politics.
If it is rotten, clean it out. That is what we need.

Look at Congress. The only bill that wasn't scaled
down in the last appropriation was the agricultural bill.
Why ? Because they saw the whole country was behind that
bill and was working for agriculture. They used to call us
"hayseeds ;" now we are "agriculturists."

Don't raise any more Peck's Pleasant apples. There
are lots of good apples. Get them. Don't forget the New-
town Pippin and Albemarle Pippin. I had a friend tell me
about the Western fruit. Every year I buy some of those
beautiful California Bartlett pears — just two; there are five in
the family, and the baby don't eat them because he isn't a year
old yet ; I would feed him fruit, but the mother says it isn't
proper. We cut those pears in two and give each of the
girls a piece and each of us take a piece and take one bite.

I08 THE CONNECTICUT FOMOEOGICAE SOCIETY.

You might just as well split a corn-stalk open in the mid-
dle of the winter and taste it. It will have the same fresh
flavor. The same is true of the apples of Oregon. Beau-
tiful to look at, but no flavor. Let us stick to our own
State and own tow^n. You can get more out of five acres
right here than in ten times that number in the West or
Northwest. Out in Manitoba were sent shiploads of people
from Europe to raise wheat. How^ much did they raise last
year? Not any. There is almost as much harvest season
in Manitoba as the Eskimo has. You don't have to go there
to get hard luck ; you can get it here. Cultivate your own
countr}-. Your markets are here to take care of all you
raise.

With Mr. Fullerton's bright talk the speaking was
brought to a close.

Mr. Hale gracefully thanked all who had contributed to
the pleasure and success of the banquet, and at 10.30 the de-
lightful occasion came to an end. As the company broke up
it was the unanimous expression that this evening's session had
been the most enjoyable of any in the history of the Society
and that the banquet should be made a permanent feature of
each recurrino- annual meeting.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 109

Second Day,

Thursday, February 4.

MORNING SESSION.

The opening session of the second day of the Society's
Annual Meeting was called to order at 9.45 Thursday morn-
ing by President Gold.

Most of the members were on hand at the opening hour,
despite their "dissipations" of the night before at the ban-
quet, and the large attendance continued during the day.
Even greater interest was shown in the addresses and dis-
cussions than on the preceding day.

The first business of the morning was a discussion of
the contents of the Question Box.

Question : Is there any standard Baldwin apple in
regard to color and shape?

Professor Gulley: No, sir; but there is a general im-
pression or idea of what the Baldwin apple is in shape, and
a man who is growing it knows about what that shape is, —
an apple supposed not to be quite as long as wide, and of a
dark color. That color will vary according to the land it is
grown on; will vary with the seasons and everything else; it
is one of the things you learn by observation. I don't think
you can describe it. As to there being anything very defi-
nite, there isn't.

President Gold: The question is, what sort of Bald-
win you would give the prize to? I think the man who asks
the question means, whether you would give a big, over-
grown Baldwin the prize over a medium-sized Baldwin. Do
you consider a medium-size typical of the variety rather than
an extra large one?

Professor Gulley: I certainly should say the medium,
regular size would be a good deal better than the large one,
especially if the large one didn't run tiue to shape; the
large ones are more angular than the medium apples.

no THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Question : Would you spray a young apple or peach
•orchard even if no disease or insect was noticeable?

Mr. Rogers No. What is the use if there is no dis-
ease or insects? It is throwing^ away money, according to
my notion. The inquirer does not say what he wants to
spray for or with?

President Gold : No ; he simply wants to know if you
would spray.

Mr. Rogers : I think if a man knew what he wanted
to spray for, it would be wise to spray.

President Gold: Why shouldn't he spray as a pre-
ventive ?

Member : Before you spray you should know what you
are spraying for. You would not use for an insect pest what
you would use for fungous diseases.

Member: We should always know what we are spray-
ing for. It is a hard thing to know what to spray zvith when
you don't know what you are spraying for.

Professor Gulley : There is no question but what all
diseases are helped by preventives ; if a man is going to spray
every season he is going to be ahead of the disease. If it
is insects, that is a different thing. There is no use to spray
for scale until the scale is there. You must know what you
are after. In the case of fungicides, you are safe in spray-
ing ahead ; that is sure.

Discussion of the Question List.

Question : How can we handle our apples to secure
most profitable returns?

Mr. Wheeler of Concord, Mass. : I have thought of
this question somewhat. I know that a fruit grower in Massa-
chusetts, who handles a great many apples, grows the early va-
rieties. The Mcintosh he handles in fancy packages, selling
them to a very select trade in Boston, taking them in his own
team and delivering the fruit to his customers. In that way he
realizes a high price. He told me last year he got $2.50 a

I'l.ATK III.

Tin-: r.l'.AUTlKUL I^ARMIXGTON A'ALLEV.
ViKw Fk'oM Trxxrs Fruit Farm.

NOON IIOL'R iX ■riM-. l'i':.\Cil I'll KIM, .M..\SON— TUXXIS I^'RITI" l'.\R.\l,

INTERESTING SNAPSHOTS TAKEN AT T H. & L. C. ROOT'S ORCHARDS,

FARMINGTON. CONN.

EfGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. m

bushel, and for eastern prices that is good, considering the
short distance he has to carry them. This year it would pay
to store winter apples, but ordinarily it doesn't. I think
apples should be handled from the producer to the consumer.
This man I have in mind uses a box a good deal like these
boxes here on the stage, but not as deep : more the shape of
the official box. He has his wagon fixed so it carries just so
many deep and high ; each box is labeled with his name ; he
gets his boxes back ; his apples are not wrapped, but every
one closely packed ; no loose apples put in.

Question No. 3 : Is it feasible for a fruit growers' so-
ciety to undertake the cooperative buying or selling for the
benefit of its members?

Mr. J. H. Hale : I would like to hear what somebody
€lse has to say. It is feasible, of course, when you are really
ready to co-operate. Unquestionably the fruit growers of
the State buy in the way of fertilizers, tools, implements and
packages perhaps several thousand dollars' worth in a year.
If they were really willing to put the money together and in
someone's hands and pay cash for everything in advance, they
could save quite a large amount. I know it is done by some
societies in some States. As for selling, we did it in a cer-
tain way the last year, — the peach crop, by the work of this
Society; we didn't absolutely sell together, but by advertis-
ing we brought the buyers here, then, by standing together
on price, we were able to sell at a better price than otherwise.
Having been a farmer all my life, and having for nearly 30
years tried to work in a co-operative way, I find, on the
whole, we are a pesky lot to co-operate with ourselves.

Secretary Miles : Will Brother Hale suggest anything
that this Society can do in the years to come to pave the way
for such a thing?

Mr. Hale: You can do it by forming a business asso-
ciation. For half a dozen years in the State of Georgia they
bave been working along the line of this Society, doing more
or less talk about co-operation but little work. Finally the
Peach Growers' Association was instituted and took up a

112 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

campaign of work, binding itself to co-operate with the rail-
roads and with the trolleys and buyers. There was some
capital needed, and a membership fee of from $3 to $5 per
year was charged; this raised a thousand or fifteen hundred
dollars, but not enough to do business with. Last year the
lowering in the price of peaches made the peach business so
unprofitable that all the growers decided they must co-oper-
ate or bust. They didn't want to do the latter, so a prelim-
inary campaign was started to which all contributed. It was
agreed to form a stock company with $50,000 capital, each
grower to subscribe for not less than $50, and no one to have
more than $1,000. The organization was perfected and later
the stock was increased to $100,000. Within the last five
weeks this balance has been raised. The business is now in
the hands of an executive committee of nine, who have abso-
lute control of where the fruit is to go. The grower is sim-
ply to harvest his crop, pack it and put it in the refrigerator
car. It puts the growers into one great commission house.
That means business. What is going to be the result? They
are spending money liberally ; the manager is paid $7,500
per year ; he is an expert railroad man and was for years in
the employ of Armour & Co., having charge of their fruit
shipping. Now there are but six dealers in New York city
who can buy our crop. What are the other dealers going
to do? They are coming to Georgia to buy. The society
has inspectors to inspect the fruit. It is not believed by any
one of the society that any of that $100,000 will ever have to
be touched except in the preliminary matter of caring for the
crop up to the first of June of this year; then it will be re-
funded. I beheve the stock will pay from 30 to 50 per cent,
dividend. The time has come when we can do the same in
Connecticut. We have a splendid opportunity to sell most
of our products in nearby markets. We can be good neigh-
bors and friends and yet not succeed in business. Co-oper-
ation will help us. Let us try it.

President Gold: We should, be thinking of and edu-
cating ourselves up to the point so that when an opportunity

F'l.ATK IV

SOMK KXTKA l-ANCY I-RUIT READY FOR Al ARKET-TUNXTS FRUI T !• ARM.

.\ CnUXI-.K iX 'I'MI-: I'ACKIXC llOfSlC -TL'XXIS i'Rri'l' l-AKM.

INTERESTING SNAPSHOTS TAKEN AT T. H. & L. C ROOT'S ORCHARDS.

FARMINGTON. CONN.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 113

for co-operation is presented we shall be able to accept it. It
is a matter that cannot be forced upon us. I believe it is an
•excellent thing.

Secretary Miles : One of our members has suggested
that we have a publicity committee. I think it would be well
to create such a committee this year, and let this' question of
the cooperative selling be left in their hands.

Question No. 4: The proposed New England Apple
Show at Boston, in 1909 : What is it expected to accomplish ?

Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord, Mass., was invited
to address the meeting on this subject.

The Proposed New England Fruit Show.

Mr. Wheeler: If I could contrast the East with the
West in the matter of apple growing. I should say New En-
gland is pessimistic and the West is optimistic. In order to
bring the matter of the possibilities and opportunities for
apple growing a little more closely before the people of New
England, the governors of the New England States met in
Boston last fall and went over the matter of some uniform
legislation in regard to the different matters pertaining to
New England's interests touching apples and the orchard
industry. As a result of that conference the different secre-
taries of the boards of agriculture and the State entomolo-
gists of New England gathered in Boston, and after suggest-
ing various uniform laws that might be applied throughout
New England, they suggested we hold a big apple or fruit
show. That show to be in Boston this coming fall, at the
rooms of the Massachusetts Horticultural society, who have
•given up their building for the purpose; thinking it would
bring together in Boston all the fruit from the different New
England States. There is needed concerted action among
the States in order to make this show a success. So the
•committee has asked that every State pomological, horticul-
tural, or any society interested, send a delegate this coming
month to a meeting to be held in Boston, to meet the general
committee and in that way to get together and plan for the

114 ^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

show. The scope of the show is to be educational in the ex-
treme; to educate the public as to the quality of apples and
the possibility of fruit growing- in New England. In order
to start this thing we are going to ask the railroads of New
England to come to that show and be prepared with maps and
diagrams of their roads to show the accessibility of New
England fruit lands to the markets of the country. We will
have illustrated lectures on different phases of fruit culture
given by experts; there will be a lecture every evening. The
show will last from the 19th of October to the 24th, inclusive.
We expect to invite the public of Boston to attend on Sun-
day, and for that reason we arranged to have the show last
over one Sunday. There will be exhibits of all sorts of ma-
chinery, spraying apparatus — everything that is needed in
the fruit industry. The exhibit of fruit must be from New
England alone, but the machinery exhibit may include the
United States. Then, too, the different styles of package
will be shown; there will also be an exhibit of the work of
injurious insects and diseases, and three lectures on these
subjects. We are going to show the latest work that is being
done along all lines of orcharding. Another thing is an
exhibit of the different birds that are beneficial to fruit cul-
ture and the control of insects. That is a subject that has
been neglected a great deal. We have an ornithologist in
the State who is devoting a great deal of his time to birds
in relation to fruit culture and the control of insects. That
will be a very instructive part of the show. What we want
is the co-operation of all the New England societies and indi-
viduals to come up and make a good exhibit and to lend us
your aid in every way that is possible. We want to make the
fruit industry of the country located right here. We want
to make the example of New England felt all over the coun-
try. We want to better the quality of our fruit. We have
the soil and can grow wonderful apples. We want to show
the public that our apples are just as good to look at — and
everyone knows that they are better to eat — as the Western
apples.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 115

I suggest that you appoint a delegate or two delegates
to meet with this committee in Boston — I think the date is
March 5th.

Professor Gulley: In accordance with Mr. Wheeler's
suggestion I move our President, Mr. Gold, be appointed a
delegate to attend that meeting.

This motion was seconded and passed unanimously.

Mr. Hale: Should we not go further than this, and
should we not plan some appropriation at this time, or give
some authority, whereby the President and executive officers
of this Society should be prepared, and have some money to
spend to see that there is a generous exhibit from the State of
Connecticut, aside from what special individuals will put up?
That will, undoubtedly, be a great fruit show. The show at
Spokane has stimulated the New Englanders to do this, and
every man should be personally interested. This Society
receives money from the State of Connecticut to carry on its
work, and it is in duty bound to stimulate the general horti-
cultural interests in the State, other than our own personal
interests. At that exhibit you are going to see and meet the
wonderfully beautiful apples from Vermont and Maine (they
are beautiful because they can't help it) ; you are going to
see also apples from New Hampshire and Massachusetts and
Rhode Island ; and with all due respect to the gentleman who
presented the resolution, we can if we will, send from Con-
necticut hills apples that will knock the spots off half the
other States. Let us resolve that we shall grow better fruit
next year, regardless of the cost, so that there may be a
great exhibit of Connecticut apples. Undoubtedly, in trying
to do that ourselves, we will reap the benefit later on. We
ought to send at least 8 or 10 carloads to Boston.

Mr. Wheeler: We will take care of all that you send.

Mr. Hale: Don't let us go up there with a puny 100
barrels ; go up with from 2,000 to 3,000 barrels and sell them,
or enough of them to pay for our theater tickets and little
side shows. I am glad Mr. Wheeler has told us about it. I
am glad the railroads are at last interested. We need them

Il6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and they need us and, now that they are interested, let us
use them in every way we can. If we go up there we must plan
to have for our exhibit the biggest and best space; let us au-
thorize our president to arrange for that, and then we must
all get to work and back him up.

President Gold: Mr. Hale's remarks are all right. I
think a committee should be appointed to take some action in
the matter of having an appropriation made to defray some-
what the expenses of this exhibit next fall ; either an appro-
priation from our Society or from the legislature.

Mr. Hale : Let us do it ourselves. We have got enough
money.

President Gold: Possibly the matter might be referred
to the executive committee.

Mr. Hale : I move that be done.

Mr. Curtis : What about the publicity committee ?
Should not that committee have charge of advertising and
working up an interest in this show? If the member who is
to take up this matter is here, should it not be presented at
this time?

President Gold: I would ask if the gentleman who has
the resolution relating to a publicity committee is here? I
understand Mr. Henry has the matter in charge.

Mr. a. T. Henry: The idea came to me a while ago
that perhaps a committee which might be called the publicity
committee would be a benefit to this Society. It seemed to
me there were some things which none of our other commit-
tees could fully cover, and so this resolution has been pre-
pared. It is crude and will likely have to be put in shape, if
the Society sees fit to adopt it :

Resolution to Appoint a Publicity Committee.

"Be it hereby resolved that a new standing committee be
raised whose object shall be to help in every possible way
the fruit growers of Connecticut. This may be in any of the
following ways:

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 117

'"By advertising our wonderful advantages as a fruit-
growing State.

"Starting a campaign which will in time develop into co-
operative buying and selling.

"Bringing to the attention of the Society now cultivating,
implements, new pruning tools and the latest ideas in spray-
ing and spraying implements.

"It should be within the province of this committee to
see that Connecticut is the best represented State at fruit
meetings and exhibitions."

It was moved that the above resolution be adopted.
President Gold: We already have a motion before the
meeting that this matter of the Boston fruit show be referred
to the executive committee.

Secretary Miles: I move an amendment, if the gentle-
man will accept it, that the publicity committee and execu-
tive committee jointly have 'this matter in charge.

Mr. Curtis: Would not that make an unwieldy body?
Mr. Foster: I rise to a point of order. The amend-
ment of the Secretary is to the effect that we refer this to
the executive committee and publicity committee. How can
we refer it to the publicity committee if it does not yet exist?
President Gold: The point is well taken. The ques-
tion before the meeting is on the adoption of a resolution
referring this matter to the executive committee. Are there
any further remarks?

Mr. Curtis : I would like to say one or two words on
that. I would ask Mr. Hale if he will withdraw his motion
and let Mr. Henry's resolution prevail. I think this commit-
tee on Publicity should be given a certain amount of money
to advertise with and to see that this Society is properly rep-
resented at the Boston show. This is to be a very important
exhibit of fruit and we ought to make every effort to make
it a success. I support Mr. Henry's resolution.

Mr. Hale: I will withdraw my motion if the gentleman
desires.

Il8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Root: Will you inform us what constitutes the
executive committee?

Secretary Miles : The four officers of the Society.

Mr. Root: That does not include the county vice-presi-
dents ?

Secretary Miles: No.

President Gold: The resolution of Mr. Henry regard-
ing a publicity committee is before the house. Those in
favor of appointing a publicity committee may signify it by
saying aye; those opposed by saying nay. The ayes have it
and it is a vote and a publicity committee will be appointed.

Mr. Curtis : Does the president consider it necessary for '
the Society to appropriate a certain sum of money for the
work of that committee?

President Gold: If I am rightly informed, all matters-
of appropriation of money have to come before the executive
committee anyway. They appropriate different sums of
money from the treasury for different objects, and if this
publicity committee is directed to do certain things the com-
mittee will come before the executive committee and get the
necessary appropriation. Is that correct, Mr. Secretary?

Secretary Miles : I think you are right about that, Mr..
President.

At this point the regular program was taken up and PrO'
fessor A. G. Gulley of Storrs discussed briefly the question of
"What Special Orchard Treatment is Required to Obtain Best
Results with Different Varieties of Apples?"

Secretary Miles: I understand that some of our grow-
ers of small fruits are having trouble with the different sizes
of baskets. I think at this time Mr. Farnham has something
to say along this line, and a resolution to offer.

Mr. a. N. Farnham : Mr. President, I don't know that
I have any resolution to offer, but in talking with the repre-
sentatives of the different berry basket manufacturers I find
that different sizes are being used in different parts of the

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 119*

country, and of course they are shipped into the different
cities where each city has a law regulating the size that shalf
be sold in that particular city. If I may be permitted, I would
like to call the attention of those interested to a circular sent
out by the Boston market authorities.

When our local growers met in New Haven for the pur-
chase of crates, those who were shipping fruit to Boston^
of course, wanted to get the standard crate, and those who
were shipping berries to New Haven or other Connecticut
markets, or anywhere except the Massachusetts markets,
didn't care for that crate. There is some little materia!
difference in the size they sell for standard crates. Most
of the crates vary in size from the standard measurement
of 67.21 cubic inches. I presume that 95 per cent, of the berry
crates that are used in Connecticut are second-hand crates,,
coming back from the Boston or our own State markets.
They have been shipped north with berries, and we find there
is a variety in sizes, and the continued use of these crates is
going to make trouble sooner or later. In regard to the bill
before Congress respecting the size of fruit packages, I doubt
if that covers berry baskets and crates. I think it would be
well for this Society to send some sort of a resolution to the
committee in Congress, having such matters in charge, setting^
forth these facts, and see if we cannot get something that will
protect us when we ship to the New York or Boston markets.

President Gold: You have heard Mr. Farnham's re-
marks. I think it would be proper to refer the matter to our
legislative committee.

Mr. Hale: There is a bill in Congress, called the Porter
bill, which proposes to regulate the size bi fruit baskets. I
think I was in error when I stated, if I did so, that it cov-
ered small fruits. It is the very matter that was before our
general assembly yesterday. The conference of New England
governors had it before them. — the production and marketing
of fruit in a general way and recommendations for uniform
laws. Many of our Connecticut fruits are marketed in ad-
joining States, and under the Massachusetts law our ship-

120 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

pers are going to hav« trouble. I think it is a matter that ought
to be presented before all law-making bodies that some action
may be taken on it. I have no doubt — whether it comes'
about this year or not — that we shall. have a general recom-
mendation for certain uniform laws in New England, where .
our interests are so intermingled as they are here. I would
move move that the Secretary be authorized to present this
matter of our desires to the legislative committee of the gen-
eral assembly of Connecticut.

President Gold: If the matter is referred to our legis-
lative committee, they can refer it to the legislative commit-
tee of the general assembly. There is a motion before the
house to refer the matter to the legislative committee of this
Society. Those in favor of so doing will say aye ; those
opposed, nay. The ayes have it. The matter is so referred,
and the whole matter of packages and baskets, as discussed,
will come before that committee.

President Gold : The next item on our program is an
address on "Growing and Handling Berries and Other Fruits
for the Fancy Market;" and I take great pleasure in intro-
ducing as the speaker the well-known Ohio fruit grower, Mr.
W. W. Farnsworth, ex-President of the Ohio State Horti-
cultural Society.

^'Growing and Handling Berries and Other Fruits
for the Fancy Market."

By W. W. Farnsworth, Clover Leaf Fruit Farm, Waterville, Ohio.

Mr. President, Members of the Connecticut Pomological
Society :
I am very glad to be here with my New England friends
and exchange ideas with you. I expect to carry back more
than I leave and I hope some of your enthusiasm too. It has
been said you have been talking apples throughout the entire
session. I would be glad to continue that talk, but you have
assigned my topic as "Growing and Handling Berries and

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 121

Other Fruits for the Fancy Market." Very likely "other
fruits" means apples. I always think the discussion, — the
questions and answers, — following addresses and papers are
■of more value than the paper or address itself. I might
spend a considerable time speaking on a certain subject and
yet not touch on very many of the points that are of direct
vital interest, but when you begin to ask questions then you
are interested.

Perhaps the first thing to consider is the soil, or the man
who handles it — for I believe there is really more in the man
than in the soil or anything else. I have heard that if a Con-
necticut Yankee was shipwrecked on a barren uninhabited
island, he would soon get rich selling wooden nutmegs to the
natives. So you see there is more in the man than in the
location, but if the right man has the right kind of soil it is
better still. We are told that our neighbors in the West grow
beautiful fruit. They have the virgin soil filled with humus^
with all the elements of fertility in it, and employ modern
and advanced methods of husbandry. When I begin oper-
ations on a piece of land I try to restore it to that condition.
When I am preparing new land I drain it before I plow, put-
ting the tile about 90 feet apart and at a depth of three or
three and a half feet before the ground is cleared, if possible.
For cover crops we use clover, soy beans or whatever seems
to be the most available ; we also use rye or buckwheat and
top dress with stable manure largely. I might say I don't
know much about commercial fertilizers ; they are in the ex-
perimental stage in our State among the fruit growers. Our
grain growers are using them with profit on our rich soil. I
am now conducting experiments in one of my apple orchards
in the use of diflferent formulas of fertilizers, but as I am not
past the experimental stage I can say nothing of the eflfect.
I use mainly stable manure.

One of the things I learned very early in my career was,
there was neither pleasure nor profit in working wet land or
poor land, and I was after both the pleasure and the profit.

After securing this ideal condition of the soil one of the
next things to consider is the variety of fruit and the market.

122 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The market will largely determine the variety. Don't go
-ahead and plant something you like individually. First, con-
sult your market; find out what the people want and what
they are willing to pay for. We have been told we ought to
educate the people up to a higher grade of fruit. That is all
right as a side line, but it is easier to supply the demand
already existing than to do missionary work. We ought in
selling to supply the demand which already exists. Give the
public something good when we sell, and thereby create a
-demand for more. In our business transactions we should
Iceep something in view beyond the immediate transaction we
are engaged in. If we sell a bushel of Ben Davis for a dol-
lar, our transaction ends with that sale. We have disposed
-of one bushel of inferior apples and killed the demand for
three or four bushels of something better. We must look
Ijeyond that transaction and make it profitable for the man
with whom we deal, and also make the bushel we sell now
create a demand for several bushels more. This demand may
Tdc created by satisfying the consumer.

