Osfe 1 L I E> RA RY O F THE U N I VER_SITY OF 1LL1 NOIS 507 "F45 1942-45 cop. 4 mvw, HISTORY CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped LeiOW« I?= !T^ be eh«*ed a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. £ szsz °- ond ^ ntvlt ,n dta-- <"" TO RENEW CAll TELEPHONE CENTS*, 333-8400 UN.VERS.TY OF >U,NO,S t.BRAEY AT UgANA-CH r„ MAY 1 7 1995 APR 2 4 1995 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. Ll62 V^. V\CsV MAR 3 ANNUAL REPORT . . . FOR THE YEAR 1943 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Wbrary Plate 1 LEOPOLD E. BLOCK A Trustee of the Museum since 1936 and a member of the Finance Committee since 1939 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR to tli IC BOARD OF TRUSTEES For the Year 1943 A CONTINUATION OF THE REPORT SERIES OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS »Ht LIBRARY OF THE NOV 2 1950 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS AT ' \A3 CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations 9 Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1943 11 Former Members of the Board of Trustees 12 Former Officers 13 List of Staff 14 Report of the Director 17 James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation 24 N. W. Harris Public School Extension 30 Department of Anthropology 32 Department of Botany 42 Department of Geology 47 Department of Zoology 51 Membership 61 Public Relations 62 Library 63 Publications and Printing 65 Photography and Illustration 68 Maintenance and Construction 69 Comparative Attendance Statistics and Door Receipts 72 Comparative Financial Statements 73 List of Accessions 75 Articles of Incorporation 85 Amended By-Laws 87 List of Members 92 Benefactors 92 Honorary Members 92 Patrons 92 Corresponding Members 93 Contributors 93 Corporate Members 94 Life Members 94 Non-Resident Life Members 96 Associate Members 97 List of Members — Continued page Non-Resident Associate Members Ill Sustaining Members Ill Annual Members Ill -8- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES FACING PAGE 1. Leopold E. Block 5 2. A Special Exhibit Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Found- ing of the Museum 17 TEXT FIGURES PAGE 1. An Early Herbarium Specimen of a Quinine-producing Tree 19 2. A Group of Gibbons 21 3. School Children Listening to a Raymond Foundation Lecturer 25 4. Museum Material Available to Chicago Teachers through the N. W. Harris Public School Extension 31 5. The Mummy-Cave Village, in Arizona 33 6. A Dioramist Building the Walls of a Kiva in the Mummy Cave 35 7. A Child's Head, Bandaged to Produce Cranial Deformation 36 8. A Deformed Cranium from the New Hebrides 36 9. The Death Cult of the Early Southwestern Indians 40 10. The Cryptogamic Herbarium 43 11. Fresh-water Plants in the Amazon River 44 12. Wild Kale from the Cliffs of Dover 46 13. The Evolution of the Horse 48 14. The Distribution of the Horse through Its Long Geologic History 49 15. A Plaster Model of a Bottle-nosed Porpoise 52 16. The Tropical American Boa Constrictor 55 17. Goliath Beetles 57 -9 OFFICERS, TRUSTEES, AND COMMITTEES, 1943 OFFICERS President Stanley Field First Vice-President Albert A. Sprague Third Vice-President Albert B. Dick, Jr. Treasurer and Assistant Secretary Solomon A. Smith Second Vice-President Silas H. Strawn Secretary ♦Clifford C. Gregg Acting Secretary Orr Goodson BOARD OF TRUSTEES *Lester Armour Sewell L. Avery W. McCormick Blair Leopold E. Block Boardman Conover Walter J. Cummings Albert B. Dick, Jr. Howard W. Fenton *Joseph N. Field Marshall Field Stanley Field *Samuel Insull, Jr. Charles A. McCulloch William H. Mitchell *George A. Richardson *Theodore Roosevelt Solomon A. Smith Albert A. Sprague Silas H. Strawn Albert H. Wetten John P. Wilson COMMITTEES Executive.— Stanley Field, Solomon A. Smith, Albert H. Wetten, George A. Richardson*, Albert A. Sprague, Marshall Field, Silas H. Strawn, John P. Wilson. Finance.— Solomon A. Smith, Leopold E. Block, Albert B. Dick, Jr., Howard W. Fenton, John P. Wilson, Walter J. Cummings. Building.— Albert H. Wetten, William H. Mitchell, Lester Armour*, Charles A. McCulloch, Joseph N. Field*. Auditing. — George A. Richardson*, Albert H. Wetten, W. McCormick Blair. Pension. — Albert A. Sprague, Samuel Insull, Jr.*, Sewell L. Avery. * In the Nation's Service. -11- FORMER MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES George E. Adams* 1893-1917 Owen F. Aldis* 1893-1898 Allison V. Armour* 1893-1894 Edward E. Ayer* 1893-1927 John C. Black* 1893-1894 M. C. Bullock* 1893-1894 Daniel H. Burnham* 1893-1894 George R. Davis* 1893-1899 James W. Ellsworth* 1893-1894 Charles B. Farwell* 1893-1894 Frank W. Gunsaulus* 1893-1894, 1918-1921 Emil G. Hirsch* 1893-1894 Charles L. Hutchinson* 1893-1894 John A. Roche* 1893-1894 Martin A. Ryerson* 1893-1932 Edwin Walker* 1893-1910 Watson F. Blair* 1894-1928 William J. Chalmers* 1894-1938 Harlow N. Higinbotham* 1894-1919 Huntington W. Jackson* 1894-1900 Arthur B. Jones* 1894-1927 George Manierre* 1894-1924 Norman B. Ream* 1894-1910 Norman Williams* 1894-1899 Cyrus H. McCormick* 1894-1936 Marshall Field, Jr.* 1899-1905 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1902-1921 George F. Porter* 1907-1916 Richard T. Crane, Jr.* 1908-1912, 1921-1931 John Barton Payne* 1910-1911 Chauncey Keep* 1915-1929 Henry Field* 1916-1917 William Wrigley, Jr.* 1919-1931 John Borden 1920-1938 James Simpson* 1920-1939 Albert W. Harris 1920-1941 Harry E. Byram* 1921-1928 Ernest R. Graham* 1921-1936 D. C. Davies* 1922-1928 Charles H. Markham* 1924-1930 Frederick H. Rawson* 1927-1935 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 William V. Kelley* 1929-1932 Fred W. Sargent* 1929-1939 Leslie Wheeler* 1934-1937 * Deceased 12 FORMER OFFICERS Presidents Edward E. Ayer* 1894-1898 Harlow N. Higinbotham* 1898-1908 First Vice-Presidents Martin A. Ryerson* 1894-1932 Second Vice-Presidents Norman B. Ream* 1894-1902 Marshall Field, Jr.* 1902-1905 Stanley Field 1906-1908 Watson F. Blair* 1909-1928 James Simpson* 1933-1939 Albert A. Sprague 1929-1932 Third Vice-Presidents Albert A. Sprague 1921-1928 James Simpson* 1929-1932 Albert W. Harris 1933-1941 Secretaries Ralph Metcalf 1894 George Manierre* 1894-1907 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1907-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 Treasurers Byron L. Smith* 1894-1914 Directors Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1893-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 * Deceased 13 LIST OF STAFF DIRECTOR ♦Clifford C. Gregg acting director Orr Goodson department of anthropology Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator, African Ethnology Richard A. Martin, Curator, Near Eastern Archaeology *C. Martin Wilbur, Curator, Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology ♦Alexander Spoehr, Curator, North American Ethnology and Archaeology Donald Collier, Curator, South American Ethnology and Archaeology George I. Quimby, Jr., Curator of Exhibits T. George Allen, Research Associate, Egyptian Archaeology A. L. Kroeber, Research Associate, American Archaeology J. Eric Thompson, Research Associate, Central American Archaeology Fay-Cooper Cole, Research Associate, Malaysian Ethnology *John Rinaldo, Associate, Southwestern Archaeology Robert Yule, Assistant, Archaeology Alfred Lee Rowell, Dioramist Gustaf Dalstrom, Artist John Pletinckx, Ceramic Restorer DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator Paul C. Standley, Curator, Herbarium J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator, Herbarium ♦Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator, Herbarium Francis Drouet, Curator, Cryptogamic Botany ♦Llewelyn Williams, Curator, Economic Botany Samuel J. Record, Research Associate, Wood Technology Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate, Systematic Botany Emil Sella, Chief Preparator, Exhibits Milton Copulos, Artist-Preparator DEPARTMENT of geology Henry W. Nichols, Chief Curator ♦Bryan Patterson, Curator, Paleontology Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator, Paleontology James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator, Paleontology Albert A. Dahlberg, Research Associate, Paleontology ♦Sharat K. Roy, Curator, Geology ♦Bryant Mather, Assistant Curator, Mineralogy John Conrad Hansen, Artist * On leave in the Nation's Service. 14- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus *Colin Campbell Sanborn, Curator, Mammals *Rudyerd Boulton, Curator, Birds C. E. Hellmayr, Associate Curator, Birds *Emmet R. Blake, Assistant Curator, Birds Boardman Conover, Research Associate, Birds Louis B. Bishop, Research Associate, Birds Ellen T. Smith, Associate, Birds *Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate, Birds R. Magoon Barnes, Curator, Birds' Eggs Clifford H. Pope, Curator, Amphibians and Reptiles *Loren P. Woods, Assistant Curator, Fishes Marion Grey, Associate, Fishes William J. Gerhard, Curator, Insects *Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator, Insects *Henry S. Dybas, Assistant, Insects Alfred E. Emerson, Research Associate, Insects Charles H. Seevers, Research Associate, Insects Alex K. Wyatt, Research Associate, Insects Fritz Haas, Curator, Lower Invertebrates *D. Dwight Davis, Curator, Anatomy and Osteology H. Elizabeth Story, Assistant, Anatomy and Osteology Dorothy B. Foss, Assistant, Anatomy and Osteology taxidermists Julius Friesser C. J. Albrecht W. E. Eigsti L. L. Pray Leon L. Walters *John W. Moyer Frank C. Wonder, Assistant Taxidermist Frank H. Letl, Preparator of Accessories Nellie Starkson, Artist-Preparator Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist-Preparator associate editor of scientific publications Lillian A. Ross DEPARTMENT OF THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION John R. Millar, Curator THE JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL AND CHILDREN'S LECTURES Miriam Wood, Chief *Marie B. Pabst *Elizabeth Best *Bert E. Grove Loraine Lloyd Roberta Cramer Emma Neve the library Emily M. Wilcoxson, Librarian Mary W. Baker, Associate Librarian Eunice Gemmill, Assistant Librarian * On leave in the Nation's Service. -15 ADMINISTRATION AND RECORDS Benjamin Bridge, Auditor Henry F. Ditzel, Registrar Noble Stephens, Assistant Auditor Marion G. Gordon, Assistant Registrar A. L. Stebbins, Bookkeeper Elsie H. Thomas, Recorder Robert E. Bruce, Purchasing Agent PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL DIVISION OF MEMBERSHIPS H. B. Harte Pearle Bilinske, in charge Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer DIVISIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION C. H. Carpenter, Photographer John Janecek, Illustrator Herman Abendroth, Assistant Photographer STAFF ARTIST DIVISION OF PRINTING Arthur G. Rueckert Farley H. Wade, in charge general superintendent chief engineer W. H. Corning William E. Lake James R. Shouba, Assistant Superintendent CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD E. S. Abbey 16 4J u > w Q Z < X H O a a, O lo < w >H >< H UL i— 1 PL, o o £ £ £ o u a 0 UL C ANNUAL REPORT of ... . THE DIRECTOR TO THE TRUSTEES: I have the honor to present a report of the operations of the Museum for the year ending December 31, 1943: The conditions existing in a nation whose efforts were almost totally directed to the demands of war naturally affected adversely the progress of the Museum. The inroads on the personnel continued at a steady pace, with a resulting decrease in the scope of Museum activities, although every effort was made to operate all departments on a normal basis. Under the policy adopted in 1942, to be continued for the dura- tion of the war, there were no expeditions during 1943, and even local field work was held to a minimum. Some new exhibits were prepared and installed, although not as many as would have been the case were the full staff present. Research slowed up in ratio to the shrinkage of the staff, and many projects that were in progress have been halted. Seven men and two women were granted leave of absence in 1943 for service with the armed forces or other governmental agencies, bringing the total number of Trustees, staff members, and volunteer associates in service to 38. The policy of not filling vacated positions was continued in practically all cases; only those positions essential to the continued operation of the Museum were filled on a temporary basis. Great credit is due to the members of the staff who remain at the Museum for their efforts to maintain operations. The outstanding event of the year was the program on Septem- ber 15 commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Museum. On this occasion 1,200 invited guests assembled in the James Simpson Theatre. The principal speakers were Mr. Stanley Field, President of the Museum; Dr. Robert Maynard Hutchins, President of the University of Chicago; Dr. Franklyn Bliss Snyder, President of Northwestern University; and Dr. Albert E. Parr, Director of the American Museum of Natural History, New -17- York. Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, pre- sided. Short addresses were delivered by Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Director, who is on leave of absence with the armed forces, and the Acting Director. The meeting was followed by a reception in Stanley Field Hall, where guests enjoyed a preview of a special exhibit illustrating highlights in the Museum's history, as well as the photographs selected for exhibition in the first photographic salon sponsored by this institution. The most important feature of the commemorative program was President Field's announcement that the name of the Museum was to be changed, and his further announcement that the institution was to receive a gift from Mr. Marshall Field, Trustee, which would provide income at least equivalent to his annual contributions in recent years. In conformity with the suggestion of Trustee Marshall Field and President Stanley Field, duly approved by the Board of Trustees, the name of the Museum was officially changed on December 6, 1943, from Field Museum of Natural History to Chicago Natural History Museum. The certificate of amendment to the articles of incorpora- tion of the institution had previously been filed and recorded. The periodical, Field Museum News, was given the name Chicago Natural History Museum Bulletin, to become effective with the January, 1944, issue. More than fifteen years ago, this Museum, in anticipation of the possible destruction of historic botanical collections in Europe, proposed a plan for photographing such specimens, which was carried out in part with the co-operation of the Rockefeller Foundation. Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, spent more than ten years photographing type specimens in the herbaria of Berlin, Copenhagen, Munich, Vienna, Paris, Geneva, Madrid, and elsewhere, making more than 40,000 photographs. This project has been abundantly justified in the last year during which certain of the European collections are known to have been destroyed by bombing, and many others, about which confirmed information has not yet been received, may have been likewise lost to science. The only substitute for some of the type specimens lost through the destruc- tion of European collections will be these photographs (see Fig. 1). Contributions . . . Owing, no doubt, to the demands of various war causes, and the campaigns for investment of all possible funds in war bonds, con- 18 tributions of money to the Museum during 1943 were few, and for the most part considerably less in amount than in a normal year. To all who did contribute either money or material for the exhibits, study collections, and the Library, grateful acknowledgment is made. Fig. 1. An early herbarium specimen of a quinine-pro- ducing tree. This specimen, collected in the Andes of South America a hundred and fifty years ago, was named and preserved in the Berlin Herbarium. Present-day botanists wishing to identify plants must compare them with such historic material as this. - . -. '•.«.... Mr. Marshall Field, a member of the Board of Trustees, made the largest individual contribution, as has been the case year after year. The total of his gifts in cash for the year was $100,916.41. In addition, as announced at the time of the celebration of the Museum's fiftieth anniversary, Mr. Field pledged the transfer of certain pieces of property to produce future income. Complete information as to this property transfer was not yet available at the time of preparation of this report. The President of the Museum, Mr. Stanley Field, contributed $20,075. For the support of the activities of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Ravmond Foundation for Public School and Children's 19 Lectures, its founder, Mrs. James Nelson Raymond, again contrib- uted $6,000 in accordance with her annual custom of many years. Mr. Haddon H. MacLean made a gift of $1,000 in cash, and Lieutenant Alvin R. Cahn, U.S.N.R., made a gift of anthropological material from the Aleutian Islands. The collection is valued at more than $1,000. Both of these donors were, in consequence, elected Contributors (a membership classification including all persons who give or devise between $1,000 and $100,000 to the Museum in money or materials, and whose names thus become enrolled on an honor list in perpetuity). A gift of $2,500 was received from Mr. Wallace W. Lufkin, whose earlier gifts had already resulted in his election as a Contributor. From the estate of Joseph Adams there was received a bequest in stocks valued at $12,025, to be known as the Joseph and Edith Adams Subscription. Mr. Adams was posthumously elected a Contributor. For notable gifts to the Museum during his lifetime, the late Dr. Louis Schapiro was also posthumously elected a Contributor. Cash gifts were received also from Mr. Boardman Conover, a Trustee; Mr. Peder A. Christensen of Detroit, Michigan; and from the estate of Joan A. Chalmers. Gifts of Museum material included a collection of several thousand butterflies and moths presented by Mrs. Edward F. Lustig, of Elkhart, Indiana; and a valuable col- lection of Coleoptera, assembled by the late Frank J. Psota and purchased for the Museum by an anonymous donor. The Chicago Park District turned over to the Museum $121,642.39, as its share of taxes levied to aid in the support of several museums under an act of the state legislature. Trustees and Officers . . . The President of the Museum, Mr. Stanley Field, served his thirty-fifth consecutive year in that office after being re-elected at the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees on January 11. All other officers who served during the preceding year were re-elected and served out their full terms. Trustee W. McCormick Blair was appointed Acting Chairman of the Auditing Committee, which automatically made him a member of the Executive Committee, during the absence of Lieutenant Colonel George A. Richardson on active service with the Army Air Forces. -20- News of the death of Major Kermit Roosevelt in Alaska was received at the Museum with great regret. Major Roosevelt, and his brother, Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt (a Trustee of the Museum) were co-leaders of two of the Museum's most important expeditions — the James Simpson Roosevelts Asiatic Expedition, in Fig. 2. A family party of gibbons (William V. Kelley Hall). 1925, and the William V. Kelley Roosevelts Expedition to Eastern Asia, in 1928. New Exhibits . . . The exhibition program of the Museum, necessarily slowed down by the absence on war duty of such a large proportion of the staff, nevertheless was marked by several notable advances. Details of these will be found in this report under the headings of the various departments in which they occur. The outstanding developments were the opening of two sections of the new Hall of American Archaeology (Hall B), in which decid- -21 edly new and different display techniques have been employed; some additions to the Chinese archaeological exhibits in George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24); a habitat group of giant South American aquatic plants, added to Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29); two additional large mural paintings of plant life by Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert, added to the series begun by the late artist, Charles A. Corwin, in Hall 29; several exhibits and a new "subjective" series illustrating subjects in paleontology, installed in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38); a habi- tat group of the interesting man-like apes known as gibbons, installed in William V. Kelley Hall (Hall 17; see Fig. 2) ; an exhibit of the manta, largest species of ray, added to the Hall of Fishes (Hall 0); a subjective exhibit, "What Is a Bat?", added to the systematic series of mammal exhibits in Hall 15, and an exhibit of the principal kinds of mammals that inhabit Illinois, added to George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13). A new special exhibit, "Theatres of the War," consisting of selected material representing phases of native life in various parts of the world currently prominent in the news, was added to James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Hall (Hall 4). This exhibit, to be maintained for the duration of the war, will be changed from time to time to keep pace with the progress of events. The other special wartime exhibit of strategical, critical, and essential materials, installed in 1942, continued to attract much attention, and will also be maintained for the duration. Special temporary exhibits of 1943 included one pertaining to the history of the Museum during its first half century, displayed from September 15 to November 15 in connection with the cele- bration of the institution's fiftieth anniversary; "Lenses on Nature," the first international photographic exhibit of the Museum, which was also displayed during the anniversary celebration; an exhibit of United States Marine Corps' official photographs from the South Pacific; and, during May and June, an exhibit of selected chalk drawings and ceramics, with natural history motifs, produced by students of the Saturday Junior Classes of the Art Institute from studies conducted under supervision of their instructors at this Museum. Attendance . . . The number of visitors received at the Museum during 1943 declined slightly compared to 1942, 1,021,289 persons coming into -22- this building as against 1,025,002 in the preceding year. Of this number, all but 77,980 were admitted free, either because they came on the free admission days, or belonged to classifications admitted free on all days — children, teachers, Museum members, and mem- bers of the armed forces of the United Nations. The number of paying visitors was also slightly under that of 1942, when there were 79,144. Considering the fact that most people have much heavier drains on their time due to the intensive pace of war activities, that apart from their working hours they are naturally more preoccupied with the war than with anything else, and that local transportation either by public conveyance or by private automobiles under the gasoline and tire conservation measures now in effect, is exceedingly difficult, it is felt that the attendance the Museum has received is exceedingly good. The figures would seem to indicate that if it were not for all the adverse conditions listed, attendance might have soared to much greater heights. It is encouraging to note that the Museum's posi- tion in this regard compares very favorably with the experience dur- ing this same period of other cultural institutions both in this city and elsewhere. As always, the benefits available through the Museum were extended to hundreds of thousands of people who never entered its portals, by means of the traveling exhibits circulated in the schools and elsewhere by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension. Also, many groups of children were reached in their classrooms by the extension lecturers sent out by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. Sections reporting in detail the activities of these two units of the Museum organization will be found on pages 24 and 30. Other means employed by the Museum to extend its influence as a disseminator of scientific information beyond its own walls included the constant campaign of publicity through newspapers, periodicals, the radio, motion pictures, and published material issued by the Museum press. The annual spring and autumn courses of illustrated lectures for adults, presented in the James Simpson Theatre on Saturday after- noons during March, April, October, and November, attracted large audiences, as did also the Saturday morning motion picture enter- tainments for children presented during the same months under the auspices of the Raymond Foundation. Likewise well attended were the summer programs for children presented on Thursdays during July and August. Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, the popular "Layman -23- Lecturer" who devotes his services to the Museum on a voluntary basis to entertain large audiences on Sunday afternoons, con- tinued this unique work from January to the end of April, and from October to the end of the year. For its daily guide-lecture tours for both adults and children pre- sented throughout the year (except on Sundays) the Raymond Foundation instituted a number of novelties by a change in the type of subjects covered, with the gratifying result that much additional publicity was promoted and many exceptionally large audiences were attracted to the Museum. Many special groups of adults and children made use of the various facilities of the Museum including the theatre, lecture hall, guide-lecture services, etc. All told, 775 audience groups for various events within the Museum brought an aggregate attendance of 72,681, and extra-mural activities reached several hundred thousand other persons. Raymond Foundation . . . The work of the Raymond Foundation continued in 1943 along the lines established in 1942, namely: lectures, tours, motion pictures, stories, and various combinations of programs according to the interests and requests of groups of people, especially children. Interest has centered generally around war regions and their peoples. The summer series of lectures and motion pictures, Back- grounds of the War, begun in 1942, was enlarged and extended in 1943. Every effort was made to explain the war regions by use of Museum materials and still and motion pictures. Nine new extension lectures were offered to the schools, along with a selected group of well-established lectures. The response centered primarily on three new lectures: North Africa (the people and geography of the countries, as reviewed by a recent participant in military action in Africa, illustrated with colored slides); Wings over the World (airplane ideas gleaned from animal aviators, illus- trated with still photographs and color motion pictures) ; and Islands of the South Pacific (a general survey of the geography of the islands and the customs of the people). Personnel changes, due primarily to the war, hampered Raymond Foundation activities. Transportation problems, noted in the previous year, became still more accentuated in 1943, increasing the difficulties for school groups coming to the Museum for lectures, tours, and study. The -24- severity of the drop in attendance by groups of children is made apparent in the following figures: 1941 1,000 groups, 39,806 pupils 1942 520 groups, 18,510 pupils 1943 278 groups, 8,477 pupils However, individuals and small groups of both children and adults have come in greater numbers, and for their pleasure and information more tours and programs were offered, as follows: Motion picture Tours for adults Lectures on programs for in Backgrounds children Museum halls of War Number Attendance Number Attendance Number Attendance 1942 44 32,825 356 7,307 7 582 1943 52 33,390 366 7,611 9 2,037 The epidemic of poliomyelitis in August cut down the attendance at the summer programs, especially the motion pictures for children. Field Museum Stories, written by Raymond Foundation staff members, were distributed at the regular spring and fall series of programs to more than 20,000 children. All remaining copies were turned over to the Museum Book Shop for sale. Fig. 3- Relaxed interest is evident in this informal group of school children as they listen to a Raymond Foundation lecturer. -25 Following is a summary of all Raymond Foundation activities in 1943, with attendance figures: Within the Museum: For Children: Groups Attendance Groups Attendance Tours in Museum halls 278 8,477 Radio follow-up programs 5 381 Lectures preceding tours 18 2,006 Motion picture programs 52 33,390 Total 353 44,254 For Adults: Tours in Museum halls 366 7,611 Lectures on Backgrounds of War 9 2,037 Adult commencement 1 1,320 Total 376 10,968 Saturday afternoon free lecture courses for adults (supervised by Raymond Foundation) 20 14,164 Extension Activities: Extension lecture 173 61,866 Total 922 131,252 Layman Lectures . . . Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, honorary member of the Museum's staff as "The Layman Lecturer," continued with his usual enthusiasm the Sunday afternoon lectures which have attracted so much attention and publicity since he instituted them in 1937. By certain adjust- ments in his methods of presentation, Mr. Dallwig has been able to increase the size of the audiences accommodated each Sunday. The feature of his lectures which has brought such a large response and has aroused so much favorable comment in the press and in educa- tional circles, is Mr. Dallwig's unique method of "humanizing" and interpreting in dramatic fashion the facts of scientific research. Mr. Dallwig serves the Museum and the thousands of people who attend his talks without any compensation other than the satisfac- tion he may derive from disseminating information about science. The 1943 layman lectures were presented during six months, from February to April inclusive, and again from October to December, a total of 25 Sunday presentations; and one special performance was given for the American Bar Association. A different subject was offered each month. The audiences at the 26 lectures totaled 3,295 -26- persons. This figure, combined with the aggregate attendance at his previous lectures since his first appearance on October 3, 1937, makes a total of 19,403. Mr. Dallwig also continued lecturing on Museum subjects before the members of various clubs, societies, and other organizations both in and outside of Chicago, thus bringing further widespread atten- tion to this institution's activities. Personnel Changes . . . Twenty-nine Trustees, employees, and volunteer associates in the armed forces of the United States, and other war services, were listed in the 1942 Annual Report; nine more left for government service during 1943. Mr. Loren P. Woods, Assistant Curator of Fishes, was commis- sioned an Ensign in the Naval Reserve, shortly after taking full charge of the Division of Fishes owing to the retirement of the curator. Following his departure for naval duty, Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate in Fishes, took temporary charge of the division. Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleontology, was inducted into the Army in October. Dr. Paul 0. McGrew, Assistant Curator, is in temporary charge of the division. Miss Elizabeth Best and Miss Marie B. Pabst, both lecturers on the staff of the Raymond Foundation, enlisted in the WAVES, Women's Auxiliary of the United States Navy. Miss Best was commissioned an Ensign and is the first woman member of the Museum staff to achieve officer status. Others entering military service during the year were: Henry S. Dybas, Assistant in Entomology, now a private in the Army; Herbert Nelson, member of the Museum's maintenance force, now a painter first class in the Navy; Mr. Frank Dutkovic, janitor, private in the Army, and Mr. Raymond J. Connors, guard, also an Army private. Dr. C. Martin Wilbur, Curator of Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology, joined the staff of the Office of Strategic Services at Washington. Mr. Bert E. Grove, Raymond Foundation guide-lecturer, who served in Africa as an ambulance driver with the American Field Service for a year, was wounded in action and returned to this country, whereupon he rejoined the Museum staff. Shortly there- after he was inducted into the United States Army, but after a few months was given an honorable discharge for medical causes due -27- to his previous African service. He thereupon again joined the Raymond Foundation staff. Reports were received during the year of the continued success of Museum men who had joined the armed forces prior to 1943. First Lieutenant Melvin A. Traylor, of the United States Marine Corps (Associate in Ornithology on the Museum staff) was awarded the Silver Star for heroism at Guadalcanal. He also participated in the Marines' assault on Tarawa, during which engagement he was wounded severely enough to be returned to this country. Mr. Rupert L. Wenzel, the Museum's Assistant Curator of Insects, was promoted by the Army from the rank of First Lieutenant to Captain. Mr. M. C. Darnall, Jr., a Museum guard, has risen since his enlist- ment as a seaman in the Ignited States Coast Guard, first to a com- mission as Ensign, and later to Lieutenant (j.g.). Noted with regret is the report that Lieutenant Don H. Eldredge, formerly a volunteer assistant in invertebrate paleontology, has been reported missing as the result of an action in which he served as co-pilot on an American bomber in the European theatre of war. There were changes in the Museum personnel also for causes other than war service. Mr. Alfred C. Weed, Curator of Fishes for twenty-two years, retired on April 30 on the Museum's pension plan. Mr. Weed has been materially responsible for the assemblage of the Museum's extensive fish collections and the building up of exhibits, particularly the recently opened Hall of Fishes (Hall 0). He con- ducted a number of important expeditions, and the Museum pub- lished many important technical works as the result of his researches in ichthyology. The active services of Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator of Botany, Mr. William H. Corning, General Superintendent, and Mrs. Mary Baker, Associate Librarian, all of whom have passed normal retirement age, were continued at the request of the Board of Trustees. Mr. George I. Quimby, Jr., Assistant Curator of North American Archaeology, was promoted to the rank of Curator of Exhibits in the Department of Anthropology. Dr. Alfred E. Emerson, a professor in the Department of Zoology at the University of Chicago, Dr. Charles H. Seevers, head of the Department of Zoology at the Central YMCA College in Chicago, and Mr. Alex K. Wyatt, a specialist in moths and butterflies, have all been appointed to the staff of the Museum as Research Associates in Entomology. They will aid in various research projects. -28* Mr. Lee Rowell, diorama maker in the Department of Anthro- pology, became a permanent member of the Museum staff, effective from November 1. Mr. Gustaf Oscar Dalstrom has been appointed on a temporary basis as an artist in the Department of Anthropology, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mrs. Alexander (Anne Harding) Spoehr. Mrs. Roberta Cramer and Miss Emma Neve were appointed to fill vacancies on the lecture staff of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation. Miss Peggy Collings was appointed as a temporary assistant at large in the Department of Zoology. Miss Marion G. Gordon was employed as Assistant Registrar. Miss Elizabeth Blinn Stone, more than twenty years Librarian for the Department of Zoology, and secretary to Dr. Osgood, retired under the provisions of the Employees' Pension Plan. Mr. Timothy Reidy, night sergeant of the guard force, was placed on pension as of December 1. The services of Mr. Anthony T. Mazur, roofer and metal worker in the maintenance division, were continued, although he had become eligible for pension. Mr. Paul Warner was promoted from a position as guard to that of preparator in the Department of Anthropology. Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, was on indefinite leave of absence. Special Staff Activities . . . Outside activities of the staff, or activities not directly connected with the work of the Museum, include the organization of the General Council on Zoological Nomenclature by Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, as a war-time measure to supplement the function of the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, aided in the preparation of an introductory manual of the geography of the Pacific region for the armed services, which is to appear in a trade edition as The Pacific World. Mr. Schmidt also served on the Encyclopaedia Britannica Committee for Zoology of the University of Chicago. Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator of Botany, and Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium, prepared a special illustrated pamphlet for men in service, issued by the United States Navy Department under the title Edible and Poisonous Plants of the -29- Caribbean Region. The pamphlet, designated as Navmed 127, can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents at Washington. Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, continued his work as a consultant-member of the African Committee of the National Research Council, Washington, which is concerned with war problems. At the request of the local Office of Civilian Defense, the Museum assigned Assistant Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder to articulate two human skeletons. These were used in demonstrations for Red Cross first-aid classes. Various members of the staff lectured both before audiences of their colleagues from kindred institutions at meetings of various learned societies, and before audiences of laymen; and visited other institutions for research purposes so far as transportation restrictions permitted. Volunteer Workers . . . The absence of so many of its regular staff members in various war services has made the assistance contributed by the many volunteer workers, who give their time and effort on a regular basis to carry on the essential work of various divisions of the scientific departments, much more important in 1943 than ever before. The names of some of these volunteer workers appear in the List of the Staff at the beginning of this report, distinguished from salaried workers by the titles "Research Associate" and "Associate." Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, also serves without com- pensation. For their services, grateful acknowledgment is made to all who are thus listed, and to the following additional volunteers: In the Department of Anthropology: Miss Berenice Crown, Miss Frances Fortner; Department of Botany: Mr. Donald Richards, Mrs. Catherine M. Richards; Department of Zoology: Mrs. John Morrow, Dr. Oscar Neumann, Mrs. Marion Grey, Mr. Eugene Ray, Dr. Harry Sicher, Dr. Walter Segall, Air. David Owens; Raymond Foundation: Miss Zepporah Pottenger, Miss Margaret Johnson, Miss Barbara MacCauley. Harris School Extension . . . A slight increase in the number of schools and other educational organizations receiving portable Museum exhibits, prepared and circulated by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, brought -30 the total served at the end of the year to 500, a figure which repre- sents the largest number of participants in this service in the history of the Extension. Except for the few recent additions to the schedule, each school had the use of at least twenty-four exhibits as visual aids to ele- mentary science teaching. Many of the exhibits in circulation, ^^ Fig. 4. A collection of diverse Museum material available to Chicago teachers through the Harris Extension. such as those dealing with mining, metallurgy, spices, beverage plants, fibers, plastics, and other economic products, acquired a timely interest because of the war. Unsolicited comments from both teachers and principals unanimously praise this Museum service to Chicago schools. Since the lending service of the Museum now includes practically all of the public schools, increase in the number reached is to be expected only through the gradual growth of the public school system and the inclusion of more denominational schools. Of those receiving Museum cases at present, public schools of all kinds num- ber 402, while denominational and private schools, and social agencies number only eighty-eight. Yet the number of schools maintained by religious organizations exceeds 300, and, in general, they are giving science instruction greater emphasis. Hence requests from schools in this group for their inclusion in the lending service of -31- the Museum may be expected to continue to exceed the capacity of the Extension for expansion, as they do under present conditions. The year 1943 was the first full year of operation of the Exten- sion's delivery trucks under the restrictions imposed by the Office of Defense Transportation. The requirements were met by an increase in the loan period for cases from ten to thirteen school days, with the interposition of a three-day non-operating period for the trucks, rather than by a reduction in the number of schools reached. The time of the men thus periodically released from their regular duties in circulating exhibits was employed in repairing and reconditioning cases, in the preparation of parts for new models, and in the numerous miscellaneous tasks involved in the maintenance of the Extension. Inquiries in a number of schools of different types in contrasting neighborhoods revealed that the longer loan period is an advantage in large schools where the cases are moved to all classrooms. Of the 438 cases that received repairs or reinforcements during the year, only sixty-one had been damaged by accident or careless handling while in schools. Although the sliding label frames are the weakest element of the case assembly, the addition of reinforcing parts, and the replacement of case bottoms and entire back assem- blies continue to be the largest part of maintenance work. Twenty-five new exhibits were prepared during the year, seven old exhibits were completely revised and reinstalled, and five were permanently withdrawn from circulation. The total number of usable exhibits at the end of the year was 1,118. Of particular interest among the new exhibits are those designed specifically to supply illustrative material for a fifth grade unit of study on the relationship of the shape of a bird's beak to its feeding habits. Other exhibits deal with the subject of sharks, the Galapagos penguin, the ecological relationships of ducks, the witch-hazel tree, dyewoods and mordant dyeing, and the economically important soybean. Department of Anthropology Research . . . In February, the Museum Press published Dr. Martin's report, The SU Site; Excavations at a Mogollon Village, Western New Mex- ico; Second Season, 19^1. A brief resume of this monograph was presented in the Annual Report of the Director for 1942. -32< Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South American Archaeology and Ethnology, and Mr. George I. Quimby, Jr., Curator of Exhibits, have continued their work on a new handbook which will deal with the archaeology of North America. Sections on early man in America, on the South- Fig. 5. A recently completed exhibit in Hall B showing a model of a cliff- dwelling, the Mummy-Cave village, in Arizona. The cave was probably chosen as a home because it offered shelter and was easily defended. Its dryness has effectively preserved household objects and human burials or "mummies" (whence the name Mummy Cave). west, on the Columbia River Valley, and on the Southeast have been nearly completed. Most of the year, however, was spent by these three curators in carrying on the research required for the new exhibits in the Hall of Indian America (Hall B ) . This was necessary in order to make the displays accurate, up-to-date, and attractive. They also under- took research on prehistoric Indian textiles and methods of weaving. Their study led to the conclusion that there is no positive evidence of the "true loom" north of Mexico until after the arrival of white men. This conclusion contradicts some published statements. 33 Also indicated by their study was the fact that confusion exists among anthropologists as to what constitutes a "true loom." The only possible archaeological evidence of a true loom would be the finding of a heddle or some other mechanical device which would lift a number of warp threads at one time, for without proof of a mechanically produced shed, there is no tangible evidence of a true loom. As a result of their study, Messrs. Martin, Collier and Quimby believe it is impossible to tell whether a given Indian textile was woven on a loom, because some identical weaves can be produced either by looms or by any one of several finger techniques. Additional research projects conducted by Mr. Quimby were as follows: A synthesis of Aleut archaeology and ethnology, prepared for possible publication as an Anthropology Leaflet; a comparative study of some Hopewell and northern Algonkian art motifs which led to the hypothesis that the designs were similar in form and con- struction and that the Hopewell Indians and the ancestors of the northern Algonkians were culturally connected (the results of this study were published in the American Anthropologist). A study of Hopewellian tools and ornaments from Michigan and Indiana was published by the Michigan Academy of Science. The research was based upon collections in the Chicago Natural History Museum. Curator Collier carried out research on Inca civilization during the fifteenth century a.d. in order to plan and supervise a Peruvian diorama which was under construction during the year. It was necessary to study Inca costumes, economy, and architecture, and to collect information on the vegetation and general environment of the Urubamba Valley in southern Peru, the setting for the diorama. Through the courtesy of Mr. Rene d'Harnoncourt it was possible to secure especially taken color photographs of the region, and these slides have been of tremendous assistance. During the year the Museum Press issued Mr. Collier's report, prepared in collaboration with Mr. John V. Murra, entitled Survey and Excavations in Southern Ecuador. This publication sets forth the scientific results of the 1941 Field Museum-Andean Institute Archaeological Expedition to Ecuador, a detailed account of which was given in the Annual Report for 1942. Mr. Collier has been appointed Editor of South American Archae- ology for The Handbook of Latin American Studies, an annual publi- cation which lists and reviews scholarly publications. -34- Also released from the Museum Press was Dr. C. Martin Wilbur's book, Slavery in China during the Former Han Dynasty, the research for which required more than ten years. Part I of this study throws light on two questions: (1) The nature of Chinese slavery in Former Han times; and (2) the function and Fig. 6. Dioramist Rovvell building the walls of a kiva (ceremonial chamber) in the Mummy Cave (see Fig. 5). The walls of the buildings were constructed of plaster of Paris "stones," and papier-mache "mortar" was used. "Spalls" (of plaster of Paris) were inserted in the masonry joints in order to simulate the actual masonry of the Pueblo Indians. position of slaves in Han society and economics. Part II translates and annotates some 140 passages on slaves discovered in historical literature written during the Former Han period or shortly there- after. Mr. Richard A. Martin, Curator of Near Eastern Archaeology, devoted a major portion of his time to the preparation of a popular book on mummies. This will be illustrated with fifteen colored drawings copied from tomb frescoes and sculptures and cleverly adapted by Curator Martin to the purpose of this publication. Mr. Martin also spent some time in familiarizing himself with various recent developments in Near Eastern and classical fields— 35- Fig. 7. A child's head, band- aged to produce the type of cranial deformation shown in Figure 8. These bandages, usually applied immediately after birth, are worn from six weeks to two months. Photo- graph from New Britain. essential research which had been neglected for several years because of his occupation with the installation of new exhibits. Research in physical anthropology by Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, has been concentrated on cranio- metrical work. References have been made in previous Annual Reports to a scheme which will finally result in a series of publica- tions dealing with a large collection of skulls from many parts of Melanesia. An early part of the work presents the measurements on deformed skulls of Malekula, and this section is introduced by drawings of living subjects. Research aims at studying these groups, not as isolated units, but in relationship to other crania from Malekula, and a great part of the work is concerned with comparisons made statistically and by means of superimposed Fig. 8. A deformed cra- nium from the island of Malekula, in the New Hebrides, where such deformation is regarded as a sign of beauty and social distinction. It does not affect normal mental development. 36 cranial contours. The evidence of all kinds clearly indicates that the skulls of Malekula are of a distinctly Australian type. Unfortu- nately the Museum's collection does not contain any undeformed skulls from Malekula; however, as a control the Museum collection of crania from the adjacent island of Ambrym is used. Apparently cranial deformation does not affect the cranial capacity, and it is surprising that so few measurements of the deformed skulls are affected by compression during infancy. The first judgment would be that a considerable flattening of the forehead must result in a large number of correlated distortions, but statistical evidence shows this judgment to be mistaken (see Figs. 7 and 8). A statistical study of a group of skulls from New Caledonia shows that, like the skulls of Ambrym and Malekula, they are of a distinctly Australian type. This conclusion is in sharp contrast with that formed from the study of a large Chicago Natural History Museum series of male and female crania from New Guinea which are of a distinctly Negro type. In conclusion, Dr. Hambly's inquiry is extended to a statistical comparison which emphasizes the marked cranial relationship of Australians, Negroes of Africa, and Mela- nesians. Negroes and Australian aboriginals seem to have contrib- uted traits that in the aggregate form definite types of Melanesians (but one should insist that the word Melanesian is a geographical term which cannot be legitimately applied to Melanesian groups, which are as a rule either Negroid or Austral oid). Tables have been prepared to show the details of trait resem- blances in average cranial measurements for Australians, Polyne- sians, African Negroes, and definite types of Melanesians. There are more likenesses among these groups than we can explain by any theory of chance resemblance, and the research will finally lead to a detailed plotting of Melanesian areas according to cranial measure- ments which are either distinctly Negroid, Australian, or in some instances a mixture of the two. At present the tentative conclusion must be that, although Polynesian cultural and linguistic influences have been considerable, the amount of physical mixture of Polyne- sians with Melanesians is not impressive. Installations and Rearrangements— Anthropology . . . The opening of the first section of Hall B — History and Archae- ology of the Indians of North, Central, and South America — took place in January. A special preview of the exhibits was held for Members and especially invited guests. Tea was served. President -37 '. Stanley Field, Acting Director Orr Goodson, and the entire staff of the Department of Anthropology were present to welcome the guests and to explain the exhibits. The first section deals with the Indian civilizations as the white men found them about 1492. The technique employed for present- ing archaeological materials in this hall is different from any pre- viously used in this department. Here the visitor will find to his delight that good lighting, liberal use of gay colors harmoniously and tastefully blended, and practically no labels, make for attractive displays of the few specimens. There will be three sections in the hall, when it has been completed : 1. "Indian America," the New World civilizations as the white man found them (now completed and opened). 2. The New World civilizations as they were in the thousands of years preceding Columbus. This section will exhibit the main accomplishments of the Peruvians, Mayas, Aztecs, and Pueblos, as well as those of the Indians of the Mississippi Valley and the rest of North America. It will also show the chronological order and the sequence of these civilizations from approximately the year 1492 back to the earliest evidence of man in the New World — or about 15,000 to 25,000 years ago. The task of presenting these subjects will be carried out by means of dioramas and a limited number of specimens tastefully arranged to illustrate use. This section was opened late in the year although not completed. 3. Techniques: how stone, bone and metal tools, pottery, baskets, and clothing were made and used ; how archaeologists find, excavate, and date ancient ruins; and finally, how archaeologists collect and interpret information such as is assembled in Section 2. The exhibits in Section 1 of this hall deal with a series of important culture traits arranged to show their forms and their spatial distri- bution over North, Central, and South America. Specifically we take up the following subjects: (1) Where we obtain some of our knowledge concerning the customs of the Indians; (2) architecture (houses and temples); (3) travel and transport; (4) clothing; (5) decorative art; (6) economy — agriculture, tobacco, hunting and fishing, pottery, weaving and textiles, and metal work; (8) a chart showing why some Indian civilizations are rated higher than others; and (9) writing. Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Mrs. Anne Spoehr, and Dr. Martin formulated many of the ideas used in Hall B, and together they -38- executed some of them in Section 1. After Dr. Spoehr's departure for the Navy early in 1942, Curators Collier and Quimby helped to carry on with the work and to plan and install several new exhibits. Mrs. Spoehr did the art work in all the cases in this section. Section 2 of Hall B was opened to the public in November. This section, although not completed, is dedicated to the American Indian civilizations as they were prior to the coming of the white man. Ten exhibits are on display. Seven of these deal with the Hopewell Indians who lived in southern Ohio about a.d. 1100 1400. The civilization of these Indians was well developed and was proba- bly more advanced in many ways than that of any other Indians east of the Rocky Mountains. The Hopewell farmers probably lived in skin- or bark-covered huts which were grouped together in small hamlets or towns. Near the houses were large and small burial mounds, from which all of our materials were dug. A low, earthen wall enclosed some of these hamlets and their burial mounds. This enclosing wall probably did not serve as a fortification; it was, rather, sacred in character. The people of these villages raised corn and perhaps squash and beans, and obtained other necessary items for their diet by fishing and hunting. They made pottery, wove cloth and basketry, and produced extraordinarily varied and beautiful ornaments of copper, mica, stone and silver. It is believed that the Hopewell farmers were united with other near-by Indians in some sort of political confederacy. From the meager evidence which is now available, it seems likely that there were privileged classes among the Hopewell Indians, some of whom may have held a high rank of some kind; that elaborate ceremonies were performed from time to time; that special guilds of craftsmen existed; that commerce and trade were carried on with far distant tribes; and that the people were organized socially in such a way as to permit the completion of large jobs (for example, the construction of large mounds) by means of co-operative labor. The exhibits attempt to portray all these phases of the daily life of these ancient Indians. Included, therefore, are exhibits illus- trating man's work; woman's work; personal ornaments of copper, stone and silver; a Hopewell woman; a Hopewell man wearing a ceremonial deer-antler headdress; and finally a display showing the artistic skill and the interest of the Hopewell craftsmen in man and nature. Other displays will show Hopewell villages and burial mounds, sculpture, ceremonies, and the materials which these Indians received by means of trade. -39- Thus, the round of daily activities of an important group of Indians who lived in southern Ohio about 700 years ago has been carefully reconstructed from evidence secured by digging the Hope- well burial mounds, and presented in carefully planned exhibits which are attractive in layout and color. Labeling has been reduced to a minimum and no scientific terms have been used. Another exhibit, called "The Death Cult," is unique and illus- trates a curious period of emotionalism in the life of the American Indian. This exhibit shows some of the symbols and objects associ- Fig. 9. The Death Cult, represented here by cere- monial objects and sacred art, was a religious revival that spread rapidly among the various groups of Indians in the southeastern United States. This was a time of famine, epidemic diseases, and an increased death rate; villages were breaking up and civilizations cracking. With death and destruction close at hand, OT THE DEAT REIICIOUS : the Indians turned to religion for help. jj^E OF CHA Indian America (Hall B) ated with what was really a religious revival. This religious outburst, which lasted from about a.d. 1550 to 1650, centered in the south- eastern United States, and manifestations of it were present in large portions of the eastern United States (see Fig. 9). One important fact about the Death Cult should be noted: its dominating idea and all the objects and symbols associated with it were independent of peoples, areas, and civilizations. In other words, the revival of interest in religion and possibly in life after death was widespread and was not limited by language, civilization, or tribe. Thus, the Death Cult exhibit shows some of the symbols, art, and sacred objects used during this time of renewed interest in religion. The general psychological symptoms typical of this period are characteristic of a state of mind sometimes called dysphoria; -40- I that is, a general feeling of dissatisfaction, unhappiness, unrest, and perhaps despair. The art work in the second section was executed by Mr. Gustav Dalstrom, Staff Artist. Mr. Dalstrom is well known for his paintings, which have been widely exhibited, as well as his murals. Curators Quimby and Collier, and Artist Dalstrom, planned and supervised the installation of these ten exhibits. Four dioramas or scale models have also been planned for the second section of Hall B. One of these has already been finished — a / V 1 1 reconstruction of a famous ruin, Mummy Cave in Canyon del Muerto, Arizona, as it probably appeared in a.d. 1250 (see Fig. 5). Mr. Alfred Lee Rowell, Staff Artist and Dioramist, who is well known for superior work in creating such exhibits, is responsible for the model of Mummy Cave. He will also construct the other three dioramas, two of which are now under way. Dr. C. Martin Wilbur, Curator of Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology, prepared three new exhibits before he assumed his war- time duties at the Office of Strategic Services in Washington. They are: The Old Stone Age in China; The Prehistory of China; and Early Cultures in North China. These exhibits represent a new departure for George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24) in that they present ideas rather than objects. Photographs, 41 sketches, delicately colored backgrounds, and short labels were used along with some specimens to tell a story and to illustrate particular ideas. As a result of an increasing interest on the part of Museum visitors in the various parts of the world where American forces are or have been fighting, a special exhibit called Peoples of Our War Areas was organized by Curators Collier and Quimby. Representa- tive cases of material from Melanesia, Australia, North Africa and Alaska were selected and installed in the west half of James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Hall (Hall 4). In order to make room for this exhibit, the Eastern Woodland Indian cases in the hall were spaced more closely so as to fit into the east half. For a period in October, a temporary exhibit of United States Marine Corps photographs depicting combat scenes in the Solomon Islands was displayed in the Melanesian section of Peoples of Our War Areas. Department of Botany Research . . . In addition to the current work of determinations and care of the herbarium of flowering plants, research on the plants resulting from the Guatemalan expeditions of the five preceding years was continued throughout 1943 by Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium, and by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator, during the early months of the year. Research on algae was continued by Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, especially on the classification of the Chroococcaceae and Oscillatoriaceae, partly in collaboration with Mr. William A. Daily of the herbarium of Butler University, Indi- anapolis. Mr. and Mrs. Daily, Mr. Donald Richards, volunteer assistant, Mr. J. C. Strickland of the University of Georgia, and Mr. Harry K. Phinney of Northwestern University made consider- able use of the Museum's collections of algae and bryophytes in their own studies. Several members of the staff were away during the year. Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, spent the year in California on leave of absence. Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Curator of Economic Botany, was engaged in emergency work for the United States government in Venezuela. Dr. Julian A. Steyer- mark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, was engaged in similar Fig. 10. The cryptogamic herbarium, showing part of the room in which the collections of algae, mosses, and liverworts are housed. work in Guatemala, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In the early months of the year much of the time of Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator of the Department, was occupied with war emergency work. Publications of the Department issued during the year by the Museum Press are listed on page 66. Besides these, various scien- tific contributions were printed elsewhere. Curator Standley pub- lished in several serials one short paper and several descriptions of new species of flowering plants. Two papers by Dr. Drouet on new species of cryptogams were published in the American Midland Naturalist. Curator Williams furnished an account of the results of his Venezuelan work in his Exploraciones Botdnicas en la Guyana Venezolana, a well-illustrated volume of 468 pages, printed in Caracas for the Servicio Botanico, Ministerio de Agricultura e Cria, Venezuela. Installations and Rearrangements— Botany . . . A few notable additions were made to the botanical exhibits. Most important was a habitat group of aquatic flowering plants of the American tropics, consisting of the huge water lily Victoria regia and its constant companions, a water hyacinth, an aquatic -43 grass, and a waterfern, represented as they exist in their natural environment in the backwaters and side channels of the Amazon (see Fig. 11). This group of aquatics is the fourth of a series of six life- size landscape dioramas to be completed for Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Plant Life — Hall 29). A fifth such habitat group, representing the plant life of the South African desert, is well advanced. Fig. 11. A new habitat group showing a typical community of freslvwater plants, including Victoria regia and a water hyacinth, in a channel off the Amazon (Hall 29). The synoptic exhibit of families of flowering plants in the same hall received a few new additions. One of these is a reproduction of a flowering branch of a screw pine, a Madagascar species of pandanus. Although the material for this was collected in 1919, difficulties of technique for years have stood in the way of its satis- factory handling. The screw pines are a group of woody-stemmed marsh plants growing throughout the Pacific islands. They are remarkable for the large proproots that support their stems and branches, and the spiral arrangement of their large grass-like leaves. 44 Another long delayed exhibit recently added (see Fig. 12) is a model of the European wild kale, a sea-shore plant of the west coast of Europe. Representing the wild ancestral type from which the entire European cabbage clan with its many kinds of kale, head- cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts has apparently been derived, this plant is of more than ordinary interest. Various other items under way for the exhibits in this hall will doubtless be completed in 1944. In this connection there also were prepared during 1943 most of the many items required for an exhibit in the Hall of Food Plants (Hall 25) to show what part of our ordi- nary vegetable diet is of Old World origin. With the installation of Sitka spruce and noble fir obtained last year from the Pacific coast, and the reinstallation of ponderosa and sugar pine in Charles F. Millspaugh Hall (Hall 26), the exhibit of principal American woods finally becomes virtually complete. Only minor items — a few details of branches and some photos — remain to be acquired to round out a few recent installations from the Pacific northwest. It is expected that these can be obtained from friends of the Museum in that region. In 1943 the Department of Botany received 238 accessions con- sisting of material for the economic collections and for the exhibits and herbaria. There were 7,722 specimens received as gifts, 8,124 as exchanges, and 1,046 as purchases; 10,669 (duplicates of 3,522 numbers included) had been collected by Museum expeditions in previous years. The total of numbered specimens in the herbaria and other organized collections at the end of 1943 was 1,127,000. During the year there were added to the herbaria 17,777 sheets of specimens, of which 14,000 were cryptogams; also, several hundred photographs and printed or typewritten descriptions of new species of plants. Of the total receipts, specimens for the herbaria, including duplicates for exchange, amounted to 23,455, consisting of plant specimens and photographs. The largest accession of the year consisted of 6,500 herbarium specimens (2,272 numbers) and more than 1,100 numbers of woods and economic specimens, each sufficient for three or more duplicates, received as the result of the 1942 Field Museum-Venezuelan Government Expedition to the upper Orinoco, conducted by Cura- tor Llewelyn Williams. The largest gift of the year to the phanerogamic herbarium con- sisted of 991 specimens of plants of the Hawaiian Islands and the -45- United States, presented by Dr. Otto Degener, of the New York Botanical Garden. Important exchanges were 2,226 Texas plants received from the Department of Botany of the University of Texas, Austin, and 580 specimens of plants of the Fiji Islands, forwarded by the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. i ■" L>-* -*.*... • Fig. 12. Wild kale from Cliffs of Dover. A plant of the south and west coasts of Europe, probably ancestral to all the Euro- pean kinds of cultivated cabbage and their rela- tives. The original of this exhibit was grown in the Museum from seed ob- tained some years ago in the south of England. Hall 29 In addition to specimens accruing from Museum expeditions, more than 7,600 new items were received in the cryptogamic her- barium. About 4,600 of these were gifts, most of them algae sent for identification by workers in various parts of North and South America. Noteworthy among the gifts is a set of 800 specimens of Mougeot and Nestler, Stirpes Cryptogamae Vogeso-rhenanae (1810- 23), presented by Mr. Donald Richards, of Chicago. Some 3,000 specimens were received in exchange from other institutions and individuals. -46- Department of Geology Research . . . Until October, when Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleon- tology, was called into the Army, the Division of Paleontology had not been handicapped by loss of men to the armed forces. With its full staff, the division had been able to make normal progress, although the task of putting the vast exhibits (Ernest R. Graham Hall — Hall 38) in order, reinstalling a number of them, and planning and installing others, had brought about some reduc- tion in research. Curator Patterson made good progress in his studies on the relationships of certain South American mammals and birds. Dr. Albert A. Dahlberg, Research Associate, continued his detailed studies on human dentition. Studies on fossil turtles were continued by Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, and two papers describing new species and new genera of Cretaceous and Paleocene forms were completed. The Museum now has the types of three Cretaceous turtles from Arkansas, the first to be described from the Mississippi Embayment, and interesting for comparison with the numerous fossil turtles of the Kansas Chalk. Dr. Paul 0. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, com- pleted his study of a Pleistocene fauna from north central Nebraska. Although this fauna, mentioned in the Report for 1942, was small, the conclusions derived from it are of considerable interest. The glaciated regions of North America have never produced a mam- malian fauna that could definitely be tied in to the earliest part of the glacial period. Because of this, it has never been possible to correlate certain important faunas from the western and southern parts of the United States with faunas in the all-important glacial sequence. The Nebraska fossils, fortunately, were found in a series of deposits that appeared to be directly affected by the advance and retreat of the major ice sheets of the Pleistocene. This geological evidence, plus evidence derived from a rather large invertebrate fauna, seems definitely to link this deposit and its mammalian fauna with the earliest inter-glacial deposits of the glaciated regions. Thus we have for the first time concrete evidence as to the age of the western and southern faunas. This has necessitated a rather impor- tant change in the epoch allocation of a large group of mammal- bearing deposits. All of those beds of so-called Blancan age, formerly regarded as Pliocene, are now believed to be of Pleistocene age. -47- An outgrowth of this study has added considerably to our knowledge of the Pliocene and Pleistocene history of the horse family. Excellent evidence is provided that the true horse, as we know it, did not originate in North America, as has always been DURING FIFTY-FIVE MILLION YEARS OF EVOLUTION HORSES BECAME LARGE HORSES TEETH -S6CAM6 COMPLEX *j&* HORSES TOES WERE REDUCED FROM THREE TO OME THE HORSE 5 FACE BECAME LOMC Fig. 13. This colorful new exhibit illustrates the way in which changes in the structure of the horse have gone hand in hand with changes in its environment (Hall 38). believed. Instead it seems that an ancestral group of horses migrated to Asia over the Bering Strait (which was dry land and warm at that time). There the group continued in its evolutionary path to give rise to Equus, our living horse. From this Asiatic birthplace the true horse then spread throughout Eurasia and to North and South -48- ^ America. During most of the Pleistocene it lived in the western hemisphere, but it became extinct before white men appeared on the American scene. Exceedingly strong evidence was also found indicating that the zebra was of North American origin. It lived THE HISTORY OF HORSE DISTRIBUTION MOST OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE FAMILY TOOK PLACE IN NORTH AMERICA. ABOUT 5.OOO.000 YEARS AGO ANCESTRAL HORSES MIGRATED TO ASIA. TRUE HORSES PROBABLY EVOLVED IN ASIA ABOUT 1.000,000 YEARS AGO. FROM ASIA THEY SPREAD TO EUROPE AND TO THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE THE ZEBRA EVOLVED IN NORTH AMERICA AND ABOUT 1,000,000 YEARS AGO SPREAD TO EURASIA AND AFRICA. THEN THE ZEBRA BECAME EXTINCT IN AMERICA... THE HORSE FAMILY IS NOW CONFINED TO SMALL AREAS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. HORSES NOW IN THE AMERICAS WERE INTRODUCED BY WHITE MAN. Fig. 14. A graphic presentation of the distribution of the horse through its long geologic history (Figs. 13 and 14 represent the two parts of the exhibit show- ing the evolution and distribution of the horse; Hall 38). on this continent until early Pleistocene times and then spread to Asia, Europe and Africa. Soon thereafter it became extinct every- where except in Africa (see Fig. 14). In other sections of the Department, owing to the absence of most of the scientific staff on war work, there has been no research. 49 The Department published, in the Museum Geological Series, an important paper on Measurements of the Age of the Solar System, by Dr. Robley D. Evans, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This paper, based on studies of meteorite material provided by this Museum, shows that the atoms in other parts of the solar system are of the same age as those composing the earth. It was already known that some of the minerals of the oldest known terrestrial rocks crys- tallized about two billion years ago, although the atoms composing crystals are much older. This paper also suggests a probability that the material substance of the universe has an age definitely less than six billion years. Installations and Rearrangements — Geology . . . The Department staff has been so greatly depleted by the demands of the war that it has been necessary to confine continuance of work on important revisions of the exhibits, detailed in the 1942 Report, to the vertebrate paleontology collection in Hall 38, where reinstallation continued at nearly the normal rate. Newly developed techniques in mounting fossil skeletons, com- bined with better knowledge of skeletal posture, have made it desirable to remount a number of specimens that had been exhibited for several years. Nine skeletons were thus improved during 1943. The program of reinstallation interfered with the planning and construction of cases, although one new exhibit was completed. This shows the relationships of the various carnivores of the western hemisphere. The history of each family, illustrated by skulls and jaws, is traced back through 55,000,000 years of evolution to the common ancestral group. The divergent phylogenetic lines are indicated by a diagrammatic tree. Much life, color, and interest have been added to a number of exhibits by excellent oil paintings, the work of Mr. John Conrad Hansen. These carefully made pictures depict the various fossil animals in their life form and in what was their most probable habitat. A critical study of the economic and physical geology reserve and study collections stored on the third floor was undertaken primarily to facilitate the reinstallation of the exhibits illustrating these sub- jects when this work is resumed. Although these specimens were already in such good order that any specimens could be easily found when wanted, it became apparent that some minor changes in arrangement, some additional data on the labels, and the preparation -50- of a classified card catalogue would greatly increase their usefulness and research value, especially to visiting scientists. This work is well under way, but the collections are so large that it will take several years to complete the task. Each specimen is checked for errors in labeling, again checked against the records, and a more complete label provided. Cards for a classified catalogue call atten- tion to any features of special interest which might easily be over- looked. During the year catalogue cards and new labels have been provided for 3,130 physical geology specimens. Department of Zoology Research . . . The discontinuance of active field work necessitated by the war has had the benefit of making possible the completion of various studies in progress on the existing collections, and the residual staff has continued research in some of the Museum's major fields of scientific interest. In the Division of Anatomy, Miss H. Elizabeth Story has con- tinued work on the comparative anatomy of the carnivorous mam- mals, in relation to the monographic study of the giant panda. Several papers bearing on this project have been completed, and are in press or have appeared during the year. Dr. Harry Sicher, of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, has continued his studies of the functional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus. Publications of the Department issued during the year by the Museum Press are listed on page 66. In the Division of Mammals, the appearance of The Mammals of Chile, by Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, marks the com- pletion of a Museum project undertaken in 1922. Dr. Osgood has continued work on his check-list of South American mammals and on collections of mammals from Ecuador and Peru. In the Division of Birds, Mr. Boardman Conover continued his studies of game birds, and published two papers. Dr. Oscar Neu- mann, a volunteer, continued studies on exotic birds, and supplied information in aid of the Check-List of Birds of the World. In the Division of Reptiles, Curator Clifford H. Pope was engaged in the completion of his report on the amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago region, and on further studies of Illinois reptiles. Chief -51- Curator Karl P. Schmidt continued work on fossil turtles, and on various faunal papers begun during past years. In the Division of Fishes, Assistant Curator Loren P. Woods brought his manuscript on fishes collected by the Leon Mandel Galapagos Expedition nearly to completion before being called to accept a commission in the Navy. Mrs. Marion Grey, a volunteer assistant, has worked steadily on a report on the fishes of the earlier Fig. 15. Unpainted plaster model of a bottle-nosed porpoise, one of a series in preparation to represent the porpoises and whales of the world in the Museum's projected Hall of Whales. Mandel Caribbean Expedition. A paper by another volunteer, Mr. Robert Haas, now in the Army, appeared in Copeia (1943, p. 160) under the title "A List of the Fishes of McHenry County, Illinois." In the Division of Insects, research on the very curious insect parasites of bats known as bat-flies was continued by Mr. Henry S. Dybas. He was engaged also in studies on a family of minute beetles, the Ptiliidae, found in polyporous fungi. The facilities of the Museum were again made available to local specialists, and studies on mordellid beetles and on conopid flies were made by Messrs. Eugene Ray and Sidney Camras respectively. Dr. Charles H. Seevers, Research Associate in Insects, was extremely helpful in arranging the collections of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) received with the Psota Collection, and has pursued various studies on beetles, in part under Museum auspices. Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, has continued the revision of his division's collections, with a by-product of taxo- nomic and other interesting notes. Thirteen articles were prepared by the staff of the Department for Field Museum News. Chief Curator Schmidt continued as Herpetological Editor of Copeia, and as consulting editor for the American Midland Naturalist. Mr. Schmidt also took part in the preparation of a handbook of the Pacific for the use of the armed forces, to appear under the title The Pacific World. Installations and Rearrangements— Zoology . . . A habitat group of gibbons in the Hall of Asiatic Mammals (William V. Kelley Hall — Hall 17) was completed early in the year. An old male, an adult female, and three youngsters of assorted sizes compose one of the tree-top family parties characteristic of the "social life" of the gibbon. The species shown is the Indo-Chinese Hylobates concolor gabriellae, in which the males are black and the females pale brown. Aside from the interest of their family life, the gibbons represent a peak of adjustment to life in trees, corres- ponding in their powers of tree-top locomotion to the spider monkeys of tropical America. The background of the group is by Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert; the vegetation and various other accessories are by Preparator Frank H. Letl, aided by Assistant Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder and Mr. Rueckert. The gibbons, obtained by Curator Emeritus Osgood on his expedition to Indo-China in 1936, were mounted by Staff Taxidermist W. E. Eigsti (see Fig. 2). In Hall 15 (mammals systematically arranged) a case of North American foxes was installed to show the extremely interesting color varieties of the red fox, and of the Arctic fox, that are of so much importance to the fur trade. The large-eared desert fox is also included; the gray fox, which is very different from the true foxes, may be seen in an adjoining case. The foxes are arranged on a natural base with ground work and vegetation, including a patch of snow for the Arctic foxes, in the style of the cases of North American cats, bears, and mountain sheep. The skins of the silver, black, cross, and red foxes were supplied by the Fromm Brothers from their re- markable fur farm at Hamburg, Wisconsin, where the fox has been added to the list of man's domestications. Mounting of the animals is the work of Staff Taxidermist W. E. Eigsti. An important addition to the same hall is a wall case contain- ing bats. Because they are the only mammals that fly, bats are of -53- extraordinary interest. The case includes a superb model in celluloid of a fruit bat, by Staff Taxidermist Leon L. Walters, who also made other models or supervised their preparation, and installed the case. Since bats are for the most part small creatures, enlarged models are used to show such features as the remarkable variation in dentition correlated with food habits; various structures, such as a sucking disk on the wing of a tropical bat; and the bizarre faces produced by development of nose-leaves, ear-leaves, and other fleshy projections of the face that appear to be of some aid in flying in the dark. The vampire bat, which feeds on the blood of mammals, and may occa- sionally attack man, is shown in its spider-like running posture. By including skeletal material, mounted specimens, celluloid models, enlarged models of special structures, colored illustrations, and maps, the case embodies modern ideas of museum exhibition, which tend toward the explanation of the exhibits, and represent an important advance from the mere mounted specimen labeled with its scientific name. In Hall 19 a vacant case was installed with skeletons of the domes- tic pig, wart hog, and peccary, and skulls of the wild boar and the babirusa. These represent the more important types of the pig group. The installation is by Mrs. Dorothy Foss, Assistant in the Division of Anatomy, who enjoyed expert advice from Messrs. James Quinn and Harry Changnon of the Department of Geology. A model of a large boa constrictor (see Fig. 16) made by Mr. Walters, who used the "Walters Process," was installed in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18), opposite the reticulated python. It forms an appropriate companion piece to the python, as these forms represent the two families of gigantic snakes whose names extend into the pop- ular vocabulary. The original specimen was presented to the Museum by the Lincoln Park Zoo, through the courtesy of the Direc- tor, Mr. Floyd Young. The Division of Birds reinstalled, with new labels, the small case of birds' eggs in Hall 21, and relabeled the albino case at the entrance to Hall 21. Corrections were made on certain labels in Halls 20 and 21. This task was supervised by Mrs. Ellen T. Smith, Associate in the division. In the Division of Lower Invertebrates, some relabeling of the exhibition collection is under way. The few shells broken or dis- placed in the course of moving the collection to its present location in Hall M were repaired or replaced. In the Division of Insects a case of exotic moths was installed in Harris Hall (Hall 18), to accompany the three cases installed in -54- 1942. Two of the cases now on exhibition show the principal types of moths and butterflies of North America, and two additional cases of the same groups exhibit representative types from other parts of the world. These cases contain some of the most beautiful of insects, and fill the long-felt need for an exhibit of moths and butterflies. Fig. 16. "Boa constrictor" is often used merely to refer to any gigantic snake, but the true boa constrictor of tropical America is by no means as gigantic as the South American anaconda or some Oriental pythons. This model of a South American boa constrictor, placed on exhibition in 1943, was made from an exceptionally fine specimen, about ten feet in length, received from the Lin- coln Park Zoo. The boa forms an excel- lent counterpart to the East Indian python in the same hall I Hall 18). Formerly inquiries for them from school groups and amateur natu- ralists made great inroads on the time of the Division of Insects, as such inquiries hitherto could only be referred to the reference collection. Exhibition work in progress includes a number of major projects, most important of which is perhaps the making of a series of scale models of whales and life-size models of porpoises (see Fig. 15) for a Hall of Whales, to adjoin the Hall of Marine Mammals. The models are the work of Staff Taxidermist C. J. Albrecht. Staff Taxidermist Julius Friesser has been engaged mainly on the accessories for a habitat group of the African forest hog. Mr. Walters has made 55 various molds of reptiles for exhibition, and is engaged on a model of a king cobra. A habitat group to represent the familiar fresh-water fishes of the Chicago region in an underwater scene will result from the combined efforts of Staff Taxidermist Leon L. Pray and Messrs. Rueckert, Letl, and Eigsti. Before his departure for the Navy, Curator Woods laid the plans for an exhibition illustrating fish coloration, to give a vivid demonstration of what is known of the principles of coloration in fishes — what relations the coloration bears to the environment, why fishes are colored, and how they change color. The models for this exhibit have been prepared, in a great variety of ingenious techniques, by Mr. Pray. Miss Nellie B. Starkson, Artist-Preparator, has been engaged throughout the year on models for an exhibit to show the principles of muscular action for the Hall of Anatomy and Osteology (Hall 19). Artist-Preparator Joseph Krstolich has modeled various verte- brates and invertebrates for a "tree of life," to be associated with the invertebrate fossils in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37) of the Department of Geology. Such representations of the family rela- tions of animals form an urgent need in various zoological halls. Much of the regular work of the various divisions is not covered under formal headings of the Annual Report. The staff of the Department continues to function as an information bureau, answer- ing questions that range in importance from those of most trivial nature to important aid to fellow scientists. Questions as to the ages reached by various birds, mammals, reptiles, and fishes, the period of gestation of mammals and of incubation of birds' eggs, the loca- tion of illustrations of animals of all kinds, and data needed by pub- lishers of textbooks and encyclopedias — come by letter, telephone, and personal interview, and continue to form a regular and often a time-consuming part of Museum work. It may be pointed out that encouragement of amateur naturalists of all ages is and should be an important activity of the staff. The Division of Anatomy, with the two local zoos as sources of material, prepares its own skeletons, and this important Museum activity has fallen to Mrs. Dorothy Foss. The work of preparing a single skeleton involves skinning, fleshing the bones, drying, boiling, cleaning, bleaching, numbering, cataloguing, and arrangement in the storage collection. The aid of dermestid beetles is invoked for the cleaning of the smaller skeletons, but the beetles by no means produce a finished skeleton, and skeletons in the beetle drawers have to be watched daily lest the beetles eat the smaller bones as ■ 56- well as the dried flesh. Still other techniques are used on skeletons desired for mounting. Thus the accession of 109 skeletons means that they were cleaned by the Division of Anatomy, as well as added to the collection. In connection with her work in preparing skele- tons, Mrs. Foss has drawn up about fifty autopsies of birds and mammals during