Ento-=

Canada.
mology Research Institute
Report of the Dominion Entomologist

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

REP Gia

OF

fee ENTOMOLOGIST

GAMES FLETCHER, F.R:S.C.)

1885.

—————

Printed by order of the Minister of Agriculture, in compliance with a request
of the Committee on Immigration and Colonization.

SIT,

ZRBRAR ES
(MAR 11 1964 4) FP
Ae Cw,
ersiry or 108 |

SRH15T -

*i

Ti

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(JAmEes Fietcuer, F.R.S.C.)

Str,—Herewith I have the honour to hand you a report of Observations on
{njurious Insects during the year 1885, with the methods of prevention and remedy
which I have suggested when they have been brought under my notice. I regret
that many investigations, the completion of which I had anticipated during the past
season, are still unfinished. This is owing to a sudden temporary impairment of my
eyesight, on account of which my physicians forbade me for some months to read or
write, to use the microscope, or to draw. The practical effect of this has been the una-
voidable postponement until another season, of many interesting scientific studies
which I had hoped to work out during the past summer, as well as the critical exami-
nation and delineation of insects collected. This trouble, I am thankful to say, is
now passing away, and I look forward confidently to the coming summer, for further
opportunities of showing that the office of the Entomologist of your Department is
one of general utility to the country at large, My efforts, during the past year, have
been necessarily confined to the answering of correspondence, which has now assumed
very large proportions, of visiting and consulting farmers concerning the condition of
their crops, and addressing agricultural and educational institutions, whenever oppor:
tunities occurred, with a view to showing the direct bearing of Economic Entomology
upon Agriculture, and the comparative ease with which many of the most formidable
of our crop pests can be withstood, by those who will take the trouble to familiarize
themselves with the mere elements of the study. A visit to British Columbia in the
spring of the year, and to the Maritime Provinces, during the present winter, to attend
the Annual Meeting of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Nova Scotia, gave me oppor-
tunities for becoming personally acquainted with many of the farmers of those Pro-
vinces, from whom I have received much useful information. These visits were par-
ticularly useful to me as allowing me to acquaint myself by actual observation with the
different climatic conditions, and methods of culture practised, in these far distant and
fertile regions. In all cases I was received with the utmost kindness and attention upon
making my mission known. The present report contains the results of my own
observations and those of some of my correspondents, extracts from whose letters I
have inserted when I thought that they illustrated the subjects referred to, or would
be of interest to others engaged in the same pursuits. It is prepared not so much
with the idea of giving it a scientific value, as with the hope that it may be
found useful by those, for whose benefit it is specially prepared—the farmers, agri-
culturists, fruit-growers and horticulturists of the Dominion. J udging by the large
number and the tenor of the letters I receive from this class of the community,
asking for information concerning injurious imsects, 1 am much pleased to note a
growing appreciation amongst them, which is often expressed in their corres-
pondence, of the value of the studies in which I am engaged, This recognition of
the importance of Economic Entomology as a necessary branch of agriculture, is
becoming more wide-spread every day, as is evidenced by the amount of work which
is being vigorously prosecuted in this direction, by Governments, societies and
private individuals in all parts of the world; and so manifest is the direct bearing of

the results arrived at upon the success of all agricultural operations that even
i}

Rasen 8
————————

scientific Entomologists find it necessary to devote some of their time to
assisting in the great cause of combating our too numerous insect enemies, On
this continent large sums of money, and the energies of some of the most eminent
scientific men in the country, are devoted to these studies. In Canada there are
several workers in the field, notably amongst the members of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, the Toronto N atural History
Society, and the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. In addition to these,
valuable work is being done by individual students and specialists. Foremost amongst
these is the Abbé Provancher, the accomplished editor of ‘‘ Le Naturaliste Canadien,”
a useful magazine published in the French language, through the colamns of which
I have been courteously allowed to address a letter to the French Canadian farmers
of the Province of Quebec, asking them to co-operate with me, by reporting insect
injaries promptly upon the appearance of the attack, and by testing remedies sug-
gested. Iam under a further obligation to the learned Abbé for referring to, and
himself pointing out, the value of this work in later issues of his magazine,

From the geographical position of Canada and the United States, many of our
interests and theirs are naturally identical. In nothing is this more patent than in
the investigations which I have the hoaour to carry on under your instructions,
Year after year fresh States of the great Republic, whose boundaries touch our own
for more than 3,000 miles, are added to those who acknowledge the necessity of
having a Government official who shall devote all his time to studying the habits of
Inseots Injurious to Agriculture, and the methods for controlling and preventing
their depredations. The results of their studies are published regularly, and are
easily accessible to all. The last addition to the list of States which employ Ento-
mologists is Tennessee, which has lately appointed Prof. E. W. Doran, of Loudon
(Tenn.) Academy, to this position.

The courtesy of Prof. Riley, and his abie staff of Assistant Entomologists, at
Washington, as well as of the gentlemen entrusted with this work in the several
States which are advanced enough to employ Entomologists, cannot be exceeded.
Any applications from Canadians for information have always received as prompt
attention, as if they had come from residents within the Union. I am repeatedly
apprised of this fact by my correspondents, and gladly take this opportunity of
publicly acknowledging my indebicdness to these gentlemen for assistance frequently
and cordially rendered, and would particularly refer to Prof. C. V. Riley, who has
presented me with a collection containing typical specimens of 34 different species of
western locusts, as well as many of his valuable reports. To Mr. J. B, Smith, of the
United States National Museum, for identifying difficult species of lepidoptera and
coleoptera; to Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, for advice in
many matters relating to the investigation of injurious insects, and to Mr. J. J.
Rivers, of the University of California, for reports and descriptions of the important
experiments which are being carried on with regard to the Phylloxera in California.

To Prof. Saunders, of London, Ontario, 1 am deeply indebted for timely advice
in some difficult questions, concerning which his long experience as an Entomologist,
and extensive knowledge of chemistry, have rendered him an authoritative source of
reference. Also to Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa, who kindly undertook to
attend to my correspondence while I was absent in British Columbia, During my
investigation in British Columbia, I received unlimited kindness and attention from
the Rev. G. W. Taylor, Incumbent of Cedar Hill Parish, who, being an accomplished
Naturalist, rendered me the greatest assistance in my entomological enquiries, and
since my return to Ottawa has kept me well informed concerning the insects of Van-
couver Island.

An important step in the right direction has been taken in England during the
past twelve months, by the commencement of publication of a series of reports on
Insects Injurious to Hop, Corn and Fruit crops. This work, two parts of which have
already appeared, has been placed in the hands of Mr. C. Whitehead, F.LS., F.G.S.,
and certainly provides the' farmers and horticulturists, for whose benefit it is

or

SSS

intended, with short, iatelligible accounts of the chief crop pests, and the most
practical remedies. The reports are got up on the same plan as Miss Ormerod’s
most excellent annual reports, upon which it would be difficult to improve, and are
illustrated by figures which have already appeared in Miss Ormerod’s reports, and
are well known from their accuracy and life like expressiveness. The author of these
reports has received a high compliment as to their worth in the request of the Bel-
gian Minister to republish them in Belgium—a permission most properly granted by
the Imperial Privy Council. In other colonies of the British Empire the Legislatares
have found it necessary to take cognizance of the injuries annually committed by
insects, and I have received, through Mr. D. W. Beadlo, editor of the Canadian Horti-
culturist, a report of the Joint Codling-Moth Committee of New Zealand for 1885,
This report is replete with useful information concerning the most injurious pests of
fruit trees in the colony. By it we find that the two most destructive enemies of
their apple crops are the same Codling Moth and Oyster-shell Bark-louse which work
such havoc in our orchards.

I am frequently reminded of, and have endeavoured to meet, the necessity for
expressing my reports in simple language, avoiding the use of scientific terms, except
when actually necessary for the sake of accuracy. Mr. Edwin Chase, of Port Williams,
N.S., writes: “Remedies must be short, to the point, and plainly expressed. We
shall then understand, remember and attend to them better.”

And Mr. Robert Wilkie, now Master of the Dominion Grange, says: “ Endless
vigilance is required, on the part of the agriculturist and horticulturist, to meet the
attack of insects. Most of the farmers know almost nothing of Entomology, and the
scientific names, which are generally used in such writings, carry no meaning with
them to the farmer. He knows the Wheat-midge, the Wire-worm, &c., when he
meets their names in the language he is used to; but when he meets them under
other names he neither recognizes them nor does he know what he is reading
about. He consequently takes no interest in the subject, and eventually drops it
altogether,”

Appended to this report are some papers of general interest, which I have con-
cluded would add to its utility. The address to the Fruit Growers’ Association of
Nova Scotia is upon the general principles of Economic Entomology, and will, I
trust, be considered to attain the end I had in view in preparing it.

From reasons to which I have already referred, the preparation of my own illus-
trations was impossible; but as figures add so materially to the intelligibility of any
report, I have gladly availed myself of the generous permission granted by the Ento-
mological Society of Ontario to make use of any of the figures in the possession of
that Society.

Finally, I beg to thank my many correspondents for their assistance in the past,
and to request a continuance of the favour for the future. I am convinced, that if
my work is to be of use to the country, much of the information made use of and
distributed through this means, must be derived from practical men, actually engaged
in the cultivation of the soil. If suggested remedies are successful, the very best
must be discovered and made known as widely as possible; if they fail, the reason
must be discovered, and if they are useless, farmers must be warned against them, so
that no time may be lost which might be better employed.

NOTES ON THE PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1885.

The season of 1885 has not been, I am happy to say, characterized by the
appearance of any new species of injurious insects in undue nu mbers, nor have some
of those mentioned in my last report as injuriously abundant, appeared again during
the present year. The Army-worm, last year recorded as being so abundant, in New
Brunswick, was less so in 1885. The “Black Army-worm,” injurious in the
Ottawa district, was this year almost unrepresented, a few moths only, the
perfect insects of this caterpillar, being collected at light on the evenings of 7th

and Sth August. The Clover-seed Midge, possibly the most injurious insect of the
year, has again committed serious depredations; but it is evident that farmers can,
in a large measure, obviate this loss by pasturing their clover until the beginning or
middle of June, instead of leaving it standing in the field till the end of the month.
The Wheat-midge seems to have slightly attacked the wheat over a large area of
country, but nowhere with sufficient virulence to leave a marked effect upon the
whole crop. Other cereals have not suffered to any large extent. Manitoba and the
North-West Territories have been remarkably free from insect depredations; but
from certain parts of the Territories have come rumours of the return of the ‘‘ Hateful
Locust.” None of the specimens forwarded to me, however, for identification proved
to be this species. When in British Columbia, reports were received that the
Hessian fly and Wheat Isosoma were severely attacking the wheat crop in California
and Oregon. I therefore kept a close watch for these insects, but could not succeed
in discovering & single instance of their operations,

The destructive Root maggots which injure so many garden vegetables have been
very abundant in certain localities, as the Cabbage Maggot, on Vancouver Island and
in Ontario, the Onion Maggot in the Ottawa District, where, however, I found it to
be vigorously assailed by several enemies, and succeeded in breeding from larvze
collected, two true parasites, 2 small hymenopterous fly, and a beetle of the genus
Aleochara. The perfect insects, of this last beetle, were very numerous amongst the
infected onions, but at that time, I did not suspect its beneficial mission. The Radish
Maggot was abundant in almost every locality whence I have received reports. A
most interesting exception to this, however, was observed on the occasion of a visit
I paid Mr. John Murray, at Spence’s Bridge, in the interior of British Columbia. The
climate at that place is very dry and all cultivation has to be effected by means of irri-
gation. The natural vegetation of the valley consists chiefly of Cactus, Sage-brush and
other desert plants; naturally the insects which feed upon these, are not likely to
relish tho succulent vegetables which man cultivates for his own use—consequently,
Mr, Murray, is able to cultivate in his garden, without taking any steps for the pre-
vention of insect attacks, the most delicious vegetables. Although under present
circumstances the valley of the Thompson, at Spence’s Bridge, is dry to the extreme ;
as soon as water is applied, all vegetation springs up with the most profuse luxuri-
ance, Mr. Murray has brought down water from the mountains at a heavy expense
to water his garden, and has transformed a piece of dry sun-parched alkaline river-
bank into a garden of the greatest beauty, where radishes are produced over 12
inches in length by an inch and a half in diameter at the top, without a sign of a
maggot. Lettuces are equal to those grown with all the care of a Parisian market
gardener. Cabbage, spinach, and all other vegetables are grown to perfection, as
well as small fruits of all kinds. The only injurious insect I could find was a small
lepidopterous larva, which was attacking the Gooseberries, and the habits and appear-
ance of which seem to be identical with the common Gooseberry Fruit-worm of the
east (Dakruma convolutella.) In addition to these useful products, Mr. Murray’s
garden was atthe time of my visita blaze of beautiful flowers, and his greenhouse
contained many rarities.

Cutworms of two or three species, not yet fully worked out, occurred in the
most remarkable numbers I have ever witnessed in the garden of Mr. G. A. Knight,
near Victoria, V.I., during the months of April, May and June last. Nearly all the
specimens | brought back with me to Ottawa, in the larval and pupal states (as well
as the larve of a large rapacious Carabideous Beetle, which was found actively
destroying them) were unfortunately kiiled by the excessive heat, from which they
could not be protected, during the journey frem Vancouver Island. However, as I
secured several specimens in alcohol, I hope, with the aid of Mr. Knight, who is a
most diligent worker and keen ob:erver, to be able to complete the life-histories of
some of these specics during the coming summer. )

Apple trees, from one ond of Canada to the other, have, to a certain extent,
suffered from the Codling Moth and Oyster-shell Bark-louse. In the Maritime

s

Provinces the Canker Worms have for the last few years been the worst enemies of
this staple product.

In Barty Edward Island the Fall Web-worm is the only insect, in addition to
the three last named species, concerning which serious complaints have been made.

In many parts of the Dominion the Plum Curculio is increasing in numbers,
doubtless owing to negligence on the part of the fruit-growers to jar their trees,
Nevertheless I feel confident that trouble with this insect is virtually at an end.
Nearly all experimenters concur in testifying that its ravages may be prevented by
spraying Paris Green over the trees at the time the females are laying their eggs.
This material has also been extensively and successfully used against the Codling
Moth.

The attacks on forest trees during the season have not been of a remarkable
character. The Larch Saw-fly has not spread to the extent I anticipated it would,
and no new enemy of our forests has appeared in large numbers. I will now give
a more detailed statement, under the headings of the chief classes of crops, of the
observations of the year.

CEREALS.
WHEAT.
The Wheat Midge (Diplosis tritici, Kirby).

The only grain crop which has suffered at all severely from insect causes, during
the past season, is wheat, and this, although assailed by rain, fungous diseases and
insects, has, upon the whole, produced a good average crop.

The Wheat Midge is of course, at the present time, the greatest enemy. Through-
out the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, and many parts of Ontario, a certain proportion
of the wheat is attacked.

The following extracts, from different sources, illustrate this. In the Ontario
Agricultural Returns for November, 1885, we find :—

“The Wire-worm has been at work on the wheat roots in a good many localities
in Western Ontario, aud a few yellow patches in the field indicate the presence of
the Hessian-fly ; but the injury done by these pests is, on the whole, insignificant.
Some fields, too, which were sown very early, were attacked about the edges by
Grasshoppers, and one correspondent expresses some alarm that the pest will return
in force next summer,”

“The Hessian-fly has made its appearance for the first time in this section of
country.’—-P. CuarK, Culross, Bruce, Ont.

““ Wheat sown alongside of grass fields, is considerably eaten up by Grasshoppers
but only the outside ridge.”—James ALEXANDER, Ekfrid, Middlesex, Ont.

‘“‘ Wheat suffered severely from rust, and to a certain extent, from Weevil.”—
G. Henry, Bomanville, Ont.

“Wheat suffers more or less every year from the Midge. On an average about
% an inch of each head is destroyed.’”—Wvu. Mitnz, Maxwell, Ont.

“ The only crops which suffered to any appreciable degree, were wheat, from
the Wheat-fiy, turnips, from the Flea, and clover, from the Clover-seed Midge.” —H.
Doursr, Kirkton, Ont,

“The Wheat Midge, during the year 1834, destroyed the Egyptian and other
varieties of fall wheat. It was noticed, however, that a variety of fall wheat called
‘ Democrat,’ was not much injured, owing, it is thought, to the chaff, or covering,
being thicker, consequently the insect could not penetrate it. The ‘Democrat’
variety was not injured again this year, and gave an excellent yield, while other
varieties were badly infested by the Midge.” —JAaBEL Roptnson, Middlemarch, Ont.

Mr, T. B, Exuis, of Pembroke, Ont., writes:—“The Weevil has been bad in
past years, but was not hurtful this year, Farmers here sow earlier or later than
the usual time, so as to avoid it. I prefer to sow early, so that the kernel may
mature, to a certain extent, before the egg is developed.”

3
————————— ee _—_—_—_—___

Messrs. THos. MoKay & Co., of Ottawa, large buyers of Canadian grain from all
quarters, have kindly furnished me with the following statement :—

“ We find that the Fyfe or Scotch wheat has been injured by the fly or weevil,
to some extent, in all cases. The White Russian and other soft varieties have been
so injured in some cases, but not generally. The liability to be attacked by the
‘fly’ or ‘weevil’ does not appear to be so much a question of variety, as it is of
the time of sowing and ripening, for if the grain is far enough advanced before the
fly appears, it is apparently able to withstind its ravages. The wheat crop this
year, all over Ontario, has suffered from rust; in the section east of Kingston the
damage was not so heavy as it was further west, and the quality is not much below
the average.”

In the Province of Quebec, although a slightly larger area was under wheat this
year than last, the aggregate amount of this crop was not large. That grown, how-
ever, seems to have suffered less from the Midge than vsual. The most favourable
accounts come from Montreal :—

“After extended enquiries from farmers and seedsmen here, I find that the
Midge has not done any damage to the wheat in this locality ; in fact I have been
told by several competent parties that we have had no Midge here this year at all.”
—W. D. Suaw, Montreal, Que.

“Owing to improved methods of cultivation, the farmers in my county have
reaped a much better harvest of wheat this year than for somes years past. The
Midge is still with us; but did not injure the crop much last season,” —G. A. GIGAULT
(M.P.), St. Césaire, Que.

“We consider wheat an uncertain crop, and do not care to run the risk of
putting in large quantities, as other crops generally pay us better. This year the
Midge did not injure us much.”—Hon. W. H. Cuarrers, St. Césaire, Que.

In the Maritime Provinces the Wheat Midge seems to be gradually becoming
less troublesome. Mr. T, W. Morrison writes from Folly Village, N.S.: ‘“ The Midge,
or as we call it down here, the Weevil, has been very bad for a few years, in fact so
bad that the farmers gave up sowing wheat. Last year (1884) a few sowed small
quantities, and it did very well, being very little attacked by the Midge.”

Mr, A. B, Black writes me from Amherst, N.S.: “In 1885 the ‘ Weevil’ was
not nearly as destructive as in former years.”

From Manitoba the reports all show a most remarkable freedom from insect
pests. Mr. Acton Burrows, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, writes:—‘ We have
little to complain of in the way of insects, as far as I can ascertain thisseason. They
committed few depredations in this Province, Cut-worms have not done as much
damage as last year. Potato-bugs have shown up in one or two places; but not to
an alarming extent.”

“ During the past year we have been singularly free from the attacks of insects,
even Cut-worms were scarcer than usual.’”—CopLAnD CowLARD, Ossowo, Man.

“T am happy to say in this district we have had no injuries to crops by insects
since 1881, when this part became settled.” —A. G. McDouagat., Virden, Man.

“ Last year we were troubled a good deal in our gardens by Cut-worms among
our cabbages, and by the Turnip-fly.”—DonaLp Fraser, Lake Louise, Emerson, Man.

The wheat crop in British Columbia, wherever that cereal has been cultivated,
has been quite satisfactory, and there are no complaints of insect attacks. The fields
about Victoria, V.I., looked well, and samples examined showed no sign of insect
ravages. At Kamloops, I was informed by Mr. James McIntosh, of Messrs. McIntosh
& Mara, that he had never seen any “fly-struck” wheat in the country. Samples of
grain which he gave me from that and the Spallumcheen district—which are the
wheat districts of British Columbia—were perfectly free from any traces of attack.

Midge Remedies.

Under this head there is hardly anything that can be said of practical value.
From the habits of the insect and the time of attack it is clear that applications to

the wheat plant are impossible. However, as the greater proportion of the larve
leave the ears and burrow into the soil a few inches to complete their transforma-
tions, something may be done in the way of surface dressing immediately after the
crop is carried. Mr. C. Whitehead in his second report to the British Agricultural
Department, says: ‘ The sole practical means of prevention is to cultivate the wheat
stubble, directly the wheat is carried, so as to bury the larve deep in the ground.
A dressing of hot lime might be applied with good results, but in this case the land
should be very iightly scarified with one of Coleman’s lightest scarifiers, in order to
bring the lime into close contact with the larve, After some days the land should
be deeply ploughed to bury them and effectually prevent further transformation, at
least to the imago form. Couch grass must be eradicated (this grass is, botanically,
closely allied with the wheat plant and the Midge is known to go through its trans-
formations in it as well as in wheat). Hedgesides and outsides of fields should be
carefully brushed. It should be remarked here that brushing hedge-sides and all
outsides, grassy roads, waste corners, and headlands should be done systematically,
twice if possible, once early before grasses go to seed and the insects hatch out, and
again in the autumn when insects are hibernating upon grasses and hedge-side rub-
bish, either as perfect insects or in the egg state. And itis not of much use merely
to brush, the rubbish shoald be burnt or carried away to be mixened.”

It is further suggested that in years of bad attack all chaff or rubbish, after
threshing, should be burnt, put in a mixen, or under cattle in yards.

Sometimes a large proportion of the larve remain in the ears until after the
grain is carried, and when threshed fall down with the chaff, dust, and rubbish, in
sufficient numbers to make the ground quite red. Mr. Meech, of Meech’s Lake,
Chelsea, Que., informs me that, a few years ago, this was the case in the Ottawa
district. ‘These larve should, of course, have been most carefully swept up and
destroyed.

In many parts of Canada it has been found necessary to give up putting in fall
wheat altogether, and then by changing the time of planting in the spring, endeavour
to get the wheat into ear at a time when the Midge is not abundant, The great
number of different varieties of wheat, some early and some late, largely assist the
farmer in this direction, but he must constantly watch for the time of appearance of
the Midge in his own locality, and then sow or choose varieties of wheat which are
not coming into ear just at this time. It is claimed by some farmers that when they
get a so-called Midge-proof wheat that after a time the Midge changes its habits and
appears earlier or later, as the case may be, to correspond with the season of the
wheat coming into ear. With regard to this question I think it is more probable
that the change takes place gradually in the wheat plant; and if, upon observation,
this be found to be the case, the difficulty might be obviated by frequently procur-
ing seed-wheat from a distance. From time to time we hear of certain varieties being
proof against the attacks of the Midge, and there is no doubt here a field for investi-
gation, the results of which are of enormous importance to the country at large.
Wherever Democrat wheat has been grown, it is, in every case reported upon, stated
to be free from attack. Mr. Casey, M.P., informs me that, even when grown in
the same field with other varieties, it is exempt from attack when they are destroyed.
There are also other varieties which have almost the same reputation. It is
probable, however, that the same variety which will answer in one district will not
be successful in another, and the most suitable for each must be decided by experi-
ence.

The Rocky Mountain Locust (Melanoplus spretus, Ubler.)

In parts of the North-West there are rumours of injuries by the Rocky Mountain
Locust (Melanoplus spretus, Ubler), and doubtless considerable injury has been wrought
in certain restricted localities; but none of the specimens which have been submitted
to me have been the true Rocky Mountain Locust; nevertheless, of course, part of the
North-West lies within the region where that species breeds, and it is advisable for

10

—

every farmer to be on his guard, and at once report any unusual number of “ Grass-
hoppers,” and send specimens for identification. The insect most often confused
with the destructive Rocky Mountain species is M. femur-rubrum, the most apparent
difference between which avd J. spretus is shown in the accompanying figures,
a and 0.

