.^?.-;-'«^ j?7Vfj \nfViffUi<*iMijiA^ns:n ■SMMniSn L I E) R.ARY OF THL U N I VLRSITY or ILLINOIS 507 1945-48 CENTRAL CIRCUUTION BOOKSTACKS I^oni^hf T "^^^^'"g this material is re- sponsible for Its renewal or its return to the hbraiy from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamced feto^f $75" SS"? '^ ''';?'' « -^»-- Tee Of $75.00 for each lost book. Tlieft, mutllotlon, ond underlining of book, „1 ,^ TO RENEW CAll TELEPHONE CENTER, 935-8400 VJ^renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. j^j " ■4S ANNUAL REPORT 1948 Chicago Natural History Museum k DuBois-Drake Studio BOARDMAN CONOVER Research Associate, Division of Birds Member of the Board of Trustees The final parts of "Catalogue of Birds of the Americas," publication of which was begun in 1918, were completed by Mr. Conover and were ready for the press late in 1948. CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year 1948 a FOUNDED o THE UBRARV OF TH^ rr-n Y -1949 UNivc{r--iU I.- CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY 1949 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ■MS" Contents PAGE Former Members op the Board of Trustees 10 Former Officers 11 Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1948 12 List of Staff, 1948 13 Report of the Director 19 Membership 20 James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation 22 N. W. Harris Public School Extension 26 Department of Anthropology 32 Department of Botany 41 Department of Geology 46 Department of Zoology 52 Library 61 Photography and Illustration 64 Motion Pictures 65 Publications and Printing 66 Public Relations 80 Maintenance, Construction, and Engineering 82 Financial Statements 84 Attendance and Door Receipts 85 Accessions, 1948 86 Members of the Museum 99 Benefactors 99 Honorary Members 99 Patrons 99 Corresponding Members 100 Contributors 100 Corporate Members 101 Life Members 102 Non-Resident Life Members 103 Associate Members 103 Non-Resident Associate Members 117 Sustaining Members 118 Annual Members 118 Articles of Incorporation 132 Amended By-Laws 134 Illustrations PAGB Boardman Conover, Trustee and Research Associate frontispiece West Entrance of Chicago Natural History Museum 9 Chicago Natural History Museum 18 Raymond Foundation Tour for School Children 22, 23 Portable Exhibits, N. W. Harris Public School Extension 27 Donald Richards, Research Associate 30 Three Circle Red-on-White Pottery Bowl 32 Hallmarks (Enlarged) on Silver Gorget 33 Diorama of Ancient Chichen Itza 35 "Dating Layers by Position" 36, 37 Headdress of Vaupes Indians 38 Hall of Plant Life 41 Western Larch 42 South American Corn 44 Examining Invertebrate Fossils 46 Crystals of Manganosiderite 48 Wyoming Paleontological Expedition, 1948 50 African Chameleons 52 "Family Tree of Living Mammals" 55 Model of Anopheles Mosquito 58, 59 Stackroom, General Library 61 Zonal Map of Soil Groups 65 Art Students in Museum 69 Class in Vertebrate Paleontology 71 Rock-Cutting Saw 73 "Birds as Solar Machines" 75 Cuban Botanical Field Trip, 1948 80 Chicago Natural History Museum, formerly Field Museum of Natural History, faces Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive. The west entrance leads into The James Simpson Theatre. Hundreds of ■/-// Club delegates from all parts of the world are assembling for a program iti the Theatre during their annual meeting in Chicago. Former Members of the Board of Trustees George E. Adams,* 1893-1917 Owen F. Aldis,* 1893-1898 Allison V. Armour,* 1893-1894 Edward E. Ayer,* 1893-1927 John C. Black,* 1893-1894 M. C. Bullock,* 1893-1894 Daniel H. Burnham,* 1893-1894 George R. Davis,* 1893-1899 James W. Ellsworth,* 1893-1894 Charles B. Farwell,* 1893-1894 Frank W. Gunsaulus,* 1893-1894, 1918-1921 Emil G. Hirsch,* 1893-1894 Charles L. Hutchinson,* 1893-1894 John A. Roche,* 1893-1894 Martin A. Ryerson,* 1893-1932 Edwin Walker,* 1893-1910 Watson F. Blair,* 1894-1928 William J. Chalmers,* 1894-1938 Harlow N. Higinbotham,* 1894-1919 Huntington W. Jackson,* 1894-1900 Arthur B. Jones,* 1894-1927 George Manierre,* 1894-1924 Cyrus H. McCormick,* 1894-1936 Norman B. Ream,* 1894-1910 Norman Williams,* 1894-1899 Marshall Field, Jr.,* 1899-1905 Frederick J. V. Skiff,* 1902-1921 George F. Porter,* 1907-1916 Richard T. Crane, Jr.,* 1908-1912, 1921-1931 John Barton Payne,* 1910-1911 Albert A. Sprague,* 1910-1946 Chauncey Keep,* 1915-1929 Henry Field,* 1916-1917 William Wrigley, Jr.,* 1919-1931 John Borden, 1920-1938 Albert W. Harris, 1920-1941 James Simpson,* 1920-1939 Harry E. Byram,* 1921-1928 Ernest R. Graham,* 1921-1936 D. C. Davies,* 1922-1928 Charles H. Markham,* 1924-1930 Silas H. Strawn,* 1924-1946 Frederick H. Rawson,* 1927-1935 Stephen C. Simms,* 1928-1937 William V. Kelley,* 1929-1932 Fred W. Sargent,* 1929-1939 Leslie Wheeler,* 1934-1937 Charles A. McCulloch,* 1936-1945 Theodore Roosevelt,* 1938-1944 * Deceased 10 F ormer Off icers PRESIDENTS FIRST VICE-PRESIDENTS SECOND VICE-PRESIDENTS THIRD VICE-PRESIDENTS SECRETARIES TREASURERS DIRECTORS Edward E. Ayer* 1894-1898 Harlow N. Higinbotham* 1898-1908 Martin A. Ryerson* 1894-1932 Albert A. Sprague* 1933-1946 Norman B. Ream* 1894-1902 Marshall Field, Jr.* 1902-1905 Stanley Field 1906-1908 Watson F. Blair* 1909-1928 Albert A. Sprague* 1929-1932 James Simpson* 1933-1939 Silas H. Strawn* 1940-1946 Albert A. Sprague* 1921-1928 James Simpson* 1929-1932 Albert W. Harris 1933-1941 Ralph Metcalf 1894 George Manierre* 1894-1907 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1907-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 Byron L. Smith* 1894-1914 Frederick J. V. Skiff* 1893-1921 D. C. Davies* 1921-1928 Stephen C. Simms* 1928-1937 * Deceased 11 Officers^ Trustees; and Committees^ 1948 OFFICERS BOARD OF TRUSTEES COMMITTEES Stanley Field, President Marshall Field, First Vice-President Albert B. Dick, Jr., Second Vice-President Samuel Insltll, Jr., Third Vice-President Solomon A. Smith, Treasurer Clifford C. Gregg, Secretary John R. Millar, Assistant Secretary Lester Armour Sewell L. Avery Wm. McCormick Blair Leopold E. Block Boardman Conover Walter J. Cummings Albert B. Dick, Jr. Howard W. Fenton Joseph N. Field Marshall Field John P. Marshall Field, Jr. Stanley Field Samuel Insull, Jr. Henry P. Isham HuGHSTON M. McBain William H. Mitchell Clarence B. Randall George A. Richardson Solomon A. Smith Albert H. Wetten Wilson Executive — Stanley Field, Solomon A. Smith, Albert H. Wetten, Wm. McCormick Blair, Samuel Insull, Jr., Marshall Field, John P. Wilson, Albert B. Dick, Jr. Finance — Solomon A. Smith, Leopold E. Block, Albert B. Dick, Jr., John P. Wilson, Walter J. Cummings, Albert H. Wetten, Henry P. Isham Building— Albert H. Wetten, William H. Mitchell, Lester Armour, Joseph N. Field, Boardman Conover Auditing — Wm. McCormick Blair, Clarence B. Randall Marshall Field, Jr. Pension — Samuel Insull, Jr., Sewell L. Avery, Hughston M. McBain 12 List of Staff, 1948 DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Clifford C. Gregg John R. Millar Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator, African Ethnology T. George Allen, Research Associate, Egyptian Archaeology Fay-Cooper Cole, Research Associate, Malaysian Ethnology Alexander Spoehr, Curator, Oceanic Ethnology Donald Collier, Curator, South American Ethnology and Archaeology J. Eric Thompson, Research Associate, Central American Archaeology A. L. Kroeber, Research Associate, American Archaeology George I. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits Wilton M. Krogman, Research Associate, Physical Anthropology Robert J. Braidwood, Research Associate, Old World Prehistory Miguel Covarrubias, Research Associate, Primitive Art John B. Rinaldo, Assistant, Archaeology Alfred Lee Rowell, Dioramist Gustaf Dalstrom, Artist John Pletinckx, Ceramic Restorer Walter C. Reese, Preparator Paul J. Warner, Preparator Agnes H. McNary, Departmental Secretary Theodor Just, Chief Curator B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus Paul C. Standley, Curator, Herbarium Julian A. Steyermark, Associate Curator, Herbarium Harold Hinshaw, Assistant, Herbarium J. Francis Macbride, Curator, Peruvian Botany Jose Cuatrecasas, Curator, Colombian Botany Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate, Systematic Botany Francis Drouet, Curator, Cryptogamic Botany L. H. Tiffany, Research Associate, Cryptogamic Botany Donald Richards, Research Associate, Cryptogamic Botany Hugh C. Cutler, Curator, Economic Botany Llewelyn Williams, Associate, Forest Products J. S. Daston, Assistayit, Botany Emil Sella, Curator of Exhibits 13 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY (Continued) DEPARTiVlENT OF GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Milton Copulos, Artist-Preparator Samuel H. Grove, Jr., Assistant, Plant Reproduction Frank Boryca, Assistant, Plant Reproduction Mathias Dones, Preparator Edith M. Vincent, Departmental Secretary Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator Bryan Patterson, Curator, Fossil Mammals Rainer Zangerl, Curator, Fossil Reptiles Robert H. Denison, Curator, Fossil Fishes Albert A. Dahlberg, Research Associate, Fossil Vertebrates Everett C. Olson, Research Associate, Fossil Vertebrates Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator, Fossil Invertebrates George Langford, Assistant, Fossil Plants R. H. Whitfield, Associate, Fossil Plants Violet S. Whitfield, Associate, Fossil Plants Ernst Antevs, Research Associate, Glacial Geology Robert Kriss Wyant, Curator, Economic Geology Harry E. Changnon, Curator of Exhibits Orville L. Gilpin, Chief Preparator, Fossils Henry Horback, Preparator William D. Turnbull, Preparator Stanley Kuczek, Preparator Kent Jones, Preparator John Conrad Hansen, Artist Joanne Neher, Departmental Secretary Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator Colin Campbell Sanborn, Curator, Mammals Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant Curator, Mammals Austin L. Rand, Curator, Birds Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator, Birds BoARDMAN Conover, Research Associate, Birds Louis B. Bishop, Research Associate, Birds RUDYERD BoULTON, Research Associate, Birds Melvin a. Traylor, Jr., Research Associate, Birds Ellen T. Smith, Associate, Birds Clifford H. Pope, Curator, Amphibians and Reptiles Ch'eng-chao Liu, Research Associate, Reptiles LoREN P. Woods, Curator, Fishes John W. Winn,* Assistant Curator, Fishes Marion Grey, Associate, Fishes William J. Gerhard, Curator, Insects 14 ♦Resigned, 1948 i DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY (Continued) ASSOCIATE EDITORS DEPARTMENT OF THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator, Insects Henry S. Dvbas, Assistant Curator, Insects Harry Hoogstraal, Assistatit Curator, Insects Alfred E. Emerson, Research Associate, Insects Gregorio Bondar, Research Associate, Insects Charles H. Seevers, Research Associate, Insects Alex K. Wyatt, Research Associate, Insects Ruth Marshall, Research Associate, Arachnids Fritz Haas, Curator, Lower Invertebrates D. Dwight Davis, Curator, Vertebrate Anatomy H. Elizabeth Story,* Assistant, Vertebrate Anatomy Dorothy B. Foss, Osteologist Carl W. Cotton, Assistant, Vertebrate Anatomy R. M. Strong, Research Associate, Anatomy Julius Fribsser,! Taxidermist L. L. Pray,* Taxidermist Leon L. Walters, Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder, Taxidermist Ronald J. Lambert, Assistant Taxidermist Kenneth Woehlck, Assistant Taxidermist Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist Margaret G. Bradbury, Artist James E. Trott, Artist-Preparator Margaret J. Bauer, Departmental Secretary Lillian A. Ross, Scientific Publications Mary P. Murray, Assistant Helen Atkinson MacMinn, Miscellaneous Publications Richard A. Martin, Curator Albert J. Franzen, Preparator and Taxidermist Leonard Rosenthal, Preparator Miriam Wood, Chief Winona Hinkley Cosner* June Ruzicka Buchwald Lorain Farmer Marie Svoboda Harriet Smith Jane Ann Sharpe ♦Resigned, 1948 t Retired, 1948 15 THE LAYMAN LECTURER THE LIBRARY ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATION AND RECORDS PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL DIVISION OF MEMBERSHIPS DIVISIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION DIVISION OF MOTION PICTURES STAFF ARTIST DIVISION OF PRINTING Paul G. DALLWict Carl W. Hintz,* Librarian Meta p. Howell, Librarian Emily M. Wilcoxson, Librarian Emerita Mary W. Baker, Associate Librarian Emerita Eunice Marthens Gemmill, Assistant Librarian Louise Boynton, Assistant Librarian Dawn Davey, Assistant Librarian Winifred E. Wbissman, Assistant Librarian M. Eileen Rocourt, Assistant Librarian Frank L. Heyser,§ Bookbinder William A. Bender, Auditor Benjamin Bridge, Auditor Emeritus A. L. Stebbins, Assistant Auditor Robert E. Bruce, Purchasing Agent Susan M. Carpenter, Secretary to the Director Marion G. Gordon, Registrar Elsie H. Thomas, Recorder Edna T. Eckert, Assistant Recorder H. B. Harte Pearle Bilinske, in charge Herman Abendroth, Photographer John Bayalis, Assistant Photographer Norma Lockwood, Illustrator John W. Moyer, in charge Arthur G. Rueckert§ Raymond H. Hallstein, in charge X On leave * Resigned, 1948 § Deceased, 1948 16 GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT OF MAINTENANCE CHIEF ENGINEER CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD W. H. CORNINGt James R. Shouba William E. Lake David J. Conwill t Retired, 1948 17 The Museum is opcu to the public every day of the year except Christmas and New Year's Day It may he reached by elevated or surface railways, South Shore and Ilhnois Central suburban trains, or bus There is ample free parking space near the Museum. k Annual Report of the Director To the Trustees: I have the honor to present a report of the operation of the Museum for the year ended December 31, 1948. While in most respects this might be considered a year of normal operation, it is appropriate to point out that there has been no return to the operating conditions that existed before World War II. In- flated prices, higher wage and salary levels, and the relatively fixed income yields of corporate securities have brought to the Museum the necessity for careful study of a retrenchment program. Funds that were generously contributed a few years ago for the purpose of rounding out the activities of the Museum into a better-balanced and more-inclusive program have of necessity been used in retaining the organization, with only small increases and with the postpone- ment or abandonment of certain of its progressive plans. The problem of operating a museum during the period of high inflation is not restricted to this institution but is common to all endowed institutions. High taxes and uncertainties concerning Government policies with relation to business have tended to restrict income from investments, while at the same time com- modity prices have risen to exorbitant levels that, in turn, have necessitated increased payrolls in order that loyal workers might be provided with the necessities of life. While the Museum can at the moment restrict its activities without serious difficulty, it is not pleasant to contemplate a projection of the conditions that make such retrenchment necessary. A need of additional endowments is constantly before us, if the high quality of research and educational 19 program of the Museum is to be maintained. Grateful acknowledg- ment is made to the many Members whose endowment memberships will help to support the Museum in the future, as well as to the many- other Members whose annual fees are supporting the Museum at the present time. News of the death of Mrs. Anna Louise Raymond on August 1, 1948, was received with deep regret at the Museum. As an out- growth of her interest in the children of Chicago and her appreciation of the value of the work of the Museum in their education, Mrs. Raymond had established, in 1925, an endowment at the Museum of one-half million dollars titled "The James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Public School and Children's Lecture Fund of Field Mu- seum of Natural History." For some years, before her health began to fail, she was a frequent visitor at the Museum, and her continuing interest in the work of the Foundation that she had created was further evidenced by repeated annual gifts in furtherance of that program. Her personal interest lent considerable encouragement to the staff of Raymond Foundation. Subsequent to her death it was learned that she had made the Museum beneficiary of half of her residuary estate. Her contributions to the Museum have established a lasting and living monument to her memory. TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS At the Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees in January, Stanley Field was re-elected President of Chicago Natural History Museum to serve for his fortieth consecutive year. All other officers who served in the preceding year were likewise re-elected. They are: Marshall Field, First Vice-President; Albert B. Dick, Jr., Second Vice-President; Samuel Insull, Jr., Third Vice-President; Solomon A. Smith, Treasurer; Clifford C. Gregg, Secretary; and John R. Millar, Assistant Secretary. MEMBERSHIP It is gratifying again to report an increase in the number of Museum Members, since increase in membership indicates growing apprecia- tion by the community of the scientific and educational work of Chicago Natural History Museum. The number of new Members added to the membership roster during the year was 488, and the number of Members lost through transfer, cancellation, and death was 439. The total number of Members recorded on December 31, 1948, including all membership classifications, was 4,777. 20 The names of all persons listed as Members of the Museum during 1948 will be found on the pages at the end of this Report. The number of Members in each membership classification at the close of 1948 is as follows: Benefactors 23; Honoranj Members 8; Patrons — 18; Corresponding Members — 5; Contributors 165; Corpo- rate Members — 41; Life Members — 177; N on-Resident Life Members — 15; Associate Members — 2,378; N on-Resident Associate Members — 10; Sustaining Members — 17; Annual Members 1,920. By their support the Museum's many Members help to make possible the continuance and progress of the scientific and educational work of the institution, and, therefore, an acknowledgment of gratitude is here expressed to them and also to those Members who found it necessary to cancel their memberships. It is earnestly hoped that those Members who have discontinued their memberships will again enroll as Members of the Museum and resume their association with its cultural program. ATTENDANCE Attendance at the Museum in 1948 exceeded a million for the twenty- second successive year. The total number of visitors for the year was 1,134,643, of which number 1,005,798 were admitted without charge because they came on free admission days or belonged to classifications admitted free on all days — school children, students, teachers, members of the armed forces of the United Nations, and Members of this Museum. (For comparative attendance statistics and door receipts for 1947 and 1948, see page 85.) During the year the Museum received a great many distinguished visitors from foreign countries. The Museum welcomes this evidence of good will and takes especial pleasure in making available for study by its guests whatever is of interest to them in its vast collections and exhibition halls. The Museum was host also to a number of organizations, among them the eighth annual convention of the Midwest Federation of Geological Societies. Members of the National Congress of 4-H Clubs from all parts of the United States and Canada, who earn their trip to the International Livestock Exposition in Chicago, paid their annual visit to the Museum. The group in 1948 numbered 1,200 teen-age boys and girls. Another group of about 1,200 children from 123 different elementary schools in Allegan County, Michigan, accompanied by their teachers and several parents, came to Chicago by special train for an educational trip that included two of Chicago's museums. 21 JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL AND CHILDREN'S LECTURES In the twenty-three years since its founding by Mrs. Anna Louise Raymond, the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation has grown from a staff of one to seven and from a hmited program of tours, motion pictures, and lectures to a diversified program that uses all types of teaching techniques. Printed stories, still and motion pictures, demonstrations with objects, and radio are a few of these methods. All, both old and new, are ways of presenting information requested by students visiting the Museum and of offering opportunities of an educational nature to thousands of children in this Midwestern region. Extension-lecture work has continued, and several motion pic- tures have been incorporated into the lectures. Eight new extension lectures have included carefull}^ selected motion pictures. They are: "Amazon to Andes," "Master Farmers," "Marine Inverte- brates," "Strange Sea Animals," "From Polar Bears to Penguins," "Close-ups of Three Mammals," "Three Playful Pets," and "Simba." The first four lectures utilize selected still pictures with the movies because it has been found that certain subjects can be presented best with a combination of motion and still pictures. Two series of Following a radio program on "WhenChicagoWasaLake," public school children meet in the Museum lecture hall for an illustrated talk, after which they go to the exhibition halls to study evidence of glaciers (right). Raymond Foundation guides help the children to see and understand what the gla- cier did in the Chicago region. 22 Museum Stories were published in connection with the spring and fall series of motion-picture programs for children. As in the past three years, each series is a group of related stories that forms a booklet at the conclusion of the series. The spring series was on foods and the fall series on insects. For the third consecutive year a course for nature counselors in summer camps was conducted by members of Raymond Foundation staff. Instead of four evening meetings as in past years, the 1948 course was given as a one-day conference of six hours of concentrated work. The program was organized into four discussion sessions developing eleven correlated areas of thought and work that were illustrated and demonstrated by still and motion pictures and by seventeen brief tours using Museum exhibits. The course was summarized and made more useful with mimeographed questions, suggestions, and organized aids for nature counselors. One hundred and seventeen people actively engaged in nature camp work attended. Raymond Foundation has co-operated with the Radio Council of the Chicago Public Schools for many years. Following certain selected broadcasts, when additional Museum material is available for study by school children, programs have been offered in the Museum. In addition to these regular types of programs, in 1948 two Raymond Foundation staff members were guest-speakers on "Your Science Story-Teller" series. "Migration Mystery" and 23 "Some Strange Fish Stories" were their subjects, each of which was followed with a program the next day in the Museum. Early in the year, Raymond Foundation was requested to submit brief stories to be told on the "Children's Corner" over WCFL. A summary of all activities of Raymond Foundation for the year, with attendance figures, follows: Activities within the Museum For children Groups Attendance Groups Attendance Tours in Museum halls 677 21,751 Radio follow-up programs 7 989 Lectures preceding tours 68 6,108 Motion-picture programs 28 24,120 Total 780 52,968 For adults Tours in Museum halls 376 6,125 Nature Course 1 117 Total 377 6,242 Extension Activities Chicago Public Schools Elementary 104 35,248 High School 6 4,200 Special 1 185 Suburban 5 1,170 Miscellaneous 1 30 Total 117 40,833 Total for Raymond Foundation Activities 1,274 100,043 LECTURE PROGRAMS FOR ADULTS Approximately 15,000 people took advantage of the lecture programs presented on Saturday afternoons during March, April, October, and November in the James Simpson Theatre. As in former years, an effort was made to bring to the platform outstanding authorities in the various fields of study within the scope of the Museum. Of unusual interest was a presentation by John W. Moyer, of the Museum staff, who gave an inside picture of the preparation of habitat groups at the Museum. One of the more scientific presenta- tions, which attracted wide attention, was that on "Human Evolu- tion" by Dr. Sherwood L. Washburn, of the University of Chicago. The value of the Museum's lecture programs has been favorably commented upon by leaders in the field of adult education. 24 SPECIAL EXHIBITS A special exhibit, "Great Books of Natural History," was held in Stanley Field Hall in September in observance of Great Books Week, a celebration sponsored by Great Books Foundation. Outstanding scientific works from the shelves of the Museum Library, among them rare and historic volumes, were displayed. Other special exhibits in the Museum during the year were the Third Chicago International Exhibition of Nature Photography, held under the auspices of the Museum and the Nature Camera Club of Chicago; a showing of pastels, drawings, and paintings done directly from Museum exhibits by students of the Junior School of the Art In- stitute of Chicago; and two series of photographs prepared by Life magazine, one on atomic energy and the other on Navaho Indians. Additions to the permanent exhibits of the Museum are described in this Report under the headings of the scientific departments. GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Elmer J. Richards and Donald Richards, Research Associate in Cryptogamic Botany, of Chicago, each made an additional gift to the Museum of $5,000 for the purchase of specimens for the crypto- gamic herbarium. Joseph Desloge, of St. Louis, added $1,000 to The Desloge Peruvian Botanical Expedition Fund; Dr. Maurice L. Richardson, of Lansing, Michigan, added $1,000 to The Maurice L. Richardson Paleontological Fund; and William S. Street, of Seattle, added $100 to The Mr. and Mrs. William S. Street Expedition Fund. C. Suydam Cutting, of New York City, a Patron of the Museum, again gave $500. Peder A. Christensen, of San Francisco, made an additional gift of money. Accretions for the year in various trust funds were: from the estate of Mrs. Abby K. Babcock, $169.50 for The Frederick Reynolds and Abby Kettelle Babcock Fund; from the estate of Mrs. Joan A. Chalmers, $1,333.34 for The Joan A. Chalmers Fund; from the estate of Frederick T. Haskell, $23.18 for The Frederick T. Haskell Fund; from the estate of Oscar E. Remmer, $44,508.35 for The Oscar E. Remmer Fund; and from the estate of Martin A. Ryerson, $475.61 for The Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Fund. The Museum received $25,000 from Stanley Field, its President; $12,000 from Marshall Field, First Vice-President, for the Marshall Field Fiftieth Anniversary Fund; and $3,625 from Boardman Con- over, Trustee and Research Associate in Birds. Other gifts of money were received from Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, Associate, 25 Division of Birds; Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor, Scientific Publications; Clarence B. Randall, Trustee; and Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Director. Under an act of the legislature of the State of Illinois, the Chicago Park District turned over to the Museum $118,038.05 as its share of taxes levied to aid several museums. Donors who give or devise to the Museum between $1,000 and $100,000 in money or materials are elected by the Board of Trustees to a special membership classification designated as "Contributors" and their names are enrolled in perpetuity (see page 100 for names of Contributors). Contributors elected in 1948 are: Dr. Jos6 Cuatrecasas, Curator of Colombian Botany; Harry Hoogstraal, Assistant Curator of Insects; George Langford, Assistant, Fossil Plants; Mrs. Charles V. Riley (posthumously elected); Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology; and Dr. J, Daniel Willems, of Chicago. Dr. Cuatrecasas gave to the Museum a collection of her- barium and wood specimens and a collection of books; Mr. Hoog- straal, zoological specimens; Mr. Langford, natural-history speci- mens and books; estate of Mrs. Charles V. Riley, scientific books and eighteen letters written by Charles Darwin; and Dr. Willems, a golden beryl found in Minas Geraes, Brazil. A complete list of gifts of materials from individuals and institutions appears else- where in this Report. Some of the collections are described under the headings of the departments in which they have been deposited. THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION Schools and other institutions receiving portable Museum exhibits on loan through the service of the Department of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension numbered 501 at the close of 1948. Of these, 396 were public schools, 81 were parochial and private schools, and 24 were social-service institutions. Inasmuch as there are avail- able for loan only 1,050 portable exhibits and as each recipient of Harris Extension service has on hand at all times during the school year two exhibits, which are exchanged on a system of regular rotation every tenth school day, registration for service cannot far exceed the present number. Yet requests continue to come in. In formulating a policy for considering new applications, Harris Extension was faced with two alternatives: immediate preparation of many new exhibits for circulation or restricted service to institu- tions other than schools and rejection of applications from schools with low pupil-enrollments. Of these two courses, the first is im- possible for financial reasons. The second, then, is the one that 26 Chicago school children become interested in natural phenomena hy observation and study of portable exhibits circulated by N. W. Harris Public School Extension. perforce has been followed. It is believed that the exhibits are less likely to be used merely as display material when in the hands of trained teachers and that service to very small parochial and private schools is not justifiable under the present pressure situation. The services of John Conrad Hansen, Artist in the Department of Geology, were available to Harris Extension for only a few weeks during the year, and, in consequence, the program, begun some years back, of using painted scenes rather than tinted photographs as backgrounds in habitat settings in new or revised exhibits has been hampered. Work, therefore, has consisted mainly in the preparation of those exhibits that can be made effective by using simple back- grounds painted by the preparators themselves. Damage to cases in circulation was somewhat higher than in other recent years. A total of forty-six cases was damaged. In only four of the forty-six broken cases was there damage to the exhibit material, but two of these four were so completely demolished that very little of the installations could be salvaged. Four cases — exhibits of the Galapagos penguin, the double-crested cormorant, sunfishes, and mink — were stolen in public schools. In addition to these unusually severe losses in circulation, a great many exhibits 27 were withdrawn from the circuit as unsatisfactory. Wax installa- tions disintegrate in the course of years, colors are altered, and the subject-matter of certain exhibits becomes obsolete. During the year twelve exhibits were revised, six of them so thoroughly that they are in reality new exhibits. Three hundred and sixty-eight cases were repaired in the shop. Special loans of instructional material other than the routine circulating exhibits totaled thirty. VOLUNTEER WORKERS The Museum is grateful to its faithful volunteer workers who, as for many years past, have contributed time and effort in the interests of the Museum and of science. Names of some of these volunteer workers are included in the List of Staff at the beginning of this Report, where they are distinguished from salaried workers by the titles "Research Associate," "Associate," and, in one case, "Layman Lecturer." Other volunteers in 1948, not in that list, are: Depart- ment of Botany — Carlos Bumzahem, Miss Margaret Feigley, and Dr. Herbert Habeeb; and Department of Zoology — Raymond Even- stad, Mrs. Dorothy S. Helmer, Robert MacArthur, Hyman Marx, J. N. Nilles, Miss Constance Peck, Mrs. Clifford H. Pope, Ross Tarrant, and Miss Mary Weaver. PERSONNEL Robert Yule, Assistant in the Department of Anthropology until forced to resign because of failing eyesight, returned to the Museum and has been employed in the cryptogamic herbarium, Department of Botany. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, was promoted to Associate Curator of the Herbarium. Dr. Robert H. Denison, former assistant curator at Dartmouth College Museum, was appointed in August to the staff of the Depart- ment of Geology as Curator of Fossil Fishes. Robert Kriss Wyant, Assistant Curator of Economic Geology, was promoted to Curator of Economic Geology, and Harry E. Changnon, Assistant Curator of Geology, was made Curator of Exhibits. Kent Jones was ap- pointed Preparator. John W. Winn, Assistant Curator of Fishes, Department of Zoology, resigned in June to accept a position with the Fish and Wildlife Service to work on the Missouri River Basin Survey. Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, on leave at the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., returned to take part in the 28 Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition and resumed his duties at the Museum on October 1. L. L. Pray, Taxidermist, who was in charge of preparation in the Division of Fishes, resigned in November to undertake reinstallation of exhibits at the Natural History Museum in San Diego, California. Mrs. Dorothy B. Foss, Assistant in Vertebrate Anatomy, was promoted to Osteologist. Miss H. Eliza- beth Story, Assistant in Vertebrate Anatomy, resigned in January, and Carl W. Cotton was appointed Assistant in Vertebrate Anatomy. Carl W. Hintz, Librarian of the Museum since July 1, 1946, resigned to accept the position of librarian at the University of Oregon. Mrs. Meta P. Howell, Assistant Librarian, formerly librarian of the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, was appointed Librarian of the Museum, effective September 1. Mrs. Mary W. Baker, a member of the staff since 1930, retired as Associate Librarian to become Associate Librarian Emerita. Miss Dawn Davey, assistant in the Library, and Miss Louise Boynton, Secretary, were made Assistant Librarians. Two new Assistant Librarians were appointed, Mrs. Winifred E. Weissman, formerly of the First National Bank library staff, Chicago, and Mrs. M. Eileen Rocourt, from the library of Columbia University. Mrs. Winona Hinkley Cosner, guide-lecturer, resigned from the staff of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation. Miss Mary P. Murray was made Assistant to the Associate Editor of Scientific Publications. Benjamin Bridge, who joined the staff on February 17, 1897, retired as Auditor of the Museum to take the position of Auditor Emeritus. William A. Bender, Assistant Auditor, was made Auditor, and A. L. Stebbins, Bookkeeper, became Assistant Auditor. Herman Abendroth, Assistant Photographer, was appointed Photographer, to succeed C. H. Carpenter, retired, and John Bayalis, Preparator in the Department of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, was transferred to the Division of Photogi'aphy as Assistant Photog- rapher. Leonard Rosenthal was made Preparator in Harris Exten- sion. David J. Conwill, Sergeant of the Guard, became Captain of the Guard upon the retirement of Captain E. S. Abbey. Three Research Associates were appointed. Research appoint- ments, based upon scientific achievement, are honorary. Miguel Covarrubias, of the School of Anthropology in Mexico City, noted artist, ethnologist, and archaeologist, was appointed Research As- sociate in Primitive Art, Department of Anthropology. Mr. Covar- rubias, an expert in primitive art, is the author of several important books on the ethnology of Bali and of Mexico. In recognition of his • 29 New research equipment includes a sliding microtome for cutting thin sections of plant material and a binocular research microscope with a low voltage light source. Donald Richards, Research Associate in Cryptogamic Botany, demonstrates their use. long association with the Museum and great assistance rendered in caring for its bryological collections, Donald Richards, of Chicago, was appointed Research Associate in Cryptogamic Botany, Depart- ment of Botany. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate, Division of Birds, was appointed Research Associate in Birds, Department of Zoology, in recognition of his valuable association with the Museum in the field and in the laboratory. Mr. Traylor's main studies have been on birds of tropical and subtropical America. Julius Friesser, Taxidermist in the Department of Zoology, retired from the service of the Museum after nearly forty-four years on the staff. W. H. Corning, General Superintendent, who came to the Museum on December 26, 1920, as Chief Engineer, also retired from the service of the Museum. The Museum thanks these faithful employees for their long years of service and extends its best wishes to them in the years of their retirement. 