the year for the zoos from which specimens had A* Fig. 17. Goliath beetles, from West Africa, are among the largest beetles of the world, often reaching a length of four inches. The family Cetomdae, to which they belong, is especially well represented in the Psota Collection, acquired by the Museum in 1943. been received in the flesh. The skeletons prepared in 1943 include a half-grown elephant and a giant eland among large animals, and, at the opposite extreme, the smallest of birds and rodents. A continuing duty of the taxidermy shop — the care of the large mammal skins, together with the preparation of skins from varied sources — falls largely to Mr. Dominick Villa, the Museum's expert tanner. The preparation of smaller bird and mammal skins from fresh specimens is done by Messrs. Wonder and Eigsti. The recent falling off of accessions has afforded the opportunity to engage in a much needed program of repair and improvement of the older bird and mammal skins of the reference collections. The physical care of the reference collections involves repeated poisoning of the collections of skins and of insects, change and replen- ishment of alcohol on specimens preserved in that fluid, and constant ■57 > rearrangement to make room for new material or to bring the arrangement into accord with improved classifications. A considerable share of the time of the staff is occupied by the entertainment and guiding of scientists from other institutions who visit the Museum to examine its collections, study its techniques, and confer with their colleagues here. Other visitors bring inquiries about Museum work directly to the staff. Total accessions number 160,607, of which the great majority (156,382) are insects. Accessions of lower invertebrates number 3,326; of fishes, 87; of amphibians and reptiles, 366; of birds, 68; of mammals, 150; of anatomical material, 38, and of skeletons, 190. The most noteworthy gift of mammals is the collection of 72 speci- mens made by Curator Emeritus Osgood in South Dakota. Judge R. Magoon Barnes, the Curator of Birds' Eggs, presented two eggs of the California condor (collected in the '70's), valued conserva- tively at $200; and Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester, New York, continued gifts of rare or otherwise noteworthy specimens of land and fresh-water shells. The most important acquisition of the year was the collection of beetles accumulated by the late Frank J. Psota, of Chicago, pur- chased for the Museum by an anonymous donor. This collection, amounting to about 150,000 specimens, represents the life work of at least five specialists on various families of beetles, as well as impor- tant portions of the collections of several other well-known collectors. It contains many large, attractive, and rare species that are highly prized by collectors, and some hundreds of types and co-types are included. The sixty- two drawers of beetles of the family Cetonidae represent the interest of three generations of the Ondrej family, of Prague (see Fig. 17). The collection includes microscopes, a variety of collecting equipment, and the specialized library of about 500 bound volumes and 6,000 pamphlets. Among other accessions of insects, the 2,789 moths and butterflies received as a gift from Mrs. Edward F. Lustig, of Elkhart, Indiana, are especially valued as including many local species poorly represented in the Museum's collections. This collection, mostly from Illinois and the adjoining states, had been accumulated by Mrs. Lustig's late husband. It is gratifying to note a considerable series of gifts from men in the armed services at stations within the United States and even from the Aleutian and Solomon Island fronts — friends of the Mu- seum as well as our own staff. This special list of collectors is given below, with the number of specimens sent by each, and it should be noted that fully appreciated at the Museum are the difficulties -58- involved in capturing, preserving, packing, and shipping speci- mens under war conditions: Pfc. William Beecher, 209; Lieut. Alvin R. Cahn, U.S.N.R., 85; Cpl. D. Dwight Davis, 40; Pvt. R. C. Ellis, 4; Col. Clifford C. Gregg, 10; Pvt. Ernest B. Haas, 77; Lieut. Harry Hoogstraal, 43; Pvt. Borys Malkin, 61; Lieut. L. J. Marchand, 21; Lieut. Colin C. Sanborn, U.S.N.R., 1; Lieut. Harold Trapido, 29; Lieut. Robert Traub, 8; Capt. Rupert L. Wenzel, 182. Cataloguing, Inventorying, and Labeling — All Departments . . . The customary attention was given in all four scientific depart- ments to the tasks of cataloguing, inventorying, and labeling. Anthropology . . . New accessions received by the Department of Anthropology totaled sixteen, of which nine were entered in the inventory books. Ten previous accessions were entered in whole or in part. A total of 674 catalogue cards was prepared during the year, and 1,155 cards were entered (including some held over from previous years). Since the inventory books were first started, 229,372 cards have been entered in them. The Division of Printing delivered to this Depart- ment 2,950 catalogue cards, 61 maps, and 463 labels representing 113 label forms prepared by the Department of Anthropology. Botany . . . There were distributed by the Department of Botany in exchange to institutions and individuals in North and South America 50 lots of duplicate material, totaling 7,722 items, consisting chiefly of her- barium specimens and photographs. There were received on loan for study and determination 30 lots of material, comprising more than 1,550 items. There were lent for determination, or use in monographic studies, 40 lots consisting of 3,402 specimens. Of specimens lent for monographic studies in previous years, it is assumed that 373 specimens, including a number of types on loan to the Berlin Botanical Garden, were destroyed in the bombing of March 12, 1943. More than 14,000 new specimens were mounted on sheets and filed in the cryptogamic herbarium during 1943. Work was con- tinued on the renovation of the packaging of the fungi. The collec- -59- tions of mosses were rearranged in families according to the system of classification of Engler and Prantl. The packets, required in great numbers, were folded by Mrs. Catharine M. Richards of Chicago. About 3,500 duplicate specimens of cryptogams were prepared and distributed in exchanges to public and private herbaria. During 1943 more than 16,000 prints with herbarium labels from the negatives of type specimens obtained in European herbaria by Mr. Macbride were supplied at cost or in exchange for similar photo- graphs to botanists in North and South America. A complete set of prints of the type photographs from Europe are on file in the phanerogamic herbarium and present no special problem. The Department's files of other botanical photographs have required special attention during the year. In the course of time these have grown so extensively that the prevailing system of keeping track of them geographically and chronologically, arranged in photographic albums, has now become practically unmanageable, even in the hands of the one or two members of the staff with special personal knowledge of the photographs. A com- pletely new filing system has therefore been initiated which, when finished and kept up to date, should enable any member of the botanical staff to find prints and negative numbers of any desired items on hand. This should facilitate greatly the filling of requests for photographs, now often a time consuming and costly operation. Special storage cases have also been built for the filing and pres- ervation of the Department's large collections of negatives, includ- ing the Harper photographs of fungi and other cryptogams, the collection of negatives of types from European herbaria, and the many photographs made on botanical expeditions. Geology . . . During the year 162 entries were made in the Department's twenty-nine record books. All specimens received during the year were catalogued except such vertebrate fossils collected by expedi- tions as have not yet been sufficiently prepared for cataloguing. All the classified card catalogues which index the gem, meteorite, mineral, rock, photograph, map and vertebrate fossil collections have been kept up to date. A new classified card catalogue of physical geology was started and 3,130 cards typed for it. In all, 3,722 additions were made to these catalogues. One hundred seventy-six photographs were labeled, catalogued and mounted in the albums. Copy for eighty-four labels was prepared and sent to the Division of Printing, and the labels were installed. -60- Zoology . . . Entries in the Department catalogues number 5,899, of which 16 are for anatomy, 173 for mammals, 2,629 for birds, 335 for amphib- ians and reptiles, 725 for fishes, 215 for insects, and 1,806 for lower invertebrates. The entries for insects and lower invertebrates cover lots of specimens, while those of the other divisions ordinarily repre- sent single specimens. Cataloguing of the birds of the Bishop Collection has gone forward, thanks to the aid of Mrs. John Morrow. The revision of the reference collection of mollusks has occupied much of Dr. Haas's time, and involves new labels and checks, and rechecks of the old. Membership . . . Despite the continued heavy demands on the public purse due to the war effort, a notable increase in the enrollment of Museum Members was accomplished during 1943. This is most encouraging and gratifying. A total of 428 new Members was procured in 1943; losses incurred through transfers, cancellations, and deaths numbered 374, resulting in a net increase of 54 Members, as compared with a loss of 49 Mem- bers in 1942. The total number of memberships recorded as of December 31, 1943, is 4,326. The following tabulation shows the number of names on the list of each of the membership classifications at the end of 1943: Benefactors 23 Honorary Members 11 Patrons 24 Corresponding Members 7 Contributors 134 Corporate Members 45 Life Members 223 Non-Resident Life Members 13 Associate Members 2,379 Non- Resident Associate Members 8 Sustaining Members 7 Annual Members 1,452 Total memberships 4,326 The interest manifested in the Chicago Natural History Museum and its activities, as evidenced by the many public-spirited citizens who as Members are so loyally supporting its educational work, is most deeply appreciated. An expression of gratitude for their past support is owed also to those Members who are now serving ■ 61- in the armed forces, and to those who for other reasons found it necessary to discontinue their memberships. When it is possible for them to do so, it is hoped they will resume their association with the institution. The names of all persons listed as Members during 1943 will be found on the pages at the end of this Report. Public Relations . . . For publicity, the most notable event of 1943 was the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Field Museum, and the change of name to the Chicago Natural History Museum. Other events which received much attention in the press were the Museum's First International Photographic Exhibit, and the opening of the new Hall of Indian America (Hall B). Despite reduction in the size of all newspapers, the Museum continued to receive generous treatment for news of its activities. Outstanding "spreads" included several rotogravure pages. Editors, special writers, editorial writers, columnists, and pho- tographers co-operated gratifyingly with Mr. H. B. Harte, the Museum's Public Relations Counsel, in carrying the institution's news stories, announcements, and pictures to the public. To the staffs of the Chicago Daily News, Chicago Sun, Chicago Daily Times, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Herald-American, and Chicago Journal of Commerce, the Museum owes a debt of gratitude for their courteous treatment of this institution. The transmission of Mu- seum news to the various local newspaper offices was on innumerable occasions expedited by the City News Bureau. Likewise, gratitude is due to the Associated Press, United Press, International News Service, Science Service, and other national and international news agencies for transmitting Museum news. Museum events were frequently given valuable notices on various radio programs. Appreciation is due especially to Mr. Patsy Gallichio, announcer, to his sponsor, the Chicago and North Western Railway, and to the Caples Company which operates the "North Western Hour" over station WMAQ, for the very frequent and exceedingly valuable publicity given the Museum via that medium. Not only the metropolitan press and the radio systems, but also community newspapers in all parts of Chicago, foreign-language papers, and suburban and other dailies and weeklies throughout the Middle West contributed valuable publicity. ■ 62- The number of releases produced and distributed directly by the Public Relations Counsel totaled nearly 300. Many of these were accompanied by photographs; others stimulated editors to assign their own writers and photographers for follow-up stories and pictures. Occasionally Museum stories resulted also in favorable editorial comments in newspapers and magazines. Field Museum News (which, with the change of name of the Museum, becomes Chicago Natural History Museum Bulletin), was reduced from a monthly to eight issues, to conform with the paper-saving program, and because of the absence in war service of many members of the staff who normally are contributors. How- ever, a special 40-page Golden Anniversary Number was published as the September-October issue under the title, "Fifty Years of Progress." Other work of the Public Relations Counsel included the prepara- tion of folders, pamphlets, and articles for such publications as the Americana Annual (of the Americana Encyclopedia). Various transportation companies and other organizations made available to the Museum, without cost, the advertising facilities they control. Among those which thus publicized the institution are: the Chicago Rapid Transit Lines; Chicago, Aurora and Elgin Railroad; Chicago, North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad; Chicago and North Western Railway, and Chicago Surface Lines. Library . . . Because of preoccupation with the war, and the large number of students who have gone into the armed forces, there was a reduction in the number of visitors from outside, and those who did come were largely seeking information of types different from that normally required. Consultations of the Library by telephone have shown a marked increase. There were many readers eager to obtain material about the natural history of countries to which they might be dis- patched by Army and Navy, or to which friends and relatives had gone. Naturally there has been a heavy demand for maps, and by good fortune the Library recently acquired many unusually valuable additions to its map collections. Especially useful has been the new edition of the Union List of Serials which was received during the year. As this is one of the most important tools of all libraries, and requires constant research to keep it up to date, work was immediately begun for revisions and addi- tions in anticipation of the next edition. -63- The binding project to rehabilitate many of the Library's valu- able volumes was continued in full force during 1943. As this work goes on, the shelves are gradually taking on a more attractive appear- ance, and many books will now be well preserved for years to come. Officers and men of the Army and Navy have called upon the Library frequently for the use of books and maps having a bearing on strategic and other war problems. At the request of government agencies, some of the Library's material has been sent on loan to Washington and other centers. The war has, of course, continued to prevent the receipt of most foreign periodicals, although a few have come through with fair regularity. However, the Library was able to purchase some much- desired sets of periodicals, as well as various volumes which had been lacking from sets already on the shelves. Among sets com- pleted or near to completion are the following: Malpighia Herbertia Transactions of the American Microscopical Society; volumes 10-16, 35-37. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute; fourteen early volumes. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society; early numbers. Archives of Science and Transactions of the Orleans County Society of Natural Sciences. In the past few years especial attention has centered upon material on Mollusca, and in 1943 several important and unusual titles have been added. Among these are: American Conchology, and Monography of the Family Unionidae. By Timothy Abbott Conrad. United States Exploring Expedition in the Years 1838-18^.2. Volume 12: Mollusca and Shells. By A. A. Gould. 1852. Observations on the Genus Unio. By Isaac Lea. American Conchology. By Thomas Say. Acquisitions include a large collection of material on Coleoptera with about 7,000 pamphlets and approximately 1,000 volumes. This collection includes several entomological periodicals and mono- graphs, together with publications from entomological societies and institutions. There are also such valuable sets as the following: Biologia Centr all- Americana. Macrolepidoptera. By Adalbert Seitz. Coleopterorum catalogus; 106 parts. Synonymie Insectorum: Genera and Species Curculionidum; 8 volumes. By Carl Johann Schonherr. An opportunity was presented to obtain a valuable addition to the material on whales, and approximately 150 titles were added. -64- The Carnegie Institution of Washington has continued to send its valuable publications. President Stanley Field renewed his gift of subscriptions to many desirable periodicals. Mr. Walter F. Webb contributed the five volumes of Museum published from 1894 to 1900. Mr. Henry Miller gave a collection of 100 current maps. From Mr. Elmer S. Riggs, formerly of this Museum, were received paleon- tological publications which were a welcome addition to the collection he had already presented. Mr. Leon L. Pray gave a copy of his recent book Taxidermy. Mr. Emil Liljeblad presented additional valuable entomological material, including special publications on the Modelli- dae. Mrs. William H. Bush presented seventeen most interesting small manuscripts in various Asiatic languages. Colonel Clifford C. Gregg has given the current numbers of many periodicals. Dr. Henry Field has continued sending current numbers of interesting and helpful publications. Mr. Boardman Conover has presented publications and maps, and Mr. Henry W. Nichols has added cur- rent numbers of periodicals to those he had previously donated. The service of inter-library loans has been continued, and the Museum has sent books to various parts of the country. It is indebted to other libraries for similar courtesies and acknowledges these with gratitude. The Museum is especially indebted to the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago Libraries, American Museum of Natural History Library, the United States Department of Agriculture, and Northwestern University Library. Upon learning of the great loss sustained at Lima, Peru, by the Sociedad Geografica when its whole library was destroyed by fire, this Museum, like others, sent its publications to replace those lost. Publications and Printing . . . The number of scientific publications issued by the Museum in 1943 was more than double the number published during the pre- ceding year, and distribution mounted accordingly. Taking advan- tage of modification of censorship regulations regarding shipment of publications outside the United States, copies of scientific publica- tions which had accumulated since late in 1941 were sent at the end of November, 1943, through the courtesy of the Smithsonian Insti- tution in Washington, D.C., to foreign exchanges in the western hemisphere. Limited ocean shipping space and wartime restrictions make it necessary to continue holding here for the duration such copies of publications as are intended for exchange libraries in other parts of the world. <65< The copies distributed to domestic and certain foreign exchanges on the Museum's lists totaled 9,212 scientific publications, 120 leaflets, and 1,587 miscellaneous publications and pamphlets. Sales during the year totaled 2,800 publications, 6,360 leaflets, and 17,505 miscellaneous pamphlets, such as Guides, Handbooks, and Memoirs. Nineteen new exchange arrangements with institu- tions and scientists were established. For future sales, foreign exchanges, and other distributions, the Museum in 1943 wrapped, labeled, and stored 29,205 copies of scientific publications and miscel- laneous pamphlets. A total of 83,909 post cards was sold during the year. Production of the Division of Printing in 1943 included twenty- two new numbers in the Museum's regular publication series. These comprised 1,980 pages of type composition. The aggregate number of copies printed was 24,676. A pamphlet containing three addresses delivered at the meeting commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Field Museum, consisting of 30 pages (7,007 copies), and The Gen- eral Council on Zoological Nomenclature, consisting of four pages (130 copies), also were printed. A twenty-third edition of the Gen- eral Guide, consisting of 58 pages and nine illustrations (10,244 copies), and a twelfth edition of the Handbook of the Museum, con- taining 80 pages (3,069 copies), were also printed. The total number of pages printed in all books was 2,188 and the total copies issued numbered 45,545. Of major importance was the printing of eight issues of Field Museum News (now Chicago Natural History Museum Bulletin), with an average of 5,200 copies a month. In 1943 there was one issue of 15,000 copies — the special Fiftieth Anniversary Edition. Exhibition labels printed during the year reached a total of 1,968. Other printing, including posters, Museum Stories, lecture schedules, and post cards, brought the total number of impressions for the year to 1,190,964. Following is a detailed list of publications issued during the year: Publication Series 523. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 25. External Characters of the Bats of the Subfamily Glossophaginae. By Colin Campbell Sanborn. January 6, 1943. 8 pages, 1 text figure. Edition 904. 524. — Botanical Series, Vol. 23, No. 1. Studies of Central American Plants — 777. By Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. January 14, 1943. 28 pages. Edition 824. 525. — Anthropological Series, Vol. 34. Slavery in China During the Former Han Dynasty. By C. Martin Wilbur. January 15, 1943. 490 pages, 2 plates, 1 map. Edition 718. -66- 526. — Anthropological Series, Vol. 32, No. 2. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon Village, Western New Mexico. Second Season, 1941. By Paul S. Martin. February 24, 1943. 174 pages, 49 text figures, 12 maps. Edition 677. 527. — Zoological Series, Vol. 28, No. 1. The Carotid Circulation in the Domestic Cat. By D. Dwight Davis and H. Elizabeth Story. March 25, 1943. 48 pages, 9 text figures. Edition 857. 528. — Anthropological Series, Vol. 35. Survey and Excavations in Southern Ecuador. By Donald Collier and John V. Murra. May 15, 1943. 108 pages, 54 plates, 18 text figures, 3 maps. Edition 1,212. 529. — Zoological Series, Vol. 29, No. 1. M alacological Notes — III. By Fritz Haas. June 10, 1943. 24 pages, 8 text figures. Edition 881. 530. — Report Series, Vol. 13, No. 1. Annual Report of the Director for the Year 191*2. January, 1943. 120 pages, 8 plates. Edition 5,732. 531.— Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part III, No. 1. Flora of Peru. By J. Francis Macbride. October 11, 1943. 510 pages. Edition 834. 532. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 26. Peruvian Snakes from the University of Arequipa. By Karl P. Schmidt and Warren F. Walker, Jr. October 20, 1943. 18 pages. Edition 939. 533. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 27. Snakes of the Peruvian Coastal Region. By Karl P. Schmidt and Warren F. Walker, Jr. October 20, 1943. 28 pages, 1 map. Edition 934. 534. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 28. Three New Snakes from the Peruvian Andes. By Karl P. Schmidt and Warren F. Walker, Jr. October 20, 1943. 6 pages. Edition 958. 535. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 29. Amphibians and Reptiles from the Sudan. By Karl P. Schmidt. October 20, 1943. 8 pages, 1 text figure. Edition 954. 536.— Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 30. The White Sands Earless Lizard. By Hobart M. Smith. October 20, 1943. 6 pages. Edition 917. 537. — Botanical Series, Vol. 20, No. 7. Myxophyceae of Eastern California and Western Nevada. By Francis Drouet. November 20, 1943. 34 pages, 4 text figures. Edition 940. 538. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 31. A Study of the Torrent Ducks. By Boardman Conover. November 20, 1943. 12 pages. Edition 837. 539.— Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 32. The Odonata of Chile. By James G. Needham and Dillman S. Bullock. November 20, 1943. 18 pages, 3 text figures. Edition 888. 540. — Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 33. Bird Lice from the Tinamidae. By Theresa Clay. November 26, 1943. 14 pages, 5 text figures. Edition 841. 541. — Zoological Series, Vol. 29, No. 2. Notes on Coral Snakes from Mexico. By Karl P. Schmidt and Hobart M. Smith. November 26, 1943. 8 pages. Edition 934. 542. — Zoological Series, Vol. 30. The Mammals of Chile. By Wilfred H. Osgood. December 28, 1943. 268 pages, 33 text figures, 10 maps. Edition 845. 543. — Geological Series, Vol. VII, No. 6. Measurements of the Age of the Solar System. By Robley D. Evans. December 28, 1943. 20 pages, 5 text figures. Edition 1,223. 544. — Zoological Series, Vol. 29, No. 3. The Auditory Region of the Arctoid Carni- vores. By Walter Segall. December 31, 1943. 28 pages, 4 text figures. Edition 827. Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part III, No. 1, pp. 413-439. (Reprint.) Desmodium. By Bernice G. Schubert. October 11, 1943. 30 pages. Edition 151. ■ 67 • Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part III, No. 1, pp. 454-458. (Reprint.) Crotalaria. By Harold A. Senn. October 11, 1943. 6 pages. Edition 268. Handbook Series Handbook of the Museum. General information concerning the Museum, its history, building, exhibits, expeditions, and activities. Twelfth edition. April, 1943. 80 pages, 8 plates. Edition 3,069. Guide Series General Guide to Museum Exhibits. Twenty-third edition, 1943. 