Fig. 1.—Melanoplus spretus, Uhbler. Fig. 2.—Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Burm.

It will be observed that M. spretus, the Rocky Mountain or Hateful Locust, has
much longer wings aud by this means it is able to fly long distances, while the com-
mon Red-legged Locust is usually confined to the locality where it is born. For
this latter species large broods of poultry are particularly usetul in keeping down
the numbers—and should form a part of the equipment of every prairie farm. In
addition to these assistants, all insectivorous birds, as “ Blackbirds,” Meadow-larks
and particularly the different species of Grouse should be jealously protected by the
farmer. 1 have dissected Prairie-hens, the crops of which were almost filled with
the remains of Locusts.

OATS.

The oat crop is universally reported as having been of the first quality and
complaints of insects attacking it are few. The most serious attack was brought
under my notice by Mr. J. Scriver, M.P., Huntingdon, with regard to

‘ The Red-Legged Locust ( Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Barm) Fig. 2.

Mr, Scriver says: ‘Grasshoppers were numerous and very destructive in certain
localities. In the month of August our pastures were swarming with them and they
afterwards attacked the oats also. They did much injury by biting off the separate
flowers just as they came out of the sheath, sometimes destroying the whole panicle.
Their ravages were most severe in the Townships of Hemmingford and Havelock and
particularly in the Parish of Lacolle, where one farmer had to cut down his oats and
use them for fodder.”

The curious habit of M. femur-rubrum attacking oats in the manner described has
also been noticed by the Hon, W. H. Chaffers, at St. Césaire, Que; in Iowa, by Prof,
Osborne, and, in Michigan, by Prof, Cook.

“Grasshoppers” are complained of in some sections of Ontario and Quebec, as
injurious to hay and oats, and were very numerous on Vancouver Island, in July,
whence I received one or two notices of their attacking turnips as well as other
crops generally,

BARLEY.

No attacks upon growing barley were brought under my notice, the only injury
reported from insects was upon imported grain.

The Grain Weevil (Calandra oryze, L.).

In August, 1585, Mr. F. R. Latchford brought me a sample of imported
pot-barley badly infested with the above-named beetle. This insect belongs to
the Curculionide, or Snout-beetles, and does considerable damage to stored grain,
both in Europe and in this country. It has committed great havoc in Cali-
fornia, New York, and Liverpool, England, It is nut, luckily, a common insect
in Canada, but might very easily become so from its great vitality. In August,
1884, [ obtained from Mr. W. Scott, of Ottawa, a glass jar containing a sample of
Egyptian wheat which he had imported from Liverpool, This grain was badly
infested by these weevils, and I took twelve from the bottle and shut them up in

11

=

a box for examination with some empty shells of wheat. The insects remained
alive and active in the box all the winter until March, when I left the city for some
time, In view of the fact that they are so tenacious of life, great care should be
taken not to allow them to escape if discovered. If the grain is not too badly
destroyed, the insects may be killed by drying it with hot hair, at a temper-
ature of 130°. This will kill the insects; but will not injure the quality nor the
germinating power of the grain.

The eggs of these beetles are laid upon the loose grains in the granary; when
they hatch the small grubs bore into the grain and consume the interior, only
emerging in the shape of the perfect beetle in the autumn, after the whole of the
contents have been consumed.

PEAS,

The pea crop still remains as free from the attacks of the weevil (Bruchus pist
L.) as last year. The Black Army-Worm (Agrotis fennica), noticed last year as hav-
ing been so destructive to this crop in the Ottawa district, did not, as was then antici-
pated, appear again this year in large numbers. Mildew seems to have materially
affected the yuality of the ge crop. The Hon. W. H. Chaffers says: “The weather
which was very unfavourable for hay in the County of Rouville, appears also to have
affected the peas, which crop was a general failure.”

HAY AND CLOVER.
HAY.

The hay crop seems to have suffered considerably from various causes dnring
the past year. A “Joint-worm” is compiained of in the Timothy from several
localities in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. So far, I have been
unable to obtain specimens, and shall feel obliged to any one who, next year, will
send me some for examination. It has been suggested that the injury is not from an
insect at all; but from frosts in the beginning of June, On the other hand, Mr. W.
Brodie, of Toronto, tells me that he has actually found the larva ofa species of fly
(Chilorops) doing much harm in the four townships of Pickering, Whitby, Uxbridge
and Reach of the County of Ontario. The description of the attack he noticed seems to
agree with that of the so-called “ Joint-worm.” Mr, Brodie writes: “The timothy was
just ready for mowing, and, of course, quite green in colour; but in many fields the
dead heads were so numerous as to give a ripened appearance to thecrop. The heads
were pale straw color, dead and dry, and on a slight pull the culm parted at the
upper joint, where the larve had fed. I was, unluckily, unable to work the matter
up; but, from the few larve I succeeded in finding, 1 feel sure that the state of the
crop was due to the attacks of a species of the genus named.”

Mr. T. B. Ellis, writing from Pembroke, Ontario, says: “The timothy hay
crop was 4 comparative failure, not the result of being winter-killed, nor owing to
any lack of rain; but, though it grew well and promised well on the Ist June, it did
not mature, but withered or faded when it should have ripened. I do not know the
cause, which is unusual to farmers here.” And again: “ The‘ Joint-worm’ has been
bad here, at times destroying the timothy largely.”

Mr. Peter White, M.P., of Pembroke, Ontario, alsotells me that the “ Joint-worm”
(locally known as “Cut-worm ”’) has attacked the wheat iu that district in the same
manner. from the fact that the withered stems, to the extent of perhaps } of 1 per
cent., are scattered all through the fields, he feels confident that the injury is done
by an insect. It is only during the last six or seven years that he has noticed the
attack at Pembroke.

It is well known that in Europe a fly of the genus mentioned (Chlorops teniopus,
Curtis) commits great ravages in fields of oats and barley in a similar manner.

The attack, which has been attributed to the “Joint-worm,” was several times
referred to in correspondence from Quebec, and was also observed in the vicinity of
Dalhousie, N.B., on the farm of Mr. Charles Stewart, where both timothy and
Kentucky blue-grass were affected. The hay in New Brunswick, in addition to the

12
———————————————————————— — ——

above, has also suffered again this year from the “ Army-worm.” Nows of the most
severe attack comes from the County of Westmoreland. Mr. Josiah Wood, M.P.,
reports that the hay crop in the large tract known as the Sackville Marshes, was
greatly diminished by this insect. In many fields the timothy was entirely destroyed.

Most of the reports from the Province of Quebec show that the hay crop was
below the average, and in many places a failure. Along the north shore of the St.
Lawrence, as at Berthier, Que., where Mr. E. O. Cuthbert, M.P., informs me that
the hay was remarkably heavy and good, there were, here and there, good crops
secured; but on the south shore, very few. As a rule, this deficiency seems to have
been due more to meteorological causes than to insects. Grasshoppers have been
complained of as injuring pastures in the Counties of Huntingdon and Rouville.

Mr. S. A. Fisher, M.P. for Brome, Que., says: “ Although the hay crop
promised well early in the season, with good stocky bottom, it did not make any
growth. This I attribute to the cool weather which prevailed during the greater
part of the summer, The pastures were short allthe season, and did not seem to
recover after the first cropping. In some parts of the County of Brome the White
Grub did much injury in meadows. This, however, is no new thing, and if a remedy
can be discovered, it willbe a great boon to many farmers in the Hastern Townships.”

The reports on the hay crop which come from the Pacific Coast are not more
favourable than those from the Hastern Provinces. Upon Vancouver Island, the hay,
in most parts, was thin; but Mr. J. A. R. Homer, M.P. for New Westminster, tells
me, that on the alluvial flats and marsh land, about the mouth of the Fraser River,
the crop was good and very heavy.

OLOVER.

The Clover-seed Midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola, Lintner).

y wf Fig. 4.—Clover-seed Midge (female.)
e

\

ae

CC CER

6 G4

Fig, 3—Clover-seed Midge (male.) Fig. 5.—Clover-seed Midge (larva.)
(Figures very much magnified.)

13

The Midge has again proved itself a most serious tax on the farmers throughout
Central and South-western Ontario, where clover was once grown for seed. The only
instances where any seed has been reaped are where, instead of allowing the clover
to stand in the field till the end of June, it has been fed off by cattle and sheep till
the beginning or middle of June, and then left to go to seed for the autumn crop.
There are apparently two broods of the Midge in Western Canada; part of the
second brood goes over the winter in the pupa state and hatches in the beginning of
May. The eggs of this brood are laid in the forming heads of the clover plant, and
complete their larval growth about the end of June. These then leave the heads of
clover and go into the ground to complete their transformations, the perfect flies
emerging about the middle of July. These again produce the second brood, which
destroys the fall crop of clover seed, and part of which emerges in September and
part not until the next spring. The verdict of all the growers who have tried the
experiment now seems. to be that two crops cannot be secured, and to get any seed
at all, the first crop must be pastured until the beginning, and not later than the
middle, of June. In this way the minute larve of the flies which are to lay the eggs
for the second brood, are eaten by the cattle at the same time as the clover, and
destroyed. lt is quite apparent, that if all growers will adopt this plan, that much
good will be done, and if some fall dressing for the land can be devised to destroy the
hibernating brood, we may hope, before long, to get rid of this injurious insect,
Fresh gas-lime, if obtainable in sufficient quantities, would undoubtedly destroy the
midge; but the supply of this is limited. Experiments will have to be tried until
something is discovered. Late fall-ploughing would probably have a good effect.
In the Ontario Agricultural Returns we find: ‘“ There is a remarkable concurrence of
testimony from experienced farmers, that a yield of clover seed can no longer be
depended upon with any degree of certainty where two crops are cut in the season,”

“In this section of the country the clover seed is an entire failure again this
year, except where it was pastured until the middle of June, when it yielded from
3 to 4 bushels to the acre.”—-JABEL Rosinson, Middlemarch, Ont.

“Clover seed has been generally injured by the Clover-seed Midge here, the
only crops being when the first growth has been allowed to seed after pasturing late
in spring.”—R. J, DoyLz, Owen Sound,

“ Respecting the raising of clover seed, the system of pasturing and turning off
early in June is the only chance we have tor seed now; but even under this system
a late cold season like last fall may so delay the blossoming of the plant as to bring
it within the season when the midge strikes it.’—Roxpert WILKig, Master of the
Dominion Grange, Blenheim, Ontario.

ROOT CROPS AND VEGETABLES.

TURNIPS.

Reports come in from all quarters speaking of the injury committed by the
Turnip Flea-beetles. In the vicinity of Victoria, V. 1., the attack was very severe,
White turnips had in some instances to be sown as many as three times before

sufficient plants could be saved to make acrop. There appear to be two or three
different species of Haltica which attack the turnips on Vancouver Island; a black
one (rauch like H. pubescens, which is troublesome in this part of Canada) occurs in
large numbers and is very destructive in some localities. Mr. John W. Tolmie,
of Cloverdale, near Victoria, informs me, however, that he has never found it to be
very injurious to turnips on his farm, “ owing to the fact that it seems equally fond of
two very common weeds which grow abundantly in rich cultivated land, Chenopodium
album and Polygonum Convolvulus ; these partially divert the attack until the turnips
are far enough advanced to withstand it.” There is also a striped Flea-beetle much
resembling, if not identical with, Phyllotreta striolata, Fab. It was remarkably
abundant and destructive in the vicinity of Cedar Hill, V. I.

On Vancouver Island this year, the spring was a very dry one, and I have

no doubt that io this the severity of the attack of the Turnip Flea was due. The

1t

EE —————————————— eee

seed germinated and appeared above the ground slowly, when it was at once pounced
upon by the beetles and devoured. The treatment most successful in England with
these insects appears to be to manure and plough the land in autumn, leaving the
frosts of winter to reduce the surface to a fine tilth which forms a suitable seed-bed.
The surface of course needs cultivation in the spring to destroy the weeds; but
ploughing should not be done at this time for turnips as it only opens up the soil,
allowing the necessary mvisture to evaporate and leaving harbours for the insects.
The farmers who have been most successful say “ manure well, disturb the surface as
little as possible in spring and put in plenty of seed.” Me,

Changing the time of sowing from that usually practised is claimed to be suc-
cessful in some localities; but evidence is rather contradictory on this point, as the
following extracts will show, and would seem to indicate that each one must be
guided by experience according to the conditions which hold good in his own dis-
trict. 1 shall be glad to receive notes upon this matter. Some correspondents say
“‘ we must sow early,” others exactly the reverse. Mr. F, W. Morrison writes from
Folly Village, N.S.: “To avoid the Turnip Fly we have either to sow early, or about
the last of June.’ Mr. Thomas Henderson, of Nepean, Ont., who has a farm on a
clay soil, tells me that he ploughs two or three times in spring, unless the soil is too
wet, and that if he sows too early he loses more turnips than if he waits until about
20th June. Immediately the seed leaves appear he puts on a liberal supply of gyp-
sum which creates a rapid growth, and his crop seldom suffers from the flea,

“Turnips planted from the Ist to the-7th of June are very good, those planted
after that time are very thin in consequence of the fly.”—Joun Scort, Howick, Ont.

When turnips are badly attacked by the flea, I have in one or two extreme cases
advised the sprinkling of a weak Paris Green wash over them, so as to keep the beetles
in check while the rough leaves were forming. This has been effective in
garden cultivation of early turnips. A useful dry application may be made
by mizing 1 part of Paris Green with 40 of common fiour or Plaster of Paris.
Dusting with lime and ashes in the early morning while the dew was on the
leaves is reported from different quarters as having been successful. This
is the same treatment as that mentioned by Miss Ormerod in England, where one of
her correspondents drove a large fiock of sheep over his field in the early morning
when the dew was on the leaf, thus covering the young plants thickly with dust.
The treatment was repeated until the rough leaves of the plant appeared. The effect
of destroying the rough leaves is not so injurious to the plants, because they do not
perform so important a function as the first pair of smooth seed-leaves. The rough
leaves are supported by the root, whereas the seed-lobes are actually the reservoirs
of prepared food upon which the young plant has to feed until it has formed roots,
by which it can derive nourishment from the soil. Any treatment, therefore, such
as the application of gypsum, superphosphates, &c., which pushes on an active
growth at the time the seedlings appear above the ground is useful, so as to get them
past the stage when they can be destroyed by the beetles. As soon as the rough or
true leaves are formed, they, together with the roots, perform the same function by
manufacturing the plant-food from which the young plant is to be built up, as was
performed, at first, by the seed-leaves which provided it ready-made for the same pur-
pose. In garden culture this rapid growth at the critical time has been produced by
watering the turnips in times of drought; but this would seldom be practicable in
fields, Occasionally mustard is grown with the turnips for the reason that it germi-
nates more quickly, and, by the time the turnips appear, is a more conspicuous
object, and as it also appears to have greater attractions for the beetles, the attack is
diverted from the turnips to the mustard.

A Turnip Aphis—(A. brassicw, L. ?).
_ A pest which has occasionally been very destructive on Vancouver Island is
described asa “Gray Aphis” (possibly A. brassice) which sometimes increases so
much as to materially diminish the whole crop of cabbages and turnips in the district.
Mr. J. W. Tolmie writes: “Soon after being attacked the leaves rot away, and in

1

15

_—SS
the case of turnips the root follows. With this fly the smooth-leaved turnips (Ruta-
baga) are most infested, and, in 1876, when it was worst, we tried many experiments,
but were unable to rid ourselves of our unwelcome visitors, N ow, whenever they
appear, we remove the plant bodily and destroy it, considering this the most inex-
pensive way of getting rid of the pest.”

Remedies.

This insect is generally more abundant on the Cabbage; but also occurs upon
several cruciferous weeds, as Charlock, Shepherd’s purse, &c., for which reason these
latter should always be kept down. From its habit of congregating beneath the
leaves it is rather a difficult insect to treat. In garden culture much good may be
done by gathering such of the lower leaves as contain clusters of the lice and destroy-
ing them so that they may not spread. Syringing the plants with Pyrethrum or Car-
bolic washes, made by adding Pyrethrum powder or Carbolic acid to strong soap-
suds, or a Kerosene Kmulsion would probably be the most effective remedy.
When cabbages have been attacked, drenching them with strong salt and water
has had a good effect. The cabbage in its native state, is a seaside plant, so conse-
quently would not be injured by this treatment.

Western Ten-lined June Bug—(Polyphylla decemlineata, Say).

A specimen of a large scarabzeideous larva was brought to me whenin Vancouver
Island by Mr. Saunders, of Cadboro Bay, who had found several of them while hoe-
ing the turnip fields of Mr. Benjamin Evans of the same place. This grub, from its
size, is probably that of P. decemlineata, specimens of which I have received from
Victoria.

Turnip Maggot—(Anthomyia).

. In the garden of Mr. G. A. Knight, of Mount Tolmie Road, near Victoria, V. I.,
I found some young Turnips much injured by a species of Anthomyia, much resembling
in appearance, but not in its work, the Radish fly. The large gaileries formed by the
maggot were in the upper part of the root, starting close beneath the crown and
running in all directions through the upper half of the substance of the roots, utterly
spoiling them for the market. The fiy has not been yet identified. For remedies, vide
Radish Maggot. :

Carrot Fly—( Psilatrose, Fab.)

Carrots and Parsnips were little troubled with insects; but during the present
winter I received, from Prof. Guignard, of Ottawa, some Specimens of Carrots pur-
chased in the market which were much mined by small white maggots. These have
produced in the breeding jars the carrot-ily (P. rose), soinjuriousin England. Ihave
never heard of this insect being sufficiently numerous in Canada to be considered
injurious ; but should it become so, as, unluckly, is too possible, easy methods of lessen-
ing thoattacks are sowing sand and petroleum amongst the young plants at the time of
thinning out, and watering the beds frequently with salt and water.

RADISHES.
The Radish Maggot—(Anthomyia raphani, Har.)

Radishes, in almost every part of Canada, are injured by this insect. “TI did not
get a sound radish” is a common complaint, and frequently whole beds have to be
dug up without even producing enough to pay for the seed, This maggot is the
product of a small active fly which may be seen flying about close to the ground as
soon as the young plants begin to appear. In general appearance it resembles a
slender House-fly, but has longer wings and is of a lighter shade of brown.

Remedies.

Remedies to prevent the parent flies from depositing their eggs are decidedly
the best for these troublesome insects. Fresh manure, too, should never be used for

plants liable to the attacks of these root maggots, as there is now no doubt that it
attracts them.

16

In Professor Lintner’s First Report as Entomologist for the State of New York,
he refers to some expsriments made by Professor Cook, with Carbolic Acid, at the
State Agricultural College of Michigan. ‘ Carbolic acid is very repellant to insects,
and is remarkable for the permanency of its disagreeable odour. A preparation was
made by adding two quarts of soft soap to two gallons of water, to which, when
heated to the boiling point, a pint of crade Carbolic Acid was turned in, For use, one
part of this mixture was taken with fifty of water, and applied by sprinkling directly
upon the plants. It was found that a single application kept the insects at bay for
about two weeks. When applied weekly the radishes were almost entirely free from
attack.” This easy method of fighting the injurious Anthomyian flies should be
remembered and tried thoroughly.

It must, however, be remembered that it isa “preventive” of attack, not a
“remedy” for application after the attack has once begun. It is for keeping the
flies from coming to lay their eggs on the radishes. When used as a remedy to
destroy them it would have to be of such a strength as would destroy the radishes
also. The reason for this is given by Prof. E. W. Hilgard, in Supplement 1 to Report
of College of Agriculture of the University of California. He says: “ The soil isa
powerful absorbent of almost all substances soluble in water, thereby rendering them
inactive toward animal life, for the time being. The same disinfecting property of
soil that enables it to purify the foulest water filtered through it, without itself
becoming offensive, also serves to render ineffectual a large proportion of any poison,
that may be introduced in watery solution. It is only after the soil has become
saturated with it to a certain (very variable) extent that a remaining portion can
become effective. Hence the amount needed of any insecticide, when used in the
soil, is very much greater than that which would be required if water were to be
applied to the insect directly. A solution of Carbolic Acid or a tea of Persian ingect.,
powder, that would be instant death to aninsectsprinkled with it, becomes inodorous
and harmless when filtered through a few inches of soil; and the same is more or less
true of all kinds of poisons.” I draw especial attention to this because several of my
correspondents to whom I had recommended Prof. Cook’s preventive remedy have
reported against its efficacy. Upon enquiring into the matter, however, I have
found, invariably, that it had been tried asa remedy after the radishes were found
to be infested. The first application must be made directly the seed leaves appear ;
the day should be noted and a fresh sprinkling given regularly every week after-
wards. '

Experiments were made during the past season by growing Radishes in rows and
sprinkling sand saturated with Petroleum along the rows, once a week, until they
were large enough to thin out and have the ground well hoed over the roots. Hardly
any wormy roots were found.

”

POTATOES.

: Nay hy

NX elle 4
SON

REN JU Ve
B ae Nd/ 4
RW

‘ES Pe
Fig. 6—The Colorado Potato Beetle.— (D. decemlineata, Say.)

17

This insect still makes its presence appreciably manifest in many localities,
which is much to be regretted, because with care and prompt application of Paris
Green in water, at the time the first brood appears, and with every farmer and
ae acting in unison, this pest could, I believe, be practically exterminated.

ny of our injurious insects when driven from their appropriate food-plant or
when the cultivation of that food-plant is discontinued with a view of starving them
out, are able to exist in small numbers upon some of the wild native plants, allied to
the cultivated crop they had attacked. With the Colorado Potato Beetle, however,
this is less the case than with any other injurious insect, for the wild species of
Solanum, which never occur abundantly, would be entirely inadequate to keep up a
food supply. Moreover it is found that although other members of the Solanacese
are grown, they are seldom attacked. Tho tomato, for instance, is hardly ever
touched until all the potato tops have died down, and then it is only the fruit that
is eaten very sparingly. So that if all would only agree for one or two years to use
conscientiously the remedies which have been so long tested and have proved so
efficient, we should seldom hear of material damage to the Potato crop by the Colo-
rado Beetle. ‘The proper proportion is, if the poison be pure, one teaspoonful to a
pailful of water. Throughout Ontario and Quebec, where Paris Green is regularly
used, there is very little complaint this year concerning the Potato Beetle, yet a few
localities seem to have suffered.

Mr. J. J. McLaughlin, of Williamsburg, Ont., writes: ‘The annual ravages of
the potato bug have been so great that an incessant war has to be waged against this
hitherto indomitable enemy by every farmer in this part of the country, not with the
hope of exterminating the pest, but of checking its ravages.”

Mr, J. B. Hobbs, Warwick, Ont., says: ‘“ Harly potatoes were a good crop, nor
were they eaten by bugs, buat the late ones were swarming.”

In the vicinity of Cheslea, Que., several fields were found to be badly infested,
but were easily cleared by prompt use of Paris Green.

The Colorado Potato Beetle has not yet reached British Columbia, but has
extended eastward through Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to the Atlantic.
Active measures are being taken in all these Provinces to stamp it out. I have notes
of its appearance at Kentville in the Annapolis Vailey, at Sydney, C. B., and many
other spots, but never as being very injurious,

Mr, A. B. Biack writes from Amherst, N.S.: Paris Green is found to be the
most effective remedy for the Potato Beetle. Last year, however, its inroads were
so slight as hardly to require notice, some farmers having raised as high as 400
bushels per acre,”

Wire-worms—(Llateride).