The question will then be considered in what method we
want to sell. If you wish to sell in a wholesale way; if you
-are removed from the market and wish to ship in carload
lots, you ought to have a very limited selection of varieties
of apples, say two or three varieties. On the other hand, if
you want to supply the retail trade or supply your customers
direct — 'which is much preferable — you want a much larger
selection of varieties, and, if possible, commence with the
earliest. In my own case, I am able to deal directly with the
consumer, and I have a selection of varieties from the begin-
ning to the end of the season. The more systematic way
will be to begin with the earliest varieties of fruit in the sea-
son— the strawberry is about the first fruit. Our method of
growing the strawberry is not what is known as the fancy
method. We have secured better results in growing them
by thinly matted rows. In the preparation of the soil we use
well fertilized clover sod. The one thing we look out for in
-our preparation is to remove any danger of white grub. With

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 123

•our short rotations I have never had trouble with it. I apply
-the stable manure any time after the clover crop is removed,
as early as possible, and the next fall, or during the winter, we
plow this ground thoroughly, turning the stubble under, and
•early in the spring as possible it is put in the best condition
possible by the Disk Harrow. Then as soon as the plants
have made a little growth, and the ground is in good working
order, we do the planting. We claim there is some danger
in late planting if it is dry and hot, because the plants don't
get as well established as by earlier setting. We put the
roots about four inches deep and one to two feet apart — some-
times four, and cultivate both ways to save hand labor. Then
later in the season we cultivate but one way. A good many
growers cut off the first runners, not allowing any to form,
but we find there is a little risk if a very dry season follows,
as we don't get the plants well established. We allow the
runners to form as early as they will and turn them to fill up
vacancies. Then later in the season we use the runner cutter
•blade on the cultivator to cut off the runners.

Our ideal method is to have each plant have a space of
•6 to 8 inches square.

In setting out plants we use the machine which is some-
times known as tobacco transplanter. It is quite a rapid
method, but the ground about the roots must be made very
firm. You get the best results in the matter of any planting
by having the ground firm about the plants. If you can pull
a leaf off a plant without disturbing the roots, then it is
properly planted. In planting the roots, if they are put about
three or four inches below the surface, they will start much
■quicker and make a better growth than if placed down six
or eight inches below the surface, for in the early spring you
must have warmth to start the little roots. You must pre-
serve the moisture that is so essential to the growth of the
plant ; keep up continuous cultivation and in the winter mulch
with wheat straw — that is what we use; marsh hay or grass
would be better if we could get it.

In my own practice I only pick a bed one year. We
find that the varieties we grow give us the best fruit the first

124 ^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

year and we think we can produce a new plantation quite as
easily as to clean out an old one and they suffer less from
insects.

There are a few varieties that are subject to rust and we
have discarded them. We have never tried spraying straw-
berries. In the experiments I have known of, the results were
not very conclusive that benefit was derived from the spray-
ing; so I have never sprayed.

Never take up a plant for replanting from a bed that
has borne fruit. The bearing of fruit seems to withdraw
from the plant strength and the new plants have not sufficient
vigor to be of any particular value.

The next fruit in order is the currant, which is a great
favorite of mine. We have found them specially valuable as
a crop to grow in our new orchards. They seem to take to
shade and it is of benefit to the grower as it prolongs the
season. By prolonging the season we accomplish several
things. We can finish our cherries before we begin on the
currants, and later on the currants bring a better price, and
they are a good crop to handle late, as you can pick them
whenever it is convenient.

In growing the currant I have always preferred the one
year-old bush. Cut it back to 6 or 7 buds and plant in the
fall or early spring. The currant needs good rich soil, per-
haps it will take more manure than any other fruit that we
grow, and the soil needs to be rather heavy and moist. Don't
grow them in tree form; they are more apt to get topheavy
and, when loaded with fruit, break over. Another reason
is that it is more difficult to renew. In starting with
the 6 or 8 buds you get your bush headed down low. Cut
out the excessive young shoots to keep the bush compact and
symmetrical; then, after they have borne two or three crops,
begin to remove about a third of the old bearing stems and
allow enough young shoots to come up to keep the bush the
proper size. If any of the young shoots make an excessive
growth, cut them back. We don't practice as severe cutting
back as some do, as we have not found it necessary. Pos-
sibly in some varieties it is necessary to be more severe in
cutting.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

125

The variety I have grown the longest is the Victoria.
Some will object to it as being too small. It is a medium-
sized currant, but a very rank grower and very free from
attacks of borers ; it yields handsomely and is altogether a
very satisfactory variety.

W'e have some other varieties fully as good : the Prince
Albert, Red Cross, and Wilder. These four varieties are
•especially good for commercial growers.

Stick to the old tested, time-tried varieties for your main
crop, — they are the mortgage lifters. The testing of new
varieties may be done for diversity. Don't get in a rut be-
cause you find some blanks in them, but try them in a limited
way.

Take the black raspberry next. The culture of that fruit
is on the decline in Ohio. I believe there is a good opening
there for energetic growers to engage in it. I had to aban-
don it in my own case as it conflicted too much with the
cherry harvest, and we grow the cherry quite extensively,
and preferred to abandon the raspberry rather than the
cherry. I believe the raspberry can be raised to advantage,
but to do so I think vigorous spraying is necessary.

I believe we cannot depend on any one thing alone. You
want to start with clean canes and begin spraying early ; cut
out the old bearing canes and burn them up. And that holds
good in all horticulture. We should clean up and burn up
more often than we do. If care was taken to burn the refuse
canes you would not have half as much difificulty with insects
and fungous troubles. Take the old canes out and burn them
up ; it has got to be done at some time and should be done at
once. I don't know as they draw any strength from the root,
but they are of no benefit. Get them out of the way as
quickly as you can in order to cultivate the young canes and
remove the diseases or fungous troubles from the plantation.

I think one of the greatest mistakes in raising red rasp-
berries is allowing the canes to get too thick. I practice
allowing about 25 canes to the rod. We grow them in the
hedge-row system, and the majority of growers would have

126 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

four times that number in that system of growing. Don't
allow all the suckers to come up and grow during the first
season, as they sap the strength of the root and crowd each
other into spindling canes, and you would have to cut them
away the next season anyway. They are the same as a weed.
Allow as many young shoots to come up and grow as you
need for bearing next year and then cut the old ones out after
they have borne.

We will pass on to the tree fruits.

The cherry is the first, and I think in our section we have
neglected it. The sweet cherry has not been very successful
grown with us. I think the mistake made in planting them
is to place them too close together. The kind I am planting
I put 25 feet apart each way for the Montmorency. The
English Morello can be planted closer together. It is better
to cultivate the land the first two or three years. In my
orchards I grow small fruit in connection with them for the
first few years. There is much that can be said in favor of
sod mulch methods and cover crops and other methods. You
cannot lay down any hard or fast rules in these matters. Ask
yourself what the trees need and then supply those needs by
the best methods you can use under your conditions. In my
case the land is level and rich and valuable and so I grow
small fruits or potatoes or anything I wish to grow to make it
valuable. My methods have been to grow strawberries or
raspberries and currants for a number of years, but I quit
growing raspberries, finding the currant an ideal crop to
grow in a young orchard ; the shade of the trees seems to
benefit the currants.

Our sour cherries are the Early Richmond and the ]\Iont-
morency. I believe that is a fruit we don't grow half enough
of. I am satisfied if there were three or four times as many
cherries put on the market as at present, at a little lower price
within reach of all classes, they would be taken up without
any particular glut, and if not by individual buyers, then by
the factories for canning and for preparing syrups and
flavorings.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 127

The next fruit in order is the plum, and the cultivation
of that is quite similar to that of the cherry.

I have a plum orchard that has been planted not less than
12 years, wherein I planted currants. The plum trees are
too close. I planted currants in the rows of trees and then
planted a row between. After a few years I took out the
center row. We have been feeding- them heavily with manure
and they have borne excellent crops. From an acre and a
quarter I sold in one year between $500 and $600 of plums
and $150 of currants. I think this will be the last year I can
raise the two and have thought so for several years, and then
when I pick the crop of plums and currants and see what a
vigorous growth the trees are making, I think there is no
harm in leaving the currants another year. As a rule, though,
we don't let our currants stand so long; usually by the time
our orchards are in bearing we have removed our small fruit
and that gives our tree fruits a better chance.

As to the pear, we are growing that to some extent. The
interest in pears is not nearly as great as it was a few years
ago. The apple seems to be crowding everything else out.
We know the apple is the king of fruit and it fills a place that
other fruit cannot fill. The other fruits have their place,
and I believe the outlook is now good for anyone who will
plant pears and care for them carefully. It is perhaps a dif-
ficult fruit to grow, as the blig^ht is an enemy of it. In the
last few years we have culled out a great many varieties sub-
ject to blight and by a little careful management, seeding
down our pear orchards after they had been bearing, we have
reduced it and also have been using lime and sulphur. I am
not merely speaking of my own experience, but that of other
fruit growers.

In my own case I have not lost two trees out of a thou-
sand, and only saw one blighted limb in my orchard this year ;
last year did not have any. I am not positive that lime and
sulphur did it, but I think it has a great deal to do with it.

128 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Markets differ as to varieties. We have not the mar-
kets you have. There are two or three varieties that are
very profitable ; first, the Bartlett, then comes the Seckle, and
the Duchess third. I have an orchard of Keiffers ; they have
been of some profit, but not so much so as the others ; that
variety is a very good pear for canning. I ahvays ship them
where they are appreciated, — there is no accounting- for
tastes, you know.

Perhaps a few words in regard to general orchard man-
agement might be of as much value as anything right here.

In my conditions I want to use my ground thoroughly,
use it to the greatest advantage, because I am so situated I
can apply considerable stable manure. As a cover crop we
use soy beans and vetch. Our method is to begin a young
orchard by growing either potatoes or strawberries or cur-
rants or something of that kind. Any other vegetable crop
will do. Then as the orchard progresses we discard all these
crops and simply cultivate it in the early spring until about
mid-summer, then sow vetch in early August and allow it to
remain on the ground until early the next spring. Theoret-
ically, the orchard should be cultivated as early in the spring
as the ground can be worked, thus taking advantage of the
moisture which has been stored during the winter season and
put it in the shape of a great big sponge so that it will absorb
the rain that may fall. The ground that is properly cared
for is able to absorb all the moisture that falls as the seasons
come. Begin as early as possible to work that ground, to
create that mulch on the top to prevent the evaporation and
save the moisture for the fruit trees. The vetch or crimson
clover matures earlier than the red clover and we think gives
better results ; w think it retains the moisture better and more
evenly.

We have not used commercial fertilizers to any extent
except in an experimental way.

In our peach orchards it is not so easy to secure these
cover crops. I have depended somewhat upon oats and some-
what on weeds. I don't know that I ought to confess that.

EIGHTEENTH AXNU.IE MEETING. 129

Webster says a weed is a plant out of place. \\\\ idea is that
after mid-summer anythino- that will grow will answer the
purpose of a cover crop in an orchard ; therefore, if weeds
grow and cover the ground and act as a cover crop, they are
not (Uit of place. Of course we prefer vetch or crimson clo-
ver, but if we cannot have those, then weeds or pigeon grass
will answer that purpose. They will act as humus to turn
under next spring. I spent two or three weeks in the winter
in Michigan through the peach section. They have burned
out the vegetable matter in the soil by continuous cultivation
without cover crops, and as a result they have none of it left
in their orchards and they are badly troubled with the scale
and yellows and little peach, because there is not enough vi-
tality in the soil to resist the ravages of these enemies. While
there I saw more clearly than before the necessity of keeping
this humus in our soil. I welcome anything green growing
in the orchard, unless it is some of our worst weeds. You
cannot lay down any iron-clad rule in horticulture regarding
pruning. We have all sorts of different ideas. I like to
keep my trees thin enough to let in the sunlight. I think
extensive and severe pruning of any tree is the means of
delaying fruiting. For a number of years I have been prac-
ticing planting two-years-old apple trees and top-working
them with scions from my own bearing trees. I don't know
how much there is in this theory, but I do this to be sure of
my varieties, as many times I do not get varieties true to
name when I order them from nurserymen. Some advise
to let the trees grow one year before top-working. I top-
work immediately. If your trees are received early in the
spring or in the fall before and have started to grow, so the
sap will circulate in the trees, you can put in the scion with
almost absolute certainty of having a good growth.

If your trees are a little slow or a little dry, you will have
trouble in getting your graft to grow. We cut them down
pretty low and put the scions in, and nearly always they grow
nicely and we are absolutely sure of the varieties we have
growing in our orchards. I think there is a probability of
getting the trees in bearing earlier that wav, too. I have an

130 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

orchard six or seven years which has been treated in that way
and they have been bearing two or three years. Although
there is not so much advantage in early bearing as some of
us have thought. It is more important to grow good strong
trees than to have young immature trees bear fruit. A
strong, vigorous 8-year-old tree with a good bearing surface
is to be desired ; then you can have good large crops of fruit.
There may be more advantages for growing early fruit in
the west, where they calculate for only 15 years of life of
trees, but here and in the middle west we can count on longer
life : so we can afford to wait a few years longer and get
healthy, vigorous trees. Cutting off the young tree too
severely will check fruitfulness. Pruning is a necessary
evil ; it is necessary, but don't do any more of it than is nec-
essary to accomplish your purpose.

In regard to markets.

When I planted my orchards I decided there were
enough people in Toledo who were willing to pay a good
price for a good apple — the people who were tired of the Ben
Davis apple and the Keiffer pear — so I planted something
better, a great many of your varieties; you know we are
nearly in the same latitude as you, almost directly west ; so we
planted Baldwins, Greenings, Grime's Golden, the Jonathan
— I was perhaps the first grower in Ohio who planted the
Jonathan to any extent. I was rash enough to attempt it and
the results have amply justified my faith in it. It must have
high culture ; it is inclined to grow a little small and for that
reason needs high culture and thinning. We thin our trees
and also the fruit. Some say it is too large an undertaking
and that it is quite impossible to thin the apples. It is as
easy to thin as it is to pick them. If you find there are more
apples than you can thin, then there will surely be more apples
than you can pick. I have been practicing thinning of fruit
for 8 or 10 years and it pays. You must do it to get the
handsomest and best product. In my own case, living as
near as I do to Toledo and being able to ship our fruit by
trolley, we are able to supply our customers in the city

EIGHTEENTH AXNUAL MEETING.

131

thriniQ;hont the entire season. I ship in half bushel baskets,
making" arrang-ements with four or five grocers to handle
them in the city. I have a cold storage at my place.

The next question is the price, and that is not so hard a
question to solve as you think for. Set your own price and
the grocer will make his selling price, and you may be sure
he will get what profit he wishes. I have never lost a cus-
tomer by keeping- my price up — and no one will if he keeps
his quality what it ought to be — and I have never had any
apples or other fruit sent back.

I strive to get color, flavor and appearance in all my
fruits. We also strive to give our customers the full worth
of their money. When we deal with the commission men we
try to give them something- that will hold their trade. A good
many of us have a feeling against commission men, thinking
they are not giving us a square deal. There will be no trou-
ble if you give them an understanding as to what they may
expect, and then get him his goods on time and always
supply him, even if you are offered a larger price by someone
else for a certain crop. Don't allow anything to break in on
his contract; give him a chance and he will deal square with
you. especially if you are near enough by to keep watch of
him once in a while.

I want to give a word of encouragement to the younger
men here in the New England States. I can see in this day
and age and stage of progress in scientific horticulture won-
derful possibilities. I speak of scientific horticulture with
frankness and candor, for we never would have been in the
condition we are in if it had not been for the help of our
scientific friends, and what they have done could not have
heen accomplished without the aid of the practical fruit grow-
ers. There is a bright outlook in horticulture for any young
man and it offers an ideal life for a family and home and is
■of itself an ideal occupation.

Discussion.

Professor Gulley : What variety of plum« are you
growing, the European or Japanese?

132 THE CO\'NECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

AIr, Farnsworth : The European varieties. I only
planted a few Japanese plums and I am glad of it ; they may-
be all right for some localities, but I didn't like the quality
and I didn't plant many. The varieties I prefer are : Brad-
shaw. Lombard, Yellow Egg, Grand Duke and Arch Duke ;
and the blue plums for canning — they are not subject to rot.

Member: Have you ever planted prunes?

Mr. FARNS^^'ORTH : I have planted 140 German prunes ;
they have been out about 15 years and we have never picked
a hundred bushels all told.

Member: Have you ever sprayed for rot? -

Mr. Farnsworth : We spray for rot with lime and sul-
phur when trees are dormant, and then with Bordeaux. We
thin the trees and also the fruit. We have succeeded in
almost exterminating the rot ; there is a difference in vari-
eties in rotting.

Member : Have you anything against the Cherry cur-
rant ?

Mr. Farnsworth : It is all right if you can grow it ; it
does not grow as well with me. The question of varieties
everyone must settle for himself.

Member : Do you have any scale ?

A'Ir. Farnsworth : We have had it ; it does not bother
me at all. We spray every year; we don't examine our or-
chards to see if there is scale ; we go over the whole thing
with lime and sulphur solution. We spray our plum orchards
oftener through the season than any other fruit, especially
do we spray when the blossoms first fall ; then we spray at
least every five days for the curculio and thoroughly culti-
vate through June and July; we also use arsenate of lead in
our spraying. Some use arsenite of soda, but we concluded
\t injured the foliage; it is more expensive to use the lead^
but it pays.

Member : Some people claim it is a benefit, others an
injury, to run poultry in orchards. What do you say?

EIGHTEENTH AX N UAL MEETING. 133:

W\i. Fakxsworth : 1 liave four or five tenement houses
and the people who occupy these houses all keep poultry,
and we keep some. I have never seen any evil results ; on
the contrary, have always considered it heneficial to keep
chickens and allow them to run in the orchards. In the
young orchards we sow buckwheat as a cover crop and allow
the chickens to run in it.

Member: \Miat brand of arsenate of lead do you use?

Mr. Farnsworth : I don't want to advertise any spec-
ial brand. There are a number of good standard brands.

Member: What do you think of the Schafifer raspberry
for commercial purposes?

Mr. Farnsworth : It is all right for anyone who has
a home market; but it won't ship; it is, however, the best
berry for canning. The question of arsenate of lead brings
up another matter. For the last three years in our State,
horticulturists have clubbed together and purchased their
spraying supplies and have saved a great deal. We have
secured the best brands, for no firm is going to send anything-
but a first-class article to a horticultural society, as they
might lose business by doing otherwise. I order direct from
the factories and the shipments are made direct to the users.

At the close of Mr. Farnsworth's very practical and
instructive address and the discussion following it, President
Gold called attention to the matter of membership and empha-
sized the importance of every fruit grower present identify-
ing himself with the work of the Society. Mr. Gold said:
"For your own benefit, as well as that of the Society, you
should become members and pay the reciuired fee."

Mr. J. H. Hale: In relation to the membership fee.
We have glorious meetings and hear things that are of real
and practical benefit to us in our work ; worth money to us.
When I attended the Western New York Horticultural Soci-
ety's meeting I noticed they took the fee at the door. In other
words, you didn't get in unless you paid, and there were
over 1,500 people who paid a dollar apiece to get into those

134

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

meetings and hear the addresses and see the officers — and
honestly their president wasn't as handsome as ours, either.

The closing feature of the morning's program and the
one ])erhaps of greatest interest was an illustrated address on
"Market Gardening on Long Island," by Mr. H. B. Fuller-
ton of Huntington.

Mr. Fullerton is no stranger to Connecticut audiences
and never fails to please as well as instruct by his breezy
and forceful manner of presenting the results of his remark-
able success on the Long Island soil.

But in this instance the speaker was more interesting
and entertaining than ever and for more than an hour and a
half he held his audience spellbound with the glowing account
of the striking methods and results achieved with ordinary
market garden crops, the whole vividly illustrated with a
vast number of fine lantern slides.

The dinner hour went by unheeded, nearly all remain-
ing until the close of this intensely interesting and practical
lecture, which awakened in us all a determination to make
better use of our opportunities in the future. We regret that
in the absence of Mr. Fullerton's pictures we can give here
only the chief points brought out by the speaker.

" Market Gardening on Long Island ; Some Striking
Methods and Results."

H. B. Fullerton, Huntington, L. I.
Director of the Long Island R. R. Experimental Stations.
For a young man starting out in life there is nothing
that offers the opportunities that agriculture does. The
.small farmer — the term market gardener, I like better — is
■something the United States knows little about except as it
comes from foreigners. We are beginning to learn from the
Italians, the French and the Germans. They come to Amer-
ica, and down in Pennsylvania and in Jersey they will make
more on from three to five acres than we can make on a

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

135

hundred and fifty. They keep the land busy all the time. So
the small farmer who has such a valuable market as New
York is fortunate and may make a fortune if he will. Don't
you believe that New York will ever be over-supplied. New
York g^rows faster than it is possible for any number of peo-
ple to supply her inhabitants fully with sufficient fresh vege-
tables. In Connecticut you have large orchards of fruit
upon your hillsides, but you have mag-nificent valleys that are
growing- nothing, yet these will yield you more per acre than
your orchards yield — if you plant those valleys to vegetables.
The opportunity is simply marvelous. Raise good stuff.
Don't try to see how much cheap stufif you can raise. Raise
the best; there is a market for it and you can get your own
price.

Use barnyard fertilizers. We need them. Why? One
reason, and a clear one, is because the humus is gone out of
the soil, and without vegetable matter you can't raise any
plant in the world. You may have all the chemicals you
can collect and you can't grow a spear of grass. Add humus
and you can grow everything. If you have no animals, get
manure from the city. If you can't get that, go into the
swamp and get the muck, dig it out and use it.

The first thing to do when you start any kind of business
is to secure a partner, and get the right kind. Be full part-
ners. Let that woman or let that man know that it is a full
partnership; that they are to share alike in every way, man-
ner or form; don't say that you will give her $12.00 or $15.00
a year to run the house; half is hers every trip. You want
to divide square ; when you come in at night, tell her what
happened during the day at the office or on the farm, and she
will tell you what happened at home. If you start in this
way and continue, you will have very few "affinities" and
divorce cases.

Twenty years ago I discovered, by accident, Long Island ;
from the East End, in Brooklyn; I asked someone how big
the Island was and he said he had been down to Jamaica ( 10

136 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

miles out) and he thought that was the end. I went out one
day and telegraphed back that I had taken a vacation and
would be back when I found out what lay east of Jamaica.

There is no room to live in New York and yet it is al-
most as big as London and London is starving to death.
New York don't get enough food ; not enough fresh food, or
enough of anything in fact, fruit or vegetables, no matter
how much you bring in. They are shipping onions from
Texas to New York — there is that great market right in
touch with you. Why don't you improve your opportuni-
ties? We have on Long Island 200,000 acres of land that
have not been touched, and you have some in Connecticut, I
dare say. There is a glorious opportunity in your valleys
here. You have your local markets and are close to New
York and the big New England cities. Friend Hale has
proved that. He used to wheel peaches in a wheelbarrow up
here to Hartford. Keep your eye open, your ear to the ground,
and watch your opportunities. There are more opportuni-
ties to-day than there have been in fifteen centuries.

Think of it. The men in Texas and Dakota, 60 miles
from a railroad station, are doing well and competing with
us. What is the matter with us? Something. You can
accuse the railroads if you want to, but if it had not been for
them, the United States would not be cultivated now and the
Indians would be doing the scalp act yet. Railroads all over
the United States are starting experimental farms to attract
the attention of the world to the fact that there is land now
uncultivated in the great eastern States that is just as well
fitted to raise products needed in the cities as is the land in
the west. Some of us, because we have always lived here
and always done things in a certain way. haven't awakened
to the value of present day knowledge. Do you get the ex-
periment station bulletins ? Do you apply some of the knowl-
edge you gain by the reading ? You hear things at this meet-
ing every year. Do you take advantage of what you learn?
There is no man with brain big enough to take home with
him all that he hears, but he can get a little and put it into
practice.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

137

Experimental stations were established for what pur-
pose? Yoii have been reading about spraying for 20 years.
You have been reading about humus. It has been proven
that hunnis is necessary and must be in the soil if vou would
grow anything worth while. The experimental station calls
your cheerful attention to the fact that on a few acres prop-
erly cared for more can be raised than on your big farm
under the methods employed by you. You are expected to
try this thing yourself. Nothing succeeds like success.