30 • It is with regret that I record the death of three Museum em- ployees and two Museum pensioners: Arthur G. Rueckert, Staff Artist; Frank L. Heyser, Bookbinder; Frank Klampferer, Guard; Patrick Walsh, a pensioner, formerly a Guard; and Mrs. Harriet W. Cory, a pensioner, widow of the late Charles B. Cory, Curator of Zoology from 1906 to 1921. EXPEDITIONS The Museum sent sixteen expeditions into the field during 1948. Their work is described in this Report under the headings of the scientific departments. Expeditions of 1948 were: Department of Anthropology: Southivest Archaeological Ex- pedition— conducted by Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator. Department of Botany: Cuban Botanical Field Trip— con- ducted by Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus; Desloge Peruvian Botanical Expedition — conducted by Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany; Gulf States Botanical Expedition — conducted by Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Cryptogamic Botany; Middle Central American Botanical Expedition, 19^8 Ii.9 — conducted by Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium. Department of Geology : Eastern States Geological Field Trip — conducted by Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator; Pennsylvania Geological Field Trip — conducted by Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates; Southwest Geological Field Trip — conducted by Harry E. Changnon, Curator of Exhibits; Wyoming Paleontological Expedition — conducted by Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles. Department of Zoology: Arkansas Zoological Field Trip — conducted by Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals; Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition — conducted by Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates; Colombian Zoological Expedition, 19^8-^9, conducted by Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant Curator of Mammals; Guatemalan Zoological Expedition — conducted by Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator of Insects; Mexican Zoological Expedition — con- ducted by Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Research Associate in Birds; Patau Entomological Expedition, 19^7-Ji.8 — Henry S. Dybas, Assistant Curator of Insects, Museum representative; University of California African Expedition — Harry Hoogstraal, Assistant Curator of Insects, Museum representative. 31 This rare Three Circle Red-ori' White pottery bowl was recovered from the floor of a pit house at the Turkey Foot Ridge village site, New Mexico, by the Southwest Archaeological Expedition, 1948. The estimated age of the bowl is 1,000 years. Department of Anthropology Research and Expeditions Excavations in the Apache National Forest, in western New Mexico, were continued by Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator, under a permit issued to the Museum by the Forest Service, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. The Southwest Archaeological Expedition, 1948, took to the field in June and returned to Chicago in October. The excavations were under the supervision of Dr. Martin and Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, who were aided by Dr. Ernst Antevs, Research Associate in Glacial Geology, and three students, W. T. Egan, Leonard G. Johnson, and I. J. Wood, Jr. Research on Mogollon culture was again directed in two main channels: (1) a continuation of the search for more evidence con- cerning early man in America to supplement that found in 1947 and (2) extensive digging in pit houses, the data from which would help fill the gap between a.d. 500 and a.d. 900 in our knowledge of Mogollon culture. In seeking to accomplish the first objective, the archaeologists let Nature do their excavating for them. To make this statement clear, it must be borne in mind that the evidence of early man consists of crude, scarcely worked stone tools that are buried to a depth of several feet. Discovering these early tools is difficult and 32 laborious, for to do so the archaeologist must walk up and down the bed of an ancient stream that is eight to fifteen feet below the present surface. Jutting from the banks of this stream are numerous rocks of all shapes and sizes. It requires trained eyes and years of experience to determine which, if any, of the rocks may be tools of early man. Each stone that appears to bear a resemblance to a primitive tool has to be dug out of the banks so that whether the "suspicious" looking stone is definitely a tool or just another stone can be determined. It was stated above that the archaeologists let Nature excavate for them, and by that was meant the natural erosion that took place between September, 1947, and June, 1948. Obviously, the banks of the stream had been combed and recorded with the greatest care in the summer of 1947. During the winter, rains sloughed off more dirt and thus exposed new bank surfaces, so that once again search could be made for traces of ancient man. Daily Dr. Antevs studied fresh surfaces of banks and exposures of arroyos in the hope of gleaning more evidence of house sites or tools of early man. His exhaustive quest was rewarded by the finding of two hearths, each containing bits of charcoal that had glowed as embers about six thousand years ago, and several food- grinding stones, choppers, and handstones. One of the grinding stones had been buried to a depth of twelve feet; hence it may be slightly older than others that were not so deeply buried. After further study of the geological and archaeological evidence in Pine Lawn Valley and surrounding country. Dr. Antevs sees no reason for modifying the conclusions that he set forth in the Museum report on the Southwest Archaeological Expedition of 1947. Hallmarks (enlarged) on a silver gorget identify its maker as Luke Kendall and indicate that the place and year of manufacture was London, May 1775 to May 1776. Marked silver objects can be used to date Indian burials with which they arc found. 33 The other phase of the expedition, that of excavating, was success- ful beyond expectations. Fifteen pit houses were completely ex- cavated, photographed, and mapped. One of these houses, occupied between a.d. 500 and A.D. 700, is classed as belonging to the George- town Phase; four, between a.d. 700 and a.d. 900, to the San Francisco Phase; and ten, between A.D. 900 and a.d. 1000, to the Three Circle Phase. These pit houses are different in some respects from those of the earlier Pine Lawn period. They tend to be deep and rectangu- lar, with long, stepped passage-entryways facing the east. Food- stuffs were no longer stored in pits dug into the floor, for fashion now dictated cupboards more conveniently placed in the walls. The long history (three or four hundred years) of plain, undecorated brown pottery was broken, and for the first time in Mogollon history delicate pottery appeared bearing well-executed designs. These consist of rectangular elements set forth with restraint in red on a pleasing, warm background. During the year Donald Collier, Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology, carried out special research on the ancient Peruvians in connection with two exhibits on Peruvian archaeology prepared for the Hall of New World Archaeology (Hall B). The collection excavated by Curator Collier in Peru in 1946 finally reached the Museum in June, and he expects to complete a report on this work in 1949. In connection with the exchange of collections being negotiated with the National Museum of Mexico, he made a survey to determine the types and quantity of specimens needed to round out the Mexican collections of Chicago Natural History Museum, spent several weeks assisting Dr. Daniel Rubin de la Borbolla and Research Associate Miguel Covarrubias, both of the National Museum of Mexico, in the selection of Oceanic and North American duplicate specimens that might be used in the exchange, and compiled data to go with the selected collection. Curator Collier spent considerable time working with and cataloguing a collection of ethnological specimens from the Rio Vaup^s region of southeastern Colombia, purchased from Paul H. Allen at the beginning of the year. Mr. Allen was able, fortunately, to spend several days at the Museum going over the collection with Curator Collier and imparting to him data on provenience, material, and use. It was thus possible to record the manner of assembling the elaborate feather headdresses of the Vaup4s Indians, headdresses that contain scores of feathers of many colors and are composed of ten to twelve separate demountable parts ingeniously fitted together. Museum displays generally show these headdresses disassembled, 34 A new diorama of part of the ancient city, Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico, prepared by Dioramist Alfred Lee Rowell, portrays phases of Mayan life in about A.D. 1000. with the result that mass and three-dimensional effect are entirely lost. One of the interesting conclusions from the study of the Allen Collection is that there is an extensive native development of tribal specialization in handicrafts and in trade among the Vaup^s Indians, which is surprising in these jungle tribes of simple culture. Trade is particularly active in basketry utensils, ceremonial equipment and feather ornaments, blowguns and darts, and curare poison. During the year Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, has continued the research necessary for compilation of a bibliography on African anthropology. This bibliography will in- clude the literature available in a large number of periodicals as well as books and is intended as a supplement to Dr. Hambly's Source Book for African Anthropology (Museum Press, 2 vols., 1937), now long out of print. The arrangement of material is under names of authors, subjects, and political regions, with a separate section given to a bibliography of periodical literature. Good progress has been made with research on the craniometry of Melanesia and Polynesia. Most of the data from measurements and descriptions of the large collection of crania in the Department of Anthropology are now assembled, and a manuscript entitled "Craniometry of Malekula 35 . I r M ■ I'i ;i I I /I If i 'If " ■ • ■ t . ■ M' ^Bb r*W i I ♦ ''Dating Layers by Position," a new exhibit, demonstrates simple stratigraphy in an ancient Indian village trash heap in Arizona (section pictured above) and in and New Caledonia" will soon be ready for the press. The study of deformed skulls of Malekula is of exceptional interest because the Museum has an unrivaled collection of these crania. Publica- tions have included Craniometry of New Guinea, Craniometry of Amhrym Island, and Cranial Capacities, A Study in Methods. In addition to research for exhibits in American archaeology, George I. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits, completed a report on a Plaquemine period site in Louisiana and began a report on the Natchezan occupancy of the Bayou Goula site in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. He also continued his research on archaeology of the Aleutian Islands. In December the Museum Press issued Prehistoric . 36 :A22D52j11 Liriy iJiJISi-' 2A:iL'J yJJJOD a modern city trash heap in the Middle West (section pictured above). Tlie top layer is latest, the middle layer, intermediate, and the bottom layer, earliest. Art of the Aleutian Islands, a brief article by Curator Quimby on Aleut prehistory as revealed by engraved designs and stratigraphy. During the first four months of the year Dr. Rinaldo collaborated with Dr. Martin in writing a detailed report on excavations in Pine Lawn Valley of west-central New Mexico by the Southwest Archaeo- logical Expedition during the summer of 1947. He also prepared a chart showing the development of Mogollon culture traits, such as architecture, pottery, and stone and bone tools, from 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1000, which is included in that report. From time to time he assisted in the planning and preparation of exhibits for the Hall of New World Archaeology (Hall B). He also continued research on 37 and cataloguing of the extensive Herzfeld Collection of Persian antiquities. After his return from the field in the fall he made a detailed analysis of the pottery and artifacts recovered from the Turkey Foot Ridge village site in Pine Lawn Valley preliminary to preparation of a report on the summer's field work. As an aid to pottery analysis Dr. Rinaldo made a trip to Logan Museum, at Beloit, Wisconsin, and the University of Minnesota, at Minneapolis, where he studied their extensive Mogollon and Mimbres pottery collections for comparison with pottery collections made in Pine Lawn Valley by our Southwest Archaeological Expeditions. Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, devoted the year to the completion of his report on results of the field work conducted on Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the Ethno- logical Expedition to Micronesia, 1947, a Museum expedition that was part of a larger program, the Co-ordinated Investigation of Micronesian Anthropology, sponsored by the Pacific Science Board of the National Research Council. The aim of Dr. Spoehr's work, This spectacular ceremonial headdress of Vaupes Indians is in the Paul H. Allen Collec tion of ethnological specimens from the Rio Vaupes region of southeastern Colombia. The elaborate, brilliantly colored headdresses are made of egret, macaw, and toucan feathers, and each one is composed of about 12 demountable parts. 38 as well as that of the other investigators in the larger program, was to obtain basic ethnographic knowledge of present-day peoples of Micronesia. Dr. Spoehr's report is a study of a single, type com- munity, to show the social, economic, and political organization of contemporary Marshallese life. His material is valuable in clarifying the picture of aboriginal culture. More important, however, is the fact that the knowledge gained contributes to an understanding of those processes of culture change that have been operative in Micro- nesia and assists in the delineation of the cultural types that are forming in the Pacific area as a result of the impact of Western civilization. This ethnographic information is also essential for the solution of administrative problems in Micronesia, which is now under American control. Dr. Spoehr's report has been forwarded to the National Research Council and will be published at a later date by the Museum Press. The subject index of specimens in the collections of the Depart- ment of Anthropology is nearing completion. Research and organiza- tional work have been proceeding on this project for a number of years. A great deal of time will be saved by users of the subject index. For example, the index will make it comparatively easy to answer inquiries about the quantity and quality of material from a particular region as well as those about one type of object found in several different areas. In November the Museum Press issued, in the Popular Series of Publications, Prehistoric Men, by Dr. Robert J. Braidwood, Research Associate in the Department of Anthropology. This book is written expressly for laymen and beginning students in- terested in the prehistory of Europe and the Near East. The story of man's earliest cultural beginnings (about 500,000 years ago) is a fascinating one, and Dr. Braidwood tells it in a clear, condensed style. Prehistoric Men is attractively illustrated with a large number of drawings, many of them in two colors. Accessions— Anthropology The Museum was fortunate to be able to purchase from Paul H. Allen a representative collection of 331 ethnological specimens from the Rio Vaup^s region of southeastern Colombia. Mr. Allen, who is a botanist, collected the material during a three-year stay in that region while working on the wartime rubber program. The collec- tion consists of weapons, baskets, pottery, toys, musical instruments, personal ornaments, and a great variety of ceremonial paraphernalia, 39 including equipment used by medicine men in ceremonies for curing. Most spectacular are the brilliantly colored headdresses constructed of toucan, macaw, and egret feathers. This collection is of great value not only because it is well documented but also because the relatively intact cultures of the Vaupes tribes have just entered a period of rapid change that will witness the loss of many aboriginal crafts and customs in the next few years. Exhibits— Anthropology Nine new exhibits and one diorama were completed in the Depart- ment of Anthropology under the direction of Curator of Exhibits Quimby, Chief Curator Martin, Curator Spoehr, Curator Collier, and Dr. Rinaldo, with the assistance of Artist Gustaf Dalstrom, Research Associate Covarrubias, Dioramist Alfred Lee Rowell, Ceramic Restorer John Pletinckx, and Preparators Paul J. Warner and Walter C. Reese. Seven of the new exhibits are on display in the Hall of New World Archaeology (Hall B). These are: "Empire Builders of the Andes — the Incas of Peru" (a.d. 1200-1500); 'Tre-Inca Cultures of Peru" (500 B.C. to A.D. 1450); "Indian Civilization during the Burial Mound Period" (a.d. 900 1400); "Some Tools and Weapons of Chipped Stone and How They Were Made by the Indians" ; "Quarry- ing Flint" (rearrangement of a group originally prepared under the supervision of W. H. Holmes, the first Curator of Anthropology); "Dating Layers by Position"; and "Dating Indian Remains by Trade Objects of Known Age." Two of the new exhibits, decorated shields of the Crow Indians, were designed by Artist Dalstrom and Research Associate Covarrubias for installation in Mary D. Sturgis Hall (Hall 5, Indian Tribes of the Great Plains). The Maya diorama was completed during the year and installed in Hall B, where it takes its place as the last of a series of similar model exhibits that have proved extremely popular with Museum visitors. The Maya diorama is a model of part of the ancient city of Chich^n Itza, in northern Yucatan, Mexico, which, like other Maya cities, was a religious and ceremonial center. The diorama portrays a cross section of life in the city as it must have been in about the year a.d. 1000 and was constructed by Dioramist Rowell, with the co-operation of Ceramic Restorer Pletinckx. The necessary research and planning were done by Mr. Rowell, who was sent by the Museum to Yucatan in 1946, and by Chief Curator Martin, Curator Spoehr, Curator Collier, and other Department members. 40 II Visibility of details in exhibits and murals is aided by new lighting in Hall 19. Department of Botany Research and Expeditions In September, 1948, Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium, left Chicago for his second expedition to middle Central America to continue the botanical exploration of El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, the three countries he had previously explored in 1946 and 1947. Reports received from him indicate that he is con- tinuing to find many important new plant records for those countries. Until the end of 1948 he had confined his activities to Honduras. Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator, pursued his studies of the American species of the genera Chenopodium and Gnetum. He was also occupied with revision for publication of the manuscript on the Cycadaceae by the late Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, Research Associate in the Department of Botany, and Professor A. W. Haupt, of the University of California at Los Angeles. 41 Throughout the year, Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus, con- tinued his extensive studies of American palms. He spent several months in Cuba collecting palms and economic plants for the special palm collection and for exhibit purposes. In his field work he enjoyed frequently the company and collaboration of the distinguished Cuban botanist. Brother Leon, of Colegio de La Salle. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, continued the study of his large collections made in Ecuador and Venezuela as well as those made in Venezuela by Llewelyn Williams, Associate in Forest Products. The first portion of the manuscript dealing with the new species collected in Venezuela by Dr. Steyer- mark is scheduled for publication in Brittonia early in 1949. Much time was spent on the identification of miscellaneous collections sent to the Museum, especially those from parts of Central and South America, Mexico, and the United States. J. Francis Macbride, Curator of Peruvian Botany, carried on studies of the flora of Peru at various herbaria in California. Dr. Jose Cuatrecasas, Curator of Colombian Botany, was occupied with A new installation in Hall 26 includes wood specimens, dis' tribution map, photograph of typical trees, and model of a branch of western larch, by Emil Sella, Curator of Ex- hibits, Department of Botany. 42 organization, identification, and monographic studies of his extensive collections of Colombian plants. Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate in Systematic Botany, completed for publication in North American Flora taxonomic revisions of ten genera of Compositae. In addition, he carried on extensive cultural investigations of critical species of Dahlia in conjunction with his monographic studies. Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, spent much of his time preparing and filing the collections of cryptogams on hand and naming the several thousand algae received for identi- fication. With William A. Daily, of Butler University, he con- tinued work on a revision of the non-filamentous Myxophyceae. Dr. Drouet left in October on an expedition to collect plants along the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to Florida. Dr. Walter Kiener, of the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission of Nebraska, visitor on the Museum staff during September, worked on the collection of lichens. Dr. L. H. Tiffany and Donald Richards, Research Associates, pursued their studies of algae and mosses, respectively. Dr. Herbert Habeeb and Miss Margaret Feigley, volunteer workers, determined the species of large numbers of North American mosses and hepatics. Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, continued his studies of American cultivated plants, especially corn and squashes, and their wild relatives. In February he joined Dr. Dahlgren in Cuba to study palms in the field and to gather material for cytological studies of the genus Copernicia. April and May were spent on a botanical expedition to the highlands of Peru to study varieties of cultivated plants peculiar to that region. Seeds brought back from this expedition were planted in Chicago, and the plants grown from these were studied throughout the summer. In the Museum, Dr. Cutler worked with the collections made on the expeditions. In addition, he determined several collections of plant fragments sent in by archaeologists of several institutions. Approximately forty-two thousand specimens and many type photographs of the Linnaean Herbarium were mounted and distrib- uted in the phanerogamic and cryptogamic herbaria, through the efforts of Carl Gervens and Mrs. Effie Schugman and their assistants. During the year the Department of Botany sold more than five thousand photographic prints and sent in exchange to other institu- tions and to botanists for study purposes or insertion in their her- baria nearly four thousand prints and accompanying labels from its large collection of negatives of type and historical specimens of American plants in European herbaria. 43 Interesting specimens of South American corn were collected during the Desloge Peruvian Expedition, 1948, by Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany. Accessions— Botany The most important additions to the phanerogamic herbarium during the year were various collections from Central and South America. Among the most noteworthy may be mentioned the follow- ing: 2,498 specimens from Central America, mostly Honduran, collected by Dr. Louis 0. Williams; 1,919 Argentinian plants sent in exchange by the Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad de Tucu- man; 769 plants from Chiapas, Mexico, collected by Eizi Matuda; 459 plants of the Guianas, including many species new to science, as well as to the Herbarium, collected by Dr. Bassett Maguire, sent as exchange by the New York Botanical Garden; 1,403 specimens of cultivated plants collected by Mrs. H. P. Bracelin, of the University of California, as exchange; and 717 Peruvian plants collected by Felix Woytkowski and sent as exchange by the University of Cali- fornia. Other important additions, received as exchanges, were sent by the University of Michigan, Allan Hancock Foundation of 44 the University of Southern California, and Missouri Botanical Garden. Besides the cryptogams collected on Museum expeditions, more than 21,000 specimens were received during the year by the cryptogamic herbarium, of which 3,500 were purchased with funds provided by Elmer J. Richards and Donald Richards. Some 12,000 algae were received in exchange for curatorial services rendered to Yale University in connection with the D. C. Eaton algal herbarium. The remainder were either exchanges or gifts. The wood collections were increased through various gifts, such as 43 wood specimens from Cuba, collected by Dr. Ramon Gomez and presented by Dr. Dahlgren. A collection of 49 microscope slides of tropical woods was presented by Professor Misael Acosta Solis, of Quito, Ecuador. The extensive collection of photographs of plants and vegetation has been greatly augmented by recent additions, especially the large gift of several thousand negatives by Dr. Ezra Kraus, Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of Chicago. Prints of all botanical negatives are being made, mounted, labeled, and filed. Exhibits— Botany Work on the reconstruction of the fossil cycadophyte Cycadeoidea ingens required considerable time of staff members of the Plant Reproduction Laboratory. Additions to the synoptic exhibits in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29, Plant Life) include a fruiting branch of the Australian or dammar pine (Agathis sp.) and small branches of Podocarpus, yew, and white cedar. Shortly, all of these will be installed with the exhibits of other representatives of living conifers. The Agathis and Podocarpus branches were assembled by Artist-Preparator Milton Copulos, Restorations of branches of western larch (Larix), noble fir (Abies), western red cedar (Thuja), and so forth, prepared by Curator of Exhibits Emil Sella, were installed in Charles F. Mills- paugh Hall (Hall 26, North American Trees) with the assistance of Preparator Mathias Dones. During the latter part of the year, Curator Sella was occupied with planning new lighting and with reconditioning the exhibits in Hall 29. The vast improvement in lighting shows to greater advantage the extensive and unique collection of plant models that is the result of many years of un- stinting effort and infinite care. Completion of this project will probably require the undivided attention of the entire staff of the Laboratory during most of the coming year. 45 Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, works on preliminary identification of specimens in the collection of invertebrate fossils made by Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, at the Salt Range, Punjab, India. Department of Geology Research and Expeditions ' Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator, in collaboration with Robert Kriss Wyant, Curator of Economic Geology, completed studies on the Mapleton meteorite. Dr. Roy also carried on his studies of several other undescribed meteorites, both stony and iron, and made substantial progress in the compilation of a descriptive catalogue of the Museum's collection of meteorites. In addition to his studies on the Mapleton meteorite, Curator Wyant spent considerable time in the calibration of instruments for meteorite analysis and made quantitative analyses, both metal and silicate, of portions of the Houck, the Holbrook, and the Benld meteorites. Studies by Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mammals, on the peculiar extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta were essentially 46 i completed during the year. A general paper on the evolution of the group was prepared for inclusion in Genetics, Paleontology atul Evolution, a volume to be published by Princeton University Press, and a more detailed discussion will shortly be submitted to the Museum Press. Curator Patterson began his work on the determina- tion of the early Oligocene mammals from trans-Pecos, Texas, col- lected in 1946. In this connection, to make the necessary first- hand comparisons, he visited various eastern Museums during November and December. Two papers, Part I ("Introduction") and Part II ("The Pleu- rodiran Turtles") of The Vertebrate Fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama, were completed by Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, and issued by the Museum Press. Progress was made on the preparation of Part III, which will contain descriptions of the forms belonging to the family Toxochelydae, a highly aquatic group of turtles. Another research project under preparation by Dr. Zangerl concerns a proposal for a new classification of the order Chelonia, in which living as well as fossil turtles are being considered. Dr. Zangerl has, for many years, been interested in basic concepts of comparative morphological methodology. He completed an essay on this subject, which was published in Evolution. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, prepared two papers for publication by the Museum Press: a descrip- tion of eight fossil crustaceans and a discussion of the pre-Cambrian stromatolites of an area in northern Michigan. He also made pre- liminary identifications of the fossils collected by Chief Curator Roy from the Salt Range in northern India. Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil Fishes, who became a member of the staff in August, is engaged in completing a series of studies on one of the earliest known groups of vertebrates, the Osteostraci. The results of his studies will appear in two papers, both of which are nearly ready for publication. The first is a general study on the evolution and classification of the group; the second is a description of the micro- scopic structure of the skeleton, particularly of the earliest Osteo- straci from the Island of Oesel in the Baltic. George Langford, Assistant in Fossil Plants, devoted most of his time to new material for his report on the Wilmington coal flora and fauna. All the fossils described have been collected from the strip coal mine area near Wilmington, Will County, Illinois. The manuscript, on which Assistant Langford has been working for more than ten years, covers, to date, 480 species and forms representing 133 genera and sub-genera. Illustrative material con- 47 sists of over 1,200 photographs and 400 drawings. Completion of the work is delayed by periodic influxes of hitherto undiscovered materials that necessitate revisions and new interpretations. Preparation of vertebrate materials for study consisted chiefly of specimens collected in Texas by Curator Patterson and James H. Quinn, former Chief Preparator, and by Dr. Zangerl and William D. Turnbull, Preparator, in Alabama. Preparation of a large fish specimen, also from Alabama, has been nearly completed. Thirty- eight specimens of mammals and reptiles from scattered localities also were prepared for study. John Conrad Hansen, Artist, com- pleted a total of 140 pen-and-ink and wash drawings and paintings for publications and exhibits. His services were lent to the N. W. Harris Public School Extension for a month. During the year several expeditions worked in the field, all of them in the United States. Dr. Roy spent five weeks during Sep- tember and October in the eastern states, chiefly New York, collect- ing specimens for the systematic rock collection. Curator Wyant and Harry E. Changnon, Curator of Exhibits, spent a month in several of the mining districts of the Southwest collecting ores and associated minerals, chiefly for use in exhibits under preparation. Included were collections from the bauxite district in Arkansas, the Petaca pegmatite district in New Mexico, the molybdenum deposits in Questa, New Mexico, and several lead, silver, and gold districts of Colorado. An excellent collection of copper and zinc was also obtained from Santa Rita, New Mexico. Curator Richardson covered nearly six thousand miles in the eastern part of the country during June and July. The fossils collected on this trip are intended for the stratigraphic series and for exhibits in the new Hall of Fossil Invertebrates and Plants. He also collected fossils and gray clay to be used in making a reproduc- Crystals en masse of such per' fection as this group of crys- tals of manganosiderite from Eagle Mine, Colorado, are rare (one-fourth its natural size). 48 tion of the famous Miocene fossil beds on the shore of Chesapeake Bay. Local field trips included Grand Tower and Percy, Illinois, where he found some very well preserved Pennsylvanian brachiofjods, now added to the study collection. Dr. Zangerl led an expedition to west-central Wyominj^: with the specific purpose of searching for nothosaur material in the Alcova limestone, a member of the Chugwater Formation. A single speci- men, the only representative of this group of reptiles in the New World, had previously been discovered in this formation. The expedition succeeded in obtaining about a dozen additional partial skeletons as well as another reptile whose identity cannot be de- termined until the specimen is prepared for study. The Popo Agie Formation, which directly overlies the Alcova limestone, was also searched, and it produced several interesting specimens. Assistant Langford made several short trips to the strip coal mines, near Wilmington, Will County, Illinois, where he spent a total of thirty days. He was assisted part of the time by Chief Preparator Orville L. Gilpin and by Dr. and Mrs. R. H. Whitfield, both Associates in Fossil Plants. Mr. Langford, a veteran collector, whose knowledge of the Wilmington area is second to none, brought back and added to the fossil collection nearly three thousand speci- mens, many of which are extremely rare, the outstanding finds being a number of fossil spiders, scorpions, and annelids. Accessions— Geology Additions of new materials to the collections during the year were of especial interest, particularly from the standpoint of quality and unrepresented materials. The Division of Fossil Fishes was enriched by a collection of fossil fishes from the Mowry shale (Cretaceous) of Wyoming, collected during the summer by the Wyoming expedition under the leadership of Dr. Zangerl. The Mowry fishes have, hitherto, been known only from scales. Dr. Zangerl's collection of nothosaur materials from the Chugwater Formation of Wyoming is also noteworthy, since this group of reptiles in the New World was heretofore known by a solitary specimen. Important accessions in the Division of Fossil Invertebrates in- clude a collection of Pleistocene or Pliocene mollusk shells from the Caloosahatchie Canal excavation in Florida, presented to the Mu- seum by A. A. Bakewell, of Solon Springs, Wisconsin, and a gift of 77 fossil insects collected by Dr. and Mrs. Whitfield and Jack Whitfield from the Oligocene beds at Florissant, Colorado. By 49 exchange with the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Museum gained 477 specimens of Pleistocene and Tertiary fossils, chiefly mollusks, from the Atlantic coastal plain. Some rare forms were included in this accession. The most important addition to the collection of invertebrate fossils during the year, however, was a collection of about 4,000 specimens of Permian fossils from the Salt Range of northern India, collected in 1945 by Chief Curator Roy while on leave from the United States Army Air Forces. A splendid collection of onyx, gift of Dr. Carlos A. Friz, of Chicago, and 19 rare minerals, gift of the New Jersey Zinc Company, were added to the economic geology and mineral collections, respec- tively. The Anaconda Copper Mining Company, the Reynolds Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles (right), and his assistant quarry nothosaur skeletal material during the Wyoming Paleontological Expedition, 1948. 50 ,:»J Jjl V r d Metals Company, the Republic Steel Corporation, and the American Brass Company donated several series of finished metal products to be applied as "uses" of various ores exhibited in Hall 36 (Economic Geology). At the close of the year the Museum was again fortunate to receive as a gift five meteorites from Stuart H. Perry, of Adrian, Michigan. They form an especially valuable addition, for none was hitherto represented in the Museum's collection of meteorites. A final notable addition to the collections for the year was 34.4 carat step-cut golden beryl, from Dr. J. Daniel Willems, of Chicago. Exhibits— Geology In Hall 36 (Economic Geology) eight exhibits of metallic ores were installed under the supervision of Curator of Exhibits Changnon, with the assistance of Preparators Henry Horback and Kent Jones. Included are exhibits of the nonferrous metals (gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, and tin), iron, ferroalloys, and rare and minor minerals of industrial importance. Each exhibit contains the im- portant ore minerals of the metal, typical ores of leading producing deposits, and information regarding their occurence and production. Two major additions were made in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38, Fossil Vertebrates). For the first time since their installation in the late '20s and early '30s, the famous Knight murals showing life of the past were adequately captioned. This was accomplished by forty large raised-letter plaques bearing titles and explanations of the prehistoric scenes. The new plaques enable visitors easily to associ- ate the murals with the fossil materials exhibited and thereby gain a clearer view of life and conditions in past geologic ages. Sixteen skeletons of Permian reptiles and amphibians, the cream of the Permian fossils from the magnificent gift of fossil vertebrates received from the University of Chicago in 1947, were placed on temporary exhibit in Hall 38. Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37, Fossil Invertebrates and Fossil Plants) was completely remodeled during the year to furnish fifty-three new-type built-in wall cases to house the new fossil in- vertebrate and fossil plant exhibits. Installation of these new ex- hibits began in September, and four introductory exhibits were installed. Plans call for completion of the hall in 1950. When completed, the hall will represent one of the most comprehensive exhibits — stratigraphic and systematic — of fossil invertebrates and plants ever attempted. Included will be seven underwater inverte- brate habitat groups and three plant groups. 