Reports come in from all parts of the Dominion, complaining of the attacks of
Wire-worms (sometimes called Yellow-worms). By far the largest proportion of
these complaints is with regard to their attacks on Potatoes. In many localities on
Vancouver Island they were particularly obnoxious, and seemed chiefly to cut into
the long stem of the plant close above the tuber. This mode of attack was noticed
at Saanich and at Scoke on the farm of Mr. Godel, who probably owns the most
western farm in North America, Mr. Robert Craig showed me many roots in his
garden which had been injured as above, early in the season; but had thrown out
supplementary tuber-bearing roots above the point of attack. Mr. Thomas Marshall,
of Cowichan, V.1., writes me that ‘the wire-worm is not very bad here this year ;
but last year we had about one-sixth of our potatoes ruined with thom, anda few
oats killed as well. I know of one farmer who had to plough his oats up entirely.
In Ontario and Quebec very few complaints have been made about wire-worms.

Remedies.

Most of my correspondents agree that the attack from Wire-worms is
much less severe upon well manured, highly cultivated, and well cleaned ground.
2

18

————_—_— aaa _____——___
Mr. William Miller, of Bridgetown, N.S., a gentleman of large experience and a suc-

cessful farmer, tells me that he can clear any ground from wire-worms by high

culture and careful cleaning by the third crop. Where potatoes are grown he says

they should be picked up immediately, they are dug, and most of the wire-worms

will be taken with them and can be destroyed. He mentioned an instance of a piece

of land he had jast cleared which, when he first took it, was so full of wire-worms

that he had been able to gather them up by the handful from the bottom of the cart

in which the potatoes were drawn from the field. In confirmation of this, I give the

following quotation from the report which has just been issued by Mr. C. Whitehead

for the Agricultural Department of the Imperial Privy Council Office in England:

“First and foremost among means of prevention (of wire-worm attacks on crops)

is the abolition of weeds from the land and from the outsides of fields. This has

been recognized and adepted long ago by some agriculturists, for we find the follow-
ing passage in Vol. XV of the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,

in an essay upon the farming of light land, which is always more liable to attacks of
wire-worms. ‘There is a farm in the neighborhood of Guildford which presents an
instance of a perfectly clean farm, and kept so by deep ploughing and unsparing use of
horse and hand hoes. It has often been remarked that root crops and corn are

unmolested by wire-worms upon this farm. The owner asserts that he starved them

long ago by growing no weeds to sustain them in the absence af a crop.’”

Black Worms, Thousand-legged Worms—(Julide).

In some localities in the Maritime Provinces, growing potatoes have been injured
by “ Black worms.” Prof. H. Youle Hind informs me that they begin the attack by
cutting narrow winding grooves in the surface of the tuber. Mr. W. Miller has found
that they almost invariably follow the application of chip or sawdust manure to fields,
and suggests that many substances might be more advantageously used as litter for
stables or as a vehicle for liquid manure than sawdust. The species referred to is
probably the Julus ceruleocinctus, Wood, described by Prof. Lintner in the ‘ Country
Gentleman” of 24 May, 1883. Specimens of Tomatoes containing hundreds of these
Millepedes were purchased by me in the Ottawa market. These fruits had probably
been on low branches and rested upon the ground. Prof. Saunders, of London, tells
me that on one occasion he had trouble with these creatures in his greenhouse, where
they attacked tender seedlings,

CABBAGES.
Cabbage Maggot (Anthomyia brassicw, Bouché).

This troublesome pest has been, as usual, very injurious in every Province of the
Dominion. All the varieties of the Caulifiower seem to suffer most severely. The esti-
mates of loss from this cause vary between 25 and 75 per cent. of the crop. Mr. G.
al. Knight, of Mount Tolmie Road, Victoria, V.L, lost every plant in a large bed of
Cauliflower. Mr. J.C. Black, of Truro, N.S., when speaking of the Anthomyian flies,
says: ‘Sometimes I lose half my crop of Cauliflowers, Cabbages, Radishes and
Onions through the attacks of the maggots.”

Remedies.

The discovery of a sure and safe remedy for this insect appears to be difficult,
sometimes success will attend certain methods, which will fail in the hands of another
experimenter. In my own experience the most satisfactory preventive treatment has
been to dip cach plant bodily into a pail of Pryethrum wash at the time of planting
out and then put asmall quantity of fresh Gas-lime round each plant at once so
as to prevent eggs being laid, or, when Gas-lime was not obtainable, sand saturated
with Petroleum has had a like good effect of keeping away the flies. In all solutions

19

SS

of Pyrethrum and Hellebore I always put a small quantity of soap; this makes it
M™more effective against such insects as Aphides, and those which throw off watery
‘applications.

From Miss Ormerod’s experiments it would appear that the attack of all these
Anthomyian flies is much more severe after fresh unrotted manure has been used.
Prof, Riley suggests late fall ploughing as possibly usefal, where these insects have
occurred, so as to disturb their winter quarters and expose them to the effects of the
frosts; he also quotes, with approval, as a remedy the scattering of coal dust, slaked —
lime or ashes around the stems of young plants, after setting out, with here and
there a few plants not so protected. The flies, in laying their eggs, would avoid the
spots were the application was made and seek out the unprotected plants. So as to
leave the bed intact these traps might be planted in between the rows, and might

be removed carefully, with the earth surrounding them, when they had effected
their end.

‘ Injurious Caterpillars (————?)

In the vicinity of Victoria, particularly in the garden of Mr. G. A. Knight,
considerable injury was committed by the larva of a small moth, which perforated
the leaves very badly. This injury might have been prevented, had it been observed
in time, by applying Pyrethrum, either dry in the proportion of one part of the
powder to 20 of flour, applied by means of an insect-gun or bellows; or by watering
the plants with a solution formed by pouring a little hot water over a spoonful of
Pyrethrum powder, in a large watering pot, and then filling it up with cold water.
The perfect moth was bred from cocoons found on the leaves of the plants, but has
not yet been identified. In some instances, either from want of material at the time
of attack, or from the circumstances of the case, special remedies cannot be applied
and we have to resort to hand-picking in its various forms, that is seeking out each
individual insect and destroying it. Many instances have come under my notice of |
great success attending such methods. In the following extract this is exemplified.
It will be scen that from the data given, it is impossible to decide to what species
the attack described should be referred.

“The only things on the farm which have suffered in the slightest, have been
cabbage and cauliflower. A small Moth or Butterfly deposits its eggs on the under-
side of the leaf, as soon as they are put out; little worms trom the eggs appear in a
few days, and commence at once to eat the plants, and if left alone, will soon destroy
them: I have seen an acre of cabbage destroyed in ten or twelve days. I have
tried the following experiments, with complete success, in each case saving every
plant of both cabbage and cauliflower :—1. Wash the underside of the leaves of the
plants with strong soap-suds, which cannot be too strong; but each leaf of the young
plant must be taken in the hand and rubbed with » cloth. 2. Water the plants in
the heat of the day with ice-water ; it must be done two or three times, and unless
the water is ice cold, itis of no use. 3. Sift ashes on the plants two or three times,
while the dew is on, well covering them with ashes.—Joun W. SirTon, Brandon.

These methods of treatment, however, while they show great perseverance on
the part of Mr. Sifton, would, I think, require too large an expenditure of labour and
time to be applied on an extensive scale, and I believe that assoon as farmers and
gardeners are familiar with the Kerosene Emulsions for application while the plants
are young, and a solution or dry application of Pyrethrum, which may be applied at
any time without affecting the taste of the vegetables, these will be the standard
remedies for all such vegetables as are used for pot-herbs: .

In Prof. Lintner’s second Annual Report (1885) he quotes the following from the
Country Gentleman :”’ , : /

“As cheaper than Pyrethrum, and more quickly applied, the following applica-
tion may be made: One tablespoonful of the cheapest black Carbolic Acid, diluted
in one gallon of water, applied sparingly, after heavy rains, at intervals of three or
four weeks, if the Caterpillars are observed. Persons who have tested the above
claim that it has given them uninjured crops of cabbage.”

20
——__—_—_____—__—_—__ Ene
The Cabbage Worm. The Imported White Cabbage Butterfly—(Pieris Rape, L.).

Complaints of this insect are frequent, pee. from the Province of Quebec
and parts of Ontario. Mr. W: D. Shaw, Sec.-Treas. of the Montreal Agassiz Associa-
tion, who has kindly made enquiries for me, concerning insect injuries on the Island
of Montreal, writes that ‘‘the Cabbage Worm (P. Rape) has been very abundant, but
as there are such large quantities of cabbages grown on the Island, its injuries have
not been felt to any great extent. Where small crops have been grown the depreda-
tions have been really serious.”

So far P. Rape has not reached British Columbia; the two species occurring
there (Pieris Napi, Esp., winter form Venosa, Sc., and summer form Pallida Se.) are
not sufficiently abundant to be injurious to crops; they correspond with our eastern
forms (Pieris Napi, Hsp., winter form Oleracea-Hiemalis, Harr., and summer form
Oleracea-ZEstiva, Harr.). The caterpillars of the Vancouver Island species probably
feed more on wild species of Arabis than on garden vegetables. Many specimens of
the larvze were seen by me upon the upright stems of A. perfoliata. The eggs were
laid among the flower stems and on the leaves, and when the young larve hatched
out, they fed first on the scanty foliage of the stem; and when this was consumed,
devoured the seed-pods, There were seldom more than two larve on each plant;
when mature, they invariably left the food plant to pupate.

The Imported White Cabbage Butterfly (P.Rape) has now spread over a great
part of North America, and commits considerable depredations, notwithstanding the
fact that it is severely attacked in all quarters by a fungous disease. In Hurope this
insect is not nearly the scourge to the market gardener that it is on this continent,
which is probably due to the large number of its enemies there, which were not im-
ported with it when introduced. In 1884, however, Prof. Riley added yet another to
the many obligations, under which he has placed the whole community, by giving the
farmers and agriculturists another means of keeping down the numbers of this injuri-
ous insect. In his report for 1884, he makes the announcement of the successful
introduction of Apanteles glomeratus, L., a small parasitic fly, which is very abundant
in Europe, and which we may sanguinely anticipate will soon spread here and per-
form the same good offices which it does there, by infesting this injurious pest.

ONIONS.

The Onion Crop-has not been a good one in most localities. In Ontario and
Quebec there have been severe attacks of the Onion Maggots (see Fig. 16) and Cut-
worms have done their share of injury. (See page 35.)

Cut-worms (Agrotis, etc.)

At Ottawa Hadena devastatrix, Agrotis Ypsilon and A. subgothica were the
commonest species of Cut-worms attacking all kinds of garden crops. —

5 Fig. 8—A. subgothica, showing
Fig, 7—A, Ypsilon; 4, grub ;5, moth. wings expanded and folded. .

21

EEE ae

Owing to want of complete information with regard to some of the species
studied during the Season, as well as of figures, a detailed account of the Cut-worms
will be held over until next report.

The Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata, Fab.),

A few enquiries have been made as to remedies for the Striped Cucumber
Beeile. As the beetles appear early in the year and attack the leaders of the vines
long before there ig any fruit formed, Paris Green, London Parple and other poisons
may be safely used, and should be sprinkled over the young plants as soon as the

few squash seeds in the same hills, which, as they come up sooner, and are more
attractive to the beetles, serve to draw them off from the melons and cucumbers
antil they become too vigorous to be injured by their attacks,”

FRUITS.

The fruit crop of the year, taking it as a whole, has been less affected by insects
than usual. Wild fruits and berries ofall kinds were very abundant, The late’
Spring in Ontario and Quebec, added to the cool summer, appear to have affected the
output to a certain extent,

APPLES,

The apple crop, on the whole, has not suffered severely from insects. Of course
there are complaints of the Codling Worm from all quarters, in some places worse
than in others, and we likewise learn of the work of the Round and Flat-headed Borers,
In Prince Edward Island, the Tent Caterpillar, so abundant last year, has been sup-
planted by the Fall Web-worm.

The Oyster-shell Bark-louse (Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouché)

This insect elicits enquiries for remedies from Prince Elward Island to
British Columbia. Soap washes and kerosene emulsions have been the remedies
advised. Mr. W. Miller, of Bridgetown, N.S., considers that clean culture and
the maintenance of a vigorous condition of the tree is the best preventive
against the injuries of these pernicious insects, Rev. J. R. Hart, President of the
Fruit Growers’ Association of Nova Scotia, also writes : “The Oyster-shell Bark-louse
is very prevalent; but few orchards being entirely exempt from its ravages; though it
does not appear to injuriously affect the fruit toa great extent where the trees are
well fertilized.” The Hon. R. P. Haythorne tells me that this is by far the most
injurious insect to the apple on Prince Edward Island, and reports haying treated
his trees successfully by painting them lightly, in the winter, with petroleum or oil
paint. For the scale insects of all kinds, the safest remedies are alkaline washes, and
the most effective kerosene emulsions. For the first, the time of hatching of the
young insects must be discovered, so as to apply the wash at the time they are most
susceptible of injury. With the kerosene emulsion great care must be taken not to
have the mixtare too strong. Although in the experiments mentioned above no
‘injury resulted to the trees treated, it was almost more than could have been expected
and the remedies are too hasardous for general application, With reference to the
use of linseed oil mixtures upon apple trees to kill scale insects, it must be remem-
bered that they should be put on very lightly, or by stopping up the pores of the
bark the treo will be injured. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse affects apple trees from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. “The Bark-lico have nearly killed out several orchards

22

{ eee
and prevail in almost every locality where the apple is grown. I have tried a solu-
tion of concentrated lye and found that it completely cleared the only tree we had
affected by them. A syringe is necessary for the small limbs.’—'T. Marshall, Cow-
ichan, V.I1. Mr. D. W. Gordon, M.P. for Vancouver Island district, says: “The
Oyster-shell Bark-louse is the worst enemy of our fruit orchards, and is more partial
to some varieties than others. The Red Astrachan, standing in an orchard among
other kinds, will be covered with the scale whilst the rest are comparatively free..
Aphides are very destructive, attacking several kinds of frui: trees, particularly apple,
plum and cherry.”

Mr, E. Daubney informs me that a young orchard of twelve-year-old apple trees:
was entirely destroyed at Plantaganet, on the Ottawa River by the Oyster shell Bark-
louse.

The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella, L.)

AVP XS om This troublesome insect is so well known to fruit
. y growers that any description of the insect or its mode
\\ of working is unnecessary. Throughout the Mari-
#4\ time Provinces, Quebec and Ontario, it appears not to
<j have been quite as destructive as usual; but in British
(Columbia it has given much trouble. Mr, Thomas
) s\Marshall, of Cowichan, V.I., writes: “The Codling Moth
‘,/¢i8 very bad with us, a8 many as one quarter of all our
4» \\ (¥apples are affected by it. I have seen it in other places
CU fy ’ as well, but not so bad as with us. In fact this and other
= + pests are so bad that unless some remedy can be found
: it is no longer profitable to grow apple trees; in fact,
; ie some have given up entirely, and take no notice of their
Fig. 9.—Apple injured by apple trees.” Similar reports to the above come in
larva of Codling Moth. from all quarters. There is, however, no need for
: giving up the culture of apples even in the worst
affected districts, for with the old and long-tried remedies of trapping the larve
and letting pigs and sheep have the range of the orchard, they can always be kept
down sufficiently to allow a good crop to be secured.
fiemedies.—-Up to the present time the most successful method of destroying
these insects has been by trapping the larve at the time they leave the apples and
turn to chrysalids. After leaving the apple, at maturity, they spin a cocoon ina
crevice of the bark of the nearest tree, and there remain forthe winter. By placing
convenient harbours for them to go through their transformations, large numbers
can be captured and destroyed. The usual plan is to attach a band of carpet, cloth,
old sack or paper round the trunks of trees between 1st June and the end of August.
The larve collect beneath these objects in great numbers, and may, of course, be
easily destroyed. Whatever material is used for a trap it should be folded loosely
and twisted round the tree two or three times. The traps should be visited every
week from a month after the blossoms fall, and the caterpillars and chrysalids must
be destroyed either by dipping the bands in boiling water or by crushing them.
Attracting the perfect insects toa lantern, hanging over a pan of water with a little oil
on the top, has been frequently recommended, but with varying success. The only
time I tried this remedy there certainly were several of the perfect insects upon the
top of the oil. Neither of these remedies however will, I believe, require before
long to be practised, for the experiments of the last year or two seem to show that
this and another of the worst pests of our fruit trees in Canada have been brought
within control. For years the Codling Moth and Plum Curculio have committed
great havoc in almost every part of the Dominion; but now, unexpected as I confess
it was to me, and in the case of the Curculio inexplicable as it still is, there seems to

ZZ

OZ

= =
—<——
tia

7727

vat

be little doubt, but that most decided results have been obtained by spraying the.

apple and plum trees with Paris green for these insects. Mr. D, W. Beadle, of St.
Catharines, writes with regard to fruit insects for the year: “ We were remarkably

23
esses es =—=SS=====—=>=

exempt from all insect pests last season. Those who have experimented with Paris
Green, spraying it on the apple for the Codling Moth, and on the plum for the Cur-
eulio, report very favourable results.” This remedy should certainly be tried by
every one. The proportion of Paris Green in this mixture should be much weaker
than in other applications. Mr. Woodward, of Lockeport, N. Y., gives one table-
spoonfal to a barrel of water as the proper quantity. After spraying an orchard
with Paris Green, animals should be kept out until after arain. It is probable that Paris
Green acts as a protection against the Codling Moth in a two-fold capacity ; not only
is the small amount of the material eaten by the caterpillar a poison to it directly,
but also it appears that the parent moths avoid the trees bearing this arsenical com-
pound on their leaves, The trees should not be sprayed until the blossoms have
well passed maturity, and may be done at any time before the young fruit has turned
down from its increasing weight.

Canker Worms (Anisopteryx vernafa, Peck, and A. pometaria, Harris).

Fig. 10—A. pometaria, (Harris.)

a, male moth; 6, female; c¢, joints of Fig. 1I—A. pometaria, (Harris.)
antenne of female; d, an abdominal seg- a, egg; 5, do. end view;
ment of female. e, mass of eggs; f, cater-

pillar ; c, enlarged segment
of caterpillar.

Fig. 12—A. vernata, (Peck.) Fig. 13—A. vernata, (Peck.)
a, male moth; 4, female; c, joints of a, caterpillar ; 0, egg ;
female antenne; d, an abdominal ce, d, enlarged segment
segment of female; e, ovipositor of caterpillar.
of female. ;

There are two distinct kinds of moths in Canada, the caterpilllars, of which are
known by the name of Canker Worms. These two species resemble each other closely,
both in habits and appearance. The moths of one kind, the Fall Canker-worm (A.
pometaria) appear in October and November, and the eggs are laid then, and remain
on the trees all the winter. Of the Spring Canker Worm moths a small proportion
emerge in the autumn ; but the greater number do not appear until the spring. The
eggs of both kinds hatch at the same time.

Canker-worms are complained of in Nova Scotia. Mr. C. R. H. Starr, of Port
Williams, N.S., writes: ‘‘The most formidable enemy the apple grower has to con-
tend with just now, in this section of the country, is the ‘Canker-worm,’ which has
in many instances during the last five years left orchards in June leafless, and look-
ing as though run over by fire.” Mr. Starr also writes:

“The remedy most successful in combating the Canker-worm has been
printers’ ink, applied to bands of tarred paper around the trunk during the autumn,
which in some cases would require to be renewed daily to prevent the moths bridg-
ing them over with their dead bodies. Paris Green and London Purple have both

24
————— a SS a

been used largely with good effect during the spring, by mixing a spoonful in a
bucket of water and applying with a force pump.”

Mr. R. W. Starr, of Starr’s Point, Port Williams, N.S., also writes me concerning
these insects, and as he is an experienced fruit grower, and gives the remedies which
I also consider the best, I give them in his own words.

“The Canker-worm is really the most serious insect pest we have had to deal
with, and in certain localities has caused a great deal of loss, large orchards being
stripped of fruit and foliage in a very few days. Various methods are used for pre-
vention and remedy. Among the various preventatives, a band of tarred paper, 6
to 10 inches wide, around the trunk of the tree, and well smeared with printers’ iuk,

ut on in November and well looked after, and the ink renewed until the ground

reezes, and then again renewed in the spring, has proved the best. To destroy the
worms a solution of Paris Green or London Purple, applied with a force pump to the
foliage, is most generally used, care being taken to make the solution weak enough
not to injure the leaves but yet strong enough to kill the worms. Some have used
with good effect a mixture of finely slaked dry lime and Paris Green dusted on the
trees by means of a bellows and tube forming an asperser. This is used when the
dew is on the leaves, and it is claimed to be better than the solution, as it adheres to
the damp foliage, and, being white, shows where it strikes, so that there need be no
part of the tree untouched, It is also claimed that it is not so dangerous to the
foliage and less labor to apply.

“Tam happy to be able to state that they have a great many natural enemies.
In my own case I seldom have to resort to any further means than encouraging the
birds about my orchard and keeping a large flock of Brown Leghorn hens. I call
the chicks and thrash the trees with a long pole, then sweep the pole around under
the branches to break the webs which they spin to lower themselves with, and leave
the chickens to do the rest. During the winter months, when pruning, [ am always
on the lookout for eggs of both caterpillar and Canker-worm, and frequently find the
latter perforated and dry, the work of some minute enemy.”

The Eye-spotted Bud Moth (Z'metocera ocellana, Schiff).

These annoying little creatures are complained of from many localities and are
difficult to treat. The small brown caterpillar commences operations early in the
spring and attacks the young buds, and is particularly partial to the young flower-
bearing shoots. It commits its worst depredations in the month of May, while the
apples are in blossom, and not only eats the flowers and young fruit, but bores down
the centre of the shoot and kills the twig. I do not know for certain the life history
of this little moth, but believe that it passes the winter as a larva on the branches
of the apples trees, protected by a covering of silk. I have found small brown larve
hibervating in this manner at Kentville, N.S. The size of the caterpillar in spring,
when it attacks the buds, also points to the probability of this view. “The larve are
usually full grown by the middle of June, when they change to dark brown chrysalids
within their nests, from which the perfect insects escape in July.” “The moth, fig. 14,
measures, when its wings are expanded, about half an inch across.
It is of an ash-grey colour. The fore wings have a whitish-gray band
across the middle, and there are two small eye-like spots on each of
them, one-near the tip, composed of four little black marks on a light-
eS _ brown ground, the other, near the hind angle, formed by three

Fig. 14. minute black spots arranged in a triangle, with sometimes a black
lee ne centre. The hind wings are dusky-brown.”—Saunders “ Insects Injurious
0 Fruits.”

An interesting account of an attack, which I refer to this species, being put a
stop to by birds, is noted by Rev. J. R. Hart, of Bridgetown, N.S. :—

“Two years ago our apple trees were attacked by a large number of brown
grubs which ate the young leaves and fruit buds just as they were opening. The
grub was about half an inch in length when full grown, and about the size of

25
SS

a large darning needle. I tried to watch them developing, but the birds so indus-
triously gathered them up that I could find none coming to maturity. Last spring
afew appeared but their ravages were insignificant.” :

Mr. J. N. Coleman, of Lakeville, N.S., reports the insect as particularly obnoxi-
eus to freshly-set scions, where it does great harm, by destroying the buds. Scions
should always be closely examined for eggs or small larve of insects, especially
when received from a distance. An alkaline wash would always be useful in cleans-
ing them from any eggs of insects or young larve. |

Specimens of this insect will be most acceptable during the ensuing season, and
may be sent long distances by mail, if packed in tight tin boxes, without any holes
punched in the lid, “so that the insect may breathe,” This is entirely unnecessary
with most insects, and is frequently the cause of their death, on account of their food
drying up. Baking-powder tins and mustard tins are very useful for this purpose.

PLUMS,

The Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst).

The Curculio is still the most injurious insect which
attacks the plum tree—and this, I believe, in all parts
of Canada. There is no doubt that this insect could
have been kept down in numbers, so as to allow of a
good crop being secured every year, by the well estab-
lished, simple method of jarring the trees; but this
appears to have been neglected by fruit-growers of late
years, and, consequently, complaints come in from all
quarters of the depredations of the Curculio. Fig. 15
shows the beetle and grub, and plum attacked by the

e : former. The unwelcome intelligence recorded below
Fig. 15—Curculio. shows that new districts are suffering from its work.