The Pennsylvania railroad is going to establish experi-
mental stations on their lines. Why? Because the farmers
have been going west or to South Dakota, where a man last
year couldn't keep chickens because it was 40 degrees below
^ero and he had no snow to stuff the cracks with ; to Mani-
toba, where they go to raise wheat, with what result? No
•crop last year. What is the use of going west or northwest
when we have thousands and thousands of idle acres right
.around us ? The railroads are spending money for bulletins
ior you to read, for everyone to read. The Long Island rail-
road has never made both ends meet and has been on the
point of bankruptcy dozens of times and yet the stockholders
go on putting their money in because the future is assured.
It has been a little slow in coming, but it will come. Suc-
cess has not come as quickly as they thought it would, but
they haven't lost hope.

Sometimes our soil isn't right to raise the things we are
trying to make grow. If it is acid, it needs to be made alka-
line. If your soil is sour, it won't grow crimson clover. It
will grow raspberries and lima beans that seem to do just as
well on such soil. Put wood ashes on the soil, say 400 pounds
to the acre. We bought city manure. It cost us 95 cents a
ton. I find in Connecticut and Massachusetts they pay as
high as $5.00 a ton for this humus, because you can't get
along without it. Without that manure you might put on
20 tons of commercial fertilizers and you couldn't grow a
wisp of hay or anything else. Commercial fertilizers with-
(Out humus will do nothing. Down in the Hackensack Valley

138 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

there is just seven feet of humus, all coming from fallen
leaves and plant growth, and it is growing big crops. When
plants are analyzed we find they always contain potash, phos-
phoric acid, nitrogen, and a few other mineral substances.
Plants containing all these elements must have those elements
to grow. Will you tell me where those plants are going to
get it in the humus valley? I can't guess. Straight vege-
table matter without any fertilizer whatever except what
nature put there. They get their nourishment out of the
soil, air and water, all three. These plants grow and they
grow in humus ; they have air and water and vegetable mat-
ter. Don't forget this when you begin your work this
spring.

Another thing you can't get along without. That is
water. Dig a well, drive a well, blast a well, have water.
When you get ready to set your plants out, don't wait for
Providence. In the west they have found out they couldn't
grow crops without water, and the consequence is they are
enlarging their water supply every year.

We use water in another way. Somebody asked this
morning what we had got to spray for. Nobody will ever
tell him ; there are so many things, nobody knows. But he
must get busy. We have blight and bugs enough for sev-
eral countries. Whenever we bring a new plant or shrub
from anywhere we bring an enemy with it. We must spray
to kill them.

A thing that helps us on the bug question is birds. You
want birds and you can't have them unless you have plenty
of water. With us last year we had 67 varieties of birds and
they probably killed billions and billions of bugs. We
sprayed, of course, but the birds got a tremendous number.
The water was what brought them. Have running water
somev>^here on your place.

You must have air for your plants, not only above but
also beneath. You get that by cultivation. On ten acres we
always get three or four crops, never less than two on any
acre.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

139

Use a good cultivator — a man in Philadelphia invented
the Planet Jr. I used to ship carloads of them to Mexico-
and China ; they are not fully appreciated in this country. A
man with a Planet Jr. bv actual time will take care of ten
acres well, while a man with a hoe will take care of one acre,
middling only.

The labor question is an interesting one. New York
and Boston is just full of men wanting to work on the land;;
they don't want to live in the city ; they are starving to death
and you can get them into the country. Don't imagine just
because they don't speak English they are not as good as we
are. Some of them can point with pride back to the civil-
ized times when their ancestors were writing poetry while
our ancestors were living in caves, and eating snakes. Don't
you holler "dago" until you find out a man's pedigree. Then
treat them right and be a real man ; don't coop the men up
in quarters in which you wouldn't house your animals. No
wonder they rebel.

Now for the Market Garden products : Our radishes
were put on the market a little earlier than the Jersey farm-
ers sent theirs and we got five cents for them : when they came
with theirs the price was down to half a cent a bunch, and'
we quit. Then the lettuce. The people think there is noth-
ing like the Big Boston head lettuce. We are gradually teach-
ing the people to eat the loose leaf lettuce ; we can sell any-
thing in the lettuce line if it is good quality. In fact you
can sell anything you wish to sell if it is good and you can
prove it. About Lady apples — I see you have some here. If
every farmer would plant an acre of that apple and raise good
ones, -he could sell them. You can't find any in the markets.
If you will raise good ones you can sell them all right, and
you can't raise too many either.

In bunching our radishes we make the bunches so that
every one is good ; there are no "bum" ones in the middle.
We save our tops and poor vegetables for the pig, — and it
pays to keep a pig to eat imperfect vegetables, for we get a
cent and a half a pound more than is paid for swill-fed pork.
There is money in pigs and always will be.

T40 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Rhubarb. 1>y placing in the spring- a protection about
the plants they will make a rapid growth and you wall get
the extra price for early crop. A German told me that he
bought some land on Long Island, about 30 acres, and put
24 of it under cultivation, employing 32 men, doing market
gardening. He had a bank of gravel to the north of a strip
of poor land upon which he put manure, then planted rhu-
barb, clearing up $1,500 on rhubarb alone last season. Use
old barrels or boxes or kegs as a protection around the roots
and you will be surprised at the difference in the growth.

Some say they cannot head lettuce. I have tried 19 vari-
eties and they all head ; if your lettuce doesn't head, you
Tnust have sowed the loose-leaf seed.

Corn. We sell the Golden Bantam. I used to pick the
nubbins and have it cooked with the Evergreen and Country
Gentleman and visitors at the house would wonder why the
children picked for the little ears. They found out after they
had tasted of it.

The moment we get one crop off we put another on the
land. Therein lies our success, constant work. Our water
tank holds 5,000 gallons; it takes 2^/^ gallons of kerosene to
fill the tank. I don't care whether my neighbors wait for
the rain to plant their vegetables out, I plant mine when I am
ready to do it and get the benefit.

Early cauliflowers grow rapidly and we have a good mar-
ket for them. On the 22d of June we shipped the first. New
York is able to pay and will pay for them. We planted the
seeds a little earlier to get the early market and big price.

Peas. The very early ones are not especially goo.d. The
best we can get is the Early Prolific. We are still hunting
for a better variety. I try 7 or 8 new peas every year,
Thomas Laxton is a wonderfully good one; they are a little
more expensive, but they are worth the difference and the
-customers will pay it.

Beans. Here is an example of spraying. The first year
we planted the yellow pod bean we were very anxious to get
good results. They grew beautifully and the yield was going

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

141

to be good, when one morning I found every pod rusty. You
ought to have seen nie get after them. I wanted humus bad,
yet I burned every one of them. We consulted and then
planted some more right on top of the old hills where we
pulled the first ones out. We watched the second crop come
on — people said we must not spray until a few leaves were
out. We waited until a few leaves were out and the rust
came again. We planted the third crop, and as soon as the
first sign of growth came through the dirt I just drowned
them with Bordeaux. We didn't have one single sign of
rust on one of the beans ; they were absolutely perfect, and
the seed all came out of the same bag. I sprayed three times
and I felt that we had headed the rust off. Of course we
don't know just what the result would have been if we had
not sprayed. I kept the beans and sent them to the experi-
ment station. 1 have planted them for the last three years
and have had no* rust on them, and the experiment station
reports no rust. We sprayed but once after they began to
blossom.

Lima beans. I never cared to break my back carrying
poles for beans and twisting the vines so they could untwist
again and then when the beans are eight or nine feet high
and frost comes, having to lift the poles out in order to get
the beans and then not finding more than a quarter of them
ripe, — so we conceived the idea of allowing them to run on
this wire fence and when they got to the height of the fence
we clipped the vines. The result was we got a yield just
exactly three times as great as raising them on poles. I fig-
ured it in this way : If you clip the ends off you keep the
strength down below and get better pods ; then by running
on the fence you get good air and plenty of sunlight; while
on the pole they make a solid mat of vines and half the beans
can't grow or mature ; they keep climbing and making bloom
and the results are not satisfactory. In the fall we take up
the fence, roll it and put it away until the next spring; the
fence is just ordinary poultry wire, 4 feet high. I always
put it running north and south so as to get plenty of light and
sun on both sides.

142 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Tomatoes. The earlier yon plant your seeds the more
money you get for your fruit. We use paper pots — the same
ones we have used for three years. With this style of pot
you can transplant without disturbing the roots; thus the
growing goes right on. We have never had our tomatoes
checked a bit. We ship no tomatoes that are not perfectly
ripe and sound and every slice can be used. We put them
in what is called a four-quart crate. When tomatoes were
selling in New York as low as 25 and 15 cents a bushel I
didn't know that we could get a right price for ours, but when
I went in the city and saw the way the fruit was packed — a
few good ones on top and soup in the bottom, I knew we
could sell our crates. I left them at a store while I was out
looking at the market, and when I returned I found the clerk
had sold all I had brought in for $1.50 a crate of less than
half a bushel. If I could have furnished them I might have
sold a hundred crates a day at that price.

Potatoes. I buy the best seed I can get, it don't make
any difference what the price is. If they were $7.50 a
bushel and I couldn't afford a bushel, I would buy a quart and
plant those and have enough the next year to do something
with. If we give the potato a good chance to grow and not
have it buck up against clods of earth, but grow in a seed
bed, so they don't have to force their way through the chunks,
we will have no trouble in getting good yields of fine pota-
toes. You must give the potato ground thorough cultiva-
tion ; we use the disc cultivator. We don't have many little
ones ; when we do, we use them at home.

Carrots. We sow them in the double drills; if you use
them before they are matured, the flavor will be much more
delicate. There is a good market for this vegetable.

Baskets or Home Hampers. We make an assortment of
vegetables, trying to pack 9 kinds in the hamper, for which
we get $1.50 delivered. Our customers know they are get-
ting fresh vegetables and we have no trouble in getting rid
of all we pack. The hamper costs us 14 cents, and the express
is 35 cents, netting us one dollar, we figure. We change the

HIGH TEEN Til ANNUAL MEETING.

H3

contents as the different vegetables come on. We could dis-
pose of everything we raise on the 18 acres in the home ham-
pers if we would.

Melons. Montreal melons at $3.50 apiece, $36 a dozen
wholesale ! They raise them under glass, little cold frames ;
thev have to keep the glass on throughout the early season.
We raise melons and good ones, using soap boxes and bags,
and they do well. What do we do to keep the blight off?
It is a hard proposition, but we do it with Bordeaux mixture
and keep our melon vines two weeks longer than our neigh-
bors and then usually the blight gets us. In New Jersey,
some use rotten fish, kerosene, or anything that stinks, be-
cause they say that bugs don't like bad smells. The blight
is a different proposition ; they say there is no cure. Bor-
deaux is a preventative. We begin to spray early ; that is the
secret of spraying; begin just as soon as your plant is up.
We always use a combination of Bordeavix and arsenate of
lead on cabbages and melons. We use that on fruit trees
three or four times a season and have never seen any injury.
We used lime and sulphur and that was all right. We have
used Scalecide and that is all right. They both of them
accomplish their purpose absolutely. I know that positively.
If you follow directions I do not believe there can any injury
come from Scalecide and I never heard of any from the use
of Bordeaux. I have heard of serious injury to the apple
from the use of Target brand of scale oil. I went down on
the Peninsula and was told that it had absolutely killed or-
chards ; so you mustn't use all miscible oils. Use some com-
mon sense in spraving with any mixture.

Water Melons. A mighty good crop; they have to be
raised on the right kind of soil. Water melons, like corn,
you must eat fresh, with the dew on. There are many fine
melons ; we don't find much difference in the taste, but there
is a difference in the shipping quality. The Sweetheart is
a fine melon, also the Kleckley Sweets.

Sea Kale. After you get your bed of it. like asparagus
it will come up in the spring and absolutely break through

144 ^^^^ CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the frozen earth. When it shows itself spread the dirt over
it, and the next time it comes up, cut it; you will find it the
most delicate green. Cook it as you would asparagus or
celery ; it is delicious. We have raised it for four or five
years; it is well worth trying; plant it from seed, and then
you will have it for years to come.

Endive. There are many varieties of this vegetable. As
it grows you must bring it together and tie with wisp of
straw. It is a valuable plant, easily grown, and there is a
good market for it.

Another new comer is the Venetian Squash. The meati-
est and sweetest squash I have ever seen, a very rich yellow.
It looks like a big acorn ; the seed cavity is small and there
is an abundance of thick meat.

Sweet Potatoes. These were hit by the frost and wilted
down and I thought they were out of business. In between
them I put extra tomato plants. Soon after the sweet pota-
toes sailed in and I never saw such growth in my life. The
tomatoes also matured and I never saw two crops yield so
much. It is a combination I never would have dreamed of,
but it worked all right.

Cabbages. Lots of them. Long Island is a famous
place to raise cabbages and there is always a good market for
them. We 'are troubled with the cabbage worm and for it I
use arsenate of lead ; it sticks better than the paris green.
We use it clear up to the end of the season, too. New York
and Boston markets will tell you not to use any poison. R
has been carefully tested and found to be true that if a man
sits down, is a regular gourmand, and eats 200 cabbages,
the poison left on the cabbages after being sprayed makes him
just a trifle sick. I can't tell you the strength of the arsen-
ate of lead we use ; I think it is something like three pounds
to 90 gallons of water.

Brussels Sprouts. We grow these to keep us busy. It
is something we can do in the winter. We usually pick up
to the fifteenth of February ; this year we stopped in Janu-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

145

ary. They bring us from 8 to 30 cents a quart ; they usually
run a quart to the plant. The city people are very fond of
them and they will pay big prices for them.

There is always an enormous market for flower-s and
almost any woman likes to raise them.

There is also money in sheep. There is nothing that can
or will clear up a field for you quicker than a flock of sheep.
Try them.

Alfalfa. The reason I had a good crop was because the
bacteria that alfalfa needs was there. I got it from an old
alfalfa field. There are two other things necessary ; in the
first place your soil must be absolutely free from acidity. It
must be sweet. Put oh lime to help keep it sweet ; then you
must have humus ; that is vegetable matter ; then your alfalfa
-will grow all right. It makes the finest fodder of anything
you can grow ; cut it when it is green. The moment you see
the first blossom on the alfalfa, cut it; that is the only way
to make your crop a success, and by cutting it early you will
get two more crops off the same land. Don't try to grow
alfalfa unless your soil is thoroughly cultivated.

At 1.30 a short recess was taken for dinner.

146 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Owing to the very lengthy morning session it was 2.30
o'clock when the Society reassembled for the afternoon meet-
ing.

President Gold called to order and announced that the
first business of the afternoon according to the program was
the election of officers.

Election of Officers.

President Gold: We will have the report of the Com-
mittee on Nominations if they are ready to report.

Stancliff Hale: Mr. President' and fellow members,
your Committee would respectfully submit the following list
of names as nominations for the various officers of this
Society :

For President — Chas. L. Gold, of West Cornwall.

For Vice-President — E. Rogers, of Southington.'

For Secretary — H. C. C. Miles, of Milford.

For Treasurer — Orrin Gilbert, of Middletown.
For County Vice-Presidents:

Hartford County — L. C. Root, of Farmington.

New Haven County — Norman S. Piatt, of New Haven.

Fairfield County — Geo. A. Drew, of Greenwich.

Litchfield County — Chas. S. Phelps, of Canaan.

Middlesex County — Walter Fawthrop, of Cromwell.

Windham County — F. J. Taber, of South Windham.

New London County — E. Haley, of Mystic.

Tolland County — John R. Houston, of Mansfield.

Prof. Gulley: Mr. President, I move that the report
of the committee be accepted and adopted and that the Secre-
tary be directed to cast one ballot for the list of officers as
presented.

This motion was seconded and duly passed.

lilGIlTIiliNril AXNU.IL MEETING. 147

The Secretary then proceeded to cast the ballot and the
following list of Officers of the Society was declared duly
elected for the ensuing- year :

President — Charles L. Gold, of West Cornwall.

J ^ice-President — E. Rogers, of Southington.

Secretary— U. C. C. Miles, of Milford.

Treasurer — Orrin Gilbert, of Middletown.

County Vice-Presidents.
Hartford County — L. C. Root, Farmington.
Neiif Haven County — Norman S. Platt, New Haven.
Fairfield County — ^Geo. A. Drew, Greenwich.
Litchfield County — Charles S. Phelps, Canaan.
Middlesex County — Walter Fawthrop, Crornwell.
Windham County — F. J. Taber, South Windham.
Nezu London County — E. Haley, Mystic.
Tolland County — John R. Houston, Mansfield.

Report of Special Committee on Fruit Exhibit.

The Special Committee appointed at an earlier session
to judge the exhibit of fruit at this meeting presented the
following report through Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler:

Considering the past years when fruit conditions were
more or less abnormal, the exhibit of fruit is very creditable,
particularly in the color of the same, which is far above the
average.

The Baldwins, Ben Davis, Peck's Pleasant and Wagener
are especially good. The dry season of the past year is
largely responsible for this high color, as no sooty fungus
was noticed.

The exhibit of apples from the Connecticut Agricultural
College is exceptionally good and is one of the best educa-
tional features of the meeting.

Only two packages of apples were shown. One of fancy
Baldwins in one-half bushel basket for nearby home market;

148 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the other of Ben Davis in the regulation box for long dis-
tance shipping. One can of pickled peaches deserves men-
tion as being a possible way of using up the unsalable small
fruit.

The complete list of awards as made by the Committee
will be found on another page.

It was voted to accept the report of the Committee and
thank Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Farnsworth for their services.

Secretary Miles read an announcement of the coming
meeting of the American Pomological Society to be held at
St. Catherine's, P. Q., Canada, in the fall of 1909, with a
request for the appointment of delegates from Connecticut.

On nwtion, it was voted that the President be authorized
to appoint five delegates from this Society to that meeting.

Mr. J. H. Hale: If we can use our influence I would
suggest that we try to have the American society arrange to
hold its meetings as late in September as possible. If the
meeting is held earlier in the season it will be difficult for
many of us to attend on account of the harvesting of our
crops.

President Gold subsequently announced the appointment
of the following delegates:

J. H. Hale, C. E. Lyman, N. S. Piatt, Prof. A. G. Gul-
ley, H. C C. Miles.

Resolutions.

The following resolution relating to the bill before Con-
gress known as the "Insecticide bill," the object of which is
to regulate the purity of insecticides, was introduced by Mr.
J. Norris Barnes : —

Whereas, the use of the various articles prepared and
known' as "Insecticides" has become of prime importance in
protecting our forests, parks, orchards, gardens, and agricul-
tural crops in general from the ravages of insects, and

Whereas, it is equally important that the purity and
strength of these insecticides should be dependable and
unquestioned, and

EIGHTEENTH AXNUAL MEETING. 149

Whereas, the Executive Committee of the Manufactur-
ers, Entomologists, and Agricultural Chemists' Association
have introduced into the Congress of the United States an
insecticide bill, having for its object the regulation and guar-
anteeing quality of all insecticide articles manufactured or
imported into the United States, said bill in the Senate being
known as bill No. 6515, and in House of Representatives as
bill H. R. No. 21318; said bill in the Senate being in the
hands of the Agricultural Committee, and in the House said
bill being in the hands of Committee on Inter-state and For-
eign Commerce ;

Therefore, he it Resolved, that we, the members of the
Connecticut Pomological Society, in annual meeting assem-
bled, do hereby desire to heartily express our appreciation of
the objects sought to be accomplished by this said bill, and do
earnestly desire that same be enacted into law.

Be it Resolved, that copies of this resolution be sent by
the Secretary of this Society to the Senate Committee on
Agriculture and also to the House Committee on Inter-state
and Foreign Commerce and Committee on Agriculture.

Dr. Britton spoke in favor of the measure and seconded
the adoption of the above resolution.

On vote the resolution was adopted.

A resolution in memory of Dr. Gurdon W. Russell,
whose death was announced at the morning session, was pre-
pared by Mr. Geo. A. Parker and presented by Mr. Hale, as
follows :

Mr. J. H. Hale: In behalf of Mr. Parker, Superin-
tendent of Parks of Hartford, and a longtime member of this
Society, I wish to present the following resolution, as he is
not able to be here at this time :

"Whereas, this Society has learned with the greatest
regret of the passing from our midst of our honored and
much loved member. Dr. Gurdon W. Russell : and

I50 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

JJ'hcrcas. the call to go forward and beyond came yester-
tlay morning just before this convention was called together,
and the end came quietly without pain, without a struggle, just
like slipping away, drawing one breath here and the next
hereafter,

To him, it is all gain ; to us, it means the loss of his
kindly words and inspiring presence ; and yet it is not all loss
even to us, for we will always feel that there awaits us in
the more beautiful gardens, and the more fruitful orchards
of our Heavenly Father, one who was transplanted from our
midst in the fulness and ripeness of his earthly life, to grow
on and on in the hereafter, and be waiting to welcome and
instruct us there, even as he has welcomed and instructed us
here.

Resolved, that as an expression of our sorrow^, we ofifer
this resolution as a testimonial of his long years of interest
in, and service to, the horticulture of our State, and of this
Society.

Resolved, further, that a committee of three be appointed
by our President, to draft such memorials as will tell of his
connection and service to this Society ; that it may be printed
in our Annual Report and filed in our archives, that those
that follow us may not forget."

Mr. Hale: Probably 40 years ago, when my brother
and I started in small fruit growing on the home farm at
Glastonbury, I well remember an elderly man driving into
the yard one day and introducing himself as Doctor Russell,
a lover of fruits and flowers. He had heard of our starting
the work and wanted to call and see us. We had a delight-
iul visit. And many times since has he called on us. He
'was one of the best informed old-time pomologists in our
State. Not in a professional way was he a fruit grower, but
as a side line of his profession. His passing out at the age
of almost a hundred, yesterday, seems a distinct loss ; he was
just as actively interested to the last in the work of the fruit

HIUUTIUlXTII AXNUAL MliiiTJXG. 151

growers. It seems fitting- at this time that we should pay
tribute to Dr. Russell in this manner.

Mr. C. H, Wiley : 1 would like to second that resolu-
tion, and say a word in connection with it. About the time
Mr. Hale speaks of, Dr. Russell was interested in the Horti-
cultural Society of Hartford and always came into our meet--
ings; he was a genial, kindly man, and his sugggestions and
words will be missed by all with whom he came in contact.

The resolutions were then unanimously passed by a
rising vote.

The following committee was subsequently appointed to
prepare a memorial to Dr. Russell : J. H. Hale, G. A. Parker,
C. H. Wiley.

Dr. W. E. Britton : Mr. President, a word in regard
to the question of the control of insect pests and other ene-
mies of our orchards and fruit crops.