51 u. OF m. u% Valuable information on the habits of African chameleons was derived from a study of live specimens received from Harry Hoogstraal, Assistant Curator of Insects. Department of Zoology Research and Expeditions Research within the Museum was focused mainly on reports on specific collections, often largely by-products of the basic routine of identification by which all specimens enter the research collections. Segments of the collections made in 1946-47 by the Museum's Philippines Zoological Expedition were reported on in whole or in part by the Divisions of Birds, Mammals, and Reptiles. Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, continued his special interest in bats, completing two papers and working on the large manuscript of a revision of the horse-shoe nosed bats of the genus Rhinolophus. Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant Curator of Mammals, continued his work on Colombian mammals (begun under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution), prepared a series of short papers on mammalian nomenclature, and reported on the tropical American mammals that were collected by Ivan T. Sanderson for the British Museum and stored at this Museum during the war. 52 In the Division of Birds, Curator Austin L. Rand was engaged in studies of faunal, systematic, and ecological aspects of African birds from both sides of the continent. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator, and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Research Associate, continued work on neotropical birds and prepared a series of papers for publica- tion. The problem of definition of subspecies, a subject of consider- able current taxonomic imi)ortance, engaged the attention of Dr. Rand and Mr. Traylor. The long-term project of the Division of Birds, Catalogue of Birds of the Americas, made large advances during 1948 under the supervision of Boardman Conover, Research As- sociate, and of Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications. Two sections of the final part of this work, each of volume length, were published; the final section had gone to press at the end of the year. In addition to her work with exhibits, Mrs. Ellen T. Smith, Associate, carried on considerable curatorial work. In the Division of Reptiles, Robert F. Inger, temporary assistant, made excellent progress on a comprehensive report on Philippine amphibians. Curator Clifford H. Pope continued his studies on North American salamanders and continued also his interest in the operation of snake venom, both as to the mechanics of striking and the effects of venom. The small Burmese python, presented to the Division in 1945, has afforded opportunity for a unique growth- record and for observations of behavior, with a by-product of im- portant practical hints for zoological-garden management. The Division was host during the year to a series of twenty-nine East African chameleons. After being studied by Bernard Greenberg, of Roosevelt College, as to life history and behavior, the specimens remaining were deposited with the Chicago Zoological Society and Lincoln Park Zoo. The chameleon studies, in fact, serve as an example of the large areas of overlapping interest in zoological studies in museums and zoological gardens. Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, was essentially "on loan" to the United States National Museum for the first part of the year, where he was engaged with Dr. Leonard P. Schultz of that museum on the monumental report on Pacific fishes resulting from the col- lections made at Bikini Atoll. His work on this project (which results in the accession of a share of the Bikini fish collection by this Museum) is continuing. Preliminary studies of Bermuda shore fishes, in which Curator Woods has been aided by Robert Kanazawa, temporary assistant, have disclosed interesting material. One of the principal objectives of the Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition, the collection of a representation of the remarkable types of fishes from 53 the lightless depths of the ocean, has provided a fresh stimulus to the studies on this fauna, the special interest of Mrs. Marion Grey, Associate in the Division of Fishes. Studies toward a monograph on the giant panda, long the major research interest of D. D wight Davis, Curator of Vertebrate Anat- omy, has disclosed so many serious deficiencies in our knowledge of the allied bears and raccoons and of the flesh-eating mammals in general that their scope has long since been enlarged to a review of the morphology of the Carnivora. However, much progress was made during the year on the manuscript dealing specifically with the giant panda. It is fortunate to find that this creature embodies in almost diagrammatic form many of the most interesting principles of what has been called "functional comparative anatomy." Various studies on locomotion of mammals and reptiles and observations on the remarkable behavior of the brilliantly colored North American mud snake and on the locomotion of geckos were among Curator Davis' accessory interests during the year. Dr. R. M. Strong, Research Associate, continued his research work on the anatomy of the salamander Necturus. The Division of Insects, still largely absorbed in curatorial routine, reports the continuing research on special families of beetles, the Histeridae, by Assistant Curator Rupert P. Wenzel, and the Ptiliidae, by Assistant Curator Henry S. Dybas, together with the studies on Staphylinidae by Research Associate Charles H. Seevers and work on the Mordellidae by Eugene Ray, temporary assistant. In the Division of Lower Invertebrates, Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator, was engaged in studies of the fresh-water mollusks of Lake Titicaca, on loan from the British Museum, and of other Peruvian material received from the Museo Javier Prado, in Lima. In lieu of original research Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt was engaged in the revision of Ecological Animal Geography (Hesse, Allee, and Schmidt, 1937) for a second edition. The translation of the German original of this work was made by Chief Curator Schmidt during long sea voyages in connection with Museum expeditions, and the American edition has been favorably received. As the year closed he had finished reading galley proof of a second work with university colleagues. The Principles of Animal Ecology, begun in 1941 in collaboration with Professors W. C. Allee, Alfred E. Emerson, and Thomas Park, of the University of Chicago, and Orlando Park, of Northwestern University. The major expedition of 1948 was the Bermuda Deep-Sea Ex- pedition, in which the operation of the oceanographic vessel, the 54 The evolutionary relationship of the principal types of living mammals is illus' trated by models prepared by Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist, Department of Zoology. 98-foot ketch Caryn, was made possible by co-operation with the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. Leader of our Bermuda party was Dr. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, who was ably seconded by Curator Woods, of the Division of Fishes. Mrs. Grey, Associate in Fishes, accompanied the party, with Ronald J. Lambert, Assistant Taxidermist. Miss Margaret J. Bauer, Departmental Secretary, joined the party as volunteer for five weeks. Dr. Dugald E. S. Brown, Director of the Bermuda Biological Station, through whom the use of the Caryn was arranged, main- tained a most active interest in the deep-sea trawling operations. The material obtained proved of great interest also to visiting scientists working in the laboratories of the Biological Station. The Divisions of Insects and Mammals collaborated effectively in the Guatemalan Zoological Expedition, which left New Orleans in April. Assistant Curator of Insects Wenzel was accompanied 55 by Rodger D. Mitchell, of Wayne, Illinois, and Mr. de la Torre, temporary assistant in the Division of Mammals, who is a student at the University of Michigan. The attachment of Mr. de la Torre to the Guatemala party was especially effective because the Mu- seum's entomological staff maintains an active interest in the ectoparasites of mammals. Illness necessitated the return of As- sistant Curator Wenzel at the end of May, but Mr. Mitchell and Mr. de la Torre carried on their respective insect and mammal col- lecting until October, when Mr. Mitchell returned, leaving Mr. de la Torre to continue the search for mammals, more particularly for bats. One or more members of the party visited the Departments of Chimaltenango, Sacatepequez, Escuintla, Progreso, Zacapa, Alta Verapaz, and Huehuetenango. A principal focus of interest of the expedition was the collecting of material from the type localities of the species described in the monumental Biologia Centrali- Americana, in which the report on beetles alone extends to eighteen bound volumes describing about twelve thousand new species. The fresh material from Guatemala makes possible renewed studies from modern viewpoints on this fascinating and complex fauna. Under the auspices of the Pacific Science Board of the National Research Council, as part of the scientific surveys of the Pacific islands under United States control. Assistant Curator Dybas, of the Division of Insects, was engaged in the entomological survey of the Palau Islands and of Ponape, in the eastern Carolines. The islands of the western Pacific, long behind a Japanese curtain, are now being actively explored from every scientific aspect. Mr. Dybas returned to the Museum in April. Harry Hoogstraal, at- tached to the Museum staff as Assistant Curator of Insects, repre- sented the Museum on the University of California African Expedi- tion. He was engaged primarily in the collection of blood samples of mammals and lizards and ectoparasites of mammals for the Naval Research Institute. A share of his host specimens will be assigned to the Museum. Research Associate Traylor, of the Division of Birds, was accom- panied by Mrs. Traylor on a bird-collecting expedition to Veracruz, with special effort directed to the altitudinal zones of the great mountain mass of Orizaba. The party was hospitably entertained at Potrero Viejo, the hacienda of Dyfrig McH. .Forbes, host to a long succession of zoological collectors. Mr. and Mrs. Traylor were in Mexico from July 3 to September 11, traveling by means of the Museum's new carryall. At the end of the year Assistant Curator Hershkovitz, of the Division of Mammals, was established in 56 Colombia for the completion of his mammal survey of that country, where he had worked extensively as Walter Rathbone Bacon Travel- ing Scholar of the Smithsonian Institution. Within the United States, Chief Curator Schmidt, accompanied by his son, John M. Schmidt, and by Mr. Inger, of the Division of Reptiles, used the new carryall for a brief trip to western Texas, where specimens of the remarkable "barking frog" and of the interesting neotenous salamanders ("permanent larvae") of the border of the Edwards Plateau were collected. Curator Sanborn made brief field trips to Arkansas for mammals in April and June as part of a continuing program of study in that state, also by means of the carryall. Curator Pope spent July and August at the Mountain Lake Biological Station of the University of Virginia, where the co-operation of staff and students of the graduate summer school greatly promoted his studies on salamander life-histories and distribution. In November he was accompanied by Dr. James Kezer, of Roosevelt College, to southern Missouri, where a collection of living cave salamanders was obtained for Dr. Kezer's studies on chromosome structures and for further investigation of the reduction and loss of eyes in these creatures of darkness. In October and November Mr. Inger returned to the interesting study of the autumn aggregation of blue racers in the Indiana Dunes. This "hibernating colony," in which the snakes come to a limited area each autumn, was discovered, or perhaps re-discovered, by Chief Curator Schmidt and Taxidermist Leon L. Walters in 1935, In the intervening time, with unfortunately interrupted studies, 103 specimens were marked and released. Mr. Inger was able to mark no less than 92 specimens in the 1948 season, employing a greatly improved marking technique. It is hoped that future studies may yield information on return to the locality, growth, longevity, and population numbers. The carryall served also in an emergency when living mosquitoes were urgently desired in connection with the making of a large model of Ajiopheles, the malaria bearer. As- sistant Curators Wenzel and Dybas were promptly successful in finding specimens when other sources had failed. Accessions— Zoology The more important gifts of specimens received during the year are the large male Alaska brown bear, intended for exhibition, received from Mr. and Mrs. William S. Street, of Seattle, Washington; the continuing gifts of important anatomical material received from the 57 Chicago Zoological Society and Lincoln Park Zoo; 71 mammals from British Honduras and Yucatan, collected by Ivan T. Sanderson and presented by the British Museum (Natural History); 77 birds from East Africa, mainly from high altitudes on Mt. Kenya, presented by Walther Buchen, of Chicago; and two ivory-billed woodpeckers (a North American species on the verge of extinction), from Arkansas, presented by Robert Burton, of Chicago. A notable gift in the Division of Reptiles was the collection of 522 specimens of salamanders of the Appalachian region, from Dr. Nelson G. Hairston, of the University of Michigan; 17 living geckos, from C. B. Perkins, of San Diego Zoological Society; and a series of the beautiful iguanid lizards of the species Dipsosaurus dorsalis, from Kenneth S. Norris, of Los Angeles. In the Division of Insects the largest gift of the year was a miscellaneous collection of insects and other arthropods from Assistant Curator Hoogstraal, mainly from New Guinea and the Philippines, collected during the war. Major Howard T. Wright collected and presented 3,252 specimens of insects from Japan, and Dr. C. L. Remington, of New Haven, Connecticut, presented his wartime collection of 1,149 specimens, mostly beetles, from New Caledonia. Of especial interest is the James E.Trott, Artist-Prepar' ator, works on enlarged model of an anopheles mosquito, one of several anatomical models that will show the life cycle of the malaria organism. Right: Total length of the completed model is approximately 2 feet. 58 series of 31 named beetles, all remarkable as "ant guests," incliuling 10 paratypes, received as a gift from Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Director. In the Division of Lower Invertebrates a noteworthy gift of 296 specimens of Amazonian moUusks came from Dr. Harald Sioli, of Belem, Brazil, and of 13 lots of fresh-water shells, from Dr. Walter Biese, of Santiago, Chile, including a number of paratypes of species described by Dr. Biese. The most important accessions of the year consist of material from the Museum's own expeditions, some still from previous years, and from purchases. The largest single accession in 1948 from one source is the series of 18,247 specimens of insects from the Philippines Zoological Expedition of 1946 47. Exhibits— Zoology The program for a series of biological exhibits to supplement and explain the systematic exhibits of birds in Hall 21 was advanced by the installation of four alcove cases prepared by Assistant Taxi- dermist Kenneth Woehlck, with the co-operation of Miss Norma Lockwood, Staff Illustrator, and of members of the taxidermy staff. 59 The subjects represented are "Birds as Solar Machines," "Variation Is the Rule in Nature," "Speciation in Galapagos Birds," and "Migration of Some North American Birds." The restorations of fossil birds in Hall 21 were repainted by Taxidermist L. L. Pray. A new model by Mr. Pray of the gigantic predaceous South American Phororhacos, which has become known as the "Argentine terror bird," makes it seem evident that we are fortunate that the bird became extinct in Miocene times. An exhibition screen, "Birds in a Chicago Garden," featuring the means of attracting birds in sub- urban areas, is approaching completion under the supervision of Associate Ellen T. Smith, of the Division of Birds. This screen forms one of the units in a much-needed exhibit of birds of the Chicago area in which the changes with spring and fall migration can be featured. The principal exhibition work in progress for the Division of Mammals was the mounting of four Alaska brown bears, which was well advanced at the close of the year. In the Division of Reptiles, exhibition work in progress consisted of models made for a Chicago area alcove and of a Central American basilisk lizard, whose bipedal running is of especial interest in connection with the development of bipedal locomotion in the extinct dinosaurs. No new exhibits were installed in the Division of Fishes. Work con- tinued on the improvement of models in the synoptic series of fishes by replacement of shriveled or warped fins of old models with fins of carved celluloid. The Division of Vertebrate Anatomy reports progress on the case reserved for the anatomy of whales in the Hall of Whales, with the preparation of new models by Joseph B. Krstolich, Artist, under the general supervision of Curator Davis. "Family Tree of Living Mammals," an exhibition screen that shows the interrelation of mammals, was prepared by Mr. Krstolich under the direction of Chief Curator Schmidt and installed in George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13, Horned and Hoofed Mammals). The staff of the Division of Insects was engaged on plans for a Hall of Insects (the west half of Hall 18), and James E. Trott, Artist-Preparator, has completed several of the anatomical models that will show the life cycle of the malaria organism. The completed enlarged model of an adult anopheles mosquito intended for the malaria case is a triumph of the combination of artistic skill and patience necessary in insect model-making. It incorporates no less than 13,000 separate scales on the legs and 3,400 on the wings, with- out which details a mosquito model is curiously inadequate. The finished model is composed of about 20,160 parts. 60 Reclassification and growth of the Library require additional shelving. The new installation in the stackroom (above) accommodates approximately 18,000 volumes. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM The fundamental objective of the Library is to function as an integral division of the Museum by furnishing the printed-word working tools and supplementary data needed in the ever-expanding specialization of research performed in the scientific departments. The accomplishment of this long-range purpose has been intensified this past year through the fortunate acquisition of a choice number of publications long needed, many unobtainable during the war years or even directly thereafter. Represented among the new resources of the Library are rare and important volumes made available through the disposal of private libraries, desiderata urgently needed for the projects planned in the newly created divisions of departments as well as for further research in established divisions, recently published works on current scientific developments in allied fields, and foreign periodicals— some new and others that round out incomplete sets. A selective list, illustrative of the items acquired, is given on the following pages. 61 BOOKS Artedi, Peter, Ichthyologia, 5 pts. (1738) Bellardi, Luigi, and Federico Sacco, /. Molluschi dei Tereni Terziarii del Piemonte e delta Ligiria, 7 v. (1873-1904) Blainville, H. M. D. de, Osteographie, ou description iconographique comparee du Squelette et du systeme dentaire des mammiferes recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zootogie et a la geologie, 4 v. (1839-64) [very rare] Blume, C. L., Forae Javae nee non insularum adjacentium, 3 v. in 4 (1829) Boheman, K. H., Monographia Cassidarum, 4 v. (1850-62) Bronn, H. G., Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, abt. 2, Gastropoda prosohranchia (1896-1907) , Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, abt. 3 , Malacozoa, 2 v. (1862-66) , Mollusca, abt. Amphineura und Scaphopoda (1892-95) , Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs — Pulmonata (1908-12) Buffon, G. L. L. de, Histoire Naturelle, generate et particuliere, avec la descrip- tion du cabinet du Roi, 1st ed., 44 v. (1750-1804) Burmeister, Hermann, Handbuch der Enfomologie, 5 v. and plates (1832-47) Curtis, John, British entomology, 16 v. (1823-40) [one of the most important works from the standpoint of genotype designations; only set in Chicago] Dejean, Comte, Species general des Coleopteres Cicindelidae and Carabidae, 5 V. (1825-31) Ehrenberg, C. G., Symbolae Physicae (1828-33) Gmelin, G. Friedrich, An universal system of natural history, including man, the Orang-Outang, and the ivhole tribe of Simia (1744-1810) Gronovius, L. T., Zoophylacii Gronoviani fasciculus primus {et secundus) ex- hibens animalia quadrupeda amphibia atque pisces enumerationem in- sectorum (1763-64) [the Library of Congress has the only other copy of this in its rare book division] Handivorterbuch der N aturwissenschaften, 2nd ed., 10 v. (1931-35) Horn, Walther, and Isle Kahle, Uber entomologischen Sammlungen, v. 1-3 (1935-37) [very rare] International Congress of Entomology. Proceedings and transactions, first to seventh meetings, 17 v. Jablonsky, C. G., and J. F. W. Herbst, Natursystem alter bekannten in-und- auslandischen Insecten der Kdfer, 10 v. (1789-1806) Jacquelin du Val, Camille, and L. M. H. Fairmair, Genera des Coleopteres d'Europe, 3 v. (1857-68) [rare and important work] Morley, Claude, Ichneumonologia Britannica, 5 v. (1903-14) Orbigny, Alcide d', Voyage dans V Amerique Meridionale — Mollusques, 2 v. (1835-43) , Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale, 11 v. (1837-47) SERIES (new) California Zoological Club. Proceedings, v. 1, no. 5 Cavanillesia, v. 1-8 (complete series) Discovery Committee, Colonial Office, London. Discovery reports, v. 1-24 (continuation) Entomologisk Meddelelser, 24 v. (1887-1947) L'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco. Annates, v. 1 (continuation) Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Archives, ser. 2, v. 1-10; ser. 3 v. 1-10; ser. 4, v. 1-10; ser. 5, v. 1-6 Revue Scientifique, 1938-41, 1945, 1948 (continuation) 62 SERIES (purchased to fill gaps in our runs) Botamsches Zenfralblati, v. 33-56, 59, 60, 63, 70, 81-94, 101-103 California Academy of Sciences. Proceedings, ser. 1 and 2 (1854-96), 13 v. Conchological magazine (1907-09) Genera Insedorum, fasc. 194-196, 199a, 200-207 Geological Society of America. Memoires, nos. 9, 11, 21 Geologiska Foreningens, Stockholm. Forhandlingar, v. 1-12, 15-52 Indians at work, v. 1-3, 4 Societe Botanique de France. Bulletin, tomes 1-8, 45, 48-53, 57-58 The Library's holdings have been augmented further through the Museum's pohcy of exchange of scientific pubhcations with other institutions and by valuable gifts. Outstanding among gifts are the Darwin letters, the Stuart H. Perry photographs of meteoric irons, the twenty-five paintings of birds by Karl Plath, and the Charles V. Riley collection of books on entomology. The continued growth of the Library has been inevitable. It has come as a corollary of highly selective augmentation along intensive lines and has established Chicago Natural History Museum as one of the foremost sources of specialized information in its field. An indication of this distinction has been shown by the frequency of requests received for interlibrary loans from libraries ranking high in their special fields and from industrial and research organiza- tions throughout the country. The transfer from John Crerar Library to the Museum of the extremely important series, Palae- ontograpkica (Volumes 1 to 80, and the Supplements), evidences the prestige achieved by this Library as a center of information on natural histor3^ A point in illustration of the appreciation indicated by the public in the Library facilities may be made by mentioning the group attendance by teachers from the Board of Education for the purpose of compiling bibliographies in the field of natural history to be used in future courses of study. During the year, 3,585 items were added to the collection. Of this number, 1,166 were secured by gift, 157 by exchange, and the remainder by purchase. The number of accessioned items in the Museum Library now totals 132,610. The Kardex Visible File, installed in 1947, has grown to the extent that soon a third tier will be in use. Primarily, this file was installed to assemble in one place all the pertinent data dealing with the great volume of material received in the Library in serial form. The shelving ordered in December of 1946 was received and installed during the past year, providing accommodations for approximately 18,000 volumes in the new stackroom. 63 Upon the resignation on August 31, 1948, of the Librarian, Carl W. Hintz, and the retirement of the Associate Librarian, Mrs. Mary W. Baker, a reorganization of staff personnel was effected, together with a new division of duties and relocation of office arrange- ments. Mrs. Meta P. Howell, of the cataloguing division, was appointed to the post of Librarian. Mrs. Eunice M. Gemmill, of the reference department, was placed in charge of that department and its personnel, and the services of Mrs. Baker were retained to assist in the important work of reclassification. Mrs. Emily M. Wilcoxson has continued her valuable work as Librarian Emerita. She has completed two special projects — an index to another volume of the Museum Bulletin and a bibliography of the works of the late Dr. Berthold Laufer, eminent Sinologist who was on the staff of the Museum for many years. A severe loss to the Library was occasioned by the death of Frank L. Heyser, the bookbinder. The quality of his work and the service he gave to the Museum Library undoubtedly can never be replaced. His pride and interest in his work was reflected in the meticulous care given to the restoration of rare books, the binding of new material, and the high quality of workmanship in every task. PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION Total production for the Division of Photography for the year was 19,802 items. Output consisted of negatives, prints, enlargements, lantern slides, and transparencies made for the Museun, other institutions, the press, and general sales. There are now in the files nearly 105,000 negatives. At the time of his sudden death in October, Arthur G. Rueckert, Staff Artist, had just begun preliminary work on background paintings of dioramas for the new hall of paleontology, planning and research for which had occupied his time for a number of months. Earlier in the year he had completed for Charles F. Millspaugh Hall (Hall 26, North American Trees) two large wall maps showing the major zones of soil groups. By his ability as an artist and museum tech- nician Mr. Rueckert contributed much to the development of natural-history exhibition work. The loss to the Museum by his death is great. Miss Norma Lockwood, Staff Illustrator, furnished drawings, lettering, and miscellaneous art work as required throughout the year by the departments and divisions of the Museum. She also prepared four exhibition screens for the Division of Birds. 64 Maps of the hemispheres showing the distribution of the zonal great soil groups, on exhibit in Hall 26, are the work of the late Arthur G. Rueckert, StafT Artist. MOTION PICTURES During the year approximately eighty-five per cent of the footage was taken for the Museum's educational motion picture, temporarily titled "Museum Activities." This film, in color, with a sound track to be "dubbed" in, will take the public on a behind-the-scenes tour of the Museum's studios, laboratories, and exhibits. It is planned to complete production early in 1949 and to have this film ready by the latter part of the year for screening to all audiences interested in the Museum's over-all program of education. In addition, ten complete motion pictures were re-edited and titled for use by the Museum in programs for schools and the general public. This footage was edited from material purchased or pre- 65 sented to the Museum and from films taken on Museum expeditions by staff members. There are at present four films, also from desir- able material in the Film Library, in the re-editing stages for the coming year. Color transparencies and motion-picture records of natural-history subjects were taken for the scientific departments, work that has become an important function of the Division both for research and general information. The year's outstanding accession was approximately 12,500 feet of 35mm film presented to the Museum by Rudyerd Boulton, of Washington, D.C., former Curator of Birds, now Research Associate. This footage represents a motion-picture record of numerous expedi- tions of which Mr. Boulton was a member and contains sequences on bird, mammal, and reptile life as well as travelogue material in both Panama and Africa. It is planned, after selecting the out- standing scenes, to reduce this footage to 16mm so that this film can be used in several Museum productions. PUBLICATIONS AND PRINTING Distribution of wartime accumulations and postwar issues of the Museum's publications was made to twenty more of the institutions and individuals on our regular foreign exchange list with which prewar routine exchange had not been restored before 1948. Con- tact with many of the scientific institutions and individual scientists in Germany also was made, although forwarding of the large quantities of publications that have accumulated for them during the past nine years awaits more favorable shipping conditions to Berlin and other areas. A total of 11,958 copies was sent to in- dividuals and institutions on both the domestic and foreign exchange lists, to which twenty-eight new names were added. Sales during 1948 totaled 3,207 copies in the Scientific Series, 8,235 copies in the Popular Series, and 29,816 copies of miscellaneous publications, such as guides, handbooks, and memoirs (see page 85). For future sales and other distribution an additional 26,700 copies of publica- tions were wrapped, labeled, and stored. The Museum Press issued during the year seven titles in the Scientific Series of publications, one in the Popular Series, one in the Memoirs Series, one in the Administrative Series, and one reprint. The total number of pages printed in all books, including an index for one completed volume in the Scientific Series, was 1,297, and the total number of copies was 26,641. Twelve numbers of Chicago Natural History Museum Bulletin were printed, averaging 66 6,000 copies an issue. Other work of the Division of Printing in- cluded posters, price Hsts, Museum Stories for Children (Raymond Foundation), lecture schedules, Museum labels, post cards, Museum stationery, and specimen tags, totaling 88,990 impressions. A list of titles in the publications series issued in 1948 by Chicago Natural History Museum Press follows: DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Braidwood, Robert J. Prehistoric Men, Popular Series, Anthropology, no. 37, 117 pp., 37 text figures Martin, Richard A. Mummies, Reprint, 18 pp., 10 text figures, 11 plates QuiMBY, George I. Prehistoric Art of the Aleutian Islands, Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 36, no. 4, 16 pp., 7 text figures DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Zangerl, Rainer The Vertebrate Fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama, Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs, vol. 3, nos. 1 and 2, 56 pp., 4 plates, 16 text figures DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Haas, Fritz Three New Land Shells from Peru, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 23, 5 pp. 3 text figures Hellmayr, Charles E., and Boardman Conover Catalogue of Birds of the Americas, Zoological Series, vol. 13, part 1, no. 2 vii+434 pp. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas, Zoological Series, vol. 13, part 1, no. 3 vi+383 pp. Rand, A. L. Five New Birds from the Philippines, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 25, 5 pp Traylor, Melvin a., Jr. Neiv Birds from Peru and Ecuador, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 24, 6 pp Zimmermann, Arnold A., and Clifford H. Pope Development and Growth of the Rattle of Rattlesnakes, Fieldiana: Zoology vol. 32, no. 6, 61 pp., 25 text figures ADMINISTRATIVE PUBLICATIONS Annual Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the Year 191^7, 141 pp., 32 illustrations 67 CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS The Museum continued throughout the year its co-operative educa- tional arrangements with the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, Antioch College, and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Frequent use of Museum exhibits was made by students from Roosevelt College, for whom the Museum kept a special record of attendance. The laboratories and research collections of the Museum were open to visiting scientists, as in past years, and through interlibrary loan the resources of the Library of the Museum were available to other institutions. Every year more and more art students use the Museum exhibits as they seek ideas in their classes in sketching, modeling, and design. They make use of the exhibits in anthropology to study primitive designs in masks, headdresses, African wood carving, and textiles. The animal groups in zoology offer them models for life drawings that are next best to live animals and superior to them in that the students can really get form and line. Botany and geology exhibits are studied and used for natural designs. The School of the Art Institute sends its adult and junior classes to study in the Museum. These students, in fact, number the largest from any school in groups and attendance at the Museum. Some of them come on weekdays but many more come on Saturdays, when they can be found all through the Museum studying and sketch- ing. The results of their work are exhibited in the Museum for one month in early summer. This selective exhibit shows some delightful and remarkable work, both of young and adult students. Other art schools using the Museum for study are Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, Academy of Applied Art, Institute of Design, and Chicago Technical College. Some of the students from these schools made an objective survey of the design and art of primitive peoples in order to develop their own appreciation of functional art. Other students studied looms, weaving, and textile materials of primitive peoples. Several groups made trips through the halls of trees and woods to study patterns in the grain of the many different species from all parts of the world. Still another use of Museum exhibits and programs has been made in teacher-training classes by several colleges and universities. These student-teachers are brought to the Museum to see how its exhibits can be used in teaching, to learn how to organize successful field or museum trips, and to find out just how much the Museum can help them in their future teaching. Roosevelt College, Chicago 68 The Art Institute of Chicago sends adult and junior classes to sketch in the Museum. Teachers College, and Pestalozzi Froebel Teachers College make most frequent use of the Museum in this type of education work. Under the co-operative educational plan adopted in 1946 by this Museum and Antioch College, of Yellow Springs, Ohio, successive groups of undergraduate students, alternating periods of study on the college campus with periods of work with pay, are temporarily employed by the Museum in its scientific departments, its Library, and its administrative offices. This plan brought thirteen young men and women to the Museum in 1948, two of whom accompanied Museum expeditions in the summer months. A year's course in museology covering complete training in curatorial duties in a museum was given at the Museum by the staff of the Department of Anthropology in co-operation with the Depart- ment of Anthropology of the University of Chicago. In the spring Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, and Fred Eggan, of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Chicago, conducted a seminar at the Museum for advanced students in anthropology on problems in Southwestern archaeology and eth- nology. During the year the curators gave occasional lectures at the University of Chicago in their special fields. Donald Collier, 69 Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology, delivered six lectures on anthropology at the University of Chicago, supervised a research course in South American ethnology and archaeology for students from the University of Chicago, and gave a lecture on the Tairona culture of Colombia at Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, was on leave from the Museum in July and August to teach anthropology in the recently formed department of social relations at Harvard University. At that time he partici- pated in a series of open seminars for foreign students attending Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the remainder of the year Curator Spoehr taught a course in anthropology at the University of Chicago and also gave a number of lectures to advanced graduate students. Classes in botany from the University of Chicago and Wheaton College visited the Department of Botany on several occasions and were conducted through the laboratories and herbaria. Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, Dr. Jos^ Cuatrecasas, Curator of Colombian Botany, Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, and Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, were speakers in a series of five lectures on botanical subjects given early in the spring at Northwestern University. In March Chief Curator Just and Curator Cutler conducted seminars at the University of Chicago and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, respectively. Curator Cutler gave talks on native Ameri- can food plants before the Academy of Science of St. Louis and the faculty in botany and graduate students of Washington University and addressed several groups of plant breeders during a trip through Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota to study developments in plant science in the Middle West. Associate Curator Steyermark con- ducted a botanical field trip, through areas of southern Missouri, for graduate students of the Henry Shaw School of Botany, Wash- ington University, and Missouri Botanical Garden. Advanced courses in vertebrate paleontology offered by the University of Chicago were again held at the Museum under the direction of Dr. Everett C. Olson, Associate Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago, and Research Associate in Fossil Vertebrates at the Museum. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mammals, Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, and Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil Fishes, participated in the instruction and acted as counselors. In addition to formal classes Curator Zangerl discussed the problem of aquatic specializa- 70 Dr. Everett C. Olson, Research Associate in Fossil Vertebrates, is lecturing at the Museum to the class in vertebrate paleontology of the University of Chicago. tion in higher vertebrates, and Curator Denison gave a lecture on early fishes. Curator Patterson took part in a seminar on physical anthropology at the University of Chicago and in continental drift at Northwestern University. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, talked at Hubbard Woods School, Winnetka, Illinois, on the tidal theory of origin of the solar system. The class in historical geology at the University of Illinois (Navy Pier Branch) met twice at the Museum and examined the study collections of invertebrate fossils. Undergraduate classes from the University of Chicago made use of the zoological laboratories and exhibition halls as in other years. Classes in mammalogy and wild-life management from the Uni- versity of Wisconsin visited the Museum in December and were conducted through the preparation laboratories and collection ranges. During January and February Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, held a series of demonstrations for the advanced course in invertebrate zoology of the University of Chicago. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, and D. Dwight Davis, Curator 71 of Vertebrate Anatomy, continued their association with the Uni- versity of Chicago as Lecturer in Zoology and Lecturer in Paleo- zoology, respectively. Chief Curator Schmidt presented "The Biotic Environment of the Individual" to the ecology group, and Curator Davis gave a series of three lectures before the seminar in physical anthropology. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, aided in the work of the summer school of the University of Virginia at Mountain Lake, Virginia, in exchange for much counter- aid from students and staff in his studies of salamanders. Scientists from other institutions have continued to make use of the research materials and laboratories of the Museum. Dr. Robert F. Gray, of the University of Chicago, did research on food habits of the peoples of Africa, Dr. Mafalda Riedel, of the University of Basel, Switzerland, made a complete examination of the Museum's textiles from the New Hebrides, and Bredo Rost, teacher of handi- crafts under the Chicago Board of Education, studied African leatherwork. Dr. Richard C. Thometz, of Loyola University, J. K. Woo, of the School of Medicine, Washington University, Dr. E. L. Du Brul, of the College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, and Dr. Margot Ulloa, of the University of Toronto, did research in physical anthropology related to problems of modern dentistry. Dr. Misael Acosta Soils, Director of the Ecuadorian Institute of Natural Sciences, Quito, Ecuador, spent six weeks at the Museum studying tropical timbers in preparation for his book on woods of Ecuador. Dr. Samuel Welles, of the University of California, visited the Museum to study the type specimens of Araescelis and the Plesiosaur materials in the collections of the Department of Geology. Among those making use of the laboratories and collections in vertebrate anatomy were Dr. C. 0. Bechtol, of Oakland, California, Frederick Barth, of the University of Chicago, Philip S. Humphrey, of Amherst College, and Dr. Du Brul. The Museum's Deep-Sea Expedition of 1948 should be especially mentioned in connection with co-operation with other institutions. Through the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc., the expedition material was made available to Dr. Martha Baylor, of Rockefeller Institute, Dr. Ralph Dennell, of the University of Manchester, and Dr. Lyell J. Thomas, of the University of Illinois. Donald Lehmer, University of Chicago Museum Fellow, spent the autumn months at the Museum studying the Cochise materials in the Department of Anthropology. Miss Ruth Marzano, Uni- versity of Chicago Museum Fellow, continued her researches on the skeletons of the American Indian. Miss Margaret Murley, 72 graduate student of Northwestern University, worked on seeds of the Cruciferae of northeastern United States, and Hao-Jan Chu, Northwestern University student, studied bhie-gi'een algae. Robert Sokol, University of Chicago Museum Fellow, and William J. Beecher, graduate student at the University of Chicago, carried on studies in the Department of Zoology. Other special staff activities included lectures before general groups and radio talks. Curator Cutler showed some of the work done on expedition in a television broadcast called "A Scientist Reports on South America," over station KSD-TV, of St. Louis. Curator Cutler and Curator Collier took part in a "Flying Reporter" program on radio station WAIT, telling of expeditionary activities in South America. Curator Spoehr gave a radio interview on a special museum program over station WMBI. In another field of activity, Museum zoologists were consulted in connection with the proposal for the extermination of red foxes in the Cook County Forest Preserve districts. Dr. R. M. Strong, Research Associate in Anatomy, Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, and Chief Curator Schmidt attended hearings on the proposal before the com- mittee of the Cook County Board of Commissioners. Kent Jones, Preparator, is sawing a rock in the laboratories of the Department of Geology, preparatory to making a tliin section for microscopic examination. Ti ACTIVITIES OF STAFF MEMBERS IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, Donald Collier, Curator of South American Ethnology and Archaeology, and Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, attended a large and important conference on archaeology of the Southwest held in August at Point of Pines, Arizona, the camp of the Archaeological School of the University of Arizona. Dr. Martin was chairman of the meetings on Mogollon problems and served as member of the program committee. In May Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, George I. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits, Curator Collier, and Dr. Rinaldo attended the annual meetings of the Society for American Archaeology and Central States Branch of the American Anthropological Association held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Curator Quimby was elected secretary of the Society for American Archaeology and first vice-president of the Central States Branch of the American Anthropological Association. In November Curator Quimby took part in a symposium on methods of pottery typology at the Sixth Plains Archaeological Conference in Lincoln, Nebraska. During the year Curator Collier was appointed representative of the American Anthropological Association to the National Research Council. He was appointed also to the Committee on Carbon-14 Dating of the American Anthropological Association. Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, Dr. Jose Cuatrecasas, Curator of Colombian Botany, and Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Research Associate in Systematic Botany, attended the meetings of the Botanical Society of America held in Washington, D.C., in Sep- tember. Dr. Just was appointed chairman of the Paleobotanical Section of the Botanical Society of America and continued to serve as chairman of its Committee on Paleobotanical Nomenclature. Dr. Sherff was elected president of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists and, during the year, was made an honorary life member of Friends of Native Landscape. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, was appointed Honorary Research As- sociate of Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Dr. L. H. Tiffany, Research Associate in Cryptogamic Botany, was elected vice- president of the American Phycological Society. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, at- tended the annual meeting of the Illinois Junior Academy of Science at Benton, Illinois, in May and gave an address on major features of the earth's crust. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mammals, 74 EHEBCV FIOnlHESUN birdSasSOlar machines All. EMEDCr COMEt FDOH THE iUM All MATEIIAl COMES FIOm THI EAIIH iOME AHIMALS CET THItI fHOM PIAIITJ PLANTS ALONE Can uiE THiI RAW MATEdAL AND ENEIICY OIIECTLV NWERALt WAIE* CAMON OlOXICC ftOn THE lAHIH SOME ANIHAU CEt IHESE FROM PLANT EATIHC AMIHALS " - J<" ^"^Ml IIIOI *■ aifc OlCflllVI tVITIH (ft U IHI MiCMAmiM ^,A^ (01 UtlLIIOC THISI ffcj^ lAW HAIItlAll Arzt^' ■\j"'"- 3 4^--- i ^^ ■' OlCESTIVE tVtTEH OF ClOulf "Birds as Solar Machines," a new installation in Hall 21, presents pictorially the fundamental biological energy relations of all forms of life as applied to birds. and Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, attended the Field Conference of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology held in northeastern Wyoming in August. In November Curator Patter- son, Curator Zangerl, and Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil Fishes, attended the meetings of the Society of Vertebrate Paleon- tology and the Society for the Study of Evolution held in New York City, and Robert Kriss Wyant, Curator of Economic Geology, at- tended concurrent meetings of the Geological Society of America. Curator Patterson and Curator Zangerl presented papers and Curator Denison gave an informal report on his researches on Osteostraci, one of the earliest known groups of vertebrates. Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, was elected a member of the Executive Board of the American Polar Society. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, and John W. Winn, Assistant Curator of Fishes (since resigned), attended the annual meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists held in New Orleans in March. Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator of Birds, took part in the Council meeting and was chairman of the Brewster Award Committee at the meetings of the American Ornithologists' Union in Omaha, Nebraska, in October. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator of Birds, was appointed regional repre- 75 sentative of the American Ornithologists' Union and served as vice- president of the Chicago Ornithological Society until June. In November Chief Curator Schmidt and D. Dwight Davis, Curator of Vertebrate Anatomy, attended the meetings in New York City of the Society for the Study of Evolution. Chief Curator Schmidt attended the Council meeting and the business meeting of the Society and presented the treasurer's annual report. He was re- elected treasurer. Both Chief Curator Schmidt and Curator Davis took part in the program. Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, was elected vice-president of the American Malacalogists' Union at its meeting in Pittsburgh and, during the year, was made an honorary member of the Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre" of Havana, Cuba. Chief Curator Schmidt and Curator Haas were honored by election to membership in the Corporation of the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. Chief Curator Schmidt was elected to the Board of Governors (Honorary) and to the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Zoological Society. Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator of Insects, was elected president of the Chicago Entomo- logical Society. Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, received notice of his election to corresponding membership in the Zoological Society of London. This Museum was represented at the annual meeting of the Mid- west Museums Conference in Minneapolis in October by its Director, who, as principal speaker, addressed the Conference on "The Mu- seum and Its Relation to the Community." In February the Director delivered the annual address at the Academy of Science of St. Louis. John R. Millar, Deputy Director, attended the educa- tion symposium and other sections of the meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in Washington, D.C., in September. Miss Miriam Wood, Chief of Raymond Foundation, spoke on "Conservation Education at Chicago Natural History Museum" at a meeting in February of the Conservation Council of Chicago. John W. Moyer, Chief of the Division of Motion Pictures, attended the Calvin Motion Picture Workshop in Kansas City in November, when problems of motion-picture pro- duction were presented to people from other educational institutions and from commercial companies producing visual aids in several different meVlia. The Librarian represented the Library of the Museum during the year at the monthly meetings of the American Library Association, Special Libraries Association, Chicago Library Club, and Illinois Regional Group of Cataloguers. 7G Publications of staff members during 1948 other than those issued by the Museum Press included the following titles: DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Collier, Donald "Peruvian Stylistic Influences in Ecuador," American Antiquity, vol. 13, no. 4, pt. 2, pp. 80-86 Martin, Paul S., George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier Indians before Columbus, Twenty Thousand Years of North American History Revealed by Archeology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago [1947, second impression 1948), xxiii4-582 pages, 122 illustrations Quimby, George I. "Archaeology, Western Hemisphere," in 19If8 Britannica Book of the Year, A Record of . . . Events of 191^7 (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago [1948]), pp. 59 62 "Culture Contact on the Northwest Coast, 1785-1795," American Anthro- pologist, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 247-255 Review of Man in Northeastern North America, Frederick Johnson, Editor, in American Anthropologist, vol. 50, no. 3, pt. 1, pp. 525-527 Spoehr, Alexander Review of Abraham L. Gitlow's Economics of the Mt. Hagen Tribes, in Scien- tific Monthly, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 381-382 Review of John Gillin's The Ways of Men, in American Journal of Sociology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 175-176 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Cuatrecasas, Jose "Studies in South American Plants, I," Lloydia, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 185-225 Cutler, Hugh C. "A Comparative Study of Tripsacum australe and Its Relatives," Lloydia, vol. 10, no. 4 [issued 1948], pp. 229-234 "Studies on the Structure of the Maize Plant," Annals of the Missouri Botani- cal Garden, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 301-316 [with Marian Cutler) Drouet, Francis "Nomenclatural Transfers among Coccoid Algae," Lloydia, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 77-79 [with William A. Daily] Just, Theodor "Gymnosperms and the Origin of Angiosperms," Botanical Gazette, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 91-103 "Introduction" to "Symposium on Evolution and Classification of Gymno- sperms," Botanical Gazette, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 1-2 Steyermark, Julian A. "Bluets as Summer Flowers," Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 93 "Hens and Roosters of the Plant World," Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 8, p. 140 "Lentibulariaceae," Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 657-662 "Orthrosanthus chimboracensis and Its Varieties," Lloydia, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 14-20 77 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Richardson, Eugene S., Jr. "Paleogeography and Nomenclature," Journal of Paleontology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 369-370 TuRNBULL, William D. "The Cocoa-Sand Type Locality," Journal of Paleontology, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 372 Zangerl, Rainer "The Methods of Comparative Anatomy and Its Contribution to the Study of Evolution," Evolution, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 351-374 "The Use of X-Rays in the Study of Fossils," Non-Destructive Testing, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 29-31 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Blake, Emmet R. "Middle Western Season Report," Audubon Field Notes, vol. 2, pp. 14-15 "Middle Western Season Report," Audubon Field Notes, vol. 2, pp. 142-143 "Middle Western Season Report," Audubon Field Notes, vol. 2, pp. 180-181 "Three New Records for British Guinea," Auk, vol. 65, pp. 316-317 Davis, D. Dwight "Flash Display of Aposematic Colors in Farancia and Other Snakes," Copeia, 1948, pp. 208-211, 2 figures Haas, Fritz "On Margaritifera durrovensis Phillips and Its Affinities," Journal of Con- chology, vol. 23, pp. 6-8 Hershkovitz, Philip "Mammals of Northern Colombia, Preliminary Report No. 2: Spiny Rats (Echimyidae), with Supplemental Notes on Related Forms," Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 97, pp. 125-140 "Mammals of Northern Colombia, Preliminary Report No. 3: Water Rats (Genus Nectomys), with Supplemental Notes on Related Forms," Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 98, pp. 49-56 "Names of Mammals Dated from Frisch, 1775, and Zimmermann, 1777," Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 29, pp. 272-277 "The Technical Name of the Virginia Deer, with a List of the South American Forms," Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, vol. 61, pp. 41-48 Inger, Robert F. "The Systematic Status of the Crocodile Osteoblepharon osborni," Copeia, 1948, pp. 15-19, 2 figures Pope, Clifford H. "Geographic Variation and Speciation in Appalachian Salamanders {Plethodon jordani Group)," Evolution, vol. 2, pp. 266-278, 11 figures [with Nelson G. Hairston] Island Life, A Study of the Land Vertebrates of the Islands of Eastern Lake Michigan, Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bulletin No. 27 [Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, 1948], xi+179 pages, frontispiece, map, 43 figures [with Robert T. Hatt and others] "Two New Subspecies of the Salamander Plethodon shermani," Copeia, 1948, pp. 106-107 [with Nelson G. Hairston] 78 Rand, Austin L. "Geographical Variation in the Loon, Gavia immer (Brunnich)," Canadian Field- NatnraUst, vol. 61, p. 193-195 "Mr. W. H. Bryenton's Note.s on Manitoba Mammals of the Herb Lake- Flin Flon Area," Canadian Field-Nafuralist, vol. 62, pp. 140 150 "Note on the Red Cros.sbills in the Ottawa District," Canadian Field- Natiirali^t, vol. 62, pp. 162-163 "Probability in Subspecific Identification of Single Specimen.s," Aitk, vol. 65, pp. 416-432 "Stomach Stone in a Muskrat," Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 62 n 41 [with P. A. Orkin] "Summer Flocking of the Loon, Gavia immer (Brun.)," Canadian Field- Naturalist, vol. 62, pp. 42-43, 1 photograph "Variation in the Spruce Grouse in Canada," Auk, vol. 65, pp. 33 -40 Sanborn, Colin C. "Wilfred Hudson Osgood: 1875-1947," Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 29, pp. 95-112, 3 plates Schmidt, Karl P. "Distribution of Animals," in Encijclopcdia Britannica [1948], vol. 7, pp. 432-443, 9 figures, 4 colored plates [with Richard Hesse and W. C. Allee] Woods, Loren P. "Acanthurus triostegus marquensis, A New Subspecies of Surgeonfish, Family Acanthuridae, with Notes on Related Forms," Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 38, pp. 248-251, 1 figure, 1 table [with Leonard P. Schultzl "A New Name for Synchiropus altivelis Regan, with a Key to the Genera of the Fish Family Callionymidae," Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 38, pp. 419-420 [with Leonard P. Schultz] DIVISION OF MOTION PICTURES Mover, John W. "Taxidermy," in Encyclopedia Britannica [1948], vol. 21, pp. 850D-850E, 3 plates "Taxidermy," in Britannica Junior [1948], vol. 14, pp. 24-26, 3 plates Several staff members of the Museum serve in editorial capacities on scientific journals. Curator Spoehr was appointed book-review editor of the American Anthropologist, and Curator Collier continued as contributing editor of El Palacio. Chief Curator Just is editor of Lloydia and member of the editorial board of Ecology and Chronica Botanica, and Dr. Sherff is on the editorial board of Brittonia. Chief Curator Schmidt is herpetological editor of Copeia, consulting editor for lower invertebrates for American Midland Naturalist, and section editor for amphibians and reptiles for Biological Abstracts. Associate Curator Blake was appointed editor of the "Middle Western Season Report" of Audubon Field Notes. Curator Zangerl continued as re- gional editor of the bulletin of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 79 PUBLIC RELATIONS The public was kept aware constantly throughout the year of the activities of the Museum through continuance of the long-established policy of maintaining a continuous flow of news stories, feature articles, and pictures covering events that transpired at the institu- tion. In all, the Public Relations Counsel issued 302 news releases, many of them accompanied with photographs, to the metropolitan press of Chicago, to the press of hundreds of other cities all over the country, and through international news agencies to the rest of the world. All news releases were sent also to the community and foreign-language newspapers of Chicago, the dailies and weeklies of the suburbs, and newspapers of upstate and downstate Illinois. The Museum is indebted to the Chicago newspapers and the national press organizations for their interest and co-operation and for generous space in the news columns. Beyond the routine publica- tion of news from the Museum, there were numerous spreads of pictures not only in the black-and-white of the dailies but also in rotogravure supplements. Acknowledgment of co-operation is made particularly to the Chicago Daily News, Chicago Daily Sun-Times, Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, is shown collecting flowers of the guano palm of Cuba during Cuban Botanical Field Trip, 1948. The continuing palm project is being carried on by Curator Cutler and Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus of Botany. 80 Chicago Tribune, Chicago Herald -American, Associated Press, United Press, International News Service, Acme News Pictures, and Science Service. An especially valuable aid to the Museum was the courtesy of the City News Bureau of Chicago in making available its pneu- matic tubes for the transmission of urgent "spot" news. At the invitation of radio station WCFL, (he Museum began in March a series of stories on the "Children's Corner" program. These continued each Saturday and Sunday through the rest of the year, and no cessation was contemplated with the approach of 1949. Material for the programs was supplied by the staff of the Raymond Foundation. Another special series of programs, in which the Director of the Museum and members of the four scientific departments were presented to tell the story of Museum research, was given on radio station WMBI. The Museum continued to receive other radio time, both in news and special-feature programs, on Chicago radio stations and national networks. Among them are WGN, WIND, WMAQ, WBBM, WENR, WLS, WJJD, American Broadcasting Company, Columbia Broadcasting System, National Broadcasting Company, and Mutual Broadcasting System. In the motion picture field, as a follow-up of a similar feature published in rotogravure by the Chicago Daily News, a newsreel feature was made in March by Fox-Movietone of models from the Patricia Stevens Studios wearing fur coats of primitive peoples. Beginning with the February issue, a "new dress" was adopted for the Museum Bnlletin. The new format, full-page cover pictures, aroused more favorable comment than almost any other innovation during the nineteen years in which the Museum has published this periodical for its membership. The Bulletin continued to function not only as an organ for the information of Members but also as an additional publicity medium, for it is circulated to the full list of newspapers, news agencies, and magazines, many of which re- printed its articles. Miscellaneous publicity activities consisted of the distribution of thousands of Museum folders through available agencies, such as travel bureaus, department stores, libraries, and seven Chicago museums covering other fields of science and art. Display facilities were again made available, without charge, for posters announcing the Museum's lecture course for adults and the Raymond Founda- tion motion-picture programs for children. Organizations that ex- tended this co-operation included the Chicago Transit Authority, Illinois Central System, the Chicago, Aurora and Elgin Railroad, and the Chicago and North Western Railway. 81 THE BOOK SHOP Sales in the Museum's Book Shop amounted to $24,614.28, which included both over-the-counter transactions and orders received in the mail. There has been no persistent attempt to increase the volume of sales at the Book Shop because it is regarded primarily as a service unit, catering to the needs of the public in fields of study encompassed by the Museum. Careful selection of publica- tions in order to present only authoritative texts necessarily limits the offerings of the Book Shop, but there is no intention of abandon- ing this policy in favor of greater volume. An increasing demand for souvenir items has been responsible in recent years for an ap- preciable number of sales. CAFETERIA Again the Museum's cafeteria reached a new record in the number of customers served, the total increase for both cafeteria and lunch- room being 3,458 and the grand total for the year being 249,102. The cafeteria is regarded primarily as a service unit because the Museum is located at a considerable distance from any other lunch- room open to the public. Facilities are also available for groups of school children and others who bring their lunches and who may or may not wish to supplement them by additional purchases. MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION, AND ENGINEERING Constant vigilance and persistent repair work are needed to maintain the Museum building in good condition and its equipment in working order. During the year two light courts in the east wing of the building were thoroughly tuckpointed and broken terra-cotta sills and lintels were replaced. This work will continue until all six light courts have been reconditioned. Window sills on the ground floor were replaced with reinforced concrete wherever they showed damage, and window frames were protected against termites with a wood preservative. To eliminate condensation of moisture on the glass and to serve as storm protection, double window panes were installed in the offices of the chief curators. Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37, Fossil Invertebrates and Fossil Plants) was completely remodeled into six sections with a total of fifty-three built-in cases to house the exhibition collections of invertebrate fossils and fossil plants (see page 51). Steel shelving that had been on order for several years was delivered and set up 82 in the new stackroom of the Library. A storage room for the Depart- ment of Botany was constructed in a portion of the corridor on the third floor, and asphalt tile floors were laid in the north corridor of the ground floor and in the children's lunchroom. A new walk-in refrigerator was built for the cafeteria and a larger dish-washing machine was purchased and connected. A multiplicity of expedition boxes, cases, trunks, and crates, storage trays and shelves, bookcases, and exhibition cases were constructed for the scientific departments. A new type of lighting was designed and installed in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29, Plant Life) to illuminate the exhibition cases and murals more effectively (see page 45). Installa- tion of fluorescent lighting was continued throughout the building and a total of sixty-seven fluorescent light fixtures was hung. A new press in the Division of Printing necessitated moving the mono- type machines to a new location, which move was accomplished with an interruption of but two hours in operation of the machines. The old printing press was moved and reconnected, and power lines were supplied for the new press. A new machine for degreasing bones and other materials was installed in the ground-floor macerat- ing room, and necessary drains, water, gas, and ventilating ducts were provided. A degreaser is essential in a museum because skulls and skeletons intended for permanent storage must be completely free from fats, which decompose and ultimately destroy the bones. Because of the opening of the Island Airport southeast of the Museum, warning lights were installed on the roof of the Museum building. A new air compressor was installed in the ground-floor pump room and pipe lines were painted. All needed repairs were made during the year in the heating plant, and the four boilers were cleaned. Under contracts in force, a total of 16,358,789 pounds of steam was sold to the John G. Shedd Aquarium and 16,979,460 pounds to the Chicago Park District, a total of 33,338,249 pounds delivered during the year. In the pages that follow are submitted the Museum's financial statements (1947, 1948), attendance statistics and door receipts (1947, 1948), list of accessions, list of Members, articles of incorpora- tion, and amended by-laws. Clifford C. Gregg, Director Chicago Natural History Musc^im 83 COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR YEARS 1947 AND 1948 Income 1948 1947 Endowment funds $655,156.94 $641,264.02 Funds held under annuity agreement 16,250.00 17,839.28 Life Membership fund 8,957.65 9,071.61 Associate Membership fund . 11,739.92 11,729.14 Chicago Park District 118,038.05 132,071.98 Annual and Sustaining Mem- ber-ships 18,525.00 17,850.00 Admissions 32,211.25 34,420.00 Sundry receipts 26,461.23 31,659.80 Contributions, general pur- poses 641.00 634.00 Contributions, special pur- poses (expended per contra) 117,590.21 82,968.46 Special funds — part expended for purpose designated (included per contra) . . . 13,935.24 22,752.47 $1,019,506.49 $1,002,260.76 Expenditures Collections $ 28,478.96 $ 25,130.65 Operating expenses capital- ized and added to collec- tions 55,036.99 44,878.63 Expeditions 49,178.50 25,998.04 Furniture, fixtures, etc 110,036.31 152,803.20 Wages capitalized and added to fixtures 2,981.16 6,143.85 Pensions and group insurance 68,860.25 59,583.62 Departmental expenses 79,212.61 83,087.30 General operating expenses. 521,897.48 516,766.70 Building repairs and altera- tions 76,672.37 73,311.23 Annuity on contingent gift. 16,250.00 25,000.00 $1,008,604.63 $1,012,703.22 Deficit $ 10,442.46 Balance. . $ 10,901.86 The N. W. Harris Public School Extension 1948 1947 Income from endowments. .$ 17,493.74 $ 18,142.03 Expenditures 19,649.22 21,306.08 Deficit $ 2,155.48 $ 3,164.05 84 COMPARATIVE ATTENDANCE STATISTICS AND DOOR RECEIPTS FOR YEARS 1947 AND 1948 1948 Total attendance 1,134,643 Paid attendance 128,845 Free admissions on pay days: Students 26,721 School children 71,285 Teachers 2,672 Members 402 Service men and women 1,581 Special meetings 871 Admissions on free days: Thursdays (52) 143,502 Saturdays (51) 274,785 Sundays (52) 483,979 Highest attendance on any day (July 4) 14,609 Lowest attendance on any day (March 3) 165 Highest paid attendance (July 5) 3,616 1947 1,183,308 137,680 26,522 68,230 2,815 474 1,696 6,120 (51) 129,586 (52) 300,990 (52) 509,195 (November 29) 16,789 (January 7) 124 (September 1) 4,930 Average daily admissions (364 days) . Average paid admissions (209 days) . 3,117 616 (363 days) 3,260 (208 days) 662 Number of guides sold 23,810 Number of articles checked 40,836 Number of picture post cards sold 241,776 Sales of publications, both scientific and popular, and photographs $11,898.41 23,329 38,023 245,081 $11,832.34 85 ACCESSIONS, 1948 DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY-ACCESSIONS Bruehl, W. a. R., Jr., Cincinnati: 2 Eskimo baskets — Port Clarence, Alaska (gift). Cheo, Dr. Neil H. F., Chengtu, China: 4 Chinese musical instruments — Chengtu, Szechwan Province, China (gift). Chicago Historical Society, Chi- cago: 5 ethnohistorical specimens for exhibit explaining stratigraphy, Hall B (exchange). Chicago Natural History Museum : Collected by Dr. Paul S. Martin (Southwest Archaeological Expedition, 1948): 252 specimens, including stone and bone artifacts, shell ornaments, pottery vessels and sherds, 1 clay figurine, and 1 skeleton — near Reserve, New Mexico. Purchases: 331 ethnological speci- mens from Cubeo, Desano, and other Rio Vaupes tribes in Colombia, South America, and photographic negatives covering same region; 1 vegetable dye Navaho rug from Wide Ruin, Arizona. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: 3 ethno- historical specimens for exhibit explain- ing stratigraphy, Hall B — Michigan and Indiana (exchange). P CuMP, Percy W., Jr., Chicago: model of canoe — Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands (gift). Field, Joseph N., Lake Forest, Illi- nois: 2 beaded yokes, 2 pairs of beaded cuffs for women's costumes — Greenland (gift). Gregory, Mrs. Alice H., Chicago: 4 costumed dolls, groups of dolls — Guatemala (gift). Sargent, Homer E., Pasadena, Cali- fornia: 25 pieces of Kabyle jewelry — Algeria (gift). Spoor, Mrs. John A. (deceased): 1 Greek vase, 1 Egyptian figurine (gift). University of California, De- partment OF Anthropology, Berkeley: 10 pottery sherds — Viti Levu, Fiji Is- lands (gift). University of Chicago, Depart- ment OF Anthropology, Chicago: 8 archaeological specimens — Illinois (gif t) . University of Illinois, College OF Medicine, Department of Anat- omy, Chicago: 1 male pelvis — Chicago (gift). Warner, Paul J., Chicago: 2 brass bells — North and South Dakota (gift). DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY-ACCESSIONS Abbott, Charles C, West Chester, Pennsylvania: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). AcosTA SoLis, Professor Misael, Quito, Ecuador: 1 cryptogamic speci- men, 49 microscope slides of wood sections (gift). Andersen, Svend, Copenhagen, Den- mark: 1 plant specimen (gift). Angulo, Dr. Nicolas, Trujillo, Peru: 30 specimens of Peruvian plants (gift). Bailey Hortorium, Ithaca, New York: 1 plant specimen (gift). Barbosa, Luis Augusto Grand- VAUX, Lourenco Marques, Africa: 28 specimens of African plants (gift). Barkley, Dr. Fred A., Medellin, Colombia: 10 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Baschant, Dr. R., Steyr, Austria: 46 specimens of bryophytes (exchange). Bauer, Bill, Webster Groves, Mis- souri: 12 specimens of Missouri plants (gift). Blum, Dr. J. L., Buffalo: 74 speci- mens of algae (gift). Brannon, Dr. M. A., Gainesville, Florida: 86 specimens of algae (gift). Britton, Dr. Max E., Evanston, Illinois: 154 specimens of plants from the Dutch East Indies (gift). 86 Brown, Dr. Willi AxM L., Johnston, Iowa: 10 ears of corn (gift). Cain, Dr. Stanley A., Bloomfu'ld Hills, Michigan: 20 specimi'ns of algae (gift). Carter, Dr. Annetta, Berkeley, California: 9 specimens of fresh-water algae (gift). Castaneda, Dr. Rafael Romero, Bogota, Colombia: 77 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). Chandler, Albert, St. Louis: 1 plant specimen (gift). Chapman, Dr. V. J., Auckland, New Zealand: 1 specimen of Sirocoleum (gift); 16 specimens of algae (exchange). Chicago Natural History Museum : Collected by Dr. Hugh C. Cutler: 14 plant specimens from Bolivia; 103 plant specimens from Mexico, Texas, and Arizona; (Desloge Peruvian Botanical Expedition, 1948) 22 ears of corn. Collected by Dr. B. E. Dahlgren (Cuban Botanical Field Trip, 1948): 156 collections (about 600 items) of Cuban palm material, 686 negatives. Transferred from the Division of Photography: 29 photographic prints. Purchases: 310 plant specimens — Uruguay; 523 orchid specimens — Brazil; 615 miscellaneous plant specimens; 2,498 specimens of algae — New Bruns- wick; 100 moss specimens — Japan; 124 specimens and 34 lots (number of speci- mens not given) of mosses — New Zea- land; 197 miscellaneous specimens of bryophytes; 500 cryptogamic speci- mens— Czechoslovakia; 259 crypto- gamic specimens — Europe. Chu, Hao-Jan, Evanston, Illinois: 36 specimens of algae (gift). CoLEGio de La Salle, Vedado, Havana, Cuba: 51 cryptogamic speci- mens (exchange). Colorado State College of Agri- culture AND Mechanic Arts, Fort Collins: 4 plant specimens (gift). Conard, Dr. Henry S., Grinnell, Iowa: 27 specimens of bryophytes (ex- change). CoNDiT, Professor Ira J., River- side, California: 10 specimens of Ficus (gift). Conservator of Forests, Belize, British Honduras: 5 plant specimens (gift). Cutler, Dr. Hugh C, Chicago: 69 plant specimens, 10 cryptogamic .speci- mens, 50 ears of corn (gift). Daily, William A., Indianapolis, Indiana: 143 specimens of algae (e.x- change). Dalmat, Captain Herbert T., New Orleans: 43 plant specimens from Guate- mala (gift). Darrow, Dr. Robert A., Tucson, Arizona: 45 specimen.s of lichens (ex- change). Dawson, Dr. E. Yale, Los Angeles: 90 specimens of algae (gift). DeToni, Dr. Giuseppe, Brescia, Italy: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Diller, Dr. Violet M., Cincinnati: 19 specimens of algae in cultures (gift). Doty, Dr. Ma.wvell S., Evan.ston, Illinois: 104 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Drouet, Dr. Francis, Chicago: 275 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Echeverria, Dr. Jose Antonio, San Jose, Costa Rica: 97 specimens of Costa Rican plants (gift). Ehrhardt, Robert P., Gambier, Ohio: 2 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras: 2,498 plant specimens from Central America (ex- change). Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Medellin, Colombia: 342 specimens of Colombian plants (gift). Feigley, Margaret, Wilmette, Illi- nois: 57 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Fell, Dr. Egbert W., Rockford, Illinois: 4 plant specimens (gift). Ferreyra, Dr. Ramon, Lima, Peru: 30 specimens of algae (gift). Fisher, George L., Houston, Texas: 20 specimens of algae (gift). Flint, Dr. Sam E., Portland, Oregon: 7 specimens of algae in cultures (gift). Fogelberg, Dr. S. 0., Elon College, North Carolina: 1 cryptogamic speci- men (gift). Fott, Dr. Bohuslav, Prague, Czecho- slovakia: 39 cryptogamic specimens (ex- change). Frenkel, Dr. A. W., IMinneapolis: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Fuller, Dr. George D., Chicago: 33 plant specimens from Illinois and California (gift). Fuller, Dr. Harry J., Urbana, Illinois: 2 plant .specimens (gift). GlER, Dr. L. J., Liberty, Mi.ssouri: 52 specimens of algae (gift). 87 Gomez, Dr. Ramon, Havana, Cuba: 43 wood samples (gift). Graham, Dr. Verne O., Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). GuLDNER, Dr. Ludwig F., Daven- port, Iowa: 6 plant specimens (gift). Haas, Dr. T. P., Philadelphia: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Habeeb, Dr. Herbert, Grand Falls, New Brunswick, Canada: 22 specimens of algae (gift). Hamill, Mrs. Alfred, Lake Forest, Illinois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Hankla, Donald J., Carbondale, Illinois: 2 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Heath, Charles A., Chicago: 12 specimens of corn and beans (gift). Hecker, Richard C, Urbana, Illi- nois: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Herter, Dr. W. O., Montevideo, Uruguay: 9 specimens of algae (gift). Humm, Dr. Harold J., Beaufort, North Carolina: 56 specimens of algae (gift). Humphreys, Paul, Whiting, In- diana: 35 specimens of plants from Norway (gift). Inger, Mrs. Robert F., Chicago: 2 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Instituto de Botanica Darwinion, San Isidro, Argentina: 50 specimens of Argentine plants (exchange). Instituto del Museo, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina: 303 specimens of Argentine plants (ex- change). Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universi- dad DE Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina: 1,919 specimens of Argentine plants (ex- change). Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 48 specimens of Rubiaceae (exchange). Karling, Dr. John S., New York: 6 cryptogamic specimens (gift). KiENER, Dr. Walter, Lincoln, Ne- braska: 180 specimens of algae (gift); 154 specimens of Juniperus, 73 speci- mens of cryptogams (exchange). Lac as, Professor M. M., Laredo, Texas: 56 plant specimens, 38 crypto- gamic specimens (gift). Lasser, Dr. Tobias, Caracas, Vene- zuela: 208 specimens of Venezuelan plants (exchange). Leite, Reverend Brother Jose Eugenio, Nova-Friburgo, Brazil: 119 specimens of Brazilian plants (ex- change). Leon, Reverend Brother, Havana, Cuba: 30 specimens of Cuban plants (gift); 168 photographs of Cuban palms (exchange). Lewin, R. a.. New Haven, Con- necticut: 2 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Long, Lewis E., Bluefields, Nica- ragua: 202 plant specimens and a large collection of seeds from Nicaragua (gift). Macbride, J. Francis, Palo Alto, California: 87 cryptogamic specimens, 6 samples of breadstuff's (gift). Mangelsdorf, Dr. Paul C, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts: 11 ears of corn (gift). Markle, Dr. M. S., Richmond, In- diana: 17 specimens of algae (gift). Matuda, Eizi, Escuintla, Chiapas, Mexico: 769 specimens of Mexican plants (gift). Maxon, Dr. William R., Terra Ceia, Florida: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). May, Dr. Valerie, Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia: 16 specimens of algae (gift). Merrill, Dr. Elmer D., Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts: 2 specimens of Metasequoia (gift). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: 630 plant specimens, 8 ears of corn (exchange). Mitchell, Rodger D., Wayne, Illi- nois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Moldenke, Harold N., New York: 6 plant specimens (gift) ; 49 plant speci- mens, 133 photographic prints (ex- change). Moore, George E., Glencoe, Mis- souri: 6 plant specimens (gift). Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois: 1 plant specimen (gift). Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica: 366 specimens of Costa Rican Plants (gift). National Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia: 133 speci- mens of plants from New South Wales (exchange). New York Botanical Garden, New York: 1 plant specimen (gift); 513 plant specimens, 10 cryptogamic specimens, 10 photographic prints (exchange). NiELL, George N., Tarenton, Penn- sylvania: 3 specimens of algae (gift). 88 Nielsen, Dr. Chester S., Talla- hassee, Florida: 294 specimens of algae (gift). Nielsen, Dr. Jens E., Chicago: 31 specimens of diatoms (gift). Palmer, Dr. C. M., Calcutta, India: 1 cryptogamic specimen (gift). Patrick, Dr. Ruth, Philadelphia: 35 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Petersen, Oscar, Glendale, Mis- souri: 3 specimens of Quercus (gift). Plagge, Dr. James, Barrington, Illi- nois: 70 specimens of Iowa plants (gift). Prior, Sophia, Chicago: 4 specimens of plants from New Caledonia (gift). Rambo, Father B., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: 125 specimens of Brazilian plants (exchange). Robbins, Professor G. Thomas, Ada, Oklahoma: 1 plant specimen (gift). Rodriguez, Dr. A., Madrid, Spain: 1 economic specimen (gift). Rousseau, Dr. Jacques, Montreal, Canada: 13 specimens of algae (gift). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England: 815 plant specimens (exchange). Rubinstein, Dr. Joseph, Chicago: 9 cryptogamic specimens (gift). RuNK, Dr. B. F. D., Charlottesville, Virginia: 70 specimens of algae (ex- change). Sanborn, Colin C, Highland Park, Illinois: 78 specimens of Arkansas plants, 25 cryptogamic specimens (gift). Schallert, Dr. P. O., Orlando, Florida: 11 specimens of algae (gift); 7 specimens of algae (exchange). Sherff, Dr. Earl E., Chicago: 26 plant specimens, 14 negatives, 15 photo- graphic prints (gift). SiLVA, Herman, East Lansing, Michi- gan: 218 specimens of algae (gift). Smith, Dr. Albert C, Washington, D.C.: 10 specimens of algae (gift). SouKUP, Professor J., Lima, Peru: 117 specimens of Peruvian plants (gift). State University of Iowa, Depart- ment OF Botany, Iowa City: 506 specimens of Iowa plants (exchange). State University of Iowa, Her- barium, Iowa City: 32 specimens of Iowa plants (exchange). Stephenson, Dr. T. A., Aberystwyth, Wales: 524 specimens of algae (gift). Steyermark, Mrs. Cora, Barring- ton, Illinois: 105 specimens of plants from western United States, 1 photo- graphic print (gift). Sutliff, Mrs. E. C, San Francisco: 69 .specimens of hepatics (exchange). SwiNK, Floyd, Chicago: 1 plant specimen (gift). Tasmanian Forestry Commission, Hobart, Tasmania: 1 board of King William pine (gift). Taylor, Dr. William Randolph, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 13 specimens of algae (gift). United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.: 133 plant specimens, 2 cryptogamic specimens (exchange). University of Adelaide, Depart- ment OF Botany, Adelaide, Australia: 78 plant specimens, 156 specimens of marine algae (exchange). University of Arizona, Depart- ment OF Botany, Tucson: 142 speci- mens of Arizona plants (exchange). University of California, De- partment OF Botany, Berkeley: 6 specimens of cultivated plants', 10 specimens of algae (gift); 1,403 speci- mens of cultivated plants, 835 plant specirnens from Central and South America, 1,272 cryptogamic specimens (exchange). University of Illinois, Depart- ment OF Botany, Urbana: 130 speci- mens of Illinois plants (exchange). University of Michigan, Depart- ment OF Botany, Ann Arbor: 996 plant specimens, 367 cryptogamic specimens (exchange). University of Pennsylvania, De- partment OF Botany, Philadelphia: 57 specimens of mosses (exchange). University of Southern Cali- fornia, Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles: 737 plant specimens, 347 specimens of marine algae (exchange). University of Texas, Depart.ment OF Botany, Austin: 20 specimens of Ruellia (gift). University of Washington, De- partment OF Botany, Seattle: 112 plant specimens (exchange). Van Horn, Mrs. George E., Casa Grande, Arizona: 1 cryptogamic speci- men (gift). Vargas, Dr. Cesar, Cuzco, Peru: 50 .specimens of Peruvian plants (gift). Vatter, Dr. Albert E., Chicago: 5 specimens of algae (gift). VoGL, Reverend Father Corneli- us, Caracas, Venezuela: 2 specimens of seeds of Ormosia (gift). 89 Wade, W. E., East Lansing, Michi- gan: 9 specimens of algae (gift). Whitehouse, Dr. Eula, Dallas, Texas: 87 specimens of algae (gift). Williams, Dr. Louis G., Beaufort, North Carolina: 1 cryptogamic speci- men (gift). WoMERSLEY, Dr. H. B. S., Adelaide, Australia: 6 specimens of algae (gift). Wynne, Dr. Frances E., Chicago: 36 specimens of mosses (gift). Yale University, Osborn Botani- cal Laboratory, New Haven, Con- necticut: 12,000 specimens of algae (exchange). Young, Mary, Boyce, Virginia: 14 specimens of Solanaceae (gift). DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY-ACCESSIONS Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia: collection of invertebrate fossils — various localities (exchange). American Brass Company, Water- bury, Connecticut: 27 economic geology specimens — various localities (gift). Anaconda Copper Mining Com- pany, Butte, Montana: 7 mineral speci- mens— Butte, Montana; collection of economic geology specimens — various localities (gift). Bakewell, a. a., Solon Springs, Wisconsin: collection of fossil shells — Caloosahatchie Canal, Florida (gift). Bingham, William J., St. Paul: 26 semiprecious gem specimens — various localities (gift). Brandt, Karl, British Zone, Ger- many: 4 fossil plant specimens — Hagen, Vorhalle (exchange). Chicago Natural History Museum : Collected by Harry E. Changnon (Eastern States Geological Expedition, 1947): collection of rock, mineral, and ore specimens — various localities. Collected by Harry E. Changnon and Robert Kriss Wyant (Southwest Geo- logical Field Trip, 1948): collection of rock and ore specimens — various locali- ties. Collected by George Langford: 730 fossil plant specimens — Wilmington, Illinois. Collected by George Langford and Orville L. Gilpin (Wilmington Field Trips, 1948): 954 fossil flora specimens, 83 fossil fauna specimens — Wilmington and Braidwood, Illinois. Collected by Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., and Alan Jager (Southern Illinois Field Trip, 1948): 177 fossil inverte- brates— Illinois. Collected by Dr. Sharat K. Roy: (Field Museum Expedition to Erie County, New York, 1941) 9 vertebrate fossil specimens — Erie County, New York; 50 economic geology specimens — various localities in India. Collected by Dr. Rainer Zangerl and William D. Turnbull (Wyoming Pale- ontological Expedition, 1948): collec- tion of fossil mammals, fossil reptiles, fossil fishes, and fossil invertebrates — various localities. Transferred from the Department of Zoology: 1 fossil clam specimen — Amazon Basin. Purchases: 2 Sabellaria worm speci- mens— North Sea; fossil plant collec- tion— Germany; shattuckite specimen — Arizona; 7 fossil turtles — Kansas. Comer, Earl, South Bend, Indiana: 5 fossil shark teeth — Everglades, Florida (gift). Donor unknown: 10 shark teeth — Calvert County, Maryland (collected). DuPoNT, James M., Chatham, New Jersey: 2 silicified wood specimens, 15 marine invertebrate specimens — various localities (gift). Eagle Richer Research Labora- tory, Joplin, Missouri: 8 samples of lead and zinc by-products (gift). Field, Henry, Washington, D.C.: 1 box of sand — Freeport, Maine (gift). Friz, Dr. Carlos A., Chicago: 98 rock and mineral specimens — various localities (gift). Gotham, W., Merseburg, Prussia: 2 fragments of fossil rubber plants — Prussia (exchange). Griesbach, John 0., Duluth: 3 in- vertebrate fossils, 1 fossil fish — various locaHties (gift). Grosvenor, Captain Richard, Canal Zone, Panama: 6 groups of zeolite speci- mens, 2 groups of stilbite crystals, 1 90 pectolite specimen, 1 hculandite speci- men— Canal Zone, Panama (gift). Hackenbary, Elmer, Sr., Pine Ridge, South Dakota: cheek region of an oredon skull— Shannon County, South Dakota (gift). Hawk, Robert M., Denver: 5 neph- rite fragments— Long Creek Mine, Colorado (gift). Langford, George, Chicago: 617 fossil plant specimens— Wilmington, Illinois (gift). Look, Alfred A., Grand Junction, Colorado: 25 specimens of barite crys- tals— Appleton, Colorado (gift). MoE, Edwin, Chicago: 2 ammonite specimens — Black Hills, South Dakota (gift). New Jersey Zinc Company, New York: 19 rare mineral specimens — various localities (gift). Perry, Stuart H., Adrian, Michi- gan: 5 meteorite specimens — various localities (gift). Plummer, Roy 0., San Diego: slab of Pliocene fossils, concretion with snail shell — San Diego (exchange). Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey: 26 invertebrate fossil speci- mens— various localities (exchange). Republic Steel Corporation, Mas- sillon, Ohio: collection of economic geology specimens — various localities (gift). Reynolds Metals Company, Rich- mond, Virginia: 38 aluminum samples (gift). Reynolds Mining Company, Alex- ander, Arkansas: 3 bauxite specimens — Arkansas (gift). Richardson, Edwards N., Winnetka, Illinois: 1 invertebrate fossil specimen — Racine, Wisconsin (gift). Richardson, Eugene S., Jr., Win- netka, Illinois: 1 invertebrate fos.sil specimen, 1 ventifact specimen, 1 box of oolitic sand -various localities (gift). Rohwer, O. H. D., Chicago: Devon- ian coral specimen localitv unknown (gift). Sinclair, G. Winston, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada: Bryozoan collection Quebec, Canada (gift). ^ Smith, E(;bert T., Fort Meyers, P'lorida: pink conch pearl Florida (gift). Standard Oil Company, New York: 10 panels telling the story of oil (gift). Straight, H. R., Redfield, Iowa: 1 variscite .specimen - localitv unknown (gift). Thompson, R. T., Phoenix, Arizona: 1 specimen of fluorescent chalcedony — Arizona (gift). University of Chicago, Chicago: 9 fossil turtles Kansas (gift). Vernon, Olive, Rosemont, Cali- fornia: 1 trilobite specimen — locality unknown (gift). Ward's Natural Science Estab- lishment, Rochester, New York: 12 Upper Cambrian fossils — Wisconsin and Minnesote (exchange). Whitfield, Dr. and Mrs. R. H., AND Jack Whitfield, Evanston, Illi- nois: 77 fossil insects, 3 fossil fishes, col- lection of invertebrate fossils — Floris- sant, Colorado (gift). WiLLEMS, Dr. J. Daniel, Chicago: 1 step-cut golden beryl specimen — Brazil (gift). Zangerl, Dr. Rainer, Harvey, Illi- nois: 5 fossil shark teeth — Switzerland (gift). DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY-ACCESSIONS Allen, Ross, Silver Springs, Florida: 1 reptile — Mexico (gift). Anderson, Arthur E., Chesterton, Indiana: 1 snake skin — Indiana (gift). Arnett, Dr. Ross H., Jr., Washing- ton, D.C.: 3 insect paratypes — Florida (gift). Baechle, Reverend John W., Col- legeville, Indiana: 1 mollusk locality unknown (gift). Bayalis, John, Chicago: 2 insects — Chicago (gift). Beamer, Dr. Raymond H., Lawrence, Kansas: 6 insects -United States (gift). Beecher, William J., Chicago: 3 insects — New Caledonia (gift). Benesh, Bernard, North Chicago, Illinois: 7 reptiles and amphibian.s — Tennessee (gift). 91 Berlioz, M., Paris, France: 163 birds — Madagascar (exchange). BiESE, Dr. Walter, Santiago, Chile: 13 lots of fresh-water mollusks, 10 of which are paratypes — Chile (gift). Blake, Emmet R., Winnetka, Illi- nois: 15 insects — Barrington, Illinois (gift). British Museum (Natural His- tory), London, England: 71 mammals, 22 lots of lower invertebrates — various localities (exchange). BucH, Father A., Ningpo, China: 652 insects — China (gift). BucHEN, Walther, Chicago: 77 birds — Mt. Kenya, Africa (gift). Bullock, D. S., Angol, Chile: 18 mammals — Chile (gift). Burch, John Q., Los Angeles: 2 mollusks — West Mexico (gift). Burton, Robert, Chicago: 2 ivory- billed woodpeckers — Arkansas (gift). Callan, Professor E. McC, Trini- dad, British West Indies: 4 reptiles — Trinidad, British West Indies (gift). Cam, Meneue, Kisantu, Congo Beige : 10 insects — Belgian Congo (gift). Camras, Dr. Sidney, Chicago: 9 in- sects— various localities (gift). Carey, Dr. Joshua H., Chicago: 35 birds — Idaho (exchange). Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh: 28 reptiles — Honduras (exchange). Chicago Natural History Museum : Collected by Henry S. Dybas (Palau Entomological Expedition, 1947-48): 253 insects and their allies — Berkeley, California. Collected by Dr. Fritz Haas (Bermuda Zoological Expedition, 1947): 18 rep- tiles, 121 insects and their allies, 330 lots of lower invertebrates — Bermuda. Collected by Dr. Fritz Haas and others (Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition, 1948): 21 reptiles and amphibians, 91 insects and their allies, 729 lots of lower invertebrates — Bermuda. Collected by Harry Hoogstraal (Uni- versity of California African Expedi- tion, 1948): 30 chameleons — Africa. Collected by Harry Hoogstraal and others (Philippines Zoological Expedi- tion, 1946-47): 1 monkey-eating eagle, 18,247 insects and their allies — Philip- pine Islands. Collected by Robert F. Inger and Henry S. Dybas (local field work): 1 reptile — Illinois. Collected by Dr. James Kezer and the Clifford H. Popes (Kezer-Pope Missouri Cave Field Trip, 1948): 1 mammal, 25 amphibians — Missouri. Collected by Rodger D. Mitchell (Guatemalan Zoological Expedition, 1948): 12 birds -Guatemala. Collected by Bryan Patterson (Pale- ontological Expedition to the South- west, 1946): 1,444 insects and their allies — Texas. Collected by the Clifford H. Popes and others (Mountain Lake Biological Station Field Trip, 1948): 527 reptiles and amphibians — Virginia, West Vir- ginia, Kentucky. Collected by Eugene S. Richardson, Jr. (Grand Tower Field Trip, 1948): 4 lots of lower invertebrates — Grand Tower, Illinois. Collected by Colin C. Sanborn (local field work): 2 mammals — Illinois. Collected by Colin C. Sanborn and others (Arkansas Zoological Field Trip, 1948): 116 mammals, 38 reptiles and amphibians, 22 lots of lower inverte- brates— Arkansas. Collected by Karl P. Schmidt and others (Texas Herpetological Field Trip, 1948): 4 mammals, 170 reptiles and amphibians, 409 insects and their allies — Texas. Collected by Dr. Alexander Spoehr (Ethnological Expedition to Micronesia, 1947): 38 insects and their allies — Micronesia. Collected by Luis de la Torre (Guate- malan Zoological Expedition, 1948): 859 mammals — Guatemala. Collected by Mr. and Mrs. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr. (Mexican Zoological Ex- pedition, 1948): 15 mammals, 4 reptiles — Mexico. Collected by William D. Turnbull and C. M. Barber (Field Trip to Ala- bama, 1947): 4 insects — Alabama. Collected by Rupert L. Wenzel (from animals brought in for Museum collec- tion): 58 insects and their allies — in Museum. Collected by Rupert L. Wenzel and others (local field work): 67 insects and their allies — Indiana. Collected by Rupert L. Wenzel, Rodger D. Mitchell, and Luis de la Torre (Guatemalan Zoological Expedi- tion, 1948): 51 reptiles and amphibians, 2,408 insects and their allies, 32 lots of lower invertebrates — Guatemala. 92 Collected by Mr. and Mrs. John W. Winn (Field Trip to Mammoth and New Discovery Caves, 1947): 103 in- sects and their allies —Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. Collected by Loren P. Woods and others (Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition, 1948): 5,294 fishes— Bermuda. Collected by Dr. Rainer Zangerl (Wyoming Paleontological Expedition, 1948): 50 lots of lower invertebrates — Wyoming and South Dakota. Purchases: 267 mammals, 2,293 birds, 1,073 reptiles and amphibians, 128 fishes, 5,818 insects and their allies, 106 lots of lower invertebrates. Chicago Zoological Society, Brook- field, Illinois: 13 mammals, 72 birds, 7 reptiles and amphibians, 1 reptile egg — various localities (gift). CiESLAK, Dr. Edwin S., Minneapolis: 10 insects — Minnesota (gift). ClFERRi, Claudio, Caracas, Vene- zuela: 6 birds — Venezuela (gift). City Exterminating Company, Chi- cago: 5 insects — Chicago (gift). Collins, Stephen, Ithaca, New York: 1 reptile — Indiana (gift). CoNANT, Roger, Philadelphia: 39 snakes (1 type, 19 paratypes), 16 am- phibians— United States (gift). Conover, Boardman, Chicago: 9 birds — various localities (gift). Coonley, Mrs. John Stuart, Chi- cago: 5 mollusks — tropical seas (gift). Cordell, Jerry, Savannah, Georgia: 1 reptile — Savannah, Georgia (gift). Curtis, Lawrence, Dallas, Texas: 14 reptiles — Texas (gift). Dahlgren, Dr. B. E. Chicago: 4 reptiles and amphibians — Cuba (gift). Davey, Dawn, Chicago: 3 lots of mollusks — St. Petersburg, Florida (gift). Davis, D. Dwight, Richton Park, Illinois: 3 mammals, 1 reptile — various localities (gift). Dickinson, J. C, Jr., Gainesville, Florida: 6 reptiles — Florida (gift). Dowling, Herndon, Jr., Ann Arbor, Michigan: 8 reptiles — Florida (gift). Drake, Dr. Carl J., Ames, Iowa: 111 insects and their allies — various localities (gift). Drake, Robert J., Albuquerque, New Mexico: 5 lots of mollusks — Texas and New Mexico (gift). DuBois, Ernest P., Talara, Peru: 69 reptiles, 3 insects and their allies — Peru and Ecuador (gift). Dybas, Henry S., Chicago: 81 in- sects—various localities (gift). Emerson, Dr. Alfred E., Chicago: 8 reptiles — Belgian Congo (gift). Field, Dr. Henry, Washington, D.C.: 3 mammals, 9 in.sects and their allies, 6 lots of lower invertebrates — Egypt (gift). Fleming, Robert, Mussoorie, India: 123 insects and their allies — Mussoorie, India (gift). Foss, Mrs. Dorothy B., Chicago: 4 mammals, 1 mammal skull — domestic (gift). Franzen, Albert J., Chicago: 1 bird, 4 insects — Barrington, Illinois (gift). Freeman, F. J., Itasca, Illinois: 3 birds —Itasca, Illinois (gift). Gemmill, Mrs. Eunice M., Chicago: 1 mollusk — Ogunquit, Maine (gift). Graefe, C. F., Coyahoga Falls, Ohio: 2 birds — domestic (gift). Greeley, Mr. and Mrs. Fred, Madison, Wiscon.sin: 2 reptiles, 1 lot of mollusks — Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada (gift). Gregg, Colonel Clifford C, Val- paraiso, Indiana: 1 bird, 31 in.sects (in- cluding 10 paratypes), 1 lower inverte- brate— mostly Brazil (gift). Haas, Edith P., Chicago: 2 insects, 1 lot of mollusks — Wisconsin (gift). Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago: 6 lots of mollusks — Chicago (gift). Hagey, Robert H., Chicago: 1 mammal — Barrington, Illinois (gift). Hairston, Dr. Nelson G., Ann Arbor, Michigan: 522 amphibians — Southern Appalachians (gift). Hanson, Harold, Urbana, Illinois: 5 mammal skeletons, 12 amphibians — Canada (exchange). Harris, Mrs. Lucile B., St. Peters- burg, Florida: 1 reptile — St. Petersburg, Florida (gift). Hasler, Dr. Arthur D., Madison, Wisconsin: 11 fishes — Madison, Wis- consin (gift). Herbst, John C, Chicago: 1 bird — Chicago (gift). HiLDER, Charles F., Pacific Grove, California: 4 snake skins— East Africa and Brazil (gift). HoLLEY, F. E., Lombard, Illinois: 32 insects -various localities (gift). Hoogstraal, Harry, Chicago: 4,963 insects — various localities (gift). 93 HOOGSTRAAL, HARRY, STANLEY G. Jewett, Jr., and Dean Amadon, Chicago: 37 birds — Dutch New Guinea (gift). Horback, Alexander, Cicero, Illi- nois: 1 insect — Cicero, Illinois (gift). Horback, Stephen, Chicago: 1 mam- mal— Chicago (gift). Humphreys, Paul, Whiting, Indiana: 17 lots of mollusks — Norway (gift). Inger, Robert F., Chicago: 8 insects and their allies — Dune Acres, Indiana (gift). Javier Prado, Museo de Historia Natural: Lima, Peru: 9 mammals — Peru (gift). Johnson, J. E., Jr., Waco, Texas: 32 reptiles and amphibians — Texas (gift). Keller, Paul J., Dyer, Indiana: 1 reptile — Illinois (gift). Klbmm, Walter, Strasswalchen, Aus- tria: 34 lots of mollusks — Austria (ex- change). Knull, Josef N., Columbus, Ohio: 21 insects — United States (gift). KoHN, Robert R., Madison, Wis- consin: 6 reptiles — southwest Pacific (gift). Krauss, N. L. H., Honolulu, Hawaii: 6 reptiles and amphibians — various localities (gift). Kreuger, R., Almvagen, Finland: 51 birds' eggs — Old World (exchange). KuRFESS, Lieutenant John, War- rington, Florida: 26 reptiles and am- phibians— Florida and Texas (gift). Leech, Hugh B., San Francisco: 2 insects (1 paratype) — British Columbia (gift). Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago: 6 mam- mals, 9 reptiles and amphibians, 1 spider — various localities (gift). LoosANOFF, V. L., Milford, Con- necticut: 1 lot of mollusks — Oregon (gift). LowRiE, Dr. Don C, Las Vegas, New Mexico: 31 mammals — Las Vegas, New Mexico (gift). Lyons, Sergeant Aloysus V., Patrolman William McNulty, and Patrolman Edward Ohlen, Chicago: 1 bird — South Chicago (gift). Manuel, Canuto, Manila, Philip- pine Islands: 6 birds — Philippine Is- lands (gift). Maria, Brother Niceforo, Bogota, Colombia: 3 mammals, 1 reptile — Co- lombia (gift); 2 reptiles — Colombia (ex- change). Martin, Richard A., Chicago: 14 insects and their allies — Wheatfield, Indiana (gift). Mazzotti, Dr. Luis, Mexico, D.F.: I mammal — Mexico (gift). McGrew, Dr. Paul O., Laramie, Wyoming: 3 mammal skeletons — Wy- oming (exchange). Miller, Charles M., Los Angeles: 3 reptiles— California (gift). Mitchell, Rodger D., Wayne, Illi- nois: 34 insects and their allies — Illinois (gift). Moe, Virginia, River Forest, Illinois: 3 insects -Illinois (gift). Moeck, Arthur H., Milwaukee, Wis- consin: 2 butterflies (paratypes) — New Mexico (gift). Moore, J. E., Alberta, Canada: 48 reptiles and amphibians — Canada (ex- change). Morrow, Mrs. John, and Mar- garet Clow, Lake Bluff, Illinois: 1 bird— Lake Bluff, Illinois (gift). Murphy, Walter P. (deceased): 177 birds (one type) — North America (gift). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 58 insects (14 paratypes), 23 lots of lower inver- tebrates— various localities (gift). Necker, Walter L., Chicago: 5 mammals, 3 lots of mollusks — New Mexico (exchange); 2 reptiles — Europe (gift). NOLASCO, Dr. J. O., Calamianes, Philippine Islands: 29 parasites — Philip- pine Islands (gift). NoRRis, Kenneth S., Los Angeles: 6 reptiles — California (gift). O'Brien, Marie, Evanston, Illinois: II insects and their allies — various localities (gift). Park, Dr. Orlando, Evanston, Illi- nois: 384 insects — United States (gift). Patterson, Bryan, Chicago Heights, Illinois: 1 mammal, 1 amphibian, 88 insects and their allies — Wyoming and Illinois (gift). Perkins, C. B., San Diego: 17 living geckos — San Diego, Cahfornia (gift). Phelps, William H., Caracas, Venezuela: 1 bird — Paraguay (gift); 1 bird — Venezuela (exchange). Pope, Clifford H., Winnetka, Illi- nois: 6 amphibians — Louisiana (gift). Popp, Johann, Munich, Germany: 3 mammals — Germany (gift). PuENTE, Javier Ortiz de la, Lima, Peru: 3 birds — Peru (gift). 94 Raffles Museum, Singapore: 155 mammals, 5 mammal skulls -Malaysia (gift). Ray, Eugene, Chicago: 4:^ insects— Illinois and Indiana (gift); 10,000 in- sects— South Pacific (exchange). Reed, Dr. C. A., Tucson, Arizona: 5 amphibians — Oregon (gift). Remington, Dr. C. L., New Haven, Connecticut: 1,149 insects — New Cale- donia (gift). Rivero, Dr. Juan A., Mayaguez, Puerto Rico: 16 amphibians, 3' fishes, 2 lots of lower invertebrates- Puerto Rico (gift) RoMER, J. D., Hong Kong, China: 14 reptiles and amphibians- Hong Kong, China (gift). RoosE\ELT College, Chicago: 5 typist _ chairs; 1,653 insects — various localities (exchange). Rose, Dr. William, Chicago: 4 in- sects— Philippine Islands (exchange). Ross, Captain J. M., Chicago: 1 lot of mollusks — Solomon Islands (gift). ScHLESCH, Dr. Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark: 6 lots of mollusks -Paraguay (gift). Schmidt, Karl P., Homewood, Illi- nois: 1 bird — Homewood, Illinois (gift). Seig, C. H., Angar, Palau Islands: 25 amphibians—Angar, Palau Islands (gift). Senchenberg Museum, Frankfurt on the Main, Germany: 2 amphibians — Madagascar (exchange). SiOLi, Dr. Harald, Belem, Brazil: 108 lots of mollusks — Amazonas (ex- change). Smith, Egbert T., Fort Myers, Florida: 1 lot of mollusks — West Indies (gift). Smith, Dr. Hobart M., Urbana, Illinois: 1 paratype of a lizard — Miami, Florida (gift). Springer, Paul, La Grange, Illinois: 5 amphibians — La Grange, Illinois (gift). Steyermark, Dr. Julian A., Har- rington, Illinois: 1 bird, 1 amphibian, 11 in.sects — Missouri and Illinois (gift). Storm, Robert M., Corvallis, Ore- gon : 62 amphibians -Oregon (exchange) . Street, Mr. and Mrs. William S., Seattle, Washington: 1 Alaska brown bear — Alaska (gift). Swayne, Julius R., Carbondale, Illi- nois: 4 mammal skeletons Illinois (ex- change). Tarrant, Ross, Wilmette, Illinois: 1 mammal, 7 fishes various localities (gift). Terra, Helmut de, Cuernavaca, Mexico: 3 lots of mollusks Mexico (gift). Thomas, Jay, and T. W. Pape, Jr., Chesterton, Indiana: left mandible of Canada porcupine — Indiana (gift). Thompson, Dr. Davis, River Forest, Illinois: 1 mammal skull Illinois (gift). Torre, Luis de la, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 22 insects -Hay ward, Wis- consin (gift). TscHAMBERS, Bert, Chicago: 5 in- sects— Florida and Chicago (gift). United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.: 1 snail paratype — Philippine Islands (gift); 64 fishes (5 paratypes) various localities (ex- change). University of Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru: 97 reptiles and amphibians — Peru (exchange). University of Cincinnati, Cincin- nati, Ohio: 2 birds -Sweden and Cyprus (exchange). van der Schalie, Henry, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 111 lots of mollusks - various localities (gift). Wenzel, Rupert L., Oak Park, Illi- nois: 404 insects —various localities (gift). Weyrauch, Dr. Wolfgang, Tingo Maria, Peru: 21 lots of mollusks -Peru (gift). White, Dr. Jesse S., Cleveland, Mississippi: 6 insects Ocean Springs, Missis.sippi (gift). Williams, Dr. Elliott C, Craw- fordsville, Indiana: 5 reptiles and am- phibians—various localities (gift). Winn, Mr. and Mrs. John W., Madison, Wisconsin: 9 insects and their allies Illinois and Michigan (gift). Woods, Loren P., Richton Park, Illinois: 2 fishes, 9 amphibians —United States (gift). Woods, Samuel A., Culver, Indiana: 1 elk antler — Indiana (gift). Wright, Major Howard T., Japan: 368 reptiles and amphibians, 14 fishes, 3,252 insects and their allies, 12 lots of lower invertebrates Japan (gift). 95 Wyatt, Alex K., Chicago: 125 in- sects and their alHes — United States (gift). Wyckoff, Walter, Yellow Springs, Ohio: 1 lot of aphids — Chicago (gift). Zangerl, Dr. Rainer, Harvey, Illi- nois: 18 reptiles and amphibians, 144 lots of mollusks — various localities (gift). ZiMRiNG, Daniel J., Chicago: 23 insects and their allies — Palm Beach, Florida (gift). JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION-ACCESSIONS Chicago Natural History Museum : Made by Dr. Hugh C. Cutler (Desloge Peruvian Botanical Expedition, 1948): 83 2x2 natural-color slides, originals. Made by Museum Photographer: 95 2x2 natural-color slides, originals. Cutler, Dr. Hugh C, Chicago: 7 2x2 natural-color slides, originals (gift); 43 2x2 natural-color slides, origi- nals (purchase). Eastman Kodak Stores, Chicago: 98 2x2 natural-color slides, duplicates (purchase). Howe, Charles Albbe, Homewood, lUinois: 131 2x2 natural-color slides, originals and duplicates (gift). Lower, George, Westtown, Penn- sylvania: 50 2x2 natural-color slides, duplicates (purchase). MoYER, John W., Chicago: 14 2x2 natural-color slides, originals (gift). Ward's Natural Science Estab- lishment, Rochester, New York: 4 2x2 natural-color slides, duplicates (purchase). DIVISION OF PHOTOGRAPHY-ACCESSIONS Chicago Natural History Museum : Made by Division of Photography: 860 negatives, 18,199 prints, 530 en- largements, 162 lantern slides, 39 color films; 4 rolls of film developed. DIVISION OF MOTION PICTURES-ACCESSIONS Boulton, Rudyerd, Washington, D.C.: 12,500 feet of 35mm negative and positive film (gift). Cutler, Dr. Hugh C, Chicago: 650 feet of color film (purchase). Felt and Tarrant Manufacturing Company, Chicago: 125 feet of color film (gift). Howe, Charles Albee, Homewood, Illinois: 350 feet of color film (gift). United Fruit Company, New York: 400 feet of sound film (gift). United World Films, New York: 200 feet of sound film (purchase). LIBRARY ACCESSIONS-LIST OF DONORS: INSTITUTIONS American Philosophical Society, Phila- delphia Caribbean Research Council, Caribbean Commission, Washington, D.C. Colorado Scientific Society, Denver Embassy of Spain, Washington, D.C. Viking Fund, New York ^e LIBRARY ACCESSIONS-LIST OF DONORS INDIVIDUALS Adams, William C, Chicago Briigger, Mafalda, Basal, Switzerland Nichols, Dr. H. W., Chicago Conover, Boardman, Chicago Cosner, Mrs. Winona Hinkley, Chicago Field, Henry, Washington, D.C. Gregg, Colonel Clifford C, Valparaiso, Indiana Guzman, Luis Pena, Santiago, Chile Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Hambly, Dr. Wilfrid D., Chicago Hershkovitz, Phillip, Chicago Hodges, Sarah B., and Edward L. Brewster, Chicago Hoyle, Rafael Larco, Trujillo, Peru Izmirli, M. Celaleddin, Istambul, Turkey Kim, Dr. C, Seoul, Korea Langford, George, Chicago Leon, Reverend Brother, Havana, Cuba Palmer, Harold S., Honolulu, Hawaii Perry, Stuart H., Tucson, Arizona Regnell, Gerhard, Lund, Sweden Richardson, Eugene S., Jr., Winnetka, Illinois Riley, Mrs. Charles V. (e.state of), Washington, D.C. Ross, Lillian A., Chicago Schmidt, Karl P., Homewood, Illinois Schuser, H., London, England Standley, Paul C, Chicago Steyermark, Dr. Julian A., Barrington, Illinois Tuttle, Mrs. Henry Nelson Vargas, Dr. Cesar, Cuzco, Peru Walters, Leon L., Chicago Wenzel, Rupert L., Oak Park, Illinois Wilson, Marie, Evanston, Illinois Wilson, Laurence, Baguio, Philippine Islands 97 Contributions and Bequests Contributions and bequests to Chicago Natural History Museum may be made in securities, money, books, or collections. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to a person or cause, to be named by the giver. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum, the following form is suggested : FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to Chicago Natural History Museum of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois: Cash co7itrihutions made within the taxable year to Chicago Natural History Museum to an amount 7iot in excess of 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income are allowable as deductions in computing net income for federal income tax. Endowments may be made to the Museum with the provision that an annuity be paid to the patron during his or her lifetime. These annuities are guaranteed against fluctua- tion in amount, and may reduce federal income taxes. 98 MEMBERS OF THE MUSEUM FOUNDER Marshall Field* BENEFACTORS Those who have contributed $100,000 or more to the Museum Ayer, Edward E.* Buckingham, Miss Kate S.* Crane, Cornelius Crane, R. T., Jr.* Field, Joseph N.* Field, Marshall Field, Stanley Graham, Ernest R.* * Deceased Harris, Albert W. Harris, Norman W.* Higinbotham,HarlowN.* Kelley, William V.* Pullman, George M.* Rawson, Frederick H.* Raymond, Mrs. Anna Louise* Raymond , James Nelson * Ryerson, Martin A.* Ryerson, Mrs. Martin A.* Simpson, James* Smith, Mrs. Frances Gaylord* Smith, George T.* Sturges, Mrs. Mary D* Suarez, Mrs. Diego HONORARY MEMBERS Those loho have rendered eminent service to Science Cutting, C. Suydam Harris, Albert W. Sargent, Homer E. T 1 • TT T1 tr /^ ^ t Suarez, Mrs. Diego Ludwig, H. R. H. Gustaf Field, Marshall Adolf, Crown Prince of . ^ c. Field, Stanley Sweden Vernay, Arthur S. Calderini, Charles J. Chadbourne, Mrs. Emily Crane Chancellor, PhiHp M Collins, Alfred M. Conover, Boardman Cutting, C. Suydam PATRONS Those who have rendered eminent service to the Museum Day, Lee Garnett Ellsworth, Duncan S. Field, Mrs. Stanley Hancock, G. Allan Judson, Clay Deceased, 1948 Cherrie, George K. Knight, Charles R. Moore, Mrs. William H. Sargent, Homer E. Suarez, Mrs. Diego Vernay, Arthur S. White, Harold A. 99 CORRESPONDING MEMBERS Scientists or patrons of science, residing in foreign countries, who have rendered eminent service to the Museum Breuil, Abbe Henri Hochreutiner, Dr. B. P. Georges Humbert, Professor Henri Keissler, Dr. Karl Keith, Professor Sir Arthur CONTRIBUTORS Those who have contributed $1,000 to $100,000 to the Musetim in money or materials $75,000 to $100,000 Chancellor, Philip M. $50,000 to $75,000 Keep, Chauncey* Remmer, Oscar E.* Rosenwald, Mrs. Augusta N.* $25,000 to $50,000 Adams, Mrs. Edith Almy* Blackstone, Mrs. Timothy B.* Chalmers, Mrs. Joan A.* Coats, John* Crane, Charles R.* Crane, Mrs. R. T., Jr. Field, Mrs. Stanley Jones, Arthur B.* Murphy, Walter P.* Porter, George F.* Rosenwald, Julius* Vernay, Arthur S. White, Harold A. $10,000 to $25,000 Adams, Joseph* Armour, Allison V.* Armour, P. D.* * Deceased Babcock, Mrs. Abby K.* Barnes, R. Magoon* Bartlett, Miss Florence Dibell Chadbourne, Mrs. Emily Crane Chalmers, William J.* Conover, Boardman Cummings, R. F.* Cutting, C. Suydam Everard, R. T.* Gunsaulus, Dr. F. W.* Insull, Samuel* Laufer, Dr. Berthold* Lufkin, Wallace W.* Mandel, Leon McCormick, Cyrus (Estate) McCormick, Stanley Mitchell, John J.* Reese, Lewis* Richards, Elmer J. Robb, Mrs. George W.* Rockefeller Foundation, The Sargent, Homer E. Schweppe, Mrs. Charles H.* Straus, Mrs. Oscar S.* Strong, Walter A.* Wrigley, William, Jr.* $5,000 to $10,000 Adams, George E.* Adams, Milward* American Friends of China Avery, Sewell L. Bartlett, A. C* Bishop, Heber (Estate) Borland, Mrs. John Jay* Crane, R. T.* Cuatrecasas, Dr. Jose Doane, J. W.* Field, Dr. Henry Fuller, William A.* Graves, George Coe, II* Harris, Hayden B. Harris, Norman Dwight Harris, Mrs. Norman W.* Haskell, Frederick T.* Hutchinson, C. L.* Keith, Edson* Langtry, J. C. MacLean, Mrs. M. Haddon* Moore, Mrs. William H. Payne, John Barton* Pearsons, D. K.* Perry, Stuart H. Porter, H. H.* Ream, Norman B.* Revell, Alexander H.* Richards, Donald Riley, Mrs. Charles V.* Salie, Prince M. U. M. Sprague, A. A.* Storey, William Benson* Strawn, Silas H.* Street, William S. 100 CONTRIBUTORS (Continued) Thome, Bruce Tree, Lambert* Valentine, Louis L.* Watliins, Rush Wetten, Albert H. $1,000 to $5,000 Acosta Soils, Dr. M. Avery, Miss Clara A.* Ayer, Mrs. Edward E.* Barr, Mrs. Roy Evan Barrett, Samuel E.* Bensabott, R., Inc. Bishop, Dr. Louis B. Blair, Watson F.* Blaschke, Stanley Field Block, Mrs. Helen M.* Borden, John Brown, Charles Edward* Cahn, Dr. Alvin R. Chicago Zoological Society, The Coburn, Mrs. Annie S.