“This insect, which has been so destructive in older sections of the Provines
has made its way here. Our district, once so famous for plums, runs the risk of
losing its reputation, unless some remedy is found. One trouble is, many of our
farmers, who are not careful observers, do not know what is the matter when they
see the ground under their plum trees covered with newly-formed fruit, from the
size of a pea upwards, and coneequently do not take any steps to prevent the depre-
dations of the Curculio.”—-R. J. DoyLz, Owen Sound.

Mr. George Henry, Bowmanville, reports: “A bountiful crop of plums ripened,
but so large a quantity of fruit set on the trees that the ravages of the Curculio may
still have been considerable. Cherries are almost extinct in these parts, so great is
the prevalence of Black Knot, and the few Cherries that are produced are wormy.”
From farther correspondence with Mr. Henry’s son, Mr. Thomas Henry, on the latter
point, he is confident it is the Curculio which attacks them, having frequently shaken
the bectle from the cherry trees. He has also noticed that those trees which stand
nearest the plum trees are the most severely attacked.

“The curculio is very destructive to our Plum crop, and not only the Plums,
but the Cherries have to suffer from his insatiate appetite. He has been a long time
among us and is pretty well known. The only method of destruction used in his
case is to jar him down on to a sheet and make him prisoner, when he gets a short
shrift. I find that the services of the Leghorn chicks come into play well here. I
do not have to provide a sheet. I simply do the jarring, and they make the prisoners
and execute justice without delay.”—R. W. Srarr, Port Williams, N.S. ;

' It is manifest that some plums are not so much attacked by the Curculio as
others. At the late meeting ot the Fruit Growers’ Association of Nova Scotia, there
was considerable discussion concerning the “Masters Plum,” a variety produced at
Kentville, N.S. This plum, it was stated, was almost exempt from the attacks both
of the Black Knot and the Carculio. The Rev. G. F. Day, in answer to the sugges-

26

SSS Se

tion thet possibly it was a heavy bearer, and therefore the attack was not noticed,
responded, that on the other hand, it was not a very heavy bearer, and he had exami-
ned trees all through the season, but never could detect the work of the Curculio,
either by fallen fruit beneath the trees or injured fruit upon them. As already men-
tioned under the heading of “ Codling Moth,” during the past year or two. experi-
ments have been tried, which have resulted in a most remarkable and unexpected
success in the treatment of the Curculio, by spraying Paris Green or London Purple
over plum trees as soon as the blossoms fall, It has even been found that where
alternate trees in the same row or orchard have been sprayed, those treated with
Paris green were not attacked, whilst those not so protected, were badly infested.
This discovery is of the greatest importance, and if used regularly, and varieties of
Plums, exempt from attack, are grown, no doubt before long the Plum Qurculio will
be as completely brought under control as the Colorado Potato Beetle:

GRAPES,

The injuries to grapes by insects during the past year have not been so severe
as usual, Haltica chalybea, Illig, was complained of this year in the Ottawa district
as injuring the buds of the Concord, Salem, Martha and Brighton vines,

The Grape Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix Planch.).

A great many enquiries have been made as to whether we have in Canada the
true grape Phylloxera. There is no doubt that we have, and Prof. Saunders, of Lon-
don, tells me that several instances have come under his notice in Western Canada,
where this insect has seriously injured grape vines in gardens and small vineyards,
However, from the long time that the Phylloxera has been known to exist in Canada,
and from the comparatively small amount of injury it has committed, I do not think
that we shall ever be troubled in Canada in the severe manner in which some other
countries have been. Before long, too, we may hope that the study which this insect
is receiving will be productive of some practical remedy.

When returning from the Pacific Coast during the past summer I had the
pleasure of meeting and travelling with Prof. Dwinelle, Lecturer on Practical Agri-
culture, at the University of California, who informed me concerning some impor-
tant experiments which are now being prosecuted on the grounds of the University,
in the direction of grafting the best wine grapes upon the native Vitis Californica,
which is said to be exempt from the attacks of the Phylloxera. I have also heard
later from Mr. J. J. Rivers, of the same University, that “ if ‘resistent stock’ with
vines proves a success, then grafted vines alone will be used. This plan is now been
tried by our gardeners at the University.”

I have received from Mr. F. B. Caulfield, of Montreal, a pretty little beetle,
Phymatodes amenus, which had been sent to him by Mr. G. J. Jack, of Chateauguay
Basin, P. Q., with the information that it bored in grape vines.

In 1884 the Rose-beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fabr.) was very injurious to
grape vines in the County of Simcoe, particularly in the Townships of Walsingham
Charlotteville and Middleton. The following successful remedy has been sent to
me by Mr. J. B. Carpenter, of Simcoe, Ont.: “In 1883 I had a very large crop of
grapes, and in going among the vines one afternoon, in June, I found countless
thousands of the Rose-keetle destroying the flowers and young grapes—the leaves
were literally covered with them, and they threatened total destruction, so I con-
cluded to experiment on them. There came a very heavy shower of rain, just before
evening, and after it ceased I took a swab and dipped it into coal-tar, having a boy
with me to light the torch. I moved along and gave every vine a good smoking,
moving the blaze quickly so as not to injure the vines, and we went through the
whole vineyard in a very short time, using less than half a gallon of tar. The next
morning there was not a beetle to be seen. I have not had a chance to use the
a tig but I am satisfied that it was the black fumes of the coal-tar that did

© work,

27
ES Nd
GOOSEBERRIKES,

The Imported Currant Saw-fly (Wematus veniricosus, Klug.), when not promptly

treated with hellebore, did a considerable amourt of damage in some sections, The
Gooseberry Fruit-worm (Dakruma convolutella, Hub.) although appearing in most
districts heard from, does not seem to have done much harm. This, or an allied
species, I found in small numbers in the garden of Mr. John Murray, at Spence’s
Bridge, B.C., and also heard of its depredations at Cowichan, V.I.
_ Remedies,—It has been suggested to dust air-slaked lime freely over the bushes
in spring, to prevent the moths from laying their eggs on the young fruit. Hand
picking is also a successful remedy. When the berries are attacked they turn pre-
maturely red and should at once be gathered and destryed.

The Currant Plant-louse (Myzus ribis, L.).

Two reports of severe attacks by this insect have come in, one from Nova Scotia,
where great injury has been done to the gooseberry bushes, the other from Vane
couver Island.

Mr. Isaac Shaw, of Berwick, N.S., writes: “For the last five years a small insect
has attacked the Gooseberry bushes in this place ; they blight the entire foliage, and
stand proof against lime, ashes, brine, or drugs of any description yet tried. Dr.
Middlemas, of this place, after having applied without success everything he could
think of, dug up and cleared his garden of a fine lot of bushes which, previous to the
attack of these insects, had yielded very large crops of fine fruit. Large numbers
of Gooseberry bushes have been planted in this valley during the past two years and,
if no remedy can be found to stay the ravages of this foe, much loss will come to
small-fruit growers on this account.”

Remedies.—As a general thing these insects do not appear in sufficient numbers
to work the destruction mentioned by Mr. Shaw; when, however, they do, there are
some standard remedies which can always be tried, and will be found successful.
Syringing the bushes with a solution of pyrethrum with a little soap in it, witha
kerosene emulsion, or with a carbolic wash, would undoubtedly have destroyed these
insects.

CURRANTS.

The Currant Weevil (Anthonomus rubidus, Say). Just before the White Currants
change colour and ripen, it is frequently noticed, at Ottawa, that many of them turn
brown and shrivel. These either fall to the ground or hang on the bunch. Upon
opening these shrivelied berries a small white grub will be found, which later in
the season hollows out a cell for pupation and ultimately produces a little reddish-
brown weevil. This insect in some gardens has destroyed as much as 5 per cent. of
the crop. It is also recorded as attacking the Raspberry; but I have not noticed
this at Ottawa, even in the gardens where its attacks upon the White Currants have
been worst.

Mr. 8. Greenfield, of Archville, near Ottawa, reports that a species of bark-louse
was very injurious to his currant bushes. The wood produced was very small and
the fruit was bitter and unpleasant.

The Imported Carrant-borer (geria tipuliformis, L.) commits considerable
depredations every year, and has a very wide distribution over the Dominion. The
caterpillar burrows for a distance of two or three inches down the centre of the stems
of Red, White and Black Currants and Gooseberries, destroying the pith and some of
the wood. The moth appears in the month of June, and is a pretty little creature,
resembling in general appearance a small wasp.

Mr. R. W. Starr, writing from Port Williams, N.S., says: “ This insect is widely
spread, and very destructive to the Currant bushes in this locality. There is scarcely
& garden in the country but can furnish evidence of its work.”

28

[enn
eee

——-——_.

The only remedy which can as yet be suggested is to prune closely and cut out
the infested wood and burn it, to prevent the contained caterpillars from completing
their transformations.

These, above mentioned, comprise all the attacks on fruits which have been seri-
ously complained of during the past year; but in addition to what is quoted there is a
vast amount of information contained in notes and letters from correspondents, which
willbe of great use in the future.

FOREST AND SHADE TREKS.
CONIFER,

Of all the insect foes against which the Economic Entomologist has to contend»
none are so difficult to treat as those which attack the giants of the forest. When
we consider that in British Columbia we have magnificent Cedars more than 300 feet
in height and with a diameter, in rare instances, of 17 feet, man’s inability to protect
them against their insect foes is made manifest. With the shade-trees, however,
with which we beautify and render healthy our streets and gardens, we are able to
attain a certain amount of success, and now, by means of the various ingenious
contrivances which have been produced at Washington under the able supervision of
Prof. Riley, there are few of our shade trees which may not be easily protected by
spraying poisonous compounds over the foliage. For those insects which attack
forest trees, sach wholesale application of remedies as would be necessary, is out of
the question, and the only steps we can take are such as will foster and protect their
natural enemies.

AMERICAN LARCH OB TAMARAO,
The Larch Saw-fly (Wematus Hrichsonii, Hartig.)

In my last report I referred to the ravages of the Larch Saw-fly upon the Tama-
racs in New Brunswick, Quebec, and part of Ontario. This attack, at that time so
serious, does not appear to have increased, during the summer of 1885, to the same
degree as it did the two previous seasons, nor to the extent to which, judging from
the past, I had feared that it might. It made its appearance at Ottawa, and all the
colonies observed were promptly destroyed by Mr. W. H. Harrington in July. In
the infested districts the attack does not appear to have attracted so much notice as
before, and I believe we may, with reason, hope that this plague is passing away.

iy Mr. 8. A. Fisher (M. P.), writing from Brome, Que., where he had taken me to
visit some trees in July, 1884, which were, in many instances, entirely defoliated,
says as follows:—“ I have seen the Tamarac trees several times since I came home
in July, but have noticed no destruction comparable with what we saw last year.”
_ Dr. A.S. Packard, jun., special agent of the Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, in his second report to the Entomologist on the Cause of the Destruction of
Forest trees in Northern New England and New York, gives the following favourable
report :-—“ On the whole, while a small proportion of Larches have been killed by this
worm, this vigorous tree, though defoliated for two successive summers, seems, in the
majority of cases, to survive the loss of its leaves, though it threw out much shorter
ones the present summer. Possibly 10 per cent. of our Northern Larches died from
the attacks of this worm. Very probably the numbers of this insect will diminish
during the next year (1885), and the species may ultimately become as rare as it
always has been in Europe, until a decrease in its natural insect parasites and favour-
able climatic causes, induce its undue multiplication.”

With reference to the effects of the defoliation of the Larches by this insect,
many instances have been brought to my notice where, after the attack had finished,
the leaves in each fascicle, which had been eaten right down to the base, were further
developed about one-quarter of an inch in length. This amount of foliage I have no

29
680—_eaosa“$90awovwsmaOSOOoOSSSSSSmmmmaaSSS a,

doubt materially assisted the tree in custaining its vitality. Probably every year

more of our native predaceous insects attack the Larch Saw-fly, and important infor-

mation comes from Quebec where Rev. T, W. Fyles, of South Quebec, has found the
up much attacked by some unknown predaceous insect. He writes under date 12th
ovember, 1885 :—

“‘T send you herewith some cocoons of WV. Frichsonii, which I secured early in
the season. On my return from London I went to the spots in which they had been
80 abundant; and, strange to say, every cocoon I met with had been opened at one
end and its tenant extracted. I send you some of the empty shells. What kind of
creatures have been the aggressors—ground-beetles, predaceous larve, or what?
Evidently they had done their work thoroughly. I could not find one sound cocoon.
I think this discovery an important one.”

Upon enquiry as to the possibility of the cocoons being old ones from the year
before, Mr. Fyles gives the following answer :—

“ After the meeting of the Hintomologial Society of Ontario, remembering your
request, I went to the spot to obtain cocoons for you; but whereas on the former
occasion I had found numbers of the sound cocoons but no empty ones, on the latter
I met with abundance of empty cocoons but not a single sound one. At first I con-
sidered whether the insects finding themselves in an unsuitable position had bitten
their own way out, and sought other quarters, and [ dug deeper and examined the
surroundings ; but I soon abandoned the idea, remembering that I had had others of
the same batch of cocoons exposed in a recessed window of my study, and yet others
which I had carried about the country, all of which remained intact. I could only |
come to the conclusion that the exposed cocoons had been assailed by predaceous
insects.”

“You will have observed that the empty cocoons are of the samo texture and
colour as the sound ones. Supposing that vacated cocoons of last year’s insects could
have remained till the date of my discovery, they surely would have been more broken,
blackened and decayed than those which I sent you.”

The cocoons when received were much begrimed with damp earth; but upon
washing and comparing them I believe Mr, Fyles is correct in his assumption.

From the nature of the attack of the Larch Saw-fly and the habitat of the Larch
tree being in deep peat bogs, nothing can be suggested as a remedy. When the
native Tamarac or the Kuropean Larch are grown as ornamental trees upon lawns,
attacks of this Saw-fly have been arrested by spraying hellebore over the trees. This
has been done ai Ste. Anne’s, P. Q., on the grounds of the Hon. J. J. C. Abbott.

SPRUOE.

Enquiries have been received from Quebec and New Brunswick with regard to
injuries to Spruce forests, and a tew specimens have been received from New Bruns-
wick of the work of the Spruce Bud-Moth (Tortrix fumiferana); but I do not think
that this is the cause of the injury complained of, and taking advantage of Dr.
Packard’s investigations in Northern New York, Maine and New Brunswick, I believe
that the injury results from the attacks of small beetles, Scolytide, which attack the
trunks of vigorous, growing, trees, I have not yet succeeded in gotting specimens;
but have been promised a good supply next summer; the species can then be
identified.

I have been informed by Mr. Edward Jack, a gentleman who has spent many
years of his life in the forests of New Brunswick and has been a close observer, that
he first noticed the diseased state of the Black Spruce, about i0 years ago, when his
attention was called to it by the large amount of débris lying on the snow in winter.
This he attributed to the operations of woodpeckers in hunting out the grubs. He
afterwards noticed that the tops of the trees were red. This attack was particularly
noticeable on the ridges, where the trees grew thickest and had never been cut amongst.

Mr. Jack was of the opinion that ‘the only remedy is ey cutting, when the
disease is first observed, at once cut out the injured trees, hen they die before they

£0

are cut they are not used for lumber. Spruce forests are different from Tamarac. I
have noticed for 25 years that as soon as Tamarac is cut amongst it becomes diseased ;
but as soon as Spruce is thinned out, the other trees improve and disease will stop.
‘When Spruce grows amongst Cedars, on low lands, it is not nearly so much attacked as
when growing in dense bodies, in fact the more valuable the Spruce land the heavier
the attack.”

Mr. C. EK. Towle, D. L. 8., of Lachine, Quebec, informs me that this “Spruce
disease” was very bad a year or two ago in the Township of Windsox, along the St.
Francis River and in the Township of Dudswell and adjoining townships.

From Dr, Packard’s report, above referred to, we are again able to receive com-
fort; he says, after recounting the results of his investigations: “ From various per-
sons we learned that the evil is now abating, and without doubt if the tracts of dead
Spruce, at least those near settlements or villages, could be cut down and removed,
leaving, however, the Spruce undergrowth, a new growth of Spruce would spring
up which in 40 or 50 years could be profitably lumbered,”

The Spruce Saw-fly (Lophyrus abietis, Har.)

This insect has been bred and collected by Mr. W. H. Harrington, on Spruce, at
Ottawa. lLarve, which, according to Dr. Packard’s Bulletin on Insects injurious to
Forest and Shade trees, apparently belong to this species, although differing somewhat
in appearance from those found on the Spruce, were also found by him very abundant
on White Cedar,

Mr. Brodie, of Toronto, also announces that he has found the Spruce Saw-fiy in
that locality. -He collected a large number of the larve and reared them to maturity
and found them very irregular as to their time of appearance. No parasites were
found by him.

PINES,

Mr. J. Goldie, of Guelph, has set a good example, for which he deserves great
credit. Some time ago heimported from England a stock of ornamental pines.
Upon planting them in his grounds, he observed that they were injured by some
Weevil which attacked them just above the ground, and not only mined under the
bark, but bored into the substance of the wood. Directly he detected this, he at once
grubbed up the trees and burnt them, thus arresting the injury before the insect had
become established in the neighbourhood.

On the Pacific Coast the magnificent Coniferse seemed comparatively free from
insects which attack living, vigorous trees,

At Spence’s Bridge, British Columbia, I had an opportunity of examining the
Pinus ponderosa groves. This handsome pine is sparsely scattered all through the
interior of British Columbia, and formed almost the only reliable source of firewood.
previous to the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The living trees seemed
very free from injurious insects, although several species of Buprestide were collected
from the piles of cordwood lying at the foot of the mountain.

Mr. Murray kindly obtained horses and we both rode up into the mountains to
examine the trees. Although a large collection of insects was made, none were of
economic interest, except a Lepidopterous larva, which was found +o be burrowing in
the cones of Pinus ponderosa and destroying the seeds. But few of these were found,
and I was unable to rear them to maturity. I had previously heard of this insect
from Mr. Albsrt J. Hill, C.E., in 1881, when it was much more abundant. At that
time Mr. Hill wrote: ‘The cones are everywhere attacked by a small white grub,
which works from the centre, and following the spirals of the cone destroys all the
seeds, so that it is difficult to procure any sound ones.”

In travelling up the Fraser River, the Douglas Fir was found to be attacked by
many species of wood-boring beetles, and the exceedingly active little Buprestis
Melanophiia Drummondii, Kirby, was always to be seen in great abundance on the
bark, At Kamloops, a single specimen of Monohammus confusor, Kirby, was taken in
Messrs. McIntosh & Mara’s Mill.

eee

31
aE6Nia[eaealaleaaooeeaaaaaaoaoaooaooqoqQqQ=~$q~q~qmmmum

HARDWOODS—THE MAPLES, OAKS, &0.
The Sugar-Maple Borer (Glycobius speciosus, Say.)

_ _ Several specimens of the above-named handsome wasp-like beetle have been sent
in for identification, and considerable damage is reported to city shade-trees from its
ravages. The perfect beetle is nearly an inch in length, and is beautifully marked
with bright yellow bands. It is easily recognized by a W-shaped mark on the —
shoulders, with a semi-circular band close above, and another rather farther off below
it, which almost form a circle round the W; there is then a broad band of black, and

the ends of the wing cases, about 4, are yellow, bearing two round black spots, with
a curved black stripe above them.

Remedies.

The perfect beetles appear about the first week of July, and may be found well
on into August. When they occur in large numbers they may be prevented from
laying their eggs upon ornamental or shade-trees by washing the trunks with a soap
or carbolic wish. The borers might also be destroyed in infested trees by cutting
out or by inserting a stiff wire into the hole as soon as their presence is detected in
spring by the dust they cast out of the burrows.

The Maple-Leaf Cutter (Incurvaria acerifoliella, Fitch.)

The Hard Maples (A, saccharinum and A. sacccharinum v. nigrum), in many
localities about Ottawa, have been found to be attacked, to a moderate extent, by the
curious case-bearing larve of this pretty little moth; but on the 12th September last,
enormous numbers were found to be destroying the foliage in the woods adjoining
the Government House grounds. The Maple trees, for a space of perhaps 4 acres,
had the foliage almost all consumed, and the flat dise-like cases, which had fallen
from the leaves, were carpeting the ground, and were also seen in great numbers on
the sides of trees; these larve probably had been blown down before mature, and
were returning to the foliage to feed. Growing amongst the Maples were some
Beech trees, and these were also eaten after the leaves of the Maple had all been
devoured. The attack was very severe. The leaves were so perforated and
skeletonized, that instead of the woods being green, they were cream-colored in hue.
The larve, when full grown, are about a quarter of an inch in length, with a brown
flattened head, and are of a dirty white color. They cut from the leaves small oblong
wads, from which they form cases, which they carry about with them as they feed.
The case seems to be fastened at one side to the leaf, and the larva then eats the
green part of the upper surface, in circles or parts of circles, leaving the fibres and
lower surface untouched. When it has consumed all within reach, it moves on to
another spot. The cases of the mature larve are formed of four wads, two of which
are about 4 of an inch in diameter, and the larger pair about 3. When fall fed, which
at Ottawa is in September, the larve fall to the ground inside their cases, where they
change to pup in a few days, and do not emerge as moths until late in the following
spring. The moth is described in Packard’s “Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade

rees,” as follows:—“‘The moth, with long narrow pointed wings; the fore pair bril-
liant steel-blue; the hind wings smoky brown, with purplish reflections. Between the
antenne, a dense tuft of erect bright orange-yellow hairs. (Fitch.)”

The Rev. T. W. Fyles, of South Quebec, sends me the following account of a
‘visitation similar to the one experienced at Ottawa last year :—“ This insect was
exceedingly abundant in Missisquoi County in the year 1881. I noticed it particu-
larly in the Maple groves belonging to Hon. G, B. Baker, M.P., and Mr. G. F. Shufelt,
near the village of Sweetsburgh, Que. The leaves throughout extensive Maple woods
were so skeletonized that they presented a brown and scorched appearance that was

32

very remarkable. It seemed as if a hot blast had passed over large tracts of the
woodland. Myriads of the larve in their disc-like coatings were to be seen on the
leaves and stems of the trees and on the undergrowth. Next season clouds of the
perfect insects would rise from the foliage shaken by the passers-by.”

OAKS.

The Oak trees, which occasionally suffer very severely from insects, have not
been troubled so much as usual. In 1884 the following insects were very abundant,
but did not appear this year in sufficient numbers to be called destructive:

Edema albifrons, Sm.-Abb., appeared in great numbers and was most injurious
to both Oaks and Maples at Ottawa.

Clisiocampa disstria, Hub, (C. sylvatica, Har.), the Forest Tent-Caterpillar, was
very injurious in parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, I have been informed, |
entirely defoliating large tracts of hardwood bush. In British Columbia I heard
complaints of the oaks being frequently stripped bare by the larve of a geometer.
None of the above, however, were complained of during the past year.

The Oaks supply food for a vast number of insects, The following interesting
note is from Mr. W. Brodie, of Toronto, an ardent naturalist and a prominent member
of the Toronto Natural History Society, who writes with reference to the number of
Hymenopterous insects alone which are found on the Oak :—

‘‘ We have, around Toronto, 4 species of Oak in great abundance. On these we
have 13 different kinds of galls produced by 11 species of Cynipide, containing at
least 9 species of [nquilines, or insects which live in and on the galls, without, how-
ever, causing their formation. The Cynipide are infested by 13 species of Hymeno-
pterous parasites, the Inquilines by at least 5; that is, our oak galls contain about 38
different kinds of insects.”

No reports on observations of serious attacks on other hard-wood trees have been
received during the past season.

GARDEN PLANTS.