Following the governors' conference in Boston in the
fall, the secretaries of the boards of agriculture and State
nursery inspectors of the New England States came together
to consider the development of fruit growing in New En-
gland, following the address by Professor Craig, and the con-
trol of insect pests came up. It was voted to make our nur-
sery laws as strict as possible, and also to make the require-
ments of the nursery stock shipped from one State to another
as small and at the same time as effective as possible. Some
of you know that for some years there has been on foot an
attempt to secure a national measure whereby the laws of the
United States might be more uniform, but this has failed
absolutely, as I understand. Consequently a nurseryman
shipping stock from one State to another must first learn
about the laws prevailing in that State, and as they are differ-
ent in nearly all States he must have on hand at all times a
list of the various State laws. The only thing to do is for the
various States to make their laws as nearly uniform as pos-
sible. During the last month or six weeks, the inspectors of

152 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

New York State have discovered in young fruit stock broug-ht
from France something Hke 1,800 nests of the brown tail moth
containing living caterpillars. These they discovered only by
chance. Only for their discovery and destruction they might
have been distributed throughout New York and other States.
At the present time there is no provision for the inspection of
nursery stock at the port of entry. This should be a
national provision. The different State officials have no
authority to inspect the stock that is brought into the custom
house, and it is only after the stock arrives at its destination
that it can be examined. Our law at the present time is
weak in that respect. At a meeting of the nurserymen in
Baltimore during December they drew up roughly a law
which is an attempt at making the matter more uniform. I
have a copy of the same. It has some features which I think
desirable to place on our statute books. I would present the
same at this time and make a motion that the whole matter
be referred to our legislative committee, with power to act,
if they see fit.

Professor Gulley: I have no doubt that the matter is
very desirable. I certainly would support the motion and
am in favor of having the resolution passed so that action be
taken as far as possible in line with other States.

The motion to refer the matter to the Committee on
Legislation was put to vote and unanimously passed.

President Gold: We are now to have an address by a
gentleman from New Jersey who was unable to be present
yesterday, when he was scheduled to speak. I am glad to
introduce to you Mr. Albert T. Repp, who will tell us of
"Methods and Results on a Successful New Jersey Fruit
Farm."

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 153

Methods and Results on a Successful New Jersey
Fruit Farm.

By Albert T. Repp, Glassboro, N. J.

The conditions in different localities vary so much that
we find methods must vary to suit the locality; therefore the
methods that would bring- successful results in New Jersey
would not apply perhaps in this State at all. On August the
18th last, the New Jersey Horticultural Society met at our
fruit farm. Our friend and editor Mr. Collingwood, on
approaching the farm with some friends in a carriage, asked
the question, "What slovenish-looking farm is this?" and
was astonished to hear the reply, "This is the Repp farm."
In his address of the day he said that at first sight he was
amazed at the weeds grown by the Repps. So, in view of
the fact, I am equally as much amazed that I should be asked
to address this meeting on methods used in New Jersey. But
as I said in the beginning, as localities differ, to obtain
results the methods must vary. So we obtain methods from
different localities and we apply them to our farm and many
times find them practical and sometimes otherwise, always
measuring them of course by the results. So whatever re-
marks I shall make I must ask that you will not consider
them as practical in your State, until you have given them
some test.

First, in regard to planting orchards, we look much to
the selection of trees ; we prefer good two-year trees for
planting. We plant them 20 feet apart each way, with the
view of cutting some of them out as they grow too large for
the space. We plant corn between for a few years, using
plenty of fertilizer so as not to draw too much from the tree,
and at the same time secure good cultivation. Second, the
work of pruning engages our attention ; not that we prune
the young tree, but we watch its growth and prepare to
select the coming tree from it. The first year we do not
prune at all. We think the future of the tree and its pro-
ductiveness depend on the careful pruning of the early years
of its life. We have learned by experience that to refrain

154 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

from pruning the tree early in life will thicken the top and
make much better chance for selecting the future top for the
tree, and at the same time develop the trunk rather than the
top. This may be contrary to the teachings of our fore-
fathers, but it is the result of careful observation.

The fertilizer we use is 2^^ per cent. Ammonia, 8 per
cent. Phosphoric Acid, and 10 per cent. Potash. This we
broadcast over the ground before plowing in the spring at the
rate of 2,000 lbs. per acre. We use an abundance of fertil-
izer on our apple trees, as we want to grow fruit spurs and
wood the same year, and as there is not enough natural plant
food in the ground for this, we must substitute artificial
plant food. We do not use cover crops, as we have tried
them and they did not prove satisfactory to us.

We plow all of our orchards in the spring and keep up
cultivation until the first of July, sometimes as often as once
a week. The most of the growth of the .trees is over by this
time in our section, then we let the weeds grow as they will
from this time on. Mr. Collingwood was mistaken in his
article when he said we do not believe in humus, because we
depend on the weeds for humus. We have used this meth-
od for a number of years and found it very successful. We
begin spraying our young apple trees as soon as the fruit
makes its appearance ; the first spraying on the larger trees
we begin just before the buds open. We use 3 lbs. sulphate
copper, 10 lbs. lime, ^ lb. Paris green, to 50 gallons water.
The second spraying is made as soon as the blossoms drop.
We use arsenate of lead and we then alternate with Bor-
deaux mixture to the end of the season, which is about the
first of August. On the late varieties, because of trouble
with the coddling moth being so prevalent in our section, we
are compelled to spray very late. We have one trouble we
cannot explain and thus far we have not found any profes-
sional men to explain it ; it is a rot that appears in the blos-
som end of the apple and very soon destroys the fruit.

The market question in our section is an easy problem,
as we are convenient to both the New York and Philadel-
phia markets when we have the goods. The growing and

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 155.

marketing on our farm is divided in three sections. I have
charge of the fruit growing, or, in other words, producing
the goods, and m}- brother, Charles Repp, attends to the cold
storage where the fruit is kept awaiting the time for mar-
keting, and another brother, Jos. P. Repp, has the store in-
Philadelphia, where the fruit is sold at 154 Dock street. Our
specialties are apples, pears and grapes.

At the conclusion of Mr. Repp's very practical talk, the
subject was continued in the following

Discussion.

]\Ir. Winsor: Why do you use an excess of lime in
spraying?

Mr. Repp : We find it to advantage ; the spray sticks
better to our trees.

]\Ir. Farnsworth : In regard to pruning trees when-
planting. Do you mean you don't prune when you plant?

Mr. Repp : No, simply set the tree out ; we use the two-
year-old trees ; we find that pruning in early life makes the
tree smaller at ten years old and decidedly dififerent in shape.
It is all contrary to the teachings of our forefathers, I know.

A Member : When do you prune ?

Mr. Repp : The second year, and then when our trees
are five or six years old they begin to prune themselves.
They open up and don't need so much thinning. The way
we prune is very satisfactory to us.

Mr. Henry: If you had a peach tree six feet high, such
as grow down south, what would you do with it?

AIr. Repp : I can't say. I was talking about apples ;
our specialty is apples.

Mr. Platt : What variety of apples ?

Mr. Repp: Mostly Winesaps. We have the Red As-
trachan, Williams' Early, * M^aiden Blush, and Sutton. We
have 450 acres and are setting out more and more. We have
13,000 Winesaps; that is our specialty; it is a great export
apple.

Prof. Gulley : Do you use the "filler system" in plant-
ing?

156 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

]\Ir. Repp : Yes, sir.

Prof. Gulley : Have vou got to the thinning part yet —
removing the fillers?

Mr. Repp : No ; we have not got to that yet. Wlien
we get there I have it planned to tell my men what to do and
then go away. When I come back the trees will be gone.

Prof, Gulley : Are you pruning those you expect to
take out?

Mr. Repp : Yes ; they are all treated alike and are
growing very nicely.

Mr. Platt : Have you had the experience of your trees
blossoming very full, and then failing to set much of a crop?
What causes the failure of crop?

Mr. Repp : I think an excess of nitrogen. You give an
excess application of barnyard manure to trees and they will
not bear as well as if you used commercial fertilizer. The
blossoms seem to blast.

President Gold: I think that is right. I use very lit-
tle commercial fertilizer; we have a good deal of stable ma-
nure, and I have had a good deal of trouble with young
orchards not bearing ; they grow good wood, but don't yield
any sort of a crop of fruit. I have trimmed the trees and
done everything I knew of and yet fail to get apples from
the young trees. When they get to be 8 or 10 years old they
bear some, but run to wood and foliage mostly.

A Member: What do you use for the San Jose scale?

Mr. Repp: We use crude oil for the scale and have
used it for 10 years. We have only changed once — that was
to lime and sulphur, but went back to the oil.

A Member: I should like to hear from Mr. Repp re-
garding his methods of thinning, picking, grading, and pack-
ing of his fruit.

Mr. Repp: The summer apples we pick just the large
ones at first; we go over the trees several times, the Maiden
Blush as high as six times. Our fruit is shipped to the
Philadelphia market, the baskets to be paid for by the con-
sumer. If you sell apples in the Philadelphia market the man

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

157

who buys them pays for the baskets. No other market in the
United States does it. They are graded in three or four
grades ; one man does that work.

Mr. Platt : Do you take any special pains to prevent
your apple trees from losing their leaves during the summer?

Mr. Repp : The Bordeaux mixture keeps the foliage
good if it is applied several times.

A Member: What would happen if you didn't use it?

Mr. Repp : The leaves would come off.

The following question from the program list was called
for:

Question : What are the comparative merits of lime-
sulphur mixture and the soluble and miscible oils?

Mr. Repp : I know nothing about that ; we have only used
lime and sulphur twice, eight years and two years ago. I
have never investigated the other oils ; we have always used
the crude oil and it has been satisfactory. I would say this,
that we had a lot of trouble with the lime and sulphur ; it very
nearly ruined us ; the scale almost ate us up those years.

A Member: Have you ever injured any of your trees
with crude oil ?

Mr. Repp: I never lost a tree by the continued use of
the oil.

A Member: What kind of oil do you use?

Mr. Repp : It is a standard oil — the Standard Oil Com-
pany sells it; it costs, I think. 11 cents now.

A Member : How is that applied ?

Mr. Repp : With a Deming pump ; small nozzle and very
high pressure.

A Member : Do you heat your oil ?

Mr. Repp: We heat the oil with live steam to about 110
or 120 degrees and then put it on with high pressure when
there is a good wind.

A Member: That is a hard question. I have put it on
when the thermometer was 15 and 20 degrees below zero. H
you heat it you can apply it all right; I don't see as there is

158 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

any difficulty in putting it on. Some try to put on all they
can; that is the trouble; we try to see how little we can put
on. I have seen instances where it has been applied too
freely. I could take a spoon and dip vaseline out of the little
comers. No wonder such an application or continued appli-
cation killed trees. It couldn't help it.

Mr. Rogers: I have never had any bad effect from
either, I have always had good results from lime and sul-
phur, and I prefer it for peach trees to oil, but I have had
good luck with both lime and sulphur and the oil.

President Gold to Mr. Rogers : Didn't the oil kill the
scale on the peach trees?

Mr. Rogers: I didn't use the oil on the peach trees; I
have always used lime and sulphur on peach and the oil on
apple trees. I am surely in favor of oil for apple trees in
preference to the lime and sulphur. It is easier to apply and
you can apply it at most any time, and the lime and sulphur
you have to boil and prepare it at a certain time, and use
it, or we do, in the spring.

A Member: Why don't you use the oil on peach trees?

Mr. Rogers : Because it has little effect as a fungicide.
I have always used lime and sulphur on peach trees with
such good success; it cleans the tree up in such good shape
that I have always used it. I have seen oil used on peach
trees and didn't like the looks of it.

Prof. Jarvis: I don't know as it is necessary to take up
much time on this matter, but it may be of interest to know
that a bulletin has just been issued by the Storrs Experiment
Station on the subject of home-made and prepared miscible
or soluble oils. This bulletin reports the experiences of the
Experiment Station for several years on the subject and use
of various commercial and home-made miscible oils. If you
have not read this bulletin, if you will send a request to the
Station, a copy will be sent you.

There are a few more matters I woud like to speak of.
In discussing this question yesterday the speaker, Professor
Surface, made some statements which he said to-dav he was

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

^59

sorry he had made, to give the impression that the oils are
uniformly injurious and that it is not safe to use them. In
my experience I have never seen any injurious effect from
the use of oib. either on peach, apple, plum or pear trees,
and as a pretty good test of the action on young trees, pears,
plums and apples and currant bushes, we dipped them in
soluble oil and held them under the liquid for one minute,
roots, tops and all, and no injury whatever was observed in
the trees in any respect. This was a home-made preparation
and very similar to a great many of the newer preparations
that are appearing on the market. The one thing we must
remember and keep always in mind in using the soluble oils,
we must first test them to see if they will mix with water. I
do not believe there is any danger with a 1 to 15 solution of
the well-known soluble oils on the market on any kind of a
tree. I have given it a severe test, spraying with crude pe-
troleum. Why should we expect ill results from a prepara-
tion containing not more than 6 per cent, of petroleum? In
our operations with one of our orchards the trees have been
sprayed for 6 years with "Scalecide" and have shown no ill
effects.

Mr. Rogers to Prof. Jarvis : Have you known of peach
trees having been sprayed for that length of time with oil
being all right?

Professor Jarvis : I do not know about any that have
been sprayed for more than three years. But I cannot see
where there can be any harm ; there is nothing in the oil to
accumulate and cause ill effects ; when the rains come they
wash the oil away. I repeat, I can think of no reason why
oil sprays should harm any trees, if properly used.

Member: How long should soluble oils be applied to
trees to be effective before the rain washes it off?

Prof. Jarvis: I believe the oil should be on the trees
from 24 to 2)6 hours, and probably longer, to be effective. If
rain should come and wash the spray off within 24 hours
after application, I would advise a second spraying. The
oil is thoroughlv soluble and as the rain comes it becomes a

l6o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

part of the general solution and runs off the tree and has
probably not had time to kill insect life.

Dr. Britton : I should expect the results would be
much better if no rain came within two or three days, but it
is generally supposed that miscible oils kill the scale much
more quickly than lime and sulphur. There is one point
which should be borne in mind, and that is this : most of the
packages now contain directions for handling contents, but
the contents in each original package, whether to make a
single gallon or a barrel, should be mixed very thoroughly
before any is taken out or diluted with water. I have seen
injury caused to trees because the man having in charge the
work simply went and dipped out a vessel of liquid from off
the top of the barrel without stirring it. The quantity he
took would not mix with water, and the consequence was
that nearly every bud on the tree to which the liquid was
applied, was killed, and the tree did not put forth leaves
until along the latter part of June, and the buds were all
killed. There is where a great many people make the mis-
take and a great deal of injury is done. The contents of the
packages need to be thoroughly mixed and stirred before
being used and it needs to be noticed whether it mixes with
water or not. It is also said that some of the soluble oils
are placed in packages that the wood absorbs some of the
alkali, and so it is necessary to add something to it before
using. I believfe if the miscible oils are handled properly and
carefully, there need be no injury to any trees in Connecti-
cut. However, if a man has been spraying his peach orchard
with lime and sulphur and is satisfied with it, I should advise
him to continue its use. I believe it is such an excellent fun-
gicide that we should not lose sight of it in our great desire
to get something that is easy to apply.

Mr. Farnsworth : I would like to ask Professor Jarvis
if he has made observations in regard to the fungicidal prop-
erties of the oil preparations.

Professor Jarvis : Last year, in our experiments at
Middlefield, we sprayed about a thousand trees with oil. In
an adjoining lot there was another orchard which was

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. i6l

spraved with lime and sulphur, and another block very near
by that was not sprayed at all. The unsprayed block was
very thoroughly affected with leaf curl and a great many
leaves dropped. In both blocks sprayed there was no drop-
pino- of leaves. That was a surprise to me, because I did
not know of, and had not looked for, fungicidal properties
in the oil, and I am not satisfied now that there are any, but
I feel there must be some value there, and think that is still
another question that needs to be determined.

Professor Surface: I would like to take this opportu-
nity to make my views clear concerning- the oil and the lime
and sulphur washes. It appears, unfortunately, that my
expressions were misunderstood to make the whole sweeping
condemnation of oils. Such impression I did not mean to
convey by any manner of means. What I did mean, and do
yet, is that there is danger to trees from the use of oil. I
did not explain at the time the force of this danger, but my
friend Dr. Britton has explained this in part. Whatever
may be the cause, the fact remains, occasionally there is such
injury. However, from my observation and from the reports
that have been brought to me, there are certainly very grave
and disastrous results, according to the kinds of oils used. I
came here expecting to render service to the fruit growers,
not to "knock" any manufacturer or agent, and I feel it my
duty to give out this word of warning, — that if in one case
in a hundred a man may injure his trees, it will be the hun-
dredth man who suffers and the loss becomes severe. In
naming the oils that injure, the "Target brand" I mention
first. I have known many cases of injury by the use of that,
and next to that, from my observation, would perhaps be the
use of crude petroleum, and I can name several men who
have suffered from the use of these oils. I have a record of
a man using Target brand who injured a thousand trees.
The next in line is the home-made soluble oils. The soluble
oils are not usually uniformly made. Next would come
"Scalecide" and "Thompson's soluble oil." Since I spoke
yesterday, I have received these voluntary reports here in
this place of injuries by oils to fruit trees. I am not con-

l62 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

demning the oils, but simply stating facts. This must be
borne in mind when oils are used, however : never apply an
oil that is not thoroughly emulsified or mixed with water. I
am not here in the interest of any lime and sulphur firm, nor
am I here to speak against the interest of any oil firm, but
only to say, let us be sure the oils are properly emulsified.
If they are not, then there is liable to be danger.

Question No. 1. How can we handle our apples to
secure most profitable returns? was next taken up and the
following very interesting paper was read by Mr, Winsor,
in answer to the same.

How Can We Handle Our Apples to Secure the
Most Profitable Returns ?

By Thomas K. Winsor, Greenville, R. I.

The growing of apples for market is a subject that is very
interesting to me. Because the business, if properly man-
aged, is profitable. Because we are brought in closer touch
with nature, and the finer sensibilities of man are brought
out. The successful growing of apples means the intelligent
application of labor and material, also well defined plans,
resulting in good crops of fine fruit.

The growing of orchard fruits is one of the most lucra-
tive branches of agriculture.

We are living in a time of progress, in the fruit growing
industry, and one of the results of this progress is we are
growing apples of large size, beautiful in color and delicious
in flavor, for the table, instead of the old varieties which
were intended for the cider mill only. To be brief, I will
not try to tell you how to grow fancy apples, but simply to
give you an idea of how I manage my own orchards and
fruit crops.

The farm on which I now live is my birthplace, and has
been producing apples of some kind for over 100 years.

About four years ago, I cut down an apple orchard of

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 163

five acres; the trunks of some of these trees were nearly
three feet in diameter, and others were just a shell with the
heart rotted out. This piece of land is being prepared for a
new setting of trees ; I remove the stumps and rocks with
dynamite.

My oldest orchard consists of 100 Greenings and Bald-
wins about 75 years of age. I keep this orchard in sod most
of the time, because it is so stony ; I top-dress it with chem-
icals, spray it thoroughly, and get fair crops of apples.

My next orchard in age consists of 150 R. I. Greenings,
25 Baldwins, and 10 Roxbury Russets, making a total of 185
trees, and was set out in 1861 by my uncle, who, after begin-
ning this good work, enlisted in the army. For a few years
it had a hard struggle, until my father came into possession
of it, and for a number of years this orchard bore big crops
of fine fruit. In the meantime other orchards were being set
out, and dairying and the raising of vegetables for market
were well established on the farm. And this orchard was
sadly neglected. At the time that I came into possession of
the farm, which was in the spring of 1903, this orchard was
bearing small crops of inferior fruit, the trees were full of
dead limbs, and an excess of live ones. The ground was a
tough sod, and the orchard had a very sickly appearance. I
trimmed out all dead limbs, and some live ones, scraped off
all loose bark, plowed, applied nitrate of soda, muriate of
potash, and ground bone, then harrowed repeatedly, and
sprayed with Bordeaux and poison, and harrowed some more.
The change that came over that orchard was simply wonder-
ful ; how those trees grew ! How the foliage and bark put
on a good healthy color. And it seemed to me as those
large, dark green leaves swayed back and forth, they did it
in appreciation of the care and kindness I had given them.
Each year since 1903, this orchard has received either wood
ashes or bone or muriate of potash or lime. And each year
but two it has received cultivation. And it receives a thor-
ough spraying with Bordeaux and poison and lime and sul-
phur annually.

l64 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

So much for the methods and labor of reviving an old
orchard that was dying, as compared with one that is vigor-
ous, healthy and beautiful.

Xow for the returns for my labor. In the fall of 1903,
I harvested 200 barrels of good apples. This crop was the
smallest, and poorest, I have received since that date ; 1904,
300 barrels ; 1905, 250 barrels ; 1906, 550 barrels ; 1907, 250
barrels; 1908, 700 barrels. No doubt you all remember the
wretched apple market we had during the winter of 1907-
1908. Two hundred barrels of the 250 which I harvested in
the fall of 1907, I sold for $5.00 per barrel, or for $1,000 for
the 200 barrels.

I have just begun to sell No. 2 fruit for $4.50 to $5.00
per barrel from 1908 crop. If the No. 2 sells for $4.50, the
No. 1 may taste like money.

My next orchard consists of 200 Baldwins, set in 1881.
It has received my personal care for 20 years, and is receiv-
ing plenty of pruning, spraying and cultivation and feeding,
and is giving me from 300 to 1,000 barrels of apples annually.

My next orchard in age is 16 years old this spring, and
consists of 200 Baldwins, 30 Greenings and 35 Gravensteins.
In 1907 I harvested 800 barrels fancy Baldwins (besides many
boxes of Gravensteins) which sold for from $4.25 to $6.50
per barrel, while more common grades sold for $1.50 to $3.00.
This is the third crop I have received from this orchard.

Next in age I have 150 Greenings, 200 Baldwins, 100
set 6 years ago. These trees are inter-set with peach, and
receive clean cultivation. Besides these I have 130 trees of
Early Williams, Red Astrachans, Porters, and Gravensteins,
most of which are bearing. These are nice varieties for sum-
mer and fall marketing. The figures that I have given in
this paper are from actual records and it is no fairy tale.

Harvesting.

My farm is located 85^ miles from a cold storage ware-
house. My apples are picked into burlap lined, drop han-
dle, half bushel baskets. They are poured into a running

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 165

or sorting table, 8 feet long, 5 feet wide at the back. It runs
to a point, like the bow of a boat, is 8 inches deep, with a
bottom made of 1^ inch slats, half inch apart, and is built on
an axle and pair of wheels, so that it pitches toward the small
end, or outlet, which will stand about 8 inches above an apple
barrel. Burlap is fastened to the small end and is let down
into the barrel to prevent bruising the fruit. From this
arrangement the apples are sorted, immediately packed and
headed, and are carted to cold storage as fast as picked. By
the above methods I am enabled to keep my apples until the
following spring and summer, and to have apples to sell,
when my friends have none and I am able to supply a high
quality apple to the fancy trade.

No doubt you will notice that I have not mentioned set-
ting, pruning, mixing and applying the spraying materials
and fertilizers and tillage, although each of these operations
are of vital importance, and are worthy of special consider-
ation, yet I cannot dwell upon them, for I have to be brief.

Occasionally I receive circulars from Washington and
Oregon, advertising their ideal apple lands, at fabulous
prices, and soliciting capital from the east, to develop the
apple industry of the Northwest. There is no need of this.
There is no section of the Western States so densely popu-
lated as Southern New England. And the wages per capita
received exceeds those paid in any part of our country. We
can stay right here and grow fancy apples, right in the midst
of this fancy market, and keep in touch with our customers,
thus avoiding heavy freight charges and deceptive commis-
sions, and dishonesty at long range ; by so doing we shall
keep thousands of dollars here in New England which are
now going West.

Although it is a pleasure for me to read this paper to
you, I would that this hall were filled with boys and girls
from our New England farms. I would like to tell them
the folly of going to the cities to enter the shops and count-
ing-room, when there are fortunes in our New England hills
awaiting the youth, for its development. While at work we

l66 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

are not surrounded by brick walls, neither do we have to
tramp on cobble stones when going- to dinner; instead, we
have the pure air to breathe, a carpet of green to walk upon,
and a canopy of blue over our heads; and the songs of the
birds to cheer us. What vocation furnishes pleasanter sur-
roundings and associations than these?

Discussion.

Question : How do you grade the No. 2's for size ?
Mr. Winsor: 2^/^ to 3 inches, the maximum size.
Question: What are your No, I's?

Mr. Winsor : They are 3 to 4 inches for Greenings ; the
Baldwins not quite as large. I had an old Greening orchard
in a badly neglected condition when it came into my hands.
By good care it is now in fine condition and it is wonderful
to see the change.

Question : Did you cut back the tops of the Green-
ings any or leave them their original height?

Mr. Winsor: They never were very tall, but I make it
a practice to keep the top down ; on most of our apple trees
we pick the fruit on short ladders. I think our longest lad-
der is 18 feet. In my young orchard we can pick with a 12-
foot ladder. From above, the tops of the trees look as
though they had been mowed ; they are as smooth as a lawn.

Question: Do the tops get tremendously thick?

Mr. Winsor: No, sir; if so, I take them out. We
must have plenty of sunshine ; that is one of the elements
for making color.

Question : You heard Mr. Repp's remarks about not
trimming trees when they are young. What do you say
about that?

Mr. Winsor : I believe in pruning. I begin to trim
them as soon as they are set.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 167

Mr. Wheeler: I set about a thousand pear trees last
spring- and did not touch the trees as to trimming and didn't
lose a tree. In another place I set 300 apples and pruned
them ; I lost perhaps about 50 out of the lot. We had a very
dry season. I don't know whether that had anythinp^ to do
wath it or not. The pear trees were planted in dry soil. I
have not tested the question enoug^h yet to know whether
there is anything in it.

A Member: In regard to this cutting back of apple
trees, I have a little orchard of 185 trees that were set six
years next spring. There are a few Gravensteins, say 25,
about the same of the Wealthy, and the rest are Baldwins.
The land was a pasture where there was pine wood grow-
ing. We cleaned it off and got it so we could plow it and
dig it up some. The trees are doing fine. I cut them back.

1 wanted them down low, so I headed them low and when
some of them had grown branches four feet high I would
cut them off and pretty soon that would happen again, and
on all these tall limbs there were no fruit buds; all they did
was to climb straight into the air. We have heard Hitchings
say it is wrong to cut them, but to let them grow. Yet I
cut them off and this year scarcely any of them have grown

2 feet ; they are looking fine and you will find there will be
fruit on them soon. This last year I had a few Baldwins on
my five-year-old trees.

President Gold: What about their bearing?

A Member: As soon as they begin to bear that will
take their strength, or some of it, and will stop that growing
of tall shoots. Whenever I find limbs that are interfering
with each other, I cut them out, but leave the others.

e

Discussion of questions on the program list occupied th
remainder of the afternoon until the closing hour.

Question No. 7 : Has basic slag been used with satis-
factory results?

Mr. Repp: I have had no experience along that line,
but at the last meeting of our society at Trenton I asked Pro-

i68 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fessor Voorhees if I could get something- to give color to
apples. I said I could grow the size all right, but that we
were off on color. He wrote me a letter, in which he said :
"It has occurred to me that instead of using the sulphate of
iron, as suggested to you in Trenton, you might use the basic
slag phosphate, which contains a large percentage of oxide
of iron, and which also contains phosphoric acid in good form
and considerable free lime. This material may be purchased
of the Coe-Mortimer Co., 24-26 Stone Street, New York
City. An application of 400 to 500 pounds per acre would
be, I think, sufficient for your purpose." I have not used it
at all as yet.

President Gold: Has anyone in the audience had any
experience in the use of basic slag?

Mr. Drew : I have been using basic slag at the rate of
500 pounds to the acre on old orchards for two or three years
and have had remarkable results, not only in helping the color
of fruit, but in the production of fruit buds. I think in con-
nection with sulphate of potash it is the best thing I know of.

A Member: How about the color?

Mr. Drew : I think it has helped it greatly, although
the land I used it on was a rather wet clay soil, where natur-
ally you would not get as highly colored fruit as on gravelly
soil.

A Member : Do you think iron as fertilizer is of any
value whatever?

Mr. Drew : I could not say as to that. I think lime
and phosphoric acid helps out greatly. Perhaps the free lime
has not been emphasized enough. I am sure it is a fine
thing.

Mr. Ives : Does Mr. Drew think there is any advantage
in using any form of potash? I have always used a high
grade of sulphate of potash.

Mr. Drew : For those reasons you might as well buy
your sulphate of potash in more concentrated form, in smaller

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 169

quantities. I think all who are interested in fruit growing
should be careful to save their lime. The good effects of the
use of lime in fruit growing I believe have not been empha-
sized enough.

Question No. 6: What should be done to educate the
consumer as to the good quality of apples?

N. S. Platt : I think we had better follow the custom
of calling for good apples everywhere and insist upon getting
them. I know of no better way to educate the public to the
good quality of apples. We are not very proficient in that
work and we have a good many things to study and learn. I
know when Gravensteins are in the market people will buy
them in preference to anything else. They will learn the
other varieties slowdy if we will put them on the market. Most
of our apples don't go far from the place where they grow ;
they are marketed close by.

Question No. 18 : Are bees a good thing on a fruit
farm ; how many colonies should a beginner try to care for ?

President Gold : I understand there is a good deal of
complaint of honey bees injuring fruit when it is ripe. Bee
men have told us repeatedly that the bees will never sting
sound fruit. Has anyone here anything to tell on this ques-
tion ?

Mr. Fenn : The honey bee can only suck from a punc-
ture that has been made by some other insect.

Mr. Wheeler : A few years ago we raised grapes and
the bees sometimes came and sicked the juice of the grapes
when the fruit had cracked. I think bees are a great advan-
tage on a farm, inasmuch as they distribute the pollen of
small fruits. I would advise a person who has never had any
experience with them to have but one colony to start with.
If you have success with that one then you can increase the
number, if you derire. In some places there are so many
bees kept they cannot gather sufficient honey to feed them-
selves, and they have to be fed otherwise.

170 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

President Gold: I agree with Mr. Wheeler's sugges-
tions, and think the ideas good, although I have never kept

bees.

Question No. 5: Have the prepared lime-sulphur
washes now on the market proved satisfactory and economi-
cal?

Mr. Farnsworth, of Ohio: We have perhaps the best
appliance for preparing the wash in our State and have been
using it for a good many years. For the last two or three
years we have been spraying in a smaller way and have been
using the prepared mixtures. This last year, owing to the
fact that one of the factories was located near us, we did not
fire up our own plant at all, the cost being about the same,
and we considered we were saving our labor and time, and
then the prepared mixture is more easily managed and more
uniform. I have been in the factory during the preparation
of the mixture and I know that every tankfull is tested before
being sent out, and if it varies from the standard they will
either reinforce it or reduce it. We have always been suc-
cessful in the use of lime and sulphur and shall use it again
this year.

Question No. 10: How can we cheapen the cost of
harvesting apples?

Mr. Winsor: I don't know of any way better than
that I mentioned in my paper. In some parts of the coun-
try they pay men so much a barrel, but I prefer to pay my
men by the day and have the fruit handled more carefully.

Question No. 13 : The best blackberry for general
market ? '

Mr. Wheeler: The Snyder is the best shipping berry
we have. The only trouble with it is that it turns red if you
don't pick it just right.

The special committee appointed to examine the exhibi-
tion of implements and fruit growers' supplies presented its
report. (Complete report will be found on page 174).

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

171

President Gold announced the appointment of the fol-
lowing committee on Publicity: Stancliff Hale, Glastonbury;
A. T. Henry, Wallingford, and Ellicott D. Curtis, Litchfield.
Also the full list of standing committees for the year was
named.

At quarter-past four, the program having been practi-
cally finished and no further business appearing, a motion to
adjourn was made and carried and President Gold declared
the 18tli Annual meeting closed.

Many of the members left to take early trains home, while
others remained for a last look at the exhibits and to talk
over the events of the great meeting, which all agreed had
been the most lively, interesting and successful ever held by
the Connecticut Pomological Society.

172 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Report of the Special Committee on Fruit Exhibit^
with List of Awards.

CLASS II.

Best Collection Five Varieties Market Apples.

First Premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden $2.00

CLASS III.

Best Collection Five Varieties Dessert Apples.

First Premium to E. M. Ives, Meriden 2.00

CLASS IV.

Best Single Plates Apples.

BaJdzvin.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 50^

Second Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons, Simsbury 25

Rhode Island Greening.

First Premium to E. E. Brown, Pomfret Center SO

Second Premium to E. M. Ives 25

Mcintosh.

First Premium to A. A. Moses, Unionville 50-

Wagener.

First Premium to A. A. Moses ...' 50

Second Premium to E. E. Brown 25

Roxbury Russett.

First Premium to G. A. Drew, Greenwich 50

Second Premium to E. M. Ives ,25

Ben Davis.

First Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 50

Second Premium to R. F. Underwood, Easthampton, Mass 25

JVestiield.

First Premium to F. D. Rogers, Munson, Mass 50

Second Premium to E. M. Ives 25

Congress.
First Premium to F. D. Rogers 50

Stark.

First Premium to Dennis Fenn, Milford ■ 50

Pearmain.
First Premium to F. D. Rogers 50

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. ' T73

Peck's Pleasant.

First Premium to E. E .Brown 50

Second Premium to E. M. Ives 25

Golden Russett.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 50

King.

First Premium to E. E. Brown 50

Second Premium to W. T. Coe & Son, Northford 25

Northern Spy.

First Premium to E. E. Brown 50

Second Premium to W. T. Coe & Son 25

Fallawater.

First Premium to E. M. Ives 50

Mann.

First Premium to A. J. Clark, Durham 50

Second Premium to C. L. Clark, Durham 25

CLASS V.

Best Single Plate Pears.

Second Premium to H. E. Savage Sons, Berlin 25

CLASS VI.

Best Packed Package Fancy Market Apples.

First Premium to H. E. Savage Sons 2.00

Second Premium to W. A. Stocking & Sons 1.00

SPECIAL CLASS.

Jar Pickled Peaches.

First Premium to L. H. Warncke, Cannon Station 50

174

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Report of Special Committee on Implement Exhibit.

The following firms were represented in the display of
Horticultural implements, supplies, spraying outfits, fruit pack-
ages, nursery stock, etc., etc.

/. G. Harrison & Sons, Berlin, Md.

Display of nursery stock, apple, peach and pear trees
and California privet.
Gardner's Nursery, Cromwell, Conn.

Nursery stock.
Barnes Bros. Nursery Co., Yalesville, Conn.

General line of fruit trees and other stock.
E. M. Ives, Meriden, Conn.

Wire-wound, oil spraying hose.

Frost Insecticide Co., Arlington, Mass.

Soluble oil for the Scale, arsenate of lead and general
spraying supplies.
Niagara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y.

Niagara Gas Sprayers, prepared lime-sulphur wash, ar-
senate of lead and general supplies for spraying.
The Frank S. Piatt Co., New Haven, Conn.

Gould Pumps and appliances, arsenate of lead, lime-sul-
phur wash, bee keepers' supplies and a general line of seeds,
etc.
Harvey Jezvell, agent, Cromwell, Conn.

The Hardie Pumps, "Scalecide" and spraying supplies.
Cadwell &■ Jones, Hartford, Conn.

The Deming Spray Pumps and supplies, "Scalecide" and
tools for the fruit grower.
Bacon &" Donnovan Engine Co., Springfield, Mass.

Gas engines, fire extinguishers, feed and litter carriers,
cow stanchions, manure spreaders and general farm supplies.
Hemingivay's London Purple Co, New York.

London Purple and arsenate of lead for spraying.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 175

/. T. Robertson Co., Manchester, Conn,

The Jarvis oil compound for spraying for San Jose
Scale.
Cutazvay Harrozv Co., Higganum, Conn.

Clark's bush and bog harrow and the Cutaway tools.
Coles &" Co.. New York.

Fruit packages, peach and berry baskets, picking bas-
kets, etc.
D. S. Walton & Co., New York.

General line of fruit baskets.
TJie Burr Nurseries, Manchester, Conn.

Nursery stock.

This year's exhibition filled nearly all of the available
space in the lower hall and formed a valuable and interesting
feature of the convention. Visitors thronged the room be-
tween the sessions and the display must have proved of great
educational value. The exhibitors were charged a slight
rental for space, thus ensuring fair treatment by the man-
agement.

No feature of our meetings should receive more careful
attention than these industrial exhibits.

E. Rogers,
Benj. Fenn,
A. T. Henry,

Committee.

PART TWO

A Brief Record of Field Meetings,

Institutes, Exhibitions, Etc.,

Held in / 908.

Summer Field Meetings, 1908.

The Society's campaign of field meetings in 1908, as in
previous years, formed one of the most important features of
the year's work. Success attended each eflfort in this line, the
gatherings emphasizing once more the great value of an out-
door meeting, where fruit growers have the opportunity of
studying at first hand the methods employed by successful or-
chardists and farmers in various parts of the State. As a day
of recreation and social enjoyment also, the field meeting is
way ahead of any other form of gathering.

As conditions for holding the usual strawberry field day
in June were somewhat unfavorable, our efiforts were first
directed to orchard meetings, since the peach crop of 190cS^
promised to be a bountiful one.

Accordingly, the following arrangements were made for
the

First Field Meeting of the Season.

Important Business Meeting
of the
CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
At Wallingford, Conn., June 25th, 1908.
In place of our usual June Field Meeting, it has been arranged to
hold a gathering of the members

At the Town Hall^ Wallingford, Thursday, June 25th, 1908,
for the purpose of discussing plans for handling the season's Fruit
Crops and to visit some of the nearby Wallingford Fruit Farms.

> H-!

4^ —

ANNUAL REPORT. 177

At the suggestion of the Society's Committee on Markets and
Transportation, the Business Session will be held at 11 a. m., when it
is hoped that every Peach Grower in the State will be on hand to
report the condition and give estimates of the coming Peach Crop, in
order that proper arrangements can be made for shipping and mar-
keting the crop to the best advantage.

Let every Fruit Grower, especially interested in the 1908 Peach
Crop, be present to give as complete figures as possible.

At 1 o'clock, lunch at the hall, strictly on the basket plan. Be
sure and bring your lunch ! Lemonade will be furnished by the Society.

The afternoon will be devoted to a trip to the orchards, berry fields
and nurseries of Barnes Bros, and possibly other nearby fruit farms,
going by busses, for which a small fare will be charged.

All interested in such a meeting are urged to attend and help make
it a success. It will pay every Peach Grower to make a special effort
to come.

This meeting- was not largely attended, but .those pres-
ent included all the leading peach growers of the State, and
the object for which the meeting was called was, therefore,
attained.

The growers met in the Wallingford town hall and got
down to business at 11 a. m., with President Gold in the chair.
Each grower present was invited to give a statement of his
peach crop and the probable yield' of his orchards in baskets
of fruit. Everyone responded more or less at length, and in-
cidentally some interesting and valuable points were brought
out regarding fruit crop conditions throughout the State.

The peach crop was found to be a full one, from 80 to
100 per cent, being the estimate of most growers. Some or-
chards, however, were showing weakness in the trees, due to
various causes more or less uncertain, the drouth of 1907,
winter injury, the scale and a somewhat extended outbreak
of the yellows being given as the most apparent causes.

The outlook for apples was not so encouraging, and a
light crop was the forecast of those present. While the apple
bloom had been heavy, but a small percentage of fruit set and
a crop of not over 25 per cent, would be the result.

Plans for obtaining a more complete census of crop fig-
ures were discussed, and it was voted to instruct the Secre-

1^8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tary to send out report blanks to all growers in the State with
a view to securing accurate figures on the peach crop, and
that this information be made available for the railroads and
the fruit buyers in nearby markets.

The business meeting then adjourned, and after a basket
lunch, carriages were taken for a visit to the Barnes Bros,
nurseries and orchards at Yalesville, a short distance away.

All spent a very profitable afternoon in looking over this
extensive establishment, with its many acres of growing nur-
sery stock, including several millions of young peach trees.

The orchards include dwarf apples (a new venture m
Connecticut), a large block of cherries, also pears, and most
extensive of all, the 50,000 peach trees, 25,000 of which were
in bearing. Most of these trees were looking well and carry-
ing a splenclid crop of fruit. Some of the peach trees, how-
ever, wrere in a less vigorous condition, and this will cut down
the total yield. Winter injury and the yellows were generally
thought to be responsible for the trees showing signs of weak-
ness.

The visitors were unanimous in their praise of the work
of the Messrs. Barnes, whose energy and enterprise in fruit
growing is known far and wide. A hearty vote of thanks was
tendered the firm, and also tlie other Wallingford friends who
did so much to make the day's outing a success.

Peach Field Meeting at Middlefield, August 4, 1908.

As a fitting tribute to the extensive peach growing indus-
try of our State and the splendid crop promised for this sea-
son, a "Peach Field Day" was arranged for at Mr. C. E. Ly-
man's big farm in Middlefield.

The invitations read as follows:

Mr. Chas. E. Lyman cordially invites the members and friends of
THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
To Visit
"The Lyman Farm" at Middlefield,
Tuesday, August 4.
Peach growing being the leading feature on this well-known farm,
it is planned to make this occasion

ANNUAL REPORT. 1 79

A Great Peach Meeting !
from start to finish, and the Culture, Harvesting, Shipping and Market-
ing of this season's Peach Crop will receive special attention.
Peach Men ! You Can't Afford to Miss It.

All who accept 'Mr. Lyman's invitation will have the opportunity to
see one of the largest, best-managed and most successful farms in the
State. There are nearly 1,000 acres in the farm, 300 of which are in
peach orchards. This year's crop is expected to yield over 30,000 bas-
kets, and the trees loaded with fruit make a splendid showing at the
present time.

Three thousand apple trees have been planted, as well as extensive
new orchards of peaches.

Hay is also a big feature on the Lyman farm, 700 tons being the
crop this year. Then, too, some 40 acres of ensilage corn are grown
for feeding the 2,000 or more lambs fattened each winter.

In short, Mr. Lyman's great farm is one of the model farms of
Connecticut, and being beautifully located on a range of hills, it an
ideal place for a successful field meeting. // will repay all interested
in fruit and general farming to come and see what has been accom-
plished by one who has faith in Connecticut soil.

Teams will be furnished to show you over every part of the or-
chards and farm.

* After dinner a program of speaking, discussion and business. Sev-
eral good speakers have been arranged for to address the growers on
subjects of timely interest, among others Prof. M. B. Waite, of the U.
S. Department of Agriculture, at Washington.

It is expected that reports of fruit crop conditions will be made and
plans discussed for the movement of this season's big Peach Crop.
Representatives from the Freight Department of the N. Y., N. H. &
H. R. R., also leading Commission Men and Fruit Buyers, will be
present, anxious to meet our growers.

Members! Don't miss this important Event. It zvill be a source
of PROFIT as well as PLEASURE TO YOU.

With perfect weather conditions, a great big attendance
of from 500 to 600, and every detail carefully followed out,
this meeting was a successful event and one long to be remem-
bered.

Certainly no larger or more enthusiastic out-door meet-
ing of Connecticut farmers and fruit growers has ever been
held in the State, and with such a hospitable host as Mr. Ly-
man proved to be, it was a delightful day for all who attend-
ed.

l8o THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The forenoon was devoted to a tour of the orchards and
farm crops, and as the noon hour approached the company
gathered under the bior trees in the meadow opposite the
Lyman home, where a bountiful kmch was enjoyed.

The day being very warm, all were glad to linger under
the grateful shade and listen to the program of speaking, pre-
sided over by President Charles L. Gold of the Society. The
host, Mr. Lyman, was first introduced, and in his genial way
welcomed his many guests, assuring them of his pleasure in
seeing so many present. Briefly and with characteristic
modesty he told them of his fruit growing work and the other
branches of his farm operations which have proved so suc-
cessful. Mr. Lyman expressed his strong faith in the Con-
necticut soil, and especially its possibilities in the line of peach
growing.

This address was responded to by Mr. J. H. Hale, who,
in a witty and interesting way, thanked the host and compli-
mented him on his pronounced success as a fruit grower and
business farmer.

Mr. Hale went on to say that the scale has frightened
many of our growers and now the peach yellows threatens to
wipe out many orchards where it has been neglected. Even
some of our best growers, Mr. Lyman included, are having
their troubles with this dread disease. The only remedy is
greater vigilance in the care of our orchards.

The N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. was represented at the meet-
ing by several of its officials, and Mr. Flint of the freight de-
partment addressed the growers on the transportation of
peaches. He declared that the road would do its best to give
the growers the service they require and could furnish refrig-
erator cars where necessary.

Mr. Flint answered many questions regarding the ser-
vice and the handling of the 1908 peach crop.

Prof. M. B. Waite of Washington, D. C, was the next
speaker and gave a very instructive talk on "Peach Diseases."
His valuable and timely advice was eagerly received by the
growers, who plied him with numerous questions.

I'l.ATK VI.

A HIT ui'- .mi-:al)()\v and grox'i-: \viii<:rk the dinner was enjoyed.

i.is'I"i-:nin(; 'I'o 'nii'. \h i i-.k I)I.\.\i:i-; rkix.k am iMk. iialk •■iia> ihk im.hor.'"

SCENES AT THE BIG FIELD MEETING AT THE LYMAN FARM.
MIDDLEFIELD, AUGUST 4, 1908.

ANNUAL REPORT. l8l

Dr. G. P. Clinton of the State Experiment Station fol-
lowed, speaking- on the same topic.

The leading speaker of the day was Mr. George T. Pow-
ell of Ghent, N. Y., the well-known horticultural expert, whose
address was full of interest and instruction. He compli-
mented Mr. Lyman on his fine orchards and well-conducted
farm and went on to show that the soil of New England is not
in a depleted condition, but can be so handled as to produce
very profitable crops of fruit.

With a vote of thanks to Brother Lyman and announce-
ments regarding future field meetings, the meeting adjourned
to allow time for further visits to various parts of the farm.
Among those present were a great many representative fruit
buyers and commission men from Boston, New York, Spring--
field, Providence, Worcester, Hartford, New Haven and
Bridgeport, and considerable business was transacted between
the growers and buyers, a feature of the meeting worth much
to all concerned.

Of Mr. Lyman's fruit growing, which is well illustrated
by the cuts shown on accompanying pages, it may be said that
the first start was made some twenty years ago, with a small
orchard of 500 peach trees. From that the business has
grown, year by year, until at the present time 350 acres are
devoted to peaches, and the crop for the coming year is esti-
mated at from 50,000 to 60,000 baskets.

In all the twenty years of peach growing on this farm
there have been but four without a crop of fruit — a record al-
most unequalled in any other peach growing State, we believe.

There is a twenty acre apple orchard just coming into
bearing.

Mr. Lyman has mastered the details of peach culture step
by step, until now he is recognized as an expert in this line of
fruit growing.

Excellent business management is shown in this branch of
his farm work, as in all the others, and while Mr. Lyman is
not given to boasting, without doubt the returns from his
large orchards have been extremely satisfactory.

l82 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The method employed has been to acquire old and rough
pasture lands located on high ridges, such as are easily found
through Middlefield and Durham, and then by intensive culti-
vation and careful handling and feeding of the trees, make
them produce peaches of high quality and splendid appear-
ance.

Such fruit commands a ready market, and "Lyman
peaches," as well as "Lyman lamb" and "Lyman hay," enjoy
a very high reputation among buyers who appreciate the high-
est quality. Success to Mr. Lyman, and our sincere thanks
for all that he and his family did for us at this delightful
meeting.

Third Field Meeting of the Season at South Manchester,
August 19, 1908.

Through the kindness of Mr. Seth Leslie Cheney we
were able to arrange for still another field meeting during
the season. This was held on Wednesday, August 19, at
the well-known "Cheney Farm" in South Manchester, and
was attended by a large company of fruit growers and mar-
ket gardeners, who passed an enjoyable and profitable day.

From the fact that Mr. Cheney makes a specialty of
market garden crops, a great many vegetable growers were
attracted to the meeting, making the gathering very largely
a "Vegetable Field Day," one of the first that has been held
in the State.