* Crocker, Templeton Cummings, Mrs. Robert F.* Desloge, Joseph Doering, O. C. Fish, Mrs. Frederick S. * Deceased Graves, Henry, Jr. Gunsaulus, AIlss Helen Gurley, William F. E.* Herz, Arthur Wolf* Hibbard, W. G.* Higginson, Mrs. Charles M.* Hill, James J.* Hinde, Thomas W. Hixon, Frank P.* Hoffman, Miss Malvina Hoogstraal, Harry Howe, Charles Albee Hughes, Thomas S.* Jackson, Huntington W.* James, F. G. James, S. L. Knickerbocker, Charles K.* Kraft, James L. Langford, George Lee Ling Yiin Lerner, Michael Look, Alfred A. MacLean, Haddon H. Mandel, Fred L., Jr. Manierre, George* Marshall, Dr. Ruth Martin, Alfred T.* McCormick, Cyrus H.* McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus* Mitchell, Clarence B. O-sgood, Dr. Wilfred U/ Palmer, Potter* Patten, Henry J.* Prentice, Mrs. Clarence C. Rauchfuss, Charles F.* Ravmond, Charles E.* Reynolds, Earle H.* Richardson, Dr. Maurice L. Rumely, William N.* Schapiro, Dr. Louis* Schmidt, Karl P. Schwab, Martin C* Schweppe, Charles H.* Shaw, William W. Sherff, Dr. Earl E. Smith, Byron L.* Sprague, Albert A.* Steyermark, Dr. Julian A. Thompson, E. H.* Thorne, Mrs. Louise E. Traylor, Melvin A., Jr. VanValzah, Dr. Robert VonFrantzius, Fritz* Wheeler, Leslie* Willems, Dr. J. Daniel Willis, L. M.* Wolcott, Albert B. Ogden, Mrs. Frances E.* Zangorl, Dr. Rainer CORPORATE MEMBERS Armour, Lester Avery, Sewell L. Blair, Wm. McCormick Block, Leopold E. Borden, John Calderini, Charles J. Chadbourne, Mrs. Emily Crane Chancellor, Philip M. Collins, Alfred M. Conover, Boardman Cummings, Walter J. Cutting, C. Suydam Day, Lee Garnett Dick, Albert B., Jr. Ellsworth, Duncan S. Fenton, Howard W. Field, Joseph N. Field, Marshall Field, Marshall, Jr. Field, Stanley Field, Mrs. Stanley Hancock, G. Allan Harris, Albert W. Insull, Samuel, Jr. Isham, Henry P. Judson, Clay Deceased, 1948 Cherrie, George K. Knight, Charles R. McBain,'Hughston M. Mitchell, William H. Moore, Mrs. William II. Randall, Clarence B. Richardson, George A. Sargent, Homer E. Smith, Solomon A. Suarez, Mrs. Diego Vernay, Arthur S. Wetten, Albert H. White, Harold A. Wilson, John P. 101 LIFE MEMBERS Those who have contributed $500 to the Museum Adler, Max Allerton, Robert H. Armour, A. Watson Armour, Lester Armour, Mrs. Ogden Ascoli, Mrs. Max Avery, Sewell L. Babson, Henry B. Bacon, Edward Richardson, Jr. Banks, Alexander F. Barnhart, Miss Gracia M. F. Barr, Mrs. Roy Evan Barrett, Mrs. A. D. Barrett, Robert L. Bartlett, Miss Florence Dibell Baur, Mrs. Jacob Bensabott, R. Bermingham, Edward J. Blaine, Mrs. Emmons Block, Leopold E. Borden, John Borland, Chauncey B. Brassert, Herman A. Brewster, Walter S. Browne, Aldis J. Buchanan, D. W. Budd, Britton L Burnham, John Burt, William G. Butler, Julius W. Butler, Rush C. Carpenter, Augustus A. Carpenter, Mrs. John Alden Carr, George R. Carr, Walter S. Casalis, Mrs. Maurice Chatfield-Taylor, Wayne Clegg, William G. Clegg, Mrs. William G. Connor, Ronnoc Hill Conover, Boardman Cook, Mrs. Daphne Field Corley, F. D. Cramer, Corwith Crossett, Edward C. Crossley, Lady Josephine Crossley, Sir Kenneth Cudahy, Edward A. Cummings, Walter J. Cunningham, James D. Gushing, Charles G. Dahl, Ernest A. Dawes, Charles G. Dawes, Henry M. Delano, Frederic A. Dick, Albert B., Jr. Dierssen, Ferdinand W. Dixon, Homer L. Donnelley, Thomas E. Doyle, Edward J. Drake, John B. Durand, Scott S. Edmunds, Philip S. Ely, Mrs. C. Morse Epstein, Max Ewing, Charles Hull Farr, Newton Camp Farr, Miss Shirley Fay, C. N. Fenton, Howard W. Fentress, Calvin Fernald, Charles Field, Joseph N. Field, Marshall Field, Marshall, Jr. Field, Norman Field, Mrs. Norman Field, Stanley Field, Mrs. Stanley Gardner, Robert A. Gilbert, Huntly H. Glore, Charles F. Gowing, J. Parker Hamill, Alfred E. Harris, Albert W. Harris, Norman W. Hayes, William F. Hecht, Frank A. Hemmens, Mrs. Walter P. Hibbard, Frank Hickox, Mrs. Charles V. Hill, Louis W. Hinde, Thomas W. Hopkins, L. J. Horowitz, L. J. Hoyt, N. Landon Hutchins, James C. Insull, Samuel, Jr. Jarnagin, William N. Jelke, John F. Joiner, Theodore E. Jones, Miss Gwethalyn Kelley, Russell P. Kidston, William H. King, James G. Kirk, Walter Radcliffe Ladd, John Lehmann, E. J. Leonard, Clifford M. Levy, Mrs. David M. Linn, Mrs. Dorothy C. Logan, Spencer H. Lytton, Henry C. MacDowell, Charles H. MacLeish, John E. MacVeagh, Fames Madlener, Mrs. Albert F. Mason, William S. McBain, Hughston M. McCutcheon, John T. McGann, Mrs. Robert G. Mclnnerney, Thomas H. McKinlay, John Meyer, Carl Meyne, Gerhardt F. Mitchell, William H. Morse, Charles H. Morton, Mark Munroe, Charles A. Myrland, Arthur L. Newell, A. B. Ormsby, Dr. Oliver S. Orr, Robert M. Paesch, Charles A. Palmer, Honore Pick, Albert Poppenhusen, Conrad H. Prentice, Mrs. Clarence C. Rinaldo, Mrs. Philip S. Rodman, Mrs. Katherine Field Rodman, Thomas Clifford Rosenwald, William Rubloff, Arthur Ryerson, Edward L., Jr. Seabury, Charles W. Shirk, Joseph H. Smith, Alexander Smith, Solomon A. Spalding, Keith Spalding, Vaughan C. Sprague, Mrs. Albert A. Stuart, Harry L. Stuart, John Stuart, R. Douglas Sturges, George Swift, Harold H. 102 LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) Thorne, Robert J. Tree, Ronald L. F. Tyson, Russell Uihlein, Edgar J. Underwood, Morgan Veatch, George L. Asher, Louis E. Blair, Chauncey B. Decker, Alfred Hughes, Thomas S. Wanner, Harry C. Ward, P. C. Welch, Mrs. Edwin P. Welling, John P. Whitney, Mrs. Julia L. P. Wickwire, Mrs. Edward L. Wieboldt, William A. Deceased, 1948 Lament, Robert P. Moore, Edward S. Raymond, Mrs. Anna Louise Willard, Alonzo J. Wiliits. Ward W. Wilson, John P. Wilson, Thomas E. Winston, Garrard B. Woolley, Clarence M. Wrigley, Philip K. Robinson, Theodore W. Simpson, William B. Swift, Charles H. Thorne, Charles H. NON'RESIDENT LIFE MEMBERS Those, residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, ivho have contributed $100 to the Museum Bennett, Mrs. Irene Stark Coolidge, Harold J., Jr. Gregg, John Wyatt Hearne, Knox Holloman, Mrs. Delmar W. Johnson, Herbert F., Jr. Maxwell, Gilbert S. Osgood, Mrs. Cornelius Richardson, Dr. Maurice L. Rosenwald, Lessing J. Sardoson, Orville A. Stephens, W. C. Stern, Mrs. Edgar B. Vernay, Arthur S. Zerk, Oscar U. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those who have contributed $100 to the Museum Aaron, Charles Aaron, Ely M. Abbott, Donald Putnam, Jr. Abbott, Gordon C. Abbott, W. Rufus Abbott, William L. Abeles, Mrs. Jerome G. Abrahamsen, Miss Cora Abrams, Duff A. Ackerman, Charles N. Adamick, Gustave H. Adams, Mrs. Charles S. Adams, Mrs. David T. Adams, Mrs. Frances Sprogle Adams, Miss Jane Adams, John Q. Adams, Mrs. S. H. Adams, Mrs. Samuel Adams, William C. Adamson, Henry T. Adler, David Adler, Mrs. Max Ahlschlager, Walter W. Alden, William T. Aldis, Graham Alexander, Mrs. Arline V. Alexander, Edward Alexander, William H. Alford, Mrs. Laura T. C. Allbright, John G. Allen, Mrs. Grace G. Allensworth, A. P. Allin, J. J. Allison, Mrs. William M. Alsip, Mrs. Charles H. Alter, Harrv Alton, Carol W. Ames, Rev. Edward S. Anderson, Mrs. A. W. Ander.son, Mrs. Alma K. Anderson, Miss Florence Regina Andreen, Otto C. Andrews, Mrs. E. C. Andrews, Milton H. Angelopoulos, Archie Anstiss, George P. Antrim, E. M. Appelt, Mrs. Jessie E. Armbrust, John T. Armour, A. Watson, 111 103 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS {Continued) Armour, Laurance H. Armour, Philip D. Armstrong, Mrs. Julian Armstrong, Kenneth E. Arn, W. G. Arnold, Mrs. Lloyd Artingstall, Samuel G. Ascher, Fred Ashenhurst, Harold S. Asher, Norman Aurelius, Mrs. Marcus A. Austin, E. F. Avery, George J. Ayres, Robert B. Babson, Mrs. Gustavus Bachmann, Mrs. Harrold A. Bachmeyer, Dr. Arthur C. Back, Miss Maude F. Bacon, Dr. Alfons R. Badger, Shreve Cowles Baer, David E. Baer, Mervin K. Baer, Walter S. Bagby, John C. Baggaley, William Blair Bair, W. P. Baird, Harry K. Baker, Mrs. Alfred L. Baker, G. W. Baker, Greeley Baldwin, Vincent Curtis Balgemann, Otto W. Balkin, Louis Ball, Dr. Fred E. Ballard, Mrs. Foster K. Ballenger, A. G. Banes, W. C. Banks, Edgar C. Bannister, Miss Ruth D. Bantsolas, John N. Barber, Phil C. Bargquist, Miss Lillian D. Barkhausen, L. H. Barnard, Harrison B. Barnes, Cecil Barnes, Mrs. Charles Osborne Barnes, Harold O. Barnhart, Mrs. A. M. Barnum, Harry H. Barr, Mrs. Alfred H. Barr, George Barrett, Mrs. Arthur M. Barrett, Mrs. Harold G. Barthell, Gary Bartholomae, Mrs. Emma Bartholomay, F. H. Bartholomay, Henry Bartholomay, Mrs. William, Jr. Bartlett, Frederic C. Barton, Mrs. Enos M. Basile, William B. Basta, George A. Bastian, Charles L. Bastien, A. E. Bateman, Floyd L. Bates, Mrs. A. M. Bates, Joseph A. Battey, Paul L. Baum, Mrs. James E. Baum, Wilhelm Baumann, Harry P. Bausch, William C. Beach, Miss Bess K. Beach, E. Chandler Beachy, Mrs. Walter F. Beck, Alexander Becker, Benjamin V. Becker, Frederick G. Becker, Herman T. Becker, James H. Becker, Louis Becker, Louis L. Beckler, R. M. Beckman, Victor A. Beckman, William H. Beddoes, Hubert Behr, Mrs. Edith Beidler, Francis, II Belden, Joseph C., Jr. Bell, Mrs. Laird Benjamin, Jack A. Benner, Harry Bennett, S. A. Bennett, Professor J. Gardner Benson, John Benson, Mrs. Thaddeus R. Bent, John P. Bentley, Mrs. Cyrus Benton, Miss Mabel M. Berend, George F. Berkely, Dr. J. G. Berkson, Mrs. Maurice Bernstein, Philip Berry, V. D. Bersbach, Elmer S. Bertol, Miss Aurelia Bertschinger, Dr. C. F. Besly, Mrs. C. H. Bettman, Dr. Ralph B. Bichl, Thomas A. Biddle, Robert C. Biehn, Dr. J. F. Biggers, Bryan B. Biggs, Mrs. Joseph H. Bigler, Mrs. Albert J. Billow, Miss Virginia Bird, Miss Frances Birk, Miss Amelia Birk, Frank J. Bishop, Howard P. Bishop, Miss Martha V. Bittel, Mrs. Frank J. Bixby, Edward Randall Blackburn, Oliver A. Blair, Mrs. M. Barbour Blair, Wm. McCormick Blair, Wolcott Blatchford, Carter Blatchford, Dr. Frank Wicks Blayney, Thomas C. Blecker, Mrs. Michael, Jr. Blessing, Dr. Robert Block, Joseph L. Block, Leigh B. Block, Mrs. Leigh B. Block, Philip D., Jr. Bloom, Mrs. Leopold Bloss, Mrs. Sidney M. Bluford, Mrs. David Blum, Harry H. Blunt, J. E., Jr. Bluthardt, Edwin Boal, Ayres Boal, Stewart Boericke, Mrs. Anna Boettcher, Arthur H. Bohasseck, Charles Bohrer, Randolph Bolotin, Hyman Bolten, Paul H. Bondy, Berthold Boomer, Dr. Paul C. Boone, Arthur Booth, Alfred V. Booth, George E. Borg, George W. Bori, Mrs. Albert V. Borland, Mrs. Bruce Borowitz, David Borwell, Robert C. Bosch, Charles Bosch, Mrs. Henry Bosworth, Mrs. Roland I. Botts, Graeme G. Boulton, Mrs. Rudyerd Bousa, Dr. Bohuslav Bowen, Mrs. Louise DeKoven Bowers, Ralph E. Bowman, Johnston A. Boyack, Harry Boyd, Mrs. T. Kenneth 104 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Boyden, Miss Rosalie Sturges Boynton, A. J. Boynton, Frederick P. Brach, Mrs. F. V. Bradley, Mrs. A. Ballard Bradley, Charles E. Bradley, Mrs. Natalie Blair Higinbotham Brainerd, Mrs. Arthur T. Bramble, Delhi G. C. Brand, Mrs. Maude G. Brandt, Charles H. Bransfield, John J. Brauer, Mrs. Paul Bremner, Mrs. David F. Brendecke, Miss June Brenner, S. L. Brennom, Dr. Elmo F. Brennwasser, S. M. Brenza, Miss Mary Brewer, Mrs. Angeline L. Breyer, Mrs. Theodor Bridges, Arnold Briggs, Mrs. Gertrude Bristol, James T. Brock, A. J. Brodribb, Lawrence C. Brodsky, J. J. Brostoflf, Harry M. Brown, A. Wilder Brown, Mrs. C. H. Brown, Christy Brown, Mrs. Everett C. Brown, John T. Brown, Dr. Joshua M. Brown, Mark A. Brown, Scott Brown, William F. Brucker, Dr. Edward A. Bruckner, William T. Brugman, John J. Bruhn, H. C. Brundage, Avery Brunswick, Larry Bryant, John J., Jr. Buchner, Dr. E. M. Buck, Guy R. Buck, Nelson Leroy Bucklev, Mrs. Warren Bucklin, Mrs. Vail R. Buddig, Carl Buehler, H. L. Buettner, Walter J. Buffington, Mrs. Margaret A. Buhmann, Gilbert G. Bunge, Mrs. Albert J. Bunte, Mrs. Theodore W. Burbott, E. W. Burch, Clayton B. Burchmore, John S. Burdiek, Mrs. Alfred S. Burgmeier, John M. Burgstreser, Newton Burgweger, Mrs. Meta Dewes Burke, Mrs. Lawrence N. Burke, Webster H. Burley, Mrs. Clarence A. Burns, Mrs. Randall W. Burrv, William Bush, Earl J. Bush, Mrs. William H. Butler, Mrs. Hermon B. Butler, John M. Butler, Paul Butz, Theodore C. Butzow, Mrs. Robert C. Byrne, Mi.ss Margaret H. Cahn, Dr. Alvin R. Cahn, Bertram J. Cahn, Morton D. Caine, John F. Caine, Leon J. Callender, Mrs. Joseph E. Calmeyn, Frank B. Camenisch, Miss Sophia C. Cameron, Dr. Dan U. Cameron, Will J. Camp, Mrs. Arthur Royce Campbell, Del win M. Campbell, Herbert J. Canby, Caleb H., Jr. Canman, Richard W. Canmann, Mrs. Harry L. Capes, Lawrence R. Capps, Dr. Joseph A. Cardelli, Mrs. Giovanni Carlin, Leo J. Carmell, Daniel D. Carney, William Roy Caron, O. J. Carpenter, Mrs. Frederic Ives Carpenter, George Sturges Carpenter, Hubbard Carqueville, Mrs. A. R. Carr, Mrs. Clyde M. Carr, Robert A. Carroll, John A. Carry, Joseph C. Carter, Mrs. Armistead B . Carton, Alfred T. Gary, Dr. Eugene Castle, Alfred C. Castruccio, Giu.seppe Gates, Dudley Cederlund, R. Stanley Cerling, Fredolph A. Cernoch, Frank Chandler, Henry P. Chapin, William Arthur Chapman, Arthur E. Chatain, Ilobert N. Cheney, Dr. Henry W. Chenier, Miss Mizpah Cherones, George D. Cherrv, Walter L., Jr. Childs, Mrs. C.Frederick Childs, Mrs. George W. Chinlund, Miss Ruth E. Chislett, Mi.ss Kate E. Christen.sen, E. C. Christiansen, Dr. Henry Churan, Charles A. Clare, Carl P. Clark, Ainsworth W. Clark, Miss Alice Keep Clark, Charles V. Clark, Mrs. Edward S. Clark, Edwin H. Clark, Willard F. Clarke, Charles F. Clarke, Harley L. Clay, John Clemen, Dr. Rudolph A. Cleveland, Paul W. CHfford, Fred J., Jr. Clinch, Duncan L. Clithero, W. S. Clonick, Abraham J. Clonick, Seymour E. Clough, William H. Clow, Mrs. Harry B. Clow, William E., Jr. Coath, V. W. Cochran, John L. Coffin, Fred Y. Cohen, George B. Cohen, Mrs. L. Lewis Colburn, Frederick S. Colby, Mrs. George E. Coldren, CHfton C. Cole, Sidney I. Coleman, Clarence L., Jr. Coleman, Dr. George H. Coleman, Mrs. John Coleman, Loring W. Coleman, Marvin H. Colianni, Paul V. Collins, Beryl B. CoUison, E. K. Colvin, Miss Catharine Colvin, Miss Jessie Colvin, Mrs. William H. Colwell, Clyde C. Compton, Mrs. Arthur H. Compton, D. M. 105 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Compton, Frank E. Condon, Mrs. James G. Conger, Miss Cornelia Conkev, Henry P. Connell, P. G. Conners, Harry Connor, Mrs. Clara A. Connor, Frank H. Cook, Miss Alice B. Cook, Mrs. David S. Cook, Jonathan Miller Cook, L. Charles Cook, Louis T. Cook, Thomas H. Cooke, Charles E. Cooke, Miss Flora Cooley, Gordon A. Coolidge, Miss Alice Coolidge, E. Channing Coolidge, Dr. Edgar D. Coombs, James F. Coonley, John Stuart Coonley, Prentiss L. Cooper, Samuel Copland, David Corbett, Mrs. William J. Cornell, Dr. Edward L. Cornell, Mrs. John E. Cosford, Thomas H. Coston, James E. Cowan, Mrs. Grace L. Cowen, Maurice L. Cowles, Knight C. Cox, James C. Cox, William D. Coyle, C. H. Cragg, Mrs. George L. Crane, Charles R., II Creange, A. L. Crego, Mrs. Dominica S Crilly, Edgar Cromwell, Miss Juliette Clara Cubbins, Dr. William R. Cudahy, Edward I. Cummings, Mrs.D. Mark Cummings, Mrs Frances S. Cuneo, John F. Curran, Harry R. Curtis, Austin Guthrie, Jr. Curtis, Mrs. Charles S. Cusack, Harold Gushing, John Caleb Cushman, Barney Cutler, Henry E. Cuttle, Harold E. Daemicke, Mrs. Irwin Paul Dahlberg, Bror G. Daily, Richard Daley, Harry C. Dalmar, Mrs. Hugo Dalmar, Hugo, Jr. Dammann, J. F. Danforth, Dr. WilHam C. Dangel, W. H. Danielson, Philip A. Danley, Jared Gage Danne, William C, Jr. Dantzig, Leonard P. D'Aquila, George Darbo, Howard H. Darrow, Paul E. Dashiell, C. R. Daughaday, C. Colton Davey, Mrs. Bruce E. David, Dr. Vernon C. Davidson, David W. Davidson, Miss Mary E Davies, Marshall Davis, Arthur Davis, C. S. Davis, Dr. Carl B. Davis, Don L. Davis, Frank S. Davis, Dr. Loyal Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Ill Deahl, Uriah S. Deane, Mrs. Ruthven Decker, Charles O. DeCosta, Lewis M. deDardel, Carl 0. Dee, Thomas J. Degen, David DeGolyer, Robert S. DeLemon, H. R. Delph, Dr. John F. Demaree, H. S. Deming, Everett G. Dempster, Mrs. Charles W. Deneen, Mrs. Charles S. Denison, Mrs. John Porter Denkewalter, W. E. Denman, Mrs. Burt J. Dennehy, Thomas C, Jr. Denney, Ellis H. Deslsles, Mrs. Carrie L. Deutsch, Mrs. Percy L. DeVries, David Dick, Edison Dick, Elmer J. Dick, Mrs. Homer T. Dickey, Roy Dickinson, F. R. Dickinson, Robert B. Dickinson, Mrs. Thompson Diestel, Mrs. Herman Dimick, Miss Elizabeth Dimmer, Miss Elizabeth G. Dixon, George W., Jr. Dixon, Mrs. William Warren Dobyns, Mrs. Henry F. Doctor, Isidor Dodge, Mrs. Paul C. Doering, Otto C. Doetsch, Miss Anna Dolese, Mrs. John Donker, Mrs. William Donlon, Mrs. Stephen E. Donnelley, Gaylord Donnelley, Mrs. H. P. Donnelley, Miss Naomi Donohue, Edgar T. Donohue, William F. Dornbusch, Charles H. Dorocke, Joseph, Jr. Dorschel, Q. P. Douglas, James H., Jr. Douglass, Kingman Douglass, Mrs. W. A. Dreutzer, Carl Drever, Thomas Dreyfus, Mrs. Moise Drvden, Mrs. George B. Dubbs, C. P. DuBois, Laurence M. Dudley, Laurence H. Dulany, George W., Jr. Dulsky, Mrs. Samuel Dunbaugh, Harry J. Duncan, Albert G. Duner, Joseph A. Dunlop, Mrs. Simpson Dunn, Samuel 0. Dupee, Mrs. F. Kennett Durand, Mrs. N. E. Durbin, Fletcher M. Easterberg, C. J. Eastman, Mrs. George H. Eaton, J. Frank Ebeling, Frederic O. Eckhart, Percy B. Eckstein, Mrs. Louis Eddy, Thomas H. Edwards, Miss Edith E. Edwards, Kenneth P. Egan, William B. Egloff, Dr. Gustav Eichengreen, Edmund K. Eiseman, Fred R. Eisenberg, Sam J. Eisendrath, Edwin W. Eisendrath, Miss Elsa B. Eisendrath, Robert M. Eisendrath, William B. Eisenschiml, Mrs. Otto 106 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Eisenstaedt, Harry Eisenstein, Sol Eitel, Karl Eitel, Max Elcock, Mrs. Edward G. Elenbogen, Herman Elich, Robert William Ellbogen, Miss Celia Elliott, Dr. Clinton A. Elliott, Frank R. Ellis, Howard Elting, Howard Embree, Henry S. Embree, J. W., Jr. Emery, Edward W. Emmerich, Miss Clara L. Engberg, Miss Ruth M. Engel, Miss Henrietta Engstrom, Harold Erdmann, Mrs. C. Pardee Erickson, Donovan Y. Ericson, Mrs. Chester F. Ericsson, Clarence Ericsson, Dewey A. Ericsson, Walter H. Erikson, Carl A. Ernst, Mrs. Leo Erskine, Albert DeWolf Etten, Henry C. Eustice, Mrs. Alfred L. Evans, Miss Anna B. Evans, Mrs. David Evans, David J. Evans, Eliot H. Fabian, Francis G. Fabrice, Edward H. Fabry, Herman Fackt, Mrs. George P. Fader, A. L. Faget, James E. Faherty, Roger Faithorn, Walter E. Falk, Miss Amy Fallon, Mrs. J. B. Fallon, Dr. W. Raymond Falls, Dr. A. G. Farnham, Mrs. Harry J. Farrell, Mrs. B. J. Farwell, John V., Ill Faulkner, Charles J. Faulkner, Miss Elizabeth Faurot, Henry, Jr. Favill, Mrs. John Fay, Eugene C. Fecke, Mrs. Frank J. Feiwell, Morris E. Felix, Benjamin B. Fellows, William K. Felsenthal, Edward George Fennekohl, Mrs. Arthur C. Fergus, Robert C. Fernald, Robert W. Ferry, Mrs. Frank F. Fetzer, Wade Filkins, A. J. Fineman, Oscar Finley, Max H. Finnegan, Richard J. Finnerud, Dr. Clark W. Fischel, Frederic A. Fish, Mrs. Helen S. Fishisein, Dr. Morris Fisher, Harry M. Fisk, Mrs. Burnham M. Fitzpatrick, Mrs. John A. Flavin, Edwin F. Fleming, Mrs. Joseph B. Flood, Walter H. Florsheim, Harold M. Florsheim, Irving S. Florsheim, Mrs. Milton S. Folonie, Mrs. Robert J. Folsom, Mrs. Richard S. Folsom, Mrs. William R. Foote, Mrs. Harley T. Forch, Mrs. John L., Jr. Ford, Mrs. Willis Roland Foreman, Mrs. Alfred K. Foreman, Mrs. E. G. Foreman, Edwin G., Jr. Foreman, Harold E. Forgan, James B., Jr. Forgan, Mrs. J. Russell Forgan, Robert D. Forman, Charles Forstall, James J. Forster, J. George Fortune, Miss Joanna Foster, Mrs. Charles K. Foster, Volney Foute, Albert J. Fox, Jacob Logan Fox, Dr. Paul C. Franche, Mrs. D. C, III Frank, Arthur A. Frank, Mrs. Joseph K. Frankel, Louis Frankenstein, William B. Frankenthal, Dr. Lester E., Jr. Frazer, Mrs. George E. Freedman, Dr. I. Val Freeman, Charles Y. Freiler, Abraham J. French, Dudley K. Frenier, A. B. Freudenthal, G. S. Frey, Charles Daniel Freyn, Henry J. Fridstein, Meyer Friedlich, Mrs. Herbert Friend, Mrs. Henry K. Friestedt, Arthur A. Frost, Mrs. Charles Sumner Fuller, Mrs. Gretta Patterson Fuller, J. E. Fuller, Judson M. Furry, William S. Gabathuler, Mi.ss Juanita Gabriel, Adam Gaertner, William Galgano, John H. Gall, Charles H. Gall, Harry T. Gallup, Rockwell L. Gait, Mrs. A. T. Gamble, D. E. Garcia, Jose Garden, Hugh M. G. Gardiner, Mrs. John L. Gardner, Addison L. Gardner, Addi.son L., Jr. Gardner, Henry A. Gardner, Mrs. James P. Garen, Joseph F. Garnett, Joseph B. Garrison, Dr. Lester E. Gates, Mrs. L. F. Gawne, Miss Clara V. Gay, Rev. A. Royal Gavlord, Duane W. Gear, H. B. Gehl, Dr. W. H. Gehrmann, Felix Geiger, Alfred B. Gelling, Dr. E. M. K. Gellert, Donald N. Gensburg, Samuel H. Gentry, Veit Gentz, Miss Margaret Nina George, Mrs. Albert B. Gerber, Max Gerding, R. W. Gerngross, Mrs. Leo Gettelman, Mrs. Sidney H. Gettleman, Frank E. Getz, Mrs. James R. GetzofI, E. B. Gibbs, Richard F. Gibson, Dr. Stanley Gidwitz, Alan K. Gillev, Miss Hertha Giflord, Mrs. Frederick C. Gilbert, Miss Clara C. Gilchri.st, Mrs. John F. 107 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Gilchrist, Mrs. William Albert Giles, Carl C. Giles, Mrs. Guy H. Gillette, Mrs. Ellen D. Gimbel, J. W., Jr. Ginther, Miss Minnie C. Girard, Mrs. Anna Giryotas, Dr. Emelia J. Glaescher, Mrs. G. W. Glasner, Rudolph W. Glasser, Joshua B. Godehn, Paul M. Goehst, Mrs. John Henry Goes, Mrs. Arthur A. Golden, Dr. Isaac J. K. Goldfine, Dr. AscherH. C. Gelding, Robert N. Goldman, Mrs. Louis Goldstein, Dr. Helen L. Button Goldstein, Nathan S. Goldstine, Dr. Mark T. Goldy, Walter I. Goltra, Mrs. William B. Goode, Mrs. Rowland T. Gooden, G. E. Goodman, Benedict K. Goodman, Mrs. Milton F. Goodman, W. J. Goodman, William E. Goodwin, Clarence Norton Goodwin, George S. Gordon, Colin S. Gordon, Harold J. Gordon, Dr. Richard J. Gordon, Mrs. Robert D. Gorrell, Mrs. Warren Gottlieb, Frederick M. Gould, Jay Gould, Mrs. June K. Grade, Joseph Y. Gradle, Dr. Harry S. Graf, Robert J. Graff, Oscar C. Graham, Douglas Graham, E. V. Graham, Miss Margaret H. Gramm, Mrs. Helen Grant, James D. Grant, John G. Graves, Austin T. Graves, Howard B. Grawoig, Allen Gray, Dr. Earle Gray, Edward Green, Michael Green, Robert D. Greenacre, Miss Cordelia Ann Greenburg, Dr. Ira E. Greene, Henry E. Greenebaum, M. E., Jr. Greenlee, Mrs. William Brooks Greenman, Mrs. Earl C. Gregory, Stephen S., Jr. Gregory, Tappan Gressens, Otto Grey, Charles F. Grey, Dr. Dorothy Griest, Mrs. Marianna L. Griffenhagen, Mrs. Edwin O. Griffith, Mrs. Carroll L. Griffith, Mrs. William Griswold, Harold T. Grizzard, James A. Groak, Irwin D. Gronkowski, Rev. C. I. Groot, Cornelius J. Groot, Lawrence A. Gross, Henry R. Grossman, Frank I. Grotenhuis, Mrs. William J. Grotowski, Mrs. Leon Gruhn, Alvah V. Grunow, Mrs. William C. Guenzel, Louis Guest, Ward E. Gunthorp, Walter J. Gurley, Miss Helen K. Gurman, Samuel P. Guthman, Edwin I. Gwinn, William R. Hadley, Mrs. Edwin M. Haffner, Mrs. Charles C, Jr. Hagen, Mrs. Daise Hagens, Dr. Garrett J. Hagner, Fred L. Haight, George I. Hair, T. R. Hajicek, Rudolph F. Haldeman, Walter S. Hale, Mrs. Samuel Hales, William M. Hall, Edward B. Hall, Mrs. J. B. Hallmann, Herman F. Halperin, Aaron Halverstadt, Romaine M. Hamm, Fred B. Hammaker, Paul M. Hammerschmidt, Mrs. George F. Hammond, Thomas S. Hand, George W. Hanley, Henry L. Hann, J. Roberts Hansen. Mrs. Carl Hansen, Mrs. Fred A. Hansen, Jacob W. Hanson, Mrs. Norman R. Harder, John H. Harders, Mrs. Flora Rassweiler Hardie, George F. Hardm, John H. Harding, John Cowden Harding, Richard T. Harms, Van Deursen Harper, Alfred C. Harrington, David L. Harris, Mrs. Abraham Harris, David J. Harris, Gordon L. Harris, Hayden B. Harris, Stanley G. Hart, Mrs. Herbert L. Hart, Max A. Hart, William M. Hartmann, A. O. Hartshorn, Kenneth L. Hartwig, Otto J. Hartz, W. Homer Harvey, Byron, III Harvey, Richard M. Harwood, Thomas W. Haskell, Mrs. George E. Hass, G. C. Hay, Mrs. William Sherman Hayakawa, Dr. S. I. Hayes, Charles M. Hayes, Harold C. Hayes, Miss Mary E. Haynie, Miss Rachel W. Hays, Mrs. Arthur A. Hayslett, Arthur J. Hazlett, Dr. William H. Hazlett, Mrs. William H. Healy, Vincent Jerrems Heaney, Dr. N. Sproat Hearst, Mrs. Jack W. Heaton, Harry E. Heaton, Herman C. Heck, John Hedberg, Henry E. HeiTernan, Miss Lili Hefner, Adam Heide, Mrs. Bernard H. Heiman, Marcus Heine, Mrs. Albert Heinzelman, Karl Heinzen, Mrs. Carl Heisler, Francis Hejna, Joseph F. Heldmaier, Miss Marie Helfrich, J. Howard Heller, Albert Heller, John A. 108 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Heller, Mrs. Walter E. Hellman, George A. Hellyer, Walter Hemple, Miss Anne C. Henderson, Thomas B. G. Henkel, Frederick W. Henley, Dr. Eugene H. Hennings, Mrs. Abraham J. Henry, Huntington B. Henschel, Edmund C. Herrick, Charles E. Herron, James C. Herron, Mrs. Ollie L. Hershey, J. Clarence Hertz, Mrs. Fred Hertzberg, Lawrence Herwig, George Herwig, William D., Jr. Herz, Mrs. Alfred Hesse, E. E. Heverly, Earl L. Hibbard, Mrs. Angus S. Hibbard, Mrs. W. G. Hieber, Master J. Patrick Higgins, John Higley, Mrs. Charles W. Hildebrand, Dr. Eugene, Jr. Hildebrand, Grant M. Hill, Mrs. Russell D. Hill, William C. Hill, William E. Hille, Dr. Hermann Hillebrecht, Herbert E. Hills, Edward R. Hind, Mrs. John Dwight Hinkle, Ross O. Hinman, Mrs. Estelle S. Hinrichs, Henry, Jr. Hirsch, Jacob H. Histed, J. Roland Hixon, Mrs. Frank P. Hodgkinson, Mrs. W. R. Hodgson, Mrs. G. C. Hoffmann, Edward Hempstead Hogan, Robert E. Hokin, Mrs. Barney E. Holabird, W. S., Jr. Holden, Edward A. Holland, Dr. William E. Hollander, Mrs. Samuel Holleb, A. Paul Hollenbach, Louis Holliday, W. J. Hollis, Henry L. Holmburger, Max Holmes, George J. Holmes, Miss Harriet F. Holmes, J. A. Holmes, Mrs. Maud G. Holmes, William Holmes, William N. Holt, Miss Ellen Holt, McPhcrson Holub, Anthony S. HolzhcimiT, Carl Homan, Miss Blossom L. Honsik, Mrs. James M. Hoover, Mrs. Fred W. Hoover, H. Earl Hoover, Ray P. Hope, Alfred S. Hopkins, Albert L. Hopkins, Mrs. James M. Hopkins, Mrs. James M., Jr. Horcher, William W. Home, Mrs. William Dodge, Jr. Horner, Mrs. Maurice L., Jr. Hornung, Joseph J. Horst, Curt A. Horton, Hiram T. Horton, Horace B. Horween, Arnold Horween, Isidore Hosbein, Louis H. Hottinger, Adolph Hovland, Mrs. John P. Howard, Willis G. Howe, Charles Albee Howe, Clinton W. Howe, Mrs. Pierce Lyman Howe, Ralph B. Howe, Roger F. Howe, Warren D. Howe, William G. Howell, Albert S. Howes, Mrs. Frank W. Howie, Mrs. James E. Howse, Richard G. Hoyne, Miss Susan D. Hoyt, Mrs. Phelps B. Hraback, L. W. Hrdlicka, Mrs. John D. Hubbard, George W. Huber, Dr. Harry Lee Hudson, Miss Katherine J. Hudson, Walter L. Huey, Mrs. A. S. Hufty, Mrs. F. P. Huggins, Dr. Ben H. Hughes, John E. Hughes, John W. Hume, James P. Hume, John T. Humphrey, H. K. Huncke, Herbert S. Huncke, Oswald W. Hunding, B. N. Hurd, Ferris E. Hurvitz, H. R. Huska, Mrs. Joseph Hust, George Huszagh, Ralph D. Hutchinson, Foye P. Hutchinson, Samuel S. Hyatt, R. C. I ekes, Raymond W. Idelman, Bernard Igoe, Michael L. Ilg, Robert A. Illich, George M., Jr. Ingalls, Allin K. Inlander, Samuel Irons, Dr. Ernest E. Isaacs, Charles W., Jr. Isham, Henry P. Ives, ClilTord E. Jackson, Allan Jackson, Archer L. Jackson, Mrs. Arthur S. Jackson, Miss Laura E. Jackson, Mrs. W. A. Jacobi, Miss Emily C. Jacobs, Hyman A. Jacobs, Julius Jacobs, Whipple Jacobson, Raphael James, Walter C. Jameson, Clarence W. Jancosek, Thomas A. Janson, Dr. C. Helge M. Janusch, Fred W. Jarchow, Mrs. C. E. Jarchow, Charles C. Jarrow, Harry W. Jeffreys, Mrs. Mary M. JefTries, Dr. Daniel W. Jeffries, F. L. Jenkins, David F. D. Jenkins, Mrs. John E. Jenkinson, Mrs. Arthur Gilbert Jennings, Ode D. Jerger, Wilbur Joseph Jetzinger, David Jirgal, John Jirka, Dr. Frank J. Jirka, Dr. Robert H. John, Dr. Findley D. Johnson, Dr. Adelaide Johnson, Alvin 0. Johnson, Arthur L. Johnson, Calmer L. Johnson, Mrs. Harley Alden Johnson, Joseph xM. Johnson, Nels E. 109 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Johnson, Mrs. O. W. Johnson, Olaf B. Johnson, PhiHp C. Johnston, Edward R. Johnston, Miss Fannie S. Johnston, Mrs. Hubert McBean Johnston, Mrs. M. L. Jones, Albert G. Jones, Mrs. C. A. Jones, James B. Jones, Dr. Margaret M. Jones, Melvin Jones, Miss Susan E. Joseph, Mrs. Jacob G. Joseph, Louis L. Joy, Guy A. Joyce, Joseph Judson, Clay Juergens, H. Paul Julien, Victor R. Kahn, Mrs. Arthur S. Kahn, J. Kesner Kahn, Jerome J. Kahn, Louis Kaine, James B. Kamins, Dr. Maclyn M. Kane, Jerome M. Kanter, Jerome J. Kaplan, Morris I. Kaplan, Nathan D. Karcher, Mrs. Leonard D. Karpen, Michael Kasch, Frederick M. Katz, Mrs. Sidney L. Katz, Solomon Katzenstein, Mrs. George P. Katzin, Frank Kauffman, Mrs. R. K. Kauffmann, Alfred Kaufman, Justin Kaufmann, Dr. Gustav L. Kavanagh, Clarence H. Kay, Mrs. Marie E. Keefe, Mrs. George L Keeney, Albert F. Kehl, Robert Joseph Keith, Stanley Keith, Mrs. Stanley Kelker, Rudolph F., Jr. Kellogg, John L. Kelly, Mrs. Haven Core Kelly, Miss Katharine Marjorie Kelly, William J. Kemper, Hathaway G. Kemper, Miss Hilda M. Kempner, Harry B. Kempner, Stan Kendall, Mrs. Virginia H. Kendrick, John F. Kennedy, Mrs. E. J. Kennedy, Lesley Kennelly, Martin H. Kennev, Clarence B. Kent, Dr. O. B. Keogh, Gordon E. Kern, Mrs. August Kern, H. A. Kern, Dr. Nicholas H. Kern, Trude Kerwin, Edward M. Kesner, Jacob L. Kestnbaum, Meyer Kettering, Mrs. Eugene W. Kiessling, Mrs. Charles S. Kile, Miss Jessie J. Kimball, David W. Kimball, William W. Kimbark, John R. King, Clinton B. King, Joseph H. Kingman, Mrs. Arthur G. Kinsey, Robert S. Kintzel, Richard Kirkland, Mrs. Weymouth Kitchell, Howell W. Kitzelman, Otto Klee, Mrs. Nathan Kleinpell, Dr. Henry H. Kleist, Mrs. Harry Kleppinger, William H. Kleutgen, Dr. Arthur C. Klinetop, Mrs. Charles W. Knickerbocker, Miss Paula Knopf, Andrew J. Knutson, George H. Koch, Mrs. Fred J. Koch, Raymond J. Kochs, August Kochs, Mrs. Robert T. Kohl, Mrs. Caroline L. Kohler, Eric L. Kohlsaat, Edward C. Konsberg, Alvin V. Kopf, Miss Isabel Koppenaal, Dr. Eliza- beth Thompson Kosobud, William F. Kotal, John A. Kotin, George N. Koucky, Dr. J. D. Kovac, Stefan Krafft, Mrs. Walter A. Kraft, C. H. Kraft, James L. Kraft, John H. Kraft, Norman Kralovec, Emil G. Kralovec, Mrs. Otto J. Kramer, Leroy Kraus, Peter J. Kraus, Samuel B. Kreidler, D. C. Kresl, Carl Kretschmer, Dr. Herman L. Kretschmer, Herman L., Jr. KropfT, C. G. Krost, Dr. Gerard N. Kuehn, A. L. Kuh, Mrs. Edwin J., Jr. Kuhl, Harry J. Kuhn, Frederick T. Kuhn, Dr. Hedwig S. Kunka, Bernard J. Kunstadter, Albert Kunstadter, Sigmund W. Kurfess, John Fredric Kurtz, W. 0. Kurtzon, Morris Lacey, Miss Edith M. LaChance, Mrs. Leander H. Laflin, Mrs. Louis E. Laflin, Louis E., Jr. Laflin, Louis E., Ill Lambert, C. A. Lampert, Wilson W. Lanahan, Mrs. M. J. Lane, F. Howard Lane, Ray E. Lang, Edward J. Langenbach,Mrs.AliceR. Langford, Mrs. Robert E. Langhorne, George Tayloe Langworthy, Benjamin Franklin Lanman, E. B. Lansinger, Mrs. John M. Larimer, Howard S. Larsen, Samuel A. Larson, Mrs. Sarah G. Lasker, Albert D. Lassers, Sanford B. Latshaw, Dr. Blair S. Lau, Max Lauren, Newton B. Lauter, Mrs. Vera Lautmann, Herbert M. Lavezzorio, Mrs. J. B. Lavidge, Arthur W. Law, Mrs. Robert O. Lawless, Dr. Theodore K. Lawson, David A. Lax, John Franklin 110 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Conthiued) Layden, Michael J. Lazar, Maurice Lazear, George C. Leahy, James F. Leahy, Thomas F. Leavell, James R. LeBaron, Miss Edna Lebold, Foreman N. Lebold, Samuel N. Lebolt, John Michael Lederer, Dr. Francis L. Lee, David Arthur Lee, Mrs. John H. S. Lefens, Miss Katherine J. Lefens, Walter C. Leichenko, Peter M. Leight, Mrs. Albert E. Leland, Miss Alice J. Leland, Mrs. Roscoe G. LeMoon, A. R. Lennon, George W. Lenz, J. Mayo Leonard, Arthur G. Leonard, Arthur T. Leslie, Dr. Eleanor L Leslie, John Woodworth LeTourneau, Mrs. Robert Leverone, Louis E. Levinson, Mrs. Salmon O. Levitan, Benjamin Levitetz, Nathan Levy, Alexander M. Levy, Arthur G. Lewis, Mrs. Ellis R. Lewy, Dr. Alfred L'Hommedieu, Arthur Liebman, A. J. Ligman, Rev. Thaddeus Lillyblade, Clarence O. Lindahl, Mrs. Edward J. Linden, John A. Lindheimer, B. F. Lingle, Bowman C. Lipman, Robert R. Liss, Samuel Little, Mrs. E. H. Littler, Harry E., Jr. Livingston, Julian M. Livingston, Mrs. Milton L. Llewellyn, Paul Lochman, Philip Loeb, Mrs. A. H. Loeb, Hamilton M. Loeb, Leo A. Loewenberg, Israel S. Loewenberg, M. L. Loewenherz, Emanuel Loewenstein, Sidney Loewenthal, Richard J. Logan, L. B. Long, William E. Lord, Arthur R. Lord, John S. Lord, Mrs. Russell Loucks, Charles O. Louer, All)prt E. M. Louis, Mrs. John J. Love, Chase W. Lovell, William H. Lovgren, Carl Lucey, Patrick J. Ludolph, Wilbur M. Lueder, Arthur C. Lunding, Franklin J. Luria, Herbert A. Lurie, H. J. Lusk, R. R. Lustgarten, Samuel Lyford, Harry B. Lyon, Charles H. Maass, J. Edward Mabee, Mrs. Melbourne MacDonald, E. K. Macfarland, Mrs. Henry J. Maclntyre, Mrs. M. K. MacKenzie, William J. Mackey, Frank J. Mackinson, Dr. John C. MacLellan, K. F. MacMullen, Dr. Delia M. MacMurray, Mrs. Donald Madlener, Mrs. Albert F., Jr. Madlener, Otto Magan, Miss Jane A. Magerstadt, Madeline Magill, John R. Magnus, Albert, Jr. Magnuson, Mrs. Paul Maher, Mrs. D. W. Main, Walter D. Majors, Mrs. B. S. Maling, Albert Malone, William H. Manaster, Harry Mandel, Mrs. Aaron W. Mandel, Edwin F. Mandel, Miss Florence Mandel, Mrs. Robert Manegold, Mrs. Frank W. Manierre, Francis E. Manierre, Louis Manley, John A. Mann, John P. Mark, Mrs. Cyrus Mark, Griffith Martjuart, Arthur A. Marsh, A. Fletcher Marsh, John McWiiliams, II Marsh, Mrs. John P. Marsh, Mrs. Marshall S. Marston, Mrs. Thomas B. Martin, Mrs. George B. Martin, (Jcorgc F. Martin, Samuel H. Martin, W. B. Martin, Wells Martin, Mrs. William P. Marx, Frederick Z. Marzlutl", Frank W. Marzola, Leo A. Mason, Willard J. Massee, B. A. Massey, Peter J. Master.son, Peter Mathesius, Mrs. Walther Matson, J. Edward Matter, Mrs. John Maurer, Dr. Siegfried Maxant, Basil Maxwell, Lloyd R. Mayer, Frank D. Mayer, Mrs. Herbert G. Mayer, Herman J., Jr. Mayer, Isaac H. Mayer, Leo Mayer, Oscar F. Mayer, Oscar G. Mayer, Theodore S. McAloon, Owen J. McArthur, Billings M. McBirney, Mrs. Hugh J. McCahey, James B. McCarthy, Edmond J. McCarthy, Joseph W. McCausland, Mrs. Clara L. McClun, John M. McCord, Downer McCormack, Professor Harry McCormick, Mrs. Chauncey McCormick, Fowler McCormick, Howard H. McCormick, Leander J. McCormick, Rol)ert H., Jr. McCrea, Mrs. W. S. McCready, Mrs. E. W. McCreight, Louis Ralph McDonald, E. F., Jr. McDonald, Lewis McDouga!,Mrs.JamesB. McDougal, Mrs. Robert McErlean, Charles V. McGraw, Max McGuinn, Edward B. McGurn, Mathew S. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Mcintosh, Arthur T. Mcintosh, Mrs. Walter G. McKenna, Dr. Charles H. McKinney, Mrs. Hayes McMenemy, Logan T. McMillan, James G. McMillan, John McMillan, W. B. McNamara, Louis G. McNamee, Peter F. McNulty, Joseph D. McQuarrie, Mrs. Fannie McVoy, John M. Mead, Dr. Henry C. A. Medsker, Dr. Ora L. Melcher, George Clinch Melendy, Dr. R. A. Melnick, Leopold B. Merrell, John H. Merriam, Miss Eleanor Merrill, William W. Metz, Dr. A. R. Metz, Mrs. Robert Meyer, Mrs. A. H. Meyer, Abraham W. Meyer, Dr. Charles A. Meyer, Charles Z. Meyers, Erwin A. Meyers, Jonas Michaels, Everett B. Michel, Dr. William J. Midowicz, C. E. Mielenz, Robert K. Milburn, Miss Anne L. Milhening, Frank Miller, Miss Bertie E. Miller, Mrs. Clayton W. Miller, Mrs. Donald J. Miller, Mrs. F. H. Miller, Hyman Miller, John S. Miller, Mrs. Olive Beaupre Miller, Oscar C. Miller, Mrs. Phillip Miller, R. T. Mills, Allen G. Mills, Lloyd Langdon Miner, Dr. Carl S. Minturn, Benjamin E. Mitchell, George F. Mitchell, John J. Mitchell, Leeds Mitchell, Oliver Mix, Dr. B. J. Mock, Dr. Harry Edgar Moderwell, Charles M. Moeling, Mrs. Walter G. Moeller, George Moeller, Rev. Herman H. Moist, Mrs. Samuel E. Mojonnier, Timothy Mollan, Mrs. Feme T. Molloy, David J. Mong, Mrs. C. R. Monheimer, Henry I. Monroe, William S. Moore, C. B. Moore, Paul Moore, Philip Wyatt Moran, Miss Margaret Morey, Charles W. Morf, F. William Morrison, Mrs. C. R. Morrison, Mrs. Harry Morrison, James C. Morrison, Matthew A. Morrisson, James W. Morse, Mrs. Charles J. Morse, Leland R. Morse, Mrs. Milton Morse, Robert H. Morton, Sterling Morton, William Morris Moses, Howard A. Moss, Jerome A. Mouat, Andrew J. Moxon, Dr. George W. Moyer, E. J. T. Moyer, Mrs. Paul S. Mudge, Mrs. John B. Muehlstein, Mrs. Charles Mueller, Austin M. Mueller, Miss Hedwig H. Mueller, J. Herbert Mueller, Paul H. Mulford, Miss Melinda Jane Mulhern, Edward F. Mulholand, William H. Mulligan, George F. Munroe, Moray Murphy, Mrs. Helen C. Murphy, Joseph D. Murphy, O. R. Murphy, Robert E. Musselman, Dr. George H. Muszynski, John J. Myrland, Arthur L. Naber, Henry G. Nadler, Dr. Walter H. Naess, Sigurd E. Nance, Willis D. Nast, Mrs. A. D. Nathan, Claude Naumann, Miss Susan Nebel, Herman C. Neely, Mrs. Lloyd F. Nehls, Arthur L. Nellegar, Mrs. Jay C. Nelson, Arthur W. Nelson, Charles G. Nelson, Donald M. Nelson, N. J. Nelson, Victor W. Neuman, Sidney Neumann, Arthur E. Newhall, R. Frank Newhouse, Karl H. Newman, Mrs. Albert A. Newman, Charles H. Nichols, Mrs. George R., Jr. Nichols, J. C. Nichols, S. F. Nilsson, Mrs. Goodwin M. Nishkian, Mrs. Vaughn G. Nitze, Mrs. William A. Noble, Samuel R. Nollau, Miss Emma Noonan, Edward J. Norcott, Mrs. Ernest J. Norman, Harold W. Norris, Mrs. Lester Norton, R. H. Novak, Charles J. Noyes, A. H. Noyes, Allan S. Noyes, Mrs. May Wells Nufer, Gene Nusbaum, Mrs. Hermien D. Nyman, Dr. John Egbert Oates, James F. Oberfelder, Herbert M. Oberfelder, Walter S. Obermaier, John A. O'Brien, Miss Janet O'Connell, Edmund Daniel Odell, William R. Odell, William R., Jr. Offield, James R. Oglesbee, Nathan H. O'Keefe, Mrs. Dennis D. O'KeeflFe, William F. Olcott, Mrs. Henry C. Oldberg, Dr. Eric Oldefest, Edward G. Oleson, Wrisley B. Oliver, Mrs. Paul Olsen, Miss Agnes J. Olsen, Mrs. Arthur O. Olson, Gustaf Olson, Rudolph J. O'Neil, Dr. Owen Onofrio, Mrs. Michael J. Ooms, Casper William Opeka, Frank M. Oppenheimer, Alfred 112 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Oppenheimer, Mrs. Harry D. Orndoff, Dr. Benjamin H. O'Rourke, Albert Orr, Mrs. Robert C. Orr, Thomas C. Orthal, A. J. Ortmayer, Dr. Marie Osborn, Mrs. Gertrude L. Osborn, Theodore L. Ostrom, Mrs. J. Augustus Otis, J. Sanford Otis, Joseph E. Otis, Joseph Edward, Jr. Otis, Ralph C. Otis, Stuart Huntington Owings, Mrs. Nathaniel A. Paasche, Jens A. Packard, Dr. Rollo K. Paepcke, Walter P. Page, John W. Palmer, James L. Palmgren, Mrs. Charles A. Pardee, Harvey S. Pardridge, Mrs. E. W. Park, R. E. Parker, Dr. Gaston C. Parker, Norman S. Parker, Troy L. Parks, C. R. Parmelee, Dr. A. H. Parry, Mrs. Norman G. Partridge, Lloyd C. Paschen, Mrs. Henry Pashkow, A. D. Patterson, Grier D. Patterson, Mrs. L. B. Patterson, Mrs. Wallace Patzelt, Miss Janet Peabody, Mrs. Francis S. Peabody, Howard B. Peabody, Miss Susan W. Pearl, Allen S. Pearse, Langdon Pearson, F. W. Pearson, George Albert, Jr. Peck, Dr. David B. Peel, Richard H. Peet, Mrs. Belle G. Peirce, Albert E. PenDell, Charles W. Percy, Dr. Mortimer Nelson Perel, Harry Z. Perkins, A. T. Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F. Perry, Dr. Ethel B. Perry, Mrs. I. Newton Peter, William F. Peters, Harry A. Petersen, Jurgen Petersen, Dr. William F. Peterson, Albert Peterson, Alexander B. Peterson, Arthur J. Peterson, A.xel A. Peterson, Mrs. Bertha I. Peterson, Mrs. Richard E. Pfaelzer, Miss Elizabeth W. Pflaum, A. J. Pflock, Dr. John J. Phelps, Mrs. W. L. Phemister, Dr. Dallas B. Phillips, Dr. Herbert Morrow Phillips, Mervyn C. Pick, Albert, Jr. Pick, Frederic G. Pierce, J. Norman Pierce, Paul, Jr. Pierson, Joseph B. Pink, Mrs. Ira M. Pirie, Mrs. John T. Pitzner, Alwin Frederick Plapp, Miss Doris A. Piatt, Edward Vilas Piatt, Mrs. Robert S. Plummer, Comer Plunkett, William H. Pobloske, Albert C. Podell, Mrs. Beatrice Hayes Polk, Mrs. Stella F. Pollak, Charles A. Pool, Marvin B. Poole, Mrs. Frederick Arthur Poole, Mrs. Marie R. Poor, Fred A. Pope, Herbert Poppenhagen, Henry J. Porter, Charles H. Porter, Edward C. Porter, Mrs. Frank S. Porter, Henry H. Porter, Louis Porter, Mrs. Sidney S. Portis, Dr. Sidney A. Post, Mrs. Philip Sidney Pottenger, William A. Poulson, Mrs. Clara L. Powills, Michael A. Pratt, Mrs. William E. Prentice, John K. Price, John McC. Primley, Walter S. Prince, Harry Prince, Rev. Herbert W. Prince, Leonard M. Pritchard, Richard E. Probst, Marvin G. Proxmirc, Dr. Theodore Stanley Prussing, Mrs. R. E. Pucci, Lawrence Puckey, F. W. Pulver, Hugo Purcell, Joseph D. Purcey, Victor W. Purdy, Sparrow E. Putnam, Miss Mabel C. Puttkammer, E. W. Pyterek, Rev. Peter H. Quick, Mi.ss Hattiemae Raber, Franklin RachefT, Ivan Radau, Hugo Radford, Mrs. W. A., Jr. Radniecki, Rev. Stanley Raff, Mrs. Arthur Raftree, Miss Julia M. Railton, Miss Frances Ramis, Leon Lipman Randall, Rev. Edwin J. Randall, Irving Raney, Mrs. R. J. Rankin, Miss Jessie H. Rassweiler, August Rathje, Frank C. Ravenscroft, Edward II. Raymond, Mrs. Howard D. Razim, A. J. Reach, Benjamin F. Redfield, William M. Redington, F. B. Redmond, Forrest H. Reed, Mrs. Frank D. Reed, Mrs. Lila H. Reed, Norris H. Reed, Mrs. Philip L. Reeve, Mrs. Earl Reffelt, Miss F. A. Regan, Mrs. Robert G. Regenstein, Joseph Regensteiner, Theodore Regnery, Frederick L. Regnery, William H. Reid, Mrs. Bryan Reingold, J. J. Remy, Mrs. William Renaldi, George J. Renshaw, Mrs. Charles RcQua, Mrs. Charles Howard, Jr. ReQua, Haven A. Rew, Mrs. Irwin 113 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Reynolds, Mrs. G. William Reynolds, Harold F. Reynolds, Mrs. J. J. Rice, Mrs. Charles R. Rice, Laurence A. Rich, Elmer Rich, Harry Richards, Mrs. Bartlett Richards, J. DeForest Richards, Donald Richards, Marcus D. Richardson, George A. Richardson, Guy A. Richter, Mrs. Adelyn W. Rickcords, Francis S. Ridgeway, Ernest Rieser, Leonard M. Rietz, Elmer W. Rietz, Walter H. Ripstra, J. Henri Ritchie, Mrs. John Rittenhouse, Charles J. Roberts, Mrs. John Roberts, John M. Roberts, Shepherd M. Roberts, Mrs. Warren R. Roberts, William Munsell Robertson, Hugh Robinson, Sanger P. Robinson, Theodore W., Jr. Robson, Miss Sarah C. Roche, Miss Emily Roderick, Solomon P. Rodgers, Dr. David C. Rodman, Thomas Clifford Rodman, Mrs. Hugh Roehling, Mrs. Otto G. Roehm, George R. Roesch, Frank P. Rogers, Miss Annie T. Rogers, Mrs. Bernard F. Rogers, Edward S. Rogers, Joseph E. Rogerson, Everett E. Roggenkamp, John Rogovsky, W. P. Rolfes, Gerald A. Roller, Fred S. Rolnick, Dr. Harry C. Romer, Miss Dagmar E. Root, John W. Rosborough, Dr. Paul A. Rosen, M. R. Rosenbaum, Mrs. Edwin S. Rosenfeld, M. J. Rosenfeld, Mrs. Maurice Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S. Rosenstone, Nathan Rosenstone, Samuel Rosenthal, Kurt Rosenthal, Lessing Rosenthal, Samuel R. Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Richard M. Ross, Joseph F. Ross, Robert C. Ross, Mrs. Robert E. Ross, Thompson Ross, Walter S. Roth, Aaron Roth, Mrs. Margit Hochsinger Rothacker, Watterson R. Rothschild, George William Routh, George E., Jr. Rozelle, Mrs. Emma Rubens, Mrs. Charles Rubloff, Arthur Rubovits, Theodore Ruckelhausen, Mrs. Henry Ruettinger, John W. Runnells, Mrs. Clive Rupprecht, Mrs. Edgar P. Rushton, Joseph A. Russell, Dr. Joseph W. Russell, Paul S. Rutledge, George E. Ryan, Mrs. William A. Ryerson, Mrs. Donald M. Sackley, Mrs. James A. Sage, W. Otis Salmon, Mrs. E. D. Sammons, Wheeler Sample, John Glen Sampsell, Marshall G. Sandidge, Miss Daisy Sands, Mrs. Frances B. Santini, Mrs. Randolph Sargent, Chester F. Sargent, John R. W. Sargent, Ralph Sauter, Fred J. Sawyer, Ainslie Y. Sawyer, Dr. Alvah L. Schacht, John H. Schafer, Mrs. Elmer J. Schafer, O. J. Schaffner, Mrs. Joseph Schaffner, Mrs. L. L. Scharin, Mrs. J. Hippach Scheinman, Jesse D. Schenck, Frederick Schermerhorn, W. I. Schlichting, Justus L. Schmidt, Dr. Charles L. Schmidt, Mrs. Minna Schmitz, Dr. Henry Schneider, D. G. Schneider, F. P. Schnering, Otto Y. Schnur, Ruth A. Scholl, Dr. William M. 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Shaw, Alfred P. 114 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS {Coniinued) Shaw, Mrs. Arch W. Sheldon, James M. Shelton, Dr. W. Eugene Shepherd, Mrs. Edith P. Shepherd, Miss Olive M. Sherman, Mrs. Francis C, Sr. Sherman, Mrs. W. W. Shields, James Culver Shillestad, John N. Shire, Moses E. Shoan, Nels Shorey, Clyde E. Short, J. R. Short, Miss Shirley Jane Shoup, A. D. Shroyer, Malcolm E. Shumway, Mrs. Edward DeWitt Sidley, William P. Siebel, Mrs. Ewald H. Sieck, Herbert Siegel, David T. Sigman, Leon Silander, A. I. Silberman, Charles Silberman, David B. Silberman, Hubert S. Sills, Clarence W. Silverstein, Ramond Silverthorne, George M. Simond, Robert E. Simonds, Dr. James P. Simpson, John M. Sincere, Henry B. Sinclair, Dr. J. Frank Singer, Mrs. Mortimer H. Sinsheimer, Allen Sisskind, Louis Sitzer, Dr. L. Grace Powell Skarrn, Kenneth W. Skleba, Dr. Leonard F. Sleeper, Mrs. Ohve C. Smith, Charles Herbert Smith, CHnton F. Smith, Mrs. E. A. Smith, Mrs. Emery J. Smith, Mrs. Frank S. Smith, Franklin P. 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Towne, Mrs. John D. C. Traer, Glenn W. Trask, Arthur C. Traylor, Mrs. Dorothy J. Traylor, Mrs. Melvin A., Jr. Treadwell, H. A. Trees, Merle J. Trenkmann, Richard A. Tripp, Chester D. Trombly, Dr. F. F. Trowbridge, Mrs. A. Buel, Jr. Trude, Mrs. Mark W. True, Charles H. Tumpeer, Joseph J. Turck, J. A. V. Turner, Alfred M. Turner, Mrs. Horace E. Tuthill, Mrs. Beulah L. Tuthill, Gray B. Tuttle, Mrs. Henry N. Ullmann, Herbert S. Upham, Mrs. Frederic W. Uriell, Francis H. Utter, Mrs. Arthur J. Vacin, Emil F. Valentine, Andrew L. Valentine, Joseph L. Valentine, Mrs. May L. Valentine, Patrick A. VanArtsdale, Mrs. Flora D. VanCleef, Felix VanCleef, Mrs. Noah VanCleef, Paul VanDellen, Dr. Theodore R. VanDeventer, Christopher Vanek, John C. VanSchaack, R. H., Jr. Van Winkle, James Z. VanZwoll, Henry B. Varel, Mrs. C. D. Vawter, William A., II Vehe, Dr. K. L. Vehon, Morris Verson, David C. Vial, Charles H. Vial, F. K. Vickery, Miss Mabel S. Vierling, Mrs. Louis Vogl, Otto VonColditz, Dr. G. Thomsen- vonGlahn, Mrs. August Voorhees, Mrs. Condit Voorhees, H. Belin Voynow, Edward E. Wade, Walter A. Wager, William Wagner, Fritz, Jr. Wagner, Louis A. Wahl, Arnold Spencer Wakerlin, Dr. George E. Walgreen, C. R., Jr. Walgreen, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, James Walker, Mrs. Paul Walker, Samuel J. Walker, William E. Wallace, Walter F. Waller, Mrs. Edward C. Waller, James B., Jr. Wallerich, George W. Wallovick, J. H. Walpole, S. J. Walsh, Dr. Eugene L. Walsh, Miss Mary Walther, Mrs. S. Arthur Wanner, Arthur L. Ward, Edwin J. Ward, Mrs. N. C. Wardwell, H. F. Wares, Mrs. Helen Worth Warfield, Edwin A. Warner, Mrs. John Eliot Warren, Allyn D. Warren, Paul G. Warren, Walter G. Warsh, Leo G. Washburne, Clarke Washburne, Hempstead, Jr. Washington, Laurence W. Wassell, Joseph Watson, William Upton Watts, Harry C. Watzek, J. W., Jr. Waud, E. P. Wayman, Charles A. G. Weber, Mrs. Will S. Webster, Arthur L. Webster, Miss Helen R. Webster, Henry A. Wedelstaedt, H. A. Wegner, Charles T., Jr. Weil, Mrs. Leon Weil, Martin Weiler, Rudolph Weiner, Charles Weiner, George Weinstein, Dr. M. L. Weinzelbaum, Louis L. Weis, Samuel W. Weisbrod, Benjamin H. Weiss, Mrs. Morton Weiss, Siegfried Weissbrenner, A. W. Weisskopf, Maurice J. Weisskopf, Dr. Max A. Welles, Mrs. Donald P. Welles, Mrs. Edward Kenneth Wells, Arthur H. Wells, Miss Cecilia Wells, Harry L. Wells, John E. Wells, Preston A. Wendell, Barrett Wendell, Miss Josephine A. Wentworth, John Wentworth, Mrs. Sylvia B. Wentz, Peter L. Werner, Frank A. Wertheimer, Joseph West, Miss Mary Sylvia West, Thomas H. Westerfeld, Simon Wetten, Albert H. Weymer, Earl M. Whealan, Emmett P. Wheeler, George A. Wheeler, Leo W. Wheeler, Leslie M. Wheeler, Mrs. Robert C. Whinery, Charles C. White, Mrs. James C. White, Joseph J. White, Richard T. White, Sanford B. White, Selden Freeman Whiting, Mrs. Adele H. Whiting, Lawrence H. Whittier, C. C. Widdicombe, Mrs. R. A. Wieland, Charles J. 116 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (Continued) Wieland, Mrs. George C. Wienhoeber, George V. Wilcox, Robyn Wilder, Harold, Jr. Wilder, Mrs. John E. Wilder, Mrs. Paul Wilker, Mrs. Milton W. Wilkey, Fred S. Wilkins, George Lester Wilkins, Miss Ruth C. Wilkinson, Mrs. George L. Wilkinson, John C. Willems, Dr. J. Daniel Willens, Joseph R. Willey, Mrs. Charles B. Williams, J. M. Williams, Kenneth Williamson, George H. Willis, Paul, Jr. Willis, Thomas H. Willner, Benton Jack, Jr. Wills, H. E. Wilms, Hermann P. Wilson, Harry Bertram Wilson, Mrs.'john R. Babb, W. E. Becker, Benjamin F. Breckinridge, Professor S. P. Butler, Burridge D. Butz, Herbert R. Carpenter, Mrs. George A. Chinnock, Mrs. Ronald J. Chritton, George A. deKoven, Mrs. John Dunham, Robert J. Evans, Evan A. Faurot, Henry Feltman, Charles H. Fox, Charles E. Gibbs, Dr. William W. Wilson, Miss Lillian M. Wilson, Morris Karl Wilson, Percy Wilson, Mrs." Robert H. Wilson, William Winans, Frank F. Windsor, H. H., Jr. Winston, Mrs. Bertram M. Winston, Hampden Winston, James H. Winter, Irving Wolf, Mrs. Albert H. Wolf, Walter B. Wolfe, Lloyd R. Wood, Mrs. Gertrude D. Wood, Mrs. Hettie R. Wood, Kay, Jr. Wood, Mrs. R. Arthur Wood, Robert E. Wood, WilUam G. Woodmansee, Fay Woods, Weightstill Worcester, Mrs. Charles H. Work, Robert Deceased, 1948 Goldenberg, Sidney D. Grulee, Lowry K. Haskins, Raymond G. Higinbotham, Harlow D. Himrod, Mrs. Frank W. Hurley, Edward N., Jr. Jennings, Mrs. Rosa V. Junkunc, Stephen Knott, Mrs. Stephen R. Krutckoff, Charles Lashley, Mrs. Karl S. Laylander, 0. J. Leavens, Theodore Lynch, William Joseph Mann, Albert C. Marwick, Maurice Montgomery, Dr. Albert H. Works, George A. Wright, H. C. Wright, Warren Wrigley, .Mrs. Charles W. Wupper, Benjamin F. Yerkes, Richard W. Yondorf, John David Yondorf, Milton S. Yondorf, Milton S., Jr. Yorkey, Mrs. Margaret Young, B. Bolsford Young, E. Frank Young, George W. Young, Hugh E. Zabel, Max W. Zabel, Mrs. Max W. Zapel, Elmer J. Zerler, Charles F. Ziebarth, Charles A. Zimmerman, Herbert P. Zimmerman, Louis W. Zinke, Otto A. Zork, David Morgan, Alden K. Morris, Mrs. Seymour Nahigian, Sarkis H. Neu, Clarence L. Neuffer, Paul A. Reach, William Reichmann, Alexander F. Spoor, Mrs. John A. Staley, Miss Mary B. Stein, Benjamin F. Stewart, Miss Eglantine Daisy Tatge, Mrs. Gustavus J. Thompson, Fred L. Warren, Paul C. Williams, Miss Anna P. NON'RESIDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Those, residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, who have contributed $50 to the Museum Baum, Mrs. James Brigham, Miss Lucy M. Lindboe, S. R. Meevers, Harvey Mitchell, W. A. Niederhauser, Homer Phillips, Montagu Austin Porter, Dr. Eliot F. Stevens, Edmund W. 117 Bigelow, Mrs. Ann Caples, William G. Horton, Mrs. Helen Hunt, George L. Knight, Mrs. John Kroehler, Kenneth Laing, William SUSTAINING MEMBERS Those who contribute $25 annually to the Museum Raymond, Dr. Albert L. Lessman, Gerhard Lynch, J. W. McLennan, Mrs. Donald R., Sr. Meyerhoff, A. E. Moore, Chester G. Price, W. G. F. Deceased, 1948 Eitel, Emil Shillinglaw, David L. Simpson, Lyman M. Stebler, W. J. Thome, Mrs. James W. Weil, Morton M. Williams, Rowland L. ANNUAL MEMBERS Those who contribute $10 annually to the Museum Abbell, Joseph J. Abbell, Maxwell Abbott, Edmund B. Abbott, Mrs. Howard C. Abbott, Mrs. John Jay Abeles, Alfred T. Adam, R. R. • Adams, Cyrus H. Adams, F. W. Adams, Harvey M. Adams, Hugh R. Adams, Hugh R., Jr. Adesko, Mrs. Thaddeus V. Adler, Mrs. William S. Adsit, Harold C. Agar, Mrs. John T. Aggerbeck, Leslie P. Aguinaldo, Miss Carmen Aitchison, Robert J. Alberts, Mrs. M. Lee Alessio, Frank Alex, Harold R. Alexander, John F. Alger, Frederick W. Allais, Airs. Arthur L. Allen, Albert H. Allen, Amos G. Allen, Frank W. Alton, Robert Leslie Amberg, Harold V. Amberg, Miss Mary Agnes Ameismaier, Julius Amtman, Dr. Leo Andersen, Mrs. Helen Somerville Anderson, Hugo A. Antonow, Joseph P. Appleton, Albert L Appleton, John Albert Appley, Lawrence A. Arado, A. D. Arden, Percy H. Arndt, Albert Arneson, H. D. Arnkoff, Dr. Morris Arnold, Mrs. Clarice Arnold, Frank M. Arnold, Mrs. Hugo F. Arnold, Robert M. Arnolt, Kenneth Arvey, Mrs. Jacob M. Aschermann, N. J. Ashcraft, Edwin M., Ill Ashenhurst, John At wood, Carl E. Augustiny, Edward D. Austerlade, William R. Austin, Edwin C. Austin, Dr. Margaret Howard Austrian, Mrs. H. S. Avery, Guy T. Babbitt, Mrs. Ross M. Bach, Peter A. Bacon, Wilbur C. Baer, Arthur A. Bailev, Warren G. Baird, E. E. Baker, Mrs. Marion Herbert Baldwin, C. M. Baldwin, George Baldwin, Dr. S. GHdden Baldwin, Airs. Walsh Balfanz, Henry W. Ballard, Mrs. E. S. Baiter, Aaron L. Bankard, E. Hoover, Jr. Banks, Miss Ann R. Barbee, Beatrice Barber, H. B. Bard, Albert T. Bardwell, William U. Barker, Charles P Barker, James M. Barker, William R. Barnes, George Barnes, Mrs. Harold Osborne Barnes, William H. Baroody, E. T. Barr, Charles L. Barr, Lyman Barrett, Miss Adela Barrett, Lawrence H. Barrett, Oliver R. Barrett, Timothy A. Barriger, John W., Ill Barron, Maurice J. Barrowclough, George L. Bartholomay, Henry C. Bartholomay, William, Jr. Bartlett, George S. Bas, Marvin J. Basler, Norbert Bass, Charles Bast, O. D. Basten, Ray F. Bates, Dr. A. Allan Baukus, J. Algert Bauman, John Sprague Bauman, Walter J. Bay, Dr. Emmet B. Bav, Joseph T. Beall, R. M. Bean, Ferrel M. Beatty, Ross J., Jr. 118 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Bechtner, Paul Becker, Matthew G. Beckwith, William J. Beelman, Hugh C. Beers-Jones, L. Beilin, Dr. David S. Bell, Charles M. Bell, Herbert E. Beman, Lynn W. Bender, Mrs. Charles Bengston, Henry Bengtson, J. Ludvig Benjamin, Mrs. Bert R. Benjamin, Edward Benner, Miss Harriet Bennett, Bertram W. Bennett, Dwight W. Bensinger, Robert F. Benson, Arnon N. Benson, Rev. Oscar A. Benson, Paul Benson, William A, Bentley, Claude R. Benton, Daniel L. Bere, Lambert Bergen, Garret L. Berger, R. O. Bergfors, Emery E. 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Brown, Robert C, Jr. Brown, William W. Browne, Mrs. Grace Greenwood Browne, Leon S. Browning, John T. Brucker, Dr. Matthew W. Bruckner, Mrs. Eugene E. Brunker, Albert R. Brush, Kenneth H. Bucklen, Harley R. Budd, John M. Buik, George C. Bulfer, Dr. Andrew F. Bulger, Thomas S. Bull, Otto E. Bunn, B. H. Burckert, F. D. Burdick, Charles B. Burgee, Joseph Z. Burke, James E. Burkill, Edward W. Burnell, Edward J. Burnet, Mrs. W. A. Burns, Patrick C. Burrows, Arthur A. Burrows, Robert Burtis, Clyde L. Busch, Francis X. Buswell, Guy T. Butler, Burtram B. Butterfield, George P. Butz, Mrs. Robert O. Byfield, Ernest L. Byrnes, William Jerome Byron, Samuel S. Cabeen, Richard McP. Cadwell, Charles S. Caesar, O. E. Caiazza, Theodore M. Caldwell, Lvnton W. Callahan, B. K. Callan, T. J. Calvin, Frank J. Campbell, Charles H. Campbell, Che.sser M. O ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Campbell, Donald A. Campbell, Donald F., Jr. Campbell, G. Murray Cantwell, L. Yager Carl, Otto Frederick Carleton, Horace M. Carlington, William M. Carlisle, Mrs. William T. Carlton, Mrs. Frank A. Carney, Robert F. Carp, Joseph T. Carpenter, John Alden Carr, George Wallace Carroll, Albert Carroll, James J. Carroll, Martin F. Carstens, Milton S. Carter, C. B. Casey, Rev. Joseph A. Caspers, Paul Cassady, Thomas G. Cassetty, Rev. W. M., Jr. Cassinerio, Mrs. Edna D. Cathcart, Mrs. James A. Cech, James F. Cervenka, John A. Chapman, Ralph Chapman, Richard R. Chase, Edward G. Chermayeff, Serge Cheskin, David B. Chesler, Morton C. Chimenti, Dante Chrisos, Dr. Sam S. Chrissinger, Horace B. Christiansen, Carl H. Christopher, Dr. G. L. Citterman, Solomon Cizinauskas, Henry Clark, A. B. Clark, Chester J. Clark, Glenn A. Clark, James H. Clark, Dr. James Wilson Clark, Miss O. M. Clark, Mrs. Ralph E. Clark, Robert H. Clarke, Mrs. A. S. C. Clarke, David R. Clarke, Mrs. Philip R. Clements, J. A. Clifford, Barry J. Clifford J. S. Clizbe, Mrs. F. O. Clonick, Herbert J. Clow, J. Beach Clow, Kent S. Cobbey, J. A. Coen, Thomas M. Cohen, Archie H. Cohen, Harry Cohen, Louis L. Cole, Cornelius C. Cole, Miss Marion W. Cole, Sander W. Coleman, Harry M. Collier, John H. Collings, Charles H. Collins, Arthur W. Collins, Mrs. Frank P. Colvin, Miss Bonnie Combiths, Mrs. Wallace T. Combs, Earle M., Jr. Conant, E. D., Jr. Condon, E. J. Cone, Fairfax M. Conn, Warner S. Connolly, R. E. Connors, Mrs. Thomas A. Conquest, Victor Conroy, D. A. Consoer, Arthur W. Coogan, Dr. T. J. Cook, Charles E. Cook, Junius F., Jr. Cook, Leslie H. Cook, Robert B. Cook, Wallace L. Cook, William V. Cooke, Thomas Edward Cooper, Charles H. Cooper, S. Robert Corey, Ernest F. Corliss, Allen G. Cornwell, Dr. H. J. Costigan, Mrs. Eve Charles Coutney, Worth C. Coverley, Mrs. Cecile Covington, John R. Crage, Dr. Francis M. Cragg, Mrs. George L. Craig, Arthur B. Cram, Mrs. Norman Creden, Samuel G. Cretors, C. J. Crew. Ben L. Crippen, Phillip R., Jr. Crites, Joe Crocker, Miss Edith E. Crowder, James L. Crowell, Dr. Bowman Corning Culbertson, James G. Culbertson, Samuel A., II Cullinan, George J. Culpepper, Dr. William L. Culver, Charles G. Culver, Sydney K. Cummings, Dr. C. A. Cummings, Mrs. Tilden Cummings, Nathan Cunningham, Robert M. Curda, Frank R. Curry, Rev. James C. Curtis, John G. Cushman, Dr. Beulah Cushman, Robert S. Cutler, Paul William Dahl, William G. Dale, Arthur G. Dallwig, P. G. Daly, James J. Danielson, Reuben G. Darby, Raymond J. Darfler, Walter L. Darr, H. S. Daspit, Walter David, Sigmund W. Davidson, Donald Davies, Mrs. H. G. Davis, Arthur G. Davis, Mrs. Charles P. Davis, Charles S. Davis, David Davis, Mrs. DeWitt, III Davis, Harry E. Davis, Paul H. Davis, Ralph W. Davis, W. DeO., Jr. DeCosta, H. J. Dee, P. J. Deeming, W. S. Deffenbaugh, Roy R. Dekker, Miss Louise Dempsey, John S. DeParcq, William H. DePencier, Mrs. Joseph R. Depue, Oscar B. D'Esposito, Joshua DeWitt, E. J. Dick, Mrs. Edison Dick, Mrs. Robert F. Dickerson, Earl B. Dickerson, Mrs. Fred G. Dickinson, Phil S. Diehl, Newcomb W. Diercks, Wilford R. Diggs, Dr. N. Alfred Dillbahner, Frank Dingeldein, Karl A. Dinkelman, Harry Director, Harry J. Dixon, Mrs. Wesley M. Dixson, Mrs. V. B. Dodd, Walter F. Doddridge, Lee B. Dole, Mrs. Andrew R. Dolke, W. Fred Donahue, Elmer W. Donnelley, Thorne 120 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Doolittle, John R. Doroshaw, J. M. Dorpols, Frank L. Dougherty, Mrs. Jean E. Douglas, William C. Douglass, F. S. Douglass, Dr. Thomas C. Dovenmuehle, George H. Dowd, Mrs. Frank J. Dowell, Maynard Downey, John J. Downing, Dr. James R. Downs, Charles S. Downs, James C, Jr. Doyle, Miss Alice Drake, Charles R. Drake, G. T. Drake, L. J. Drake, Robert T. Drake, Mrs. Seth C. Draper, Henry P. Draper, Mrs. Walter D. Dressel, Charles L. Dreyfus, Maurice M. Driscoll, Robert Dry, Meyer Dubin, Joseph Dubkin, Leonard Dudak, Paul Dudley, Mrs. Raymond C. Duggan, Charles F. Dulsky, Louis Dunigan, Edward B. Dunkleman, Gabriel Dunlap, George G. Dunwody, A. B. Durham, R. Gregory Durham, R. J. Durham, WiUiam E. DuVal, Edward R. Duval, Dr. Emile C. Duval, Nathaniel E. Dvonch, Dr. William J. Dwyer, J. E. Dyon, Miss Jane Easter, Mrs. Donald W. Eckhouse, George H. Eddy, Alfred K. Eddy, PhiHp E. Edelstone, Benjamin J. Edgerly, Daniel W. Edwards, G. H. Ehrlicher, James G. Eichin, Airs. Charles Eiger, Richard Norris Eirinberg, Robert Eisenberg, David B. Eismann, William Elden, A. D. Eldred, Mrs. Harriot W. Elkan, Leo H. Ellington, J. E. Elliott, Dr. Arthur R. Elliott, Mrs. Edwin P. Ellis, Hubert C. Ellis, Will S. Elson, Ale.x Emery, DeWitt Emery, Mrs. Fred A. Endicott, DeWitt Endicott, George F. Engh, Arthur C. Epstein, Mrs. Arnold Erickson, L. Hyland Eshbaugh, C. Harold Essley, E. Porter Etheredge, Gilbert Ettlinger, A. Evans, Mrs. Arthur T. Evans, John Ford Evans, Thomas W. Evers, John W., Jr. Fair, Charles L. Fairchild, Edmund Fairman, Miss Marian Faissler, John J. Falls, Dr. F. H. Fantus, Ernest L. Farnsworth, Mrs. George J. Farrell, Mrs. Ernest H. Farwell, Albert D. Farwell, Mrs. Arthur Fell, Peter V. Feld, Max Fenn, John F. Fensholt, A. H. Ferguson, H. K. Ferrara, Salvatore Ferry, Mrs. Frank Fiedler, Stuart O. Field, Mrs. James A. Field, John S. Field, Mrs. Wentworth G. Field, Mrs. William A. Fifelski, Edwin P. Fifer, Russell Figueira, W. A. Finlay, Henry A., Jr. Finn, B. L. Fischer, Mrs. Louis E. Fish, Mrs. Sigmund C. Fisher, G. Howard Fisher, Ira L Fisher, Mrs. Katrinka Fisher, Maurice Fisher, Nathan Fisher, Mrs. Raymond Fishlove, Irving H. Fishman, Samuel Fisk, Albert Fitpold, Michael H. Fitzgerald, Dr. J. E. Fitzgerald, R. W. Fitzpatrick, James J. Flacks, Reuben S. Fletcher, Joseph Fletcher, R. F. Fletcher, R. P. Flett, James Floreen, Adolph R. Florsheim, Leonard S. Fogo, Mrs. Hugh M. Foley, Dr. Edmund F. Foley, Frank J. Forth, Milburn L. Fortin, Joseph T. Foss, Allan A. Foster, George P. Foster, Mrs. Kellam Foster, William S. Fouche, Mrs. G. R. Fowler, Mrs. Earle B. Fowler, Edgar C. Fowler, Walter E. Fox, Clarence E. Franche, Mrs. Darius C, Sr. Frank, Augustus J. Frank, Mrs. Lee Frank, Marvin Frank, Raymond W. Frankenberg, Arthur E. Frankenbush, O. E. Frankenstein, Rudolph Franklin, Egington Franz, Herbert G. Franz, Mrs. John N. Frazee, Seward C. Frederick, Mrs. George B. Fredrickson, Carl Fredrickson, J. Simon Freeman, Charles Y., Jr. Freeman, David A. Freeman, Thomas B. Freeto, Clarence E. Fremont, Miss Ruby Freund, Mrs. I. H. Friedberg, Dr. Stanton A. Frieder, Edward Friedeman, Richard F. Friedlob, Fred M. Friedman, Dr. Townsend B. Frothingham, Mrs. Naneen R. Fugard, John R. Fuhrer, Max Fuhry, Joseph G. 121 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Fuller, Mrs. Eugene White Furedy, Frank Furth, Lee J. Gabel, Walter H. Gage, John N. Galanti, Mrs. Charles P. Gale, Abram Gale, M. J. Gallauer, William GaMache, Louis L. Gamrath, Elmer H. Gantner, Edward G. Garside, Dr. Earl Gary, Charles V. Gary, Theodore S. Gatenby, John W., Jr. Gatzert, Mrs. August Gaudio, Charles C. Gaul, Hermann J., Sr. Gaw, George D. Gaylord, Mrs. Sol H. Genther, Charles B. Geiger, Joseph S. Geiger, S. G. Gelder, Miss Madeline Geraghty, James K. Geraghty, Mrs. Thomas F. Gerrard, J. M. Gettleman, Samuel R. Getz, Oscar Giblin, John N. Gidwitz, Gerald Giesbert, Mrs. Carl A. Giles, Dr. Chauncey D. Gill, Joseph L. Gillett, W. N. Gillies, Fred M. Gilman, James W. Gilroy, John F. Girard, Charles A. Girvin, Ramon B. Gits, Mrs. Remi J., Sr. Glade, George H., Jr. Glader, Frank J. Glaser, James M. R. Glavin, Dr. Edmund M. Glenn, Robert R. Click, Edward R. Click, Louis G. Glover, Chester L. Gluesing, Mrs. C. Edward Godchaux, Leon G. Coder, Joseph Godey, John W. Godie, A. L. Goes, Otto W. Goff, Moulton B. Golden, Mrs. Samuel M. Goldich, David E. Goldschmidt, M. Goldstein, Dr. Abraham Goldstein, Mrs. Benjamin F. Goldthorp, Ellsworth Gomberg, Dr. Harry Gonnerman, Mrs. Allan W. Good, Arthur P. Good, Charles E. Goodall, John C. Goodbar, Harry L. Goodhart, Mrs. H. J. Goodman, Ralph L. Goodman, Mrs. William D. Goodrich, Miss Josephine Goodrich, Miss Juliet T. Goodson, Orr Gordon, Edward Gorski, Martin Gourfain, A. S., Jr. Grabbe, Werner H. Graff, Earl H. GrafRs, Herbert Grage, William Graham, John L. Grauer, Milton H. Grauer, Dr. Theophil P. Graves, Dr. Robert Elliott Graw, Harry J. Grav, A. S. Gray, Carl R., Jr. Gray, E. Richmond Green, Mrs. Dwight H. Green, Norman C. Green, Walter H. Greenhouse, Jacob Greenlee, William B. Gregg, John P. Grein, Joseph Gresham, Mrs. Laura E. Griffin, Mrs. James A., Jr. Griglik, Casimir Grimes, J. Frank Groble, Edward B. Grochowski, Mrs. G. S. Groebe, Louis G. Groenwald, F. A. Grosberg, Charles Grosse, Richard H. Grove, C. G. Grove, Miss Helen H. Gruendel, Mrs. George H. Gudis, Theodore B. Gumbinger, Miss Dora Gunnar, Mrs. H. P. Gunther, George E. Gurley, F. G. Gustafson, C. L Gustafson, Rev. David Gutgsell, Mrs. Emil J. Guthenz, S. M. Guthrie, S. Ashley Haas, Mrs. Caroline M. Hachmeister, A. W. Hackett, Mrs. Karleton S. Haddow, W^illiam Haeger, E. H. Hagev, Harry H., Jr. Hagey, J. F. Haigh, D. S. Haines, Mrs. James J. Hajek, Henry F. Hall, Arthur B. Hall, Cameron A. Hall, Clifford F. Hall, Mrs. Evelyn F. Hall, Miss Fanny A. Hall, Harry Hall, Louis W. Halligan, W. J. Halvorsen, Mrs. F. H. Ham, Mrs. Harold Hamill, Dr. Ralph C. Hamill, Mrs. Robert W. Hamilton, Mrs. Gurdon H. Hamm, George A. Hammond, Stevens H. Handtmann, G. E. Hank, Bernard J. Hanley, R. Emmett Hansen, Mrs. Arthur R. Hansen, Helmer Hanses, Edward H. Harding, Carroll Rede Harding, William H. Hardwicke, Harry Hardy, Edward K. Hardy, Julian H. Hardy, Mrs. L. Martin Hardy, Dr. Thomas E. Hargrave, Homer P. Harman, Dr. Hubert F. Harper, Mrs. Paul V. Harpole, Louis Harrington, Miss Frances Harrington, George Bates Harris, Benjamin R. Harris, Mrs. Mortimer B. Harshaw, Myron T. Hart, C. B. Hart, Mrs. G. H. Hart, Mrs. H. G. Hart, Louis E. Hartman, Mrs. Irvin H. Hartman, Milton C. 122 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Harvey, Byron S. Harvey, Mrs. Harold B. Harvey, James D. Hasbrook, Howard F. Haserodt, E. V. Haskell, Clinton H. Haskins, Robert E. Hatfield, W. A. Hathawav, Mrs. Carter H. Hattstaedt, Mrs. John J. Hauck, Clayson J. Hauter, Mrs. A. N. Hawkes, Joseph B. Hawkinson, Dr. Oscar Hawthorne, Vaughn R. Haynes, Charles Webster Haynes, Frank M. Haynes, Gideon, Jr. Haynes, John Thompson Haynes, L. S. Haynie, R. G. Haywood, Ralph Hazen, Theodore D. Heald, Mrs. Henry T. Heavey, John C. Hechler, Mrs. William D. Heckel, Edmund P. Hedly, Arthur H. Hedrich, Mrs. Otto H. Heifetz, Samuel Hein, Paul S. Helgason, Arni Henderson, B. E. Henderson, G. B. Henderson, Kenneth M. Henner, H. I. Henner, Dr. Robert Hennessey, William S. Henriksen, H. M. Henry, Sister Mary Hensel, Paul G., Jr. Herman, Eli Herman, Maxwell R. Hershenson, Edward Hertwig, Fred A. Hertz, J. H. Hesseltine, Dr. H. Close Hetherington, Mrs. Murray D. Hetreed, Dr. Francis W. Hewes, Howard H. Heyden, Edward B. Heyworth, Mrs. John R. Hibben, Joseph W. Hickey, C. R. Hicks, Joseph W. Hildebrand, Walter H. Hilker, Carl Hill, Mrs. Cyrus G. Hill, Mrs. Elmer C. Hill, Miss Meda A. Hilton, Henry Mark Hilton, Howard H. Hinman, Sherwood V. Hinshaw, Hainer Hipskind, Donald F. Hirsch, Edwin W. Hirtenstein, Robert E. Hitchings, LeRoy K. Hoag, Mrs. Junius C. Hoag, Dr. Walter C. Hoban, Dr. Eugene T. Hobbs, Mrs. J. P. Hobbs, Russell D. Hoben, H. H. Hochfeldt, William F. Hocking, Charles H. Hockman, Miss Miriam L. Hoefer, Max Hoefman, Harold L. Hoffman, Joseph Hogenson, William Hogsten, Mrs. Yngve Hohenadel, Frank A. Hohman, Dr. Ned U. Hokin, Barney E. Hokin, Samuel E. Holabird, Mrs. I. B. Holabird, William Holcomb, Mrs. R. R. Holgate, H. Nels Holland, Jesse J. Hollar, Philip A. Holloway, J. L. Holzman, Alfred Honor, Herzl W. Hooper, A. F. Hopkins, Dr. M. B. Hoppe, Carl E. Horowitz, Charles I. Horton, Mrs. Arthur Horween, Ralph Horwich, Alan H. Horwich, Philip Horwitz, Irving A. Hottinger, William H., Jr. Houda, Dr. Leo Hough, William J. House, Woodford W. Houser, A. M. Howard, Mrs. Edith Sackett Howard, Hubert E. Howell, William C. Hoyt, N. Landon, Jr. Hubachek, Frank Brookes Hudson, William J. Huettmann, Fred Hughes, Frank W. Huguenor, Lloyd B. Hull, A. E. Hulson, J. W. Humplireys, J. Ross Plumphrevs, Mrs. Robert E. Hunncmann, Miss Almu M. Hunt, Mrs. William O. Hurlbut, Mi.ss Elizabeth J. Hurley, G. B. Hurley, Mrs. John A. Hurley, Kaymoiul J. Hurley, Stephen E. Hutchison, Dr. William A. Hutmacher, Ray R. Hutton, Mi.ss Frances lone Huxley, Henry M. Huxtable, Miss Barbara Leslie Hynes, D. P. Hypes, S. L. Iker, Charles Ingram, Lawrence Ireland, Rav W. Ives, R. O. Jackett, C. A. Jackson, Byrne A. Jackson, W. H. Jacky, Fred Jacobs, Nate Jacobs, Mrs. Walter H. Jaeobsohn, Master Richard Harvey Jalkut, Lee D. James, Ralph C. Jame.son, A. R. Janda, Joseph J. Janus, Christopher G. Jarvis, William B. Jenner, Mrs. Austin Jennings, Ralph C. Jensen, George P. Jesmer, Julius Job, Dr. Thesle T. Johanigman, S. E. Johnson, Alfred C. Johnson, Mrs. Doris Hurtig Johnson, Edmund G. Johnson, Dr. G. Erman John.son, H. A. Johnson, Dr. Harvey C. Johnson, Herbert M. Johnson, Julius Johnson, Miss Mayde B. Johnson, Miss Millie C. Johnson, R. C. 123 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Johnson, R. T. Johnson, R. W. Johnson, Dr. Torrey M. Johnston, A. J. Johnston, Bernard F. Johnston, Hulburd Jolls, Thomas H. Jolly, John W. Jones, Howard B. Jones, Owen Barton Jones, Mrs. Walter Clyde Julian, John A. Jung, C. C. Kahler, William V. Kahn, Fred S. Kahoun, John A. Kamm, Harold J. Kampmeier, August G. Kane, Daniel Francis Kanter, Dr. Aaron E. Kaplan, Samuel Karp, Elmer H. Karpen, Leo Karras, Sidney G. Kasbohm, Leonard H. Kaspar, Ray Kaumeyer, Mrs. E. A. Kaye, Harry Keach, Benjamin Kearns, Mrs. Jerry J. Keck, Mathew Keeler, Mrs. Edwin R. Keeler, Leonarde Keene, William J. Keeney, Frank P. Keeton, Dr. Robert W. Keim, Melville Keith, Elbridge Keller, L C. Keller, M. J. Kelley, Mrs. Phelps Kellogg, Harry E. Kellogg, James G. Kellogg, John Payne Kelly, T. L. Kelly, Mrs. T. L. Kelly, Charles Scott Kendall, G. R. Kendall, Victor R. Kennedy, Dr. Fred A. Kennedy, J. G. Kennedy, James H. Kenney, Hugh D. Kerr, Leslie H. Ketcham, Leon J. Kidwell, James E. Kidwell, L. B. Kidwell, Richard E. Kiefer, Mrs. Rose M. Kilanowski, Mitchell Kilberry, F. H. Kiley, Dr. Matthew J. Kimball, Paul G. Kimball, Mrs. Ralph R. Kimes, Gerald C. King, H. R. King, J. Andrews King, Mrs. John Lord King, Thomas R. King, Wilfred J. King, Willard L. Kingham, J. J. Kinnett, D. H. Kipp, Lester E. Kirby, Dr. William Kirkman, Robert A. Kirst, Lyman R. Klapman, Philip A. Klein, Mrs. A. S. Klein, Dr. David Klemperer, Leo A. Kling, Leopold Knecht, Mrs. T. L. Knight, Dr. Alva A. Knol, Nicholas Knourek, William M. Knowlson, J. S. Knutson, A. C. Koch, Carl Koehn, Carl W. Koehnlein, Wilson 0. Koenig, O. N. Koenig, Dr. Z. C. Kohn, Henry L. Kohn, Louis A. Kolkmeyer, Ralph W. Kollar, Dr. John A., Jr. Kollenberg, A. E. Kolssak, Louis A. Koltz, George C, Jr. Kopinski, Louis Kort, George Kos, Victor A. Kosner, Mrs. Jaroslava B. Kostrzewski, Dr. M. J. Kotas, Rudolph J. Krafft, Walter A. Krag, Franz K. Kramer, Herman J. Krane, Leonard J. Krasberg, Rudolph Kratsch, Charles Krautter, L. Martin Krinsley, Lazarus Krogh, E. E. Kroll, Harry Kroll, Morris Krotter, Miss Nellie M. Krotz, Harry W., Jr. Kruggel, Arthur Krumdieck, Leo Kruse, W. K. Kuechenberg, W. A. Kuehn, Miss Katherine Kuehn, Oswald L. Kuhnen, Mrs. George H. Kuhns, Mrs. H. B. Laeey, Miss Clara R. Lachman, Harold Laird, Robert S. Lancaster, A. Pope Landis, Maxwell Landreth, John T. Lane, George A. Lane, Howard Laney, Seymour J. Lang, Eugene C. Langan, Harley B. Lange, A. G. Lange, Hugo C. Lange, Dr. WilHam H. Langen, Ray Langer, Joseph S. Langert, A. M. Langford, Joseph P. Laramore, Florian E. Large, Judson Larsen, Roy R. Larson, Elis L. Larson, Simon P. Lasch, Charles F. Lasch, Harry Laser, M. T. Lash, Dr. A. F. Latham, Carl Ray Launder, Ray S. Laven, C. L. Lavers, A. W. Law, M. A. LeBeau, C. A. Lee, A. Franklin Lee, Miss Alice Stephana Lee, Arthur K. Lee, John H. Lehman, O. W. Leibrandt, George F. Leonard, Arthur G., Jr. Leonard, Arthur S. Leonard, John D. Lerch, William H. Levin, Louis Levin, Robert E. Levine, William Levine, William D. Levinson, John O. Levitan, Moses Levy, Harry W. Levy, Paul Lewis, B. F. Lewis, Mrs. Walker 0. Lichtenstein, Walter Liebenow, J. Gus Liffshin, Reuben J. 124 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Coulinued) Lifvendahl, Dr. Richard A. Lind, Paul B. N. Lindeman, John H. Lindenmeyer, Conrad A. Lindsay, Mrs. Martin Lindsey, Dr. Maude L. Lindsley, A. J. Line, Dr. Eva J. Lingott, Richard H. Linthicum, J. Francis Lipman, Abraham Lippincott, R. R. Lippman, Mrs. William Lipsey, Howard Lipshutz, Joseph Litschgi, Dr. J. J. Llewellyn, Mrs. K. Lloyd, Miss Georgia Lloyd, Glen A. Lloyd, WilUam B., Jr. Lochridge, Ben S. Lochridge, W. F. Lock, Dr. Frank Lock, Gilbert L. Lockefer, Frank V. Lockett, Harold Lockwood, Lawrence A. Lockwood, Robert R. Loeb, Arthur A. Loeb, Mrs. Ernest G. Loebe, David E. Loebe, Edward E. Loeser, Edward M. Loevenhart, Edward H. Loewenstein, Richard M. Lofquist, Karl E. Loftus, Mrs. Clarence J. Logan, Waldo H. Logelin, Edward C, Jr. Lome, Philip Loomis, Miss Marie Looney, Charles C. Lorance, Mrs. Luther M. Lorber, Herbert J. Loring, Mrs. Arthur A. Loung, George, Jr. Love, John T. Love, John T. Lovejoy, Mrs. Winfred L. Low, John M. Lowitz, Joseph Lowry, Miss Caryl A. Lowy, Walter H. Ludolph, Arthur L. Lund, Harry A. Lundgren, T)t. Albert T. Lundgren, Sten J. Lundy, Dr. Clayton J. Lundy, Francis L. Luthmers, Francis E. Lutterbeck, Dr. Eugene F. Lynch, Mrs. Cora E. Lyon, Mrs. Jeneva A. MacArthur, Donald Macdonald, Miss Dorothy MacFarland, Hays Macfarland, Lanning Macfarlane, Mrs. W. E. Mack, Joseph Mackenzie, Wentworth Park MacKenzie, William J. Mackie, N. S. MacKiewich, Justin MacLean, Mrs. John A., Jr. MacLean, William P. Maddock, Miss Alice E. Maddock, Mrs. Walter G. Maison, Mrs. L. G. Mall, Arthur W. Mallegg, O. O. Manasse, DeWitt J. Manchester, Donald S. Mandeville, Maurice Mangan, R. K. Mannette, Mrs. Russell L. Manning, Frank E. Manning, Frederick W. Manning, Mrs. Herbert S. Manning, Dr. Paul D. V. Mannion, Michael H. Manno, Vincent P. Mansfield, Alfred W. Manta, Mrs. John L. Manz, George R. Marchant, Miss Lilian Marcus, Abel Maremont, Arnold H. Markman, Samuel K. Markoff, William Marks, Dr. Louis M. Marling, Mrs. Franklin, Jr. Marnane, James D. Marquart, Arthur A. Marrs, Dean Marsh, E. S. Marshall, Charles A. Martin, Miss Blanche Martin, Cecil Martin, Mrs. John Sayre, Jr. Martin, Mrs. Louise C. M. Marx, Archibald B. Mastri, Dr. Aquil Matchett, Hugh .M. Mathi'wson, Lynn L. Mathieu, Auguste Mattes, Harold C. Matthews, Francis E. Matthews, J. H. Mautncr, Leo A. Maxon, R. C. Maxwell, Mrs. Augustus K. Maxwell, Lee R. May, Sol Maybrun, Arthur E. Mayer, Edwin W. C. Mayer, Richard Maywald, Elmer C. Mazurek, Miss Olive McAllister, H. J. McAnlv, H. T. McArthur, Mrs. S. W. McBride, W. Paul McCafTrev, J. L. McCain, Patrick D. McCaleb, Albert G. McCann, Charles J. McClellan, John H. McCHntock, J. 0. McClurg, Verne 0. McCollum, C. E. McCoy, Charles S. McCreery, C. L. McCurdie, N. J. McDowell, Miss Ada V. McDuffie, George J. McEldowney, C. R. McErlean, Charles F. McGraw, John F. McGreevy, R. E. McGuigan, James V. McGuire, Simms D. McHenry, Irving McHenry, Roland Mclnerney, Joseph A. McKay, Dwight McKay, Miss Mabel McKee, Albert E. McKee, William F. McKellar, Archibald D. McKibbin, Mrs. George B. McKittrick, C. E. McKy. Keith B. McLaughlin, A. G. McLaughlin, Mrs. George D. McLaughlin, Dr. James H. McLaurin, John M. McMahon, Miss Nellie G. McMaster, A. B. McNally, Frederick L. 125 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) McNamara, Donald McC. McNamara, Robert C. McNamee, Miss Margie McNulty, James J. McPherson, David C. McSurely, Mrs. William H. Meadors, Mrs. Howard C. Meek, Miss Margaret E Meers, James D. Megan, Gravdon Mehaflfey, Robert V. Mehan, J. H. Meidell, Harold Meiszner, John C. Mekler, L. A. Melgaard, B. B. Mell, William E. Mellinghausen, Parker Melum, H. William Mentzer, John P. Merkle, B. J. Merricks, Mrs. James W. Merritt, Thomas W. Mertz, Miss Henriette Mesirow, H. G. Mesirow, Norman M. Metcalf, Gordon M. Metcoff, Eli Metzenberg, John B. Meyer, Albert F. Meyer, Mrs. Alfred C. Meyer, Stanton M. Meyer, Wallace Michaelsen, Christian S. Michels, Mrs. George Milbrook, A. T. Millard, A. E. Millard, Mrs. E. L. Miller, Dr. C. O. Miller, C. R. Miller, Claude R. Miller, Creighton S. ^liller, Gilbert H. Miller, Mrs. Grace Edwards Miller, Harvev O. Miller, Karl B. Miller, M. Glen Miller, Mahlon D. Miller, Miss Marian IVIiller, Marvin D. Miller, Milton T. Miller, Robert H. Miller, W. S. Miller, Willard M. Miller, William H. Milles, Leo H. Milliken, J. H. Milliren, Glenn A. Mills, Ben Milnor, George S. Mirabella, Mrs. S. F. Miske, Erwin K. Mitchell, Harry L. Mitchell, Mrs. James Herbert Mitchell, Mrs.R. B. Mizen, Frederic Kimball Modene, Oscar F. Mollendorf, J. D. Molter, Harold M onsen, Myron T. Moore, Donald F. Moore, Harold A. Moore, Harold T. Moore, Dr. Josiah J. Moore, Kenneth W. Moore, Lucien W. Moore, Oscar L. Moorman, Charles L. Moran, John T. Morey, Albert A. Alorgan, Fred C. Morgaridge, K. E. Mork, P. R. Morris, Milton H. Morrow, Mrs. John, Jr. Mortimer, Charles A. Mortvedt, Rev. Ariel 0. Mossman, John E. Moulder, P. V. Mudd, Mrs. J. A., Jr. Mudge, Frederick S. Mueller, Mrs. Florian Muench, C. G. Muir, Edward G. Mulcahy, Mrs. Michael F. Mulford, Holbrook Mulligan, Joseph B. Mullin, Miss Frances AL Mullins, Harley W. Munnecke, Mrs. Wilbur C. Munson, Lyle Murchison, T. E. Murphy, J. P. Murphv, Morgan F. Murphy, P. M. Murray, M. W. Murray, William M. Musick, Philip Lee Myers, Harold B. Myers, Milton M. Nabat, A. S. Naffz, Mrs. L. E. Nafziger, R. L. Nagel, Mrs. Frank E. Nash, R. D. Nath, Bernard Nau, Otto F. Neff, Ward A. Nelson, Charles M. Nelson, Earl W. Nelson, Mrs. Henri E. Nemer, Fred Ness, J. Stanley Newberger, Ralph Newcomer, Mrs. Paul Newman, Charles H. Newman, Mrs. Jacob Newton, Dr. Roy C. Nichols, Donald E. Nichols, Dr. Harry Nielsen, Thorvald Nilson, Alfred R. Nisen, Charles M. Noble, Daniel E. Noble, Guy L. Nolte, Mrs. Charles B. Norman, Dr. F. E. Norman, Mrs. Hedwig Norris, Airs. James North, Airs. F. S. North, Harold F. Norton, Christopher D. Norton, G. A. Norton, Thomas L. Norville, Leo T. Novak, Edward E. Novotnv, Richard