The insects which have been brought under my notice as injuring flowering
plants in gardens are very few.

Cutworms were very destructive amongst bedding plants when first put out in
the spring. The following preventive remedy, which I have found quite satisfactory,
is given in Prof, Lintner’s pamphlet on Cutworms. “Tin Bands—a simple, cheap and
permanent device, is this:—A strip of tin two inches wide, ten inches long, bent into
the form of a cylinder, with a narrow lap at each end so as to hook together.” The
following is given in its favor :—

“Tt works to a charm; no cutworm ever goes over it; it can be hooked together
and put over a plant, and remain there until the plant is out of the way of the worm,
then it can be unhooked and put away for another season. The inside should be
painted, as the bright tin when new will concentrate the rays of the sun and burn
the plant. They cost about $1.50 per hundred, and will last a long time if painted.”
(Country Gentleman, May 31, 1877, p. 348.) I have found tomato tins, with the tops
and bottoms cut out, a pertect protection against these annoying insects, and in the
case of choice plants, to well repay the trouble.

When Cutworms occur in large numbers, as is frequently the case in newly-made
gardens, poisoning them by means of attractive baits must be resorted to. Prof.
Riley, in his Annual Report for 1884, gives as the most effectual remedy for ridding
land from cutworms the use of poisoned balls of some succulent plant, and quotes the
experience of Dr. A. Ormler, of Wilmington Island, Ga,, who says :—‘ My method of
dealing with Cutworms of late years has been to remove them from the field before
the crop to be jeopardized is up or the plantsare put out. By placing cabbago leaves
and bundles of grass along the rows of watermelon hills, I caught, by hunting them
daily, 1,538 worms on about one-quarter of an acre before the seed came up, and lost.

33

———_——

———

but a single melon plant. On one occasion I captured, one morning, 58 of all sizes
under a single turnip leaf.” Prof. Riley suggested, as an improvement on the above
plan, poisoning the leaves placed as traps, so as to save the labour of collecting and
destroying the Cutworms.

This suggestion proved quite successful, and the cut worms soon destroyed them-
selves without any further labour than renewing the traps two or three times. He
says :—“ We used chiefly Clover, sprinkled with Paris Green water and laid at inter-
vals between the rows, in loosely-tied masses or balls, which served the double purpose
of prolonging the freshness of the bait and affording a lure for shelter.”

A most remarkable attack of Cutworms occurred during the spring months in
the vicinity of Victoria, V. I., British Columbia; nearly all crops were attacked, but
Onions suffered most severely.

Rose trees when not closely watched were in many instances rendered unsightly
by the Rose Slug (Selandria rosw, Har.), which eats all the green portion of the
leaves, leaving nothing but the whitened skeleton. If noticed, when the attack begins,
and attended to promptly, the bushes can be easily cleared by syringing with helle-
bore or pyrethrum. The equable climate of Vancouver Island permits the cultiva-
tion of the best varieties of French and English Roses, consequently these lovely
flowers are largely grown. During the months of May, and June they were found
in some gardens to be badly infested with Aphides, or Green Fly. The following
treatment was found successful:—An open pan was half-filled with strong Soap-suds,
into which, while hot, about + oz. of Tobacco had been placed ; when cool enough the
young shoots upon which the green flies were congregated were bent down and.
washed backwards and forwards two or three times in the pan and were easily
cleaned. A similar treatment was successfully practised by Mr. P. T. Johnson, of
Cadboro Bay Road, Victoria, V.I., on young cherry treesin his nursery. Instead of
Tobacco, a tablespoonful of Pyrethrum in the water would have possibly answered
the purpose better. Another insect which injured the rose trees about Victoria was
observed abundantly in the garden of the Hon. Joseph W. Trutch. This was a
small white Hrythroneura, usually called “ Rose Thrip,” which attacks the Rose by
sucking the sap from benezth the leaves, giving them a white parched appearance
and causing them to fall prematurely. These insects pass through their transforma-
tions upon the leaves of the plants they affect, and during the larval and pupal stages
are not nearly so active as when mature. They should be treated before the perfect
condition is arrived at, by syringing the trees with Soap-suds and Tobacco or Pyreth-
rum wash. As they keep beneath the leaves a syringe is necessary to reach them.
A dry mixture of 1 part of Pyrethrum to 20 of Flour may also be used, if putied up
from beneath; but is less satisfactory than the syringing.

An interesting attack was brought to my notice by Mr. J. J. Cowley, of Victoria,
V.1., who had a great many young plants of Chinese Pinks destroyed by the
larve of a small Anthomyian Fly. The injury was first noticed about the middle of
May. The egg appears to be laid at or near the base of the topmost leaves. The
young maggot burrows beneath the epidermis of the base of the leaves for some
time, and then bores down the centre of the stem. Mr. Cowley writes that “they did
not attack the large plants of Sweet-William; but they did the small ones, also
Carnations and other kinds of Pinks when small, any time before they got five or six
leaves. They destroyed many of my young seedling plants entirely. When I noticed
the Chinese Pinks dying, I used fine Ashes and I thought they were a preventive. I
think if Ashes or Lime were sprinkled on them, so that it would go well down into
the centre of the leaves as soon as, or before, the fly appears it would probably keep
the female from laying her eggs there.” The maggots left the plants about Ist June
and went into the ground to pupate. The flies appeared about 10 days latter. An
interesting point about this insect is that I found a specimen at Ottawa which was
destroying Indian Pinks in exactly the same manner as those in Mr. Cowley’s
garden, and which produced a fly apparently identical with those he bred for me at
Victoria.

3

34

eee ee al on

Mr. Cowley also complained that—“ the Phlox Drummondii, Candytuft, and some
other plants were much attacked by a very small bug not half the size of the common
turnip fly, just as soon as they appeared above the ground. They were so small that
I thought for some time the plants were covered with dust uutil 1 saw they were
dying and then discovered the cause. I used ashes for a few days and thought it was
effective.” This small insect is probably the small Podura known as the Garden Flea
Smynthurus hortensis (Hitch), which occurs in gardens in May and June and is
sometimes injurious to seedlings of cruciferous vegetables, as cabbages, cress and
radishes.

Amongst the regular pests of the flower garden the Imported White Cabbage
Butterfly (P. Rape) has now to be considered as quite injurious. In every part
of Canada where the insect has reached, it seems actually to prefer the scented
Mignonette (Heseda odcrata) to cruciferous plants—its proper food.

The stems of the common Sun-flower (Helianthus annuus) have for some years
been periodically brought to me, by persons desiring to know the name of the maggot
which bores_in the pith. This is the larva of the beautiful fly Straussia longipennis and
is so prevalent at Ottawa that it is impossible to find a plant of the Sun-flower of
which the pith is not much devoured; but strange to say, it does not appear to injure
the plant to any practical extent—a giant plant, over 12 feet in height and with
many branches was found to have the pith bored and tunnelled from the base to the
very flowers; but yet grew with the above remarkable luxuriance and kept green
and vigorous up to the first frosts.

I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
JAMES FLETCHER,
Honorary Entomologist to Department,of Agriculture,
The Honorable

The Minister of Agriculture,
Ottawa.

35

APPENDIX 1._

THE ONION MAGGOT (Phorbia ceparum, Meigen).

A LETTER TO THE “ OTTAWA CITIZEN,” 30TH JuLy, 1885.

Sir,—I beg to inform you, in answer to the
letter of a ‘Nepean Farmer,” which you have
referred to me for advice, that upon receipt
of it I at once visited the district mentioned
and investigated the cause of complaint, It
proves to be a very severe attack of what is
known amongst gardeners as the “ Oaion Mag-
got.” This maggot is the larval stage of a
small fly beionging to the Anthomyiide to which
order also belong the injurious flies that pro-
duce the maggots which commit such havoc
amongst both radishes and turnips,and cabbages
when first transplanted. Other species also
mine between the upper and lower skins of the
leaves of spinach and beet root. The attack in
question has already made great headway,’
probably three-quarters of the whole crop being destroyed, but I believe with
care and a little labour a large proportion of the remainder may yet be saved.
For an intelligent application of remedies it is necessary to kaow something of the
life-history of the insect we wish to subdue, and it not infrequently happens that it
would be a great advantage to know exactly to what species of any genus the
marauder might belong. There are, I believe, twoor three of the Authomyian flies,
almost identical in size and appearance, the grubs of which destroy onious in all
their varieties and at all stages of growth, from the seedling to the mature bulb. But
although the perfect insects are so similar, the habits of the grubs are different, the
eggs of one species are laid at the base of the leaves, and those of another on the
bulb itself, the grubs attacking it from beneath.! It is impossible to say for
certain, after the attack has progressed so far, to which species the insects
under consideration belong, but they will most probably prove to be the true
“Onion fiy,” Phorbia ceparum. There are several broods during the season, so
that constant vigilance is necessary. The parent fly, which lays the eggs of
the first spring brood, passes the winter in the earth as a pupa or
chrysalis, and emerges as a perfect fly just about the time that the young
onions are coming up; the eggs, five or six? in number, are then laid at the bases of
the lowest leaves, and about a week later hatch out as white grubs, which eat their
way down to the bulb, between the stem and sheath of the leaf; they soon destroy
the young bulb entirely, which, of course, is very small at this time, and then pass
on from one root to another, their presence being made manifest by the leaves turn-
ing yellow and fading, As soon as this is noticed every affected onion should be
removed? by means of a broad-bladed knife and burni, so as to destroy the grub

1. A single instance has since come under my notice of the attack being made in the stem of the
onion, quite half an inch above the bulb.

2. Major C. J. Anderson, of Ottawa, showed me in August an instance where more than 100 eggs
had been laid high up on the leaves of an attacked onion, after the rows had been well hoed up. These
eggs did not hatch.

3. With reference to this point, Miss Ormerod has since written to me = “Do you not think that
we might improve on the old plan of digging up the infested onions, by dropping a very little dilute
carbolic acid on each infested bulb? The fluid would run down and sodden into the parts where
the maggots lie and kill them, and this without disturbance to the bed or injury to growing plants.
Of course, in after cultivation, the carbolic acid would be so dispersed that it would not cause
injury ”’

3

36

———————————— ———————O7oooooooeeeeeeeeee—ssoo.———SSSSosssSsSsoS0Soowannna»_»>_sasa

inside it. The importance of raising the whole bulb and a portion of the ground
round it, by means of some broad instrument, is very great, because if the plants are
‘simply pulled up it is most likely the grubs will be left ia the ground, for they are
not always inside the bulb, but lie just outside, in the earth. It is also most necessary
40 destroy the injured onions, as the following will clearly show: Miss Ormerod, the
‘Kutemologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of Kngland, cites an instance of one
oof her correspondents who noticed that some of his onions showed signs of flagging
while still only about the diameter of a knitting needle. Every onion so afiected
owas at once taken up and carefully burnt. The beds were treated this way every
two or three days for three weeks, and the result was, there was no further damage
during the summer, and the crop of onions was the only good one in the neighbour-
hood. One of the gardeners employed on this work had an onion bed in his own
garden, and followed the plan so far as to pull up all the faulty onions, but threw them
down a short distance from the bed, and the consequence was, he lost his entire crop.
Unluckily “ Nepean Farmer’s” crop is to) large, and the insects have now done so
much injury that this remedy is not practicable at this busy timo of the year; but it
is imperative that something should be done to preserve the remainder of the crop
and also to destroy the grubs so as to prevent their ravages next season. After
many experiments with these insects I have come to the conclusion that the best
remedy is hot water. This can be easily applied by means of an ordinary pot with
a spout, and should be heated almost to the boiling point and poured along the rows
with the nozzle close to the roots, so that the hot water may go directly on the bulbs
but not on the leaves, It has been found that this does not injure the onions, but
killa the grubs; and does not require any large expenditure of labour or time.
After this treatment the onions should be hoed, and the earth well drawn up over the
bulbs, so as to prevent further attacks. With reference to the earthing up of onions,
most satisfactory results have followed in England, where Miss Ormerod has advised
for some years that the onion bulbs should be covered with earth up to the neck, or
even higher, so that the fly could not get at the bulb to lay its eggs upon it. When
mature, the eggs must be laid, and if the bulbs are well covered up they are laid too
high up on the foliage to do any injury, or are dropped on the earth and perish.

This plan has actually been carried so far as to grow onions in a trench, and as
the bulbs grew the earth was worked down upon them so as to keep them buried
throughout the season. The crop was found to be very fine, the onions large and
sound, with scarcely any attack of the fly.®

Where there has been a severe attack of any insect which passes the winter in
the ground a useful remedy in Gas-lime. This is a waste product from gas works,
and should be easily obtained. It is of a most poisonous nature when fresh, both
‘to plants and insects, but becomes, after some months exposure to the air, a valu-
‘able fertilizer, and is harmless to vegetation. A dressing of this substance,
after the crop of the year has been removed, would undoubtedly be of great service
in killing all the pupe or hibernating larve, and would at the same time enrich the
soil.

I may, in conclusion, mention that good results have been obtained this season
in Stewarton, near Ottawa, by sowing along the rows, in onion beds, sand saturated
with coal oil every two or three weeks, whilst the onions were small, and until they
were hoed up; the odour of the mineral oil evidently keeping off the flies when they
came to deposit their eggs. Gas-lime sown in between the rows would also answer
the same purpose. This preventive remedy is of course the best means of securing
a crop, and care should be taken at the time the rows are thinned out to draw the
soil well over the plants so as to prevent the deposit of eggs on the bulbs. Any plant
with a strong odour, as an onion, is doubtless more susceptible of an attack when

4. This treatment was tried and proved quite successful.

5. Miss Ormerod writes me on September 19, 1885: ‘*‘ My trench onions have been doing well this
year, and whilst the rest of my garden crop grown on the flat suffered greatly from the long drought,
those in the trenches were a very good size, The ground between the trenches is not wasted, for we
Joad very nice lettuce off it.”

37
—ee—=_0eooooo00n00SSSanamT eo

being hoed or thinned out, for two reasons—not only does the odour of the broken
plants attract insect enemies, bat the vigour of the plant b3ing temporarily impaired
by the root fibres being disturbed and broken, it is less able to withstand suck
injury.

Hoping that this information may be acceptable and useful to your correspor-
dent, and begging any others who may find their crops attacked to apprise me of the
fact as soon as possible,

I an, Sir,
Your obedient servant,

J. FLETCHER,

Honorary Entomologist to Department of Agriculture.
Ortawa, 29th July, 1885.

N. B.—There are still some points affecting this question with regard to the
cultivation of onions which I have not yet fully worked out. My thanks are due to
Mr. E. Bell, of Archville, for trying experiments and assisting me in other ways in
the study of these different root maggots, J. F.

33

APPENDIX 2.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES.

An Address dvlivered before the Fruit-Growers’ Association of Nova Scotia at their
Annual Meeting held at Kentville, N.S., by James Pletcher.

Mr. PResIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,—Some time ago there came into my hands,
by accident, a copy of the transactions of your society, and in the perusal of this
report I wes so much struck by the amount of practical common sense by which
the discussions at your meetings were characterized, that I was induced to write for
a complete set of the transactions, By this means, and through the courtesy of Mr,
C. R. H, Starr, your energetic secretary, I was put into communication with several
of the leading fruit-growers of the Annapolis valley, members of this association,
from whom | have received most valuable assistance in carrying out the work with
which I have been entrusted by the Government, the importance of which none can
appreciate better than you, who are daily brought face to face with the large amount
of injury wrought by our small but powerful enemies of the insect world. When I
received an invitation to b2 present at your annual meeting and deliver an address
before you, I accepted gladly the permission to attend, given by my Minister, the
Hon. J. Carling, a gentleman whose name is well known as a promoter and patron
of scientific agriculture in Canada, and to whom really belongs the honour of
having conceived, and organized, the institution which was afterwards re-located and
has developed into the Ontario School of Agriculture and Experimental Farm at
Guelpb. lt may not be amiss, hero, to explain exactly what my position is as
Dominion Entomologist. The appointment was made by the Hon. J. H. Pope when
Minister of Agriculture, in 1884, in response to recommendations from several per-
sons interested in agriculture in various parts of the Dominion, and particularly by
the Select Committee on Agriculture which met at Ottawa during the Session of
1884. It was decided that the appointment should be purely an honorary one; in
fact it was an experiment to test the value of such investigations, to the country at
large. This decision was, 1 believe, a very wise one, for I have found by experience
that farmers, agriculturists and orchardists throughout the country, among them
many of you here present this evening, upon learning this fact, have gone to con-
siderable trouble to assist me in my studies, which might not have been the case, to
such a large extent, had this been a remunerative political appointment. The im-
portance of the work itself would, of course, have demanded their attention before
long; but I cannot help thinking that at the beginning, at any rate, this kind of
work should be carried on by a specialist—one who takes it up and labours at it for
its own sake, without thought of any reward, further than that the results arrived at
may be of benefit to the world. For my own part I feel highly privileged in having
been allowed to labour in this great cause, knowing well the enormous importance, to
all engaged in agriculture and horticulture, of a knowledge of Hconomic Hatomology
—that is, the life histories of Injurious and Boneficial Insects, and the best methods
of keeping the former in check.

I am safe in saying that an average of at least 20 per cent. of all crops produced,
is annually destroyed by insect agencies. Of this proportion 15 per cent, can
undoubtedly be saved by simple methods. It has been calculated that there are
upwards of 200 different insects which attack the apple alone, Of this large number
probably most can, with care, be prevented from seriously injuring the crop.

The fame of Nova Scotian apples is world-wido. I have seen them in England,
exhibited and advertised as such, on account of their well-known good qualities; and
again, I have had apples shown me in the far west of this continent, in Oregon and
Washington Territory, with the boast that they were as good as any which could be

39

produced in Nova Scotia. This plainly showed that yours were recognized as a
standard of excellence.

The apple trade between your Province and England, which has been so largely
built up by the efforts of this Association, is now of great importance, and therefore
any subject which materially affects it, is of the deepest interest to every member of
the community. Such a subject, I maintain, is practical Entomology.

I am aware that many of you here already know the value of this study; but
there may be some amongst you who have not yet fully appreciated to what extent and
with what comparative ease you may be helped in your constant struggle against
injurious insects, It is the conviction that I can give you advice which will enable
you, by simple and practical methods, to keep down a large proportion of your insect
enemies, which has induced me to come here and presume to take up a part of the
time, all too short, which you set apart for the discussion of the important subjects
you have to consider at your annual meetings. Fully recognizing the value of every
minute, 1 shall endeavor to make my remarks as short and as much to the point as
possible. With this object in view, as soon as I knew for certain that 1 was to-have .
the honour of addressing you, 1 wrote to several of your members to enquire what
insects had made themselves most obnoxious, so that [ might treat especially of those
kinds concerning which information was most required and would be most accept:
able. I found that the insects which trouble you are mainly the same kinds which,
although in a varying degree, harass the fruit-grower in other parts of Canada, and,
as published accounts of these, with the best remedies, are easily accessible, I shall,
during the time at my disposal this evening, direct your attention to a few general
principles, a knowledge of which will be found useful for the proper understanding
and intelligent application of remedial measures; and I shall rely on further oppor-
tunities of giving information concerning special pests, by answering questions
put to me during the meeting, or by private conversation afterwards with individual
members. I beg you to remember that the more questions you ask me the
better I shall be pleased, and should you not agree with what I say, I shall take it
as a special favour if you will tell me so, and by this means we shall come to an
understanding which will be mutually beneficial. The accusation has occasionally
been made that entomologists couch their language in scientific terms and mar their
writings by using unnecessary technicalities, which render them unintelligible to
many, for whose benefit they profess to have specially prepared them, This is pos-
sibly, to a certain extent, true; but it must be borne in mind that these scientific
terms are merely exact names, applied for the special purpose of avoiding error ; and
as in every trade, those who traffic in it, tind it necessary to become familiar
with the terms used therein, so in like manner is it the case with the different branches
of science; but, whereas a trade may be confined to any country, the special terms
belonging to it may be in the language of that country, without causing confusion ;
on the other hand, the results of science—which is merely another name for the
highest knowledge—cannot be confined to one country alone, and therefore, in order
that they may be comprehended by all nations, scientific students use for their special
terms a language which may be learnt by all, For this purpose the classic languages,
Latin and Greek, are, by common consent, made use of, from the fact that being dead
languages, and not spoken by sny living people to-day, they cannot change, but
remain now, and will remain for all time, in exactly the same form as when spoken
in classic times by the ancient Romans and Greeks. :

These terms, however, are for the use of scientific entomologists, who require
to speak or correspond with each other, in exact language, about a large number of
different insects. Now, I am under the impression that for the purposes of Economic
Entomology these technical scientific terms may be almost, if not entirely, dispensed
With ; for alihough the actual number of known insects is enormous, those species
which bring themselves conspicuously under our notice, by means of the ravages
which they commit on our cultivated crops, are comparatively small, and I think dis-
tinctive English names can be found for them all, The chief thing necessary when
a farmer finds his crops attacked by insects is to discover the cause, 80 that he may

40

apply the proper remedy, and it matters little to him what the name of the culprit
may be, or by what minute differences it is separated from its nearest relatives,
What concerns him most is to recognize the nature of his enemy by the state of his
crops, and thus to discover the best means of putting a stop to its ravages,

To enable him to do this, some knowledge of the life-histories of our common
insect pests is indispensible. By this I mean he should strive to get sufficient informa-
tion to recognize them in their different stages of grub, chrysalis, and perfect insect;
for it frequently happens that they are open to our .attacks in one of their stages,
while they can defy our efforts in the other stages of their existence. The life of an
insect is divided up into four well marked periods, during each of which their habits
are entirely different. These are: 1. The egg; 2. The caterpillar or larval stage,
during which, as a rule, they are most injurious; 3. The chrysalis or quiescent stage,
in which, except in a few orders, the insects lie quiet, and are without the power of
motion; and 4. The perfect insect. Some insects are injurious in three of their stages,
but the larger number in one only, so that unless we know them in all their forms
we may lose opportunities of destroying them, from not recognizing them as enemies.
It is clear that the farmer who possesses this information has a great advantage over
the one who does not.

I would not, of course, advise men who are actively engaged in fighting the
battle of lite to stop and study the, to them, unnecessary details of a difficult science ;
but I firmly believe from the fact that insects play such an important part in the
economy of nature, that a knowledge of the general principles of Economic Entomo-
logy is an absolute necessity for all who wish to become successful fruit-growers.

There seems, however, to be a prevalent opinion that much time and study is
necessary for the acquisition of sufficient knowledge to bear practical results, and
many of my correspondents, who give me most useful information concerning the
lives of insects, begin their letters by saying that because they know little of entomo-
_ logy, therefore, their information will probably be of little value.

Now, 1 hope this evening to be able to convince you that both these views are
very erroneous. With regard to the former, I shall endeavour to show you that the
actual amount of this information, necessary for a farmer to secure good results, is
small and easily acquired; for it will be found upon examination, that all injuries
committed by insects conform to certain general plans in accordance with the form of
their mouth-parts, and also that all remedies are applied upon broad general princi-
ples, dependent upon the same structural characters.

If you examine a large number of different insects you will find that, they all
may be roughly divided into two large groups, by the form of their mouth-parts.
These two groups are: 1. Those which possess jaws, by means of which they con-
sume the substance of their food, and 2. Those which have instead a hollow tube,
by means of which they suck up their food in the shape of liquid juices. Now, it is
apparent that for insects of the first group, as the Colorado Potato-beetle, which con-
sumes the whole substance of its food-plant, all that is necessary is to apply to the
foliage some poisonous material, which will not injure the plant, but which, being
consumed with the leaves, will destroy the insects devouring them, Such poisonous
materials we have in the various arsenical compounds which I shall mention later.