The following announcement concerning Mr. Cheney's
fine farm was made in the program and none were disap-
pointed in what they found to inspect and study on this
well-managed farm :

"The Cheney Farm, of which Mr. Thos. L. Brown is the man-
ager, comprises some 70 acres of fine land; 45 acres are devoted
to growing vegetables for market. Up-to-date methods are fol-
lowed, and the visitors will see splendid crops of Potatoes, Pep-
pers, Onions, both American and Spanish varieties, Rhubarb, a
block of 12,000 Asparagus, besides many other market garden
crops. In fruits, many Strawberries are grown, also Grapes, Pears,

ANNUAL REPORT. 1 83

Apples, etc. Modern implements are used, some of which will be
shown in operation. Mr. Cheney devotes about 6,000 feet of glass
to the production of plants and winter green-house crops, and
mushrooms are successfully grown. A new plant-house is now
in process of building.

"Altogether there is very much of interest to be seen and
studied on this well-conducted market-garden farm.

"South Manchester, the home of the great Cheney Silk Works,
is one of the most attractive towns in the Stale, and those who
attend the meeting will find pleasure in visiting the beautiful parks,
public buildings, private residences, etc., etc."

On arriving at South Manchester after a delightful
trolley ride from Hartford, the visitors were taken directly
to the Cheney farm, where the host and his efficient man-
ager, Mr. Brown, showed us over the extensive fields of
vegetable crops, the large greenhouses and farm buildings,
all models of neatness, convenience and good management.
All quickly realized that this was one of the best market
garden establishments in the Hartford district, if not in the
whole State. The vegetable products are marketed locally
and in Hartford, where their fine quality and attractive
packing find for them a ready demand. One of Mr. Chen-
ey's "hobbies" was shown in the number of modern tools
for cultivation, spraying, etc., that are in daily use in his
fields.

When the noon hour arrived teams were taken for
Cheney Hall, where a nice lunch was served to all present,
over 200 in number. The ladies of the local grange helped
to entertain the visitors and all were well cared for.

Cheney Hall, which is a splendid public building, built
for the use of the town by the Cheneys, was also the scene
of the afternoon meeting. This informal gathering was
called to order directly after lunch by President C. L. Gold
of the Society, and the first thing on the program was an ad-
dress of welcome by the host of the day, Mr. Seth Leslie
Cheney. The response was given by Mr. S. F. Willard of
W'ethersfield, who thanked Mr. Cheney in behalf of the
Society and spoke of the many valuable object lessons pre-

l84 1'HE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sented at the Cheney Farm. Mr. Willard said he was glad
the Society was doing something to interest the market
gardeners as well as the fruit growers. Fruits, vegetables
and flowers all go well together and each should receive its
share of attention from us all.

It is a privilege and a pleasure to come to such a beau-
tiful town as South Manchester, where so much has been
done through the efforts and generosity of the Cheney
family to beautify and adorn both the public and private
grounds of the village. The results of a strong sense of
civic pride are to be seen on every hand, and no finer town
can be found anywhere in our State.

The next speaker was A. N. Farnham of New Haven,
who in the course of his remarks complimented the Chen-
eys and the town of South Manchester, saying that these
magnificent results show thrift, a virtue that we should all
be proud of.

Regarding the business of market gardening Mr. Farn-
ham said he believed there is money to be made in cultivat-
ing the soil, but we are all cultivating more acres than
is profitable. We must practice more intensive culture. Our
foreign-born neighbors are teaching us this lesson. The
thing to do is to grow more and better crops on less acres.
Over-production and competition in vegetables will force
us to adopt a change of methods if we would reap a rea-
sonable profit from our labors.

Mr. T. L. Brown, the manager of the "Cheney Farm"
gave a short and interesting talk on varieties, showing sam-
ples of various vegetables and explaining the merits of im-
proved varieties of high quality. It is very necessary, he
said, to breed up our strains of seeds, many of which dete-
riorate rapidly. To overcome- the many plant diseases with
which farmers have to battle, why not breed hardy varieties
that will resist disease?

Prof. A. T. Stevens of the Connecticut Agricultural
College made an interesting address, referring especially to

n.ATi-: \'ii

\ w i:i.L-(;r^()\\x 4-ni<:ar-old i'each tree in the tunxis orchards.

r'KRFKCT IN I^'dRM, X'UillK AND FrUITFULNKSS.

(,R< iW'IXr, AIM'

IIXXIS I-RL'IT FARM

SNAPSHOTS TAKEN IN THE ORCHARD OF T. H. & L. C. ROOT,
FARMINGTON, CONN.

ANNUAL REPORT. 1 85

the best methods of packing fruits and vegetables for mar-
ket. He said Mr. Cheney had reason to be proud of his
farm and its fine products.

The first requisite in proper packing of our products is
cleanliness, the next uniformity in the grading and third, ab-
solute honesty in packing. He exhibited various kinds of
improved baskets and packages and explained their advan-
tages to the grower and also the consumer. He thought
the trouble in market gardening was not so much over-
production as the carelessness showji in packing and the
poor distribution of our crops.

Mr. W. H. Burr of Westport spoke next, his remarks
being very instructive as well as interesting. He referred
to the changes that are taking place in the market garden
districts of the State, where in many instances the land is
in demand for fine homes for the wealthy people, who are
coming out from the cities to live in the country. This is
true especially along the shore and on the hill lands that
make such sightly locations for a country home. As for
the rapidly increasing foreign element we can make them
into good American citizens when they locate in the back
country towns of our State, but conditions are not so favor-
able if they herd in the larger cities and towns.

The Secretary made announcements regarding the So-
ciety's coming annual exhibition, and with a rising vote of
thanks to Mr. Cheney the meeting adjourned.

The remainder of the afternoon was devoted to a tour
of the town, with its lovely parks and drives and the many
elegant public buildings and private residences, as well as
the famous Cheney silk mills.

This pleasant day in beautiful South Manchester will
long be remembered by those who attended the meeting,
and the occasion proved a fitting close to the summer's
series of field days.

l86 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Institute Work in 1908.

A report of this feature of our work is included in the
Secretary's report on page 9, and it is only necessary to
add here that during the season of 1908 this Society, as in
the past, performed its share of the Farmers' Institute work
of the State.

The total number of Institutes held in 1908 was less than
usual, owing to the fact that arrangements between the sev-
eral State organizations were undergoing a change, and the
readjustment was not completed in time for an extended
winter's campaign.

However, a number of successful meetings were carried
out, those held by the Pomological Society being as follows :
February 19, 1908, at Woodbridge, with Woodbridge Grange ;
February 28, at Ekonk, in co-operation with the State Poultry
Association; March 3, at Milford, with Indian River Grange;
March 27, at North Haven, with North Haven Grange, and
co-operating with the State Board of Agriculture; March 31,
at Naugatuck, with Beacon Valley Grange, and on January
29, 1909, at Southington, in co-operation with the Dairymen's
Association.

Practical and timely subjects of particular interest to the
several localities were discussed at these meetings, the speak-
ers comprising workers from the Experiment Stations and the
State Agricultural College, as well as experienced fruit grow-
ers from this and other States. In every case the attendance
and interest shown was fully up to the standard of former
years, proving conclusively the value of such work in our
State.

Concerning the future of farmers' institute work in Con-
necticut, it is difficult to speak, although the matter is most
important and deserves careful consideration. The subject
of farmers' institutes is a very broad one, and it seems impos-
sible for all interested in it to agree upon the wisest course
to pursue. In our State it has been, and is, largely volun-
tary work on the part of the different organizations represent-

ANNUAL REPORT. 187

ing the several branches of farming, but each organization is
striving to make nse of a portion of the State funds entrusted
to it for the best interests of the State at large.

Whether it is best to continue this plan of individual So-
ciety work, with its attending evils of friction, rivalry and
misunderstanding and more or less waste of time and funds,
or whether to place the work entirely in the hands of a cen-
tral bureau, with a single' official in charge, is the problem to be
solved. Certain it is that the latter plan is in successful opera-
tion in most of the other States, and what is good enough for
them ought to be for Connecticut, modified, of course, to suit
our peculiar conditions.

Without doubt, some State law regulating and defining
the scope of the work is greatly needed.

The Pomological Society would welcome any change that
will tend to bring about an improvement in the conduct of
farmers' institutes and result in the greatest good to the great-
est number.

l88 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Eleventh Annual Exhibition of Fruits, at Rock-
ville, September, 1908.

Class
Class

Class

2.
3.
4.

Class

5.

Class 6.
Class 7.
Class 8.
Class 9.
Class 10.
Class 11.

0.00

$5.00

$3.0Q

5.00

2.50

1.00

3.00

1.50

.75

2.00

1.00

.50

3.00

1.50

.75

5.00

2.50

1.00

2.00

1.00

.50

5.00

2.50

1.00

2.00

1.00

.50

5.00

2.50

1.00

3.00

1.50

.50

SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS OFFERED.
First Division — Collections.

Class 1. Best general collection of fruits by
grower, of which not more than two-
thirds to be of apples. See Rule 7. .

Best collection, 15 varieties of apples. .

Best collection, 10 varieties of apples . .

Best collection, 8 varieties of apples,
for general purposes 2.00

Best collection, 5 varieties of apples,
for market use*

Best collection, 12 varieties of pears . .

Best collection, 6 varieties of pears . . .

Best collection, 12 varieties of grapes . .

Best collection, 6 varieties of grapes . .

Best collection, 10 varieties of peaches.

Best collection, 6 varieties of peaches .

Second Division — Single Plates.
Class 1. Best single plates of following varieties

of apples, each $1.00 $.50 $.25

Red Astrachan, Sweet Bough, Williams' Favor-
ite, Oldenburg, Porter, Gravenstein, Red Bietig-
heimer, Fameuse, Fall Pippin, Maiden Blush, Twen-
ty Ounce, Hurlburt, Wealthy, Rome Beauty, R. I.
Greening, Baldwin, Talman Sweet, Cogswell, Hub-
bardston, Jonathan, Gilliflower, King, Northern Spy,
Belleflower, Pewaukee, Mcintosh Red, Red Canada,
Sutton, Wagener, Westfield, Jacob's Sweet, Falla-
water. Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, Newtown
Pippin, Peck's Pleasant, Ben Davis, Hyslop Crab,
and for all other worthy varieties, premiums of one-
half the regular amounts are offered: That is,
50c., 25c. and 15c., respectively.
Class 2. Best single plate of following varieties

of pears, each $1.00 $.50 $.25

Clapp's, Bartlett. Bosc, Angouleme, Louise Bonne,
Diel, Onondaga, Anjou, Lucrative, Boussock, Buf-
fum, Howell, Flemish Beauty, Mt. Vernon, Seckel,
Clairgeau, Lawrence, Sheldon, Easter Buerre,
Keiffer, Le Conte, Nelis. Of other worthy varieties
not to exceed ten.

♦This class is intended to draw out the growers' ideas of value of varieties.
In making the award this will be considered as well as the condition of the
specimens shown.

.INN UAL RliPORT. 1 89

Class 3. Best single plate .if following varieties

of grapes, each $1.00 $.50 $.25

Moore's Early, Brighton, Concord, Eaton, Hart-
ford, Wilder, Worden, Isabella. Agawam, Delaware,
Diana, Diamond, Jefferson, Campbell's Early, Clin-
ton, Green ]\Iountain, Catawba, Lindley, Salem,
Empire State, Martha, Niagara, Pocklington. Of
other worthy varieties not to exceed ten.

Class 4. Peaches and plums, each valuable vari-
ety $1.00 $.50 $.25

Class 5. Quinces, each valuable variety 1.00 .50 .25

Class 6. Grapes grown under, glass, one bunch

each variety _ 1.00 .75 .50

Class 7. Cranberries, best exhibit, any variety.. 2.00 1.00

Third Division — Canned Fruits, Jellies, Etc.
For Table Use.

(Wives and daughters of members may compete in this division with-
out payment of any membership fee.)

Class 1. Best collection canned fruit, 15 vari-
eties $6.00 $3.00 $2.00

Class 2. Best collection canned fruit, 8 varieties 4.00 2.00 1.00

Class 3. Best collection canned berries, 6 vari-
eties. See Rule 8 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 4. Best collection pickles, 6 kinds, one

quart each 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 5. Best collection jellies, 6 kinds 3.00 2.00 1.00

Class 6. Best single can of the following fruits. .75 .50 .25
Strawberries, Blackberries, Black and Red Rasp-
berries, Currants, Gooseberries, Huckleberries,
Cranberries, Grapes, Pears, Yellow and White
Peaches, Apples, Quinces, Crab Apples, Cherries,
Pineapples, European Plums, and Japan Plums
(See. Rule 8.)

Class 7. Best single jar jelly made from above

named fruits 75 .50 .25

Class 8. Best sample unfermented fruit juice,

each kind, not to exceed six 75 .50 .25

Fourth Division — Nuts, Etc.

Class- 1. Best specimen anv variety cultivated

nuts " $1 .00 $ .50 $ .25

Class 2. Best sample of native nuts, any kind.. 1.00 .50 .25

Class 3. Best collection native nuts, made by boy
or girl and correctly named (exhibitors
in this class not required to be mem-
bers of the Society) 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 4. Best arranged table piece of home-
grown fruits 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 5. Best packed barrel, choice market

apples 5.00 2.50 1.00

Class 6. Best box, choice apples 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 7. Best standard basket choice peaches . . 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 8. Best peck basket choice peaches 1.00 .50 .25

Class 9. Best package choice grapes 1.00 .50 .25

190

THE COXNHCTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Class 10. Best package of apples, pears, peaches
or plums, of not over one peck, and
of convenient size for buyer to carry* 2.00 1.00 .50

Class 11. Articles not classified, for which discre-
tionary premiums may be awarded.

RULES OF THE EXHIBITION.

Rule 1. All exhibits must be received for entry not later than
noon of Tuesday, September 22, and must be in place by 6 p. m., as
judging will begin promptly on opening of second day — Wednesday.
(Tbis rule will be strictly enforced.)

2. Entries of collections in First and Third Divisions should be
made with the Secretary on or before Saturday, September 19, using
enclosed entry blank for the purpose, that proper table room may be
provided.

3. All articles entered, except in Fourth Division, must be grown
or prepared by the exhibitor.

4. All fruits shall be correctly labeled (if possible) and except
grapes and crab apples, five specimens, neither more or less, shall
make a plate, either single or in collection.

Of crab apples ten specimens, and of grapes three bunches, shall
make a plate, except where noted. The collections also shall embrace
just the required number of plates.

5. No exhibitor shall make more than one entry for the same
premium, nor enter the same plate for more than one premium.

6. In the various collections, the value of the varieties shown, as
well as the conditions of the specimens, will be considered in making
the award.

7. Fntries in Division 1, Class 1, must not contain over two-thirds
apples, or over one-fourth of any other single class of fruit.

8. Entries of different kinds of Canned Fruit must be self-evi-
dent ; that is, separate varieties of "red raspberries" or "yellow peach-
es" will not be considered as distinct kinds. Cans to be opened for
sampling at the discretion of the judges.

9. Lists of varieties in all collections must be made and placed
with entry card on collection.

10. As the object of the Society is to encourage the growth of
fruits of fine quality, wormy or diseased specimens or those infested
with San Jose Scale will not be allowed to compete.

IL Premiums will be awarded to members of the Society only,
except as noted in Third Division.

12. No exhibit shall be removed without the consent of the
committee, until the close of the meeting. Exhibitors are requested
to state whether the fruit is to be returned to them, or donated to
the Society.

SPECIAL FEATURES.
A Complete Display of Spraying Machinery. Spray Mixtures and

Supplies.
Manufacturers and dealers will be given freely space to exhibit
Spraying Apparatus and Supplies of every description. A splendid

*This is intended to draw out the growers' ideas of an ideal package in size
and shape to be easily carried by consumers.

ANNUAL REPORT. 191

chance will be afforded to show tlie machines in actual operation and
reach the Connecticut farmer and fruit grower, who arc looking for
the best spray goods on the market.

We expect to arrange for a demonstration of spraying mixtures
and the preparation of the best and latest remedies for San Jose Scale,
insects and diseases by experts from the Experiment Stations.

Also practical demonstration of packing fruits for market and
shipment. Experts will show latest and best methods of packing and
packages for most profitable returns. Judging of fruits and how to
know varieties and their value will be explained by the expert judges
in attendance.

The above list of prizes was offered for the Society's
l^leventh Annual Exhibition, which was held in connection
with the Rockville Fair on September 22, 23, 24, 1908.

Considerable competition developed among the fairs of
the State in their eft'orts to secure our exhibit in 1908, which
demonstrates the high place occupied by our fruit show as
a valuable addition to any local fair.

After careful consideration of the various conditions in-
volved the choice fell to the Rockville Fair, and a very suc-
cessful exhibition was the outcome. The Society is no
stranger to the people of this section of the State, this being
the third exhibition we have held in Rockville, and each time
our welcome seems warmer.

The details of this event have been so fully covered in
the reports of the Secretary and the Exhibition Committee
that only a brief word is necessary here.

Owing to the light crop of apples there was a shortage
in some departments, but peaches, pears and grapes made a
tine showing, and all in all, the show was a creditable one in
every respect. The women's exhibit of canned fruits, jellies,
etc., while few in numbers, was a display of a high order,
showing quality in the fruit itself and an expert knowledge
on the part of the exhibitors in putting up the goods in at-
tractive manner. Undoubtedly this is the result of the edu-
cational side of our exhibitions from year to year, and this,
after all, should be the main object of such shows. We cer-
tainly hope more of the housewives will take an interest in this
department in the future and that the exhibits may be in-
creased and the competition become keener. The preserving

192 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of fruits in the best possible manner should receive more at-
tention, while as a business proposition it offers very profit-
able returns.

About 800 plates of fruit were on the tables, the whole
forming- a magnificent show, and $306.15 in prizes was dis-
tributed to 42 exhibitors.

Those who composed the committee of judges were John
W. Clark of North Hadley, Mass. ; Wilfrid Wheeler of ton-
cord, Mass. ; W. P. Robertson, Hartford, and Mrs. H. L.
Crandall, Farmington, the two latter on canned fruits.

A somew^hat new feature was undertaken in connection
with the exhibition, viz., a display and demonstration of spray-
ing machinery and supplies. This proved of much interest
to the many fruit growers and farmers in attendance at the
fair.

Prof. C. D. Jarvis of the Storrs Experiment Station ar-
ranged a very comprehensive exhibit of spraying supplies,
while various spray pump manufacturers sent exhibits of
their machines, many of which were shown in operation. Mr.
H. L. Frost of Arlington, Mass., the spraying expert, aided
with the demonstration work. Such object lessons should
be made a feature of all our horticultural gatherings, for in
no better way can the important points in spraying methods
be impressed upon the grower.

Another year it is hoped to carry out some practical
work in the packing of fruits and the expert judging- of ex-
hibits, both of which can be so well demonstrated during th-.-
progress of the exhibition.

-Pi z

P s-

5 E

ANNUAL REPORT. 193

The New Horticulture Building at the State Agri-
cultural College.

The HorticulUirc lUiildino-, an excellent cut of which is
shown on the opposite pag^e, is the latest addition to the splen-
did group of buildings at the Agricultural College at Storrs.

The building, which is of colonial style of architecture,
is just completed, having been started in 1908. Davis &
Brooks of Hartford were the architects, and H. Wales Lines
Co.. Meriden, the builders. The structure is 75 x 45 feet,
of brick construction, with concrete trimmings. The interior
finish is of ash. and the arrangements inside are conveniently
planned and with a view to meet the increasing demands of
the Horticultural Department and at the same time they em-
body many original up-to-date ideas in outfits for instruction
in horticulture. The basement contains a large room for
sprav apparatus, cold storage for fruits and plants, room for
preparing vegetables for market, and store rooms for spray-
ing chemicals and tools. The first floor has a large class and
lecture room, with seats for 60, a working laboratory, offices
and other rooms for seeds, photographic work and the keep-
ing of records.

The second floor has a laboratory fitted for drawing, mi-
croscopic work and other table operations, and also a horti-
cultural museum in one half, and the other half is devoted to
the classes in botany, and fully equipped for the purpose.

The building was erected at a cost of $27,000.00, and
when the equipment is installed $5,000.00 more will have been
spent.

Close to the Horticultural Laboratory is a range of
greenhouses, just completed, the equal of anything of the
kind "provided at any other State college. These were built
by the Lord & Burnham Co., of New York, and embrace
six houses of various sizes, including a large plant-house,
vinery, propagating house, vegetable forcing house, rose and

194

THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

carnation house, and students' practice house, together with
workrooms and florists' tenement. These buildings are near
together and both heated from basement of workrooms of
greenhouse and protected by having boilers, connected so
either can be used for either building. They occupy a nearly
level space in the center of the campus. The range of green-
houses and work rooms cost about $25,000.00.

These buildings, taken in connection with the field
equipments of gardens, orchards and nurseries, puts the col-
lege in position for horticultural instruction equal, at least, to
any institution in New England.

Prof. A. G. Gulley, who has been in charge of the Hor-
ticultural work at Storrs for the past twelve years, is to be
congratulated on the successful completion of these fine
buildings. They will stand as a monument to his untiring en-
ergy in building up the department of horticulture at the
college. The fruit growers of Connecticut should feel proud
of this new equipment at Storrs and should give the work
their hearty support. Connecticut horticulture well deserves
to be so worthily represented at the State Agricultural Col-
lege.

ANNUAL REPORT. 195

Spraying Machinery,*
What to Buy, Where to Buy It and the Use of It.

A detailed discussion of the various types of spraying
outfits would require space far beyond the limits of this ar-
ticle. But so insistent is the demand for such information,
that the subject cannot be entirely overlooked. Those who
expect to purchase spraying- machinery should procure cata-
logues from the various firms and compare equipments and
prices. So keen has been the competition that manufacturers
of spraying machinery have been very active in perfecting
their apparatus and, as a result, we have a great variety of
st\les from which to choose. The Experiment Station has
received catalogues of spraying machinery from the follow-
ing" firms :

American Horticultural Distributing Company, Martins -
burg, W. Va.

Aspinwall Manufacturing Company, Jackson, Michigan.

Bateman Manufacturing Company, Grenlock, N. J.

Bean Spray Pump Company, San Jose, Cal.

E. C. Brown & Co., Rochester, N. Y.

S. B. Church, 66 High St., Boston, Mass.

Deming Company, Salem, Ohio.

W. & B. Douglas, Middletown, Conn.

Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Company, Kansas City, Mo.

Field Force Pump Company, Elmira, N. Y.

Friend Manufacturing Company, Gasport, N. Y.

Goulds Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Hardie Spray Pump Company, Hudson, Michigan.

Leggett & Bros., 301 Pearl St., New York, N. Y.

Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbor, Michigan.

F. E. Myers & Bro., Ashland, Ohio.
Pierce-Loop Sprayer Company, Northeast, Pa.

* These very timely suggestions concerning spraying machinery
arc clipped from a recent bulletin of the Storrs (Connecticut) Experi-
ment Station, whose kindness in allowing their use in this Report is ac-
knowledged. The suggestions should prove valuable to every fruit
grower for reference.

196 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Rochester Machine Tool Works, Ltd., Rochester, N. Y.
Spraymotor Company, London, Ont., and Buffalo, N. Y.
Wallace Machinery Co., Champaign, 111.
Frost Insecticide Company, Arlington, Mass.
Niagara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y.
H. L. Hurst Manufacturing Company, Canton, Ohio.
Thomas Peppier, Hightstown, N. J.
R. H. Deyo & Co., Binghamton, N. Y.

Pumps and Accessories.

All metal parts of the spraying equipment that come in
contact with the spray liquid should be made of brass, or some
other metal, that will not be affected by the chemicals. Iron
in any form should not be used unless covered with some
other metal. Neither should leather nor rubber valves be
employed. A closely fitting brass valve is used on the best
pumps. To facilitate taking a pump apart for cleaning nd
repairing, the working parts should be readily accessible. This
may be accomplished in various ways. Some pumps have
their working parts outside the tank, where they may be taken
apart with ease. Others have their cylinders within the tank
and must be detached from the latter before they can be taken
apart comfortably. The Hardie pump is of the latter class,
but it is supplied with a pair of clamps, making it very easily
detached from the tank. Pumps with their working parts
within the tank are usually lower and for use in the orchard
are not so liable to be in the way of branches.

Pumps. There are several different types of pumps used
for spraying. The most common of these, and the one gen-
erally used on bucket and barrel outfits, is known as the sim-
ple-acting pump. Such a pump has but one set of ports or
valves. The cylinder is emptied and at the same time filled by
the upward stroke of the plunger. A modification of this
type, of which Gould's Standard is an example, is so arranged
that part of the contents of the cylinder is discharged by the
• upward stroke of the plunger and the rest by the return
stroke. Such a pump is not truly "double-acting," although
usually designated as such. The advantage of such pumps

ANNUAL REPORT. 197

over those of the regular single-acting type is that they main-
tain a continuous and uniform discharge.

The douhlc-acting pump, on the other hand, is provided
with at least two sets of ports or valves. In this case the
cylinder is filled from one end by one stroke and emptied hv
the return stroke of the plunger, filling at the same time from
the other end. Pumps of this kind are usually horizontal and
operated with an upright handle by either one or two men.
They are of large capacity and seldom used on barrel outfits.

The tzvo-cylindcr type consists, as its name implies, of
two independent cylinders, operated with a single lever or
handle. The cylinders may be either vertical, like Gould's
Monarch or horizontal like the Friend.

Hydraulic pumps, of which Myers Hydraulic Pump is
an example, are those with which a large air chamber is used.
The liquid is forced into the air chamber under pressure by
means of check valves. It is discharged through the nozzles
by the force produced by the cushion of compressed air,
which may be maintained for several minutes after the pump
stops. Such pumps are frequently used with horse-power out-
fits for spraying field crops.

The rotary or "clock" pumps, while easier of operation
than most other forms, are short lived and, for this reason,
have not given satisfaction.

Agitators. Spraying outfits are generally equipped with
an agitator to insure the discharge of the spray liquid at uni-
form strength. The most common type of agitator is the
dasher, which works with either an up and down or a side
motion. With barrel outfits they are usually attached to, and
operated with, the handle of the pump, while with tank out-
fits they are operated either with a belt from the engine or by
means of a chain and sprocket on the wheel of the cart. Bet-
ter agitation may be obtained if the dasher has both side, and
up and down motions. Probably the best type of agitator is
that constructed in the form of a screw-propeller. In large
horizontal tanks, the use of a shaft bearing several "propel-
lers" and extending the full length of the tank, is recom-
mended.

198 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Jet agitators are contrivances for diverting part of the
spray-liquid to the bottom of the barrel, where it is ejected
with force through a small opening. They are unsuited to
hand outfits for the reason that it is almost impossible to keep
up sufficient pressure at the nozzle while the agitation jets
are open. They may be of service with large outfits where
abundant power is available.

Extension Rods. These are small metal pipes of vary-
ing lengths, with or without bamboo covering. The longer
ones are used for reaching the higher branches of trees, and
shorter ones for spraying beneath low-growing plants. One-
fourth or three-eighths inch brass or iron pipe is used for the
purpose. Brass pipe is decidedly better than iron. Eight
feet is probably the average length for spraying fruit trees,
but many twelve-foot rods are in use. Those covered with
bamboo are more rigid and decidedly easier on the operator.
The distal end of the rod should be equipped with a drip-
guard, to prevent the liquid from coming in contact with ihe
liands of the operator. The other end should be r-.quipped
with a stop-cock so that the liquid may be conveniently turned
off, or on, when desired.

Hose. A four-ply, one-half inch hose is generally used
for orchard work, although some prefer three-eighths inch
size. For spraying fruit trees from the ground, twenty-five
to fifty foot lengths are used, while from a tower ten or
twelve foot lengths are sufficient.

Nozzles. Three well defined types of nozzles are in gen-
eral use for spraying purposes : The Bordeaux, the Vermorel
and the Friend or Mystry.

I. The Bordeaux type is represented by the Bordeaux,
Perfecto, Niagara and Seneca. Nozzles of this type may be
adjusted so as to throw a solid stream or a fan-shaped spray.
They are not suited to orchard spraying, nor for the spraying
of any trees that may be reached with an extension rod. They
are suitable for spraying very tall trees, like the elm, where
it is necessary to throw a solid stream to reach the top of the
tree. A stream produced in this way breaks up after leaving
the nozzle and forms a spray by the action of the air.

ANNUAL REPORT. 199

II. Nozzles of the J'eriiwrcl type arc very numerous,
the following beino; the most common: Australian, Bean,
Buena, Cyclone. Dewey, Eureka, Handy, Imperial, San Jose,
Spray-motor, Vapor-Mist, Vermorel. They produce a fine
conical spray and are largely used for spraying fruit trees
and vegetable plants. Some of them are supplied with a de-
gorger for removing solid substances from the opening of the
nozzle. With the Spray-motor, the Vapor-Mist and the Eu-
reka the degorger may be operated by simply pressing the noz-
zle against a branch, while with the Vermorel it usually be-
comes necessary to lower the extension rod and operate the
degorger by hand. On account of the small opening in this
type of nozzle it frequently becomes clogged and in order to
produce sufficient spray, two or more nozzles are necessary.

III. The third type is represented by the Atomic, the
Friend, the Mistry, the Mistry Jr., the Power, the Simplex
and the Tiger. These are very similar to those of the Ver-
morel type, differing chiefly in having a larger chamber, and
a larger opening and in their abiHty to produce a larger spray.
On account of the larger opening, they cause less trouble by
clogging. Discs with different sized openings, specially adapt-
ed to the various conditions, are usually furnished with each
nozzle. Brown's Atomic nozzle is fitted with a device for reg-
ulating the size of the opening, making it possible to change
from a fine spray to a solid stream. Other nozzles of this
type are equipped with a degorger for clearing the opening,
but when care is taken in keeping the solution free from
coarse material, such a device is not necessary. As a rule
these degorgers make the nozzle unnecessarily heavy and
often cause much annoyance by getting caught among the
branches. The Friend nozzle is made in two styles. One is
constructed so as to throw a spray at a slight angle. This is
undoubtedly a great convenience when spraying fruit trees
and also when spraying beneath low-growing plants. The
Mistry may be adjusted to spray at any angle but is objec-
tionable on account of its tendency to leak at the swivel.

A nozzle like the Friend angle nozzle is well adapted to

200 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a wide range of conditions. One of such nozzles on the end
of an extension rod is Hght and convenient to handle, and
will throw a spray large enough for most purposes. The size
of the spray, or the amount of material discharged, may be
increased, without seriously affecting the fineness of the spray,
bv using a larger opening and additional pressure. Nozzles of
the Vermorel type, on the other hand, are not suited to or-
chard spraying when used singly, and w4ien used in clusters
are too heavy, and are somewhat difficult to operate among
the branches. Again, when two or more sprays come in con-
tact, they tend to dribble, causing a waste of some of the so-
lution and more or less annoyance to the operator.

Strainers. To prevent the clogging of nozzles, all spray
mixtures should be strained into the tank. Brass wire cloth
of about twenty meshes to the inch is probably best for this
purpose. Strainers are usually made in the form of a funnel,
and some have a raised center, giving more straining surface.
A strainer should also be attached to the end of the suction
pipe.

Various devices called separators and nozzle protectors
have recently been put on the market. One of these consists
simply of a brass cup separated into two chambers by a disc
of wire cloth through which the spray liquid must pass before
entering the hose. All sediment is thus collected in the lower
half of the cup and may be removed at any time through an
opening for the purpose. The writer has not used any of
these devices, but is of the opinion that they may be of ser-
vice in preventing the clogging of nozzles, especially with field
crop sprayers, where many nozzles are in use.

Kinds of Outfits.
Bucket Outfits. As the name implies, such an outfit
consists simply of a force pump and a bucket. The bucket
usually holds from five to ten gallons. The later outfits of
this kind have the pumps attached, which is a great improve-
ment over the old method of holding the pump in place with
the foot. Bucket outfits are useful for greenhouse work or

ANNUAL REPORT. 201

iov the small back-yard t^ardcn. They may be purchased at
from $3 to $8.

Knapsack Outfits. Such cnitfits are made to attach
on tlie back of the operator and hold about live gallons. Out-
fits made entirely of brass and copper may be purchased at
from $10 to $15. They are very useful on small plantations
and in greenhouses. Some growers claim that young fruit
trees may be sprayed more economically with the knapsack
than with any other outfit. Some provision should be made
on such outfits to prevent the drip from the plunger rod from
running down the back of the operator. A deep gutter with
an opening through which the liquid runs back into the tank,
is provided on some outfits.

There are now on the market several small compressed-
air outfits of about three or four gallons capacity and costing
about $5 to $10. A few strokes of the piston is sufficient to
produce a spray lasting several minutes. They are of the
same general usefulness as the knapsack outfits.

Hand Cart Outfits. The capacity of such outfits is
usually from 20 to 30 gallons. They are especially useful in
vegetable gardens and in places inaccessible to wagons. Such
outfits are often useful for watering plants. They consist
usually of a small tank or barrel on a two-wheeled truck and
are drawn around by hand. Some of smaller capacity are
erected on a wheelbarrow. Whether on one or two wheels,
they are very difficult to haul over soft ground. In vegetable
gardens the crops likely to require spraying should be planted
so as to accommodate a barrel outfit in a horse cart, or one
of the regular horse-power sprayers.

Barrel Outfits. These outfits consist of a pump mount-
ed on either side of a barrel. They are used both for vege-
table garden and orchard spraying. The outfit may be car-
ried about on a common wagon or cart or on a stone boat or
sled. An outfit with the pump on the side of the barrel is pre-
ferred for the reason that it is less likely to interfere with the
branches while driving through the orchard, and also for tlie
reason that the mixture is more easily agitated. Such outfits

202 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sliould always be equipped with an ag'itator and be made to
accommodate two leads of hose. Barrel outfits are suited to
orchard work where the trees are not more than fifteen feet
in height. Many of the barrel pumps are incapable of producing
sufiicient pressure for two leads of hose and, for this reason,
the double-acting or double-cylinder pumps are recommended.
Generally these pumps are used with the tank outfits, as de-
scribed in the next paragraph, but may also be used with a
barrel on a wagon, large stone boat or sled.

Tank Outfits. Tank outfits are of large capacity and
are operated either by hand or by power from a steam or gas-
olene engine. They consist of a large tank of about 100 to
500 gallons capacity and are mounted on a four-wheeled truck
with wide tires. Horizontal tanks with a half-round bottom
are preferred. Those for spraying tall trees are equipped
with a tower or elevated platform with a railing around it.
Those operated by hand are usually equipped with a horizon-
tal pump of the double-acting or double cylinder type. They
may be operated by either one or two men. Three or four
leads of hose are frequently used, but it is seldom advisable
to use more than two, one by the man on the tower and one by
the man on the ground. The agitator is usually operated
by a sprocket gear attached to one of the wagon wheels. These
outfits are very suitable for mature apple orchards of moder-
ate size.

Outfits with which steam or gasolene power is used vary
greatly in capacity and mechanical construction. Since our
commercial orchards are usually located on hilly lands, where
it is difficult to transport these heavy outfits, their chief use
in Connecticut is in spraying shade trees around cities and
towns. The gasolene outfits are much lighter and more com-
])act than the steani outfits and may prove serviceable in the
larger commercial apple orchards, especially those on level
ground and with very large trees. Such outfits are more
economically operated than hand pumps and have the addi-
tional advantage of producing abundant pressure.

Compressed-air Outfits. These are contrivances spe-

ANNUAL RRPORT. 203

cially designed to obviate tlic usual ol)jectiou to the large
and clumsy power outfits. In general such outfits consist of
a stationary power plant for compressing air in a tank. This
tank of compressed air and another one containing the spray
liquid is taken to the orchard on a wagon and the com])ressed
air used to force the liquid from the tank. Some outfits have
but one tank, which contains both the compressed air and the
spray mixture. On account of their lightness many growers
prefer to use these compressed air outfits. Their use has not
become general for the reason that too much time is lost in
charging and recharging the tank with air.

With this class of outfits may be discussed the Niagara
gas sprayer. It is a tank outfit which utilizes compressed car-
bonic acid gas to force the liquid from the tank. It consists
of a steel tank of 50 to 250 gallons capacity and a wrought
iron tube containing carbonic acid gas compressed under a
pressure of 1500 pounds to the inch. The tubes of gas are
purchased from manufacturers in the cities or large towns.
When empty the tubes are returned. Its chief advantages
are lightness and simplicity of operation. It would seem to
be well adapted to orchard conditions in New England where
it is so difificult to haul the large power outfits over the hilly
lands. It has not become popular, however, and is used only
to a very limited extent. The chief objection to its use is the
cost and trouble of securing the compressed gas. The steel
tanks are very compact and much lighter than the ordinary
wooden tanks and are admirably suited to the use of one of
the more powerful hand pumps. The steel truck and tower
usually supplied with this outfit are also very well adapted to
orchard spraying.

Horse-power Outfits. These outfits differ from hand
outfits in that the power for working the pumps is secured by
gearing the pump to a sprocket wheel attached to a wheel :>i
the rig or to the axle. Usually they consist of a tank, of
from 50 to 100 gallons capacity, mounted on a cart and hauled
by one horse, although many two-horse outfits are in use. They
are especially adapted to the spraying of field crops like po-

204 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tatoes. beans, cabbages, asparagus and the like, but are unsuit-
ed to orchard spraying because of the inabihty to maintain
the pressure after the rig stops. With small fruits, nursery
stock, grape vines and young orchards they have been success-
fully used. Some outfits have their nozzles adjusted in such
a way as to direct the spray beneath the plant. This is a great
advantage in spraying for diseases like potato blight. The
most common error in the use of these outfits consists in the
use of too many nozzles. Three or four nozzles with abun-
dant pressure are often more serviceable than twice the num-
ber with insufficient pressure. Outfits to be drawn with one
horse should be equipped with a tank containing not more
than fifty gallons and with not more than four nozzles. For
large areas a two-horse outfit equipped with a hundred-gallon
tank and six or eight nozzles, is recommended. Such out-
fits should be geared higher than the one-horse outfits, so as
to produce power enough to supply the additional nozzles. If
it becomes necessary to use more than eight nozzles, a tank
outfit equipped with a gasolene engine should be employed.

A fruit-spraying outfit consisting of a powerful double-
acting or double-cylinder hand pump and a 50 to 200 gallon
tank on an ordinary wagon, with wide tires, may be employed
effectively for spraying field crops by attaching the necessary
piping to the rear of the wagon and connecting it to the pump
with a hose. A strong man may produce pressure enough
for from four to six nozzles. Nozzles of the Friend type are
most suitable for field-crop outfits, for the reason that they
are less liable to clog.

Emulsion Pumps. These are contrivances for the pur-
pose of applying oil and water simultaneousl}' and in definite
proportions. The proportions cannot be definitely regulated,
however, and for this reason such outfits are not reliable.

Dust Sprayers. There are many contrivances on the
market for applying insecticides and fungicides to plants in
powder form. Their use is not recommended except in sec-
tions where water is unavailable.

ANNUAL REPORT. 2C5

Care of Spraying Machinery.

It is always advisable to rinse out thoroughly the spraying
outfit and all utensils after use. Many of the spraying mix-
tures have a corrosive effect on metal parts, and scales of
metal "rust" often cause serious trouble by clogging the noz-
zles. As oil is very injurious to rubber it is advisable to
pump clear water through the hose after spraying with oil.

Barrels and wooden tanks while not in use should be kept
partly filled with water to prevent drying out and leaking.

Before spraying time arrives it is well to examine care-
fully the spraying outfit, to be certain that everything is in
readiness.

2o6 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

NECROLOGY.

During the past year Death has again entered the
ranks of our Society and has taken an unusually heavy toll
from our membership.

Following our usual custom, we consecrate, as is most
fitting, these final pages of the Report to the memory of
those whose loss we mourn.

Death has robbed us of their presence, but the memory
of their good deeds will ever abide.

Following is the list of those deceased since our last
Report was published :

Dr. Gurdon Wadsworth Russell, of Hartford, died
February 3, 1909, at the ripe age of ninety-four years. Dr.
Russell was the oldest member of the Society, with which
he had been connected for many years. His interest in
horticultural matters was remarkable. He loved every
growing plant and tree and possessed a keen knowledge of
fruits and flowers, which he cultivated for pure love of
them rather than for any thought of pecuniary gain. His
passing, after a long and useful life, removes one more of
that distinguished group of Connecticut horticulturists
which numbered such veterans as P. M. Augur, T. S.
Gold, Edwin Hoyt and others. Dr. Russell was of Colonial
descent, born in Hartford April 19, 1815, the son of John
and Martha Wadsworth Russell. He was distinguished in
the medical profession, and for nearly sixty years was the
medical director of the Aetna Life Insurance Company. A
Hartford paper says of Dr. Russell's active life :

There seemed to be no end to the activities of this man. To
his regular professional work, his devotion to the Hartford hos-
pital and the retreat, his religious services and political work, not

ANNUAL REPORT. 207

to mention his writings from time to time, he added an intimate
knowledge of nature, which he loved, and in whose communion
he spent many, many hours. His library is a wealthy assemblage
of learning devoted to these matters, and in former years he found
time to spend long seasons on his farm on Cedar mountain, in
closest study of the out-of-door world of trees and flowers.

It seems strange that so diverse and active a life could have
lasted so long, for Dr. Russell was never rugged, indeed he was
quite the opposite in health; but this very fact led him to observe
the closest care of his physical health, and perhaps, after all, the
weakness was a source of strength, and his zealous care of him-
self the real reason for his long and busy life.

Profound sorrow marked the passing of this "grand old
man" in his native city and throughout the whole State.

Paul Thomson, of West Hartford, who died in February,
1909, had been an active member of the Society since its
organization. Mr. Thomson, who was of Scotch descent,
was well known as a successful gardener, florist and fruit
grower. He was active in the grange and in town afifairs
and was held in high esteem by all with whom he Avas asso-
ciated.

Wm. M. Tyler, of Waterbury. Mr. Tyler had been an
active member of the Society almost from the beginning,'
and was a regular attendant at its meetings and greatly in-
terested in its work. His death, which occurred in March,
1909, brings a sense of loss to all his associates. For many
years he was one of the largest peach growers in his sec-
tion of the State, attaining success in this line of work. Mr.
Tyler was a man of high character, beloved by all who
knew him.

Chas. H. Hall, of Cheshire, died in the winter of 1909
and had been a member of the Society since 1901.

Edward H. Barnes, of Nczv Haven, died suddenly in
the spring of 1909. He became a member of the Society in
1905 because of his deep interest in fruit culture, especially

2o8 THE CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

peach orcharding. Mr. Barnes was not only a successful
business man of New Haven, but he was also a partner in
orchard ventures in Wallingford and Middlefield. He early
saw the possibilities in investing in Connecticut fruit lands,
and it is to be regretted that he did not live to see the full re-
sults of this faith in the planting of fruits.

Hon. George M. Clark, of Haddam, died during the
winter of 1908. Mr. Clark, who had been a member of the
Society and interested in its work for many years, was a
well-known and picturesque figure in Connecticut agricul-
ture, in thq political and civic life of the State and of his
native town. He was famed as the inventor and manu-
facturer of the well-known Cutaway tools, which have
played so important a part in soil cultivation the world
over. Mr. Clark made a special study of the grass crop
and was perhaps best known to the farmers of the coun-
try as the "grass culture crank." His phenomenal crops
of grass were grown by intensive methods and he freely
gave to others the benefit of his successful experience with
this important farm crop. Original and somewhat eccen-
tric in many of his ideas, Mr. Clark was nevertheless a man
of marked ability and his death removes a strong person-
ality from Connecticut agriculture.

Dr. Wm. J. Ford, of Washington, a well-known physi-
cian of Litchfield County, and a man deeply interested in
horticulture and rural welfare.

Silas A. Griswold, of West Hartford — a long-time
member of the Society and one interested in all its work,
particularly the exhibitions, where, with his brother, he was
a frequent exhibitor of choice fruit.

N. N. King, of Snf field. Mr. King was a veteran fruit
grower and an active member of the Society since 1895.
He was a man of hig-h Christian character and will be

ANNUAL REPORT. 209

greatly missed in his own coninmnity as well as among the
fruit growers of the State.

Mrs. Annie E. Paulison, of West Hartford, a member
of the Society since 1906.

Wm. C. Hale, of U'UVunantic, who became a member of
the Society in 1906.

Allan R. Yale, of Meridcn, died suddenly in the fall of
1908. Mr. Yale was an enthusiastic fruit grower and made
a special study of spraying. He was a promising young
man whose death is keenly felt by us all.

210 THE COXNECTICi'T POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1909

This list corrected to Aug. 1, 1909.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Ashton, Frank B., Middletown.
Talcott, Phineas, Rockville.
The Conn Agricultural College,

Storrs.
Brown, J. Stanford, Yonkers,

N. Y.
Shepperd, Walter S., Shaker

Station.
Brown, Everett E., Pomfret

Center.
Geer, Everett S., Hartford.

Lucchini, Victor E., Meriden.

Gullev, Prof. Alfred G., Storrs.

Miles, Henry C. C, Milford.

Gold, CharJes L., West Corn-
wall.

Gilbert, Orrin, Middletown.

Clark, Arthur J., Durham.

Curtis, Ellicott D., Bantam.

Bronson, Nathan S., New Ha-
ven.

Jarvis, Chas. M., Berlin.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Abbe, Linden S., Hazardville.

Adams, Joseph, Westport.

Albiston, Joseph, So. Alanches-
ter.

Allen, Chas. I., Pequabuck.

Alsop, J. W., Avon.

Allyn, W. I., Mystic.

American Horticultural Distrib-
uting Co., Martinburg, W.
Va.

Andrews, Cornelius, New Brit-
ain.

Andrews, J. E., New Britain.

Apothecaries Hall Co., Water-
bury.

Armstrong, Lee F., Oxford.

Atkins, F. C, Hartford, 12
South Highland street.

Atkins, Mrs. F. C, Hartford, 12
South Highland street.

Atkins, T. J., Middletown.

Atwater, Edwin B., New Ha-
ven, Box 207.

Atwood, C. B., Watertown.

Atwood, Oscar F., Brooklyn.

Ashendon, H. H., Waterbury.

Augur. Alfred H.. Middlefield.

Averill, H. O., Washington De-
pot.

Bacon, Eben W., Middletown.
R. F. D. No. 1.

Bailey, F. B., Durham.

Bailey, Mrs. F. B., Durham.

Barker. C. A., Westville, R. F.
D.

Barker, J. Harrv, Branford.

Bartlett, F. A., Stamford.

Bartlett, Francis A., White
Plains, N. Y.

Baldwin, Walter H., Cheshire.

Barber, Henry A., Danbury.

Barber. Joseph. Rockville. R. D.

ANNUAL REPORT.

211

•Barber, Mrs. Joseph, Rockville.

Bard, J, Sprague, Brooklyn.

Barnes, J. Norris, Yalesville.

Barnes, John R., Yalesville.

Barton, Richard, Thompson.

Bassett, George E., Clintonville.

Baumgardt, H. F., Highwood.

Beach, A. S., Bridgeport, R. F.
D.

Beach, Chas. L., Storrs.

Beach, L. A., Wallingford.

Beach, T. H., Branford.

Beach, Z. P., Wallingford.

Beaupain, R. T., So. Norwalk,
192 West street.

Beckwith, G. C., New Hartford,
R. F. D.

Beckwith, W. M., New Hart-
ford, R. F. D.

Beebe, C. C, Wilbraham, Mass.

Beers, F. H., Brookfield Centre.

Beisiegel, Jacob, Woodbridge.

Benham, Leonard M., High-
wood.

Benham, Wilbur H., Highwood.

Bernhard, Albert, Meriden.

Bigelow, E. W., Litchfield.

Bishop, Mark, Cheshire.

Blakeman, J. H., Oronoque.

Blakeman, Frank E., Oronoque.

Bliss, Ethelbert, Ludlow, Mass.,
R. F. D.

Boardman, F. E., Middletown,
R. F. D.

Bolles, C. P., Wilbraham, Mass.

Bonner, Chas. W., Rockville.

Boynton, C. C, Cheshire.

Bray, S. W., Milford.

Brewer, C. S., Hartford.

Bridge, H. J,. Hazardville.

Brinsmade, W. H., Bridgeport,
R. F. D. No. 4.

Britton, Prof. W. E., Experi-
ment Station. New Haven.

Brinker, Chas., New York Citv,
25 W. 33d street.

Brockett, Ernest R., North Ha-
ven.

Brooks, H. R., Glastonbury.

Brooks, John N., Torrington.

Brown, G. F., Cannon Station.

Brown, H. H., Monsey, N. Y.

Brown, H. W., Hartford, 43
Main street.

Brown, Jas. F., Jr., North Ston-
ington.

Brown, Stanton F., Poquonock.

Brown, T. L., So. Manchester.

Brownson, S. B., Shelton.

Brundage, Benj., Danbury, R.
F. b. No. 20.

Brundage, Chas. H., Danbury.

Brush, G. M., New Fairfield.

Buell, H. B., Eastford.

Burnham, C. N., Middlefield.

Burr, C. R., Manchester.

Burr, W. H., Westport.

Burr, Eugene O., Higganum.

Burt, E. M., East Long Mead-
ow, Mass.

Burton, Geo. W., Beacon Falls.

*Bushnell, Huber, Berlin.

Bushnell, Mrs. Huber, Berlin.

Bushnell, J. C, Farmington.

Butler, George E., Meriden.

Butler, George S., Cromwell.

Byington, Jas. L., Forestville.

Callahan, Thos., Newington.

Camp, David N., New Britain.

Candee, J. H., Sheffield, Mass.

Carini. Bartholomew, South
Glastonbury.

Carpenter, C. W., Munson,

Mass.
Carrington, L. W., Southington

R.' D. 2.
Cassady, M. J., Oxford.

* Deceased.

21^ THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Cass, Chas. F., Waterbury, R.
F. D., No. 1.

Chamberlain, F. A., Terryville.

Cheney, Seth Leslie, So. Alan-
chester.

Child, C. H., Woodstock.

Christian, W. W., Berlin.

Churchill, Fred G., Wethers-
field.

Churchill, Levi B., Wethersfield.

Churchill, Stephen, Wethers-
field.

Clark, A. L., Waterbury.

Clark, Arthur F., Hig-o^anum.

Clark, Frank T., Beacon Falls.

Clark, Merritt LL, Brookfield
Center.

Clark, O. R., Hi^s^ganum.

Clarke, Clifford L., Durham.

Clarke, David A., Milford.

Clinton, E. B., Clintonville.

Clinton, Dr. George P., Experi-
ment Station, New -Haven.

Clinton, Prof. L. A., Storrs.

Coe, Ernest F., Edgewood ave-
nue. New Haven.

Coe, W. T., Northford.

Coleman, AL L., Seymour.

Coleman, M. P., South Coven-
try.

Coles, John E., 109 Warren
street, New York Citv.

Colton, F. B., Hartford.

Comstock, G. C, Norwalk.

Cook, Allen B., Farmington.

Cook, H. B. Georgetown.

Cook, S. G., Branford.

Cooke, H. G., Branford.

Cooke, Marcus E., Wallingford.

Cooper, J. M., Wallingford.

Cornell, Joseph, Norwalk.

Cosgrove, Geo. A., Willington.

Crandall, Mrs. FL L., Farming-
ton.

Crowell, David A., Middletown.

Curtis, H. B., Cheshire.

Curtis, Newton M., Sandy

Hook.
Curtis, Robert W., Stratford.
Dabney, H. D., New Britain, P.

F. D., No. 2.
Dart, C. O., Rockville.
Davis, A. B., Rockville.
Davis, E., Branford.
Davis, Edson G., Torrington.
Davis, Henry B., Southburv.
Davis, Mrs. 'A. B., Rockville.
Dearden, Greenwood, Tolland.
Deming, H. P., Robertsville.
Doolittle, Arthur H., Bethany.
Doolittle, D. A., -Bethanv.
Doolittle, S. B., Wallingford.
Douglass, G. F., Collinsville.
Drew, G. A., Greenwich.
Driggs, Oliver K., Vernon.
Duncan, R. R., Wethersfield.
Dunham, H. C, ]\Iiddletown.
Dyer, E. W., Berhn.
Eddy, Frank C, Unionville.
Eddy, J. C, Simsbury.
Eddy, John S., Unionville.
Ellison, E. W., Willimantic.
Ellsworth, David J.. Windsor.
Ellsworth, E. T-, Ellington, R.

F. D. '

Ehvood, C. F., Greens Farms.
Elwood, J. F., Green Farms.
Emerson, J- B.. New York

City, 20 E. 30th street.
Emmons, F. A.. East Canaan.
Ennis, Bertrand O., Highwood.
Eno, Frank H., Simsbury.
Evans, Archie J., Hockanum.
Fagan, Joseph A., Forestville.
Fairchild, H. L., Bridgeport, R.

F. D.. No. 4.
Farnham, A. N., Westville.
Fawthrop, Walter, Cromwell.
Fay, John H., West Cheshire.
Felber, John J., Rockville.

ANNUAL REPORT.

213

Fendall, Chas. E. & Son, Tow-
son, Md.

Fenn, Benj., Milford.

Fenn, Dennis, Milford.

Fenn, Robert M., Middlebury.

Fisher, Willard, New York City,
81 Fulton street.

Fisk, H. B. & Co., Providence,
R. I.

Forbes, John P., West Haven,
R. D.

Forbes, J. S., Burnside.

Foster, Sylvester M., Westport.

Francis, D. G., Rockville, 42
Talcott ave.

Francis, Judson E., Durham
Center.

French. W. H., Wolcott.

Frost, Frank M., Yalesville.

Frost, Fremont, Hartford.

Frost, H. L., Arlington, Mass.

Frost, Willis E., Bridgewater.

Fuller, Wm. H., West Hart-
ford.

Fullerton, H. B., Huntington,
L. I., N. Y.

Gager, John M., Willimantic.

Gardner, A. H., Meriden.

Gardner, I. I., Meriden.

Gardner, R. H., Cromwell.

Garrigus, H. L., Storrs.

Gaylord, E. W., Bristol.

Geer. Isaac G., Norwich, R. F.
D., No. 6.

Gehring, Fred, Rockville.

Gelston, J. B., East Haddam.

Gilbert, Henry, Middletown.

Gilbert, Mrs. Orrin, Middle-
town.

Gilbert, Thomas, Middletown.

Godfrey, E. S., Jr., Storrs.

Goldsborough, H. H., Eagle-
ville, R. F. D.

Gorton, Fred D., North Green,
X. Y.

Gotta. John. Portland.

Grasselli Chemical Co., The,
New York, 60 Wall street.

Grav, Chas. A., Norwich, R. F.
D. 1.

Grav, F. W., Waterburv.

Gray, J. B., Norwich, R. F. D. 1.

Greene, A. F., Woodbury, R.
F. D.

Gridlev, E. D., Southington, R.

f: d.

Griffith, Geo. H. Bristol.

Griswold, H. O., West Hart-
ford.

Griswold, J. ?)., Newington.

Griswold, R. S., Wethersficld.

Griswold, S. P., West Hartford.

Griswold, Thomas & Co., South
Wethersficld.

Griswold, W. F., Rocky Hill.

Goulds Mfg. Co., The, Seneca
Falls, N. Y.

Gulley & Bonner, Rockville.

Hale, George, Westport.

Hale, G. H., South Glastonbury.

Hale, J. H., South Glastonbury.

Hale, Stancliff, South Glaston-
bury.

Halev, E., Mystic, R. F. D.

Hall, Geo. B., Moodus.

Hall, G. D., Wallingford.

Hall, G. H., Manchester.

Hall, Lovell, Middletown, 420
Main street.

Hall, Wilbur H., Wallingford.

Hamilton, H. L., Ellington.

Hammer, V. T., Branford.

Hammond, Joseph, Jr., Rock-
ville.

Harrison, Orlando, Berlin, Md.

Hart, E. S., New Britain.

Hart, E. W., Forestville.

Hart, S. A., Kensington.

Hart, Mrs. S. A., Kensington.

Hawley, E. J., Bridgeport, 27
Hough avenue.

214 ^-^^ COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Healey, L. H., North Wood-
stock.

Hein, C. V., East Longmeadow,
Mass.

Heming-way's London Purple
Co., New York, 133 Front
street.

Henry, A. T., Wallingford.

Higgins, Wm. L., M.D., South
Coventry.

Milliard, H. J., Sound View.

*Hills, T. Morton, Wilhmantic.

Hillyer, Appleton R., 91 Elm
street, Hartford.

Hillyer, Prof. H. W., Farming-
ton.

Hines, John T., Farmington.

Hitchcock, A. L., Plainville.

Hixon, Adin A., Worcester,
Mass.

Hollister, Geo. H., Experiment
Station, New Haven.

Hollister, Kirkland, South Glas-
tonbury.

Hopson, G. A., Wallingford.

Hotchkiss, Chas. M., Cheshire.

Hotchkiss, William, Bristol.

Hough, E. ]., Wallingford, R.
F. D.

Hough, George E., Wallingford,
R. F. D.

Hough, Joel R., Wallingford.

Houston, J. R., Mansfield Depot.

Hoyt, James, New Canaan.

Hoyt, Stephen, New Canaan,

Hubbard, Clement S., Higgan-
um.

Hubbard, Elmer S., Middle-
town.

Hubbard, John B., Guilford.

Hubbard, J. M., Middletown.

Hubbard, Paul M., Bristol.

Hubbard, Robert, Middletown.

Hull, James, Durham.

Hungerford, Newman, Torring-
ton, R. D. 2.

Hunt, W. W., Hartford.

Huntington, Chas., Windsor.

Hurlburt, Henry A., Jr., Wilton.

Huss, J. F., Hartford.

Innis, A. C, Ridgefield.

Ives, E. M., Meriden.

Ives, Mrs. E. M., Meriden.

Ives, Miss Florence C, Meriden.

Ives, Julius I., South Meriden.

Ives, Wm. B., Wallingford.

Jackson, Elmer, Wilton.

Jackson, J. C, Nor walk, R. F.
D., No. 42.

Jacobs, Arthur C, ^Mansfield
Center.

Jarvis, C. D., Storrs.

Jenkins, Dr. E. H., Experiment
Station, New Haven.

Jennings, W. S., Fairfield, R. F.
D. 9.

Jennison, E. F., Hartford.

Jerome, F. M., New Britain.

Jewell, Harvey, Cromwell.

Jewell, Mrs. Harvey, Cromwell.

Johnson, C. B., Southbury.

Johnson, Dr. F. E., Alansfield
Depot.

Jones, E. A., New Canaan.

Kelley, Edward, New Canaan.

Kelley, W. J., New Canaan.

Kellogg, Geo. A., West Hart-
ford.

Kelsey, Davis S., West Hart-
ford.

Kelsey, Frederick, Higganum.

Kelsey, James H., Meriden.

Kendall. James H., Auburndale,
Mass.

Kenney, J. P., Hockanum.

Kilduflf, P. J., Bristol. R. F. D.

Killam, Edw., Thompsonville.

* Deceased.

ANNUAL REPORT.

215

Kingsbury, Addison. South
Coventry.

Kinq-sbury, Andrew, Rockville,
'R. RD. No. 2.

Kingsbury, John E.. Rockville.

King, Horace, Thompsonville.

King. Mrs. N.'N., Suffield, R.
F. D.

Kirkham, John S., Newington.

Knapp, M. C, Danbury.

Knowles, Wm. A., Middletown.

Knoxhall, J., Hockanum.

LaField, J. Howard, Plainville.

Lane, Willis A., New Britain,

Lapsley, Arthur B., Pom fret
Center.

Laurenson, Robert, Eagleville.

Lewis, Fred J., Highwood.

Loomis, Chas. N., Bolton.

Loomis, John, South Manches-
ter.

Loverin, D. P., Huntington.

Lowrey, H. P., "Whigville.

Lowrev, L. L., Bristol.

Ludlum, H. A., Wolcott.

Lyman, C. E., Middlefield.

Lynch, Wallace, Brooklyn, N.
Y.. 591 St. Mark's ave.

Main, C. R., Poquetanuck.

Mallon, James, Rockville, 8
Spruce street.

Manchester, E., Bristol.

Manchester, E. F., Bristol.

Manchester, George C, Bristol.

Manchester, H. G., Winsted.

Mansfield, Peter. West Hart-
ford.

Marshall, Joseph, Sevmour.

Martin. J. A., WalHngford.

Martin, W. B., Rockvi'lle.

Martin, W. B., Rockville.

Maxwell, W., Rockville.

Mav, Otto, Glastonbury.

May, W. B., Hartford.

McCormack. Samuel. Water-
l)urA-. 106.'^ ?,'. ?\lain street.

Newton, J. P., Saybrook.

McKay, W. L., Geneva, N. Y.

McLean, John B., Simsbury.

McLean, S. G., South Glaston-
bury.

Mead. Seaman, Greenwich.

Merriman, E. D., South Coven-
try.

Merriman, J. H., Southinjiiton.

Miller, C. H., Berlin.

Miller. E. Cyrus, Haydenville,
Mass.

Miller, E. S., Wading River,
L. L, N. Y.

Miller. F. B., Bloomfield.

Mills, D. E., Bristol.

Minor. Geo. N., Bristol.

Mitchell, W. L., New Haven,
1505 Chapel street.

Molumphy, J. T., Berlin.

Montague, H. E., 109 Warren
street, New York City.

Aloore, E. A., New Britain.

Morgan, S. W., Wethersfield.

Morton, E. G., Broad Brook, R.
D.

Morris, Chas. G., New Haven,
Box 1352.

Morris, F. S., Wethersfield.

IMorse, C. Z., Shelton.

Moses, A. A., Unionville.

Mosley, A. W., Glastonbury.

Mowry, Albert J., Centerdale,
R. I.

Mudge, E. P., New Canaan.

Mueller, C. J., Berlin.

Munson, E. W., New Haven,
986 Dixwell avenue.

Munson. Rev. Myron A., West
Hartford.

Munson, W. M., Huntington,
Mass.

Munson, R. A., Highwood, Sta-
tion 4.

Nettleton, H. I., Durham.

Newhauser, R. F.. Farmington.

2l6 THE COXNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Newton, Robertson & Co., Hart-
ford.

Noble. H. C, New Britain.

Olcott. W. H., South Manches-
ter.

Olds Gas Power Co., Boston,
Mass.

Ott. Fred, Cheshire, R. F. D.

Paddock, J. H., Wallingford,
East Main street.

Page, B. F., Northford. R. F. D.

Palmer, Selah, Portchester, N.
Y.

Parker, G. A., Hartford.

Parker, John B., Jr., Poquonock,

Patch, A. Warren, Boston,
]\Iass.

Patten, D. W., Clintonville.

Patterson, B. C, Torrington.

Pauley, Geo. A., New Canaan.

Payne, Frank C, Portland.

Payne, Lyman, Portland.

Pease, C. P., Elhngton.

Peaslev, Fredk. M., Waterbury.

Peck, B. A., Bristol.

Peck, Henry B., Northfield.

Penny, James K., Danbury.

Perley, G. P., Woodstock.

Pero, Louis, South Glastonbury.

Perry, Chas. M., Southbury.

Peters, Henry D., Highwood.

Phelan, Franklin V., Vernon.

Phelps, A. H., Clinton.

Phelps, Chas. S.. Canaan.

Phelps, E. J., Enfield.

Phelps, Mrs. E. J., Enfield.

Phelps, G. N., East Haddam.

Philips, Alan, Farmington.

Pierce, Mrs. L E., Bristol.

Pierpont, A. B., Waterbury.

Pierpont, A. J., Waterbury.

Pierpont, W. L., Waterbury.

Pinney, B. F., Ellington, R' D.

Pitkin, A. L., Talcottyille.

Plant, A. B., Branford.

Plant, Albert E., Branford.
Piatt, Frank N., Milford.
Piatt. Frank S., The, Co., New

Haven.
Piatt, G. F., Milford.
Piatt, N. S., 395 Whalley av-
enue, New Haven.
Piatt, William F., Milford.
Pomeroy, E., Windsor.
Porter, Marshall, Hebron.
Potter, H. F., North Haven.
Powell, E. C, Springfield, jNIass.
Pratt, B. G., 11 Broadway, New

York City.
Pratt, F. B. & Co., Boston,

Mass.
Price. Walter E., Warehouse

Point.
Pring, Geo. H., Wallingford.
Pring, Thos. J., Wallingford.
Putnam, J. H., Litchfield.
Race, R. H., North Egremont,

Mass.
Rand, Mrs. P. C, Meriden.
Rengerman, Wm., East Granby.
Reynolds, C. C, Slocum. R. L
Rhodes, R. H., Rocky Hill.
Rice, J. L., Ludlow, ^Liss.. R.

F. D.
Rice, J. W., Wilbraham, ]\Iass.
Ripley, Louis A., Litchfield
Rise, J. G., Litchfield.
Risley, Chas. R., Silver Lane.
Roberts, C. S., Riverton.
Roberts, Earl C, Middletown,

R. F. D. No. 2.
Roberts, E. J., Middletown.
Roberts, Horace, Aloorestown,

N.J.
Robertson, L. J.. ^Manchester

Green.
Rogers, E.. Southington. R. D.
Rogers, F. D., IVIonson, Mass.
Rogers, Geo. H., Cheshire.
Rogers, James, Simsbury.

ANNUAL REPORT.

2iy

Rooke, J. R., Bloomfield.

Root, L. C, Farmington.

Root, T, H., Farmington.

Russell, S., Jr., Middletown.

Sanderson, Lucien, New Haven.

Savage, Clarence H., Storrs.

Savage, Theo. M., Berlin.

Savage, Willis I., Berlin.

Schmidt, E., New Canaan.

Schneider, Herman, New Ca-
naan, Box 260.

Schultz,, C. H., Hartford.

Schnltz. W. F. & Co., Hartford.

Schwink, J. G., Jr., Meriden.

Segur, Dr. G. C., Hartford.

Seward, Arthur I., Durham
Center.

Shedd. G. V., Preston.

Sheldon, F. J.. Enfield.

Shepardson, W. M., Middle-
bury.

Sherwood, N. H., Southport.

Silliman, J. F., New Canaan.

Simpson, W. A., Wallingford.

Sinclair, Alex., Stepney Depot.

Skinner, M. G., Higganum.

Slater, Geo. B., Manchester.

Slater, Geo. H., Glastonbury, R.
F. D.

Smart, Geo. W., Silver Lane.

Smith. Geo. V., New Haven, 69
Church street.

Smith, G. W., Hartford, Box 38.

Smith, H. P., North Haven.

Smith, Joseph, West Cheshire.

Smith, J. Eliot, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia.

Smith, J. H., Hartford. 249
Fairfield avenue.

Smith, Dr. L. A., Higganum.

Soby, Charles, Hartford, 855
!Main street.

Southwick Oil Co., Rochester,
N. Y.

Spence, Geo. E., Cheshire.

Spicer, G. W., Deep River.

Splettstoezer, Herman, New
Britain, R. F. D. No. 2.

Stack, G. M., New Milford.

Staples, G. W., Hartford.

Steere, Enoch M., Chepachet,
R. I.

Steere, Sayles B., Chepachet,
R. I.

Stevens, A. T., Storrs.

Stevens, C. T., North Haven,
R. D.

Stevens, H. C, East Canaan.

St. John, D. A., New Canaan.

Stocking, W. A. & Son, Wea-
togue.

Stocking, Wilbur F., Milford.

Stock well, S. T., West Sims-
bury.

*Stone. D. E., Cheshire.

Stoughton, Lemuel, Warehouse
Point.

Strumpf, George, Burnside.

Surface, Prof. H. A., Harris-
burg, Pa.

Taber, F. J., South Windham.

Tanner, John E., Moosud, R.
F. D'. No. 1.

Tanner, Walter C, Voluntown.

Taylor, C. G., New Canaan.

Taylor. Edward J., Southport.

Taylor, J. M., Kensington.

Teachman, F. B., Farmington.

Terrell, C. L., Cheshire.

Terry, James, Hartford, 78
Wctliersfield avenue.

The \^reeland Chemical Co., Lit-
tle Falls, N. J.

Thomas, W. S., Groton.

Thompson, Chas. A., Melrose.

* Deceased.

2li

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

Thompson, Chas. B., IVIoodus.
Thompson, Wm. H,, East Had-

dam.
TilHnghast, G. G., Vernon.
Titus, Ellwood V., Glen Cove,

L. L, N. Y.
Todd, E. A., Waterbury, R. F.

D.
Toth, A. M., WalHngford, R.

D. 2.
Tracy, M. E., Orange.
Trask, Abner, Silver Lane.
Treadwell, G. B., Storrs.
Tucker, F, E., Vernon.
Turney, Oliver, Fairfield.
Tuttle, S. L., WalHngford.
Tyler, S. A., Meriden, 455

Broad street.
Underwood, R. F., Mount Tom,

Mass.
Usher, R. C., Plainville.
Vibberts, L. A., New Britain.
Viets, R. B., New Britain.
Vine Hill Farm, Elmwood.
Von Herff, B., New York, 93

Nassau street.
Wakeman, H. S., Saugatuck.
Wakeman, J. S., Saugatuck.
Wakeman, S. B., Saugatuck.
Walden, B. H., Experiment Sta-
tion, New Haven.
Waldo, Harold B., Naubuc.
Wallace, E. J., WalHngford,

West Quinnipiac street.
WaHer, W. E., R. D., Chestnut

HiH, Bridgeport.
Wiard, F. S., YalesviHe.
Warncke, Louis H., Cannon

Station.
Warner, E. C, Clintonville.
Watrous, J- L., Meriden.
Watson, John, Rockville, R. F.

D.

Weed, T. L., New Britain.
Welch, G. H., Torrington.
Wells, Dudley, Wethersfield.
Wells, Dudley, 2d, Wethersfield.
Wells, W. W., South Wood-
stock.
West, S. B., Columbia.
Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord,.

Mass.
Whitten, Geo. T., Hartford,

1100 Albany avenue.
Wiggin, Mrs. C. D., Providence,

R. L, 40 Princeton avenue.
Wilcox, R. C. & Sons, Guilford.
Wilder, F. W., Watertown.
Wiley, Clarence H., Hartford^

122 Collins street.
Willard, S. F., Wethersfield.
Williams, A. W., New Britain.
WilHams, F. B., Naugatuck.
Williams, Miss L. S., Hartford,

1492 Broad street.
Wills, H. H., Vernon Center.
Winsor, Thos. K., Greenville,

R. I.
Wolcott, R. R., Wethersfield.
Wood, G. P., Ellington.
Wood, O. S., EHington.
Woodhouse, S. N., Wethersfield.
WoodruflP, C. v., Orange.
Woodruff, R. H., Guilford.
Wooster, R. H., Southburv, R.

F. D. No. 2.
Wooster, W. A., New Britain,.

118 Camp St.
Woody, C. A., Boulder, Colo.
Wright, John L., Middletown,

"342 Main street.
Wright, W. O., Clinton.
Yale, Arthur C, Meriden.
Yarrington, Chas., Seymour.
Young, A. F. & Co., Boston,.

Mass.
Young, C. O., YalesviHe.