58 pages, 6 plates, 3 text figures. Edition 10,244. The Book Shop . . . The Book Shop of the Museum again reports a notable increase in its sales, reaching the highest total of any year since it was estab- lished. This was accomplished despite the difficulties arising from inability of publishers to meet the usual demands for their wares, resulting from the paper shortage. A large volume of mail orders was handled in addition to over-the-counter sales. The policy of selling only books of the highest standards, which pass tests imposed by members of the Museum's scientific staff to insure their authen- ticity, was adhered to rigidly. This policy has apparently resulted in building up confidence among discriminating purchasers. Photography and Illustration . . . During 1943 there was an increase of production by Photographer C. H. Carpenter and his assistants to a total of 16,017 items as com- pared to 12,458 in the preceding year. This figure includes negatives, prints, enlargements, lantern slides, transparencies, and miscellane- ous items. Although the bulk of production was for internal needs of the departments and divisions of the Museum itself, a large num- ber of items was also prepared for other institutions, the press, book publishers, and sales to the public. Work was continued on the huge task of classifying, indexing, numbering, captioning, and filing the Museum's collection of more than 100,000 negatives. Special work was done in new process color photography. The production of the Museum's Staff Illustrator, Mr. John J. Janecek, was curtailed somewhat owing to his absence for approxi- mately one-half of the year to engage in the preparation of strategic war maps for the armed forces. However, several hundred art work items were completed, including 55 scientific and illustrative draw- ings for publications, slides, labels, transparencies, etc.; coloring of -68- 86 stereopticon slides; drawing, lettering, and coloring of 25 maps; retouching of 31 negatives, etc. ; and numerous miscellaneous items such as layouts, graphs, plans, etc. The Illustrator assisted also in the painting of the two large global maps used in the Museum's fiftieth anniversary special exhibit, and designed the new Museum seal. The painting of backgrounds for habitat groups and dioramas, which is the principal work of Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert, is covered in this Report in the sections devoted to the Departments of Zoology and Botany. Mr. Rueckert also did a major part of the work on the hemisphere maps used in the golden anniversary exhibit, and assisted in various other projects. Art Classes . . . The Museum continued, as for many years past, to perform a useful function by providing facilities for the use of both adult and child students in classes brought here by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. It is particularly gratifying that these two institutions should be able to co-operate so successfully. The art students found in this Museum much material which assisted them in their studies in composition, drawing, painting, research, design, sketching, and modeling. Large classes of children from the art school's Saturday Junior Department make natural history studies at this Museum a standard part of their curriculum. Cafeteria . . . The Museum Cafeteria served 93,811 visitors, a slight decline from the 95,002 who bought meals in 1942. The rooms provided for those who bring their own lunches accommodated more persons than in the preceding year— 87,327 in 1943 as against 81,184 in 1942. In these rooms the Cafeteria management provides sand- wiches, desserts, and soft drinks, to supplement the box lunches brought by patrons, who are principally children. Maintenance and Construction . . . Despite war-engendered shortages of material and reduced per- sonnel, the Museum building was properly maintained, and the most vital new projects were completed. In the Library, some furniture was rebuilt and some new equip- ment made. Shop work was done for the Harris Extension on case <69- parts. Work was completed on the newly located children's cloak room in the north corridor, ground floor. The Registrar's office was extended to include a small area under the north stairs, fitted to serve as a mail distribution room. Eighty-one window frames and sashes, principally on the third floor, were repaired. Two court skylights were re-covered with insulating material and reroofed, and the photographer's operating room skylight was repaired. The major portion of the fourth floor roof was recoated. Considerable tuckpointing, caulking and masonry repairs were done. The flag poles were painted. The monolith displayed in Stanley Field Hall in connection with the Museum's fiftieth anniversary celebration, was designed and erected. Eight cases were prepared to house the photographic exhibit, "Lenses on Nature," on display during the celebration. Signs with the Museum's new name were made and installed at the north and south entrances. A contract was let to revise the lettering on the bronze name plate above the north door, and on the Benefactors' and Contributors' standards in Stanley Field Hall. A limited amount of wall washing and painting was done during the year, but wartime priorities on materials, and the shortage of manpower available for such work, made it impossible to maintain customary standards. In the Department of Geology, ten case bases were constructed for the Division of Paleontology, and six cases were remodeled in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38). A large opening was cut into Room 100. For the Department of Zoology, several bookcases were made and other improvements effected in the department library and Chief Curator's office. Six case fronts in Hall 0 were remodeled with slop- ing view glasses to overcome reflections. Hall M (lower inverte- brates) was relocated in a space vacated by the Department of Anthropology (a portion of Hall L), to provide a better location for the projected whale hall. Nine wall cases were built. Five cases in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18) were remodeled, and a new case was built. A drying case and a metal-covered dissecting table were constructed for Room 85 (Anatomy), and a work counter, a labora- tory table, and a bookcase were made and installed. Eleven cases were made and installed in Hall B, for the Depart- ment of Anthropology. Three boilers were retubed and other boiler repairs were made. New buckets were installed on the coal conveyor. The coal lorry -70- was electrified. All valves and pumps were overhauled. The sump pump motor was rewound. Lifting and governor cables were replaced on the elevators. Under contract, a total of 14,233,368 pounds of steam was fur- nished to the Shedd Aquarium, and 13,647,518 pounds to the Chicago Park District. In the pages which follow are submitted the Museum's financial statements, lists of accessions, by-laws, and lists of Members. Orr GOODSON, Acting Director 71- COMPARATIVE ATTENDANCE STATISTICS AND DOOR RECEIPTS FOR YEARS 1942 AND 1943 1943 1942 Total attendance 1,021,289 1,025,002 Paid attendance 77,980 79,144 Free admissions on pay days: Students 17,339 23,906 School children 46,844 47,760 Teachers 1,222 1,787 Members , 1,906 697 Service men and women 15,676 5,484 Admissions on free days: Thursdays (52) 104,735 (52) 135,154 Saturdays (51) 200,298 (52) 226,455 Sundays (52) 555,289 (52) 504,615 Highest attendance on any day (May 16) 26,102 (June 14) 44,663 Lowest attendance on any day (Janu- ary 19) 117 (January 7) 84 Highest paid attendance (September 6) 2,313 (September 7) 3,320 Average daily admissions (363 days) . . 2,813 (363 days) 2,824 Average paid admissions (208 days) ... 375 (207 days) 382 Number of guides sold 12,036 12,471 Number of articles checked 26,046 24,426 Number of picture post cards sold .... 83,909 87,409 Sales of publications, leaflets, hand- books, portfolios, and photographs $ 5,902.81 $ 4,901.58 72 COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR YEARS 1942 AND 1943 Income 1943 Endowment Funds $192,732.11 Funds held under annuity agree- ment 18,509.58 Life Membership Fund 9,364.35 Associate Membership Fund. . . 11,154.40 Chicago Park District 121,642.39 Annual and Sustaining Mem- berships 12,885.00 Admissions 19,495.00 Sundry receipts 26,766.43 Contributions, general purposes 740.76 Contributions, special purposes (expended per contra) 21,047.25 Special Funds — part expended for purposes designated (in- cluded per contra) 14,928.74 1942 $190,680.38 18,139.55 9,140.57 10,722.75 138,501.22 12,835.00 19,786.00 16,174.85 1,272.00 14,041.16 14,511.48 $449,266.01 $445,804.96 Expenditures Collections $ 16,904.18 Operating expenses capitalized and added to collections. . . 49,644.84 Expeditions Furniture, fixtures, etc Wages capitalized and added to fixtures 5,302.83 Pensions and Group Insurance . 49,048.03 Departmental expenses 32,956.70 General operating expenses. . . . 291,077.18 Building repairs and alterations 26,187.98 Annuity on contingent gift .... 25,000.00 Reserve for building repairs and mechanical plant deprecia- tion 40,000.00 Reserve for contingencies aris- ing from the war 10,000.00 $ 10,753.14 51,352.06 1,244.99 8,549.53 5,036.69 43,583.03 35,742.78 321,334.09 47,584.94 25,000.00 35,000.00 30,000.00 Deficit . . . Contribution by Mr. Marshall Field Balance . . 546,121.74 . $ 96,855.73 97,218.75 . $ 363.02 Deficit. 615,181.25 $169,376.29 167,208.63 $ 2,167.66 THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC 1943 Income from endowment $ 17,128.90 Operating expenses 16,227.03 Balance $ 901.87 SCHOOL EXTENSION 1942 $ 16,795.92 16,639.50 $ 156.42 73 CONTRIBUTIONS AND BEQUESTS Contributions and bequests to the Chicago Natural History Museum may be made in securities, money, books, or collections. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to a person or cause, to be named by the giver. Contributions made to the Museum are allowable as deductions in computing net income for federal income tax purposes, subject only to the limitation that the total deduction for charitable gifts may not exceed in any year 15 per cent of the contributor's net income. Contributions and bequests in any amount to the Chicago Natural History Museum are exempt from federal gift and estate taxes. Endowments may be made to the Museum with the provision that an annuity be paid to the patron during his or her lifetime. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum the fol- lowing form is suggested: FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to the Chicago Natural History Museum of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, -74 LIST OF ACCESSIONS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY American Museum of Natural History, New York: 48 prehistoric stone implements and 12 prehistoric potsherds — Yangtze River, China (gift) ; 94 sherds — Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Can- yon, New Mexico (gift). Bouwknegt, H. E., Grandville, Michigan: 45 silver ornaments made for Indian trade — Round Island, Michi- gan (exchange). Cahn, Lieut. Alvin R., U.S.N. R., Chicago: about 2,000 prehistoric Aleut artifacts of bone, ivory, and stone — Amaknak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska (gift). Collier, Donald, Chicago: 200 sherds from 10 archaeological sites — provinces of Ancash and Huanuco, Peru; 10 textile fragments — Casma Valley, Ancash, Peru (gift). Comee, Lowell (deceased): ethno- logical material — Alaska and North- west Coast (gift). Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: 2 bone brushes, a picket roll of painted skin, a 2-fingered bowman's glove, and a decorated bone bag fastener — Labrador Peninsula (exchange). Eckenrode, Mrs. Retta, Chicago: a bannerstone — Woodland pattern, region unknown (gift). Harmon, Mrs. John H., Highland Park, Illinois: a Chaco jar — New Mexico (gift). Laufer, Dr. Berthold (deceased): about 4,000 rubbings on paper of Chinese monuments (gift). Millard, Mrs. Malcolm S., Deer- field, Illinois: a basket — Alaska (gift). Renwick, Mrs. Edward A., Evans- ton, Illinois: beaded bag, belts, garters and other ethnological objects — north- eastern Wisconsin (gift). Schapiro, Dr. Louis (deceased): 77 pottery and stone objects — Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia (gift). United States Marine Corps: 55 photographs — South Pacific islands (gift). University of Kentucky, Lexing- ton, Kentucky: 175 prehistoric speci- mens— Ohio County, Kentucky (ex- change). University Museums, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 10 ethnological specimens — Aleutian Islands, Alaska (exchange). DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS Aguilar G., Jose Ignacio, Guate- mala City, Guatemala: 225 specimens of Guatemalan plants (gift). Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts: 580 specimens of Fiji plants (exchange). Ball, Dr. Carleton R., Washing- ton, D.C.: 12 plant specimens (gift). Barkley, Dr. Fred A., Austin, Texas: 258 specimens of Texas algae (gift). Bazuin, C. W., Grand Rapids, Michigan: 236 specimens of Michigan plants (gift). Benedict, Rev. Brother A., Santa Fe, New Mexico: 1 plant specimen (gift). Benke, Hermann C, Chicago: 57 specimens of Illinois and Indiana plants (gift). Board of Economic Warfare, Cin- chona Mission, Bogota, Colombia: 8 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). Bondar, Dr. Gregorio, Bahia, Brazil: 1 economic specimen (gift). Brannon, Dr. M. A., Gainesville, Florida: 83 specimens of Florida algae (gift). 75- DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Brazilian Consulate, Chicago: 88 economic specimens (gift and ex- change). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California: 16 plant specimens (exchange). California Seed Laboratory, De- partment of Agriculture, Sacramento, California: 1 plant specimen (gift). Caylor, Dr. R. L., Cleveland, Mississippi: 64 specimens of Mississippi algae (gift). Chatterton, George W., Winter Haven, Florida: 1 plant specimen (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Dr. Francis Drouet and Harold B. Louderback: 150 crypto- gamic specimens — Indiana and Illinois. Collected by Llewelyn Williams (Field Museum-Venezuelan Govern- ment Expedition, 1942): 6,500 speci- mens of Venezuelan plants (1,100 woods and 3,300 duplicates), 19 economic specimens. Purchases: 396 plant specimens- Brazil; 650 plant specimens — South America. Churchill, Walter F., Harvey, Illinois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Clemens, Mrs. Mary S., Brisbane, Australia: 1 specimen of rust (gift). Copulos, Milton, Chicago: 6 speci- mens of marine algae (gift). Cornell University, Department of Botany, Ithaca, New York: 241 plant specimens (exchange). Cornman, Mrs. M. Alice, Punta Gorda, Florida: 75 cryptogamic speci- mens (gift). Cory, V. L., Sonora, Texas; 6 plant specimens (gift). Daily, William A., Indianapolis, Indiana: 191 specimens of Indiana algae (gift). Damann, K., Evanston, Illinois: 8 specimens of algae (gift). Dawson, Lieut. E. Yale, La Jolla, California: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Dawson, Miss Genevieve, La Plata, Argentina: 1 plant specimen (gift). Degener, Otto, New York: 991 plant specimens from Hawaii and United States (gift). Demaree, Dr. Delzie, Monticello, Arkansas: 49 specimens of Arkansas plants, 141 specimens of algae (gift). Demaree, Dr. Delzie, and Miss Marjorie Thomason, Monticello, Ar- kansas: 41 specimens of Arkansas algae (gift). Drouet, Dr. Francis, Chicago: 700 cryptogamic specimens — Minnesota and Wisconsin (gift). Dugand, Dr. Armando, Bogota, Colombia: 1 plant specimen (gift). DuPont de Nemours and Company, E. I., Wilmington, Delaware: 6 eco- nomic specimens (gift). Dybas, Henry S., Chicago: 6 speci- mens of fungi (gift). Eastwood, Miss Alice, San Fran- cisco, California: 1 plant specimen (gift). Eddy, Dr. Samuel, Minneapolis, Minnesota: 65 specimens of plankton algae (gift). Escuela Superior de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, El Valle, Colombia: 75 specimens of Colombian plants (ex- change) . Esselmont, William H., Chicago: 2 plant specimens (gift). Farlow Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 822 cryptogamic speci- mens (exchange). Fester, Dr. Gustavo A., Santa Fe, Argentina: 5 plant specimens (gift). Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 20 specimens of plants from Tobago and Trinidad (gift). Flanagan, Ted, Warren, Pennsyl- vania: 109 specimens of Pennsylvania algae (gift). Florists' Publishing Company, Chicago: 2 plant specimens (gift). Fuller, Dr. George D., Chicago: 135 plant specimens (gift). Fulton, William H., Irons, Michi- gan: 2 plant specimens (gift). Game, Fish and Oyster Commis- sion, Hebbronville, Texas: 80 speci- mens of Texas plants (gift). Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts: 600 plant specimens (ex- change). Groesbeck, Dr. M. J., Porterville, California: 85 plant specimens (gift). Hancock Foundation, Allen, Uni- versity of Southern California, Los Angeles, California: 142 specimens of marine algae (exchange). -76 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Heath, Charles A., Chicago: 11 plant specimens, 2 economic specimens (gift). Hermann, Dr. F. J., Beltsville, Maryland: 47 plant specimens (ex- change). Institut Botanique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada: 42 specimens of mosses (exchange). Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogota, Colombia: 1 plant specimen (gift); 2 plant specimens (exchange). Instituto del Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Department of Botany), La Plata, Argentina: 100 photographic prints of type specimens of plants (gift). Kiener, Dr. Walter, Lincoln, Nebraska: 598 specimens of algae (gift); 283 specimens of algae (ex- change). King, Lawrence J., Coshocton, Ohio: 292 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Krukofp, Boris A., New York: 9 plant specimens (gift) ; 132 plant speci- mens (exchange). Lackey, Dr. James B., Cincinnati, Ohio: 71 specimens of Wisconsin algae (gift). Latham, Dr. V. A., Chicago: 4 speci- mens of algae (gift). Latin American Forest Resources Project, San Jose, Costa Rica: 45 specimens of Costa Rican plants (gift). Lewis, Mrs. B. E., Guatemala City, Guatemala: 1 plant specimen (gift). Lindsay, Walter R., Summit, Canal Zone: 1 fruit specimen (gift). LOUDERBACK, HAROLD B., ArgO, Illinois: 136 specimens of Illinois cryptogams (gift). Luttrell, Dr. E. S., Experiment, Georgia: 10 specimens of lichens (gift). Macbride, J. Francis, San Jose, California: 200 specimens of California algae (gift). Maldonado, Prof. Angel, Lima, Peru: 115 specimens of Peruvian algae (gift). Martinez, Prof. Maximino, Mexico City, Mexico: 19 specimens of Mexican plants, 1 economic specimen (gift). Matuda, Eizi, Escuintla, Mexico: 45 specimens of Mexican plants (gift). Miranda, Professor F., Chapulte- pec, Mexico: 10 plant specimens (gift). Moldenke, Dr. Harold N., War- ren, Pennsylvania: 1 plant specimen, 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Morgan, A. C, Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). New York Botanical Garden, New York: 353 cryptogamic specimens (exchange). Nielsen, Jens E., Chicago: 60 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Pacheco H., Mariano, Guatemala City, Guatemala: 2 plant specimens (gift). Peggs, A. Deans, Nassau, Bahama Islands: 5 specimens of algae (gift). Philson, Dr. Paul J., Columbia, South Carolina: 48 specimens of South Carolina algae (gift). Phinney, Harry K., Evanston, Illinois: 241 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Prescott, Dr. Gerald W-, Albion, Michigan: 2 specimens of algae (gift). Rabinovich, Senorita Delia, Bue- nos Aires, Argentina: 11 specimens of algae (gift). Richards, Donald, Chicago: 925 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Santos, Jose Vera, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 7 specimens of Asiatic grasses (gift). Schallert, Lieut. Paul O., Flag- staff, Arizona: 4 specimens of algae (gift); 619 plant specimens (exchange). Schugman, Mrs. Effie, Chicago: 5 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Secretaria de Agricultura, Guate- mala City, Guatemala: 8 economic specimens (gift). Sella, Emil, Chicago: 14 plant specimens (gift). Sharp, Dr. Aaron J., Knoxville, Tennessee: 16 specimens of algae (gift). Sherff, Dr. Earl E., Chicago: 125 plant specimens, 97 negatives (gift). Smith, C. Piper, Saratoga, Cali- fornia: 1 plant specimen (gift). Smith, Dr. Gilbert M., Stanford University, California: 45 specimens of marine algae (exchange). Standley, Paul C, Chicago: 1 plant specimen, 1 fungus specimen, 1 economic specimen (gift). Standley, Paul C, and Richard A. Doubleday, Chicago: 110 speci- mens of Illinois plants (gift). 77- DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Steyermark, Mrs. Julian A., Bar- rington, Illinois: 91 specimens of Louisiana plants (gift). Stifler, Mrs. James M., Wilmette, Illinois: 7 specimens of algae (gift). Story, Miss H. Elizabeth, Chicago: 57 specimens of Ohio plants, 23 speci- mens of mosses and lichens (gift). Strickland, J. C, Charlottesville, Virginia: 182 specimens of Virginia algae (exchange). Sutliffe, Mrs. E. C, San Francisco, California: 45 specimens of California hepaticae (exchange). Taylor, Dr. William Randolph, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 12 specimens of algae (gift). Torres R., Professor Ruben, San Jose, Costa Rica: 2 specimens of algae (gift). United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant In- dustry, Beltsville, Maryland: 1 plant specimen (gift). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Wash- ington, D.C.: 209 specimens of plants, 2 photographs (gift). United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.: 324 plant specimens (exchange). University of California, Col- lege of Agriculture, Berkeley, Cali- fornia: 78 specimens of grasses (ex- change). University of Illinois, Depart- ment of Botany, Urbana, Illinois: 246 specimens of Illinois plants (exchange). University of Michigan, Univer- sity Herbarium, Ann Arbor, Michi- gan: 64 plant specimens, 100 specimens of fungi (exchange). University of Minnesota, De- partment of Botany, Minneapolis, Minnesota: 21 plant specimens (ex- change). University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire: 100 speci- mens of grasses (exchange). University of Tennessee, Depart- ment of Botany, Knoxville, Tennes- see: 241 specimens of mosses (exchange). University of Texas, Department of Botany, Austin, Texas: 2,226 speci- mens of Texas plants, 158 specimens of algae (exchange). University of Washington, De- partment of Botany, Seattle, Wash- ington: 341 plant specimens (exchange). Welch, Dr. Winona H., Green- castle, Indiana: 22 specimens -of bryo- phytes (exchange). Westcott, Russell C, Los Angeles, California: 10 plant specimens (gift). Wheldon, Dr. Roy M., Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3 specimens of algae (gift). Williams, Mrs. A. R., Riverside, Illinois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Wolf, Carl B., Anaheim, California: 1 plant specimen (gift). Woods, Ensign Loren P., Chicago: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Yale University, School of For- estry, New Haven, Connecticut: 2 plant specimens (gift). Zetek, James, Balboa, Canal Zone: 40 specimens of Panama plants (gift). DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY— ACCESSIONS Albanese, John S., Newark, New Jersey: a specimen of igneous rock with garnet — Banika Island, Solomon Is- lands (gift). Anonymous, Chicago: 20 specimens of gems and minerals (gift). Barber, C. M., Hot Springs, Arkan- sas: 2 specimens of pycnodont fish — Marlbrook Marl, Arkansas (purchase). Bensabott, R., Chicago: a sardonyx ring (gift). Blakeslee, Kent, Oak Park, Illinois : a specimen of Orthoceras — Oak Park, Illinois (gift). Brazilian Consulate, Chicago: a specimen of monasite sand; 5 specimens of bauxite — Brazil (gift). Burcky, Dr. Frederick W., Evans- ton, Illinois: 4 specimens of minerals- various localities (gift). Carson, George J., Akron, Ohio: a specimen of agate — California; 2 speci- mens of stromatopera — Ohio (gift). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Elmer S. Riggs (Field Museum Paleontological Expedition to Argentina and Bolivia, 1922 and 1924): 78- DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) miscellaneous specimens of Astrapo- therium and Parastrapotherium — Pata- gonia. Collected by Dr. Paul O. McGrew (Field Museum Paleontological Expedi- tion to Honduras, 1941 and 1942): a specimen of antimony ore — Honduras. Purchases: 27 specimens of inverte- brate fossils, fossil plants and fossil in- sects— Illinois and Colorado. Corlew, William L., Evanston, Illinois: fossil minnow (Cyprinidae)— Wyoming (gift). Cornwell, Willett H., Chicago: 3 specimens of minerals — North Carolina (gift). Davidson, Mrs. Mary E., Chicago: 4 necklaces (gift). Eckett, A. S., Chicago: 2 specimens of fossil coral — Skaneateles Lake, New York (gift). Galbreath, Edwin C, Ashmore, Illinois: 1 fossil crane bone — Ashmore, Illinois (gift). Holland, J. R., Chicago: 1 fossil coral — Peres, Quebec (gift). Jennings, John W., Eureka Springs, Arkansas: 1 specimen crinoidal lime- stone— Eureka Springs, Arkansas (gift). Johnson, William F., Downers Grove, Illinois: a fossil horseshoe crab — near Wilmington, Illinois (gift). Kraft, James L., Chicago: 4 speci- mens of nephrite jade — near Lander, Wyoming (gift). Kurtz, S. A., Lorain, Ohio: 5 calcite crystals — Bellevue, Ohio (gift). Liljeblad, Emil, Villa Park, Illinois: 2 specimens of fibrous gypsum — Sher- rard, Illinois (gift). Look, Alfred A., Grand Junction, Colorado: molar teeth of Phenacodus— De Beque, Colorado (gift). McManus, Alfred S., Chicago: 4 specimens of iron ore and 3 specimens of gold ore — Ontario, Canada (gift). Meade, Grayson, Texas Techno- logical College, Lubbock, Texas: 14 specimens of vertebrate fossils — various localities (exchange). Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio: 1 specimen of Ector County meteorite — Odessa, Texas (exchange). Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey: 3 jaws of Paramys — Lost Cabin, Wyoming (exchange). Roy, Captain Sharat K., New York: 43 specimens of invertebrate fossils — Pembina, North Dakota (gift). Ruegg, G., La Junta, Colorado: 3 polished specimens of red dinosaur bone — Colorado (gift). Schad, Miriam I., Bellefonte, Penn- sylvania: 1 specimen of clay — near Bellefonte, Pennsylvania (gift). Short, Charles R., Cleremont, Florida: 3 specimens of diatomite — Cleremont, Florida (gift). Telling, Elisabeth, Guilford, Con- necticut: ring set with three zircons — Bangkok, Siam (gift). Ullman, Sam B., Chicago: 1 speci- men aplite dike in sandstone (gift). DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS Aarons, Ted, San Francisco, Cali- fornia: 18 mosquitoes — various localities (gift). Albrecht, C. J., Homewood, Illi- nois: 176 insects — Will County, Illi- nois (gift). American Museum of Natural History, New York: a box turtle— Sonora, Mexico (exchange). Atkinson, Edward W., Evanston, Illinois: a pair of pheasant femurs — Minnesota (gift). Barnes, R. M., Lacon, Illinois: 2 California condor eggs — California; 2 beetles — Illinois; 5 shells — various localities (gift). Bauer, Margaret, Chicago: 4 pha- langids — Lisle, Illinois; 23 mollusks — Madison, Wisconsin (gift). Bebb, Herbert, Chicago: a cricket — Cook County, Illinois (gift). Beecher, Pfc. William J., South Pacific: 2 mammals, 43 amphibians, 33 reptiles, 34 fishes, 2 insects, 63 crus- taceans, 32 shells — South Pacific (gift). Benesh, Bernard, Chicago: 44 beetles — various localities (gift). Bequaert, J. C, Boston, Massachu- setts: 4 wasps — various localities (gift). Bragg, Arthur N., Norman, Okla- homa: a series of tadpoles — Oklahoma (gift). 79- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Brazilian Consulate, Chicago: 58 shells — Brazil (exchange). Burt, Charles E., Winfield, Kansas: 23 amphibians, 1 reptile— California (gift). Burton, Robert A., Evanston, Illinois: 6 reptiles, 1 amphibian— Iowa (gift). Cahn, Lieut. Alvin R., U.S.N. R., Chicago: 85 shells— Aleutian Islands (gift). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California: 1 bug— Temescaltepec, Mexico (exchange). Chicago Natural History Museum: Collected by Francis Drouet: 33 shells — Minnesota. Collected by Henry S. Dybas: 130 insects and their allies, on birds received from zoo. Collected by Dorothy Foss: an in- complete turkey skeleton. Collected by Paul 0. McGrew (Field Museum Paleontological Expedition to Honduras): 3 fish, 8 shells— Hon- duras. Collected by Emil Sella: 105 marine shells — Maine. Collected by Julian Steyermark (Field Museum Guatemala Botanical Expedition, 1941-42): 9 fish— Guate- mala. Purchases: 2 foxes — Illinois; 30 small mammals — Oregon and Washing- ton; 2 bird skins — Iceland; 11 owls, 11 hawks — Colombia; 33 miscellaneous birds — South America; 11 green snakes —South Dakota; 150,000 beetles- various localities; 20 marine shells- Florida; 119 land snails — Hawaiian Islands; 1 polished shell — locality un- known. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois: 44 mammals, 71 birds, 10 reptiles — various localities (gift). Coe, Wesley R., La Jolla, Cali- fornia: 12 sea mussels — La Jolla, California (gift). Conover, Boardman, Chicago: 1 hooded merganser — Du Page County, Illinois (gift). Davis, Cpl. D. Dwight, Naperville, Illinois: 35 phalangids, 5 lizards — vari- ous localities (gift). Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, University of Chi- cago, Chicago: a horned toad — Mexico (gift). Dodd, Fred. O., Chicago: 4 beetles- Arlington Heights, Illinois (gift). Dubois, Ernest P., Urbana, Illi- nois: 1,060 beetles — various localities (exchange). Dybas, Henry S., Chicago: 1,055 insects and their allies — various locali- ties; 246 shells and crustaceans — vari- ous localities (gift). Eigsti, W. E., Chicago Heights, Illinois: 15 bird lice — Chicago (gift). Ellis, Pvt. R. C, Little Rock, Ar- kansas: 2 lizards, 2 snakes — Arkansas (gift). Fanning, Joe, Tucson, Arizona: 7 mammals — Tucson, Arizona (gift). Florida State Museum, Gaines- ville, Florida: a sand hill crane — Florida (exchange). Foss, Dorothy, Chicago: a spider- Chicago (gift). Franzen, A., Chicago: 28 insects and their allies — various localities (gift). Freeman, H. A., White Deer, Texas: 2 butterflies — Dallas County, Texas (gift). Friesser, Julius, Chicago: a lake sculpin — Chicago (gift). Gitlin, David, New York: a series of frog embryos — Puerto Rico (gift). Goodnight, Dr. and Mrs. C. J., Champaign, Illinois: 16 phalangids — various localities (gift). Gregg, Col. C. C, Camp Hood, Texas: 10 insects and their allies- Temple, Texas (gift). Grey, Marion, Evanston, Illinois: 56 sea shells — Maryland (gift). Haas, Pvt. Ernest B., North Camp Hood, Texas: 77 land shells — Texas (gift). Haas, Fritz, Chicago: 124 fresh- water shells — Chicago; 1,200 marine shells — west coast of United States and Mexico (gift). Hanson, Harold C, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin: 6 mice — Wisconsin (gift). Harris Extension, Chicago Natural History Museum: a cross pheasant — Wayne, Illinois (gift). Hasler, Arthur D., Madison, Wis- consin: 7 fresh-water shells — Wisconsin (gift). 80 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Hatt, Robert T., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: 93 land shells — Island of Oahu, H. I. (exchange). Hawkins, G. C, Chicago: a horned owl — Beardstown, Illinois (gift). Herz, Arthur, Chicago: 27 insects- various localities (gift). Hoff, C. Clayton, Quincy, Illinois: 27 slides of ostracods — various localities (gift). Hoogstraal, Lieut. H., Fort Mc- Pherson, Georgia: 6 bats, 21 reptiles, 16 amphibians — various localities (gift). Johnson, Gordon, Hinsdale, Illinois: a rattlesnake — Porter County, Indiana (gift). Johnson, J. E., Waco, Texas: 86 reptiles, 8 amphibians — Texas (gift). Knull, Josef N., Columbus, Ohio: 14 beetles — various localities (gift). Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago: 1 mammal, 4 reptiles — various localities (gift). Loveridge, A., Cambridge, Massa- chusetts: 2 snakes — Africa and Yucatan (exchange). Lunardi, Federico, Tegucigalpa, Honduras: 3 bats — Copan, Honduras (gift). Lustig, Mrs. Edward F., Elkhart, Indiana: 2,789 moths and butterflies — United States (gift). Lyman, Frank, and Family, Lan- tana, Florida: 2 marine shells — Florida (gift). Malkin, Borys, Tampa, Florida: 61 insects and their allies — Florida (gift). Marchand, Lieut. L. J., Camp Rucker, Alabama: 11 reptiles, 10 am- phibians— Alabama (gift). Marshall, George, La Jolla, Cali- fornia: 9 marine shells — La Jolla, Cali- fornia (gift). McElvare, Rowland R., Long Island, New York: 6 moths — various localities (gift). McEuen, Mrs. W. R., Chicago: 1 Kodiak bear skull — Alaska (gift). McGrew, Paul O., Chicago: 105 fresh-water snails — Nebraska (gift). Miller, Vergil, Naperville, Illinois: 6 snakes — Du Page County, Illinois (gift). Moojen, J., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 7 rodents — South America (exchange). Moyer, John, Chicago: 8 insects- Chicago (gift). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1 beetle — Brazil (exchange). Neville, Russell T., Kewanee, Illinois: 4 flies — Missouri (gift). Osgood, Dr. Wilfred H., Chicago: 72 mammals — various localities (gift). Patterson, Bryan, Chicago: 124 insects and their allies, 23 fresh-water mussels, 12 land shells — Adams County, Illinois (gift). Quait, Merle A., Washington, D.C., 6 amphibians, 40 insects and their allies — various localities (gift). Ray, Eugene, Chicago: 74 insects and their allies, 22 fresh-water crus- taceans— various localities (gift). Reshkus, Betty, Tarpon Springs, Florida: 3 octopuses — Tarpon Springs, Florida (gift). Russo, Robert R., Indianapolis, Indiana: 47 beetles — New Mexico (gift). Sanborn, Lieut. C. C, U.S.N.R., Highland Park, Illinois: 1 squirrel- Peru (gift). Sanders, James M., Chicago: 25 domestic cat hearts, 2 lumbar regions of domestic cats (gift). Seevers, Charles H., Chicago: 253 insects and their allies — various localities (gift). Smith, C. S., San Marcos, Texas: 1 snake, 4 millipeds, 2 crustaceans- various localities (gift). Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap, Lake Forest, Illinois: 10 snakes — Ontario, Canada (gift). Smith, Wesley, Forest Park, Illi- nois: a snake — Cook County, Illinois (gift). Stanford University Museum, Stanford University, California: 8 pipefishes — California (gift). Steyermark, Dr. Julian A., Bar- rington, Illinois: 10 stoneflies — Bar- rington, Illinois (gift). Story, Belvia Fay, Coal Run, Ohio: 5 insects and their allies, 42 isopods — Coal Run, Ohio (gift). Story, H. Elizabeth, Chicago: 101 insects and their allies, 16 snails and isopods — Coal Run, Ohio (gift). Story, Theora, Marietta, Ohio: 3 series of frog and salamander larvae — Washington County, Ohio (gift). 81- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Trapido, Lieut. Harold, Camp Davis, North Carolina: 26 amphibians, 3 lizards — Washington (gift). Traub, Lieut. Robert, Louisiana: 8 fleas — various localities (gift). Wardwell, H. F., Chicago: 6 snout beetles — New Hampshire (gift). Washburne, Gratiot, Wyoming: 1 snake — Fremont County, Wyoming (gift). Webb, Walter F., Rochester, New York: 500 land and fresh-water shells- various localities (gift). Weed, Alfred C, Princeton, New Jersey: 32 fishes, 4 crabs, 1 land snail — various localities (gift). Wenzel, Lieut. Rupert L., Oak Park, Illinois: 182 insects and their allies — Maryland (gift). Wiesel, G. H., Chicago: 1 beetle — Chicago, Illinois (gift). Woodcock, H. E., Chicago: 1 butter- fly— Santa Rita, New Mexico (gift). Woods, Ensign Loren P., Naper- ville, Illinois: 2 snakes — Illinois (gift). Wyatt, Alex K., Chicago: 11 insects and their allies — various localities (gift). RAYMOND FOUNDATION— ACCESSIONS Chicago Natural History Museum : Made by Division of Photography: 52 slides. de Espie, Mme Felipe, Argentine Embassy, Washington, D.C.; 33 slides (gift). Purchases: 62 colored slide reduc- tions; 220 feet 16 mm. color film. DIVISION OF PHOTOGRAPHY— ACCESSIONS Chicago Natural History Museum: Made by Division of Photography: 13,370 prints, 1,486 negatives, 357 enlargements, 308 lantern slides, 69 transparent labels, 62 color films. Walters, Leon L., Chicago: A view of the Museum taxidermy workshop. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS List of Donors of Books INSTITUTIONS American Merchant Marine Confer- ence, New York. Anti-Cruelty Society, Chicago. Chicago Department of Subways and Superhighways, Chicago. Colegio Nacional Vicente Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Commercial Club of Chicago: Com- mittee on Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. Commission to Study Organization of Peace, New York. Consulate of the Dominican Republic, Chicago. Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Washington, D.C. Council on Intercultural Relations, New York. General Biological Supply House, Chi- cago. Iowa Conservationist, West Union, Iowa. Mariners' Museum, Newport News, Virginia. Museo Arqueologico Provincial, San- tiago del Estero, Argentina. National Indian Institute, U. S. De- partment of Interior, Washington, D.C. National Park Service, U. S. Depart- ment of Interior, Washington, D.C. San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego, California. Soviet Russia Today, New York. Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Commis- sion, Austin, Texas. U. S. Office of Community War Ser- vices, Washington, D.C. Viking Fund, New York. Willing's Press Service, London, Eng- land. 82 LIBRARY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) INDIVIDUALS Adam, Dr., Melbourne, Australia. Ball, Carleton R., U. S. Department of Agriculture Extension Service, Wash- ington, D.C. Barattini, Luis P., Montevideo, Uru- guay. Barrera Vasquez, Alfredo, Tacubaya, Yucatan, Mexico. Benesh, Bernard, North Chicago, Illi- nois. Bingham, Millicent Todd, New York. Blair, W. Frank, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Brimley, H. H., Raleigh, North Caro- lina. Brodkorp, Pierce, Ann Arbor, Michi- gan. Bunny, Abdul, Mosul, Iraq. Bush, Mrs. William H., Chicago. Cain, Stanley A., Knoxville, Tennessee. Capaul, Vivian E., Chicago. Cawston, F. Gordon, Durban, Natal, Union of South Africa. Clokey, Ira W., South Pasadena, California. Conover, Boardman, Chicago. Cory, Charles Barney, Homewood, Illinois. Cross, Roy, Kansas City, Missouri. Cuatrecasas, Jose, Cali, Colombia. Cummins, Dr. George B., Lafayette, Indiana. Dybas, Henry, Chicago. Fattig, P. W., Emory, Georgia. Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C. Field, Stanley, Chicago. Gemmill, Mrs. Eunice, Chicago. Gerhard, W. J., Chicago. Goodson, Orr, Glencoe, Illinois. Goodwin, George G., New York. Greenbaum, J. R., Chicago. Gregg, Col. Clifford C, Camp Hood, Texas. Groskin, Horace, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Grove, Bert, Chicago. Harte, H. B., Chicago. Hatt, Robert T., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Heyser, Frank L., Chicago. Hoagland, Clayton, New York. Hochreutiner, Dr. B. P. G., Geneva, Switzerland. Hovanitz, William, Pasadena, Cali- fornia. Howes, William J., Holyoke, Massa- chusetts. Keitel, Gerald, Chicago. Kelso, Leon, Washington, D.C. Kerschner, Dr. Howard E., New York. King, Ralph T., Syracuse, New York. Kuang, Kozen, Kunming, Yunnan, China. Liende Lazarto, Manuel, La Paz, Bolivia. Liljeblad, Emil, Villa Park, Illinois. Lincoln, Frederick C, Washington, D.C. Lines, Jorge A., San Jose, Costa Rica. Littell, John McGregor, South Orange, New Jersey. Lunardi, Federico, Tegucigalpa, Hon- duras. Lyles, Lee, Chicago. Martin, Dr. Paul S., Chicago. Marx, David S., Cincinnati, Ohio. Millar, John R., Chicago. Miller, August E., North Bergen, New Jersey. Miller, E. Morton, Coral Gables, Florida. Miller, Henry, Chicago. Moseley, Dr. Edwin L., Bowling Green, Ohio. Nichols, Henry W., Chicago. Nichols, Mrs. Henry W., Chicago. Osgood, Dr. Wilfred H., Chicago. Painter, Helen W., Bloomington, In- diana. Patterson, Bryan, Chicago. Pearson, T. Gilbert, New York. Pennick, S. W., Chicago. Penrose, A. R., Sydney, Australia. Pope, Clifford H., Winnetka, Illinois. Pray, Leon L., Chicago. 83- LIBRARY— ACCESSIONS (Continued) Ramirez Cantu, Debora, Mexico City. Riggs, Elmer S., Lawrence, Kansas. Rivas, Luis Rene, Havana, Cuba. Rubin de la Bordolla, Daniel F., Mex- ico City. Russell, Loris S., Toronto, Canada. Sanderson, Ivan T., London, England. Schmidt, Karl P., Homewood, Illinois. Schoof, Herbert Frederick, Raleigh, North Carolina. Seevers, Dr. Charles H., Chicago. Sherff, Dr. Earl E., Chicago. Smith, Sidney A., Chicago. Smith, White S., Sydney, Australia. Standley, Paul C, Chicago. Stebbins, Robert C, Los Angeles, California. Steggerda, Dr. Morris, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. Stevens, O. A., Fargo, North Dakota. Story, H. Elizabeth, Chicago. Tamayo, Francisco, Caracas, Vene- zuela. Tehon, Leo R., Urbana, Illinois. Tennent, Mrs. H. C, Honolulu, Ha- waii. Voth, Paul D., Chicago. Webb, Walter F., Rochester, New York. Weed, Alfred C, Princeton, New Jersey. Wilbur, Dr. C. Martin, Washington, D.C. Wiltshire, E. P., Bombay, India. Wolcott, Albert B., Downers Grove, Illinois. Wood, Miriam, Chicago. 84 ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF STATE William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State To All to Whom These Presents Shall Come, Greeting: Whereas, a Certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed in the office of the Secretary of State, on the 16th day of September, a.d. 1893, for the organization of the COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO, under and in ac- cordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereto attached. Now, therefore, I, William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby certify that the said COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO is a legally organized Corporation under the laws of this State. In Testimony Whereof, I hereto set my hand and cause to be affixed the Great Seal of State. Done at the City of Springfield, this 16th day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and eighteenth. W. H. HINRICHSEN, [Seal] Secretary of State. TO HON. WILLIAM H. HINRICHSEN, Secretary of State: Sir: We, the undersigned citizens of the United States, propose to form a cor- poration under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof; and that for the purposes of such organization we hereby state as follows, to-wit: 1. The name of such corporation is the "COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO." 2. The object for which it is formed is for the accumulation and dis- semination of knowledge, and the preservation and exhibition of objects illus- trating Art, Archaeology, Science and History. 3. The management of the aforesaid museum shall be vested in a Board of Fifteen (15) Trustees, five of whom are to be elected every year. 4. The following named persons are hereby selected as the Trustees for the first year of its corporate existence: Edward E. Ayer, Charles B. Farwell, George E. Adams, George R. Davis, Charles L. Hutchinson, Daniel H. Burnham, John A. Roche, M. C. Bullock, Emil G. Hirsch, James W. Ellsworth, Allison V. Armour, O. F. Aldis, Edwin Walker, John C. Black and Frank W. Gunsaulus. 5. The location of the Museum is in the City of Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois. (Signed) George E. Adams, C. B. Farwell, Sidney C. Eastman, F. W. Putnam, Robert McCurdy, Andrew Peterson, L. J. Gage, Charles L. Hutchinson, Ebenezer -85- Buckingham, Andrew McNally, Edward E. Ayer, John M. Clark, Herman H. Kohlsaat, George Schneider, Henry H. Getty, William R. Harper, Franklin H. Head, E. G. Keith, J. Irving Pearce, Azel F. Hatch, Henry Wade Rogers, Thomas B. Bryan, L. Z. Leiter, A. C. Bartlett, A. A. Sprague, A. C. McClurg, James W. Scott, Geo. F. Bissell, John R. Walsh, Chas. Fitzsimmons, John A. Roche, E. B. McCagg, Owen F. Aldis, Ferdinand W. Peck, James H. Dole, Joseph Stockton, Edward B. Butler, John McConnell, R. A. Waller, H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, A. Crawford, Wm. Sooy Smith, P. S. Peterson, John C. Black, Jno. J. Mitchell, C. F. Gunther, George R. Davis, Stephen A. Forbes, Robert W. Patterson, Jr., M. C. Bullock, Edwin Walker, George M. Pullman, William E. Curtis, James W. Ellsworth, William E. Hale, Wm. T. Baker, Martin A. Ryerson, Huntington W Jackson, N. B. Ream, Norman Williams, Melville E. Stone, Bryan Lathrop, Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Philip D. Armour. State of Illinois ) !• ss. Cook County J I, G. R. Mitchell, a Notary Public in and for said County, do hereby certify that the foregoing petitioners personally appeared before me and acknowledged severally that they signed the foregoing petition as their free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and notarial seal this 14th day of September, 1893. G. R. MITCHELL, [Seal] Notary Public, Cook County, III. CHANGE OF NAME Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 25th day of June, 1894, the name of the COLUMBIAN MUSEUM was changed to FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. A certificate to this effect was filed June 26, 1894, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE OF NAME Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 8th day of November, 1905, the name of the FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM was changed to FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. A certificate to this effect was filed November 10, 1905, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE IN ARTICLE 3 Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 10th day of May, 1920, the management of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY shall be invested in a Board of Twenty-one (21) Trustees, who shall be elected in such manner and for such time and term of office as may be provided for by the By-Laws. A certificate to this effect was filed May 21, 1920, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE OF NAME Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 15th day of November, 1943, the name of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY was changed to CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. A certificate to this effect was filed November 23, 1943, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. -86- AMENDED BY-LAWS DECEMBER, 1941 ARTICLE I MEMBERS Section 1. Members shall be of twelve classes, Corporate Members, Hon- orary Members, Patrons, Corresponding Members, Benefactors, Contributors, Life Members, Non-Resident Life Members, Associate Members, Non-Resident Associate Members, Sustaining Members, and Annual Members. Section 2. The Corporate Members shall consist of the persons named in the articles of incorporation, and of such other persons as shall be chosen from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, upon the recom- mendation of the Executive Committee; provided, that such person named in the articles of incorporation shall, within ninety days from the adoption of these By-Laws, and persons hereafter chosen as Corporate Members shall, within ninety days of their election, pay into the treasury the sum of Twenty Dollars ($20.00) or more. Corporate Members becoming Life Members, Patrons or Honorary Members shall be exempt from dues. Annual meetings of said Corporate Members shall be held at the same place and on the same day that the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees is held. Section 3. Honorary Members shall be chosen by the Board from among persons who have rendered eminent service to science, and only upon unanimous nomination of the Executive Committee. They shall be exempt from all dues. Section 4. Patrons shall be chosen by the Board upon recommendation of the Executive Committee from among persons who have rendered eminent ser- vice to the Museum. They shall be exempt from all dues, and, by virtue of their election as Patrons, shall also be Corporate Members. Section 5. Any person contributing or devising the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) in cash, or securities, or property to the funds of the Museum, may be elected a Benefactor of the Museum. Section 6. Corresponding Members shall be chosen by the Board from among scientists or patrons of science residing in foreign countries, who render important service to the Museum. They shall be elected by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings. They shall be exempt from all dues and shall enjoy all courtesies of the Museum. Section 7. Any person contributing to the Museum One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) or more in cash, securities, or material, may be elected a Contributor of the Museum. Contributors shall be exempt from all dues and shall enjoy all courtesies of the Museum. Section 8. Any person paying into the treasury the sum of Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Life Member. Life Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to mem- bers of the Board of Trustees. Any person residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, paying into the treasury the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Non-Resident Life Member. Non-Resident Life Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to members of the Board of Trustees. Section 9. Any person paying into the treasury of the Museum the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) at any one time, shall, upon the vote of the Board, -87- become an Associate Member. Associate Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall be entitled to tickets admitting Member and members of family, includ- ing non-resident home guests; all publications of the Museum issued during the period of their membership, if so desired; reserved seats for all lectures and enter- tainments under the auspices of the Museum, provided reservation is requested in advance; and admission of holder of membership and accompanying party to all special exhibits and Museum functions day or evening. Any person residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, paying into the treasury the sum of Fifty Dollars ($50.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Non-Resident Associate Member. Non-Resident Associate Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to Associate Members. Section 10. Sustaining Members shall consist of such persons as are selected from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, and who shall pay an annual fee of Twenty-five Dollars ($25.00), payable within thirty days after notice of election and within thirty days after each recurring annual date. This Sustaining Membership entitles the member to free admission for the Member and family to the Museum on any day, the Annual Report and such other Museum documents or publications issued during the period of their mem- bership as may be requested in writing. When a Sustaining Member has paid the annual fee of $25.00 for six years, such Member shall be entitled to become an Associate Member. Section 11. Annual Members shall consist of such persons as are selected from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, and who shall pay an annual fee of Ten Dollars ($10.00), payable within thirty days after each recurring annual date. An Annual Membership shall entitle the Member to a card of admission for the Member and family during all hours when the Museum is open to the public, and free admission for the Member and family to all Museum lectures or entertainments. This membership will also entitle the holder to the courtesies of the membership privileges of every museum of note in the United States and Canada, so long as the existing system of co-operative interchange of membership tickets shall be maintained, including tickets for any lectures given under the auspices of any of the museums during a visit to the cities in which the co-operative museums are located. Section 12. All membership fees, excepting Sustaining and Annual, shall hereafter be applied to a permanent Membership Endowment Fund, the interest only of which shall be applied for the use of the Museum as the Board of Trustees may order. ARTICLE II BOARD OF TRUSTEES Section 1. The Board of Trustees shall consist of twenty-one members. The respective members of the Board now in office, and those who shall here- after be elected, shall hold office during life. Vacancies occurring in the Board shall be filled at a regular meeting of the Board, upon the nomination of the Executive Committee made at a preceding regular meeting of the Board, by a majority vote of the members of the Board present. Section 2. Regular meetings of the Board shall be held on the third Mon- day of the month. Special meetings may be called at any time by the President, and shall be called by the Secretary upon the written request of three Trustees. Five Trustees shall constitute a quorum, except for the election of officers or the adoption of the Annual Budget, when seven Trustees shall be required, but meet- ings may be adjourned by any less number from day to day, or to a day fixed, previous to the next regular meeting. Section 3. Reasonable written notice, designating the time and place of holding meetings, shall be given by the Secretary. ARTICLE III HONORARY TRUSTEES Section 1. As a mark of respect, and in appreciation of services performed for the Institution, any Trustee who by reason of inability, on account of -88- change of residence, or for other cause or from indisposition to serve longer in such capacity shall resign his place upon the Board, may be elected, by a majority of those present at any regular meeting of the Board, an Honorary Trustee for life. Such Honorary Trustee will receive notice of all meetings of the Board of Trustees, whether regular or special, and will be expected to be present at all such meetings and participate in the deliberations thereof, but an Honorary Trustee shall not have the right to vote. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS Section 1. The officers shall be a President, a First Vice-President, a Second Vice-President, a Third Vice-President, a Secretary, an Assistant Secretary and a Treasurer. They shall be chosen by ballot by the Board of Trustees, a majority of those present and voting being necessary to elect. The President, the First Vice-President, the Second Vice-President, and the Third Vice-Presi- dent shall be chosen from among the members of the Board of Trustees. The meeting for the election of officers shall be held on the third Monday of January of each year, and shall be called the Annual Meeting. Section 2. The officers shall hold office for one year, or until their suc- cessors are elected and qualified, but any officer may be removed at any regular meeting of the Board of Trustees by a vote of two-thirds of all the members of the Board. Vacancies in any office may be filled by the Board at any meeting. Section 3. The officers shall perform such duties as ordinarily appertain to their respective offices, and such as shall be prescribed by the By-Laws, or designated from time to time by the Board of Trustees. ARTICLE V THE TREASURER Section 1. The Treasurer shall be custodian of the funds of the Corpo- ration except as hereinafter provided. He shall make disbursements only upon warrants drawn by the Director and countersigned by the President. In the absence or inability of the Director, warrants may be signed by the Chairman of the Finance Committee, and in the absence or inability of the President, may be countersigned by one of the Vice-Presidents, or any member of the Finance Committee. Section 2. The securities and muniments of title belonging to the cor- poration shall be placed in the custody of some Trust Company of Chicago to be designated by the Board of Trustees, which Trust Company shall collect the income and principal of said securities as the same become due, and pay same to the Treasurer, except as hereinafter provided. Said Trust Company shall allow access to and deliver any or all securities or muniments of title to the joint order of the following officers, namely: the President or one of the Vice- Presidents, jointly with the Chairman, or one of the Vice-Chairmen, of the Finance Committee of the Museum. The President or any one of the Vice-Presidents, jointly with either the Chairman or any one of the other members of the Finance Committee, are authorized and empowered (a) to sell, assign and transfer as a whole or in part the securities owned by or registered in the name of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and, for that purpose, to endorse certificates in blank or to a named person, appoint one or more attorneys, and execute such other instru- ments as may be necessary, and (b) to cause any securities belonging to this Corpo- ration now, or acquired in the future, to be held or registered in the name or names of a nominee or nominees designated by them. Section 3. The Treasurer shall give bond in such amount, and with such sureties as shall be approved by the Board of Trustees. Section 4. The Harris Trust & Savings Bank of Chicago , shall be Cus- todian of "The N. W. Harris Public School Extension of the Chicago Natural History Museum" fund. The bank shall make disbursements only upon warrants drawn by the Director and countersigned by the President. In the absence or inability of the Director, warrants may be signed by the Chairman of the Finance Committee, and in the absence or inability of the President, may be countersigned by one of the Vice-Presidents, or any member of the Finance Committee. -89- ARTICLE VI THE DIRECTOR Section 1. The Board of Trustees shall elect a Director of the Museum, who shall remain in office until his successor shall be elected. He shall have im- mediate charge and supervision of the Museum, and shall control the operations of the Institution, subject to the authority of the Board of Trustees and its Com- mittees. The Director shall be the official medium of communication between the Board, or its Committees, and the scientific staff and maintenance force. Section 2. There shall be four scientific Departments of the Museum- Anthropology, Botany, Geology, and Zoology — each under the charge of a Chief Curator, subject to the authority of the Director. The Chief Curators shall be appointed by the Board upon the recommendation of the Director, and shall serve during the pleasure of the Board. Subordinate staff officers in the scientific Depart- ments shall be appointed and removed by the Director upon the recommendation of the Chief Curators of the respective Departments. The Director shall have authority to employ and remove all other employees of the Museum. Section 3. The Director shall make report to the Board at each regular meeting, recounting the operations of the Museum for the previous month. At the Annual Meeting, the Director shall make an Annual Report, reviewing the work for the previous year, which Annual Report shall be published in pamphlet form for the information of the Trustees and Members, and for free distribution in such number as the Board may direct. ARTICLE VII THE AUDITOR Section 1. The Board shall appoint an Auditor, who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the Board. He shall keep proper books of account, setting forth the financial condition and transactions of the Corporation, and of the Museum, and report thereon at each regular meeting, and at such other times as may be required by the Board. He shall certify to the correctness of all bills rendered for the expenditure of the money of the Corporation. ARTICLE VIII COMMITTEES Section 1. There shall be five Committees, as follows: Finance, Building, Auditing, Pension, and Executive. Section 2. The Finance Committee shall consist of six members, the Auditing and Pension Committees shall each consist of three members, and the Building Committee shall consist of five members. All members of these four Committees shall be elected by ballot by the Board at the Annual Meeting, and shall hold office for one year, and until their successors are elected and quali- fied. In electing the members of these Committees, the Board shall designate the Chairman and Vice-Chairman by the order in which the members are named in the respective Committee; the first member named shall be Chair- man, the second named the Vice-Chairman, and the third named, Second Vice- Chairman, succession to the Chairmanship being in this order in the event of the absence or disability of the Chairman. Section 3. The Executive Committee shall consist of the President of the Board, the Chairman of the Finance Committee, the Chairman of the Building Committee, the Chairman of the Auditing Committee, the Chairman of the Pension Committee, and three other members of the Board to be elected by ballot at the Annual Meeting. Section 4. Four members shall constitute a quorum of the Executive Com- mittee, and in all standing Committees two members shall constitute a quorum. In the event that, owing to the absence or inability of members, a quorum of the regularly elected members cannot be present at any meeting of any Com- mittee, then the Chairman thereof, or his successor, as herein provided, may summon any members of the Board of Trustees to act in place of the absentee. -90- Section 5. The Finance Committee shall have supervision of investing the endowment and other permanent funds of the Corporation, and the care of such real estate as may become its property. It shall have authority to invest, sell, and reinvest funds, subject to the approval of the Board. Section 6. The Building Committee shall have supervision of the con- struction, reconstruction, and extension of any and all buildings used for Museum purposes. Section 7. The Executive Committee shall be called together from time to time as the Chairman may consider necessary, or as he may be requested to do by three members of the Committee, to act upon such matters affecting the administration of the Museum as cannot await consideration at the Regular Monthly Meetings of the Board of Trustees. It shall, before the beginning of each fiscal year, prepare and submit to the Board an itemized Budget, setting forth the probable receipts from all sources for the ensuing year, and make recommendations as to the expenditures which should be made for routine maintenance and fixed charges. Upon the adoption of the Budget by the Board, the expenditures stated are authorized. Section 8. The Auditing Committee shall have supervision over all ac- counting and bookkeeping, and full control of the financial records. It shall cause the same, once each year, or oftener, to be examined by an expert indi- vidual or firm, and shall transmit the report of such expert individual or firm to the Board at the next ensuing regular meeting after such examination shall have taken place. Section 9. The Pension Committee shall determine by such means and processes as shall be established by the Board of Trustees to whom and in what amount the Pension Fund shall be distributed. These determinations or findings shall be subject to the approval of the Board of Trustees. Section 10. The Chairman of each Committee shall report the acts and proceedings thereof at the next ensuing regular meeting of the Board. Section 11. The President shall be ex-officio a member of all Committees and Chairman of the Executive Committee. Vacancies occurring in any Com- mittee may be filled by ballot at any regular meeting of the Board. ARTICLE IX NOMINATING committee Section 1. At the November meeting of the Board each year, a Nomi- nating Committee of three shall be chosen by lot. Said Committee shall make nominations for membership of the Finance Committee, the Building Committee, the Auditing Committee, and the Pension Committee, and for three members of the Executive Committee, from among the Trustees, to be submitted at the ensuing December meeting and voted upon at the following Annual Meeting in January. ARTICLE X Section 1. Whenever the word "Museum" is employed in the By-Laws of the Corporation, it shall be taken to mean the building in which the Museum as an Institution is located and operated, the material exhibited, the material in study collections, or in storage, furniture, fixtures, cases, tools, records, books, and all appurtenances of the Institution and the workings, researches, installa- tions, expenditures, field work, laboratories, library, publications, lecture courses, and all scientific and maintenance activities. Section 2. The By-Laws, and likewise the Articles of Incorporation, may be amended at any regular meeting of the Board of Trustees by a vote in favor thereof of not less than two-thirds of all the members present, provided the amendment shall have been proposed at a preceding regular meeting. ■ 9\ FOUNDER Marshall Field* Those who have Ayer, Edward E.* Buckingham, Miss Kate S.* Crane, Cornelius Crane, R. T., Jr.* Field, Joseph N.* Field, Marshall Field, Stanley- Graham, Ernest R.* * Deceased BENEFACTORS contributed $100,000 or more to the Museum Harris, Albert W. Harris, Norman W.* Higinbotham,HarlowN.* Kelley, William V.* Pullman, George M.* Rawson, Frederick H.* Raymond, Mrs. Anna Louise Raymond, James Nelson* Ryerson, Martin A.* Ryerson, Mrs. Martin A.* Simpson, James* Smith, Mrs. Frances Gaylord* Smith, George T.* Sturges, Mrs. Mary D.* Suarez, Mrs. Diego HONORARY MEMBERS Those who have rendered eminent service to Science Cutting, C. Suydam Field, Marshall Field, Stanley Harris, Albert W. Ludwig, H. R. H. Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince of Sweden McCormick, Stanley Roosevelt, Theodore Deceased, 1943 Roosevelt, Kermit Sargent, Homer E. Sprague, Albert A. Suarez, Mrs. Diego Vernay, Arthur S. Calderini, Charles J. Chadbourne, Mrs. Emily Crane Chancellor, Philip M. Cherrie, George K. Collins, Alfred M. Conover, Boardman Cutting, C. Suydam Day, Lee Garnett PATRONS Those who have rendered eminent service Ellsworth, Duncan S. Field, Mrs. Stanley Hack, Frederick C. Hancock, G. Allan Kennedy, Vernon Shaw Knight, Charles R. Moore, Mrs. William H. Deceased, 1943 Roosevelt, Kermit to the Museum Roosevelt, Theodore Sargent, Homer E. Sprague, Albert A. Straus, Mrs. Oscar S. Strawn, Silas H. Suarez, Mrs. Diego Vernay, Arthur S. White, Harold A. 92- CORRESPONDING MEMBERS Scientists or patrons of science, residing in foreign countries, who have rendered eminent service to the Museum Breuil, Abbe Henri Christensen, Dr. Carl Diels, Dr. Ludwig Hochreutiner, Dr. B. P. Georges Humbert, Professor Henri Keissler, Dr. Karl Keith, Professor Sir Arthur CONTRIBUTORS Those ivho have contributed $1,000 to $100,000 to the Museum in money or materials $75,000 to $100,000 Chancellor, Philip M. $50,000 to $75,000 Keep, Chauncey* Rosenwald, Mrs. Augusta N.* $25,000 to $50,000 Adams, Mrs. Edith Almy* Blackstone, Mrs. Timothy B.* Coats, John* Crane, Charles R.* Crane, Mrs. R. T., Jr. Field, Mrs. Stanley Jones, Arthur B.* Murphy, Walter P.* Porter, George F.* Rosenwald, Julius* Vernay, Arthur S. White, Harold A. $10,000 to $25,000 Adams, Joseph* Armour, Allison V.* Armour, P. D.* Chadbourne, Mrs. Emily Crane Chalmers, Mrs. Joan A.* Chalmers, William J.* * Deceased Conover, Boardman Cummings, R. F.* Cutting, C. Suydam Everard, R. T.* Gunsaulus, Dr. F. W.* Insull, Samuel* Laufer, Dr. Berthold* Lufkin, Wallace W. Mandel, Leon McCormick, Cyrus (Estate) McCormick, Stanley Mitchell, John J.* Reese, Lewis* Robb, Mrs. George W.* Rockefeller Foundation, The Sargent, Homer E. Schweppe, Mrs. Charles H.* Straus, Mrs. Oscar S. Strong, Walter A.* Wrigley, William, Jr.* $5,000 to $10,000 Adams, George E.* Adams, Milward* American Friends of China Avery, Sewell L. Bartlett, A. C* Bishop, Heber (Estate) Borland, Mrs. John Jay* Crane, R. T.* Doane, J. W.* Field, Dr. Henry Fuller, William A.* Graves, George Coe, II* Harris, Hayden B. Harris, Norman Dwight Harris, Mrs. Norman W.* Hutchinson, C. L.* Keith, Edson* Langtry, J. C. MacLean, Mrs. M. Haddon* Moore, Mrs. William H. Payne, John Barton* Pearsons, D. K.* Porter, H. H.* Ream, Norman B.* Revell, Alexander H.* Salie, Prince M. U. M. Sprague, A. A.* Storey, William Benson* Strawn, Silas H. Thorne, Bruce Tree, Lambert* Valentine, Louis L.* $1,000 to $5,000 Avery, Miss Clara A.* Ayer, Mrs. Edward E.* Barrett, Samuel E.* Bensabott, R., Inc. Bishop, Dr. Louis B. Blair, Watson F.* 93- Blaschke, Stanley Field Block, Mrs. Helen M.* Borden, John Brown, Charles Edward Cahn, Lieut. Alvin R. Chicago Zoological Society, The Coburn, Mrs. Annie S.* Crocker, Templeton Cummings, Mrs. Robert F. * Doering, O. C. Fish, Mrs. Frederick S. Graves, Henry, Jr. Gunsaulus, Miss Helen Hibbard, W. G.* Higginson, Mrs. Charles M.* Hill, James J.* * Deceased CONTRIBUTORS (Continued) Hixon, Frank P.* Hoffman, Miss Malvina Hughes, Thomas S. Jackson, Huntington W.* James, F. G. James, S. L. Knickerbocker, Charles K.* Lee Ling Yiin Lerner, Michael Look, Alfred A. MacLean, Haddon H. Mandel, Fred L., Jr. Manierre, George* Martin, Alfred T.* McCormick, Cyrus H.* McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus* Mitchell, Clarence B. Ogden, Mrs. Frances E.* Osgood, Dr. Wilfred H. Palmer, Potter* Patten, Henry J.* Prentice, Mrs. Clarence C. Rauchfuss, Charles F.* Raymond, Charles E.* Reynolds, Earle H. Rumely, William N.* Schapiro, Dr. Louis* Schwab, Martin C. Schweppe, Charles H.* Shaw, William W. Sherff, Dr. Earl E. Smith, Byron L.* Sprague, Albert A. Thompson, E. H.* Thorne, Mrs. Louise E. VanValzah, Dr. Robert VonFrantzius, Fritz* Wheeler, Leslie* Willis, L. M. CORPORATE MEMBERS Armour, Lester Avery, Sewell L. Blair, W. McCormick Block, Leopold E. Borden, John Calderini, Charles J. Chadbourne, Mrs. Emily Crane Chancellor, Philip M. Chatfield-Taylor, H. C. Cherrie, George K. Collins, Alfred M. Conover, Boardman Cummings, Walter J. Cutting, C. Suydam Day, Lee Garnett Dick, Albert B., Jr. Ellsworth, Duncan S. Fenton, Howard W. Field, Joseph N. Field, Marshall Field, Stanley Field, Mrs. Stanley Hack, Frederick C. Hancock, G. Allan Harris, Albert W. Insull, Samuel, Jr. Kennedy, Vernon Shaw Knight, Charles R. McCulloch, Charles A. Deceased, 1943 Roosevelt, Kermit Mitchell, William H. Moore, Mrs. William H. Richardson, George A. Roosevelt, Theodore Sargent, Homer E. Smith, Solomon A. Sprague, Albert A. Straus, Mrs. Oscar S. Strawn, Silas H. Suarez, Mrs. Diego Vernay, Arthur S. Wetten, Albert H. White, Harold A. Wilson, John P. LIFE MEMBERS Those who have contributed $500 to the Museum Adler, Max Allerton, Robert H. Armour, A. Watson Armour, Lester Armour, Mrs. Ogden Ascoli, Mrs. Max Asher, Louis E. Avery, Sewell L. Babson, Henry B. Bacon, Edward Richardson, Jr. Banks, Alexander F. Barnhart, Miss Gracia M. F. Barrett, Mrs. A. D. Barrett, Robert L. 94- LIFE MEMBERS {Continued) Bartlett, Miss Florence Dibell Baur, Mrs. Jacob Bendix, Vincent Bensabott, R. Bermingham, Edward J. Blaine, Mrs. Emmons Blair, Chauncey B. Block, Leopold E. Booth, W. Vernon Borden, John Borland, Chauncey B. Brassert, Herman A. Brewster, Walter S. Brown, Charles Edward Browne, Aldis J. Buchanan, D. W. Budd, Britton I. Burnham, John Burt, William G. Butler, Julius W. Butler, Rush C. Carpenter, Augustus A. Carpenter, Mrs. Hubbard Carpenter, Mrs. John Alden Carr, George R. Carr, Robert F. Carr, Walter S. Casalis, Mrs. Maurice Chatfield-Taylor, Wayne Clegg, William G. Clegg, Mrs. William G. Collins, William M. Connor, Ronnoc Hill Conover, Boardman Cook, Mrs. Daphne Field Corley, F. D. Cramer, Corwith Crossett, Edward C. Crossley, Lady Josephine Crossley, Sir Kenneth Crowell, H. P. Cudahy, Edward A., Cudahy, Joseph M. Cummings, Walter J. Cunningham, James D. Cushing, Charles G. Dawes, Charles G. Dawes, Henry M. Decker, Alfred Delano, Frederic A. Dick, Albert B., Jr. Dierssen, Ferdinand W. Dixon, Homer L. Donnelley, Thomas E. Doyle, Edward J. Drake, John B. Durand, Scott S. Edmunds, Philip S. Ely, Mrs. C. Morse Epstein, Max Ewing, Charles Hull Farr, Newton Camp Farr, Miss Shirley Farwell, Arthur L. Farwell, John V. Fay, C. N. Fenton, Howard W. Fentress, Calvin Fernald, Charles Field, Joseph N. Field, Marshall Field, Norman Field, Mrs. Norman Field, Stanley Field, Mrs. Stanley Gardner, Robert A. Gartz, A. F., Jr. Gary, Mrs. John W. Gilbert, Huntly H. Glore, Charles F. Goodspeed, Charles B. Gowing, J. Parker Hack, Frederick C. Hamill, Alfred E. Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A. Harris, Albert W. Harris, Norman W. Hayes, William F. Hecht, Frank A. Heineman, Oscar Hemmens, Mrs. Walter P. Hibbard, Frank Hickox, Mrs. Charles V. Hill, Louis W. Hinde, Thomas W. Hixon, Robert Hopkins, J. M. Hopkins, L. J. Horowitz, L. J. Hoyt, N. Landon Hughes, Thomas S. Hutchins, James C. Insull, Martin J. Insull, Samuel, Jr. Jarnagin, William N. Jelke, John F., Jr. Joiner, Theodore E. Jones, Miss Gwethalyn Kelley, Russell P. Kidston, William H. King, Charles Garfield King, James G. Kirk, Walter Radcliffe Ladd, John Lamont, Robert P. Lehmann, E. J. Leonard, Clifford M. Leopold, Mrs. Harold E. Levy, Mrs. David M. Linn, Mrs. Dorothy C. Logan, Spencer H. Lytton, Henry C. MacDowell, Charles H. MacLeish, John E. MacVeagh, Eames Madlener, Mrs. Albert F. Marshall, Benjamin H Mason, William S. McBain, Hughston M. McCormick, Stanley McCulloch, Charles A. McCutcheon, John T. McGann, Mrs. Robert G. Mclnnerney, Thomas H. McKinlay, John McLaughlin, Frederic McLennan, D. R. McNulty, T. J. Meyer, Carl Meyne, Gerhardt F. Mitchell, William H. Moore, Edward S. Morse, Charles H. Morton, Mark Munroe, Charles A. Newell, A. B. Nikolas, G. J. Ormsby, Dr. Oliver S. Orr, Robert M. Paesch, Charles A. Palmer, Honore Patterson, Joseph M. Peabody, Stuyvesant Pick, Albert Pike, Eugene R. Poppenhusen, Conrad H. Prentice, Mrs. Clarence C. Raymond, Mrs. Anna Louise Reynolds, Earle H. Riley, Harrison B. Rinaldo, Mrs. Philip S. Robinson, Theodore W. Robson, Miss Alice Rodman, Mrs. Katherine Field 95- LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) Rodman, Thomas Clifford Rosenwald, William Russell, Edmund A. Ryerson, Edward L., Jr. Seabury, Charles W. Shirk, Joseph H. Simpson, William B. Smith, Alexander Smith, Solomon A. Spalding, Keith Spalding, Vaughan C. Sprague, Albert A. Sprague. Mrs. Albert A. Stewart, Robert W. Stirton, Robert C. Ames, James C. Farnum, Henry W. Farwell, Walter Lowden, Frank O. Strawn, Silas H. Stuart, Harry L. Stuart, John Stuart, R. Douglas Sturges, George Swift, Charles H. Swift, Harold H. Thorne, Charles H. Thorne, Robert J. Tree, Ronald L. F. Tyson, Russell Uihlein, Edgar J. Underwood, Morgan P. Veatch, George L. Deceased, 1943 Mcllvaine, William B. Palmer, Potter Payson, George S. Reynolds, Arthur Wanner, Harry C. Ward, P. C. Welch, Mrs. Edwin P. Welling, John P. Whitney, Mrs. Julia L. Wickwire.Mrs.EdwardL. Wieboldt, William A. Willard, Alonzo J. Willits, Ward W. Wilson, John P. Wilson, Thomas E. Winston, Garrard B. Winter, Wallace C. Woolley, Clarence M. Wrigley, Philip K. Yates, David M. Shaffer, John C. Sunny, B. E. Swift, G. F. NON-RESIDENT LIFE MEMBERS Those, residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, who have Bennett, Mrs. Irene Stark Coolidge, Harold J., Jr. Copley, Ira Cliff Ellis, Ralph Gregg, John Wyatt contributed $1 00 to the Museum Hearne, Knox Holloman, Mrs. Delmar W. Johnson, Herbert F., Jr. Rosenwald, Lessing J. Stephens, W. C. Stern, Mrs. Edgar B. Vernay, Arthur S. Zerk, Oscar U. 96- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those who have contributed $100 to the Museum Aaron, Charles Aaron, Ely M. Abbott, Donald Putnam, Jr. Abbott, Gordon C. Abbott, Guy H. Abbott, W. Rufus Abbott, William L. Abeles, Mrs. Jerome G. Abrahamsen, Miss Cora Abrams, Duff A. Ackerman, Charles N. Adamick, Gustave H. Adams, Mrs. Charles S. Adams, Mrs. David T. Adams, Mrs. Frances Sprogle Adams, Miss Jane Adams, John Q. Adams, Mrs. S. H. Adams, Mrs. Samuel Adams, William C. Adamson, Henry T. Adler, David Adler, Mrs. Max Affleck, Benjamin F. Ahlschlager, Walter W. Aishton, Richard H. Alden, William T. Aldis, Graham Alexander, Mrs. Arline V. Alexander, Edward Afford, Mrs. Laura T. C. Allbright, John G. Allen, Mrs. Fred G. Allensworth, A. P. Allin, J. J. Alsip, Charles H. Alsip, Mrs. Charles H. Alter, Harry Alton, Carol W. Ames, Rev. Edward S. Andersen, Arthur Anderson, Mrs. Alma K. Anderson, Miss Florence Regina Andreen, Otto C. Andrews, Mrs. E. C. Andrews, Milton H. Anstiss, George P. Antrim, E. M. Appelt, Mrs. Jessie E. Armbrust, John T. Armbruster, Charles A. Armour, A. Watson, III Armour, Laurance H. Armour, Philip D. Armstrong, Mrs. Julian Armstrong, Kenneth E. Arn, W. G. Arnold, Mrs. Lloyd Artingstall, Samuel G. Ascher, Fred Ashcraft, Raymond M. Ashenhurst, Harold S. Atwater, Walter Hull Aurelius, Mrs. Marcus A. Austin, E. F. Austin, Henry W. Avery, George J. Ay res, Robert B. Babb, W. E. Babson, Mrs. Gustavus Bachmann, Mrs. Harrold A. Bachmeyer, Dr. Arthur C. Back, Miss Maude F. Bacon, Dr. Alfons R. Badger, Shreve Cowles Baer, Mervin K. Baer, Walter S. Bagby, John C. Baggaley, William Blair Bair, W. P. Baird, Harry K. Baker, Mrs. Alfred L. Baker, G. W. Baker, Greeley Baldwin, Mrs. Katharine W. Baldwin, Vincent Curtis Balgemann, Otto W. Balkin, Louis Ball, Dr. Fred E. Ballard, Mrs. Foster K. Ballenger, A. G. Banes, W. C. Banks, Edgar C. Bannister, Miss Ruth D. Bantsolas, John N. Barber, Phil C. Barbour, James J. Bargquist, Miss Lillian D. Barkhausen, L. H. Barnes, Cecil Barnes, Mrs. Charles Osborne Barnes, Harold 0. Barnes, James M. Barnett, Otto R. Barnhart, Mrs. A. M. Barnum, Harry H. Barr, Mrs. Alfred H. Barrett, Mrs. A. M. Bartelme, John H. Barthell, Gary Bartholomae, Mrs. Emma Bartholomay, F. H. Bartholomay, Henry Bartholomay, Mrs. William, Jr. Bartlett, Frederic C. Barton, Mrs. Enos M. Basile, William B. Basta, George A. Bastian, Charles L. Bateman, Floyd L. Bates, Mrs. A. M. Bates, Joseph A. Battey, Paul L. Bauer, Aleck Baum, Mrs. James E. Baum, Wilhelm Baumann, Harry P. Bausch, William C. Beach, Miss Bess K. Beach, E. Chandler Beachy, Mrs. Walter F. Beck, Alexander Beck von Peccoz, Baroness Martha Becker, Benjamin F. Becker, Benjamin V. Becker, Frederick G. Becker, Herman T. Becker, James H. Becker, Louis Becker, Louis L. Beddoes, Hubert Behr, Mrs. Edith Beidler, Francis, II Bell, Mrs. Laird Benjamin, Jack A. Benner, Harry Bennett, Professor J. Gardner Benson, John Benson, Mrs. Thaddeus R. Bentley, Arthur Bentley, Mrs. Cyrus Benton, Miss Mabel M. Berend, George F. Berkowitz, Dr. J. G. Berkson, Mrs. Maurice Berry, V. D. Berryman, John B. Bersbach, Elmer S. Bertol, Miss Aurelia Bertschinger, Dr. C. F. Besly, Mrs. C. H. Bettman, Dr. Ralph B. Bichl, Thomas A. Biddle, Robert C. Biehn, Dr. J. F. >97> ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Bigler, Mrs. Albert J. Billow, Elmer Ellsworth Billow, Miss Virginia Bird, Miss Frances Birk, Miss Amelia Birk, Frank J. Birkenstein, George Bishop, Howard P. Bishop, Mrs. Martha V. Bistor, James E. Bittel, Mrs. Frank J. Bixby, Edward Randall Blackburn, Oliver A. Blackman, Nathan L. Blair, Mrs. M. Barbour Blair, W. McCormick Blair, Wolcott Blatchford, Carter Blatchford, Dr. Frank Wicks Blayney, Thomas C. Blecker, Mrs. Michael, Jr. Blessing, Dr. Robert Blish, Sylvester Block, Joseph L. Block, Leigh B. Block, Mrs. Leigh B. Block, Philip D., Jr. Bloom, Mrs. Leopold Bloss, Mrs. Sidney M. Blum, David Blum, Harry H. Blunt, J. E., Jr. Bluthardt, Edwin Boal, Ayres Boericke, Mrs. Anna Boettcher, Arthur H. Bohasseck, Charles Bolotin, Hyman Bolten, Paul H. Bondy, Berthold Boomer, Dr. Paul C. Boone, Arthur Booth, Alfred V. Booth, George E. Borg, George W. Borland, Mrs. Bruce Borowitz, David Borwell, Robert C. Bosch, Charles Bosch, Mrs. Henry Botts, Graeme G. Boulton, Mrs. Rudyerd Bousa, Dr. Bohuslav Bowen, Mrs. Louise DeKoven Bowey, Mrs. Charles F. Bowman, Johnston A. Boyack, Harry Boyd, Mrs. T. Kenneth Boyden, Miss Ellen Webb Boyden, Miss Rosalie Sturges Boynton, A. J. Boynton, Frederick P. Brach, Mrs. F. V. Bradley, Mrs. A. Ballard Bradley, Charles E. Bradley, Mrs. Natalie Blair Higinbotham Brainerd, Mrs. Arthur T. Bramble, Delhi G. C. Brand, Mrs. Maude G. Brand, Mrs. Rudolf Brandes, A. G. Brandt, Charles H. Bransfield, John J. Brauer, Mrs. Paul Breckinridge, Professor S. P. Bremner, Mrs. David F., Jr. Brendecke, Miss June Brennemann, Dr. Joseph Brenner, S. L. Brennom, Dr. Elmo F. Brennwasser, S. M. Brenza, Miss Mary Brewer, Mrs. Angeline L. Breyer, Mrs. Theodor Bridges, Arnold Briggs, Mrs. Gertrude Bristol, James T. Brock, A. J. Brodribb, Lawrence C. Brodsky, J. J. Broome, Thornhill Brown, A. Wilder Brown, Mrs. Bradford Brown, Christy Brown, Mrs. Everett C. Brown, John T. Brown, Dr. Joshua M. Brown, Mark A. Brown, Scott Brucker, Dr. Edward A. Bruckner, William T. Brugman, John J. Brundage, Avery Brunswick, Larry Brunt, J. P. Bryant, John J., Jr. Buck, Guy R. Buck, Nelson Leroy Buckley, Mrs. Warren Bucklin, Mrs. Vail R. Buddig, Carl Buehler, Mrs. Carl Buehler, H. L. Buettner, Walter J. Burlington, Mrs. Margaret A. Buhmann, Gilbert G. Bullock, Mrs. James E. Bunge, Mrs. Albert J. Bunte, Mrs. Theodore W. Burbott, E. W. Burch, Clayton B. Burchmore, John S. Burdick, Mrs. Alfred S. Burgess, Charles F. Burgmeier, John M. Burgstreser, Newton Burgweger, Mrs. Meta Dewes Burke, Mrs. Lawrence N. Burke, Webster H. Burkholder, Dr. J. F. Burley, Mrs. Clarence A. Burns, Mrs. Randall W. Burry, William, Jr. Bush, Mrs. William H. Butler, Burridge D. Butler, Mrs. Hermon B. Butler, John M. Butler, Paul Butz, Herbert R. Butz, Theodore C. Butzow, Mrs. Robert C. Byfield, Dr. Albert H. Byrne, Miss Margaret H. Cahn, Dr. Alvin R. Cahn, Bertram J. Cahn, Morton D. Caine, John F. Caine, Leon J. Callender, Mrs. Joseph E. Calmeyn, Frank B. Camenisch, Miss Sophia C. Cameron, Dr. Dan U. Cameron, Will J. Camp, Mrs. Arthur Royce Campbell, Delwin M. Campbell, Herbert J. Canby, Caleb H., Jr. Canman, Richard W. Capes, Lawrence R. Capps, Dr. Joseph A. Cardelli, Mrs. Giovanni Carlin, Leo J. Carmell, Daniel D. Carney, William Roy Caron, O. J. Carpenter, Mrs. Benjamin Carpenter, Mrs. Frederic Ives Carpenter, Mrs. George A. Carpenter, George Sturges Carpenter, Hubbard -98- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Carpenter, Miss Rosalie Sturges, II Carqueville, Mrs. A. R. Carr, Mrs. Clyde M. Carroll, John A. Carry, Joseph C. Carter, Mrs. Armistead B . Carton, Alfred T. Cary, Dr. Eugene Casselberry, Mrs. William Evans, Sr. Cassels, Edwin H. Castle, Alfred C. Castruccio, Giuseppe Cates, Dudley Cerling, Fredolph A. Cernoch, Frank Chandler, Henry P. Chapin, Henry Kent Chapin, William Arthur Chapman, Arthur E. Cheney, Dr. Henry W. Cherones, George D. Cherry, Walter L., Jr. Childs, Mrs. C. Frederick Childs, Mrs. George W. Chinlund, Miss Ruth E. Chinnock, Mrs. Ronald J. Chisholm, George D. Chislett, Miss Kate E. Christensen, E. C. Christiansen, Dr. Henry Chritton, George A. Churan, Charles A. Clark, Ainsworth W. Clark, Miss Alice Keep Clark, Charles V. Clark, Mrs. Edward S. Clark, Edwin H. Clarke, Charles F. Clarke, Harley L. Clay, John Clemen, Dr. Rudolf A. Cleveland, Paul W. Clifford, Fred J., Jr. Clinch, Duncan L. Clithero, W. S. Clonick, Seymour E. Clough, William H. Clow, Mrs. Harry B. Clow, William E., Jr. Coath, V. W. Cochran, John L. Coffin, Fred Y. Cohen, George B. Cohen, Mrs. L. Lewis Colburn, Frederick S. Colby, Mrs. George E. Coldren, Clifton C. Coleman, Clarence L., Jr. Coleman, Dr. George H. Coleman, Loring W. Coleman, Marvin H. Colianni, Paul V. Collins, Beryl B. Collison, E. K. Colvin, Miss Catharine Colvin, Miss Jessie Colvin, Mrs. William H. Colwell, Clyde C. Compton, Mrs. Arthur H. Compton, D. M. Compton, Frank E. Condon, Mrs. James G. Conger, Miss Cornelia Connell, P. G. Conners, Harry Connor, Mrs. Clara A. Connor, Frank H. Cook, Miss Alice B. Cook, Mrs. David S. Cook, Jonathan Miller Cooke, Charles E. Cooke, Miss Flora Cooke, Leslie L. Cooley, Gordon A. Coolidge, Miss Alice Coolidge, E. Channing Coolidge, Dr. Edgar D. Coombs, James F. Coonley, John Stuart Coonley, Prentiss L. Cooper, Samuel Copland, David Corbett, Mrs. William J. Cornell, Dr. Edward L. Cosford, Thomas H. Coston, James E. Cowan, Mrs. Grace L. Cox, James A. Cox, James C. Cox, Mrs. Rensselaer W. Cox, William D. Coyle, C. H. Cragg, Mrs. George L. Crane, Charles R., II Crego, Mrs. Dominica S. Crerar, Mrs. John Crilly, Edgar Cromer, Clarence E. Cromwell, Miss Juliette Clara Cubbins, Dr. William R. Cudahy, Edward I. Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark Cummings, Mrs. Frances S. Cuneo, John F. Curran, Harry R. Curtis, Austin Guthrie, Jr. Curtis, Mrs. Charles S. Curtis, Miss Frances H. Cusack, Harold Cushman, A. W. Cushman, Barney Cutler, Henry E. Cuttle, Harold E. Dahlberg, Bror G. Daily, Richard Daley, Harry C. Dalmar, Mrs. Hugo Dalmar, Hugo, Jr. Dammann, J. F. Danforth, Dr. William C. Dangel, W. H. Dantzig, Leonard P. D'Aquila, George Darrow, Paul E. Dashiell, C. R. Daughaday, C. Colton Davey, Mrs. Bruce E. David, Dr. Vernon C. Davidonis, Dr. Alexander L. Davidson, David W. Davidson, Miss Mary E. Davies, Marshall Davis, Arthur Davis, C. S. Davis, Dr. Carl B. Davis, Dean W. Davis, Frank S. Davis, Dr. Loyal Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Ill Dawes, E. L. Deahl, Uriah S. Deane, Mrs. Ruthven Decker, Charles O. DeCosta, Lewis M. DeDardel, Carl 0. Dee, Thomas J. Deery, Thomas A., Jr. Degen, David DeGolyer, Robert S. DeKoven, Mrs. John DeLemon, H. R. Delph, Dr. John F. Demaree, H. S. Deming, Everett G. Dempster, Mrs. Charles W. Deneen, Mrs. Charles S. Denison, Mrs. John Porter Denkewalter, W. E. Denman, Mrs. Burt J. Dennehy, Thomas C, Jr. Denney, Ellis H. Deslsles, Mrs. Carrie L. Deutsch, Mrs. Percy L. DeVries, David 99 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) DeVries, Peter Dick, Edison Dick, Elmer J. Dick, Mrs. Homer T. Dickey, Roy Dickinson, F. R. Dickinson, Robert B. Dickinson, Mrs. Thompson Diehl, Harry L. Diestel, Mrs. Herman Dimick, Miss Elizabeth Dimmer, Miss Elizabeth G. Dixon, Alan C. Dixon, George W., Jr. Doctor, Isidor Dodge, Mrs. Paul C. Doering, Mrs. Edmund J., Jr. Doering, Otto C. Doerr, William P. Doetsch, Miss Anna Dole, Arthur Dolese, Mrs. John Donker, Mrs. William Donlon, Mrs. Stephen E. Donnelley, Gaylord Donnelley, Mrs. H. P. Donnelley, Miss Naomi Donnelly, Frank Donohue, Edgar T. Dorocke, Joseph, Jr. Dorschel, Q. P. Douglas, James H., Jr. Douglass, Kingman Douglass, Mrs. W. A. Dreutzer, Carl Dreyfus, Mrs. Mo'ise Dryden, Mrs. George B. Dubbs, C. P. DuBois, Laurence M. Dudley, Laurence H. Dulany, George W., Jr. Dulsky, Mrs. Samuel Dunbaugh, Harry J. Duncan, Albert G. Duner, Joseph A. Dunham, Miss Lucy Belle Dunham, Robert J. Dunlop, Mrs. Simpson Dunn, Samuel O. Dupee, Mrs. F. Kennett Durand, Mrs. N. E. Durbin, Fletcher M. Easterberg, C. J. Eastman, Mrs. George H. Ebeling, Frederic O. Eckhart, Percy B. Eckstein, Mrs. Louis Eddy, Thomas H. Edwards, Miss Edith E. Edwards, Kenneth P. Egan, William B. Egloff, Dr. Gustav Ehrman, Edwin H. Eichengreen, Edmund K. Eiseman, Fred R. Eisendrath, Edwin W. Eisendrath, Miss Elsa B. Eisendrath, Robert M. Eisendrath, William B. Eisenschiml, Mrs. Otto Eisenstaedt, Harry Eisenstein, Sol Eitel, Max Elenbogen, Herman Elich, Robert William Ellbogen, Miss Celia Elliott, Frank R. Ellis, Howard Elting, Howard Embree, J. W., Jr. Emery, Edward W. Engberg, Miss Ruth M. Engel, E. J. Engel, Miss Henrietta Engstrom, Harold Erdmann, Mrs. C. Pardee Erickson, Donovan Y. Ericson, Mrs. Chester F. Ericsson, Clarence Ericsson, Dewey A. Ericsson, Henry Ericsson, Walter H. Ernst, Mrs. Leo Erskine, Albert DeWolf EtsHokin, Louis Etten, Henry C. Evans, Miss Anna B. Evans, Mrs. David Evans, David J. Evans, Eliot H. Evans, Evan A. Fabian, Francis G. Fabrice, Edward H. Fabry, Herman Fackt, Mrs. George P. Fader, A. L. Faget, James E. Faherty, Roger Fai thorn, Walter E. Falk, Miss Amy Fallon, Dr. W. Raymond Farnham, Mrs. Harry J. Farrell, Mrs. B. J. Faulkner, Charles J., Jr. Faulkner, Miss Elizabeth Faurot, Henry Faurot, Henry, Jr. Fay, Miss Agnes M. Fecke, Mrs. Frank J. Feiwell, Morris E. Felix, Benjamin B. Fellows, William K. Felsenthal, Edward George Feltman, Charles H. Fennekohl, Mrs. Arthur C. Fergus, Robert C. Fernald, Robert W. Ferry, Mrs. Frank F. Fetcher, Edwin S. Fetzer, Wade Filkins, A. J. Findlay, Mrs. Roderick Fineman, Oscar Finley, Max H. Finnegan, Richard J. Finnerud, Dr. Clark W. Fischel, Frederic A. Fish, Mrs. Helen S. Fishbein, Dr. Morris Fisher, Mrs. Edward Metcalf Fisher, George F. Fisher, Harry M. Fitzpatrick, Mrs. John A. Flavin, Edwin F. Fleming, Mrs. Joseph B. Flood, Walter H. Florsheim, Harold M. Florsheim, Irving S. Florsheim, Mrs. Milton S. Flosdorf, Mrs. A. E. Folonie, Mrs. Robert J. Folsom, Mrs. Richard S. Forch, Mrs. John L., Jr. Ford, Mrs. Willis Roland Foreman, Mrs. Alfred K. Foreman, Mrs. E. G. Foreman, Edwin G., Jr. Foreman, Harold E. Forgan, James B., Jr. Forgan, Mrs. J. Russell Forgan, Robert D. Forman, Charles Forstall, James J. Fortune, Miss Joanna Foster, Mrs. Charles K. Foster, Volney Fox, Charles E. Fox, Jacob Logan Fox, Dr. Paul C. Fox, Dr. Philip Frank, Arthur A. Frank, Dr. Ira Frank, Mrs. Joseph K. Frankenstein, William B. -100- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Frankenthal, Dr. Lester E., Jr. Frazer, Mrs. George E. Freedman, Dr. I. Val Freeman, Charles Y. Freiler, Abraham J. French, Dudley K. Frenier, A. B. Freudenthal, G. S. Frey, Charles Daniel Freyn, Henry J. Fridstein, Meyer Friedlander, Jacob Friedlich, Mrs. Herbert Friedman, Mrs. Isaac K. Friend, Mrs. Henry K. Friestedt, Arthur A. Frost, Mrs. Charles Sumner Fuller, Mrs. Gretta Patterson Fuller, Judson M. Furry, William S. Gabathuler, Miss Juanita Gabriel, Adam Gaertner, William Gale, G. Whittier Gall, Charles H. Gall, Harry T. Gallagher, Mrs. John J. Gallup, Rockwell Gait, Mrs. A. T. Gamble, D. E. Gamble, James A. Gann, David B. Gansbergen, Mrs. F. H. Garcia, Jose Garden, Hugh M. G. Gardiner, Mrs. John L. Gardner, Addison L. Gardner, Addison L., Jr. Gardner, Henry A. Gardner, Mrs. James P. Garen, Joseph F. Garrison, Dr. Lester E. Gates, Mrs. L. F. Gawne, Miss Clara V. Gay, Rev. A. Royal Gaylord, Duane W. Gear, H. B. Gehl, Dr. W. H. Gehrmann, Felix Geiger, Alfred B. Geiling, Dr. E. M. K. Gellert, Donald N. Gentz, Miss Margaret Nina George, Mrs. Albert B. Georgs, Fred W. Gerber, Max Gerding, R. W. Gerngross, Mrs. Leo Gettelman, Mrs. Sidney H. Getz, Mrs. James R. Getzoff, E. B. Gibbs, Richard F. Gibbs, Dr. William W. Gibson, Dr. Stanley Gidwitz, Alan K. Gielow, Walter C. Giffey, Miss Hertha Gifford, Mrs. Frederick C. Gilbert, Miss Clara C. Gilchrist, Mrs. John F. Gilchrist, Mrs. William Albert Giles, Carl C. Giles, Mrs. Guy H. Gillette, Mrs. Ellen D. Ginther, Miss Minnie C. Girard, Mrs. Anna Glaescher, Mrs. G. W. Glasner, Rudolph W. Godehn, Paul M. Goedke, Charles F. Goehst, Mrs. John Henry Goes, Mrs. Arthur A. Golden, Dr. Isaac J. K. Goldenberg, Sidney D. Goldfine, Dr. Ascher H. C. Golding, Robert N. Goldman, Mrs. Louis Goldsmith, Mitchel Goldstein, Nathan S. Goldstine, Dr. Mark T. Goldy, Walter I. Goltra, Mrs. William B. Goode, Mrs. Rowland T. Gooden, G. E. Goodman, Benedict K. Goodman, Mrs. Milton F. Goodman, W. J. Goodman, William E. Goodwin, Clarence Norton Goodwin, George S. Gordon, Miss Bertha F. Gordon, Harold J. Gordon, Dr. Richard J. Gordon, Mrs. Robert D. Gorrell, Mrs. Warren Grade, Joseph Y. Gradle, Dr. Harry S. Graf, Robert J. Graff, Oscar C. Graham, Douglas Graham, E. V. Graham, Miss Margaret H. Gramm, Mrs. Helen Granger, Mrs. Everett J. Grant, James D. Grant, John G. Graves, Howard B. Grawoig, Allen Gray, Dr. Earle Gray, Edward Green, Miss Mary Pomeroy Green, Robert D. Greenburg, Dr. Ira E. Greene, Henry E. Greenebaum, M. E., Jr. Greenlee, Mrs. William Brooks Greenman, Mrs. Earl C. Gregory, Mrs. Robert B. Gregory, Stephen S., Jr. Gregory, Tappan Gressens, Otto Grey, Charles F. Grey, Dr. Dorothy Griest, Mrs. Marianna L. Griffenhagen, Mrs. Edwin O. Griffith, Mrs. Carroll L. Griffith, E. L. Griffith, Mrs. William Griffiths, George W. Griswold, Harold T. Grizzard, James A. Gronkowski, Rev. C. I. Groot, Cornelius J. Groot, Lawrence A. Gross, Henry R. Grossman, Frank I. Grotenhuis, Mrs. William J. Gruhn, Alvah V. Grulee, Lowry K. Grunow, Mrs. William C. Guenzel, Louis Guest, Ward E. Gunthorp, Walter J. Gurley, Miss Helen K. Gurman, Samuel P. Guthman, Edwin I. Gwinn, William R. Haas, Maurice Hadley, Mrs. Edwin M. Haffner, Mrs. Charles C, Jr. Hagen, Mrs. Daise Hagen, Fred J. Hagens, Dr. Garrett J. Hagner, Fred L. Haight, George I. Hair, T. R. Hajicek, Rudolph F. Haldeman, Walter S. Hale, Mrs. Samuel Hale, William B. 101 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Hall, Edward B. Hall, Mrs. J. B. Hallmann, August F. Hallmann, Herman F. Halperin, Aaron Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A. Hamlin, Paul D. Hamm, Fred B. Hammerschmidt, Mrs. George F. Hammond, Thomas S. Hand, George W. Hanley, Henry L. Hann, J. Roberts Hansen, Mrs. Carl Hansen, Jacob W. Harder, John H. Hardie, George F. Hardin, John H. Harding, John Cowden Harding, Richard T. Hardinge, Franklin Harms, Van Deursen Harper, Alfred C. Harris, Mrs. Abraham Harris, David J. Harris, Gordon L. Harris, Hayden B. Hart, Mrs. Herbert L. Hart, Max A. Hart, William M. Hartmann, A. O. Hartshorn, Kenneth L. Hartwig, Otto J. Hartz, W. Homer Harvey, Byron, III Harvey, Richard M. Harwood, Thomas W. Haskell, Mrs. George E. Haskins, Raymond G. Hay, Mrs. William Sherman Hayes, Charles M. Hayes, Harold C. Hayes, Miss Mary E. Haynie, Miss Rachel W. Hays, Mrs. Arthur A. Hayslett, Arthur J. Hazlett, Dr. William H. Hazlett, Mrs. William H. Healy, Vincent Jerrems Heaney, Dr. N. Sproat Heaton, Harry E. Heaton, Herman C. Heck, John Hedberg, Henry E. Heide, John H., Jr. Heiman, Marcus Heine, Mrs. Albert Heineman, Oscar Heinzelman, Karl Heinzen, Mrs. Carl Heisler, Francis Hejna, Joseph F. Heldmaier, Miss Marie Helfrich, J. Howard Heller, Albert Heller, John A. Heller, Mrs. Walter E. Hellman, George A. Hellyer, Walter Hemple, Miss Anne C. Henderson, Thomas B. G. Henkel, Frederick W. Henley, Dr. Eugene H. Hennings, Mrs. Abraham J. Henry, Huntington B. Henry, Otto Henschel, Edmund C. Henshaw, Mrs. Raymond S. Herrick, Charles E. Herrick, Miss Louise Herron, James C. Herron, Mrs. Ollie L. Hershey, J. Clarence Hertz, Mrs. Fred Hertzberg, Lawrence Herwig, George Herwig, William D., Jr. Herz, Mrs. Alfred Heun, Arthur Heverly, Earl L. Hibbard, Mrs. Angus S. Hibbard, Mrs. W. G. Higgins, John Higinbotham, Harlow D. Higley, Mrs. Charles W. Hildebrand, Eugene, Jr. Hildebrand, Grant M. Hill, Mrs. E. M. Hill, Mrs. Russell D. Hill, William C. Hill, William E. Hille, Dr. Hermann Hillebrecht, Herbert E. Hills, Edward R. Himrod, Mrs. Frank W. Hind, Mrs. John Dwight Hinkle, Ross O. Hinman, Mrs. Estelle S. Hinrichs, Henry, Jr. Hinsberg, Stanley K. Hirsch, Jacob H. Histed, J. Roland Hixon, Mrs. Frank P. Hodgkinson, Mrs. W. R. Hoffmann, Edward Hempstead Hogan, Robert E. Hoier, William V. Holabird, W. S., Jr. Holden, Edward A. Holland, Dr. William E. Holliday, W. J. Hollingsworth, R. G. Hollis, Henry L. Hollister, Francis H. Holmburger, Max Holmes, George J. Holmes, Miss Harriet F. Holmes, J. A. Holmes, Mrs. Maud G. Holmes, William Holmes, William N. Holt, Miss Ellen Holub, Anthony S. Homan, Miss Blossom L Honsik, Mrs. James M. Hoover, Mrs. Frank K. Hoover, Mrs. Fred W. Hoover, H. Earl Hoover, Ray P. Hope, Alfred S. Hopkins, Mrs. James M Hopkins, Mrs. James M., Jr. Horcher, William W. Home, Mrs. William Dodge, Jr. Horner, Dr. David A. Horner, Mrs. Maurice L., Jr. Hornung, Joseph J. Horst, Curt A. Horton, George T. Horton, Hiram T. Horton, Horace B. Horween, Arnold Hosbein, Louis H. Hottinger, Adolph Howard, Willis G. Howe, Clinton W. Howe, Mrs. Pierce Lyman Howe, Ralph B. Howe, Warren D. Howe, William G. Howell, Albert S. Howell, William Howes, Mrs. Frank W. Howse, Richard G. Hoyne, Thomas Temple Hoyt, Mrs. Phelps B. Hubbard, George W. Huber, Dr. Harry Lee Hudson, Miss Katherine J. Hudson, Walter L. Huey, Mrs. A. S. Huff, Thomas D. Hufty, Mrs. F. P. Huggins, Dr. Ben H. Hughes, George A. Hughes, John E. -102 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Hughes, John W. Hulbert, Mrs. Milan H. Hume, John T. Humphrey, H. K. Huncke, Herbert S. Huncke, Oswald W. Hunter, Samuel M. Hurley, Edward N., Jr. Hust, George Huston, Ward T. Huszagh, R. LeRoy Huszagh, Ralph D. Hutchinson, Foye P. Hutchinson, Samuel S. Hyatt, R. C. Ickes, Raymond Idelman, Bernard Ilg, Robert A. Illich, George M., Jr. Ingalls, Allin K. Inlander, Samuel Irons, Dr. Ernest E. Isaacs, Charles W., Jr. Isham, Henry P. Ives, Clifford E. Jackson, Allan Jackson, Archer L. Jackson, Mrs. Arthur S. Jackson, Miss Laura E. Jackson, Mrs. W. A. Jacobi, Miss Emily C. Jacobs, Hyman A. Jacobs, Julius Jacobs, Louis G. Jacobs, Walter H. Jacobs, Whipple Jacobson, Raphael Jaffray, Mrs. David S. James, Walter C. Jameson, Clarence W. Janson, Dr. C. Helge M. Janusch, Fred W. Jarchow, Mrs. C. E. Jarchow, Charles C. Jarratt, Mrs. R. J. Jeffreys, Mrs. Mary M. Jeffries, F. L. Jenkins, David F. D. Jenkins, Mrs. John E. Jenkinson, Mrs. Arthur Gilbert Jennings, Ode D. Jennings, Mrs. Rosa V. Jerger, Wilbur Joseph Jetzinger, David Jirka, Dr. Frank J. Jirka, Dr. Robert H. John, Dr. Findley D. Johnson, Dr. Adelaide Johnson, Alvin 0. Johnson, Arthur L. Johnson, Mrs. Harley Alden Johnson, Joseph M. Johnson, Nels E. Johnson, Mrs. O. W. Johnson, Olaf B. Johnson, Philip C. Johnston, Arthur C. Johnston, Edward R. Johnston, Mrs. Hubert McBean Johnston, Mrs. M. L. Jones, Albert G. Jones, Mrs. C. A. Jones, James B. Jones, Dr. Margaret M. Jones, Melvin Jones, Miss Susan E. Joseph, Mrs. Jacob G. Joseph, Louis L. Joy, Guy A. Joyce, Joseph Judson, Clay Juergens, H. Paul Julien, Victor R. Junkunc, Stephen Kaercher, A. W. Kahn, J. Kesner Kahn, Jerome J. Kahn, Louis Kaine, James B. Kamins, Dr. Maclyn M. Kane, Jerome M. Kanter, Jerome J. Kaplan, Nathan D. Karcher, Mrs. Leonard D . Karpen, Michael Kasch, Frederick M. Kaspar, Otto Katz, Mrs. Sidney L. Katz, Solomon Katzenstein, Mrs. George P. Katzin, Frank Kauffman, Mrs. R. K. Kauffmann, Alfred Kaufmann, Dr. Gustav L. Kavanagh, Clarence H. Kavanagh, Maurice F. Kay, Mrs. Marie E. Keefe, Mrs. George I. Keehn, George W. Keene, Mrs. Joseph Keeney, Albert F. Kehl, Robert Joseph Keith, Stanley Keith, Mrs. Stanley Kelker, Rudolph F., Jr. Kellogg, John L. Kelly, Edward T. Kelly, Mrs. Haven Core Kemp, Mrs. E. M. Kemper, Hathaway G. Kemper, Miss Hilda M. Kempner, Harry B. Kempner, Stan Kendall, Mrs. Virginia H. Kendrick, John F. Kennedy, Mrs. E. J. Kennedy, Lesley Kennelly, Martin H. Kent, Dr. O. B. Keogh, Gordon E. Kern, H. A. Kern, Trude Kersey, Glen B. Kerwin, Edward M. Kesner, Jacob L. Kestnbaum, Meyer Kettering, Mrs. Eugene W. Kiessling, Mrs. Charles S. Kile, Miss Jessie J. Kimball, William W. Kimbark, John R. King, Clinton B. King, Joseph H. Kingman, Mrs. Arthur G. Kinsey, Frank Kinsey, Robert S. Kintzel, Richard Kirkland, Mrs. Weymouth Kitchell, Howell W. Kittredge, R. J. Kitzelman, Otto Klein, Henry A. Klein, Mrs. Samuel Kleinpell, Dr. Henry H. Kleist, Mrs. Harry Kleppinger, William H. Kleutgen, Dr. Arthur C. Kline, Sol Klinetop, Mrs. Charles W. Knopf, Andrew J. Knott, Mrs. Stephen R. Knox, Harry S. Knutson, George H. Koch, Mrs. Fred J. Koch, Raymond J. Kochs, August Kochs, Mrs. Robert T. Kohl, Mrs. Caroline L. Kohler, Eric L. Kohlsaat, Edward C. Komiss, David S. Konsberg, Alvin V. Kopf, Miss Isabel Koppenaal, Dr. Eliza- beth Thompson Kosobud, William F. 103 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Kotal, John A. Kotin, George N. Koucky, Dr. J. D. Kovac, Stefan Kraber, Mrs. Fredericka Kraft, C. H. Kraft, James L. Kraft, John H. Kraft, Norman Kralovec, Emil G. Kralovec, Mrs. Otto J. Kramer, Leroy Kraus, Peter J. Kraus, Samuel B. Krause, John J. Kreidler, D. C. Kretschmer, Dr. Herman L. Kretschmer, Herman L., Jr. Kropff, C. G. Krost, Dr. Gerard N. Krueger, Leo A. Krutckoff, Charles Kuehn, A. L. Kuh, Mrs. Edwin J., Jr. Kuhl, Harry J. Kuhn, Frederick T. Kuhn, Dr. Hedwig S. Kunka, Bernard J. Kunstadter, Albert Kunstadter, Sigmund W. Kurfess, John Fredric Kurtzon, Morris Lacey, Miss Edith M. LaChance, Mrs. Leander H. Laflin, Mrs. Louis E. Laflin, Louis E., Jr. Lampert, Wilson W. Lanahan, Mrs. M. J. Landry, Alvar A. Lane, F. Howard Lane, Ray E. Lane, Wallace R. Lang, Edward J. Lange, Mrs. August Langenbach.Mrs.AliceR. Langhorne, George Tayloe Langworthy, Benjamin Franklin Lanman, E. B. Lansinger, Mrs. John M. Larimer, Howard S. Larson, Mrs. George E. Lashley, Mrs. Karl S. Lasker, Albert D. Lassers, Sanford Lau, Max Lauren, Newton B. Lauter, Mrs. Vera Lautmann, Herbert M. Lavezzorio, Mrs. J. B. Lavidge, Arthur W. Law, Mrs. Robert 0. Lawless, Dr. Theodore K. Lawson, David A. Layden, Michael J. Laylander, O. J. Leahy, Thomas F. Leavell, James R. Leavens, Theodore Leavitt, Mrs. Wellington Lebold, Foreman N. Lebold, Samuel N. Lebolt, John Michael Lederer, Dr. Francis L. Lee, David Arthur Lee, Mrs. John H. S. Lefens, Miss Katherine J. Lefens, Walter C. Leichenko, Peter M. Leight, Mrs. Albert E. Leland, Miss Alice J. Leland, Mrs. Roscoe G. LeMoon, A. R. Lennon, George W. Lenz, J. Mayo Leonard, Arthur G. Leonard, Arthur T. Leslie, Dr. Eleanor I. Leslie, John Woodworth LeTourneau, Mrs. Robert Letts, Mrs. Frank C. Leverone, Louis E. Levinson, Mrs. Salmon 0. Levis, Mrs. Albert Cotter Levitan, Benjamin Levitetz, Nathan Levy, Alexander M. Levy, Arthur G. Lewis, Mrs. Ellis R. Lewy, Dr. Alfred L'Hommedieu, Arthur Liebman, A. J. Ligman, Rev. Thaddeus Lillie, Frank R. Lindahl, Mrs. Edward J. Linden, John A. Lindheimer, B. F. Lindholm, Charles V. Lingle, Bowman C. Linton, Ben B. Lipman, Robert R. Liss, Samuel Little, Mrs. E. H. Littler, Harry E., Jr. Livingston, Julian M. Livingston, Mrs. Milton L. Llewellyn, Paul Lloyd, William Bross Lobdell, Mrs. Edwin L. Lockwood, W. S. Loeb, Mrs. A. H. Loeb, Hamilton M. Loeb, Jacob M. Loeb, Leo A. Loesch, Frank J. Loewenberg, Israel S. Loewenberg, M. L. Loewenherz, Emanuel Loewenstein, Sidney Loewenthal, Richard J. Logan, L. B. Long, William E. Lord, Arthur R. Lord, John S. Lord, Mrs. Russell Loucks, Charles 0. Louer, Albert E. M. Louis, Mrs. John J. Love, Chase W. Lovell, William H. Lovgren, Carl Lucey, Patrick J. Ludington, Nelson J. Ludolph, Wilbur M. Lueder, Arthur C. Lufkin, Wallace W. Luria, Herbert A. Lurie, H. J. Lustgarten, Samuel Lyford, Harry B. Lynch, William Joseph Lyon, Charles H. Maass, J. Edward MacDonald, E. K. Macfarland, Mrs. Henry J. Mackey, Frank J. Mackinson, Dr. John C. MacLeish, Mrs. Andrew MacLellan, K. F. MacMurray, Mrs. Donald Madlener, Mrs. Albert F., Jr. Madlener, Otto Magan, Miss Jane A. Magerstadt, Madeline Magill, John R. Magnus, Albert, Jr. Magnuson, Mrs. Paul Maher, Mrs. D. W. Main, Walter D. Maling, Albert Malone, William H. Manaster, Harry Mandel, Mrs. Aaron W. Mandel, Edwin F. Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel -104- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Mandel, Miss Florence Mandel, Mrs. Robert Manegold, Mrs. Frank W. Manierre, Francis E. Manierre, Louis Manley, John A. Mann, Albert C. Mann, John P. Manning, Miss Cordelia Ann Mark, Mrs. Cyrus Marks, Arnold K. Marquart, Arthur A. Marsh, A. Fletcher Marsh, John McWilliams, II Marsh, Mrs. John P. Marsh, Mrs. Marshall S. Marston, Mrs. Thomas B. Martin, Mrs. Franklin H. Martin, Mrs. George B. Martin, George F. Martin, Samuel H. Martin, W. B. Martin, Wells Martin, Mrs. William P. Marwick, Maurice Marx, Frederick Z. Marzluff, Frank W. Marzola, Leo A. Mason, Willard J. Massee, B. A. Massena, Roy Massey, Peter J. Masterson, Peter Mathesius, Mrs. Walther Matson, J. Edward Matter, Mrs. John Maurer, Dr. Siegfried Maxant, Basil Maxwell, Lloyd R. Mayer, Frank D. Mayer, Mrs. Herbert G. Mayer, Herman J., Jr. Mayer, Isaac H. Mayer, Oscar F. Mayer, Oscar G. Mayer, Theodore S. McAllister, Sydney G. McAloon, Owen J. McArthur, Billings M. McAuley, John E. McBirney, Mrs. Hugh J. McCahey, James B. McCarthy, Edmond J. McCarthy, Joseph W. McCausland, Mrs. Clara L. McClun, John M. McCord, Downer McCormack, Professor Harry McCormick, Mrs. Alexander A. McCormick, Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, Fowler McCormick, Howard H. McCormick, Leander J. McCormick, Robert H., Jr. McCoy, Herbert N. McCrea, Mrs. W. S. McCready, Mrs. E. W. McCreight, Louis Ralph McDonald, E. F., Jr. McDonald, Lewis McDougal.Mrs. JamesB. McDougal, Mrs. Robert McDougall, Mrs. Arthur R. McErlean, Charles V. McGraw, Max McGuinn, Edward B. McGurn, Mathew S. Mclnerney, John L. Mcintosh, Arthur T. Mcintosh, Mrs. Walter G. McKenna, Dr. Charles H. McKinney, Mrs. Hayes McMenemy, Logan T. McMillan, James G. McMillan, John McMillan, W. B. McMillan, William M. McNamara, Louis G. McNamee, Peter F. McNulty, Joseph D. McQuarrie, Mrs. Fannie McVoy, John M. Mead, Dr. Henry C. A. Medsker, Dr. Ora L. Melcher, George Clinch Melendy, Dr. R. A. Melnick, Leopold B. Merrell, John H. Merriam, Miss Eleanor Merrill, William W. Metz, Dr. A. R. Meyer, Mrs. A. H. Meyer, Abraham W. Meyer, Charles Z. Meyer, Sam R. Meyers, Erwin A. Meyers, Jonas Michaels, Everett B. Midowicz, C. E. Milburn, Miss Anne L. Milhening, Frank Miller, Miss Bertie E. Miller, Mrs. Clayton W. Miller, Mrs. Donald J. Miller, Mrs. F. H. Miller, Hyman Miller, John S. Miller, Mrs. Olive Beaupre Miller, Oscar C. Miller, Mrs. Phillip Miller, R. T. Miller, Walter E. Miller, William S. Mills, Allen G. Mills, Fred L. Mills, Mrs. William S. Miner, Dr. Carl S. Miner, H. J. Minturn, Benjamin E. Mitchell, George F. Mitchell, John J. Mitchell, Leeds Mitchell, Oliver Mock, Dr. Harry Edgar Moderwell, Charles M. Moeling, Mrs. Walter G. Moeller, Rev. Herman H. Moist, Mrs. Samuel E. Mojonnier, Timothy Mollan, Mrs. Feme T. Molloy, David J. Monheimer, Henry I. Monroe, William S. Montgomery, Dr. Albert H. Moore, Dr. Beveridge H. Moore, C. B. Moore, Paul Moore, Philip Wyatt Moos, Joseph B. Moran, Brian T. Moran, Miss Margaret Morey, Charles W. Morf, F. William Morgan, Alden K. Morgan, Mrs. Kendrick E. Morris, Mrs. Seymour Morrison, Mrs. C. R. Morrison, Mrs. Harry Morrison, James C. Morrison, Matthew A. Morrisson, James W. Morse, Mrs. Charles J. Morse, Leland R. Morse, Mrs. Milton Morse, Robert H. Morton, Sterling Morton, William Morris Moses, Howard A. Moss, Jerome A. Mouat, Andrew J. Mowry, Louis C. Moyer, Mrs. Paul S. Mudge, Mrs. John B. Muehlstein, Mrs. Charles -105- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Mueller, Austin M. Mueller, Miss Hedwig H. Mueller, J. Herbert Mueller, Paul H. Mulford, Miss Melinda Jane Mulhern, Edward F. Mulholand, William H. Mulligan, George F. Munroe, Moray Murphy, Mrs. Helen C. Murphy, Joseph D. Murphy, Robert E. Musselman,Dr.GeorgeH. Naber, Henry G. Xadler, Dr. Walter H. Naess, Sigurd E. Nahigian, Sarkis H. Nance, Willis D. Nast, Mrs. A. D. Nathan, Claude Nebel, Herman C. Neely, Mrs. Lloyd F. Nehls, Arthur L. Neilson, Mrs. Francis Xellegar, Mrs. Jay C. Nelson, Arthur W. Nelson, Charles G. Nelson, Donald M. Nelson, N. J. Nelson, Victor W. Netcher, Mrs. Charles Neu, Clarence L. Neuffer, Paul A. Neumann, Arthur E. Newhall, R. Frank Newhouse, Karl H. Newman, Mrs. Albert A. Newman, Charles H. Nichols, Mrs. George R. Nichols, Mrs. George R., Jr. Nichols, J. C. Nichols, S. F. Nicholson, Thomas G. Nilsson, Mrs. Goodwin M. Nitze, Mrs. William A. Noble, Samuel R. Nollau, Miss Emma Noonan, Edward J. Norman, Harold W. Norris, Mrs. Lester Norton, R. H. Novak, Charles J. Noyes, A. H. Noyes, Allan S. Noyes, David A. Noyes, Mrs. May Wells Nufer, Eugene Nusbaum, Mrs. Hermien D. Nyman, Dr. John Egbert Oates, James F. Oberfelder, Herbert M. Oberf elder, Walter S. Obermaier, John A. O'Brien, Frank J. O'Brien, Miss Janet Odell, William R. Odell, William R., Jr. Off, Mrs. Clifford Offield, James R. Oglesbee, Nathan H. O'Keefe, Mrs. Dennis D. Olcott, Mrs. Henry C. Oldberg, Dr. Eric Oldefest, Edward G. O'Leary, John W. Oliver, Mrs. Paul Olsen, Miss Agnes J. Olsen, Mrs. Arthur 0. Olson, Gustaf Olson, Rudolph J. Oppenheimer, Alfred Oppenheimer, Mrs. Harry D. Orndoff, Dr. Benjamin H. O'Rourke, Albert Orr, Mrs. Robert C. Orr, Thomas C. Orthal, A. J. Ortmayer, Dr. Marie Osborn, Mrs. Gertrude L. Osborn, Theodore L. Ostrom, Mrs. James Augustus Otis, J. Sanford Otis, Joseph E. Otis, Joseph Edward, Jr. Otis, Ralph C. Otis, Stuart Huntington O wings, Mrs. Nathaniel A. Paasche, Jens A. Packard, Dr. Rollo K. Paepcke, Walter P. Palmgren, Mrs. Charles A. Pam, Miss Carrie Pardee, Harvey Pardridge, Albert J. Pardridge, Mrs. E. W. Park, R. E. Parker, Frank B. Parker, Dr. Gaston C. Parker, Dr. J. William Parker, Norman S. Parker, Troy L. Parks, C. R. Parmelee, Dr. A. H. Partridge, Lloyd C. Paschen, Mrs. Henry Pashkow, A. D. Patterson, Grier D. Patterson, Mrs. L. B. Patterson, Mrs. Wallace Pauling, Edward G. Peabody, Mrs. Francis S. Peabody, Howard B. Peabody, Miss Susan W. Peacock, Robert E. Peacock, Walter C. Pearl, Allen S. Pearse, Langdon Pearson, F. W. Pearson, George Albert, Jr. Peck, Dr. David B. Peel, Richard H. Peet, Mrs. Belle G. Peirce, Albert E. Pelley, John J. PenDell, Charles W. Percy, Dr. Mortimer Nelson Perkins, A. T. Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F. Perry, Dr. Ethel B. Perry, Mrs. I. Newton Peter, William F. Peters, Harry A. Petersen, Jurgen Petersen, Dr. William F. Peterson, Albert Peterson, Alexander B. Peterson, Arthur J. Peterson, Axel A. Peterson, Mrs. Bertha I. Peterson, Mrs. Richard E. Pfaelzer, Miss Elizabeth W. Pflaum, A. J. Pflock, Dr. John J. Phelps, Mason Phelps, Mrs. W. L. Phemister, Dr. Dallas B. Phillips, Dr. Herbert Morrow Phillips, Mervyn C. Pick, Albert, Jr. Pick, Frederic G. Pierce, J. Norman Pierce, Paul, Jr. Pierson, Joseph B. Pink, Mrs. Ira M. Pirie, Mrs. John T. Pitcher, Mrs. Henry L. Pitzner, Alwin Frederick Plapp, Miss Doris A. Piatt, Edward Vilas -106 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Piatt, Mrs. Robert S. Plunkett, William H. Pobloske, Albert C. Podell, Mrs. Beatrice Hayes Pohn, Jacob S. Polk, Mrs. Stella F. Pollak, Charles A. Pomeroy, Mrs. Frank W. Pool, Marvin B. Poole, Mrs. Frederick Arthur Poole, George A. Poole, Mrs. Ralph H. Poor, Fred A. Pope, Henry Pope, Herbert Poppenhagen, Henry J. Porter, Mrs. Frank S. Porter, Henry H. Porter, Louis Porter, Mrs. Sidney S. Porterfleld, Mrs. John F. Portis, Dr. Sidney A. Post, Frederick, Jr. Post, Mrs. Philip Sidney Pottenger, William A. Pottenger, Miss Zipporah Herrick Prahl, Frederick A. Pratt, Mrs. William E. Prentice, John K. Primley, Walter S. Prince, Harry Prince, Rev. Herbert W. Prince, Leonard M. Proxmire, Dr. Theodore Stanley Prussing, Mrs. R. E. Pucci, Lawrence Puckey, F. W. Pulver, Hugo Purcell, Joseph D. Purcey, Victor W. Purdy, Sparrow E. Putnam, Miss Mabel C. Puttkammer, E. W. Pyterek, Rev. Peter H. Quigley, William J. Raber, Franklin Racheff, Ivan Radau, Hugo Radford, Mrs. W. A., Jr. Radniecki, Rev. Stanley Raff, Mrs. Arthur Raftree, Miss Julia M. Railton, Miss Frances Ramis, Leon Lipman Randall, Rev. Edwin J. Randall, Irving Raney, Mrs. R. J. Rankin, Miss Jessie H. Ravenscroft, Edward H. Raymond, Mrs. Howard D. Razim, A. J. Reach, Benjamin F. Reach, William Redfield, William M. Redington, F. B. Redmond, Forrest H. Reed, Mrs. Frank D. Reed, Mrs. Lila H. Reed, N orris H. Reed, Mrs. Philip L. Reeve, Mrs. Earl Reffelt, Miss F. A. Regan, Mrs. Robert G. Regenstein, Joseph Regensteiner, Theodore Regnery, William H. Reich, Miss Annie Reichmann, Alexander F Reid, Mrs. Bryan Reingold, J. J. Remy, Mrs. William Renshaw, Mrs. Charles ReQua, Haven A. Rew, Mrs. Irwin Reynolds, Harold F. Reynolds, Mrs. J. J. Rice, Arthur L. Rice, Mrs. Charles R. Rice, Laurence A. Rich, Elmer Rich, Harry Richards, J. DeForest Richards, James Donald Richards, Marcus D. Richardson, George A. Richardson, Guy A. Richter, Mrs. Adelyn W. Rickcords, Francis S. Ridgeway, Ernest Riemensehneider, Mrs. Julius H. Rieser, Leonard M. Rietz, Elmer W. Rietz, Walter H. Ripstra, J. Henri Ritchie, Mrs. John Rittenhouse, Charles J. Roberts, Mrs. John Roberts, John M. Roberts, Dr. S. M. Roberts, Shepherd M. Roberts, Mrs. Warren R. Roberts, William Munsell Robertson, John P. Robinson, Theodore W., Jr. Robson, Miss Sarah C. Roche, Miss Emily Roderick, Solomon P. Rodgers, Dr. David C. Rodman, Thomas Clifford Roehling, Mrs. Otto G. Roehm, George R. Roesch, Frank P. Rogers, Miss Annie T. Rogers, Mrs. Bernard F. Rogers, Dr. Cassius C. Rogers, Edward S. Rogers, Joseph E. Rogers, Walter A. Rogerson, Everett E. Rolfes, Gerald A. Rolnick, Dr. Harry C. Romer, Miss Dagmar E. Root, John W. Rosborough, Dr. Paul A. Rosen, M. R. Rosenbaum, Mrs. Edwin S. Rosenfeld, M. J. Rosenfeld, Mrs. Maurice Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S. Rosenthal, Kurt Rosenthal, Lessing Rosenthal, Samuel R. Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Richard M. Ross, Robert C. Ross, Mrs. Robert E. Ross, Thompson Ross, Walter S. Roth, Aaron Roth, Mrs. Margit Hochsinger Rothacker, Watterson R. Rothschild, George William Routh, George E., Jr. Rozelle, Mrs. Emma Rubens, Mrs. Charles Rubloff, Arthur Rubovits, Theodore Ruckelhausen, Mrs. Henry Rueckheim, Miss Lillian Ruettinger, John W. Runnells, Mrs. Clive Rushton, Joseph A. Russell, Dr. Joseph W. Russell, Paul S. Rutledge, George E. Ryan, Mrs. William A. Ryerson, Joseph T. Sackley, Mrs. James A. Sage, W. Otis -107 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Salisbury, Mrs. Warren M. Salmon, Mrs. E. D. Sammons, Wheeler Sample, John Glen Sandidge, Miss Daisy- Sands, Mrs. Frances B. Santini, Mrs. Randolph Sardeson, Orville A. Sargent, Chester F. Sargent, John R. W. Sargent, Ralph Sauter, Fred J. Sawyer, Ainslie Y. Sawyer, Dr. Alvah L. Schacht, John H. Schafer, O. J. Schaffner, Mrs. Joseph Schaffner, Robert C. Scharin, Mrs. J. Hippach Scheidenhelm, Edward L. Scheinman, Jesse D. Schermerhorn, W. I. Schlichting, Justus L. Schmidt, Dr. Charles L. Schmidt, Mrs. Minna Schmitz, Dr. Henry Schneider, F. P. Schnering, Otto Y. Schnur, Ruth A. Scholl, Dr. William M. Schram, Harry S. Schreiner, Sigurd Schroeder, Dr. George H. Schueren, Arnold C. Schukraft, William Schulman, A. S. Schulze, Mrs. Mathilde Schupp, Philip C. Schurig, Robert Roy Schuyler, Mrs. Daniel J., Jr. Schwander, J. J. Schwanke, Arthur Schwartz, Charles K. Schwartz, Charles P. Schwartz, Dr. Otto Schwarz, Herbert E. Schwarzhaupt, Emil Sclanders, Mrs. Alexander Scott, Miss Maud E. Scott, Robert L. Scribner, Gilbert Scully, Mrs. D. B. Sears, Miss Dorothy Sears, J. Alden Sears, Richard W., Jr. Seaton, G. Leland Seaverns, Louis C. Sedgwick, C. Galen See, Dr. Agnes Chester Seeberger, Miss Dora A. Seeburg, Justus P. Seifert, Mrs. Walter J. Seip, Emil G. Seipp, Clarence T. Seipp, Edwin A. Seipp, Edwin A., Jr. Seipp, William C. Sello, George W. Sencenbaugh, Mrs. C. W. Seng, Frank J. Seng, V. J. Senne, John A. Shaffer, Carroll Shambaugh.Dr.GeorgeE. Shanahan, Mrs. David E. Shanesy, Ralph D. Shannon, Angus Roy Shapiro, Meyer Sharpe, N. M. Shaw, Alfred P. Shaw, Mrs. Arch W. Sheldon, James M. Shelton, Dr. W. Eugene Shepherd, Mrs. Edith P. Sherman, Mrs. Francis C, Sr. Sherman, Mrs. W. W. Shields, James Culver Shillestad, John N. Shire, Moses E. Shoan, Nels Shorey, Clyde E. Short, J. R. Short, Miss Shirley Jane Shoup, A. D. Shumway, Mrs. Edward DeWitt Sidley, William P. Siebel, Mrs. Ewald H. Sieck, Herbert Sigman, Leon Silander, A. I. Silberman, Charles Silberman, David B. Silberman, Hubert S. Sills, Clarence W. Silverthorne, George M. Simond, Robert E. Simonds, Dr. James P. Simpson, John M. Sinclair, Dr. J. Frank Singer, Mrs. Mortimer H. Sinsheimer, Allen Sisskind, Louis Sitzer, Dr. L. Grace Powell Skleba, Dr. Leonard F. Skooglund, David Sleeper, Mrs. Olive C. Smith, Charles Herbert Smith, Clinton F. Smith, Mrs. E. A. Smith, Mrs. Emery J. Smith, Mrs. Frank S. Smith, Franklin P. Smith, Harold Byron Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Jens Smith, Mrs. Katharine Walker Smith, Mrs. Kinney Smith, Miss Marion D. Smith, Paul C. Smith, Samuel K. Smith, Mrs. Theodore White Smith, Walter Byron Smith, Mrs. William A. Smith, Z. Erol Smullan, Alexander Snow, Fred A. Snyder, Harry Socrates, Nicholas A. Solem, Dr. George O. Sonnenschein, Hugo Sonneveld, Jacob Soper, Henry M. Soper, James P., Jr. Sopkin, Mrs. Setia H. Soravia, Joseph Sorensen, James Speer, Robert J. Spencer, Mrs. Egbert H. Spencer, Mrs. William M. Sperry, Mrs. Leonard M. Spertus, Herman Spiegel, Mrs. Arthur H. Spiegel, Mrs. Frederick W. Spitz, Joel Spitz, Leo Spohn, John F. Spooner, Charles W. Spoor, Mrs. John A. Sprague, Dr. John P. Spray, Cranston Squires, John G. Staack, Otto C. Stacey, Mrs. Thomas I. Staley, Miss Mary B. Stanley, Sinclair G. Stanton, Dr. E. M. Stanton, Henry T. Starbird, Miss Myrtle I. Starrels, Joel Stearns, Mrs. Richard I. Stebbins, Fred J. Steele, W. D. Steffey, David R. Stein, Benjamin F. Stein, Dr. Irving Stein, L. Montefiore Stein, Sydney, Jr. 108- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Steinberg, Dr. Milton Stenson, Frank R. Stephan, Mrs. John Sterba, Dr. Joseph V. Sterling, Joseph Stern, Alfred Whital Stern, David B. Stern, Felix Stern, Gardner H. Stern, Oscar D. Stevens, Delmar A. Stevens, Edward J. Stevens, Elmer T. Stevens, Harold L. Stevens, Mrs. James W. Stevenson, Dr. Alexander F. Stevenson, Engval Stewart, Miss Eglantine Daisy- Stewart, Miss Mercedes Graeme Stirling, Miss Dorothy Stockton, Eugene M. Stoll, John O. Stone, Mrs. Jacob S. Stone, Mrs. Theodore Straus, Henry H. Straus, Martin L. Straus, Melvin L. Strauss, Dr. Alfred A. Strauss, Ivan Strauss, John L. Straw, Mrs. H. Foster Street, Mrs. Charles A. Strickfaden, Miss Alma E. Stromberg, Charles J. Strong, Edmund H. Strong, Mrs. Walter A. Strotz, Harold C. Struby, Mrs. Walter V. Stulik, Dr. Charles Sullivan, John J. Sulzberger, Frank L. Summer, Mrs. Edward Sutcliffe, Mrs. Gary Sutherland, William Sutton, Harold I. Swan, Oscar H. Swanson, Joseph E. Swartchild, Edward G. Swartchild, William G. Swenson, S. P. O. Swett, Robert Wheeler Swift, Mrs. Alden B. Swift, Edward F., Jr. Swigart, John D. Sykes, Aubrey L. Sykes, Mrs. Wilfred Taft, Mrs. Oren E. Tatge, Mrs. Gustavus J. Taylor, Frank F. Taylor, George Halleck Taylor, Herbert J. Taylor, J. H. Taylor, James L. Taylor, L. S. Taylor, William G. Templeton, Stuart J. Templeton, Walter L. Templeton, Mrs. William Terry, Foss Bell Teter, Lucius Thatcher, Everett A. Theobald, Dr. John J. Thomas, Emmet A. Thomas, Mrs. Florence T. Thomas, Frank W. Thomas, Dr. William A. Thompson, Arthur H. Thompson, Edward F. Thompson, Floyd E. Thompson, Fred L. Thompson, Dr. George F. Thompson, John E. Thompson, Mrs. John R. Thompson, John R., Jr. Thorne, Hallett W. Thorne, James W. Thornton, Dr. Francis E. Thorp, Harry W. Thresher, C. J. Thulin, F. A. Tibbetts, Mrs. N. L. Tilden, Averill Tilden, Louis Edward Tilt, Charles A. Tobey, William Robert Tobias, Clayton H. Torbet, A. W. Touchstone, John Henry Towler, Kenneth F. Towne, Mrs. John D. C. Traer, Glenn W. Trask, Arthur C. Traylor, Mrs. Dorothy J. Traylor, Mrs. Melvin A., Jr. Trees, Merle J. Trenkmann, Richard A. Tripp, Chester D. Trombly, Dr. F. F. Trowbridge, Mrs. Alexander Buel, Jr. Trude, Mrs. Mark W. True, Charles H. Tumpeer, Joseph J. Turck, J. A. V. Turner, Alfred M. Turner, Mrs. Horace E. Tuthill, Mrs. Beulah L. Tuthill, Gray B. Tuttle, Emerson Tuttle, Mrs. Henry N. Tyler, Mrs. Orson K. Ullmann, Herbert S. Upham, Mrs. Frederic W. Vacin, Emil F. Valentine, Joseph L. Valentine, Mrs. May L. Valentine, Patrick A. VanArtsdale, Mrs. Flora Van Cleef, Mrs. Noah VanCleef, Paul VanDeventer, Christopher Vanek, John C. VanSchaack, R. H., Jr. VanZwoll, Henry B. Vawter, William A., II Veeder, Miss Jessie Vehe, Dr. K. L. Vehon, Morris Verson, David C. Vial, Charles H. Vial, F. K. Vickery, Miss Mabel S. Vierling, Mrs. Louis Vogl, Otto Volicas, Dr. John N. VonColditz, Dr. G. Thomsen- vonGlahn, Mrs. August Voorhees, Mrs. Condit Voorhees, H. Belin Voynow, Edward E. Wager, William Wagner, Fritz, Jr. Wahl, Arnold Spencer Walgreen, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, James Walker, Mrs. Paul Walker, Samuel J. Walker, William E. Wallace, Walter F. Waller, Mrs. Edward C. Waller, James B., Jr. Wallerich, George W. Wallovick, J. H. Walpole, S. J. Walsh, Miss Mary Walther, Mrs. S. Arthur Ward, Edwin J. Ward, Mrs. N. C. Wares, Mrs. Helen Worth Warfield, Edwin A. Warner, Mrs. John Eliot Warren, Allyn D. Warren, Paul C. Warren, Paul G. 109- ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Warren, Walter G. Washburne, Clarke Washburne, Hempstead, Jr. Washington, Laurence W. Wassell, Joseph Waterman, Dr. A. H. Watson, William Upton Watts, Harry C. Watzek, J. W., Jr. Waud, E. P. Wayman, Charles A. G. Weaver, Charles A. Weber, Mrs. Will S. Webster, Arthur L. Webster, Miss Helen R. Webster, Henry A. Wedelstaedt, H. A. Wegner, Charles T., Jr. Weil, Mrs. Leon Weil, Martin Weiler, Rudolph Weiner, Charles Weinstein, Dr. M. L. Weinzelbaum, Louis L. Weis, Samuel W. Weisbrod, Benjamin H. Weiss, Mrs. Morton Weiss, Siegfried Weisskopf, Maurice J. Weisskopf, Dr. Max A. Welles, Mrs. Donald P. Welles, Mrs. Edward Kenneth Wells, Arthur H. Wells, Harry L. Wells, John E. Wells, Preston A. Wendell, Barrett Wendell, Miss Josephine A. Wentworth, John Wentworth, Mrs. Sylvia B. Werner, Frank A. 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Williams, Kenneth Williamson, George H. Willis, Paul, Jr. Willis, Thomas H. Willner, Benton Jack, Jr. Wills, H. E. Wilms, Hermann P. Wilson, Mrs. E. Crane Wilson, Harry Bertram Wilson, Mrs. John R. Wilson, Miss Lillian M. Wilson, Morris Karl Wilson, Mrs. Robert E. Deceased, 1943 Brennan, Mrs. George E. Burry, Mrs. William Carpenter, W. W. S. Darlington, Joseph F. Davis, Brode B. Davis, James Dennis, Charles H. Drake, Lyman M. Dugan, Alphonso G. Wilson, William Winans, Frank F. Windsor, H. H., Jr. Winston, Mrs.BertramM. Winston, Hampden Winston, James H. Winter, Irving Witkowsky, Leon Wolf, Mrs. Albert H. Wolf, Walter B. Wood, Mrs. Gertrude D. Wood, Mrs. Harold F. Wood, John H. Wood, Kay, Jr. Wood, Robert E. Wood, William G. Woodmansee, Fay Woodruff, George Woods, Weightstill Worcester, Mrs. Charles H. Work, Robert Works, George A. Wright, H. C. Wright, Warren Wrigley, Mrs. Charles W. Wyeth, Harry B. Yerkes, Richard W. Yondorf, John David Yondorf, Milton S. 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Williams, Harry Lee NON-RESIDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those, residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, who have contributed $50 to the Museum Baum, Mrs. James Colby, Carl Lindboe, S. R. Meevers, Harvey Mitchell, W. A. Niederhauser, Homer Phillips, Montagu Austin Stevens, Edmund W. Deceased, 1943 Dalzell, Harry G. SUSTAINING MEMBERS Those who contribute $25 annually to the Museum Cederlund, R. Stanley Mills, Lloyd Langdon Treadwell, H. A. Fay, Eugene C. page> j^hn w Wadej Walter A Kurtz, W. 0. Page, John W. Perry, Peter M. ANNUAL MEMBERS Those who contribute $10 annually to the Museum Abeles, Alfred T. Adams, A. J. Adams, Cyrus H. Adams, Harvey M. Adams, Hugh R. Adams, Hugh R., Jr. Adams, Dr. Walter A. Adler, Sidney Adsit, Harold C. Agger, Jens Aggerbeck, Leslie P. Alcorn, Mrs. William R. Alessio, Frank Alexander, John F. Alexander, William H. Allen, Amos G. Allen, Frank W. Allman, George D. Alrutz, Dr. Louis F. Altheimer, Ben J. Alton, Robert Leslie Amberg, Harold V. 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Waldorf, Bishop Ernest Lynn 121 I^HHIH I