For the second group, however, which do
wire ee Ot masticate their food, these remedies are use-
ee ~~} less, for the insects having their mouth-parts in

~

=a SS >” the shape of a hollow tube, as we find in the
Aphides, or plant-lice, can pierce through these
poisonous applications on the surface of their
tood, and extract the juices upon which they
live, from the interior of the leaf. Fig. 17 repre-
sents Aphis mali, the plaut-louse of the apple,
which belongs to this group, much enlarged.
With such insects it is necessary to make use of
Fig. 17.—Aphis mali, Fab. remedies which act by mere contact with their

iy
(||
i\\

ee 77 BK
(
'
i
Bey
|

sa
fF
atlts
“y
7
Nie

41
SS SSS SSS
bodies, and do not require to be eaten at all. For this purpose Coal Oil (Petroleum)
and Carbolic Acid, as well as the vegetable insecticides known as Hellebore aud the
Persian and Dalmatian insect powders, are most useful. These remedies, too, as they
ys destroy all insects, are of much wider application than the poisons mentioned
above.

And now with reference to information received from those who are not scientific
entomologists. Do you know, gentlemen, strange as it may sound, I believe, there
are sometimes advantages to be derived from this very want of scientific knowledge.
Farmers are practical men, and only want practical information, and while all must,
of course, acknowledge the necessity for some one to do the accurate scientific work,
and carry out the tedious experiments which are necessary, they are not the ones to
do it, for with very few exceptions, they have not the leisure. No! this is the work
of the scientific entomologist, and the more extensive knowledge he can acquire the
better he willsucceed. Economic Entomology is a practical branch of Agriculture, and
deals with the successful results arrived at by the scientific entomologist. All that
the farmer requires is to know the common Injurious and Beneficial Insects when they
appear, 80 as to apply the proper remedies, and be able to refer to them by some name
when recording his observations or when seeking for information concerning them. The
chances of mistake, as to the identity of the insects referred to, are slight, especially
when specimens can so easily be sent by mail; and every single fact in the life-history
of any insect, when accurately recorded, has its scientific value. Moreover, scientific
observers might possibly be led astray by preconceived notions or theories as to what
any given insect ought to do; bat the practical farmer would have no such danger,
but would carefully record, only, exactly what he had seen. This is one reason why 1
am here to-night. [ want to show you the value of Economic Entomology. If I satisfy
you, and you think what I tell you is of value to you in increasing the yield of your
orchards, I, in my turn, expect to reap much benefit from your experience ia fruit-
growing, which will assist me in carrying on my studies. In all sciences there is a
great deal too much theory; but what we require is practical results. Ever since I
have concerned myself with the study of Injurious Lusects I have always kept before
my eyes a short motto, which is also a warning, and according as I can follow out
its admonitions, by so much, I believe, will the work I have undertaken be successful.
That motto is, Be Practical.

To attain this end, I have endeavoured, as much as possible, to enlist the sympathies
and secure the co-operation of practical farmers and horticulturists all over the
country, for none are so competent, or so likely to take notice of the results of any
treatment suggested as those actually engaged in making their living in these pursuits.
Many valuable discoveries have resulted from the observations of such men, the most
remarkable, perhaps, of ail, being the remedy lately found for that dread scourge, the
Clover-seed Midge. Ontario, five years ago, produced a crop of clover seed worth
$648,600.* Since that time this pest has made its appearance in great numbers and
its injuries have been so considerable that, instead of Canada exporting large quan-
tities of this valuable seed, our farmers have now to import seed to sow their fields,
I believe the honour is due to Mr. Jabel Robinson, ex-Master of the Dominion Grange,
for discovering a means of checking its ravages. This consisted of the following
treatment: Instead of cutting the first crop of clover at the end of June, and leay-
ing the second crop for seed in the fall, he pastured the first crop until the beginning
or middle of the month, and then left it to grow for the fall crop of seed. By this
means not only were the grubs of the first brood (the eggs of which were deposited
on the growing clover as soon as the heads formed) destroyed by the cattle eating
them; but mary of the perfect insects must have been destroyed by the trampling
of the cattle at the time they were emerging from the ground, By leaving the clover
standing in the fields till the end of June, a sufficient time elapsed for the insects to
pass through the preparatory stages, and leaving the heads of clover, go into the

*By the Census of 1881 we find that Canada produced in that year 324,316 bushels of Hay and
Clover seed ; of this quantity at least half was clover seed, this would give 162,158 bushels __ Clover
seed ranges between $3 and $9 per bushel, but taking the value at only $4 per bushel we have $648,632.

42
SS EE—E—E——E—EE——————————————————————
ground and complete their transformations, to emerge again just as the second crop
was coming into blossom, The female flies would then lay their eggs in the opening
flowers, and thus the seed of the second crop would be destroyed.

Another remedy, of great interest to all of you, was discovered almost by acci-
dent, and was certainly contrary to what might have been expected, I refer to the
use of Paris Green as a remedy against the Codling Moth. The perfect moth
emerges from the chrysalis or dormant state in which it has passed the winter, just
about the time the apple trees are in flower, and the female lays her eggs inside the
opening blossoms. Here they remain for some days, After hatching, the small
caterpillar eats its way into the young apple and destroys it. It has been dis-
covered that if a very weak mixture of Paris Green and water be syringed over the
trees just after the flowers have fallen, sufficient of the poison will lodge inside the
upturned calyces to destroy the young caterpillars when they hatch from the egg,
and start to eat their way into the apple. Great care, however, must be taken not
to apply the poison until after the flowers have passed their prime. No time is
saved, because the eggs do not hatch until several days after they are laid, and serious
injuries may result. Instances have been brought under my notice wheie an apple-
grower, by applying Paris green when the flowers were in perfection and filled with
honey, killed all his own and his neighbours’ bees. Besides this, the stigma of all
flowers being without epidermis is very sensitive, and these arsenical compounds
falling upon this delicate part, might possibly injure the crop of apples as much as
the Codling Moth which it was desired to keep in check.

This remedy has also, just as unexpectedly, been found to be efficacious against
the Plum Curculio.

Before I pass on to a description of the most useful insecticides, it may be well
to say a few words as to the relations existing between insects and man, and as to
those insects which we stigmatise as injurious.

The naturalist founds his studies upon the assumption that nothing in nature is
useless, and everything that is, has some special function to perform or it would not
exist. Vegetable and animal life are the two re-agents employed by nature to keep
up the balance of creation, the one feeding upon or deriving its nutriment from the
other. These two agents again are, to a certain extent, acted upon and kept in check
by their own component parts. Whenever too many seeds of any one kind of plant
spring up in the same place, they do not all mature, for, if they did, all would be
sickly from want of light and air; consequently, it is provided that the weaker shall
be kept down and choked to death to make room for their more robust companions.
This is similarly the case in the animal world—as, for instance, with insects. When
from special circumstances any injurious insect is abnormally multiplied, it is sure
to be attacked and kept in check by some other kind, which itself may be a prey to
another species. These beneficial insects may be grouped under two heads, those
which do actual good, and those which prevent others from doing harm, As an
example of the first group, mention may be made of those which act as scavengers,
All substances which are deprived of the principle of animation must be regarded
a3 nuisances, when considered with relation to the whole. In this relation stands a
dead animal or a dead tree, which are clearly encumbrances which it is desirable to
have removed. The office of effecting this removal is chiefly assigned to insects,
Were it not for these small creatures the world would soon become uninhabitable.
Kffete animal matter, in the slow process of decomposition, without their accele-
rating agency, would soon taint the whole atmosphere with noisome gases, And again,
were it not for the many borers and wood-destroying insects, we could have none of
those lovely forests which give so much beauty to our landscapes and are the source
of so much wealth to the country. Let us consider for a few moments what would
be the consequence did none of these insects exist. A giant of the forest, injured
by some storm or other cause, would die, and in course of time fall to the ground.
Where it fell there it would remain, and nothing could grow from the space it covered.
Time would roll on; tree after tree would fall beside the first, until the whole
surface of the ground would be covered with the trunks and limbs of fallen trees,

43

and what was once a stately forest, with all its wealth of life, would be a vast
wilderness, where nothing could grow. Now let us mark how different is the bene-
ficent operation of nature under the present conditions, Scarcely has a tree shown
signs of declining vigour before the insect hosts are at work. First come certain species,
which detect any weak spot, there they lay their eggs, which, in time, hatch and
eating their way into the tree, hurry on its decay. When it dies and falls to the
ground it is at once pounced upon by the largo wood-boring beetles, which deposit
their eggs upon the bark. These hatch into grubs, armed with strong jaws, with which
they soon bore into and through the trunk, thus exposing it to the influences
of air and moisture. Fungi soon develop, and smaller beetles and other insects follow
in the wake of the larger, and boring into the softened, decaying wood, use it as food
or as materials for their nests. The work of destruction goes on with astounding
rapidity, and in an incredibly short time the giant which had taken hundreds of ‘
years to mature is reduced to powder, which serves to fertilise the soil and enables
it to produce fresh trees to fill up the gap left by the one which has gone,

Among the insects which ox pime
Ge prevent other species from 5 Ua
=. -doing harm, particular men- ;
=, tion must be made of those _
parasitic species, which are@s—?=
known by the names of Ich- ~ :
neumon Flies, Fig. 19, and
Tachina Flies, Fig. 18. In
these man finds his greatest
Fig. 18. —Nemore1 leucaniz ; protection from the countless

ie eer i ata hordes which deprive him of
part upon which the eggs are SO much of his produce. The
placed. former of these belong to the
same order as the bee and wasp, and may always be
recognised, from being very active, and having two pairs
of wings, which are cau 27 Ae ateaes at their margins
by microscopical hooks, and in many species possessing |. r
a vlsndor yi positBe at the end of the body, asshown at Fis: 19> Braco, chases sple seen
Fig. 19. Their mode of life is as follows. The female Borer.
ace) AREY inserts an egg, by means of a long slender ovipositor, beneath’

. the skin of a caterpillar or other soft-bodied insect. This
hatches inside its victim and lives upon the juices of its body,
eet * and it is remarkable that it never injures any of the vital

Fig. 20. organs. When full grown it eats its way out, and spins a

cocoon, either on the body of its victim, as shown at Fig. 20, which represents a

caterpillar of the Grape-vine Sphinx Moth with the cocoons of a small parasite which

attacks it, or attaches it to some object near at hand, or even sometimes it finishes its

transformation inside the body of its host.

The Tachina Flies, Fig. 18, have only two wings, and belong to the same order
as the House Fly, which they much resemble. The chief difference in their habits,
from those of the Ichneumon Flies is that the egg is deposited on the outside of the
skin of its victim and the young maggot eats its way into its host.

It is of course of paramount importance that every farmer should know the
appearance of these beneficial insects, so that he may not indiscriminately destroy
his friends with his enemies. This is not a very difficult matter, for the families of
the different classes into which insects are divided, may generally be recognised as
such with ease, and, as a rule, the different genera of any family have the same
habits. As a general statement, not however for close application, the following will
be found to be a useful guide when the habits of an insect are unknown. If it be slow
and heavy in its movements it is probably injurious; if active and with well-developed
running powers, consider it beneficial until you have proved the contrary. The reason

ada »

for this is easy to understand: Those insects which feed on vegetable matter are must
likely to be injurious —that is, they destroy what we require for our own use, As
vegetation is stationary they have no need for great activity. The predaceous species,
on the other hand, require well-developed means for moving quickly, because they
have to catch their prey before they can devour it.

These two types are well exemplified by
the accompanying illustrations. Fig. 2lListhe (A
Colorado Potato-beetle, an inactive but very gy
injurious insect. Fig. 22 isthe Green Cater- “iit
pillar-hunter, an active beneficial insect.

Insects in a state of nature seldom appear Fig. 21.
to be injurious, from the fact that their food is
distributed thinly amongst other vegetation. A large food
supply is the main cause which regulates the amount of
insect presence. When we cultivate large areas under
any one crop we naturally attract those insects which
feed upon it, and in this way insects which had previ-
ously been scarce, may suddenly increase in numbers so

S

SA “enormously as to become a serious hindrance to agri-
Fig. 22. culture. In illustration of this, let us glance at the
Calosoma scrutator. history of the Colorado Potato-beetle. This bsetle was

discovered about seventy years ago by Thomas Say in the mountains of Colorado,
where it fed upon Solanum rostratum, a plant belonging to the Nightshade family, to
which also the Potato plant belongs. A peculiarity of the species was its extreme rarity,
probably owing to the fact that its food-plant was not abundant and the individual
plants widely separated. Many years after, as man civilized North America, in his
march westward, he carried with him the Potato, which, being cultivated from the east,
until the home of the beetle was reached, a bridge was thus formed over which it has
swept eastward like a whirlwind, carrying devastation in its wake. I do not think,
however, it will ever be again the scourge which it has been in the past, for a
remedy has been discovered by which it can be effectively kept in check. As soon
as it reached this Province, Principal McKay, of Pictou, with most commendable zeal,
at once caused to be printed hand-bills, giving a figure of the insect in all its stages,
and the proper means of destroying it. These bills were distributed in every
direction, and thus the farmers being prepared, its ravages were successfully
checked. I imagine that the climate of this Province will not allow of its
numbers increasing to the alarminy extent to which they do in Western Canada ;
but should they do so, the sovereign remedy, “ Paris Green,” will always check
them. ‘The application of this substance to the Potato fields is now almost as much
a part of the culture of this necessary tuber as manuring the soil.

This naturally brings us to a consideration of some of the most important insecti-
cides. As I have already said, these are of two kinds, those which act internally
and those which act by contact. Of the former, the most important are :—

Arsenical Compounds.

No. 1. Arseniate of Soda must be mentioned first under this head. Prof. Charles
V. Riley, the very eminent State Entomologist of the United States, asserts that 50
grains of this substance and 200 grains of dextrine, dissolved in a gailon of water, will
make a mixture which may be diluted at the rate of 1 ounce to 10 gallons of water, and
furnishes one of the cheapest insecticides at command. For the manufacture of this
poisonous salt the formula is: 1 1b. of arsenic and 1 lb. of sal soda boiled in 1 gallon of
water, till the arsenic is dissolved, this mixture to be diluted at the rate of 1 quart to
40 gallons of water. The chief merits of arsenic are ita cheapnoss and solubility. Its
demerits are its tendency to burn the foliage of plants and its white color, from
which accidents might occur, by its being mistaken for some of the many harmless
substances of a like appearance.

45

No. 2. Paris Green has certainly been more extensively used than any other
compound. It is a combination of arsenic and copper, and when pure contains about
60 per cent, of arsenious acid. It has been extensively used as an insecticide since
1869, when its usefulness was discovered by Mr. George Liddle, jun., of Fairplay, Wis.,
and has since been brought into use through the experiments and writings of Prof,
Riley. [tis used dry, with various substances as diluents. Flour and Plaster of Paris
seem the most satisfactory, and may be used in the proportion of 1 part of the poison
to 50 of the diluent for a dry application, and 4 1b. to a barrel (40 gallons) of water;
or in smaller quantity, $ oz. to 1 bucket of water for a wash or spraying solution.
If the Paris Green is quite pure this may be found too strong for some foliage, so
should be tried cautiously and at first over a smallarea. The liquid must be constantly
stirred or the poison sinks to the bottom. If a little dextrine be added it will
adhere better to foliage. Lately, as I have mentioned, it has been discovered that
Paris Green and London Purple may be used with good effect against the Codling
Moth and the Plum Curculio, _In these applications the amount of poison must be
very small—not more than 1 tablespoonful to a barrel of water.

No. 3. London Purple-—This substance is mainly an arseniate of lime. Prof. Riley
speaks so highly of it as an insecticide that I shall refer to it at some length, In
bulletin 6 of his department, 1885, a copy of which I place before you, he describes
and illustrates an apparatus for distributing such poisonous mixtures as this over
trees. It consists of a barrel on wheels, in which the poison is mixed and contained,
and has a force pump attached, with an ingenious device for keeping the mixture
stirred while the trees are being sprayed. Here are his instructions for preparing
the poison :

Take of London Purple.......0. ....00 oanaeeee Se eee ean ae 4 lb.
PN HIQET Ts oo co secs ae csKcna nice: - no 3 quarts.
BOP soto dare ox Feu naa adsasastsioxee & Seen eae Teese 40 gallons.

For mizing, use a large galvanized iron funnel of 13 quarts capacity having ver-
tical sides, and with a fine sieve at the bottom. Place the flour in the funnel and
wash it through the gauze into the barrel by pouring water upon it. It will then be
diffused in the water without appearing in lumps. The London Purple must then be
washed through the sieve in the same manner until the barrel is filled. Three-
quarters of a pound is the maximum strength allowable, and should only be applied
as an extremely fine mist, without drenching the foliage. For smaller quantities $
an oz. of London Purple may be used to 1 bucketful of water.

London Purple is used with diluents either wet or dry, in the same manner as
Paris Green, and for most insects is equally effective, and has the advantage of being
cheaper, of covering twice the ground weight for weight, of being more soluble,
less poisonous, more adhesive and permanent in its effects, and, being of decided
colour, is much more visible on the foliage, so that the mistake of applying it twice on
the same part of the tree, and thus injuring the foliage, is not likely to occur. Prof.
Riley therefore thinks that when intelligently used it is in all ways preferable, and
that its efficiency once established it will be preferred to all other arsenical remedies
(Ann. Rep. 1884, p. 327).

Prof, Saunders, of London, Ontario, has not, however, the same confidence in
this preparation. London Purple is a waste product, which is produced in the manu-
facture oi aniline dyes, and for this reason he says the amount of contained poison
must be uncertain, and, therefore, its effects in experimenting cannot be relied on.
He suggest that an artificial coloured mixture of arsenic and lime of known strength
could be produced just as cheaply, and would be mich more reliable than London
Purple. Prof. Saunders is undoubtedly the first Economic Entomologist in Canada,
and is the author of the valuable work entitled ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Fruits.” As L
believe this work should be in the possession of every fruit-grower in the country, L
have brought a copy with me to show you; this I also place on the table for exami-
nation by any of those present who may wish to see it.

The most advantageous diluent for all these arsenious poisons is flour, which not

46
OO SSeS SSS S——«=oeS$=@om@S=$=Smmmsqsqqosoo S“—S

only acts as an adhesive medium, but also prevents to some extent the corrosive
injury of the poison on the leaves. :

Of the remedies which act by contact, the first place has been claimed for the
following :—

Kerosene Emulsions.

Certain insects, as the numberless species of scale insects, are protected from the
effects of ordinary remedies by the nature of their bodies, and it became necessary to
discover some substance which would destroy insects without injury to the plant.

Milk Emulsion.—Petroleum, which is a bydro-carbon, and more of the nature of
a spirit than an oil, was known to be most injurious to insects, but was also known
to be, in all its forms, very injurious to plants; the great difficulty in the way of
making use of it was to discover some diluent harmless to plants with which it would
agsimilate. This difficulty, after much thought, was overcome by the discovery,
made in 1880 by Dr. W. S. Barnard, that it wouid mix with sour milk, and that this
mixture could again be reduced with water. An emulsion resembling butter can be
produced in a few minutes by churning, with a force pump, 2 parts of kerosene and
1 part of sour milk in a pail. The liquids should be about blood heat. This emulsion
may ther be mixed with 12 times its amount of water. It must be thoroughly
mixed and then may be applied with a force-pump, spray-nozzle, or even with a
strong garden syringe.

Soap Emulsion.—An emulsion may also ba made with soap. The most satisfac-
tory formula, as given by Prof. Riley, is as follows :—

Kerosene..ccorresccsssscccsees esstwabesieenes $0ia asec nleckiewees ssives' 2 gallons,
WISKGE: ..scatnnsn<enoseo~sciesewenneigienee ee 1 Jo
Common soap, or whale-Oil 80apP,....0....eseeerere addons ucea.! e PORAG,

“ Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene. Churn the
mixture by means of a force-pump and spray-nozzle for five or ten minutes, The
emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream, which thickens on cooling, and should adhere,
without oiliness, to the surface of glass. Dilute before using 1 part of the emulsion
with 9 parts of cold water. The above formula gives three gallons of emulsion, and
makes, when dilated, 30 gallons of wash. The kerosene and soap mixture, especially
when the latter is warmed, forms, upon very moderate agitation, an apparent union;
but the mixture is not stable, and separates on standing or when cooled or diluted
by the addition of water. A proper emulsion of kerosene is obtained only upon
violent agitation. It is formed not gradually, but suddenly. The temperature
should not ba much above blood heat.” Prof. Riley lays great stress upon the fact
that all who use kerosene as an insecticide, must bear in mind that it is only a safe
remedy when properly emulsified, and he maintains that all failures have resulted
from carelessness in making the emulsions.

Pyrethrum.

This insecticide owes its virtue to a volatile principle. Its effect upon some
insects, particularly caterpillars, is most remarkable, a very small quantity paralysing
and, in time, killing them when brought into contact with their bodies. It has been
used with good results against the caterpillar of the imported White Cabbage Bat-
terfly, and for keeping down the numbers of House Flies and Mosquitoes in dwelling
houses, and for destroying Green-fly on house plants it is of the greatest value. For
house pests, as the last named, it is generally used as a dry powder, and may be
diluted with 10 times its weight of flour; it should be puffed into the air by means of
bellows or insect-guns; but it may also be used for many insects as a liquid solution,
either made from an alcoholic extract, a tea, made by pouring boiling water over it
and keeping it covered until cool, or by simply stirring the powder in water. The last
of these methods will be found quite as efficient and much less trouble than the others.

47
=

The active principle is readily imparted to water and half an ounce of it will be suffi-
cient for a pailful of water. As this poison is perfectly harmless to vegetation, and
comparatively so to the higher animals, it is available as a protection to many gar-
den crops, as cabbages and other greens, upon which arsenical compounds cannot
be used. It is manufactured by pulverizing the flowers of two or three species of
Pyrethrum, beautiful plants, growing wild in the east of Kurope and in Persia. The
a itself has long been known in commerce as Persian and Dalmatian Insect
owder,

Hellebore.

This is the powdered root of Veratrum album,‘and may be used much in the same
way as Pyrethrum, except that it does not exert the same remarkable influence over
house pests. For insects which attack small fruits, however, as the Imported Carrant
Saw-fly, it isa most valuable remedy. Not only does it kill by contact, but is also
poisonous if eaten, in this particular differing from Pyrethrum, Both of these poisons
owing their virulence to volutile principles, care should be taken to procure fresh
samples, because if left exposed for any length of time they will lose their virtue,
They should always be kept in tin canisters.

I have now drawn your attention to the most important insecticides used to keep
down our insect enemies. Those, I hope, will serve as a basis upon which you can
work yourselves, and find out the most convenient methods for applying them, accord-
ing to circumstances. I shail always be much pleased to correspond with any of
you upon these subjects, and give you the benefit of any knowledge I may possess, I
am much pleased to notice here this evening Prof. Hind, who, as you all know, has
paid much attention to all matters connected with agriculture, and some years ago
published a useful work upon the insects and diseases which attack the wheat plant,

Mr, Robert Starr is also here, I am glad to see. He probably knows as much
about the insects which attack your orchards as any man can, who does not make a
special study of them.

Had I known that these gentlemen, and a few more I see before me present this
evening, would have been here, | might have doubted the necessity of my coming
down from Ottawa to address you. Gentlemen, I thank you for the attentive hear.
ing you have given me.

A further Address delivered at the Fruit-Growers’ Association dinner on the following
evening.