R. Noyes, W. H., Jr. Nvhan, Thomas J. Nylander, Dr. Victor T. Oberhelman, Dr. Harry A. O'Brien, AI. J. Ochsner, Dr. Edward H. O'Connell, Dr. John S. O'Connor, Fred J. O'Connor, P. K. Odell, Jay G. Odell, Joseph R. Ogden, Walter Headden O'Hara, Arthur J. O'Hearn, Rev. John J. O'Keefe, John F. Oleson, Philip H. Olin, Mrs. David Olin, Edward L. Oliver, James P. Oliver, Dr. Alarguerite Olsen, Dr. Charles W. Olsen, Harvey W. Olson, Albert AI. Olson, Benjamin Franklin Olson, H. Edsall O'Neal, Wendell O'Neal, William James O'Neill, Dr. Eugene J. Orban, Dr. Balint Orschel, Albert K. 126 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Osanai, Mrs. Mary M. Osborne, W. Irving, Jr. Osburn, M. B. Ossendorff, Dr. K. W. Ostrander, E. L. Overend, Robert B. Overmyer, Franklin R. Owen, Robert R. Owens, Harry J. Pallasch, Paul V. Palmer, Mrs. Claude Irwin Palmer, Curtis H. Pandaleon, Costa A. Parker, Austin H. Parker, Miss Edith P. Parks, Burritt A. Parks, Robey Parrott, George H. Patch, A. Huntington Patterson, W. A. Patterson, William F. Pauley, Clarence O. Paulus, Mrs. Max G. Payson, Randolph Peabody, Mrs. Stuyvesant Pearce, Charles S. Pearson, Mrs. George Pederson, Alfred S. Peirce, Mrs. Clarence A. Pencik, Mrs. Miles F. Pendergast, Frank Pendleton, Maurice B. Pennebaker, Elliott H. Penner, Louis L. Penner, Samuel Peponis, Arthur H. Perin, Reuben L. Perlman, I. B. Perlman, Morris Perlstein, Mrs. Harris Perreault, Earl E. Perry, Arthur C. Person, Dr. Allgot G. Peterkin, Daniel, Jr. Peters, Dr. Fredus N. Peterson, V. W. Petrie, John \ Petrie, Morton H. ! Pettibone, Holman D. Pfaelzer, Mrs. Monroe Pflager, Charles W. Phelps, Erastus R. Phelps, William Henry Phillips, Mrs. Howard C. I Phillips, John Ward I Pier, H. M. Pillinger, Douglass Pillsbury, Mrs. Charles S. Pirie, Mrs. S. C, Jr. Pirofalo, James C. Pitt, A. A. Piatt, Robert Pletz, S. R. Plimpton, Miss Bonita V. Plotkin, Mrs. Oscar H. Plummer, Daniel C, Jr. Plunkett, Paul M. Poe, Miss Frances Pollock, Mrs. Lewis J. Pond, Mrs. Harold ^L Pond, M. C. Pontius, Mrs. G. V. Pope, George J. Pope, Mrs. Henry, Jr. Pope, Mrs. S. Austin Pope, Sidney T. Porte, James J. Porter, Dr. George J. Post, Myron H. Potter, Howard I. Potter, Mrs. T. A. Power, John W. Powers, William F. Poyer, Stephen A. Prada, William R. Praed, William G. Praeger, Charles H. Pratt, J. H. Preble, Robert C. Preikschat, Ray W. Prentice, J. Rockefeller Press, Robert M. Preus, J. A. 0. Price, Allen H. Price, Frederick J. Price, Griswold A. Price, John C. Price, Owen N. Priest, MacMillan Prietsch, Miss Mary Jeannette Prince, William Wood Pritchard, N. H. Proby, Dr. Edmund A. Prosser, John A. Pruitt, Raymond S. Puestow, Dr. Charles B. Puzey, Russell V. Quackenbush, E. W. Quan, John B. Quisenberry, T. E. Radack, Mrs. Dorothy W. Randall, Frank A. Ranney, Mrs. George A. Rappold, Samuel R. Rasmussen, Frank Rasmussen, L. M. Rathburn, M. Hudson Rau, John M. Rauh, Morris Ray, Mrs. Herbert S. Raymond, Mrs. Clidord S. Rayner, Lawrence Reace, William T. Read, Freeman C. Ready, Charles H. Rober, M. D. Reddv, Mrs. Philip J. Reed, Mrs. Frank C. Reed, L. F. B. Reese, Mrs. C. W. Regan, Mrs. Ben Rei chert, Hugh J. Reilly, Vincent P. Rein, Lester E. Reiser, Miss Irene K. Renholm, Harold A. Renier, Edward P. Renken, Miss Martha Replogle, Dr. Fred A. ReQua, Mrs. Charles H. Reskin, Charles G. Reticker, Edward Revzan, Theodore Reynolds, Milton Rhodes, Charles M. Rhodes, Martin C. Richards, Oron E. Richert, John C. Ricker, Jewett E. Ricks, Ivan Riggs, Mrs. Joseph A. Riggs, Dr. Lloyd K. Riley, John H. Rinaker, Samuel M. Ritter, Miss Lavinia Ritzwoller, Earle H. Rivenes, A. I. Rivera, J. A. Robbins, Burr L. Robbins, Laurence B. Roberts, J. K. Roberts, Miss Margaret A. Robertson, Egbert Robertson, Theodore B. Robinson, Miss Nellie Robson, Mrs. Oscar Roche, Burke B. Roche, Mrs. Donald M. Roche, John Pierre Rochlitz, O. A. Rockafellow, G. B. Rockhold, Mrs. Charles W. Rockwell, Theodore G. Roden, Carl B. RodgL-r, John H. Rodwick, Frank P. 127 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Roefer, Henry A. Rogers, Mrs. J. B. Rogers, Miss Suzanne Rogers, Milton P. Rogers, Thomas W. Roman, B. F. Ronning, Magnus I. Roos, Edwin J. Rootberg, Philip Roseland, J. G. Rosenbaum, Mrs. Joseph Rosenberg, Ben L. Rosenberg, Mrs. Bernhard Rosenfels, Mrs. Irwin S. Rosenson, Herzl Rosenthal, M. A. Ross, Earl Ross, Dr. Chester John Ross, Dr. Martin T. Ross, Ralph H. Ross, Mrs. Sophie S. Rosset, Harry Roth, Arthur J. Rothschild, Mrs. Maurice L. Rowley, William A. Rubert, William F. Rugen, Fred A. Ruskin, Mrs. Harry H. Rutherford, M. Drexel Ryan, Arnold W. Ryan, Mrs. Lawrence J. Ryder, F. W. Ryerson, Mrs. Anthony M. Ryser, Adolph Saalfeld, Harry H. Sabath, Milton J. Sabin, Eben T. Sager, Mrs. S. Norman Saladin, Harry J. Salk, Miss Betsy Ruth Sallemi, James V. Salomon, Ira Salomon, William E. Saltarelli, Dr. Gabriel Saltiel, Dr. Thomas P. Salzman, Philip H. Sampsell, Mrs. Joseph C. Samuels, Benjamin Sanborn, Mrs. V. C. Sandberg, Harry S. Sandberg, John V. Sandel, Mrs. Clara Sando, E. E. Sandrok, Edward G. Sandvold, Mrs. W. C. Sang, Bernard G. Sang, Philip D. Sapp, Warren H., Jr. Sauerman, John A. Saunders, Thomas W. Sawicki, Michael J. Sayers, Mrs. A. J. Sayre, Dr. Loren D. Scalbom, 0. Trumbull Scalbom, Oscar L. Scanlan, Thomas P. Scarborough, Mrs. Henry Schaar, B. E. Schaffner, Arthur B. Schaffner, Miss Marion Schalla, Ralph W. Scheinfeld, Aaron Schelly, Mrs. Herbert S. Schenker, Ben W. Scheu, Ralph J. Schick, Miss Inez M. Schiff, Max Schiller, Dr. A. L. Schiltz, M. A. Schipfer, Dr. L. A. Schlatter, Miss Nina E. Schlossberg, Mrs. Harry Schlossman, Norman J. Schmidt, George A. Schmidt, John Schmidt, Mrs. Siegfried G. Schmus, Elmer E. Schneider, Benjamin B. Schnering, Robert B. Schnur, Joseph M. Schnute, Dr. William J. Schoeneberger, Charles A. Scholl, Bertha M. Schonthal, B. E. Schott, Harold C. Schottenhamel, Mrs. Max P. Schuetz, Ralph E. Schulman, Harry Schultz, Mrs. Arnold C. Schultz, Chester H. Schultz, William F. Schulz, George H. Schuman, J. R. Schureman, Jean L. Schuttler, Mrs. Peter Schutz, Reuben M. Schuyler, L. H. Schwab, Raymond J. Schwab, Dr. Walford A. Schwartz, Joseph Schwartz, Milton H. Schwartz, Nathan H. Schwartz, Selwyn S. Schweitzer, E. O. Schwemm, Earl M. Sciaky, Mario M. Scofield, Clarence P. Scott, Mrs. Cortlandt N. Scott, Frederick H. Scott, George A. H. Scott, Mrs. Marion R. Scovel, Harold F, Scrimgeour, Miss Gladys M. Scudder, Mrs. Barrett Scudder, Mrs. William M. Scuderi, Mrs. Carlo Seaberg, Edward R. Seaholm, A. T. Seaman, Henry L. Sears, A. T. Searles, Donald K. Seaverns, George A., Jr. Secord, Burton F. Seder, A. R. Segal, Myron M. Segil, Harold T. Selbv, J. F. Selfridge, Calvin F. Selig, Lester N. Sellers, Paul A. Selz, A. K. Senear, Dr. F. E. Severson, D. O. Sexton, Mrs. Thomas G. Shafer, Walter S. Shapiro, Joseph R. Shaw, John I. Shay, Grant F. Shaykin, Dr. Jacob B. Shedd, Mrs. Charles C. Sheffer, K. A. Sheldon, Walter M.. Jr. Shennan, A. G. Shepard, Robert Philip Sheppard, Joseph L. Sheridan, Leo J. Sherman, H. C. Shlopack, Wallace B. Short, William H. Shrader, Frank K. Shuflitowski, Joseph T. Sibley, Joseph C, Jr. Siebel, George E. Sieger, Joseph F. Sillani, Mrs. Mabel W. Silverman, Harry Silverstein, Milton Sima, Dr. Charles A. Simmons, William P. Simpson, Bruce L. Sinaiko, Dr. Edwin S. Singer, Albert H. Singer, William A. Sinnerud, Dr. O. P. Slamin, Henry A. Sloan, William F. Smart, David A. Smerz, E. J. 128 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Smick, Robert W. Smith, George W. Smith, Dr. H. Reginald Smith, H. S. Smith, Harold A. Smith, John F., Jr. Smith, Joseph Herbert Smith, Monroe A., Jr. Smith, Reynold S. Smith, Robert C. Smith, T. A. Snider, Dr. S. Sinclair Snydacker, Mrs. E. F. Sollitt, Mrs. Ralph T. Sollitt, Sumner S. Somes, J. J. Sonne, Mrs. Fred T. Sonnenschein, Mrs. Edward Spark, David I. Sparr, Mrs. Caroline H. Speed, Dr. Kellogg Spencer, Arthur T. Sperry, Mrs. Albert F. Spiegel, Miss Katherine J. Spiegel, Mrs. Philip Spielmann, Willson Spitz, M. W. Spivack, Dr. Julius L. Sporrer, M. J. Springsguth, Robert C. Staffelbach, Earl T. Stahl, Felix B. Stahmer, George F., II Staller, Joseph H. Stanbery, J. N. Stanley, J. Paul Stanton, Lyman A. Starbuck, J. C. Starrett, Miss Carolyn J. Starshak, A. L. Stathas, P. P. Steffen, Charles Steffey, D. Earl Stein, Mrs. S. Sidney Steins, Mrs. Halsey Steinwedell, William Stemm, R. Edward Stensgaard, W. L. Stephens, Miss Laura G. Stern, David B., Jr. Stern, Herbert L. Stern, Herbert L., Jr. Stern, Jacob S. Steuer, Mrs. Joseph True Stevens, Miss Charlotte M. Stevens, E. W. Stevens, Mrs. R. St. John Stevenson, Mrs. Adlai E. Stevenson, Mi.ss Lillian Stevers, Martin D. Stewart, E. E. Stewart, George R. Stiles, J. F., Jr. Stoehr, Kurt Stoetzel, Herbert W. Stoffels, Oscar A. Stokes, Mrs. Edward J. Stolle, Arthur E. Stone, Dr. F. Lee Stone, Mrs. J. S. Stone, Saul Storkan, Mrs. James Stormont, Dr. D. L. Storms, North Stout, Frederick E. Straka, Frank B. Stransky, Franklin J. Stratton, Mrs. E. W. Stratton, Paul Stratton, Robert C. Straus, Harry C. Straus, Mrs. Robert E. Stresenreuter, Mrs. Charles H. Stresen-Reuter, Frederick A. Strodel, F. A. Strohmeier, Dr. Otto E. Strong, Joseph L. Stuart, Robert K. Stuart, William M. Stude, Henry Stumes, Charles B. Sturla, Harry L. Sudler, Carroll H., Jr. Sullivan, Joseph P. Suyker, Hector Swift, T. Philip Switzer, Mrs. James W. Sylvanus, Alfred Sylvester, Edmund Q. Sylvester, Dr. Emmy Symmes, William H. Symonds, Merrill Tadrowski, Anton J. Talbot, Mrs. Eugene S., Jr. Tannenbaum, Dr. Karl H. Tarnopol, Emil Tarrson, Albert J. Tartak, Paul H. Tatge, Paul W. Tatman, James H. Taussig, Mrs. J. M. Taylor, Mrs. A. Thomas Taylor, Fitzhugh Taylor, George H. Taylor, Mrs. Samuel G. Tegarden, J. E. Templeton, Kenneth S. Temps, Leupold Tcninga, .\lfrfd J. Tennev, Hi-nrv F. Tevis, Paul F." Thicl, Ravmond F. Thiele, George C. Thomas, .Mrs. John \V., Sr. Thomas, Lee B. Thompson, Dr. Willard O. Thoren, Mrs. J. N. Thorne, Mrs. Gordon C. Thorson, Reuben Throop, Mrs. George Enos Thurrott, J. Angus Tichy, Dr. Elsie M. Timmings, G. H. Timpson, Airs. T. William Tippens, Mrs. Albert H. Todd, A. Tomhave, Mrs. William H. Tonk, Percy A. Toomin, Philip R. Topaz, Martin Towne, Claude Towner, Mrs. Frank H. Townley, Mrs. Paula H. Townley, W. Fred Townsend, Hul)ert F. Traut, Bernard H. Traver, George W. Traynor, William B. Traynor, William Knowlton Treffeisen, Gustave Tregenza, A. E. Trier, Robert Troeger, Louis P. Trumbull, Mrs. Charles L. Trumbull, Robert F. Trumbull, William M. Tuck, Walter R. Tucker, Irwin R. Tucker, J. C. Turnbull, Mrs. George C. Turner, Mrs. Christopher F. Turner, G. H. Turner, Dr. Herbert A. Tuteur, Charles Tuteur, Irving M. Tyrrell, Miss Frances Uhlmann, Richard F. Ullmann, S. E. -)Q ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Unwin, Mrs. Parkinson Urban, Andrew Ursin, Mrs. Ben E. Utiey, Mrs. Clifton M. VanBuskirk, M. G. VanDeventer, William E. VanHoosen, Dr. Bertha VanSchaick, Mrs. Ethel R. Varty, Leo G. Vastine, Lee B. Vaughan, Alan W. Velde, James A. Velvel, Charles Vilsoet, William Vincent, James L. Vineyard, Philip W. Vloedman, Dr. D. A. Vogel, James B. Vogel, Mrs. Leslie H. Vogt, Earle E. Voltz, D. H. vonPerbandt, Mrs. Louis Vose, Mrs. Frederic P. Wach, Dr. Edward C. Wade, Glenn D. Wadler, Milton Arnold Wagner, Richard Wahl, Herman L. Wain, Mrs. Philip H. Waite, Roy E. Walcher, Alfred Waldeck, Herman Waldstein, Herman S. Walker, Dr. Alfred O. Walker, Wendell Wall, Dr. James M. Wallace, Charles Ross Wallace, George H. Wallenstein, Sidney Waller, Edward M. Waller, William, Jr. Wallgren, Eric M. Walsh, Donald J. Walters, Gary G. Walz, John W. Wanzer, Howard H. Wardwell, H. F. Ware, Mrs. Robert R. Ware, Willis C. Warner, Ernest N. Warner, Mason Warren, L. Parsons Warren, William G. Washburn, Dr. Kenneth C. Wasserman, Hy Wasson, Theron Waterhouse, Paul G. Watkins, Frank A. Watling, John Watt, Herbert J. Way, Mrs. Henry J. Weary, Allen M. Weaver, R. B. Weaver, Sheldon A. Webb, Dr. Edward F. Weber, James E. Webster, Maurice Webster, N. C. Weeks, Miss Dorothy Weidert, William C. Weil, Mrs. Benjamin Weil, David M. Weiner, Charles Weiner, George H. Weinress, Morton Weinress, S. J. Weiser, Frederick S. Weismantel, Miss Theresa A. Weiss, Alexander Weiss, Louis A. Weitzel, Carl J. Welch, M. W. Welch, R. T. Welfeld, Marvin J. Wells, F. Harris Wescott, Dr. Virgil West, Alfred C. West, James D. Westbrook, Charles H. Westerlin, Mrs. J. M. Wetten, Walton Wetmore, Horace O. Wezeman, Frederick H. Wheeler, Mrs. Seymour Wheelock, Miss Ellen P. Whipple, Gaylord C. Whipple, Mrs. Jay N. Whipple, Miss Velma D. Whiston, Frank M. Whitaker, James E. White, Mrs. Harold R. White, William J. Whitelock, John B. Whitney, Mrs. Charles R. Whitney, Emerson C. Whyte, W. J. Wible, R. R. Wick, William D. Wickersham, Mrs. Lucille Wickland, Algot A. Wickman, C. E. Wigdahl, Edward H. Wilbur, Lawrence S. Wilby, A. C. Wilcox, Edward B. Wilcox, Mrs. Harold C. Wilcoxson, Mrs. Arthur L. Wilds, John L. Wiley, Mrs. Edwin G. Wilhelm, Mrs. Frank E. Wilkinson, William D. Willard, Nelson W. Williams, Albert W. Williams, Mrs. Allan C, Jr. Williams, Lawrence Williams, Ralph E. Williams, Russell V. Willingham, G. J. Willis, Ivan L. Wilson, Allen B. Wilson, Arlen J. Wilson, Mrs. Elizabeth C. Wilson, H. Fred Wilson, Holmes Wilson, Percival C. Wilson, Miss S. Edna Wincher, John A. Windchy, Mrs. Frederick O. Winsberg, Herbert H. Winsberg, Samuel Winston, Mrs. Farwell Winterbotham, John R. Wise, Herman Wise, James E. Wiseman, William P. Witkowsky, James Witt, Earl J. Wolf, Morris E. Wolff, Frank C. Wolff, Oscar M. Wood, Miss Aileen Wood, Edward W. Wood, Milton G. Woodson, William T. Woodward, Arthur H. Woodyatt, Dr. Rollin Turner Woolard, Francis C. Woolf, S. Roger Worthy, Mrs. James C. Woulfe, Henry F. Wright, William Ryer Wright, Mrs. R. G. Wrisley, George A. Wrisley, L. Norton Yanofsky, Dr. Hyman Yates, John E. Yates, William H. Yohe, C. Lloyd York, Melvin S. Young, C. S. Young, Dr. Donald R. Youngberg, Arthur C. 130 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Youngren, W. W. Youngsma, T. S. Zadek, Milton Zangerle, A. Arthur Barron, John F. Belden, Mrs. Joseph C. Brady, Earl J. Degener, August W. Eitel, Robert J. Eulass, E. A. Fowler, Gordon F. Goldsmith, Henry M. Zelezny, John G. Zelzer, Harrv Zillman, Mrs. L. C. Zimmerman, Austin M. Zimmermann, Mrs. P. T. Deceased, 1948 Goldsmith, Melvin'_M. Headley, Mrs. Ida M. Healy, John J. Kaufmann, Charles D. Latimer, William L. Monroe, Walter D. Zipse, F]d\vin W. Zischke, Herman Zitzewitz, KhniT K. ZoUa, Abiier M. Zusser, Maurice M. Ro.ss, Dr. H. M. Schobingcr, Miss ELsie Schulzc, Paul Shirk, Miss Lydia E. Stibgen, Geary V. Wacker, Fred G. Webster, James West, Mrs. Mary Lavelle Woltersdorf, Arthur F. 131 Articles of Incorporation STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF STATE William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State To All to Whom These Presents Shall Come, Greeting: Whereas, a Certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed in the office of the Secretary of State, on the 16th day of September, a.d. 1893, for the organization of the COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO, under and in accordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereto attached. Now, therefore, I, William H. Hinrichsen, Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby certify that the said COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO is a legally organized Corporation under the laws of this State. In Testimony Whereof, I hereto set my hand and cause to be affixed the Great Seal of State. Done at the City of Springfield, this 16th day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and eighteenth. W. H. HINRICHSEN, [Seal] Secretary of State. TO HON. WILLIAM H. HINRICHSEN, Secretary of State: Sir: We, the undersigned citizens of the United States, propose to form a cor- poration under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amenda- tory thereof; and that for the purposes of such organization we hereby state as follows, to-wit: 1. The name of such corporation is the "COLUMBIAN MUSEUM OF CHICAGO." 2. The object for which it is formed is for the accumulation and dissemi- nation of knowledge, and the preservation and exhibition of objects illustrating Art, Archaeology, Science and History. 3. The management of the aforesaid museum shall be vested in a Board of Fifteen (15) Trustees, five of whom are to be elected every year. 4. The following named persons are hereby selected as the Trustees for the first year of its corporate existence: Edward E. Ayer, Charles B. Farwell, George E. Adams, George R. Davis, Charles L. Hutchinson, Daniel H. Burnham, John A. Roche, M. C. Bullock, Emil G. Hirsch, James W. Ellsworth, Allison V. Armour, O. F. Aldis, Edwin Walker, John C. Black and Frank W. Gunsaulus. 5. The location of the Museum is in the City of Chicago, County of Cook, and State of lUinois. (Signed) George E. Adams, C. B. Farwell, Sidney C. Eastman, F. W. Putnam, Robert McCurdy, Andrew Peterson, L. J. Gage, Charles L. Hutchinson, Ebenezer 132 Buckingham, Andrew McNally, Edward E. Ayer, John M. Clark, Herman H. Kohlsaat, George Schneider, Henry H. Getty, William R. Harper, Franklin H. Head, E. G. Keith, J. Irving Pearce, Azel F. Hatch, Henrv Wade Rogers, Thomas B. Bryan, L. Z. Leiter, A. C. Bartlett, A. A. Sprague, A. C. iMcClurg. James W. Scott, Geo. F. Bissell, John R. Walsh, Chas. Fitzsimmons, John A. Roche, E. B. McCagg, Owen F. Aldis, Ferdinand W. Peck, James H. Dole, Joseph Stockton, Edward B. Butler, John McConnell, R. A. Waller, H. C. Chatfield-Tavlor, A. Crawford, Wm. Sooy Smith, P. S. Peterson, John C. Black, Jno. J. Mitchell, C. F. Gunther, George R. Davis, Stephen A. Forbes, Robert W. Patterson, Jr., M. C. Bullock, Edwin Walker, George M. Pullman, William E. Curtis, James W. Ellsworth, William E. Hale, Wm. T. Baker, Martin A. Ryerson, Huntington W. Jackson, N. B. Ream, Norman Williams, Melville E. Stone, Bryan Lathrop, Eliphalet W. Blatchford, Philip D. Armour. State of Illinois ] J- ss. Cook County J I, G. R. Mitchell, a Notary Public in and for said County, do hereby certify that the foregoing petitioners personally appeared before me and acknowl- edged severally that they signed the foregoing petition as their free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and notarial seal this 14th day of September, 1S93. G. R. MITCHELL, [Seal] Notary Public, Cook County, III. CHANGE IN ARTICLE 1 Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 25th day of June, 1894, the name of the COLUMBIAN MUSEUM was changed to FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. A certificate to this effect was filed June 26, 1894, in the office of the Secretary of State for lUinois. CHANGE IN ARTICLE 1 Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 8th day of November, 1905, the name of the FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM was changed to FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. A certificate to this effect was filed November 10, 1905, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE IN ARTICLE 3 Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 10th day of May, 1920, the management of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY shall be invested in a Board of Twenty-one (21) Trustees, who shall be elected in such manner and for such time and term of office as may be provided for by the By-Laws. A certificate to this effect was filed May 21, 1920, in the office of the Secretary of State for Illinois. CHANGE IN ARTICLE 1 Pursuant to a resolution passed at a meeting of the corporate members held the 15th day of November, 1943, the name of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY was changed to CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. A certificate to this effect was filed November 23, 1943, in the oflice of the Secretary of State for Illinois. 133 Amended By-Laws DECEMBER, 1945 ARTICLE I MEMBERS Section 1. Members shall be of twelve classes, Corporate Members, Hon- orary Members, Patrons, Corresponding Members, Benefactors, Contributors, Life Members, Non-Resident Life Members, Associate Members, Non-Resident Associate Members, Sustaining Members, and Annual Members. Section 2. The Corporate Members shall consist of the persons named in the articles of incorporation, and of such other persons as shall be chosen from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, upon the recom- mendation of the Executive Committee; provided, that such person named in the articles of incorporation shall, within ninety days from the adoption of these By-Laws, and persons hereafter chosen as Corporate Members shall, within ninety days of their election, pay into the treasury the sum of Twenty Dollars ($20.00) or more. Corporate Members becoming Life Members, Patrons or Honorary Members shall be exempt from dues. Annual meetings of said Corporate Members shall be held at the same place and on the same day that the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees is held. Section 3. Honorary Members shall be chosen by the Board from among persons who have rendered eminent service to science, and only upon unanimous nomination of the Executive Committee. They shall be exempt from all dues. Section 4. Patrons shall be chosen by the Board upon recommendation of the Executive Committee from among persons who have rendered eminent ser- vice to the Museum. They shall be exempt from all dues, and, by virtue of their election as Patrons, shall also be Corporate Members. Section 5. Any person contributing or devising the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) in cash, or securities, or property to the funds of the Museum, may be elected a Benefactor of the Museum. Section 6. Corresponding Members shall be chosen by the Board from among scientists or patrons of science residing in foreign countries, who render important service to the Museum. They shall be elected by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings. They shall be exempt from all dues and shall enjoy all courtesies of the Museum. Section 7. Any person contributing to the Museum One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) or more in cash, securities, or material, may be elected a Contributor of the Museum. Contributors shall be exempt from all dues and shall enjoy all courtesies of the Museum. Section 8. Any person paying into the treasury the sum of Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Life Member. Life Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to mem- bers of the Board of Trustees. Any person residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, paying into the treasury the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Non-Resident Life Member. Non-Resident Life Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to members of the Board of Trustees. Section 9. Any person paying into the treasury of the Museum the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) at any one time, shall, upon the vote of the Board, 134 become an Associate Member. Associate Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall be entitled to tickets admitting Member and members of family, includ- ing non-resident home guests; all publications of the Museum issued during the period of their membership, if so desired; reserved seats for all lectures and enter- tainments under the auspices of the Museum, provided reservation is requested in advance; and admission of holder of membership and accompanying party to all special exhibits and Museum functions day or evening. Any person residing fifty miles or more from the city of Chicago, paying into the treasury the sum of Fifty Dollars ($50.00) at any one time, shall, upon the unanimous vote of the Board, become a Non-Resident Associate Member. Non-Resident As.sociate Members shall be exempt from all dues, and shall enjoy all the privileges and courtesies of the Museum that are accorded to Associate Members. Section 10. Sustaining Members shall consist of such persons as are .selected from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, and who shall pay an annual fee of Twenty-five Dollars ($25.00), payable within thirty days after notice of election and within thirty days after each recurring annual date. This Sustaining Membership entitles the Member to free admission for the Mem- ber and family to the Museum on any day, the Annual Report and such other Museum documents or publications issued during the period of their membership as may be requested in writing. When a Sustaining Member has paid the annual fee of $25.00 for six years, such Member shall be entitled to become an Associate Member. Section 11. Annual Members shall consist of such persons as are selected from time to time by the Board of Trustees at any of its meetings, and who shall pay an annual fee of Ten Dollars ($10.00), payable within thirty days after each recurring annual date. An Annual Membership shall entitle the Member to a card of admission for the Member and family during all hours when the Museum is open to the public, and free admission for the Member and family to all Museum lectures and entertainments. This membership will also entitle the holder to the courtesies of the membership privileges of every museum of note in the United States and Canada, so long as the existing system of co-operative interchange of membership tickets shall be maintained, including tickets for any lectures given under the auspices of any of the museums during a visit to the cities in which the co-operative museums are located. Section 12. All membership fees, excepting Sustaining and Annual, shall hereafter be applied to a permanent Membership Endowment Fund, the interest only of which shall be applied for the use of the Museum as the Board of Trustees may order. ARTICLE II BOARD OF TRUSTEES Section 1. The Board of Trustees shall consist of twenty-one members. The respective members of the Board now in office, and those who shall here- after be elected, shall hold office during life. Vacancies occurring in the Board shall be filled at a regular meeting of the Board, upon the nomination of the Executive Committee made at a preceding regular meeting of the Board, by a majority vote of the members of the Board present. Section 2. Regular meetings of the Board shall be held on the third Mon- day of the month. Special meetings may be called at any time by the President, and shall be called by the Secretary upon the written request of three Trustees. Five Trustees shall constitute a quorum, except for the election of officers or the adoption of the Annual Budget, when seven Trustees shall be required, but meet- ings may be adjourned by any less number from day to day, or to a day fixed, previous to the next regular meeting. Section 3. Reasonable written notice, designating the time and place of holding meetings, shall be given by the Secretary. ARTICLE III HONORARY TRUSTEES Section 1. As a mark of respect, and in appreciation of services purfornuHi for the Institution, any Trustee who by reason of inability, on account of change 135 of residence, or for other cause or from indisposition to serve longer in such capa- city shall resign his place upon the Board, may be elected, by a majority of those present at any regular meeting of the Board, an Honorary Trustee for life. Such Honorary Trustee will receive notice of all meetings of the Board of Trustees, whether regular or special, and will be expected to be present at all such meetings and participate in the deliberations thereof, but an Honorary Trustee shall not have the right to vote. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS Section 1. The officers shall be a President, a First Vice-President, a Second Vice-President, a Third Vice-President, a Secretary, an Assistant Secretary and a Treasurer. They shall be chosen by ballot by the Board of Trustees, a majority of those present and voting being necessary to elect. The President, the First Vice-President, the Second Vice-President, and the Third Vice-President shall be chosen from among the members of the Board of Trustees. The meeting for the election of officers shall be held on the third Monday of January of each year, and shall be called the Annual Meeting. Section 2. The officers shall hold office for one year, or until their suc- cessors are elected and qualified, but any officer may be removed at any regular meeting of the Board of Trustees by a vote of two-thirds of all the members of the Board. Vacancies in any office may be filled by the Board at any meeting. Section 3. The officers shall perform such duties as ordinarily appertain to their respective offices, and such as shall be prescribed by the By-Laws, or designated from time to time by the Board of Trustees. ARTICLE V THE TREASURER Section 1. The Treasurer shall be custodian of the funds of the Corpora- tion, except as hereinafter provided. He shall make disbursements only upon warrants, signed by such officer, or officers, or other persons as the Board of Trustees may from time to time designate. Section 2. The securities and muniments of title belonging to the cor- poration shall be placed in the custody of some Trust Company of Chicago to be designated by the Board of Trustees, which Trust Company shall collect the income and principal of said securities as the same become due, and pay same to the Treasurer, except as hereinafter provided. Said Trust Company shall allow access to and deliver any or all securities or muniments of title to the joint order of the following officers, namely: the President or one of the Vice- Presidents, jointly with the Chairman, or one of the Vice-Chairmen, of the Finance Committee of the Museum. The President or any one of the Vice-Presidents, jointly with either the Chairman or any one of the other members of the Finance Committee, are authorized and empowered (a) to sell, assign and transfer as a whole or in part the securities owned by or registered in the name of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and, for that purpose, to endorse certificates in blank or to a named person, appoint one or more attorneys, and execute such other instru- ments as may be necessary, and (b) to cause any securities belonging to this Corpo- ration now, or acquired in the future, to be held or registered in the name or names of a nominee or nominees designated by them. Section 3. The Treasurer shall give bond in such amount, and with such sureties as shall be approved by the Board of Trustees. Section 4. The Harris Trust & Savings Bank of Chicago shall be Cus- todian of "The N. W. Harris Public School Extension of the Chicago Natural History Museum" fund. The bank shall make disbursements only upon warrants drawn by the Director and countersigned by the President. In the absence or inability of the Director, warrants may be signed by the Chairman of the Finance Committee, and in the absence or inability of the President, may be countersigned by one of the Vice-Presidents, or any member of the Finance Committee. 136 ARTICLE VI THE DIRECTOR Section 1. The Board of Trustees shall elect a Director of the Museum, who shall remain in office until his successor shall be elected. He shall have im- mediate charge and supervision of the Museum, and shall control the operations of the Institution, subject to the authority of the Board of Trustees and its Com- mittees. The Director shall be the official medium of communication between the Board, or its Committees, and the scientific staff and maintenance force. Section 2. There shall be four scientific Departments of the Museum Anthropology, Botany, Geology, and Zoology each under the charge of a Chief Curator, subject to the authority of the Director. The Chief Curators shall be appointed by the Board upon the recommendation of the Director, and shall serve during the pleasure of the Board. Subordinate stall' officers in the scientific 1 )epart- ments shall be appointed and removed by the Director upon the recommendation of the Chief Curators of the respective Departments. The Director shall have authority to employ and remove all other employees of the Museum. Section 3. The Director shall make report to the Board at each regular meeting, recounting the operations of the Museum for the previous month. At the Annual Meeting, the Director shall make an Annual Report, reviewing the work for the previous year, which Annual Report shall be published in pamphlet form for the information of the Trustees and Members, and for free di.stribution in such number as the Board may direct. ARTICLE VII the auditor Section 1. The Board shall appoint an Auditor, who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the Board. He shall keep proper books of account, setting forth the financial condition and transactions of the Corporation, and of the Museum, and report thereon at each regular meeting, and at such other times as may be required by the Board. He shall certify to the correctness of all bills rendered for the expenditure of the money of the Corporation. ARTICLE VIII committees Section 1. There shall be five Committees, as follows: Finance, Building, Auditing, Pension, and Executive. Section 2. The Finance Committee shall'consist of not less^than five or more than seven members, the Auditing and Pension Committees shall each consist of three members, and the Building Committee shall consist of five members. All members of these four Committees shall be elected by ballot by the Board at the Annual Meeting, and shall hold office for one year, and until their successors are elected and qualified. In electing the members of these Committees, the Board shall designate the Chairman and Vice-Chairman by the order in which the mem- bers are named in the respective Committee; the first member named shall be Chairman, the second named the Vice-Chairman, and the third named. Second Vice-Chairman, succession to the Chairmanship being in this order in the event of the absence or disability of the Chairman. Section 3. The Executive Committee shall consist of the President of the Board, the Chairman of the Finance Committee, the Chairman of the Building Committee, the Chairman of the Auditing Committee, the Chairman of the Pension Committee, and three other members of the Board to be elected by ballot at the Annual Meeting. Section 4. Four members shall constitute a quorum of the Executive Com- mittee, and in all standing Committees two members shall constitute a quorum. In the event that, owing to the absence or inability of members, a quorum of the regularly elected members cannot be present at any meeting of any Com- mittee, then the Chairman thereof, or his successor, as herein provided, may summon any members of the Board of Trustees to act in place of the absentee. 137 Section 5. The Finance Committee shall have supervision of investing the endowment and other funds of the Corporation, and the care of such real estate as may become its property. It shall have authority to make and alter investments from time to time, reporting its actions to the Board of Trustees. The Finance Committee is fully authorized to cause any funds or investments of the Corpora- tion to be made payable to bearer, and it is further authorized to cause real estate of the Corporation, its funds and investments, to be held or registered in the name of a nominee selected by it. Section 6. The Building Committee shall have supervision of the con- struction, reconstruction, and extension of any and all buildings used for Museum purposes. Section 7. The Executive Committee shall be called together from time to time as the Chairman may consider necessary, or as he may be requested to do by three members of the Committee, to act upon such matters affecting the administration of the Museum as cannot await consideration at the Regular Monthly Meetings of the Board of Trustees. It shall, before the beginning of each fiscal year, prepare and submit to the Board an itemized Budget, setting forth the probable receipts from all sources for the ensuing year, and make recom- mendations as to the expenditures which should be made for routine maintenance and fixed charges. Upon the adoption of the Budget by the Board, the expendi- tures stated are authorized. Section 8. The Auditing Committee shall have supervision over all account- ing and bookkeeping, and full control of the financial records. It shall cause the same, once each year, or oftener, to be examined by an expert individual or firm, and shall transmit the report of such expert individual or firm to the Board at the next ensuing regular meeting after such examination shall have taken place. Section 9. The Pension Committee shall determine by such means and processes as shall be established by the Board of Trustees to whom and in what amount the Pension Fund shall be distributed. These determinations or findings shall be subject to the approval of the Board of Trustees. Section 10. The Chairman of each Committee shall report the acts and proceedings thereof at the next ensuing regular meeting of the Board. Section 11. The President shall be ex-of!icio a member of all Committees and Chairman of the Executive Committee. Vacancies occurring in any Com- mittee may be filled by ballot at any regular meeting of the Board. ARTICLE IX NOMINATING COMMITTEE Section 1. At the November meeting of the Board each year, a Nomi- nating Committee of three shall be chosen by lot. Said Committee shall make nominations for membership of the Finance Committee, the Building Committee, the Auditing Committee, and the Pension Committee, and for three members of the Executive Committee, from among the Trustees, to be submitted at the ensuing December meeting and voted upon at the following Annual Meeting in January. ARTICLE X Section 1. Whenever the word "Museum" is employed in the By-Laws of the Corporation, it shall be taken to mean the building in which the Museum as an Institution is located and operated, the material exhibited, the material in study collections, or in storage, furniture, fixtures, cases, tools, records, books, and all appurtenances of the Institution and the workings, researches, installa- tions, expenditures, field work, laboratories, library, publications, lecture courses, and all scientific and maintenance activities. Section 2. The By-Laws, and likewise the Articles of Incorporation, may be amended at any regular meeting of the Board of Trustees by a vote in favor thereof of not less than two-thirds of all the members present, provided the amendment shall have been proposed at a preceding regular meeting. 138