Mr, PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,—I have been requested, instead of responding
to a toast, to give you some further remarks concerning the best methods of com-
bating injurious-insects. I thank you for the consideration yon have shown me
during my visit, and particularly for this farther opportunity of carrying out the
object with which I attended your meeting. I do not think I can occupy the time
more profitably than by speaking on some of the other remedies which occasionally
have to be resorted to instead of, or as well as, the insecticides concerning which [
addressed you yesterday. You will remembor I told you that insects pass through
four stages of development before they reach maturity, and also that the stage in
which they are most troublesome is generally the active larval stage succeeding the
egg state. Insects, in all stages, are sometimes spoken of as worms ; but there are
exact names which should be applied, and which can easily be learnt, For instance, the
eggs of flies hatch into long cylindrical bodies without any legs; these are maggots.
The eggs of beetles produce long cylindrical bodies, with three pairs of legs near the
head, these are grubs; a too well known example of these is the white grub, which
attacks the roots of strawberry plants. Tho eggs of moths and butterflies hatch into
caterpillars, which have, in addition to the three pairs of legs near the head, from two
to five pairs of legs of a different form, which are called pro-legs, Examples of these
are the Canker worm and the Tent-caterpillar of the apple. It is not always

48

possible to find a remedy for a certain insect when it is in its most injurious
stage; but by studying its life-history we are frequantly able to check it from devas-
tating our crops, by making use of what are known as Preventive Remedies. We thus
have for the protection of our crops against insects, Remedies and Preventives. These,
again, are each divided under two heads. Remedies consist either of the application
of poisonous substances to the food plant, which may be styled Automatic Remedies,
or the different methods which may be termed, in a general way, “ hand-picking ” or
Active Remedies, these methods all consist of seeking them out in their different
states, and destroying them. We will glance briefly at some of these various
methods, with reference to the different stages of the lives of insects.

The egg.—Much useful work may be done by turning up the leaves of plants
and destroying the eggs. This may at first sight seem a very tedious operation, but
it has been found useful in many instances.

During the early spring, when the farmer has more leisure than at any
other time of the year, if he will walk through his orchard Se
on a dull day the gummy eggclusters of the Tent-cater-
pillars (Fig. 23) will bo easily seen against the leaden sky,
and by collecting these ho may with ease rid his orchard
| of this pest. In like manner, the cocoons of the White-spot ‘ay
‘Tussock-moth may be collected and destroyed. The female 23<;s
moth of this species is almost wingles (Fig. 24), and when \\fiy,
she emerges from the chrysalis, she merely crawls outside
her cocoon and lays her eggs all over it, and then dies. Here
the eggs remain until the following spring, and therefore are
at our mercy all through the winter.

Fig. 23.

The larva.—Caterpillars and grubs may also be
a destroyed in large numbers. Beating infested plants
aa //)y, will generally dislodge any insects feeding upon
Ro was’ them. Trees badly attacked by the Canker-worm
(severe, have been quite cleared by beating them with long
a “\'\ flexible rods. The caterpillars let themselves down,
Fig. 25. when disturbed, by means of a silken thread, and
hang in mid-air. A few sweeps with a stick will break all the threads, and they will
fall to the ground, where chickens will be the most useful allies in destroying them,
or some of the devices for preventing insects from ascending the truaoks of trees
may be made use of. Besides chickens, pigs and sheep will be found most able
assistants, by eating fallen apples, in destroying the caterpillars of the Codling Moth.
In fact, up to this time this has been found to be one of the most effective remedies.
It must be remembered, however, that if the trees are young and the bark smooth
the trunks must be protected from sheep rubbing against them, because the oil from
their fleeces would injure the trees, or they might be injured by the sheep nibbling
the bark.

The removal of the nests of the Fall Web-worm, by cutting off the boughs upon
which they are situated, and cutting off the twigs bearing the clusters of such
social caterpillars as the Red-humped and Yellow-necked caterpillars of the apple, are,
perhaps, the best known remedies for these insects. For the small clear-winged moth,
the caterpillar of which bores in the stems of currant bushes, and the Two-spotted
Raspberry-cane Borer, cutting out the injured branch is the only remedy.

The American Tent-caterpillar (Fig, 25) ocsasionally appears in vast numbers,
and when the eggs have not been collected during the winter, the orchards must be
carefully watched during May and June, and the caterpillars destroyed. This is easiest
done by taking advantage of their peculiar habit of feeding at certain times in the day,
and then returning to their “tent”, or nest on the trunk of the tree to rest for
several hours. These caterpillars are closely allied with the Huropean processionary
caterpillar, which has exactly the same habits as ours.

49
' rss... eee
The Chrysalis,—This is the stage in which many insects pass the winter, and as
, weg, they cannot move during this stage, they are very much more at our
ST mercy, provided we know their life-histories and habits. Insects in a
state of nature are very little affected by cold. Some chrysalids, although
Fig. 26. only protected by a few threads of silk, will pass the winter safely; but
if this slight covering be in any way interfered with they wiil perish if exposed to
the elements. Owing to this, many species which pass the winter beneath the sur-
face of the ground can be destroyed by late fall ploughing. This treatment has been
very successfully practised with regard to the Canker-worm. Not only are the
chrysalids thrown up to the surface, where they are eaten by birds and animals, but
the cells which they have prepared as winter quarters being disturbed and broken,
they are killed by the frost, Fig. 26 shows the chrysalis of the male White-spot
Tussock-moth.

The Perfect Insect.—Many insects, when they have reached maturity, do not
commit any harm, and unless we know their life histories we do not recognize them as
the enemies which, under another form, in their preparatory stages, had decimated
our crops, At the same time it frequently happens that in this harmless state they
may be destroyed much more easily than when in their hurtful form. Most moths and
many beetles are greatly attracted by light, and this has been taken advantage of
¢° destroy large numbers of our enemies,

The June-bug, sometimes called *May-
bug, which is the perfect condition of the
White-grub, is so plentiful sometimes as to
be a great nuisance, from so many flying
into houses at night: Vast numbers of
these may be destroyed by suspending a
light over an open pan, half filled with
water, upon the top of which has been
placed some petroleum. The beetles fly-
ing against the lantern fall into the pan
‘beneath. In the same manner, it is
claimed that Codling Moths will be at-
=; tracted in such numbers as to make a
thick coating over the surface of the
; water, and that if this trap be kept con-
y Stantly in use all the time the apple trees
are in flower, and for a short time after-

_ Fig. 27—June Bug. wards, the crop will be protected, to a large
Lachnosterna fusca, Fréhl. measure, against these insects. Another
Showing grub, pupa and beetle. important means of keeping injurious

insects within bounds, is beating or jarring trees while they are at rest. This
remedy is the most reliable means of fighting the Plum Curculio. A stout iron
spike should be driven into the tree where the branches start out from the trunk.
A blow upon this with a metal hammer produces the sharp concussion necessary
to make the Curculio loosen its hold of the tree and fall to the ground, where it. can
be destroyed. Beating foliage has a like effect for some insects, and many species
will be found to have favourite kinds of trees upon which to rest. For instance, the
June-bug will rest on the cherry and plum in preference to all other trees,

This brings us to the end of Active Remedies. Bat there is another large class
which I have referred to as Preventive Remedies, These may be divided under
two heads: Ist. Agricultural or Scientific Preventives ; 2nd. Active Preventives.

It is an old and time-honoured saying that “ prevention is better than cure,” and
this is perfectly true with regard to our present subject, Whatever success we may
obtain by the use of insecticides and hand-picking, undoubtedly the remedies of the
greatest use are those which prevent the attack from beginning at all.

First amongst agricutural preventives, of course, is high culture, by which a

. 50

vigorous, healthy growth is promoted. Frequently, even after a severe attack has
begun, by putting on some quick-acting manure, the crop in picked ge forced on
past the period when it is likely to be injured by insect pests. Mr. William Miller
tells me he has been most successful with high culture, and thinks that by its means
he can clear his orchards of the Oyster-shell Bark-louse, and his fields from the Wire-
worm, in about three seasons.

A most necessary part of good agriculture which affects this subject, is a com-
prehension of the principles regulating the rotation of crops, by means of which any
insect attracted to a locality by a certain crop being grown there, will not have the
same plant to feed upon the next year.

It sometimes becomes necessary to change the time of planting a crop, so as to
present it to its insect enemies at their regular time of appearing in a condition in
which it cannot be injured, or even to give up the cultivation of a certain crop for a
length of time altogether, so as to starve the insects out. For this latter remedy
to be successful, great care must be taken to have all hedges, rubbish-heaps and
fences kept clear from weeds and litter.

Occasionally the planting of a small strip of a more attractive food-plant, round
the outside of a field, has had the effect of drawing off insects from the main crop.

Amongst the active preventives are embraced all such methods as placing
mechanical contrivances on trees to prevent the ascent of the female insects, as the
Canker-worm moths which leaving the ground in autumn and spring ascend the
trunks of trees and lay their eggs on the bark.

Traps in the shape of bands of straw may be used for catching the caterpillars
of the Codling Moth when they are seeking a place to complete their transfor mations.

Peach trees may be protected against the borer by mounding the earth up round
the roots; and the Flat-headed and Round-headed borers of the apple may be pre-
vented from laying their eggs on apple trees by washing the trunks during June
with an alkaline wash, made as follows: Make a cold saturated solution of washing
soda with soft soap, until the soap is reduced to the consistency of paint. Apply
during dry weather, and it will form a coating over the trunks of the tree not easily
washed off by rain.

There is one more principle we work upon, namely, the fact that insects are
either attracted or repelled by certain odours. You will have observed that the small
maggot, which works such destruction by boring in the stems of young cabbages
when they are first set out, seldom attacks them in the seed-bed; but immediately
after they are set out they suffer severely. This is due to the fact that in the opera-
tion of transplanting, many of the root-fibres are broken, and the plants to some extent
bruised. On this account more of the characteristic odour of the plant is emitted
than when left undisturbed. This, added to the fact that the plant is checked in its
growth by its removal, leaves it in a less vigorous state to withstand insect attacks.
The most successful treatment, in my experience, has been to place some strongly
odorous substance round the young plants immediately they are planted out. For
this purpose gas-lime is the best; but as the supply of this is limited, sand saturated
with petroleum may be used, Take a pailful of dry sand and pour into it a teacupful
of petroleum. Mix all well together, until the sand is thoroughly permeated with the
odour of the petroleum, then put a good spoonful round each young plant, not quite
touching thestem. Where fresh gas-lime can be obtained it is a far better protection,
but must not be allowed to touch the plant, because until it has been exposed to the
air for some months it is very caustic, and will kill all plants or insects with which
it comes in contact. A ring, about 2 inches from the young plants, I have found
a perfect protection. The advantage of this substance, too, is that after exposure to
the air for some time its caustic principle, sulphite of lime, is converted into the
harmless sulphate of lime or plaster, a well-known and useful manure,

I have now, gentlemen, given you what may be called some of the first elements
of Economic Entomology. I trust that some of you who had not, previous to this
time, paid much attention to the matter, may be induced to do so in the future, and I

51

beg to assure you that if I can be of any assistance, by giving advice or informing
you what have been the results of experiments in any particular direction, I shall
always have much pleasure in doingso. My address is “The Entomologist. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa.” All letters can be sent to me free, and will be
answered promptly and to the best of my ability.

Before I sit down, there are two points upon which I should like to say a
word or two. With reference to the Experimental Farm, spoken of by Prof.
Hind, there can be no doubt in the world that such an institution would be of the
utmost value to the Province. There are certain experiments which have to be
tried— as, for instance, whether particular modes of culture, classes of manure, and
varieties of fruits or plants can be successfully adopted in any given locality. The
expense and risk of failure of such experiments I consider should be borne by the
Province at large, instead of coming upon the individual farmers, who have not the
means nor time, as a rule, to run the risk of failure. In addition to these experi-
ments, there are others of a more general nature, but of paramount importance to
the whole Dominion. These, I cannot help thinking, should be carried on by the
Federal Government. As examples of such general questions, I would mention two
which have taken up much of our time during the present meetings, viz., the “ Black
Knot” and the peculiar disease which is so prevalent amongst your Gravenstein apple
trees. The investigation of these diseases will require much study and many experi-
ments before we can hope to remedy them, but from the fact that these fungous and
bacterian diseases affect so largely the fruit crop in all parts of Canada, it is necee-
sary that steps should at once be taken to try and find some means of putting a stop
to their ravages. As most of you here to-night are much interested in these matters,
you are probably aware that during the last Session of the Dominion Parliament a
sum of $20,000 was voted for this purpose. I feel confident that if such an institu-
tion is started, it will be both successful and popular.

The statement has been made this evening that you have difficulty in getting
members to join your association. I cannot help expressing surprise at this, for, from ~
the active part the association has taken in developing the apple trade between Nova
Scotia and Europe, and from the value of that trade to the whole Province, it becomes
the duty of every man, whether a fruit-grower, a resident in this fruitful valley, or
not, to join and support with his subscription and sympathy such a useful organiza-
tion ; and besides this he would get good value for his money. Why, Mr. President,
the privilege of attending your meetings and listening to such discussions as we have
heard to-day, on the “ Black Knot,” the packing of apples, and the best varicties to
cultivate, is worth more than ten times the amount of the subscription. At your
periodical meetings one meets the leading apple-growers and merchants in the Pro-
vince, and has opportunities of hearing them express their views and exchange
experiences, upon all the burning questions of the day. ;

I speak strongly, Sir, about these meetings, for I tell you I have enjoyed this
meeting as I have seldom enjoyed a similar meeting before, and I trust I have begun
friendships with some of your members which will last for many years.

my ; PAIN, Ree 4s
A, , as See
Pies es + ca. Pong | 5. is fe fel
ey oes ae yes ice) ee Gat le Ai e ty fee
af ies yy ey (Hy hhaey ut} prinr} Bi Ny fr. va wy th a
a itt Ber Cs Bai at
t a Lila aaa whe! aye a
tsa | ae ies Reeds: nae! Dale wh" bis ye tS ye
“Als eas een Ped Rah aA Ae a Re ee Ad) Gl Noe of! 7 ‘al egsieva nt ee
OS ik O88, 8 AIRE IE Wt. ae, uk aR
ni Ree piaig igre} (Lie eittay oe
: atheist a | eit aber
Kod PL ta ha fot) ets. » > a Qe
1) Sick. neces ean ms PTS G31 bh aie
iy aa
‘ oe ! I how % by P
hd oe Vy ue W. 4
; a Se ee
Pee et Br pe | ‘ct ii) at
by |
) 4 if
: f ou J ’ OP.o8
if ie)
' iene 4) , Atoat
4 n6 vay ih
§ eee Lia
f f th: S13 i . f tii oes
TD 3 ae wun ' renga st
res / 7 ebwAt saa ' {y ae WN ii

lout Lo) ow ; FED: Aes mime Ts a

Kis? POC OF hoe Mls Wiby mere
Jp biiesS ou armas + Og Me
tethd bade a , el Wa ie

eter 1; ate gente! ao
Ae tte ati 1 hb bo ia he OOM NTRS
rh H pa Re 5} 2 ? “aii ] Geli ct) at

is." e¢ . ¢*¢ re am
igh) yA care Be as Ca 4 tds & rads Ae pps
MeRET ice Se} meee > in tat) ary eee rite lint if S¥ae
1 ¢ f Aug ¥ iP | rere ae t
" we 7%
) UJ r
-
; ¥ ' 7
aM {
C » y ie . ,
‘ . are
. } RG 7h
{ 4s
| eu v4

/

P
Pe Oe DF. Qo. cces niccs cocce s e-ceonees socess 29
— tipuliformis. See Imported Currant-
orer.
Agrotis subgothica.... Rusaceseterinenendieessae) AG
Agrotis Ypsilon ...... ere lunedlipen 4 besnatsea'ce eres coves = .20
Aleochara, parasitic on P. ceparum.. Suviemsseewe:, | OG
PPORMMGGR, WAMOS....0. accnses cecensore cece Lecco 7
Alkaline Wash for Bark-lice.sssssvssscse ccosssece 21
BR IOES cascaccs cue seenteses: sncatoce ccocccsse, §= GO
For gal Bud Moth ...... ceaacecesseees - 26
RUMINEIINGID ; Aacctadutapasuenaccccscccc cecccsacncee «© 29
Anderson, Major GO. dnaeex: Teherconsectocey tele
Anisopteryx pome taria......++ ey 23
ARIOPNETYT COTRALG..000. 2000 veonee recesses veseveere 23
Anthomyia brassice. See Cabbage ee aes 18
NINE ROMOINUES co ckan cadet tesinsscessccdeses sacsee 15
Anthomyian Fly injuring Pinks... we @«=—«s 33

Anthonomus rubidus. See Currant Weevil.

Apanteles glomeratus....... Sandsicnecse'cexauaten a0
Aphides on Roses........ Co | Seeaeeeie 33
On Cherries... eteenetncesteces tea” | OS
Aphis Mlb... rereeseeee evees eveceeee Sigaetenwck wasnekes - 40
Apples. Insects Of..........rccsceece veveeer se svee Se Al
Pa I erates ieee wences cecces cones ececee 0) 12
Attacking hay . Boneee aed soaces sasbasneducsstnens 12
SAT AOTIISLG GE DU ccdaniccsans casnecicccseye0--scec-csvae 44
Arsenical Comp ounds.. Pibadswavis ence scnevarseess sore = 4A
Ashes ps Cabos e as: ge (A. brassicz)..... 19
EMI CE FOPL) occcen cscs sonst 19
ries ciroriig Rai Reccssocessssarcsscss =f 6 BE
Baker, Hon. G. Bi.ssec ssccce coccvccce weveccees vosvsess 31
a of Apple. See Oyster-shell Bark-
ouse.
Bark-louse on Sues eaamanetars AA Ei |
Barley. Insects Of.........0ee rescore serereee mecarenee 10
Barnard, Dr. W. a sorecote aseeve 40
Beadle, i 2 Sars 5
On use ot Paris “Green for Curculio
and Codling Mothy..........c004 sececeeee 22
Beech, attacked = oe ial Cutter....... so 3
Bell, E.. eet eeee SO rete ee Ce eee eEEe weetoe 37
Beneficial _ 2 ae.
Black, A. B., on Wheat-midge .. sees 8
"On use of Paris-green for Colorado
POPAGO LeOtlessessenstsss <-cccses sacces ceaese 17
Black, J. C., on me by Root-maggots...... 18
“ Black Army-worm” Melimnescetralscscradss access 5; 11
Black Knot... olted os |
*¢ Black Worms ” "(Julide).. Pee ceases suse ab deweves 18
Bruchus pisi. See Pea Weevil.
‘‘Brighton”’ Grape-vine, inj’d by H.chalybea 26
British Columbia, Giant Cedars of....... eahessas 28
Brodie, W., on Joint ME HBV csspcctssvccscs LI)
On Spruce POR ertebed sdeoqs nasa a0oc000e0 30
Ore Cake Ins Ctaisegnipresss mascneacssccese cesses, | OA
Berar W ig Hee A CtON. 2 .csceeenigccs, esos sceey) cssnes secoes 8
Buprestidz,"on wood of Pinus ponderosa...... 30
Cabbage. Insects Of.....s0+ reccccones a (28
Oabbage Aphis. Remedy for. Beday 'edpcatuiaatecase 15

Cabbage Butterfly. ee Imported White
+ Cabbage Butterfly.

Cabbage Maggot (A. brassicz)....--r072 serve 6, 18

=

]

=

PAGE
Dabhege cee Remedios pane kofdese=assesst st LS
B=]IMNE LOT ..000. oeccecccvescscescceccescesesess 50
Petroleum for... pucsuasneletesaeeseicorsonis /ecusaeeee 50
Cabbage Worm (P. Rape). See Imported
White Cabbage Butterfly.
Calandra oryze. See Grain Bipenly
“¢ Canadian Horticulturist”’....... seseaesaee 5
Canker Worms....... sHeneetece paepasspeataactasdssaasr ot Ughaes
Late Ploughing for...... Sdaeeeses sceverbacsnamineet
Remedies for .. Scoonpeeeoc LE
Value of Poultry for.. es pecseccinaes Yecsseraetlee
Carling, Hon. J.. Gaseuassec'sabsss, 1) 50
Oarbolic Acid for “Cabbage “Aphis... eee ontacioes) 1a
For Cabbage Worm (P. Spr): 19
For Currant Plant Louse.......ccccsce 27
For Onion Maggot......-cecsesere Seaissessoses LOO
For Radish Maggot... - 16
Carpenter, J. B., on Rose: beetle injuring
Grape-vines ....
Carpocapsa pomonella. "See ‘Codling Moth.
Carrot Fly.....cs0-scscsesescneeee seeceeee cssee cnseres = RALS
Casey, Geo. E., on ‘‘ Democrat ” Wheat...... 9
Caterpillar. Definition Of...ses-+ cesses sus eee sabbsnlchnt Sl
Caulfield, F. B.....00--se0eseesseeseseesee seonee coneneee a 26
Cauliflower, attacked by Cabbage Maggot... 18
Cecidomyialeguminicola. See Clover-seed Midge.

MR WAT s cece searcestannaserrossi-esseecohearer ese anwenwsan 7
Chase, Edwin, on imparting information...... 5
Chaffers, Hon. W. H., on . Jemur-rubri. ib slo

On the Pea yee Epes ee eee a hl
On the Wheat Midge..... .--.sss00 -ssesee 8
Chenopodium album, Ginortng siiark af

Turnip Flea......000 corse Ssehcanaseee irae 13
Chip Manure. Effect of using.. Secneeosle 18
Chlorops t2eniops ree sese cove seseer s -seerees aeenaete ban ph
Olark, P..cccccoc. ssasees 7

Clistocampa dissiria,
Pillar....0c.ce00-
Clover Insects. ....10.--eceese sree cece soseee coors

"See Forest Tent Cater-

Clover-seed Midge. Serious Dery ets a 6, 7, 41
Description Of...1.:.ssssessserrerereererceeeeree 12
Remedy for.....+..++ Becaviaserdese stevetssustee avaees ds

Colorado Potato rien sects pnaresiesesss aces ~ 8, 16
Remedy for.ecsccccessess ssesrececsescessevece 17

Craig, Robt.. Locpadneciiivcces! nbn

Curculio. See ‘Plum: Gurculio.

Currants. Insects Of .....0.-secseeessrescece sereenere 27

Currant-borer. See Imported Currant-borer.

Currant Plant-louse. Remedies for.....+..-..- a7

Currant Saw-fly. See Imported Currant

Saw-fly.

Currant Weevil (A. rubidus)..ccces scree sseeesere 27
Attacking White Currants.... .-.-.0-. aigwiee
Attacking Raspberries ccc sees ceserere 27

Cuthbert, EH. O..sccereesee seoene ses soy bank nneeiaabnigewes 12

Cutworms...... Rocaccbeape esesctas’ GyitiganO
Poisoned traps for. . “coe PC bese
Tin-bands for...... ---+ spans seuiacew = 32

Coal-dust for Cabbage Maggot... cy se song rl9

Coal-tar for Plum peaniealee ot Be cH eo
For Rose Beetle... 26

Codling-Moth........-.+++ akuskaees . 8 21, 22, 43, “48, 49
Lantern trap for... , 49
Paris Green fOr wssssessesrrgeprsse serpcenees 23

eve rageeeececere

Codling-Moth, Remedies for +.rscseecssees ceeeeee so) eee
Colorado Potato Beetle.....ecce css cossser vecceeees 16, 17
Contferz. Insects Of... r+.» ceseer ea
‘‘Qoncord’’ Grape-vine inj’d by ‘H. chalybea 26
Conotrachelus nenuphar. See Plum purcule 25
Cook, Prof. A. J., on M. femur-rubrum... 10
Experiments with Carbolic Acid....... 16
Cowley, J. J., on the Garden Flea......0..... 34
n Grubs injuring Pinks......... noes

Cowlard, Copland...... cece esceceees

Dakruma convolutella. See Gooseberry Fruit
Worm.

Denbueys E., on Oyster-shell Bark-louse...... 22
Day, Rev. G. F., on the “‘Masters Plum’’.. 25
ef renibernt 7 Wheat, net ak a “ale Wheat
Midge........ sce'ss sieve Puicnosbavertiscstee rer Fs]
Diabrotica vittatd....00secvrceeeseooes sscesoers everevecs 21
Diplosis tritict. See Wheat Midge.
Dominion Entomologist, Office of........++.+ of os
Douglas Fir attacked by borers........0. cose 30
Doran, Profs Hi. Wivscesssnscevsscce vacccosw oceccenes . 4
Doupe, Hy., on Insect injuries... .. Beaew 7
Doyle, R. J., on the Clover-seed Midge... ue 13
On the Plum Ourculio.ssese.cscccese eves 25
Dwinelle, Prof. ......004 .eee0 “phate -a eee Sort eee
Eldema QUbtfr ons o.cceccac vesceesooscvoces seccee evecoeee ~ 32
Ellis, T. B., on the Wheat Midge... coueece 7
On the Joint Worm... ssssssesscsseseese ll
Entomological Society of Ontario...... ....... . 4, &
BVans, Benji.ccee -cesscvee sees Sblctedneseclicesseres Stevens 15
Eye-spotted Bud-moth Sosisetonk Ureieeee tens ivsace ee
Fall Web-WoOrm ...corsecsssseeeesevseeee Sctecutesseeeees 7, 21
Remedy for.....+... saebisecaues ctrscatestecan’ 48
Fall Canker Worm............- pvesseuddceeendvanaDe 23
Parasite on Eggs Of.......sseserceceve cesses 24
Fisher, S. A., on the Hay crop...... 12
On the Larch Saw-fly.........10+ cesses s-seee 28
Flat-headed Borer of the Apple........ce+ esse 21
Flour as & diluent for Arsenical poisons...... 45
Forest Tent Caterpillar..........sscseee rercerere eee 32
FOREST AND SHADH TREES \....0044 eeeeeeee avaveonwa <) 928
Fraser, Donald, on Insect injuries.............. 8
Fruit Growers Association of Nova Scotia... 3
AAdreSS tO se-..seee veceee Reulenseneee piebesctbesse . 5, 38
IRUITS ssccccssacorecessatcveunvens Gebrebiiestecscnsrosuboan saat hn ea
(© By fo”? Wheat...coc sonces sevrseenn sscccesesn evccesees 8
Teles Rev. T, W., “on Larch Saw-tly. scenes - 29
On unknown enemy ies Larch Bae -fly. 29
On Maple-leaf Cutter... ckteceesceveseeunntoL
GARDEN PLANTS ..2200 seseoe reoscceee « esccceves coscccens 32
Gas-lime as a fall- dressing for Clover-seed
MID GO. .cccssee ceconsccsbtvlesuressebeve Bib Wadesseee's anttn 13
Or Cabbage Maggot... oe seeeccceessecceeees 18
For Onion Mag got...ccccceccesceresceescseeee 36
Gigault. G. A... Satacidewasnes © sesesenee o sence 8
Glycobius spectOsus..ceccceerescreers severeescrereeeses SL
GOGO] Mirweatcecaccovesisescericeaciieubressirsvensss/ccsays 17
Goldie, J., on destroying infested Pines ...... 30
Gooseberries. Insects of...... sth cvsrasedhecres tures 27
Gooseberry Fruit-WOrm......ccccesessece see ceceeees s Gira
Remedies fOr. ::.5-<csesescseovsssssvoc- sosccvoce 27
Gordon, D. W., on Insects injuring fruit
PTOOB... ..0crccee socnvccscconces cesses scvcvscce (esses ccesse 22
Grain Weevil cccscscsvcvssstessgsssos cd ose bee fac 10

q

Grapes. Insects of...
Grape Phylloxera.

oe eeeneones vee

See Phyjllozera.

Grasshoppers........ bicsn webtWucsaateee saci. ek ateneeee 7
Attacking Turnips.. 10
Injuring ‘Pastures ...... ae 12

Gray Apia (A, Breagsetese B)aiy sivcccoce gs wecetccree = 14

i

es

a oe Se ee. ee

—

|

Green Fly on ROBES .....00ereerscessersereeeseeseeees 3S
Greenfield, Seas cere Seeetes eeceeeee teeree teeree cesses 27
Grub, Definition Of 106 -scccrscessses. ceressccccsces 41
Guignard, Prof. J. A... oecs | ocsossscanleneeteennamedl O
Gypsum B89 MAnure...ecccresee secesesee cesses rorneee ~ 14
Hadena devastatrta ....0. e000 sasuuoiesehse=s- eee os 20
Haltica chalybea .....+. o coves seneedpesinnestessseeheeumEnraes
Haltica pubescens .scsessereeeeer cesses cerescess soscreees 13
Hard w00GB.......02 .eccccscessees va fapavevecsoersassens... OL
Harrington, W. H... Stuclespipoccniasekns 4
Destroyir Larch “Saw-fiy. Seay Nestbosnempofhi/chae
Breeding Spruce Saw-fly..csccrecsrrssevee 30
Hart, Rev..J. Ricss-csccsen<coscecseteeeneel onsen 1, 24
Hateful Locust. See Rocky Mountain Locust 6
Hay. Insects of eeeeece Oe eee erase ceeee # SSC eOTE Se Hever ceee 1l
Hsaythorne, Hon. R. P......... ~ 21
Hellebore, as an Insecticide.......00 ss ob dee eal DN AD:
For Cabbage-worms.......ssscsscssssseeeee 19
For Imported Currant ‘Saw-fiy... anrereny sad
For Larch Saw- Hy. sovnps aka ee
For Rose Slug........0..=seentscoesscsersccess 3D
Henderson, Thomas, on ‘Turnip Fleas. 14
Henry, George, on the State of the Crops.... 7
On Plom/Qaurculio \......:ccstargepsnesss «scese 25
Henry, Thos., on Plum Curculio..... Siiannoie Sane
Hessian Fly in California and Oregon... 6
Hil, ee. Prof. r W., on the use of Insecti- -
soscen ecohostgucen spcccc accnscosedupuRDnnaipunshisshbae 1

Hill, Albert. J. 4 “on Insect destroying seeds
of Pinus PONAETOEA.. 200+ vee eeceeeers n¢urnees o seense 30
Hind, Profs Ml ceicsnssscccts sccsesceuesieeen pesisspaiogee Bi eee
ON ULE dee iresces cvsess scaccusaeeapinend 18
Hobbs, J. B., on the Potato Beetle ....0-0s0. 17

Homer, J. s R., on the Hay crop..ecceseserceee
Iced Water for Cabbage Warp fianiek ante . , 18
Tchneumon. BUiC8. sc.) assccescssoerse sapesjcasess cosmae Ad
Imported Currant-borer.........+ssree o evnesees pe ae i
Imported Currant Saw-fly. seiieed «20
Imported White Osten ‘Butterfly ... pumebidesess
Injuring Mignonette ........ Sibu see nceepee . 34
IneursGne acerifoltella ....+. « ae faenenenee be praiaae)) hod:
InJoRious INSECTS OF 1885.. Anrnicree 5
Insects. Useful mission of... eas 42
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO Fruit Taens ns CAP. ll. ) 38
Isosoma, Wheat... 5 ap suspospgech Gaye 6
Jack, Ne on Rpuenee Insaetaad sisvAsnupcuuss} | 29
Jack, Givin Sesindaceeses(sasctane Gavjscusse 26
Johnson, PT Ash. sarne cared a ae
“ Joint-worm’? aitacking Hey. sasperipamesspecceer) LL
Attacking Wheat... ox deueesusaeinb ope’ sack a
TULA 20500 Sosa soca ay sevaestann Epsisedsys pateandes yur, LG
Tulus cceruleoctinctus......-serre0e eacteerbieretpeppeuncs) 18
June-bug..n AOSCEE CEH OOTOT D OOO OEE Ce eee Ee FEEEEES PERSEEDE® 49
Kerosene Emulsions «+++. .sssee coves seeacnuave gehsnstiy' AO
For Cabbage Aphis...... sooees sencocondheeser {LO
For Currant Plant-louse........sss0see 27
For Scale oe mocabocniadepupaunuas epeenres 21

Knight, G. A...

Larch Saw-fly...

Enem of... ce wavee

Latchford, F. R.., on. “Grain Weevil tits. cic.

Liddle, Geo. * jun., discoverer of Paris ea

as an Insecticide ee és Sodapeten estes capaee

Lime for Cabbage Mag got.......scssscses oercesene

For Gooseberry Fruit-WOrm ..sess cesses

Lime and Paris Green i On
Lintner, Prof. J. A...

Cited...... eeeeee eeeeetece

ist Report...... coe cose ababset is secapasesscs

2nd Reportecccsvsesecse os serereee qpesegee eee eee

eeeee vane eeeer

ie PE Me er
Seeeet es Seeeeeeee -Ceeeeeee a: 28

29
10

Seen eee eeeeeet eaesee 16, 18, 19

16
9

Lintner, Prof. J. A., on Cut-worms... ee ey
London Purple as an Insecticide... .ssese oe ait 45
For Oanker-Worm....ce cesses seseee seseese ~~ 23
Lophyrus abietis. See SerES canees
Lye, for Bark-lice. ........ uimsunen cgencWewevidsk cueste) )? > 22
McDougall, A. G., on State of the Crops...... 8
McIntosh, James, on Wheat-midge......... sees 8
McKay, Principal, on Potato Beetle.. . 44
McKay & Oo., T. Report on Crops... aateaeaaes - 8
McLaughlin, us J., on Potato Beetle..... ..... hee Ss YI
Hacrodactylus subspinosus. See Rose Beetle.
Maggot. Definition of... SAccrEr cen ee all
Manitoba, Freedom of, ‘from Insect. pests ehces 8
Maple-leaf Cutter.. Severe attack of, at
ttawa... Suk Geusuatedicseateas\shavesssecessus 31
Maples. BENDS Of cas cicctecdecs sconces eorecterenscss 31
Marshall, Thos., on Wire-worms Hy Jechooctinree 17
On Bark-lice .......++. “edo HERE 22
‘¢ Martha ” Grape-vine, injured by 4.
chalybea.... Seals iatsee sasascls-consaee 26
os aga gh ” Pian, free from Curculio......... 25
May-Dug .ccseeceeser veneer serene scenes seeees sceeee creee eee 49
Meech, on Wheat-midga....... sce eeseee eee 9
Melanophil Drummondii on Douglas Fir...... 30
Melanoplus spretus. See Rocky Mountain
Locust.
Melanoplus femur-rubrum. See Red-legged
Locust.
Melon, attacked by Striped Cucumber, sikawy 21
Middlemas, Dr..........00seseee se Seeeeeceacecetsaicaes 27
Mid ge-proof Wheat ......: esses eres sseeee eeeeee 9
Miller, Wm., on Oyster-shell one asa vB 50
On Wire-worms... Be iaedeacevecs 8, 50
Milne, Wm., on Wheat Midge. Pedtekesaiha saavent : 7
Honohammus confusor in British Columbia... 30
Morrison, T. W., on Wheat Midge.........00. cn 8
Morrison, F. W., on ee. BIGRe 2000 vesesers . 14
Murray, JONI... 20. ..ssersesses serene ee Ze 6, 27, 30
Successful farming “of, at Spence’ 3
Bridge, 6
Mustard, to divert attack of ‘Turnip ‘Flea
ns fc ME os: ss cssnsancesccs 14
Mytilaspis pomorum... Reeeeterciescaiiieresssa ace 2, aL

HMy2us TUDES. ..008 PUES TOOEED FEReee FEETES SHEETS EEOEOS “FO°E8

Natural History Society of New Brunswick.

Naturaliste Canadien, le... Pe gre

Nematus Erichsonii. See Larch “Saw-fiy.

Nematus ventricosus. See Imported Ourrant
Saw-fly.

New Zeeland Report of es at posaing ae

UGE LOG panes sacecccdepadeserse csc ccosed vecscosccene 5
Nova Scotian Apples .. BusEMpagages enceeeceseesicescccons 38
Maks. INBGLtS OF croseclesatatece ncoces scoessicens Rolansts yb Oe
MRE PNSGCES Of: <cocosscceicrpences: <<, coscose sovcceces 10

Geant fOr BSTK-liCGcecccscccscccsceve cceccescee-c

GME PROCES Of secre reece caress secs sccsescersee 20
On1ton Maaaor (App. : ean ceoateny, WOO
Onion Maggot........00 ssesseessssree cosseesesses cesses 6
Remedies “for... ee
Ontario School of Agriculture...... Bat ecarcnsonses a. -38
Ormerod, Miss BE. A., Reports Of .....0 sss 5
ited SOCCOS POSES FOCETE ee eeee Laeeee © eoeee veroscese 14
Experiments Of....05 .ss00 00s 19

On Onion Maggot...... crececeees 35, 36
Ormler, Dr. A., On Cut-WOrms....... cesses seeres 32
Osborne, Prof., on &. femur-rubrum. Nescnneceas 10
Ottawa “field-Naturalista’ RY Ptilis<ascccccscaveccse : 4
Oyster-shell Bark-louse. S088 eeeees reseetee «encee 5, 6

Injur by. eeere eee es seeees teeeee eeek eeree* eee 21

Aitacking * Red Astrachan LN Apple...

Packard, Dr. A. S., jun., on Larch Saw.fiy. .

On Insects attacking Spruce... ryt! 30
Bulletin on Insects injurious to Forest
and Shade-trees......sseeee seccees sphcee 30
On Maple-leaf Cutter ....... Poca. et
Paris Green as an Lh i acuishascasat et aaa enn us
For Canker Worm... Senet coo ue 3. 23
For Codling Moth....0..cec.sseeceseees « 7, 22, 42
For Colorado Potato Beetle... ....00.0017, 44
For Cut-worms....... Se cases soccecees sececees 33
For Plum ea Sas seasesicesne ae 22, 26, 42
For Turnip Flea... seadeeniosasauesnenoas 14
Pew Weevil ....cccce sececreee ceceees ea ecsvedtesunsensone | | EL
Peach-borer, Mounding POT) ceids cancenosals suvecaan yet
Pease, Insects Of ......--ese0 sauateuscts ecucasiegesasteoneieLe
Petroleum, for Bark-lice...... corte Por tore
For Oabbage Maggot . Guest seas tte kG
For Onion Maggot....0ccce «crores pabasteesse en Shao
For Radish Maggot... pvasdaiena SancoesomesnnT Les
See Kerosene.
es Dens injured by the Garden
ea. eeceee 28 coeerreseeseeeee
Phorbia Ceparum. "See Onion Maggot.
Phyllozera, Resistent Stock for........ See scenes 26
Phylloxer a vastatrix..rs0e ove Sacuve=ivocsnnianeld sesesee 4, 26
Phymatodes amznus, boring in Grape... 26
Pieris Rape. See pane wer
Pieris Napi..ssee cece wees sessessessvesssccseecesssseesce 20
Pines. Insects ee... moyreconeee Sater waco at s0
Pinus ponderosa. Insects of........ Senconscs socetes SSN
Grub destroying seeds Of......+0+..++ careset EGU
Plum. Insects Of.........00 cscsoe sees “peace cere 25
Plum Curculio .. saseecheudaneencncisaessacd . 7, 25
Attacking ‘the Cherry... sso? 20
Jarring Trees for. — 25, 49
Paris Green for....... Seaaaaes a, 22, 26, 42
Pope, Hon. J. Hoss ssccceees sessceee sensesees soanes
Polygonum Convolvulus, “diverting attack of
Turnip Flea......-.0.r0e00 reece elestecotenees saeeteaw Linke
Polyphylla py ae concen se saneatesees skecsees= - 15
Potatoes. Insects Of.......+sseeeee ecsee senses sensnees . 16
Potato-bug. See Colorado Potato Beetle.
Poultry as destroyers of Insects ...... 10, 24, Mencia
prosaic’ The Abbé........0. eaeidawecenerecwes 4
Psila rosz . ehcia details Jochesws che) -aceap xevoere oa, Sele
Pyrethrum, ‘as an “Insecticide. . :
For Cabbage Aphis..........
For Cabbage Maggot ..
For Cabbage Worth... ...sescccceseee seseeees
For Currant Plant-louse... ...... - ahs a 27
For Rose Slug... ssssor seccsevee weeceeceeees 33
For Rose THrip....sssessse scores seceee seeeeeee St ORS
Radishes. Insects Of...101 sessseove cssereccceeesseseeeee 15
Radish Maggot....ecsceses eeesseee Setcoy fo 6, 15
Remedy for... dubeava cade cdaemipieuece ts 2G
Raspberry Cane Borer... aces Deccaamecancas a4 Ge. 48
Red-legged Locust......-s-ssesee seees St vé ‘9, ‘lo, 12
Red-humped Caterpillar of Apple ...... .-+ svoce |6= 48
Riley, Prof. CO. Vu.ssccsecccceerescceee esse sevens ~ 4
Introducer of parasite on P. Rapz = 20

On Arseniate of Soda..ece, scscsccsses cree 44

On Cabbage Maggot. ...ssccccceese erreeee 19
ik OE REINS etiecanc ccscceecn'crucanmcieetenet um
On London Purple Sccctedeslesves Sea cesarean 44, 45
On Kerosene Emulsions....+. os secseeseeses *
Rivers, J. J., on Phylloxera of the Grape...
Robinson, Jabel, on Olover-seed Midge... 13, a
On Wheat Mid ge ...000 eeeerees a ceaennaanceyees 7
Rocky Mountain Locust... ssereeee Sauomeeionae=s . 6,9
Root CROPS AND VEGETABLES -sreee seeees seeeee << ic
Rose-beetle attacking the Grape.. paooeseeeenccaas 5 tl
Coal-tar smoke fOr ....00 see ey
Rose Slug Pereeeere coreerere eeeereere seeecerre seeeeteceene 33

“ Salem” Grape-vine injured by H. chalybea
Salt, for Cabbage Aphis ....ccssesee secees seeeeeeee
For the Carrot ae Peaineneadybescdene
Saunders, Mr...
Saunders, Prof. W

soe O80 saveease

erese say

Ag an Entomologist boeeessesssses

On Eye-spotted Bud-moth... Si ateacieciease
On Grape Phylloxera... Bebe sees onteal
On London Purple .......0..cccos sesseesceens

Sawdust Manure. Effect of using...

Scientific terms. Use 0f.......00..00+ speccone apobe
Scolytide attacking Spruce ....sse ceeerere andests
“ Scotch’’ Wheat.......0.... Seecdrssesivcreceecsice cacy
Scott, John, on Turnip <n docessebeeeeaen
Scott, WwW Pe eeeee Meeeeeeee Seeeeeees Seeeeseeh ves eooe
Scriver, J., on &. ‘femur-rubrum ... ott
Selandria rose Esevacsuu sseretesntecessiccessaseover sects 3
Shade-trees. Means of protecting fasseen 6 sevens
Shaw, Isaac, on currant Plant-house s....00

Shaw, W. D., on Wheat Midge ss

On Cabbage Worm (P. Ripa): cescaere
Shufelt, G. F.. aseeaee
eras John W,, on Cabbage Insects .. ove

Slaked lime for Cabbage Mag got.....cee-scoreee °
Smith, J. Bi seccce -.scsasvecyseve \secsevee 2 vadodasaaeeutd
Smynthurus Wanternid soe ih casee ses woneussent .
Soap to be added to all WASHES. v-v.e..e aeneedes ve
Soap-wash, for Cabbages ...... SAGA Accotde: ‘

For Rose Thrip....... Bbigschebcesess secssuceses

For Scale Insects ....... pidaeh sudeuagane aoe

Solanum soirater, food of Colorado Potato
Beetle .....00.- +
Squashes, grown as & ‘protective remedy for
Cucumbers and MELONS ... corres scree ceeeeeees
Spence’s Bridge. B.O. Climate of ..........
Spring UE Ra IIe Gavebb aiuesuvon Gosubut
Spruce, [nsects Of 0.01. scree cososceses coccccoee ave
Spruce Bud-moth...........
Spruce Saw-fly.. eee? 806008 seseee
Stewart, Charles rescore -ccocee seccneeee seseeees
Starr, O. R. H., on Oanker-worms...

SOCCEES cee Eed SESETOOOE Verereets Beeeeeee

Starr, R Soonbhbeubupeepseelsnsuetee @ ‘svearteune
On Canker-Worma -oesse0s. sesses ecoee © svunee
On Imported Ourrant-borer.. Sestteosa eats “
On Plum Curculio ........-00 a iduseee
Striped Cucumber Beetle ........ a tends Gusset eneey
Remedy for ...0..00000--00 wecdeue
Sugar-Maple Borer. Remedies for...............
Sunflower, stems of, bored by Straussia
LONGEDENNES rorcveee ccceccces reeves e seoveesees coccccen .

Taylor, Revd. G. Woseeseere cesereee mz Avevdveusess as
ae,

Tamarac. See American ae,
Tachina Flies...... sollicsscesstubians
Tent Caterpillar ...... wevesbe scones 'eubocbanie
Thousand-legged worms OCOTE Lee eee + SOCSTOETE CeCe
Tmetocera ocelland .....+000 +08 coe coccns sacere seveecces
Tobacco wash for Aphides se 0 eeteerees
Tolmie, John W., on Turnip ae
On Turnip Aphis...... ..... ee
Tomato, Injured a ‘* Black i al oapasuee
Attacked by Potato Beetle ........
Toronto Natural History Society ............
Tortriz fumiferana. See Spruce Bad- Moth...
Towle, CO. H., on injury tO Spruces....... resco
Trutch, Hon. oil W. eee seecee Fe CRP CCSD Ce ee eeeee teeeee
Turnips. Tn6eCts Of ...+++ cesses sovevereesers
Turaoip Aphis, A “POCCOEHe © IESOCSOH ce eeet seeeeres® cesses
Turnip Flea-beetle SOPOT CeeHER EESEEE Fete EET CeeeEe Ye
Remedy for .....
Turnip Fly. See Turnip "Fiea-bettle,
Turnip Maggot.. SeCCCCe cece SPO CEEe COPE FETES HeeEee Seeeee
Tyndall, W eeree eee ceeee

eecces
eeeeet cress

COCR SCORER SETS SEES Cee eEE Ee

Vitis Californica, exempt from attacks of
Phylloxens BMrree yesh scoseisas eovecs esses esccvcees sees

Weevil, Wheat. See Wheat Midge
Western Ten-lined June BUG susensbetece scoocccee
Wilkie, Robert ..

On Olover-seed
Wheat. Insects of...

1 wOeee ease raeeee * eoece

i Midge .. suitinn's

seat ereeereee

Wheat, ‘ Democrat ”........ cvceoe saceee cocses saceee
Wheat, 60 EP VOMAN.”” ...cnssce sivcuosen oohatesdeinnvans
Wheat, ** ages nicks 6: cause wabtossedecedes paskidien
Wheat, HME = scsacan uate toask ws coauee
Wheat, ‘White Russian’’ ..... Saehtshsa ceed Tr
Wheat Isosoma in California and Oregon. nose
Wheat Midge “seeeee Pe OCR ESe FETE HEE Cee EET eH eHEe pee ee

Romedies fOr <ccscencs soscop sapssencnivns concvesce
White, Peter, on Joint Worm ws...
White. Cabbage Butterfly
White- grub peeetare

Injuring MeACOWS ...ccocce recssence eeeevecee
Whitehead, O. Report of..,......

Cited ..

PAGE

43

eaeeee) Ceeeeeeee 5, 18
were ceceet cranes 9, 18

White-spot Tussock Moth... oo cuban edueibeeanGenieun 700
Wire-worms.. esee "90006 cove COC Oe teen eeee eeeeee 17
Attacking WHCAL . .. wwsce ssenegutelsnepernanose 7
Attacking eee coe csentaamereaponcss Re
Attacking Oats... os sheeaipwapetecascorn, | RS
Rem@dlGs 208 .0c.:...-.00 conceenhiiaieeranessosen LE
W000; SOSIBD tres cores. cose. canes Srdseaeetbcecessansen, Wal
Wood ward, Mr wercooce secccsccocansen seasspescsnssescrn, 20
Yellow-necked Oaterpillar of the Apple ..... 48

‘¢ Yellow-worms.’’ See Wire-worms.

Biological
& Medica]
Serials

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

ar
eee

meee

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

os 2S
oe en ee
a
ase eT: